L"B '576 Outline OF Work in Grammar. AMELIA MOREY, STATE NORMAL AND TRAINING SCHOOL, POTSDAM, N. Y. POTSDAM, N. Y.: COURIER AND FREEMAN PRINT. 1890. Outline OF Work in Grammar. STATE NORMAL AND TRAINING SCHOOL, AMELIA MOREY, POTSDAM, N. Y. POTSDAM, N. Y.: COURIER AND FREEMAN PRINT. 1890. Copyright 1 S90, By AMELIA MOREY. SYLLABUS OF GRAMMAR. Seventh Year. First Term in Grammar. [C 3 Int.] I. Sentence. [Simple.] 1. Definition. 2. Classes. [According to use.] (1) Declarative or statement, (a) Definition, (b) How written. (2) Interrogative or question, (a) Definition, (b) How written. (3) Imperative or command. (a) Definition. (/>) How written. (4) Exclamatory or exclamation. 3. Parts of Sentence. (1) Subject. (2) Predicate. II. Noun. 1. Definition. 2. Uses of the noun. (1) Subject of the sentence; (2) as a part of the pre- dicate meaning the same as the subject; (3) as the name of a particular person, time or place; [when so used it must begin with a capital let- ter.] (4) to denote possession; (5) to distinguish or explain; (6) as the name of the person addressed; (7) as the object of a verb; (8) object of a verbal word; (9) object of a preposition. III. Adjective. 1. Definition. 2. Uses. (1) to express quality; (2) action; (3) number; (4) to show what is stated; (5) to express the name of a particular person or place; [when so used it should begin with a capital letter.] (6) simply to limit the ap- plication of nouns. Seventh Year. Second Term in Grammar. [C 1 Int.] IV. Verb. 1. Definition. 2. Uses. (1) Some verbs express what is asserted; (2) others simply assert V. Verbal Word. 1. Definition. 2. Uses. (1) As the subject of a sentence; (2) in the predicate to show what is stated; (3) to modify the application of a noun. VI. Adverb. 1. Definition. 2. Uses. (1) to show how, (2) why, (3) when, (4) where an action is per- formed. VII. Preposition and its Object. 1. Definition of each. 2. Uses. (1) to show how, (2) why, (3) when, (4) where an action is per- formed; (5) to limit the application of a noun; (6) to limit the applica- tion of a verb. VIII. Conjunction. Definition. IX. Interjection. 1. Definition. 2. How written. Seventh Year. First and Second Term in Grammar. [C 2 and C 1 Int.] I. Uses of Capital Letters. A capital letter should be used in beginning — 1. Every sentence. 2. The names of particular persons, times and places. 3. Titles of office, honor and respect. 4. The names of the Supreme Being [and pronouns representing them.] 5. Every direct quotation. 6. The principal words in the titles of books and stories. 7. Abbreviations of names and titles. 8. The names of objects and animals personified. 9. The first word of every line of poetry. 10. The words I and O should always be capitals. 11. Adjectives which are or are derived from the names of particular persons, times or places. II. Uses of Punctuation Marks. 1. Period. A period should be placed — (1) After every declarative and imperative sentence. (2) After every abbreviation. 5 2. Interrogation Point. An interrogation point should be placed after every interrogative sentence. 3. Exclamation Point. An exclamation should be placed — (1) After every exclamatory sentence. (2) After a word expressing strong emotion. 4. Comma. (1) The name of the person addressed should be separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma or commas. (2) When three or more words are used in the same waj r , all except the last two should be separated by a comma. (3) When two words meaning the same thing have "or" between them they should be separated by a comma. Ex. I gave half a dollar, or fifty cents. (4) A comma should be placed between each part of a divided quota- tion and the dividing words. 5. Quotation Marks. (1) A direct quotation should be inclosed in quotation marks. (2) Each part of a divided quotation should be inclosed in quotation marks. 6. Apostrophe. (1) Nouns denoting possession ending in 8 or the sound of s add the apostrophe only. (2) Nouns denoting possession which do not end in a or the sound of s, add the apostrophe and s. (3) The apostrophe is used to show that a letter or letters are purposely left out of a word. (4) Letters, figures and signs are made plural by adding the apostrophe and s. 7. Hyphen. (1) The parts of a compound word are separated by a hyphen. (2) When a word is divided at the end of a line, a hyphen is used and the remaining syllable or syllables are placed on a line below. Seventh Year. First Term in Grammar. [C 1 Int.] Sentences— Kinds. 1. The teacher broke the crayon. 2. The merry children sing. 3. The great river flows noiselessly. 4. Is the gentleman a stranger ? 5. The black horse drew the new carriage. 6. Are you pleased with the book ? 7. Children, obey your parents. 8. Children, you obey your parents, 9. You 6 obey your parents, children. 10. Speak plainly, John. 11. Run to your father, child. 12. Give us this day our daily bread. 13. How odd they look! 14. The white turkey was dead! 15. Sit quietly in your seats, children. 16. How slow you are! 17. The horse is a noble animal. 18. Every day brings its labor. 19. How they shouted ! Kinds of Sentences.— Subject, Predicate. 1. .The boat, , carried manv passengers. , 2. Mary's hat and Anna's gloves I are in the hall. 3. Captain, it is impossible. 4. The oak shall send his roots abroad. 5. Comrades, will you leave me? 6. Down in a green and shady bed, a modest violet grew. 7. Hark! how the music leaps out from his throat. 8. He shall not do it. 9. Ye shall surely die. 10 Are you ill? 11. May I be excused? 12. Sweet little violets, hide from the cold. 13. Put on your man- tles of purple and gold. 14. May I go to the window? 13. Go, if necessary. 10. Will you excuse me? 17. I will. 18. Mother dear, what are the waters saying? 19. May I leave the room? 20. You may. 21. Do as you are told, John. 22. O King, live forever. 23. What a glorious plan! 24. Will you walk into my parlor? 25. Be just and fear not. Subjects, Predicates, Nouns. — Uses. Capitals. Punctuation. 1. , Henry Jones j , lost his hat. , 2. ,The church, • is made of stone. , I 2 I 2 3. The book is on the table. 4. The singing confuses me, 5. The height of the spire is eighty-rive feet. 6. Dogs are useful animals. 7. The color of the ribbon is blue. 8. The sweetness of the apple is pleasant 9. Jennie, close the door. 10. Annie's hat is on the desk. 11. Close the door, boys. 12. John saw the driver's whip in the carriage. 13. Stealing is taking without permission. 14. Honesty is the best policy. 15. Skating is pleasant exercise. 16. Is the hat lost, Mary? 17. Mr. Smith lives in Potsdam. 18 The first Wednesday in September was the first day of school. 19. Christmas and Thanksgiviug are always holidays- 20. My brother Harry goes to school 21. The river Xile is muddy. 22. My friend Mary sent me the flowers. 23. They have two friends, Harry and James. 24. School closes on the Fourth of July. 25. It was the night before Christmas. 26. Down the chimney St. Nicholas came with a bound. 27. Sunday is the first day of the week. 28. Mary and Martha are twins. 29. Why are you so happy, O Birdie? 30. A noisy bird am I. 31. The Lord is my Shepherd. 32. O, so you say. 33. The child said, " Little girl, why are you so happy?" 34. The old hen answered, " Listen to me.'' Nouns. Abbreviations. Capitals. Punctuation. 1. I met Mr. and Mrs. Brown. 2. Dr. Smith lives on Main St. 3. I was absent on Monday, A. M. and P. M. 4. I live in St. Lawrence County, N. Y. 5. We may go to N. Y. City by the R. W. and O. R R. 6. Prof. Thomas teaches in Canada. 7. N. B.— No admittance except on business 8. Up to the window the coursers flew, with a sleigh full of toys and St. Nicholas too. 9. The package from New York was marked C. O. D. 10. i Down in a green and shady bed , 2 ■ A modest violet, , .grew; , i 2 Its stalk was bent, it hung its head; It wished to hide from view. 11. O, velvet bee, you're a dusty fellow! You've powdered your legs with gold. 12. We shuddered there in silence, The stoutest held his breath; The hungry waves were roaring, The breakers talked with Death. 13. 4 qts. make 1 gal. 14. I have a Webster's dictionary and a Guyot's geog- raphy. 15. I am willing to do my best, ma'am. 16. I can't buy Faber's Xo. 3 at Smith's. 17. Call, Harry, on Saturday. 18. Please excuse Henr3 T 's absence on Tuesday A. M., June 26, '88. 19. " Yes, mother," said Mary, " I will go." 20. The fox said to the crow, " How beautiful you are " 21. The wolf said to the lamb, " Why do you muddy the -stream - ?" 22. The sun, moon and stars send forth light. 24. John went to market to get some apples, peaches, pears and plums. 25. Mary, Anna, Jennie and and Susan attend the same school. 26. I bought the book for my brothers, Henry, James, Charles and John. 27. Do you take the " Youth's Companion?" 28. I had " Harper's Young People" for a birth-day present. 29. I have been using "Sheldon's Fourth Reader." 30. The Rev. A. M. Smith preached in the stone church. 31. Gen. Jones went to Albany on Monday. 32. The Hon. Henry Willard is at home for a few days. 33. Prof. Smith gave his class a long lesson. 34. Mr. and Mrs. Jones send compliments to the Rev. Dr. Snow, and request the pleasure of his company Friday evening. 35. Dr. Brown gives very disagreeable medicine. 36. " Mother," said Mary, " I'll never say I can't again." 37. Isn't this right? 38. " Don't talk to me," said Mary. 39. Alas! my friend is dead. 40. Vacation is here, hurrah!. 41. Have you ever read, " Rollo in Europe "? 42. John said that he would go. 43. John said, " I will go." 44. The fox said that the crow is a beautiful bird. 45. The fox said, " "Mistress Crow, you are a beautiful bird." Adjectives— Uses. 1. Apple. 2. Red apple. 3. Large red apple. 4. All the large red apples. 5. A long, sharp pencil is on the desk. 6. Three high windows let in the sun- light. 7. Six eggs are in the nest 8. I hear the chattering sparrows. 9. The black horse drew the shining carriage. 10. The American people are indus- trious. 11. Potsdam sandstone is red. 11. Few leaves are on the trees. 13. Every leaf flutters in the wind. 14. Many leaves have bright colors. 15. All leaves are parts of plants. 16. I went to the Canton Fair. 17. Eat Boston brown bread. 18. The boy is intelligent, honest and industrious. 19. Down in a green and shady bed, a modest violet grew. 20. The scholar's diligence is praiseworthy. 21. The smell of hay is fragrant. 22. Fifty large cows crossed 8 the new bridge. 23. Ripe fruit is wholesome. 24. New Orleans molasses is sold in the New York market. 25. This boy gave me the apple. 26. The swaying branch was broken by the wind. 27. Hear the music of the babbling brook. 28. Tne flying clouds are driven by the wind. 29. Did you see the laughing child? 30. The whispering breeze told me a strange story. 31. Sea Island cotton is very white. 32. Virginia tobacco brings a good price. 33. They had New England baked beans for supper. 34. I prefer Rio coffee. 1. A bountiful Thanksgiving dinner was provided for the children. 2. We listened to the usual Fourth of July oration. 3. They had a vision of Christmas games, and Christmas turkey. 4. After repeating a prayer and singing a hymn they went to bed. Seventh Year. Second Term in Grammar. [C 2 .] Verbs. — Uses. 1. The boy runs. 2. The boy is running. 3. The child sings. 4. The child is singing. 5. The sky is blue. 6. The song is sweet. 7. The clouds are dark. 8. The wind blows. 9. The child loves to study. 10. The boys go to school. 11. The girls are studious. 12. The swaying branch is moved by the wind, 13. I heard the chattering sparrows, 14. The child is bringing the book. 15. Jumping is fine sport. Subjects, Predicates, Verbal Words. — Uses. 1. That man once lived in our town. 2. There was a man in our town. 3. To study is my delight. 4. Studying is hard work. 5. The twining vine is by the window. 6. The child needs to sleep. 7. To sleep is to rest. 8. To live pleasantly with all is our duty. 9. The tree bending with fruit fell to the ground. 10. Are the cherries ripe? 11. The glittering stars shone in the sky. 12. Is she writing a letter, Mary? 13. The bird is an English robin. 14. Are you going home? 15. The children love to play ball. 16. I have paper to use. 17. Water to drink was given to him. Subjects, Predicates. Adverbs— Uses. 1. The child sings sweetl}\ 2. The child is singing sweetly. 3. The apples are very sour. 4. The clouds move very slowly. 5. The army marched slowly southward. 6. The arrow fell yonder. 7. The storm is raging fearfully. 8. He spoke twice clearly and distinctly. 9. The cup is quite full. 10. The smoke rose slowly upward. 11. Why did you come so soon? 12. The letter was received yesterday. 13. When did you learn your lesson? 14. He stood too near the window. 15. The bird flew nearly northward. 16. Come here. 17. The paper is published daily, [weekly, semi-weekly, bi-monthly, quarterly, annually.] 18. The cup is quite [even, very, too, almost, nearly, scarcely, running-over, level] full. 9 Prepositions. 1. The book on the table is large. 2. The book under the table is small. 3. The chair by the window is broken. 4. The boy goes to school. 5. I love to study. 6. He went by the house and down the street. 7. I met Henry going to school and John coming from school. 8. The bird flew over the table, through the window and into the garden. Subjects, Predicates. Uses of Prepositions and their Objects. 1. Presently, little Ben [with great glee,] hid his cap [in the hay- loft]. I 2 ~ — 3 2. Robert went out early [in the morning] [with a light step] [into the garden]. I 2 3. He reads regularly after breakfast, ten pages of Cicero. 4. At noon on account of the heat of the sun, the cattle seek the shade. 5. One boy threw himself into a violent heat, yesterday, by jumping in the garden. 6. At the dawn of day, she ascended ihe hill with a merry heart in company with her brother. 7. The fine old oak tree was struck by lightning at twelve o'clock on Tuesday night. 8. Jacob, the gardener, ploughed the field. 9 They crossed the river Delaware. 10. Alexander, the coppersmith, did great harm. 11. Yesterday, our new horse Charley, ran furiously across the bridge. 12. The church bell in the tower gives forth a musical sound on Sunday mornings. 13. A merry heart maketh a glad countenance. 14. An enterprising farmer in Delaware. Thomas Ridgway, by skillful grafting has lately produced most delicious peaches of a new variety. 15. The small boy chose the big apple. 16. On Friday afternoon of last week, little Emma played gaily with her new doll in the back parlor with the rest of her companions. 17. At midnight in his guarded tent, the Turk lav dreaming. 18. A pretty little blue-eyed boy, with rosy cheeks, came to his mother, bringing a young, white, lop-eared rabbit in his pocket. 19. The frightened horse dragged the new carriage furiously down the street. 20. The old man on the hill, Jacob Thompson, in the course of time, acquired prodigious strength of muscle, by chopping wood. Subjects, Predicates, Conjunctions. 1. The cat catches mice aDd she eats them too. ~1 2 ii ~ l - 2 3 2. John and Mary go to school. 3. I study arithmetic, grammar and geogra- phy. 4. The ink is thick and I cannot write. 5. The peacock has a beautiful plumage, but its voice is harsh and unmusical. 6. We must be diligent or we shall make little progress. 7. Day is the time for study and night is time for rest. 8. The children may play in the garden if they will not injure the plants. 9. You should love your brothers and sisters. 10. Pennsylvania abounds in coal and iron. 11. Children should be merry sometimes but they should never be rude. Subjects, Predicates, Interjections. 1. Oh, , the merry May, ,has pleasant hours!, 2, Ah! could I hide me in my song. 3. Christmas has come, hurrah! 4. O, io terribly proud was Miss McBride. 5. My bird is dead, alas! 6. I bave burnt my finger, oh, bow it hurts! 7. Oh! is that you? Review of Sentences and all the Parts of Speech. I. Children, _ listen [to this story.] 2. Far away [in a warm country,] 1 " 2 I lives j a little brown , baby. , 3. She has a brown face, little brown 2 1 hands and fingers, brown body, arms and legs. 4. Even her little toes are brown. 5. Her hair is straight and black, hanging softly down on each side of her little brown face. 6. It is not like Belle's golden curls or Mary's sunny brown hair. 7. Would you like to know how she lives among the birds and flowers? 8. She tolls in the long soft grass, where the gold-colored snakes are at play. 9. She watches the young monkeys chattering and swinging among the trees, hanging by their tails. 10. She chases the splendid green parrots Hying among the trees; and she drinks the sweet milk of the cocoanut from a round cup made of its shell. II. Night comes and the mother takes her brown baby and tosses her up into the little swinging bed among the trees. 12. This her father made for her from the twisting vine climbing among the branches. 13. The wind blows and rocks the little bed; and the mother sits at the foot of the tree singing a mild sweet song, and this brown baby falls asleep. 14. Then the stars come out and peep through the leaves at her. 15. The birds too are all asleep in the trees. 16. Even the chattering monkey has curled himself up for the night. 17. Soon the large round moon comes up. 18. She, too, must look into the swinging bed and shine upon the closed eyes of the little brown baity. 19. She is very gentle and sends her soft light among the branches and thick green leaves, kissing tenderly the small brown feet. 20. All this time the wind blows and rocks the little bed, singing also a low song through the trees. 21. The brown mother has fallen asleep herself, and left the night wind to take care of her baby. 22. So the night passes and the rosy dawn breaks over the earth. 23. The birds lift up their heads and sing. 24. The great round sun springs up and shining into the trees, lifts the shut lids of the brown baby's eyes. 25. She roils over and falls into her mother's arms. 26. Then she is dipped into a pretty running brook for a bath and rolled in the grass to dry. 27. After this she may play among the birds and flowers all day long. Eighth Year. Third Term in Grammar. [B 3 Int.] I. Personal Pronouns. Introductory conversation. a. Sentences; (I) Spoken; speaker, hearer, something to speak about. (2) Written, writer, reader, something to write about. 11 b. Parties: There are three parties in connection with every sentence. c. When these parties are represented. d. Why they are represented differently. e. The relation between the first and third party is person, 1. Definition. a. Words which represent the parties and take the place of nouns are pronouns. b. Pronouns that show person, are personal pronouns. 2. Uses of personal pronouns as compared with nouns. II. Nouns. 1. Definition,— review; see first term's work. 2. Uses, — review; see first term's work. 3. Classes of Nouns: (1) common or class-nouns, (2) proper, (3) verbal, (4) abstract nouns, (5) collective nouns. 4. Properties and Relations of Nouns and Personal Pronouns. (1) Person as applied to personal pronouns and nouns. a. Definition. b. Kinds with definition of each. Note . — Antecedent . e. Agreement with antecedent. d. Inflections, or how person is shown. Note.— Construct an outline of both noun and personal pronoun to this point. Then add to each outline till each is complete. (2) Number as applied to both nouns and personal pronouns. a. Definition. b. Kinds, with definition of each. c. Agreement with antecedent in number. d. Inflections, or how number is shown. For nouns only the general rule, adding s or es, is given. (3) Gender as applied to both nouns and personal pronouns. a. Definition. b. Kinds, with definition of each. c. Agreement with antecedent. d. Inflections, or how gender is shown. For nouns three rules: (1) adding ess, (2) change of word, (3) distinguishing word. (4) Case as applied to nouns and personal pronouns. a. Definition. b. Kinds, with definition of each. c. Agreement. (?) d. Inflections or how case is shown. Personal pronouns show case by their form. Only the possessive of nouns is inflected to show case, (1) adding the apostrophe ands ('s); (2) adding the apostrophe (') only; (3) a pair or series of nouns implying common possession; (4) a pair 12 or series of nouns not implying common possession; (5) compound and complex terms; (6) nouns the same in both numbers. See grammar. 5. Rules for Nouns and Personal Pronouns. (1) Agreement of personal pronouns with their antecedents. I. Personal pronouns must agree with their antecedents mperson, number and gender. (2) Case: a, Nominative, b, Possessive, c, Objective, d, "same case;" e, independent of case or absolute case. 6. Declension of nouns; declension also of the simple and compound personal pronouns. Additional rules for the formation of plurals. 1. Plurals of letters, figures and signs. See grammar. 2. Nouns ending in y after a consonant. 3. Nouns endiDg in o or y after a vowel. 4. Nouns ending in / or fe. 5. Change of word. 6. Compound words, — 1, 2, 3. 7. Titles, — Miss, Mr., or Dr. 8. Titles, — Mrs. or when the words one, two or three are used. 9. Foreign words. 10. Words used in the singular only. 11. Words used only in the plural. 12. Words alike in both numbers. Rules: agreement of personal pronoun with antecedent. 1. Two or more antecedents, not emphatically distinguished, con- nected by and require plural pronouD. 2. Two or more singular antecedents connected by or, nor or and not require a singular pronoun. 3. Collective nouns require a singular pronoun if the idea of_unity, or a plural pronoun if the idea of plurality is conveyed. 4. Singular pronouns should represent the antecedents each, every, either and one or antecedents modified by each, either, neither, every or many a. Personal Pronouns: definition, uses. 1. I am reciting - . 2. I am writing. 3. John saw me take my book. 4. You are the teacher. 5. You may spell this word. 6. The pencil is yours. 7. He has the book. 8. John lost his book. 9. John told him. 10. Mary has her book. 11. She is tall. 12. The pencil writes well because it is short. 1. May I call your attention to my story? 2. You see, Squire, this man has done me a great wrong. 3. He has taken away his team. 1. I had the use of them for their keeping. 2. He has given tne care of them to another man. 3. My brother and I came together. 4. He came with IS me and I came with him. 5. We have been to visit our parents. 6. I have paid for my books, so they are mine. 7. When our hatred is violent it sinks us beneath the level of the brutes. 1. He is my brother. 2. I saw him. 3. This is he. 4. The knife was given to him. 5. His horse was stolen. 6. This is the coachman, he who drives the horses. 7. He shouting lustily, they all ran to the shore. Old Style, used in the Bible, in prayer and poetry. 1. Thou art the man. 2. I will remember thee. Be thou O God exalted high, And as thy glory fills the sky, So let it be on earth displayed 'Till thou art here as there obeyed. / Nouns. Definitions and Uses. See examples for first term's work. Classes of nouns. 1. Henry has written about Amsterdam. 2. We came within sight of Nor- way. 3. The boy saw no danger. 4. Walking for pleasure is a delight in cold weather. 5. The boat was urged forward by the oars. 6. The party in the boat laughed at the fears of their friends. 7. Prof. Howard heard Mr. Spurgeon, the celebrated preacher. 8. The name of the poem is The Chil- dren's Hour. 9. I will tell you about the beauty of the hedges, the greenness of the pastures, and the richness of the fields and gardens of Old England. 10. Hunting and fishing are the sportsman's favorite amusements. 11. Cowards! do ye fear him? 12. Slaves, traitors! have ye flown? 13. The Mite Society meet on Monday. 14. The school was divided. 15. The herd ran swiftly across the plain. 16. The society elected its officers for two years. 17. The board meet once a week. 18. Now is the accepted time. 19. John, repeat slowly the saying of the wise man. 20. Finish the reading of the letter, Henry, and give it to me. 21. "The Charge of the Light Brigade" was read with great spirit. 22. Captain Nolan carried the dispatches to the squadron. 23. They wondered at the height and blueness of the sky; they wondered at the goodness and power of God. 1. I the Psalmist, communed with mine own heart. 2. Thou shalt guide me with thy counsel and I will obey thee. 3. Ye, yourselves, shall see your own cities laid waste. 4. My books and thy books are in this desk, his and hers are in this desk, and theirs are on the table. 5. If this hat be thine, then that is mine. 6. Thou has called me thine angel in moments of bliss, Still thine angel I'll be 'mid the sorrows of this. Uses. 1. I know this man and I respect him. 2. My work hurries me. 3. Do you remember her? 4. This is he. 5. It is I. 6. I am he. 7. Wait for me. 8. We will write to them. 9. His money was in the bank. 10. My books are at his service. 11. Thomas, he who used to be a porter, is now head-clerk. 12. My friend, he who helped me often, now abandoned me. 14 13. Ah, me! 14. They having deserted us, we were obliged to return. 15. They asked us to visit them. 16. Do you expect me to help you? 17. I have hurt myself. 18. He deceived himself. Compound Personal Pronouns. 1. 1, myself, am here, as we ourselves can testify. 2. Did you say that you yourself have known the plaintiff, himself, and the defendants, themselves, for years? 3. My son, claimest thou justice for thyself? 4. Be sure that thou doest that justly which others claim for themselves. 5. Your son has his port- folio with him and quite delights himself bv his own skill. Object personified. 1. The sun is up. How brightly he shines. 2. The full orbed moon gives her silvery light. 3. The Wind in his wrath is blowing a hurricane. 4. Old Winter is goine: with his wig of snow which sets but loosely upon him. 1. Dear little child, how pretty it looks! 2. A fly! It is a very little one. "It." 1. Susan found my book and gave it to me. 2. The sky is for all. 3. Bright as it is, it is not too bright nor good for human nature's daily food. It is fitted for exalting the heart, for soothing it and purifying it from its dross and dust. "It" sometimes represents — [1] Matters or affairs. 1. It will come before a justice. 2. Fight it out, sirs. [2] Times or seasons. 1. It is almost Christmas. 2. It is too long to wait. 3. It was then that I heard the story. [3] Some unknown cause. 1. It rains, snows, thunders. [4] The real subject, which follows the pronoun as an explanatory element. 1. I do not think it is correct to multiply byfid . 2. It is natural for man to indulge in the illusions of hope. [5] As a subject, it may represent a predicate substantive of any person, num- ber or gender. 1. It was he that broke the window. 2. It was you they called. 3. It was I who first told the story. 1. It is very hot. 2. It is strange that he should go. 3. It is sweet to hear the honest watch-dog's bark. 4. It is not intended that man should live always. 5. Has it come to this? 6. It was your friend whom I saw. 7. It is better to say nothing. 8. It was the children who ate the fruit. 9. It was the young men who dug the ditch. 10. It is I, be not afraid. Possessives. 1. Mine eyes have seen the glory. 2. Thine arm is strong to save. 3. His work is finished; mine is only begun. 4. The book is mine. 5. He is a friend of mine. 6. That ugly face of his frightened the child. 7. This news of John's is very strange. We, George the Third, King of Great Britain, do hereby enjoin upon our subjects the necessity of being truly loyal. Apply rules for " agreement." 1. Every man should think that he is responsible for his own actions. 2. They gave to each woman as much food as her family needed. 3. Grant to every person that he may be in the spirit. 4. No one can tell what may befall him. 5. Every one must judge of his own feelings. 6. The children know their friends. 7. The brother and sister know their friends. 8. The brother and not the sister knows his true friends. 9. Every boy and girl knows his or her friends. 10. Every boy and girl knows his friends. 11. It was Mary and not Jane that forgot her lesson. 12. Each of the teachers is partial to his own pupils. 13. Neither of the children was perfect in his lesson. 14. I would like every one to attend to his own work. 15. Neither of the boys is studious. 16. Every teacher is required to make his report in writing. 17. Neither of us was willing to give the lady his chair. 18. Many a boy has found it impossible to please his sister. 19. If any boy or girl be absent or tardy [they] 'that one must bring an excuse from his parents. 30. Avoid tobacco and strong drink; they will never contribute to your happiness or self respect. 21. Some paper or magazine will give us its aid. 22. It was a paper and not a magazine that gave us its aid. 23. Neither time nor care has left its mark. " Each other; one another." 1. Henry and James helped each other. 2. The boys are teasing one another. 3. Mary and Alice dislike each other. Collective Nouns. 1. The jury rendered their verdict. 2. The audience began to puzzle them- selves as to his meaning. 3. The society will not be responsible for the action of its members. 4. The society disagree in regard to their by-laws. 5. The church could not agree upon their present duty in the matter. 6. The army rebelled against its officers. Apply the Rules for Possessives. 1. I have a "Webster's dictionary and Guyot's geography. 2. Men's and boys' hats and caps for sale. 3. Xerxes' army consisted of a million soldiers. 4. Read the Children's Hour. 5. King James' version of the Holy Scriptures. 6. He bore by turns Ajax' seven-fold shield. 7. Do this for conscience' sake. I. Nouns which do not end in s or the sound of s form the possessive by adding the apostrophe and s. II. Nouns which end in s or the sound of s form the possessive by adding the apostrophe only. 1. I have Reed and Kellog's Grammar. 2. Smith, Jones and Brown's store is on Market St. 3. Weld and Quackenbos' grammar. 4. Sisson Brothers and Welden's store is on the corner. III. A pair or series of nouns denoting common possession take the possessive sign upon the name of the owner last mentioned. 16 1. I called at Brooks', Peck's and Wood's stores on my way to school . 2. Webster's and Worcester's dictionaries are authorities in spelling. IV. A pair or series of nouns not denoting common possession take the possessive sign upon the name of each owner. 1. General Winfield Scott's life. 2. Henry the Eighth's wives. 3. Jones, the grocer's wagon is across the street. 4. I bought the fruit at Smith's the grocer. 5. I bought the fruit at Smith the grocer's store. V. Compound or complex terms take the possessive sign but once, generally at tbe end or next to the name of the thing possessed. 1. The deer's antlers were placed over the door. 2. Deers' antlers were found near the river. 4. I saw the fish's gills. 2. Are fishes' gills alike? 3. The sheeps' pasture is very rocky. VI. Nouns alike in both numbers, form the singular possessive by placing the apostrophe before the s; in the plural possessive, the s precedes the apostrophe. 1. I have done ten weeks' teaching. 2. At last the week's work was done. 3. The gnats did not care in the least for their brothers' death. 4. After five years' service abroad, the young captain became colonel of an English regiment. Give the case and rule for each noun and personal pronoun. I. Once a mighty King, Xerxes, reigned over Persia. 2. Though he was King over almost all the nations of the East, yet he was not satisfied. 3. Learning that a little nation living not far from him, on the other side of the JEgean Sea had not submitted to his rule, he determined to conquer it. 4. This nation consisting of several independent cities — Athens, Sparta, Thebes, and many others — were called by the name of " Greeks." 5. When the Greeks mustered all their righting men, then did not have a hundred thousand, while Xerxes' army consisted of a million of soldiers. 6. As the Greeks were often fighting among themselves, they seemed to have no chance against the great King. 7. Xerxes did not believe for a moment that the Greeks could withstand him. 9. So he determined to try peaceable means. 10. He sent heralds to all the principal cities in Greece, and bade them demand from each city "earth and water." II. This was the strange Persian way of demanding obedience and subjection. 12. Among them, giving earth was the sign of surrendering their land to the great King, and giving water meant that they surrendered their sea and nary to him. 13. The heralds with this message from King Xerxes went forth on their way. 14. Arriving at the cities of Greece and delivering their messages, they met very different receptions in different places. 15. Some cities gave earth and water, be- cause they were afraid of the great King. 16. Others because they wanted Xerxes to help them destroy their enemies. 17. But the men of Athens and Sparta would give neither earth nor water. 18. The Athenians were so angry 17 that they threw one of the heralds into a pit and bade him take his earth from it. 19. Another tbe} r threw into a well, telling him that he could find water there. 20. When Xerxes heard this, he determined at once to levy an army and to conquer Greece. 21. Never before was so vast a host collected. 22. They drank whole rivers dry. 23. The Hellespont was bridged with boats for them to pass into Greece. 24. Thus this monstrous army penetrating Greece marched southward. 25. No one ventured to oppose them, and in a few days the hosts of Xerxes had reached a pass called Thermopyhc. Third Term. [B 3 Int.] III. Adjectives. 1. Definition, recalled. 2. Uses, recalled. 3. Kinds: (1) qualifying, (2) verbal, (3) numeral, (4) proper, (5) limiting, (articles, &c.) (6) pronominal adjectives, (7) interrogative. 4. Degrees of Comparison. (1) Definition. (2) Kinds; positive, comparative, superlative. (3) Formation. a. Comparative, (1) er, (2) more, less, (3) irregular. b. Superlative, (1) est, (2) most, least, (3) irregular. c. Adjectives that are not compared. 5. Rule. Adjectives : Kinds. 1. One clear, shining star came out before the rest. 2. He saw the pale, patient face in the window. 3. These bright rays made such a shining way from earth to heaven. 4. The angels turned their beaming eyes upon the people. 5. The patient face was now glorified and radiant. 6. His once smooth face was wrinkled, and his steps were slow and feeble and his back was bent. 7. This was a bleak, snowy day. 8. All were cross, low-spirited and stupid. 9. Each waited impatiently that hour in the dreary station. 10. What hope was still left her? 11. This is far from right. 12. Boys are rough, hardy and boister- ous. 13. What reason have you for going? 14. In these halls were many vessels full of gold and silver. 15. The boy must not touch any of these. 16. He found a burning lamp and many gleaming jewels. 17. This African ma- gician was a very cunning and deceitful man. 18. This Swedish province is north of Stockholm. 19. English customs are frequently observed in American cities. 20. Twenty-one children were in the class. 21. Read the first, second and third examples. 1. The table has an iron lock. 2. This gold watch is opened with a golden key, 3. The knife is in the table drawer. 4. We use lake ice. 5. Sea Island 18 cotton is very white. 6. Boston brown-bread is wholesome. 7. The kitchen chair is low and comfortable. 8. The name of the selection was '"Our Country Cousin." 9. I admire yonder house. 10. My work here is finished. 11. She looks sad. 12. He seems angry. 13. I feel faint. 14. The fruit tastes sweet. 15. His speech sounds rough and uncultivated. 16. The rose smells street. 17. The wind is cold. 18. The wind blows cold. 19. The wind seems cold. 20. The wind feels cold. 21. He went into a far country. "Alone, Enough, All, Else, Too, Only, Also." 1. I alone am escaped to tell thee. 2. We all heard the story. 3. All we like sheep have gone astray. 4. We will all be gay. 5. All men are created free and equal. G. He alone could hoist the sail. 7. Nothing else prevented his going. 8. What else could be do? 9. He had time enough to get his lessons. 10. We had enough breakfast to satisfy hunger. 11. We had money enough to pay our fare. 12. We had bread and butter only. 13. John was an only son. 14. Only bread and meat were allowed. 15. Thou, too, sail on, O Ship of State! 16. John also was called to the spot. 17. He, too, was asked to sign the paper. 18. They advanced all together. 19. He forgot, all caution. 20. It was all in vain. 21. It was quite in vain. 22. Nature is in all her freshness and fragrance. 23. His life seems all song and sunshine. 24. The Lord hath laid on him the iniquity of us all. 25. Enough has been said. 26. All is not gold that glitters. 26. 'Tis heaven alone that is given away. 27. 'Tis only God may be had for the asking. "This, That, These, Those,." 1. The fruit of this tree is in these baskets; the fruit of that tree is in those baskets. 2. This is a strange story I hear. 3. Thai is a fact. 4. Those are medium; these are excellent. 5. This he soon accomplished. 6. None understood the order, except those who followed. 7. This is no man of flesh and blood. "Some, Other, Any, One, All, Such, Both, Same, Another, None." 1. Some he killed; others he took alive. 2. I cannot give you any. 3. One scarcely knows what to do. 4. All is not gold that glitters. 5. Of these there was no lack. 6. All were sincere and truthful in their sorrow. 7. Some knelt down. 8. One called to mind her childhood. 9. Another told how he had wondered much that one so young should be so bold. 10. Such is not the case. 11. Every one has turned to his own way. 12. None doeth good, no, not one. 13. He giveth to every one liberally. 1. In the married state the same rights naturally belong to either party; neither party has the right to govern the other; nor is either bound to obey the other implicitly. 2. Every one of us is an individual. 3. Each of you is im- plicated. 4. Each feeling, each thought, each act of life makes its impress on the character. 5. He called his servants and gave to each his charge. 1. Jiang a hand dropped in its mite. 2. Many a stifled sob was heard. 3. Jiang a flower is born to blush unseen. 4. Not a drum was heard, not a 19 funeral note. 5. Not a soldier dischavged his farewell shot. 6. We carved not a line, we raised not a stone. 7. Such a man is he. 8. Such a s^ory is impossible. 9. No friend of miue left the room. 10. Such a life must be exceedingly pleasant. 11. Not any effort is required. 12. Not any pudding for me, thank y.ou. 13. No pudding for me. 14. A little pudding for me. 15. Some pudding for me. 16. Such a commotion as I heard! 17. I plant such a target as is used in the north country. 18. No man knows his sepulcher. 19. What a noise that child makes! 20. No bird-song floated down the hill. 21. Not enjoyment and not sorrow is our destined end. Numerals. 1. Nine pounds of water contain one pound of hydrogen and eight pounds of oxygen. 2. Read the fifth and sixth examples. 3. The first, second and third pupil missed the word. 4. A one-fold carpet is a one-ply carpet. 5. A two-ply carpet is a double carpet. 6. A three-ply carpet is a three-fold carpet or a triple carpet. 7. A few lessons were given. 8. A dozen men were seen. 8. There were a hundred dollars a piece. 10. Many a boy has earned a thousand dollars. 11. A few thousand dollars is all he needs. 12. A million men composed Xerxes' army. 13. Eight thousand five hundred people crossed the bridge in one day. Comparatives and Superlatives. 1. That book has the finer pictures, while this has the better binding. 2. This copy book is the better of the two. 3. That is the better pen. 4. Of the three brothers, John is the tallest. 5. Of the two seat-mates, the younger is the more diligent. 6. Harvey is the largest boy in school. 7. The dictionary is the heaviest book on the shelf. 8. My twin-sister is the fairer. 9. The largest and most delicious fruit is produced by the most thrifty trees. 10. Gold is the most valuable of all metals. 11. Gold is more valuable than the other metals. 12. This is a bad day but that was worse. 13. Henry is a true gentleman, quiet in his deportment, pleasant in his address, social in his habits. 14. Our best thoughts should afford us supreme delight. 15. His brother could tell a better story. Eighth Year. Fourth Term in Grammar. B 1 Int. TV. Verbs. 1. Definition. Review. See first year's work. 2. Uses, (a) and (b), Review. First year. Note. — (a) What is asserted of the subject is the attribute. Note.— (b) Verbal Words. a. A verbal word with the sign " to" is an infinitive. b. A verbal word without the sign " to" is a participle. 3. Classification of Verbs. (1) As regards attribute, — a, attributive, b, copulative. (2) As regards receiver of action,— a, transitive, b, intransitive. 20 4. Properties and Relations. (1) Voice, a. Definition. b. Kinds, — (a) active, (b) passive. Note (c) Grammatical Predicate, including (a) Asserting word, and (6) attribute. (2) Mode. a. Definition. b. Kinds, — indicative, potential, subjunctive and im- perative. (3)*Tense. a. Definition. b. Kinds, — present, present-perfect, past, past-perfect, future, future-perfect. (4) Person and Number. 5. Synopsis. Note (d) Principal Parts, — present indicative, past indicative, imperfect participle, perfect participle. 3. Classification of Verbs. — Continued. (3) As regards number of principal parts, — (a) complete, (b) redundant, (c) defective. Third Term. [B 2 Int.] (4) As regards form of 2d and 4th principal part, — (a) regular, (b) irregular. (5) As regards rank, — (a) principal, (b) auxiliary. 6. Conjugation. 7. Rules. I. A verb must agree with its subject in person and number. II. A verb must be plural: (a) When the subject is plural. (b) When two or more singular subjects not emphatically distinguished are connected by and. (c) When the subject is a collective noun conveying the idea of plurality. III. The verb must be singular: (a) When the subject is singular. (b) When two or more singular subjects are connected by or, nor, and not or as well as. (c) When singular subjects joined by and, but meaning the same person or thing are used. (d) jWhen two singular subjects taken together mean but one thing. (e) When a collective noun implying unity is used. (t) When the subject is either, neither, each, one,none,or a word modified by each, either, every, many a, or no. 21 IV. When two subjects differ in person and number, and one is preceded by a negative word, the verb agrees with the other. V. When two subjects, differing in person and number, are joined by or or nor. the verb agrees with the one nearest it. Fourth Term. [B 1 Int. Verbs: definition, uses, — see first year's work. Verbs: attribute, attributive, copulative, infinitives, par- ticiples. 1. The boy recited his lesson. 2. The boy was recitin g his lesson. 3. The sky is very blue. 4. John is captain. 5. The man with the tall hat is he. 6. The friends became separated in the darkness. 7. Seeing is believing. 8. The White Mountains are in New Hampshire. 9. The child was entirely friendless. 10. A storm was on the deep. 11. One of his friends is at the hotel, the other stops with a brother. 12. He is without friends in that part of the citv. 13. His honor is lo be maintained. 14. Things look favorable this morning. 15. The cMld seems to sleep soundly. 16. The ship is to sail next week. 17. There was turmoil in the city. 18. He was elected president. 19. The lines were drawn parallel. Verbs. Attributes. 1. The day is stormy. 2. He was large and stout, somewhat advanced in life, but hale and hearty. 3. There was a man sent from God. 4. His name was John. 5. We are seven. 6. The correct number is five. 7. The rooks are old established housekeepers, or high-minded gentle-folk; but the crows are a vagabond gipsy race. 8. It is then that the rooks forget their stateliness. 9. In a grove of tall oaks and beeches is an ancient rookery. 10. The boys were cousins, happy and well content. 11. Whatever is, is right. 12. It is I, be not afraid. 13. This is your true life, my boy. 14. Here was the very foe that had fired on him from the glen. Verbal Words: participles, infinitives. 1. The children love to study. 2. To study is hard work. 3. Studying is hard w T ork. 4. I dislike playing on a Jew's harp. 5. Dying for her is serving thee. 6. I enjoy reading an interesting story. 7. I love to read an interesting book. 8. She is telling the old, old story. 9. Mary is to sing at the concert. 10. I saw the shepherds tending their flocks. Attributive, or verbs of complete predication. Copulative, or verbs of incomplete predication. 1. There is a glorious city in the sea. 2. And yet in Heaven is no more night, in Heaven is no more sorrow. 3. Three Kings came riding from far away. 4. Three wise men out of the East were they. 5. Your task is finished, now fly. 6. The figure of the stranger then became exceeding bright. 22 7. What is the matter, father? 8. Life is but an empty dream. 9. Be a hero in the strife. 10. My gold is in the sunlight, my silver in the moon. 11. Yet beautiful and bright he stood. 12. Poor Susan was old and too feeble to spin. 13. I am seven-times-one to-day. 14. The book is on the table. Verbs: transitive and intransitive. 1. The teacher strikes the desk. 2. The desk is struck by the teacher. 3. Wood is sawed by John. 4. My father wrote the letter. 5. America was discovered in 1492. 6. Birds fly. 7. The wiud blows. 8. John studies diligently. 9. John studies arithmetic. 10. The boy ruus swiftly. 11. Do right. 1. I study arithmetic and geography. 2. The bird sang a song. 3. The letter was written last night. 4. The horse is a noble animal. 5. She was called Mary. 6. Ring the bell, Henry. 7. Are you going to school. 8. The wind is cold. 9. He was told to stay. 10. New OrW-aus was first peopled by the French. 11. Tea was introduced into Europe by the Dutch. 12. Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence. 13. Poets and philosophers have compared the course of human life to that of a river. 14. Dr. Kane describes the arctic sileuce as something almost dreadful. 13. Each army contains fifty thousand valient men. 1(5. The boy's gun was loaded. 17. The river Nile is muddy. 18. The man's coat was made two years ago. 19. A soldier's life is unpleasant. 20. The gardener's flowers were admired. 21. He sleeps the sleep that kuows no waking. Voice: active and passive. 1. John saws wood. 2. Wood is sawed by John. 3. America was dis- covered in 1492. 4. Birds fly. 5. Columbus discovered America. G. Snow melts. 7. The lesson is learned. 8. I see ths sky. 9. The child studies earnestly. 10. My mother brings cups of coffee. 1. We have no house. 2. We lice in a tent. 3. All at once a glad crv was heard. 4. The sky is very blue. 5. The bird sang a song. G. Birds fly. 7. Dogs are useful animals. 8. Offer him no bribes. 9. He showed me the picture. 10. He was offered no bribes. 11. I was showed the picture. 12. They called her Mary. 13. They elected him captain. 14. He ran a race. 15. I have fought a good fight. 16. I dreamed a dream in the midst of my slumbers. 17. I saw him run. 18. I ask you a question. 19. He taught you grammar. 20. John lent James a book. 21. He was laughed at. 22. They laughed him to scorn. 23. Babylon is fallen. 24. The day is done. 25. The day is passed and gone. 26. The meat was cooked done. 27. The meat is done on one side. 28. Seeing is believing. 29. He is believing a false report. The second group of sentences, beginning with No. S, should not be given until review. 1. The receiver of the action, when the verb is in the active voice, is the object of the verb. 2. The receiver of the action is made the subject of the verb in the passive voice. 23 3. Intransitive verbs expressing action have but one voice. 4. Verbs that do not express action have no voice. 5. Only transitive verbs have the passive voice. Grammatical Predicates. For examples illustrating grammatical predicate, use all the preceding sentences illustrating verbs, beginning with the first. Give (a) asserting word, (b) word expressing the attribute. Name the attributes on the first page. For advanced work on grammatical predicate see seventh term's work. Fourth Term in Grammar. B 1 Int. Mode. 1 John studies. 2. John may study. 3. You may study. 4. John can study. 5. John must study. 6. I must study. 7. If he study, he will excel. 8. John, study. 1. A barking dog never bites. 2. Rome was not built in a day. 6. vvasn- ington defended his country. 4. Keep your shop and your shop will keep you. 5. Lazy folks take the most pains. G. Throw down your arms and disperse. 7. Give us this day our daily bread. 8. Enter, my lords, and take your rest. 9. How strange it seems. 10. Excuse me, sir. 11. Awake, and let your songs resound. 12. If at first you don't succeed, try, try, again. 13. Discretion is the better part of valor. 14. Should the boy study his lesson? 15. Must the boy study his lesson? 16. Can the boy study his lesson? 17. Little pitchers have large ears. 18. Laziness travels so slowly that poverty soon overtakes it. 19. May success attend you. 20. Never judge a book by its cover. 21. The maples redden in the sua. 22. Give me neither poverty nor riches. 23. O, had I the wings of a dove! 24. If he be industrious, he will succeed. 25. Were half the realm of nature mine, it were an offering far too small. 26. Grieve thou not. 27. The story may be true. Tense. 1. I take. 2. I am taking. 3. I have taken. 4. I took. 5. I was taking. 6. I had taken. 7. I will take. 8. I will be taking. 9. I will have been taking. 10. I shall take. 11. I shall be taking. 12. I shall have been taking. Synopsis: 1. I came, I saw, I conquered. 2. Were the pupils going to school. 3. Shall I take the book? 4. I am sorry for you. 5. The book lay on the table. 6. Does the farmer sit in his easy chair. 7. Teach me thy precepts, O Lord. 8. I'm reading history. 9. I have read five volumes this term. 10. No noteworthy book has been written during this year. 11. Many im- provements have been made since the last war. 12. I am reading "The Critic" 24 this terra. 13. I was an impulsive child and loved my mother -with absolute devotion. 14. Flowers bloomed in the swamp last week. 15. Flowers bloom by the wayside. 16. Flowers bloom by the wayside in summer. 17. I eat maple sugar (when I can get it.) 18. She sings comic songs occasionally. 19. He has been married. 20. They have been married twenty years. 21. He has told many strange stories (during his life.) 22. I have read the Bible (since childhood.) 23. I have read Pilgrim's Progress (three times.) 24. I visited the opium parlors with a friend who has himself been a smoker. 25. I visited the opium parlors with a friend who has himself been a smoker three years. 26. Doing nothing is doing ill. 27. He speaks French. Mode and Tense. 1. Virtue produces happiness. 2. The sun rises on the evil and on the good. 3. The Indian never forgives an injury. 4. I wear a fur coat (in winter.) 5. A wise sou maketk a glad father. 6. I have eaten my dinner. 7. He has told the story. 8. From a child, I have written short stories. 9. I have read George Eliot. 10. I have worn this coat two years. 11. The waves have swept this rock for twenty years. 1 I would I were a boy again. 2. If he accuse me, I will defend myself. 3. If it rain tomorrow I shall remain at home. 4. If I thought him truthful, I would believe him. 5. If he disobey me, I will punish him. 6. If I am a Roman, I am ashamed of Rome. 7. If he is poor, he is honest. 8. If he has made a mistake, he should be forgiven. 9. Though he slay me, yet will I trust in him. 10. Were I in danger, I would stop at once. 11. Were I your enemy, I would not assist you. 12. If there be an officer in the room, let him come forward. 13. If it be true, I shall be disappointed. 14. If he be at home, I shall tell him my story. 15. If he were at home, I would tell him my story. 16. Had he been at home, I would have told him my story. I. Principal Parts. II. Verbs: Regular, and irregular; complete, redundant and defective; principal and Auxiliary. 1. Synopsis of the verb write; also of other verbs. 1. The leaves have fallen. 2. Summer is coming! 3. Write your lesson, James. 4. The river takes its name from an Indian tribe. 5. The horse was stolen on Saturday. 6. Tell me not. 7. The swallow sings sweet from her nest in the wall. 8. The battle was fought on Sunday. 9. I sit by the win- dow.- 10. We are setting the arches for a game of croquet. 11. He has sat in one position for an hour. 12. I set the bird on a limb and it sits there still. 13. The stars set one by one. 14. The sitting hen never counts the hours she sits on the nest. 15. I lie in the shade when I have nothing else to do. 16. The tree lay across the street at five o'clock and had lain there for some time. 17. He laid the book on the table and it lies there still. 18. I now lay the stick across the arm of the chair. 19. The bird has laid two eggs in th nest and they have lain there since Wednesday. 23 1. Do the thing that ought to be done. 2. Drive the same horse that was driven yesterday. 3. He drew the figure that was drawn by the teacher. 4. John did the work that was given him to do. 5. Giving the reins to his father, the boy gave the horse a stinging blow. 6. The boy driving the nail into the post, drove it into his finger. 7. Draw the lines parallel. 8. Having drawn the figure, he signed his name. 9. John has driven the colt many times. 10. Drawing the string toward him, he drew the bow nearly double. 1. I saw the bird fly. 2. Before it flew, the young ones had flown to the ground. 3. You can get fine specimens where the workmen got the stone for the house. 4. He has gotten four fine specimens. 5. The wind blew harder yesterday than it has blown to-day. 6. He took the fruit that was taken from the basket. 7. King the bell that was rung yesterday- 8. Ring as ye never rung before! 9. "Swim for your lives!" and he swam for the shore. 10. He wrought his examples in twenty minutes but he works* rapidly. 11. The man was stricken with paralysis at his desk. 12. He struck a cruel blow. 13. I move you that the clause be stricken out. 14. I wake earlier than you woke. 15. Cain smote his brother and was smitten in consequence. 16. The giant was slain. 17. Cain slew his brother. 18. I am he. 19. If I be rightly in- formed, he is already in custody. 20. "We be twelve brethren. 21. He can row with the best « man on the river. 22. Recite rapidly. 23. He can not recite rapidly. Shall and Will. /determine, promise, or prophesy authoritatively, that— 1. I will go. 1. We will go. 2. You shall go. 2. You shall go. 3. He shall go. 3. They shall go. I predict that— (Simp e futurity.) 1. I shall go. 1. We shall go. 2. Thou will go. 2. You will go. 3. He will go. 3. They will go. Do you, determine or wish it i 1. Shall I go? 1. Shall we go. 2. Will you go? . 2. Will you go? 3. Shall he go? 3. Shall they go? Do you predict it? (Simple futurity.) 1. Will I go? 1. Will we go? 2. Shall you go? 2. Shall you go? 3. Will he go? 3. Will they go? lie determines that — 1. I shall go. 1. We shall go. 2. You shall go. 2. You shall go. 3. He will go. 3. They will go. Does he predict it? (Simple futurity.) 1. Will I go? 1. Will we go? 2. Will you go? 2. Will you go? 3. Shall" he go? 3. Shall they go' 26 1. When determination and action are attributed to the same person, use will; when to different persons, shall. When prediction and action are attributed to the same person, use sJiall; when to different persons, use will, "Should" and "Would." / predict that — (if it were possible) 1. I should go. l. We should go. 2. Thou wouldst go. 2. You would go. 3. He would go. 3. They would go. / determined that— (if it were necessary) 1. I would go. l. We would go. 2. Thou shouldst go. 2. You should go. 3. He should go. 3. They should go. 1. When prediction and action are attributed to the same persons, use sliould; when to different persons, tcould. 2. When determination and action are attributed to the same persons, use tooi/ld; when to different persons, should Give both synopsis and conjugation of the preceding verbs until pupils are entirely familiar with mode and tense forms. Abbreviated Forms. Singular. Plural. Present Tense, emphatic. I, you don't go. He doesn't go. We, you, they don't go. Past Tense. I, you, he didn't go. We, you, they didn't go. Past Perfect Tense. I, you, he hadn't gone. We, you, they hadn't gone. Future Tense. I, you, he'll not go. We, you, they'll not go. Future Perfect Tense. I, you, he'll not have gone. We, you, they'll not have gone. Present Tense, not emphatic. I'm not going. We, you, they ar'n't going. You're not going. He's not going. Verbs. Rules : illustrations. I. See sentences illustrating the agreement of pronouns with their antece- dents. II. (a), (b), and (c). Verbs must be plural. 1. My wages are sufficient. 2. I am hungry. 3. I study two hours a day. 4. The tree bears nothing but leaves. 5. Our neighbors are coming on Monday. 6. If I were you, I would never speak of it. 7. Were you at no me? 27 8. Your pencil is sharp. 9. John and James go to school. 10. The audience were beginning to amuse themselves. 11. The jury disagree three times out of five. 12. The boy disagrees with his sister. 13. The committee were dis- puting among themselves. 14. Sorrow and care show themselves in his coun- tenance. 15. Charles and his sister were present. 16. One of the sisters pos- sesses a rare shell. III. (a), (b). Verbs must be singular— 1. Dissipation and not hard study is ruining his health. 2. John or Thomas was absent. 3. Neither Susan nor Mary is expected. 4. A grammar as well as an arithmetic was stolen. 5. A grammar and not an arithmetic lies on the table. 6. Mary but not Anna was invited, (c), (d), (e)and (f). 1. This poet, statesman and general was born in obscurity. 2. My neighbor and friend will loan you the book. 3. Bread and butter is wholesome food and most people like it. 4. The bow and arrow is his favorite weapon. 5. Every boy and girl is requested to stand. 6. Every one is the architect of his own fortune. 7. Each teacher and pupil is expected to be present. 8. Neither butter nor honey was to be obtained. 9. Many a flower is born to blush unseen. 10. The jury consists of twelve men. 11. One-third of the party were killed or missing. 12. One of the boys is too young. 13. Neither fear nor favor deters him. 10. My interest as well as my duty is urging me forward. 11. The committee were unanimous in their opinion. 12. The jury was charged very carefully by the judge. 13. Neither of the boys has prepared his lesson. 14. Each of the three tells a different story. 15. Many a one has been lost in this forest. 16. My friend and classmate is ill. 17. Benevolence as well as justice is to be our rule. 18. Each man, woman and child demands it. 19. No one heard his cry. 20. Each plant and tree has its history. 21. Every river and tiny stream helps to swell the flood. 22. His teacher and friend has advised him to remain. 23. Three and (added to) four are seven. 24. Three and (with) four is seven. (Swinton.) 25. Neither of them is a scholar. Rule IV. 1. I, and not my sister, am to blame. 2. We, and not he, have done the mischief. 3. Not my sister, but I am in fault. Rule V. When two subjects, differing in person and number, are joined by or or nor, the verb agrees with the one nearest it. 1. Either he or I have forgotten your caution. 2. Either I or he gives you trouble. 3. Neither I nor you are in sympathy with him. 4. Neither he nor his friends are seeking your interest. 5. Mary or her friends have forgot- ten the appointment. 28 Ninth Year. Fifth Term in Grammar. A 2 Int. Note. — Only participles having the limitations of the verb are here considered. Pakticiples. Review verbal words. See first year's work. 1. Definition. 2. Uses: (a) Substantive, — subjective, objective and attributive. (b) Adjective, (c) Adverbial, (d) As a part of the verb. 3. Derivation. (a) From regular or irregular verbs. (b) From transitive or intransitive verbs. 4. Kinds. (a) Indefinite, — (active, wanting), passive. (b) Imperfect, — active, passive. (c) Perfect, — active and passive. 5. Forms. (a) Indefinite active, (wanting.) " passive, — told. (b) Imperfect active, — telling. " passive, — being told. (c) Perfect active, — having told. " passive, — having been told. 6. Rules. (a) When participles have the construction of the noun, apply the .same rules as to other substantives. (b) When participles are used as j modifying elements, apply the same rules as to adjectives and adverbs Pakticiples : Uses. Kinds. 1. The tree tending with fruit fell to the ground. 2. Loving our neighbors is fulfilling the law. 3. Seeing a fact is believing its truth. 4. I succeeded in astonishing both. 5. I heard the whistling wind sweeping the snow from the roof. 6. He is believing a false report. 7. I saw the shepherds tending their flocks. 8. The boy writing the letter, will carry it to the office. 9. The letter being written, the boy/ carried it to the office. 10. The boy having written the letter, carried it to the office. 11. The letter having been written, the boy carried it to the office. 12. The letter written by the boy was lost. 13. She came leading a little child. 14. The sword hangs rustiog on the wall. 15. The water is boilinghot. » Freezing cold. 16. The day is done. 17. The day is passed and gone. 18. Babylon is fallen. 19. The letter is, was, will be "written." 20. I^am, was, will be "writing." 21. I have, had, will have "written." 1. Remembering the'heat of the weather, I changed my course. 2. I made a hotter fire than^usual'fo^cookmg my meat. 3. He had gone out for a walk, taking a book^as his companion. 4. Who had a hand in planning and execut- 29 ing this deed? 5. In a case exciting so much attention, discovery must come. 6. She looked around, expecting to see an angel. 7. No one has ever dreamed of scaling the wall. 8. Feeding the hungry and comforting the sorrowing is but fulfilling the chief obligation of life. 9. Leaving the boat, he plunged into the wilderness. 1. It is flattering to our pride. 2. He disliked serving two masters. 3. Spurning with her foot the ground, she leaped into the ocean's arms. 4. Upon the bosom of that sea, thy comings and thy goings be. 5. May I not see it shining on the broken and dishonored fragments of a once glorious: union; ou states dissevered, discordant, belligerent. 6. We should avoid breaking the law. 7. Forgiving her that rash act, was but obeying the dictates of a kind heart. 9. Telling the exact truth is gaining the approbation of your own conscience. 10. Hearing the strange sound, she turned to listen. 11. They discharged the gun, causing an instant explosion. 12. Much is to be gained w idle teaching the languages. 13. Seeing the multitude he went up into a mountain. 14. Our lamps are gone out. 15. His angel sister said, "Is my brother come?" 1. The house being built, we moved into it. 2. The house being built on Market street, is owned bv Mr. Jones. 3. The house building on Market street is owned by Mr. Jones. 4. Looking around and seeing the people staring and the old woman beginning to cry, he turned back, saying, "I am very sorry." 5. Truth crushed to earth shall rise again. 6. The apple eaten by Eve was the first temptation. 7. He found the door locked. 8. He saw the letter written and signed. 9. The vessel anchored in the bay i.as lost her sails. 10. The soldier being wounded was carried to the hospital. 11. Irritated by this, he called, but no one answered. 12. After repeating some choice selections they resumed their work. 13. While scaling yonder peak, I saw an eagle wheeling near its brow. 14. After carefully considering both sides, he gave his decision. 15. Though listening carefully, I could not detect the slightest sound. 1. The boy hearing the music, was delighted. 2. The music heard by the boy was never forgotten. 3. The boy having heard the music, remembered it. 4. The music, having been heard by the boy, was always remembered. 5. Loving our neighbors is fulfilling the law. 6. We should avoid breaking the law. 7. By reading good books, we improve our minds. 8. The Son of man came eating and drinking. 9. The horse stands sleeping. 10. The cars came rattling. Participles. 1. It is related that the Cyclops being savage and cruel, were by Jupiter first thrown into Tartarus, there being condemed to perpetual imprisonment. 2. Long afterward, Tellus pursuaded Jupiter that releasing them and employing them in his service for the forging of thunderbolts, would be greatly to his advantage. 3. Accordingly, being released, they, with unwearied pains and diligence, and with a frightful din of the anvil, were heard continually hammering out his bolts a nd preparing his other instruments of terror. 4. Not long afterward, Jupiter, so being displeased with iEsculapius, the son of Apollo, for having, by the art of medicine, restored a dead man to life, concealed his indignation, because the action in itself was pious and illustrious, but secretly incensing the Cyclops against him, they, without remorse, slew him with their thunderbolts. 5. Resolving upon revenge. Apollo, aided by the connivance of Jupiter, shot them all dead with his arrows. Infinitives. 1. Definition. 2. Uses: (a) Substantives, — subjective, objective and attributive. (Predicate complement.) (b) Adjective, (c) Adverbial. 3. Derivation. (a) They are derived from regular or irregular verbs. (b) They are derived from transitive or intransitive verbs. 4. Kinds. (a) Indefinite active — to tell. " passive, — to be told. (b) Imperfect active, — to be telling. " possive, — to be being told* (c) Perfect active, — to have told. " passive, — to have been told. 5. Rules. (a) When infinitives have the construction of nouns, apply the same rules as for other substantives. (b) When infinitives are used as modifying elements, apply the rules for adjectives and adverbs. * Seldom or never used. Infinitives. — Uses. 1. To forgive is divine. 2. They wish to study Latin. 3. I dislike to argue such a question. 4. I desire to visit my friend. 5. To see a fact is to believe its truth. 6. To hesitate now, is to fail. 7. To be telling the news is her de- light. 8. The desire to live for some noble purpose, will induce great effort. 9. Water to drink was given him. 10. The ship is to sail next week. 11. The wish to see my friends is sometimes very strong. 12. His honor is to be main- tained. 13. The farm is to be sold. 14. They are about to go. 15. They are to go soon. 16. Those who went to scoff, remained to pray. 17. I came to visit you. 18. The child seems to sleep soundly. Without "to." " Bid, dare, feel, hear, let, make, need, see, please." 1. I saw him run. 2. They bade him study his lesson. 3. I hear the birds sing. 4. He dare not tell you his fault. 5. They made him sit on the ground. 6. Please excuse my absence on Monday. 7. They heard her call us. 8. I could feel the earth tremble. 9, Let us turn to the passage. 10. Do not make me go. 11. I will help him get his lessons. 31 Predicate complement. (Attribute.) 1. He was seen to run. 2. He was bidden to study his lesson. 3. The birds were heard to sing. 4. The soldiers were ordered to march. 5. The company- were expected to assemble early. 6. He was heard to remark that the circum- stances were peculiar. 7. He is said to be lecturing on temperance. 8. The ship is to sail in September. 9. He is to study several hours each day. Attributive object, or complement. 1. I know him to be doing his best. 2. He besought Hercules to come and help him. 3. How dare you send for me? 4. I believe him to be deceiving us. 5. His friends begged the officer to pardon him. 6. We asked him to tell us his story. 7. We consider him to be honest. 1. For me to study is out of the question. 2. I wrote for him to come on the next train. 3. Let her be called Mary. 4. For you to deceive is criminal. 5. They brought some water for te child to drink. 6. He is slow to perceive an error. 7, I am glad to assist you. 8. I like you to recite promptly. 9. Few are content to be poor. 10. I have a duty to perform. 11. To think that you should believe such a story! 12. To be sure, I will. 13. To confess the truth, I was in fault. 14. To tell the story properly, I must begin at the beginning. 15. I am only too glad to assist you. 16. Be so kind as to lend me your book. 17. This is better than to study too late. Infinitives, — Uses, Kinds, Forms. " No wonder my master considers me sensible," said Drover, who began to be proud of himself. "I was never known to be idle, when my work was ready, nor to be caught worrying a sheep in a passion. No one can touch my character; I have that to reflect on, and it gives my meal a relish to think I de- serve it. I am quick to detect a rogue, and he must have more wit than to try to take me in. To take me in, indeed !" and he was too indignant at the thought to be disturbed by the slight noise outside the wicket. There sat an ill-looking, half -starved mongrel with a ragged ear and one eye. " You are not a fine fellow to look at," thought Drover, as he began on the largest and best bone for his breakfast. " But I am not allowed to order him off while he is on the highway." He begged the fellow, however, to under- stand that gazing was very unmannerly. " If you knew what a pleasure it is to see you eat, you would not wish me to go," said the dog. " Nonsense," said Drover, "you cannot make me believe that you care to see any one eat but yourself." " When you are sure not to get what you want, it is consoling to see the happiness of others;" and the dog began to xohimper. " Be off," said Drover, "you have nothing to do but to steal. If you manage to live in spite of starvation, it will be to be hanged at last. " The truth is" said the dog, " I came to be advised, and however severe you may be, I am willing to listen thankfully. Please go on, sir, with that beau- 32 tiful bone. Do not allow me to hinder you a moment. I smelt it from the end of the lane." Drover began to be mollified. "Advice," said he, "how long will you promise tofolloio it?" " Oaly try me," said the dog, and he winked hard that he might not seem to be looking at the bone. " My advice is to leave off your bad ways and live honestly." " To tell you the truth, I have had nothing to eat for days. Only tell me how to overcome this hunger, and I will surprise you." " Give up fighting," said Drover. "Ah, sir," and his ragged ear and blind side seemed to be speaking for him, " I am sure to know what fighting has done for me. If I were only permitted to receive the countenance and advice of a respectable member of society like yourself, I might succeed. But after the pleasure of seeing you enjoy a break- fast which you so richly deserve, I go to die in a ditch, to be an example of the folly of bad ways." " There," said Drover, who seemed to be quite overcome and willing to relin- quish his best bone; " you may have It." "Impossible." said the dog, wriggling through the fence, to seize the bone, witn his one eye full of admiring gratitude. " To be fed in this way is to make quite another being of me," said the dog and he made for the fence. "What is the advice you wanted?" said Drover. " Nothing to speak of," said the dog, as he wriggled himself through. " I wanted to get some breakfast, and I knew very well that the way to get it was to ask for advice. Not to be ungrateful for that excellent bone, let me give you a piece of advice. May you never trust repentance that comes from an empty stomach, nor take compliments from a beggar," and away he ran. Adverbs. 1. Definition. See first year's work. 2. Uses of the Adverb. See first year's work. 3. Classes of adverbs. (1) Adverbs of place. (2) Adverbs of time. (3) Adverbs of manner or degree. (4) Adverbs of cause. (5) Adverbs of affirmation or approval. (6) Adverbs of negation or doubt. (7) Interrogative adverbs. (8) Expletive adverbs: (9) Conjunctive adverbs. 4. Comparison. Positive, comparative, superlative degrees. Words used as adverbs frequently have a substantive and adjective as well as an adverbial form. 33 Two negative words should not be used in expressing a negation. 1. Westward the star of empire takes its way. 2. Whence comest thou? 3. There were three boys there. 4. There is your lesson. 5. Above, below, where e'er I gaze, thy guiding finger, Lord, I view. 6. Here is a stranger walking back and forth, and speaking impatiently to the workmen. 7. Flowers are peeping out everywhere. 8. Presently the child said slowly, " The small bright specks in the sky must surely be the children of the stars." 9. My friend came a week ago. 10. Help was already in sight. 11. Soon the good fairy unclosed her hand and let them go again. 12. Will you not help me soon. 13. This is an exceedingly difficult lesson. 14. Yonder is the place where the arrow fell. 15, Slowly and sadly we laid him down. 16. We steadfastly gazed on the face of the dead and bitterly thought of the morrow. 17. There are men who always fail simply because they are behind time. 18. He decided not to go. 19. You will surely keep your promise. 20. Pos- sibly you may reach the station in time. 21. Certainly he is a diligent student. 22. He is sitting just bej^ond the door. 23. We live just across the bridge. 24. The harder he studies the sooner will he get his lessons. 25. Thou, too, sail on. 26. The report is too good to be true. 27. Thou alone must shape thy future. 28. He walked alone through the forest. 29. I only am escaped to tell thee. 30. He spoke only once during the exercises. 31. Even when asleep the tyrant never rests. 32. I strove less than he, yet succeeded better. 33. Things look favorable. 34. He regards the matter favorably. 35. She stood sad and silent by the newly made grave. 36. The rose smells sweet or sweetly? 37. I feel bad or badly about the matter. 38. She feels the situation keenly. 39. I arrived safe and sound. 40. First, let us consider his labors: secondly, his trials; thirdly, his dangers. 41. The child looks for a moment steadily across the plain. 42. The servant appears promptly upon the ringing of the bell. 43. There was tumult in the city. 44. How can you tell an adverb? 45. Why is how an adverb? 46. Surely the darkness will cover me. 47. And forthwith they sprung up because they had no deepness of earth. 48. The garden looks bad since the frost. 49. How sad she must feel! 50. His remarks were sadly out of place. 51. I am not so sure of this. 1. When will the work be done? 2. I do not know when the work will be done. 3. The child sleeps while the mother sings. 4. Work before play. 5. Come when it is convenient. 6. Will you lend me your book? Yes. 7. Whither she went, thither she came. 8. My pen is poor and therefore I cannot write. 9. Did you find your book? No. 34 Sixth Term in Grammar. A 1 Int. Pronouns: interrogative, relative. Review — a. Personal Pronoun— {\) Definition, (2) Uses. Teach— b. Interrogative Pronoun,— (I) Definition, (2) Uses. (3) Words' used — who, which and what and taeir special uses. c. Relative Pronoun. — (1) Definition, (2) Uses, (3) Words used— who, which, what, that and as, and the special uses of each. After (1) definition, (2) uses, and (3) kinds as above, (4) Uses or construction of pronouns in sentences. Review — (^Properties and Relations: (1) Person, (2) Number, (3) Gender, (4) Case. See third term's work. (6) Rules. See personal pronouns. Third term. (7) Declension of Interrogative and Relative Pronouns. Review Etymology during the sixth term. Interrogative Pronouns : Uses, Cases. 1. Who art thou? John. 2. What shall I do? Nothing. 3. Which is she? Mary. 4. Whom did you hear? Mary. 5. What was sent? 6. Whose book have you? 7. Who brought your dinner? 8. Which did she invite? 9. For what are you looking? 10. Who jent him the money ? 11. Of whom are you speaking?. Classify the Interrogatives. 1. What lesson have you learned? 2. Which horse has he sold? 3. What book will you buy? 4. Which apple do you wish? 6. What man among you would not help the needy? 6. Which one lost his hat? 7. What object do you see at the right? 8. Which line of argument does he take? Classify the Words in Italics. 1. I know icho thou art. 2. I will tell you what to do. 3. I know which is Mary. 4. I will not tell what was sent. 5. I know who brought the letter. 6. I will not tell what it is. 7. Whoever told you that story? 8. Who shall separate us from the love of Christ? 9. Of what use is language? 10. Who, looking back from his manhood's prime, sees not the specter of his misspent time? 11. For what are all our striving? 12. What money we had was taken ss away. 13. Who is my neighbor? 14. To which lady did you give the book? 15. What villains now disturb our rest? 16. Wherefore didst thou doubt? Relative Pronouns: Uses, Cases. 1. The man [who brought the package] left it [at the door]. I x 1 2 3 ~~2~ ~3 2. The house which stands near the river, belongs to me. 3. Then Hugo, who was only a serf, began to speak to his master. 4. This is the day which was appointed for the trial. 5. Strive for that life whose joys are eternal. 6. This is the very rock on which the pilgrims stood. 7. This is the person for whom she interceded. 8. He laughs best who laughs last. 9. He that spares vice, wrongs virtue. 10. That is often lost in an hour which cost a lifetime. 11. For he who is honest is noble. 12. They provided for such passengers as wished to leave by the boat. " What," having two case relations. 1. He lost what was given [ him J. "I 2 ixi 2 2. What the Abbot of Bamba cannot eat, he give3 away for the good of his soul. 3. I know what a good sentence is. 4. They asked me what I wanted. 5. Not what we think but what we do, makes saints of us. 6. The way to be admired is to be what we love to be thought. 7. We took what they gave us. " What," having an adjective and a case relation. 1. What [assistance was given] was very acceptable. xl 1 2 i 2 2. I lent him what books he needed. 3. What outposts were attacked by the Indians? 4. I do not know what language he speaks. 5. I will give you what money there is. "What." 1. What moistens the lip, what brightens the eye, what calls back the past like the rich pumpkin pie? 2. What does he know about music? 3. What is a noun? 4. What are the bells ringing for? 5. Can you tell me what the bells are ringing for? 6. What books would you like? 7. What questions shall I propose? 8. What an idle vagabond you are ! 9. What a commotion there was on the top of the wall ! 10. Othello. "I will a round unvarnished tale deliver of my whole course of love; what drugs, what charms, what con- jurations, and what mighty magic I won his daughter with." 11. What with entreaty and what with threatenings, I succeeded. 12. What if you should be called a rogue? 13. If you should be called a rogue, what? 14. "What for?" said the cat. 15. What, never say a word? 16. What is so rare as a day in June? 17. With what judgment ye judge, ye shall be judged, and with what measure ye mete it shall be measured to you again. " Whatever." 1. He has lost whatever reputation he once had. 2. Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them. 3. The Holy Supper is 36 kept indeed in ichatso we share with another's need. 4. I paid whatever the merchant asked. 5. Add whatever you think will interest your friends. 6. There were no social relations whatever between us. 7. Whosoever shall fall on this stone shall be broken. 1. Let such [as excel ,] teach others. ~~2 3 xl 2 3 2. Give a republic such patriotic sons as Washington and Lincoln, and their success is a problem solved. 3. Such as I have give I unto thee. 4. Such as came were baptized. " That" is a relative only when who or which can bs substituted for it." " That" is the relative of restriction. 1. Books that are our constant companions, have the privilege of friends. 2. Books, which [and they] are our constant companions, should be chosen as are friends. 3. All that glitters is not gold. 4. He that is at sea, has not the wind in his hands. That is used after the superlative; also after "same, no, all, any; each, every, some or very." 1. This is the sharpest pencil that I have. 2. This is the same book that I brought with me. 3. All that a man hath, will he give in exchange for his life. 4. This is the largest bird that lives in the South American forests. 5. The Indians constructed rude huts, covered with the skins of wild animals thhe sentence; or an exclamation point may be placed at the close of the sentence, and the interjection separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma or commas. Definitions. Third Term's Work. I. Personal Pronoun. Introductory conversation. (1) Sentences are either spoken or written. Spoken sentences have a speaker, a hearer and something to speak about. .Written sentences have a writer, a reader and something to write about. (2) In connection with all sentences there are three parties. When the parties are represented. (1) The third party is represented in every sentence. (2) The first and second parties are represented when they are the third par'3 r . Why the parties are represented differently. (1) These parties are represented differently to show the relation between the speaker and the party spoken of. (2) The relation between the speaker and the party spoken of is called person. 1. Definition. These words which represent the parties and take the place of nouns are called pronouns. Because these pronouns show person, they are called personal pronouns. [The noun whose place the pronoun takes is called its antecedent.] 2. Uses— Similar to those of the noun. See first term's work. 3. Properties and Relations. a. Person. (1) The relation between the speaker and party spoken of is person. 57 (2) Kinds, (a) A personal pronoun which shows that the speaker is the party spoken of has the first person. (b) A personal pronoun which shows that the speaker speaks to the party spoken of has the second person. (c) A personal pronoun which shows that the first parly speaks of the third party has the third person. (3) Personal pronouns show person by their form. (4) Personal pronouns agree with their antecedents in form. 6. Number. (1) Definition. That property of a (noun or) personal pro- noun which denotes one object or more than one object is called number. (2) Kinds, (a) A (noun or) personal pronoun which denotes one object, has the singular number. (b) A (noun or) personal pronoun which denotes more than one object has the plural number. (3) Personal pronouns show number by their form. (4) Personal pronouns agree with their antecedents in number. e. Gender. (1) Definition. That property of a (noun or) personal pro- noun which denotes the sex named by the noun or personal pro- noun is called gender. (2) Kinds, (a) A (noun or) personal pronoun which denotes a male object has the masculine gender. (b) A (noun or) personal pronoun which denotes a female object, has the feminine gender. (c) A (noun or) personal pronoun which denotes an object that is neither male nor female has neuter gender. (d) A (noun or) pergonal pronoun which denotes an object either male or female has common gender. (3) Personal pronouns in the third person singular show gender by their form. (4) Personal pronouns agree with their antecedents in gender. d. Case. (1) Definition. The relation a (noun or) personal pronoun has to other words in the same sentence is called case. (2) Kinds, (a) A (noun or) personal pronoun which has the relation of subject or predicate (attribute) has the nominative case. (b) A (noun or) personal pronoun which has the relation of possession has the possessive case. (c) A (noun or) personal pronoun which has the relation of object— of verb, verbal word or preposition — has objective case. [A noun or personal pronoun used to distinguish, has the relation of apposition to the noun or pronoun which it limits.] (d) A (noun or) personal pronoun having the relation of apposition, has the same case as the noun or pronoun which it limits. (e) A noun used as the name of. the party commanded or addressed is independent of Jcase or has no case. 68 (3) ..Personal pronouns show case by their form. (4) Personal pronouns do not agree with their antecedents in case. II. Nouns. 1. Definition. See first term's work. 2. Uses. See first term's work. 3. Kinds. (1) Common, (2) proper, (3) collective, (4) abstract, and (5) verbal. See grammars for definitions. 4. Properties and Relations. See the definitions given of the properties and relations in personal pronouns, which are common to both. See grammar. 5. Rules for nouns and personal pronouns. I. A personal pronoun agrees with its antecedent in person, number and gender. II. A noun or personal pronoun having relation of subject or predicate has the nominative case. III. A noun 5 or personal pronoun having relation of possession has the possessive case. IV. A noun or personal pronoun having relation of object has the objective case. V. A noun or personal pronoun having relation of apposition has the same case as the noun which it limits. VI. A noun which is the name of the party commanded or addressed is independent of case or has no case. 6. Declensions of nouns and personal pronouns. See grammar. III. Adjectives. 1. Definition. See first term's work. 2. Uses. See first term's work. 3. Kinds. (1) An adjective which expresses quality is a qualifying adjective. (2) "An adjective which expresses action is a verbal adjective. (3) An adjective which expresses a definite number is a numeral adjective. (4) An adjective used merely to limit is a limiting adjective. (5) An adjective which simply extends the application of a noun is an extending adjective. (6) A limiting or extending adjective used without its noun is a pronominal adjective. 4. Degrees of Comparison. (1) Definition. The changes of the adjective which show that objects have been compared with each other in regard to the same quality are called degrees of comparison. (2) Kinds, (a) An adjective in its simple form expressing quality has the positive degree of comparison. (&X An adjective which shows that one object has been compared with another in regard to the same quality, and that one posseses more 69 or less of that quality than the other has the comparative degree of comparison, (c) An adjective which shows that three or more objects have been com- pared with each other in regard to the same quality, and that one possesses more or less of that quality than either of the others, has the superlative degree of comparison. 5. How formed. The words more and less and the syllable er are used to denote the comparative degree; the words most and least and the syllable est, the superlative degree. IV. Verbs. 1. Definition. See first term's work. 2. Uses. See first term's work. 3. Classes. (1) A verb which expresses its own attribute is an attributive verb. (2) A verb which connects the word expressing the attribute to the subject is a copulative verb. (3) A verb which requires a receiver of the action to complete its meaning is a transitive verb. (4) A verb which does not require a receiver of the action to complete its meaning is an intransitive verb. 4. Properties and Relations. a. Voice. (1) That property of a verb which shows whether the object represented by the subject is the actor or receiver of the action is called voice. (2) A verb which shows that the object represented by the subject is the actor, has the active voice. (3) A verb which shows that the object represented by the subject is the receiver of the action has the passive voice. J). Mode. (1) The manner in which the verb asserts the attribute of the subject is called mode. (2) A verb which asserts the attribute as real or actual has the indicative mode. (3) A verb which asserts the attribute as a possibility, necessity, permis- sion or duty, has the potential mode. (4) A verb which asserts the attribute as conditional or doubtful, has the subjunctive mode. (5) A verb which asserts the attribute as a command, entreaty or permis- sion has the imperative mode. [Words which are called verbs in the infinitive mode, do not assert, hence do not have a manner of asserting or mode. J £ Verbal words. A verbal word with the sign " to" is an infinitive. A verbal word without the sign "to" is a participle.] c Tense. A verb which shows the attribute to be past present or future is said to show the time of the attribute. 60 A verb which asserts the attribute as finished or unfinished or indefinite is said to show the state of the attribute. (1) Definition. That property of a verb which shows the time and state of the attribute is called tense. (2) A verb wtiich asserts the attribute as present [past or future] but does not show that it is finished has the present tense. (3) A verb which asserts the attribute as finished in present [past or future] time has the present perfect tense. Construct similar definitions for past, past perfect, future and future perfect tenses. 3. Classes, — continued. (1) The verb or that part of the verb which expresses the attribute is the principal verb. (2) The verbs used with the principal verbs to express the grammatical properties, are auxiliary verbs. Principal Parts. Those forms of the verb used with the auxiliaries in constructing the modes and tenses are principal parts. The principal parts of a verb are the present indicative, past in- dicative, imperfect participle, perfect participle. (3) A verb which forms its past indicative and perfect participle by adding ed to the present is a regular verb. (4) A verb which does not form its past indicative and perfect participle by adding ed to the present is an irregular verb. (5) A verb which has more than one form for some of its principal parts is a redundant verb. (6) A verb which has but one form for each of its principal parts is a complete verb. (7) A verb in which some of the principal parts are wanting is a defective verb. Person and Number. Verbs have the same number as their subjects because they assert about the same number of things that the sub- ject represents. Verbs have the same person as their subjects since they assert about the same relation that their subjects represent. Rule. Verbs must agree with their subjects in person and number. An arrangement of the verb showing all the modes and tenses with one person and number is a synopsis of the verb. An arrangement of the verb showing all the modes and tenses with all the persons and numbers is conjugation of the verb. Forms of Conjugation are the simple, emphatic, passive, progressive,. and the ancient or solemn style, either of which may be direct or interrogative. V. Adverbs. 1. Definition. See first year's work. 2. Uses. Adverbs express time, place, manner or degree, inference, number, interrogation, addition, emphasis, affirmation, exclusion and doubt. 61 They are also used conjunctively. [Since clauses and phrases are used as adjectives or adverbs, an adverb may be used to modify such a phrase or clause.] 3. Kinds. (1) Adverbs which express time are adverbs of time. (2) Adverbs which express place or direction are adverbs of place or direction. (3) Adverbs which express manner are called adverbs of manner. (4) Adverbs which modify the meaning of other adjectives or adverbs are adverbs of degree or quantity. (5) Adverbs which show the number of times or the order of are adverbs of number. (6) Adverbs which ask a question are interrogative adverbs. (7) An adverb which simply introduces the sentence is an expletive. (8) Adverbs which answer a question affirmatively or emphasize an asser- tion are adverbs of affirmation or approval. (9) Adverbs which answer a question negatively or deny an assertion are adverbs of negation. (10) Adverbs which imply doubt are adverbs of doubt. (11) Adverbs which connect parts of a sentence are conjunctive adverbs. (12) Adverbs which imply conclusions drawn from previous statements are adverbs of inference. (13) There are also adverbs of addition, exclusion and em- phasis. 4. Comparison of adverbs. See grammar. VI. Pakticiples. 1. Definition. A verbal word without the sign to is a participle. [Only participles having the limitations of the verb are here considered.] 2. Uses. (l)«A"participle having the office of a noun is used substantively. The'substantive uses are subjective, objective and attributive. (2) A participle performing the office of an adjective is used adjectively. (3) A participle performing the office of an adverb is used adverbially. (4)^A participle is also used with the auxiliary as a part of the verb. [A participle expressing an accompanying act or state belongs logically to the subject. 3. Derivation. Participles are derived from regular or irregular, transitive or intransitive verbs. 4. Kinds. (1) Active. A participle which represents its assumed subject as acting is an active participle. (2) Passive. A participle which represents its assumed subject as receiving the'act is a passive participle. 62 (3) A participle which does not show that the act or state is either finished or unfinished is an Indefinite participle. (4) A participle which shows that the act or state is unfinished is an imperfect participle. (5) A participle which shows that the act or state expressed by it is finished is a perfect participle. [Properties as compared with verbs. (1) Voice with a difference, as given above. (2) Since participles do not assert they have no manner of asserting or mode. (3) Tense. Participles do not express time therefore there are no present, past or future participles. They do show the state of the action hence there are indefinite, imperfect and perfect participles. (4) Participles are not limited by a subject hence do not have person and number.] VII. Infinitives. 1. Definition. A verbal word with the sign to is an Infinitive. [To is omitted after the verbs bid, dare, feel, hear, let, make, need, see and their participles, also after please and help.] 2. Uses. (1) As a noun or substantively, — subject, object, predicate nominative, an appositive. See participles. (2) Adjectively (3) Adverbially, — to limit the application of a verb, participle, adjective and also to denote a result after too, than and as. 3. Derivation. See participles. 4. Kinds. See participles. 5. Properties as compared with verbs. See participles. 6. Rules. See outline. See Grammar. Review, a. Personal Pronouns. b. Interrogative Pronouns. 1. Definition. A word used to represent the same thing as a noun or per- sonal pronoun, to ask a question and to show the relation between the question and the answer is an Interrogative pronoun. 2. Uses in sentences as compared to nouns. See first year's work. 3. Special uses of the interrogative pronouns who, which and what. See Grammar. (1) To ask a question. (2) To respond. When an interrogative sentence is incorporated into another in reply, the pronoun having no antecedent becomes a connective and is called an Interrogative or responsive pronoun. C. Relative Pronouns. 1. Definition. A word which represents the same thing as its antecedent, and shows the relation between its antecedent and its own proposi- tion, and connects the propositions is a relative pronoun. 2. Uses in sentences as compared with nouns. 63 3. Special uses of the relatives who, which, what, that, and as. Who and which are the relatives of explanation. Who represents persons, and things personified. Which applies to things, and to animals inferior to man. Tliat is the relative of restriction. (1) That should be used after who; "Who that saw can forget;" (2) after an adjective in the superlative degree, "This is the largest bird that I ever saw;" (3) after very, same and all, " Is not this all that you asked?" Also (4) when the antecedent includes both persons and things; (5) when the propriety of who or which is doubtful. What is both antecedent and relative, hence has two relations in a sentence and may be called a double relative. As is a relative when it follows such, many and same. VIII. Pronoun. 1. ' Definition. A word which takes the place of a noun and shows relation is a pronoun. 2. Uses — given above. 3. Kinds. Personal, relative, interrogative, already given. 4. Properties and Relations. Same as in personal pronouns. 5. Rules. Same as personal pronouns when uses are the same. 6. Declensions. See grammar. Analysis of Sentences. I. Definition. A group of words used to express a thought is called a sentence. II. Glasses of sentences- (1) As regards use, — declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory and mixed. [A combination of subject and predicate is a proposition.] (2) As regards number of propositions, — simple and not simple. Simple Sentences. I. Definition. A sentence containing but one proposition is simple. II. Elements. 1. Definition. The parts of which a sentence is composed are its elements. 2. Classes of elements. RANK. (1) Elements which are highest in rank and are necessary to the con- struction of the sentence are principal or essential elements. (2) Elements which are lower in rank than the principal and modify other elements are subordinate elements. (3) Words used with the sentence but having no grammatical relation to it are independent elements. 64 MODIFIERS. (1) An unmodified element is a simple element. (2) A modified element is a complex element. (3) Two or more simple or complex elements joined by a co-ordinate connective is a compound element. OFFICE. (1) An element having the office of a noun is a substantive element. (2) An element performing the office of an adjective is an adjective element. (3) An element having the office of an adverb is an adverbial element. FORM. (1) An element consisting of one word which represents an idea and its relation is a word element. (2) An element consisting of two words, one to represent an idea and another to show its relation is a phrase element. (3) An element consisting of a proposition to represent an idea and a word to show its relation to another element is a clause element. Sentences Not Simple. I. Definition. A sentence consisting of more than one proposition is. not simple. II. Elements: propositions, connectives, members. 1. PROPOSITIONS. Rank. (1) The proposition which is highest in rank and makes the chief assertion is the principal proposition. (2) The propositions which are lower in rank than the principal, and modify other elements are subordinate prop- ositions."" (3) Propositions having the same rank and construction are similar (4) Propositions of different rank and construction are dissimilar. 2. CONNECTIVES. Words used to connect parts of a sentence are connectives. (1) Connectives joining similar elements are co-ordinate. They are copulative, adversative, alternative and illative. (2) Connectives joining dissimilar elements are subordinate. They join substantive, adjective and adverbial clauses. (3) A subordinate connective joining its clause to an adjective or an adverb, which in turn relates to the connective, is used as a correlative; the two are correlatives. 3. MEMBERS. The co-ordinate parts of a compound sentence are members of the sentence. The members of a sentence may be either simple complex or compound. III. Classes of Sentences not simple l.^A sentence consisting of members joined by co-ordinate connectives is compound. 2. A sentence consisting of one principal proposition and one or more clauses is a complex sentence. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 021 775 320 P 4