• • ,u O ' . . 5 -N %. ^■J-' •^ „"<■■ 3^"- 4 o ■a? ^ ^^ 0^ /°- o *■ C ( .o' v"' o > V ^ ' c -:> V, ■- . r1 <- .\^ ■^\- ,<:, if> ^' ■•:-> j> ■ *»'' ■^o -^^•5 * ■•^. ,0-^. Y^5 K"^ ;'' UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY Vol. 16, No. 8, pp. 475-485 August 21, 1920 YUMAN TRIBES OF THE LOWER COLORADO BY A. L. KEOEBER Besides the IMohave and Yuma, who are well-kno\vn tribes still living in some numbers about Needles and Yuma, five or six other tribes of Yuman lineage once occupied the banks of the lower Colorado river. Of these half dozen, only the Cocopa and Kamia retain their identity, and the latter are few. The others are extinct or merged. In order, upstream, the Yuman tribes of the river were the Cocopa, Halyikwamai, Alakwisa, Kohuana, Kamia, Yuma, Halchidhoma, and Mohave. The following discussion of this string of peoples refers chiefly to the less known ones among them and is based on information obtained from the Mohave and on statements in the older literature. COCOPA The Cocopa, called Kwikapa by the Mohave, held the lowest courses of the river; chiefly, it would seem, on the west bank. They have survived in some numbers, but have, and always had, their principal seats in Baja California. They are mentioned in 1605, and seem to be Kino's Hogiopa or Bagiopa in 1702. HALYIKWAMAI AND AKWA 'ALA The Halyikwamai, as the Mohave call them, are the Quieama or Quicoma of Alarcon in 1540, the Halliquamallas or Agaleequamaya of Onate in 1605, the Quiquima of Kino in 1701-02, the Quiquima or Jalliquamay of Garees in 1776, and therefore the first California group to have a national designation recorded and preserved. Oiiate puts them next to the Cocopa on the east bank of the Colorado, Garees on the west bank between the Cocopa and Kohuana. Garees estimated 476 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol. 16 them to number 2000. but his figiires on the population of this region are high, especially for the smaller groups. It seems impossible that three or four separate tribes should each have shrunk from 2000 or 3000 to a mere handful in less than a centuiy, during which they lived free and without close contact with the whites. The discrepancies between the habitat assigned on the left bank by one authority and on the right by the other, for this and other tribes, are of little moment. It is likely that every nation on the river owned on both sides, and shifted from one to the other, or divided, according to fancy, the exigencies of warfare, or as the channel arid farm lands changed. The variations in position along the river, on the contrary, were the re.sult of tribal migrations dependent v^^ 1- , ./.■ .' '■ -i '"^^"^ 4 o>. .•,js?^,,.>;., % 'bV O M O °o rf. ' -^,' .>> ■^^-f^^ .^ »^^ ^j'rr/^. <. o V •^0^ '-^^^. o ^c. v^^ ..-^^^ ^\' 'b V^ o V rO' °o .^'' "^^ '^A -^ 'V. • K,- ov." •J' ^0' ^ ^^ *.^i^*^ ^?^ "'.^ •'!*^^7 ^0 ^ ^ V \v ... -t- »» ■ * ' ■■>. .<:•■ .-iv' ^0' x fe-^' .<^ ^^rS .^°<. .^' ^\/' » ^^ •'?.-;'- ^" j'''^^. ^°-n^. f >.V^^^ « 0^ n"^''" .^^ A" .■^°^ .V *o- ^. >* . "°-. ' ' => « " "1* <-v : ■J^'7 (f ^o s>\ co' .■:;':..''' •^o v^^ ^c ^0 ^° ^^ff^^ 'i •.". ^ e-^"- ^ .^" !».'. ■ 0' %. *"0"^ N. MANCHESTER, " INDIANA ?L-'