Class„CU r ■ ) Book PHRENOLOGY; AXD ITS APPLICATION TO EDUCATION, INSANITY, AND PRISON DISCIPLINE. BY JAMES P. BROWNE, M.D. (Edinb,), FORMERLY PUPIL DISSECTOR, TOR LECTURE, TO THE LATE DR. JAMES MACARTNEY, PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY AND SURGERY (tRIN. COLL., DUBLIN). "It is the harmony of a philosophy in itself which givcth it light and credence ; whereas, if it be singled and broken, it will seem more foreign and dissonant." — Bacon. . LONDON : BICKERS & SON, LEICESTER SQUARE, W.C. AND AT ETON. D. APPLETON & CO., GRAND STREET, NEW YORK. 1869. [The Right of Translation is reserved.} 21 LONDON : Printed BT W. W. Head, Victoria Peess, 83a, Farringdon Street, EC. PREFACE, In the following treatise will be found some novel features, which are of great moment, both in a physiological and psychological point of view. The author would particularly invite every one interested in the subject of education to scan closely what is said with respect to the faculty of intellectual concentration, and the erroneous and misleading opinions, in regard to it, which have, hitherto, swayed the ablest writers on Phrenology, as well as to what is said about the organs of Time, Order, and Eventuality, as guides to the proper mode of conducting the education of children. He would, also, refer the reader to the essay on Hope, as a separate fundamental power, the existence of which affords strong assurance of the reality of a future life. In furtherance of this there will be seen in the con- cluding essay, and elsewhere, palpable evidence to shew that this much neglected science is in complete harmony with the holy doctrines of the Christian Faith, and that it does not at all sanction the doctrine of Materialism and Fatali'sm ; for, even in this, it is shewn to be in perfect accordance with the Parables of " Holy "Writ." He would, in the next place, refer to his views concern- ing the true function of the Cerebellum, and to the reasons PREFACE. and facts adduced in disproof of its being possessed of any power at all in directing the action of the voluntary muscles, as some great anatomists and experimental physio- logists have supposed; and that, therefore, it cannot be the seat of volition, as has been suggested. And he shews, moreover, that that same organ has no power of control over the involuntary movement of the internal organs of the body, upon the action of which vitality depends. The true source of Volition has, he trusts, been pointed out by him, as well as the diversified channels, both mediate and immediate, through which its various mandates flow. And, moreover, he is impressed with a strong conviction that he has found out the cerebral abode of Consciousness, and what it is that enables one to form a conception of the entity Self. And did deep-thinking, learned Casuists but know the lucid materials, afforded by the palpable and unvarying evidences of the truth of Phrenology, they would not be led astray, as to the true nature and source of Conscience, or the Moral Sense, by the natural, overruling bias of their diversified individual idiosyncrasies. The writer of this treatise trusts, therefore, that he is not exposing himself to the imputation of undue confidence when he presumes to expect that persons of unprejudiced minds, who, through a feeling of repugnance, have hitherto helped to keep Phrenology outside the pale of the legitimate sciences, will conscientiously feel the propriety and the necessity of giving it their best consideration, after having carefully weighed the vast number of examples he has brought forward in confirmation of its claims to a distinguished place in the inner Temple of the Positive Sciences. There is one point connected with the printing of this PREFACE. V book which the author takes pleasure in mentioning, and that is — that the compositor's part was performed, at his own request, entirely by females. And it is but just to say that proof sheets demanding less correction could hardly emanate from the hands of skilful male compositors. The quickness and steadiness of these young women would be gratifying to those who wish to see the sphere of female usefulness extended. With regard to the diagrams, the utmost reliance may be placed upon their scrupulous accuracy. CONTENTS, Page Pago Preface .... iii Firmness 256 Introduction ix Conscientiousness 265 Phrenology and its Hope . 277 Evidences . 1 Marvellousness . 305 The Cerebellum and Ideality .... 312 Amativeness 24 Wit 337 What is the Source Imitation 367 of Yolition 47 The Intellectual Brief Description of Faculties . 381 the Internal Struc- Individuality 390 ture of the Cere- Form . 403 brum or Brain. 55 Size . 410 Philoprogenitiveness Weight, or Sense of — Parental Love 58 Resistance . 413 Inhabitiveness and Colour . 417 Concentrativeness . 70 Locality 427 Adhesiveness 106 Number . 437 Combativeness 118 Order . 444 Destructiveness . 141 Eventuality . 452 Secretiveness 151 Sense of Time 481 Acquisitiveness . 157 Tune, or Melody . 492 CONSTRUCTIVENESS 170 Language 504 Self-esteem . 193 Comparison . 538 Love of Approbation . 203 Causality 549 Cautiousness 215 Alimentiveness . 562 Benevolence 222 Concluding Chapter . 570 Veneration . 241 The Diagrams AT TI [E End of the Book. LIST OF DIAGRAMS AT THE END OF THE BOOK. 1.— Sir W. Scott, William Godwin, Right Honourable W. Huskisson. 2. — J. B. Rush, Markwick, Dr. Dodd, George Crabbe. 3. — Richard Carlile, Lord Eldon, John Adolphtts. 4. — Robert Owen, Bellingham, Tom Moore. 5. — Humphrey Duke op Gloucester, Edward II., Patch, Goss, Eustache, Hindoo Widow, Madame Gotpried, Margaret Nicholson. 6.— Girl of Genius, Stupid Boy. 7.— Sestini (Improvisatore), Maunier (an Imbecile). 8.— Lydiard (an artizan with large No. 3 and no power of Concentration), Captain Lyde (large No. 3), Captain Lyde's Brother (small No. 3). 9. — Idiot of Amsterdam, Marline (Parricide), John Clare (Northamptonshire Poet), Dr. Gall, Drs. Gall and Dodd, (Contrasted), Dr. Samuel Johnson. 10.— Canova, Napoleon I., Coleridge. 11.— R. B. Sheridan, Robert Burns, Wordsworth, Steven- ton (the Murderer). s ? TABLE OF PHRENOLOGICAL ORGANS, NUMBER AS MASKED IN THE DIAGRAMS. No. 1. — Amativeness. 2. — Philoprogenitivene ss. 3. — Inhabitiveness. 4. — Adhesiveness. 5-. — oombativeness. 6. — Destructiveness. 7. — Secretiveness. 8. — Acquisitiveness. 9. — Constbtjctiveness. 10. — Self-esteem. 11. — Love op Approbation. 12. — Cautiousness. 13. — Benevolence. 14. — Veneration. 15. — Firmness. 16. — Conscientiousness. 17.— Hope. 18. — Marvellousness. No. 19. — Ideality. 20.— Wit. 21. — Imitation. 22. — Individuality. 23.— Form. 24.— Size. 25. — "Weight. 26.— Colour. 27: — Locality. 28. — Number. 29. — Order. 30. — Eventuality, 31— Time. 32. — Melody or Tune. 33. — Language. 34. — Comparison. 35. — Causality. 36. — Alimentiveness. INTRODUCTION So intense was the desire at all periods of the world to find out the nature of the human mind, and the source of its various attributes, that mental philosophy formed a theme for the exercise of the talents of the wisest of the sages of antiquity. They considered it to be the most important subject for the contemplation of man. Some of the greatest men of modern times also have given special attention to the motives which govern our actions, and to the discovery of the source of our mental faculties. And the great ethic poet Pope has announced his convic- tion of its paramount importance in this fine verse : — " The noblest study of mankind is man," But in proportion to the utility of correctly fathoming the secret springs of human actions was the difficulty of exploring the intricate windings of the labyrinth which leads to their approach. It was a thorough conviction of this difficulty that led Thales the Wise to say that the hardest thing was to know oneself. That saying of Thales must fail, even now, to create any surprise, when we reflect upon the height to which he himself, Pythagoras, Democritus, and Aristotle had attained in the knowledge of the laws which regulate the physical sciences — especially that of the heavenlv bodies, as compared with the vague, ill-defined notions X INTRODUCTION. entertained by themselves, and by all the rest of the Greek philosophers, in regard to the connexion between the faculties of the mind and the organs of the body. In truth, they had no accurate notion of the physical agents by which the mind of man is enabled to gain a knowledge of substances and their qualities, and of events, with their antecedents and probable consequences. And they were equally in the dark as to the nature of the means used by the Creator for diversifying the human character. They knew not how it came to pass that Heraclitus was by natural instinct a purely speculative philosopher, and a desponding recluse ; while Democritus was an able and willing administrator of state affairs, and an indefati- gable investigator of the hidden forms of physical things, and of the intricacies of their combinations. " Demo- critus of Abdera," says Lord Bacon, u was a great philosopher, and, if ever any man amongst the Grecians, a true naturalist, a surveyor of many countries, but much more of nature ; also a diligent searcher into experiments, and (as Aristotle objected against him) one that followed similitudes more than the laws of arguments." Now, of all the researches of this great • naturalist, none of them attracted the notice of the men of his time so much, perhaps, as his dissections of the human brain. To this practice he was led by a conviction that the brain was the seat of the soul, or mind. And, doubtless, a man of his superior penetration and sagacity could not fail to suspect that this abode of the mind must be composed of several compartments, each of which forms the residence of some special mental faculty. Aristotle, who followed him, after a long interval of time, was also a great naturalist. He went so far, with regard to the constitution of the brain, as to divide INTRODUCTION. XI it into a few compartments, and assigned to each of them distinct functions. Nevertheless, it is quite evident that he understood not the means of discerning the cerebral features, which rendered reasoning by similitudes a marked characteristic of the mind of Democritus ; nor those of his own head, which prompted him to use causality as a weapon of the most convincing efficacy in argument. Neither could he detect in the head of his master, Plato, those lineaments of development, beneath which lay the sources of the sublime and beautiful sentiments, upon which were formed the spiritualised imaginings of his glorious intellect. But the seemingly tangled clue to this psychological mystery, which these greatest of ancient philosophers, even with the rich aid of Greek and Egyptian lore, failed to unravel, can with ease and certainty be disentangled by any one of moderate talents, who shall have given the requisite time, industriously and in good faith, to the connexion that exists between the faculties of the mind and the organs in the brain, according to the doctrine enunciated by Grail and his truly philosophic disciple and coadjutor Spurzheim. This is a fact, which the following treatise is meant to illustrate and confirm. In more modern times men of exalted genius arose, who have shed enduring lustre upon their respective countries by their discoveries in the physical sciences. It was by the light which their genius cast through the haze that had for so long a period obscured the paths through which the planetary systems revolve that Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Descartes, were enabled to point out the right road to future explorers of the wonders of the universe, and to clear the way for the discoveries of Newton. Xll INTRODUCTION. Lord Bacon, too, that prodigy of nature, has taught us, with unique comprehensiveness of mind, the true mode of searching after knowledge. "We have," says he, "but one method of delivering our sentiments — namely, we must bring men to particulars, and their regular series and order, and they must for a while renounce their notions and begin to form an acquaintance with things." Again, he says, " For they seem to have followed only probable reasoning, and are hurried in a continued whirl of arguments, till by an indiscriminate licence of enquiry, they have enervated the strictness of investigation. But not one of them has been found of a disposition to dwell sufficiently on things themselves and experience." And here it is of special importance to take heed of what he says in regard to the " seats and domiciles " of the faculties of the mind. " But the inquisition of this part is of great use, though it needeth, as Socrates said, a Dalian diver, being difficult and profound. But unto all this knowledge, de communi vinculo, of the concordances between the mind and the body, that, part of inquiry is most necessary which con- sidereth the seats and domiciles which the several faculties of the mind do take and occupate in the organs of the body, which knowledge hath been attempted, and is controverted, and deserveth to be much better inquired. For the opinion of Plato, who placed the understanding in the brain, animosity, which he did unfitly call anger (having a greater mixture with pride), in the heart, and concupiscence and sensuality in the liver, deserveth not to be despised, but much less to be allowed." A difficult and profound subject this self-knowledge has been found to be. For though the examination of a living frog revealed to the penetrating glance of Harvey INTRODUCTION. Xlll the circulation of the blood, and Newton, from seeing an apple fall to the earth, is said to have discovered the natural law of gravitation, yet to neither of them were revealed the laws which govern the functions of the human mind. And the vague and contradictory opinions held by writers on mental philosophy in regard to the nature and number of the primitive faculties of the mind (and this their defective nomenclature sufficiently attests) afford additional testimony as to the difficulty of the subject. This was the necessary consequence of their methods of investigation. The ancient sages devoted their talents to inquiries respecting the formative process of the universe, the principle of life, and the nature of the soul. The more modern metaphysicians have given their attention to the process by which the mind acquires a knowledge of external objects, and the special attributes of the faculties through the instrumentality of which man is rendered capable of judging of the relationship sub- sisting between himself and surrounding things. But the foundation upon which they have raised their temple of philosophy being unsound, each of them was forced to leave his own superstructure in its incompleteness to be demolished by some subsequent projector, who, in his turn, had the mortification to find his own works thrown into the shade by the more lofty productions of another, whose reputation, for a season, soared alone in the ascendant. Nor are their failures to be wondered at, since they searched for knowledge in " the lesser worlds of their own minds, and not in the greater, or common world." .... "For the human mind," says Bacon, il resembles those uneven mirrors which impart their own properties to different objects, from which rays are emitted, and distort and disfigure them." XIV INTRODUCTION. Notwithstanding these failures, much light has been thrown on the science of mind by metaphysicians ; but from their acknowledged ignorance of "the seats and domiciles, which the several faculties of the mind do take and occupate in the organs of the body" their speculations are incapable of giving to the moral and intellectual powers, according to the measure of their strength and to the endless variety of their combinations, such judicious direction as would serve to lead individuals to situations the best calculated to make them useful and happy members of society. Their views were too much confined to generalities and abstractions. How could they, whilst they looked upon perception, memory, imagination, judgment, and will, as elementary faculties, and not as modes of action of the faculties, ever arrive at a knowledge of the diversities of talents and dispositions ? Could they, for instance, by such a system of mental philosophy, have formed the remotest idea of the cause why Aristides was wise and just, and practically forgetful of the sufferings he endured from his fickle and ungrateful countrymen ? Why, in the like circumstances, the great Marius was selfish, cruel, and vindictive ? Whence arose those dispositions which rendered Nero and Caracalla monsters in human shape, whilst the piety, generosity, and wisdom of Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius have gained for them the unalloyed admiration of the civilised world ? Could they, upon their principles, divine the source of those faculties or dispositions which prompted Luther, though only an humble friar of the Augustine Order, not only to disobey the mandate of the Church of which he was a member, but also to endeavour to ruin its credit, and violently, though manfully and without disguise, to break into INTRODUCTION. XV fragments its long revered authority over the nations of Christendom ; or account for the source of the sentiments which induced Fenelon, a dignitary of that Church, and also a man of noble lineage, to submit, without a murmur, to a sentence of condemnation, passed upon him for having supported theological opinions which were deemed to be too deeply imbued with transcendental spiritualism ? Or could it be surmised by them or their followers why Homer and Dante were great poets ? What were the causes of the superiority of Phidias and Appelles, of Michael Angelo and of Raphael, in painting and in sculpture — why Bacon was the greatest of philosophers, whilst his comparatively uneducated countryman and contemporary Shakspeare was the greatest of dramatic poets ? — why Handel, Mozart, and Beethoven chose to enchant the world with music, whilst mathematics engaged the attention of Galileo and of Newton, and Locke exercised his great powers in an . essay on the understanding ? Surely there is no presumption in say- ing that their systems of mental philosophy were utterly incapable of affording a clue to knowledge so desirable, and, necessarily, so indispensable ; especially in regard to the early discovery of individual peculiarities of talents and dispositions. They must have supposed that every one of these great men was, in an eminent degree, endowed with perception, memory, imagination, reason, and will ; but yet, they could not form any idea of the immediate cause of those personal varieties of disposition and of talent which rendered it impossible for great painters to shine as equally great musicians, or mathe- maticians to charm mankind with poetry. Yet there were men of great abilities who were inclined to think that persons, possessed of extraordinary talents, XVI INTRODUCTION. were capable of excelling in any intellectual pursuit to which their attention might be directed. But, did the marvellous perceptive powers of Napoleon enable him to appreciate and remember harmonious musical combina- tions with the same degree of instinctive force with which he grasped the various incidents and political phenomena which the progress of society was constantly exhibiting, or with the ease and precision with which he could solve the most intricate arithmetical and geometrical calcula- tions ? Bourienne says that Napoleon had but little real taste for music. Neither did the great talents of Dr. Gall render him a lover or a judge of melody ; and he was a very poor numerical calculator. Indeed, it may with certainty be averred that the comparative smallness of the organ of tune in Napoleon, and the absolute smallness of the organ of number in Gall, would render the frequent exercise of those faculties an irksome task to both of them. Attention has been deemed a primitive mental faculty and the source of all knowledge, and certainly without attention no thorough and lasting knowledge of any sub- ject can possibly be acquired. But a little reflection must convince any one that to give attention to any object of intellectual pursuit involves the necessity of a strong desire to become thoroughly acquainted with it. Now, as desire is the result of the action of any of the mental faculties, in a high state of activity, and as active faculties are always, as shall hereafter be proved, the result of organs which are comparatively dominant in each individual head, it is irrational to suppose that voluntary attention can ever emanate from an ill-developed organ. And, as to compulsory attention, it must be admitted that it has never yet been productive of excel- lence in any art or science ; though the habitual exercise INTRODUCTION. XVll of even weak faculties is sure to strengthen them, and will also, by fostering the growth of their respective organs, enhance their industry. But, notwithstanding these salutary results of compulsory attention, they fall far short of the fruitful consequences of that which is voluntary. Any one acquainted with the routine of schools must be aware of this. In schools that are strictly classical, for instance, the desire of approbation will urge a boy of good general abilities to devote his atten- tion, often with marked ardour, to the Greek and Latin languages ; but, if the faculty of language be intrinsically Weak, as compared with some of his other powers, he will cease to exercise it when the occasion which demanded a display of its energies shall have been with- drawn ; and voluntarily, ay even instinctively, will give his attention to subjects more congenial to the dominant bent of his faculties. In a word, voluntary attention is the necessary result of the presence of faculties, the organs of which are in a high state of development ;, and, on the contrary, whenever a faculty is very weak, owing to the smallness of its organ, it is an irksome task to fix the attention upon the subject which that faculty only is capable of appreciating. A very remarkable instance of the undeniable truth of this law of the mind occurred in the person of Jedediah Buxton, a poor illiterate day-labourer. This simple man was, perhaps, the most wonderful genius in mental arithmetic that ever lived, and yet he was ignorant of the ordinary affairs of life. So exclusively active was the faculty of numbers in him that, on one occasion, while in London, being brought to see Garrick perform one of his great characters, instead of directing his un- divided attention to the inimitable and captivating acting XV111 INTRODUCTION. of that superb player, his mind was directed solely to the counting of the number of words uttered by Grarrick during the play. For, on being asked how he liked the actor, he replied that he had spoken a certain number of words during the performance, and he stated the number with the greatest exactness. One other example, confirmatory of the correctness of the view which has just been expressed, regarding the true basis of attention, will not, I am sure, prove uninteresting. Richard Roberts Jones, a sawyer by trade, and by birth a Welchman, was a prodigy, as a self-taught linguist. He knew from sixteen to twenty languages, without having received instruction from any one. Yet this poor man could not be induced to give the slightest attention to the common occurrences of life, and seemed by his habits to be utterly incapable of taking care of himself. Mr. Roscoe, of Liverpool, who did every thing for his comfort that the warmest benevolence could suggest, published an interesting account of this extra- ordinary man. When the organ of Eventuality comes to be considered, the inattention of these two men to passing events will be clearly accounted for. Enough has been said to show that the possession of one or two faculties, in an eminent degree, does not of necessity enable an individual to be successful in any calling to which circumstances may induce or compel him to direct his attention. Some distinguished writers on the mind have attempted to maintain that habit and education were principally the inciters of individuals in the choice of their pursuits; and, further, it has been asserted that they are the source of some, at least, of our mental faculties. But, as habit implies exercise, and exercise implies the pre-existence of the INTRODUCTION. XIX thing to be exercised, it follows that habit is the effect of the presence of a faculty and not its precursor. Neither is education the cause of our faculties. Education is the drawing out of faculties that are already in existence. It develops and strengthens the faculties but cannot originate any. Yet nothing, indeed, can be truer than the assertion that education and habit have much influence in directing young persons in the choice of their pursuits : and, for this reason, the judicious educator should be careful to learn, at an early period, the dominant moral and intellectual attributes of his pupils. Supported by this knowledge, he will be able to point out the field in which their talents may be used profitably, and without irksomeness to them- selves. How often, in the absence of such information, have talents been fatally misdirected. Yet many men, who were incapable of soaring above mediocrity in those callings, which education and habit, and the prejudice of parents, had prescribed for them, have gained high repu- tations by discoveries in science and art, when proper opportunities for the exercise of their predominant faculties were presented to their minds ! One notable instance of this it may be interesting to state. The repugnance of Handel's father to his child's indulgence in his passion for music is well known. But nothing could repress the infant's ardour in pursuit of that charming art. To escape his father's vigilance he contrived to conceal a clavichord in a garret, where he used to play when the family had retired to rest. The following case is even more to the point than the foregoing. The father of the renowned astronomer Sir William Herschel took great pains to render his son an accomplished musician. But although the vouth was XX INTRODUCTION. enthusiastically fond of music, and endeavoured, with unremitting ardour, to attain to excellence in that art, yet he is not now spoken of in connection with music, whilst his fame is scarcely inferior to any man's in astronomy, to which his attention was called by a natural instinct, which prompted him, even at a late period of life, to the practical investigation of the phenomena of that noble science whatever hours he could spare from his professional musical avocations. Such undeniable facts as these are fully capable of setting aside for ever the shortsighted theory, which attributes the origin of our faculties, or even the capability of rendering them efficient, in every case to education and habit. The promulgation of such untenable opinions by men of superior intellectual endowments would certainly be a matter to wonder at, did we not feel thoroughly assured, through Gall's discovery of the true seats of the mental faculties, that their erroneous notions regarding the inherent qualities of the living recipient of impressions of external things and facts were the cause of their mistake ; for, whilst they looked upon the brain, or the " sensorium," as being merely, as it were, a u sheet of blank paper " upon which all things external are indiscriminately stamped, it would naturally follow that education and experience should be deemed to be necessary even to the existence of the intellectual faculties. But it is obvious, according to their views, that this sheet of blank paper can be no more than a passive recipient of information, conveyed by the external senses, and is consequently unfit, by any active inherent power of its own, to seek for some objects of study to the absolute exclusion of others. But, surely, even the few instances that have been already adduced INTRODUCTION. XXI will be deemed amply sufficient evidence to show that the sensorium, or brain, is intrinsically an active instrument, composed of various parts, each of which is possessed of a certain kind of power peculiar to itself, which it exclusively seeks to gratify. Such was the state of obscurity in which mental science was doomed to remain until towards the close of the last century, when it emerged from the gloom in which it had been shrouded for so many ages. This prospect was not opened for our contemplation by any of those who had spent their lives in fruitless efforts to clear away the mists which dimmed their mental vision ; but had its origin in the observation of a mere schoolboy, whose singularly perspicacious and inquiring mind prompted him to seek for the cause why the boy who held the first place for proficiency in languages was unable to cope with others in mathematics ; and why another, who displayed vast capacity for grasping the facts of natural history, made but a poor figure in original composition ; why one excelled in music and another in drawing ; and from what cause proceeded his own inability to find his way to places where he had often been, while one of his playmates, who was, intellectually, much his inferior in every respect, was in the habit of piloting him, and was never known to go astray. Having noticed a marked prominence of the eyes in those who were endowed with a quick perception and a retentive memory of words, and observing the same peculiarity in the young men who gained the highest prizes at the University for proficiency in languages, he was led by his inherent, untutored sagacity to suspect that there might be some natural connection between the ex- ternal symbol and the presence of the faculty. He now seized every available opportunity to observe the forms of XXU INTRODUCTION. the heads of individuals remarkable for any particular talent or disposition ; and took plaster casts of some of them. These he examined with the minutest attention, but, at first, with little satisfaction ; for, having compared the masks of eminent musical composers, he found that they differed widely in regard to their general conforma- tion. But, after repeated trials, he at length discovered, to his great delight, that each of them was characterised by a marked protuberance a little above the angle of the eyebrow. This extraordinary individual was Francois Joseph Gall. He was born at Tienfenbrun, a village in the grand duchy of Baden, on March 9, 1758. But, though his precocious spirit of inquiry into the probable cause of the manifestation of the mental faculties gave some slight scintillations of its presence as early as the year 1769, it was not till the year 1798 that the first written notice of his discoveries appeared in a familiar letter to his friend, Baron B,etzer ; although he had given lectures on the subject at Vienna two years before that date. During that long interval he was indefatigable in the accumulating of facts, which have since been acknow- ledged by men of superior intellects to be unerringly confirmatory of the coincidence of peculiar configurations of the head and certain animal propensities, moral senti- ments, and intellectual faculties. As yet, however, Gall was a stranger to the true structure of the brain ; though he knew that its external form was fairly represented by the scull. But having met with a woman, fifty-four years old, with water on the brain, who, nevertheless, possessed an active and intelligent mind, he at once conceived the idea that the intimate structure of that organ was not what anatomists had supposed it to be. From that time INTRODUCTION. XX111 lie gave much attention to the dissection of the brain. In this course he was followed and mainly assisted by his pupil and fellow-labourer Spurzheim, whose skill and singular adroitness in undoing the complicated foldings of that exquisitely delicate organ was considered by that experienced and able anatomist, the late Mr. Tuson, to surpass that of Gall himself. Dr. Macartney, of Trinity College, Dublin, used to say, at lecture, that Spurzheim's dexterity in dissecting the brain was inimitable, and that his method was the only true one. The result of these labours was a work published in four volumes quarto, on the anatomy of the nervous system in general, and of the brain in particular, including the functions of the brain and of each of its parts. But though the labours of Spurzheim entitle him to the gratitude and admiration of those who are thoroughly convinced of the truth of the science, to the promulgation of which he devoted his life, still he cannot be placed on so lofty a pedestal as Gall ; for, had the latter never existed, it is not at all likely that we should have heard of the true functions of the brain. Gall was the dis- coverer of this science, Spurzheim, in some respects, the improver. Gall laid the foundation of the philosophic edifice, and by his genius and perseverance nearly completed the superstructure ; to Spurzheim should be awarded the merit of having arranged with greater precision each compartment, and also of having added something which was indispensable to the perfect sym- metry of the whole. It is to him we are indebted, also, for its introduction into this country, where he caused it to take root, in spite of the efforts of men of great talents, some as anatomists, others as metaphysicians, some as divines, others as critics, to erase, utterly and XXIV INTRODUCTION. irretrievably, from the category of the sciences this, which is, in the opinion of eminent philosophers, the noblest of them all. The qualifications of those antago- nists for driving this onslaught to a successful termination may be inferred from the candid acknowledgment of one of the ablest of them, namely, that " as yet, indeed, he had little time to study the subject.'''' At the same time, some men of enlightened minds, after having studied its evidences, felt the necessity of acquiescing in the truth of its prin- ciples ; and amongst them Dr. Vimont, of Caen, is a striking example. This able physician was, at first, a decided opponent of Gall's doctrine, and, with the view of proving its utter groundlessness, spent many years in observing the habits of animals, and in examining closely how far the forms of their brains bore any accordance with their instincts. And what was the issue? A splendid work, containing fine lithographic prints of the sculls and brains of animals, amounting to a vast number of instances, which confirm, beyond a doubt, the accordance of the mental attributes of animals with the forms of their sculls. In the list of those champions of truth, the name of the able, benevolent, unassuming Greorge Combe stands first among the foremost ; with his high-minded, philosophic brother, Dr. A. Combe, by his side. In America, Dr. Charles Caldwell overwhelmed all its defamers in a style the most vigorous, animated, argumentative, and convincing. Mariano Cubi-y-Soler, an admirable lin- guist, and one of the most eloquent lecturers I have ever heard on any subject, may well be called the apostle of Phrenology in Spain, where he had to fight the battle of truth single-handed, when cited before the legal tribunals. But, after a series of perilous contests, INTRODUCTION. XXV he came off victorious. In France, Broussais, a renowned physician, called the attention of men of science to Gall's doctrine in a long and elaborate course of elo- quent lectures, confirmatory of its unerring truthfulness. Corvisart, whom Napoleon called the only infallible physician he had ever known, was, to use the emperor's words, "a great abettor of. Grail." And in his latter days Cuvier himself gave signs of his leaning to a recognition of the truthfulness of the fundamental prin- ciples of Phrenology. The mentioning of an interesting fact illustrative of this change in the opinion of that great naturalist will not be deemed irrelevant here. When Gall was on the point of dying Cuvier sent him a scull, accom- panied by a kind message, saying he thought it bore evidence of the correctness of his doctrine respecting the functions of the brain. But Gall sent back the scull with the following message : " Tell Cuvier that to complete my collection there is now only one object wanting, and that is my own scull ; which, it is obvious, will, in a very little time, form a portion of it." It is evident that the manly, independent, and singularly conscientious spirit of Gall was then smarting under the conviction that the progress of his great discovery, which he knew was cal- -culated to hasten the advent of human happiness, had been retarded by the undue importance awarded by Cuvier to the unstable notions, regarding the functions of the brain, which were the result of mutilating experi- ments upon the brains of animals ; and by his studiously holding himself aloof at a time when even his listening with equal attention to what Gall had to show might serve to conquer the hostile prejudice of Napoleon, who said, according to Las Casas, " I have greatly contributed to put down Gall." c XXVI INTRODUCTION. And to Dr. Antomarchi lie said, " Corvisart was a great- partisan of Grail ; he praised Mm, protected him, and left no stone unturned to push him on to me, but there was no sympathy between us." But, when Napoleon's reasons for his aversion to Gall's doctrine come to be considered, the unstable ground upon which he rests them must appear obvious to every one. He says, " Nature does not reveal herself by external forms. She hides and does not expose her secrets. To pretend to seize and to penetrate human character, by so slight an index, is the part of a dupe or of an impostor. The only way of knowing our fellow creatures is to see them, to associate with them frequently, and to submit them to proof. We must study them long, if we wish not to be mistaken ; Ave must judge of them by their actions ; and even this rule is not infal- lible, and must be restricted to the moment when they act. . . It is not," he says, " that I pretend to exclude the influence of natural dispositions and education ; I think, on the contrary, that it is immense ; but beyond that, all is system, all is nonsense." Here it is obvious that the great intellect of Napoleon was altogether in the dark with regard to the true source of those diversified tempers of mind which were constantly presenting them- selves in action to his commanding powers of conception as to peculiarities of character. Again he says to Las Casas — " He," meaning Corvisart, " and his fellows had a strong leaning to materialism ; it would increase their science and their domain. But Nature is not so poor ; if she was rude enough to announce her meaning by external forms, we should soon attain our ends, and we should be more learned. Her secrets are finer, more delicate, and more fugitive — hitherto they have escaped every one. A little hunch- INTRODUCTION. XXV11 back is a great genius ; a tall and handsome man is often a great ninny ; a large head, with a big brain, sometimes has not an idea, while a little brain is often in possession of vast intelligence. And yet think of the imbecility of Gall ; he attributes to certain bumps, dispositions and crimes which are not in nature, and which take their rise from the conventional arrangements of society. What would become of the bump of thieving, if there was no property ? of that of ambition if man did not live in society ? " But there does exist such a thing as property, and there naturally exists a " bump of thieving," as he calls it, which prompts us to seek for property, and to take care of it. In like manner society exists as the necessary result of the promptings of independent primi- tive social instincts. And the state called society affords scope for the exercise of the " bump of ambition," which, according to Dr. Antomarchi, was a leading feature of Napoleon's own head. But, as it is certain that, unlike Napoleon, some men are never inclined to rule over their fellows, and little desirous of outstripping them in the race for fame, and as all rational people live in society, it cannot be that ambition was at first engendered in the womb of society. On the contrary, its germ was im- planted by the fiat of the Almighty Creator of all things in the human brain, before any owner of that brain could have learned to comprehend and appreciate the charms and the benefits of society. Society is only the foster- mother of ambition. With regard to the tangible facts adduced by this great man as instances subversive of Gall's doctrine, it may be averred, with the utmost confidence, that it is to it, and to it only is due a thorough solution of the true bearing of those facts. Why, for instance, may a "little hunchback" exhibit C 2 XXV1U INTRODUCTION. great genius, while a tall and handsome man is often a great ninny ? Gall could say with truth, and distinctly indicate, that the genius possessed a head of noble con- figuration, while the inferior form of the ninny's denoted his intellectual incapacity and the general want of vigour of his mind. Had Napoleon seen the capacious and finely-formed head of the late Mr. Douglas, who was the southern candidate for the Presidentship of the United States, in opposition to the lamented Abraham Lincoln, and could analyse it according to the natural laws enunciated by Gall, he would have at once seen the immediate source of that distinguished man's oratory, and of his exalted position as a statesman, notwithstand- ing the singular smallness and the want of symmetry of his figure, which, it would seem, did not reach much above the waist of his illustrious, but less intellectually gifted, opponent. And as to the oft-recurring mental superiority of persons with small heads, and the stupidity of others with very large ones, it may be averred that Phrenology alone affords the means of demonstrating, with certainty, the cause of this seeming anomaly in the nature of things, as shall be by-and-bye clearly proved ; and it will also be shown that Phrenology is as justly free from giving encouragement to the doctrine of materialism, in the light it seemed to be viewed by Napoleon, than the Christian doctrine itself. It is quite obvious, then, judging by Napoleon's reported reasons for repudiating Gall's doctrines, that he was entirely ignorant of their nature and true bearing, and was, therefore, no more a competent witness of their intrinsic value than the humblest member of society. He used his influence, nevertheless, to extinguish them. For Gall says, "At his (Napoleon's) return to Paris, from INTRODUCTION. XXXI Germany, lie scolded sharply those members of the Institute who had shown themselves enthusiastic about my new demonstrations. This was the thunder of Jupiter overcoming the pigmies. Immediately my discoveries became nothing but reveries, charlatanism, and absurdities ; and the journals were used as instru- ments for throwing ridicule — an all-powerful weapon in France — on the self-constituted bumps." Yet, notwith- standing all this, "the anatomy and physiology of the brain," says Gall, li discovered by the German doctor, subsist and will subsist in spite of the efforts of Napoleon, and of his imitators, and of all their auxiliary forces." And, as this prediction has actually been verified, it is pleasing to learn Napoleon's opinion of the results that would naturally flow from such a consummation. For he says, as has been already noted, " that if Nature was rude enough to announce her meaning by external forms, we should soon attain our ends, and we should be more learned." (See Plate 10.) It may be interesting to state here that the plaster cast of Napoleon himself, taken some hours after death had put an end to his sorrows, exhibits positive organic indications of the mighty intellect, which for so many years swayed the destinies of nearly the whole of Europe. (See Plate 10.) It is not with the view of gaining fresh supporters of this — the only consistent physiology of the brain, and the only system of mental philosophy which is, in the least degree, capable of affording a clue by which mankind may be led, through the labyrinthine paths of life, to the fields best suited to the cultivation and the growth of their dominant intellectual and moral instincts, as well as to the suppression of such affections as might, by XXXli INTRODUCTION. as might be of lasting benefit to society. There might be pointed out the cause of the difference of style which characterised the oratory of Mansfield and of Erskine,. of Canning and of Brougham : and that which constituted the elements of mind and their combinations, which raised Edmund Burke, as a prescient statesman, to a height such as neither Pitt, nor Fox, nor even Chatham was capable of reaching. There might be seen in Banks' fine bust of him, the cause why Warren Hastings, though he was endowed with many good qualities which endeared him to his friends, was, nevertheless, covetous, self-willed, domineering, unjust, and, in some instances, pitiless, as Governor- General of India. What a contrast to this did the bust of the Marquis of Wellesley, by Nollekens, pre- sent. Not only did it indicate that the disposition of that distinguished statesman was unimbued with the slightest tincture of hypocrisy, avarice, or the love of self-willed, domination; but, on the contrary, it was phrenologically symbolic of an instinctive carelessness in regard to his own pecuniary interests, a disposition which in his case, perhaps, amounted to a fault, and which his intellect, capacious of great things, and comparatively heedless of whatever is little, was ill- calculated to redress. There might be seen in Behnes Burlowe's bust of Macintosh indications of the vastness of his intellect, and the un- obtrusive gentleness of his disposition ; whilst Chantrey's exquisite bust of Lord Castlereagh afforded marked indi- cations of his having been endowed with courage the most heroic, unalloyed by the slightest tinge of complec- tional fear, and with an intellect well balanced, devising, and industrious, but certainly narrow in its range as compared with that of Sir J. Macintosh. There, too, might be seen the true physical indications of the imper- ■ INTRODUCTION. and warm susceptibility of Canning. Amongst the sculls of birds how readily could the practised observer distinguish the scull of the tuneful, melodious canary from that of the chirping, inharmonious sparrow. Nor could he fail to mark the constant differ- ence between the form of the head of the song thrush and that of the jackdaw ; or to discern how the cuckoo's head is hollow where the organ of the love of offspring is located, whilst the same part presents a striking pro- tuberance in the partridge. In the dolphin, the porpoise, the seal, and many other animals, the male could there be distinguished from the female by the form of the back part of the scull, where the same organ lies. Nor could any one fail to mark the form of head that is the in- variable, and evidently indispensable, concomitant of the ferocious and sanguinary temper of the tiger, as well as the strong contrast which it presents to the scull of the wild but gentle gazelle. How superior also the elevated brain of the poodle dog, when compared with that of the indocile, snarling cur ! Tims in animals of the same species the most marked disparity of form is easily dis- cernible, on comparing the sculls of such as are docile and gentle, with those of the dull and intractable. The eleva- tion of the one and the depression of the other are obvious. In an ethnological point of view that collection was very valuable. "What a striking contrast was presented there by the rounded form of the skull of the fierce, indomitable American Indian, who is so averse to inter- course with strangers, and the rather narrow, elongated head of the indolent negro, who is devoted to social enjoyments. How wide was the difference between the head of the Sandwich Islander or of the Tahitian and that XXXIV INTEODUCTION. of the Australian or the Tasmanian. How much superior to either of them were the heads of the civilised Incas of Peru, which had not been submitted to the distorting process of artificial compression. Neither could the wide disparity between the Maori and the Gentoo escape the notice of the most careless observer. And how immea- surably inferior in form were they all to the noble head, which is the issue of the mingling of the Celtic, Saxon, and Norman races (imbued with an infusion of old Roman blood), such as it is found to be in these islands, and in the United States. Perhaps it may not be considered out of place if I relate a circumstance of considerable interest to those who make it a point to make strict inquiry as to the amount of knowledge which certain races are capable of imbibing. Some twenty years ago and more, when the great anatomist, Tiedemann, was in London, he paid a visit to De Ville's Phrenological Museum. I saw him as he .entered the place. He was erect and tall, with an air somewhat stately, yet perfectly unassuming. His head was not so remarkable for great size as for its fine symmetry, and the organs of the moral and intellectual portions of it were in a rare degree harmoniously blended. It was the characteristic head of a curious, indefatigable, conscientious inquirer into the arcana of physical things —one who was not given to indulge in unprofitable, visionary speculations. His visit to De Ville being strictly private, there was no opportunity afforded me of hearing his remarks. But, afterwards, it was told me by De Ville himself, that Tiedemann supposed (and in this he resembled all other opponents of Phrenology) that because he had tested the capacity of a great many INTRODUCTION. XXXV negro and European skulls, by filling them with millet seed, and found that, on an average, those of the Africans were scarcely inferior in size to the skulls of Europeans — that from that fact he thought it probable that the negro, if placed in advantageous circumstances, ought to be capable of exhibiting powers of mind equal to the European. But when the humble, self-educated follower of Gall demonstrated to this celebrated physiologist and anato- mist that the forehead of the negro is usually much smaller than that of the European, and that, moreover, its form, with few exceptions, is irregular and ill-balanced; and when he showed that the size of the negro scull in the basilar portion, where the organs of the affections (which we possess in common with the lower animals) lie, was, in proportion to the upper and anterior parts, which are the seats of the moral and intellectual faculties, larger in the negro than in the European — when De Ville showed, by many instances, that this is always and infallibly the case (with the exception of the heads of criminals), Tiedemann raised his hands and said, " The labour of years is now, I clearly see, of no use to me ; and I must destroy many valuable things bearing upon this theme." Thus, by following the true mode of investigating this department of natural history, was an uneducated man, of good talents, enabled to correct a mistake in anatomy and physiology committed by one of the ablest anatomists that Europe has given birth to. For the long term of twenty-two years the writer of this treatise took every opportunity, afforded him by the kindness of its generous owner, to study the contents of this rare collection ; and, after having studied it with assiduous care, he is bound to say that out of the XXXVI INTKODUCTION. hundred thousand facts winch it contained, not one could be pointed out that did not testify to the never-failing agreement of particular parts or organs of the brain with certain independent, elementary faculties, according to the; laws discovered by Gall. It is with the view of demonstrating the stability and unchangeableness of those laws that the composition of this treatise has been undertaken; in order to excite in its regard such a degree of attention as will tend to awaken it from the state of inauspicious somnolency in which it has for some years lain prostrate. But, strongly impressed with a conviction of the importance of the subject, and fully alive to the difficulty of treating it, the writer cannot help being crossed by fears for the success of this attempt. Belying, however, upon the solidity of the foundation upon which his subject rests,, and surveying the vast store of accumulated materials which have, for more than thirty years, been constantly passing through his hands, and the facts which are now strewn before him in whatever society he may be placed, he would fain hope that even his humble abilities will enable him to make such a selection of incontrovertible facts as will place beyond a doubt the possibility of deter- mining the innate talents and dispositions of any one by making a skilful survey of the head ; and, should he succeed in merely raising a more general spirit of active inquiry in regard to the nature of the evidence adduced, and the deductions drawn from it by phrenologists, than at present exists, he will have reaped a fair reward for his eiforts, for he has long been thoroughly convinced that a strict and faithful examination of the facts which bear upon the case- is alone requisite for converting the incredulous scoifer into the zealous advocate. INTRODUCTION. XXXV11 It may be well, even here, to advert to its undeniable superiority over all other systems of mental philosophy, in regard to the materials it affords for the accurate analysis of the faculties. Even opponents cannot help admitting that it illumines with the noon-day brightness vof reality the uncertain twilight by which the specula- tions of metaphysicians had for ages been obscured. But how trifling does even that great advantage seem when it is compared with its great practical usefulness ; for, in the event of its becoming generally studied, its truthful- ness cannot fail to impart a conviction of the advantages which society will reap from a careful and enlightened application of the principles of Phrenology to the various purposes of life. Hereafter, when Phrenology shall be acknowledged by all to be a science founded upon a practical observance of the true principles of induction, what happy results are sure to follow from the proper application of its laws, for the purpose of finding out at once the distinctive talents and dispositions of any child that may be entrusted to the ■ care of a teacher ! The educator of high mental endow- ments, but ignorant of the practical bearings of this science, can form no adequate notion of the happiness he would be enabled to confer upon his pupils through its means. He would see the injucliciousness of confining for several years to the study of the dead languages a youth whose moderate capacity for acquiring a knowledge of them rendered their study an irksome labour, which nothing but compulsion could induce him to undergo ; whilst, at the same time, the rich germ of genius for natural history in the same boy is kept under restraint at the most impressible time of life, when, by judicious straining, it might be made to bloom in all the perfection § XXXV111 INTRODUCTION. which nature intended it to wear. Again, the mathe- matical teacher will call the boy a dunce who displays no talent for geometry, but who might be capable, neverthe- less, of becoming an ornament to literature or the fine arts, if his instructors had the power of discerning in time the field where his peculiar talents might be exercised and disciplined to most advantage. How often have parents had to bewail the precious time that had been misspent in this way, and the sums of money lavished in the vain hope of seeing a beloved child, at some future day, become eminent in the profession they have chosen for him. But it is not in the misdirection of the intellectual faculties that the paramount mischief lies. It is the injury to which the moral nature is subjected, by pursuing such a course, which renders it imperative on parents and tutors to endeavour to obtain, as early as possible, a thorough knowledge of the moral and intellectual aptitudes of children. : Let us, for instance, picture to ourselves a high-minded, generous youth, ambitious of distinction, being subjected to the taunts and harsh treatment of the guardian of his education, because of his inability to master some branch of literature or science which is deemed indispensable to the completion of his studies. What anguish will he not suffer when openly accused of wilful idleness, or, of that which may be even more wounding to his self- respect, mental imbecility! Whereas, if his talents had been judiciously evolved, he might become an ornament to society, and, may be, the benefactor of his species. Numerous instances might be adduced in proof of the soundness of this opinion, but it will be enough to remind the reader that Swift and Goldsmith were strikingly t unsuccessful at college, especially in mathematics ; and INTRODUCTION. XXXIX that John Hunter was incapable of shining as a classical scholar. Had the latter been doomed to exhaust his strong intellect and untiring industry in the daily exercise of the occupation at first allotted to him, he might probably have become an excellent artisan, but the great anatomist and physiologist would be lost to the world. If we weigh but for a moment the ill effects of com- pelling young persons to spend their time in studying any subject for which they possess but slight capacity, and of the injustice of punishing them for want of proper industry in the pursuit of it, it must be obvious that by such an irrational procedure there is set an example of tyrannical hard-heartedness at a time of life when the minds of those entrusted to the care of teachers are most susceptible of indelible impressions. And thus is produced an estrangement, amounting in many cases to a feeling bordering on aversion, between master and scholar, whose great aim it should be mutually to cultivate the sweet and ennobling sentiments of reverence and love. Hence the temper becomes soured, and the unsocial passions by degrees assume a mastery over the charming sentiment of benevolence, within the silken bonds of which all the other attributes of our nature should be everlastingly intertwined. Indeed, it should be carefully borne in mind that, whenever we attempt to maintain authority by habitually exciting fear in the minds of our pupils, we are unwittingly laying the foundation of duplicity and distrust, until at length that salutary caution, which is the instinctive parent of circumspection, forms an imhallowed alliance with deceit. How important it is, therefore, for teachers to acquire an early knowledge of the dispositions and talents of their pupils ; and what a blessing it is to know that such id INTRODUCTION. knowledge may be attained, even in the first meeting, hj any one possessing competent skill as a practical phrenologist. That such is the fact will, it is hoped, be clearly established, even to demonstration, in the course of the following treatise. PHRENOLOGY AND ITS EVIDENCES. Phrenology may truly be looked upon as a science that consists of countless, unvarying facts concerning mind, upon which general principles have been incontrovertibly established. But it is not the nature of the mind itself with which students of this new system of mental philo- sophy have to deal. Of the mind's essence man cannot ever attain to any knowledge. That is entirely out of the sphere of his understanding. Yet he is impelled to have implicit faith in its separate existence by a powerful, persuasive, and consoling internal monitor, which is not of the understanding. It is the faculties of the mind and the physical agent, which is found to be absolutely indispensable to their manifestation, that lie within the wide scope of phrenological enquiry. This science rests on three fundamental principles. The first of these is that the brain is the true and sole organ of the mind. The second principle is that the brain con- sists of a congeries of organs, each of which is the seat of some special faculty of the mind. And the third — that size of brain is a criterion whereby the measure of mental power may be duly appreciated, all other conditions being equal (see Plate 9). That the mind cannot manifest its faculties in this life without a brain is clearly demonstrable. A heavy blow D 2 PHEENOLOGY on the head in an instant deprives a man of conscious- ness. Too great a quantity of spirituous liquors taken into the stomach directly affects the brain, by means of the great pneumogastric nerve, and thus causes for a time the suspension of sense and reason. The delirium of fever is the result of a too abundant distribution of blood through this, the most complicated and delicate in structure of all the bodily organs. Long continued and excessive mental labour often destroys the constitution of the brain. Have not the vast intellectual and moral energies of O'Connell, and the fertile genius of Walter Scott, faded away under the influence of softening of the brain ? To the same cause is to be assigned the loss of memory and general weakness of intellect which clouded the last years of the life of that most exquisite of all lyric poets, Thomas Moore. It was the enfeebling influence of fourscore years and ten that reduced to a state of comparative childishness the " huge mind " of William Cunningham Plunket — an orator, not only of the first class, but, in the opinion of the best judges of oratory, the greatest of all his cotemporaries. It was a diseased state of the brain that gave occasion for the following lines, which are so sorrowful and so affecting — " From Marlborough's eyes the tears of dotage flow, And Swift expires a driveller and show." If, then, either derangement of the mental faculties, or their partial or total suspension, depends upon a morbid condition of the brain, it is reasonable to conclude that the brain alone is the organ of the mind. Indeed, nothing but thoughtless prejudice could prompt any one to deny this — the first fundamental principle of Phren- ology. And yet, strange to say, men of talent and AND ITS EVIDENCES. 6 education have been found to deny the truth of it, because, say they, we have no consciousness of the brain being concerned in the operations of the mind. A more futile objection could not be hazarded. Are we conscious that the liver secretes bile, or the stomach the gastric juice, which converts the food into the life-sustaining chyme, or the action of the pancreas, while it is eliminating the fluid which serves to change the chyme into the still more vivifying chyle ? Yet these organs are always in a state of activity. It being proved, then, that the brain is the sole organ of the mind, are we, therefore, to conclude that it is but a single organ ? Anatomy, physiology, and pathology afford undeniable evidence of the fallaciousness of such a notion. It is utterly irreconcilable with the laws of nature, which are in themselves invariably consistent. To prove the truthfulness of this — the second funda- mental principle of Phrenology — conclusive evidence may be obtained by searching into the conditions under which monomania presents itself. And, after pursuing such a course of inquiry, it would be a matter of astonishment if any one could hesitate to admit that the brain consists of a number of organs which are quite distinct from one another : for the brain of a monomaniac is found to be disorganised in its structure, so far, at least, as the eye can discern, only at that part of it which is proved by Phrenology to be the organ of the unsound faculty. Evidence confirmatory of this fact shall be adduced when the special mental faculties come to be considered. Another interesting source of enlightenment in regard to the certain existence of a plurality of organs in the brain is afforded by children of precocious genius. Zarah Colbourn, Bidder, Noakes, and others astonished the d 2 4 PHRENOLOGY most able mathematicians by the surprising rapidity and accuracy" of their arithmetical calculations. The " Infant Lyra," when only six months old, is said to have been disagreeably affected by discordant music, and delighted with harmonious sounds. At the age of three or four years she charmed the public by her seraphic perform- ance of her own extemporaneous compositions on the Irish Harp. And there lived in the last century, at the village of Wargrove, in Berkshire, a fool, of the name of Jack Fletcher, who could repeat nearly every word of a sermon after having once heard it. Here we have simple, isolated rays of genius illumining the general incapacity of childhood, and shining even through the mists of imbecility. It may not be premature to state here that these extra- ordinary faculties were, in the above-mentioned cases, accompanied by a singularly large development of those parts of the head which are, according to Phrenology, the organs of those faculties. After this brief but conclusive exposition it is hardly necessary to take any notice of certain objections made by some anatomists, as to the dividing of the brain into a congeries of organs, each of which exercises its own peculiar function, exclusively. They have thought that this assumed fact cannot be sustained, because the apparently homogeneous structure of the medullary substance of the brain offers a satisfactory refutation of Gall's doctrine. This shortsighted objection is for ever set aside by the facts that the spinal marrow, or cord, is composed of anterior and posterior columns, which are, respectively, the transmitters of sensation and of voluntary motion to and from the brain ; and that neither column can perform AND ITS EVIDENCES. D the function of the other. The experiments of Sir C. Bell and Mayo, in this country, and of Majendie, in France, have long ago demonstrated that such is the case. And yet no naked eye can discern any difference of structure in the columns of the spinal marrow. Can any one, after such analogical evidence, presume now to deny that the brain, like the spinal marrow, is capable of performing functions which differ intrinsically from one another ; although it is beyond our power to trace any distinction in the material composition of its diversified organs ? Neither can the eye discern any difference of structure between the optic and auditory nerves. And there is no structural diversity to be seen in the sen- sitive portion of the fifth pair of nerves, although one portion of it becomes expanded into nerves of ordinary sensation, while the other is the nerve of the sense of taste. But though no difference of structure is discernible in the various parts of the brain, to which is ascribed a diversity of functions, it would be unreasonable to suppose that no such discrepancy exists. Nay, it is absolutely necessary that such should be the case, for it would be contrary to the unvarying laws of nature that conflicting mental affections, whether moral or intellectual, could possibly emanate from organs in which no structural difference exists. Could malignancy and charitableness be ministered to by the same part of the brain ? Or could open-handed, self-denying benevolence ever admit of its being cooped up in the cold and cheerless cell of grasping, shivering avarice? Could the elements of cowardice and courage find a fitting domicile in the same part of the brain ? As well might it be imagined that the nerve of seeing could do the office of the nerve of hearing, as 6 PHRENOLOGY that hope and fear, gentleness and ferocity, could be the offspring of a single organ. The next point to be considered is, whether size of brain be a true measure of mental power, all other conditions being equal. Can there be any doubt that this law regarding size is found to exist unchangeably all through nature ? A deal plank, two inches thick, will support more weight than another from the same tree which is only half its bulk ; but it will not resist such an amount of force as a piece of oak of similar form and calibre is capable of doing. Here the conditions are not equal, and accordingly the results are not alike. A ball of iron and one of lead may be the same size, but how different their capacity for resisting pressure. It holds thus with the brain as with everything else. Take, for instance, two heads equal in size, and nearly resembling each other in form, at least in all their salient points, and the prevailing bias of the mind will be found to be the same in both ; but the active efficiency of one of them will be superior to that of the other, if its possessor be endowed with a temperament of greater refinement and intensity. If, then, temperament heightens the structural quality of the brain, a small head, with a high temperament, would display more mental energy than a large one of the same form, which is constitutionally sluggish : just as the close, compact structure of the oak plank renders it much stronger than the deal one, with its comparatively loose fibres, or as a half-inch iron rod is capable of sustaining more pressure without bending than a soft and malleable lead one of the same or even of larger dimensions. More- over, there may be two heads, each containing the same quantity of brain, with the same temperament, and yet their capacity, either for thought or action, or for both, shall differ AND ITS EVIDENCES. ( to a vast extent. One may be eminently intellectual and gentle, the other impetuous and bold, but incapable of shining in any occupation demanding considerable talents. The fine busts of the late Duke of York and the Marquis of Wellesley, by Nollekens, present heads nearly equal in size, but how opposite in form ! The first is indicative of heroic courage and a spirit of determination, sometimes amounting to obstinacy, but it was the obstinacy of an incautious, unreflecting man, and not the offspring of a self-willed, overbearing disposition. In the other, there is a truly noble development of the forehead, where the organs of the intellectual powers are located, which denotes talents capable of managing important affairs, the great moving principles of which his comprehensive mind could readily embrace, and judiciously apply to the effectual fulfilment of his object. Yet it would seem to be a mind which would find it irksome to give attention for any length of time to detached individualities. And though its possessor was neither obstinate, turbulent, nor inclined to be contentious, he would be fearless in the discharge of his duty. On phrenological principles, the intellect of the Marquis should be active, industrious, persevering, comprehensive, concentrated ; that of the Royal Duke, incomprehensive, unconcentrated, uncircum- spect, and indolent, as regards the higher attributes of the intellect. In difficult emergencies a man endowed with such a head would be apt to lean too much upon the opinion and discretion of others. To warn those who are beginning the study of Phrenology against the fallacy of imagining that large heads must necessarily possess more mental capacity than smaller ones, it will be well to adduce one instance more that will not be deemed uninteresting. 8 PHRENOLOGY The head of the late Joseph Hume was immensely large, and he certainly displayed great energy, as well as indomitable perseverance and firmness of purpose, which no pressure from without could subdue. These charac- teristics were in perfect accordance with the salient features of his head. He possessed a strong and assiduous intellect ; but it was more capable of grasping statis- tical details than of comprehending enlarged general principles, either in science or in politics. And this peculiarity of intellect is exactly such as would strike the mind of a skilful practical phrenologist as belonging to a forehead shaped like his. The head of Lord Brougham, on the contrary, was not a particularly large one. Certainly, it was not nearly so large as Mr. Hume's. Brougham's forehead might be deemed even less expanded than it was by persons ignorant of the principles of Phrenology. Comparisons like this have been, again and again, raised as fatal stumbling-blocks in the path of those who were conscientiously pursuing the study of this noble science. But its faithful students must not be scared away from the pursuit by a phantom, conjured up by those who have, avowedly, totally neglected to seek for an intimate knowledge of its fundamental laws, and who were, therefore, incapable of truly estimating its palpable confirmative evidences. How, then, is the vast superiority of Brougham's in- tellect to be accounted for ? It arises from the harmo- nious manner in which all the organs of the intellectual faculties were balanced and blended together in the forehead of that extraordinary man. For this rare equalisation of organs is always accompanied by a capacity for arranging with preciseness the various intellectual faculties, and of concentrating their energies AND ITS EVIDENCES. upon any subject that comes within the range of their powers of comprehension. Now, this balance of power did not characterise the organs of Joseph Hume's fore- head. He possessed some of the intellectual organs in a high state of development, and these were indicative of the kind of talent manifested by him in his laborious and successful career. But he was comparatively weak in those parts which, wmen amply developed, produce logical precision in oral or written discourses, while his unflagging industry in the investigation of subjects, lying within the somewhat contracted sphere of his useful faculties, has seldom been equalled. His per- severance and unswerving stedfastness of purpose were indomitable. It is also a recorded fact that the region of the head wherein the organs of these mental attributes lie is protuberant in the cast of the head of this honest reformer. But though a head of moderate size will be often found to manifest much more energy and talent than a large one, owing to the superior symmetry of its proportions, there is a measure of size above which the human head must reach before its possessor can take his stand as the qualified associate of rational beings. Idiotcy is the invariable concomitant of a head that measures only sixteen inches in circumference. Indeed, I have never seen nor heard of an adult's head under nineteen inches in circumference which was not that of a congenital idiot. The smallest head belonging to a rational being ever measured by myself was only twenty inches and a quarter. It' was the head of a young lady of superior talents, whose reasoning powers were of a high order. She was capable of writing with considerable effect, especially on theo- logical subjects. This head was very narrow just above 10 PHRENOLOGY the ears, and it was also very small at the back part ; but it was high and well filled out at the top. The forehead was broad, and high, and prominent to a re- markable degree, and it was, moreover, harmoniously balanced. To judge by the temperament the structure of the brain was of the finest quality. It is in the active, bustling, impelling attributes of the mind that this lady would evince a deficiency of vigour, owing to the smallness of the animal region of the head. It is safe, therefore, to conclude that a head might exist resembling this in every respect, except that the forehead may be somewhat smaller, but still large enough for the exhibition of some talent; and that thus might be found an individual with a head even under twenty inches, capable of performing the ordinary duties of life in a rational manner. The instinctive sagacity of some animals, and the vigour of their affections, are concomitants of very small brains. But there is this difference between them and the small brains of idiots, namely, that the quality of an animal's brain is perfect, and its form exactly adapted to the manifestation of the desires of the creature, while the structure of the idiot's brain is lamentably imperfect, and its form defective. It would seem, however, to be a universal fact, in regard to the human race, that an adult's head much less in circumference than twenty inches is, according to our present experience, certain to be abnormal in shape and ill-organised as to the structure of the brain. May not this constant association of the excessive small- ness of the head and the imperfect organisation of the substance of the brain, in the case of idiots, be considered tantamount to a proof that a brain of so diminutive a AND ITS EVIDENCES. 11 calibre, be it ever so finely organised, would, notwith- standing, be altogether inadequate to the due performance of the complicated affairs of life ; or, at least, that no approach to excellence could be attained by any one so scantily endowed with the instrument of the moral, religious, and intellectual faculties ? There are heads of adults even below the measure of nineteen inches. The head of the Amsterdam idiot, at the age of twenty- five years, was only sixteen inches round (see Plate 9). Another, at Cork, at the age of seventeen, was only seven- teen inches ; and the heads of three or four adult French idiots were about the same size. There was an idiot in St. Martin's Workhouse, London, whose head measured nearly nineteen inches ; and here we may recognise the advantage of its nearer approach to the size of the head in an adult requisite for the proper manifestation of the acuities of the mind. This poor creature could feed him- self; and, moreover, he evinced a sense of any kindness used towards him by smiling, as it were, from a feeling of thankfulness. The idiot of Amsterdam could not feed himself, nor did he seem to be moved by any one of the human affections. Congenital idiots, like these, some- times have a large development of some one organ or another, and this is attended with occasional emotions of great intensity. It may here be observed that the diver- sified character of these affections are entirely in accord- ance with the laws of Phrenology. And this, again, is a proof that the brain consists of a congeries of organs, each of which is capable of acting by itself, and of its own accord ; although almost all our thoughts and doings are, undoubtedly, dependent on the mutual influence of several faculties. With regard to the average size of the adult male head, 12 PHRENOLOGY the result of a vast number of measurements shows that it does not exceed twenty-two inches in circumference. A head of such dimension, with an active temperament, is capable of displaying great mental energy ; but the direction which that energy shall take will depend upon the development of specific organs, and their special com- binations, which are as various as the diversified talents and tempers of men. It must not, therefore, be supposed for a moment that a head which falls below this average must, of consequence, be inferior in mental power to one that may happen to be much larger. Indeed, the heads of some of the greatest geniuses of modern times are very little above twenty-two inches in circumference. The original cast of Sir Walter Scott's head is twenty-two inches and a half. That of Crabbe is twenty-two and three-quarters, and Byron's hat, according to Colonel Napier's statement, was remark- ably small ; and Leigh Hunt says Shelly's hat was a small one. The cast of Fuseli, the painter, measures twenty- two inches and an eighth ; and the posthumous cast from the shaved head of the great continuator and extender of Newton's " Principia," Laplace, is no more than twenty-two inches round. But the frontal portion of it is singularly wide, and it is exceedingly large at the region of Order and Number. Here, then, is the head of one of the greatest mathe- maticians of any age or country, which does scarcely reach, in general bulk, the ordinary average standard of size. Still it indicates only the presence of partial mental power. It was wholly intellectual : for the regions of the propelling and commanding passions were very moderately developed. And it is not within the sphere of probability that a man, possessing a head of that size, AND ITS EVIDENCES. 13 with so predominating a frontal region, could ever muster up sufficient force of character to curb the genius of revolution in its tumultuous progress, and direct its future movements according to his will. Such a man was Oliver Cromwell, such was Napoleon Bonaparte, and it is certain that both of them had large heads. Yet not so large, perhaps, as the heads of many men, by no means distinguished for mental superiority. The head of Blomfield Rush, the daring murderer of the Jermy family, was as large as Cuvier's, or Rammohun Roy's, or Spurzheim's, each of which was very large, or as that of Mr. Markwick, with which it is contrasted in Plate 2, — a man, the nobleness of whose mind is noticed under the head of Inhabitiveness. But how opposite to the tranquil course of their dispositions were the channels through which the turbulent energies of that ferocious man w T ere directed ! What system of mental philosophy but that of Grail and Spurzheim can enable us to explain the cause of such marked diversities of character? It was, for instance, the rare combination of singularly powerful organs, both of the intellectual faculties and of those of the propelling passions, stimulated by ex- orbitant love of power, that rendered those wonderful men, Croimvell and Napoleon, the conquering spirits of their times (see Plate 10). And it was the great defi- ciency of the region of the moral sentiments in Rush's head that rendered him a recipient of the spirit of wickedness which found a fitting habitation in the organs of the inferior animal propensities, that were in his head of great magnitude. In the heads of Cuvier, Rammohun Roy, Markwick, and Spurzheim, indications of a totally opposite character were conspicuous. Do not all these antagonistic instances clearly show 14 PHRENOLOGY that superior size of brain is a sure sign of mental power, all other conditions being equal, but that the power differs in kind, according to the local position of the predominant organs ? And, although numerous cases have already been mentioned which prove that men with heads of moderate size are capable of evincing great genius and mental energy, it is, nevertheless, right to state, as a crowning testimony of that fact, that the scull of one of the greatest and most original of philo- sophers, Descartes, measured no more than twenty inches and six-eighths. Now, allowing one inch and an eight] 1 , or one and a quarter, for the presence of the integuments (a fact which many comparative measurements have enabled me to certify), the head of this great genius would measure in circumference, in his lifetime, not more than twenty-two inches. But his forehead was very fine. Yet it was specially and even surprisingly indicative, as was Laplace's, of a genius for geometry of the highest kind. The fine portrait of him, engraved by Edelinck, is a singularly striking phrenological attes- tation of this. But neither the scull nor the portrait is symbolic of his having possessed equal superiority of genius, as an explorer of the labyrinthine regions of metaphysics. And what Lord Brougham said of Des- cartes is in perfect accordance with the characteristic development of the forehead of that great man. " He is," says that most competent of judges, " the true author of all the modern discoveries of mathematics. He made the greatest step that ever man made since the discovery of algebra, which is lost in the obscurity of remote ages. I mean his application of algebra to geometry, the source of all that is most valuable and sublime in the stricter sciences and in natural philosophy. But assuredly his AND ITS EVIDENCES. 15 physical and psychological speculations are much less happy ; although it was no mean fame to be the author of a treatise, the answer to which was the first work ever composed by man — Newton's " Principia." All nature, then, proclaims the truthfulness of the third general principle of Phrenology. But it is a thing to be regretted that the indiscriminate use of the terms " above and below the average size," when applied to particular heads, has given rise to much misconception as to the real tenets of this science, and has led some men, distinguished for high attainments in the paths of literature and of science, to oppose its diffusion, when they found that their own heads barely reached the medium standard, while men of poor abilities are often endowed with very large ones. But surely the notable cases of Descartes and Laplace must set aside for ever such pre- mature objections, however plausible they may have appeared at first sight, when general development only was regarded, while that which was particular and specific was overlooked. For it should be remembered that it is the relative size of the different regions, or the three grand divisions of the brain of each individual, and not only of the regions themselves, but of the organs of which those regions are composed, which alone affords a criterion whereby the true principles of Phrenology, as a science and as an art, capable of being practically used in the analysis and delineation of character, can be tested and judged. It is presumed that conclusive evidence has been adduced already to prove that the brain, which is un- doubtedly the organ of the mind, is composed of several distinct parts or organs, each of which enjoys its own peculiar function. By-and-bye evidence the most palpable 16 PHRENOLOGY shall be brought forward to show that these organs amount to a certain number ; and, moreover, that that number accords exactly with the number of the primitive fundamental faculties of the mind. Not such faculties,' however, as the conjectural hypothesis of metaphysicians would impose upon us as being fundamental, but such as the demonstrable science, bequeathed to the world by the genius of Gall, enables any one of ordinary talent to discern and to estimate, not only in their individual qualities, but likewise in all their harmonious coherency. And it may, with the utmost correctness, be averred that the constant sympathy which exists between certain organic combinations and certain ideal associations should be regarded as conclusive evidence of the soundness of the foundation upon which Gall has raised this admirable system of mental philosophy; for, as Bacon has wisely said, " It is the harmony of a philosophy that gives it light and credence." Why is it that this luminous, transparent picture of the faculties of the mind and their special organs in the brain had, before the advent of Gall, eluded the pene- trating minds of the greatest philosophers both of ancient and modern times ? For some of them were equal, others possibly superior, to Gall in comprehensiveness of intellect and zeal to acquire knowledge. Yet there is not one of them all, from Democritus, Aristotle, and Plato, whose attention was practically directed to that end, that did not fail to descry this glorious picture. Hence it cannot fairly be questioned that they all fell short in the display of that rare perspicacity of intellect, manifested by Gall, in discerning and exposing to the open light of day the true sources of diversified mental phenomena, which lay so long concealed behind the mystic veil of metaphysics, AND ITS EVIDENCES. 17 and which he was, even in his childhood, led to investi- gate, through an ardent thirst, amounting to an imperious instinct, to make himself acquainted with the cause of the diversities of dispositions and talents. But, setting aside all personal comparison as to superiority of understanding, it cannot be denied that the various and often antagonistic opinions entertained by speculative metaphysicians, in regard to the mind and its faculties, are unsatisfactory ; because, unlike Gall's, theirs are for the most part, at least the issue of their own individual mental idiosyncracies. For, while Grail drew his materials for the construction of the true physiology of the brain from the wide domain of animate nature, where all things are palpable and consistent, they were employed in delineating the " Idols of the Den." And truly did Lord Bacon judge, when he said — " There is no small difference between the idols of the human mind and the ideas of the divine mind, that is to say, between certain idle dogmas, and the real stamp and impressions of created objects, as they are found in nature." Driven from their strongholds, which they vainly looked upon as impregnable, by the well-served artillery of un- erring facts, some scientific opponents of Phrenology took shelter in a redoubt, and to that they clung with perse- vering tenacity. "The scull," they said, "does not exactly represent the shape of the brain within it ; and, therefore, the phrenologist is precluded from forming a just estimate of character by an inspection of the head, even though the fundamental principles of the science were fomided on the natural laws." A more futile objection than this could not be hazarded, for the scull, as every physiological anatomist knows full well, grows, pari 'passu, with the brain, and adheres to it 18 PHRENOLOGY throughout with as much exactness as the plaster mould does to the bust within it ; and when the brain is healthy- there is scarcely any observable inequality in the thickness of the scull. Just over the root of the nose, indeed, there occurs sometimes a separation of the outward and inward plates of the bone, which is called the frontal sinus. Now there are some writers who think that this sinus is a fatal obstacle in the path of the student of Phrenology. But, in their zeal to quench the only light capable of guiding mankind through the intricate paths that lead to the temple of mental philosophy, they have missed their mark by asserting that the prominence of the bony ridge of the eyebrow is not, as phrenologists have assumed it to be, a true criterion of tne existence or non-existence of this frontal sinus, since it was found by Sir William Hamilton, the eminent writer on mental philosophy, after an extensive examination of sculls in the museum of the University of Edinburgh, that the sinus was quite as strongly marked in sculls which were flat across the brow, as it was in those wherein the prominence of the same part was conspicuous. Now what does this last fact, as given by a highly intellectual opponent, tend to prove? The very reverse of what it was intended to show. It shows that the pre- sence of this sinus offers no real obstruction to our form- ing a right estimate of the allowance to be made as to the real extent of cerebral development at that part of the brain which lies behind the sinus, whether the brow be projecting or not. But is it true that this sinus always exists in the adult scull? Spurzheim averred that, in all his experience in the opening of sculls and dissecting of brains, he had never found this frontal sinus existing before the age AND ITS EVIDENCES. 19 of thirty-five years. In the scull of Lord Byron, who died at the age of thirty-six, there was not the slightest ajmearance of a sinus. But as it is certain that these gleanings from the dissecting room, from which Sir W. Hamilton drew his inferences as to the constant presence of this sinus, were the sculls of persons of mean condition, and consequently of uncultivated understandings, it would follow, according to the natural laws of the growth and diminution of parts, that the intellectual portion of the brain in persons of their hmnble station must, in a long course of years, have become reduced in size, on account of its comparative inaction. And it is highly probable that the sculls here alluded to belonged to poor persons far advanced in life; for the dissecting room is not furnished with the remains of persons of good station and education. Now, as the inner plate of the scull must necessarily be in contact with the surface of the brain, when no morbid substance intervenes, the falling away of the brain by means of the absorbent vessels, as a natural consequence of its inactivity, must be followed by the secretion of bony matter from the blood through the action of the secernent vessels. And this bony matter, being deposited on the inner surface only, gradually pro- duces, in the course of years, that separation of the inner and outward plates of the scull which has been designated the frontal sinus. And why is it that no sinus ever exists in the sculls of those who die in childhood or in early manhood? It is because the rapid increase of the brain in early life, caused by the deposition of cerebral substance through the secernent vessels, renders more room neces- sary, and as the hard bony case cannot yield to the soft E2 20 PHRENOLOGY growing matter within it in the ordinary way, there exists a tissue of absorbent vessels which, by means of a won- derful instinct, are forced, even by the soft pressure of that cerebral matter, to remove, to a certain extent, the interior surface of the scull, in order to give place to the growing brain. But as this incessant absorption of bone continues for many years, and as there occurs during that period of' time a great perceptible increase in the size of the head, it is obvious that the scull, which in childhood is not above an eighth-of-an-inch in thickness, would be entirely absorbed if it were not for the action of the- secernent vessels, which are, at the same time, deposit- ing ossific matter on the outside of the absorbed parts so far as to make amends for the removal of it from the inside by the action of the absorbents. Such is the living procedure which prevents the forma- tion of the frontal sinus in the sculls of children, and even in those of adults in the prime of life ; and which, on the other hand, causes its presence when life is in its decline. With regard to this latter fact, the cases brought to light by Sir William Hamilton, in which the sinus was at least as extensive in sculls that were characterized by a striking flatness of the brow, as in those where great prominence was manifest, it is only what the- laws of Phrenology would lead those who have carefully studied them to anticipate. For example, the organs that are affected by the sinus are those which bring us acquainted with substantive external objects and some of their qualities. Now it happens to be an invariable law of nature that, when life's prime is past, the nearer we approach the goal of our existence the more we- AND ITS EVIDENCES. 21 become uninfluenced by the promptings of curiosity. We become less observant, and the memory of what -we really do notice is far less tenacious than it was formerly. And this is owing to the brain having be- come shrunken in the region which consists of those organs. Now as all organs are, ceteris paribus, active in proportion to their size, it follows that the greater the prominence of the parts in question the longer will their tendency to continuous energetic action be sustained ; and, consequently, the later should be the existence of this sinus. So far, therefore, is this discovery by Sir William Hamilton from affording that eminent psychological , philosopher any grounds for his determination to era- dicate from the minds of thinking persons all confidence in the doctrine of Gall — so far is it from affording a warrant for such a conclusion, that it is, on the con- trary, a palpable fact in corroboration of its truthfulness. And the averment of Spurzheim, that this sinus never makes its appearance before the age of thirty-five, shews that no valid objection can exist, on this score, to the practical applicability of Phrenology to the elucidation ■ of the special talents and dispositions of children. And, surely, the power which this science imparts, of instantly making known to parents and teachers the mental characteristics of children, must be of the highest value, since it teaches how precept, training, and example may be used to the best advantage; for these never fail to make a deep and lasting impression on the imitative instincts of childhood. Neither does the objection, as regards the sinus, hold good against its power of afford- ing a correct monitor in advising even adults as to the 22 PHRENOLOGY kind of occupation that is most suitable to their indivi- dual capacities. Nor does it, at any age, prevent us from using the head as a beacon to warn us to avoid the society of treacherous and dishonest persons. Nor can it, in the least degree, mar the direct salutary in- fluence of Phrenology in the classification and cure of insane persons, and in the management of criminals (see Plate 7). Having proved by irrefragable evidences that the brain, is the organ through which the faculties of the mind are made manifest in this world, and that, moreover, it is, in, fact, as in reason it must necessarily be, composed of a congeries of organs, each of which is capable of perform- ing a part that is entirely distinct from the function of any of the others; and having also demonstrated that size of brain is a true criterion of power, all other conditions being equal, and that the direction of that power is dependent upon special configurations of the brain, which are as various as the inherent mental qualities of men with which they are reciprocally accordant — having shown that these fundamental general laws of Phrenology are true to nature, I will now proceed with the analysis of the several individual faculties, and at the same time de- monstrate, by means of well authenticated instances of a most interesting and instructive description, the position of their organs. And, as the superficial form of the scull is proved to be a correct representation of the brain within it, there can be no difficulty in forming a just estimate of the relative magnitude of any organ. It is well to state here briefly that the brain consists of two parts which are technically denominated cerebrum and cerebellum. The cerebrum fills the scull with the * exception of that part of it which lies across its • base ? , AND ITS EVIDENCES. 23 just over the nape of the neck. It is here that the cerebellum is located. There is also within the precincts of the base of the scull that body called medulla oblongata, which is composed of the primary bundles of medullary and cineritious, or white and grey substance, which, by a continual aggregation of these substances, caused by an abounding circulation of blood through the minutest fibres of this sensitive and delicate structure, ultimately become developed under the form of the cerebrum, or greater brain, and the cerebellum, or little brain. This medulla oblongata crowns the spinal cord like the capital of a pillar. It is the point in which the flame of life is most readily quenched, for it is in it that the roots of those nerves, upon which the continuance of animal life depends, are concentrated. It is into the substance of the hinder- most portion of this body that the nerves upon which the will or volition can exercise no control have been traced to their source. It is necessary to bear this in mind, in order the more readily to comprehend and duly appreciate the following effort at rooting out, from the category of physiological truths, the notions entertained by every one of those distinguished anatomists and philosophers who have repudiated Gall's discovery in regard to the true function of the cerebellum. This is the subject that shall first call for the reader's attention, in compliance with the practice of every one who has written on Phrenology. THE CEREBELLUM AND ITS TRUE FUNCTION-AMATIVENESS. When it was ordained that a man should forsake father and mother and cling to his wife, who was, but a little while previously, a stranger to him, there was implanted within him a propensity powerful enough to draw the affections into channels differing from those through which they were from early infancy accustomed to flow ; but still without causing a lessening of love for the familiar objects of old, affectionate, and reverential attach- ments. This instinct forms the principal ingredient of the mixed passion called Love. It renders man, in an especial manner, susceptible of the influence of the beauty and grace so liberally bestowed on the fairest portion of humanity. It is this feeling, when acting in harmony with predominating benevolence, warm attachment^ respectfulness, and conscientiousness, heightened by a good endowment of ideality, or the sense of the beau- tiful, that imparts so much enthusiasm and unselfish devotedness to the loves of the sexes, and spreads such enduring charms over the domestic fireside. And these sentiments, when chastened by the presence of pure religious aspirations, render mankind ready, instinctively AMATIVENESS. 25 and voluntarily, to entwine themselves for life within the bonds of wedlock. Happy are they in this state of union whose dispositions harmonise with one another ; but bitter woe is often the lot of those high-minded persons who are bound for life to consort with the ill-disposed and the selfish; for this propensity, when left to riot uncontrolled by the moral sentiments and foresight, has been, in all ages, the fertile and ungovernable source of the bitterest misery and heart-burning in private life, while some of the direst calamities that have ever afflicted society have arisen from unhallowed submission to its imperious cravings. It was an unholy attachment like this for young Roger Mortimer that caused the accomplished and high- born Isabella of France to conspire with that able and ambitious man, not only to deprive her weak-minded husband and king of his throne, but even of his life. And so lost to shame did she become that, when the young Edward with his guards had surprised her and her paramour in the castle of Nottingham, and seized Mortimer, she rushed from the chamber where she had lain concealed, into the presence of her exasperated son, exclaiming — " Fair son, spare my gentle Mortimer ! " It was the impetuous craving of this passion that rendered the heart of Henry VIII. callous to the pleadings of pity which must have acted occasionally, even in him, as an internal monitor, to warn him of the remorseless cruelty of his conduct. And, in his case, it was also the first ostensible cause of the greatest ecclesiastical revolution recorded in history. It was the enchanting fascination of Cleopatra, the beauteous syren of the Nile, that caused Mark Antony to let slip heedlessly from his grasp the sceptre of half the world. Through the influence of this absorbing 26 AMATIVENESS. instinct even the great mind of his master, Julius Csesar s . succumbed for a season to the captivating charms of the same enchantress. But, not like Antony, Caius Julius was endowed with — " An immortal instinct that redeemed The frailties of a heart so soft, yet bold, Alcides with a distaff now he seemed At Cleopatra's feet ; and now himself he beamed And came and saw and conquered." It was submission to the unruly dictates of this passion that brought Priam's powerful kingdom to destruction — an event which afforded a theme for the exercise of Homer's transcendent genius. Since love engages our thoughts in the morning of life with greater intensity than other affections, young persons should be careful as to the manner in which it is likely to influence them ; for its first incentive, being a strong animal instinct, should be guided by those refining moral and religious motives, which mankind, alone, of all sublunary living things, has been formed, to enjoy. " The passion called Love," says Edmund Burke, " has so general and powerful an influence ; it makes so much of the entertainment, and indeed so much the occupation of that part of life which decides the character for ever, that the mode and the principles on which it engages the sympathy, and strikes the imagination, become of the utmost importance to the morals and manners of every society." When the paramount influence of this fundamental animal instinct is correctly weighed in the balance of the mental faculties it follows, as a fixed law of nature, that there must exist a part of the brain which is. AMATIVENESS. 2T specially devoted to its manifestation. And, as the organs of the strongest faculties are the largest, so do we find that the organ of Amativeness is the largest of them all. It would not at all accord with the spirit of this book to narrate the facts which established in the capacious and conscientiously scrutinizing minds of Gall and Spurzheim a thorough conviction that the propensity, now under consideration, has the cerebellum for its organ. Never- theless it may not be improper to adduce a few remarkable examples, which warrant the really investigating disciples of Dr. Gall in their corroboration, without doubt or hesi- tation, of his opinion as to the true function of the cerebellum. But some physiologists have asserted that the cere- bellum is always in uniform proportion, as to size, with the cerebrum. Now, if this assertion were borne out by facts, it is clear that Gall's view would be untenable, for men with large heads would, according to that view be, ceteris paribus, necessarily more under the influence of the amatory propensity than persons with small heads. But it is certain that this is by no means the case. And as many of the most distinguished anatomists and physi- ologists concur in supposing that the cerebellum is the director or regulator of muscular motion, and the pre- server of equilibrium, it would follow here also that an individual with a large head could exercise these functions with more precision and neatness than any one with a small head — size being always {ceteris paribus) an indica- tion of power. Surely this state of things cannot exist in the domain of nature ; for if this assumed balance of quantity were an invariable fact, we should expect to find the glorious singer and actor, Lablache, capable of 28 AMATIVENESS. surpassing in gracefulness of attitude and well-poised steps the incomparable dancer, Taglioni. Another able writer on physiology, Mr. Alexander Walker, endeavoured to prove that the cerebellum is the organ of volition. And certainly there is a close identity between volition and the faculty of regulating and directing muscular motion. But here again it may be positively averred that large heads are not necessarily accompanied by superior force of will or volition. Before these conjectures respecting the function of the cerebellum come to be considered it will be well to advert to the supposed constancy of relative proportion between the cerebrum and the cerebellum. It is indeed matter of surprise to find men of superior intellects and attainments taking for granted, in so im- portant a phenomenon, without investigation, what others have hazardously propounded, when a wide field lay open before themselves, wherein materials for setting their minds right as to the real state of the case are always to be found. Let any one, for instance, compare Bartolini's bust of Lord Byron with that of Samuel Rogers in the Ken- sington Museum, and he will see that, although the head of Eogers is much larger, the cerebellum in Byron's head is twice as big. Or let the bust of Rogers be contrasted with that of Lord Lyndhurst by Behnes, in the same gallery, and it must be acknowledged that the cerebellum is, in proportion to the cerebrum, not only absolutely but relatively many degrees larger in the head of the re- nowned orator and lawyer than in that of the refined and unsensual poet. And how considerable the difference between the busts of Thomas Moore and Chantrey's fine characteristic bust of Wordsworth ! A mere glance at AMATIVENESS. 29 the easts from nature of the virtuous poet Crabbe and of the unhappy but incorrigibly sensual Dr. Dodd (see Plates 3 and 4) must convince any one that, although their heads are pretty equal in size, but totally different in shape, the cerebellum in the cast of Dodd's head is extremely large in proportion to the rest of the head; and that it is of moderate bulk both absolutely and relatively in the cast of Crabbe. In the very large head of Spurzheim the cerebellum is of very moderate size, while it is remark- ably large in the sensual culprit Rush (see Plate 2). In the fine lofty head of the Chevalier Neukom, the musical composer, the cerebellum is rather small, whilst it is ex- cessively large in the much smaller head of the savage murderer, Mrs. Manning, and in Greenacre, the covetous and deceitful slayer of the woman whom he vowed to marry. Indeed, the absolute size of the cerebellum in criminals, and its relative predominance in bulk over the moral and intellectual organs, are striking characteristics of the heads of these outcasts of society. And surely it cannot be supposed that these degraded persons are possessed of superior capability for the directing and regulating of the movements of the voluntary muscle's of the body and limbs with more precision and graceful- ness than those in whose heads that organ does not form a characteristic feature. Indeed, anatomy, physiology, and pathology afford conclusive evidence to show that the cerebellum cannot be the regulator of voluntary muscular motion, as Rolando, Floureus, and others have imagined; nor the focus of sensibility, as Foville thought, in order the better to account for its power as a director and regulator ot voluntary motion. This last conjecture does certainly seem a plausible 30 AMATIVENESS. one, for it would appear necessary to experience a sensa- tion of the contact of an object, or a perception of its presence through the sense of sight, before the will could have an adequate incentive to put any set of muscles in motion. And the following case affords an interesting illustration of the probable correctness of this opinion. During the professorship of that original thinker and accomplished physiologist and pathologist, the late Dr. James Macartney, at Trinity College, Dublin, and while I was engaged, as his pupil, in dissecting and preparing a subject suitable for his next anatomical lecture, in his own private room, it was announced that one of the college porters was waiting in the museum to consult him. The malady of this man consisted of complete loss of sensibility in the right hand, while the power of moving the fingers according to his will remained. He could even grasp the hand of any one, though his hold had but little force. But though he could seize and hold objects, it required attention on his part to keep them from dropping involuntarily from his hand, so this power of holding was of little use to him. It is obvious that if this man were to place his hand accidentally upon any object in the dark he could not be prompted by any internal monitor, such as volition or will, to take hold of the thing, or to thrust it out of his way, though it should be an obstruction to his movements. And does not this case of itself show, even without the support of Sir C. Bell's discovery of the diverse functions of the anterior and posterior columns of the spinal cord, that the centres of sensibility are quite distinct from those of voluntary motion ? But it also shows that these two centres are so closely connected, that any failure in AMATIVENESS. 31 the healthy functions of either of them effectually mars the healthful action of the other. But though Foville is right in conjecturing, with others, what Gall had long before seen, that the cerebrum is the central source of voluntary motion, there is the most conclusive evidence to prove that he is wrong in thinking that the cerebellum is the central point of con- vergence of the sensations, which give rise to voluntary motion. Neither can it be deemed the source of those ^motions that take place without consciousness. For instance, there appeared, many years ago, in one •of the hospitals of Paris, a child born at the usual time of gestation. This child lived for three days. During that time it had power to move about its arms and legs ; and when the nipple, or its substitute, was put to its lips, it evidently was affected by the object ; and when placed in its mouth it sucked in the milk in the natural way. But though it possessed this power it did not manifest that instinctive volition with which new-born infants, whose brains are in a normal condition, turn to the mother's breast. For it did not seem to desire food if left to itself; and though there is ground for thinking that it derived pleasurable sensations from the sense of taste, it is evident that it did not experience any consciousness of the traces of pleasurable sensations, for it made no volmitary efforts to renew them. Now, both the lobes of the brain were entirely wanting in this acephalous foetus (for thus such imperfect children are named), and there was no trace of the cerebellum to be found. The cerebellum cannot, therefore, be the central point of the convergence of sensation, as Foville thought, for in this child there existed sensation, and also that nervous irritability which was the occasion 32 AMATIVENESS. of the involuntary movements of its legs and arms, as well as the power of maintaining, during its brief existence, the natural action of the stomach, heart, and lungs, over which the will or volition exercises no control whatever. Now, since these organs were capable of performing the functions necessary to the preservation of life, even for the short space of three days, it is evident that the cerebellum cannot be the true source of that power which regulates and preserves the function of respiration and the active powers of the muscles of the heart, and other vital organs; as well as the energies of the minutest capillary arteries, which are the immediate unconscious ministers to the growth of all the tissues of the body; and of the equally delicate- absorbent vessels, which serve to remove effete parts, in order to make way for new deposits of similar structure ; and of that living force which renders the liver, spleen, and kidneys capable of using their marvellous secreting powers apart from the influence or control of the will. Neither can these functions be ascribed to the cerebrum itself, for in this instance that body was also absent. But though this case affords conclusive evidence of the palpable truth of the inferences here deduced from it, it yet remains to be shown that the cerebellum is not a central point for the convergence of sensations which are indispensable to the regular action of the voluntary muscles ; for in this imperfectly organised being the movement of its limbs and lips were manifestly not the result of volition, neither did they seem to be under the regulating control of any of its organs. Are we, there- fore, to assume that the fact of the cerebellum being entirely wanting in this instance is not a disproof of the idea that upon it depends the power of regulating and AMATIVENESS. 33 directing the actions of the voluntary muscles, and of preserving their equilibrium ? The fallacy of such a conclusion is proved to demonstration by the following singular case. In the summer of 1841, when the late Phrenological Association was assembled at the great room of the Society of Arts, in the Adelphi, Dr. Elliotson exhibited the cerebellum of a gelding which was entirely converted into bone. This anatomical preparation was lent to that distinguished physician, and enlightened supporter of Gall's doctrine, by the late eminent lecturer on veterinary surgery, Mr. Yuatt, who at the same time assured Dr. Elliotson that this horse had never shown any want of power to direct and regulate his movements, but that he walked, trotted, and galloped like other horses, and manifested no unsteadiness in his gait, though his action was somewhat sluggish. The two eminent names, con- nected with the first announcement of this very singular case, are authorities sufficient to remove all question as to its authenticity. Can it, then, be denied that this is a case calculated to set aside for ever the notion that the function of the cerebellum consists of the power of regu- lating and directing the actions of voluntary muscles, and of enabling an animal to preserve its equilibrium? Neither can the cerebellum be deemed the centre of general sensation, as Foville thought, for this animal was not at all wanting in that faculty. And surely, in the face of a fact like that just now narrated, it cannot justly be thought that that organ is the central seat of the nervous energy, which sustains the workings of the interior organs of the body, upon which the continuance of life, even for a moment, depends, and over which the will can use no control. Yet this opinion F 34 AMATIVENESS. was entertained by Swedenborg, and supported by all the force and originality of his genius, because he was led by the writings of celebrated anatomists to a conviction that the pneumogastric nerve, called vagus, from its widespread wanderings, had its source in the cerebellum. And, certainly, there was ample ground, apparently, for his belief; for this nerve issues, on each side, from the medulla oblongata at the place where the oval ganglion of grey substance called, from its shape, the olivary body, lies in apposition with the restiform, or rope-shaped body, which comes directly from the very hindermost column of the spinal cord, with which it is continuous, and then passes into the centre of the cerebellum. But though Spurzheim says, in his " Anatomy of the Brain," that the primary filaments of this great nerve are more closely connected with the cerebellum than with the olivary body, and though that original thinker and careful experimenter, Mayo, in his folio work on the anatomy of the human brain, with its singularly beautiful plates, says that the pneumogastric nerve is seen to spring from the restiform body, it is yet certain, judging by the sure result of Mayo's own dissection, that this great pneumogastric nerve has not its source in the corpus restiforme, or inferior pedicle of the cerebellum. For he says that its filaments may be traced into the substance of that body, " and followed through it to the grey matter at the back of the medulla oblongata." As well, then, might the trigeminal nerve be supposed to have its source in the pons varolii, or commissure of the two lobes of the cerebellum, because its filaments seem to arise from it. But no anatomist now harbours such an opinion as that. And, surely, the relation of the pneumogastric nerve to the restiform bodies is, in all respects, analogous to that AMATIVENESS. 35 -which the superficial fibres of the pons varolii hold to the filaments of the great trigeminal nerve on their passage from the grey substance in the posterior parts of the medulla oblongata, which really is the source from whence they spring. Indeed, to suppose that the great vagus — the nerve of respiration, digestion, and circulation — could have its source in those restiform bodies would be to ignore the fixity of a general law of anatomy. For it is certain that all nerves have their primitive filaments imbedded in the grey, or cineritious, matter of the nervous centres. It is the vital well from which they spring. But though the pneumogastric nerve, or vagus, draws its strength from this parent stock, it, like a grateful living offspring, imparts, in a marvellous way, to the stomach, lungs, and heart a power that enables them, in their turn, to invigo- rate, by warm, life-sustaining arterial blood, that parent stock, which, without that constant aid, would instantly become extinct. Now, as it is an invariable law that all the nerves do take their rise by filaments issuing from the grey matter, and as the corpora restiformia are entirely composed of white medullary fibrous matter, they cannot be justly supposed to give origin to the pneumogastric nerve. And though the premises upon which Swedenborg reared his theory, that the mind had its seat in the cerebrum, or the larger portion of the brain, were undoubtedly sound, yet he was evidently mistaken in imagining that the cerebellum was exclusively the residence of the soul, that spiritual essence which he thought was the director and regulator of those vital functions that are beyond the boundary line of our consciousness. It is clear, then, that the internal organs, upon the F 2 36 AMATIVENESS. unceasing action of which life depends, can do their worky at least for a brief while, when both the cerebrum and cerebellum are entirely wanting. Such was the fact int the case of the acephalous child already cited. And the case of the horse with the ossified cerebellum is, more- over, a satisfactory proof that neither volition, nor the faculty of locomotion, nor yet the power of preserving the equilibrium of the body, nor of regulating the action of the involuntary muscles and tissues of the vital organs, depend upon the cerebellum. Where, then, are we to look for the immediate central source of the involuntary vital power which pervades all the tissues of the respiratory and the digestive organs ? Where but in the medulla oblongata, from the interior substance of which the pneumogastric nerves arise. Tins medulla oblongata, which is situated between the spinal cord and the brain, consists of the anterior and posterior pyramidal bundles of white fibres, with the olivary and restiform bodies. The first of these, in their passage through the pons varolii, behind the transverse commissural or uniting fibres of the two lobes- of the cerebellum, become greatly increased in bulk by the cineritious substance it meets with in that body, and then proceeding upwards becomes merged in the anterior fibres of the crura of the cerebrum, from the interior cineritious portion of which new fibres arise. These increase in volume as they pass through the- thalami and corpora striata, or the great superior and inferior ganglia of the brain, until they reach its hemi- spheres. It is through these parts that the will is- transmitted from the frontal, or intellectual lobes of the brain, which are its true and only seats, to the anterior columns of the spinal cord, whence arise the nerves of AMATIVENESS. 37 voluntary motion. The second portion, or posterior ; pyramidal bodies, are behind the pons varolii, and are continuous in their course with those parts of the posterior columns of the spinal cord from which the nerves of sensation take their rise. These fibres proceed upwards ihrough the back part of the above-mentioned crura cerebri, where they become greatly augmented, and then -through the thalami and striated bodies, until they reach the hemispheres of the brain, in the frontal lobes of which •alone reside the faculties that enable living beings to form a consciousness of the presence of those sensations, and a true conception of their several natures, as shall be shown by-and-bye. In the back part of this medulla oblongata there is, also, some grey, or cineritious matter, out of which issue the nerves of the senses of hearing and of tasting, with those which serve to sustain the •functions of chewing, swallowing, and digesting food, of modulating the tones of the voice, and of giving natural expression to the face. And though the nerves of the .sense of sight arise from the anterior pair of the quaclri- 'geminal tubercles, which are placed higher up, yet these bodies are closely connected by distinct medullary fibres with the medulla oblongata at their back part, and •in front they communicate in the same way with the cannot spring from the same source with that by which those of the organs of voice are guided in the act of , producing melody ; for these talents do not always fall to the lot of the same individual. But as every faculty that is purely intellectual, and such as are simply the hand- maids of intellect, have their organs in the anterior lobes of the brain, it is in that division of it we must expect to : find that of Constructiveness. And it is to this, and to no other part of the brain, can be assigned the duty of a regulator and director of the muscles necessary for the ■< conduct of mechanical operations. The seat of this organ, the existence of which is now a thoroughly established fact, will be shown in the proper .place. It is only necessary to say here that it was remarkably large in the poor cripple, Thomas MacDermott. And he was also remarkable for a superior development of • the organs of the internal senses of Form, Size, and Weight, or resistance, without the co-operation of which the plans of constructiveness could not be dexterously manipulated. But, after all, these organs are only instruments of • the will, without which its desires and aspirations could not be fulfilled. Its original and permanent seat must, therefore, be looked for elsewhere ; and there is reason • to feel assured that it is central, for, as the organ called Eventuality is, as will be shown hereafter, the region of 54 WHAT IS THE SOUKCE OF VOLITION? the forehead wherein resides the power of perceiving - phenomena, whether these be of the external world or ,of the inward workings of the mind itself, so must it be the seat of consciousness and of the conception of the entity Self, for these are mental phenomena. The will, too, is a phenomenon, and as it is the direct offspring of self it must have its source in the organ that takes cognizance of self. Now, since the organ which perceives phenomena, as they are conveyed to it through every other organ, according to the nature and capacity of each,, must, like the others, take pleasure in its own activity, . it is from it that the will to set them in motion, in order to reproduce those phenomena that may happen to be , most gratifying to the entity self, must naturally spring. These organs are its proximate diversified agents, its remote ones are the nerves and muscles of voluntary motion. But its control over the latter depends upon the efficient action of the former, as has been clearly shown to be the case in the instances of singing, whistling, and manual dexterity. But if singing and whistling depend upon the action of the muscles of the glottis, or organ of voice, in the one r and upon those of the lips and tongue in the other, when set in motion by the organ of music, which lies in the frontal lobe of the brain, so must the power of voluntarily using the limbs in the act of walking and of directing their course with ordinary steadiness to some object or place, or of causing them to maintain the equilibrium of the body when standing still, be dependent upon other organs of the same lobe of the brain ; which organs alone perceive the distance and local position of things, and impart a feeling of the sense of resistance, or of the relative weight of bodies. These are the organs of weight, size,, WHAT IS THE SOURCE OF VOLITION? 55 and locality. But, when non-electric alcoholic liquors have withdrawn from the centre of the nervous system its adequate supply of electricity, and drunkenness ensues, there arise phenomena of a totally opposite kind, for the person suffering from the effects . of ardent spirits loses the power of judging the true distance of objects so completely that, in trying to catch hold of things beyond his reach, he loses his balance and falls to the ground. And why is this ? It is because the organs above-named have lost through intoxication their power of co-operative action, and the efforts of their muscular auxiliaries become staggering and abnormal. But still volition continues to be exerted long after its co-ordinate agents have lost their guiding power. These cannot, therefore, be the primitive source of volition. And, also, when the perceptive and reflective organs of the intellect have lost for a while, through inebriety, their powers of combination and concentration, there still exists some wakeful indications of volition. . And are there not, according to the evidence already adduced, strong grounds for feeling assured that the seat of this attribute is the organ that takes cognizance of phenomena, and which is named Eventuality. The functions of the cerebrum come now to be con- sidered. But before entering oh the treatment of its various organs it is useful to state that that body consists of two hemispheres, and that each of these is composed of three parts, which are called basilar, coronal, and frontal lobes. The basilar again admits of subdivision into the lateral and posterior lobes. Though there are distinct lines of demarcation between these lobes, yet parts of them, the most remote from each other, are intimately connected by medullary bonds 56 WHAT IS THE SOURCE OF VOLITION? of union, called commissures, which traverse the interior of the brain in great abundance from the right hemi- sphere to the left. And thus is maintained unbroken the harmonious co-operation of these, its two grand divisions. Besides these there are two longitudinal commissures, one over and the other under the great transverse one, which is called the Corpus callosum. These two stretch along from the anterior to the pos- terior lobes, and form connecting links between the white fibres of these lobes, which spring from the grey vascu- lar portion of the convolutions that constitute the surface of the brain. The under one, moreover, bends downwards at its back part, and then proceeds forwards into the substance of the middle lobes, as well as backwards into the posterior lobes. This body is termed the Fornix : and it springs from two sources in the dark grey sub- stance which exists in the interior of the optic thalami, or the great inferior ganglia of the brain. And these two parts or pillars of the fornix, by coalescing in its central portion, form also an union between the two sides of the brain. There is, likewise, a white cord, about the thickness of a crowquill, which expands at its extremities in the substance of the middle lobes, after traversing the striated bodies, or great superior ganglia, which contribute largely to the forming of the frontal and superior cerebral convolutions. There are other small connecting links between the two hemispheres, the most remarkable of which is perhaps the pineal gland, about the size of a small pea, with its medullary thread- like appendages in the very centre of the brain. Indeed, this commissural system extends through the whole course of the spinal marrow : but it is most conspicuous in the interlacing fibres of the medulla oblongata, WHAT IS THE SOURCE OF VOLITION ? 57 Now, since the middle and posterior lobes consist of the organs of the lower propensities, and as the moral and religious sentiments have their appropriate seats in the superior ones, while the forehead is undoubtedly the exclusive seat of the intellectual faculties ; since such is the fact, these commissures cannot be too highly prized ; for they serve to produce, with perhaps more than electric rapidity, the co-operation of organs that are remote from one another, and that differ intrinsically in their attri- butes, but which, when acting in co-ordinate unison, give rise to the harmonious association of our ideas : — " For, as oft as a feeling but touches one link, Its niaeric will send it direct through the chain." PHILOPROGENITIVENESS - PARENTAL LOVE. covered by the upper part of the occipital bone, lie con- volutions, which form, in various degrees of prominence, what is vernacularly called the poll of the head. In mankind this part is characteristically more salient in women than in men; and in females than in males all through the animal kingdom. Now, since the woman's head is known to be smaller than that of the man, not only in regard to its entire bulk, but also to its special organic sub-divisions, with the exception of the part just described, it will throw light upon the object we are- trying to find out, to ask ourselves, what attribute of the- mind it is which appears characteristically stronger in women than in men. And can there be any hesitation in admitting that the love of offspring is the attribute we are in search of? Now, as the superior largeness of this region of the brain in woman tallies with the paramount intensity ot her parental love, there is thus afforded strong presump- tive evidence to show that the function assigned by Gall, to the convolutions of the cerebrum, seated in the median' line, and just over the cerebellum, is the correct one.. PHILOPKOGENITIVENESS. 59 But when it is an establised fact that this coincidence of function and special organic development is constant, as the reports of truthful observers, whose successive labours, have been conducted with scrupulous exactness over a period of sixty years, abundantly show ; reports, too, be it borne in mind, which are sustained in all their integrity by facts in natural history — when such is beyond question the case it cannot but be regarded as a palpable fact. Pathology, too, yields positive testimony as to the stability of the conclusion come to by phrenologists in regard to- the true locality of the organ of philoprogenitiveness. I will now adduce two very marked pathological proofs.,, which will, perhaps, serve to raise strong convictions in the minds of scientific physiologists and psychologists of* the correctness of Gall's notion respecting the real and exclusive function of this part of the brain. And may these proofs also stand before them as trustful beacons to lead them to the unprejudiced investigation of all the rest of Gall and Spurzheim's discoveries in regard to the plurality and special attributes of the cerebral organs. Many years ago a lady of large fortune had to accom- pany her husband, whose health was failing, to a distant .part of the country for change of air. But so great was the intensity of her maternal love that she could not be persuaded to leave home, even upon such a serious occasion, without bringing her numerous family of children along with her, although there was everything prepared for their comfort and happiness at her own residence, where they could have been left in safety,., under the care of their near relatives during her tem- porary absence. On her journey she stayed a few days in London, and appeared to be free from any ailment. One night, however, after partaking of some amusement, „ ■60 PHILOPEOGENITIVENESS. she went to bed without any appearance of being unwell ; yet she was found dead in the morning. A post mortem examination was made under the eye of the most eminent surgeon of the time, which resulted in the fact that the brain was found to be healthy in every part of it, except in the middle portion of the posterior lobe, where its convolutions lap over the centre of the cerebellum. And there to the extent of two inches in width and one in height, the structure of the brain was greatly altered. It had degenerated into a soft, semifluid mass. The diseased condition of these parts was necessarily the result of inordinate circulation of the blood through them ; and this state of things is always accompanied by paramount and vast increase of heat in the minute bloodvessels that permeate that most delicate of all the tissues of the body. No wonder then that this augmented heat and fullness should, ere long, be followed by disorganisation of its natural structure. Another instance of ardent parental love was evinced by a poor washerwoman, who lived in the neighbourhood of the Strand, in London, some twenty-five years ago. She had an only child who, when he was old enough to be able to serve her by his labour, thought proper to enlist as a soldier. Nearly heartbroken at her loss, the bereaved creature vowed that she would work to the utmost extent of her strength, so that before her death she might be in a condition to purchase the discharge of her beloved child. With this object in view, she lived in the most frugal way, denying herself even such little comforts as she could afford to have. By this means she was enabled to put by a sum of money sufficient for her warmly cherished purpose — and then died, shortly after having had the joy of seeing her son restored to PHILOPROGENITIVENESS. 61 her. The cause of this poor woman's sudden death was also softening and destruction of the organization of the convolutions which comprise the organ of the Love of Offspring. Externally, this part of the head was ex- tremely protuberant. Philoprogenitiveness is remarkably large in the cast of the head of Margaret Nicholson, who was confined many years in Bethlehem Hospital, for her insane at- tempt to assassinate George the Third. And it was supposed that her crime was owing to her mind having become distracted on account of her son, who was a soldier, and had, as she imagined, some cause of complaint against the military authorities (see Plate 5). Speculative philosophers have assigned various motives as the primary excitants of this affection. But, since those motives could only strike a mind capable of reflec- tion and wise forethought (which differs from the in- stinctive prevision of insects and of all other inferior animals), it is obvious that an affection which we possess in common with those animals cannot take its rise from such motives. It is not the sympathy caused by active benevolence for feeble helplessness, either, which can originate it ; for we find the most tender care taken of their young ones by some of the most ferocious of the brute creation. The sheep and the gentle fawn are not more tender in the treatment of their offspring than the lion and the tiger are of their cubs. Nor is the gentle pigeon so fond a mother, or so careful and kind a nurse, as the fiery and pugnacious game-hen. Nor does the sanguinary, carnivorous eagle yield in tender care for her little ones to the harmless turkey. Gall mentions a species of spider that carries its eggs on its back for safety ; and the instinctive care taken of their ova by <32 PHILOPROGENITIVENESS. ants, when their habitations are rudely torn up, has often been observed. Bees and wasps become formidable assailants should their hives and nests be threatened with danger, when they are sedulously engaged in taking care of their young. Some birds manifest this instinctive propensity more strongly than others. The quail will suffer the approach of the reaper rather than abandon her young; while, on the contrary, the cuckoo lays her egg in some smaller bird's nest, and takes no further care of it. This bird is a neglectful parent and an ungrateful foster-child ; for, as soon as she is reared by the smaller bird, she forcibly expels her nurse and her young ones, should there be any, from the nest. It may here be observed that, although the sculls of the partridge and the cuckoo are about the same size, and closely resemble each other in their general configura- tion, there is still a difference between them in a certain part of the scull which could not fail to strike the eye of the most careless observer. This difference consists of a palpable depression in the' scull of the cuckoo, and of a remarkable protuberance in that of the partridge, precisely at the part of the head which corresponds to the centre of the posterior lobes of the brain, lying immediately above the cerebellum, and which is the spot designated by Gall as the seat of the organ of parental love. When this propensity is strong it gives rise in the human species to the instinctive display of ardent affec- tion for young children ; and many a time has an utter stranger to an infant evinced more anxiety for its pro- tection, and more activity in ministering to its comfort and happiness, than its own mother, who has not been PHILOPROaENITIVENESS. 63 blessed with an adequate endowment of this organ, the function of which is one of the most important and delightful attributes of the mind. And it is certain that the true source of this seemingly unnatural contrast can be, and has been, traced to the largeness of the hindmost •convolutions of the brain in the one case, and to their smallness in the other. Such a fact as this might lead one to think that the love of the young would be a more suitable appellation for this affection than the one adopted by Gall, if what has been observed in the conduct of inferior creatures did not impress the mind with the conviction that in its most abstract state its function is confined to the love of offspring. The partridge, for instance, is tenderly attached to her own brood, but she will not take care of the deserted brood of any other bird, while the common pheasant is ready to nurse strange nestlings as if they were her own. A favourite cat had her only kitten killed by accident in her absence, and another of the same general appearance was procured from a neighbour, and laid, after the lapse of a very short time, in the place of her own. But she would have nothing to do with it. Hence it would seem to be certain that parental love properly designates this propensity. It would, also, appear to be a physiological fact that this affection increases in intensity towards tho close of parturition, as the following circumstance seems to attest. Two cats, mother and daughter, always con- tinued on the most friendly terms with each other, until, on one occasion, during the approach of parturition, the old cat became spiteful towards the younger one, but, as the final hours drew nigh, she acted towards her as if she were a young one newly born to her. 64 PHILOPKOGENITIVENESS. And is it not a wise provision of nature, gradually to imbue a special portion of the brain with more intense activity at a time when its energies are to be more vitally tested than on ordinary occasions? It is also to this partial excitement of a particular part of the brain of migratory birds that their instinctive wanderings, at stated, times, can alone be attributed. Parental love is characteristically stronger in women than in men. In early childhood, this disparity is evinced by the affectionate craving of girls for the possession of dolls, and in the total rejection of such playthings by boys. Amongst the lower animals this fact is still more apparent, because of their being unendowed with those high moral attributes, which in man are, in some degree, capable of compensating for the comparative inactivity of the instinct called Love of Offspring. And the difference in the- prominence of this part of the brain between the male and female of the same species of animal is perceptible- to the practised eye of the phrenologist who has extended his researches into the sphere of these lower creatures. In the dolphin the scull of the female, though a little smaller, is, in its contour at first sight, exactly like that of the male ; but a closer inspection will convince any one that the central part of it, just over the cerebellum, is fuller in the female. The same difference between male and female may be seen also in the porpoise, the seal, and many other animals. In monkeys this part of the head is much developed. In some species, the posterior lobes actually project beyond the line of the cerebellum. In the little capucine, for instance, this projection is very obvious. And who can deny the excessive fondness of monkeys for their young ? This overlapping of the cerebellum by the posterior PHILOPKOGENITIVENESS. 65 lobes of the brain in monkeys is so palpable that it is surprising their assumed absence should have been adduced as an instance of the wide space which separates the human race from every other animal. But, though such is the case in the monkey tribe, it is different in others. In the cat and dog, for example, there is a complete absence of this overlapping of the cerebellum. Supposing, for a moment, that this apparent dissimilarity of organic form is a special mark of distinction between man's nature and that of all other animals, save the monkey tribes, it would follow of necessity that the monkey bears a rela- tionship to the nature of man which has been denied fo all other animals. But is it true that the posterior lobes of the brain do not exist in the lower animals ? No. Such is not at all the case ; although the absence of the over- lapping would lead any one, unacquainted with the source from whence these posterior lobes of the brain proceed, to feel persuaded of their non-existence. A few words will suffice to clear up this obscurity. " In mammiferous tribes," says Spurzheim, "the cere- bral crura are evidently divided into two parts, namely, an anterior and external, and a posterior and interna] mass. Two superficial furrows mark their limits respec- tively. They bear no regular proportion to each other. In the human kind, the anterior and external portion composes two-thirds, at least, of the entire crura, but in the lower animals, the posterior is, by much, the more considerable portion of the two." Now, since it is anatomically certain that these posterior and internal divisions pass on to form the posterior lobes of the brain, after having acquired a great augmentation of bulk in their passage through the thalami ; and as these divisions of the crura, and also of the thalami, are H 66 PHILOPROGENITIVENESS. proportionately much larger in the lower animals than the anterior, which go to form the frontal and superior lobes, it follows that the lobes which are supposed to be wanting in these creatures must not only exist, but be even larger in relation to the anterior and superior portions of the brain than is the case in the human kind, wherein the anterior divisions of the crura compose, at least, two-thirds of their whole bulk. These anatomical facts explain the relative superiority, as to size, of the frontal lobes of the brain in mankind ; and their relative inferiority in the brains of all the lower animals, not excepting the orang-outang, chimpanzee, or gorilla. But the presence of these unequal divisions of the crura cannot belong to mammiferous animals alone ; for birds and reptiles possess the crura, and also parts closely attached to these, which Spurzheim positively avers to be strictly analogous to the thalami and corpora striata. The posterior lobes of the brain, of which the larger divisions of the crura are the nucleus in animals that suckle their young, must, therefore, exist in birds and other animals that are not mammiferous. A similarity of function in all of them must be the necessary con- sequence; and long experience proves infallibly that the degree of ardour evinced by animals in the taking care of their young depends upon the greater or less develop- ment of the central part of the posterior lobes of the brain. And, as this care devolves, especially in the helpless hours of infancy, upon the female parent, it has been the will of the Creator, who sees fitness in all things, to bestow upon the female those mental and bodily characteristics which render the love of offspring a dominant ingredient of her constitution ; and the nurturing of it, moreover, a source of gratification so PHILOPEOGENITIVENESS. 67 intensely charming, that even painful and harassing disquietude fails to imbue it with a tincture of irksome- ness. Many a time, however, has the central part of the poll of the head been found very prominent in some men, :and poorly developed in some women. In such cases the lukewarmness of the latter, as regards the affectionate care of children, and the glowing tenderness of the former tire always conspicuous. Amongst aboriginal races, the Esquimaux in the frigid zone, and the Negroes in the torrid, are remark- able for the strength of their parental love; and the prominence of this organ in their sculls is a marked characteristic. In those of the Sandwich and Friendly Islands, on the contrary, there is a remarkable deficiency in the development of the same organ ; and is there not written evidence to show that care for their children is comparatively a weak attribute of their character? The sculls of Peruvians of the Inca race present the like conformation, even where there appeared no sign of artificial pressure having been used. And is it not re- corded that child-murder was a prevailing crime among the lower order of that sensually-disposed, but yet gentle, docile, and singularly devotional people? Having many times scanned such a number of these Peruvian sculls as would warrant any one in coining to the opinion that they offered a true representation of the form of head by which this race of men was characterized, and having taken outlines of many of the highest class, I am bound to say that the cerebellum was large, and the organ of the Love of Offspring small, both absolutely and rela- tively, in all of them. And, accordingly, to so great an extent did this heartless vice prevail that, in order to h2 68 PHIL0PR0GEXITIVENES3. curb it, the ruling powers found it necessary to raise' foundling hospitals. Since, then, the posterior lobes of the brain do, to a^ certainty, exist in all animals that take care of their young, and as the convolutions, which lie in the centre, of those lobes, just over the cerebellum in the human race,, are proved by an overwhelming accumulation of facts,, both positive and negative, physiological and pathological,, , to be essential to the manifestation of that powerful affec- tion of the mind called Love of Offspring, it follows that the same, or rather analogous convolutions, [from being relatively larger in the lower animals, than those of which the frontal and superior lobes are composed, must act in them with even more concentrated intensity. But, as the young of animals very soon acquire the power of providing for themselves, parental love soon- ceases to be necessary for their safety, and from the absence of intellectual prospectiveness in the parents all signs of the presence of this powerful instinct totally disappear. In mankind, on the contrary, this feeling is lasting and almost indelible, because, unlike animals, man's thoughts- are retrospective as well as prospective, and, moreover 7 he alone is endowed with affections, both moral and social, the emotive warmth of which nourish the ardent love which it is the privilege of Philoprogenitiveness to en- gender. The few following examples will serve to illustrate that. fact. The scull of the poet, Burns, which was exhumed more that twenty years ago at Dumfries, and recommitted to its last earthly resting place after a faithful cast of it had been taken, exhibits a protuberant organ of Philoprogeni- PHILOPROGENITIVENESS. G9 tiveness, and the feeling, of which that is undoubtedly the symbol, was a marked feature of his disposition. The same organ is small, and even somewhat depressed, in the fine scull of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, called ■ the " Good Duke Humphrey," who, while his nephew, Henry the Sixth, was a minor, was guardian of the kingdom, in consequence of the absence of Ins elder brother, Bedford, the Regent, who was then carrying on ■Avar against Charles the Seventh of France, and in which war, after many successful achievements, he was foiled ' through the almost miraculous interposition of the enthu- - siastic and patriotic Maid of Orleans, and by the rupture of his alliance with the Duke of Burgundy, which was ■ caused by Humphrey's rash pertinacity in seeking for the hand and the inheritance of Jacqueline of Bavaria. The form of this scull is fine, and it is in all its features a marked instance of the truthfulness of Phrenology. And may it not be surmised, therefore, that carelessness in the display of warm affection for his infant nephew and .sovereign, owing to the smallness of this organ, had exposed him to the suspicion of disloyalty, which was raised against him by his jealous and implacable enemies (see Plates 5 and 11). Like Burns, George Crabbe, the poet, was a striking example of parental love, and the same organ is very salient in the cast of his head (see Plate 2). In the scull of Swedenborg this organ projects greatly, and he was very fond of children. INHABITIVENESS Amongst those instinctive domestic affections, which mankind inherits in common with animals, the sense of local attachment is one which exercises a powerful and salutary influence upon the welfare of society ; and that it is a feeling distinct from all others there is abundant evidence to show. But, though its essence is unchangeable,, its form and complexion become — the one more expanded and vigorous, the other more bright and glowing, both of them more heart-felt and enduring, according to the strength and character of the feelings which may, on special occasions, be acting in concert with it. The fond remembrances engendered by parental and fraternal love, - and fostered by affectionate attachments, as well as by reverence for what has passed away, fill the heart with an . intensity of emotion on revisiting one's native home, even though its deserted and desolate state should render those emotions sorrowful in the extreme, which the mere sense of attachment to a casual dwelling-place, without such joyful associations, could never produce. Again the sense of local attachment, expanded into the love of one's native home, assumes still more sublime dimensions when it manifests itself in an intense love of one's native land. What a beautiful and pathetic description of this affection of the mind is to be found in Oliver Goldsmith's exqui- - INHABITIVENESS. 71 site poem, " The Deserted Village." And Homer himself denounces any man who loves not the land of his birth, as being devoid of all the social affections and of every other good quality, and brands him, indelibly, with the stainful name of heartless outcast. Sir Walter Scott, admirable in everything, both moral and intellectual, shows his sense of the heartlessness of such a man in a passage commencing thus — " Breathes there a man with sotil so dead, Who ne'er unto himself has said, This is my own, my native land." The following lines of Thomas Moore's were prompted by this feeling, when acting with a high degree of intensity — " Wert thou all that I wish thee, great, glorious, and free, First flower of the earth and first gem of the sea, I could hail thee with prouder, with happier brow, But oh ! coidd I love thee more deeply than now ? " It is obvious that this feeling is a stimulating ingredient in the composition of a virtuous, unselfish, patriotic mind. Its existence is, in some degree, essential to the stability of nations. Without it the tendency to wander from place to place would be a hindrance to the permanent settlement of communities of men in particular localities ; if, indeed, the desire to possess property in land, and the disposition and industry to cultivate it, did not, of them- selves, serve to counteract nomadic tendencies. Still it should not be inferred from the wandering habits of some tribes of men that they must necessarily be deficient in the love of home and country. For the Arab of the desert loves his native land, though he is an habitual wanderer. But may not his roving disposition be attributed 72 INHABITIVENESS. to the utter barrenness of his country, which affords no field for the cultivation of the soil, and not to the weak- ness of the sense of attachment to a particular place of residence. Neither can it be thought, in the Arabian's case, to proceed from want of intellectual capacity. The Australian tribes, in whose sculls the organ now under consideration is commonly well developed, seem to be permanently attached to a certain range of country ; but they frequently shift their habitations, though, unlike the Arabian desert, their land is productive. This instability is caused by the natural poverty of their intellectual faculties, which renders habits of industry irksome to an extreme degree. And the form of the native Australian brain is in palpable accordance with this marked mental inferiority. That attachment to one's native home is quite distinct from the sense of attachment to relations and friends, is well exemplified in the conduct of a poor but decent widow, a native of Limerick, of the peasant class. When considerably advanced in life, this woman was induced to emigrate with some of her nearest relations to the United States. There, by their industry, her life was rendered comfortable. But after some years her longing to come home was so great that her friends consented to let her go, and she returned. But after the lapse of some time, when a fresh " exodus " was taking place, she again emigrated from a fond yearning to see once more her beloved relations. With them she stayed until the greatness of her age clearly showed that her end was approaching. Then it was that her ruling passion was evinced in its palpable distinctness ; for she insisted on returning to her native place to see' it once more and die there, in order that her remains INHABITIVENESS. 73 should be commingled with, its soil. But, seeing the affectionate Celtic nature of this woman, whose name was Connor, it is probable that fond recollections of beloved ones, long since dead, might give rise to a desire to be united with them in the grave, for thus she would be satisfying two dominant attributes of her nature — attachment to her native home and love for her blood relations. So intensely affecting is this primitive feeling that even suicide has been recorded as the result of its irreparable disappointment. Some years ago a case of the kind happened in London. During the coronership of Mr. Wakley, an inquest was held on the body of an old woman who had committed self-destruction ; and the only motive to which the act could be ascribed by her associates was the fact of her having fallen into a state of intense grief when she ascer- tained that the house which she had for a long time inhabited was about to be pulled down. The separate existence of this feeling being obviously an indubitable fact, there must be a special organ to manifest it. Where should we expect to find this organ ? Where so likely as in the midst of those of the domestic affections, that are located in the back of the head ? It was amongst them that Gall discovered it ; and it is there that Spurzheim, Combe, and all subsequent investi- gators have found it. It lies just above Philoprogeni- tiveness, and below Self-esteem, and it has Adhesiveness •on each side of it. Its convolutions touch, also, upon Love of Approbation. It is sometimes flat and sometimes protuberant, and bears no fixed proportion to any of the organs with which it is surrounded. Several remarkable examples of the invariable connexion 74 INHABITIVENESS. which exists between a protuberant development of this organ and an ardent sense of local attachment shall now be given. And it is especially worthy of note that some of them afford palpable and demonstrable evidence of the erroneousness of the hypothesis which has attributed to this organ the important mental attribute called Con- centrativeness, or that talent which empowers an individual to concentrate and harmoniously combine, in unity of action, two or even more of the intellectual faculties, so far as to bring them to bear, with co-operative energy, on some one special object. An artisan in the employment of the late Mr. Deville, of the name of Lydiard, was endowed with a very large development of the organ in question ; and he was equally remarkable for the uncommon strength of his attachment to a house which he had lived in for some years. To better his condition he was, with much reluctance, induced to sell this house. He then settled himself (as he fancied for the rest of his days) in a place far more suited to his wants. But he soon got tired of his new abode. And, so imperious did his unreasonable longing to get back to his old residence become, that he could not rest until he prevailed on the person then in possession of it to give it up to him, even though the premium he had to pay was much larger than the sum he had himself got for it. But, on the other hand, so utterly destitute was this poor man of the talent of concentrating his faculties towards the perspicuous elucidation of an in- cident which was entirely free from complicated details,, that he very narrowly escaped the suspicion of being a prevaricator, and even the censure of the magistrate at Bow Street, while giving evidence as parish constable respecting something which happened in the street on the- INHABITIVENESS. 75 previous night. And yet it is true that this man bore an honest name in all his dealings (see Plate 8). The organ is extremely large, also, in the cast of Joseph Hill, a porter in Mr. Deville's service. Yet this man's total inability to concentrate and arrange his ideas was strikingly apparent to those with whom he conversed. So marked, indeed, was his incapacity "to maintain two or more powers in simultaneous and combined activity, so that they maybe directed towards one object," that he could not be entrusted to carry two messages at the same time, for he was almost, in every instance, likely to confound them. A striking instance this to shew that the faculty of intellectual concentration does not depend upon the action of this part of the brain, as some have supposed. But in regard to the sense of local attach- ment no one could feel more intensely. On one occasion, when this man was dusting busts in Deville's gallery, and I happened to be there, he brought me a cast of his own head, and asked me what I thought of a small excrescence which lay near this organ. Here he was evidently blundering as to the identity of the organ. Having told him that it was only a wen, and that it had nothing to do with the character of the mind, I called his attention to the remarkable prominence of the part lying just beneath Self-esteem, and asked him how he felt at leaving a house in which he had for some time resided. He said that he had felt sorrowful at having to change his place of abode, that he had had two lodgings for thirty years, that he had lived only two years in the first, and that he was still living in the second, which was a wretched one, yet he preferred to stop in it, he said, rather than change it for a more comfortable place. Oitj my having asked him why he left the first place so soon,. 76 INHABITIVENESS. his strange reply was that he believed there was a devil in it, and, but for that, he thought he should have stayed there to the day of his death. The cast of Sir James Scarlett, afterwards Lord Abinger, affords a striking contrast to those of Hill and Lydiarcl. Yet it presents additional evidence of the fallacy of the notions entertained by phrenologists, re- specting the concentrating power said to be an attribute of this organ. It once happened that Deville, who took this cast himself, was so struck by the relative smallness of this particular portion of that large and well-formed head, that he drew the attention of some leading barristers, who used to go the same assize circuit with Sir James, io the fact, and stated at the same time that he felt assured the function of this organ was nothing more than the sense of local attachment, though some conjectured, and many would insist, that it was the instigator and supporter of intellectual concentration. This case, said they, certainly corroborates your conviction, for brother Scarlett was remarkable for his disinclination to return, during assize time, to apartments which he had previously occupied, whilst, on the other hand, he was universally considered by his legal brethren to possess more con- centrated adroitness and tact than any man at the Bar in seeing the proper moment to stop in the direct exam- ination of his own witnesses, so as to elicit as much information as would serve to establish his client's case, without going so far as to afford an opportunity to his opponents of benefitting much by cross-examination. As a nisi prius pleader he certainly held the first place. Let this signal fact be compared with the remarkable cases of Hill and Lydiard, and then it cannot fail to be seen how baseless is the fabric of which this hypothesis, as regards INHABITIVENESS. I ( Coneentrativeness, consists ; and how heterogeneous and incongruous are the ingredients of which it is composed. It may be interesting to add that in the cast from nature of the late Sir John Franklin the same part of the head is but very moderately developed. And it is not improbable that, at his advanced time of life, he would not have ventured on his last and fatal expedition had he been endowed with a large development of the organ of the Love of Home, notwithstanding his hopeful and en- terprising disposition, as well as his instinctive passion for exploring strange places, engendered by a very large development of the organ of Locality. And it is to be noted that the faculty of intellectual concentration was possessed, in no common measure, by this skilful com- mander and director of the actions of several men in the most perilous and cheerless situations, and the esteemed literary narrator of his own adventures. The organ of Inhabitiveness is exceedingly prominent in the cast of an enterprising sailor of the name of Lycle, who was master of one of Enderby's whalers ; and so remarkably strong was his attachment to his accustomed habitation that, when he was only a mate, he refused to accept the command of a ship far superior to his own, rather than leave the one he had served in from the commencement of his maritime career; and which, he said, he looked upon as his home. After waiting in his subordinate position for three years, he was gratified with having the command of his favourite ship conferred upon him. When Deville was preparing to take a cast of his head, Lyde further said that what he had always longed for most was to get together as much money as would enable him to return in a state of moderate independence to his native place; and that he was then 78 INHABITIVENESS. going to spend the rest of Ills days there. His younger brother, who was present, said he never could account for his brother's attachment to a particular ship. All ships, allowing for their quality, were the same to him ; and he would consider it great folly on his own part to refuse promotion as his brother had done. In the cast of this young man the organ of Inhabitiveness, as Spurzheim has denominated it, is but moderately de- veloped (see Plate 8). To maintain one's equilibrium in high and perilous positions was supposed by some to be a function of this organ, because it was found to be very prominent in the celebrated equestrian, Ducrow. But as both these brothers were equally noted for the capability of main- taining their balance in the highest part of the rigging, even in a heavy gale, this conjecture, also, was based on an insecure foundation. It may be remarked here that the development of the organ of Weight, or of the sense of equilibrium, was very large in these two brothers. At the risk of unnecessarily accumulating affirmative evidence, I cannot refrain from adducing one instance more of the invariable coincidence of ardent love of one's native place and a very large development of this portion of the brain ; especially as the cast referred to is an interesting test of the truth of Phrenology in a variety of its phases. The case fell under the notice of that acute observer and most skilful practical phrenologist, Deville, about forty years ago, at a public exhibition of the extraordinary musical performance of the Infant Lyra on the harp. After Deville had made some re- marks upon the fine development of the organs which impart a genius for music in the head of that child, a gentleman present (Markwick by name) said " he INHABITIVENESS. 79 wondered how any one could believe in such stuff as Craniology." Deville observed that that remark ap- plied to himself in an especial manner ; for he had already spent much of his time and considerable sums of money in accumulating facts with a view of testing the truth of the science. "And," said he, addressing the objector, " I venture to say, sir, that you have a strong propen- sity for travelling." After admitting the truth of the prognostic, this person asked if there were any other propensities of his nature which could be discovered by ihis "bumps." After examining his head, which was a very fine one, and telling him he was a man capable of making his way through the world successfully, even if left solely to his own resources, Deville said he per- ceived a very large development of a part of the head, the true function of which was not then thoroughly established, but which he himself looked upon as the organ of the Love of one's Native Place ; and then told him that this was a propensity which was likely to clash with his strong desire to travel. " Well," said the other, • a I will now tell you that at eight years of age I was left to shift for myself; and that in that trying posi- tion I have always instinctively striven to conduct myself as you say I am naturally disposed to do. And I have been successful in my undertakings. My propensity to travel is great. I have been several times to Canton in a ship of my own, without being under the necessity of going there at all; and have seen most parts of Europe. But yet my delight in travelling was marred by a feeling which sometimes resembled home-sickness; for, if I felt seriously unwell while abroad, I was unhappy at the possibility of my never again beholding my native country ; the shores of which 80 INHABITIVENESS. I never quitted without looking Lack towards them, like Lot's wife, with sorrowful emotion." This good man's sense of local attachment was so dominant a feature of his character, that he never left without regret places where he had rested but for a short time (see Plate 2). In this case the organ of Locality was extremely large, and that of Inhabitiveness was one of the largest to be met with in Deville's collection of nearly three thousand casts of heads and sculls. From the orifice of the ear to the centre of the organ measured six inches, while five inches included the same region in the head of the lamented Sir John Franklin. Indeed it is admitted by all phrenologists that the sense of local attachment is without doubt a function of this part of the brain. Some, however, of the most distinguished of them- have, as has been already noticed, long held the con- viction that there inhered in this same cerebral region the faculty of intellectual concentration. It will be seen at once that there does not exist tlie slightest affinity between the simple affection of man's animal nature, called Inhabitiveness, and the high intel- lectual qualities that have been and still are supposed, by many to depend upon the salient development of this one organ. Seeing this irreconcilable discrepancy, the advocates of the existence of a single organ, specially devoted to the combination and harmonious association of the intellectual powers, and which they have denominated Concentra- tiveness, were forced to conclude that the portion of the brain which occupies the space between the organs of Self-esteem and Philoprogenitiveness must consist of two organs instead of one, as they at first supposed. INHABITIVENESS. 81 And they now positively aver that that of Concentra- tiveness lies next to Self-esteem, and just over Inhabi- tiveness. But when it is a palpable fact, as may be seen by means of authentic diagrams, that the upper portion is only of moderate size in the head of Fuseli, the famous painter and lecturer on art ; and in Denon, the artist, traveller, and successful author ; and in Benjamin Constant, the orator and leading political writer; and in Scarlett, the renowned lawyer and advocate ; and in Godwin, the deep-thinking and strikingly imaginative philosopher and novelist, whose subtle and refined casuistry was made clear by the eloquent perspicuousness of his style, even to minds of ordinary comprehension — when such facts as these present themselves the reason for the sub-division of this organ falls to the ground. Nor can its resuscita- tion be ever hoped for, when it is a well attested fact that the same region of the head, both in the upper and lower portion of it, has been found to be extremely large in persons who possessed not one of the mental qualities which have been thought by some phrenologists to be the necessary result of the largeness of this part, except the sense of local attachment — a propensity which was manifested, in some instances, to a preposterous extent, as has been already demonstrated. When such is the case a thorough conviction of the inaccuracy of the notion which led to the sub-division of the organ in question, must strike every inquirer. It is well to note that this particular region of the head is very prominent in the fine busts of the celebrated Lord Chesterfield and the poet Pope, by Rubilliac, and that it is very large also in those of Lords Mansfield, Erskine, by Nollekens, as well as in those I 82 INHABITIVENESS. of O'Connell, Thomas Moore, and Henry Grattan, in-, Henry Flood and Lord Plunkett, in Canning, Huskisson, Sheridan, and Sir W. Scott, and in the casts and busts of" a vast number of other renowned, intellectual characters. Granting this to be really true, are the advocates of this- organ of Concentrativeness entitled to produce these instances as facts in proof of their theory? By no- means is such an assumption to be allowed by any one, who will have carefully examined and weighed the incontrovertible testimony afforded by the facts already stated and demonstrated. And can there be the slightest doubt that these leading spirits of their time were warmly and patriotically devoted to the service of their native- land. And is it not reasonable to suppose that they were- men who felt strongly attached to their birth-place, and even to their habitual place of abode? An anecdote- told of one of the greatest and most patriotic of them all is an interesting attestation that the love of home, of one's own fireside, blazing in some specially beloved locality, was, in all probability, characteristic of all of them. It happened on a time, when Henry Grattan was en- tertaining some friends at his beautiful seat, Tinnahinch near Bray, that the conversation turned on the salubrity of the spring water of certain country places, and a. decided preference having been awarded to one of them, Grattan suddenly left the room, and in a short time was- seen coining at a quick pace up the lawn, bareheaded, with his grey hairs blown about by the wind, carrying a glass of water in his hand, and in a moment after he rushed into the parlor almost out of breath, and said, " Come now, taste this water from the Tinnahinch spring" well, and you will find that finer water cannot be met INHABITIVENESS. 83 with anywhere." Well might the brief but eloquent eulogium which he once passed upon Charles James Fox be applied to himself, namely, " His heart was as soft as a woman's, his intellect was adamant." Upon an impartial estimate of the facts, which have been just narrated, can doubt rest upon the mind of any one as to the real function of this organ, or that the talent of intellectual concentration is altogether inde- pendent of its concurrence. Yet it is in one respect an organ of concentrativeness. For instance, the intense love of home — of the land of their birth — evinced by some of the above-named men, stimulated them to con- centrate their intellectual faculties towards the point, out of which might be extracted the most potent means of rendering their country contented, prosperous, and respected, both at home and abroad. But, even here, it is only an active incentive to the production of intellectual concentration, and not a necessary ingredient in the assemblage of organs upon the combined and harmonious action of which concentration of the intellectual faculties depends, as will, by-and-bye, be clearly proved to be an unquestionable fact : and it is well to state here that this assemblage of harmoniously-balanced organs was a marked feature of the foreheads of these great men. Indeed, the region of the head which we are now con- sidering has no more claim to the rank of a concentrator of the intellectual powers than any other predominating organ. A large organ of Ideality, or the sense of poetic beauty, for instance, in unison with lofty sentiments and ardent feelings concentrated the whole mind of Burns upon the composition of poetry, while he was laboriously following the plough. Bloomfield, in the shoemaker's garret, and poor John Clare, on the farmer's threshing floor, were led by an over- 12 84 INHABITIVENESS. powering instinct to pursue the same course. Whilst the strictly utilitarian form of Cobbett's intellectual or- gans, with a scanty development of Ideality, caused him to concentrate his talents, while on duty as military sentinel, in order to acquire a thorough knowledge of English grammar, a thing which he felt was essential to the effectual promotion of such useful objects as were suggested by his practical but unpoetical genius. And did not the illiterate peasant, Jedediah Buxton, as has been already noticed, evince, on witnessing the inimi- table acting of Grarrick in one of his most affecting characters, how powerfully concentrative the organ of Arithmetical computation becomes, when, owing to its paramount size, it exercises an absorbing influence over the mind. That the organ of Language may act as a con- centrating organ is clearly seen in the case of the poor Welsh sawyer, Jones, the self-taught master of sixteen languages, or more. So concentrated were the faculties of this helpless poor man upon the study of languages, that he completely lost sight of those " accessories" which were essential to the procuring of the bare necessaries of life. It was the singularly large organ of Language in the heads of Buffon, Voltaire, Hume, and Gibbon, that caused them to concentrate their rare intellectual faculties upon literature. But the extremely large organs of Indivi- duality and Eventuality of Buffon also concentrated his powerful intellect with the view of acquiring a knowledge of the objects of the universe in all their minuteness of detail. He was, therefore, less exclusively devoted to what was purely literary than his celebrated countryman, Voltaire, in whose bust, Individuality, or the sense of material things, is comparatively of moderate size. But, INHABITIVENESS. 85 if language acted as a stimulator or concentrator in these instances, it was to the concentrating influence of a very- large organ of Music that the enchanting creations of those masters of song, Handel, Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven, are to be attributed. And in the sublime and beautiful creations of the genius of Eaphael and Michael Angelo we find that large organs of Form, Colour, and Constructiveness are the concentrators of their mental faculties, in/order to display in painting, sculpture, and architecture the noble thoughts which inspired them. And one may be permitted to add that not even a tyro in the practical department of Phrenology, on seeing the heads of Daniel Maclise and William Vincent Wallace, could be led to suppose that the refined and graceful genius of Wallace would be concentrated upon the deli- neation of dramatically expressive human forms, whether they are used to tell an affecting incident in the story of Hamlet, or to depict with great force and beauty the heroic career of William the Conqueror; or that the genius of Maclise would lead him to concentrate his in- tellectual powers upon the composition of such charming operas as Maritana and Lurline. A beautiful instance of the powerful influence of terror, which is the painful result of the intense action of the organ of Cautiousness, in concentrating the mental faculties upon a single object, to the utter exclusion of every other, is afforded by the genius of Shakespeare, in the banquet scene in Macbeth. Nothing can exceed in earnestness the concentrated attention which that usurper directs to the ghost of Banquo. His faculties are so rivetted upon the object of his apprehensions, that he is not only heedless of the presence of his guests, but insensible of the remon- strances and rebukes of his more determined and less 8G INHABITIVENESS. remorseful lady, so long as the apparition remains in his presence. But upon its disappearance he recovers his self-possession, and exclaims, " Why so ? Being gone, I am a man again." And it is then only he gives ear to the voice of Lady Macbeth, when she whispers, " You have displaced the mirth, broke the good meeting with most admired disorder." He is now sufficiently collected to allude to the cause of his perturbation in these words — " Can such things be and overcome us like a summer cloud Without our special wonder ? You make me strange Even to the disposition that I owe, "When now I think you can behold such sights, And keep the natural ruby of your cheeks, "When mine is blanched with fear." It is also thought by some that this organ, when it is large, renders persons " prone to sedentary habits, and to live, as it were, within themselves; as well as of keeping them habitually occupied with internal medita- tion, and supporting a vigorous attention ; who, in short, have a natural facility of concentrating their thoughts. Who possess a command over their intel- lectual powers ; so as to be able to apply them in their whole region to the pursuit which forms the object of their study for the time ; and who, in consequence, produce the greatest possible results from the intellectual endowment which nature has bestowed on them." It will be useful to dwell a little on this definition, in order to see if any necessary connection can be found to exist between the intellectual qualities just described and a proneness to sedentary habits. Undoubtedly a proneness to sedentary habits leads to internal meditation; and a meditative tendency is con- INHABITIVENESS. S7 -ducive to a sedentary life; and the habitual turning of the mind inward upon itself, or of directing it with vigour to the contemplation of other objects, increases its power and efficiency : but it does not follow from this that the organ of the Love of Home, which naturally would impart a tendency to become sedentary — assuming, for the present, that such is the result of the action of a single organ only — is also that which enables one to combine and arrange the ideas so as to render them eminently useful : for it is quite certain that many persons of sedentary habits are by no means remarkable .for vigour of understanding, or the capacity of rapidly ■combining and concentrating such intellectual faculties as they may possess, even though they are endowed with good reflecting powers. On the other hand, it would be strange, indeed, if the decided smallness of this organ, which, in accordance with its intrinsic char- acter, would cause persons to experience " difficulty in settling," were also followed by a strong inclination in .individuals to engage in some active employment, in which " their attention shall be carried, as it were, out of themselves, and be occupied in external objects and occurrences;" whilst at the same time, its smallness is thought to render them u unable to keep the leading idea in becoming prominence, by causing their thoughts to be lost in dissipation," and to te incapacitate them for combining their whole powers to a single object ; " and .also to mar the concentrated directness of their mental productions " by the intrusion of irrelevant ideas, and the unperceived omission of important particulars, arising from the disjointed action of their several faculties." Certainly the incapacity for combining and concen- trating the ideas is compatible with the existence, in the 88 INHABITIVENESS. same individual, of unsettled habits, and a desire to be- engaged in the pursuit of external objects and occur- rences. But before it can be admitted that all these- mental manifestations are the result of the functions of a single organ of the mind, it must be shown that a. desire to be engaged in external objects and occurrences is. always accompanied by a deficiency of power to combine the ideas and to direct them with vigour to a particular object. It will not be deemed presumptuous to say that the existence of such a state of things is utterly impos- sible. It is at variance with all that history teaches us. If such were the case, where would now be the admirable Commentaries of Julius Cassar? — who was,, perhaps, the most perfectly concentrated embodiment of great versatile talents for active employment that has ever appeared in the world — whose literary capacity was hardly surpassed by his genius in the art of war. What powers of intellectual concentration and combi- nation were possessed by the restless yet contemplative Charles the Fifth of Spain, by Peter the Great and Frederic of Prussia, by Gustavus Adolphus and Wall en- stein, by Cromwell and Napoleon ; and by those political churchmen Pope Julius the Second and the aspiring Richelieu — to the latter of whom may with truth be applied the words used by the poet Lucan in delineating the character of the greatest of the Caesars, Nil actum reputans si quid superesset agendum. These extraordinary men were all their lives occupied with external circum- stances. Their powers of intellectual concentration were of the highest kind. Should it be said that these great men were so circum- stanced that they were compelled, whether they willed it or not, to devote all their mental energies to the conduct INHABITIVENESS. 89' of public affairs, and that, owing to that state of things, they could not pursue the tranquil exigencies of a seden- tary life, even though the organ now under discussion were predominantly developed in each of them; and that, such cases afforded no demonstrable testimony subversive of this hypothesis. Now, as the position of this organ cannot be seen in the authentic portraits of these men, no exact information as to the value of that surmise can be adduced from that source ; although the parts of the forehead, wherein lie the salient springs, whence issue, in reality, those faculties which have been too hastily ascribed to the paramount influence of this single organ, are abundantly manifested in them, and in all others endowed with superior talents, as shall be, by-and-bye, demonstrated. But the advocate of Phrenology, who has been untiring in his researches, and whose memory is tenacious of whatever facts he has seen, and who has conscientiously tested them at Nature's truthful shrine, is never, in any case, restricted within the bounds of conjectural evidence, as shall now be shewn by testimony as truthful as it is palpable. This organ is very large in the scull of King Robert Bruce, whose life was passed wholly and without irksome- ness in the active conduct of public affairs, and in heroic efforts to render his country independent. It is compara- tively small in the scull of King Edward the Second, who could not be brought, even in pressing emergencies, to give attention to political occurrences, and, with apathetic indifference as to the adverse current of State affairs which threatened to overwhelm him, he abandoned himself to. intellectual indolence, and a craving for social indulgences in the society of a beloved favourite. 90 INHABITIVENESS. Now, though the organ called Concentrativeness by some is small in the scull of Edward, it cannot be denied that he pursued the gratification of his desires with unthinking obstinacy and intense concentration of feeling and of thought. But though obstinacy naturally shoots up from the stubborn stock of firmness, its roots were implanted in his case in the more plastic soil of the social attachments, for in his scull the organ of Firmness is very small. The form of Bruce's scull indicates that he too was capable of loving his friend ; but yet he loved his country more. Still his well-attested love, of his native land bore in its composition a marked proportion of that potent ingredient — self-interest, with which the passive character of the unhappy Edward was not, in any osten- :.sible measure, imbued. And it is well to note here that this diversity of character arose from the largeness of Self-esteem in Bruce, and the smallness of that organ in Edward. This organ is not a salient feature in the scull of Humphrey Duke of Gloucester, the brother of the hero of Agincourt. And yet no one would venture to say that Bruce, in whose head the organ was so much larger, was more abundantly endowed with the high intellectual qualities, which have been erroneously conjectured to be commensurate with the development of this part of the brain, than the good Duke Humphrey. Indeed, the ^superior size and the harmonious combination of the organs of the intellectual faculties in the scull of Gloucester precludes the possibility of any one's enter- taining such an opinion. Nevertheless, the ample size of the organs of Cautiousness and Secretiveness in Bruce's Jiead rendered him habitually wary and circumspect, -and powerfully assisted his intellect in inventing those INHABITIVENESS. 91 subtle devices to which he so often owed his personal safety, and ultimately the attainment of his crown. While the relative deficiency of these organs in Humphrey's head, especially that of Caution, combined with an organ of Conscientiousness, much superior to the same organ in Bruce, caused him, unlike Bruce, to be often wanting in an adequate amount of tact, and exposed him, through the unreserved openness, and sometimes headstrong impetuosity, of his character, to the fatal machinations of his more wily and inveterate enemies. But though the organ we are considering is only moderate in his head, he was remarkable among the leading men of his time for the concentrated compre- hensiveness of his understanding, his literary accomplish- ments, his eloquence, his administrative ability and activity as a statesman ; and it must be allowed that he pursued his design of gaining the hand and inheri- -tance of Jacqueline of Bavaria, contrary to the sage remonstrance of his more circumspect and less ambi- tious brother, Bedford, the Regent of France, with •concentrative intellectual and moral energy which very few even of the most renowned men in history could -cope with (see Plate 5). This part of the head is extremely large in a cast from nature of the Right Hon. William Huskisson ; and yet he preferred to employ his fine talents in the management of important affairs of State, notwithstanding the turmoil of political life, than to continue in the tranquil pursuits of medical science. While the same part is comparatively moderate in size in the cast of William Godwin, who, after having delivered a few admirable sermons as a public preacher, forsook the cassock, and, though prone to engage in political disquisitions, gave himself up, of 92 INHABITIVENESS. his own instinctive accord, to a sedentary life of literary retirement and comparative seclusion. Nor could any- one who saw him, on a fine summer's day, slowly walking in St. James's Park, fail to be impressed with the con- viction that his mind was characteristically meditative, and comparatively heedless of what was external to himself. In the cast from nature of Richard Brinsley Sheridan, who was a remarkable instance of a restless desire to become minutely acquainted with everything passing around him, and also to be mixed up in the conduct of public affairs, this organ is, on the contrary, large. All these men were noted for possessing the faculty of intellectual concentration. But can it be said that Godwin, with the small organ, had less of the concen- trative talent than any of the others in whom the organ was large (see Plates 1 and 11). And, further, it may be averred, as the result of a law of the mind, that an intellect, like Godwin's, which was essentially contemplative, would almost of necessity lead its possessor to choose a sedentary mode of living, from a consciousness that his intellectual faculties were better adapted to shine in the secluded temple of literature than in the public arena of active life, even though this organ were small, whilst the superior aptitude of the compara- tively uncontemplative genius of Sheridan for concen- trating his thoughts upon outward objects and occurrences, and of rendering them, in a high degree, subservient to the successful elucidation of his subject, would naturally withhold him from giving way to sedentary occupations, though his literary talents might, occasionally, awaken a yearning for retirement. It would be likely to lead to error, therefore, to infer from the largeness or smallness. INHABITIVENESS. 93 of this organ that an individual shall be prone to spend his time in sedentary occupations or not, without first taking into view other leading mental characteristics. Neither should it be supposed that a scanty development ■ of this organ would in any way render a person averse to a sedentary occupation, notwithstanding the well-ascer- tained fact that smallness of the part evinces the absence of any tendency to remain sedentary as to habitation. JFor example, the large head of the late celebrated com- poser of music, William Vincent Wallace, with its fine intellectual development, was comparatively small in the ipart occupied by the organ of Local Attachment, and though he loved to roam to the remotest regions of the world, and in his habits appeared to be disinclined to dwell for more than a short time in any place, yet he rejoiced in the indefatigable pursuit of a delightful sedentary intellectual employment, in which he displayed much power in concentrating two or more mental faculties in order to produce the harmonious combination of his ideas. It has been thought that to render emotions permanent is also a function of this single organ. Surely this opinion rests upon an insecure foundation. Emotions are as various as the feelings which awaken them, and the emo- tional intensity of a feeling is commensurate with the superior size and activity of its own organ. The pheno- mena of dreaming will serve to illustrate this. During sleep some feelings, from their being recently in a state of intense activity, keep their respective organs in the brain wakeful and even restlessly energetic, and thus are particular emotions prolonged, while all others lie dor- mant. But who would ever think to maintain that the permanence, during sleep, of the emotions of pride or 94 INHABITIVENESS. humility, of courageous enterprise or terror, of glory or shame, of grief or joy, depends upon the presence of this one organ in its state of somnolence. It is hardly necessary to adduce tangible evidence in corroboration of this argument. But yet it may be- satisfactory to add that the emotion of attachment, glowing in the breast of King Edward the Second for his favourite Gaveston, was as permanent as an emotion could be. And yet, as has been already seen, this organ is small in his scull. It is small in the scull of the missionary priest in Egypt, whom Den on extols for the Christian purity and holiness of his life, and certainly there was no lack of great benevolent and devotional emotion in his conduct and manners. And, except in some cases of monstrous artificial distortion, all the- Peruvian sculls of the Inca race that I have seen, and taken in outline, were small and flat at this part of the head, and yet the reverence of that people for their Incas- amounted to a powerful and enduring emotion. A fact which is to be attributed to the predominant development of the organ of Veneration, supported by a characteristic organ of Hope. It has been, I trust, clearly shown that the mental qualities, said by most phrenologists to depend upon the presence of this organ, are incompatible ; and been demonstrated, also, in a sufficiently copious series of authentic facts, selected from a vast number of others, equally conclusive, that the strength of those qualities,, even if they were compatible, could not in any measure be dependent upon the action of this organ. Numerous instances have been adduced, also, which afford evidence, the most trustworthy and convincing, to show that its true and only function is the sense of local attachment, INHABITIVENESS. 95' modified by other associated affections into the love of one's native home and country. Of these auxiliary affections, the senses of attachment to persons and veneration are the most genuine and unselfish. Such is the conviction of Gall himself, and of his- observant and philosophical disciple and coadjutor, Spurzheim. But it should be observed that Gall calls- this the organ of the " Instinct of Height," or that which prompts some animals to choose their dwellings in lofty regions of the earth; because he invariably found it very large in the wild goat, the chamois, the roebuck,, and other animals that inhabit high places. And he also says, "I do not know whether this cerebral part undergoes similar modifications in aquatic animals." Now, suppose that those animals, which dwell in elevated localities, are endowed with a greater promi- nence of this part of the brain than is possessed by those that inhabit the plains, or than such as burrow beneath the surface of the earth, are we, therefore, to assume that it is to the largeness of it the " instinct of height " is to be attributed ? Or would it not be more correct to think that animals which dwell in high and rugged mountains are naturally more averse to leave their native localities than those inhabiting the plains, owing to the superior prominence of this organ? And surely this characteristic prominence of the organ was bestowed upon the chamois and wild goat for a wise purpose. It was, no doubt, ordained that all places capable of affording sustenance to living beings should be inhabited, sooner or later. And from the meanest animals that exist, up to man with his noble qualities, it is found that each species is endowed with a physical constitution, exactly adapted to the objects by which it is naturally 96 INHABITIVENESS. surrounded. Such is the case with the chamois and wild goat that inhabit the highest parts of lofty mountains, such is the condition of aquatic birds that frequent rivers in the lowest valleys. It is to these idiosyncracies that the predilection of the wild goat for dwelling in very high regions, and that of the horse upon the grassy plains, is to be attributed, and not to the action of this organ. Would it not be more reasonable to conclude that the superior endowment of it, bestowed by a wise Providence upon the chamois and wild goat, was designed to render those animals attached in a super-eminent degree to their native homes, in order that they should not be tempted to stray away to places more inviting, perhaps, but less suited to their necessities, than the inhospitable regions assigned to them for their constant abode ? The young duck, to the dismay of its careful foster-mother, the hen, soon after emerging from the egg, will run into the water, and it loves to dwell upon it in consequence of the natural adaptation of its physical constitution to an element which supplies it in abundance with its appropriate food, and not at all through the prompting of this organ. The true sphere of its action would be to wed this creature to some particular brook or sheet of water, which habit has rendered familiar to it, or even to the nest in which it is accustomed to dwell. And as to the instinct which prompts the timid hare to lie in the open heath, exposed to the snares of the hunter, and that which inspires the bold and wily fox to seek shelter in his den, it may be safely inferred that this diversity of choice, as to place of abode, arises from some other cerebral peculiarity, apart from the condition of this organ — such, for instance, as the largeness of Secretiveness in the fox, and its smallness in the hare — and that the sphere of its function INHABITIVENESS. 97 is confined to the imparting of the sense of attachment to a particular den in the fox's case. And is it not a well known fact that the hare, when startled from her form, which is her home, will strain every nerve to return to it, when she is hard pressed by her pursuers? Is this effort of the hare caused by instinctive attachment to her usual habitation ? With regard to the conjecture of Gall, as to the modified action of this organ, it would seem as groundless to suppose that the instinct which prompts the duck to dwell upon the waters arises from such modified action, as to imagine that man, whose whole frame, to the minutest particle of its structure, is adapted to live upon land only, is guided in his choice of the land for his residence by the action of the same organ peculiarly modified. In mankind, undoubtedly, such cannot possibly be the case. And as a vast amount of incontrovertible evidence has been accumulated in proof of its being merely the organ of the sense of attachment to place in man as this sense is implied in the love of home, there can be no hesitation in feeling assured that in the lower animals, also, its destination is the same, whether they are dwellers on mountains or in valleys, on land or on water. Nevertheless, some writers on Phrenology, struck by the coincidence of a great development of this organ, and a tendency in certain wild animals to make choice of very elevated regions for their habitations, have been led to think that this part of the head would be found to be protuberant in persons who manifest a strong desire to explore high mountains. But, in disproof of this conclusion it is enough to shew that the organ is rather K 98 INHABITIVENESS. small in the cast of the head of a Captain Beaufoy, taken by the late Mr. Deville, and pointed out by him as a palpable fact subversive of that theory. For it was the delight of the gallant captain to ascend high mountains. And it was also stated that he ventured upon at least one serial voyage. Does not this case shew that there is no just ground for supposing the "instinct of height" in animals to be a mode of action of this organ ? It may be well to say that the paramount size of the organs of Individuality, Eventuality, and Locality in the head of the officer just alluded to was enough to account for his curiosity and propensity to explore strange high places. And is not this view of the case strengthened by the well-known fact that the domestic cat evinces no special desire to dwell in lofty regions, although the organ in question is characteristically prominent in the scull of that animal ? But, on the other hand, does not this fact afford strong corroborative evidence of the truthfulness of the view taken in this essay of the simple function of this part of the brain, for the cat is proverbially attached to the house in which it has been brought up? And this happens irrespective of any striking fondness for its inmates. It has been observed already in this discourse that a very strong sense of local attachment, or "Love of Home," was bestowed upon some animals in order to reconcile them to dreary and desolate habitations, and to render them contented and happy. Yet it may be asked why it is that the wild goat, for a notable instance, chooses for its habitation the loftiest regions of mountains that are comparatively inaccessible, when it could find good provender for its wants in places contiguous to the INHABITIVENESS. 99 liaunts of men, as happens to be the case with the domestic goat, in which animal also this organ is very protuberant. Is it not reasonable to infer that this characteristic difference as to choice of habitation depends upon a higher degree of docility and gentleness of disposition in the domestic goat ? And it is beyond all doubt that in the domestic goat the anterior and superior lobes of the brain, as these are indicated by the form of the scull of that animal, are far larger, both absolutely and rela- tively, than they are in the wild goat, although the entire compass of the scull of the latter is greater. And does not the flatness of the eagle's scull, and the corresponding absence of gentleness and docility in the disposition of that fierce bird of prey, offer a suffi- cient motive for his choice of a habitation, lofty enough to be inaccessible by human efforts, without seeking for the source of that tendency in the prominent develop- ment of the organ of " Inhabitiveness," or " The Love of Home." Surely the numerous facts quoted in this essay, and the inferences drawn from them, prove, beyond question, i that this portion of the brain consists of but one organ; and that the true and only function of that organ is the " Sense of Attachment to a particular place of abode ; " but especially to one's native home. And it cannot for one moment be supposed^ after a scrupulous sifting of that evidence, that the said organ can have the smallest claim to be deemed a necessary ingredient in the com- pound of organs upon the harmonious co-operation of which the concentrated and combined action of the intellectual faculties altogether depend. The importance of taking this view of the case cannot K 2 100 INHAB1T1VENESS. "be valued too highly : for if the talent for intellectual' concentration is a compound, power of the mind and the sure result of the harmoniously-associated action of a number of well-balanced organs, affective as well as in- tellectual, it is certain that great mischief would arise in the practical application of Phrenology towards the elucidation of the diversified talents and dispositions of men, if it should be taken for granted that any special facility of intellectual concentration would be the neces- sary result of the ample size of this, or of any other single organ of the brain. Nevertheless, it is true, as I have already shown, that any cerebral organ which happens to be characteristically dominant, possesses the attribute of concentrativeness - r whether it be the exquisiteness of the sense of melody in Mozart and Beethoven, or of form in Michael Angela and Raphael, of ambition (which is the result of dominant organs of Love of Approbation and Self-esteem) in the Dictators Sylla and Julius Caesar, of the mechanical instinct in Archimedes, or of the sense of poetic beauty in the peasant poet Robert Burns. But Concentrativeness, taken in this sense, is nothing more than a simple inciter of two or more other organs to act in unison so as to produce that harmonious asso- ciation of ideas which is obviously synonymous with intellectual concentration. To incite two or more organs to act so as to concentrate' their energies upon any congenial subject does not confer the power of concentrating them. For many persons- evince a very strong tendency to concentrate their minds- upon some subject adapted to their special talent, so far as- to acquire even a large stock of knowledge in that par- ticular pursuit, but who are, at the same time, incapable- INHABITIVENESS. 101 -of arranging and combining their ideas so as to transfuse into the minds of others, in a perspicuous and concen- trated form, even their own intellectual acquirements. And this happens because the faculty of arranging the ideas, and of causing them to co-operate harmoniously, when essaying to communicate knowledge, either in spoken or in written language, is derived from organs with which such persons are but scantily endowed. These organs are not specially devoted to the acquiring of knowledge in any department of literature or science. But those organs which are intrinsically occupied in gaining such knowledge, are materially sustained in their efforts and rendered far more effective and continuously useful by the harmonious co-operation of these most important auxiliaries (the organs of the combining and arranging powers), than they are at all capable of being without a fair measure of such aid. Indeed, without an adequate development of these organs, even persons of brilliant parts are, unfortunately, prone to degenerate into desultory habits of thinking and are liable to fall short in the race of intellectual industry. When the organs of the intellectual faculties come to he discussed it will be seen how important those of Time : and Order are to the consistent working of all the others. Indeed, a poor development of these organs is a seriou* obstacle to useful and productive intellectual industry They assist continuity of mental action, and produce harmony and method in the operations of the mind. They rare the corner stones which support and symmatrize the more exalted portions of the intellectual fabric. Indeed, it is quite certain that even moderately developed organs of the perceptive and reflective faculties, with the har- .monious co-operation of those essential adjuncts, are much 102 INHABITIVENESS. more efficient in their own sphere of action than finely developed ones, when these are wanting in adequate support from the organs of Time and Order. Examples will be pointed out in the proper place to* show that the most renowned administrators of the affairs- of nations were, all of them, amply endowed with those two organs : and a conspicuous development of the region of the forehead occupied by them is characteristic of the most distinguished speakers and writers of every age and country — men remarkable for the talent of " main- taining two or more mental faculties in simultaneous- and combined activity, so that they may be directed towards one object." And this without the aid of the organ marked No. o. For in some conspicuous instances of genius, as has been already shown, it is found to be stnall, while it is often found large where no such intel- lectual capacity ever showed itself. This talent cannot, then, in any way depend upon the co-operation of that organ. No, not in the least degree. But it is to a fine, absolute, and relative development of the organs named above, combined, of course, with a good and well- balanced assemblage of the other intellectual organs, that we are to attribute the source of the faculty of simul- taneously arranging and concentrating upon a particular subject, several poAvers of the understanding (see Plate 6)_ But though fine or, at least, well-proportioned organs of Time and Order are essential ingredients of the com- pound wherein lies the talent of intellectual concentration, yet they are incapable, in some trying situations, of maintaining the due balance and harmonious action of the intellectual faculties. To illustrate this, let us sup- pose a man who has paid great attention to a theme, exactly adapted to his dominant intellectual powers, to- INHABITIVENESS. 103 be endowed with large organs of Time and Order, in conjunction with well-balanced perceptive and reflective ones ; we shall then surely find that he possesses a facility of arranging his ideas and of communicating them to others, when he comes to commit his thoughts to writing. But there is something, not strictly akin to intellect, required to leave a man free to combine, arrange, and concentrate his thoughts, when he essays to address a public assembly with the view of bringing men to his own way of thinking : for, let his genius be ever so per- spicuous and comprehensive, he will become embarrassed before a multitude, especially if it be hostile, so far as to be quite unable, at the moment, to bring his faculties to bear upon the subject he is discussing with the same amount of concentrated force and clearness as he could, when writing in his own closet, or when in the act of addressing an audience friendly to his opinions, if firm- ness, self-esteem, combativeness, and hope form weak features of his character, while love of approbation and cautious circumspection are its predominant qualities. For, in the secluded closet the workings of such a man's intellect are in a great measure exempt from the intru- sion of those conflicting emotions, namely, the ambition to excel and the fear of not succeeding — affections which, in the presence of danger, paralyse the efforts of the brightest intellect by disconcerting the harmonious co- operation of its several faculties. For instead of being concentrated upon the subject of his intended discourse, they are distracted by an overwhelming sense of present danger, and wholly engaged in contemplating the proba- bility of some direful disaster. A memorable illustration of the unhappy effects pro- duced upon the well-poised action of the intellectual 104 INHABITIVENESS. faculties by the ill-balanced energy of the organs of some of the feelings, and the apathetic weakness of others, occurred in the person of the great orator Cicero, upon his having ascended the rostrum, to speak in defence of his brave partisan, Annius Milo, who was on his trial for the killing of Clodius, Cicero's own bitter enemy and effectual persecutor. On that occasion, the great orator, seeing himself unexpectedly surrounded by Pompey's soldiers, was so completely terror-stricken that he lost his presence of mind ; his speech, consequently, was an utter failure, and his bold client was condemned to be banished. The speech, which he was unable to deliver through the disarranged state of his intellectual faculties, caused by timidity, he sent in its completeness, such as he had composed it at home, alone and unembarrassed, to ■he exiled Milo, and Milo, in thanking him, said — u If you had spoken thus at the trial, Cicero, I should not now be eating shrimps at Marseilles." How different from this was his conduct, when, as consul, and surrounded by friendly and applauding magnates, he denounced Catiline in the senate house, for his treasonable actions in that fine and fearless speech, commencing with these harmonious words, Quousque tandem abutere Catilina, patientia nostra / " a speech which had a withering electric effect upon the daring intruder. But when we recur to a man who possessed well-arranged intellectual powers of colossal dimensions, combined with dispositions both enterprising and ambitious, and supported by courage the most heroic, Ave find that he was endowed with never-failing presence of mind and con- centrativeness in the midst of impending disaster. Such a man was Julius Cassar, who, when his army at a critical moment refused to fight until they had received their arrears of pay, and were clamorous for discharge, so far INHABITIVENESS. 105 from being in the least alarmed or disconcerted, instantly- dismissed them, by addressing them as ' Quirites,' the word used to designate civilians amongst the Romans. The men were completely subdued by this single word, and imploringly prayed to be restored to their position as " Milites " (soldiers), and harassed him no more about the arrears due to them. Here was an instance of pre- sence of mind in the midst of danger, as well as of concen- trated mental power scarcely to be matched in history. Is it not obvious, then, that, to a certain extent at least, the equipoise of the organs of the feelings is indispensable for enabling even those who are endowed with powerful and well-balanced organs of the intellectual faculties, to concentrate their thoughts with clearness and effect when threatened by unexpected dangerous contingencies ? Seeing then by the evidence of a multiplicity of facts that the faculty of intellectual concentration" is the product of a well-balanced series of cerebral organs, it is but rea- sonable to conclude that the presence of a single organ, specially and exclusively adapted to produce that effect, is altogether superfluous. And when long-tried experi- ence discloses the fact that some men, renowned for superiority of genius, were but scantily endowed with the organ upon the largeness of which concentration of the mental powers was by some eminent men supposed to depend, when such is the case, there is afforded positive assurance that there does not exist any special single organ capable of causing the simultaneous concentrated action of so wide a range of mental qualities differing intrinsically from one another, and which have the power of acting in harmony only when the several organs upon which these qualities depend are well developed, and harmoniously balanced with those of Time and Order, (see Plates 6, 7, & 10.) ADHESIVENESS -SENSE OE ATTACH- MENT TO PERSONS. Weee we to be swayed by the opinions of some writers we should fall into tlie error of supposing that the sense of personal attachment does not exist as a simple primitive faculty of the mind, but that it is merely an exotic, which springs from influences engendered amongst human beings, living together, submitting to the same ordinances, and using the same language. Mutual wants and the necessity for help in a world full of danger are the incentives, they say, which prompted individuals to step out of their primitive, isolated spheres, in order to form themselves into communities, and thereby render every one according to his ability capable of augmenting the happiness of his neighbours and himself. Undoubtedly, this social compact is the result of cir- cumspect and prescient minds, acting with the view of devising means for adding to the prosperity and happiness of the body politic. But cold and selfish would be the motives actuating their proceedings if they were not instinctively conscious of being united by the soft bonds of social love, which brought men together at first, independent of the promptings of self-interest and fear. And as personal attachments do in course of time be- come expanded into public affections by the humanising ADHESIVENESS. 107 influence of benevolence and conscientiousness, guided by wisdom and intelligence, so do they form the first links of the chain which binds communities together. But though the general possession of these noble mental qualities in harmonious uniformity is, above all things, necessary to a nation's happiness, yet it is to the diver- sity of talents that the rapid prosperity of a people is in a great measure due. For this difference of talent necessitates the division of labour, and by thus provid- ing for man's various wants would of itself tend to give rise to the founding of large communities. Yet that there is a primitive self-existent sense of attachment — of friendship cannot admit of a doubt. Is the love of a clog for his master the result of circum- spection and self-interest ? No, the faithful creature would suffer starvation rather than desert his friend. Sir Walter Scott records a very affecting instance of this truth in his spirited song commencing thus — "I have climbed the dark brow of the mighty Helvellin." Unlike the faithful dog, the cat seldom evinces much attachment to persons, yet so strong is its affection for the house it has been always used to that it can, scarcely be prevented from returning to its accustomed habitation, and from remaining there though it be cheerless and lonely. On the contrary, the dog cares but little for place, except in so far as it is connected in his remembrance with those who have caressed, him. This striking diversity in the dispositions of the cat and the dog, in regard to the aim of the specific sense of attachment of each of them, must necessarily be accompanied by a difference in the form of certain parts of the scull ; and a careful comparison of the parts which. 108 ADHESIVENESS. ■experience has invariably shown to be the seats of the organs of those two distinct senses of attachment, leaves no doubt on the mind of a careful practised observer that the part of the head which lies in the median line, just above the organ of the Love of Children, is relatively larger in the cat than in the dog ; while the parts lying on the right side and on the left of that organ, and over the extreme bounds of that of the Love of Offspring, is very large in the dog and comparatively small in the cat. There are some dogs, however, in which the organ is but ill-developed ; but such dogs are not remarkable for that strength of attachment which is so character- istic of the dog tribe. Some varieties, also, are charac- terised by a stronger sense of attachment than others : and I have observed, in the course of my examination of a very extensive collection of the sculls of dogs of almost every description, that the region of the scull, wherein this organ is situated, is much more developed in the former than in the latter. Even the fine English bulldog is far less prominent and rounded at this part than the little Blenheim, or King Charles's spaniel. Let any one compare the graceful greyhound of the chase with the French poodle, the Scotch terrier, the Irish water-spaniel, and the English setter, and he will find that in the scull of the greyhound the same part is not so well developed as it is in the others. In human sculls, also, great differences are found to exist in regard to the actual and relative size of the organ of the sense of Personal Attachment. It is very small, for instance, in the broad, low head of Richard Patch, who was hanged in 1806 for the murder of his friend and benefactor, Mr. Bligh, a shipbroker of Rother- hithe, who had a short time before raised him from the ADHESIVENESS. 109* position of a servant to that of a partner. On the contrary, the organ is singularly large in the cast of Hayman, a daring smuggler, who was captured during" an affray in which a revenue officer was killed. But, as he was not the person who fired the fatal shot, a pardon was offered him if he would divulge the names- of his companions. But the trusty fellow, with folded arms and countenance unmoved, said he would sooner die than betray his companions, and was hanged. Now, since this man's head was not indicative of the presence of high moral endowments, though it was not of the low criminal type, like Patch's, the influence of his large organ of Adhesiveness is the more strikingly conspicuous. Again, the organ is ill-developed in the cast of Fieschi, of "Infernal Machine" notoriety, who betrayed his accomplices, without effecting his own escape. And when one of them, on the scaffold, pointed to their aged associate, and upbraided him with having brought the feeble old man to so wretched an end, he merely shrugged his shoulders in a careless unfeeling manner. It is very small in the cast of the head of a Frenchman, named Dautun, in Gall's collection, whose unhallowed love of money caused him to poison his own brother for the sake of obtaining his property. The organ is very small in the cast of the notorious Lacinaire, who murdered a large number of persons in Paris ; and who, after his trial and condemnation, declared that he committed those atrocious crimes, for which he was about to suffer, because he had waged a war of extermination, so far as he could effect that object, against society, on account of some unpardonable wrongs he had suffered as a help- less victim of its injustice. One would think that so hazardous and hopeless a crusade could only have its 110 ADHESIVENESS. source in a mind warped by insanity, if there were not in the strikingly marked characteristic features of his head indications of a tendency to give way to instinctive suggestions, calculated to lead to the commission of atrocities such as he was guilty of. To judge by the authentic cast of his head, he was a man of some talent, but singularly devoid of the moral sense, the slave of intense selfishness, unmitigated by the slightest demon- strative endowment of social attachment, which is, even b)y itself, as we have seen in the case of Hayman, a strong barrier against the inroads of selfishness. On the contrary, the same part of the head is large in the cast of the late Robert Owen, the essentially practical philanthropist, who thought and felt that the mind of man was constituted for social intercourse and unselfish ■co-operation, and strove to show by experiment that general prosperity and peace would prevail, if men could be got to live with their families in societies, where the the produce of each individual's industry should go to form a joint stock, out of which each would get, as his portion, a sum adequate to the capacity, energy, and industry displayed by him as a member of the community. In this mode, Owen imagined that selfishness, violence, and contention could be rooted out of the ways of man- kind, and a path opened for the advent of benevolence, the benign harbinger of universal happiness. Bat this amiable and beneficent man was wrong in supposing that the home affections of human nature — our own "elective affinities," were to be set aside by this public amalgamation of interests, which would, to judge by experience, be likely, sooner or later, to become de- ranged through the selfishness of some, and finally break up into irremediable confusion. Such a scheme could ADHESIVENESS. Ill never be carried out without abridging personal liberty of action in regard to property, and weakening perhaps those ties of kindred which act so powerfully as incentives to industry, temperance, and a generous frugality. Indeed, so long as selfishness remains the active and prevailing ingredient of our mental constitution, as it at present seems to be, there is but little chance of such a general •commingling of interests being ever widely consummated. But though Owen's philanthropic speculations and practical efforts to ameliorate the condition of his fellow creatures proved to be abortive, it cannot be doubted that they were the spontaneous suggestions of the mind of one who was imbued with strong social affections, and whose soul yearned to hasten the advent of universal happiness. And if some of his opinions rendered him subject to the imputation of promulgating a doctrine which tended to the disruption of social ties, and the undermining of the sacred foundations of domestic bliss, the goodness of his intentions was never questioned by those who were aware of the purity of his conduct all through life, however much they thought him wanting in wise and reverential consideration for some important religious injunctions. But the point to be noted here is simply the fact that the organ of Adhesiveness is large in the cast of the head of Robert Owen, who was the hopeful enthusiastic friend •of mankind; and that it is very small in the cast of Lacinaire, the avowed hater and would be destroyer of society. Of course it is no.t to be supposed that a great development of this organ would go far to avert the selfish ferocity by which this atrocious criminal was likely, according to the shape of his head, to be swayed under some unhappy ^concurrence of circumstances ; but only that the object and nature of his wickedness was 112 ADHESIVENESS. fashioned and coloured owing to the want of admixture in his mental composition of the grateful and warm hues of social attachment. Neither is it to be inferred that a poor development of this organ in Owen would be of force sufficient to put out the fire of his zeal in forwarding the cause of human happiness. To be satisfied of this it is only necessary to trace on the cast of his head the palpable lineaments of a confiding, unselfish, benevolent nature, unalloyed by the smallest tincture of covetousness, or of a disposition to countenance violence of any kind (see Plate 4, Diagrams 1, 2, 3, 4). The influence upon character of a large or small organ of Attachment is strikingly exemplified in the following instances. The organ is large in the head of Eustache Bellin, called "The Benevolent Negro," who exposed him- self to imminent peril during the great servile rebellion in St. Domingo, in striving to save his master's life and property. And he succeeded by politic and heroic efforts in escorting him in safety to Paris, after having bravely ,. with cutlass in hand, put down mutineers who were attempting to seize the ship in which they were bound for France. The organ is very small in the large, globular head of Palmer, of Eugely, the covetous, cold-hearted, arrantly deceitful murderer of his confiding, generous friend and ailing patient. And it is also affirmed that he poisoned some of his own nearest of kin. There is a great deficiency of this organ in the cast of Madame Gotfried, a Prussian woman in a respectable condition of life, who murdered, it is said, by means of poison ? eighteen persons. Of these, three were her husband's and three more her own children. The latter she destroyed not because she was incapable of loving them, but because she desired to gain a husband with money ; ADHESIVENESS. 113 and as the man she was seeking declined to marry her because she had children, she with diabolical and un- natural cruelty murdered them. The form of this woman's head is very bad (see Plate 5). One instance more I would fain give to show a very remarkable coincidence between smallness of the organ of Attachment and the total absence of social love or affection. It is the cast of the head of a French chevalier. To judge by the salient features of this head, there cannot exist a doubt that this man was a plotting, plausible, cunning, avaricious, sensual, and singularly unscrupulous man, with an entire absence of the sense of attachment. And his conduct fully bears out this estimate of his character. It is on record that this man married a lady of fortune, that he acted towards her in the kindest manner until she fell ill, that this occurred after a short lapse of time, and that up to the day of her death, which soon took place, his attention was unremitting and his manner most consoling and affectionate. Though over- whelmed with grief, apparently, he soon succeeded in getting another wife who had money. But she, in her turn, soon got sick and died, after having received the most devoted care at the nursing hands of this cruel hypocrite. Soon after this a third wealthy victim fell into his snares by marrying him ; and though he had acquired by his diabolical cunning the reputation of being a model of a good and loving husband, the sudden illness and subsequent death of his third wife, whom he himself ministered to with, seemingly, the most affectionate and sympathising tenderness to the last moment of her life, there arose a suspicion that the chevalier was the murderer of his three wives. Conclusive evidence of this fact was soon acquired, and this wretch was tried, convicted, and L 114 ADHESIVENESS. executed. The organ is very small in the head of the cruel, hypocritical Dr. Pritcharcl, whose conduct was of a like diabolical cast, though his motive was not the same. This primitive sense of social love or friendship is a highly important ingredient in the composition of a patriotic mind. And as Burke truly says, u No cold relation ever made a warm citizen," so no man ever loved his country and its interests dearly who was not endowed with a strong sense of social attachment. And after a scrupulous examination of a wide range of facts, I can truthfully aver that the organ of Adhesive- ness, or the sense of Attachment, is a salient feature in the busts and casts from nature of all those great men whose lives and energies have been instinctively devoted to the enhancement of the glory of their native land, without having their intentions tainted by the leaven of selfishness. But it would not be just to suppose that all those whose political career is by opponents judged to be unpatriotic were unendowed with warm patriotic affections, since their conduct takes its colour, in a considerable measure, from intellectual characteristics, as well as peculiarities of sentiment, which may be, and certainly are, often of a high order. For though we find the glowing enthusiastic patriotism of Henry Grattan coincident with a superior development of this organ in his bust, it is certain that it also forms a salient feature in the fine bust, by Nollekens, of the renowned and high-minded Chief Justice, Lord Mansfield, whose conservative tendencies abated the public display of strong social attachments, though they could not avert their patriotic influence, when his high sense of impartial justice prompted him to break through the trammels of religious bigotry, and of the iniquitous ADHESIVENESS. 115 -social tyranny, by which his Catholic fellow-countrymen were in his time persecuted, in order to take a part in procuring their emancipation from political and religious thraldom. In the cast of the scull of Robert Burns the organ of Attachment is very large, and surely never did poet of any age or nation manifest in his poems more genuine fervour in delineating the charms of friendship than did this great genius. And there is another poet, in whose head the same part was remarkably protuberant, whose writings depict the enchanting influence of the social and domestic affections with all the glowing warmth of a soul that truly felt them. It will be surmised that here is meant Ireland's patriotic bard, Thomas Moore, whose " Irish Melodies " afford pure and affectionate indications of the paramount strength of this feeling in the constitution of his mind. The same organ is large in the head of Sir Walter Scott, and surely the glowing spirit of friendship was manifested in a high degree in the writings and manners of that noble-hearted man. In these cases a fine development of the organ of the sense of Local Attachment — of the love of home — tended to draw the simple abstract sense of personal attachment more particularly into affectionate adhesion with the people of their own native land. The seat of the organ of Adhesiveness, or Attachment to Persons, is just above the lateral confines of Philopro- genitiveness, and on each side of Inhabitiveness. It also lies above Combativeness, and behind and somewhat below the organs of Cautiousness and Love of Approba- tion, and is in immediate contact with all of them. How admirable is the harmoniousness of organic combination here displayed ! For here stand the repre- l 2 116 ADHESIVENESS. sentatives of circumspection and courage, with shield and sword, at the portals of the domiciles of the social and domestic attachments, ready, instinctively, to give warning of danger, and to nerve the arm with vigour enough to crush it, if possible, should it ever threaten to injure the well-being of kinsfolk, or to desecrate the sanctity of one's native fireside. It is well to observe, in conclusion, that children in whom the organ of Adhesiveness is small, are not so easily managed as those in whom it is large, supposing them to be pretty nearly alike in other leading mental characteristics. One will be easily brought to forego- its most cherished fancies rather than see the person whom it loves pained by any show on its part of dissatisfaction or disobedience. The other, from weakness of the sense of attachment, does not readily identify itself with its associates, and cares less for their anxieties. For this affection is essentially unselfish, and is a powerful incentive to gratitude — that noble attribute of noble minds. An early knowledge of the disposition of children, with respect to their capacity for friendship, will go a great way in enabling parents and tutors to devise the most effectual means of influencing their dispositions. For, wherever there is large Self-esteem, with dominant Combativeness in a child, a superior development of Adhesiveness in- the same child will afford powerful assistance to the teacher, who, from instinctive sympathy of attachment, knows how to make use of such an im- portant and delightful auxiliary in his endeavours to counteract and control unruly passions and self-willed tendencies. In fine, there cannot exist a doubt that the sense of ADHESIVENESS. 117 attachment to persons, called " Adhesiveness," is a primitive, single faculty of the mind ; or that the exact situation of its organ on the scull has been truly ascer- tained. Of this fact many positive and negative instances have been given in the foregoing pages. COMBATIVMESS, OE PERSONAL COURAGE. The theory which would maintain that courage is the result of a consciousness of superior bodily strength is quite as untenable as the one which considers the me- chanical aptitudes, which are possessed by mankind, to be the result of the superior form of the human hand- Li confutation of the first supposition it is only necessary to advert to the fact, that heroic personal courage is frequently displayed by men, small in size and of com- paratively feeble muscular power ; while timidity is often found to characterise men upon whom nature has be- stowed great bodily strength. That courage does not depend upon the presence of great muscular strength, combined with enormous size,, is proved by the fearless manner in which a thorough- bred English bulldog will attack a gigantic and infuriated bull. So great is the courage of the English game-cock that he will die rather than turn tail upon his antagonist. And a game-hen has been known to pursue over several garden walls a cat, which had caught up one of her chickens, and then attacked him with such vigour that he was forced to relinquish his prey. The robin and the diminutive wren are remarkable for their pugnacity ; while the turkey is a timid bird. That the instinct of COMBATIVENESS. 119 self-defence does not depend upon size and strength is also apparent when a large flock of sheep is seen to run in affright before a lady's lapdog. The tall, muscular greyhound would not dare to stand the attack of a small bull-terrier. Bodily strength, then, has no share in imparting the instinct of self-defence or courage : although the consciousness of possessing great muscular power must tend to support the courage of a man by imbuing his mind Avith a greater amount of self-reliance in regard to his capacity for attack or defence. But such calcula- tions cannot, of course, enter into the minds of animals. By some, courage has been thought to arise from the love of glory : but the adoption of such an opinion would be to mistake the faculty which incites another faculty to action for the primitive faculty itself. As well might love or friendship, or the care of one's offspring, or the necessity of preserving property, be considered as the source of courage, since they are, undoubtedly, most powerful incentives to the display of fortitude. The love of offspring is a quality which is far more influential in the mental constitution of women than in that of men ; and yet courage is not a distinctive attribute of the female character. Indeed, there cannot be the slightest hesitation in coming to the conviction that courage is a primitive, self- supporting faculty, which is manifested more or less energetically in different species of animals and indivi- duals of the same species. In men, too, some aboriginal tribes are abundantly supplied with this valuable quality : the New Zealanders and North American Indians, for instance, while it is a comparatively defective ingredient in the mental constitution of the Hindoo and Chinaman. And yet the collateral incentives to the display of bravery 120 COMBATIVENESS. are quite as powerful in the Chinese and Hindoos as in the Maories and American Indians. The abstract existence of this faculty being, therefore, an incontrovertible fact, there can be no doubt as to the certainty of a part of the brain being specially devoted to its manifestation. And, since it is a mental attribute which man inherits in common with animals, it is reason- able to suppose that its organ is among those of the animal propensities. In strict accordance with this anticipation, the organ of Combativeness is found to lie just above Amativeness, and on each side of Philoprogenitiveness. It has Adhesiveness in contact with it above, and Destruotiveness, Secretiveness, and Cautiousness are attached to it towards the front and the top of the head. What an appropriate assemblage of co-operative organs is here presented ! Here are Circumspection and Courage standing as sentinels — one, with watchful eye and listening ear, ready to sound the alarm on the sight of danger — the other, armed at all points, stretches forth its broad shield of protection with one hand, while with the other it strikes to the ground those who would dare to injure the objects of our dearest affections. Experience has established it as a fact that without an adequate development of this organ it is not possible for a man to act with intrepidity in the midst of danger, or to be disposed to repel, at all hazards, unjust aggression. Still, a strongly marked and habitually active Combative- ness is not indispensable to the disposition and the power to oppose and repel unjust aggression. For an exalted sense of justice is sure to excite to energetic action even a moderately developed organ of Combativeness, when that sense is violated. And cases could here be recorded where benevolent anxiety for the safety of another has COMBATIVENESS. 121 caused an individual with moderate Combativeness to rush into danger in the presence of persons much bolder than himself, and in whom the organ was much larger, who wondered at his rashness. Nevertheless, a large development of this organ is an indispensable ingredient in the cerebral composition of an instinctively warlike and heroic personage. And amongst the numerous illustrations of this fact adduced by Dr. Gall in his great work on the functions of the brain was the scull of General "VVurmser, who was a man of great personal courage. In that scull the region in question is not only very broad, but remarkable also for a convex projection; while in the scull of the poet Alxinger, whose disposition was timid, the same part is not only narrow but flat. In men remarkable for their poltroonery, Gall always found a narrowness and some- times even a slight depression of this organ. And, on the contrary, he says that at the combats of wild beasts, at that time still exhibited at Vienna, there often appeared .a first-rate fighter, of extreme intrepidity, who presented himself in the arena to sustain alone a fight with] a wild boar or bull, or any ferocious animal whatever. " I found in him," says Gall, "the region of the head just pointed out, very large and rounded." He took a cast of this head, and also of those of some other "bravos," that he might run no risk of forgetting their particular conformations. Numerous are the examples recorded since the days of Gall, which corroborate, beyond the shadow of a doubt, the truth of his views as to the function of this portion of the brain. In all pugilists remarkable for their courage this region of the head is very large. The men who .first in this country caused brute force to succumb to 122 COMBATIVENESS. the "art of self-defence," were by sporting men deemed worthy of having their features immortalised by means of fine mezzotint engravings. These champions were Fig, and Broughton, and Taylor, with some others. In all of them the organ stood out in conspicuous prominence. In Deville's collection there were many casts of noted' boxers, and in them, also, a similar conformation was obvious to the most casual observer, although there appeared a marked dissimilarity in other parts of their heads. In the cast of one of them of the name of Curtis, a very small man, remarkable for his intrepidity m encountering men much larger and more powerful than himself, as well as for his skill in vanquishing them, this part of the head is very prominent. A very large development of this organ tends to make a man quarrelsome, but such is not invariably the case; for if there be, at the same time, a fine endowment of the moral sentiments, with intellect to guide them, wanton pugnacity will never manifest itself. One of the largest organs of Combativeness, or the instinct of self-defence, that has ever come under my notice, was to be seen in Mr. Deville's collection. It formed a prominent feature in the cast of a country gentleman,, who, on one occasion, previous to his returning home from market, turned into an inn to take some refresh- ment. There happened to be then at the bar three men of very suspicious appearance, who left the house upon hearing this gentleman tell the landlord that he intended to walk home. Knowing the men to be very bad char- acters, and suspecting that they intended to waylay and rob his respected customer, the landlord, after giving his reasons, begged of him not to venture on the road that night. He replied that he never feared any man r COMBATIVENESS. 123 and requested the landlord to give him a stick and three- short ropes. Having procured them he set out for home, which was about three miles off. On the way he espied, through the dusk of the evening, three men in the centre of the high road. On one of them coming towards him he warned him to keep out of his path, and upon the near approach of the highwayman, this fearless man rushed upon him, struck him across the legs, and brought him to the ground. On the others advancing to the rescue of their accomplice, he knocked them down one after the other, in the way he disposed of the first, and then having disabled their arms by a few well planted strokes, he pinioned them with his three cords, and ultimately compelled them to return to the village they had all just quitted for the purpose of robbing him. Undoubtedly this was a rare instance of intrepidity and self-reliance, for the heroism of this man, being cool and premeditated, must be deemed to be of a higher quality than that instinct of self-defence which prompts a man to encounter, an unexpected attack. It should be observed that in this case the organ of Caution was only of moderate size and that of Hope large, and there was a fine development of the moral portion of the head. He- was fearless and brave, but not quarrelsome. As a contrast to this head there Avas by the side of it the cast of a young man, who was of so timid a disposition that his family were alarmed for his safety, if, by any chance, he should be obliged to cross a thoroughfare in London. The slightest appearance of danger disconcerted him so much that he lost all presence of mind, and seemed scarcely capable of making an effort to save himself. He was equally fearful of encountering the active duties 124 COMBATIVENESS. of life. The head, in this instance, was rather below the average size, and the organ of Combativeness was so exceedingly small that it was not only narrow from side to side, but even hollow where in the other head it was protuberant. In Thorwaldsen's fine bust of Lord Exmouth the organ is excessively large, and surely never did any man display a greater amount of heroic courage than was, on every occasion, manifested by this beau ideal of a British sailor. In very early life his heroic gallantry shone conspicuously in his efforts to rescue his fellow-creatures from positions of the greatest peril. When his telescope was flattened in his coat pocket by a shot at Algiers he did not seem to notice it, but gave his orders with perfect indifference to the danger to which he fearlessly exposed himself. I will here mention an incident which is strikingly illustrative of the unflinching courage of this renowned British admiral. Some years ago when that exquisite sculptor and •excellent man, McDowell, was modelling the statue of Lord Exmouth, which is now a signal ornament in the Hall of Greenwich Hospital, I happened to be in his studio ; and my attention having been drawn to Thor- waldsen's bust of his lordship, I gave my single-hearted, unselfish friend, at his own request, a brief phrenological reading of it. In the course of a careful analysis of his various strikingly moral and intellectual characteristics, I said that his noble intrepidity might, in the face of impending danger, be apt to degenerate into improvident acts of rashness, owing to the vast ascendency of the organs of Combativeness, Benevolence, Conscientious- ness, and Hope over his moderately-developed organ of Caution, but yet that this opinion did not amount to a COMBATIVENESS. 125 settled conviction, because it was probable that the cir- cumspect and reflective character of his clear intellect would, on almost all occasions, afford him an effective safeguard against unthinking rashness. A few minutes after this Archdeacon Pellew came in with a captain in the navy to view the statue. In the course of conversa- tion, McDowell told the archdeacon what I had said of his father's character, as far as it was indicated by the bust. He seemed much pleased at my having estimated it so highly, and in the kindest manner acknowledged the truthfulness of the delineation. And then, turning to his friend, he said, "Do you remember our dinner at Ply- mouth during that severely contested election ? Did not my father seem to every one at table to have acted rashly upon that occasion ? The case," said he, " was this. The mob came before our door in a violent and threaten- ing attitude, for my father was on the unpopular side in politics. When the furious uproar commenced we were seated at dinner, and, in our alarm, begged of him not to show himself at the window. But, after listening for a moment, he went to the window, when an infuriated shout pierced our ears. My father then left the parlour, desiring that no one should follow him. In a minute we saw him, bareheaded, walking up coolly to the mob, and seizing the two ringleaders, drove them into his own hall, and then shut the door. The mob were thunder- struck, for they ceased their menacing, and soon dis- persed, and he, as I recollect, then dismissed his prisoners. There was no repetition of the attack upon him or his house." This act, so fearless and daring, was the only one he knew of, in which the archdeacon thought his father could be looked upon as being guilty of rashness. 126 COMBATIVENESS. The late celebrated statesman, Lord Castlereagh, was remarkable, at all periods of his life, for courage of the highest order, and for imperturbable coolness in the midst of clanger. So powerful, indeed, was this attribute of his nature that his political enemy, 0' Conn ell, thus character- ised him to Captain Gronow, in the House of Commons, " With all his faults, Castlereagh was a fine fellow, and as brave as Achilles." Let any one examine the exceedingly fine bust of this distinguished man, by Chantrey, and the great promin- ence of the head, in the seat of the organ of Combative- ness, cannot escape his notice. The organ is moderate in Behnes Burlowe's bust of the gentle, philosophic,, unassuming Sir J. Macintosh. It is very large in the cast of that able lawyer and historian, John Adolphus, who is said to have been of a choleric and contentious disposition. In Wyat's bust of King George the Third, this part of the head is very large, and its energies could not be much counteracted in him by thoughts on the prospect of danger, for in his head, neither the organ of Caution, nor those of the reflective faculties, were well developed. In his son, the Duke of York, a similar genera] conformation of the head presents itself. And is not the personal bravery of both these royal personages quite notorious ? The ancient sculptors seem to have copied nature closely : and we meet with, in their works, most interest- ing evidence corroborative of the phrenological doctrine. In Scipio and Julius Csesar, in Marius and Sylla, we find the part of the head which we are now considering very large ; while it is moderate in the busts of Cicero and Demosthenes, and in those of the poets Theocritus and Horace. The inglorious flight of Demosthenes, when COMBATIVENESS. 127 lighting in the cause most clear to his heart, is matter of history ; and Cicero himself says, when writing to his friend about Csesar, " He," meaning Caesar, " knows that I have not a spark of courage." And Horace play- fully alludes to his having, in his flight from Philippi, thrown down his little shield, " relicta parmula" as he himself playfully expresses it. Though there are to be met with in some regions of Hindostan many tribes possessed of much personal •courage, yet, the Hindoos are, generally, found to be strikingly deficient in that attribute. And out of a large number of Grentoo sculls, which have fallen under my notice, scarcely one could be met with that was not very small where the organ of Combativeness is placed. In the scull of Seedee Almas and Hassan Khan the organ was large ; and these men were remarkable for their courage — the latter especially. He was killed by a sabre cut on the head, at Gruznee. The people of Loo Choo were found to be a shy, timid race, when Captain Hall visited their island. And when this navigator told Napoleon, at St. Helena, that these people had no kind of offensive weapon or warlike in- strument, the great warrior expressed his wonder, that there could be in existence a people to whom war was unknown. Such an opinion was in perfect harmony with his own dispositions and conduct through life. To Robert Owen, on the contrary, the existence of such a people would be evidence confirmatory of his own theory — that man is by nature averse to war and conten- tion, and that this unamiable propensity is but the result of the circumstances by which he has been surrounded through life. Mr. Combe truly says that " this faculty adapts man 128 COMBATIVENESS. to a world where clanger and difficulty abound." But would it be right to infer from this that the presence of this faculty in the constitution of man implies the necessity of the existence of danger and of sources of contention? Certainly, if its function be confined to angry sallies of attack or defence. But to consider such an inference conclusive would be to narrow its sphere of usefulness, for this faculty may be in action when all signs of danger are absent. It enhances the energies of the intellectual faculties as well as those of the feelings and moral affections. And although strong faculties are capable of manifesting, of their own accord, their inherent activity; still certain experiences would lead to the conclusion that the total absence of Combativeness from the mental constitution of all mankind would be attended with so great an amomit of apathetic indolence, in the carrying out, sedulously and continuously, of the active- business of life, as would render abortive, in a great measure, the wisest plans for the advancement of the common weal, or prayerful resolutions for promoting the comforts even of oneself. The truthfulness of this as- sumption is strongly supported by the following remarkable case. William Mears, a very clever mechanic, in the service of the late Mr. James Deville, the celebrated practical phrenologist, had a large and finely-formed forehead. He was also endowed with a very good development of the region of the moral sentiments, and a large organ of Ideality indicated the presence of a superior sense of the spirit of poetry. The organ of Constructiveness was large also. He possessed, moreover, the nervous tempera- ment in its purest form. But the whole of the exclusively animal portion of the head was small, particularly Com- COMBATIVENESS. 129 bativeness, and that was exceedingly small. As might be expected, this man was morally sensible of his duties, but, from his want of stirring energy of character, he felt that their assiduous fulfilment was so irksome, not- withstanding his mechanical competency, that he was frequently in the habit of giving a part of his own weekly hire to a fellow-workman to complete what he himself had in hand. Now this signal repugnance to active exertion in his own special calling, on the part of a man who possessed superior talent in his craft, could not possibly have arisen from natural inactivity of the organs, which are alone competent to the performance of such duties. Its cause must, therefore, be sought for elsewhere. And there is abundant evidence to show that that cause is to be ascribed, chiefly, but still not entirely, to a meagre development of the organ of Combativeness. For this comparatively illiterate poor man was a devoted student of astronomy and poetry, and was in the habit of sitting up late for the purpose of watching the stars, and of composing poems on astronomical subjects. But though these tastes were calculated to wean him from a pursuit that he might have deemed comparative drudgery, yet, had he been endowed with well-developed Combative- ness, he would, instinctively, have striven to go through his proper labour without vicarious aid, and could still spare time for indulging in his scientific and literary wanderings. The habit of giving part of his wages to a fellow- workman for doing that which he was too indolent to do himself, brought him into pecuniary want ; and he committed suicide after the manner of Seneca. It is not irrelevant to observe here that self-murder is M 130 COMBATIVENESS. not necessarily the act of a sanguinary temper or of a courageous heart. For, in addition to very small Com- bativeness, the organ of Destructiveness was small, also, in the head of this poor man, Mears. But when his small organ of Hope and large organ of Caution became disagreeably affected by the humiliating inroads of poverty, against which he had not the courage to stand, and which his well-developed Self-esteem rendered him unwilling to brook — it was then he fell a consenting victim to the fatal goadings of despondency. In the region of the organ of Combativeness how striking is the contrast, as to size, between the head of this indolent man and that of the renowned William Cobbett — the singularly indefatigable, energetic, self- sustaining " Labourer." Such was the epithet by which he designated himself when called upon to plead in the Court of King's Bench to a serious ex-ojjicio indictment, wherein he was accused by Attorney- General Denman of being the cause or instigator of some agrarian outrages ; and upon which occasion he eloquently, defiantly, and triumphantly pleaded his own cause. Certainly Cobbett was a man of extraordinary talents. But Mears was also endowed with superior abilities. These cases, and many other similar ones that could be cited here, tend to prove that Combativeness is an essential ingredient of the mental constitution of every active member of society ; though danger and all the causes of angry contention were swept away from the face of the earth. At the same time, the inordinate de- velopment of that organ is a sure indication of an inherent love of contention, and a tendency to provoke assault. And of this Cobbett was a notable example. Never- theless, a very large organ of Combativeness may be COMBATIVENESS. 131 ■possessed by one to whom quarrelsomeness is irksome. A striking example of tins is presented in the head of Charles James Fox, modelled by Nollekens. In this large and powerfully-developed head the organ forms a prominent feature. It is indeed very salient. And yet Fox was dearly loved by those who knew him intimately for the peace-seeking gentleness of his disposition. To use the words of his friend Edmund Burke, ci He had not one drop of gall in his constitution." But he was bold and impetuous when denouncing those whom he looked upon as the mortal enemies of freedom. And these qualities he displayed in a strain of eloquence, such as has seldom been equalled for closeness of reasoning and the unpremeditated display of benevolent aspirations for the political and social happiness of all mankind, without •distinction of creed or complexion. But, in persons less happily constituted, so large an organ of Combativeness would incite to quarrelsomeness and self-willed aggression. Such is the inference, for instance, to be drawn from two fine antique busts of the warlike and habitually aggres- sive Caius Marius, and the no less cruel, arrogant, and pugnacious Sylla. This organ is a conspicuous feature in the authentic portrait of Martin Luther by his friend, Cranach. But, unlike Fox, who, as Burke said, " was formed to be beloved," Luther was constantly under the active influence of a seemingly uncontrollable self-will, which raised the tone of his powerful Combativeness to the highest pitch of intenseness. And this resulted in that arrogant and insolent style of controversy which it was his delight to adopt, though the object of attack might be a pope or a king. The utter fearlessness of this great reformer is clearly indicated by the moderate deve- lopment of the organ of Caution in the afore-mentioned M 2 132 COMBATIVENESS. portrait of him. In the bust of Fox, also, the organ of Caution was of moderate size. And this fact, coupled with his very large organ of Combativeness, fully ex- plains how it came to pass that a man with an intellect so powerful, and sentiments so graceful and noble, could have allowed the impetuous current of his energies to- overwhelm, sometimes, the patent landmarks of cir- cumspection. A man who holds a place still higher in the ranks of mankind was George Washington. He was not, perhaps,, so lovable a character as Charles Fox. And though not, gifted with genius for oratory, like that renowned: statesman, he possessed a far greater share of wisdom and prudence. But he was also heroically resolute and' brave. Jefferson says he was utterly insensible to the- influence of fear. His characteristic prudence, therefore, was not so much the result of instinctive cautiousness (for dominant caution is the true parent of fear), as of clear-sighted intellectual forethought. Such courage as- was possessed by this illustrious patriot must have been accompanied by the presence of a large organ of Com- bativeness. And yet he was not affected by any tendency to provoke assault, which is an abuse of the function of that organ to which some persons with a far inferior deve- lopment of it are prone to give way, because the moral harmony of his disposition must necessarily have rendered groundless discord irksome to him. Still he had naturally a very warm temper. Without Combativeness personal conflict could not be endured, nor indeed undertaken, even under the pressure of strong incentives. But yet in the conduct of human affairs it cannot be that a thirst for conflict is its only inherent mode of action; since a full endowment of it is COMBATIVENESS. 133 -found to be a leading feature in some of the most peace-loving benefactors of mankind. This apparent anomaly is entirely owing to the mutual influence of the faculties. For instance, the warlike recklessness of Charles the Twelfth of Sweden, to judge from Kraft's portrait of him, engraved by Tange, is clearly indicated by the largeness of Combativeness and Hope, and the smallness of Caution. While the signal courage of Henry the Fourth's great minister and saga- cious adviser, Sully, with his ever wakeful prudence, find fitting representatives in a large organ of Combative- ness and a well- developed one of Caution, supported by an intellect singularly circumspect, and keenly observant •of passing events. For these are the characteristics of his fine head, as they have been delineated in De Marcenay de Ghuy's small but beautiful engraving of his portrait .by Porbus. In the picture of Charles the Fifth of Spain, by Titian, engraved under the care and direction of Eubens, and in that of his early favourite and youthful adviser William of Orange, by Delft, after a painting from life by Yischer, there are signal indications of great intellectual power, of which circumspection is a marked characteristic. Each possessed a salient organ of Firmness. But Combativeness is certainly a more promi- nent feature in the head of Charles. It must have been in him, at all events, less under the influence of instinctive Cautiousness ; for the organ of that faculty is far more prominent in the head of the Prince of Orange than in that of Charles. And, though the former displayed heroic resolution, while striving to assert the liberties of his country, yet certainly he was not, instinctively, so brave and fearless as the great Charles the Fifth. A very remarkable contrast is presented between the 134 COMBATIVENESS. portraits of the brave but cautious Sully and that by Balechou of Crillon, who was distinguished for his im- petuous heroism when fighting on the side of his no less gallant king, the great Henry the Fourth, against the Catholic league, though he was himself a Catholic. In this portrait the organ of Combativeness is very large,, but that of Caution is relatively small, and there is a fine development of the organs of the moral and religious' sentiments, with a high but not so prominent and admin- istrative a forehead as Sully was endowed with. Of the incautious impetuosity of Crillon's character the following anecdote, related by Voltaire, affords an interest- ing illustration. " Henry the Third," says Voltaire, " had given Crillon the surname of Brave ; Henry the Fourth never called him anything but ' Brave des Brave.' This illustrious, general being in the king's closet, where his majesty was- conversing with several courtiers and foreign ministers, the discourse turned upon the praises of great warriors. 1 Gentlemen,' said the king, laying his hand upon Crillon's shoulder, ' here is the first warrior in the world.' ' Sire,' replied Crillon, hastily, with that impetuosity which was so peculiar to him, ' you have uttered a falsehood, it is you who are the first, I am only the second.' " What a rare commingling of rash, impetuous rudeness, and courteous, unflattering modesty. And here it cannot but be appropriate to the subject to say that the organ of Benevolence, and that of Veneration, were leading features of the portrait of Crillon, as humanity, and generosity, and devotedness were striking characteristics of his nature. Quarrelsomeness, or provoking offensiveness, therefore, could never be fostered in a disposition like his, notwith- standing the prominence of his organ of Combativeness. COMBATIVENESS. 135 In the cast of Dean Swift's scull this organ is very- large, and great personal intrepidity was a conspicuous element of his character. A convincing instance of this occurred, when Lord Cartaret, then Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, had offered a reward of five hundred pounds to any one who would name the author of the " Drapier's Letters." The very day after the issuing of this procla- mation a crowded levee was held at the castle. Swift, who was the author of those famous letters, attended it in canonicals. And in contemptuous disregard of all ceremony, he jostled his way at once through the throng of courtiers, until he found himself face to face with the Viceroy, and then, pointing to the proclamation, which he did not fail to bring along with him, and assuming a stern and undaunted expression of counte- nance, he defiantly inveighed against the imposture which Government was striving to foist upon his native country in the form of a debased copper coin of which one Wood was the patentee. He did this, too, in the very words of the letter which called forth the threatening procla- mation. Lord Cartaret, instead of taking offence, replied with singular presence of mind and gentle courtesy in the classic words of a great poet — " Res durce, sed non mea mens, me talia cogunt Molirir * " The Dean " then quitted the enemy's camp with flying colours, and, many years after, when writing the remarkable poem upon his own death and character he gloried in the thought that when he was in so perilous a situation — * Hard circumstances, but not my own mind, compel me to adopt such, devices. 136 COMBATIVENESS. " Not a rogue was to be found To sell Mm for five hundred pound." It should t>e noted, here, that the inherent tendency of a powerful organ of Combativeness to provoke assault was strongly displayed by Swift all through life. But, as this tendency was repugnant to the nature of several illustrious men who have been already named, and who were endowed with an organ of Combativeness, quite as prominent as that which the skull of Dean Swift dis- played, it is obvious that their exemption from that unsocial disposition was owing to the greater development in them of the organs of the genial and gentle affections. Of this truth a striking and interesting example is to be met with in the mask of the generous, compassionate, and forgiving Henry the Fourth of France. In that authentic relic, the organ of Benevolence is a remarkably salient feature, and that of Ideality — the sense of the beautiful in all things, whether spiritual or material — is developed to a very high degree. And accordingly, to use the words of Sully, " his was a mind in which the ideas of what is great, uncommon, and beautiful, seemed to spring up spontaneously." It is in defence of such noble objects that his paramount combativeness would take delight, and not in the desire to provoke assault. Cobbett, " the noblest peasant born," as Elliott, " the Corn Law Rhymer," has designated that most remarkable man, may be justly classed, in regard to these mental charac- teristics, in the same category with the renowned Dean of St. Patrick's. And correspondingly marked is the resemblance which the casts of their heads, taken after death, bear to each other in the region of the organs of those attributes ; while the cast from nature of the kindly, affectionate, placable Charles James Fox harmonises in COMBATIVENESS. 137 an equally marked manner with that of the magnanimous Henry. It is obvious, when the foregoing facts are taken into ■consideration, that it would be incorrect to infer that a large organ of Combativeness must necessarily lead to the abuse of its function without having first carefully taken cognisance of the mutual influence of the faculties as they are indicated in every head by the relative size of their respective organs. Courage of the most unselfish kind has been displayed by the most amiable and saintly characters that have ever appeared in the world. Combativeness, of which courage is the essence, cannot therefore be incompatible with the prevalence of " Peace on earth and good will towards men." Without a fair endowment of this organ the good Eichard Cobden could not have ventured to encounter the powerful and influential opponents of mea- sures which have proved to be conducive to the best interests, not only of his own, but of every other civilised nation. But so great was his abhorrence of war and of angry strife, and so fixed and intense his conviction that a resort to war in any form was criminal and unnecessary, that he rendered himself liable to be considered by many ;as being singularly Quixotic in his notions on that subject. But it was offensive war that Cobden deprecated. He thought that nations could assert and maintain their own rights and liberties without resorting to deadly conflict. But it would be doing a wrong to that true-hearted patriot and philanthropist to suppose that he deprecated warlike resistance to unjust aggression, when it should occur ; because his own compassionate, just, and unselfish nature prompted him to use his far-seeing, logical intel- lect in the devising and the working to a successful issue 138 COMBATIVENESS. of measures which he foresaw were calculated to gratify the selfish tendencies , of nations and of individuals : and, consequently, were likely to prevent war, which is the unruly offspring of unsatisfied selfishness. In that compound of noble instincts, Fortitude — that cardinal virtue of the ancients — Combativeness is a leading ingredient. And as true fortitude often glories in being the means of allaying anger and strife, and as- this cannot be done effectually without courage, and as courage cannot show itself in the dearth of combativeness, combativeness cannot be essentially and solely the abode of quarrelsomeness. No. It is in other quarters of the brain we are to search for the seats of the real incentives of this odious propensity. It is in the regions of unscru- pulous ambition, of unholy covetousness in all its phases of pelf and passion, and in selfish uncharitableness they are to be found. But, as skulking deceit, their natural ally, deeply imbues these incentives with the pale hues of cowardice, they would recoil before wakeful opposition,, if they could not command the services of combativeness.. And this, like all other feelings, being blind to conse- quences, is alike ready to be the agent in supporting, in the face of formidable opposition, the behests either of the righteous or of the unworthy. But it would be a mistake to think that, because a man possesses an ade- quate organ of Combativeness to fit him for the energetic conduct of his affairs, he is therefore capable of evincing intrepidity in the face of impending danger to life or limb : nor does it happen that a truly brave man is necessarily disposed to be an active worker in the trans- actions of life. The result in the first case arises from too much caution, in the second, from too little ; as well as from intellectual and moral inaptitude for the tranquil COMBATIVENESS. 13$' pursuits of industry in the latter case. And the source of this unfitness is also discernible in the form of the- head. A striking example of the last-mentioned characteristics may be seen in the cast from nature of Richard Brindsley Sheridan — The orator, statesman, and minstrel who ran Through each mode of the lyre, and was master of all. It cannot be doubted that such an intellect as his, which was so acutely observant of events, in all the minuteness of detail, was eminently capable of conducting to a suc- cessful issue the necessary affairs of life. Yet in this he sadly failed. But not from want of an adequate amount of the organ of Combativeness, for that organ is very prominent in the head of this remarkable man. To judge from this cast one is justified in averring that Sheridan was not endowed with the organs of Forethought and Circumspection to such an extent as would render him habitually provident and industrious. And, moreover, this carelessness was naturally fostered by the utter fearlessness of his character. His head is also indicative of the uncommon strength of the social affections, which caused him to devote himself to the pleasures of the table, even to the ruin of his health and prospects. And there are signs also of his want of economy and frugality in regard to the preservation of money. But though his dominant combativeness was not capable of raising a barrier strong enough to resist the overwhelming influx of his current weaknesses, which were so opposed to the pursuits of useful industry, there are few, if any, men who were possessed of more fearless intrepidity than that which was so gallantly displayed by 140 COMBATIVENESS. Sheridan in his truly desperate sword encounters with Captain Mathews, his unsuccessful rival for the hand and heart of the accomplished and beautiful Miss Linley. The local position of the organ of Combativeness has been already pointed out. And, to crown the full cata- logue of examples in proof of this, it is gratifying to adduce the portrait of the heroic and noble-minded Oustavus Adolphus, by Vandyke. DESTRUCTIVENESS. Whoever will take the trouble to place the scull of the tiger, or of any other carnivorous animal, by the side of that of the sheep, he is certain to find a marked protu- berance a little above the orifice of the ear in the former, while in the latter the same part is not only flat, but is even inclined to be hollow. In all herbivorous animals this peculiarity of form is, without a single exception, found to exist : and from the diminutive weasel to the majestic lion, through all the grades of the carnivorous species, the protuberance above the ears is a marked and invariable characteristic. There are some carnivorous animals which will feed on vegetables. The dog and the cat, for instance ; and even the bloodthirsty ferret may be got to relish milk ; but yet, it is certain that all three would prefer flesh. In the cat this part of the scull is relatively more developed than it is in the dog, and it is still larger in the ferret than in the cat. Are we hence to infer that the disposition to kill other animals is dependent upon the great size of this part of the brain? Certainly : if it is always found that this peculiar form is a concomitant of the disposition to destroy; and if, on the contrary, the smallness of the same part is inva- riably accompanied by the total absence of that instinct. Some animals take pleasure in killing more than they require for food, while others abstain from killing until 142 DESTRUCTIVENESS. they feel the pangs of hunger. Here it may be interest- ing to observe another instance of the harmonious arrangement of the organs — how those, which mutually excite and assist one another are placed contiguously or nearly so. The organ, for instance, which causes a desire for food, apart from the stomach's influence, lies precisely in front of the organ which prompts the car- nivorous animal to kill for the sake of obtaining appro- priate sustenance ; and it is natural to suppose that any considerable degree of excitement in the action of one would, of necessity, be communicated to the other; and thus is a channel opened through which the desired object may be obtained. Some dogs take delight in killing rats, which they never eat, while others can scarcely be brought to touch such vermin. It is not because lions and tigers are furnished with powerful claws and formidable teeth and jaws for seizing and devouring their prey, that they are endowed with the disposition to kill whatever comes in their way; for there are powerful dogs, with the like physical conforma- tion, which, nevertheless, exhibit no tendency of the kind. The instinct to injure and destroy is often ex- hibited, on the contrary, by dogs which possess neither size nor strength. This physical apparatus is no more than the means awarded to animals in order to enable them to provide in the most effectual manner for the gratification of their instinctive wants. It is in the brain alone we are to look for the immediate source of those desires. Even in the small sculls of birds a great difference, as to the size of this organ, is discernible. But as the opening of the ear in birds is placed far back, the organ DESTRUCTIYENESS. 143 of Destructiveness lies more towards the front. Grail was the first to notice that this part of the scull is much larger in carnivorous birds than in those which live on both animals and vegetables — in the cormorant, for instance, than in the duck, and larger in the duck than in the goose, which has a more exclusive liking for vegetables. May not the large prominence behind the orbits in the cormorant embrace the organ of Alimentiveness, as well '.as that of Destructiveness ? The cormorant is proverbially a glutton, and the gull is a voracious eater. The duck, too, is a more ravenous feeder than the goose. Hence it must be right to infer that the organ of the brain, which imparts the desire for food, should be proportionally larger in the cormorant than in the other birds. And as its position is in front of Destructiveness, there is reason to •suspect that the prominence, noticed by Grail, consists of two organs, namely, those which give the desire for food and the instinct to kill. In the weasel, the stoat, the ferret, and the polecat the scull, just above the ears, is very protuberant. In the common brown rat this part is larger than in the black rat ; but in these it is far inferior to the development of the same part in the weasel. In the >lynx the scull just over the ears is very large, and in that destructive animal, the Ursine opossum, the same region of the head is of immense bulk. To enumerate the names of a tithe of the animals endowed with fierce and de- structive propensities, that I have examined, and in which this organ is very salient, would be a tedious and an irksome task. It is enough to say that the coincidence is universal, and that smallness of the same part of the head is the invariable characteristic of herbivorous animals. What evidence of divine prescience and provision is presented by the fact that carnivorous animals are en- 144 DESTRUCTIVENESS. dowed both with an imperious instinct to kill other animals, and with powerful instruments of destruction, because the food necessary for their sustenance could not be obtained without using violence and causing depriva- tion of life, while herbivorous animals, that feed upon unresisting objects, are destitute of such destructive- tendencies and weapons. Destructiveness is thus denned by Mr. Combe — " Uses,. desire to destroy noxious objects, and to kill for food. It is very discernible in carnivorous animals — Abuses^ cruelty, murder, desire to torment, tendency to passion, harshness and severity in speech and writing." Abundance of evidence has been already referred to in order to show that the organ of Destructiveness is very discernible in carnivorous animals. And as the category of its abuses so accurately expresses the mental qualities and tendencies by which, unhappily, some individuals have gained an unenviable notoriety, there can be no doubt that this organ, which we inherit in common with animals, prevails more in the heads of men, who have shamed human nature by the ferocity and cruelty of their actions, than in those humane and noble-minded person- ages whose lives it is edifying to contemplate. But great mistakes will occur if the destructive bias of any character be measured by the absolute size of the organ of that propensity, for in this way would some of the noblest of mankind be misapprehended. It is the proportion it bears in bulk to the organs of the moral and religious sentiments which is to guide us in forming an estimate of the influence of destructiveness upon the conduct and dispositions of individauls. For there are men and women, of noble mental qualities, in whose heads the organ is as large, often, indeed, larger DESTRUCTIVENESS. 145 than in some vicious criminals who have suffered death for their murderous acts. But their acts were owing to the inherent weakness of the restraining moral powers, the organs of which were small, and therefore relatively inactive in those unhappy beings. But, as the love of being actively exercised is an inherent attribute of every well-developed organ, and as this organ of Destructiveness is found to be large in many noble characters, it must be capable of evincing some other quality or mode of action, besides the impulse to destroy inanimate objects, during the violence of passion, or to take away human life. What, then, is this separate mode of action — what is the nature of this quality ? It is, without doubt, an essential ingredient in the composition of an energetic character. But the energy with which it imbues the mind seems to be more impulsive and violent than that which is im- parted by Combativeness, though its influence is far less continuous. The latter attribute is attended with more coolness and self-possession than the former, and its activity is not at all so dependent upon exciting in- fluences. Hence it would be right to infer that an individual, with a large organ of Combativeness and a small one of Destructiveness, would display, in his conduct through life, a far higher amount of continuous energy than one endowed with large Destructiveness and small Com- bativeness, supposing the moral and intellectual attributes of both to be pretty nearly alike. The one prompts its possessor to encounter danger at all hazards, the other to destroy the menacing object. Combativeness stands in closer relationship to the mental elements of industry than Destructiveness, and its readiness to come to their aid and impel them onwards is more certain and N 146 DESTRUCTIVENESS. continuous. A rare instance of such a combination of faculties — the industrious and propelling — appeared in the person of William Cobbett. In his head the organ of Destructiveness was large, but that of Combativeness was much larger. And, although he was never overscrupulous in his mode of assault, his onslaughts were characterised by uncommon ardour, unflagging perseverance, and crushing energy. The histories of ancient and modern nations afford appalling evidence of the deplorable results of the un- controlled energies of this faculty. Let us only call to mind the frantic ravings of the inhuman Caligula, and the still more maniacal outpouring of the destructive ten- dencies of Nero, in whom all the elements of the worst passions seemed to be concentrated. Caracalla was another monster of cruelty. Now, in the antique busts of these merciless men the part of the head lying above the ears is very protuberant, while the region of the moral sentiments is very low, especially in the two latter, for the bust of Caligula shows a better development in the moral portion of the head. And supposing this delinea- tion of his head to be tolerably accurate, it would account for the instances of goodness of disposition displayed by him in his more youthful days, and also seems, to some extent, confirmatory of De Quincy's conjecture, that the unhappy emperor was insane. Two remarkable incidents in the lives of the dictators, Sylla and Julius Csesar, will exemplify the difference of temper which accompanies a large development of the organs of Combativeness and Destructiveness, and that which characterises the union of large Combativeness and a less developed Destructiveness. When Lucretius Offella, to whom Sylla owed the taking DESTRUCTIVENESS. 147 of Proeneste, solicited the consulship, although he had not jet attained to the dignity of prastor, Sylla commanded him to retire, and as he still persisted, ordered an officer to kill him on the instant. When the executioner of this cruel and ungrateful order was brought in custody before the dictator, he ordered him to be instantly released, and .then said, " Know that I have caused Lucretius Offella to be killed, because he resisted my authority," and then added the following tale. "A labourer ploughing was bitten by lice, he stopped twice to cleanse his shirt from them, but being bitten a third time, he now determined no longer to be interrupted in his work, and he threw his shirt into the fire. And I warn the conquered not to drive me to employ steel as well as fire against them for the third time." The striking incident in the career of Caesar, which Tbears upon this point, was a far greater provocative of anger, considering the critical and hazardous position in which he was then standing, and yet he did not evince the like cool ferocity even against an avowed enemy. On his arrival at Rome from the Rubicon, and after Pompey and his great party had fled, he went straight to the inner treasury to take the money there amassed, but which was never used except on the occurrence of some = great impending danger. Here he was met by Metellus, one of the tribunes, who refused to admit him. Where- upon Caesar said, " That if he did not desist he would lay him dead in the place," and, as if he felt sorry for having used such a threat, he added, " young man, it is harder for me to speak it than to do it." Adolescens, durius est mihi hoc dicere qucim facere. u A speech," says Lord Bacon, " compounded of the greatest terror and greatest clemency that could proceed out of the mouth of man." N 2 148 DESTKUCTIVENESS. In the bust of Sylla, the organ of Destructiveness is much more protuberant than it is in the most authentic busts of Caesar. And yet with all his fierceness and systematic cruelty Sylla could not be devoid of generous tendencies, supposing this bust to be an accurate portrait of him. But these were completely overborne by other characteristics, according to the position in which he was placed. But I must remember that this is not the place for a full phrenological reading of his dispositions, else would the clashing elements of this most extraordinary man's character be easily explained by a careful observance of the indications of this bust. The organ of Destructiveness is immense in the bust of Caius Marius, who sullied his glory, as the heroic saviour of his country, by acts of the most ferocious cruelty at the close of his mortal career. In Marius, this part of the head was larger than it was in Sylla. He was r therefore, naturally more violent, though Sylla was more systematically cruel. On the contrary, the organ is comparatively very small in the busts of Cicero and Horace. This part is much larger in the bust of Cato, the Censor, than in that of Aristides. In the fiery Alcibiades this part of the head is large; it is rather small in the gentle poet, Theocritus. What a striking difference is observable as to the size of this organ in the best portraits of Luther and Melancthon. In the former it is large, in the latter very small. It is small in the portrait of Bishop Ridley, and enormously large in the ferocious reformer, John Knox. In the fine print of the impetuous and turbulent cardinal De Retz, by Nanteuil, the great width of the head catches the eye, while the same part is small, when compared to the rest of the head, in Audran's print of the gentle and saintly Fenelon. It is DESTEUCTIVENESS. 149 -very large in Charles the Twelfth, and not at all a characteristic feature in the brave and benevolent Crillon, the favourite general of Henry the Fourth of France. This part of the head is very large in the best busts and portraits of Oliver Cromwell. It is moderate in those of the incomparable Greorge "Washington. To enumerate the vast number of cases of criminals, impelled by the instinct to murder, and in whom the organ of Destruc- tiveness is very large, would be tedious ; but yet, two or three may be referred to, and the facts in evidence being casts from nature, there can be no doubt of their correct- ness as to form. In the wholesale murderers, Lacinaire of Paris and Madame Grotfried of Berlin, this organ is surprisingly protuberant, but it is small in the Hindoo widow, who was a willing sacrifice on her husband's grave. In Patch, the sly murderer of his best friend, and in Rush, who assassinated his own relatives, the same part of the head is very large, whilst it is very small in the cast of the benevolent Mr. Gross, and in that of Robert Owen, whose instinctive consciousness of the absence of destructive tendencies in himself led him erroneously to conclude that they were not really inherent in the nature of man. In the cast of Crabbe, the poet, this organ is also small. And it is interesting to con- trast the portrait of King Henry the Eighth, after Holbein, in Lodge's collection, with that of the chival- rous and noble cavalier, and distinguished poet, Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, who was the innocent victim of the sanguinary temper of that selfish and remorseless tyrant. In the portrait of the king, the head, just above the ears, is greatly expanded. In that of the gallant Surrey it is flat. There cannot exist a doubt upon the mind of any one 150 DESTRUCTIVENESS. who will take the pains to search for evidence in the book of nature, that the seat of the organ of Destruc- tiveness is truly established. And, as to the separate existence of this elementary faculty, the almost total absence of it in some kinds of animals, and its predomi- nant and uncontrollable power over the actions of others r afford an incontrovertible proof. The lamb and the lion are strong examples of these opposite idiosyncracies ; and in perfect accordance with every other established fact in connection with the science of Phrenology, the scull of the lamb is depressed at the seat of this organ, while that of the lion is immensely protuberant. The remarkable contrast presented in this region of the head between Robert Owen, the gentle-minded, peace- seeking philanthropist, and John Bellingham, the san- guinary, but somewhat demented, assassin of the Prime Minister, Spencer Pereival, is well exemplified in Plate 4. And in Plate 5 the disparity between Mr. Goss and Patch is equally striking. SECRETIVENESS Just above the organ of Destructiveness there is a con- volution of the brain, which runs horizontally to within nearly two inches of the external angle of the eye. Dr. Gall observed that this part of the head was very protuberant in those persons whose conduct was strikingly characterised by cunning and dissimulation. And, having found his first impressions corroborated in all his sub- sequent extensive investigations, he named it the organ of Cunning. But, as cunning is akin to deception, and deception to dishonesty, it would scarcely be fit to desig- nate many noble characters, in whom this organ may be salient, as cunning dissimulators. The abstract nature of this faculty is the disposition to conceal. Spurzheim has, therefore, termed it Secretiveness, and this is the name which is now universally adopted. That the in- stinct to conceal is an elementary ingredient of the mind is manifest in the conduct of some animals. The fox and the magpie are proverbial for their inveterate ten- dency to conceal. It is so predominant a feature in the instincts of the latter that he delights in concealing things which are unfit for food, and not in any respect adapted to be of the slightest use to the pilfering bird himself. The dog will conceal the bone which he does not require for present use : and the secretive disposition is mani- fested to an extraordinary extent in all the feline animals. 152 SECRETIVENESS. How stealthily the tiger comes upon his prey; and the same disposition in the domestic cat is patent to every one. That the cunning movements of these animals do not proceed from superior sagacity is obvious, since neither the cat nor the tiger can compete, in regard to docility or instinctive sagacity, with the dog and the horse ; and yet neither of these is characterised by secre- tive tendencies ; the horse seems especially free from them, although, occasionally, he has been found to act in a cunning manner. The sheep seems to be altogether free from such a propensity; nor is it at all needful to the sheep, which is exposed to no peril in the pro- curing of its food. To the tiger, on the contrary, cunning is indispensable. He could not exist without it ; for the animals upon which his sustenance depends are far more swift of foot than himself; and, from their predominant caution, are likely to be on their guard. Debarred by nature of the capacity for openly and directly reaching his prey, he is compensated for that want by the disposition to conceal, which so signally characterises all his habits and movements, and enables him to steal towards his intended victim until he can effectually pounce upon him. The separate existence of the propensity to conceal is proved, both negatively and positively, by the instinctive actions of animals. Some children are endowed with it in a far higher degree than others ; and its excessive activity is often productive of great mischief. Much disturbance may also be caused in social intercourse by persons who are too scantily supplied with it ; for it prompts to the judicious and morally permissible con- cealment of our own thoughts, as well as to the prudent reserve which enables us to keep within ourselves the SECEETIVENESS. 153 intentions confided to us by others. It is, therefore, a matter of great importance to see that the position of the organ of Secretiveness should be 'accurately defined. To this end a vast amount of evidence has been recorded which places beyond a doubt the fact that the scull of the tiger, and of every animal of the feline kind, presents a great protuberance, resembling a considerable segment of a circle, above the orifice of the ear. This segment comprises two organs, Destructiveness and Secretiveness, the latter of which lies exactly over the former. And an equal amount of proof exists as to the entire absence of any such protuberance in the scull of the sheep, or any other purely herbivorous animal. This part of the head is found to be extremely large in those criminals who have dispatched their victims by poison or other secret means— much larger than it is found to be in the heads of those who have committed murder in a more rash and daring manner. In Courvoisier, for instance, the cunning and cautious mur- derer of Lord William Russell, the organ is much larger than it is in Rush, the open and fearless slayer of the Jermy family. In Patch it was also very prominent; but this bad, ungrateful man had less caution than Cour- voisier. In the wicked and deceitful Madame Gotfried, whose sanguinary temper has been already noticed, the organ of Secretiveness is extremely large, and in Palmer, the Rugeley poisoner, it is exceedingly salient and un- checked by Conscientiousness and Attachment. It is very small in Robert Owen, in the poet Crabbe, in Sir Walter Scott. But it is not necessary to accumulate instances. Any one who will take the trouble of seeking for evi- dence will find the fact to be as it is here stated (see Plates 4 and 5). 154 SECRETIVENESS. The predominance of this organ affords an indication of insincerity of character. It enables a man who pos- sesses it in a high degree to conceal his real motives and intentions ; and when it is connected with good talents, unaccompanied by an adequate amount of the organs of the moral sense, we have a character who knows well how to act his part through life : like Augustus Csesar, who, on his death-bed, asked his attendants if he had not acted his part well, and called upon them for a plaudit. In all the busts of this Emperor this region of the head is very prominent. With an ample endowment of many noble qualities, Pompey the Great was yet wanting in sincerity, when his ambitious expectations were likely to be thwarted by the political intrigues of his opponents. He then set about his work u Occultior non melior" as Tacitus says of him ; and Sallust, who was no friend of his, says he acted " ore probo, animo inverecundo." And, in accordance with this tendency to dissemble, the fine antique bust of Pompey is very wide at the sides, although it is also indicative of high moral and generous qualities. With a far inferior development of the moral region of the head, the bust of Caius Marius- is remarkably large where the organ of Secretiveness is- located: and on various occasions that great man was guilty of acts of great duplicity. There cannot be a doubt but that a large endowment of this faculty is of infinite advantage to every diploma- tist ; especially when it is under the control of the moral sentiments. But, when it becomes the mainspring of political conduct, it is detestable, and not always success- ful ; " For, surely," says Lord Bacon, " the continual habit of dissimulation is but a weak and sluggish cun- ning, and not greatly politic." SECKETIVENESS. 155 The great mind of Oliver Cromwell seemed to be deeply imbued with secretive tendencies, and this organ is not an unattractive feature in the best portraits and busts of that wonderful man. In Banks' fine bust of Warren Hastings the sides of the head, where the organs of Secretiveness lie, are uncommonly large : and, un- doubtedly, this affection was a prevailing attribute of his character : while it is small in Nollekens' bust of the sincere, undissembling Marquis of Wellesley. In Houdon's bust of Yoltaire, the same part of the head is very salient ; and though open and bold in the enuncia- tion of his opinions, genuine sincerity could not be a leading element of the character of that great genius, supposing this bust to be a correct portrait of him. The evil results of the paramount influence of this feeling renders it a matter of the first importance to ascertain, at an early period of childhood, the proportion which its organ bears to the development of the organs of the moral and intellectual faculties. For young per- sons endowed with a considerable amount of it, are apt to feign excuses in order to avoid the rebukes or remon- strances of their instructors. And this is the more likely to be the case, if the desire of approbation, which renders one always sensitive to blame, be a leading feature of the disposition. In public schools an early knowledge of its presence as an active element of the character of a pupil would serve to enable the teacher to check the spread of its contaminating influence, and thus add to the lasting prosperity of his establishment, and at the same time strengthen and confirm moral tendencies in the plastic minds of his pupils. It should be observed that the abuses of this faculty are not, necessarily, attendant upon the largeness of its 156 SECRETIVENESS. organ. Neither is exemption from its abuse always the result of the moderate development of it. For a high sense of equity, and the love of preserving an honour- able reputation, combined with self-respect, will, spon- taneously, and without intellectual calculation as to the possibility of inauspicious consequences, check any tendency to duplicity or insincerity : while, in the com- parative absence of those noble attributes, even moderate Secretiveness may degenerate into deception in trying situations. Secretiveness is thus accurately defined by Combe. " Uses : tendency to restrain within the mind the various emotions and ideas that involuntarily present themselves, till the judgment has approved of giving them utterance. It is simply the tendency to conceal and is an ingredient in prudence. Abuses : cunning, deceit, duplicity, and lying." The famous diplomatist, Talleyrand, is reported to have said that the use of language was for concealment of our thoughts ; and his conduct through life evinced characteristic insincerity. In the cast of his head the organ of Secretiveness is large, while that of Conscien- tiousness is not so ; and in regard to this organ, it affords a striking contrast to the head of Wellington, who was, in every position, eminently candid and straightforward. The seat of the organ of Secretiveness is fully established. ACUUISITITENESS. De. Gall calls the faculty, which is next to engage atten- tion, Sentiment of Property, Instinct of Providing, Covetousness, Propensity to Theft. It seems evident enough that the terms used by Grail to designate this faculty convey the clearest notion of the effect of the proper use as well as the abuse of it. But, as Acquisitiveness is the name, now universally adopted, it may be as well to retain it, although it is by no means precise enough, since this faculty does not com- prehend within its sphere of action the desire of acquiring knowledge. That the desire of acquiring property is not an affection growing out of the necessities of society and the various wants of individuals, and that it is not the result of a compact, entered into by communities of civilised men, is certain, since the same feeling is strongly manifested by many savage tribes, who are fully sensible of the right which every member of the community has to hold and to use, as his own, the wigwam he has raised and the trophies he has acquired by his courage and perseverance : although ignorance and want of a high endowment of the moral sense often causes them to form an erroneous estimate of the rights of others. And as to the spoils, which savages gain by the combined efforts of the tribe, they are considered to be the property of the community, which they share with one another, and will fight, even unto death, to prevent other tribes from depriving them. 158 ACQUISITIVENESS. of what they feel, by means of a primitive instinct of their nature, to be their own — their property. Cuvier, as quoted by Gall, is wrong, then, when he says that, " The idea of property does not exist in savages, and they cannot have the same notion of theft as civilised nations have." Surely it is illogical to conclude that savage nations, because they are less sensible of moral duties, and less intelligent of the uses to which property may be applied than civilised ones, are therefore not naturally endowed with a sense of property. The propensity to steal is in itself the strongest proof of the existence of a primitive feeling which desires to acquire property ; but the proof acquires additional force, when the passion for hoarding money and other kinds of property takes possession of the soul, while there is, at the same time, a total absence of any inclination to make use of it for the sake of gratifying any other want. For example, when a man of immense fortune, the augmentation of which seemed to be the sole object of his still shrewd understanding, was found to lead a life of perpetual seclusion, in an obscure apartment, from which nothing that had once entered it was allowed to be removed, be the object ever so valueless, and who, with the ex- ception of one coarse, plentiful meal a day, denied himself the commonest comforts of life, it would be thought, and not without reason, that the mind of such a man had merged within the confines of lunacy ; but, though his faculties may have lost their equipoise in regard to the delusions of avarice, he still retained his intellectual acuteness seemingly unimpaired. For in a very long pecuniary account, amounting to many thou- sands of pounds, he detected that there was still one penny due to him, and he waited for some hours while ACQUISITIVENESS. 159 the clerks, where his pecuniary investments lay, were searching the account books to satisfy him. And it resulted in his being right. The miserly disposition of Mr. Elwes and the soundness of his judgment are well- -known facts. An individual died in Chelsea, not many years ago, who contrived to accumulate nearly half a million of money; and yet his house was always the abode of penury. Such cases as these are of themselves enough to prove the existence of a special faculty which gives the desire to accumulate property, irrespective of the wish to be independent, or of enjoying the good things of life, which money alone can obtain. Gall, when he was physician to the deaf and dumb institution at Vienna, found that some of the poor chil- dren had no inclination to pilfer ; while others, who were inclined to do so, were more or less easily persuaded to abstain from taking what did not belong to them: but that a few were incorrigible thieves. It could not be from any knowledge of the impropriety of stealing that the first class abstained from pilfering. It evidently was the result of the absence of any instinctive desire to acquire property. Nor can the inordinate strength of the propensity in the others be derivable from their sense of the uses to which their acquisitions could be applied. Do we not see it sometimes reported in the newspapers that even ladies of some standing in society, both young and old, are guilty of larceny at shops and bazaars, although they are not destitute of the means of pur- chasing the articles which they are thus instinctively impelled to steal. There have been individuals who have taken silver spoons from the tables of their friends 160 ACQUISITIVENESS. apparently without any intention of keeping them, but from the inward pleasure afforded by the act of abduction. Some years ago a lady of rank in this country was- allowed by tradesmen, who were aware of her unfortu- nate habit, to purloin things of value from their shops, because they knew that on their sending in a bill of the things, she would instantly pay the amount. Some of the lower animals, also, possess this propen- sity in a remarkable degree. It is strikingly characteristic of the magpie and many other birds. And they seem to be able to appreciate what belongs to them. Old birds, it is said, retain possession of the nest built by themselves,, while the young ones, which are hatched and reared in it, have, in due time, to construct nests for themselves, respectively. And migratory birds are known to return after a season, to the haunts which they had previously occupied and forcibly to repel all intruders. The dispo- sition of the ant to provide food and laboriously store it up for its sustenance through the winter, does not proceed from any intellectual foresight of the impossibility of collecting such a store of provisions during the cold, unproductive winter months. No, it is because the primitive feeling which prompts the little creature to ac- quire food, and to hoard it, becomes more ardent in the summer heat, owing, no doubt, to increased activity in the circulation of blood through the brain. The bee is another extraordinary example of the instinctive nature of the desire of providing against future wants, the occur- rence of which they cannot be supposed to expect, since they are unendowed with intellectual foresight. And is it not a striking mark of the wisdom and goodness of the Creator, that a great augmentation of that desire should take place at the very time when Nature spreads before ACQUISITIVENESS. 161 them the beautiful materials from which they extract their delicious food? That these insects are impressed with a sense that the hive, with its contents, is their own — their property — is shown by the furious attacks they make upon anything that seems likely to deprive them of it. With such incontrovertible evidence before us, it would be irrational to deny that the desire to gain property, and to take care of it, is an elementary faculty which displays itself in various degrees of strength, both in man and animals. And as such an admission implies the presence of a distinct organ, through which that propensity can alone be manifested, its local position shall now be pointed out. Gall made the discovery of the true place of the organ of Acquisitiveness, first among youths of the lowest class, whom he used to congregate in his house, and to whom he gave money, with the view of inducing them to show their natural tendencies. Some of these took great pleasure in telling of their adroitness in pilfering without being detected. Others had no objection to share in the plunder, but were not in the habit of committing theft themselves, while a third part of them turned away, as if surprised at such wickedness. In the first, Gall always found a marked protuberance at the side of the head, in front of Secretiveness, and a little higher up. In the second the development of the same part was much less, and in the third class it was quite flat. And, although the general conformation of the head differed widely in all of them, there was always a perfect coincidence in regard to the shape of it at the temples. This evidence was confirmed by the heads of the poor children at the deaf and dumb school. In o 162 ACQUISITIVENESS. hospitals, and in prisons also, lie found the disposition to steal, and great breadth of head at the same spot, to be invariably coincident, and an utter indisposition to steal or be covetous was always accompanied by flatness of the same part of the head. Spurzheim, who witnessed many of these cases in common with Gall, testifies to the same fact, and their observations have been confirmed by all subsequent investigators. The museum of Mr. De Ville contained a sufficient amount of evidence, regarding this point, to confound the prejudice of the most sceptical opponents. But it must not be forgotten that in the heads of all incorrigible thieves there is also a marked deficiency of the moral organs, but especially of Conscientiousness. For whenever a large organ of Acquisitiveness is found in conjunction with a predominant development of the moral organs, it imbues the mind with a powerful incentive to honourable industry, and renders the possession of property sacred. Amongst the most diabolical instances of the dominant influence of this faculty, which have happened in this country, must be reckoned the culprits Burke and Hare of Edinburgh, and Bishop and Williams of London. These men murdered their helpless victims in order to earn a livelihood by the sale of their bodies to the anatomists. In the casts ©f their heads the organ of Acquisitiveness, and also those of Secretiveness and Destructiveness, are very large, while the moral region is remarkably low. In Burke the organ of Benevolence was more developed than in the others, and it appeared that he required the stimulus of whisky before he could bring himself to dispatch his prey. The others did not seem to feel that they were doing what was wrong, if they could but escape ACQUISITIVENESS. 163 detection. The organ is very large in John Lynn of Belfast, who went to his father's house to demand a bird which he said was his own, and, when the old man refused to order his daughter to give it up, the ferocious savage murdered him with a pair of tongs. In this man the organs of Combativeness, Destructiveness, and Self- esteem were very large, and Conscientiousness small. In Puckle, the accomplice of the murderer Locksley, Acqui- sitiveness is very large. He refused to share the spoil; and, when his companion insisted upon a fair division, Puckle was overheard saying that if Locksley would not desist from demanding his share he would turn king's evidence. They were both forthwith arrested, tried, convicted, and hanged. Puckle had also large Self- esteem and moderate caution. In Rush, Courvoisier, and Greenacre, whose career of villany is more recent, the organ of Acquisitiveness is very protuberant, while the development of the moral portion of the head was, from its imperfection in each, inadequate to restrain the dishonest exercise of this organ. The head of Greenacre, indeed, is indicative of a great deficiency of the moral and religious sentiments, while Acquisi- tiveness is remarkably salient. In Patch, the heartless murderer of his generous and confiding friend, in order to get his property, the organ of Acquisitiveness is exceedingly large (see Plate 5). It would be tedious to enter further into details with respect to the positive evidence of the existence of this organ and its seat in the brain, yet it may be well to adduce a few well-known negative instances. The organ is small in the masks of Lord Chatham and his son William Pitt, and disinterestedness with regard to money was a marked feature of their characters. O 2 164 ACQUISITIVENESS. Relative smallness of the same part of the head charac- terises the portraits of many other public men upon whom the love of property seemed to have little influence. It is small in the head of Robert Owen, who certainly never showed any fondness for accumulating property. He was not careful enough of it. There is the cast of the head of a Mr. Goss, in which the organ is remarkably small. He is said to have shown very little regard for money, and being a man of property, he distributed a great deal of it in relieving the wants and embarrassments of persons who had no personal claim on him (see Plate 5). In Eustache, the benevolent negro, who had the prize of virtue bestowed on him at Paris for his rare generosity, the organ is of moderate size. Insanity is sometimes the result of the inordinate activity of the organ of Acquisitiveness, and there was in this country lately a man who had made an enormous fortune by trade. Nevertheless, fear of the workhouse was always agitating him. But it is said that he found great relief from receiving a weekly stipend from his own house of business amounting to no more than twenty shillings. Other men might be named who own large fortunes, and yet are constantly in dread of falling into the jaws of famine. These cases afford additional tes- timony of the independent existence of this faculty, but evidence is not producible as to the conformation of the heads of these unhappy individuals. Experience, however, truly warrants the inference that the part of the brain called the organ of Acquisitiveness is, in each and all of them, in a morbid condition. To sanction this inference I will briefly mention a case. A journeyman watchmaker, Mr. M , became a successful Baptist preacher, and contrived to secure a ACQUISITIVENESS. 165 large sum of money. But the more he gained the more anxious he became with regard to property, until at last he fell into a monomaniacal state ; and, although capable -of conversing rationally on other matters, he lost his balance and became confused whenever the subject of property was touched upon. In this man's head the organ of Acquisitiveness was very large ; and, besides, upon examining the brain, it was found to be in a softened, disorganised state, exactly beneath the exter- nal protuberance which Gall calls the organ of the Instinct of Property. Two more facts, the one an affirmative, the other a negative proof, just now occur to me, which I would fain mention. The late Mr. Deville was once invited by some gentlemen to accompany them to St. Pancras workhouse, in order to make a phrenological survey of the inmates. On this occasion he was struck by the immense promi- nence of the organ of Acquisitiveness in one of the men. This man, in accordance with the prediction of Deville, had been frequently guilty of petty larceny. He was, in fact, a most covetous creature. He even refused to allow a cast of his head to be taken, although he was flatter- ingly told that they would place it in a gallery with the oasts of great men. But though he seemed pleased at this intimation (for he had a very large organ of Self- esteem), he still refused. He consented, however, when .he had ten shillings put into his hand by a colonel, who was the principal person present. But this did not satisfy his craving for money, for when Deville was leaving the house this avaricious creature stood before him at the door, and asked him for some silver. On being told that the colonel had already paid him well, he :said "Ah, but you have taken the head and ought to 166 ACQUISITIVENESS. pay me for it." In this case, excessive covetousness was coincident with a very large organ of Acquisitiveness, stimulated by inordinate self-love. The other was a poor woman endowed with a cerebral organization of rare excellence, who had suffered an attack of temporary insanity, in consequence of a wound inflicted, without her cognizance, on her moral sense. In the head of this poor woman the organ of Acquisitiveness is very small. And as a cast of her head also was wished for, she was asked to say how much money she required for consenting to have it taken. Her reply was, that they might take the cast without cost, as she did not want money. She was taken care of there, and had what she required. In the former, the head was in a high degree convex at the lower part of the temple, about an inch and a half from the external angle of the eye. In the latter, the same part was flat, and even inclining to be concave, on one- side especially. The love of property, then, is an elementary attribute of the human mind, which exercises a dominant influence over our actions. It is to create a salutary check to its exorbitant and selfish instincts that intelligence, prompted by that divine combination of conscientiousness and benevolence, denominated equity, has framed laws to render property secure in the hands of those who have honestly earned or inherited it. What is it that gave rise, at first, to the making of laws for the protection of property, but the occasional instances, manifested by some individuals, of insatiate craving for the property of others, and the violent measures resorted to by some to obtain possession of what was not their own ? The desire to acquire property, then, must be an elementary instinct of our nature, and existed. ACQUISITIVENESS. 167 in the days of Cain, as it does now, before human laws were thought of. This sentiment is, perhaps, of all the primitive powers, generally the most potent instigator of the active and industrious use of the intellectual faculties. It is in the highest degree an organ of Concentrativeness, though like every other simple abstract faculty, it cannot produce the effects of intellectual concentration. The possession of property, when it is well made use of, is the fertile source of happiness to him that gives and him that takes. It enables its possessor to comfort those who, without means, are pining in sickness and in sorrow, and to build a resting-place for the " weary and heavy laden," as well as places of moral and intellectual instruc- tion for the children of the poor. Nations abounding in wealth can furnish materials for the preservation of their independence, while those in want of it must rely upon the plunder of their enemies for subsistence. But to effect this object they must be stronger and better dis- ciplined than their foes. Nevertheless, when a people individually and collectively consider riches their summum honimi, as the Carthagenians did of old, they are sure, sooner or later, to succumb to some unscrupulous, rapa- cious invader. Julius Caesar felt that money conferred power on its possessor when he uttered that memorable saying, namely, "that two things were requisite for conquest — money and soldiers — for with money you can get soldiers, and with soldiers you can get money." Effectually to secure the safety of one's native land, then, it is necessary to accumulate property. But to effect this men should be industrious and frugal. In- dustry and frugality are therefore necessary ingredients of patriotism, for without money the noblest aspirations 168 ACQUISITIVENESS. :of patriots are evermore likely to be foiled. Still the great God of all has not granted that the victory should always be with the strong, But though the accumulator of money is indirectly doing a patriotic act, yet he may not be, in the least degree, inspired with the feelings which warm the breast of the patriot. Indeed, it is proverbial that the purest and most disinterested patriots cared little for money. Property is, therefore, an auxiliary, but not a quality of patriotism. From want of property persons, possessing the moral sense in a high degree, are liable to have their principles suspected, when embarrassments prevent them from fulfilling their engagements within the stipulated period. And, from the same cause, individuals of the most affectionate, benevolent, and unselfish dispositions are precluded from the hope of being able to relieve distress in all cases, or to promote the independence and happiness of those that are near and dear to them. To afford parents a rational hope that their children shall never be placed in such a dangerous and dishearten- ing position, there must not be any want of care in training them to habits of industry and frugality. With- out the latter attribute, even industry and skill will be unavailing. Yet, with all the good results which arise from the well-directed energy of the sense of property, it is essen- tially an animal feeling or propensity; and it has been always, and in all climes, the fertile source of crime and misery. If we would have a thorough notion of the perfidious nature of the unhallowed effects of covetousness, unre- strained by moral principle, it is only necessary to read the speeches of Cicero against Verres, the infamous ACQUISITIVENESS. 169 Roman governor of Sicily ; or the no less eloquent orations of Edmund Burke in supporting his charges against Warren Hastings, for sanctioning the cruel tortures to which his subordinates put the unfortunate Hindoos, with the view of extorting from them all their worldly means of subsistence. Sometimes this faculty may be well developed, and yet there may be no disposition to accumulate wealth. It then finds pleasurable excitement in collecting such objects as are pleasing to the other leading faculties. Large Form and Colour, for instance, would lead to the collection of pictures and works of art in general. The lover of music will spend his money in accumulating the finest violins to be found, if that happen to be his favourite instrument ; and the antiquarian will amass everything he can find which are the curious remains of times long gone by. The naturalist, like John Hunter, will spend almost his last shilling to get some rare object of natural history. And men fond of literature are known to have purchased books which they have never even opened from their wrappers. The organ is established beyond doubt. 170 CONSTKUCTIVENESS This is another of the faculties which man possesses in common with the inferior animals. Some of these, however, are entirely destitute of the mechanical instinct, while others are, in a striking measure, endowed with it. And this power is not dependent upon the superior docility of the animal, since it has been denied to the sagacious dog and the tractable horse, and conferred on the bee and the beaver. Even birds, that are so low in the scale of intelligence, manifest great mechanical apti- tude in the manner of building their nests. These facts alone are enough to show that this instinctive faculty of the mind does not at all depend upon the amount of intelligence with which an animal is gifted. But when it is found to be an indubitable fact that men of the highest intellectual endowments have never evinced the slightest tendency to devote themselves to practical mechanics, or to take much pleasure in mechanical science, it is not going too far to say that all mental operations which are purely intellectual can be successfully carried on without the aid of the faculty called Construc- tiveness, although it has been supposed by some persons unacquainted with the principles of Phrenology, that it is an essential ingredient of the talent for literary com- position. CONSTRUCTIVENESS. 171 But if this were the case the organ should be large in all those great orators whose sentences are remarkable for the harmonious collocation of the words of which they are composed. But, since it is only of moderate develop- ment in the masks of Chatham, Pitt, and Fox, with many others, whose readiness in the constructing of sentences was instinctively active, it is clear that the mechanical faculty is not needed for the display of those qualities. Cicero never evinced any predilection for mechanics, and yet, is there to be found in the whole range of literature anything more harmonious than the style of his literary compositions ? And in poetry where is to be found any one superior to Horace in the power of producing melodious associations of words ? Although, like Rome's greatest orator, he was not endowed with mechanical tendencies. Oh ! no. This talent for literary composition depends much upon the vigour and the active presence of the organs of Time and Order, as has been already noticed when treating of intellectual Concentration, and which shall be further explained hereafter. But if Cicero and Horace used language as the fitting exponent of their noble intellectual conceptions, how came it to pass that Archimedes loved to give practical effect to his grand geometrical conceptions by means of the con- structive faculty? It is because this faculty was a predominant ingredient of his mental constitution. And the cause of this predominance may be traced to the prominence of the organ of Constructiveness in the bust said to be of him. The same organ is remarkably salient in the bust of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, to whose mechanical and engineering skill was due, in a great measure, the final victory of Augustus over the brave son of the great Pompey, while it is flat in the fine character- 172 CONSTRUCTIVENESS. istic bust of Lucian, whose dislike to the pursuit of the sculptor's art, which requires a considerable amount of manual dexterity, caused him to forsake it for the paths of literature, which were more germane to his paramount organ of language. And is it not certain that, like Horace and Cicero, he has, in his inimitable dialogues, left signal evidences of his power to build up a literary temple, remarkable for the originality of its form and the constructional harmony of its proportion ? The primitive nature of the mechanical tendency is confirmed by the fact that some children of tender age have displayed great manual dexterity in the construction of machines, in modelling, and in drawing, without the prompting of emulation or the influence of example. Canova and Chantrey in early childhood were led by their own spontaneous instincts to model figures, even without knowing the plastic material which is used for that purpose, and without instruction or suggestion from any quarter. The facility and grace evinced by Sir Thomas Lawrence, when a mere child, in his drawings, was the surprise and admiration of his friends. Michael Angelo and Sir Christopher Wren in early boyhood produced tokens of their future excellence in the charming arts of sculpture and architecture. The precocious genius of Voltaire, and that of Pope, " the little nightingale of Twickenham," did not assume a like form. And why not ? It was not in the nature of things that they should do so, because they possessed not a sufficient endowment of that organ in the brain which is conspicuously charac- teristic of great mechanicians and artists. Their genius shone forth in the transparent garb of language, which is the most complete exponent of our thoughts and feel- ings, as well as the most affecting, though, in some cases, CONSTRUCTIVENESS. 173 perhaps, the palm must be awarded to music. So thought Thomas Moore, when he was composing his beautiful melody, which begins thus — " Music, oh, how faint, how weak Language fades before thy spell ; Why should feeling ever speak "When thou canst tell its tale so well ? " The wonderful influence of the constructive faculty in promoting the blessings of civilisation cannot be too highly extolled, and the men who, through its means, have led the way to this happy consummation are entitled to rank amongst the greatest benefactors of mankind. To James Watt is due the transcendent merit of having brought the steam engine almost to a state of perfection, though he cannot claim the honour of having been the first to attempt the construction of it, even in its rudest form. It may now be said, almost without exaggeration, that it has annihilated both time and space, since, without its potent aid, as it is applied to navigation, the submarine electric telegraph cable could not have been successfully laid. Here the eminent name of Wheatstone recurs to the memory. And it cannot be forgotten that to the mechanical genius of the humble and comparatively illiterate miner, George Stevenson, we owe the locomo- tive and the Geordie safety lamp. Nor should the name of that great and bold mechanical genius, John Smeaton, be omitted here — Smeaton, the builder of that seemingly indestructible lighthouse upon the Eddystone Bock, and Eennie, that prince of bridge makers. And the Brunells, both father and son, with the younger Stevenson. How grand are some of the efforts of their mechanical genius ! And what bright prospects are held out to us, through the labours of all these great men, of 174 CONSTRUCTIVENESS. the rapid advent of happiness — more complete and more ■widely diffused than it has ever yet been the lot of mankind to enjoy. Now the true source of this special talent must, like that of every other talent, be sought for in the anterior lobe of the brain, the lineaments of which are displayed with undeniable exactness upon the forehead ; unless the condition of the scull be altered by disease or extreme old age. But it should always be borne in mind that this organ does not include within the scope of its action all the qualities necessary for the carrjang out of its mechanical suggestions : for without an adequate development of the organs of Form, Size, or the proportional fitness of parts, Weight, or the sense of resistance, and Locality, or the sense of the relative local position of things, with that of Order, the simple impulse to construct would avail but little. On the other hand, these organs, howsoever well developed, would prove to be utterly inadequate to suggest intricate mechanical combinations in the absence of a sufficiently developed organ of Constructiveness. In Deville's collection there was a cast of a gentleman which afforded a signal example of this fact. His head was, to an uncommon extent, wanting in an adequate share of the organ of Constructiveness. But there was an ample endowment of the auxiliary organs above- named. Now, this man was singularly deficient in manual dexterity : and his conception, regarding me- chanical science and art, was very meagre. Not because he was wanting in capacity to form a just appreciation of the subsidiary attributes of mechanics, in their sepa- rate individual natures, but from his inability to form a clear conception of them in their combined and mechani- CONSTRUCTIVENESS. 175 cally-adjusted condition. This gentleman felt convinced that if he were destitute of a roof to shelter him he could not, though adequate materials were at hand, construct even a hut of the rudest structure for his own comfort. By the side of that cast there stood, as a marked contrast, a cast of the head of the late Mr. Henry Earle, the eminent surgeon of Bartholomew's. In this cast the organs of Size, Weight, and Locality were well developed. But they could not be said to be so salient as they were in the other. To be sure the upper region of Earle's forehead was much more prominent, and this would naturally cause the organs in question to be relatively less marked. But, with regard to Constructiveness the region of the head, where that organ is located, is remark- ably convex and protuberant in the cast of Henry Earle, while in the other it is depressed and even concave at the seat of the same organ. Now, Mr. Earle was remarkable for the mechanical ingenuity which he displayed in the construction of easy chairs and beds of his own invention, with the humane view of comforting poor and sorely-afflicted patients, as well as of hastening the cure of their fractures and dis- locations. And here it may be added, as another striking example of the truth of Gall's discovery, that the organ of Benevolence was very large in his head. Those organs already named, which are the necessary helpers of that of the mechanical instinct, are always very prominent in renowned engineers ; and those distin- guished ones before alluded to, are signal instances of that fact. These indispensable coadjutors of Constructiveness are always large in great geometricians. In Descartes, Newton, and Herschell, for instance, they are strikingly character- 176 CONSTKUCTIVENESS. istic, while in the historians, Gibbon and David Hume, they are not salient features. They are of moderate relative- development in the poets Burns, Clare, and Bloomfield, while they are predominant in the foreheads of Watt y Stephenson, and Brunell. In the cast from life of the late eminent constructor of mathematical instruments, the late Mr. Troughton, the same set of organs is remark- ably prominent ; and in his cast a receding forehead gives additional speciality to this form of the brow. That of constructiveness was also well-developed. The fore- head of Troughton bears a likeness to that of Airey, the astronomer royal. And Troughton, too, was an eminent mathematician. Both these casts were taken by Deville from life, and they formed conspicuous objects in his gallery, as being symbolic of rare mathematical talents. But while the mechanical instinct would be used by Troughton as the most efficient handmaid of his geometrical abilities, that of numerical calculation would be used by Airey as a sure and potent lever for holding in their proper position the grand objects of his astronomical observations, because in the cast of his head the organ of Number forms a con- spicuous feature. This cast of Troughton has more than ordinary interest attached to it from the fact of its having been the alleged cause of triumphant merriment to those who, without having had the slightest practical knowledge on the subject, disbelieved in the truthfulness of Gall's doctrine, as to the specific functions of the brain. In the " Diary of Thomas Moore "it is stated that in May, 1826, the poet dined with the sculptor, Chantrey, and they " talked of Phrenology, Spurzheim's mistake at Chantrey's in pronouncing Troughton from his scull to be a poet, and Sir Walter Scott a mathematician. Chan- CONSTRUCTIVENESS. 177 trey first inclined to believe in the science, but, upon seeing, from his experience, that there were clever heads of all sizes and shapes, lost his faith in it." Clever, no doubt, but not in the same line. Surely, if Moore had felt inclined to give any attention to Phrenology, as a science of the mind, he could not, considering his superior acuteness and penetration, be for one moment biased against it by such a shallow objection as that made by Chantrey. Why, the objection of the observant, but in this case, at least, unphilosophic, sculptor offers sure testimony to the truth of this much abused doctrine. For the first of its fundamental laws inculcates this fact, namely, that different talents and dispositions are the constant result of diversified forms of the head. And as no two persons were ever yet en- dowed, in an equal measure, with the same talents and tempers, so there has never been seen two heads that were exactly alike. And this is the case even where many strong resemblances exist. But where the charac- ters are strikingly antagonistic, the diversity of form is conspicuous. Again, suppose a perfect uniformity of contour to exist in regard to the head, what would be the result of that upon the progress of society ? Why, it would so turn out that there would be a total lack of those special personal endowments which certain indivi- duals enjoy in an eminent degree, while others shine as luminaries in some opposite sphere of genius. And then would be lost to mankind the advantages of that division of labour to which peculiarly gifted men are driven by the prompting of their predominant moral and intellectual instincts. But though this eminent and fortunate sculptor was evidently wrong in respect to the nature of the influence p 178 CONSTRUCTIVENESS. which led him to abandon his inclination to put faith in Phrenology, it cannot for a moment be surmised that so high and exemplary a character would misstate a fact of which he was himself cognizant, for the sake of casting a slur upon a noble science when struggling against opposition, which its truth alone has enabled it to outlive. Admitting, then, that Spurzheim did pronounce a judgment glaringly inconsistent with the facts of the case, it is Spurzheim alone who was at fault, and not the laws, whether general or particular, of that doctrine of the only true physiology of the brain, to the promulgation of which he devoted a singularly virtuous life ; and the philosophy of which his powerful analytical and metho- dising intellect contributed to build up and to symmetrize. No ; Phrenology was not found wanting in truthfulness on this occasion ; for if Chantrey's bust of Troughton bears a faithful likeness to the cast taken by the late Mr. Deville from the living head of that celebrated philosophical instrument maker and able mathematician, there could not be seen anywhere a truer example, or a more con- clusive one, of the perfect truthfulness of Phrenology. And as to Sir Walter Scott's head, there cannot be found any other so highly characteristic of the genius which has made him famous. For, unlike that of Troughton, its form announces it to be especially the fitting temple of the spirit of chivalry and romance. Moreover, the superior development of Eventuality im- parted to his mind a rare capacity for the distinct perception and accurate memory of events. And the singular largeness of his organ of Veneration would lead him to use his great powers upon the history of bygone days, and on the characters of the persons who flourished CONSTEUCTIVENESS. 179 then, rather than upon the passing transactions of his own times. A man with a head shaped like Sir Walter Scott's would be inspired by an imagination so vivid and ro- mantic that to him the pursuit of the positive rules of mathematical science would seem dry and uninteresting. But, at the same time, it is a palpable fact that the development of the organ of Ideality, that essential elementary ingredient of a truly poetical mind, was not a salient feature in the head of that great genius. It is probably to this cause one should trace the depreciating tone in which Coleridge was used to speak of Sir Walter's poems. But if Spurzheim was led into error with respect to Scott's poetical genius by the unexuberant development of the organ of Ideality in the poet's head, it is very strange that he should, at the same moment, pronounce the geometrician Trough ton to be a poet, since that same organ was not by any means a prominent feature of his head. And this will appear clear to any one who compares the casts from nature of Troughton and Wordsworth — a poet over whose thoughts the sentiment of ideal beauty shone forth conspicuously even among the greatest of Nature's bards. It is but just to the phrenological reputation of Spurzheim to state that in his reply to some unfounded criticisms in the Quarterly Review, and elsewhere, he positively denies that he ever made such remarks on the head of Home Tooke, in Chantrey's studio, as had been reported. And as to the story about having in his enthusiastic admiration pronounced the head of the author of u The Diversions of Purley " to be that of a true born poet, it is highly probable that it is only ~a new version of the one about Troughton and Scott. P 2 180 CONSTEUCTIVENESS. And the silence of Spurzheim respecting the latter affords good ground for thinking that the story was an invention of one of Chantrey's subordinates, and not a thing witnessed by the great sculptor himself. In the most skilful and adroit operators in difficult surgical cases the organ of Constructiveness is always well marked. And some eminent names might here be adduced to prove that fact. Inferior instruments in the hands of such men could be rendered more effective than those of the most approved adaptability and excellence, even in the hands of persons possessing an accurate knowledge of the anatomy of the parts to be operated on, but who are wanting in Constructiveness. An interesting example of this kind of dexterity oc- curred in Dublin about forty years ago, in the person of the Surgeon- General of Ireland, the late Sir Philip Crampton. One day, as that eminent surgeon and chivalrous-looking gentleman was going the rounds of his patients, mounted on his fine black horse, through Brittain Street, his atten- tion was attracted by an anxious-looking crowd at the door of an apothecary's shop, which stood at the corner of Gardiner Street. In his usual agile fashion he instantly dismounted and rushed into the shop, where he saw a baby, the son of a Koscommon gentleman, in a terrified nurse's arms, on the point of being choked by something it had been eating. Crampton called for the proper instrument, but there was not one in the house. And when the shopman was about sending for one Sir Philip hastily exclaimed — " Oh, that will never do. The child will be suffocated if he be not relieved instantly." And, as he spoke, he wrapped his pocket-handkerchief slightly round the end of the slender ratan, which he was using in lieu of a whip, thrust it with gentle adroitness down CONSTEUCTIVENESS. 181 the throat of the child, withdrew it, and instantly the livid cheeks of the little sufferer assumed their natural complexion. It is not manual dexterity that is the most marked characteristic of this affair. Bapid constructive adapta- tion of an instrument, seemingly incongruous, at a perilous juncture, and presence of mind, are its leading features. A fact here occurs to me that may not be deemed quite irrelevant in a book which treats of the instincts and cerebral organs of animals, though it has no bearing upon the faculty now under discussion. It is this — Sir Philip Crampton was in the constant habit of leaving this favourite black horse of his alone in the street, while he himself was engaged with his patient. On such occasions poor boys, anxious to earn a trifle, would officiously strive to catch hold of the reins; but the sagacious animal, with more the expression of arclmess than viciousness about him, would " turn tail " upon them, not with the view of running away himself, but of causing them to keep at a salutary distance. The instinctive prompting of this primitive faculty in persons endowed with a fine development of this region of the brain is often strikingly shown, even though their education and position in life precluded them from mechanical pursuits. No sooner do they take a house, for instance, than they have part of it pulled down in order to rebuild it in their own fashion. Ladies who evince taste and dexterity in trimming their bonnets and cutting out their dresses, and who take a pleasure in being thus occupied, are remarkable for the protuberance of the same part of the head, while the reverse is the case with those who are destitute of such talent. 182 CONSTKUCTIVENESS. The organ of Constructiveness is very large in the scull of Benvenuto Altoviti, the founder of St. Luke's Academy at Rome, and the friend of Raphael. This scull, though a notable illustration of what has been just stated, is named here, not as an example only, but because it was for a long time supposed to be the scull of Raphael himself. And, as such, was preserved with great care in that academy, and also because it serves to illustrate the truth of Gall's doctrine in regard to the organs that are the indispensable auxiliaries of a great painter. Some thirty years ago, however, that supposition was proved to be a mistake, for on opening the tomb of Raphael, which lay under the altar of the Pantheon, there - was found a skeleton, with the scull imbedded, in a slight degree, in a tenacious soil. To this receptacle of the most divine of painters the authorities were directed by a recently discovered manuscript of Raphael's, in which he expresses a wish to be buried under the altar of the Pantheon Chapel. The length of the skeleton corresponded with the recorded stature of Raphael, and the scull, of which two casts only were allowed to be taken, was pronounced by Mr. Combe to be perfectly in accordance with his genius and dispositions, after having carefully examined one of the casts, by favour of the owner of that interesting relic. • This, the real scull of the prince of painters is not so large as the one so long thought to be his, and the region of the animal propensities are not at all so strongly de- veloped. It is indicative of great moral refinement and warm sensibilities. I am not sure that Mr. Combe was able to form an estimate of the size of the organ of Form in this scull. But if he has, the fact has escaped my memory. It is^,, CONSTKUCTIVENESS. 183 however, certain that all the portraits of Raphael, painted by himself, display a development of the organ of Form, which is not surpassed in prominence by that which is to be met in the picture or bust of any other artist, not excepting even Michael Angelo, in whose portrait, painted by himself, and engraved by Longhi, the organ of Form is exceedingly large. Now, it is worthy of note that the scull preserved in the academy of St. Luke is not remarkable, like those portraits, for the saliency of that organ, though it is well marked. Neither is there a paramount development of the organs already named which are indispensable agents in the completion of practical artistic genius. But the organ of Constructiveness was very protuberant, and so was that of Ideality. By means of the latter the mind of its possessor was doubtless deeply imbued with a keen sense of the beautiful in nature and in art. And this disposition manifested itself in his friend- ship for Raphael, his generous patronage of artists, and in building a temple for their special edification and instruction. It is clear that in choosing this mode of manifesting his love of the fine arts, and his generous care for their advancement, he was influenced by the promptings of a very large organ of Constructiveness, with superior Ideality, and an adequate endowment of Form, Size, and Colour. It would be interesting and instructive in a phrenological point of view, to institute a comparison between those two sculls. But this is now not possible in this country. Still there is ample facility afforded for testing the correct- ness of what has been just said respecting the scull which is now proved to be that of Raphael's friend, Altoviti. ]84 CONSTRUCTIVENESS. There is to be seen, for instance, in the shop of any eminent print-seller, the portrait of a very handsome man, beautifully engraved by Raphael Morghen, and also by Strange, after a picture by Raphael, and which was long thought to be one of the painter himself, but which has since been pronounced to be the portrait of the founder of St. Luke's Academy, the said Benvenuto Altoviti. The fine lineaments of the forehead in this print closely resemble those of the scull in St. Luke's Academy, and the appearance of the organ of Form accords with what has been said above in regard to its degree of development in the scull. Now, if this print by Morghen be compared with that of Raphael by Forster, of Paris, after the beautiful head of the painter himself in his grand picture called the School of Athens, it will be easy to see that the organ of Form is much larger in the great artist than in his accom- plished friend, who was, nevertheless, endowed with such a development of the organ and also of that of Colour as rendered him capable of loving and of justly appreciating the beauties of painting, sculpture, and architecture. It is indeed quite certain that the organs which are auxiliary to Constructiveness, and which have their seats in the lower portion of the forehead, are found to be pro- tuberant in all great painters, sculptors, and architects. What a striking contrast there is in respect to the form of the brow between Michael Angelo and that ornament of literature, Cardinal Pietro Bembo, who, to use the words of Roscoe, " emulated Cicero and Virgil with equal success, and recalled in his writings the elegance and purity of Petrarch and Boccaccio." But Bembo had no internal promptings to urge him to tread in the same paths that were illumined by the genius of Michael Angelo CONSTRUCTIVENESS. 185 because lie was not endowed with an adequate develop- ment of those organs. This great disparity of size, as regards the organs just alluded to, is strikingly marked in the fine and rare engravings of their portraits in profile by their distinguished contemporary, Julio Bonasone. Constructiveness and its essential auxiliaries are finely developed in a plaster mask of that eminent painter Maclise. And I have heard that rare scholar and humorous poet, the Reverend Francis Mahony, better known as Father Prout, say that Maclise painted with great alacrity. The same set of organs are very large in the casts from nature of Canova, Gibson, and Bailey, of Lawrence and of Chantrey ; and in the posthumous plaster mask of the famous sculptor Rubilliac those organs are exceedingly large. Now, the works of this sculptor render him re- markable even amongst the greatest of artists for the beauty of his manipulation. His noble bust of the cele- brated Lord Chesterfield is a fine example of the exquisite- ness of his manual dexterity. In the posthumous mask of the famous line engraver Bartolozzi, the organ of Constructiveness, with Form and the rest, is very salient ; whilst, on the contrary, the same organ is singularly flat in the mask taken after death of Doctor Samuel Johnson, who seemed to be in a marked degree incapable of manifesting even ordinary adroitness in the use of his hands. That it is to the anterior lobe of the brain the mechanical instinct is to be traced, and not to the influence of the human hand, as some one has preposterously imagined, has been shewn in the case of Thomas McDermott, who was born without hands or feet — a case that has been particularly noticed in my effort to bring to light the true and ultimate source," whence springs what psychologists 186 CONSTRUCTITENESS. call Volition — that living force which impels and guides the movements of the muscles of voluntary motion. But the foreheads of great engineers, architects, and sculptors, often differ much in form as regards their general contour. That of the elder Brunell differs much from that of George Stevenson, judging by their casts taken from nature. The fine busts of Watt and Bennie, by Chantrey, display in the forehead discrepancies of form. And from these it should be inferred that the former would be more disposed than the latter to search for knowledge of various kinds through the paths of literature. And if his genius for mechanics had not been predomi- nant, there are to be noticed in Watt's forehead indications of superior ability for the pursuit of the less exact sciences, whether moral or physical. There are cerebral signs, no doubt, that Bennie also was capable of shining in the same line, but the symbols of intellectual versatility were more strikingly manifested in Watt. No two foreheads can be more unlike than those of the eminent engineers, Mr. Hawkshaw and Sir Charles Fox. But notwithstanding these diversities of general con- formation it will always be found that there is an identity of development at the lower part of the forehead, and of the temple, commencing below, nearly an inch above the external angle of the eye, in all those who have displayed a genius for mechanics, and in those who have rendered themselves remarkable for manual dexterity. It is at this last-named point that the organ of Constructiveness lies. But, as has been already stated, the mechanical faculty is not exclusively possessed by mankind, for many of the lower animals are capable of displaying much mechanical ingenuity. By philosophers this talent is denominated. instinct in them, as if it were not merely an instinctive CONSTRUCTIVENESS. 187 attribute of the human mind as well. Is not this fact proved by the occasional exhibition of genius for mechanics in children, long before there has appeared any indication of the dawn of the purely reasoning faculties ? But though this single fundamental instinct is identical in man and animals, it is stationary in the latter, while in the former it is progressive in its effects. For his superior perceptive and reflective faculties enable man to invent new modes for the display of his mechanical instinct, which expand its sphere of action and augment its capabilities. The multiplicity of man's wants renders this capacity for mechanical improvement a necessary attribute of his nature, while the wants of animals are confined within bounds that are fixed and unchangeable, and the faculties, necessary to make provision for these wants, are at once made perfect by providential wisdom. There does not seem, therefore, any necessity for im- provement in their mechanical instincts. Neither is there any advance in excellence discernible in the constructive faculty of animals. The bee constructs her cell now as she did in the days of Noah, and the beaver his hut and dam. But though animals possessing the mechanical instinct are totally incapable of varying its useful appli- cation in any way, still it is said that the nests of young birds are less compact and finished than those of old ones. This difference must arise from the repeated exercise of the constructive faculty : for, by an immutable law, ex- ercise, up to a certain limit, enhances the power of a faculty, through the strengthening of its organ. Still, the nest is always built in the same manner. It is, however, recorded that animals have the power of adapt- ing their mechanical faculties to meet unexpected emer- gencies. Gall, in his great work, states that a swallow 188 CONSTEUCTIVENESS. was in the habit of returning in due season, to a house in which it had built its nest. This nest was destroyed, in order to pass a bell wire across the hole. Nevertheless, the swallow, on its return, rebuilt the nest, leaving room, however, for the wire to play freely through it. But yet it admits of a doubt as to this fact being evidence of prevision, since it is almost certain that the wire was often in motion during the building of the nest, and thus would adhesion be prevented. Can this fact, then, be attributed to provident intention on the part of the bird ? Such does not seem to be the case. Neither is the fact of a bird stopping up a hole in his nest, caused by accident, any proof of forethought. He finds himself in a, situation which is not in accordance with what his instincts require, and what he is accustomed to, and he is, necessarily, prompted by his instinct to bring things back to the condition that is alone suitable to it. In the conduct of the spider there is afforded evidence of the correctness of the inference just drawn, with respect to the supposed prevision of birds. For instance, a spider will start from his hiding-place and grasp any object that may happen to strike against his widespread web. If it be any living thing, he will at once begin to envelope it with a white tenacious substance, which he then secretes in great profusion ; and having completely enfolded it, he leaves it in store for his future wants. But let the object be a small pellet of paper, thrown purposely on the curious network, and different will be his action. As usual he rushes furiously upon the object ; but finding it not suited to his wants, he works with the utmost vigour until the pellet is extricated and falls to the ground. But he makes no attempt to envelope it. Such instinctive discernment as this is the result of appetite, unusually CONSTRUCTIVENESS. 189 and disagreeably affected ; so far as to produce a sense of instinctive repulsiveness ; and is not the result of provident reflection ; for this spider did not then try- to repair the breach thus made in the ingenious outworks of his secret dwelling, by which act his prey might be rendered more secure. Why is it, then, that this insect was thus neglectful as to the repairing of his web, while the bird cannot rest until she closes the hole that has been accidentally made in her nest ? It is because the instinctive sensations of the spider are in no way affected by such a contingency ; since it is remote from her habitual resting-place. But with the bird it is different ; for here the contiguousness of the mischief renders the creature keenly sensible that all around her is in an unnatural state, and divested of the completeness which alone can be satisfactory to her limited, but yet perfect instincts. Indeed the constant uniformity of their mode of acting in emergencies shows that, even in the most sagacious species of the lower animals, there is an absence of those faculties which impart the power to devise new methods of adapting means to an end, so as to overcome difficulties, owing to their want of that reflective faculty which enables mankind to trace the chain of reciprocal depend- ence that must exist between cause and effect. An interesting example of this truth was given to me many years ago by a most benevolent gentleman — a colonel in the British army. This officer, on his leaving Demerara, where he had been stationed for some time, brought home with him one of that beautiful species of the monkey tribe, called the " Marmosette," which became a great pet of his, and was free to wander about the sitting-room of the colonel as it pleased. This he did 190 CONSTRUCTIVENESS. for a considerable time without meeting with any ac- cident. One day, however, on returning home, his kind-hearted owner had the mortification to find the little creature in a state of agonising terror, with his hand immersed in a bottle of ink, out of which he was vainly striving to pull it. And as the master himself failed to draw it out, he broke the bottle, and then found that the Marmosette's fist was firmly clenched, and was thus rendered too big to pass through the neck of the bottle. It thus appears that this animal, being devoid of the reflective faculty, was not capable of seeing that by straightening the fingers he could have drawn out his hand from the bottle of ink with as much ease as he had put it into it. He was entirely wanting in the faculty of Causation, an attribute which mankind alone of all created beings is found to possess, and therefore could not see the means of fitness and adaptation, in regard to things that lay outside the sphere of its own perfect but limited instincts. It is quite clear that there is a mental instinctive faculty, called Constructiveness, which is one sui generis, and is not a mode of action of any other faculty or combination of faculties, though it requires the co-opera- tion of many. And that, moreover, its own inherent strength is at once, and without previous instruction, sufficient for the purpose of enabling animals to build suitable habitations for the security of themselves and their young ones. It is scarcely to be hoped for that we shall ever be capable of isolating each particular organ in the small sculls of animals. Nevertheless it is a well-proved fact that the seats of several distinct organs, characteristic of their dispositions, can be palpably demonstrated, both CONSTRUCTIVENESS. 191 negatively and positively. For instance, the vast pro- tuberance of Secretiveness and Destructiveness in the tiger and all the feline tribe, and their flatness and even depression in the sheep and all other herbivorous animals. The largeness of the organ of Caution in the sheep- and its smallness in the fearless bull-dog. The great saliency of the organ of Tune in singing birds and its smallness in those that do not sing. The marked prominence of that portion of the scull which is analogous in its locality to the organ of Benevolence in mankind, in the sheep and all animals of a gentle nature, and its palpable smallness in those that are noted for theirinherent ferocity, are demonstrable facts that defy contradiction. Yet this is the region of the head which some opponents have mis- taken for Veneration. The amount of sagacity and intelligence possessed by different animals can be unerr- ingly shewn to depend upon the broadness and elevation of the scull just behind the eyes. In the scull of the beaver this anterior part of the head is very broad, and even projects at the point which corresponds by its posi- tion, exactly with the organ of Constructiveness in the human head. In birds, too, however much they may differ in regard to the relative development of the organ of Tune, the portion of scull that lies behind that organ is full and prominent. And it is there, according to analogy, one would expect to find the organ of the Mechanical Instinct. In the bee and the spider the diminutiveness of the brain precludes us from even an attempt to divide it into distinct organs at all ; much less to point out the locality of the special organ of Constructiveness. But such a discovery, though desirable, is by no means essential to 192 CONSTKUCTIVENESS. our purpose, since it is found to be an invariable fact that great mechanical genius has never yet been manifested by any human being without largeness of that part of the head, which has been denominated the organ of Con- structiveness, or the Mechanical Instinct; and, on the contrary, that a scanty development of it is always accompanied by marked inaptitude for the display of manual dexterity or any talent for mechanics. And this is a fact solemnly attested and proved by men of high scientific attainments, perspicacious sagacity, observant industry, and scrupulous uprightness of purpose. The organ of Constructiveness lies in front of Acquisi- tiveness, behind Tune, above Number, and under Ideality,, and it is in contact with all of them. SELF-ESTEEM A high opinion of oneself, pride, arrogance, and disdain, are modifications of this faculty, which characterise an individual in proportion to the absolute, and more so to the relative paramount size of the part of the brain which lies in the upper and back portion of the head, above the organ of Inhabitiveness, and behind that of Firmness. There is no sentiment which more strikingly manifests itself than this, and often in a very disagreeable manner. That it is an elementary feeling is beyond all doubt. It bears no just proportion to the superior merits of any individual, for the most noble-minded are often found to be scarcely affected by it, while men of mean endow- ments will sometimes draw down ridicule upon themselves by setting a high value upon their own slender acquire- ments and meagre productions. Neither is it the result of superior station in life. Sometimes it is far more apparent in the beggar than in the prince, in the heartless spendthrift than in the man whose sense of independence and industry enable him to amass property, from which he can spare a part to comfort the afflicted and promote happiness. Some children of the same family are very proud, and will not be induced to make acquaintance with persons in a lower sphere than themselves, while their brothers and sisters evince no such repugnance. Q 194 SELF-ESTEEM. The daring arrogance and unhallowed thirst of power of King Eichard the Third and the unassuming pliancy of Henry the Sixth were signal indications of the almost utter absence of Self-esteem in Henry, and of its exuberant predominance in the character of Richard. Compare the overbearing assumption of Luther with the gentle forbearance of Melancthon ; the coarse, self-reliant turbulence of John Knox with the saint-like submissive- ness of Fenelon, and then can there be a doubt as to the fact that Self-esteem is a fundamental power of the mind. It is a sentiment which the lower animals do not seem to possess ; although the cock, race-horse, and peacock are said to be proud. But Grail, in looking for the organ of Pride in these animals, did not find any remarkable development of the cerebral parts, corresponding to the organ of Pride in man. This sentiment, when it is strong, and well chastened by the salutary restraints of the moral and religious sentiments, is a most valuable ingredient of character. It then imparts a sense of personal dignity, and is the direct opponent of pusillanimity. It inspires its possessor with confidence in the propriety of his own plans, opinions, and resolutions. When the organ is relatively salient, it causes one to take great pride in whatever belongs to him. Such a man sets a higher value upon his acquire- ments and possessions than others would be disposed to allow. Hence he will shew much anxiety for their security. Thus does it become a powerful incentive to the energetic action of the faculties, which alone are capable of defending the things we most highly prize; It rouses courage to ward off danger from the objects of our dearest social attachments, and enhances the zest for the acquisition and safe maintenance of property. It SELF-ESTEEM. 195 as essentially selfish, however, and, when in excess, gives rise to arrogance and disdainfulness of disposition, and renders man impracticable, self-willed, and domineering. Though the sentiments of Benevolence and Respectful- ness are directly opposed to self-love, in regard to their intrinsic qualities, yet they are indebted to it sometimes for much of their activity. But for an ample endoAvment •of this faculty St. Paul could not have fulfilled his holy mission with so much impressiveness, or conducted it with so much self-reliance in the midst of crosses and dangers. It was the prevalence of this sentiment which caused Julius Caesar, on his way to Spain, to say to one of his officers, who contrasted the wretched appearance of a village hard by with the magnificence of Rome, " I would rather be the first man in that village than the second in Rome." Though Washington was certainly endowed with a competent share of Self-esteem he did not permit it to govern his actions, except when he was seeking to establish the independence of his country. He was always unalterably self-reliant and fixed in his resolutions, because his clear intellect and noble disposi- tions showed him the best mode of acting, and not be- cause he was contemptuously self-willed and over-bearing. In this case it added dignity to the character of that great man. But though this primitive faculty is, in persons liappily constituted, a powerful incentive to noble actions, it is, also, found to add intensity to the cravings of some of the lowest and most degrading of our propensities. A thief, for instance, with very active Self-esteem will be unwilling to share the proceeds of his robberies with an accomplice ; as was exemplified in Puckle, whose case is elsewhere noticed. Sometimes inordinate Self-esteem is Q 2 196 SELF-ESTEEM. met with in persons in the lowest rank of life. And then ? when it is accompanied by a marked deficiency of the moral sense, and no disposition to steal, it prompts ifc& possessor to signalise his name by some wonderful achieve- ment. It was the prompting of predominant Self-esteem which rendered Fieschi envious of everything higher or happier than himself, and caused him to construct his- infernal machine for the murder of King Louis Philippe. It was the morbid prevalence of Self-esteem which urged Oxford to shoot at his youthful, pure-minded, and liberty- loving queen. In him the faculty was biased by a gloomy disposition, which in the absence of moral elevation, was misdirected by the vague imaginings of a confused intel- lect. And these are characteristics that are quite in accordance with the shape of his head. In both these men the organ of Self-esteem is extremely large. In Oxford its activity was probably somewhat morbid, for, some time after this culprit's confinement in Bethlehem Hospital, Mr. Thomas, the house surgeon, told me that he could not discover any marks of insanity about him, unless it proceeded from pride ; for it was obvious he looked down upon every one about him. The saliency of the same part is very conspicuous in Cooper, the young highwayman of Hornsey, who shot a man that attempted to capture him, and, when closely pressed by his pursuers, took poison, but without the desired effect. It is large in the daring, self-reliant murderer, Rush. On the contrary, it is comparatively deficient in those criminals whose self-reliance had completely deserted them upon their being apprehended. In Corder, for instance, who murdered Maria Martin at the Red Barn. The supreme influence of Self-esteem is often mani- fested in insanity. There was in Deville's collection of SELF-ESTEEM. 197 casts of insane persons the head of a man, who thought he was the divinely inspired representative of Christ upon earth, and he would become greatly excited by any doubt being expressed as to the reality of his divine nature. In addition to large organs of the religious sentiments, he had immense Self-esteem and love of approbation. Another was a French woman, who called herself the betrothed of Christ. In her cast, also, the organ of Self-esteem is very large, as well as those of the religious sentiments. In a third, this organ is very prominent. Her hallucination consisted in the idea that she was betrothed to the Emperor Napoleon the First. When the late Dr. Ewins was visiting physician to the lunatic asylum at Peckham, held by Mr. Armstrong, he invited me to accompany him and the late Mr. Behnes Burlowe, the sculptor, in order to see how far peculiar kinds of insanity could be predicated from the form of the head. Amongst a large number of very marked cases, in confirmation of the truth of Phrenology, there were three remarkable instances of morbid pride in females. On approaching the first of these, I said to the doctor, " That woman is insane through vanity and pride. It is likely she thinks herself a queen, but from her large organ of Benevolence she will be somewhat bland and considerate, though not deferential in her manner, her organ of Veneration being small." This poor creature imagined she was Queen Elizabeth. She asked Dr. Ewins, in an unpretending tone and manner, why he had not brought the robes she had ordered. The next was a more decided case of pure Self-esteem. I pointed out a tall woman, in whose head this organ was even larger than in the first; but seeing that she had not so much love of praise and less benevolence, I said I had no hope 198 SELF-ESTEEM. of being treated with much condescension by this patient,, who, no doubt, supposed that she was some very high personage. She was the Queen of Portugal. When we approached her she drew her head upwards and back- wards, and, by the haughty expression of her face, seemed to hold us in the utmost contempt. Nor did she deign to speak a word to any one. The next was a large, fine-looking woman of sixty. In her head, Self-esteem was not very marked, but Love of Approbation was very large, and so was Veneration, Benevolence, and Con- scientiousness. I said the doctor should be respectful to her, but that he might rely upon being treated with respect in return, and accordingly, on his asking how her highness was, she said, " Very well, I thank your excellency." The poor lunatic, whose case is noticed in the article on Benevolence, as having so humble an opinion of his own merits, possessed a very small organ of Self- esteem. It is of great importance to acquire an early know- ledge of the absolute and relative size of the organ of Self-love; for its predominance in the heads of children tends to render them unmanageable, unless the rest of" the brain be happily constituted. A child, for instance,, with weak attachment and little care for the opinion of others, who possesses much firmness and courage, with large Self-esteem (especially if Benevolence and the sense of Eespeetfulness be only moderately bestowed upon it), will give great trouble and anxiety to its parents and. guardians. Such children are instinctively self-willed and unruly. And, if to this combination of attributes is added a large development of the organ of Secretive- ness, they will have to contend against dissimulation- And, as the last quality greatly enhances the danger,, SELF-ESTEEM. 199 surely the system of cerebral physiology, which points out an unerring mode of discovering the presence of that quality in the mental constitution of the child, before it has displayed itself in conduct, must be looked upon as a boon of the highest value to mankind. To curb, in proper time, the undue influence of Self- esteem, nothing affords a greater prospect of success than the strengthening of attachment by judiciously conciliating it ; for the sense of Attachment, when strong, naturally becomes a hopeful channel through which the moral feelings may take their benignant course. The Love of Approbation is another essential instrument, when properly used, for enabling an instructor to urge the enhancement of the energies of the moral and intellectual powers with the view of controlling inordinate self-love. When the lowest propensities are predominant, the presence of a large organ of Self-esteem and little sense of Attachment greatly augments the evil. Such was the case with Lacinaire, Fieschi, Oxford, and the Frenchman, Martine, who killed his generous and indulgent mother to obtain money which he fancied she had concealed ; and in Dautun, who killed his own brother to obtain his property ; and in the French chevalier who poisoned three of his wives for a like purpose. And it is very salient in Berthelemy who was hanged for shooting Mr. Moore. There cannot be a doubt that Self-esteem is a primitive attribute of the human mind, which is separate in its nature from any other faculty. And, such being the case, it follows necessarily that there must be a special portion of the brain for its manifestation. This part of the brain was clearly pointed out by the indefatigable and accurate Dr. Gall. He discovered it in the head of a beggar, who acknowledged to him that he had lost a fortune left to 200 SELF-ESTEEM. him by his father, who was a merchant, because he felt too proud to work, and that he had rather beg than work for his livelihood. He had, however, a small head and forehead. Hence it may be inferred that his proud dislike to work was fostered by intellectual indolence. In the centre of the upper and back part of this poorly- developed head, Gall found a large rounded protuberance. Having taken a cast of the head he was enabled to compare it with the heads of persons whom he knew to be very proud, and, to his surprise, he found the same kind of prominence in all of them ; although the greatest difference as to form existed in every other part of their heads. Subsequent investigations have afforded incontrovertible evidence of the correctness of the position assigned to the organ of Self-esteem by Grail. To the cases already adduced may be added the follow- ing, which are particularly interesting and instructive. In the cast of the author of " Political Justice " and Caleb Williams the organ of Self-esteem is remarkably prominent, with large Benevolence and small Veneration. In Sir Walter Scott it is very moderate, with large Bene- volence and very large Veneration. And do we not find the works of Godwin deeply impressed with the marks of a strong sense of Self-esteem, mellowed by superior Benevolence? (see Plate 1, diagrams 1 & 2.) It was this that inspired him with confidence in the wisdom of his own political views, and added vigour to his eloquent advocacy of them. Godwin was possessed by a strong spirit of innovation, Scott longed for the continuance of ancient institutions, and was, of all great men, the least self-opinionated. In the cast of Rammohun Roy, who relinquished the Brahminical faith, Self-esteem is large, and, like SELF-ESTEEM. 201 Godwin, his Benevolence is very large and his organ of Veneration small. In the cast of Cobbett, Self-esteem is -a marked feature, combined with large Combativeness. In the cast of the head of Richard Carlile, the bookseller of Fleet Street, Self-esteem is exceedingly large, and, together with excessive firmness and little respectfulness, it affords a clear and simple criterion whereby his charac- ter and conduct can be estimated. So high an opinion had this man of himself that he gave an account of his own head in a magazine of his called " The Lion," and finished it by saying he considered it came as near to perfection as possible. And so self-willed and obstinate was he that he endured imprisonment, at one time, for six years and a-half, and again, for nearly four years, sooner than retract a word of the abusive language which he was in the constant habit of contemptuously uttering, and fearlessly publishing, against objects and institutions which all but a few, like himself, deemed sacred. The government at last got tired of keeping him in prison, and without any concesssion on his part released him. His head offers a striking contrast to that of Lord Chancellor Eldon, and to that of Sir Walter Scott (see Plates 1 & 3). Amongst the interesting remains of the sculptures of Greece and Rome are to be found striking instances of the fact, that a large development of the upper back part of the head is always a symbol of love of distinction, or selfish pride, and love of power — modified according to the prevalence of the organ of Self-esteem, or that of Love of Approbation. The former organ is very prominent in Cato, the censor, in Antisthenes, the founder of the Cynic philosophy, and in Zeno, the stoic. It is of very moderate size in the liberal, unselfish, dramatic poet, 202 SELF-ESTEEM. Menander, and in the gentle, unassuming poet, Theocritus. In the busts of Caesar, Pompey, and Cicero, this region of the head affords a striking contrast to the same part in Horace. And has not this delightful poet left an im- perishable memorial of the little value he was disposed to set upon the possession of power and the privilege of using authority over others, in the ode beginning with the words — " Hoc erat in votis." The seat and external appearance of the organ of Self- esteem are thoroughly established facts. LOVE OE APPROBATION-VANITY, LOYE OE GLOEY, AMBITION. Exclusive of the wholesome influence exercised by the moral and religious sentiments in regulating the impulses of Self-esteem, there exists a primitive faculty which tends greatly to soften the asperities of temper arising from uncontrolled submission to the promptings of that affection. It is called Love of Approbation. These two qualities exert a reciprocal beneficial influence upon one another. The sense of personal dignity, for instance, would necessarily prevent that undue servility in seeking to obtain applause, which would be the result of inordinate love of distinction, unaccompanied by an adequate share of the other faculty. Love of Approbation is certainly one of the most power- ful promoters of the activity of the other mental faculties, and, when acting in harmony with high moral sentiments, it enhances, in an eminent degree, the benignant grace and unassuming elegance of manners so characteristic of high moral endowments. The pleasure we feel on finding that others applaud our conduct renders us some- what dependent upon each other, and hence this faculty becomes an active promoter of mutual forbearance and goodwill, qualities that are so necessary to the happiness of society. It gives rise to that salutary sense of shame 204 LOVE OF APPROBATION. which so powerfully tends to awaken a sense of justice in those whose rectitude of principle may not be of a high cast, and thus becomes an incentive to honesty. It urges the manufacturer to fabricate goods of the most exquisite workmanship in order to outstrip his competitors in the race of improvement. The farmer is dissatisfied unless he can raise from the soil, which he cultivates, better grain than others, similarly circumstanced, are enabled to produce. What an endless variety of beau- teous flowers and delicious fruits do we not, every season, behold adorning the gardens of skilful horticulturists ambitious of distinction. And, urged on by emulation, what vast improvement is affected by graziers in the form and quality of cattle and of sheep. To gratify his thirst for glory the warrior forsakes the dear objects of his love to brave the perils of land and sea, and the voice of fame is music to the soul of the orator and the poet. Being the source of rivalry, it prompts the mechanical genius to exert his talents in the invention of something which his predecessors were unable to accomplish, and thus it has become a powerful promoter of the happiness and good fellowship of nations. Like every other primitive faculty, this one is possessed in different proportions by different individuals. In the female head the organ of Love of Approbation is relatively larger than it is in the male head. And it is true that it exercises much greater influence over the actions of women than of men. In the whole conduct of young girls it shows its predominance. Boys are usually far less affected by either praise or blame. To its prevalence in the female character are owing misfortunes to which some of the tenderest and most confiding natures have been subjected ; for, ardent love of praise requires some power- LOVE OF APPROBATION. 205 ful moral and intellectual auxiliaries to enable it to resist the assaults of flattery. Under proper management this affection may be used as a most efficient incentive in exciting the energies of the moral and intellectual powers in the early periods of life. It is, therefore, of importance to teachers to ascertain at once the relative strength of this affection in the mental constitution of every child submitted to their care. Children in whom this feeling is very active are ex- tremely sensitive, and should they be, at the same time, somewhat timid, great care should be taken not to wound their self-respect by bringing them to open shame, or treat them with undue harshness. In such cases self- reliance shoidd be cultivated, and love of praise judiciously appealed to. Some, on the contrary, care very little for what others may think of them, provided they can but gain their ends. Such young persons are managed with difficulty, especially if they be endowed with firmness and courage, and the ungrateful task is much enhanced by a deficiency of attachment in the pupil. In the former case a prominence is certain to be found at the superior posterior part of the head, on each side of Self-esteem. In the latter, the absence of any marked projection in the same part cannot fail to be observed. Although the love of applause is a powerful incentive to the carrying out of noble aspirations in persons who are endowed with happily-constituted minds, it is, when abused, the fertile source of some of the most deplorable evils with which society has been afflicted. It is then called vanity, ambition, or inordinate love of distinc- tion. The individual who happens to be the victim of this passion is a stranger to a true sense of mutual liberty. 206 LOVE OF APPROBATION. He cannot countenance a rival. Should another outstrip him in the pursuit of fame his soul becomes the seat of envy, that most uncharitable of vices. He pines for that which he has not the capacity to accomplish — the unhappy slave of desires, which are for ever flitting before his troubled imagination, but yet are as con- stantly eluding all his efforts to obtain their fulfilment. The modes of artificial society acquire a mastery over the mind of another who wastes his fortune in competing in extravagance with those who are more bountifully supplied with riches ; and false shame, the offspring of this impulse, when abused, prompts him still to continue in his career of folly, until at length he becomes over- whelmed by debt, and subjected to the mercy of some hard-hearted creditor, whom in the days of his pros- perity he would not deign to recognise. Oh, to what a depth of misery doth man sometimes reduce himself, and for what ? To gratify a pitiful craving for distinc- tion ! And thus blindly does he forego the happiness which the cultivation of nobler sentiments would with little risk secure, for the gratification of a single impulse, and that not one of the highest order. But it is not individuals and private families only that have suffered from the insatiable longings of this instinct. The majority of the civilised world have often been made the unsuspecting instruments for effecting the completion of the deeply-laid schemes of some am- bitious aspirant for power. Nor can one be surprised at their infatuation, for those men of mighty intellect, who have been the slaves of this master-passion, have seldom failed in convincing others of the purity of their intentions. Some, by dissimulation, practice on the credulity of the well-disposed ; others obtain the co- LOVE OP APPROBATION. 207 operation of their countrymen through a series of patriotic achievements, to the performance of which they might have been prompted, in the first instance, by- true disinterestedness. But, unfortunately, the master- passion which had fanned into an active, energetic, wide-spreading flame the latent sparks of generosity and nobleness of sentiment has, often by imperceptible degrees, become the instigator of oppression, converting him who, in the commencement of his career, appeared to labour for the general welfare, into the despotic denouncer of all those who might differ with him in opinion. Lucius Cornelius Sylla, the dictator, affords a notable illustration of such change of conduct. Never, it was said, was a man more moderate before a victory or more cruel after it. Rare, indeed, are the instances of great men passing unscathed through the furnace of political temptation, and of the few, who have asserted by their patriotic conduct the supremacy of the moral sentiments, the Greeks can boast of Phocion, Epaminon- das, and Aristeides, while Fabricius, Cincinnatus, and Junius Brutus are illustrious examples among the Romans. And, in more modern times, when the power of the empire had fallen into the " sere and yellow leaf," arose Stilicho and Belisarius, brilliant luminaries, created as it were for the purpose of retarding for a season the dark night of sorrow and tribulation which was hastening to enshroud the political horizon. But one of the noblest instances of disinterested patriotism that has appeared upon earth was manifested in the person of George Washington, who, after fighting successfully for the inde- pendence of his native land, was hailed by the unanimous voice of his countrymen as the only man capable of conducting to a happy issue the affairs of their newly- 208 LOVE OF APPROBATION. established constitution. In the performance of this sacred duty he proved how eminently he was endowed with a perfect and harmonious union of all the highest powers that adorn human nature, and of those energetic affections which assist the will and the intellect in the performance of those virtuous actions that have rendered him the ornament of his species. Let us now turn our attention from this cheering picture of the benign influence of the faculty of Love of Approbation upon the well-being of society, when it is under the control of the moral sentiments, to contemplate its disastrous effects upon individuals and communities whenever it has become the mainspring in the political movements of those whose fortune it was to become the chief directors of public affairs. It was love of distinction prompted the great Caius Marius, a man of obscure parentage and no education,, to aspire to the highest honours of the most renowned republic that the world has ever seen. He began by espousing the cause of his own class, the plebeian ; and, after distinguishing himself as a soldier at Numantia, he was appointed to be lieutenant to Metellus, the consul, who was then carrying on the war against Jugurtha. Prompted by unscrupulous ambition he found means of superceding his patron and commander, obtained the consulship, and conquered Jugurtha, whom he conducted in chains to Eome. These successes, and his great popularity, obtained for him the highest consideration, and, when the State was threatened with destruction by the Cimbri and Teutones, the eyes of all parties were directed towards him, as the only one capable of averting the impending catastrophe. And nobly had he fulfilled the duty entrusted to him, had he not tarnished his LOVE OF APPROBATION. 209 victory by his cruelty towards the vanquished. The most distinguished honours now awaited him, but his selfish ambition could not brook the appearance of a rival. And when the rising fame of the brilliant Sylla rendered it probable that a formidable one had already made his appearance, Marius used every means to thwart the measures and curb the rapidity of the career of that equally ambitious and unprincipled man. Hence pro- ceeded those desolating civil wars which deluged the streets of Rome with the blood of some of her noblest sons, and ultimately terminated in the cruel and devas- tating dictatorship of Sylla. To these succeeded Pompey and Julius Caesar, men who possessed all the ambition of their predecessors, with more merciful dispositions. Their humanity, nevertheless, offered but an insufficient barrier to the progress of their ambition, until at length the pillars of the commonwealth were torn from their foundations. To satisfy their selfish ambition, Octavius and Mark Antony consented each to sacrifice his own friends to the vindictive fury of the other. The great orator, Cicero, was the victim of this wicked com- pact. It would be tedious to multiply examples of the dis- astrous consequences of selfish, ill-regulated love of dis- tinction. The history of every nation abounds with them. Look at the incessant wars carried on, at vast national expense, by our Edwards and our Henrys for the sove- reignty of the fairest portion of France. Survey, for a while, the pages that record the devastating civil wars, which for a long time distracted England, when the Houses of York and Lancaster contended for supremacy — the barbarities perpetrated by the army of Cromwell in Ireland upon the towns which held out in the cause of R 210 LOVE OF APPKOBATION. Charles ; and who can forget the direful atrocities of the French Revolution ? The ambition to rule over others is seldom accompanied by true sympathy, but yet the relative weakness of this social affection has, fortunately, been sometimes the cause of benefits accruing to communities, seldom anticipated by the men whose selfish ambition gave rise to them. To illustrate this point it may not be deemed wanting in moral interest to add the following case. Simon de Montfort, the celebrated Earl of Leicester, in the reign of Henry the Third, was endowed with great intellect, a bold and lofty spirit, and boundless ambition. After serving his king on several occasions, both in a civil and military capacity, this remarkable man appeared in Parliament at the head of the discontented barons, and demanded that the administration of affairs should be entrusted to twenty-four of their number, who should be empowered to redress grievances and reform the State. This was conceded, but hostilities subsequently commenced between the royal party and the barons, which ended in the overthrow of the former at the battle of Lewes. Having thus succeeded in curtailing the prerogative of the crown, Leicester could not brook the opposition of some of his old associates, the barons, who were by no means disposed to acquiesce in all the measures proposed by him for their adoption. His love of distinction being thus thwarted, he resolved upon executing a project which it is probable he had long contemplated, and which could not fail to gain for him a high degree of popularity, and would, at the same time, afford him more ample means than he had as yet possessed, of establishing and maintaining his authority. The changes that were just then manifesting themselves LOVE OP APPROBATION. 211 on the face of society were highly favourable to his views, for the inhabitants of the counties, cities, and boroughs, who had by their industry amassed considerable wealth were, at that time, becoming a class of considerable impor- tance in the State. Leicester, profiting by the influence which property never fails to bestow, summoned to Par- liament, in the year 1265, knights of the shires and burgesses, and thus did he become the founder of the British House of Commons. How gratifying to see the dormant seeds of general liberty springing forth into active existence even at the instigation of individual ambition, and subsequently budding into ripeness under an atmosphere of despotism. Of course it is not to be supposed that the cases which have just been narrated, resulted from the vigour and activity of Love of Approbation alone. It is merely the prime instigator of those other powers which minister to its appetite, and the kind of nutriment which it relishes the most will entirely depend upon the peculiar taste of the agent over which it exercises its influence. Its dis- tinctive function is the desire of holding a high position in the opinion of others. It was the ruling passion in the mind of the great Cicero, and the oracle was fully justified in warning him against being too much influenced by the " affects of the many." In all the busts said to be of him, the part of the head where this organ is located is remarkably salient. There is scarcely a passion of the human mind more likely to become the seat of derangement than this. What can be more dangerous for a man than to allow vanity to usurp the highest place in the assemblage of the mental powers ? It strains the energies of the other faculties to minister to its insatiable appetite. And, should any R 2 212 LOVE OF APPROBATION. unforeseen calamity arise to blast the hopes he had fondly- cherished, he becomes, perhaps, the victim of despondency. His love of distinction feels wounded by the desertion of those whom he caressed in the days of his prosperity. He is stung to the quick by the superciliousness of others who were once his inferiors. His reflections are constantly rivetted upon his own harassed feelings. He finds himself alone in the wide world, and at last experi- ences consolatory joy in imagining himself to be some emperor or king upon whose nod depends the destinies of nations. In treating of Self-esteem I have given some cases to show the effect of disease upon that organ. But it is obvious that the organ of Love of Approbation was also in a state of disease, in two of them at least. And it is worthy of remark that the greater the relative size of an organ the more danger there is of its falling into a morbid condition. A case just occurs to me of wounded Love of Approbation in a gentleman, which was followed by marked exhibitions of morbid sensitiveness, that warped his judgment as to the conduct of his truest friends, and soured his temper, so as to blind him to the real nature of the case which disturbed him. He was possessed of some very good dispositions, but his Self-esteem was excessive. He died many years after that show of morbid sensitiveness, and his brain was examined by an eminent anatomist. A lesion was therein discovered which embraced the organ of Love of Approbation on one side, and seemed to trench a little upon Self-esteem. The organ of Love of Approbation is very large in the cast of Bellingham who shot Mr. Spencer Percival in the lobby of the House Commons. His irritation was caused by the deep wounds inflicted upon his excessive vanity LOVE OF APPROBATION. 213 by the neglect with which his repeated appeals to the governmental authorities were treated. And this chagrin was augmented by a marked love of property (see Plate 4). In the head of the poet, Pope, this organ was very large, and certainly his sensitiveness with respect to censure was scarcely ever surpassed. And this being associated with large Combativeness and rather large Self-esteem he gave vent to his resentment in that matchless satire the il Dunciad." The organ was excessively large in Rubil- liac's noble bust of Lord Chesterfield, the friend of Pope and Bolingbroke ; and the world knows how punctilious he was in " sacrificing to the graces." The moderate development of the same region of the head in Wyat's bust of George the Third corresponds exactly with the perfect absence of personal vanity in the character of that homely monarch. In the scull of Swift the organ was large. But yet in that singular man it was subordinate to Self-esteem. While in the scull of Robert Burns that of Love of Approbation was dominant. In the sculls of Robert Bruce, and the good Duke Hum- phrey, of Gloucester, the organ of Self-esteem was in the ascendant, though in Humphrey it was guided by nobler moral sentiments. While in the scull of the unfortunate Edward the Second, Love of Approbation vastly predominated. Compare the fine expressive bust of the ambitious, vain-glorious Sylla, with the most characteristic one of the younger Cato, whose disposition was of so opposite a character with respect to censure or applause, and the organ we are considering will be found to be excessively large in the former, and very moderately developed in the latter. The contrast between the bust of Cato and that of Cicero is also very characteristic. This part of 214 LOVE OF APPROBATION. the head is very prominent in the bust of that merciless tyrant, Nero. And is it not recorded that on one occasion he ordered the death of a poet whose verses were deemed superior to some he had himself read at a public com- petition ? Being entirely destitute of nobleness of nature, his inordinate vanity, which was the result of a dominant organ of the Love of Approbation, became the overruling jealous instigator of wanton cruelties. The existence of the organ of Love of Approbation and its seat in the brain are facts, established by a vast amount of positive and negative unvarying evidence. CAUTIOUSNESS. Cautiousness is one of the most influential and useful of the mental faculties. It is it that causes the instinc- tive dread of danger ; and thus does it excite, by its timely warnings, other faculties to provide means of defence against threatening emergencies. Its excessive activity in some animals, and the almost total absence of it in others, are proofs of its being a distinctive faculty of the mind, which providential wisdom has bestowed in abundance upon the weak and defenceless ; while its active presence was deemed not only unnecessary but prejudicial to the well-being of those fierce and powerful beasts of prey that cannot obtain the bare necessaries of life, without imminent risk of being themselves destroyed. That caution is not the result of comprehensive intel- lectual powers is placed beyond doubt by the fact of its being a leading characteristic of a great majority of the lower animals, and even in them its prevalence bears no proportion to their segacity. Is not the sagacious shepherd's dog, for instance, less influenced by caution than the dull, indocile sheep ? Since man possesses all the faculties which are enjoyed T)y animals collectively, it must be admitted that caution is an instinctive affection in him also, for, certainly it is not the product either of superior intellect or expe- 216 CAUTIOUSNESS. rience, although experience heightens its usefulness. The capacious understanding of Julius Caesar, and his vast experience in situations of the greatest danger failed to imbue his mind with an adequate amount of instinctive cautiousness on all occasions. Otherwise he would not consent to be led by false and ungrateful men to his destruction after the variety of warnings he had received ; while, on the contrary, the great mind of the virtuous but timid Cicero was harassed by cautious misgivings, even before he could have profited by the lessons of experience. Cautiousness exercises a marked influence over the conduct and manners of mankind. In its comparative weakness, the most clear and foreseeing intellect may be led into mistakes fatal to happiness. But when it is a prominent feature of the mind, there will never be wanting an incentive to intellectual circumspection. It is an essential ingredient of a prudent mind. Even Caesar, whose fearlessness in danger was so conspicuous, wanted not that amount of cautious foresight which. enabled him to promote his statesmanlike-plans, so as always to bring them to a fortunate conclusion. But when Cautiousness is disproportionately active, irresolution and hesitation follows. An individual, swayed by this affection, finds it hard to come to a decision upon any subject. Should he pass triumphantly, and with ease, through a difficult undertaking, he will, nevertheless, be apprehensive of not succeeding on every subsequent attempt of the same nature. Such was the case with Cicero. According to Plutarch he always trembled when he commenced any important speech. And in the presence of danger he could scarcely speak at all, as- happened on the trial of his brave friend Milo. But,. CAUTIOUSNESS. 217 there were times when he nobly overcame the depressing- influence of his predominant caution. At an early age some children evince much caution in all their acts, while others are continually meeting with accidents. When the latter are running their heads into danger, the former are apt to cry, "take care." These are inclined to be timid and circumspect, the others are careless and rash. Now, it is of great value to a teacher to find out, at an early period, these peculiarities of disposition in their pupils. But at school, when children are for a few hours on their compulsory good manners, their characteristic tendencies are not readily learned by ordinary observation. And, as ignorance of the predominant features of character in a child at school may lead to a mode of treatment which would, most likely, be prejudicial to the present progress and future efficiency of his mental faculties, it behoves all men, who have the management of education at heart, to foster and encourage the study of the only science which affords unerring means of finding out at once the peculiar dis- positions of children. Suppose that a child who possesses a very large organ of Caution, with much Love of Approbation, Conscien- tiousness, and Benevolence, and little Self-esteem, Firm- ness, and Hope, is rendered the frequent object of censure and punishment on account of the slowness of his per- ceptive faculties, can there be a doubt that the mental comfort of such a child would be seriously interfered with, to the extent, perhaps, of laying the seeds of un- soundness of mind ? Whereas an early knowledge of the same character, with a judicious and sympathising method of treatment, would probably render his schoolboy days full of happiness, and his future course creditable to his 218 CAUTIOUSNESS. instructors, and productive of honour and independence to himself. A most conclusive proof that Cautiousness is a funda- mental faculty of the mind is derived from a certain morbid condition of the brain. It has already been shown that the workings of the mind may, in all respects save one, be healthy, rational and collected, but that, whenever the injured cord is struck the intellect loses its balance, and a confused and erroneous estimate of everything is the result. Caution, like every other faculty, may become singly diseased, and its morbid manifestation is biased in accordance with the other predominant features of the character. For instance, one monomaniac imagines some one to be behind the head of his bed, ready to blow his brains out with a pistol. Another thinks he is going to be poisoned, and refuses to take sustenance. A third is constantly agitated by the thought of being pursued by some enemy whose whispers he hears, though he fails to see his person. Hence he supposes his tormentor to be a ventriloquist. A young lady, in whose cerebral con- stitution Caution formed a prominent feature, was rela- tively deficient in the organs of Self-esteem, Firmness, and Hope, whilst those of Conscientiousness, Benevolence, Marvellousness, and Veneration were all very prominent- She had also much Love of Approbation and a good intellect, in which the reflective faculties predominated. This high-minded young woman had exalted ideas of the paramount importance of fulfilling all Christian duties, but at so low a rate did she estimate her own qualities that she became terrified by the notion of her own un- worthiness, and she sank for a time into a state of fear and despondency. In Deville's collection of casts there was one of a CAUTIOUSNESS. 219 gentleman who was remarkable for his great Caution. It affected him to such a degree that, in making the most simple enquiry of a shopman, the hesitation and embarrass- ment of his manner was painfully evinced. In that cast, the part just over the organ of Secretiveness and in front of that of Love of Approbation, which is the seat of Cautiousness, was extremely prominent. Indeed, the width of the head at that part was the largest I have ever seen. In another cast this portion was exceedingly small. It was the cast of a young engineer who was killed in rashly attempting to catch the iron handle of a machine of his own invention while it was rotating rapidly. This part was moderate in the gentleman whom I have already mentioned as having been the brave captor of three highwaymen. In Hoppmer's portrait of Nelson the organ of Caution is only moderate. It bears a similar proportion to the rest of the head in Thorwaldsen's bust of Lord Exmouth. Li Nollekens' bust of Lord Erskine the organ is moderate, in that of Lord Mansfield, by the same artist, it is much larger. The same part of the head is rather small in the busts of the late Duke of York, and in George the Third, one of them by Nollekens, the other by Wyatt. In Lord Grenville it is well-developed. It is moderate in Mr. Whitbread, at one time the virtual leader of the Whigs, and in Chantrey's fine bust of the brave Lord Castlereagh the organ is but moderately developed. In the print of the famous Sir Kinelm Digby the region of Caution is rather small. And, certainly he committed imprudent acts, notwithstanding the greatness of his talents and the great kindness of his disposition. The organ is large in the cast of Lord Chancellor Eldon, who was remarkable for his hesitation in deciding causes in Chancery, notwithstanding the 220 CAUTIOUSNESS. vastness of his legal abilities. In the unhappy Doctor Dodd the same portion of the head is extremely narrow, while it is broad in Doctor Gall, in whose head it is finely balanced with Combativeness, Firmness, and Con- scientiousness. But in Dodd the first-named organ is large and the other two are small. And how strikingly accordant are the characters and cerebral organization of these remarkable men (see Plate 9). This organ is small in the large globular head of Richard Patch, the vile, ungrateful culprit who, with all his intense cunning, showed want of caution as to the time and mode of committing the foul deed for which he suffered death upon the gallows. In Courvoisier, the cautious murderer of his good master, the organ is very salient, but in Rush, the incautious assassin, the same region is singu- larly narrow, while Combativeness is inordinately pro- tuberant. The organ of Caution is excessively small in the scull of Thomas Luscombe, who killed two young women at Exeter, and then cried the papers about the streets for the apprehension of the culprit, while he was wearing at the same time a coat which he had stolen a short time previously. Secretiveness, also, was small in this criminal. The organ of Caution is strikingly characteristic of the sculls of the Gentoos and the ancient Chinese, and much less so of the New Zealanders and the North American Indians ; though the absolute width of the head at that part is greater in the bold Maori and the fierce Indian, than in the peace-loving, industrious Chinaman, or the unwarlike and proverbially timid Hindoo. This fact shows how erroneous would be the practice of esti- mating special phases of character in accordance with the absolute size of any isolated organ. For the balance of CAUTIOUSNESS. 221 power in the whole head should never be lost sight of. The same region of the head is also very salient in the uncompressed sculls of the Incas of Peru, as well as in those of the Tahitians and Sandwich Islanders. And it is a prominent feature in the sculls of the Esquimeaux, though these are characteristically long and narrow. This last quality is a marked attribute of those of the Greenland coasts, as far west as Melville Bay. But this narrowness is not so observable in those from Kotzebue Sound, on the West, where they partake some- what of the form of the Shaswoop and Chymmisyan Indians. The organ of Caution is thoroughly established. BENEVOLENCE. Perhaps no affection of the mind has given rise to more erroneous opinions with regard to the source from which it springs than Benevolence. Some writers of eminence have supposed that acts of beneficence were the result of a proper intellectual estimate of the principle of social and political utility. Others, that they spring from selfish motives. The former of these were undoubtedly right in believing that communities would derive vast advan- tages from the exercise of mutual kindliness. But they were mistaken in imagining that a fore- knowledge of those happy consequences was the primitive source of charity and goodwill amongst men. For it is not every political economist, who has applied the powers of a vigorous understanding to the inculcation of the advantages derivable by society in general from the adoption of such a course of action, that has been found to be the most unostentatious and generous com- forter of individual affliction. The hypothesis of those who suppose that Self-love is the centre whence all our motives to action originate, is inadequate to account for deeds which must be essen- tially the offspring of instinctive Benevolence. Un- doubtedly, the man who spends his time and property in attending to the wants, and relieving the distress of the afflicted objects of sickness and of poverty, cannot BENEVOLENCE. 223 but experience that ennobling inward sense of satisfac- tion which must naturally accompany the consciousness of doing good. The delight experienced by the really benevolent and humane in the performance of acts of mercy and of charity is nature's rich reward. But is it a selfish craving for this inward feeling of satisfaction that prompts to acts of beneficence ? No, there cannot be any two things more intrinsically opposed to one another than selfishness and benevolence. Selfishness and strict justice are incompatible. Mercy, which is a mode of action of benevolence is, on the contrary, an essential ingredient of justice. " Mercy," says Edmund Burke, " is not a thing opposed to justice. It is an essential part of it; as necessary in criminal cases as in civil affairs equity is to law." Selfishness whets the appetite of avarice. Benevolence is the source of charity. Selfishness, when opposed, is irritable and severe. "Charity is patient, is kind." Selfishness repines at the superior prosperity of a rival, is arrogant. " Charity envieth not, dealeth not perversely, is not puffed up." Selfishness seeketh worldly power and applause. " Charity is not ambitious, seeketh not her own." Selfishness judgeth harshly. " Charity thinketh no evil." Benevolence is the noblest attribute of the human mind. The New Testament abounds with its praise. You have heard, says Christ, that it hath been said, Thou shalt love thy neighbour, and hate thy enemy. But I say to you, " Love your enemies. For if you love them that love you, what reward shall you have ? Do not even the publicans this ? And if you salute your brethren only, what do you more ? Do not also the heathens this ? Strong attachment causes us to love our brethren, even when it is combined with other feelings, which 224 BENEVOLENCE. are not of a high order. Do we not find individuals, who have combined for the purpose of gratifying some of the lowest passions, ready to run all hazards for the attainment of each other's safety, but whose career has been marked by a total disregard for the happiness of others and a bitter hatred of their enemies? The com- mand, " Love thy neighbour as thyself," was specially addressed to the sentiment of Benevolence. And, again, Christ says to his disciples, " Keep my commandments." And this is my commandment, "That you love one another as I have loved you." St. Paul calls Charity, which is the offspring of Benevolence, the bond of per- fectness. And he considers it the highest attribute of religion. "And now there remain," says he, "Faith, Hope, and Charity — these three — but the greatest of all is Charity." Indeed, it is manifest that prayer and thanksgiving, which result from the activity of Faith, Hope, and Veneration, cannot, without Charity, of which Benevo- lence is the true and never-failing source, avail much towards the purification of the soul. " Not every one," says Christ, "that saith to me, Lord, Lord, shall enter into the kingdom of heaven, but he that doeth the will of my Father, who is in heaven, he shall enter into the kingdom of heaven." What, then, do we find to be most pleasing to his heavenly Father ? What shall procure endless beatitude ? To love God above all things and our neighbour as ourselves. The following text is a complete attestation of this. Then shall the king say to them that shall be on his right hand " Come, ye blessed of my Father, possess you the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world. For I was hungry, and you gave me to eat ; I was thirsty, and you BENEVOLENCE. 225 gave me to drink ; I was a stranger, and you took me in ; naked, and you covered me ; sick, and you visited me ; I was in prison, and you came to me." Then shall the just answer him, saying, " Lord, when did we see Thee hungry ? " And the king, answering, shall say to them, il Amen, I say to you as long as you did it to one of those little ones you did it to me." Such is the prospect held out to those who faithfully practice the virtues which spring from this noble senti- ment. How necessary it is, therefore, for those, who are entrusted with the care and education of children, assiduously to inculcate, not only by precept, but by example, the importance of rationally fulfilling its in- stinctive suggestions. Compassion for the distressed, meekness in the exercise of authority, modesty during triumph, and patience in affliction, are emanations from this primitive sentiment ; and if mankind did but reflect somewhat more upon the happiness afforded by the practice of these virtues, how few should we find to be the harrassed victims of disappointed ambition, of hateful arrogance, or of the deplorable evils arising from the selfish indulgence of the animal propensities. How inimitable is the following description of the effects of active Benevolence by the greatest of nature's bards — " The quality of mercy is not strained, It droppeth, as the gentle rain from heaven, Upon the place beneath : it is twice blessed : It blesseth him that gives and him that takes. 'Tis mightiest in the mightiest ; it becomes The throned monarch better than his crown, The attribute to awe and majesty, S 226 BENEVOLENCE. Wherein doth sit the dread and fear of kings : But mercy is above the sceptered sway, It is enthroned in the hearts of kings, It is an attribute to God himself ; And earthly power doth then show likest Grod's When mercy seasons justice." Almsgiving is one of the modes of action of Benevo- lence, but that is not so certain a criterion of beneficence of disposition as unpretending meekness of manner ; since individuals, remarkable for haughtiness of temper, have often distinguished themselves by their liberality in contributing to public charities, sometimes from con- siderations of public utility, sometimes to gratify a thirst for applause. But the man who gives alms from the pure love of relieving distress, independently of any intellectual calculation of its advantages or of ambition to gain applause, cannot possibly be habitually arrogant or morose. Christ, in his sermon on the Mount, drew a well marked line of distinction between the alms deeds, which proceed from Love of Approbation, and those which arise from Benevolence. " Therefore, when thou dost an alms deed, sound not a trumpet before thee, as the hypocrites do in the synagogues and in the streets, that they may be honoured by men. Amen, I say to you, they have received their reward. But when thou dost alms, let not thy left hand know what thy right hand doth. That thy alms may be in secret, and thy Father who seeth in secret will repay thee." Indeed, the satisfaction felt by the really benevolent in doing acts of charity, no change of circumstances can deprive them of ; but that which is the product of osten- tatious almsgiving may be embittered by various casualties. "A single whiff " of the incense of flattery withheld from BENEVOLENCE. 227 those who are prompted by love of praise or distinction alone to acts of charity, is sufficient to bereave them of much of the delight that should accompany the relief of distress, and to cause them to slacken their progress in the paths of beneficence, whilst true instinctive benevo- lence requires no extraneous motives to stimulate it, for it contains within itself a salient spring of generous action. The influence of love of approbation, however, in prompting to acts of charity, should not be depreciated, for it is a powerful incentive to active munificence. But, although alms-deeds proceed from a variety of motives, yet it is manifest that there is but one genuine source of charity, and that, in an abstract sense, charity is an elementary faculty of the mind, and is not the result of mixed feelings and affections. The man whom love of praise alone urges to the performance of deeds of charity is always fully sensible of the good he does ; but he, who is generous from the whisperings of benevolence is scarcely conscious of his own superior merit. This affection is the source of sympathy, and it is also the chief ingredient of that distinctive attribute of generous minds, called gratitude. The benevolent man cherishes in the deepest recesses of his soul the remem- brance of benefits conferred on him, nor can any change of conduct in his early friend obliterate his thankfulness, although he might deem it right to discontinue for ever his former intimacy. A singular case was shown to me, a long time ago at Peckham Lunatic Asylum, of a man who had lost his reason from excess of gratitude. He had.been for many years a pauper in Clerkenwell workhouse, where his uniform good conduct, readiness to oblige, and rare s 2 228 BENEVOLENCE. amiability of disposition, had gained for him the goodwill and marked consideration of successive parish authorities. Anxious to reward so much goodness, shining forth as it did, in this instance, through the gloom with which poverty had surrounded this humble creature, the authorities granted him a pension of 3-s. Gd. a week with leave to go where he pleased. And what was the sad consequence ? The poor man's gratitude was so excessive on having received a reward so disproportioned, in his own opinion, to any meritorious action that had ever been done by him, that his mind broke down, and his insanity was permanent. I well remember the tears of thankfulness that rolled down his care-worn cheeks, when the visiting physician, the late Dr. Ewin's, kindly asked him how he felt. He was a man about sixty, with a most benevolent expression of countenance, but strongly tinged with the hue of sadness ; and upon his taking off his cap one of the largest organs of Benevolence I have ever seen was presented to our view. At the same time his organs of Firmness, Self-esteem, Acquisitiveness, and Destructiveness were all small. Thus, then, did the inherent weakness of these antagonistic faculties enhance the activity of benevolence by allowing free scope for the exercise of its pure and elevated functions. A melancholy instance of the ill-effects of the exorbitant energy of morbidly excited benevolence was narrated in the Times, of November 1839, in the following words. " An extraordinary trial took place not long ago before the criminal court of Grenada. For some years past there had been residing in the village of Ugyai a charitable indi- vidual, named Don Yincente de Bentaval-y-Sazar, whose whole fortune was devoted to the improvement of the condition of the villagers and in relieving the poor. To BENEVOLENCE. 229 such an extent did Don Vincente carry his generosity that he denied himself almost the necessaries of life in order to succour the necessitous ; and he had been known to take the cloak from his own back to cover that of a poor female who was without one. Suddenly, the peaceful inhabitants of the village were alarmed at accounts of murders com- mitted in their neighbourhood, and all attempts to discover their origin were vain. It was merely known from the circumstances attending them, that they must have been committed by the same hand. Suddenly, however, the mystery was to be revealed. Two peasants, who had entered a recess to shelter themselves from the sun and eat their midday meal, were startled by the firing of a gun, and, rushing out to learn what was the matter, they saw the body of a murdered man, and the murderer standing over him rifling his pockets. They threw themselves on the assassin, and, having secured him, were in the greatest astonishment at seeing that it was the charitable Don Vincente. As the denial of the crime he had just committed was impossible, he confessed that he was the author of all the murders which had been committed, and stated that his only motive was to obtain money for the poor, his own resources being exhausted. In his defence before his judges he declared that his first murder, that of a wealthy priest, took place under the following circumstances : — " In Don Vincente's village two young persons were betrothed to each other; but a sudden calamity, which occurred to the father of the female prevented his paying the promised portion with his daughter, and the marriage was on the point of being broken off. Don Vincente, hearing of the circumstance, resolved to raise the money ; and applied to several acquaintances for a loan, but 230 BENEVOLENCE. received a refusal from all of them. Shortly afterwards he met the priest on his road, and asked him to lend him thirty ounces of gold. The priest, who knew him well, replied that he had a hundred ounces in his portmanteau on the back of his mule, and that he was welcome to it all ; but, Don Vincente, having, afterwards, in his joy, told him for what purpose the money was intended, the priest laughed at him, and said he was mad, and that for such a purpose he should not have a single ounce. Don Vincente, irritated at this, shot him dead, and, having taken his gold, gave the wedding dowry, and distributed the rest in various acts of charity. Having committed this murder, he resolved to make the robbery of the rich the means of meeting the continual wants of his poor pensioners ; and as this was only to be done by taking life, he committed murder after murder, until he was detected. On hearing the sentence of death pronounced upon him by his judges, he exclaimed, Oh, my God! who now will take care of my poor ? " Here, then, is a powerful sentiment of benevolence worked up by constant exercise to a diseased condition ; so much so, that all sense of justice, circumspection and reflection seemed to have been disregarded by this unfortunate man. What a strange instance this is of the calamities which may arise from allowing any single faculty of the mind to be the sole spring of our actions, while we suffer other most essential powers to languish into inaction, and thereby destroy the mental harmony which proceeds from the mutual influence of well-balanced moral organs. For, sentiments the most elevated, when too energetic, may, as we have seen, be productives of evil, unless they be kept in check by controlling powers, reasonably BENEVOLENCE. 231 directed. Thus only can excessive disproportion be at all harmonized and amended. How necessary it is, therefore, to watch with peculiar care the dawning of the youthful mind, in order to check the undue excitement of any faculty. And what a prospect does the science of Phrenology open to mankind of being able to know the mental tendencies and dispo- sitions of children by the form of their heads, for it is obvious that in the want of such assistance we are com- pelled to wait for indications of temper and ability in the actions of youth ; and are thereby forced to allow those tendencies to ripen into habit before a correct estimate of character can be formed. Whereas, by its help we can predicate tendencies, and prevent those tendencies from acquiring augmented strength through exercise, by the timely adoption of such methods of training as are best adapted to give a salutary direction to the moral, religious, and intellectual faculties. That mankind, with a comparatively insignificant exception as to numbers, is amply endowed with the sentiment of Benevolence cannot admit of a doubt; for even the worst habits and most perverted dispositions can never wholly extinguish the nascent flame of kindliness which the Creator has lighted up within us. Does a horse fall under a load in the street, numbers rush to the relief of the poor animal, and in their anxiety to extricate him willingly expose themselves to the risk of personal injury. Should a strong man maltreat and beat a weak one, what is the feeling evinced by the lowest individuals in a crowd ? Sympathy for the sufferer ; and this arouses their indignation against the oppressor. Even criminals have often, on trying occasions, displayed much benevolent tenderness. To illustrate this it will be well to mention 232 BENEVOLENCE. a case that occurred at the assizes of Galway many years ago. Three young men, named Connor, Lardner, and Burke, were tried there, for burglary and robbery at the house of a small farmer, who had at that time been collecting rents for his landlord. They were all convicted on the single testimony of the man they had robbed, and were sentenced to death. The prosecutor then eagerly prayed the judge and jury to grant mercy to Burke, on account of the humanity he had displayed on the night of the robbery. He stated that Connor and Lardner had tied him down with strong cords upon his bed, in a very painful position ; and then ransacked his drawers. All this time Burke kept watch at the door, and could have escaped with the others, without being seen at all by the prosecutor. But on hearing the agonizing cries of the poor man to be released from bondage, Burke came with a candle to his bedside to undo the knots ; and said, " I could not have the heart to leave you alone in this state." It was during the performance of this humane act that the witness identified his features through the crape covering, a proof of the risk he ran in fulfilling the dictates of instinctive Benevolence. This young man's sentence was commuted at once to transportation by the judge, who said that for that signal act of humanity not a hair of his head should suffer. Not very long after his arrival at Sydney, he was said to have received his manumission for good conduct. From his childhood this young man was remarkable for mildness and generosity, and had borne until then the character of an industrious man. But he was the victim of the direful influence of bad company upon some good, but unstable dispositions. BENEVOLENCE. 233 That pure, unalloyed benevolence is a power of the mind distinct in its nature from any other faculty or combination of faculties is a truth which cannot be con- troverted. Its separate existence, too, as a fundamental power implies the presence of an organ in the brain for its manifestation. And well-attested experience has estab- lished it as an indubitable fact that, in all persons who are remarkable for benevolence, there exists a marked elevation of the superior anterior part of the frontal bone, commencing at the top of the forehead, in the median line, and extending backwards about two inches ; while the same part is small in those who are noted for instinc- tive cruelty or a heartless disregard of the sufferings of others. Not that there are not to be met with men endowed with a good development of the organ of Bene- volence, who are capable of doing cruel acts. But this shows that no man should predicate character without taking a careful survey of all the organs so as to be able to form a correct judgment as to their mutual influence. It will not be deemed uninteresting to mention how this organ of Benevolence was discovered by Grail. Long before he thought of placing goodness of heart in the brain, his curiosity was excited by one of his friends, who used to say to him, "As you are engaged in the researches of the external marks, which indicate the qualities and faculties, you ought to examine the head of my servant Joseph. It is impossible to find goodness in a higher degree than in this boy. For more than ten years that he has been in my service, I have seen nothing in him but benevolence and gentleness. This is astonish- ing in one who, without any education, has grown up in the midst of an ill-bred rabble of servants." Upon hearing this Grail recalled to his recollection " The habitual 234 BENEVOLENCE. conduct of a young man whom he had known from his tenderest childhood, and who distinguished himself from his numerous brothers and sisters by the goodness of his heart. Though he passionately loved the sports of his age," says Gall, " and his greatest pleasure was to scour the forests in pursuit of birds' nests, as soon as one of his brothers or sisters was sick, a more irresistible inclination kept him at home, and he bestowed on the patient the most assiduous attention. When there were distributed to the children grapes, apples, cherries, he had always the smallest part, and rejoiced to see the others better provided for than himself. He was never better pleased than when anything agreeable happened to those he loved. In this case he often shed tears of joy. He took care of sheep, dogs, rabbits, pigeons, birds ; and when one of his birds died he wept bitterly, which never failed to draw on him the ridicule of his companions. And even now," continues Gall, " benevolence and good- ness are the distinctive character of this individual. " His character has certainly not taken this turn from education. On the contrary, others, in regard to him, have pursued a conduct which should have produced an opposite effect. I began to suspect, therefore, that what is called a good heart is not an acquired quality, but innate. " At the same time, I spoke of the goodness of heart so highly extolled in the servant Joseph, in a numerous family. ' Ah,' interrupted the eldest daughter, ' our brother Charles is precisely the same, you must really examine his head. I cannot tell you how good a boy he is.' " I had therefore in sight three subjects whose goodness of character was well acknowledged. I took casts of all BENEVOLENCE. 235 three, I put their busts side by side, and examined them till I had the character common to these three heads, otherwise very differently formed. In the interval I had applied myself to find similar subjects in schools, families, etc., in order to be prepared to multiply and rectify my observations. I also extended these observa- tions to animals, and I collected in a short time so great a number of facts, that there is no quality or fundamental faculty or organ whose existence is better established than that of Goodness, and the organ on which it depends."* The length of this quotation will, it is hoped, be excused, as it is given solely with the view of showing Gall's method of discovery and of his scrupulous determination not to admit anything as a fact, in proof of the truth- fulness of his philosophy, which he did not find to be strictly, and beyond all question correct. Spurzheim and every other subsequent investigator have verified Gall's discovery, and the collection of Deville alone, if there was no other in existence, afforded a sufficient amount of evidence to substantiate it beyond the possibility of doubt. I might fill pages with cases over and over again noticed by myself which prove the unvarying connection between goodness of heart and the development of the anterior superior portion of the head just above the forehead in the middle line. But a few will suffice. The organ of Benevolence is very large in the head of the negro Eustache Belin. This man got the prize of virtue at Paris for his singularly humane and generous conduct (see Plate 5). It is very small in Greenacre, who basely * .American translation. 236 BENEVOLENCE. murdered, under circumstances of premeditated wicked- ness, the woman whom he had promised to marry, and died on the gallows without evincing the slightest signs of remorse. It is large in the cast of John Clare, the Northamptonshire peasant poet, who was endowed with sentiments of the most amiable and generous kind. When a mere boy he contrived, by the " sweat of his brow, as a farm labourer, to earn a scanty subsistence for his helpless mother and rheumatic father. The same part of the head is small in the cast of Martine, or Marline, a Frenchman who was guillotined for the murder of his widowed mother who supplied him with what money she could afford. But suspecting that she had property concealed he murdered her in the expectation of getting at once all she possessed (see Plate 9). Benevolence is very small in the head of Steventon, who robbed an old woman on the high road near Hereford of ten pence, and then killed her. Having soon after boasted of what he had done a constable who came to arrest him, very nearly fell a victim to his fury. So low was this man's head in the moral region that he was not conscious of having done wrong. He was, in truth, a moral idiot. The organ is small in the Prussian woman, Gotfried, already noticed under the head of Destructiveness. Benevolence is very small in the head of Lacinaire, the cold blooded, remorseless assassin, and in the casts of the least merciful of culprits : in Bishop and Williams, for instance, who murdered the poor Italian boy and several other persons to sell their bodies to the anatomists. On the contrary, the same part of the head is invariably found large in all those who have been conspicuous for generosity, mercy, and forgivingness of temper. In Sharp's fine print of Kichard Keynolds, the benevolent BENEVOLENCE. 237 quaker of Colebrooke Dale, the organ is exceedingly prominent, and it is very large in Audran's print of Fenelon. As examples from low life where education had but little influence in forming character, it may be interesting to compare White's fine engraving of Jack Shepherd, after a drawing of the same size by Sir James Thornhill, with a good print of Eobert Bloomfield, the author of u The Farmer's Boy," published by himself. In the former, who was an arrant but ingenious thief, Bene- volence, as well as the other organs of the moral and religious sentiments, is comparatively flat, while the same region of the head is high and protuberant in the gentle and moral poet Bloomfield. In Sir J. Reynolds' portrait of Oliver Groldsmith, the organ of Benevolence is very large. And it is very con- spicuous in the cast of the scull of Robert Burns. In the mask of Henry the Fourth of France the organ is very salient. He pardoned his enemies, and wished that he might live to see a fowl in the pot of every peasant in his kingdom. That sentiment of homely benevolence, says Burke, was worth all the splendid sayings that are recorded of kings. In the best busts and coins of Julius Caesar, the organ of Benevolence is large, while it is not adequately developed in a very fine head that still remains of Marius, which is, at the same time, much broader at Destructiveness than the busts of Caesar. The one generously pardoned all his enemies, the other slaughtered his with vindictive ferocity. In the busts of Nero and Caracalla, the same part of the head is greatly depressed, while it is remarkably elevated in those of Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius. We have already seen that in the lower animals, also, we find particular dispositions accompanied by peculiar 238 BENEVOLENCE. forms of the head. In all those that are remarkable for gentleness the scull is always found to be elevated in the median line above the eyes and between the ears, and a remarkable flatness of the same part is characteristic of the ferocious tribes. Compare the leopard, the panther, or the tiger, with the poodle dog or the gentle spaniel, and there can be no difficulty in seeing at a glance the vast disparity. In all birds that are gentle, such as the dove, the scull is high in proportion to its width ; it is low and broad in the hawk and the eagle. There is, also, a vast difference between the appearance of the flat scull of the furious baboon and the elevated ones of the chimpanzee and orang-outang. The diversity of character manifested in various kind& of wild animals, that roam unmolested and unchecked, in pursuit of objects suited to the gratification of their appetites, in the same lands, and exposed to the influence of the same external circumstances, cannot possibly have had its rise in habit or education ; but must be the result of corporeal organs, specially adapted to be the expositors of such instinctive peculiarities. A still stronger proof presents itself in domestic animals. Dogs of the same litter manifest, even in the first months of their existence, tempers the most opposite. Some are, as they grow older, vicious, and insensible to kindness, others lick the hand that smites them. Two female cats, one the offspring of the other, had always been subjected to the same mode of treatment. Yet their tempers differed widely. The old one was remarkable for gentleness, and delighted in being caressed. The other was distant and cross-tempered, and was never known to come of her own accord into anyone's lap, or to remain there if taken into it. These cats re- sembled each other in every way except the form of the BENEVOLENCE. 239 head, which was high and somewhat arched in the one, and flat in the other between the ears. Gentleness and docility in the horse is always indicated by an elevation of the head, between the ears, about three inches above the eyes. Among mankind do we not find the greatest difference in respect to goodness even in members of the same family. Some are grudging and ill-natured, others gentle and kind-hearted ; and the form of their heads differs widely in the region of the organ of Benevolence. In the various races of wild uncultivated men, whom the blessings of civilization had not reached, our travellers have met with some who were meek, docile, and to some extent, reliable ; while others were found to be indocile, morose, and treacherous. And it may here be repeated that their sculls present differences of form, exactly in accordance with the great law of nature discovered by Dr. Gall. It is presumed that enough has been said in the preceeding pages to prove that compassion for the afflicted, and benevolent aspirations for the advent of universal happiness, are not simply the result of any intellectual consideration, as to the principle of social utility; and, that so far from having their origin in in self-love, as some speculative writers have supposed, they are diametrically opposed to it. That they are not the offspring of purely religious sentiment has also been shewn ; although these certainly tend to enhance their activity. That benevolence is distinct from the abstract sense of justice is proved by its being found to be a marked feature in the characters of unjust and criminal individuals. Nevertheless, it has been shown that this " Attribute to God himself," is an essential ingredient of justice. For the simple love of justice 240 BENEVOLENCE. may lead to acts of injustice, where the other mental faculties are incapable of seeing what is really just. That, although it is not the sole promoter of almsdeeds, it is their only genuine and lasting source. And that benevo- lence is an innate quality of the human mind, and not the result of education, has been fully shown by a reference to instances of individuals, brought up precisely in the same manner, differing widely from each other in regard to meekness and generosity of disposition. Hence it cannot be doubted that benevolence is a fundamental affection and not a mode of action of any other faculty. It may be well to state in addition to those cases already named that the organ of Benevolence is exceedingly large in the portrait of Dr. Cogan, the author of " Ethical Questions " and founder of the Royal Humane Society ; and of Captain Coram who raised the Foundling Hospital ; and in St. Vincent De Paul, who was a being of the most indefatigable beneficence. The situation of the organ has been already pointed out. VENERATION-SENSE OP DEVOTION. The convolutions which lie just behind the organ of Benevolence and occupy the central portion of the top of the head, cause, when they are abounding, a marked elevation of that part called the fontanelle, in infants. They are covered, partly, by the superior portion of the frontal bone, and partly by the anterior superior angles of parietal bones. The size of this region bears no fixed proportion to the organ of Benevolence in front of it, nor to that of Firmness which has its seat immediately behind it. Sometimes, indeed, these two organs are remarkably salient, while this one is depressed. Of this fact the heads of William Godwin and Rammohun Roy are striking examples. On the contrary, this part, when very large, is often accompanied by an ample develop- ment of the other two, as may be seen in the casts of Canova, Flaxman, Crabbe, and Sir "Walter Scott. The disparity of form in this region of the head between Lord Chancellor Eldon and Godwin is conspicuous in a rare degree. And between Lord Eldon and Richard Carlile, the publisher of Deistical books, the contrast is still more remarkable (see Plates, 1, 2, 3, 10.) These convolutions constitute the organ of Veneration. And they are not to be found in the brain of the orang- outang, although it approaches nearer to the brain of man T 242 VENEKATION. than does that of any other species of animal. This fact was demonstrated by Spurzheim, before the Royal Society, on the 14th of May, 1829. And it was pub- lished by Treutel, Wurtz, and Richter, 30 Soho Square, London, in 1830. In the history of the discovery of the religious sentiment, as a fundamental faculty of the mind, and of its organ, Gall says, " There were ten children of us in the house of my father ; my brothers, my sisters and myself all received the same education ; but our faculties and tendencies were very different. One of my brothers, from his infancy, had a strong tendency to devotion. His playthings were church vases, which he sculptured himself, copes and surplices which he made with paper. He prayed to God and said mass all day ; and, when he was obliged to miss service at church, he passed his time in the house in ornamenting and gilding a crucifix of wood. My father had destined him to commerce; but he had an invincible aversion to the business of a merchant, "because he said it forced one to lie. At the age of twenty-three years he lost all patience ; having lost all hope of pursuing his studies, he fled from the house and turned hermit. Five years after he took orders ; and, till his death, lived in exercises of devotion and penance." He goes on to say, " I observed in schools that, independ- ently of other faculties, certain pupils had no susceptibility for religious instruction, while others were very eager for it This inclination was born in them without its being known how, and without its being possible to attribute it to example, education or surrounding objects. Most of these young persons devoted themselves to this career, contrary to the wishes of their parents and instructors." VENERATION. 243 Afterwards, being persuaded that the tendency to piety and the exercises of devotion are innate, Grail recalled the observations which he had made in his infancy on himself and his fellow-pupils. He visited churches ot all sects and devoted himself especially to observing the heads of those who prayed most fervently, or who were most absorbed in their pious contemplations. And he goes on to say, " I was first struck by the circumstance that the most fervent devotees I had seen were almost always bald. Yet I asked myself what can baldness have in common with devotion ? Women are rarely bald, yet they are more devout than men. I soon observed, how- ever, that bald heads often rise gradually to the top, and that it was precisely this form of head which had first struck me. As soon as I was convinced by a considerable number of observations that most devout persons have heads so formed, I visited the monasteries and observed the monks, taking care to collect at the same time exact information in relation to their moral character. My observations were confirmed in those who performed the functions of preacher and confessor, but not always in the servants, as the butlers, cooks, etc." Thus did Gall continue to multiply his observations till he had satisfied himself that the part of the brain above described was the seat of the sentiment of the belief in God and of the disposition to religious worship. Subsequent investigations have fully established the correctness of Gall's opinion, namely that fervent senti- ments of devotion are always accompanied by a marked elevation of the centre of the top of the head. But though this coincidence is constant, still this part of the head has been found large in some individuals who were not at all remarkable for the strength of their T 2 244 VENEKATION. religious belief. Gall was, therefore, mistaken in attri- buting religious belief in the existence of God to the action of this part of the brain alone. It is true that a strong tendency to devotional exercises prepares the mind for the reception of those revelations, the most sublime of which are so shrouded in mysteries that the profoundest understanding is utterly incapable of fathom- ing their depths. Devotion to God is a mode of action of a fundamental power, the function of which is simply reverence. But it does not appear to comprehend within its sphere of action the power of instinctively suggesting the nature of the objects of its respect or adoration. These must be seen through the agency of other powers. A man, for instance, whose sense of justice and firmness are strikingly characteristic, but who has little benevolence, will respect the man who exacts in all cases strict retri- bution without paying proper attention to the cry of mercy. On the contrary, the individual in whose dis- position benevolence is associated with justice and firm- ness in an equal degree, will revere him only whose acts of retributive justice bear the impress of benignity. Again, one in whom meekness is the dominant character- istic will love and respect him the most who is more ready to forgive injuries than to retaliate. And the one whose mental vision can instinctively descry through the shining portals of Faith the divine object of adoration, will value him the most whose life is spent to a large extent in devotional exercises. It is the same with respect to other faculties. Who, for instance, can be more venerated by lovers of freedom than the unselfish hero of liberty ? The most exalted function of this faculty is adoration of a supreme, omnipotent being, an im- material spirit, whose nature and essence the intellect VENERATION. 245 of man is incapable of appreciating. But before we can adore anything it is requisite that we should have some idea of its existence. The sentiment of veneration itself cannot originate the idea. What, then, is its source? Is it the result of intelligence ? Undoubtedly the wonders of the universe, conveyed through the medium of the external senses to our per- ceptive and reflective faculties, cannot fail to impress an intelligent being, gifted with the power of tracing the connexion between cause and effect, of the existence of an Almighty disposer of things, for since nothing can exist without a cause, and since nothing within the sphere of man's limited understanding could originate the meanest thing that lives, and since life could not be the result of chance, which is but an effect — a falling from God, it follows of necessity that there must exist some pure and wise Almighty Creator of all things, whose attributes are entirely beyond human comprehension. Hence it would appear that, through the operation of his understanding, man may obtain a reasonable con- viction of the existence of God. But that this is not the only mode, nor yet the most convincing through which a fervent belief in the existence of God and of his power is conveyed to the mind, will appear, when it is considered that fervency of faith is not in proportion to the amount of intellect which a man may possess. Do we not find men who in their writings have evinced extraordinary talents in a high degree sceptical in matters of faith. Few, indeed, if any have ever really done so, have presumed to doubt concerning the existence of the Deity, but many eminent persons have been reluctant to place implicit belief in the power attributed to him by the bulk of mankind, or rather in the exercise of it, 246 VENERATION. as it was manifested in the incarnation, for the purpose of establishing the supremacy of religion and morality on earth. Others, on the contrary, who have enriched the domain of science and of literature, have shone amongst the most prominent advocates of the truth of revelation. Belief or disbelief in the miraculous doctrines of Chris- tianity cannot, therefore, be the result of intellectual calculation. Intellect is clearly an insufficient medium through which to discern its truthfulness. There must, then, be an internal sense or faculty which prompts mankind to believe instinctively in the supernatural, or in spiritual existencies, independent of any act of the understanding, although the understanding serves to regulate and restrain the intensity of the sentiment. Neither should active faith be looked upon as merely the result of an unreflecting and uneducated mind, for narrow-minded and untutored men are frequently found to be callous to the admonitions of spiritual instructors, while others of poor intellects are the first to imbibe and cherish a belief in those parts of revelation which the highest human intelligence is not capable of com- prehending. The last moments of some criminals afford a strong attestation of the first proposition. And some savage tribes, remarkable for inferiority of reasoning power, are yet strong in their religious belief — for religious it certainly is, though it takes the form of irrational super- stition. "Superstition," says Edmund Burke, "is the religion of feeble minds, and they must be tolerated in an intermixture of it, in some trifling or some enthusiastic shape or other, else you will deprive weak minds of a resource found necessarv to the strongest." VENERATION. 247 It is clear, then, that religious sentiments are neither the offspring of vigorous nor of weak understandings. They must, therefore, arise from affections, the impulses of which are independent of intellect. What then is the nature of these affections ? Religion consists, chiefly, in obedience to the will of God, in a reliance on his promises, and in an unfeigned desire to imitate his goodness. But, since the feeling that prompts to obedience can give no intimation of the object to be obeyed, there is some other primitive faculty necessary besides veneration to enable us to form a conception of it. And, since the attributes of this omni- potent being are beyond the reach of man's limited powers of mere intellectual comprehension, adapted as as they are to sensible and material objects and to human thoughts and desires only, there must, necessarily, exist a special faculty to render us capable of having implicit credence in the existence of spiritual things, and of a mysterious omniscient Creator, who never had a beginning and is to exist eternally. This affection has been named the sense of the marvellous, or supernatural ; and also of the mysterious, and the wonderful. Religious faith, then, is a compound affection arising from the action of the sentiments of Marvellousness and Veneration, harmoniously blended with other affections, both moral and intellectual. The necessity for this union of qualities in the composition of a religious mind is not to be overlooked in forming a judgement of character on phrenological principles. For mere belief in the existence of spiritual things has not unfrequently been evinced by persons in no way remarkable for religious observances, while others have been characterized by reverential and obedient tendencies, whose minds were 248 VENERATION. impervious to the light of Christianity ; so far, at least as its mysterious attributes are involved. Since, therefore, a fundamental faculty, which imparts a s ense of the marvellous, exists, there must be a particular part of the brain for its evolvement. Dr. Gall was the first to observe that persons disposed to have visions have a considerable enlargement of the superior lateral portion of the frontal bone, resembling the segment of a circle. He was far, however, from supposing that belief in the existence of a Supreme Being had any connection with this organ. Finding that the convolution was placed between those of Imitation and Ideality, he puts the following questions. u Does this convolution make part of the organ of Imitation, and does its excessive development exalt the talent for imitation^ so as to cause it to give to ideas of its own creation an external existence, and make them appear as if coming to us from without ? Or does this convolution at the same time make part both of poetry and imitation ? Or, in fine, does it constitute a particular organ ? This is what further researches alone will be able to decide. . . . As it is very possible that visions are- only the blended result of an exalted action of one of those two organs, or of the two together, I have not thought it necessary to consider it as a particular organ." These speculations have not been verified by the facts which have been collected since Gall's time. Indeed, it is no uncommon thing to meet with persons, who manifest great powers of imitation, and are yet by no means visionary. While, on the contrary, there are visionaries who evince but little proneness to mimicry. Moreover, the convolution above described bears no proportion to the extent of the imitative faculty ; while this power is always in accordance with the development of the VENERATION. 249 convolution that lies between Benevolence and the organ of the sense of the Marvellous. It is highly probable that this part of the brain, as surmised by Gall, exercises much influence upon the organ of Imitation, as it certainly does upon that of Ideality or Poetry, as Gall calls it. But that is not the question I am now considering. My object is to show that there exists a sense of the marvellous and super- natural which is a fundamental, independent faculty or affection, and that its manifestation depends upon the condition of a part of the brain already described, which Doctor Gall always found largely developed in persons who fancied they held converse with supernatural or spiritual objects. Subsequent investigators have collected and recorded a vast amount of well-authenticated facts in corroboration of his discovery. It is obvious that a belief in visions and mysterious agencies must be a mode of action of the same faculty which prompts to belief in the existence of a Supreme Being, only that the former manifestation of it is the result of the morbid exaltation of the faculty, whilst the latter is its sublime and normal function. Having now taken a view of the combined influence of marvellousness and veneration upon the human charac- ter, it will be right, for the sake of clearness, to make some observations on the nature of each of them sepa- rately. Humility is one of the attributes of the faculty of Veneration, and how gratifying it is to the earnest dis- ciples of Gall to find that the portion of brain which is invariably found to be essential to the manifestation of that sentiment, should lie in harmonious contiguousness with the organ of Benevolence and Meekness. 250 VENERATION. The admonition of Christ to his faithful followers — " Learn of me, for I am meek and humble of heart," was directly addressed to these two affections. " Humility," says St. Francis De Sales, " perfects us with respect to God, and meekness with regard to our neighbour." These two sentiments, sustained by abiding faith and lively hope, were the hallowed source of that meek fortitude and self-sacrificing resignation displayed by the early Christian martyrs. Indeed, in every relation of life these dispositions shed a halo of serenity and repose around the dark and stormy elements of disaster and of sorrow to which we are so often exposed. But, like every other faculty, the sentiment of Venera- tion may be abused, and its ill-directed energies may lead to much public and private misfortune. Would not unremitting attention to devotional exercise, for instance, be a grievous dereliction of duty in the mother of a young family ? whereas the greater part of her time should be occupied in sedulously attending to the genial and im- portant office which nature destined her to fulfil ? This feeling induces a reverence for ancient institu- tions and profound respect for those in authority. Hence it must be regarded as an important safeguard against ill-digested levelling principles of innovation, and a supporter of order and established government. On the other hand it is quite necessary that the political leanings of this sentiment should be carefully watched, lest its salutary tendencies degenerate into unmanly subserviency. The degrading doctrine of the divine right of kings to substitute their own wills for law, and the mean-spirited suggestions of that of passive obedience have had their chief support in the abused and corrupted energy of this faculty. Hence it has been the indirect abettor and VENERATION". 251 encourager of tyranny and the enemy of every improve- ment which threatened to trench upon ancient usages (see Plates 1 & 3). How necessary it was, therefore, that mankind should j)ossess other faculties calculated to counteract the undue predominance of this. Those are Conscientiousness, Self-esteem, Love of Distinction, Firmness and Courage. It is worthy of remark that the organs of these powers, except the last mentioned, lie in the immediate vicinity of that of Veneration. They were placed there by the hand of the Creator and, probably, ordained by him to be, as it were, faithful sentinels at the portals of the temple of personal liberty, which the passive and unselfish nature of the other would unwittingly expose to the assaults of tyranny and the inroads of usurpation. The organs of the religious sentiments sometimes become diseased; and, strange to say, religious mania has been the cause of deeds, which it is the special object of religion to condemn. Even murder has been, occa- sionally, the result of morbidly excited devotional feeling, at one time for the honour of religion, at another for the insane purpose of benefitting the victim of this morbid sense of duty. Robert Deane was executed in London, many years ago, for the murder of a child to whom he was very much attached. His love for the child filled his mind with dismal forebodings as to her future prospects ; and, in order to remove her from the perils, to which he imagined she would be inevitably exposed in her progress through life, he formed the maniacal resolution to kill her ; since he was assured by an internal monitor that her innocence would open for her a passage to the mansions of eternal bliss. Before he committed the dreadful act he caressed 252 VENERATION. fervently prayed to God in the poor babe's behalf. It may be proper to state that Deane was remarkable for a pious turn of mind ; that his behaviour was peaceable and becoming ; and that the form of his head was strongly indicative of his conduct and motives. The organ of Benevolence was full, that of Veneration large ; and the organ of Love of Offspring and of children in general remarkably developed. Conscientiousness, Hope, and Ideality were comparatively small ; and his intellectual organs were only moderate, while Destructiveness and the other animal organs were large. The next case is that of a lunatic seaman, named Welsh,, a patient at Haslar Hospital many years ago. This unhappy man had an unconquerable propensity to murder ; and he actually did murder two men. The organ of Veneration was very large in Welsh's head, and those of the animal propensities were also very protuberant, especially Destructiveness. One day this man asked Dr. James Scott's assistant, Dr. Patrick Marty n, whom he liked and had some confidence in, if he would let him into his neighbour's cell. And when asked what his object was, he said he wanted to kill him, because he abused Christ and the Virgin Mary. The young surgeon then asked, " Would you kill me." He said, " No, you are my friend. But I would kill even yourself if you were to say anything against Christ and the Virgin Mary." In this case, a naturally strong sentiment of devotion was seemingly the incentive to acts of violence and bloodshed in a lunatic whose mind- was disposed for the commission of such deeds. In every well-constituted mind the feeling of respect- fulness greatly enhances individual happiness, and adds VENERATION. 253 to the delights of social intercourse. A man may love goodness and admire loveliness, be faithful in his attach- ments and assiduously attentive to the object of his affections, yet, if he be deficient in the sense of Respect- fulness, his love may sometimes wear the hue of selfishness and his tenderness lose its grace by being robed in the garb of condescension. There will be wanting that ic subordination of the heart " which never fails to inspire confidence and greatly to augment the value of kindness, Tby removing from its escutcheon every symbol of self- love. It imparts that degree of respect for the opinions of others, which is essential to the forming of just conclusions in regard to circumstances in which our own predilections might lead us, in its absence, to be unjustly dogmatical. Thus does this affection form one of the moral harbingers of peace, by directly serving to restrain those feelings, which are, in their nature opposed to conciliation. But, it must not be forgotten that when this sentiment is strong, and unaccompanied by an adequate endowment of Benevolence, Conscientiousness, and a proper sense of pride, while Acquisitiveness, ■Secretiveness, and the lower propensities, generally, are active, much hypocritical reverence and time-serving adulation will form the prominent features of a character so constituted. Hence the necessity of carefully watch- ing the nascent tendencies of youth, so as to be enabled to curb the undue predominance of any faculty which might interfere with the harmonious working of all. In the cast from the head of Lord Chancellor Eldon, whose bigoted abhorrence of all political reformation was notorious, the organ of Veneration is exceedingly salient, while it is as remarkably hollow in the cast of William Godwin, the author of " Political Justice," a work which 254 VENERATION. advocates political views of a diametrically opposite- nature. In the casts of Coleridge and Crabbe it is strikingly prominent, and in Sir Walter Scott's cast from nature this region of the head is of almost un- paralleled elevation (see Plates 1, 2, 3, & 16). It is depressed in Rammohun Roy, who., although a Brahmin, repudiated all veneration for the cherished creed of his ancestors, when he discerned the irrational and super- stitious nature of its dogmas and observances. Let the portraits of Gobinet (who was called, " Sorbonice gloria magna domus,") by Edelinck, and that of Fenelon, by Audran, be compared with the portrait of Cardinal De Retz, by Nanteuil, and the great disparity in the size of the organ of Veneration must strike the most careless observer. In the bald heads of St. Ignatius Loyola and St. Francis De Sales, the former engraved by Vosterman, the latter from a painting by Ant. Dieu, the organs of Veneration, Marvellousness, and Hope are very elevated, but the first is remarkably conspicuous in both of them.. In Loyola it stands out in a more isolated form. In De Sales it is blended rather more harmoniously with a remarkably large organ of Benevolence. In St. Charles and Frederic Borromeo a similar height of the same region of the head is conspicuous. The same part is remarkably large in Bishop Ridley, whose portrait is almost the only one of the eminent religious reformers that has been handed down to us without a covering on the head. Combined with indications of noble moral and intellectual qualities, the organ of Veneration is large in Melancthon. In a print by T. Smith, published in 1772, of " The Inspired Drum-major of the Northamptonshire Militia," VENEKATION. 255 as he was seen preaching from some church pulpit, the organ of Veneration, and also those of Marvellousness and Hope, are extremely large. And to his well- developed forehead and very salient organ of Language, is to be attributed his tendency and ability to give vent to the ruling sentiments of his nature through the medium of eloquent and fervent preaching. It is inter- esting to contrast this with a portrait of Henry Rogers, a pewterer of Cornwall, who, to evade a process of Chancery, barricaded his house, and shot several men who accompanied the sheriff for the purpose of ejecting him, before they could effect an entrance. Shortly before he was hanged for these murders he attempted to kill the sheriff in prison, and said he would die happy if he had succeeded in the attempt. The account of him states that his religious instructor could not, in the least degree, affect " his brutal stupidity, and he went to the gallows without any remorse." This print was published in 1735. The head is very broad, and exces- sively low. It is even hollow in the region of Benevo- lence and Veneration, and Marvellousness is very small. The contrast between this head and that of St. Francis De Sales is remarkably striking. Veneration is an elementary faculty which is exclusively human, and its organ in the brain is, beyond any doubt, thoroughly established. FIftMNESS. The most careless observer of human conduct cannot fail to notice in some individuals a marked tenacity of purpose of which others are comparatively destitute. The affection from which springs this mental peculiarity is called Firmness. Its prevalence, under rational and moral restrictions, is of great importance both in private and in public life. Nations composed of men, who happen to be, in the main, amply endowed with this power, are remark- able for stedfastness and untiring perseverance in pursuit of whatever they may, collectively, deem of importance to the welfare of the people at large. But when once they have obtained the object of their wishes, nothing but the most overwhelming compulsion could force them to at- tempt the undoing of that which cost them such sacrifices to establish, and of the beneficial efficacy of which they still continue to entertain sanguine expectations. In politics, therefore, this faculty is of the utmost value. A people, in whose mental constitution firmness is found to be a characteristic ingredient, are not likely to be driven about by every "wind of doctrine." They may be sen- sible of the existence of blemishes which disfigure the fair features of the constitution ; they may long for the fulfilment of those theoretic visions of political purity and happiness, which would be the result of the active pre- dominance of the moral sentiments, but which they know FIRMNESS. 257 ■can never be realised, while selfishness continues to sway the motives of most of those men, whose talents, energies, and industry enable them to form the channels through which the current of popular opinions is accustomed to flow. They may be aware of these imperfections, but so long as firmness shall characterise a nation, the majority will lend an unwilling ear to the blandishments of elo- quence, should that most influential offspring of the high- est mental powers, harmoniously combined, be used for the purpose of effecting a sudden uprooting of long established institutions. Of course, caution and reflection, as well as veneration for old institutions, must also be national characteristics. But to support these Firmness is essential. Let us suppose that the inhabitants of two great countries are pretty equally endowed with intellectual and moral dispositions, but that^we find self-esteem and firmness characteristic of the one, while love of dis- tinction forms the most striking feature of the other. Let us further suppose that the institutions, by which each of them happens to be governed, partake of much that is erroneous in theory, and not a little that might be justly regarded as detrimental in practice, but which, nevertheless, are found, by experience, to possess a majority of qualities, which are fundamentally salutary, and, properly administered, calculated to conduce to the general weal. If, under such circumstances, men of great ambition, courage, and extraordinary talents, justly dissatisfied with the deteriorating influence of the un- sound parts of the political system, were to use the influence which eloquence is so well calculated to confer, for the purpose of summarily demolishing the old constitu- tional edifice, in order to raise upon a new foundation a u 258 FIKMNESS. structure more suited, in all its compartments, to the individual taste of the new projector, which of the two nations would be most likely to become the prey of crude revolutionary doctrines ? Undoubtedly, the one in which love of glory, with comparatively little firmness, happens to be the paramount principle of action. For, the love of glory, when not kept in check by circumspection and firmness, delights in any new experiment that affords a prospect of its being sooner or later possessed of the objects of its insatiable longings. In such a case a strong sense of attachment and of reverence would enhance the effect of firmness. Fickleness of disposition must, then, be deemed a concomitant of exorbitant love of glory, with defective firmness and circumspection. A people, thus generally organized, would become willing instruments in the hands of some ambitious and commanding individual ; while a nation, in which the ardour of love of fame is mellowed by caution and firmness — the one by awakening reflection, the other by imparting fixedness of purpose — will always pause before embarking in perilous enterprises, and will rest content with a gradual and rational reformation of abuses. Such a people do not require a large standing army to keep them in order. Hence it may be inferred that firmness is of the utmost importance in every relation of life, and that it is a powerful auxiliary in maintaining the supremacy of the moral sentiments. But it must not be forgotten that it is, also, ready to subserve the interest of the selfish passions, should they happen to be the leading features of character. The position of the organ indicates its- liability to be acted upon by these antagonistic influences ; for it lies between the organs of Conscientiousness ; and FIRMNESS. 259 it is bounded anteriorly by Veneration and posteriorly by Self-esteem. For instance, Firmness, with large Self-esteem and Love of Approbation, and with moderate Conscientiousness and Benevolence, produces obstinacy and a disinclination to acknowledge a fault or even a mere mistake. On the other hand, Veneration and Benevolence, unopposed by an adequate amount of Self-esteem, would prompt persons to pay too much deference to the opinions and wishes of others. Self-esteem, aided by some of the lower feelings, would lead to intolerance, if the influence of Benevolence and Veneration were weak. Conscientious- ness desires to hold the balance even between these opposing affections, and would naturally turn the scale in favour of the unselfish passions. But, even the sense of justice will, in trying and difficult positions, require the support of active firmness. In fine, firmness, when acting in unison with the moral sentiments, supports a dignified demeanour ; but, when bad passions predominate, an excessive development of the organ of Firmness renders these much more dangerous. Hence, firmness cannot be essentially a moral sentiment ; however powerful it is as a sustainer of noble characteristics. It appears to be a mental quality sui generis. This affection has been deemed synonymous with perseverance : but, although firmness supports the other powers in their efforts to persevere, especially under difficulties, still the power to persevere does not always depend upon firmness; for, whenever a combination of organs, necessary for the pursuit of any special art or science, is strongly developed, such organs, through an inherent power of their own, will be active and persevering U 2 260 FIRMNESS. in their efforts to obtain a thorough knowledge of the objects which are appreciable by themselves alone. A man, for instance, who is endowed with musical faculties in an eminent degree, will persevere in such studies as are alone capable of enabling him to 'gratify his love for music. There have been some great musical composers, who were not all remarkable for firmness of character. Yet, surely, their eminent proficiency in the art of music could not be attained without great perseverance. He that possesses genius for painting or sculpture will persevere in his efforts to gain a mastery over the difficulties of these fine arts ; but yet, as a man, he may want firmness of character. The late Benjamin West, President of the Royal Academy, may be brought forward as a case in point. His long life was exclusively and perseveringly devoted to the art of painting; and yet he was wanting in firmness of character. And, accord- ingly we find that in the cast of his head, taken after death, the organ of Firmness is small, while the organs of the faculties which constitute a talent for painting were large. With what perseverance did Flaxman cultivate his great genius for sculpture, and yet Flaxman was more gentle and yielding than firm and determined. And in his bust, also, this organ was but moderately developed. The more dominant the faculty the more inclined it is to persevere for the sake of its own gratification. The thief will persevere in robbing for the gratification of acquisitiveness ; the sensualist, disregarding the decencies of life, will persevere in the indulgence of the lower propensities ; while the individual, in whom the organ of Benevolence is very large, will persevere in the per- formance of acts of charity. FIRMNESS. 261 Nevertheless, though firmness is not, in this point of view, essential to the existence of the persevering quality, it is indispensable as an instinctive imparter of power to persevere in resisting the gratification of dominant tendencies, which reason and the moral sense would condemn. Had the unhappy Dr. Dodd had some firmness of character, he might have been enabled to per- severe in curbing the impulses which hurried him on perseveringly in his incautious and culpable career. That firmness is a fundamental power of the mind there cannot be a doubt. It is not merely the result of courage, though courage enables one to show firmness. But a man may be very courageous and yet vacillating and unstable, or he may be immovably firm and wanting in courage. Dr. Dodd possessed courage amounting to recklessness in pursuit of his pleasures, but he was lamentably deficient in firmness (see Plate 9). Since firmness, then, is a primitive affection, it must have a certain part of the brain for its manifestation. The relative position of its organ has been already described. When large, the posterior part of the top of the head is remarkably elevated. The action of the head is stiff and constrained, and even the body evinces, in all its motions, an ungraceful inflexibility. The organ of Firmness is very large in the cast of the late Richard Carlile, the bookseller of Fleet Street. This man suffered more than six years' imprisonment for his infidel publications, rather than promise to desist from such practices upon his being liberated. At length Government, without any stipulation, discharged him. But he soon resumed his old conduct more daringly than ever. He even went so far as to remove his first-floor window sashes, and suspended in one of the windows 262 FIRMNESS. the effigy of a bishop of the Church of England, and in the other the black figure of Satan. He was again prosecuted for this outrage upon the religious sentiments of Christendom, and committed to gaol, whence he was discharged after nearly four years' confinement, but without his apologising or retracting in the least degree (see Plate 3). His associate, Robert Taylor, who was imprisoned at the same time, was so far wanting in firmness to bear the privations attached to prison dis- cipline, that his mind for a moment lost its balance, and in a fit of frenzy he attempted to kill the sheriff. But nothing could subdue the imperturbable firmness of Carlile. The organ of Firmness was moderate in the head of Taylor. In the scull of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, this part of the head is very large, and, according to the records of history, his firmness sometimes amounted to unwise pertinacity, notwithstanding the superiority of his understanding and his nobleness of character. In the scull of King Edward the Second the organ is rather small, and certainly, though not wanting in courage he was the victim of irresolution. Want of firmness and intellectual indolence exposed him to the loss of his throne and life. While the powerful and active intellect of Humphrey, and his impetuous determined character, rendered him an object of dread to his enemies, whose persecutions were at length fatal to him (see Plate 5). In the portraits of Charles the Twelfth, Wallenstein, and Suwarrow, firmness is remarkably large. It is rela- tively small in Sir Kenelm Digby, a man of great mental endowments, and great personal courage, but wanting in firmness. It is moderate in the cast from nature of the painter Fuseli, and in West, as has been FIRMNESS. 263 already noticed, it is rather small. In Stubbs, the animal painter, the organ is very large. It is moderate in the scull of Robert Burns. In Swift's it is proportionately much larger. It is large in the head of William Godwin and moderate in Wordsworth, and in the head of B. R. Haydon, the painter, the organ of Firmness was very poorly developed. In this region, the head of Sir Walter Scott was very high, but in him it was united with such an assemblage of nobly-developed moral organs as would deprive it of characteristic supremacy. The same part is very prominent in Cooper, the young high- wayman of Hornsey, whose firmness of character was not to be subdued ; and very small in the culprit Corder, whose indecision was strikingly manifested. It may be interesting to add a few instances in cor- roboration of these, taken from the remains of ancient sculpture. In the busts of the two Cato's this organ is very salient. But in the elder it is accompanied by greater Self-esteem and Love of Approbation. Though well-developed in the magnanimous Scipio Affricanus, still, owing to the superior development of the organs of Veneration and Benevolence in his head, it is not by any means so prominent as it is in the bust of the iron-willed Cato the censor, the implacable persecutor of his family. In Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa it was large. It was moderate in his brave but less decided opponent Sextus Pompey. In the great Trajan this organ is large. It is small in the amiable and well-intentioned but irresolute Alexander Severus. Firmness, backed by strongly marked Self-esteem, is a salient and characteristic feature in the head of Zeno, the founder of the Stoic philosophy, whilst a moderate development of the same organs is strikingly manifest in the fine antique bust of the wise poet 264 FIKMNESS. Horace, the genial and social asserter and practiser of the doctrines of Epicurus. And it is an interesting and instructive fact that the same region of the head is but moderately developed in the best coins of his friend and patron Mecenas, whose disposition in this respect really harmonised with his own. And . the difference between the characters of the rugged and stern Cato, the censor, and Mecenas, a man distinguished for his love of social ease and refinement of manners, even savouring of Epicu- rean effeminacy, is strikingly indicated by the moderate development of the organ of Firmness in the wise and politic counsellor of Augustus, and its protuberant saliency in the head of the great and uncompromising prop of the early republic. The existence and local position of the organ of Firm- ness are facts of which there does not exist the slightest doubt. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS -SENSE OF JUSTICE. On each side of the organ of Firmness and between it and Cautiousness there is a part of the brain which bears no fixed proportion, as to size, to either of these organs. It is sometimes large and elevated, when either one or both of them may be relatively depressed, or it may be small and depressed, while the others are salient. Of the former state of things the cast of the head of Dr. Gall himself is a notable instance ; the head of Dr. William Dodd, affords a striking specimen of the latter (see Plate 9). Gall did not seem prepared to associate this part of the head with any special function. But, as it bears no regular proportion in regard to magnitude to the parts surrounding it, it cannot be supposed to share in the manifestation of any of the affections of which those parts are proved to be, beyond all reasonable controversy, the true material exponents. In course of time Spurzheim found that this part of the top of the head was always large in persons who had the reputation of being just in their dealings, while it was small in thieves, and in people of bad character, who did not feel the injustice of their conduct ; and, after satisfying himself by reasoning that the sense of justice is a primitive sentiment, he named that part the organ of Conscientiousness. 266 CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. Gall did not see any necessity for this new organ. He considered Conscience, or the moral sense, to be the primitive function of the organ of Benevolence, of which he thought charity and sympathy to be more impassioned modes of action. Spurzheim, on the contrary, argued thrt the sense of justice was a primitive faculty, distinct from benevolence. It is true that the moral sense or the love of justice, taken in its most comprehensive signification, cannot be manifested without benevolence. But the abstract sense of justice does not appear to originate in the same source. On the contrary, the gentle voice of charity has frequently been hushed by the stern mandate of conscientiousness ; and, mercy, the most divine of human attributes, is known to exert its power in mollifying the harshness of retribu- tive justice. Do we not, in our course through life, meet with men of the strictest integrity in all their dealings, who, nevertheless, fall short of that true disinterestedness which always characterizes the man in whom benevolence predominates ? Indeed, the steady face of justice is sometimes tinged with the unwholesome hues of selfishness. Do we not find some individuals strictly upright in con- ducting the affairs of others, whose judicial vision would become obscured, in respect to impartial justice, should their own personal interests be implicated in the adjust- ment ? Yet the sense of justice holds in check the promptings of self-esteem and ambition, and thus becomes a powerful barrier against the inroads which the lowest propensities are by nature striving to make upon the fair domain of the noblest affections of our nature. There can be no doubt of the existence of a primitive faculty which causes a desire for justice. But will this CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. 267 instinct of justice or conscientiousness of itself produce that upright abandonment of exclusive self-interest, without which act, justice, in its most comprehensive sense, cannot exist ? It is not likely that it can. For instance, the avaricious and selfish man, in phrenological phrase, the man endowed with large Acquisitiveness and Self-esteem, may also be imbued with a strong sense of justice ; but yet his views, with regard to justice, as it should subsist between himself and others, would be different from his, who has large Benevolence and Conscientiousness with small Acquisitiveness and moderate Self-esteem. The infidel who possesses a strong sense of justice and great self-esteem ridicules as fools or denounces as knaves those who confide in the truth of revelation. And he feels that it would be an act of justice to the community of which he is a member to tear away by the roots the stock upon which the fair blossoms of hope in a future existence, where sorrow can find no entrance, are by the eye of Faith seen to flourish. But sophistry and eloquence, however plausible, can never eradicate faculties which were, even in the beginning, implanted in the mind of man by the will of a beneficent Creator. If the unbeliever, instead of deriving his opinions from the dictates of his own instinctive consciousness, were to look abroad and examine the peculiarities of other men's minds and search for the true foundations of those idiosyncracies, he would soon find that the seeds from which they sprang were sown by Nature's hand (see Plates 1 & 3). But how can he who has been taught to think that all our affections, both moral, religious, and intellectual, are the result of imitation, habit, and external circumstances, 268 CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. bring himself to believe that others are naturally endowed. with dispositions which have been in a special manner denied to himself? Hence arises his incredulity as to- the religious sincerity of some, and his considerate pity for the superstitious thraldom which he thinks deprives others of all freedom of thought. Convinced of the recti- tude of his opinions, his Conscientiousness urges him, even though he should become a martyr in the cause, to use all his energies in the vain expectation of eradicating distinct and inherent attributes of the human mind. The head of Eichard Carlile, late of Fleet Street, who has been noticed already under the head of Firmness as a publisher of Deistical books, was strikingly illustrative of these mental characteristics, for in the original cast of his head the organs of Firmness, Self-esteem, and Con- scientiousness are extremely protuberant, while those of Supernaturality and Veneration are small. And though the forehead was a well-developed one, it was com- paratively wanting in those distinctive marks of intel- lectual reflectiveness and comprehensive deliberation which might have served to restrain the impetuous promptings of large organs of Combativeness and Destructiveness (see Plate 3). Here, then, it is evident that strong conscientious feelings will sometimes urge a man to attempt that which would be manifestly unjust when those affections which form the principle ingredients of the character he judges are denied to himself. Surely this leads to the conclusion that real and impar- tial justice must be the result of a combination of faculties acting in harmony with each other, and that it is not the effect of the action of the simple faculty of conscien- tiousness alone. In such a combination benevolence must CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. 269 hold a conspicuous position, for it is an essential ingredient of justice. Is the sense of justice, then, a mode of action of the organ of Benevolence? Such does not seem to be the case, for in some instances where it becomes necessary to minister to the dictates of the former sentiment, mercy, the offspring of the latter, becomes painfully affected, and feels a delightful emotion should any circumstances arise to mitigate the severity of justice. Some men, as has been shewn in the chapter on Benevolence, have committed robbery and even murder to gratify a morbid craving to satisfy benevolent desires. Haggart, the robber of Edinburgh, clothed destitute and abandoned creatures with the goods which he stole from shops and warehouses. Cooper, the highwayman of Hornsey, used to divide the money he got on the road amongst needy companions. In the casts of these men the organ of Benevolence is large, while that of Conscientiousness is but poorly developed, especially in Haggart. If Grail be right in supposing that the moral sense or conscientiousness is the result of benevolence, acting in its least excited condition, and bearing the same propor- tion to compassion as a moderate wish to acquire property does to the propensity to rob, how comes it that severe retributive justice is a painful necessity to a judge in whose character benevolence is the leading attribute? And how is it that a judge with little benevolence in his nature would, in the like circumstances, feel not the least regret ? If the sense of justice be simply a mode of action of the organ of Benevolence this could not happen, since, according to a general law, the larger the organ the more stern and exacting it would be in seeing retributive justice executed. Compassion, charity, 270 CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. mercy, and forgiveness of temper are, on the contrary, the benign attributes of a predominant organ of Benevo- lence, and not retributive justice. Forgive your enemies, and pray for those who persecute and calumniate you, were injunctions directly addressed to benevolence, and not to the sense of justice. But yet sympathy for those that are suffering or oppressed is a powerful incentive to the energetic passions to inflict retributive justice on wrong-doers. Still the pleasure afforded by retaliation is not the attribute of benevolence, nor can it rejoice in the punishment which its own painful sympathy for the oppressed caused other dispositions to inflict. But to the simple sense of justice without the admixture of com- passion, such retribution gives satisfaction. Do unto others as others do unto you, is a maxim of the sense of justice, swathed in the dusky robes of selfishness. Do unto others as you would wish others to do unto you, is instigated by strict mibiassed conscientiousness. Forgive your enemies is the instinctive prompting of the almost divine inward monitor, benevolence. The demand of an eye for an eye was the suggestion of the sense of justice in a selfish garb. If a man smite you on one cheek turn to him the other was the teaching of benevo- lence. Indeed, it seems perfectly clear that the simple sense of Justice or Conscientiousness, as Spurzheim has named the faculty, is not a mode of action or a quality of benevolence. But, at the same time, the mere desire for justice as a fundamental affection does not of itself insure justice in action, for righteous conduct is the result of the harmonious blending of the sense of justice with all the higher qualities of man's nature, amongst which benevolence holds the loftiest position. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. 271 " And earthly power doth then shew likest God's, When mercy seasons justice." But to discern what is just, reason is an indispensable auxiliary". Dr. Gall himself was the great observer who first pointed out the organ of Benevolence in gentle, docile animals, and its comparative absence in those that are naturally cruel and indocile. I have closely examined hundreds of animals which prove this to be an invariable occurrence. But it does not seem probable (although Dr. Gall thinks the contrary to be the case) that any of the inferior animals ever exhibited in their conduct any trace of a sense of justice. The instinctive sense of justice cannot, therefore, be a mode of action of the organ of Benevolence, although benevolence is a noble element in the constitution of justice itself. An unconquerable love of retributive justice prompted Lucius Junius Brutus to stifle the breathings of kindli- ness and silence the latent whisperings of parental love when, as it is written, he consigned his own sons to an ignominious death for having betrayed the cause of freedom. Marcus Brutus tore from his bosom the ties of friendship and gratitude by which he was in duty bound to Caesar, to do what he concieved to be an act of justice to his country. But this impulse to justice could not have originated in Benevolence, for benevolence is the soul of gratitude. Brutus repudiated gratitude. His sense of justice could not, therefore, have sprung from Benevolence, for an organ cannot be active and inactive at the same time. Manlius Torquatus doubtless felt that he was obeying the stern dictates of conscientiousness when he condemned his own son to death for disobedience of military orders, at the moment when the gallant hero 272 CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. was laying at his father's feet the spoils of his vanquished foe. Surely clemency, the benign offspring of benevo- lence, could have had no share in such an act as this. But howsoever barbarous and shocking his conduct, Manlius was actuated solely by a sense of justice. This cannot then be "deemed a quality or modification of the sentiment of benevolence. As some eminent modern historians have thrown doubts upon the truth of this ancient legend of Manlius Torquatus, I shall narrate a case which is equally illustrative of the point I am now endeavouring to clear up. It is one of the most remarkable instances of in- flexible justice that has ever been recorded by the pen of a historian. It occurred in the town of Galway in the year 1493, and is told by an esteemed friend of my own, the late James Hardiman, in his excellent history of that place. The story has since been dramatised by the Eeverend Mr. Groves, and called the " Warden of Galway." Walter Lynch, the only son of James Lynch Fitz- Stephen, who was mayor of Galway in that year, murdered in a fit of jealousy a young Spanish gentleman named Gomez, whose father was a rich merchant of Cadiz. And his crime was aggravated by the fact that the unhappy victim of his rage was then on a visit at the house of the elder Lynch, between whom and the Spanish merchant an intimate friendship had for some time subsisted. The unfortunate perpetrator of this barbarous act soon repented of his crime, and next day delivered himself up to justice. He was tried, convicted, and received sentence of death from the mouth of his afflicted father. " Within the short compass of a few days," says Hardiman, " a small town in the west of Ireland, with CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. 273 a population at the time of little more than three thousand persons, beheld a sight of which but one or two similar examples occur in the entire history of mankind — a father sitting in judgment, like another Lucius Junius Brutus, on his only son, and like him, too, condemning that son to die as a sacrifice to public justice." . . . "On his conviction," continues the historian, " the mayor was waited upon by persons of the first rank and influence in town, and solicited to consent to a reprieve. His relations .and friends joined in earnest entreaty, beseeching that his blood might not be shed, but the inflexibility of the judge resisted the supplication, and he was inexorable." . . . " He himself descended at night to the dungeon where his son lay." ... " He entered holding a lamp, and accompanied by a priest (from whom the account was received), and locking the gate, kept fast the keys in his hands, and seated himself in a recess of the wall. His son drew near, and with a faltering tongue asked if he had anything to hope, he answered, "No, my son, your life is forfeited to the laws, and at sunrise you must die. I have prayed for your prosperity, but that is at an end — with the world you have done for ever. Were any other but your wretched father your judge, I might have dropped a tear over my child's misfortune, and solicited for his life, even though stained with murder, but you must die ; these are the last drops which shall quench the sparks of nature, and if you dare hope, implore that Heaven may not shut the gates of mercy on the destroyer of his fellow-creature. I am now come to join with this good man in petitioning Grod to give you such composure as will enable you to meet your punishment with becoming resignation." It was scarcely day when the expected summons to x 274 CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. prepare was given ; but finding it impossible to proceed to the usual place of execution, at the eastern extremity of the town (so violent were the threats of the populace, and so determined were they upon rescuing the unhappy culprit) that this virtuous and extraordinary man was driven to the dreadful alternative of executing his wretched son with his own hands. This he performed by suspending him from one of the windows of his own house, which happened to be contiguous to the prison. The account states, "The innocent cause of this lamentable tragedy is said to have died of grief, and the father of her lover to have secluded himself from society for the remainder of his days, never having been seen again, except by his mourning family." "Opinions," says Mr. Hardiman, "may no doubt be divided as to the cruelty or humanity of the father ; but few will question the integrity of the judge, or the equity of the sentence." That a primitive sentiment exists, which gives an instinctive love of justice, cannot be doubted ; but, that it is not a mode of action of the organ of Benevolence, as Gall supposed, has I trust, been satisfactorily shewn. The local position of its organ has been found by Spurzheim to lie between the organs of Firmness and Caution ; and the truth of his discovery is confirmed by a vast number of incontrovertible facts. In all those criminals, whose conduct was singularly remarkable for the absence of a sense of justice, this part of the head is very much depressed. In Steventon, for instance, who robbed and murdered an old woman on the high road, near Hereford, and was not sensible of his having done wrong, this organ was remarkably deficient. It is very small in Delahunt of Dublin, who coaxed a CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. 275 child to a retired spot in the suburbs, and there cut its throat. He then proceeded to the Castle and gave information to the police that he had seen a child murdered by its own mother. He described the poor woman accurately, for she was a neighbour of his own, in Francis Street. Upon enquiring the police found that the mother was then, and had been for some time, a patient in Jervis Street Hospital. The wicked informer was detained, and very soon a woman came forward to say that as she was passing through an adjoining field she saw a young man cut the throat of a child, as pork- butchers kill pigs, and then fling him away from him, seemingly to escape getting blood upon his clothes ; and she identified Delahunt as the man. Others proved that they had seen him, a short time before, giving cakes to this child, who knew Delahunt ; and thus was the innocent victim induced to take a walk with this atrocious criminal. In short, the evidence was conclusive against him, and in three weeks he was hanged. He acknowledged his guilt ; and said his motive for killing the child was not for any pleasure that the cruel act afforded him, but to have good ground for information against some one, in order to get into the pay of the police, and to be well fed at the Castle Station, as an informer. So little was this culprit affected by any feeling of remorse, and so great was the quantity of food he de- voured during his imprisonment, that, from being a thin, spare youth up to the time of his condemnation, he appeared remarkably fat upon the scaffold three weeks after. The whole moral portion of this man's head is very poorly developed ; but the organ of Conscientiousness is much smaller even than that of Benevolence. It is, as it were, scooped out. A like deficiency of this organ is x 2 276 CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. very marked in the casts of Bishop and Williams, who murdered many persons for the purpose of selling their bodies for dissection. In the notorious Greenacre the deficiency in this organ is very great. Such is invariably the characteristic form of the heads of criminals. On the contrary, the same part of the head is very full and elevated in those who have been remarkable for the strict intregrity of their motives. In the lofty head of Sir Walter Scott this organ is very large, and in that of the good Canova. In the fine head of Gall himself the organ of the Sense of Justice is remarkably protuberant ; and his career through life has proved him to be a man of scrupulous integrity in all his actions. Let these casts be compared with that of the unfortunate Dr. Dodd, and what a contrast is pre- sented to the observer ; for the same part of the head is poorly developed in him, and for this want, a good fund of natural generosity was incapable of affording compensation. He was reckless, not for want of experi- ence and reflective power, but from lack of caution, the organ of which is very small. He was wanting in strict integrity, not because he was deficient in generosity and benevolence, but because the organ of the Sense of Justice was ill-developed. He was the yielding victim of vicious and unruly passions on account of the smallness of the organs of Firmness and Conscientiousness, and the re- markable largeness of those of the sensual propensities. It would be tedious to accumulate evidence in conformation of the existence and seat of this organ, which is wisely placed against the inroads of the selfish passions upon the fair domain of the moral sentiments. HOPE Hope is a faculty which exercises so much influence over our modes of thinking and of acting that it is of impor- tance to find out "whether it be a primitive sentiment or a mode of action of other powers, since its inde- pendent existence would render the presence of a part of the brain capable of manifesting it a matter of course. And, should the place of the organ be correctly defined, we could predicate with far more precision the degree of enterprise and sustained energy by which an indivi- dual would be actuated, than by considering hope to be merely a mode of action of other powers. In the practical application of Phrenology it is of much value to know how far children are endowed with this attribute, since it is its nature to inspire confidence in the success of their endeavours. And we all know how powerfully unclouded anticipations of success contribute to invigorate the understanding, by removing that timidity which has, unhappily, too often tended to paralyse the efforts of superior intellectual powers. Spurzheim thought that hope was a primitive senti- ment, distinct in its nature from any other, and felt convinced that its organ would be found to lie on each side of the organ of Veneration. Gall, on the contrary, argued that hope was an affection of other powers, and 278 HOPE. consequently supposed that it was wrong to imagine that a separate organ of Hope could have an existence. Before entering upon a notice of the views of the distinguished founder of Phrenology, or the true phy- siology of the brain, it may be well to state that, with hardly an exception, phrenologists have acceded to Spurzheim's opinion. But in matters connected with science no man should be led away by the views of a majority, since the only source of truth and corrective of error is to be found in the facts which nature has so liberally supplied for our investigation — facts clear enough and demonstrable, but yet not so palpable as that "those who run may read." And here the necessity for caution is enhanced by the thought that one of the most scrupulous and accurate observers of facts that ever lived, namely, Dr. Grail himself, denied the existence of an organ of Hope. But then, in this case, he did not look for an organ because he had previously convinced himself by reasoning that hope did not exist as a separate elementary sentiment or faculty, and that it was nothing more than an affection of other powers, the organs of which were then in a passive state. He says, " There cannot be a particular organ for joy, or sadness, or despair, or discouragement, or hope, or any affection whatever." Before going further it were well to give Gall's ideas as to the proximate cause of the affections, and the line of distinction which he draws between them and the passions. He says, " By passion I mean the highest degree of voluntary and involuntary activity of which any fundamental power is susceptible. Each passion supposes a particular organ which produces passion as its function, only when in its maximum of activity. It is altogether different with the affections. HOPE. 279 In the passions the organs are active, exalted in their fundamental function. In the affections, on the contrary, the organs are passive; they are modified, struck in a particular manner, agreeably or disagreeably. Modesty, terror, anguish, sadness, despair, jealousy, anger, joy, ecstacy, etc., are involuntary sensations, passive emotions, either of a single organ, or of the entire brain." Nothing can be better than the above definition of passion ; but, surely Gall was wrong in excluding terror, jealousy, and anger, from the category of the passions. Admitting them to be the result of mixed affections, it is unreasonable to think that the portions of the brain connected with the presence of these emotions, are passive or, in other words, in an inactive state. Terror, for instance, is a disagreeable affection of the organ of Cautiousness when it is excited to the highest pitch of activity. Anger is the immediate result of highly provoked organs of Combativeness and Destructiveness in a state of intense action. Jealousy is, in some cases, the offspring of unrequited attachment, where reciprocal love might justly be expected, and of wounded Love of Approbation and Self-esteem, together with a tendency to view things through a gloomy medium. Now, surely, warm attachment cannot exist without certain organs of the brain being in a state of activity ; nor can wounded self-love be consistent with an inactive condition of the organ of that feeling. Nor does it seem at all probable that a suspicious and desponding bias can arise if some parts of the brain be not in an active state, while the organs of the faculties, which are capable of resisting this unhappy tendency, are in, at least, a comparatively inactive condition. If, for instance, a man be ambitious of distinction and power, it is the result of active organs of 280 HOPE. Love of Approbation and Self-esteem. Should a rival make his appearance, he is likely to become jealous ; suspicion is a dominant ingredient of jealousy ; and, as suspicion is the result of a highly excited organ of Cautiousness with deficient hopefulness, jealousy cannot be the result of a passive state of all the organs of the faculties which form the ingredients of that affection. Not only, indeed, is terror an active affection, it is also the instigator of other passions ; and has thus been productive of great calamity, whenever nations have become subject to suspicions tyrants. It is hard to imagine how any affection of the mind either mixed or simple, can be manifested, unless there be, at the same time, one or more organs of the brain in an active state, while some others are inactive. Modesty, for instance, which Gall numbers among the passive affections, is not the result of the inactivity of a single organ, or of the whole brain. On the contrary, it is the offspring of large and active organs of Caution and Love of Approbation, with relatively small organs of Com- bativeness, Self-esteem, and Firmness, while those of Respectfulness and Benevolence are large. Mental affections are the result of the action of objects and occurrences from without upon organs of the brain, through the conducting agency of the external senses^ in the first instance, and are again revived by the seemingly mysterious operations of memory. All this consists of action. Would it not be to ignore a law of physiology to think that any mental affection whatever could exist without the agency of the brain ; although,, like joy, it needs no special organ to produce it ? Dr. Gall says, " There cannot be a particular organ for joy, or sadness, or despair, or discouragement or hope, or HOPE. 281 any affection whatever." I have already endeavoured to shew that compound affections are the result of the workings of a number of organs in a state of action, while the organs of those emotions, corrective of such affections, are in a state of repose. Joy, on the contrary, is simple in its nature, and Grail is right in supposing that there can be no special organ for joy. Joy is a sensation experienced through any organ, while its functions are being gratified. Even through the organ of Caution one would be joyfully affected on being released from fear of danger. But the emotion of joy cannot voluntarily be revived ; for it is a passive affection, while the renewal of hope is a charming and invigorating operation of volition, and is therefore an active affection. Tried by this test, it will be seen that hope ought not to be placed in the same category with joy, exstacy, etc., and that so far from its being an affection of different powers, it is a faculty sui generis. Hope has by some been considered a modification of desire. I have heard it called an excess of desire. And Spurzheim thought that Gall confounded hope with desire or want. But, so far as I know, Gall nowhere expresses himself to that effect. For, in his reflections on Will he says, " The desires, propensities, and passions are the results of the actions of isolated fundamental powers." He also says that what authors term "the feeling of desire " is the impulse that results from the activity of a single organ. But it has been just shown that he con- sidered hope an affection and not a passion, and since he thinks that desire becomes passion when an organ is in a state of the greatest activity, it would be inconsistent in him to suppose that hope was any modification of desire. I feel perfectly assured that Gall never entertained such 282 HOPE. an opinion, since he thought that hope was an affection of an organ in a passive condition. But if it has been satisfactorily shown that anger, jealousy, and terror, are states of mind which result from the active condition of certain organs in the brain, there cannot be a doubt that hope, also, must be the result of the function of some part of the brain in an active state. Is hope, then, a form of desire ? Such cannot be the case, for since every faculty in a very active state desires, if hope be a modification of desire, every faculty when excited must hope But surely hope cannot be a quality of the organ of Caution. Place an individual in whose disposition caution is the dominant faculty in a situation of peril, and he becomes alarmed; in proportion to the magnitude of the danger will be the desire of avoiding it. And suppose he finds every avenue of escape barred against him, will not his dominant cautiousness render him still more desirous of escaping ? And when desire suggested by caution is thus at its height he may cast some anxious glances around for a place of shelter, but the fair form of hope nowhere meets his eye. It is not possible that Hope which is so fascinating and attractive even when its promises are delusive, could ever emanate from that part of the brain wherein is engendered fear, which is so appalling and repulsive. There can be no relationship between them. They are altogether of a different stock. Indeed, it is certain that desire the most ardent may possess the mind even when hope has been abandoned. A man becomes enamoured of a beautiful woman whose mental accomplishments and moral worth ennoble all her actions. He desires to be the happy partner of so much beauty and goodness, but he finds that her station in HOPE. 283 society is so far above the path in which he has been destined to move, that his hope of being ever able to obtain the object of his pure yet ardent desire must necessarily be weak. Or suppose their rank in life to be equal, he finds that her affections have been bestowed upon another, his desire becomes hopeless, melancholy flings her dismal shroud over his bright but visionary aspirations, he abandons hope, but still clings with mad fidelity to the desire which may ultimately cause the bereavement of his senses. How often has suicide been the result of this hopeless desire. Or one may see the object of his warmest attachment passing away like a shadow from this earthly scene of mingled happiness and sorrow. All hope of recovery has fled, but yet the desire is no less ardent that the impending calamity might, if possible, be averted. It has been said that the increasing probability of the success of desire is the source of hope. Such a prospect cheers and encourages hope, but does not constitute it. And the nearer we approach the fulfilment of our desires the less need there is of hope ; when certainty makes its appearance hope vanishes. It is obvious, then, that hope is essentially different from desire. Nevertheless, desire stimulates hope, and hope has been styled the " nurse of young desire." There cannot, indeed, be a doubt that hope is a mental quality perfectly distinct from desire. Who could be filled with a greater desire to cast off the oppressive weight of dismal forebodings which had often darkened his bright and manly faculties, than Dr. Samuel Johnson. Yet his hope of succeeding was extremely weak. Could that want proceed from a timid disposition ? No, Johnson was personally resolute and brave. Did it originate in 284 HOPE. want of confidence in his own powers ? Certainly not, for he possessed much self-esteem, and was conscious of his mental superiority. And it may be added that his intellect enabled him, in an eminent degree, to weigh the probability of success which might attend upon his desires. Almost all will agree, whatever may be the opinion as to the erroneousness of his political and ethical specu- lations, that few men were more desirous of seeing mankind guided by the dictates of benevolence and jus- tice, in order that they might become virtuous and happy, than William Godwin, and yet how gloomy were his anticipations. Perhaps not one of his works is so strongly illustrative of this as " Fleetwood ; " for, not- withstanding the delightful disquisitions of Euffigny and Mackneil in asserting the supremacy of benevolence and justice in the human character, " Fleetwood " still con- tinues the victim of misanthropic doubts, and can scarcely be prevailed upon to indulge a hope of ever meeting with that virtuous and benign sympathy which he so anxiously desired to obtain, and the existence of which the characters of his two friends must have shown him it would be unreasonable to doubt. It may be well to state here that the part of the head in which the organ of Hope lies is considerably depressed in the casts from nature of Dr. Johnson and Godwin (see Plate 1.) If hope then is not an attribute of different organs, either in an active or inactive state, it must be a substan- tive, fundamental power which requires a particular organ for its evolvement. In what part of the brain are we to expect to find this organ ? In the superior region of the head, undoubtedly. For though strong hope may some- times be the abettor of vice by enhancing the enterprise hope. 285 of those who risk their reputation and fortune in order to gratify selfish and sordid appetites, we are not thence to infer that hope is of a grovelling nature. As well might it be said that the organ of Benevolence ought to lie among those of the lower feelings because it is recorded that a morbid desire to relieve distress had prompted an unfortunate man to commit robbery and even murder in order to relieve the wants of the destitute. No, the bias of hope is towards an alliance with the noblest sentiments. It encourages and sustains fortitude. It attends upon beneficence lest the open hand of charity should be with- drawn at the instigation of distrust which some instances of deception might probably induce us too generally to entertain. For hope is a foe to suspicion. It exercises a happy influence over the mental faculties. It is essentially a promoter of the activity of the other powers hy habitually spreading out before our mental vision glorious and sunny prospects of future joy and success. It materially serves to loosen the curb with which doubt and timidity would impede our onward movements, and leaves the faculties to the free enjoyment of all the power with which nature may have endowed them. Hence, hope may be deemed a main-stay of enterprise. For though a man fertile in intellectual resources and, con- sequently, capable of devising new and seemingly effectual methods of carrying his projects to a prosperous issue, and energy and courage to contend against unexampled obstacles, will be enterprising, he may still be compara- tively deficient in hope. Whenever this is the case, even slight failures and disappointments will cause depres- sion of mind and anxiety to an extent which probably is not warranted by the disappointment. Hope conduces to a cheerful, happy, enduring, and religious frame of mind. 286 HOPE. In every relation of life, from infancy to old age, it affords consolation. When sorrow, poverty and sickness render home desolate it is the assuager of affliction, and by its cheering promises of returning prosperity it becomes an inciter to industry. To the captive far removed from the presence of the beloved objects of his solicitude it is this delightful sentiment which affords comfort to the almost broken spirit by creating anticipations of some day seeing his prison doors thrown open and of his being again restored to joy, light, and happiness. But if he be precluded from the possibility of escape, and he finds that the remainder of his days must be spent in cheerless bondage, still it is to hope he must resort for the only balm capable of soothing the bitter wounds of sadness which in its absence might urge him to commit self- destruction, or at least leave no spot where a single ray of comfort could fall to illumine the dreary night of sorrow and desolation by which he is encompassed. It is then that hope becomes man's best and truest friend by inducing him to turn his attention from the sad realities of this life to anticipations of happiness in a world to come. " As if even yet, through pain and ill, Hope had not quit him, as if still Her precious pearl in sorrow's cup, TTnmelted at the bottom lay, To shine again, when all drunk up, The bitterness should pass away." Hope has no retrospective views, nor does the present time engage its attention. To the future alone its nature seems to be adapted. Hence it is reasonable to infer that hope is an important ingredient in the mental con- stitution of a religious character. Yet it may be said with HOPE. 287 truth that the great moralist, Doctor Samuel Johnson, was a religious man, although hope was a weak attribute of his character. But hope is only a component part of a religious disposition, and it was not hopefulness which characterised the piety of that remarkable man. For although his hope must have received some stimulus from his thorough and enlightened conviction of the good- ness and mercy of God, it yet had not the power of filling his mind with a tithe of the confidence displayed in their expectations of future beatitude by many persons who in a moral point of view were far his inferiors (see Plate 10). Now, this active faith and heartfelt devotion, were the result of the energy of the organs of Marvellousness and Veneration, both of which are large in the head of Johnson. But, since belief in the attributes of God and humble submission to his will, and profound adora- tion of his goodness may co-exist, as in the case of Dr. Johnson, with much complexional despondency ; and, whereas despondency must, more or less, tend to weaken faith and devotion by laying the mind open to doubts of their efficacy, one cannot hesitate to think that hope must be an important ingredient in the composition of a pious character. For hope strengthens faith and spreads a halo of glorious expectancy around devotion. Indeed, the presence of such a primitive separate sentiment affords an assurance that there must be a hereafter to give perpetual shelter to the joyous anticipations of the human soul. Where then, ought we to look for the organ of this primitive sentiment? Where, but among those of the moral and religious faculties. And it is strong presump- tive evidence of the probability of this being the case 288 HOPE. that the only part of the crown of the head left unappropriated by Gall, is that which lies on each side of the organs of Veneration and Firmness, and behind that of Marvellousness. A question now arises as to whether this part be a single organ. It is clear that, if it be only one organ, its development should be uniform ; that is to say, the entire space ought to be equally depressed or elevated, according to the degree of functional energy manifested by it. But such uniformity does not exist in a vast number of cases. In the casts of Eammohun Eoy and William Godwin, for instance, the back portion is large, while the front part is small. But in the cast of Dr. Dodd, and many others, the front portion is protuberant and the posterior part depressed. The function of the one must, therefore, be distinct from that of the other. But, as I trust, sufficient evidence has been adduced already to prove that the sense of justice is the function of the posterior part ; and as this sentiment is often strongly manifested when the anterior portion is small, this portion must serve some other purpose. And as there cannot be a doubt that hope is a fundamental, active power of the mind, and, as it is esssentially an attribute of religion, it is to be expected that its organ must lie in the vicinity of those of Veneration and Marvellousness. For it is an invariable law that those functions which are most essential to the support of each other have their organs contiguous to one another. In strict accordance with this law of nature it is found that a full or large development of the part of the head on each side of the organ of Veneration, which, as has been already stated, occupies the place, the centre of which is hope. 289 called the " fontanelle " in infants, is always found to be accompanied by a hopeful disposition. And that a tendency to despond is always the result of a poor development of the same part. There is an immense amount of recorded facts in proof of the truth of this. The part of the head then, unappropriated by Gall, is the seat of the organs of two sentiments, the one moral, the other more exclusively religious. The great deficiency of these organs in the most abandoned criminals, and their elevation and fulness in those who have been the glory of mankind, leave no room for doubting that such is their nature. But it should be observed that with large Hope there may be very little hon6ur, if Conscientiousness be small ; while a man with a small or moderate Hope may he the soul of honour. The casts of Dr. Dodd and Dr. Gall are excellent examples of this (see Plate 10, dia- grams 1 & 2). In Dodd the organ of Conscientiousness is signally deficient, in Gall it is very large, while that of Hope is not so prominent. And in the cast of the late eminent engineer Bryan Donkin, the earliest sup- porter of Phrenology in this country, the organ of Conscientiousness is extremely protuberant and that of Hope relatively small. Had it not been for the support afforded him by this charming sentiment, could the incomparable Tasso, with a soul full of honour and sensibility, have endured seven years' of unjust confinement in a squalid dungeon ? It was hope that animated the noble soul of Gastavus Vasa, when, in the mines of Sweden, he formed the plan of rescuing his country from the dominion of tyrants, and sustained him in the forests of Delacarlia, while he was striving to raise, in the midst of the greatest obstacles, that patriotic band of peasants whose devoted bravery T 290 HOPE. ultimately enabled him to accomplish the object of his perilous enterprise. Could Gustavus Adolphus, with all his courage, have ventured to volunteer his services in the cause of the Protestants of Europe against the mighty power of Austria and her allies, if Hope had not flung her protecting mantle around him? Without an ample endowment of Hope could Suwarrow have undertaken to reduce, in the space of three days, the strong fortress of Ismail, which had withstood a siege of seven months ? Hope contributed much to inspire Charles the Twelfth with that heroic confidence which prompted him, at the age of eighteen, to attack, with only eight thousand men, at Narva, eighty thousand Eussians. " What," said he, to one of his officers, " you doubt that with my eight thousand Swedes I can beat eighty thousand Eussians ? " But, although it ministered instinctively to the glory of this heroic prince, it must not be forgotten that to it also should, in some measure, be ascribed his mis- fortunes, since, by never calculating on the possibility of reverses, he was hurried into enterprises which a less hopeful spirit would have suggested it were madness to undertake. The history of this extraordinary man shows that hope, when it is unrestrained by circumspection, may be the source of manifold misfortunes. It induces men to- speculate beyond their means, and to indulge in un- reasonable expectations of good fortune. The organ of Hope is very large in the authentic portraits of these remarkable characters. It is very prominent, also, in those of the heroes of Copenhagen, Acre, and Plassy. The best portraits of Drake and Ealeigh are very much elevated at the same part, and it is a remarkable feature in those of Bishop Eidley and HOPE. 291 the Scotch reformer, John Knox. In Kidley it was associated with organs which rendered him mild and enduring, in Knox with such as indicated intemperate ferocity. The organ, as has been already noticed, is very large in the cast, taken after his execution, of the " unfor- tunate " Dr. Dodd, whose reckless desires and vain ex- pectations, unchecked by even a moderate sense of justice or of caution, prompted him to devise schemes for their speedy gratification, which ruined his prospects, blasted his reputation, and at last led to the commission of an act for which his life became forfeited to the law. To the sanguineness of disposition engendered by much hope and insufficient caution, unchecked by a very weak conscientiousness and but little firmness (for the organs of these faculties are very small in the cast of Dodd's head (see Plate 10), must be attributed the act which brought him to an ignominious end. For he averred that when he forged the name of his former pupil, Lord Chesterfield, he entertained the hope of being able to meet the bills himself. A forlorn hope it certainly Avas for a man in his embarrassed condition, with a shaken repu- tation. Nor is it uncharitable to doubt the honest sincerity of his expectation. It is more likely that his exuberant hopefulness and want of caution led him to trust to the charitable forbearance of his lordship. To the last he was full of hope as to the probability of his obtaining a pardon. And when he found that his doom was inevitably sealed he evinced a lively and unflinching confidence in the mercy of God ; and trusted that he should be transported from a world of woe and misery to one of happiness and joy. Once after his condemnation he said, "I am now a spectacle to men and shall soon be a spectacle to angels." And when about to T 2 292 HOPE. be bound, he looked up and said, u Yet I am free, my freedom is there ! " pointing upwards. Such was the effect of a predominant organ of Hope, when it was allowed to revel in its own extacies, uncontrolled by- caution and a due sense of justice, upon a mind character- istically open to religious impressions ; though their influence upon his conduct through life was so neutralized by the unscrupulous gratification of his passions, that even in regard to his religious faith he has left himself open to the charge of insincerity. Insincere he certainly was in character, generally ; but not in regard to religious faith and devotion. But the singular instability of his nature and the striking absence of moral principle, rendered him liable, even in that case, to be suspected of duplicity (see Plates 2 and 10). How opposite in respect to hopefulness were the feelings of the wretched culprit Williams, who murdered the poor Italian boy, Carlo Ferrari, for the purpose of selling his body to the anatomists. Previous to the execution of this bad man his mind became the tenement of frightful forebodings and paralysing despair. Nor could the soothing exhortations of the Ordinary of Newgate serve to drive from his soul the demon that was tormenting it. When approaching the place of execution he exclaimed that he felt the flames of hell at his heart. In this wretch's head the organ of Hope was very small, while that of Caution was very large. These two cases shew that the sentiment called Hope is the one that inspires us with trust in the mercy of God. It must, therefore, be intimately connected in its func- tions with those of faith and devotion. And the actual contiguousness of the organs of those affections affords additional proof that such is the case. For example, in hope. 293 the cast of a demonimaniac from Esquirol's collection, who had been for years plunged in the depths of agonizing despair, this part of the head was quite depressed, while it was excessively salient in the cast of another who was possessed by extreme exaltedness of religious hope. And in the casts of several other religious enthusiastic mono- maniacs in Deville's collection the organ of Hope was a marked characteristic. In the finest engraved portraits of Ignatius Loyola, Francis de Sales, Vincent de Paul, of Fenelon, Gobinet, and churchmen of every denomina- tion, eminent for their intense and hopeful piety, this part of the head is singularly elevated. And its deficiency in some faithful and eminently pious characters is attended by misgivings as to their prospects of future happiness. Such was the case with Dr. Johnson. And the young lady, whose mental despondency is mentioned in the essay on Caution, is a striking instance of the same unhappy tendency, and of the coincident inadequacy of development in regard to the organ of Hope. In persons naturally disposed to look upon everything through a gloomy medium, and who, in their under- takings, are tormented by anticipations of disaster, and are habitually discontented with things as they are, this part of the head is relatively and absolutely small, when compared with the same part in the heads of those who never doubt of the possibility of accomplishing projects which would seem to others visionary and impracticable. In the latter category may be placed the late benevolent Robert Owen ; and certainly the organ of Hope is very large in his head. It is also very large in the head of that good and amiable man, the late John Isaac Hawkins, civil engineer, who was always coming forward with some useful mechanical invention, such as pencils and 294 HOPE. other things, from the sale of which he hoped to reap great advantage. But unfortunately others profited most by his inventions. Still he went on to the last, inventing and hoping. The same part of the head is exceedingly large in the wild enthusiast Thorn, or Sir William Courtnay, as he called himself, who never doubted his capacity of compelling the whole population to flock to his standard, as their spiritual redeemer. All his pros- pects were brightened by the unclouded rays of unflag- ging hope. The thoughts of Oxford, on the contrary, were gloomy, and dismal were his projects. Previous to his vile attempt on the life of his youthful, liberal, and innocent Queen, his time was spent in his apartment in drawing horrific devices in blood-red characters upon a black ground, which foreboded evil, and everything around him seemed as if the cheering sunshine of hope had never entered the place to illumine its dreariness. In this man's head there is quite a marked depression of the part which Spurzheim supposed to be the organ of Hope. It forms a prominent feature in the photo- graph of the late Earl of Dundonald, as well as in the cast from nature of the fearless and enterprising smug- gler, Captain Johnson. This part is large, also, in Thorwaldsen's fine bust of Admiral Lord Exmouth. In this short catalogue of heroes may well be included the noble-minded Crillon, the favourite general and faithful friend of Henry the Fourth. In this enter- prising man's portrait, engraved by the celebrated Balechou, the organ of Hope is conspicuous, although the whole upper region of the head is singularly elevated. This part is large in the busts and portraits of the poet Moore, and moderate in the cast from nature of George Crabbe. And is not the comparative influence HOPE. 295 -of this faculty visible in the tenour of their writings? One walks in sunshine, the other in shade, but the atmo- sphere he moves in is so transparent that the objects he presents us with never escape our notice. For example, while Moore sings — " They may rail at this life, from the hour I began it I've f ound it a life full of pleasure and bliss." the less hopeful spirit of Crabbe prompts him to exclaim — " No view appears By sighs unruffled, or unstained by tears." In the fine original cast from nature of Sir Walter Scott the same part of the head is very large, while, as has been already stated, it is moderate or even small in the casts from nature of Dr. Johnson and William Godwin (Plate 1, Diagrams 1, 2). And do we not find, on looking over the eloquent pages of Rasselas and of Fleetwood, how deeply the mind of each of these writers was imbued with gloomy and distrustful imaginings as to the vanity of human wishes ? While, on the contrary, chivalrous buoyancy and elasticity of spirit render the works of Scott, though less studiously profound, far more delightful. It must not be overlooked, however, that with all his judgment, shrewdness of observation, and knowledge of the slips and casualties incident to the affairs of life, he surrendered himself to the seductive influence of hope. And it is highly probable that if this sentiment were far less characteristic of his disposition he would have paused before he was induced to become a party to speculations which rendered his once cheerful and happy home the abode of sorrow. Happy still was it for him to be 296 HOPE. possessed in time of need of a lively hope, for it stimulated his native fortitude to sustain with uncommon resignation the sudden weight of bitter disappointment and misfortune which awaited him, by holding out prospects of its still being in his power to surmount all his difficulties by the untiring efforts of his wonderfully fertile genius. " Gentle- men," said he to his creditors, le Time and me against any two. Let me take this good ally into company, and I believe I shall be able to pay you every farthing." He then sat down, at the age of fifty-five, to pay off liabilities amounting to one hundred and twenty thousand pounds. Thus does hope show itself to be a very active incen- tive to enterprising exertion. But it is only an incentive, for in the absence of an adequate amount of self-reliance and courage a man with strong hope will hope on to the end and yet attempt to do very little, while a man of great courage and self-reliance, with a comparative deficiency of hope, will be inclined to increase his exertions in order to provide against disappointments, with anticipa- tions of which he is, through the relative weakness of hope, rendered unhappy. Those unhappy persons who have been the victims of a suicidal tendency without any rational, ostensible cause, are always endowed with a poor development of this part of the head. And instances are recorded of lesion of the brain occurring exactly at the part called the organ of Hope in persons whose lives were rendered completely miserable by hopeless and needless despondency. The case of the Reverend William Walford, of Uxbridge, is a striking illustration of this. I shall, therefore, give a few extracts from a memoir of him. " His affections," says a pupil of his, the Reverend William Froggatt, " were deep seated, and did not play HOPE. 297 on the surface of his character with the winning blandness which renders some happily attempered spirits so attrac- tive. An impression of reserve and austerity was the one generally produced on the minds of his pupils at their first acquaintance with him. . . . But his feel- ings were really much warmer than they seemed. When his friend, the late Mr. Phillips, of Harpenden Grammar School, died, he could not restrain his grief before the students, and wept for him as a brother for the most beloved of brothers. A domestic sorrow would pierce him deeply. . . . He generally shunned, I think, rather than sought any private communications with us. If we met in the college grounds, which was but seldom, there was a self-absorption in his air and salutation which indicated that he would rather have avoided the casual rencontre. At dinner, the only meal he partook of with us, and that very irregularly, for he sometimes did not join us for Aveeks together, he did not converse much." After praising his tutor as a man of pre-eminently sterling worth, Mr. Froggatt says — "I have merely just referred to the fact of his being constitutionally subject to morbid feeling. This, I believe, was unknown to the students of my time. But, shortly after my leaving college, his intimate friend the Rev. Mr. Ward, of Stowmarket, informed me that he suffered habitually, sometimes intensely, from this cause, and that on one occasion, when expressing his admiration of some natural scenery through which they were riding, his afflicted friend replied that it was all dark and cheerless to him, and that there was not a single point in creation to which he could look with comfort. The same gentle- man told me, moreover, that in order to keep his mind rightly balanced, and on peaceful terms with the divine 298 hope. government, Mr. Walford found it necessary to read 'Butler's Analogy ' about once a year. ... I did not see my revered tutor again till the end of the year, 1829, when he had been prostrated by grief for the death of his only daughter, aggravated by his constitutional malady, I found him wasted and sorrowful to a distressing degree ; and on hearing me mentioning some gratifying and hopeful circumstances in my then approaching settlement over a church, he contrasted mine with his own lot, which he assured me was about the limit of endurance." Mr. Walford's biographer, Mr. Stoughton, to whom this letter was written, says, " Nor, should it be forgotten, in estimating his moral worth, that there were physical causes of a peculiar kind, insidiously at work in his system throughout life, most painfully affecting his entire history. He who ' knoweth our frame, and remembereth that we are but dust,' has, we may rest assured taken this into account in his judgment of the departed ; and it would be flagrantly inequitable in us to forget it in the estimate we may venture to form of his character." Such is the charitable asseveration of a divine and a scholar who felt convinced that the diseased manifestations of Mr. Walford's mind were the result of physical causes. What then were these physical conditions ? At the post-mortem examination on June 27, 1850, conducted by Messrs. Macnamara and Rayner, surgeons, Uxbridge, it was found that " On opening the head the dura mater was found so firmly attached to the bone at two points as to be incapable of separation without being torn. Those two points were — one near the superior and anterior angle of the right parietal bone, the other at the superior and posterior angle of the left parietal bone. They were marked on the internal surface of the HOPE. 299 bones by deep depressions having a sort of honey-combed appearance, but not carious. The outer table of the scull alone remained at these parts, and its thickness scarcely exceeded stout letter paper, the size of both depressions were nearly the same, about an inch long by three-fourths of an inch in breadth. The colour of the brain under the first point was different from all its surrounding surface ; it had assumed a green tinge similar to long retained pus. This did not extend more than a quarter of an inch into the substance of the brain. There was no discolouration of the brain at the second point, nor was there elevation of the surface at either ; the depres- sions in the bone were from thickening of the dura mater in those specified localities. The dura mater throughout its whole extent had lost much of its proper vascularity, and assumed a thickened yellow, leathery appearance. Over the whole surface of the brain there was considerable serous effusion ; the ventricles were full of water, there were no signs of recent inflammatory action, but there were several points of unnatural adhesion of the mem- branes, denoting former existence of an inflammatory state." . . . "The valves of the heart were sound; the aorta was fully one-half larger than natural, and at its origin from the heart was an almost continuous circle of ossification. The whole inner surface of the left ven- tricle and of the arch of the aorta had a deep red colour like inflammation, but there were no enlarged capillary vessels to be seen. The pericardium contained an ounce of water." Notwithstanding the length of this quotation I cannot deny myself the pleasure of quoting one or two remarks contained in a letter from Dr. Whiting, of Lyme, to the son of Mr. Walford upon the statement of the surgeons 300 HOPE. of Uxbridge. " The lucid statement," says Dr. Whiting,, " of the appearance of the corpse on inspection, gives proof of a most satisfactory cause having existed of a physical character for the distressing mental malady which darkened many of the days of your dear father's life." And again he says, "The part of the head where I expected this change of structure might be found, corresponds with the anterior central point of disease mentioned and so well described by Messrs. Macnamara and Rayner." Dr. Whiting's accurate conjecture in this case is evidently the result of his acquaintance with the works of Grail and Spurzheim, and of his conviction of the soundness of their views regarding the functions of the brain. For the fac^ to be borne in mind here is this, namely, that the disorganization of the brain, near the anterior superior angle of the right parietal bone embraced the convolutions which constitute the organ of Hope, solely, and that the diseased condition of those lying beneath the posterior superior angle of the left parietal bone affected those of the organs of Attachment and Inhabitiveness, and thus probably trenched upon Philoprogenitiveness. And that the intensity of Mr. Walford's grief at hearing of the death of his friend, and his utter prostration of spirit when his only daughter died, as well as the dreary, painful mental despondency with which he was habitually, and without any assignable cause, afflicted, and which even threatened to blot out every prospect of happiness hereafter, and, maybe, had spread the cheerless film of doubt as to a future exist- ence over his mental vision, are physical and moral coincidences which afford most interesting corroborative attestation as to the truthfulness of the foundation upon which the science of Phrenology rests, and, in this case, HOPE. 301 of the existence of a special faculty called Hope, and the true position of its organ. I am here reminded of a gentleman, possessed of an independent fortune, in whose head the organ of Hope was small. He was active, energetic, industrious, clever, and ardent in pursuit of the object he wished to accom- plish. He was habitually very sprightly and animated in his manner.* He loved his friend and would do a great deal to serve him, without expecting a return. He was married early and had sons, one of whom was almost his idol. This child was never happy but when he was with his father, and the father could not feel comfort unless the child were near him. Unfortunately this boy died of diphtheria when he had reached his seventh year. From that time the father's usual energy failed him. He neglected to take proper sustenance. Sometimes he would abstain from food for days together. Tobacco he then smoked to excess, and it seemed to be his only comforter. He pined away in this manner for a con- siderable time, every day becoming thinner. No reason that could be adduced helped to cure his despondency; for he thought he was to blame for not having the advice of the late Dr. Todd, in the first instance, instead of trusting to the ordinary medical attendant ; and he therefore felt that he was accessory to the child's death. No persuasion could remove from his mind this unan- swerable fact, as he termed it. This continual despondency so worked upon his mind that in a state of excitement, caused by something which greatly disturbed him, he committed suicide. The part of the head, which I am now considering is * His organ of Mirthfulness was very large. 302 HOPE. very small in the cast of William Mears (the brass founder, in the employment of the late eminent practical Phrenologist Mr. De Ville), whose case has been noticed, when treating of combativeness. But though persons naturally disposed to fall into a state of despondency would be likely, in very agitating circumstances, to entertain thoughts of getting rid of their misery in this way; still active benevolence, true piety, and the absence of self-will will always prove to be influential correctives of such unhappy suggestions. Nor is it to be inferred that all those who destroy them- selves are deficient in the organ of Hope, since men the most enterprising and heroic, " who felt a stain like a wound," have resorted to this dreadful alternative, rather than endure the infliction of what they felt to be un- merited disgrace. The great Lord Clive is an instance of this. It has been said that self-destruction is a cowardly act. But the instance I have just given shews that it is not necessarily the act of a coward. How opposite was the resolution of the benevolent, magnanimous, and unselfish Scipio, when accused of the same kind of political peculation by the bitter tongue of the iron-minded Cato. And it may well be supposed that the hopeful, heroic Clive would have held on like Scipio, if his mental faculties had not lost their healthful balance. The name of Scipio calls to mind the strong and interesting testimony, afforded by the sculptured remains of antiquity, as to the uniform connection between th& primitive sentiment of hope and the part of the brain called the organ of that sentiment. The most unpractised eye cannot but be struck with the remarkable saliency of the organ of Hope in the bust of Scipio Africanus, the Elder. And was not the generous HOPE. 303 character of Scipio unsullied by the slightest tinge of constitutional suspicion? In his mortal enemy Cato, on the contrary, the same part of the head is not well developed ; and his whole conduct affords strong evidence of his being instinctively swayed by a singularly mistrust- ful disposition. He would not have a physician to attend his family, because all the physicians of his time in Rome were Greeks ; and he distrusted them so far as to think them capable of poisoning a Roman. The contrast between the busts of these great men in the region of Hope is indeed very remarkable. And the disparity is no less striking between the authentic bust of Cato of Utiea and of the busts of the man he hated most, the great Julius Cassar. With his many good qualities Cato suspected every man of evil intentions whose political views differed from his own. Cassar never suspected any one, not even his bitterest enemies. It was his great perspicacity in fathoming the real designs of his enemies that put him on his guard, and not a natural tendency to give way to suspicion. Indeed, he lost his life by his indisposition to distrust even those against whom he was warned. Compare the busts of Zeno the Stoic and Horace the Epicurean, with respect to the elevation of the part which constitutes the organ of Hope, and how great is the disparity. Illustrations might be multiplied to an immense extent ; but, a sufficient number has been already adduced to shew how necessary it is for those, who hope to gain scientific credit by opposing Phreno- logy, to examine Nature on these points for their own sakes. It may be well to add that the sculls of aboriginal races of men display great differences as to the fulness of the region of Hope. In the Australians, Tasmanians, and 304 HOPE. Esquimeaux, it is small. It is fuller in the North American Indians, and still more so in such of the Sandwich Islanders as I have seen. It is not generally a strongly marked feature of the Maori scull, of which I have seen many. It is very salient in all the sculls and casts of sculls that I have seen of Peruvians of the Inca race. In the scull of the devout priest in Egypt already mentioned, who was the honoured friend of Denon, the organ of Hope is very large, and its happy influence on his character was strikingly manifested. Sufficient reason has now been given to show that hope cannot be a quality or mode of action of any other primitive faculty, or association of faculties, although the intensity of the affection must of course be modified by diversities of combination. Nor can it be reduced to the shadow of a shade by supposing that it is a passive affection of a portion or portions of the brain. On the contrary, it is a simple elementary substantive power, essentially connected with religion and morality. And abundant instances of well-authenticated facts have been brought forward to prove, both positively and negatively that the position assigned to the organ by Spurzheim is undeniably correct. How admirable is the personification of hope in the following stanza from the " Fairy Queen " — " With, him went Hope in rank, a handsome maid, Of cheerful look, and lovely to behold ; In silken samite she was light arrayed, And her fair locks were woven up in gold ; She always smiled, and in her hand did hold A holy water sprinkle, dipped in dew, "With which she sprinkled favours manifold On whom she list, and did great liking shew, Great liking unto many, but true love to few." MARVELLOUSNESS. Having found it necessary, when treating of venera- tion, to make some remarks upon the nature and function of Marvellousness, in order the better to understand the peculiar attributes of the former and the place it holds in the composition of a religious character, it will now be proper to notice, briefly, the mental manifestations which are characteristic of the latter faculty, when it is not acting in unison with veneration. This sentiment, when very energetic, has been the source of that ready credence which has been given in every region of the globe, and at all periods of the history of mankind, to the existence of powers which exercise a supernatural influence over our destiny, and the origin of which it was beyond the most acute and comprehen- sive intellect to discover. It is obvious that a tendency to believe in super- natural agencies must proceed from a primitive faculty of the mind, and cannot be merely the result of educa- tion and habit, although these would certainly increase its intensity. For we find that men renowned for intel- lectual superiority have been led into a belief in the existence of supernatural objects. In what way, save by the admission of the existence of such a fundamental power of the mind, can we account for the absurd credulity of Dr. Johnson regarding the possible truth of z 306 MARVELLOUSNESS. the Cock-lane gliost story. Neither his education nor his intellect, which was so critical and penetrating, were at all favourable to his falling into so preposterous a sup- position. Neither did he live in an age remarkable for the prevalence of superstition. Indeed, so powerful is the influence sometimes exercised by this feeling over minds of the most extraordinary intelligence and good- ness that we find Socrates, who, during a long life, had devoted his great and generous mind to the moral regeneration of his countrymen, and whose energies were directed to the inculcation of a belief in the existence of one supreme, all-wise intelligence, could not entirely divest himself of a belief in the efficacy of sacrificing a cock to iEsculapius. Napoleon believed in lucky days. Crom- well was visionary and fanatical. Wallenstein was an enthusiastic astrologer. The brave and high-minded John, Duke of Bedford, the glory of England and terror of France, during his regency, did not escape being affected by the superstition of the age in which he lived. This is evident from one of his own letters in Eymer X, in which he ungallantly and ungenerously styles Joan of Arc, the enthusiastic patriot maid, "A disciple and lyme of the fiende, that used fals enchauntments and sorcerie." It is in the morbid manifestations of this sentiment that the strongest evidence is found of its existence as a primitive mental faculty, since, in such cases, delusions of this nature cannot be the result of sinister or hypo- critical motives. Did not the amiable and sublime Tasso, in his moments of aberration, imagine that he was con- versing with a familiar spirit. That original genius, Blake, the engraver and poet, was signally affected by a similar delusion. William Sharp, also, the great engraver, has left two fine prints, one of Johanna Southcote, MARVELLOUSNESS. 307 the other of the self-styled prophet, Richard Brothers, because, as he said, he placed perfect confidence in their divine mission. Beneath the portrait of Brothers, who called himself Prince of the Hebrews, are the following words — " Fully believing this to be the man whom God has appointed, I engrave his likeness — William Sharp." That most profoundly intellectual, moral, and religious philosopher, Emanuel Swedenborg, retained, until his death, a thorough conviction that he had been admitted into the world of blessed spirits, the mansions of which he describes with gorgeous particularity. The great energy of tins faculty was strongly marked in the con- duct of the late Reverend Edward Irving, and the power which he possessed over the minds of many well-educated and intelligent individuals showed its prevalence, and its tendency when not kept within the just bounds of reason. But it is thought that he was himself, though naturally impressed with a strong sense of the marvellous, far from any wish or even tendency to countenance, if he could help it, the extravagant delusions of some of his followers, and it is said that the superior mind of this upright, single-hearted man broke down when he felt the effects of the flame which his eloquence lighted in minds too weak to form a correct judgment as to the scope and bearing of his doctrine. The extraordinary authority held over his unthinking votaries by the selfish and impious impostor, Robert Mathews, who was tried in 1835 at New York for the wilful murder of one of his deluded followers, Mr. Pearson, a wealthy merchant, in order to possess himself of the property which he knew that gentleman had the folly to settle on him, is an instance of the danger to which individuals and society are exposed from the predominant activity of this feeling. z 2 308 MAKVELLOUSNESS. This man exercised the cruellest tyranny over his victims, who bore it all with the greatest humility, believing that he was the divinity. How strong was the delusion, caused by the undue activity of this faculty, among hundreds of the poor people of Kent, when the madman Thorn, or Sir William, Courtnay, as he called himself, led them to believe that he was the Messiah. When the military, under the command of Lieutenant Bennett, were approaching to arrest him, at the head of his followers, he deliberately shot the young officer, and was immediately after shot himself. Is such egregious folly as those country people were guilty of to be attributed entirely to ignorance? No, for though Thorn's disciples were for the most part illiterate, those of Mathews belonged to persons in a higher and wealthier position. See the binding influence held by Brigham Young over his enthusiastic votaries ; and how extensive is the unhallowed sway exercised by this self-styled prophet of the Salt Lake over his devoted subjects. But the permanency of such influence no doubt depends in some measure upon the rare administrative talents with which this singular man is said to be gifted. Ignorance has been called the parent of superstition. But these cases shew that that cannot be its genuine source. It fosters but does not beget it. It may be said that superstition is the result of a faulty education — that a belief in the mysterious was originally instilled into men's minds by a crafty priesthood, in order the more easily to practice on their ignorance and credulity. But how were the first promoters of a belief in the mysterious to know the proneness of the human mind to dwell upon superna- turalties ? How, but by the inward consciousness that instinctively informed them of the existence of such an MARVELLOUSNESS. 309 affection in themselves. But for this instinctive con- sciousness of the natural aptitude of the mind for the reception of mysterious revelations no attempt could have been ever made to scatter the seeds of superstition upon a soil unsuited to their reproduction. Education, habit, and example will draw out and strengthen a faculty which already exists, but of course can never originate one. Neither can they do much towards the practical efficiency of any mental power, which is naturally very weak or borders upon idiotcy. The fundamental nature of this sentiment is further established by the well-attested fact that its energy is always in accordance with the development of a certain part of the brain, which can be indicated with exactness on the head. Its convolutions run into those of Venera- tion and Hope. And it may here be observed that it is the strength and harmony of these three organs which constitute genuine religious tendencies ; no matter of what denomination an individual's profession of faith may be. For instance, in the casts of the great sculptors, Flaxman and Canova, who manifested through life exalted religious feeling, the one as a Swedenborgian, the other as a Catholic, these organs are very large ; while they are small in Sharp's fine print of Tom Paine. Or if the head of Fenelon, by Auclran, be compared with that of Cardinal De Eetz, by Nanteuil, the former will be found very elevated, the latter comparatively depressed, at the seat of Marvellousness. In the portraits of St. Francis De Sales, Loyola, Gobinet, the Borromeos, and others, remarkable for the fervour of their faith in mysterious revelations, the same part is singularly prominent. In the head of Jacob Boehem, the German visionary, the organ is so large that it amounts to distortion. In the 310 MARVELLOUSNESS. cast of the head of Thorn, or Courtnay, the Kentish fanatic, the development is very protuberant, while the organ is small in the cast of Carlile, who suffered as has been already stated, ten years' incarceration on account of his constant and obstinate promulgation of infidel doc- trines. In the fine portrait of the celebrated Sir Kenelm Digby, by Vandyke, the organ is very large, while it is small in the portrait of Thomas Chubb. Digby became from conviction a convert to the Roman Catholic faith ; Chubb was the author of " The Supremacy of the Father Asserted," and " A Discourse on Miracles ; " both of which had a leaning towards deism. This part of the head is exceedingly prominent in the portrait of Dr. Cogan, the author of " Ethical Questions," who denies the necessity of the reasoning faculties in searching after metaphysical, that is to say, spiritual, moral, or religious truths. These, he says, are to be discovered at once by inward and infallible sensations ; and our intellectual faculties are to be rejected as impertinent, intrusive, and dangerous. A friend once told me of a maniac, who imagined that he held conversations with spirits of the air, and who was frequently seen in the attitude of listening to the delightful harmony of their voices descending from above. On being asked how he heard them, he said, " I perceive them here," pointing to the upper lateral part of the frontal bone. Jonathan Martin, who fancied that he had been prompted by some mysterious monitor to set fire to York Minster, complained of severe pain in his head, just above the temple, and pointed exactly to the situation of the organ of Marvellousness, which is abnormally developed in his portrait. One of the qualities, which always accompanies a large development of this part of the head, is a relish for won- MARVELLOUSNESS. 311 derful and romantic descriptions, or artistic delineations, according to the bias of the intellectual faculties either towards literature or art. And it is very apt, when characteristic, to render men somewhat too credulous in regard to new things which are of an extraordinary character. The organ is very large in the cast of the head of Mr. Greaves, one of Mr. Irving's congregation, and very moderate in the cast of Robert Owen. It is much larger in the cast from nature of Sir Walter Scott than in that of George Crabbe, although it is very well developed in the latter celebrated poet. The minds of both were eminently observant. They were not at all affected by metaphysical tendencies. Yet, it is certain, that Scott was much more influenced by a love of the marvellous than Crabbe. In the cast from nature of Fuseli, the painter, ihe organ is very salient ; and we know how strongly impregnated his works are with qualities originating in his inordinate love of the wonderful. The same part is large in Flaxman ; but in him it was under the guidance of a far more gentle and graceful nature. The same part of the head is very large in Bonasone's portrait of Michael Angelo. It is very large in those of Tasso and Ariosto, of Shakespeare and Spenser. The organ is large in the portraits of Wallenstein and Gustavus Adolphus, and very moderate in Frederic the Great. It is much more strongly marked in Charles the Fifth than in the Prince of Orange. And the same part of the head has always been found to be small in those criminals who could not be brought to recognize the truth of the mys- teries of revelation. The organ of Marvellousness is, beyond doubt, fully established. IDEALITY-SENSE OF THE BEAUTIFUL -THE POETICAL SENTIMENT- Having had a vast amount of evidence, confirmatory of the truth of Gall's discovery, regarding the existence of a special organ in the brain, which is an essential element in the composition of a poet's mind, pass through my own hands, I am bound to declare that the upper portion of the temple, as Gall has indicated, is conspicuously developed in all poets remarkable for the fire and enthusiasm of their genius. And, as a strong negative proof of the correct- ness of his conviction as to the existence and seat of the organ of Poetry, as he has named it, it may with cer- tainty be averred, that it is but moderately developed in the heads of those who, if they do not absolutely dislike poetry, are certainly free from any prepossession in its favour. But, notwithstanding all this, it would be a great mis- take to suppose that an ample development of this part of the head must, necessarily, be accompanied by poetical talent, or even any capacity for the composition of poetry. Still, though the function of this organ does not embrace talent for poetry, the poetical bias cannot exist without it ; for poetical enthusiasm will be felt in the presence of what is beautiful in nature and in art more intensely by persons possessed of an ample endowment of this organ than by IDEALITY. 313 others who are less highly favoured in that respect, but who are, nevertheless, more capable of displaying talent for poetry. Indeed, to call it the organ of the talent for poetry would be to attribute to it a far more extensive sphere of action than this faculty really possesses. Nor does the term Ideality, proposed by Spurzheim, sufficiently indicate its function. It would give a more correct idea of its nature to name it the organ of the poetical bias. And, as it is the peculiar attribute of poetry to exalt and refine all the other faculties, by investing them with the charms of beauty, elegance and grandeur, it follows that a sense of the beautiful, the elegant, and the sublime is its primitive function. It is, also, characteristic of the true poetical disposition to feel dissatisfied with mere matter of fact descriptions of the every-day occurrences of life. The poet, therefore, without departing from the actual realities of nature, loves to place them in new and unexpected lights ; and in pro- portion to the inherent strength of this faculty will be the desire to adorn even ordinary subjects with the graces of originality ; for this sentiment is not satisfied with mental efforts that are merely imitative. It imparts a creative tendency, but it cannot confer creative power ; unless it be accompanied by a fine development of the organs of the affective and intellectual faculties. The love of seeing the productions of the human mind clothed in the fascinating garb of poetry is the special attribute of this sentiment, without reference to the parti- cular medium through which they may be manifested; whether it be the noble thoughts of Homer and Sophocles, of Shakespeare and Dante, of Michael Angelo and Eaphael, of Handel and Mozart, or of the men who have left 314 IDEALITY. St. Peter's as a monument of the union of this sentiment with the mechanical and artistic faculties which are adorned and elevated by it. The love of the beautiful and the perfect then is the special function of this portion of the brain, without reference to the particular medium through which the sense of beauty may manifest itself, whether that be poetry or prose, music, sculpture, painting or architecture. For we find the organ of " Ideality," as it is now invariably called, large in the portraits and casts of those men, whose works are deeply imbued with the mental qualities just named ; and which are the invariable accom- paniments of a full development of this part of the brain. "While it is comparatively small in those who cannot appreciate poetic beauty, and moderately developed in those authors whose works, however great they may be in other respects, are devoid of that charming glow and enthusiastic exaltation of ideas by which true piety is cha- racterized. The style of the celebrated philosopher Locke may be regarded as a fine specimen of the last class of writers. His works are deficient in that glowing spirit of poetry which adorns the intellectual conceptions of Bacon and of Burke, though these are divested of the charms of verse. Are we, then, justified in supposing this organ to be essential to the due appreciation of what- ever is beautiful, and as far as can be, perfect ? Few men could evince keener sensitiveness as to the beauty of virtue than Locke, and yet the organ of the sense of the beautiful was not at all a salient feature in his head. But he possessed a superior endowment of the moral and intellectual organs. And as righteousness and mercy are intrinsically beautiful, the organs of these sentiments must be competent to appreciate moral beauty and IDEALITY. 315 excellence, without the aid of Ideality. And should the intellectual powers of a man, thus morally organized, enable him to communicate his ideas to others, he could, assuredly delineate the forms of moral beauty with accu- racy and with force ; but still, without a fair endowment of the organ of Ideality, the picture would be wanting in that gracefulness of outline and fascinating glow of colour and enthusiasm of manner which the ample possession of this organ can alone enable an author to display. Such is the species of beauty which this organ only is capable of appreciating. It is that which adorns the intellectual creations of Bacon and of Jeremy Taylor, of Milton and of Burke. Contrast the style of these great writers with two others who also displayed extraordinary intellectual powers. I mean Dean Swift and William Cobbett. Swift could undoubtedly give a powerful and minutely graphic description of Satan, and descant with rare perspicacity and eloquence upon the Paradisical state of our first parents. But it is not assuming too much to say that his description, however powerful it might be, would manifest but little of that sublimity which casts such an air of grandeur around Milton's portrait of Satan ; nor would his representation of the garden of Eden be marked by that exquisite beauty of sentiment and gracefulness of style which characterizes Milton's delineation of the happy primeval state of Adam and Eve. Or suppose that Cobbett were to attempt a description of the Carnatic and the devastating of it by Hyder Ally, or endeavour to portray the charms and heartrending misfortunes of Marie Antoinette, would not his narrative fall far short of the appalling sublimity of Burke's description of the one, and the affecting pathos, beauty, and chivalric devotion evinced in his 316 IDEALITY. delineation of the other. There cannot be the slightest doubt of the fact that the predominance of the organ of Ideality in the heads of Milton and Burke, and its cha- racteristic scantiness in those of Swift and Cobbett, caused this vast difference in their styles of writing. This organ is large in the busts of Byron, by Thorwaldsen and Bartolini, and also in the best portraits of him. In the mask from nature of Wordsworth, and in his bust by Chantrey, the organ is very large. It is not so marked a feature in the casts from nature of Crabbe and Scott. Supposing the view taken of the function of this organ to be true to nature, it should be inferred that the facul- ties of the two latter would necessarily evince less of the enthusiastic characteristics of poetry than those of the former. And is not this undoubtedly the case ? For, notwithstanding Scott's great descriptive power, extra- ordinary knowledge of character, and rare dramatic genius, in all of which he was at least Byron's equal, he yet must be considered inferior to him in that peculiar endowment which is the essence of the poetical tempera- ment. The contrast is still more observable in the works of Wordsworth and of Crabbe. This is shown even in the choice of their subjects. Wordsworth's "Excursion"" evinces the predominance of the contemplative and ideal faculties, and is a noble monument of the poet's philan- thropic disposition, set forth in language full of beauty and of power. A somewhat visionary thoughtfulness and pen- sive serenity are characteristic of the entire poem, heightened and beautified by a copious yet tranquil stream of poetical sentiment, the source of which is to be traced to his large organ of Ideality. He chose the character of a recluse, and laid the scene of his poem in IDEALITY. 317 the midst of a secluded and romantic country. Crabbe, on the contrary, found fit subjects for his muse in the misery and degradation of the parish workhouse, and displayed extraordinary power and eloquence in laying bare the practices incident to the various trades and professions pursued by the inhabitants of a borough. Few men ever equalled Crabbe in the faculty of describing, with vividness and truth, the tide of wretchedness which is sure, sooner or later, to overwhelm those who stray from the paths of rectitude. Nor, in delineating the fall of innocence and virtue through the insinuating wiles of selfishness and hypocrisy, would it be easy to point out his equal in force, simplicity, and pathos. But yet he was comparatively wanting in that peculiar kind of imaginative faculty which was so characteristic of Wordsworth's genius, and which nothing but a large endowment of the organ of Ideality can enable anyone to display. It is said that Crabbe's judgment held his imagination in check. But Wordsworth, also, possessed much judgment, and was characteristically reflective, yet the pure poetical temperament, which is the constant attendant upon a large development of the organ of Ideality, even when it is associated with but a small share of talent, was a distinctive peculiarity of his mind. The comparative want of prominence with regard to this mental characteristic in the style of Crabbe should there- fore be considered the result of a relatively moderate endowment of this faculty rather than of an ample one, controlled by a severe critical judgment. In every intel- lectual effort the predominant faculty is sure to hold a conspicuous position. Crabbe himself somewhere says — ." We cannot Nature by our wishes rule, Nor, as we will, her warm emotions cool." 318 IDEALITY. How admirably do the forms of the heads of these- highly distinguished poets accord with their intellectual manifestations. In both, the organs of the intellectual powers are largely developed, but in Wordsworth, as has been already stated, the organ of Ideality, which has a tendency to withdraw the mind from the habitual con- templation of the ordinary affairs of life, was very large, whilst in the head of Crabbe it is by no means charac- teristic. Yet Crabbe was a great poet. Lord Byron himself called him — " Nature's sternest painter, yet the best." And again he says — " With Crabbe it may be difficult to cope." As a striking contrast to the large and finely-balanced intellectual organs of Crabbe and his comparatively moderate Ideality may be adduced a cast of the head of a poor man named Fletcher. In this man the organ of Ideality was very protuberant, and he had rather quick powers of perception, but the organs of the reflective faculties were small. He contented himself with rhyth- mical descriptions of the contents of warehouses to suit the purpose of advertising tradesmen. Here are two marked instances which tend to prove that the degree of talent for poetry should not be pre- dicated from the presence of a large organ of Ideality alone, without paying attention to the general form of the head. But in the case of Fletcher, a strong fact is afforded in proof of its being the faculty which gives the poetical bias or tendency. And, had his mind been more contemplative, he would not, even in his necessities, have confined himself to such subjects as engaged his IDEALITY. 319 attention. But even in these unfavourable subjects the disposition to embellish, to adorn with grace and beauty things paltry in their nature was evident. With regard to Crabbe it would be hazardous to affirm that such a genius as he could not write an imaginative and florid poem if he pleased, but, judging from the form of his head, such a mode of composition would not be natural to him. Nor would it be persevered in with satisfaction to himself. It was not his tendency to soar into the region of things visionary and conjectural. The saddest realities of life were the chosen subjects of his muse, of the peculiar strength of whose wing he in the uncommon clearness of his understanding formed an estimate, such as would be come to by a skilful Phreno- logist after a careful survey of the genuine cast of his head. The commanding influence of this faculty was strongly manifested in the writings and conversations of the poet Coleridge. And the organ, now under consideration, is very large in the genuine cast of his head. His intellec- tual characteristics differed much from those of "Wordsworth and of Crabbe. In the brilliancy of his poetical imaginings he far surpassed the latter ; but with all his great intellectual capacity he was not perhaps Crabbe's. equal in real knowledge of mankind, or in the ability to concentrate all his intellectual forces upon the points which were the most likely to illustrate or establish his purpose, so as to make others understand it. The absence of Coleridge's superb imagination left Crabbe's superior common sense unobstructed in the display of its power ; while its presence so abounding and gorgeously displayed by Coleridge, marred the worldly success which so great an intellect as he was endowed with could other- 320 IDEALITY. wise scarcely fail to attain. In the forehead of Coleridge there are striking indications of a tendency to indulge in metaphysical speculations that are somewhat visionary and vague. The organ of Ideality is much larger in Reynold's portrait of Goldsmith than in the portraits of Dr. Johnson by the same great painter ; and there cannot be a question of Goldsmith's superiority as to poetical genius. Even his prose works are replete with that peculiar grace and elegance with which this sentiment when active is sure to invest every production of the mind. " Nihil tetigit quod non ornavit" was part of the glowing eulogy passed on him by Johnson himself; who, notwithstanding his great intellectual resources, both natural and acquired, and his extraordinary powers of composition, was not remarkable for the qualities which accompany an ample development of this organ. In the mask of his friend Edmund Burke, and also in the portraits of him, this organ is extremely prominent ; and the gorgeous manner in which this faculty displayed itself in his speeches and writings has contri- buted, with a surprisingly capacious intellect and noble sentiments, to place British eloquence on a par, at least, with the finest productions of Greece and Rome. In the masks of Pitt and Fox the organ is by no means so prominent as it is in Burke. It is very large in Chantrey's fine bust of John Philpot Curran and Lawrence's picture of him. In Nollekens' bust of Lord Erskine it is not salient, while in the bust, by the same artist, of Lord Mansfield the organ is very large. In accordance with phrenological laws we should expect to find the true poetical element pervading the speeches of Mansfield, Burke, and Curran much more profusely than those of Pitt, Fox, or Erskine. And such was undoubtedly the IDEALITY. 321 case. Of Mansfield it was said by Pope, u How sweet an Ovid was in Murray lost." And Byron emphatically said, " Curran — Curran's the man ! I have heard him speak more poetry in an hour than I ever read or heard." Hence it is manifest that neither rhyme nor metre are necessary for the display of poetical ideas ; although the musical cadences of verse heighten their effect and are best adapted for their display. In a prose version of the writings of Shakespeare, Spenser, or Milton we should not be at a loss to discover the u Disjecta membra poetce." It is this faculty pervading the " Telemachus " of Fenelon that has entitled it to rank among the most admired epic poems. It cast a lustre of grace and beauty around his amiable and noble sentiments. And in natural accordance with this fact, we find the portraits of this ornament of human nature, engraved by Audran, Drevet, and Fiquet, from two different pictures by Yivien, that the organ of the poetical sentiment was one of his most marked cerebral characteristics. This organ is strikingly developed in Chaucer, the father of English poetry. He was pronounced by Hazlitt, an excellent critic, to be one of the four greatest poets of England, and Sir James Macintosh considered him, if not the greatest poet, at least the greatest poetical genius, with the single exception of Dante, that had appeared since the days of Lucretius. It is a marked feature in the portraits of Sir Philip Sydney, whom Queen Elizabeth called the " jewel of her time," and in those of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, the gallant victim of her tyrannical, pitiless father. Surrey was the best poet of his time, and the first refiner of English verse. Sydney was celebrated for the tender gracefulness of his writings A A 322 IDEALITY. and the poetical cast of his ideas, which showed itself in all his actions. It is large in Vertue's print of Spenser, and in the little profile of Ariosto, by Enea Vico, from a contemporary medallion by Doni, the organ of Ideality is very large. The same part of the head is immensely developed in the mask of Tasso, taken after death. And it is only necessary to glance at the masks of Canova and Flaxman, when side by side with those of Cromwell and Napoleon, in order to see where the spirit of poetry was most abundantly bestowed. Not that there was any marked deficiency of the organ in either of the latter. But it was not a characteristic feature. In Faithhorne's and Vertue's prints of Milton the organ of Ideality is largely developed. The same part of the head is extremely protuberant in the only portraits of Shakspeare that have any pretensions to authenticity, namely, the old print by Martin Droeshout, published in 1623, which was highly commended by Ben Johnson, and the monumental bust at Stratford-on-Avon, which, according to Leonard Digges, was a well-known object seven years after the poet's death. In all those men, who in the absence of every advantage of birth and education have gained considerable poetical reputation, the organ of Ideality is characteristically salient. Such is the case in Bloomfield, the Suffolk shoe- maker poet, in Clare, the peasant poet of Northampton- shire, in Elliott, the corn-law rhymer, in Hogg, the Ettrick shepherd. And it is very large in the scull of Eobert Burns, the prince of peasant poets. It is large also in the authentic portrait of Carolan, the last of the Irish bards. But in this case the organ of music shines out with paramount lustre, while in the scull of Burns that of Ideality is much more conspicuous than that of music. IDEALITY. 323 And does not this fact agree exactly with their character- istic tendencies and powers of mind ? Carolan, as a lyric poet, must yield the palm of excellence to Burns, though many of his compositions in that line are marked by great tenderness and sympathising, unselfish warmth of attachment, and sometimes by a sprightly, mirth -inspiring humour, which was calculated to delight all without wounding the feelings of the most sensitive. Burns, on the other hand, never evinced any genius for music, and cannot, therefore, in respect to that charming art be put in competition with so rare and original a musical composer as Carolan. In this attribute Burns falls far short also of Thomas Moore. And it is a palpable fact that the organ of music is much more developed in the plaster cast of the face of Ireland's great lyric poet than in the cast of the scull of that pride of Scotland's bards. But in the mental constitution of the latter Ideality formed the dominant ingredient, and it imbued all the others with its own yearning after the beautiful in every- thing. Still he was not Moore's equal in the charming variety of exquisite musical versification in which the Irish melodies are enshrined. Yet, to judge by the comparative saliency of Ideality in the scull of Burns, it should be inferred that he was still more than Moore under the imperative influence of the spirit of poetry, though he can hardly be said to cope with him in brilliancy of fancy or the exquisite beauty of his similitudes and metaphors. In the poetry of the feelings it would be hard to point out the compeer of either. And it may not be straying too far from the region of Ideality to pass on to that of the social and domestic affections in order to notify here the exact accordance that is found to exist in the case of both these poets between the passionate A A 2 324 IDEALITY. warmth of these feelings and the paramount development of their respective organs. The contrast between the sculls of Burns and Swift is very marked, for Ideality is only of moderate size in the latter. And, notwithstanding the great genius of " The Dean," his mind was not imbued with a refined sense of the beautiful in poetry. No doubt it was the want of this attribute in his Pindaric odes which caused Dryden to say, " Cousin Swift, you will never be a poet." Swift, however, has written a great deal of poetry, and it has been pronounced by good judges to be admirable of its kind. But it is of an humble kind. Yet liveliness, fertility, and originality of imagination, were striking features of his mental character. But from want of that enthusiastic sense of the beautiful, by which such poets as Spenser, Shakspeare, Milton, Tasso, Ariosto,. and Dante were inspired, he had no internal monitor prompting him to illumine his literary path with a light similar to that which has shed such radiant splendour over theirs. In the cast of the scull of Swift's beloved friend, Pope, the organ of Ideality is finely developed. But yet it is not so salient, in relation to the surrounding ones, as it is in the scull of Burns. This is not because Pope's forehead is larger than Burns, for in reality it is not either so high or so broad, but because that organ is^ so harmoniously proportioned to those of the intellectual faculties in Pope, by means of the intermediate organ of Wit, which is one of rare prominence in the scull of that great satirist. And certainly in the nicely-acljusted equipoise of the intellectual organs the advantage is with Pope. In this characteristic it would not be easy to meet with his compeer, much less his superior. And, IDEALITY. 325 when these outward symbols of the talent of bringing the ideas with facility into harmonious and concentrated association are in him supported by a powerful but not redundant organ of Language, it is not surprising to find that he had gained a reputation in his early childhood for literary precocity. But the kind of literature to which he instinctively devoted himself was owing to the genial promptings of a superior organ of Ideality. And it will not be altogether irrelevant here to add that the spirit of overwhelming satire, in which he so often revelled, and in the galling outbursts of which he stands almost without a rival, may be traced to the dominancy of his salient organ of Wit, when excited by a well-developed organ of Combativeness, after these had been aroused to anger by wounded self-esteem and love of approbation, the organs of which are highly characteristic features of the head of Pope. And it should be observed that there is not to be found in his scrdl such a dominant indication as that which Burns' displays of the presence of that glowing sense of benevolence which rendered the character of the latter so lovable. The organ of Ideality is a prominent feature in the antique bust of Horace ; and it is gratifying and instructive to find that between the form of his forehead and Pope's there is a close similarity. And do not the admirable satires and moral epistles of each afford striking evidence of their intellectual affinities ? But the forehead of this great Roman poet is rather more expanded. And if they are pretty nearly of equal size in the region of Ideality, the advantage with respect to that of melody is on the side of Horace ; whose great ambition it was to clothe his thoughts and feelings in the fascinating garb of lyric verse. And though he failed to strike out of the glowing 326 IDEALITY. furnace of Lis imagination the dithyrambic fire, which was so germane to the lofty genius of his pattern, the rapturous Pindar, yet he has always been called the Prince of Roman lyric poets. It will not perhaps be thought unduly digressive to notice here, that in this antique head of Horace there are uncommon indications of a most genial, unselfish, affectionate, graceful disposition, that was truly unambi- tious either of wealth or power. His beautiful ode, commencing thus " Hoc erat in votis" is charmingly enunciative of this. In the bust of Pindar, himself, Ideality is extraor- dinarily developed, and Melody or Tune is prominently characteristic. In his head are also to be seen the outward emblems of a character in which a deep sense of reverence for what is great and noble is happily commingled with manliness. Ideality is very large in iEschylus, the eldest of the three great tragic poets of Greece. In his head the region of the organs of Veneration and Wonder are also developed to an extraordinary degree. The instinctive force of the last-named organ prompted him to invest the phenomena, which his genius delighted to depict, with supernatural attributes; and the beauty and appalling grandeur, with which they were imbued were owing to the paramount strength of that organ, when rendered still more intense by a most elevated sense of poetic beauty, imparted by dominant Ideality. Combined with a fine development of the moral region of the head, there is in the bust of Euripides also a very salient organ of Ideality. In him the reflective organs, Comparison and Causality, were strikingly characteristic, while Individuality and Eventuality, though adequately developed for most uses, were subordinate to Causality and Comparison. Hence IDEALITY. 327 it should be inferred that JEschylus, in whom the percep- tive organs just named were of immense size, would be more a man of action, and that Euripides would be more a man of contemplation. ' The former would be more instinctively alive to the phenomena of the external world and the actual doings of men, the latter would be more disposed to search out the hidden causes of phenomena and the motives which govern human actions. Sophocles, like his great rivals, was endowed with a very fine development of Ideality ; but the form of his forehead partakes of the character of each ; though it is not so salient as either in the parts that most strikingly characterise them. From this it would be inferred that he was less influenced by the phenomenal world than JEschylus, and less philosophically sceptical than Euripides. The moral region of the head is large in all of them, but in iEschylus the animal portion is large, while it is mode- rate in Euripides. Sophocles also had more of the animal organs than his younger competitor, and in him there are indications of a courageous energy, as well as tenderness of feeling. But the cerebral marks of grandeur and sublimity of genius lies with iEschylus ; while the rapid current of his conceptions was not so much under the restraint of method, as would be the case with Sophocles and Euripides. In the bust of Theocritus there is a very large organ of Ideality, and it is blended so harmoniously with the organs of the intellectual faculties and Wit in front, and with large Imitation, Benevolence, Marvellousness, and Vene- ration, which lie above it, that it would be hard to find a head superior to it in gracefulness of contour. In this head of Theocritus there are striking cerebral indications of gentle, compassionate, respectful, affectionate dispositions, 328 IDEALITY. without being in the slightest degree alloyed by selfish- ness. And to enhance the inherent beauty of these mental qualities, there was diffused through the whole of them that sense of the beautiful, which is the abstract essence of poetry, and which depended for its manifes- tation upon the presence of his salient organ of Ideality. The forehead is in this instance very high ; and the reflec- tive organs are characteristic features. But, though those of the perceptive faculties are good and harmoniously balanced, the Individuality and Eventuality were not large enough to induce him to quit scenes of repose and tranquillity, in order to join the strife and turmoil which all must go through who devote their lives to public affairs. What a contrast there is in respect [to the size, both ab- solute and relative, of the organs of Ideality, Individuality, and Eventuality, between the heads of Theocritus and Demosthenes ! In the busts and statues of the greatest of Grecian orators, Ideality is but of moderate size, while the other two organs are exceedingly large. And can there be pointed out two other great men, in all the range of history, whose intellectual attributes were more un- like than theirs? How far inferior, too, in development is the region of Ideality in the powerful head of the unpoetic Zeno, the great stoic philosopher, as compared with that of Plato, the intrinsic grace of whose virtuous aspirations was enhanced by his exalted sense of that abstract ideal beauty which it was in the power of his large organ of Ideality to communicate. But this beautiful element of the human mind is not dependent upon words alone for its elucidation. It finds its way to the heart and soul through the painter's brush, the sculptor's modelling tool, and the musician's symbolic IDEALITY. 329 notes, as well as through the pen, when these instruments are swayed by men of genius. And, accordingly, it is a prominent feature in the portraits of Correggio, Raphael, Michael Angelo, and all those artists who have excelled in the highest line of art. It is to be seen illumining the enchanting landscapes of the inimitable Claude Lorraine. The refining influence of this faculty over the imaginations of Turner, which sometimes led that great painter into extravagant flights in striving to approach the glowing tints of nature's brightest hues, is to be seen to great advan- tage in his noble picture of the " Sun rising in a Mist," a picture that entitles him to almost as high a niche in the classic ' temple of fame as the one so surely occupied by Claude himself. And still more purely and abstract- edly is its influence felt at the sight of his charming landscape, called " Crossing the Brook." But it is in his beautiful " Fighting Temaraire," that the paramount influence of " Ideality " over his artistic attributes dis- plays itself without transcending the precincts of nature. In his Ulysses and Polyphemus its presence, as a promi- nent element of his mental constitution, is still more magnificently depicted. But here are splendid indications of his having been then actuated by inspirations issuing from a deep sense of the wonderful or the supernatural, the organ of which, like that of Ideality, is a prominent feature in a posthumous plaster mask of this eccentric man of genius. In the head of that charming landscape painter, Danby, Ideality was very salient; and in looking at some of his most characteristic works you seem to breathe the dreamy atmosphere of poetry. The fertile genius of Maclise is deeply imbued with this mental quality; and, in a fine mask of him in plaster, the organ with which that 330 IDEALITY. attribute is incorporated is uncommonly large ; and it is also very salient in that fine painter, Herbert. In all the great masters of music this region of the head is strikingly developed. And this their busts and portraits amply testify. In the cast of Mendelssohn Bartholdy's head the organ is remarkable prominent. It is not a striking characteristic in the cast of Moschelles, the eminent pupil and biographer of Beethoven; while his " all-feeling " master was himself endowed with it in a rare degree. It is large also in the mask from nature of Weber. Notwithstanding the quantity of evidence already adduced, the interest attaching to a few celebrated names of our own country will sanction their introduction here as satisfactory examples, both positively and negatively, of the truth of Gall's doctrine regarding the function of the cerebral region now under consideration. Let, for instance, any one of the engraved portraits of Edmund Burke be compared with Sharpe's fine engraving of his acute and plausible antagonist, in regard to the natural " Rights of Man," Thomas Paine, and it cannot fail to be seen that the cerebral region which is situated in the upper portion of the temple is very large in the former and only of moderate size in the latter. In the cast taken after death of Jeremy Bentham, it is but poorly developed ; while in that of William Godwin it is uncommonly salient. And is not the absence of the poetic sentiment a singular feature of the mental constitution of the renowned patriarch of utilitarianism : and, on the contrary, was it not a copious element of the mind of the famous author of Caleb Williams and St. Leon? It is very conspicuous in the head of Lord Macaulay. It is not so in that of his very eminent friend, Sir James Mc'Intosh, whose singularly expanded IDEALITY. 331 and harmoniously balanced forehead, while it affords pal- pable evidence of the true greatness of his talents, also shews the truth of the adage — poeta nascitur nonfit. And, on the contrary, does not a fine vein of poetry run through all that Macaulay has written. Or let the portrait of Lord Brougham, engraved by Walker, after Lawrence's fine picture of that wonderful man, be compared with those of George Canning, after pictures by the same eminent painter, and the superiority of development, with respect to the region of Ideality in the head of Canning is recogni- sable at a glance. Notwithstanding that, in some respects, the intellectual development of Lord Plunkett was much superior even to that of Henry Grattan, yet the latter was endowed with a finer relative development of this organ. Those who have seen O'Connell and Shiel together, could not but admit that the intellectual region in the head of the former was far superior to that of the latter, while to Shiel would be awarded pre-eminence in regard to the development of the organ of the Sense of Poetry. And are not these cere- bral peculiarities quite in accordance with the oratorical characteristics of those great advocates of Catholic eman- cipation. Y et, notwithstanding the superior brilliancy of Shiel, he fell far short of O'Connell' s range of intellectual power, and was by no means his equal in fertility of mental resources in perilous emergencies. And it may not be irrelevant to observe that 0' Council's fine forehead was remarkably emblematic of these rare talents ; as well as of intellectual industry in his labour of love which never seemed to be affected by a sense of lassitude, till towards the close, when the energies of his over-wrought brain gradually gave way, owing to the softening of it. It is well to say here, that the peculiar form of head 332 IDEALITY. which is accompanied by powers of unabating and un- swerving intellectual assiduity has been already pointed out when treating of the faculty of intellectual concen- tration. The effect of a superior endowment of the organ of Ideality is inauspicious, when the organs of the intellect are so ill-balanced as to create discord in the association of the ideas. And this is especially the case when the upper part of the forehead is excessively large, while the lower portion of it is but poorly developed. According to the measure of this inharmonious discrepancy of form there will exist a dreamy neglect of the necessary affairs of life, or such preposterous eccentricity as characterised a patient of the Salpetriere, of whose brain, scull, and head, diagrams are given in Plate 7. This woman, whose name was Maunier, was disposed to give vent to extrava- gant poetical ideas. But when she attempted to compose, then she was so affected by the inordinate action of her faculties, that her exalted notions ended in the ravings of insanity. This woman rejoiced in the conviction that she was the betrothed of the great Napoleon. And to the entertaining of this fancy she was impelled by the suggestions of a strong amatory propensity, the presence of which is seen in the largeness of her cerebellum, and by great pride, which was owing to the relatively promi- nent development of a morbidly active self-esteem. Very opposite to this was the case of Sestini, the celebrated improvisatore, who died in Paris of inflam- mation of the brain. In him Ideality was finely developed. But it was so harmoniously blended with the organs of the intellect, of which those that principally serve to concentrate and arrange the thoughts were in him very large, and were, moreover, so beautifully pro- IDEALITY. 333 portioned that he became distinguished for the rare faculty of giving unpremeditated expression to poetical imagin- ings, even in the form of rythmical numbers (see Plate 7.) The series of diagrams of these two singular and very opposite characters are interesting examples of the perfect coincidence of certain forms of the head with special mental faculties, in accordance with the laws of cerebral physiology discovered by Gall. And not only this, for they also afford undeniable evidence of the complete accordance existing between the development of the head and of the brain within it. And do not they shew, also, in a palpable manner, the futility of the objection in regard to the frontal sinus so often put forward as a fatal barrier to the useful appliance of Phrenology towards the delinea- tion of character ? The sentiment of Ideality, when it forms an active ingredient of the mind, and is associated with a high moral sense and warm social affections, is obviously con- ducive to happiness. But still it often proves a fertile source of discomfort, by rendering men so constituted dissatisfied with the occurrences of life, which usually fall far short of the standard of ideal excellence which it is the essential nature of this faculty to engender. For this sentiment gives the capacity for clothing with a garb of transcendent lustre forms that are even in themselves beautiful. It invests the reminiscences of early days with the bloom and verdure which charmed us in the spring-time of our hopes. It assists benevolence in ren- dering even charity itself more amiable and interesting, and under its influence hardhearted selfishness and grovel- ling sensuality lose much of their asperity and grossness. But though it thus tends to abate the atrocities of vice, 334 IDEALITY. and in a high degree enhances the charms of virtue, still it can hardly be placed within the sphere of the purely moral sentiments. It is, however, a powerful auxiliary, because the love of abstract beauty and perfection is its specific attribute. It must, therefore, be an essential element in the composition of a true poet's mind. But the character of a poem and the manner in which it is constructed depend upon the way in which the senti- ments, feelings, and intellectual faculties are associated and balanced. When in combination with musical talent, with warm and energetic social affections and lofty sentimental aspirations, it gives rise to the exquisite lyrical effusions of Moore. Combined with dominant reflective faculties, high moral sentiments and less ardent passions, it pro- duces a genius like Wordsworth, whose lyrical efforts, though eminently poetical, are found by some competent judges to be wanting in the glowing ardour of the passions by which the poems of Moore are so essentially charac- terised, but whose moral and philosophical poetry, which is sweetened with so much social and compassionate tenderness, entitles him to rank as one of the greatest poets of his time. When united with a pensive thought- fulness, elevated sympathies, and warm affections, it characterises the poems and inspiring songs of Campbell. The chivalrous highmindedness, the purity of sentiment, and the warmth of attachment which spread a romantic charm over the writings of Scott, and the presence of which attribute is indicated by the form of his singularly lofty head, had their inherent beauty enhanced by Ideality. Yet his cast from nature does not exhibit the superior prominence at the upper part of the temple, which is the constant characteristic of the greatest of poets. But it IDEALITY. 335 had a wide surface for the convolutions of this organ to become expanded in, owing to the surprising height of his head. Still the glow of enthusiasm, which pervades the tender and romantic imaginings of Scott, owed most of its brightness and warmth to the intrinsic strength of the primitive feelings themselves. For virtuous aspirations are truly beautiful, even when divested of the enchanting hues of poetry. But yet these render their form and complexion still more fascinating. And though it were vain to "gild the rose or throw perfume on the violet," yet the quality of mercy itself may be invested with additional charms through the promptings of the spirit of poetry. It was in this beautiful faculty of the human mind that the great and fertile and varied genius of Scott was wanting, as compared with that of Shakespeare, whom he resembles in the dramatic character of his mind. And, as has been already noticed, the only trustworthy portraits of Shakespeare now in existence, namely, the print by Martin Droeshout and the monumental bust at Stratford- ■ on -Avon, possess an extraordinary development of the organ of Ideality. In Scott, the organ of Marvellousness was very large, and its influence was felt more strongly by him than that of Ideality. Is it to the influence of this faculty we are to attribute the fact that those poets who possessed it in an eminent degree w ere the earliest refiners of language? Not that they enjoyed, perhaps, a greater share of intellect, or greater fluency of expression than some philosophers and historians ; but that they were endowed with a greater relative amount of that sentiment, which renders the action of all the other faculties more refined. The part which this faculty plays in the workings of a poet's mind was well understood and accurately described 336 IDEALITY. by Gall, for he says, " It requires a peculiar and proper power to animate all the others with the sacred fire of Apollo." And though he at first named it the " Talent for Poetry," his writings plainly shew that he considered it to be the organ of the Spirit of Poetry. And it can be scrupulously averred that the local position of this organ of Ideality is as truly ascertained as the separate existence of the faculty itself. It is well to observe, in conclusion, that the joyous temper which accompanies a predominance of this organ, and especially when it is associated with salient organs of Hope and Benevolence, and moderate ones of Caution and Acquisitiveness, would undoubtedly tend to render the sedulous and methodical pursuit of duties somewhat irk- some. But this unlucky tendency will be found to grow with accelerated speed, if there be a head thus organized, that has but a poor development of the organs of Time and Order. These two should therefore be cultivated with* the greatest care in such cases, at the time of childhood, when the brain is plastic, for their effectual co-operation is indispensable to the future independence and happiness of every one. WIT-MIRTHFULNESS. Having in the last essay endeavoured to ascertain the nature and source of the faculty which enables us to embellish all our intellectual delineations with the bright hues of poetry, and which imparts the poetical bias, even where the capacity of producing poetry is denied, and to shew that it should be deemed a primitive faculty ; and having also demonstrated by many affirmative and negative proofs, taken from nature, that the amount of its power depends upon the actual, and still more on the relative development of a certain part of the brain, which is situated in the temples, I shall next attempt to point out the real function of an organ which lies immediately in front of that of Ideality. Dr. Grail observed that persons remarkable for what is called Wit, either in writing or conversation, had the superior lateral parts of the forehead very full and rounded. He says, "This faculty considers objects under a point of view altogether peculiar, finds in them relations altogether peculiar, and presents them in a manner altogether peculiar, which constitutes what is called salt, causticity, and sometimes naivete.'''' Aud again he says, " When this organisation predominates it carries with it an irresistible propensity to ridicule everything, to spare neither friend nor brother." . . . He then cites numerous cases to prove the correctness of his opinion, B B '6o8 WIT. and concludes by saying, " It is therefore no longer permitted to doubt that this talent is indicated by the organisation which I have described. The manner in which it manifests itself, whether by offensive sar- casms or by jests without bitterness, the choice of its subjects, etc., all this depends on the greater or less development of other organs." Wit may be bitter and ill-natured, or playful, and devoid of sarcasm. It cannot, then, be an emanation from a single faculty, since no one power of the mind can be productive of opposite functions. The term, wit, does not, therefore, properly designate the abstract nature of this power. To be witty requires the simultaneous and ready action of several faculties, but the tendency to excite those faculties to witty and ludicrous associations of ideas depends upon a single mental attribute, which has its own appropriate organ in the brain. And as no amount of intellect will enable one to shine as a poet of the highest class without an ample endowment of the organ of Ideality, so will it be impossible for any amount of perceptive and reflective talent to render an individual remarkable as a wit or humourist without a considerable share of the organ which causes us to rejoice in ludicrous and laughable intellectual combinations. On the other hand, these two organs may be possessed in an eminent degree without imparting the talent for arraying subjects in the garb of poetry or of wit. Some persons excite mirthful emotions not by the exhibition of intellectual flashes of wit or humour, but by placing their subject in a ludicrous point of view. Nor is the effect produced much impaired by the absence of intellectuality in the grotesque performances of some hair-brained individuals, wit. 339 the laughter-moving effect of whose antics are not at all diminished by their ridiculousness. A sense of the ludicrous would seem to be a special function of this organ of Wit, as Gall has named it, just as the sense of the beautiful is an essential attribute of the organ of Poetry, so designated by the same great authority. Dr. Spurzheim named it the organ of Mirthfulness and Gayness, and certainly gay and mirthful emotions always accompany ludicrous intellectual manifestations. Yet it must be admitted that some individuals, whose works abound in ludicrous descriptions, have not evinced, at least publicly, much gaiety or mirthfulness of dispo- sition. Peter Pindar (Dr. Walcot) is said to have been morose and heavy in company, and the author of " Hudibras " required, it is said, the stimulus of ardent spirits or wine to render him an agreeable companion. Swift was seldom seen to smile, and his manners were not characterised by mirthfulness or gaiety. Curran, who delighted every company he moved in by the frequent play of brilliant corruscations of wit and humour, was habitually of a desponding temper. And Liston, who succeeded beyond any man of. his time in creating laughter by the drollery of his histrionic efforts, was known to be habitually grave. Nevertheless, this faculty creates a tendency to be mirthful and gay, and the droll, fantastic light it elicits, even from trivial things, seems to have been given for the purpose of illumining, and dispersing the gloom which melancholy sometimes spreads around us in our progress through life. To the de- sponding poetical temperament of Curran, it must have acted as a salutary corrective. And it was this faculty enabled the amiable and melancholy Cowper to dissolve, B B 2 340 wit. for a time, the mists of despondency, which sometimes obscured the brightness of his understanding, when he composed his John Gilpin, which is looked upon as one of the most humorous pieces in the language. In the portraits of those whose names have been adduced, the superior lateral part of the forehead, which is the seat of the organ of the sense of the ludicrous, is very salient. No one can excel as a caricaturist without a rich endow- ment of this organ ; and the portrait of Gilray, who still remains almost unrivalled in this species of art, exhibits a large development of it. And in the forehead of that admirable painter of manners in their most humorous and amusing phases, John Leach, the superior outer angle of his broad forehead is very prominent. And in the fine terra cotta bust of Hogarth, by Rubilliac, this organ is very salient. But it may be objected that writers on Phrenology, of eminence, have stated that the organ is not well marked in the mask of Curran. Mr. Combe himself was, I believe, of this opinion. And, lest the fact should militate against the establishment of the organ, he is disinclined to allow that Curran possessed genuine wit and humour. I shall not, now, attempt to gainsay this opinion by adducing specimens of those multifarious emanations of Curran's genius, which were deemed by his most enlightened co- temporaries in the highest degree witty and laughter- moving, but content myself with stating the opinion of one or two competent judges. A friend having, one day, observed to John Home Tooke, that he considered him, Tooke, the wittiest man in the kingdom ; he replied " No, there is, at all events, one wittier man, and that is John Philpot Curran." Tooke, on another occasion, being asked which he considered the wit. 341 wittier man, Sheridan or Curran ? said, " The wit of Sheridan is like polished steel, cut and fashioned for the occa- sion ; Curran's is like gold-dust flowing in inexhaustible and unpremeditated profusion." And the author of" Sketches of Irish Political Characters," in the year 1799, thus writes, " He (Curran) has equal power to elicit tears from the softness of sensibility, or extort from gravity itself the roar of laughter." " He abounds in wit, flashing with reiterated strokes, and almost with the rapidity of elementary fire ; its corrus- cations gild the gloom of debate." His powers of sarcasm, too, were of the very highest order ; and he was, perhaps never surpassed in the power of instantaneously transfixing an adversary with the un- erring shafts of withering ridicule. Mr. Combe grounds his opinion upon the published speeches and sayings of Curran. But, it should be recol- lected, that his cotemporaries have said that these give but a very inadequate notion of the splendour of his eloquence or the brilliancy of his wit. Taking the same authority as a criterion, an acute observer has said, that the recorded wit of Curran (and it was said in disparagement of his ability in that respect) was not like that of Sterne, in whose head the organ of Wit was pronounced to be very large. Granted; neither is the poetry of Wordsworth like that of Byron ; although they were both endowed with the organ of Poetry, or Ideality, in an eminent degree. And the cause is obvious. Their heads differed exceedingly, as to form, in almost every other respect. So may Sterne and Curran have been possessed of an ample share of the primitive faculty, now under consideration, and yet have differed widely in their mode of applying it, in consequence of an essential 342 wit. disparity in the relative development of other powers, which are indispensable agents in giving a special direc- tion to this faculty. Here, perhaps, the opponents of Phrenology will exclaim, Oh ! we agree with you in your estimate of Curran's wit, but take leave to remind you that you are demolishing the fantastic abode raised by the inventive powers of Gall for the reception of the genius of jollity and laughter. For Combe says, that the organ which he supposes to be that of a sense of the ludicrous is scarcely full in the mask of Curran. Undoubtedly, the opinion of Mr. Combe is entitled to the highest respect as an authority in this matter. But from what I know personally of his benevolent and unpre- tending disposition, I feel persuaded that he was the last man who would lay claim to infallibility, or underrate, much less ignore, the judgment of other practical observers. Now, to me the organ of Wit is decidedly large in the original mask of Curran. I have compared it carefully with casts from nature of men remarkable for the mental qualities attributed to this organ, and I have found it superior to most of them. It is larger in this mask of Curran than in those of John Wilks, Home Tooke, and R. B. Sheridan, although the organ is very full and rounded in each of these. It is less marked in the posthumous cast of the Rev. Rowland Hill than in the mask of Curran, though the part is remarkably developed in Rowland Hill's cast. In the mask of the great comedian Elliston, this organ bears a great resemblance to that of Curran, when viewed in its relation to the neighbouring organs. In Curran the forehead was remarkably high and exceedingly full in the centre, which embraces the organs of Individuality, Eventuality, and Comparison. wit. 343 Such a combination of organs gives a rounded appearance to the forehead ; and this causes the superior lateral part, which is the seat of the organ of Wit, to be less conspicu- ous, than if the forehead were somewhat square, as it is in the fine bust of Sterne by Nollekens. And here it may be right to say that the organ of Wit is extremely protuberant in this bust, as well as in the fine print of Sterne by Fisher, after Sir J. Reynolds. And it is worthy of remark that if the eye be carried upwards from the organ of Music, in the mask of Curran, that of Wit, which lies immediately above it, will be found to be very salient, nothwithstanding the presence of a fair develop- ment of the organ of Music. In order the better to comprehend the value of the estimation in which the wit of Curran was held by his cotemporaries it is, perhaps, desirable to enquire, briefly, into this peculiar manifestation of mind. Dr. Johnson says in the " Rambler," " Wit being an unexpected copulation of ideas, the discovery of some occult relations between images in appearance remote from each other. An effusion of wit, therefore, presupposes an accumulation of knowledge ; a memory stored with notions, which the imagination may call out to compose new assemblages. Whatever may be the native vigour of the mind, she can never form many combinations from few ideas ; as many changes can never be rung upon a few bells." Now, the form of brain which enables one to accumu- late knowledge and store the memory with notions was possessed by Curran in an eminent degree. He had large perceptive organs. Eventuality, Individuality, and Lan- guage were very 'large. This combination enabled him to acquire a vast amount of miscellaneous knowledge, to 344 wit. compare and select facts, and to express his thoughts with great fluency. And we accordingly find that the author of the " Sketches " before alluded to, says, (i His mind was stored with a variety of useful and entertaining knowledge ; his matter is always drawn from an abundant source, and is always happily selected." Curran also possessed a very large organ of Comparison, and this, with the perceptive powers already adverted to, conferred on him the talent of rapidly discovering " some occult relation between images in appearance remote from each other." Hence it would seem that a capacity for readily drawing remote and unexpected analogies from objects which, in most respects, differ widely from each other, and which Dr. Johnson considers the essence of Wit, arises from an ample endowment of the intellectual organs generally, but especially of Individuality, Eventuality, Comparison, and Language, combined with an adequate share of Causality, without being under the necessity of waiting for the aid of any special organ of Wit, of gaiety, or of a sense of the ludicrous. And, indeed, this will not be deemed strange, when it is considered that the most finished strokes of wit are not always those that cause laughter, by exciting a sense of the ludicrous or the mirthful. But, the drawing of comparison between objects which not only differ widely from each other, but are, at the same time, so opposite in their nature, that the making of any compa- rison at all between them, carries with it the idea of ridiculousness ; and when such incongruous analogies are sought after, and dwelt on with pleasure when they instinctively present themselves, it is not unreasonable to suppose that a peculiar power must exist to give rise to such a bias of the mind. And since there can be no doubt of the separate existence of a sense of the beautiful wit. 345 and the wonderful, it would, indeed, be to curtail the fair proportions of nature to deny that there exists, also, a sense of the ludicrous, and if it is a fact that the two former powers are accompanied by appropriate organs, one can have but little hesitation in seeing the necessity of this faculty being also provided with a special, appropriate organ. Now, with respect to Curran, it is not only quite certain that he possessed, in an eminent degree, the faculty of rapidly tracing resemblances between things differing widely from each other in their general features, but that he was also remarkable for imbuing such analogies with the hue of drollery and ridicule. This power he frequently manifested by a play upon words, a mode of displaying wit which it has become the fashion with many to undervalue and reject. Yet it is true that the power of manifesting a quick appreciation of remote analogies, and of giving these comparisons a ludicrous colouring, may be successfully evinced by a well applied play upon words. One of Cumin's sallies in this way just now occurs to me. He was one evening surrounded at a great ball by a group of ladies and gentlemen, when his attention was arrested by a .lady inquiring who a young man was that happened at the time to be cutting a conspicuous figure by the elegance of his dress and the foppery of his manner* " Oh," said Curran, "he is just returned from his travels." " No," observed another, " he has never been out of this city." " You are mistaken," said Curran, "he is lately come from Pultusk." This young man was the son of a dentist in Dublin. Now here was a very rapid perception of resemblance between two things as different from one another in their nature as it is possible for any two things to be, namely, the drawing of a tooth and a town in Poland. This, 346 wit. according to Johnson, constitutes wit. But in addition to this there is a degree of ridicule apparent in the application of it which nothing but a keen sense of the ludicrous could have suggested. And that Curran pos- sessed this power in an eminent measure is noticed by the writer, already quoted, in these words. " In the attorney-generalship of Fitzgibbon he came into frequent collision with that imperious lawyer, who was, nevertheless, often vanquished by the ridicule of Mr. Curran's wit." Although this sentiment is not intrinsically ill-natured there is no doubt that, except in minds very amiably con- stituted, it imparts a relish for what Gall calls salt and causticity, without which ridicule would fall flat and spirit- less. And though a sense of the ludicrous or the ridiculous may be gratified without ill-nature, still it cannot be denied that satire is its more appropriate companion. Now, as to Curran, the same writer says, " in irony he is pre- eminently successful, being shrewd, sarcastic, and severe, and in satire he stands unrivalled ; it is a caustic that causes the most stupid to feel and the most insensible to wince, it appals the effrontery of impudence and scares the audacity of public prostitution, nor rank nor station can shield themselves from its force, and when seemingly contemned it has been known to have operated with the greatest force." As an instance of his ready wit and his power of con- veying a cutting sarcasm in a single epithet, the following anecdote will show. A barrister who owned large landed property was opposed to Curran as counsel in a cause, and being annoyed and disconcerted by the pertinent points made by the latter, who was then young and very poor, he, in a contemptuous manner, said that no man should be called to the Bar who was not in possession of wit. 347 a stated number of acres of land. "And pray, sir," said Curran instantly, "how many acres would make a wise- acre ? " Here is a remote analogy between incongruous things, and used in a provokingly sarcastic style. It is obvious, then, that Curran did really possess, in an eminent degree, the salt and causticity of Gall, and the sense of the ludicrous of Combe and Spurzheim. And, since this bias of the mind depends upon the saliency of the superior lateral part of the forehead, it follows that this part must have been well developed in Curran, supposing this to be the position of the organ. That such is really the case I have already endeavoured to demonstrate, by a strict comparison of his mask with those of other men who were celebrated for the brilliancy of their wit. Mr. William Scott, an able and truly philosophic writer on Phrenology, thought that the primitive function of this organ is to discover differences, that the organ of Comparison discerns resemblances, and Causality necessary connexion, the three combined forming the true philo- sophic understanding. He adduces Dr. Franklin in proof of his position. He states that the part of the head we are now considering is large in the bust of that remark- able man, and yet he was not aware of his having been considered witty. Undoubtedly this part of the forehead is large in Houdon's bust of Franklin, and the doctor was certainly a great philosopher.- But he was also witty. Indeed, there is a vein of quiet humour running through his writings, indicative of his having possessed power in that way had he chosen to render himself remarkable for wit or humour. The Abbe Morellet, with whom Franklin associated much when he resided at Passy, 348 wit. near Paris, as Minister Plenipotentiary from the United States, says, in his " Memoirs on the Eighteenth Century," " Franklin's manners were in all respects delightful ; there was about him perfect good-humour and simplicity, an uprightness of mind that appeared in the smallest occurrences, and above all a gentle serenity which was easily excited to gaiety. He also says that Franklin excelled in relating anecdotes, and that his stories had always a philosophical object. But though Franklin could be witty, and was easily excited to gaiety, such was not the leading characteristic of his mind. " His stories had always a philosophical object." And why so? Be- cause he was endowed with an uncommon development of the organs of the moral and intellectual faculties. The organ of Causality he possessed in an eminent degree. The great size of this and of the organ of Comparison, gives remarkable width to the upper part of the forehead, and thus is imparted, but only apparently, greater pro- minence to the organ of Wit or Mirthfulness in Franklin than it assumes in Curran, in whose forehead Causality is not quite so marked a feature, although the organ of Wit far more strongly characterizes the head of Curran than that of Franklin. But granting that this organ is more prominent in one person than in another, and yet that the latter shall manifest more Wit, still this would not militate against the correctness of the views of Gall and Spurzheim with respect to the function of this part of the brain ; for a man may have a strong sense of the ludicrous, may be fond of mirth and given to laughter, and yet possess little power of exciting those sensations in others by flashes of wit, from a deficiency of strength in those faculties which alone enable one to recall images, and form new and wit. 349 unexpected associations of them with almost intuitive rapidity. Now, these powers, as I have already shewn, were possessed by Curran to an extent rarely equalled and perhaps never surpassed. With respect to Mr. Scott's opinion, namely, that this organ perceives differences, while Comparison appreciates resemblances ; and that Wit consists in a perception of difference, or of congruity and incongruity ; it seems certain that in the perception of congruity comparison must be active, even though a separate faculty be con- sidered necessary for the appreciation of incongruity. But in the application of Wit, the perception of resem- blance so constantly precedes the perception of difference that one would be justified in associating a sense of the ludicrous with the faculty of Comparison, rather than with that which appreciates differences ; supposing such a power to exist distinct from the faculty of comparison. There does not, however, seem to be any necessity for such a special separate faculty; for in order to find out the differences of things we must compare them, and it is thus that we obtain a knowledge of their distinctness. Another very able writer in the Phrenological Jour- nal supposes that a sense of the ludicrous is merely a mode of action of any faculty; and feels inclined to attribute to the organ under consideration the power of investigating the essential nature of things, that it gives the tendency and power not only to portray the outward shew of things and the conventional manners of men, but also the intrinsic nature of the former and the inward motives of the latter. Now, it is quite impossible to admit that a sense of the ludicrous can be a mode of action of each of the 350 wit. faculties. How, for instance, can the sense of the sublime and beautiful be productive of drollery and ludicrousness as one of its intrinsic modes of action ? How can that power of the mind which alone aims at perfection and grace be the source of what is ridiculously grotesque and incongruous ? How is it possible that two such opposite sentiments could be manifestations of a single organ ? It has been said that from the sublime to the ridiculous there is but one step ; and certainly the uncontrolled and ill-directed outpourings of Ideality are productive of ridicule and laughter. Yet this is no proof of the sense of the ludicrous being an attribute of that organ. Such feel- ings of ridicule are excited in the minds of others by an over-wrought organ of Ideality, inharmoniously blended with those other powers, without the guidance of which it may degenerate into bombast and irrational eccentricity. In this way may every faculty give rise to droll and ridiculous notions without its being necessary to consider a sense of the ludicrous as a mode of action of any faculty. A fond mother may excite this feeling strongly in others by the foolish manner in which she may sometimes evince her love of her child. But are such results a mode of action of the organ of the Love of Offspring? Certainly not ! So far from there being a tendency in the mother _^to excite ludicrous feelings by such excessive love, there could not be anything more calculated to wound her. A husband, jealous with- out cause, may render himself supremely ridiculous, but surely the faculties in which his jealousy originates are not the fountains from Avhence this sense of the ludicrous springs. On the contrary, nothing can be more serious, nothing less disposed to laughter and jollity, than a man possessed by so overwhelming a passion. But yet such folly is calculated to excite the feeling of the ridiculous in. wit. 351 others. A beautiful illustration of this has been left us by Shakespeare in the character of Ford, in the " Merry Wives of Windsor. " Benevolence may pity the distraction of Ford, but it is not possible to avoid laughing at his disappointment in not finding Falstaff concealed in the buck-basket. It is quite clear, then, that any faculty may cause its possessor to conduct himself so as to create mirth and laughter, through a keen perception of the ludicrous in others, without being itself in the slightest degree desirous of placing its manifestations in a ridiculous light. Repudiating the existence of a primitive faculty for a sense of the ludicrous, and finding the organ assigned to that sentiment to be very prominent in the head of Sterne, this able writer is at some pains to show that that great wit possessed the peculiar talent which he is disposed to think has its source in this organ. In illustration of his opinion, he quotes a passage from the " Sentimental Jour- ney," wherein Sterne not only describes the peculiarities of different travellers, but also points out the motives which induced each of them to travel. There can be no doubt that Sterne possessed this talent in an eminent degree. Indeed, a high tone of philosophy pervades almost all his writings. Even where he is most droll there is something to arrest the attention of a re- flective mind. Yet, surely, the power of fathoming the depths of human motives may be ascribed to the possession of an adequate and well combined development of the intellectual organs generally; but especially of Indi- viduality, Eventuality, Comparison, and Causality, assisted by a fair proportion of the organs of the sentiments and propensities. Eventuality enabled him to notice accurately the 352 wit. actions of individuals. Comparison conferred the power of comparing them so as to arrive at a knowledge of their peculiar characteristics, and Causality, which • imparts the tendency, and, when assisted by the other two, the capacity to investigate the motives by which men are actuated, rendered him capable of discovering why one travelled for pleasure, another for gain, a third for ostentation or fashion, and a fourth for the sake of health. It seems, indeed, entirely unnecessary to require the presence of any other primitive power to do that which clearly lies within the sphere of action of faculties already existing, when acting in unison and excited to activity by the scrutinising nature of Causality and the desire of know- ledge of Eventuality. Now the organs of Comparison and Causality are very salient in the bust of Sterne. Eventuality, also, is fairly developed, though it is not so characteristic as the other two. If this argument be right the part of the forehead lying outside Causality must have some other function than that ascribed to it by the distinguished writer just now quoted. And as the love of the mirthful and the laugh- able is undoubtedly a special elementary attribute of the human mind, and not a mode of action of any other faculty, there must be an organ for its manifestation, and whereas all other parts of the brain have, after scrupulous and untiring investigation, had their own functions allotted to them, and since there does not appear to be any necessity for the existence of another purely intel- lectual faculty as Mr. Scott conjectured, it is only reason- able to put faith in the unimpeachable truthfulness of Gall's discovery. And when it is found that this part of the head is exceedingly prominent in Sterne, who tinged almost everything he ever wrote with a ludicrous wit. 353 colouring, and remains unsurpassed in wit and humour, that conviction is strengthened. But the same writer says, that however this may be, the organ is larger in Franklin, Wordsworth, and Dr. Cullen, than it is in Curran, Swift, and Sheridan. It has been already admitted that this organ is large in Houdon's bust of Franklin, and it has been shown, also, that Franklin was easily excited to gaiety, but that nevertheless a proneness to indulge in witty and humorous sallies was not a leading characteristic of his mental constitution, judging from the form of his forehead, while in the mask of Curran there were salient indications of a dominant tendency to display a rare and almost un- equalled genius in that line. I have compared the mask of Curran with a posthumous one of Dr. Cullen, and I have no hesitation to affirm that the organ of Wit is much larger in the former than in the latter. The forehead of Cullen is square, that of Curran arched and rounded. This might lead some to think the organ to be larger in Cullen. This, however, is not the fact, for the forehead of Curran is much higher, fuller, and rounder than that of Cullen, and it projects far more over the organ of Tune, while Cullen's forehead is broad and square. I would not be understood to say that the organ in question is uot well- developed in this great physician, and he may have relished mirthfulness and humour, but the studies he had pursued with such unremitting attention and such eminent success were ill-adapted to the cultivation of wit and humour, while Curran's position in society, his social habits and peculiar pursuits, all tended to foster and encourage such mental qualities in an individual C C 354 WIT. whose cerebral organization was so admirably adapted for successfully displaying them. Two early casts of Sheridan and Wordsworth are now before me, and it is obvious enough that the organ of Mirth or Wit in the head of Sheridan has been underrated. Though the upper part of the forehead is more prominent in Wordsworth, it is evident that its superiority in this respect does not arise from a greater development of the organ in question. On the contrary, taking into consideration the comparative development of this organ, and of the organs of Comparison and Causality in both heads respectively, I feel assured that the first is relatively and absolutely much larger in Sheridan than it is in Wordsworth. Besides, Wordsworth's forehead was sym- bolic of a mind essentially contemplative, and, combined as this characteristic was in him with a beautiful develop- ment of the organs of the moral sentiments and Ideality, while those of the animal propensities were very moder- ately developed — it is not surprising that he should spontaneously indulge in that beautiful serenity of senti- ment and philosophic gravity of thought by which he is so eminently distinguished beyond, perhaps, any poet of his time. It is no wonder, then, that he should be less disposed to cultivate and display wit and humour than Sheridan, even with a larger organ of Wit than he really possessed ; for in Sheridan the contemplative- faculties were not characteristic, while he possessed ex- traordinary powers of observation, with superior facility in communicating his thoughts in language, full of point and brilliancy. And endoAved, as he certainly was, with warm social affections, and strong love of distinction, it is natural to expect that he would aim at enhancing the charm of his conversation with lively sallies of wit and wit. 355 humour — a talent so much applauded by those to whose society and friendship he was warmly attached. Now, it is reasonable to think that an equal, or even a somewhat inferior, organ of Wit or Mirthfulness would cause its manifestations to be much more cheerfully indulged in by a man with such a cerebral organization as Sheridan possessed, than by one whose head resembled Words- worth's, for Individuality and Eventuality, essential organs of a wit, are larger in the cast of Sheridan than in that of Wordsworth. We can scarcely hope to form an accurate estimate of the original development of this organ in the head of Swift from the form of his scull, which bore striking evidence of its having been affected by the gradual decay and ultimate wreck of his intellectual faculties. The possibility of such degenerate alterations of form in regard to the size of parts may be demonstrated in some recorded instances. And the early portraits of Swift indicate greater fulness of the part in question that either the scull or the mask taken after death presents. In con- formity with the fundamental law of Phrenology, that size is, everything else being equal, an indication of power, we find that in his earlier productions, particu- larly in his "Tale of a Tub," Swift displayed greater vivacity of wit and humour, and more buoyancy of style, than in his later writings, scarcely excepting his master- piece, " Gulliver's Travels." He seemed sensible of this himself in after life, for, upon reading a few passages in the "Tale of a Tub," which he had not seen for many years, he exclaimed to a friend, " What an imagination I then possessed, I can scarcely imagine how I could have composed such a work ! " It may be well to observe here, that possessing, as he did, transcendent powers c c 2 356 wit. of observation, which enabled him, as it were, instinctively to see through the pith and marrow of things, a strong feeling of severe indignation at the crimes and unjust assumption of men, and little sympathy for their less harmful follies, and being endowed with wonderful energy and self-will, as well as great personal courage, together with literary genius of the highest order, it is not to be wondered at that he should adopt and cultivate a style of writing which he deemed best calculated to arrest and rivet public attention, and which was most likely to deter others from the practices which he sought to expose. For he says, in his " Apology for the Author," prefixed to " The Tale of a Tub "— " That as wit is the noblest and most useful gift of human nature, so humour is the most agreeable, and where these two enter into the composition of any work, they will render it always acceptable to the world." Is it then to be wondered at that he should have cultivated a faculty so well calculated to gratify his predominant dispositions with greater zeal and success than another man in whom this organ might be equally strong, but whose general character, as in the case of Wordsworth, would feel a repugnance to the constant exercise of such a power. It would seem, too, that the spirit of humour which per- vades, in so rich a vein, the writings of Swift, springs in a great degree from the vivid, life-like pictures he draws of conduct and manners, which are themselves deeply imbued with qualities that are ridiculous and absurd. But it is also a demonstrable fact that the organ in question is much larger in Swift than in V/ordsworth. Even supposing a thing, however, which is contrary to fact, that the cerebral development of Swift, with regard to this organ, is opposed to the views of Gall and wit. 357 Spurzheim, it must be equally opposed to the supposition that the organ in question imparts the power of searching beyond the surface of things, and of investigating the springs of human action ; for surely Swift possessed this power in no stinted measure. He had it, however, not through the intricate mazes of metaphysical speculation, but from a rare faculty of observation, at once compre- hensive and minute, which enabled him with instinctive rapidity to estimate the conduct and intentions of men. Individuality and Eventuality are singularly large in the mask of Swift, and Comparison is a characteristic feature. The head of William Godwin would prove a stronger case to support this conjecture than that of Sterne; for the organ of Wit, or the sense of the ludicrous, is promi- nent in the head of Godwin ; and yet there do not appear in his writings indications of his having been actuated by a strong sense of the ludicrous, while it is universally allowed that he possessed rare capacity for portraying with great force and distinctness the depth and complexity of human motives. Such power we have already seen is not incompatible with a talent for wit and humour. But the genius of Godwin bore the impress of complexional despondency. His intellect was reflective and speculative in a high degree. He seemed to possess greater strength when sounding the depths of human motives than when narrating the actions arising from them. At least, such speculations seemed to afford more gratification to himself than the mere recital of adventures. And we find, accordingly, that the organs of the reflective faculties are very large in the cast of the head of Godwin, while the organ of Hope is very small. Such a combination accounts for his notions regarding the vanity of human 358 wit. wishes. It would tend to engender a proneness to delineate the house of mourning rather than the house of feasting. Hence arose those powerful descriptions of the dark and selfish passions, which induce some men to bring ruin upon innocent, unoffending victims ; and which he shews are certain, sooner or later, to overwhelm with irremediable degradation and misery the authors of such calamities. An ardent sympathy for the happiness of mankind was a leading feature of Godwin's mind ; though his mode of accomplishing this object may not have been dictated by mature wisdom, nor always by a refined and delicate regard for the moral sense of others. He had, however, the good of his species at heart ; and the ear- nestness which characterized his early pleadings for the supremacy of justice was only equalled by the serene and chastened glow which warmed and illumined those eloquent pages which he dedicated in the evening of life to the praise of benevolence and charity. Possessing such a cast of mind and being, moreover, somewhat reserved and probably distrustful, it could scarcely be expected that Godwin would indulge in a ludicrous or sportive strain of composition, notwith- standing the size of the organ of Wit or Gaiety. And the mask of Godwin, unlike that of Curran, is but of moderate development, relatively, in the region of Indi- viduality or Eventuality. From a passage in Fleetwood, a work which is strongly indicative of the leading characteristics of his head, I infer that he did not, like Curran, distinguish himself in society by the wit and poetic brilliancy of his con- versation. Yet Godwin's warm friendship for John Philpot Curran, and their frequent and familiar inter- course, are strong marks of his capacity for the enjoyment wit. 359 of wit and humour. And, moreover, I have heard from one who knew him well that sometimes his manner of noticing the outre conduct of others in company was peculiarly droll and sarcastic. A case just now occurs to me which may serve to put this matter in a clearer point of view. The cast of Dr. Samuel Johnson, taken after death by the desire of Sir Joshua Reynolds, shows a large development of the organ of Wit and Gaiety.. Yet the writings of that remarkable man were not characterised by sportiveness of manner, nor were his sentiments conveyed in language at all tinged with a mirthful or ludicrous colouring. Johnson, however, prided himself upon what Godwin considered a poor criterion of mental superiority, namely, brilliant conversational powers, a mode of intellectual display which is calculated to draw out whatever sources of wit and humour an individual may be endowed with. " Though usually grave," says one of his biographers, " and even awful in his deportment, he possessed un- common and peculiar powers of wit and humour, he frequently indulged himself in colloquial pleasantry, and the heartiest merriment was often enjoyed in his company, with this great advantage, that it was entirely free from any poisonous tincture of vice or impiety, it was salutary to those who shared in it." Here, then, is an instance of an individual possessing uncommon capacity for the oral display of humour whose writings were nevertheless free from indications of his being largely endowed with such a talent. But though possessed of this power he used it sparingly, if at all, in his writings, as he probably considered it beneath the dignity of his subject, when essaying to depict the charms of virtue, to derogate from the stateliness of an ethical 360 wit. discourse by the introduction of anything that bore the semblance of frivolity. These two cases, especially that of Johnson, show plainly that we are not warranted in pronouncing authors to be destitute of wit or humour, because no indications of their having possessed such faculties appear in their writings. Nor should we be surprised at finding in such individuals a good development of the part of the head which I am now considering. It has been somewhere noticed, but I am sorry I cannot now remember where, that in the cast from nature of" that able and successful navigator, the late Sir Edward Parry, the organ of Wit, as it was called by Gall, was large, and that nevertheless he was not known to be either witty or humorous. I am not aware, however, of any facts having been adduced to show that Sir E. Parry was devoid of zest for mirthful and humorous exhibitions. And it happens that I possess information which may throw light upon the subject. A particular friend of my own, who had a short time before joined the third battalion of the 60th Kegiment at Halifax, in Nova Scotia, dined with the Governor, Lord Dalhousie, in January, 1817. On that occasion, Mr. Parry, then First Lieutenant of the " Niger " frigate, commanded by Captain Samuel Jackson, sat next to my friend, who has informed me that, at that time, some of the officers in garrison joined those of the "Niger" frigate in getting up a private theatre, wherein they might exercise their histrionic talents, with the view of rendering the dreary winter's evenings of that cold region more agreeable. Lieutenant Parry took a leading part in the performances. And my friend, who was ardently attached to the drama, and was. wit. 361 a good critic as to the merits of an actor, especially in comedy, said that Parry was little inferior to Dowton in the characters of Old Rapid in a " Cure for the Heartache," and in Sir Abel Handy in " Speed the Plough." Imitation is a marked feature in the head of Sir E. Parry, but he could not excel, as he did on that occasion, in comedy, without being endowed with a strong sense of mirthfulness and humour. The form of Sir E. Parry's head, therefore, affords evi- dence of the existence and position of this organ. The organ is very large in the cast from nature of the late celebrated comedian, John Reeve, much larger than it is in the original mask of Oliver Cromwell ;• and yet it would be deemed preposterous to think that he possessed the powers ascribed to that organ by the writer alluded to, in such abundance as did that u Sagest of Usurpers." While Cromwell, though sometimes given to indulge in drollery and vulgar practical jokes, would have but a poor chance of successfully coping with Reeve in the power of exciting laughter by the singular drollery of his acting. The organ is very large in the cast of that inimitable actor Elliston, and in that of Terry. It was very salient in Liston and Richard Jones ; and in many others, both male and female, who distinguished themselves in comedy, as is clearly indicated by the best portraits of every one of them. In the mask from nature of Mrs. Siddons, there is a fine masculine development of the organs of the perceptive and reflective faculties ; but that of gaiety and humour is very moderately developed. Yet no one can doubt that she possessed great power in the discrimination of peculiarities of character ; while no proof of a love of the ludicrous was ever displayed in her wonderfully fine dramatic delineations. In the mask of that most charming 362 wit. of actresses Miss O'JSTeil the forehead is beautifully developed, and the organ of Wit and Mirthfulness is large ; and Miss O'Neil excelled in comedy as well as in tragedy. But comedy did not seem equally suited to the incarnate genius of the Tragic Muse. This organ is large in the portraits of Thomas Hood, the Eeverend Sydney Smith, the author of " Ingoldsby Legends," and the authors of" Rejected Addresses." And it is a marked feature in the photographic likenesses of writers of the present day who are distinguished for wit and humour. On the contrary, the same organ is but scantily developed in individuals who seem incapable of appreciating such mental qualities. Neither is it a characteristic feature in the heads of those who though capable of enjoying wit and humour are nevertheless not given to indulge in the display of such a talent. In the mask of Charles James Fox, taken after his decease, there is a fine development of the perceptive and reflective organs, but the one under consideration is certainly not salient. In conversation he could be instructive, fluent, and exceedingly agreeable. His powerful perceptive and reflective organs enabled him to acquire with rare facility, and to comprehend a vast amount of knowledge, which gave vivacity to his discourse. His predominant organ of Language afforded him fluency of expression, and his trustful, sanguine, and singularly amiable dis- position (for according to his friend Edmund Burke " he had not one drop of gall in his constitution,") rendered his companionship interesting in the extreme. But though Fox was not distinguished as a wit or humourist, he could not, to judge by his mask, be wanting in zest for humour. But that it was not a marked quality of his mind is what might be predicated. wit. 363 A remark of Curran's, who knew Fox and greatly admired his talents, would lead one to suspect that the latter was generally thought to be averse to humour and drollery. "I am not sure," said Curran, " that Fox disliked humour, for when I indulged in trifles of that land I thought I saw a smile rippling over the mild Atlantic of his countenance." Is not this in itself a graceful and poetical example of wit founded upon far- fetched analogies ? O'Connell was endowed with great width and roundness of the forehead where it covers the convolutions of the brain which constitute the organ of the sense of the ludicrous. And the late Daniel Whittle Harvey told me, when alluding to the intellectual characteristics of his most distinguished contemporaries in the House of Commons, that he never saw a man who could bear O'Connell's ridicule. Amongst the many signal instances of this, which might be brought forward, there is one that I am tempted to narrate so far as memory serves me. It happened subsequent to the attorney-generalship of that eminent Chancery Barrister, the late Sir Charles Wetherall. The {i great agitator " in the cause of civil and religious liberty, who was then at variance with the Whigs, was to be seen sitting on the opposition benches, then occupied by the Tories, but still without abating a particle of his old bitter hostility to that powerful party. On one of these occasions he happened to seat himself by the side of Wetherall, which caused the latter to appear restless. And when he arose to speak, he did not refrain from giving utterance to his disgust at the intrusion within their precincts of persons who, by their habits and manners, were utterly unfit to sit near them. O'Connell got up instantly, and said, 364 wit. "" Mr. Speaker, I am sure the House will bear with me while I endeavour to repay the honourable mem- ber for the lesson on the principles of politeness which he has given to us all, though it was particularly meant for my edification by this exquisite specimen of grace and urbanity. Oh ! Sir, the Prince of dark- ness is a gentleman, they say, and Wetherall is his name, or Bother-all. And here he is now come, this Majister Elegantiarum, with his rollicking rodo- montade, to tutor us into good manners. Indeed, the only lucid interval I could ever detect in this gentleman, lies between his waistcoat and pantaloons." Sir Charles, who was remarkable for carelessness as to his costume, never again ventured to come into collision with O'ConnelL This part of the forehead is very marked in the bust of the Reverend Arthur O'Leary, who was distinguished for the exquisite pleasantry of his conversation. An instance of O'Leary 's genius for wit and humour was told to me many years ago by one of the partners of the firm of Keating and Brown, the Catholic booksellers, of Duke-street, Grosvenor -square, upon my happening to remark one day in his shop that the bust and mezzotint engraving of that liberal and upright friar, which stood in the window, were both remarkable for the cerebral forms, which are sym- bolic of talent for wit and humour. " Well," said he, " I will give a striking instance of the correctness of your conjecture. When in London, Mr. O'Leary happened to call here one evening, and he remained conversing with me in the back-shop until the clock struck ten, when he arose to go home. And upon attending my honoured guest to the outer door, I was surprised to find that I had forgotten to close it properly, or even to have the window shutters put up at eight o'clock according to my custom ;, wit. 365 so rivetted had my attention been for three hours by the sprightly wit and humorous anecdotical powers of Arthur O'Leary. There cannot be a doubt, then, of the separate exist- ence of a power of the mind so prevalent, and one which exercises so exhilirating and beneficial an influence upon both the mind and the body. But to what class of faculties does it belong ? Not to the intellectual, for all the highest operations of the intellect have been mani-» fested in the sciences without being in the slightest degree associated with this faculty. Not to the moral sentiments, the presence of each of which is absolutely esssential to the well-being of society. It does not belong to the animal propensities, for they, too, are indis- pensable. It would seem to be a superadded faculty — one admirably adapted to render us happy and joyous, formed to check the impetuosity of anger by timely sallies of mirthfulness and good humour, and when properly directed, capable of clothing the purest maxims of morality in a garb so fascinating as to render their passage to the heart more rapid, and their impressions more en- during. Byron, in alluding to this power in Horace writes thus — " Nor livelier satirist tlie conscience pierce, Awakening without wounding the touched heart." But like every attribute of the mind, it is subject to be abused, for when it is combined with a sour, envious, malignant disposition, it takes pleasure in turning into ridicule even things which in time of need have been the solace of the virtuous and the highminded. The mischief of its abuse, however, sooner or later recoils upon its possessor, for he becomes an object of aversion 366 wit. to most persons — one to whom the warning of the poet, Horace, might with propriety be applied — " Faeniun habet in cornu, Romane caveto." This faculty should be placed in the same class with Ideality. They both imbue the mind with their own peculiar qualities. Ideality invests it with the charms of grace, elegance, and beauty. This clothes it in the fantastic robes of jest, jollity, and laughter. IMITATION. "Writers on mental philosophy have admitted the exist- ence of a special faculty of Imitation, and dwelt upon its importance, but some have supposed its sphere of action to be much more comprehensive than a closer observation of facts would justify. They seemed to imagine that upon this faculty depended the power of acquiring knowledge. A little reflection, however, will shew such an opinion to be erroneous. The kinds of knowledge are various, and so are the capacities of indi- viduals. Experience also teaches that it is not those who are endowed with the strongest imitative powers that excel in the acquisition of knowledge. And it is notorious that many who have been remarkable for quickness of apprehension were by no means noted for powers of imitation. The imitative faculties of the monkey, the parrot, and the mocking-bird do not enable them to acquire knowledge. Neither can the mimic, however extraordinary his powers of imitation, be at all considered on that account proportionably superior to others in intellectual ability. Successful actors display more marked imitative talents than men in other professions, but yet we do not, therefore, find them excelling others, who have but little capacity for imitation, in literature and the sciences. The late Charles Mathews was an exceedingly clever man, with rare talent for discerning, 368 IMITATION. with uncommon accuracy, the peculiar manner of indi- viduals, and a power of mimicry almost unrivalled, and yet he could not write such " valuable nonsense " as his friend, James Smith, one of the authors of the " Eejected Addresses." Nor could even Shakespeare himself per- sonify his own " Hamlet " with so much truthfulness and power as did Garrick and Kemble. But although Imitation is, in accordance with a general law, incompetent to perform the functions of other powers, it may rightly be deemed an efficient auxiliary in exciting them to action. It tends to fix the attention of the intellectual faculties with the view of obtaining materials for its own gratification. Hence its importance in early life, when the germs of our future conduct and acquire- ments are planted on the tender and susceptible brain of infancy. How admirable, therefore, is that provision of nature which has caused this to be one of the first faculties manifested in childhood ! But in proportion to the advan- tages arising from the early development of this faculty would be the mischief of subjecting children to the contam- inating influence of bad example. It must not be forgotten, however, that the effect of example is necessarily modified by the predominance of certain sentiments and feelings ; for an individual possessed of much imitative power, who is also endowed with high moral sentiments, will be far less warped by bad example from the path of rectitude than one whose moral sense is not so active, although the latter may be but scantily endowed with the faculty of Imitation. Nevertheless it is certain that where this talent is strong there is a tendency in individuals to copy the manners and habits of those with whom they associate, especially if the manners be marked by striking peculiarities. The capacity for imitation is, however, circumscribed by the IMITATION. 369 sphere of activity of other powers. No amount of the imitative faculty can enable one, who has no ear for music, to copy the musical characteristics of musicians and singers. Some mimics are more successful in por- traying peculiarities of manner and gesture ; others the inflections and tones of the voice. In the latter, Tune will be always found large, in the other, Form will be a prominent feature. Some persons possess extraordinary powers of imitation without being remarkable for quickness of perception or profundity of intellect. Indeed, some idiots have an irresistible propensity to mimic what they see done ; and among animals the mocking-bird is a striking example of the presence of this faculty. In these cases its force is •circumscribed within comparatively narrow limits ; for, although the intellect does not confer this power, it materially enlarges its sphere of action. This faculty, for instance, is essential to the dramatic performer ; but yet his excellence does not depend solely upon the degree of the development of its organ, for this may be great and yet its possessor be a man of mean ability as an original actor. He may, however, have the power to imitate the manner of a great performer but could not originate a noble and natural style of acting, such as Garrick, Kemble, Kean, Mrs. Siddons, and Miss O'Neil, were famed for. Such excellence can never be attained in the absence of a considerable endowment of the intellectual faculties, as well as of the sentiments and propensities ; for to delineate human passions with natural propriety and force can only be effected by one who is capable of instinctively feeling them strongly, and whose powers of observation are of a very high order. It is only when in combination with such abilities that the faculty of Imitation enables any 370 IMITATION. one to become an actor of original genius as contrasted with a mere mimic. The simple faculty of Imitation cannot, then, be looked upon as a purely intellectual power, though it exercises- great influence over the manifestations of the intellectual faculties. That it is a primitive power may be inferred from the fact that idiots, in some cases, evince an irresis- tible desire to mimic whatever they see done. But to the phrenologist such a reasonable inference would not be sufficiently conclusive. He looks to nature for the foundation of all his opinions, and nature being consistent and constant in all her doings he rests satisfied when she presents him with phenomena which are invariably productive of certain effects, and which effects never arise without the presence of these phenomena. In looking to- nature, then, it is found that, whenever an individual who excels as a mimic is met with, he is sure to have the convolutions lying on each side of Benevolence very large. It is, indeed, a fact established beyond doubt that the propensity to mimic will always be proportioned to the size of that part of the brain ; but the effectiveness of the imitation will depend upon the clearness and precision with which peculiarities of character may be impressed upon the mind of the imitator through the medium of the intellectual faculties. This part of the head, for instance, though large in the elder Matthews, is yet not so prominent as I have seen it in some men who could not cope with him in mimicry. But the j)erceptive organs were very large in Matthews, much larger than in those to whom I now allude. The organ of Imitation, then, lies on each side of Bene- volence. It is broader anteriorly than posteriorly, and is- IMITATION. 3,7 1 about an inch and a half in length and half an inch in breadth. This organ is very salient in the heads of celebrated actors. I have carefully examined the por- traits and casts from nature of a great many of them. In the casts of Elliston, Terry, John Reeve, and Matthews, who excelled in comedy, each after his own manner, the organ is very large. In the portraits of Liston it is particularly prominent. It is strongly marked, also, in the masks from nature of Talma, Kean, Mrs. Siddons, and Miss O'Neil, who excelled in tragedy. This distinction is purposely made lest it might be sup- posed, from a passage in Gall's works, that this organ was more especially devoted to comedy, for in the fifth vol., p. 203, of the American translation, he says, " There is no doubt that it is to this organ we are indebted for comedy." And he further says, " In the house of correction at Munich we saw a thief, who had this organ rather developed. I told him that he was a comedian. Surprised at this discovery he confessed that he had for some time made part of a strolling company." It appears to me, however, that Gall did not mean to confine the action of this organ to comedians, for, further on, he remarks that " The variety of other organs, which accom- pany that of Imitation, constitutes the difference in actors." It may here be observed that in the first-rrate comedians the organ of Imitation is always accompanied by strong and well-combined intellectual organs, crowned by a protuberant organ of Mirthfulness, which gives a decided bias towards comedy. It was the supremacy of this last-named organ which rendered Liston the inimi- table laughter-creating actor that he was; although the natural sedateness of his general character led him to D D 2 372 IMITATION. think, it is said, that his talents were better adapted to tragedy. In the cast of that excellent actor, Mr. John Cooper, the organ of Mirthfulness is very moderately developed, and consequently he took care not to meddle with such characters as those the performance of which rendered Liston and Elliston famous. The organ of Imitation is very large in the portraits of Garrick, Kemble, Young, and Mrs. Siddons, in Mrs. Centlivre, Catherine Clive, Peg Woffington, in Wilks, Macklin, Foote, and many others of the olden time. It is also very salient in the best prints of Munden, Knight, and that paragon of sprightly characters in genteel comedy, Richard Jones. In these, the organ of Mirth- fulness is also very prominent. The organ of Imita- tion is exceedingly large in the cast of Clara Fisher, who, though but a mere child, astonished every one by her finished performance of Richard the Third, and other equally difficult characters. It is remarkably conspicuous in the cast from nature of Master Burke, who, in his native place, G-alway, surprised and delighted the late Baron Smith of the Irish exchequer by his performance on the violin when he was only about four years old, and at the age of six he excited admiration by his admi- rable performance of several comic characters on the stage. The celebrated Elliston admired him so much that he engaged him, at a large salary, to perform at the Surrey Theatre, where he elicited universal applause. The organ of Imitation is very salient in the portraits of the celebrated musical prodigy, " Lyra," whose won- derful extemporaneous performances on the harp, when only three or four years old, commanded great praise. It should be borne in mind that the power of repro- ducing combinations of musical tones depends upon the IMITATION. 373 organ of Tune, without the aid of imitation, but that the power of imparting the peculiar expression of feeling or sentiment, which the composition was intended to convey, was imparted to those children by a large organ of Imitation, acting upon the organs of the fundamental affections. To shew that the mode of manifesting the faculty of Imitation is due to the powers which predominate in the mental constitution of an individual, I may mention the case of two gentlemen, who were very amply endowed with this organ of Imitation. They were both ardent admirers of the Drama but one of them disliked the Opera, and indeed musical entertainments of any kind. He was an excellent imitator of peculiarities of gesture, and could thus give considerable force to the outward expression of feeling, but he found it utterly impossible to recall a single bar of music, and consequently failed to imitate the musical peculiarities of others. His organ of Tune was very small. The musical development was, on the con- trary, remarkably good in the head of the other, and he not only had a quick perception and strong memory of musical compositions, but also possessed the faculty of giving each note its proper expression, and of imitating with great accuracy the manner and even the tones of those whom he strove to mimic. So strong was the instinct of imitation in this individual that I have seen him, unconsciously, imitating the voice and gesture of a person he was conversing with, whose accent and manner were marked by striking peculiarities. Again, it is not uncommon to find a person, possessed of a fine voice, with a quick appreciation of melody and harmony, whose musical performances will, notwithstanding, appear cold and unimpressive, and wanting in the quality of expres- 374 IMITATION. sion. In such a case the organ of Imitation will always be found moderate. But if the performer be abundantly endowed with feelings, which the composition is capable of exciting, he will sing with natural expressiveness, even though he possess only a moderate endowment of this organ. Nevertheless, a large development of it would enhance his powers of expression. There are many good musicians with fine voices on the stage ; but how few are they who can approach Pasta or Malibran in natural and dramatic expression. The organ of Imitation was very large in both these accomplished women. Of Malibran there was a cast taken some years before her death. In it the organ of Imitation is very conspicuous, notwith- standing the superior size of the organs lying around it. The organ is very large in the cast of Shroeder Devrient, who displayed great dramatic capacity in Beethoven's beautiful opera of " Fidelio." But it is not to actors alone that a good endowment of this organ is requisite. It is essential to the successful efforts of the painter and the sculptor, and it imbues the poet's genius with a bias towards dramatic composition. This faculty of imitation is not so essential to the land- scape painter as to him whose genius is devoted to the delineation of historical figures and portraits. A picture or a bust may be tolerably true to nature as to form and size, but it may still be flat and spiritless as to life-like expression. I have always found this organ large in those artists who have excelled in giving characteristic expression to their portraitures. In the fine print of Michael Angelo, by Longhi, after a picture by the great original himself, the organ is very conspicuous. The same conformation is a predominant feature in a fine modem print of Raphael IMITATION. 375 without a cap, engraved in line after a picture by himself, and also in Albert Durer and all the great masters who excelled in delineating the human form, and in imbuing it with the natural expression of the character represented. The mention of a few casts from nature may not be unimportant. In Barry and West, in Fuseli and Flax- man, in Canova and Lawrence, the organ of Imitation is very large. In the mask of Lawrence it is remarkably developed, and his works afford a fine illustration of the ■qualities attributed to this organ. It is salient in the mask of Maclise, whose works are singularly dramatic. I should have mentioned, when alluding to actors, that a marked prominence in this part of the head in private persons is sure to be accompanied by a passionate love for theatrical performances. And I could adduce many in- stances of its large development in men who have dis- tinguished themselves as amateur actors. It is large in the cast of Sir E. Parry, whose success in the parts of Old Rapid and Sir Abel Handy, I have noticed when treating of the organ of Mirthfulness. I have already said that this faculty, when strong, gives a dramatic tinge to the productions of poets and writers of fiction. It is prominent in the heads of iEschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes, and Menander. Li Shakespeare and Corneille it is very prominent. In the cast from nature of Sir Walter Scott the organ is very marked, and his writings are eminently dramatic. To the orator this organ is a powerful auxiliary. It enhances in an eminent degree the sympathy of his listeners by enabling him, without effort, to " suit the action to the word." Without it the finest discourse will often be deemed spiritless and unimpressive. History tells us of the pains taken by Demosthenes to overcome the ill-effects 376 IMITATION. of his being but scantily endowed with this faculty, and Cicero, who is said to have been as defective in action as Demosthenes, took lessons in elocution first from Rossius, the comedian, and then from OEsopus, the tragedian. This faculty enables us to copy the manners of those with whom we associate, but oddity or marked peculiarity of deportment is particularly calculated to arrest attention. A friend of my own, in whose head this organ was ex- tremely prominent, often unconsciously imitated the gestures of those who were speaking to him. He was,, at one time, in the habit of conversing with a friend^ whose mode of speaking was characterised by much gesticulation, and it was curious to observe on those occasions how much his own manner and tone of voice were imbued with the peculiarities of his friend — peculi- arities which he certainly had no wish to copy. Subse- quently he seldom met with this individual, and soon no traces of resemblance remained. This case clearly shews that the instinctive gesticular expression of the mental affections, which has been called the natural language of the individual, is permanent, while that which is acquired by imitating those whose dispositions differ much from one's own are transient. A man with very large organs of Self-esteem and Firmness, for example, will be stiff in his gait, with the upper back part of his head much elevated and drawn backwards. Another, having these organs small, but possessing a large organ of Imitation, may counterfeit this peculiar attitude successfully, but its continuance would be irksome and. impossible to the one, while to the other it would be appropriate and easy. This natural adaptation of external expression to the* IMITATION. 377 prevailing affections of the mind indicates the cause why a mimic or an actor has more trouble and is less successful in personifying some characters than others. A powerful imitator, who is naturally proud, will delineate a haughty character more forcibly than it can possibly be done by one who is instinctively meek and humble, however excel- lent his talent for imitation may be. This fact is every day verified on the stage. Who, that has seen them, could forget the grandeur of Mrs. Siddons and of Pasta, and the exquisite tenderness mingled with power of Miss O'Neil and Malibran. Some actors, like Miss O'Neil, possessed great dramatic versatility. Garrick was as successful in Abel Drugger as in Richard the Third, in The Lying Valet, as in Hamlet. Miss O'Neil was as true to nature in The Widow Brady as in Mrs. Haller, in the exquisitely tender and unselfish Juliet as in Lady Macbeth, in Mrs. Oakley as in The Mourning Bride. Elliston, also, was an actor of versatile powers, but he excelled all his cotemporaries in genteel comedy. Kean's versatility was great. How opposite are the characters of Lear and Bichard ! and yet he was equally successful in both. How striking were his transi- tions in Junius Brutus, Luke, and Ruben Glenroy ; and in Abel Drugger, which he performed in London for his own benefit, he was eminently successful. It would have been impossible for these great actors, be their intellectual powers ever so conspicuous, to personify to the life such opposite characters, if they had not been en- dowed with a fair admixture of those affections which formed the leading features of those characters. But, on the other hand, if they had not possessed this power of imita- tion in an eminent degree, they never could have called forth at will the natural outward expression of those affections. 378 IMITATION. Here the peculiar function of the organ of Imitation becomes manifest. A proud, ambitious man, for instance, violent and impetuous, who finds his reputation wrongfully assailed on a tender point, will give way to impassioned ebullitions of rage, quite as expressive, and more true to nature, than the efforts of the greatest actor, without calling into play the faculty of Imitation at all ; but, without a good organ of Imitation, he would find it totally out of his power to act such a part with the like degree of truth- fulness, when the feelings were not really engaged. It has been said that a proneness to indulge in mimicry is a concomitant of an ill-natured disposition, and I have been informed that a phrenologist has publicly declared that the organs of Benevolence and Imitation are never found large in the same head. Both these opinions are decidedly wrong. They seem to be entirely conjectural. Indeed, some of the most kind and amiable characters I have ever known were good mimics. And as to the other assertion, I am quite sure that no man extensively acquainted with the evidences of Phrenology could hazard such an opinion. The organs of Imitation and Benevolence are both very large in the casts of Malibran, Mrs. Wood, Elliston, Terry, and Kean. These were all remarkable for generosity of character, and the performance of Elliston as Walter in the " Children in the Wood " was a most affecting personification of Benevolence. The very position of the organ would show that it is not necessarily akin to ill-nature. On the contrary, the fact of its being among the organs of the noblest attributes of human nature, both moral and intellectual, indicates that the Creator intended that the legitimate exercise of it should be directed to the copying of virtuous actions IMITATION. 379 and the enhancement of the effectual manifestation of the intellectual faculties. It is hardly necessary to observe that the faculty of Imitation is not opposed to originality, for the numerous examples that have been adduced prove that those actors who imitated nature most successfully were always deemed the most original, and it will never be denied that Shakespeare who, in his writings, imitated nature to the life was the most original of poets. It will, I trust, have appeared clear that Imitation is a fundamental power of the mind, which is possessed by some birds and other animals as well as by many idiots. And in referring to its early activity in childhood, I have endeavoured to show that the obvious propensity to imitate, manifested at that early period of life, does not altogether depend on this faculty, since a child with strong musical tendencies will endeavour to imitate melody and harmony from the mere force of his organs of Tune, Time, &c, and that every faculty when active tries to imitate whatever it sees done that falls within its own sphere. But this kind of desire to imitate differs from the funda- mental power which I am now considering, for this primitive faculty gives the tendency not only to imitate what is done, but also to copy the peculiar manner of the doer. I have shewn that from its organ being large in the most eminent dramatic actors, it gives the ability to delineate the natural expression of the passions with as much truthfulness as if their manifestation were the result of really excited feelings, and that the organs of those feelings must also be well-developed, but yet that a great development of those organs could never, without an ample endowment of the organ of Imitation, evince at will the natural expression of feeling, which actors of first-rate 380 IMITATION. eminence are, without any adequate internal motive, capable of displaying. A rather laughable illustration of this is mentioned in the accounts of Garrick's career. A townsman of his came all the way from Litchfield to London to see him play; and, after witnessing his performance of Abel Drugger, he returned home immediately, quite disgusted with the great actor, for he said he was the meanest wretch he had ever seen in his life. I have endeavoured to shew that this faculty renders the poet dramatic, that it enables the musician, painter, and sculptor to give natural expression to their compositions, and that the orator, without an adequate share of it, can never become a successful elocutionist. In fine, I have adduced numerous examples to prove that the talent for imitating is always, c&teris paribus, in proportion to the development of that part of the head which lies on each side of Benevolence and just above Causality. ' THE INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. I have hitherto been engaged in analyzing and delineat- ing the faculties which Spurzheim denominates affective. Some of these, as we have seen, man possesses in common with the inferior animals, while he is the exclusive possessor of others. Experience clearly shews that these feelings have been bestowed upon all living beings in a different measure; and that the more complicated the cerebral organization of any species of being, the more evident is the disparity in the degree of its several mental endowments. All these faculties are emotional. They are blind and impulsive. Even the most noble and divine of the moral and religious attributes are liable, through this blindness, to lead to disaster. Where then is to be found an effectual corrective ? Where but in those faculties which enable us to acquire knowledge and experience, to discriminate between opposing motives, and to comprehend the various results which are likely to ensue from the dominant influence of any one of them. That the manifestation of these feelings depends entirely upon the brain is proved, beyond any doubt, to be an established fact, a fact which nothing but unthinking prejudice could ever venture to deny. Nor would it be less irrational, after using all due diligence in searching after truth at Nature's shrine, to doubt, or attempt to gainsay, the overwhelming evidence which is recorded in 382 THE INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. all parts of the civilized world in proof of the fact that, with the exception of the frontal lobe or forehead, the rest of the brain is composed of the organs of the animal propensities and of those of the moral and religious sentiments. It is well to observe here that, as our con- duct and manners are more influenced by the feelings than by the intellect, it follows that the bulkiest part of the brain should be occupied solely in their manifes- tation, according to the universal law, that largeness, all other conditions being equal, indicates superior power. The comparative smallness of the intellectual division of the brain renders the satisfactory demonstration of the thirteen organs of which it is proved to be com- posed somewhat difficult to those who are beginning to study this science. But a conscientious examination of the evidence accumulated by phrenologists, will allow no doubt to exist on the mind of any one that the intel- lectual faculties are as numerous and distinct as phren- ologists affirm them to be ; and that the appropriate organ of each of these faculties has been thoroughly established, both by positive and negative evidence, is beyond question palpable. To those who suppose that perception, memory, imagi- nation, and judgment are elementary faculties, which together constitute the understanding, the assertion that the human intellect is composed of thirteen organs, each of which discharges a function which is perfectly distinct from any other, will appear preposterous. But it has been shewn already that metaphysicians have been greatly in error when they imagined that perception, memory, and imagination were primitive faculties, for they are nothing more than modes of action of the fundamental THE INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. 383 powers. Memory and imagination, therefore, must be as various in kind as the faculties, since it is obviously- contrary to nature that the faculty which perceives and remembers musical tones should, also, be capable of cal- culating and remembering their numbers. Neither is the power which perceives the local position of things fit to appreciate the order in which they are placed. Nor can that which alone is capable of gaining a knowledge of their size, give the slightest intimation of their colour, or their weight. As well might it be said that the nerve of hearing can give the power of seeing, or that the nerve of seeing can impart the sense of hearing. When Descartes propounded his views respecting the certainty of the innateness of ideas it is probable that by the word ideas, he meant faculties, which his own intel- lectual instincts naturally prompted him to look upon as being innate, and not dependent for their existence upon experience. And when Locke denied the innateness of ideas it is evident that he avoided that confounding of terms, for though he considered the mind to be like a tabula rasa, or sheet of blank paper upon which images of outward objects are impressed through the medium of the external senses, he yet shows evidently that he did not at all consider this tabula rasa to be in all its attributes a passive recipient of impressions. This great philosopher, most profound thinker, and accurate definer, justly con- ceived that ideas of the existence and special attributes of these images were conceived by the mind — this tabula rasa — through the agency of its internal faculties or senses, which had their seats in what he named the sensorium. These he denominated ideas of sensation, and by the term idea he meant " whatever a man observes, and is conscious to himself he has in his mind." But, as the mind is 384 THE INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. capable of comparing, composing, and abstracting, it forms new ideas by a perception of its own operations, and these he calls ideas of reflection. The former he calls simple ideas, the latter complex. All knowledge is thus said to be the result of the experience of sensation or of reflection, and this experience is owing to " the observa- tions of the mind employed either about external sensible objects, or the internal operations of itself, perceived and reflected upon by its own faculties." But if all our ideas of sensation be derived from expe- rience alone, how comes it to pass that the new-born babe instantly turns to its mother's bosom for its life- preserving food ; or how is it that the duckling, hatched by a hen, will, after breaking through its shell, very soon run into the water, to the great dismay of its anxious foster-mother ? And how can we thus explain why the egg of the song thrush, hatched with those of a bird that does not sing, will produce a bird that does sing, if it be a male, while the issue of the others will be per- fectly tuneless? And, moreover, it may well be asked how it happens that the female offspring of singing birds are never known to sing ? And yet they have the same opportunities of experiencing the pleasing sensations caused by the parent's song as their male brethren. And it cannot be supposed that their external sense of hearing is less acute. To nullify the importance of objections like those, which are evidently fatal to the soundness of the founda- tion upon which Locke has reared his famous temple of mental philosophy, it has been said that those tendencies and special individual characteristics of animals fall within the sphere of mere instincts; and, strange to say, an enlightened and devoted disciple of Locke's, Dr. John THE INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. 385 Mason Good, supposes that such evidences are not admissible as facts subversive of Locke's theory, which, he says, is by no means affected in its fundamental principles by such collateral circumstances, for that there are certain instincts having no connexion with mind. Surely this is assuming too much. Can it be said that the tuneful fervour of the Nightingale is an instinct unconnected with mind, since man too has the musical instinct ? Can it be pretended that in him it is not connected with mind ? Indeed, there is not one instinct possessed by animals with which man is not amply endowed. Every instinct is therefore connected with mind. And since it must be admitted that instincts do exist and are manifested independently of experience, how can it be justly assumed as a fact that the mind, of which instincts form intrinsic ingredients, is nothing more than a sheet of blank paper, as it were, until the lessons of experience are impressed upon it ? It is not presumptuous to say that there is a want of logical con- sistency in such an assumption. This theory of Locke is indeed totally inadequate to tlirow a ray of light upon the true and pure fountains, whence spring those diversities of talents and dispositions that so happily tend to foster the division of labour, and thus minister to the rapid progress of arts and sciences, and which serve also to hasten the wide-spread prevalence of beneficence and justice, by affording no excuse for harbouring the baleful influence of envious rivalry. How, for instance, can his single faculty of perception be capable of appreciating all the varied per- ceptions of the understanding which are in their intrinsic nature so palpably distinct from one another? It is to Phrenology alone, of all the systems of mental E E 386 THE INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. philosophy, we are to look for a light to guide us to those fountains, so long and so hopelessly sought after. And it is no idle assumption to aver that that much neglected science affords the only means of effectually analysing the operations of the mind and of discovering and demonstrat- ing the actual and relative power of its primitive inde- pendent faculties in any individual. Before I describe the local position of the organs of which the forehead in mankind is composed, it will be right to state that all through the animal creation sagacity and docility are always, without a single exception, in proportion to the favourable development of the anterior lobe of the brain. For not only can gradations of develop- ment be readily traced upwards from the sculls of the most savage and indocile creatures, such as the crocodile and the ursine opossum, till we come to the most sagacious of the dog and monkey tribes ; but also in animals of the same species, and even in those of the same brood, great differences are perceptible in the size and shape of the frontal lobe. Indeed, a long course of scrupulous and careful investigation of a vast number of the sculls of animals of all kinds, both wild and domestic, emboldens me to aver with confidence that the measure of sagacity in any of the inferior creatures is always in proportion to the width and height of the frontal portion of the scull which embraces the anterior lobes. But, owing to the smallness of the brains of most animals, it may not be possible to subdivide these lobes into their separate organs. Still organs that are specially characteristic may readily be singled out. Such, for instance, as the organ of music in singing-birds. Even in the diminutive scull of the canary it is easy to discern the superior development of that organ in the male bird. In the sub-dividing of the THE INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. 387 human forehead no such difficulty presents itself; for, though it is composed of many organs, its ample volume affords sufficient room for drawing distinct lines of demarcation between them. The dividing of the human forehead into three grand regions, each of which consists of a number of parts called organs, which perform different functions, is sanctioned t>y an unvarying law of nature. The first portion occupies the brow, just above the nose and eyes, and stretches across as far as the external angle of the orbit, which it includes. In this division are contained the organs which perceive and remember external objects, their special qualities, such as form, size, weight and colour, and the relation they bear to one another in regard to their local position, their order, and their number. The next division lies just over these, and extends across to the temples, having the organs of Music and Constructiveness at either end. This comprises organs that take cognizance of facts and phenomena, whether these consist of external occur- rences, or of the acts and states of the mental faculties themselves, with those of Time and Melody, upon which rhythmical harmony depends ; the third, which embraces the two purely reflective organs of Causality and Compa- rison, occupy the superior portion of the forehead, except at its outward angle, where it comes in contact with the temple ; for it is at that spot the organ of Wit in the Sense of the humorous and ludicrous has its seat. Besides these, there is the organ of Language, which does not lie amidst the others ; but yet it is placed so as to be in close contact with all of them. For, while they take a direct course from behind forward, the convolution, which is the organ of Language, takes a transverse course, which causes it to come into intimate contact with the convolu- E e 2 388 THE INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. tions that go to form all the other perceptive organs. And, though it lies more than an inch behind the eyebrow, its size can yet be truly estimated by the position of the eye in the orbit, the very thin superior bony plate of which becomes either convex or concave according to the large- ness or smallness of this convolution, which, like every^ part of the nervous system, enclosed by bone, imparts its own form and dimension even to the rigid substance that invests it ; because the priority of its existence renders the nervous and medullary substance a model, as it were, upon which osseous deposits are moulded into shape. How beautiful is this provision of nature ! The most comprehensive human intellect could never have anti- cipated so exquisite a contrivance. Gall was a long time acquainted with the external appearance of the organ of Language, without being aware of its mode of connexion internally with all the other perceptive organs. The providential wisdom of this connexion is obvious, since it is manifest that artificial vocal or written signs are indispensable to the spread of whatever knowledge the other faculties are individually or collectively capable of attaining. The organ of each of them is consequently blended, or rather placed in contact with that of artificial language. For the more closely mental tendencies are naturally formed to associate, the nearer their organs are found to approximate. There is not any necessity, for instance, that the convolution which is the organ that takes cognizance of events should have its place immediately adjoining that of melody, in order to make known its requirements. But, without being functionally and physically associated with that of artificial language the acquisitions of eventuality would be comparatively THE INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. 389 incommunicable, and be as useless to others as the treasures closely hoarded in a miser's coffer. The local positions and functions of the organs of the intellectual faculties come now to be considered. INDIVIDUALITY This is the name given to the first of the perceptive organs by Spurzheim. And a very appropriate name it seems to be in an abstract point of view. But it hardly conveys at first an adequate idea of the essential nature of this faculty. This is done by Gall with more distinctness. He calls it the sense of things and the memory of things — the sense and the memory of facts. He also names it educability and perfectibility. It is not possible to misunderstand the meaning of this nomen- clature, which is almost entirely in accordance with nature. The organ lies in the centre of the forehead just above the root of the nose. When the sense of things and facts is very acute, and the memory of them very retentive, there is, of course, a marked capacity for acquiring knowledge. Educability, therefore, truly enough denominates the function of this part of the brain. But only to a certain extent. For, though it is quite certain that there cannot be any intellectual perfectibility without a powerful development of it, it is, nevertheless a fact that this part of the brain may be of paramount size, and yet the talents be incapable of attaining to excellence at all approaching perfectibility. It is indeed a fact, of the truth of which wide experience has convinced me, that some children, with even a protuberant develop- INDIVIDUALITY. 391 ment of this central portion of the forehead, have been forced to yield the palm of educability to others whose cerebral development in this respect was by no means equal to theirs. Educability should, therefore, be deemed too compre- hensive an appellation for this portion of the brain. Yet certainly it is the mainspring and stimulator of those other organs which together with it render educability feasible. Unsupported by these its efforts are character- ised by desultoriness. And though its knowledge may be various and extensive it will be wanting in the proper balance and just connexion of parts, without which qualities the miscellaneous information, which this group of convolutions is alone capable of gaining, will fall far short of the general and useful results, which, in harmo- nious combination with other organs, it would enable its possessor to accomplish. Hence it is obvious that its natural function is to acquire a particular knowledge of things and facts and states of being, and to retain them in the memory in a form somewhat detached from one another. Individuality is, therefore, a name that designates the tendency of this part of the brain, though it fails to convey to the mind a clear intimation of the kind of knowledge it is in search of. But as the faculty that perceives things merely in their inert state, and abstracted from their qualities of form, size, and colour, cannot comprehend things in action ; and as Gall attributed to this part of the brain the power of perceiving facts and passing events, also, it is but reasonable to think that what he took to be only one organ is really composed of two, though they certainly seem to be closely allied in regard to the nature of their 392 INDIVIDUALITY. functions, as each of them takes cognizance of things in detail, though the sphere of action of the one is far more comprehensive than that of the other, as will be seen hereafter. It is for this reason Spurzheim gave to the upper portion of these convolutions the name of Eventuality. But the title Individuality would apply equally well to both parts, for each of them has the faculty of apprehend- ing separate individual entities, though these entities are in their nature intrinsically different. This diversity of function might fairly be anticipated, since uniformity of shape is not a constant characteristic of this central portion of the forehead. Two notable instances of this fact are to be found in the authentic plaster casts of the great William Pitt and that prodigy in the physical sciences Isaac Newton. In the former the upper portion is remarkably salient, whilst the lower part is relatively of moderate prominence. The latter, on the contrary, is singular for the vastness of its development in the under portion, whilst the upper part, though broad, is not by any means of equal fulness. The plaster mask of Lord Brougham strongly resembles that of Newton. But yet it is not quite so full and prominent in the lower part, though it is comparatively fuller in the upper. In the mask from nature of Sir William Herschell, taken when he was about fifty years old, the same characteristic form is strikingly apparent. And do not these instances afford strong evidence of the truth of the phrenological doctrine which teaches us to consider this organ of Individuality to be an essential ingredient of genius for the physical sciences. And when it is a fact, ascertainable at one of the museums of Paris, that the scull of Descartes is very prominent where the organ of Individuality lies, another INDIVIDUALITY. 393 great example in corroboration of this truth is presented to the conscientious observer. And should doubt arise in the mind of anyone as to the authenticity of this scull, the fine print of that great genius in physics and mathe- matics by Edelinck, offers palpable evidence of the large size of Individuality. Moreover, the lower convolutions of Gall's organ of Educability are as distinct from the upper ones as they are from those of Locality, which are in contact with both of them. But as they occupy the central region of the forehead without the intervention of any other convolu- tions, it strengthens the probability that a close analogy exists between their functions. Each has the disposition to seek and the capacity to learn and to remember things minutely, but the lower one directs its attention, solely to individual physical objects, while the upper prompts us to acquire a knowledge of all phenomena, both moral and physical. The lower one, having the convolution, which is the organ of Locality, between it and those of the organ of Time, or the sense of the duration of time, is conversant with individual things as they exist in space ; the upper, which lies in contact with the convolutions of Time and Locality, gives its attention to things and facts as they exist both in Time and Space.* The lower is supported on either side, along the ridge of the brows, by the convolutions which constitute the organs of Form, Size, Weight, or the sense of Resistance, Colour, Order, Number, and Locality. Through these it acquires a proper notion of the qualities of objects, as well as their number, local position, and the order in which they lie. It seems to have the faculty of concentrating into oneness the * See Eventuality. 394 INDIVIDUALITY. several attributes of bodies, of perceiving unity. Hence,, it has acquired the name of Individuality. One may, for instance, picture to himself a vast multitude of men, congregated in a certain place. The attributes and appointments of these men are perceived by faculties, specially adapted for those separate purposes. But it is this part of the brain that brings into unity those widely scattered elements, and enables us to form the idea of an army, or of a House of Commons. No doubt, it is not so easy to satisfy oneself of the existence of any inert inanimate body, apart from its attributes of form, colour and size. But, since unity is perceivable in such objects, and as the senses of form, size, and colour have no power at all to form any idea of the proper function of each other, it is certain that they are each of them, incapable of perceiving the unity of any object composed of a variety of qualities. There must, however, be a faculty, specially adapted to this purpose ; and well tried experience has established the fact that the provident and Omniscient Creator of all things has wisely ordained that its organ should hold a central position, where the produce of the action of its indispensable auxiliaries should con- verge and assume the character of Unity. It is through it we acquire the idea of matter independent of the qualities which characterize matter. Those who manifest a strong desire to know the subject of their study in its minute details, and whose talent enables them to illustrate their argument with appropriate particular instances, are always found to be exceedingly full in the centre of the forehead, just above the nose, and stretching upwards to the extent of about an inch and a half. But, as has been already stated, its general fullness is not- always uniform. INDIVIDUALITY. 395 In all the most eminent practical engineers, the lower part is very large. And in proportion to its development will be manifested the capacity for readily detecting the minutest material obstacles to the proper working of their mechanical inventions. In such men, the upper organ also is often large. It is so in the mask from nature of the elder Brunell. In Chantrey's fine bust of Watt, there is a large development of it: and it is also full in the cast from nature of George Stevenson. Still, the lower part predominates, especially in the two latter. And in Chantrey's very expressive bust of John Rennie, the lower part is particularly salient, much more so than the upper.* It being the special function of this organ to gain a thorough knowledge of the particular constituents of the subject which engages one's attention, it is found to be very protuberant in men who have greatly distinguished themselves in the natural sciences. In the mask from nature of the great anatomist, John Hunter, the organ of Individuality is very prominent. In that of Sir James Smith, the celebrated botanist, it is very large. In the portraits and busts of Buffon, Cuvier, Linngeus, and in many other great naturalists, whom it would be tedious to enumerate, it is also strikingly characteristic. But, though the proximity of this organ" to those of form, size, weight, colour, and locality, causes its attention to be given, when these are large, more exclusively to these sciences and to the fine arts ; yet, its use is by no means confined to such subjects. It is to a superior development of this organ that the poet owes the materials which render him renowned for the truth-like brilliancy and fer- tility of his descriptions, both of men and things ; and of places, when it is connected with large organs of Locality. 396 INDIVIDUALITY. Without this, fancy and imagination would be vague and wanting in copiousness. This part of the forehead is accordingly found to be very large in the casts from nature of Sir Walter Scott, Thomas Moore, and George Crabbe. It was to the relative superiority of this part of the forehead that Canning owed the materials which gave point and brilliancy to his fancy and imagination, while the want of characteristic predominance in the same part in the cast of Lord Chancellor Eldon, though it is well-developed, accounts for the inability of that profound lawyer to cope with the renowned orator and statesman in the mental attributes which render imagination and fancy quick, copious, and versatile. This organ, when it is very large and supported by a powerful organ of Com- parison, induces a tendency to personify everything, even abstract ideas, the affections and passions. Bunyan's " Pilgrim's Progress " is a famous example of this turn of mind. And in Sharp's fine engraving of his portrait, the authenticity of which is, I believe, beyond question, the organ of Individuality is very large. In the small profile of Ariosto by iEnea Vico, from the medallion by Doni, Individuality is strongly developed, and in Spencer, according to a print published by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, and in Virtue's print of him, the organ was remarkably prominent. And can there be anywhere found more exquisite examples of the mental tendency, engendered by this faculty, minutely to describe the physical attributes of objects than in the beautiful writings of this great poet. It was. owing to the superior development of this part of the forehead, combined with a salient organ of Comparison, that the poet Moore was capable of charming everyone of taste INDIVIDUALITY. 397 and feeling with metaphors and similes drawn copiously from physical objects (see Plate 12, diagram 1). It was a similar prominence of the same region of the head that enabled Scott to delineate with such glowing truthfulness the charming scenery of his native land in the " Lady of the Lake," as well as the tumultous inci- dents of the battle of Flodden Field in " Marmion," in which everything that could make a battle intensely real is described in the most vivid and vigorous style. The influence of Eventuality, also, is strikingly manifested in these instances (see Plate 1). The tendency to indulge in minuteness of description, which is so striking a characteristic of the genius of Crabbe, took its rise in the ample development of the same part of the forehead (see Plate 2). But in the fine contemplative forehead of Wordsworth there is not the same relative prominence of the organ of Lidividuality. Yet, though this organ was not strong enough to cause that great poet to indulge in giving eloquent and poetical expression to minute details of things that were in their nature unpoetical, like Crabbe, he still had the power of using that faculty with minute effect when his purpose required it. The masks from nature of Wordsworth and Crabbe are marked examples of the exact coincidence of the relative size of the organ of Individuality in the foreheads of these great poets with those striking characteristics of their genius. Much of this diversity of taste, however, as has been shewn already, is due to Wordsworth's superior sense of poetic beauty, which is the natural result of his paramount organ of Ideality. In the mask of Dean Swift, taken after death, the organs of Individuality and Eventuality are both very 398 INDIVIDUALITY. large, and every page of his writing is replete with evidence of the great capacity he had for perceiving objects and events, as well as for remembering, imagin- ing, and describing them in the minutest detail. One anecdote related of him proves the intense activity of those organs in Swift. He happened to dine at a friend's house, in company with a number of distinguished persons, and his host, observing that he looked displeased, asked if he was in want of anything. " Oh, no," said he, " I was thinking how that servant of yours, who has just left the room, has made no less than fifteen mistakes within the last few minutes." Things, as they are, and as they happen, are perceived by a person thus organised, as it were, without his taking any pains in looking after them, while such minute occurrences would pass altogether unheeded by an in- dividual in whom these organs are not characteristic, un- less it were a matter of necessity to direct attention to such individualities, whether they relate to objects or events. In order to place the fact just narrated in a still stronger light it may be well to mention an incident which was told me by a gentleman of considerable literary and poetical talents. u One day," said he, " I met William Godwin in a large company. He was standing with his back to the fire, apparently in deep thought, when a young gentleman, who stood near him, in a thoughtless mood, began to whistle in an under tone. Some time had elapsed before Godwin noticed this. But then, suddenly looking up in his young neighbour's face, he said, in a tone of voice peculiarly sarcastic, " Oh, it is you — is it ? " He was evidently disturbed, but yet his attention was not immediately caught by the incident which caused his annoyance. INDIVIDUALITY. 399 What a contrast this anecdote exhibits to that which has just been related of Swift ! And what a marked difference there is in the configuration of the foreheads of these two remarkable men. Swift's is indicative of a mind intensely desirous of investigating the minutest particulars of what was happening, without any wish to trouble himself in searching after generalities ; Godwin's, of one who loved to speculate upon fewer data and was prone to indulge in contemplations respecting the abstract causes of mental phenomena, owing to the superior size of his organ of Causality. Swift's forehead has much of the character of Crabbe's, with rather more Eventuality. Godwin's bears a characteristic likeness to that of Words- worth. And perhaps Shelley was not far astray when he said, in his criticism on Mandeville, that Godwin was to prose what Wordsworth was to poetry. Abating some- thing of course for the radical disparity of their dispositions for the sentiment of veneration, which was so strikingly characteristic of Wordsworth's mind, was but a weak ingredient in the mental constitution of Godwin (see Plate 1). And it may be noted here that the cere- bral development of these great writers substantiates in a remarkable measure the truthfulness of Phreno- logy- This organ is very large in the masks of Curran, Home, Tooke, and Cobbett, and small, especially in relation to the fine development of the upper portion of the forehead, in the busts and portraits of Sir Francis Burdett, and certainly that distinguished baronet fell far short both of his political tutor and his wonderful self-taught protege in the faculty of displaying the functions which are proved to belong to the organs of Individuality and Eventuality. No two foreheads could be more unlike 400 INDIVIDUALITY. in respect to this organ and its neighbour and associate Eventuality, than those of Burdett and Canning, and the superiority of the latter, as a political administrator, capable of grasping a vast amount of complicated eventful details, was abundantly manifested during their political career. In the fine and harmoniously developed forehead of that astute and successful politician, Talleyrand, whose talent for minutely observing passing events and for rendering them subservient to his purpose was con- spicuous, these organs form prominent features, while they are rather of subordinate magnitude in the expanded forehead of his celebrated countryman and cotemporary, Benjamin Constant, which is remarkable, according to his cast from nature, for the great size of the organs of the reflective faculties — Comparison and Causality. Constant, therefore, would naturally be more philo- sophically speculative, but less practical and versatile as a statesman than Talleyrand. The truthfulness of this phrenological deduction regarding the special character of Constant's intellect is corroborated hj the opinion entertained of him by Napoleon the First. "Benjamin," said the emperor, in St. Helena, "is reasonable in the manner of geometricians, by theorems and corollaries, and a great pamphlet writer." In great orators, who are likewise the most ready and effective debaters, the organs of Individuality and Even- tuality are strikingly prominent. In Charles James Fox, who was almost unrivalled as a ready and eloquent de- bater, these organs are very large, and even salient, notwithstanding the fine general development of his forehead. They are not quite so characteristically prominent in the still finer forehead of Edmund Burke, who could not vie with Fox as an effective and persuasive INDIVIDUALITY. 40L debater, although the superiority of his genius as an orator and statesman can scarcely be denied. In the Earl of Derby the development of this part of the forehead is remarkably prominent. And has he not been called u the Rupert of debate," owing to the point, brilliancy, aud effectiveness of his oratorical powers ? The same part is remarkably large even amidst the well- balanced organs of Mr. Gladstone's wide forehead, and is not that distinguished orator and successful adminis- trator pre-eminently gifted with the faculty of bringing forward in the minutest detail, out of the well-filled store- house of his memory such facts as tend to illustrate and to strengthen his opinions ? In the portraits of Grattan and Brougham the organ of Individuality is of paramount development. And what a difference in this respect in the casts from nature of Brougham and Godwin present, and how opposite was the tenour of their intellectual career. For while the great intellect of the latter .displayed no aptness for pursuing the study of the physical sciences, such pursuits were peculiarly adapted to the versatile talents of Henry Brougham. The separate existence of this faculty, called by Gall the Sense of Things and by Spurzheim, Individuality, is a fact sustained by evidence the most conclusive and un- equivocal, and that the exact position of its organ in the brain has been truly pointed out and denned cannot be doubted by any earnest inquirer. Neither can it be main- tained as a fact that the frontal sinus presents an obstacle fatal to the forming of a sufficiently accurate estimate of the size of the organ, even beyond the time of middle life, as has been already shewn. And the non-existence of the sinus in early life is a fact that has long ago been P F 402 INDIVIDUALITY. fixed beyond the sphere of doubt by testimony the most trustworthy and clearly demonstrative. In conclusion, it should be borne in mind that men who give their attention with alacrity to the dry details of things, have always a conspicuous development of the forehead directly and immediately above the root of the nose. And it is equally certain that men of superior talents, who do not trouble themselves about mere statis- tical details, and who have not the disposition to master them, are endowed with a comparatively scanty develop- ment of the same part. Of the former, the cast of the indefatigable Joseph Hume is a striking example, and the bust of his more brilliant cotemporary political reformer, Sir Francis Burdett, affords a remarkable instance of" the latter. It is found to be a prominent feature in eminent actuaries. It is very large in the cast of Mr. Finlayson. And in an esteemed and highly respected friend of my own, a most successful actuary, it is very large (see Plate 7). FOBM Contiguous to the convolution of the brain which is called the organ of the Sense of Tilings, or Individuality, there lies another convolution, which has for its function the perception and appreciation of the forms of things. Like the former, this proceeds forward over the inner portion of the thin plate of bone, which forms the roof of the orbit of the eye, till it comes to within about half an inch of the brow, where it is crossed by the convolution which is the organ of Size. In consequence of this arrangement of parts the external sign of the organ of Form shews itself just over the inner angle of the eyelids, and is more easily seen in those whose eyes are not promi- nent than in those whom Homer would call ox-eyed. In Canova, for instance, whose eyes were rather sunken, than in Voltaire, whose eyes were remarkably protuberant. Since the superior interior part of the long plate of the orbit grows over this convolution it follows that the orbit must be convex or depressed at that part, according to the greater or less development of the convolution. When it is large, therefore, the eyeball, having less room in that part of its socket, is pressed as it were, downwards and outwards. Its actual amount of development is, therefore, to be estimated by the degree of width existing between the eyes. But, it should be borne in mind that it would not always be right to predicate the presence of a large F f 2 404 FOKM. organ of Form, when there is a great distance between the eyes ; for the aethmoid bone, behind the root of the nose, is sometimes very broad, and the eyes are con- sequently separated widely ; but, yet in such a case, the organ of Form, lying on each side of the cribriform plate of that bone, through which the sub-divided fibrils of the olfactory nerve pass down into the nose, may not be very large. The measure of this organ has sometimes been estimated by the thickness of the root of the nose. But acute practical enquirers will soon learn to see that this is not a true criterion. For example, the root of the nose, in the mask of Canova is thin, and yet the organ of Form is very large, while the organ is very moderately developed in the cast of Dr. Gall, although the root of the nose is thicker. In the bust of Sterne, by Nollekens, and those of Byron, by Thorwaldsen and Bartolini, the root of the nose is thin. But the organ of Form is large in Sterne and small in Byron. I have occasionally seen clever phrenologists fail to point out the seat of this organ in the scull, from thus relying on the thickness at the root of the nose as a criterion. That Form is a quality of bodies quite distinct from their size, weight, or colour, cannot admit of a doubt. And that it is a faculty which bears no settled propor- tion to the other mental faculties is a fact beyond all question. It is certain that both Barry, West, Flaxman, and Canova possessed good general abilities, but it would be hazardous to say that either of them could ever cope with William Cobbett as a powerful and versatile writer and thinker on political affairs. And yet Cobbett seemed to be incapable of forming any estimate of the beautiful forms of the Elgin marbles, which are so true to nature, FORM. 405 and so charming in the eyes of those who are endowed with a large organ of Form. To be sure, a great genius like Byron, so highly endowed with the sense of the beautiful, in whatever shape it appears, could describe the dying Gladiator in a strain of exalted poetry, both touching and natural. But it is not the exquisite form of this figure which arrested the poet's attention. There is not even a single allusion to the beauty of its form. It is the sentiments and ideas, which its attitudes suggest, that are so vividly and pathetically expressed, the mere recital of which fills the heart with its warmest and fondest recollections. When this organ is well developed it is attended with the love of painting and of sculpture, and it is this faculty that prompts young persons to devote their lives, often under sore privations and embarrassments, to the practice of those delightful arts. The sense of configuration is more requisite for the portrait painter, sculptor, and architect, than to the landscape painter, to whom a keen sense of locality is more necessary. To the historical painter it is quite indispensable. And I have invariably found that those artists, who have distinguished themselves as landscape painters, are always large where the organ of Locality lies, though that of Form may be moderate, while form is invariably large in those who have succeeded best in historical and portrait painting, whether locality be prominent or not. The faculty of Imitation seems to be more necessary as an effective auxiliary to that of Form than that of Locality. And, supposing the organs of Locality and Form to be equally well developed in the same individual, a large organ of Imitation would lead him to the painting of portraits rather than landscape, 406 FORM. and to historical painting in preference to either, if the organs of Individuality, Eventuality, and Time be promi- nent. The organ of the sense of the beautiful — Ideality — is an incentive to landscape painting, from its tendency to withdraw the thoughts from active worldly pursuits, especially if form be not a salient feature. And if the sense of the ludicrous be predominant the man with artistic talents will devote himself to humorous subjects and shine in caricature. The channel through which the artistic faculty of Form takes its course, then, depends upon the predominance of certain other faculties which are acting in unison with it. It should be understood that a person endowed with a fine development of the organ of Form may be totally incapa- ble of drawing well, owing to the want of manual dexterity, a faculty which is the result of a good develop- ment of the organ of Constructiveness, acting in com- bination with those of Form, Size, and Imitation. Still, wherever a large organ of Form is seen, there can be no hesitation in predicating the existence of the capacity of perceiving, remembering, and instinctively appreciating forms and their harmonious combinations. Nor can their be a doubt that persons, who collect prints and pictures, especially such as comprise fine and expressive human forms, will always be found to have this organ large. Very young persons in whom it is well developed, feel a charm in looking at pictures, which does not arise merely from juvenile curiosity. Chantrey and Canova, when mere children, and without any previous training, surprised their friends by their successful attempts at modelling figures, and Sir Thomas Laurence, evinced great talent for drawing in the clays of his early child- hood. In the casts from nature of all of these the organ form. 407 of Form is strikingly marked. But in the portraits and busts of Michael Angelo the organ is much larger than it is in either of them. So large, indeed, was the organ in that wonderful genius, that he remarked, himself, that a sculptor, to whom he sat for his bust, must have mistaken the true position of his eyes, for he had placed them so widely apart that the form could not possibly resemble nature. The sculptor might have exceeded the proper bounds, but their can scarcely be any doubt that the man followed nature closely, and that Michael Angelo's face was characterised by an extraordinary width between the eyes. In Longhi's beautiful engraving of him, after a picture by the great original himself, the organ of Form is exceedingly large. In several beautiful ■engravings of Raphael, after authentic paintings by him- self, the development of the same organ is equally con- spicuous. And, certainly, no one ever excelled this almost divine artist in the power of appreciating and producing forms the most exquisite and natural. In Albert Durer, Titian, Rubens, and all those geniuses, who have excelled in the delineation of the human form, this organ is remarkably large. On the other hand it is a fact, which has been over and over again tested, and consequently confirmed as one of nature's truths, that a scanty development of this part of the brain is always associated with an insurmountable in- aptitude to appreciate harmonious combinations of form. J3ven the versatile genius of Cobbett was incapable of seeing and appreciating any beauty, or charm of any kind, in such things. And lest the unpoetic mould in which his mind was cast should be supposed to afford a plausible reason for this mental deficiency, it is only necessary to advert once more to the case of Byron, Avhose power of appre- 408 FORM. ciating form, for its own sake — a sense in which it was the delight and glory of Michael Angelo and Eaphael to cultivate it — was very limited : although his excessively elevated and enthusiastic sense of poetic beauty caused him to be a powerful exponent of the sentiments which some attitudes are intended and calculated to convey. But still some passages in his poems would lead one to suppose that he possessed a very scanty endowment of the organ of Form ; and, as I have already stated, his portraits and busts confirm that supposition. An extract from " Childe Harold " will illustrate his want of care for the beauty of form, abstracted from all other considerations : — " There be more things to greet the heart and eyes In Arno's dome of arts, most princely shrine, Where sculpture with her rainbow sister vies ; There he more marvels yet — but not for mine ; For I have been accustomed to entwine My thoughts with nature rather in the fields Than art in galleries ; though a work divine Calls for my spirit's homage, yet it yields Less than it feels, because the weapon which it wields " Is of another temper, and I roam By Thrasamene's lake, in the defiles Fatal to Roman rashness, more at home. " And in "Don Juan," he says, " I've seen much finer women ripe and real Than all the nonsense of their stone ideal." This may be quite true ; but the term nonsense, used to- designate the divine art, even in sport, indicates the absence of a fine perception of beauty in simple form, wheix all other attributes are abstracted from it. How opposite is the case as to his friend Samuel Eogers, who was a refined lover and judge of the beauties of FORM. 40& sculpture and of painting; and how superior was the development of form in his bust. In the head of Dr. Gall the organ of Form was small : and it is a fact that he could not recognise a person whom he had sat next to at dinner, were he to meet him on the following day. The existence and seat of the organ of Form is established beyond doubt. SIZE Next to the convolution which is the organ of Form, lies that which perceives Size and Dimension. But, unlike the former, this shews itself on the eyebrow, con- tiguous to Individuality. When it is large, a marked prominence is perceptible on each side of the root of the nose. And it is an obvious fact that the development of this small portion of the brain is great in some heads and small in others, and that its relative proportion to the parts around it varies in almost every individual. To feel perfectly assured of this fact it is only necessary to compare the casts of Canova and Sir Thomas Laurence with those of William Godwin and George Crabbe ; or that of John Clare, the peasant poet, with the cast of George Stevenson, the self-taught engineering genius. Or let a strict comparison be instituted between the fine heads of Lord Mansfield and Lord Grenville, as they are represented in the busts by Nollekens, and those of John Rennie and James Watt, by Chantrey, and the great disparity in the saliency of this particular part will be instantly seen. To the great engineers the talent for judging of size, dimension, and the proportion and fitness of parts in the construction of machinery was of course indispensable ; while such a faculty could be but of little moment to the two great statesmen, to whom the Creator awarded that which their calling demanded, namely a SIZE. 411 powerful organ of Language, which was denied to the other two. Those who evince marked ability in appreciat- ing and calculating the distance of objects from one another, as well as their relative size, are remarkable for .a large development of this part of the eyebrow. It is particularly conspicuous in the masks from nature of Sir Isaac Newton and Sir William Herschell. I have already named some eminent geniuses in whom this organ was small, who were not instinctively led to pursuits which demand the presence of such a faculty. In the collection of the late Mr. Deville there was the cast of a gentleman who found a difficulty in perceiving the vast height of St. Paul's dome, as compared to the houses lying around it, and it was a gratifying fact in affirmation of the truth to find a marked depression of the brow at the seat of the organ of Size. One can scarcely imagine how it is possible such a deficiency of perceptive power could exist. But, if it is proved beyond doubt that some persons are incapable of distinguishing the colours of objects, there is nothing unreasonable in supposing that an individual might be found who is incapable of appreciating the relative heights and distances of things, which differ considerably in size. How striking the contrast between this mask and that of Sir Mark Isambart Brunei. In all men, who display great talent for drawing the human figure correctly, this part of the eyebrow is remarkably full. Such is the case, without exception, in all great draughtsmen. It is sometimes supposed that the faculty of Form combined with manual dexterity is sufficient for the mere mechanical department of art, but form may be correctly represented, although parts may be wanting in their due proportion as to size. The faculties of Form and Size, indeed, are perfectly distinct 412 size: from one another, though their mutual co-operation is indispensable to the attainment of practical skill in drawing or modelling. A pistol bullet and a cannon ball may be both spherical. The faculty of Form, of itself perceives their roundness ; but cannot appreciate their comparative dimension. Another? and a perfectly distinct faculty is, therefore, necessary to give the power of perceiving the relative size of objects. And experience affords evidence that the organ of this faculty is located as I have already pointed out. The organ is quite established. WEIGHT-SENSE OF RESISTANCE. The degree of ability to appreciate the relative weight of bodies is in proportion to the strength of the sense of resistance with which an individual is endowed. And as this internal sense is entirely different in its quality from the senses of form, size, and colour, it necessarily follows that there must be an organ of the brain which is exclusively devoted to its manifestation. Spurzheim, having convinced himself by reasoning that this faculty had a separate, independent existence, sought for its organ, and he rationally conjectured that it would be found in the vicinity of those of form and size. Subsequent investigation, which has been kept up with scrupulous attention to facts, has fully confirmed the opinion of that acute philosopher. Everyone must have observed that some persons can, even without much practice, throw a weight from the hand with much greater accuracy of aim than others, who may be more accustomed to such bodily feats. The cause of this superiority will be found in the superior development of the organs of Locality, Size, and Weight. Long experience has thoroughly convinced me of the truth of this unvarying coincidence. I have also observed that persons, possessed of great bodily agility, can point out with great accuracy the spot they mean to spring to, when these organs are large, and that others who are 414 WEIGHT. incapable of doing the same, whatever their amount of agility may be, are possessed of a comparatively scanty development of these parts of the forehead. There can be no difficulty in seeing how this is. A powerful organ of Size enables its possessor to judge accurately of the distance he has to traverse, and a large organ of the Sense of Resistance imparts the faculty of estimating the force or impulse necessary for the projection of a body of a certain weight to a given distance. Without these powers the simple mechanical instinct of Archimedes never could have enabled him to destroy the Roman galleys in the Bay of Syracuse with his pro- jectiles, and it was his self-taught skill and experimental knowledge in the act of applying to moveable bodies the degree of force sufficient to overcome their ponderous resistance, that led him to feel assured that he could move this globe of earth if he could only obtain a proper fulcrum. The development of this organ, as well as of" those which act in concert with it, is exceedingly great in the antique bust of that wonderful mechanician. The same part is very prominent in the most authentic busts of Julius Caesar, and his bridge across the Rhine gave ample evidence of the superior power of the same corres- ponding faculties in that great man. In the authentic bust of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa the same sort of development is conspicuous, while in the busts of Cicero, Horace, Lucian, and Theocritus it is not at all salient. In a cotemporary profile of Michael Angelo, engraved by the celebrated Bonasone, this part of the forehead is very large, and the power he possessed of adapting the force or weight of his stroke to the quantity of marble which he wished to displace, was, it is told, of the highest order. The heads of all great practical engineers are WEIGHT. 415 characterised by a predominant development of the same organs. In Smeaton, Kennie, and the elder Brunei, in Watt, Stevenson, Trevethick, Eoberts, and many others, with the forms of whose heads I am well acquainted, through authentic casts and busts, this part of the head is remarkably large. Watchmakers, renowned for their practical genius in devising machinery for marking the pro- gress of time, were, according to the best engraved portaits that remain of them, endowed with a very marked fullness of this part of the head. In such artificers as these the keenest perception of weight and of the fitness of parts in regard to their relative size must be indispensable. •The existence and seat of this organ is still further illus- trated in the portraits of the most renowned " line engravers," for the force necessary for making a fine sweeping line, which is in itself, without the aid of cross lines, capable of conveying to the mind of the spectator a true idea of natural light and shade, depends upon a keen perception of the exact amount of resistance to be overcome by the graver. And it will invariably be found that in proportion to the strength of this talent the organ of Weight will be more or less developed. This faculty is admirably displayed in some of the early engravings of the great French artist, Nanteuil. William Sharp possessed the same talent in an eminent degree, and few have equalled Houbraken in the fineness and exquisite finish of his line engraving. In the great English engraver of sea pieces, Woollett, the organs of Weight and Size are very characteristic. And the portrait of this engraver who never, so far as I know, attempted to engrave a portrait or historical picture, affords a striking illustration of the distinction between the faculties of Form and Size which Phrenology so clearly demonstrates. In him 416 WEIGHT. tlie organ of Form was very moderately developed, while that of Size was a prominent feature. Through the strength of the latter he was enabled to form an accurate conception of perspective, but from the comparative smallness of the organ of Form, supposing the portrait at the South Kensington Museum to be correct, I should infer that, as an original draughtsman, Woollett possessed but little genius, especially where the human form required to be depicted, while Locality and Size gave him power to appreciate with superior accuracy the relative proportion and distance, as well as the position of objects which constitute landscape, and his Imitation and Constructiveness, with a superior organ of Weight, caused him to be unrivalled in imparting the qualities not only of transparency, but almost of liquidity and motion to his exquisite engravings of sea pieces. This organ is fully established. COLOUR To Dr. Gall is due the discovery of this organ. But before he thought of meeting with an organ of Colour, he was struck with the fact, that some persons were incapable of distinguishing one colour from another. And he says he was " especially struck by a bookseller at Augsburg, blind from birth, who maintained that it is not the eye, but the intellect, which recognises, judges, and creates the proportion of colour." "This man," says Grail, " even assures us, that, by means of an internal sense, he has precise notions of colours, and it is a fact that he determines their harmony with exact- ness. He has a great number of beads of coloured glass ; he forms with them different figures, and the arrange- ment of the colours is always harmonious. He tells among other facts, that, whenever he takes pains to arrange the colours of a ground, he feels pain immediately above the eyes, especially above the right eye. And," he continues, " the region which I have above indicated is considerably developed in this man." There is one point in this case which is important and interesting in a psychological and phrenological light, and that is the pain which this blind man felt after having given strenuous attention to the harmonious arrangement of his coloured beads. It is scarcely necessary to remind anyone of the fact, GG 418 COLOUR. that, in the active operations of the brain, that part of it which is subjected to the greatest amount of intense exertion, is the part, which, according to the laws of nature, first affords evidence of its having been exclu- sively over-exercised. In treating of the different affec- tions, I have mentioned some cases illustrative of this fact, and here again there appeared in a man, blind from birth, who took delight in the harmonious arrangement of colours, a susceptibility of being affected by pain in the centre of the eyebrow, whenever his attention was devoted, with great intensity, to the production of such harmonious arrangement. It also appears that the centre of the brow was considerably developed in this man. And Gall, having found that the same part of the brow was similarly formed and prominent in the heads of great painters, and seeing that the more these excelled as colourists, the greater was the fulness of the centre of the brow, he named that part the organ of the Sense of the Relation of Colours. That such an internal sense exists, independent of the aid of the external sense of sight, no doubt can be enter- tained, if this case be admitted as a fact, and those whom experience has afforded the true means of judging, cannot, in reason, doubt for a moment, the conscientious accuracy of Gall, who was a most acute and penetrating investigator of facts, as well as a profound and comprehensive thinker. And the fact of a blind man feeling pain in the seat of that organ, which is so strikingly characteristic of a successful colourist among painters, is strong circum- stantial evidence to shew that there exists a special organ of colour, and that its seat is in the centre of the eye- brow, where the pain was felt. It is to be regretted that Gall did not say whether the COLOTTK. 419 man was capable of selecting beads of different colours, as he required them, for the different combinations he was desirous of producing, or whether he wanted the assistance of some one, who could see, to hand him colours, which he knew, hj an instinctive internal sense, would blend harmoniously. Probably, as compositors have each letter in a box for itself, so may this blind man have had 3ns different coloured beads, each in its own compartment. It is hard to believe that the external sense of Touch could, in any case, be used as a substitute for the sense of seeing, where the perception of colour is concerned. A case was brought before the Phrenological Society of London, when Dr. Elliotson was president, by the late Dr. Moore, which imparts much force to this doubt of mine. It was this : A decent poor man of the name of Davis, from the west of England, was introduced at the Society's rooms in Panton Square, by Doctor Moore, as an extraordinary example of a blind man, who was continually travelling for the mere delight of moving about from place to place ; as well as to shew how exactly this propensity to travel corresponded with the immense development of the organ of Locality by which this man's forehead was conspicuously characterized, notwithstanding the good development of the organs surrounding it, with the single exception of the organ of Colour, which was much inferior to the rest. This man lost his sight in the fifth or sixth year of his age. In order to test the possibility of selecting colours by the touch, he was asked whether he thought colours could be distinguished by that sense. He replied that he did not think it possible. It certainly was an im- possibility to himself. Now, this inability did not proceed from want of a nice sense of touch : for, so sensitive was this man as to touch, that he walked through the streets of G G 2 420 COLOUR. London without a guide, or even a stick, and yet avoided" knocking himself against a post or a corner. He accounted' for this by saying he felt a peculiar impression, which warned him that something was in his way. He was asked how, after being once directed to Dr. Moore's house, in Lincoln's Inn Fields, he could go in a direct course to the gate, and turn into the space in front of the house, without making enquiry, and how he distinguished that gate from any other. He said that, within a certain dis- tance of Dr. Moore's house, a peculiar sensation warned- him that he was walking by something higher than himself, and that this feeling vanished when he approached Dr. Moore's house ; and he then felt assured that he was- on the right track. Here, evidently, there existed a fine sense of what may be called touch without contact ; and, if touch could enable anyone to discriminate colours, one might expect the presence of such a faculty in this instance. I am, there- fore, inclined to suspect that no such power exists in the- sense of touch. It is to be regretted that Grail was not more explicit as to the manner in which the blind book- seller of Augsburg made choice of his coloured beads. But, apart from this question, the case adduced by G-all establishes the important fact that to appreciate colours,, and to feel delighted in contemplating the harmonious arrangement of them, it is not absolutely necessary to possess ,the external sense of sight. And the pain which was felt by the blind man of Augsburg, in the seat of what is proved to be the organ of the Sense of Colour, by a vast amount of both negative and affirmative evidence, is con- firmatory of the existence of both the internal sense and the exact situation of its organ. It is, also, an interesting fact that the blind man, Davis,. COLOUR. 421 who might, from having had the power of seeing in his early childhood, be supposed to retain a distinct recollec- tion of colours, seemed incapable of recalling vivid impres- sions of them. He thought he could remember the colour of the grass, and some other hues. But he owned that his idea of colour was very indistinct. Now, this partial incapacity to remember colours was in accordance with his poor development of the convolution of the brain which occupies the centre of the eyebrow, and is about half an inch broad. This is the organ of the Sense of the Relation of Colours. In Davis, when viewed in connexion with the parts around it, this organ was depressed. Hence arose his inability to revive his dormant sense of colour. That a marked depression of the centre of the eyebrows is always a striking characteristic of the cerebral develop- ment of any one who wants the power to distinguish colours, there is abundant evidence to shew. Dr. Spurzheim saw a person in Dublin, who was fond •of drawing, but he could not distinguish colours, and painted a tree red instead of green. He also mentions the case of Mr. Ottley, of Dublin, who could only dis- tinguish the shades of green and red. If dark green and light red were placed before him he could distinguish the one from the other as differing in shade, but if dark green and dark red were placed together, he could not perceive any difference between them, he would say that the colour was the same. " He would say," says Spurzheim, u I receive one impression from the dark red and the dark green, and another impression from the light red and the light green, but the species of impression is the same. I met with a case that exactly resembled this. A young gentleman was incapable of distinguishing red 422 COLOUR. from green or blue. And although these colours were repeatedly placed before him and named, he would, if asked a few miuutes after to point out the red, be sure to select the green or blue. Sometimes by chance he would point out one or the other, but next moment he would be again at fault. He could, however, distinguish the difference in shade. He would say that one was darker than the other. And when the same cloth was shewn to him frequently, he would sometimes name the colour correctly, but that was owing to his remem- brance of the names we gave to the dark colour and light one, as he himself acknowledged. Apparently all he could discern was the comparative depth of shade in. colours. In the centre of the eyebrow of this youth there was a depression about half an inch in breadth,, and a like deficiency was equally manifest in the mask of Mr. Ottley, which I have seen in Deville's collection. In that museum there was, also, a cast of Mr. Milne a brassfounder of Glasgow, in which the organ of colour was remarkably depressed. This man, who could not distinguish colours, called one day for his coat at an inn r but being unable to describe the true colour of it, the waiter appeared to suspect him, which excited him to the highest pitch of honest indignation. He was, I believe, at that time unconscious of his inability to per- ceive or distinguish colours. There was the cast of another man in that collection who could only distinguish black and white. He did not seem to be affected by any colour. The middle of the eyebrow was very much depressed in this cast. Many years ago I was requested by a most respected and able Wesleyan Minister to give him a phrenological estimate of his talents and disposition. During the COLOUE. 423 examination of his head I was struck with the smallness of the organ of Colour on the left eyebrow as compared with that on the right. I then said it was probable he could distinguish colours accurately enough ; but that it would be interesting to know whether he could not distinguish colours better through the left eye than the right. He then placed his hand upon his right eye and instantly described with accuracy the various colours of the carpet. He then closed his left eye, and the carpet appeared to be a muddy brown, without any variety of colour. He said that this recalled to his mind a circum- stance which occurred to him many years before, and which he could never account for ; but that Phrenology solved the mystery. One evening when he was kneeling at prayer before an old-fashioned high-backed chair, divided in the centre of the back by an upright bar, he saw on the left side the carpet as it had always appeared to him, while on the right side of the rail it seemed to be entirely jlivested of colours and assumed a uniform muddy or dirty appearance. To account for this curious phenomenon one can suppose that, when the mind is intently directed to one absorbing subject, the eyes may, each of them, gaze outwardly, so that for a moment, one of them may see an object which the other does not. Indeed, it is certain that when some persons are absorbed in thought their eyes, though naturally free from obliquity, will occasionally diverge from their usual directness ; and thus will their action become distinct and independent. To an anatomist my reason for choosing one eye rather than the other, in the case just cited, will be obvious enough, when the crossing of the fibres of the optic nerves at their junction is taken into consideration. 424 COLOUE. In this case it is certain that the right eye was as capable of discerning objects and, with the single excep- tion of colour, their qualities, as the left. It cannot, therefore, be said that the defect lay in the eye itself. It must then, be the organ of Colour in the brain that failed in the performance of its function. But its incapacity existed only in the organ or convolution that was seated in the left hemisphere. Can there, then, be a more decided and direct proof, than this case affords, of the fact, that a well developed sound organ, on one side of the brain, can perform its function with sufficient accuracy, although its counterpart, on the other side, may be incapa- ble of performing its function at all through insufficient development. This case strikes home at the very root of those reiterated objections which have been put forward by those enquirers who are more prone to indulge in uncertain conjecture than in scrutinising efforts to dis- cover nature's facts, as well as to unravel the knotty points of mental philosophy by a careful analysis of phenomena, which alone can throw light upon the sub- ject. It will be seen, of course, that I allude to the objectors who have said that Phrenology cannot be true, because mental faculties continue to be manifested, when the brain has been injured either by accident or disease. For, it has been invariably the fact, that, on all such cited and assumed antagonistic cases, one side of the brain only was affected. To any man who is not speculatively fastidious, and such is not the one who is inclined to traverse with a watchful eye the wide field which Gall has trodden, and from whence he collected the only durable materials by which a true system of mental philosophy could be con- COLOUK. 425 structed, to any man not thus constituted, such cases appear perfectly in accordance with reason. With regard to the affirmative proofs of the existence of an organ of Colour they are to be seen in the portraits, busts, and casts of the most distinguished masters in the art of painting — men, who surpassed as colourists others to whom they were inferior as draughtsmen. Few indeed, if any, could cope with Claude in the exquisite beauty and poetic grace of his colouring, and yet he has left no specimen of his superior talent as a delineator of form. In his portrait there is a great fulness in the centre of the eyebrow. A fine development of the same part is also conspicuous in the best portraits of Titian, Rubens, Vandyke, Rembrandt and others, who are remarkable for the exquisiteness of their colouring. Like every other faculty this of Colour is possessed in a different measure by different artists. And the de- velopment of this part of the head has always been found to be duly proportioned to the extent of the faculty. The genius of James Barry did not enable him to imbue his extraordinary productions with combinations of colour, so exquisite and fascinating, as those that render the truly tender and natural, but less ambitious works of William Mulready, so charming. Neither can the works of West ■at all vie, successfully, with those of Etty, in the quality of his colouring. Now, it is certain that the organ of Colour is but moderately developed in the mask from nature of Barry, while it is very full in Mr. C. Moore's excellent bust of Mulready. And its development in the . casts from nature of West is not at all so considerable as it appeared in Etty. In the cast after death of our great landscape painter, Turner, the organ is very salient, and it was well marked in the late Francis Danby, in whom it 426 COLOUR. was united with a dreamy but yet fervent sense of the beautiful in nature and in art — a power which heightens the effect of any faculty or organ. In the cast from nature of the celebrated Fuseli it is not so well developed as it is in the portraits of Reynolds and Gainsborough. And though he possessed genius, and a wild kind of origi- nality, he had not the ability to equal in beauty the colouring which renders Gainsborough's landscapes so charming, and which is also so conspicuous in the " Boy in Blue," a work capable of vieing, dare it be said, with one by Titian himself ; as well as in the exquisite and affect- ing picture of the poor child with the " Broken Pitcher," which could hold its place by the side of a Murillo ; and, also, in that most finished portrait of Mrs. Siddons, now in the gallery at South Kensington. The great eminence of Sir Joshua as a colourist is so well known that it would be superfluous to say a word respecting it. To use the eloquent language of his great and beloved friend Edmund Burke, " His portraits remind the spectator of the inven- tion of history, and the amenity of landscape." There cannot be the slightest doubt of the separate existence of this faculty of colour ; and, that the seat and external appearance of its organ in the brain is unerringly fixed, no conscientious and careful observer of facts, after the manner of Gall, can hesitate to declare his thorough conviction. LOCALITY. The first intimation which Gall had of the probable existence of a special faculty for remembering the rela- tions of places in space arose, as has been elsewhere stated, from the fact that in his boyhood he never could retrace his steps to places in woods where he had found out birds' nests, although he took care to fix landmarks in the ground for his guidance, while a schoolfellow of his,. a boy of very moderate talents, could find his way back without any difficulty, and could not understand why Gall was utterly incapable of doing the same. Neither did Gall understand the cause. But his surprising and precocious sagacity instantly suggested that the cause of so strange a phenomena would be found to lie in the shape of the head, as he had already found the capacity for getting off words by heart to be accompanied by a prominence of the eyes. With a view of testing this conjecture he took a cast of this boy's head, and subsequently moulded the heads. of others whose recollection of places was a marked feature of their intellects. These casts he found to be very different in their general form, but after comparing them many times he was at length struck with what was a point equally conspicuous in all of them. This consisted of a prominence above 428 LOCALITY. the root of the nose on each side of Individuality, and running obliquely upwards and outwards. In his great work, Gall affords abundant evidence to shew that the same part of the head forms a marked feature in every one who has ever manifested a strong tendency to travel. When this organ is predominant it induces restlessness, and renders it irksome to remain long in any one place. And it is to its dominant energy that the migratory tendency of some species of birds is entirely due. This tendency certainly cannot arise, as some philo- sophers have supposed, from unpleasant changes in the weather, for the nightingale and cuckoo remain with us till their usual time for departure, no matter whether the summer be inclement and rainy, or genial and sun- shiny. And do we not find our sparrows and other stationary birds bear the intense severity of some of our winters without attempting to migrate, although they die by hundreds from cold and hunger ? Nor is the redbreast prompted to migrate before his time though lie be driven to take shelter in our very dwellings to relieve himself of cold and hunger. Again, it has been said that the old birds call the young ones together and induce them to accompany them on their long journey, and that, therefore, it is to education the migratory tendency of birds is to be attributed. But to what, it may be asked, are we to attribute the dis- position of the first swallows to set out upon their long and perilous journey ? A fact mentioned by Gall sets this point as to education in a clear light. " I exposed," says Gall, " some young cuckoos in my garden, that they might be fed by other birds. While the other cuckoos remained in the country the two young ones which I had LOCALITY. 429 reared did not quit the garden, but disappeared at the period of the migration of their species, though they had no communication with any of the old ones. One fact like this is worth more than a thousand con- jectural arguments. And it is not to be overlooked as evidence of strong memory of place, that migratory birds not only return in clue season to the same country, but also to the same part of the country, and even to the same nest. Is it not a refined sense of the relative position of places that enables the carrier pigeons to convey mes- sages to and from places, very remote from one another, without missing their way? Dr. Gall mentions a case where a male and female pigeon were carried a distance of eighty leagues into the Voralberg, and then set at liberty. They both returned home. The strong local memory of some dogs is proverbial, but their power of returning home from great distances has been attributed to the sense of smell. Many instances, however, plainly show that smell, though it may act as an effective auxiliary, cannot be the true and principal source of this power. Among several cases mentioned by Gall, there is one of a dog that was sent from Lyons to Marseilles, where he was embarked for Naples, whence he returned by land to Lyons. "Again," he says, "A gamekeeper in my native country sold a hound to another hunter, who lived more than a hundred leagues off, in the very heart of Hungary. Some time after, they were informed by letter that the dog had escaped, and after some months he arrived at his old master's wasted with fatigue." A few years ago I was struck with the beauty of a pointer on board a ship lying in the East India Docks, and bound for New Zealand. The dog belonged to a lady from 430 LOCALITY. the neighbourhood of Dublin, who was going to join her brother in that distant land. Being attracted by the height of the dog's head, and its great width just above the eyes, I asked the lady — and I felt sure of getting an answer in the affirmative — if her dog was not a very sagacious one, one that could find out its way well. " Yes," said she, " and I will give you an instance of it. A short time previous to my setting out for my long journey, I sent this dog by railway to a friend living in a distant quarter in the south-west of Ireland, and then left home for Dublin. Not long after the dog appeared at the door of its accustomed house, which was now deserted, and some neighbour, with whom the poor thing used to be familiar, had it conveyed to me to Dublin. After that, I could not but bring the faithful creature to what I suppose is destined to be my final resting-place." It is quite clear that the return of this dog to its old dwelling cannot be attributed to a superior sense of smell. To what then is it to be attributed ? Surely, to a strong sense of the relative position of places. In this case it was not the memory of places that served the purpose of the animal ; for he had not seen the space that intervened between him and his mistress's home. It can, therefore, only be attributed to that quality of the sense of locality, which, when it is very strong, urges its possessor to explore new places. And, possibly, the same faculty enabled this dog to see or to feel the direction which the train that carried him had taken. It would be a mistake to suppose that all dogs are endowed with this instinct. A friend of my own had a beautiful dog of the Blenheim kind, that was remarkably sagacious and affectionate, but he frequently lost his way, LOCALITY. 431 and rewards were several times paid for his restoration. This dog was so very deficient in local memory, that his owner was obliged to be constantly on the watch, lest he should stray away. Dr. Gall mentions cases of this nature. Dogs differ much both in the actual and relative breadth of the scull, where it embraces the anterior lobe of the brain. And their sagacity and retrieving faculty are always in proportion to the greater or less develop- ment of that part of the head. I have already, when treating of colour, mentioned the name of a man, blind from infancy, who was constantly travelling from place to place, and was capable of finding his way without a guide. The organ of Locality was immensely large in this man. But the most remarkable instance, perhaps, on record of an untiring propensity to travel was Lieutenant Holman, R.N., who, though quite blind, travelled all over Europe and a great part of Russia to gratify an inextinguishable love of visiting strange places. He even published a long account of his travels. In the cast of this worthy and benevolent gentleman, taken by the late Mr. Deville, the organs of Locality are extremely large. The cast of the negro, Abou Becker, exhibits a very poor development of the same organs. This man, who was engaged by some of our African travellers, as a guide,, was sent forward to procure information as to the best route for them to pursue. He never returned. And it was thought he had betrayed them. But I am inclined to think that the fact of his not returning was owing more to his incapacity to retrace his steps than to premeditated treachery. For, I believe he bore a good character previously. Neither is 432 LOCALITY. his head at all indicative of badness of disposition, but quite the reverse. Possibly he may have been detained or killed by his more savage countrymen. Still, whatever the truth may be, respecting the cause of his not return- ing, it is a remarkable coincidence, that this hitherto trustworthy negro, who lost his way in his own country (for such was the general impression on the minds of those who had employed him), possessed but a very scanty proportion of the organ of the Sense of Locality. In the magnificiently developed forehead of Dr. Gall this organ is very moderate in size ; and his capacity for remembering places, as we have already seen, was weak. He was ignorant of geography, says his biographer, and whenever he looked upon a map he found something new, though he had observed it a thousand times before. In the casts of Parry, Franklin, Ross, Lyon, Crozier and many others in Deville's collection the organ of Locality is protuberant. There is a palpable resemblance between all of them in respect to this particular organ, though there appears in the general form of the heads a very marked dissimilarity. JSTo two heads, indeed, could be more unlike, than those of Sir J. Franklin and Sir John Ross. Of course, it will be understood that inferior heads are excluded from these comparisons. Neither do the heads of Parry and Lyon resemble each other in the least, nor do they bear any general likeness to those of Ross and Franklin. But I must once more attest that their otherwise dissimilarly shaped foreheads were all extremely salient at the seat of the organ of Locality. It should be borne in mind that this organ will some- times appear less protuberant in one head than in another, though it be of equal size in both. This will happen when the organs of Individuality, Eventuality, and Time are LOCALITY. 433 very large in one and moderate in the other. The great prominence of this organ is remarkably conspicuous in the foest authentic portrait of Captain Cook, notwithstanding the fine development of all the other organs of his lofty, expansive forehead. This organ is strongly marked in the bust of Eajah Sir James Brooke ; and in the portraits of our most successful modern navigators, Sir James Ross, Maclure, and McClintock. It is large in the casts, taken by Deville, of Captain Dumont Durville and Lieutenant (now Admiral) Wilkes, the French and American navi- gators; and it was large in the head of Captain Weddell, who reached a degree of latitude in the South which no one before him had attained, and which Durville failed to arrive at. This part of the forehead is always large in those artists who excel in landscape painting. In the portraits of many of the old masters who excelled in this line, I have found this organ prominent, and I have found it large in the mask of Turner. Indeed, it may, without any prospect or likelihood of committing a blunder, be assumed, for a certainty, that the organ of Locality will be found to be a prominent feature in the heads of such eminent men as Calcott, Stanfield, Creswell, Linnell, Danby, and others -whom I could name, were it not that the enumeration would be tedious. But the cast from nature of the famous "Vernet ought not to be omitted. In it the organ of Locality is strongly marked. Ministers of religion, who like to be sent on foreign missions, will be found to have a large development at the seat of this organ. This fact is abundantly manifested in the portraits of the intrepid African traveller, Dr. Livingstone. A quick comprehension of the relative position of places is an essential ingredient in the intellectual composition of H H 434 LOCALITY. an engineer. The successful choice of the best line for a- railway will depend much upon the strength of the faculty of the sense of the relation of localities ; and, as a sure concomitant of this talent, it is a fact, patent to anyone, who will direct even slight attention to the evidence, that the organ of Locality is large in all eminent engineers. In Watt, Eennie, Smeaton, the Stevensons, the Brunels, it is very large. The active exercise of this faculty is a source of delight to the astronomer. To contemplate and comprehend the relative position of the planetary systems with success is the aim of all his fondest aspirations. Hence it would be- natural to expect to find a large development of the organ of Locality in the foreheads of Newton and Herschell, of Descartes and Laplace, of Gallileo and Tycho Brahe. And such, truly, is the case. In the masks from nature of Newton and Herschell the organ is very large. It is also very large in the scull of Descartes, and in the cast after death of Laplace. But in Laplace the organ was not so- leading a feature as it was in Newton, or, perhaps, in Herschell. It was not so conspicuous in his head as the organs of those faculties which constitute a genius for' analysing and reducing accumulated materials to method. The portrait of James Bernouilli resembled the mask of Newton very much in the form of the lower part of the forehead; but it was not quite on a par with Newton's in the upper part of it. This organ is prominent in the foreheads of such writers as have shewn great talent in describing beautiful scenery. In the busts of Byron, by Thorwaldsen and Bartolini, it is well-developed, and certainly his descriptive powers were of the highest order. He felt conscious of this himself, for he somewhere says, " Description is my LOCALITY. 435 forte." The same faculty was one of the active ingredi- ents in the fertile genius of Sir Walter Scott, and we find that, in perfect accordance with it, there is a marked development of the organ of Locality in the cast of his head, which was taken some years before his death. Moore's genius, also, was in this respect of a very high order, and the organ forms a conspicuous feature in his mask, which was taken from nature. To a general commanding a large army and conducting a campaign in an enemy's country, it is of great advantage to possess this faculty in an eminent degree. Otherwise he is compelled to rely upon the good offices of a subordi- nate, who is gifted with a superior endowment of it. In the cast after death of Napoleon the organ is large, but it is not remarkably salient, owing to the very fine deve- lopment of all the organs situated around it. It is well marked in the bust of the Duke of Wellington, by JSTollekens. In the most authentic busts of Julius Caesar this organ is very conspicuous, and his " Commentaries " show how vivid was his perception of places and of their relative position. In the fine expressive bust of Sylla it is also large, and in those of Trajan and Hadrian. But in all these great men its influence was subordinate and ancillary to higher motives than the mere love of travel- ling. They travelled to effect a purpose, but that purpose was not merely to travel. It would be hard to form an adequate estimate of the blessings which have fallen to the lot of mankind by the judicious following of the instinctive promptings of this fundamental power. To have invariably resisted its instigations would have left nations for ever ignorant of the good things to be found in foreign climes, but which have been denied to their own, and have left unsur* H H 2 436 LOCALITY. mounted a barrier which, but for the innate craving of the disposition to visit new and remote places, would for ever preclude the occurrence of that interchange of man's moral and intellectual attributes, upon which the happiness of social life depends — attributes, the value of which are enhanced by travelling, from the fact that it affords men the opportunity of opening new ways to happiness for others less advanced in the social scale than themselves, and again, to gather together for their own benefit, the advantages which are only to be found in those remote regions. It is to this faculty, then, that the rapid spread of civilization is in a great measure due, though it is incapa- ble of forming any notion of what civilization is. But for its promptings, where now would commerce with all her blessings be ? Where would be the fair prospect of new homes for redundant populations? Great is the glory due to such men as Columbus, Vasco de Grama and Cooke, to Drake and Magellan. NUMBER. The sense of the Relation of Numbers is undoubtedly an elementary faculty of the mind. This is abundantly proved by the singularly powerful talent which has been often displayed by children, sometimes under six years of age, with reference to the computation of numbers. And this power has in all these precocious instances made its appearance independently of any previous instruction or opportunity of knowing from others that such a thing as arithmetical calculation existed. They were in almost every instance the children of poor parents. What then, but an instinctive perception of the relation of numbers could have enabled a child, named Noakes, at the age of six years, to solve, in a minute or so, most difficult arith- metical questions, which were put to him by a mathema- tician out of a book of logarithms, which he had brought to Deville's gallery for the purpose of providing against any mistake. I saw that child, on that occasion, standing on a stool, and calculating aloud the most difficult sums without making the slightest mistake. His talent for multiplication was truly astonishing. Sometimes he would run into a corner and return in a few seconds with the true solution of a most difficult problem. In order to see the effect of interrupting him, Mr. Deville sometimes talked to him, so as to make him laugh, but the little fellow, without being: in the least disconcerted would 438 NUMBER. resume his calculation exactly where he left off. In all other respects this prodigy of arithmetic was a mere child. The equally extraordinary case of the child, George Bidder, has been often recorded ; and Zarah Colburn, the American, displayed in his childhood wonderful genius for arithmetical calculation. But perhaps the most extraordinary instance of arith- metical genius appeared in the person of a poor illiterate day labourer, by name Jedediah Buxton. His talent, in this way, was truly surprising. So tenacious was his memory of the relations of numbers that he could, without an effort, and after a lapse of years, resume calculations that had been interrupted. In every other respect he was, it is said, a simple-minded poor man. In the remarks on Attention, I have given rather a ludi- crous instance of this, in describing the impression made upon him by Garrick's fine performance of one of his principal characters. Some sixty years ago there lived near Tuam, in the county of Galway, a poor labouring man of the name of Shoanoke. He had never received any intellectual instruction. He had no schooling, as the poor people used to say. Nor could he speak a word of English. And yet his talent for arithmetical calculation was very great. He used, as I have been told, a peculiar cypher, known only to himself, which he marked with a common nail. He was a self-taught land surveyor, and manifested singular practical skill in his vocation. For instance, it happened on one occasion that a professed surveyor pronounced Shoanoke's measurement of some land to be erroneous. Shoanoke, feeling perfect confidence in his own accuracy, demanded an appeal to the most NUMBER. 439 eminent surveyor in the country. The appeal was made, and it resulted in the complete triumph of the self- instructed peasant. It is, also, a fact worth mentioning that all his measurements were effected by means of hay ropes, twisted by himself for the occasion, and marked in the respective intervals by bits of cloth. Did not this poor man's genius proceed from within? Was it not as instinctive as the migratory tendency of birds ? Grail was first led to think of the faculty of Number on vitnessing at Vienna the extraordinary calculations of a boy only nine years old. " When they gave him," says Gall, " three numbers, each expressed by ten or twelve figures, asking him to add them, then to subtract them, two by two, to multiply, and then divide them by num- bers containing three figures, he gave one look at the numbers, then raised his nose and eyes in the air, and mnounced the result of his mental calculation before ny auditors had time to make the same calculation with heir pens in their hands. He had created the method iimself." There was, also, in Vienna, at that time a