DA . H25S .OUTUNBS «?» HISTOftY bostokt: fit, ■*« DA 32. Class mi k ' fe2-5fe PRESENTED HY OUTLINES ENGLISH HISTORY: FROM THE gomait Conquest to % present &inu. OBSERVATIONS ON THE PROGRESS OF ART, SCIENCE, AND CIVILIZATION, AND QUESTIONS ADAPTED TO EACH PARAGRAPH. FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS. AMELIA B^EDWARDS. AMERICAN EDITION, CORRECTED AND BROUGHT DOWN TO 1868 BOSTON: BREWER AND TILESTON. J/ .It Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1857, by Hickling, Swan, and Brewer, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts. ELECTRO.TPED AT THE JiSTON STEREQTVPE FOUNDRY. PREFACE TO THE AMERICAN EDITION. In republishing the very excellent summary of English history recently published in Great Britain by Miss Edwards, very many important changes and improvements have been made, in order to render it adapted for study to the youth of our own country. All those points and events in which the histories of the two countries are closely connected have been materially enlarged, and in many cases first introduced in the American edition. Without these the work w r ould be radically deficient as a text book for Amer- ican schools. Without claiming for it any higher merits than those of a concise and faithful hand- book of English history, the American publishers present this volume to the consideration of all in- terested in the education of youth, believing that it will be found to supply a great want, and one that has been long and sensibly felt. (7^ CONTENTS Chap. Pam I. — England before the Conqcest 9 " England under the Romans, from b. c. 55 to a. d. 449 10 " England under the Saxons, a. d. 449 to a. d. 827 12 * England under the Anglo-Saxons, a. d. 827 to 1013 13 " England under the Danes, a.d. 10 13 to 104 1. 21 " England under the Saxons, a.d. 1041 to 1066 22 II. — The Norm\n Monarch 25 III. — The House of Plantagenet 31 IV. — The Houses of Lancaster and York. . . 39 V. — The House of Tudor 46 VI. — The House of Stuart. 59 VH. — The House of Stuart, (continued.) ... 08 Vin. — United Houses of Stuart and Nassau. . . 74 IX. — The House of Brunswick 77 X. — The House of Brunswick, (continued.) . . 93 (3) OUTLINES ENCxLISH HISTORY CHAPTER I. ENGLAND BEFORE THE CONQUEST. I. In the ancient times, nearly two thousand years ago, before our Saviour was born on earth, and when Rome was a republic, England was a desolate waste of land, covered with swamps and forests. It was inhabited by a savage people, Mho dressed in the rough skins of beasts, and stained their bodies with colored earths and the juices of plants. They lived in huts rudely constructed of wicker and mud, which were erected in little clusters here and there over the country. These clusters were called towns, and they were generally situated upon small clearings in tracts of woody land, and were surrounded by a trench, and a low wall made of mud and the trunks of trees, which served for defence in time of war. II. These barbarians went by the name of Britons. They were divided into as many as thirty or forty tribes, each com- manded by its own king ; and these tribes were constantly at war with each other. They made swords of copper mixed with tin, and light shields, short, pointed daggers, and spears, _ ) the sea Bhore, and feigned to command the tide, as it came up, not to wet the edge of his robe, for the land was his; how the tide came up. of course, without regarding him ; and how he then turned to his flatterers, and re* huked them, saying, what was the might of any earthly king to the might of the Creator, who could say unto the sea, " Thus far shalt thou go, and no farther " T ENGLISH HISTORY". exclaimed, " nappy is the king who has amagistrate endowed with courage to execute the laws upon such an offender; still more happy in having a b a willing to 6ubmit to such chastisement" ENGLISH HISTORY. 41 minster in 1413, after a reign of fourteen years, and a turbu- lent life of forty-six. Henry V, BEGAN TO REIGN A. D. 1413. DIED 1422. II. King Henry V. had no sooner succeeded to the throne, than, much to the surprise of all the nation, he re- formed his life, and showed himself a temperate, just, and wise sovereign. The great event of his reign was the con- quest of France, when he won the celebrated battles ofHar- fleur and Agincourt, (A. D. 14 15,) and was recognized heir to Charles VI. lie then married the Princess Catharine of France, the nobles swore obedience to him, and it was con- cluded by treaty that upon the death of Charles the two kingdoms were to be united in the English crown. In the month of May, 1422, Henry, with his queen and his infant son, visited France, entered Paris in all the pomp of a royal prog- ress, and dazzled the Parisians with the wealth, power, and triumph of their future sovereigns. Henry V. carried on that persecution of the Widifhtes which his father began, and treated them with inexcusable severity. Sir John Old- castle, Lord Cobham, was burned in St. Giles's Fields for his leaning towards the Protestant faith, and was the first among the English nobility who suffered the extreme penalty of the law for his religious opinions. Linen shirts and under-clothing were at the time esteemed great luxuries, and a flock bed, with a chaff bolster, was a refinement of comfort known only to the wealthiest. From the reign of Henry V. may also be dated the custom of lighting the streets of London at night, since it was at his command that every citizen was compelled to hang a lantern on his door during the winter months. From the same period may also be dated the first establish- ment of a permanent naval force ; and one ship, built at Bayonne expressly for the king, was esteemed quite a marvel Gf size and strength, because it measured one hundred and 4 42 OUTLINES OF eighty-six feet in length. Just at the most brilliant epoch in his career, died Henry V., in 1422, at the early age erf thirty-four. Henby VI. BEGAN TO REIGN A. D. 1422. PERIOD OF DEATH UNCERTAIN. III. Henry VL, son to the late king, was only nine months old at the death of his father ; whereupon the Dukes of Bedford and Gloucester were made protectors during the regal minority, the former for France and the latter for Eng- land. In this reign, Charles VII. , the Dauphin of France, be- ing supported by the French people, attempted to recover his kingdom. A village- girl, from a remote part of Lorraine, fancied herself divinely inspired, placed herself at the head of the French army,, and by dint of undaunted courage and patriotism, won victory after victory, and crowned the French king at the city of Rheims, (A. D. 1429.) Being- taken pris- oner after this by the English,, they were cowardly enough to burn her at the stake. This girl is known in history as Joan ©f Arc, the Maid of Orleans. IV. Thus by degrees the French wrested back their coun- try from the English, and in a few years Calais alone re- mained a dependency of the state. In the midst of these losses, the troubles of a disputed succession again threatened the safety of the young and feeble sovereign, (A. D. 1450,) and the house of York, represented by Duke Richard, fo- mented insurrections among- the people. In the battles of St. Albans and Northampton, the Lancastrians were defeated, and Henry was taken prisoner ; but Queen Margaret 1 hav- ing raised a large army, gained the battle of "\Yakefield Green, (A. D. 1460.) and the Duke of York was defeated and slain. V. At this period the Earl of Warwick (called the " King* 1 Henry VI. married Margaret of Anjou, a woman of keen penetration, undaunted spirit, and great beauty. She fought twelve pitched battles hi her husband's cauSfe ENGLISH HISTORY. 43 tnaker") took up the cause of young Edward, son to the late Duke of York, imprisoned Henry in the Tower of Lon- don, and fixed Edward upon the throne, under the title of King Edward IV. 1 Still the civil wars continued unabated. The Yorkists bore a white rose for their emblem, and the Lancastrians fought under the ensign of a red one. Hence these contests are generally styled the " Wars of the Roses." The date of Henry's death is uncertain ; but it is said that the king's brother, Richard of Gloucester, murdered him in his chamber at the Tower. VI. In this reign the right of voting at elections for knights of the shire was limited to freeholders possessed of estates to the annual value of forty shillings. Seats in the Commons were not, however, much sought by the middle classes of the fifteenth century. The functions of the Com- mons consisted chiefly in the imposition of taxes, and 'even the Lords of that period evinced little interest or assiduity in the discharge of their parliamentary duties. Both houses enjoyed entire liberty of speech. Eton College, and King's College, Cambridge, were founded about A. I). 1440. The art of printing from movable types was invented about this time. In 1450 the first Lord Mayor's Show took place, and the same year was signalized by the famous insurrection in Kent, headed by one Jack Cade, who, under the assumed name of Mortimer, asserted a fictitious right to the English throne, but was defeated and killed. Edward IV. BEGAN TO REIGN A. D. 1461. DIED 1483. VII. King Edward IV. was a very handsome, but a very capricious and tyrannical sovereign. He married Lady Eliza- 1 The houses of York and Lancaster were both descended from Edward III., that of York from his third son, and that of Lancaster from his fourth: thi< rightful title was, therefore, on the side of the former. 44 OUTLINES OP beth Grey, daughter to Sir Richard Woodvillc, and widow of Sir John Grey. This Ls the first instance, since the Conquest, of an English king being married to a subject. The circum- stance gave great offence to the Earl of Warwick, who re- bfifled in consequence. By his exertions Edward was deposed, and Henry, after having been a prisoner six years in the Tower r was released,, and again proclaimed king ; hut at the battle of Barnet (A. D. 1471) Edward prevailed and Warwick was slain. Edward died (A. D. 1483} just as he was preparing for a war with France, and left Ids infant sons, Edward V. and Richard, Duke of York, to the guardianship of his wily and ambitious brother, Richard, Duke of Glouces- ter. This prince, seeing but these children between himself and the sceptre, had them conveyed to the Tower, and there murdered. He was acknowledged king in 1483 r six months aftef the death of his brother, Edward IV. VIII. During the reign of Edward IV., the first printing press was set up in England, by William Caxton, (A. D. 1471,} and polite literature was encouraged among the English. RlGHAKD III. BEGAN TO REIGN A. D. 1483. DIED 148o. IX. RlClIARD ni., during a short reign of two ycars r committed such atrocious deeds as have left him the blackest reputation of any sovereign upon the records of English his- tory. Not only did he murder his young nephews, but he put to death his brother, the Duke of Clarence, the generous Lord Hastings, the unfortunate Jane Shore, and his own friend and ally the Duke of Buckingham. The Earl of Richmond, a wise and brave nobleman, related to the house of Lancaster by the marriage of his father, Edmund Tudor, to Margaret, the great granddaughter of John of Gaunt, asserted his claim to the croAvn of England, (A. 1). 14X^.) assembled a small army of about two thousand persons, which became speedily augmented to three times that nunr ENGLISH HISTORY. 45 bcr, came over from Normandy, landed on the Welsh coast, and drew up his forces near Bosworth Field. On the 22d of August, 1485, he was met by King Ilichard, who fell in the thickest of' the fight, and Richmond received the crown upon the battle field, in the presence of his army, which sa- luted him as King Henry VII. Thus ended the civil wars which had convulsed England for more than forty years, and the royalty of the houses of Lancaster and York. During the reign of these two families, (a period of nearly one hundred years,) art, civilization, and science had made very considerable progress. Music was much cultivated, es- pecially by the clergy ; painting met with the most earnest encouragement, and was employed in the universal decoration of the churches ; books, though still very expensive, became purchasable by others than the most wealthy, in consequence of the invention of printing ; many of the most esteemed colleges and public schools date their foundation from this period; the language became mere refined, and received something like a standard in the works of Gower, Chaucer, and others; and the style of architecture, raised on the crumbling ruins of the feudal castles, rose into a stately and beautiful order of ornamental building known as the perpen- dicular Gothic. The civil wars of this period, however, op- erated fatally upon the efforts of agricultural science. Many prosperous and pleasant dwellings throughout England were laid waste, and within twelve miles' range of Warwick alone, sixty villages are stated to have been entirely destroyed. QUESTIONS TO CHAPTER IV. I. "What caused the sorrows duct on succeeding to the of King Henry IV.? What throne? What was the great was the conduct of the Prince event of this reign ? When of Wales ? What sect did were the hattles of Harfleur and Henry IV. persecute, and who Agincourt fought ? To whom was the first aristocratic victim ? was Henry V. married ? When What customs were introduced did he die, and at what age ? in this rci claim the crown ? In what year did he land, and where draw up his forces ? What was the re- sult of the battle of Bosworth ? When was it fought ? How long had the civil wars raged in Eng- land ? X. Relate the improvements which had now taken place in the arts, sciences, architecture, and civilization of England. What was the effect of the civil wars on agriculture ? CHAPTER V. THE HOUSE OF TUDOR. Began to reisrn. Died. IlENitY VII. A. J). 1485 . . . 150a Henry VTIL " 1509 . . . 1547. Edward VI. " 1547 . . . lbbo. Mart Elizadeth Began to reign. Died. A. D. 1553 . . . 1558. " 1558 . . . 1603. Henry VII. BEGAN TO REIGN A. D. 1485. DIED 1509. I. Henry VII. was the first representative of the noble house of Tudor. 1 His reign was signalized by the appearance of two remarkable impostors, namely, Lambert Simnel and 1 Henry VII. was the son of Margaret, croat granddaughter of John of Gaunt, and of Edmund Tudor. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV., and in this way the houses of York and Lancaster were united. ENGLISH HISTORY. 47 Perkin Warbcck. Lambert Simnel was the son of a baker, and (being trained purposely for the character) was placed at the head of an insurrection at Nottingham, and proclaimed to be the son of the late Duke of Clarence, and heir to the throne. A wnguinaxy battle took place (A. D. 1487) between the rebels and the king's army, in which the former were dis- persed, and the pretender taken prisoner. He was pardoned by Henry, and afterwards filled the situation of scullion in the royal kitchen. Perkin TVarbeck's appearance and educa- tion were more favorable to deception. He was reported to be the little Duke of York who was murdered with his brother in the Tower. King James IV. of Scotland became one of his supporters ; Ins standard was joined by many of the highest noblemen in the kingdom ; he assumed the title of Richard III. of England, and even obtained the hand of the Lady Gordon in marriage. He was, however, taken prisoner, (A. D. 1499,) thrown into the Tower, and executed publicly. H. Notwithstanding these rebellions, Henry VH. was a prudent, wise, and merciful sovereign. He tried to reform abuses in the church, extended the privileges of the peo- ple, promoted trade and commerce with other nations, and rendered Englishmen powerful and happy. During his reign, Columbus, under the patronage of Isabella, Queen of Spain, made the discovery of America, (A. D. 1492.) John and Sebastian Cabot also discovered Newfoundland in 1497, and afterwards a considerable portion of North America. 1 1 During the reign of Henry VII., and the half century preceding it, the great movement of the age was in maritime discovery. Columbus offered his services to Portugal, but they were rejected; he then made application, through his brother Bartholomew, to Henry VII., of England, for aid ; but Bartholomew was so long upon his journey, that he did not return to Spain until Columbus had returned from his first voyage, (A. D. 1493.) Henry VII., eager to profit by the discovery which Columbus had made, authorized John Cabot, a Venetian, then belonging to Bristol, and his son Sebastian, to start an expedition at their own expense, in order to do what they could for themselves, and, at the same time, to set up the banners of 48 OUUTLINES OF Sebastian Cabot published the first map of the world which included both hemispheres. Vasco di Gam a, a Portuguese, first doubled the Cape of Good Hope, and made the passage to India by sea in 1497. 1 Maps and sea charts were now brought to England ; shillings were coined ; the yeomen of the guard were appointed for the safety and honor of the king's person ; the arbitrary court of law known as the Star Chamber, 2 was first established; and Henry VIL's chapel was built at Westminster Abbey — a work considered to be the most perfect specimen of Tudor architecture now extant. Henry VII. died in 1509, having lived fifty-two years, and reigned twenty-three. He was succeeded by his son Henry VHI. Henry VIII. BEGAN TO REIGN A. D. 1509. DIED 1547. III. Henry VIII., young, affable, handsome, and popular, ascended the English throne at eighteen years of age. Dur- ing the first year of his reign, he married with Catharine of Arragon, and threatened an invasion of France, which, how- ever, came to nothing. Soon after this, he became the firm friend of Thomas Wolsey, then dean of Lincoln, a man of great ambition and talent, who had risen from the middle rank of life, and who was afterwards promoted to the high dignity of a cardinalship. When the king had been married eighteen years, he fell in love with Anna Boleyn, one of the maids of honor attending upon the queen. In order to effect a marriage with her, he divorced Queen Catharine in 1532, who died of grief shortly after, and he even defied Pope the English monarch, as his vassals and deputies. The discovery made by the Cabots was the foundation of the claim of the English to their posses- ions in North America. 1 Previous to this time, the merchandise of India was conveyed to Eu- rope by way of the Red Sea, thence over land to the Mediterranean. 2 The Star Chamber was an arbitrary court of law, in which the king used to attend in person as judge. It was called the Star Chamber from the name of the room in which the court held its sittings. ENGLISH HISTORY. 49 Clement VII. for refusing to sanction his proceedings. This step led to the Reformation. 1 IV. Having declared open opposition to the church of Rome, Henry proceeded to make the most cruel enactments against Papists ; to demolish the monasteries and convents scattered by hundreds throughout his dominions ; to turn the religious communities abroad into the world ; and to pour into his own treasuries the wealth which had been accumu- lating in the clerical coffers for a thousand years. Dreadful persecutions ensued; men "were hanged, burned, and be- headed, for not believing as he desired ; and brave old Sir Thomas More and Bishop Fisher were executed (A. D. 1530) for denying his royal supremacy. Even Cardinal Wolsey was degraded, and arrested for high treason, but died before any further steps could be taken against him, having ex- claimed, in the pangs of remorse, " Had I but served God as diligently as I have served the king, he would not have given me over in my gray hairs." V. Henry's next step was to behead Anna Boleyn, and marry the Lady Jane Seymour, (A. D. 1536,) who died in giving birth to a son. He then entered into an alliance with the Princess Ann of Cleves, to whom, however, he took an intense aversion ; and, having put her aside, married Cath- arine Howard, niece to the Duke of Norfolk. This lady he beheaded in 1542, and then gave his hand, for the last time, to Lady Catharine Parr, widow of the late Lord Latimer. This wife alone contrived to retain the tyrant's affection, and, not being either divorced or beheaded, had the happiness to survive him. VI. The last victims to the caprices of this cruel monarch were the Duke of Norfolk, and his son, the Earl of Surrey, a young man who excelled in all the accomplishments of a 1 Before Henry had arrived at the age of thirty, he had written a book against Luther, the reformer, which pleased the pope so much that he con- ferred on him the title of w Defender of the Faith," a title which his succes- sors* have ever since retained. 50 OUTLINES OP scholar, a soldier, and a courtier, and who ranks among the early English poets. Both were accused of high treason, Surrey's head fell upon Tower Hill, (A. D. 1547 ;) but the life of his lather Mas providentially saved by the death of the king, which happened on the evening of the day before that appointed for his execution. No king ever violated the rights of Englishmen, or the fundamental liberties specified in Magna Charta, more fla- grantly than King Henry VIII. Upon life he placed no value, and for law he entertained no reverence. He even ex- acted a bill from his slavish Parliament by which the written edict of the sovereign was elevated to the level of a legal statute — a measure which rendered the crown absolutely despotic, and vested in the hands of the king the honor, safety, and wealth of the entire nation. During this reign, many important discoveries were made, literature much ad- vanced, and considerable progress effected in general knowl- edge. St. Paul's school was founded in 1510; the College of Physicians established in 1518; Whitehall and St. James's Palace were built; Mexico was conquered by Cortez, and Peru by Pizarro; Wolsey commenced building Hampton Court Palace, and Christchurch, Oxford ; ship building was improved, and the navy extended; the corporation of the Trinity House was instituted ; the office of secretary of state was created by government; the society of Jesuits was founded by Ignatius Loyola, (A. D. 1540 ;) Wales was for the first time represented in Parliament ; classical literature was extensively cultivated among the higher classes of both sexes ; and Erasmus, a learned native of Holland, was elected professor of Greek at the University of Oxford, and contrib- uted much by his presence and attainments towards the ad- vancement of education in England. The College of Physi- cians was founded, and medicine and surgery made extraordi- nary advances. The whole of the Bible was translated into English in 1539 the church Prayer Book and the Articles of lleligion were arranged by Bishop Cranmer, in 1540; cher- ENGLISH HISTORY. 51 lies, hops, apricots, pippins, and various other kinds of fruit and vegetables were first cultivated in England ; cotton thread was invented ; leaden conduits, for the conveyance of water, ■were substituted for the wooden ones which had previously been in use; pins were introduced from France by Queen Catharine Howard, and were then a very expensive luxury. Before this time, ribbons, loopholes, laces with tags, hooks and eyes, and skewers of brass, silver, and gold, had been used alike by men and women. The term " pin money," as applied to the income allowed by husband to wife, is dated back to this period, and refers to the heavy expenses incurred by the purchase of this extravagant article of attire. Much of the interchange of the country was transacted at fares and markets ; and provisions were so cheap, that beef and mutton were purchased at the rate of one halfpenny per pound. The value of precious metals, however, was very low, and a pound, at the time of the conquest, would buy twelve times as much as at the present day. Edward VI. BEGAN TO REIGN A. D. 1547. DIED 1553. VII. King Edward VI., son of Henry VIII. by Jane Seymour, ascended the throne in 1547, being then nine years of age. The Duke of Somerset was appointed pro- tector till the king should attain his majority. He was, how- ever, supplanted and executed by the bold and ambitious Duke of Northumberland, who persuaded Edward to transfer the succession to his cousin Lady Jane Grey, instead of suf- fering it to devolve, as it should, upon his eldest sister, Mary. Lady Jane Grey was the wife of Northumberland's son, Lord Guildford Dudley. Shortly after this decision, the king's health declined; and when he died of consumption in 1553, in the sixteenth year of his age, there were not wanting tongues among the people to attribute his loss to the machi- nations of the protector. He was amiable, highly accom- plished, and dearly loved by lus subjects. 52 OUTLINES OF No religious persecution was suffered during his reign, and a law was passed by which Protestant clergymen were per- mitted to marry. The book of Psalms was also translated into verse, by Sternhold and Hopkins ; the book of Homi- lies was compiled by Cranmer and llidley ; and a new code of Articles was drawn up, to the number of forty-two, from which the Thirty-nine Articles of the established church now in use were afterwards compiled. Christ's Hospital and St. Thomas's Hospital were founded, as well as many other charitable institutions, grammar schools, alms houses, &e. f throughout all parts of the kingdom. Grapes were brought over from France, and cultivated in England for the first time; crowns, half crowns, and sixpences were introduced into the currency ; and a dreadful plague, called the sweating sickness, which had hitherto been prevalent from time to time, became totally extinct. Trade with Russia was for the first time opened during the reign of King Edward VI. Mary I. BEGAN TO REIGN A. D. 1553. DIED 1558. VIII. Mary L, eldest daughter of King Henry VHI. by Catharine of Arragon, next received the crown, after a brief contest of only ten days with Lady Jane Grey and her sup- porters. She inaugurated her cruel reign with the death of the unfortunate young pair, Dudley and Lady Jane Grey. Her next step was to marry Philip II. of Spain, A. D. 1554, who cared little for her affection, and left her, as soon as pos- sible, for his native country. IX. The most tremendous and fearful persecutions were now directed against the reformers. The Bishops of London, Worcester, and Gloucester, and even Archbishop Cranmer, were condemned to the flames ; and it is computed that (lur- ing this reign of terror, which lasted between four and five years, no less than two hundred and seventy-seven human beings were frightfully sacrificed. Mary died in 1558, uni- versally abhorred. ENGLISH HISTORY. 53 Coaches were introduced in this reign, before which time ladies used to be carried in litters, or rode on pillions behind their mounted squires. Flux and hemp were first cultivated, the use of starch was discovered, and the manufacture of drinking glasses began to be encouraged in England. Elizabeth, began to reign a. d. 1558. died 1603. X. Elizabeth, a Protestant princess, and daughter of King Henry VIII. and Queen Anna Boleyn, succeeded to the throne. Had she relieved the whole nation from captivity and chains, the delirium of joy with which all classes hailed the accession of Queen Elizabeth could scarcely have been greater. The first act sanctioned by her authority was the formal restoration of the Protestant religion ; and in a single session of Parliament the articles of faith were established, freedom of thought secured, the acts of her sister abolished, and Protestantism forever constituted the religion of England. XL In the year 1587, Elizabeth tarnished the glory of her reign by signing the death warrant of Mary Queen of Scots, who had fallen into her power, and was imprisoned for many years in Fotheringay Castle. 1 The obloquy of this deed was effaced shortly after from the minds of the people by the glorious defeat of the " Invincible Armada" sent out against England by Philip II. of Spain, under the command of the Duke de Medina Sidonia, This fleet consisted of one hundred and thirty-six ships, with nearly nine thousand mariners and twenty-two thousand sold.ers. The whole number of the queen's ships, large and small, was one hundred and ninety - 1 Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, was the daughter of Mary of Guiee, Queen Kegent of Scotland, and granddaughter of Henry VII., and was the next heir to Elizabeth to the throne of England. She was educated in France as a Catholic, and married when quite young to the dauphin, who afterwards became Francis II., King of France. They then assumed the title of King and Queen of England. On the death of Francis, Mary, at the age of eighteen years, returned to Scotland, to reign for that country as queen. At this time the reformed 5 l : :::i:3 C7 seven, containing nearly sixteen thousand sailor^ or fighting men, commanded by Admirals Howard, Drake, Hawkins and Frobisher, (A. I). 15S8.) Just as the Channel was covered by the hostile sail, a tremendous storm came on. The Spanish fleet got into disorder. The English navy rushed upon them, and poured in their batteries from every side. Two great three deckers were taken, and twelve smaller ones ; flight, destruc- tion, or submission alone was left to the rest, and of all that mighty armament commissioned to subdue Old England, only a miserable remnant escaped to carry back the tidings of defeat. XII. The career of this famous queen presents other glories, very different, but equally splendid. During her reign the poets Spenser and Raleigh wrote and flourished ; Lord Bacon, the philosopher and historian, lived ; and Shak- speare, the immortal poet and dramatist, whose works are the glory of English literature, wrote some of his finest plays, surviving the queen by thirteen years. XIII. The act of supremacy, passed at the commence- ment of Elizabeth's reign, was the greatest mistake of this sovereign's career. Devised for the purpose of crushing the Roman Catholic influence, this act compelled all clergymen, and persons holding office under the crown, to take an oath religion, under John Knox, had made great progress in Scotland, and the people were therefore greatly opposed to Mary. She married for her second husband Ler cousin Henry Stuart, (Lord Darnley,) but soon grew tired of him. Mary gave birth to a son, who afterwards became James VI. of Scot- land and James I. of England. In less than two years Darnley was mur- dered, and Mary soon after married the Earl of Bothwell, who was suspected of being the murderer. Such guilty unions seldom prosper; they had lived together but a few weeks, when the nobles rose against both her and her husband for the pro- tection of the young prince. Both well fled abroad, and booh died, while Mary was taken a prisoner, and confined in the Castle of Lochleven. She was compelled t<> resign the crown to her infant son, who was proclaimed James VI., and the Karl of Murray was appointed regent. In less than a year Mary escaped from her prison, and fled to England, to ask the assistance of Elisabeth ; but she did not obtain it. After being kept a prisoner in Fotherlngay Castle for more than eighteen years, she was accused of being an accessory to a conspiracy against Elizabeth, tried, eondemned, and beheaded, in the forty-fifth year of her age. ENGLISH HISTORY/. abjuring not only the temporal, but even the spiritual author- ity of every foreign prince or prelate, and acknowledging the sovereign as the head of the church, with rights derived from God. This act was followed by the act of conformity, which prohibited all persons from attending the ministrations of any clergyman not belonging to the established church. The lamentable consequences may be readily imagined : hundreds suffered death, imprisonment, and persecution, in this and following reigns, through the operation of these arbitrary statutes. XIV. The naval power of England, which had been gradually extending ever since the time of Henry V., con- tinued still to be the chief care and ambition of the gov- ernment. Noble and scientific men pressed eagerly forward to join in expeditions for the discovery of unknown countries. Sir Francis Drake made a three years' voyage round the world, and was the first Englishman who accomplished the Circumnavigation of the globe. He brought potatoes from North America, and planted them in Lancashire. Tobacco was first brought to this country by Sir John Hawkins, (A. D. 1565.) Tea was introduced by the Dutch. rocket watches were brought over from Nuremberg, in Germany. Silk stockings were worn for the first time by the queen, cloth hose having previously been in use. The art of paper making from linen rags was begun at Dartford, by Sir John Speilman, a German, (A. D. 1590.) Telescopes were invented by one Jansen, a spectacle maker at Middleburgh, in Holland. Decimal arithmetic was discovered by Simon Stevin, a scholar of Bruges. The Italian method of book- keeping was taught in England by James Peele, whose book on the subject is yet extant. Knives were first made in England A. D. 1563, and were the earliest branch of domestic cutlery, being manufactured by one Matthews, of Fleet Bridge, Lon- don. The age of Elizabeth was distinguished for its intel- lectual freedom, and may pre-eminently claim the distinction of having called up a great native literature. In 1556, the 56 OUTLINES OP Royal Exchange was built by Sir Thomas Gresham. In 1590, "Westminster School -was founded by the queen; and Rugby School was founded by L. Sheriffe. Mercantile transactions were now carried on upon a more liberal and extensive scale; the whale and cod fisheries were estab- lished ; Birmingham and Sheffield became the centre of hardware manufactures, and Manchester of cotton and stocking weaving ; theatrical representations became the popular amusements of the people ; art was encouraged by the nobility, and Shakspeare and Spenser wrote their immortal poetry. In the fifth year of Elizabeth's reign, the poor laws were enacted, and the population of London averaged one hundred and sixty thousand souls. The Bodkian Library was formed at this time, the East India Company organized, and attempts were made to colonize North America. 1 XV. In 1603 Queen Elizabeth died, much beloved by the English people, and to this day revered as the restorer of peace, the patroness of learning, the protectress of religious liberty, and the upholder of the great English name through all the kingdoms of Europe. With her terminated the house of Tudor. QUESTIONS TO CHAPTER V. I. "What remarkable impos- reign ? Name the other discov- tures signalized this reign? eries of great navigators. "What Relate the story of Lambert signal improvements and inven- Simnel. Relate the story of tions took place at this time ? Perkin "Warbeck. "What building is considered the II. "What was the character most perfect specimen of its of Henry VII. ? In what way order now extant ? When did did he contribute to the happi- he die, and at what age : By ness of his people ? What great whom was he succeeded ? discovery was made during his III. What was the character 1 During the reigns of Henry VIII., Edward VI, and Mary, England had been so much distracted by internal dissensions, that no efforts were made to avail themselves by colonization of the discoveries made in North America by Cabot. Soon after the accession of Elizabeth, however, public attention ENGLISH niSTOKY. 57 of Ilctirv VIII. at eighteen years of age ? What events took place in the first year of his reign ? Who was Thomas Wolseyi What led to the royal divorce? What great religious movement did this circumstance lead to ? IV*. What wore the enact- ments of Henry VIII. regarding Papists ? What was the nature Of the church persecutions ? What great men were degraded and punished in consequence ? V. What was Henry's next matrimonial step ? Name his third, fourth, fifth, and sixth wives. Why was the last the most fortunate ? VI. Who were the last vic- tims of King Henry's caprices ? What was the fate of Surrey, and what was his reputation ? How was the life of the Duke of Norfolk spared ? In what way did Henry VIII. render his power despotic ? What great buildings were erected at this time, and what important ad- vances made in literature and general knowledge! What fruits were introduced, and what im- provements effected in the me- tropolis ? Relate the history of pins. VII. In what year did Ed- ward VI. succeed "to the crown, and what was his age f Who was appointed protector, and what was his fate ? To what act was the king influenced by the Duke of Northumberland ? Who was Lady Jane Grey ? When did the king's health first begin to decline, and what was the popular opinion respecting the manner of his death ? When did Edward VI. die, and at what age ? What important law was passed respecting Protestant clergymen ? What religious works were compiled ? What benevolent institutions were founded ? What branch of trade was opened abroad ? VIII. For how long did Lady was directed to tins subject ; and early in 1579 Sir Humphrey Gilbert, a brother-in-law of Sir Walter Raleigh, having obtained a patent, made two unsuccessful voyages, in the last of which his vessel was shipwrecked, and all on board perished. Not discouraged by the unfortunate issue of tho enterprises of Gilbert, Raleigh obtained a new patent from Elizabeth, (A. D. 1584.) and despatched two small vessels to the American coast, under the command of Amidas and Barlow. On their return to England they gave so splendid a description of the beauty and fertility of the country, that Elizabeth bestowed upon it the name of Virginia, as a memorial that the discovery had been made under a virgin queen. The report brought back by them induced Sir Walter, in 1585, to attempt to form a settlement at Roanoke Island. This colony was reduced to great distress, and in 15S6 returned with Sir Francis Drake to England. The following year, however, another colony was sent out, consisting of one hundred and fifty adventurers; but they were neglected in respect to sup- plies, and when, at length, a vessel was sent to inquire 'into their state, not a vestige of them remained. In 1602, Bartholomew Gosnold made a voyage to New England, and visited Cape Cod, Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, and the Elizabeth Islands. Upon one of the latter he attempted to form a settlement, but without success. 5* 58 OUTLINES OF Jane Grey contest the crown, and what was her fate and that of her husband ? Who was Mary I. ? "With whom did she marry ? IX. Relate the persecutions levelled at the Protestants in this reign. How many souls perished by fire ? When did Mary die, and how was she liked by the people ? Relate the social improvements effected during this reign ? X. What reception did Eliza- beth meet with ? What was the first act of her reign ? XI. What was the end of Mary, Queen of Scots, and when was she executed ? What great victory effaced the memory of this deed ? What was the com- parative sea strength of Spain and England ? What was the result of the expedition ? XII. What great men flour- ished in the reign of Queen Elizabeth ? What valuable in- strument was invented ? What influential company received its charter ? How many years did Shakespeare survive Queen Eliz- abeth ? XIII. For what purpose was the act of supremacy devised, and of what nature was it ? Relate the results of its opera- tion. XIV. What progress was made by England as a naval power, and in what way did men of education evince their eager- ness to advance knowledge r Who was the first Englishman that circumnavigated the globe ? What vegetables were intro- duced in this reign, and by whom ? Who first carried to- bacco to England ? Relate the inventions widen took place at this time with regard to dress, paper, telescopes, and watches ? Who invented decimal arith- metic ? When were knives first made in England ? What is said aoout intellectual free- dom ? What great public in- stitutions were founded in this reign ? What great fisheries were established ? What par- ticular branches of commerce were connected with Birming- ham, Sheffield, and Manchester? When were the first poor laws enacted ? What great library was formed at this time, and what powerful trading com- pany organized ? What colony was first inhabited during this reign ? XV. In what year did this great queen die ? In what way did she contribute to the pros- perity of her kingdom ? What great royal house terminated at her death ? ENGLISH HISTORY. 59 CHAPTER VI. THE HOUSE OF STUART. Began to reign. Died. James I a. ». 1603 a. d 1625. CHAKIBS 1 1025 1649. James I. BEGAN TO REIGN A. D. 1603. DIED 1625. I. King James L Mas the son of the unfortunate Mary, Queen of Scots, and, when the sceptre of Elizabeth descended to his hands, was reigning at Holyrood, under the title of King James VI. of Scotland. At the very commencement of his reign, a conspiracy which has never been sufficiently cleared up was set on foot by the Lords Grey and Cobham, and Sir Walter Raleigh. The two former were pardoned ; but Raleigh, the chivalrous poet, was executed in 1018, after many years of confinement. II. Two years after the accession of James L, (A. I). 1605.) discovery was made of the famous Gunpowder Plot, 1 a con- spiracy which terrified the whole nation, was designed to reestablish the Roman Catholic religion, and would, if suc- cessful, have proved the destruction of the King, Lords, and Commons of the realm. Many of the traitors associated in the enterprise were publicly executed : some died sword in hand ; and some received the royal pardon. Lord Cecil, the minister of Queen Elizabeth, filled the same office under James up to the period of his death, in 1 The Gunpowder Plot was projected by Robert Catcsby. His object was to blow up the King, Lords, and Commons with a mine of gunpowder, when they should be assembled at the opening of Parliament. Gathering an mud him a desperate band of conspirators, they hired a cellar directly under the House of Lords, put thirty-six barrels of gunpowder in it. and covered them over with coals and fagots. Just on the eve of its accomplishment, the plot was discovered, and Guy Fawkes, one of the conspirators, was taken with the matches for firing the magazine in his pocket. 60 OUTLINES OF 1612 ; but from that time the king and his Parliament were constantly at variance. He would fain have extended his royal prerogative to a point little short of despotism, and they were equally resolute to uphold their privileges and power. In 1614, Parliament withheld the sup] .lies, because James delayed to redress the grievances of which they com- plained ; and thus commenced the difficulties which proved so fatal to Charles I. In this reign (for the purpose of raising money) the king created the title of baronet, and sold it for the sum of £1000. Horse races were established at Newmarket. The circulation of the blood was discovered by Dr. Harvey, A. D. 1619. The broad siik manufacture was introduced. Copper half pence and farthings were coined for the first time. Logarithms were introduced by Napier, A. D. 1614. Buildings were built of brick ; the authorized translation of the Bible, as at present in use. was produced under the care of forty-seven divines ; the London New River Company was projected by Sir Hugh Middleton ; Homer was translated by Chapman ; and the Charterhouse School was founded by Mr. T. Sutton, who purchased the vast premises from the Duke of Norfolk, A. D. 1611. During this reign, were commenced the settlements of Virginia and New England. The king granted (A. D. 1606) a patent of Virginia to two companies, the London and the Plymouth. Under the auspices of the former, the settlement of Virginia was commenced, (A. D. 1607,) which was the first permanent English settlement in the United States. In 1620, a settlement was commenced at Plymouth, in Massa- chusetts, by a band of English Puritans. This sect first made their appearance during the reign of Mary. They were strenuous advocates of civil and religious liberty, and met with great persecution, which induced them to seek refuge in America. III. King James married the Princess Ann of Denmark, by whom he had four children. Two alone survived him, ENGLISH HISTORY. 61 namely, Charles, Prince of Wales, and Elizabeth, married to Frederic V., elector palatine of Bavaria, an unfortunate prince, whose dominions were confiscated by the emperor Ferdinand II., and whose posterity afterwards succeeded to the English sovereignty. James I. died in 1625, at the age of fifty-nine. Charles I. BEGAN TO REIGN A. D. 1625. DIED 1649. IV. Charles I. commenced his reign with groat ap- parent advantages of person, education, and position. He found the treasury of the country, however, in an impov- erished condition; and, being refused sufficient supplies by the Parliament, laid a heavy and unpopular tax upon the people, with the proceeds of which he fitted out a fleet for the invasion of Spain. This measure created great dis- content ; but instead of being warned by the murmurs of the nation, Charles Mas unjust and impolitic enough to persevere, and from 1629 to 1640 never called any Parliament, but raised money by means of an obsolete statute called the levy of ship money. It may be as well here to explain the nature of that tax. V. Three years after the king's accession, (A. D. 1628,) the Commons, in return for five subsidies, had induced him to sign that second great charter of English liberties known as the Petition of Right ; by which he bound himself to raise no taxes without the consent of Parliament, It was therefore in direct violation of his own treaty, that in 1629 royal writs were issued to the city of London, and to the towns along the coast, exacting a tribute of money for the purpose of equipping ships of war for the defence of the country. At first this step, though productive of much ill feeling between the king and the people, was yet tolerated, and had some excuse of precedent ; but Charles shortly ven- tured on a stretch of prerogative that no other sovereign, however arbitrary, had ever dared to contemplate. He sent s were taken by the anuv ? XVIII. What became of the Parliament ? What was the course taken by General Monk ? In what way ended the period of the Commonwealth ? What distinguished poet lived in the time of Cromwell ? CHAPTER VII THE HOUSE OF STUART, (continued.) Began to reign. Charles II a. d. 1660. James II « 1655. .. . Died Dethroned, 1GSS. Charles II. BEGAN TO REIGN A. D. 1660. DIED 1685. I. King Charles II. came to the throne amid the univer- sal rejoicings of a nation anxious to welcome the restoration of royalty. Commencing his reign with clemency and mod- eration, he passed an act of universal pardon, (excepting only the regicide judges and more furious republicans,) chose his first council indifferently from both loyalists and Presbyte- rians, and proclaimed entire liberty of opinion among his people. The body of Cromwell, however, was dug up, bung in chains at Tyburn, and buried under the gallows ; but was afterwards removed secretly, and re-interred, as some assert,, in the centre of Red Lion Square. ENGLISH HISTORY. G9 II. It was supposed, from this promising beginning, that Charles would be found an easy monarch, and that nothing affecting the religion or liberty of the nation need be feared at his hands. In this the public was disappointed. Having first of all disbanded the fine army of the Commonwealth, the king began to follow his father's evil example by forcing Episcopacy upon the Nonconformists. This step raised an outcry of discontent throughout the kingdom ; and in one day, about two thousand Presbyterian ministers gave up their ben- efices because they would not embrace a new faith ; and now the church of England began to persecute its former perse- cutors. III. He next declared war with Holland, (A. I). 1665,) and sent out an English fleet under the command of his brother, James, Duke of York. The ship of Admiral Op- dam, the Dutch commander, was blown up, and the victory of the English complete. IV. In the years 1665 and 1666, London became the scene of two fearful calamities, exceeding in horror any that were ever known to befall one city within so short a period. A mortal plague spread among all classes, and carried off in six months more than 100,000 human beings. They were buried in great pits dug about the neighborhood of Moorfields and Tothill Fields, and every night the dead carts traversed the melancholy streets, in which the unaccustomed grass grew rankly, and no other traffic now w r as known. Scarcely had this sickness begun to decline, when a fire, unexampled in Europe since the destruction of Rome under Nero, " laid in ruins the whole city, from the Tower to the Temple, and from the river to the purlieus of Smithfield." This conflagration destroyed four hundred streets, and thirteen thousand two hundred dwelling houses, beside eighty-nine churches, St. Paul's Cathedral, the Royal Exchange, the Custom House, Guildhall, and many other important public buildings. It lasted without intermission for four days, and was only stopped at last by the blowing up of houses. 6* 70 OUTLINES OF V. Taking advantage of this period of the national weak- ness and distress, the Dutch fleet, under command of Admi- ral De Ruyter, sailed up the Thames, (A. I). 1667,) and burned the ships of war which lay at Chatham. This was the first, and happily the last time that the roar of foreign guns was heard to echo through the streets of London. A dis- graceful peace was shortly afterwards concluded. VI. The great imposition known as the Popish Plot took place in 1678. A discreditable character, one Titus Oates, constructed a hideous fiction, which he found the nation only too ready to believe. He gave out that the Papists were preparing for the destruction of London by fire, the assassi- nation of the king, and the betrayal of the country into the hands of the French. Just at this juncture, the mysterious murder of Sir Eclmondsbury Godfrey, a Protestant magis- trate, lent all the coloring of truth to his assertions. Many innocent persons were in consequence arrested and executed, and among others the aged and illustrious Earl of Stafford fell a victim to calumny, and was beheaded on Tower Hill, December 29, 1680. VII. In the year 1679 was passed the habeas corpus act. This act, next in importance to Magna Charta, is one of the bulwarks of individual safety. So long as the statute remains in force, no subject of England can be detained in prison, except where such detention is shown to be justified by law. VIII. The Lords Shaftesbury and Russell, in conjunction with the Duke of Monmouth, the Earl of Essex, Algernon Sidney, and others, were discovered (A. D. 1680) to be the authors of a treasonable conspiracy, having for its object the death of the king. This was the famous Rye House Plot, so called from the conspirators' place of meeting. Length- ened trials ensued. Monmouth escaped ; Russell, the most popular man of his day, was executed in Lincoln's Inn Fields, July 21, 1683 ; the Earl of Essex was found with his throat cut in his cell at the Tower ; Shaftesbury absconded to Hol- land ; and Sidney suffered the extreme penalty of the law, December 7, 1683. ENGLISH HISTORY. 71 IX. The king was at this time, (A. D. 1685,) as absolute a sovereign as any in Em-ope ; but his power was destined not to be of long duration. Towards the beginning of February, 16So, he was attacked by what seemed to be a fit of apo- plexy, and soon after expired without a struggle. Before dying, he received the sacraments of the Romish church — an act which proved that although he had always passed for a Protestant king, he cherished another religion in his heart. Charles was fifty-nine years old at the time of his death, and had reigned twenty-five years. His character has been thus briefly summed up by a modern historian : " Charles was the falsest, meanest, merriest of mankind." l James II. BEGAN TO REIGN A. D. 1685. DETHRONED 1689. X. James II., brother to the late king, had distinguished himself as a naval commander, but was unpopular with the general public on account of his gloomy temper and the ill favor in which his religion was held. He had been brought up to the Roman Catholic persuasion, and his first acts were to go openly to mass, to sanction the erection of Jesuit col- leges, and to establish Roman Catholic bishops. These things much displeased the nation ; and so, when the Duke of Monmouth (an illegitimate son of the late king) came over to England, set up his standard in Dorsetshire, and claimed the crown, thousands flocked to his aid, and he found himself, in a very few days, at the head of a considerable army. He was defeated at Sedgemore, a village near Bridgewater, and being hotly pursued, was found concealed in a field, hidden among branches of fern, and utterly worn out with hunger 1 During this reign the English colonists in North America were greatly- increased in numbers ; but they did not escape persecution even in Ameri- ca. Several of the governors appointed by the crown had distinguished themselves by their oppressive measures ; and in 1683 Charles issued a writ withdrawing the several charters. This led to serious difficulties in the colonies. 72 OUTLINES OF and fatigue. Despite his supplications for mercy, James was inexorable, and the unhappy young man was executed, July 15, 1685. XI. The most savage persecutions followed. Twenty prisoners were hung upon the field of battle ; but to the in- famous memory of Judge Jeffreys (the most bloodthirsty of legal murderers) belong the chief horrors of what has been called the English reign of terror. Hundreds of victims, old and young, were sacrificed for having been implicated in the rebellion ; and in Scotland people were hanged and drowned for refusing to repeat the Creed. The English fleet mutinied because James had ordered mass to be read on board the vessels, and the Bishop of London was suspended from office. XII. The king next issued a proclamation of entire liberty of conscience to his subjects — a proceeding which, although it bore a fair appearance, was known to be solely put forward for the favoring of Roman Catholicism. Seven bishops of the church of England undertook to deliver a remonstrance to the king, especially concerning that clause of his proclama- tion in which he desired that it should be read in all the churches upon the conclusion of divine service. For this courageous resistance, the bishops were arrested and thrown into the Tower, (June 29, 1688 j) but, being acquitted upon their trial, were regarded as the saviours of the Protestant religion, and were met every where by rejoicing thousands. XIII. It was while affairs were in this position that the eyes of all men were turned for deliverance to William, Prince of Orange, who had married Mary, the eldest daugh- ter of James. This wise and politic prince, being invited over by the clergy and the people, left Holland with a fleet of five hundred vessels and an army of fourteen thousand men, and landed at Torbay on the 5th of November, 1688. Here he was joined by the nobility, -clergy, and military ; even by Lord Churchill, who owed every thing to the bounty of the king ; and by Prince George of Denmark and his wife, the Princess Anne, second daughter to James. ENGLISH HISTORY, 76 XIV. In this manner the crown changed hands without the striking of a blow. James was confined at Rochester, but was permitted to escape to France, where he afterwards died ; and the Prince and Princess of Orange were proclaimed joint king and queen of England on the 13th February, 1689. QUESTIONS TO CHAPTER VII. I. With what measures did Charles commence his reign? What indignities were offered to the bodyof Cromwell ? II. By what unpopular meas- ure did 'Charles lose the good opinion of the people ? How were his commands received by the Presbyterian ministers ? III. In what year was war declared with Holland, and how ended the first engagement ? IV. What calamity befell London in 1665 ? When did the great fire take place ? How long did it last, and what was the extent of the destruction ? V. In what way did the Dutch take advantage of the distress, and in what year ? VI. When was the Popish Plot set on foot, and by whom ? Relate the purport of Oates's statements. When was the Earl of Stafford beheaded ? VII. In what year was the habeas corpus act passed ? What is the purport of the act ? VIII. What illustrious gen- tlemen were concerned in the Rye House Plot? What were their respective fates ? IX. What was the power of the king at this time ? When did he die ? What was the cause of his death ? What sac- raments did he receive ? What was his age ? How long had he reigned? What was his character ? X. By whom was Charles succeeded ? With what acts did James commence his reign ? How was the insurrection of Monmouth received by the peo- ple ? How did his rebellion terminate, and what was his end? XI. How did the king's army treat the prisoners? What in- famous judge was appointed to try the rebels ? What were the cruel results ? What took place in the English fleet, and what bishop was suspended from office ? XII. What was the real ten- dency of the king's order re- specting liberty of conscience ? Who protested against it ? How w r as this remonstrance received ? What was the event of the trial ? XIII. To whom did the peo- ple look for assistance ? With what army and how many ships did Prince William leave Hol- land ? When and where did he land ? By whom was his stan- dard joined ? XIV. Did the crown change hands easily ? What became of James ? When were the new sovereigns proclaimed ? 74 OUTLINES OP CHAPTER VIII. UNITED HOUSES OF STUART AND NASSAU. Began t<> reign. Died. King William IIL a. d. 1689 1702. QtJBKR Mary II . li 1(389 1694. Queen Anne, " 1702 1714 William III. BEGAN TO REIGN A. D. 1689. DIED 1702. I. William IIL, throughout his reign in England, (for Queen Mary had little to do with affairs of state, and died before her husband,) was troubled with treachery at home and warfare abroad. A great war with France continued nearly the whole time ; 1 and not only his crown, but his life, was sev- eral times attempted by the emissaries of the exiled James. The latter went over to Ireland in the spring of 1689, raised an army of forty thousand men, and besieged Londonderry. Failing in his attempt to reduce that city, he was forced to retreat with a loss of nine thousand men, and being met on the banks of the River Boyne (June 30, 1690) by King Wil- liam and his army, was signally defeated. II. The late king was not yet discouraged by these failures, but fought a last battle at Aughrim, and was forced to re- treat to Limerick. Here, finding all chance of victory gone, his adherents capitulated, and above fourteen thousand of them followed him to France. III. William of Orange was a great general, and the bra- vest of soldiers. War was his element, and in raising sum6 1 This war between England and France extended to their colonial pos- sessions in America, known in American liistory as King William's War. In the commencement of this war the French and Indians perpetrate! the most horrid barbarities upon the settlements in the northern colonies. In Dover, New Hampshire, a garrison was surprised, and many of the inmates were murdered or carried into captivity. Schenectady, New York, was burned, and most of the inhabitants inhumanly massacred. SNGLISX1 HISTORY. 75 for the prosecution of his military plans, he plunged the government into that great national debt which it has never since been able to discharge. Peace was, however, concluded at ltyswick, after eight years of bloodshed, (September 22, 1697 ;) and on the 8th of March, 1702, England lost this remarkable and celebrated sovereign. He was just fifty-two years of age, and was succeeded by his wife's sister, the sec- ond daughter of King James. Among the distinguished persons who lived during this reign were Dryden, Sir Isaac Newton, John Locke, Archbishop Tillotson, and Bishop Burnet. Anne. began to reign a. d. 1702. died 1714. IV. ANNE now reigned in England, and her reign is the history of constant but brilliant warfare. The court of Ver- sailles had acknowledged Charles Edward, the son of James II., as Prince of Wales. Queen Anne felt this to be both a political and personal insult, and declared for war. Lord Churchill, now Duke of Marlborough, received the command of the English army, as well as that of the Dutch, who sided with England. The Germans joined the alliance ; the Neth- erlands were speedily cleared of the invader ; several towns were taken by siege ; and the first of a series of splendid victories was fought at Blenheim, August 2, 1704. In this year, also, the fortress of Gibraltar was taken by Sir G. Rooke, and has remained in possession of England ever since. V. The next great victory which brought glory to Marl- borough was the famous battle of Ramillies, (May 23, 1706;) and in the autumn of the same year were finally united the kingdoms of England and Scotland. Though these two countries had since the accession of James I. acknowledged but one sovereign, they had enjoyed separate laws and sepa- rate Parliaments ; now both were represented at Westmin- ster, and the union was ratified as it still exists. 76 OUTLINES OF VI. The year 1708 was signalized by the victory of Ou- denarde, gained by the Duke of Marlborough ; which was followed, in 1709, by the equally brilliant battle of Malpla- quet. Shortly after this, by a system of court intrigues the particulars of which would detain us too long in this place, the Duke of Marlborough and his wife (to whom the queen had been greatly attached) fell into disgrace. The great general was dismissed from his command, and a treaty of peace was entered upon at the celebrated conference of Utrecht. By this instrument, signed in April, 1713, Eng- land's glory and interest were secured. To her jurisdiction France resigned Hudson's Bay, Nova Scotia, and Newfound- land. 1 Spain relinquished Gibraltar and Minorca; and the fortifications of Dunkirk, which might have proved dangerous to her trade in time of war, were demolished. The rest of Europe was dealt by with equal fairness. VII. Soon after this event the health of Queen Anne de- clined, and on the 31st of July, 1714, she died, at the age of forty-nine. She had reigned for twelve years, was much be- loved by the people, and went by the glorious and enviable title of " the good Queen Anne." During her reign Addi- son, Steele, Pope, Bolingbroke, Gay, Swift, Prior, and other famous wits and poets, ^hose works are considered to be the national classics, lived and wrote. This epoch is styled the Augustan age of English literature. 1 This war is known in American history as " Queen Anne's "War." Be- fore the commencement of hostilities New York had concluded a treaty of neutrality between the Five Nations and the French governor in Canada ; the whole weight of the Avar, therefore, fell upon New England. In 1701 the citizens despatched an armament against Port Royal, in Nova Scotia; and having taken possession of the place, they called it Annapolis, in honor of Queen Anne. During the war the New England colonies suffered greatly from the incursions of the French and Indians from Canada; but after the treaty of Utrecht was known in America, the Indians sued for peace. After this the colonies enjoyed comparative quiet and prosperity for nearly thirty years. ENGLISH HISTORY. 77 QUESTIONS TO CHAPTER VIII. I. Was the reign of Wil- liam peaceful and prosperous ? Whither did James repair? What army did he assemble, and what town besiege ? When was the battle of the Boyne fought, and with what suc- cess ? II. When did James fight his last battle ? What took place at Limerick ? III. What was the cause of the national debt ? When and •where was peace concluded ? When did William die ? What was his age, and by whom was he succeeded ? IV. Why did Queen Anne declare war with France ? Who became allies with the English, and who was appointed com- mander-in-chief ? What success had Marlborough in the Nether- lands, and when did he win his first great victory ? What other made important acquisition in this year ? V. What was the next victo- ry gained by Marlborough ? What great legal event took place in the autumn of 1706 ? What had been the points of separation between England and Scotland ? In what way were they removed ? VI. What were the two great victories of 1708 and 1709 ? How did it happen that Marl- borough lost his command ? Where was the peace conference held ? What glorious conces- sions were made by France and Spain to the arms of England ? VII. When did Queen Anne die ? What was her age ? By what popular name was she known ? What celebrated liter- ary characters lived during the reign ? By what name is the a. 1820. a. d. 1830. William IV « 1830 1837. Victoria I ' ; 1837 reigning. George IV. BEGAN TO REIGN A. D. 1820. DIED 1830. I. George IV., fourth sovereign of the House of Bruns- wick, succeeded to the throne. As prince regent, during the last ten years of his father's life, when mental and bodily infirmity had rendered that aged monarch incapable of gov- erning, George IV. had virtually been king of England long before he wore the crown. He was a man of polished and fascinating manners, but heartless as Charles L, and profligate as Charles II. The first act of his reign was to exclude his wife's name 1 from the liturgy of the chinch, and to seek a divorce by means of accusations against her, which, even though they might be only too true, should never have met the public ear. She came over to England, where her cause was espoused by the populace, and took up her residence at Hammersmith. Although the ministers declined to proceed for a bill of divorce, it was decided by law that she could not claim the honors of coronation, to which, as queen consort, she enjoyed a prescriptive, but not a judicial right. Being, however, ill advised by her supporters, she presented herself at the doors of Westminster Abbey, July 19, 1821, just as the p ceremony was about to commence. Her demand for admission was refused, and after a lengthened and undignified altercation, she retired, only to die within a few days, of shame, mortification, and a broken heart. II. In the year 1822, disease, famine, and rebellion spread through Ireland. O'Connell made himself conspic- 1 Caroline of Brunswick. 94 OUTLINES OF uous among the disaffected ; the cry for Catholic emancipa- tion rose alike from all quarters, from Brow Head in Cork to Fair Head in Antrim ; and a grant of £300,000 was sent over from England to the relief of the distressed peasantry. III. The prevailing liberality of opinion having extended to the shores of Greece, that oppressed nation now made a desperate effort to throw off the yoke of Turkey. In the year 1824, Lord Byron, accompanied by several Englishmen of talent and position, went over to their assistance ; but the noble poet was not destined to witness the success of the great enterprise which he had embraced. He died at Mis- solonghi, on the 19th April, 1824. The following year was remarkable for a great panic in the money market, and for the failure of many banking houses, joint stock companies, &c. By engaging in such ill-judged speculations, many thou- sands were ruined, and the national misery that ensued was without a parallel since the bursting of the South Sea bubble. TV. The struggle between Greece and Turkey had now, by its long continuance, attracted the attention of Europe, and determined the leading powers to interfere for the protection and liberation of the former. The combined fleets of Eng- land, France, and Russia sailed, accordingly, into the port of Navarino, October 20, 1827 ; blew up, captured, and almost annihilated the Turkish navy, under Ibrahim Pacha ; and con- firmed the independence of the nation which they came to deliver. V. It became daily more and more evident that Ireland would never be otherwise than disaffected and unsettled, so long as the law excluded Roman Catholics from the just privileges of the king's subjects. At tins period, to believe in transubstantiation and the infallibility of the pope, was to be excluded from Parliament, to be denied the possession of arms, to be ineligible for all corporate offices, such as that of mayor, sheriff, &c. ; and, in short, to be subject to such a host of indignities as even, at this brief distance of time, we feel almost difficult of belief. In the month of February. ENGLISH HISTORY. 05 1829, this important question was brought before the House of Commons, and, in the month of April, was carried by a large majority in the House of Lords, when it became a law, known as the Roman Catholic emancipation act. All sub- jects of Great Britain were henceforth equals throughout the country. VI. In the early part of 1800, the king's health began to decline, and, after a lingering illness of some months, he expired at Windsor on the 20th of June. William IV. BEGAN TO REIGN A. D. 1830. DIED 1837. VII. King William IV., late Duke of Clarence, and brother to George IV., now succeeded to the crown. The year 1832 is famous for the great reform of Parliament, car- ried by the king and the t Commons against the strenuous opposition of the Lords. Thereby Parliament was put upon a basis of security, in accordance with the public wish; many evils were swept away, and a valuable power of further re- form was vested in the nation. The franchise was removed from barely-populated to thickly-inhabited towns, and bri- bery at elections was made punishable. VIII. The year 1834 was signalized by the act by which slavery was abolished throughout the colonies. The sum of £20,000,000 sterling was granted by Parliament for compen- sation to the masters of the liberated slaves ; and on August 1, 1834, no less than 770,280 became free men — a number equal to one third of the population of London. IX. In 1837 the health of William IV. was observed to fail rapidly, and on the 20th of June he died, much regretted, after a brief and prosperous reign, during which he had aided to advance the liberties of his people, and succeeded in at- taching to his memory the respect of posterity. 96 OUTLINES OF Victoria I. BEGAN TO REIGN A. D. 1837. X. In the nineteenth year of her age, when England was at peace with the world, when the legislative meas- ures of the preceding reigns had ceased to provoke hos- tilities, and already begun to manifest their beneficial results, Queen Victoria I. ascended the throne, and her uncle, the Duke of Cumberland, immediately departed to take pos- session of the kingdom of Hanover, now severed from the British empire by the operation of the Salic law, which ex- cludes females from the crown. Lower Canada was at this time in a state of actual revolt ; but the rebels, being de- feated, fled to the United States, (Jan., 1838,) and the British Parliament united the two provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, thereby restoring tranquillity and abolishing party spirit. In this year the queen's coronation took place ; the great 'Affghanistan war commenced in the East Indian terri- tories, and war with China was declared. XL A society called Chartism was formed in the year 1839, chiefly among the working classes, for the furtherance of a scheme of universal suffrage, which they imagined was to redress all their grievances, and which they proceeded to enforce by assembling in different parts of the country, with guns, pikes, and other weapons. On the 4th of Novem- ber of this year they met, to the number of ten thousand, and, headed by one Frost, made an attack upon Newport, but were defeated and put to flight by a detachment of the forty-fifth regiment, stationed in that town. Three of the leaders were seized and condemned to death ; but the sen- tence was subsequently commuted to transportation for life. In the early part of the following year, (1840,) her majesty was married to Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. An expedition sent out to China reduced that country to submis- sion. Canton was occupied by English forces, and the em- peror was compelled to pay six millions of dollars for the expenses of the war, before the city was restored to him. ENGLISn HISTORY. 07 XII. In the mean time, the Anglo-Indian army achieved some success at Candabar and Cabul, but, in the year 1842, met with serious reverses. An insurrection broke out at Ca- bul, the British envoy was assassinated, their army almost cut to pieces, and the melancholy remnant obliged to retreat before the enemy. Lord Ellenborough was then sent out as Governor General ; two armies were despatched against the Affghan forces ; the fortifications of Cabul were destroyed, the Affghans conquered, and the national honor retrieved. China having broken faith with England, a small fleet, com- manded by Admiral Parker, won a series of brilliant victo- ries, took seven of their great commercial cities, exacted a compensatory tribute of 21,000,000 dollars, and took perma- nent possession of the valuable Island of Hong Kong. XIII. In the year 1844 began a brief but sanguinary war- fare between the government and the Sikh tribes of India. Five great battles were fought, many thousands of lives were sacrificed, and the victories were purchased by sad losses. Peace was concluded with the Sikhs in February, 1846. Just one year previously (1845) the corn laws were repealed, and the people received the blessing of cheap bread. XIV. It need scarcely be said that the year 1851 is fa- mous for the peace of all nations, and for the opening of the Industrial Exhibition called the Crystal Palace, in Hyde Park. This superb building consisted entirely of glass and iron, cov- ered nineteen acres of ground, contained one million square feet of flooring, and was erected at a cost of £79,800. The roof alone comprised seventeen acres of glass, and more than four thousand tons of iron were used in the structure. Here were assembled the wealth, ingenuity, and industry of the world, from the rude implements of Avarfare wielded by the native of the Pacific Islands to the thrice refined luxuries of European civilization. Here might be seen at one time travellers from the most opposite hemispheres, who, with the people of England, were alike employed in the study of the useful and the beautiful. Towards the close of the year the 03 OUTLINES OF materials of this building were sold for £70,000 to the new Crystal Palace Company, by whom the present gigantic exhi- bition was erected at Sydenham, in Surrey. It is designed as a place of permanent recreation for the citizens of Lon- don, and not only far exceeds the former palace in size and beauty, but is surrounded by gardens and promenades, and contains the finest fountains in England. In this year, also, the communication by means of electric telegraph was per- fected between England and France. XV. On the 14th September, 1852, died suddenly, at AVal- mer Castle, Arthur, Duke of Wellington, the great general who never was defeated in a battle, and whose memory is forever famous as the conqueror of Napoleon. He was buried with great pomp in St. Paul's Cathedral, November 18, 1852. XVI. The year 1854 is among the most memorable which we have had to record since the conquest of England by the Romans. For nearly twenty years England had been at peace with Europe. The heroes of the Peninsula belonged to a fast-ebbing generation, and such as yet survived were old men, decorated by honorable medals. Corn had been reaped upon the field of Waterloo ; Napoleon and Wellington were both gone, and their ashes rested in Paris and in London. All was long past, and " on earth peace and good will towards men " seemed to have become an abiding blessing. But in the midst of tranquillity came injustice and strife. The Emperor Nicholas of Russia, whose territories are equal in size to all the rest of Europe put together, claimed power over two thirds of the population of Turkey, under the pre- text that all Greeks were of the same religion as himself, and that therefore all Greeks bom in the sultan's domin- ions should acknowledge him as their protector and the head of their church. In the mean time he seized on Moldavia and Wallachia as hostages for the sultan's consent — two provinces which, together, comprise a larger extent of coun- try than England and Wales, and which contain about one million four hundred and fifty thousand souls. To this de- ENGLISH HISTORY. 09 mand the sultan sent a spirited defiance, and after three or four brilliant actions, Omar Pacha, the Turkish general, suc- ceeded in driving the Russians back from Wallachia and Mol- davia. England and France now thought it time to inter- fere, and being roused to just indignation by the affair of Sinopc, in which five thousand Turks, resolved to dispute the aggressions of Nicholas, were massacred by a Russian fleet, war was declared towards the end of March, 1854. England and France allied their fleets and armies in the cause, and from England to Malta, from Malta to Gallipoli, the English sent ships and soldiers to the relief of the Ottoman empire. XVII. The first blow of the late war was struck in the Black Sea, March 22, 1854. Admirals Dundas and Hame- lin approached Odessa, a great commercial port of the Eux- ine, and upon the refusal of the governor to give up all ships lying in the harbor, a vigorous bombardment from both fleets ensued. After a time two powder magazines exploded, the fortifications were destroyed, thirteen ships laden with munitions of war were captured, and the allies drew off in triumph, with a loss of only five men. XVIII. The armies now encamped at Varna and in the unhealthy valleys adjacent, where the cholera broke out and committed fearful ravages among the brave men. The English army alone lost between seven hundred and eight hundred. In the mean time the Russian forces had laid siege to Silistria, a garrison manned by eight thousand Turks, and situated on the south bank of the Danube. For more than two months the soldiers of the Emperor Nicholas lay behind their earthworks in front of this fortress, mining, cannonading, and assaulting the defenders, and still were constantly repulsed. At length, on the 28th June, a last and grand assault was led up by Prince Paskiewitch, Count OrlofT, and General Gortschakoff. The Turks triumphantly repulsed them. OrlofT was killed ; the other leaders seriously wound- ed ; the troops fled in confusion across the river, and the 100 OUTLINES OF siege wtis raised. More than tliirty thousand Russians per- ished in this enterprise. XIX. The allies next determined on an invasion of the Crimea, a peninsula which was the very stronghold of the Russian power in the Black Sea, and defended by the strong- est and most richly stored arsenal in the world. On the 7th September, 18.34, the great fleet, nearly four hundred vessels, set sail from Varna, and on the 14th instant the army was landed about eight miles from Eupatoria. On the 20th the allies attacked the enemy, then drawn up in great strength among their batteries and entrenchments along the steep banks of the little River Alma. The Russians num- bered fifty-four thousand men, the allies about fifty thousand. The French commenced the attack, and being followed up by the English, drove the Russians from their admirable po- sition, pursued them down the hill, and after a contest of only three hours, achieved one of the noblest victories in the annals of Britain's wars. The allies lost six hundred and nine men, and twenty-six hundred and ninety-nine were wounded. The Russian loss w r as stated to be seventeen hundred and sixty-two killed and twenty-seven hundred and twenty wounded ; but it is likely that their disasters were more serious still. On the 23d the allies marched southwards, and on Monday the 25th arrived before the fishing port of Balaklava, which, after a faint show of resistance, surrendered unconditionally. The brave little garrison were sent as pris- oners to Constantinople, and the army took up its quarters in the deserted lanes and hovels of the town. XX. From this time the engineers and soldiers were actively employed in making intrenchments and earthworks before Sebastopol. Here they mounted guns, and every day crept nearer and nearer the forts of the enemy. Continual efforts to harass the working parties in the trenches, to sur- prise them in their lines at night, to pour out suddenly by day, and to bombard them fiercely from their innumerable forts, were made by the Russians, and still the allies kept building ENGLISH HISTORY. 101 up their batteries, till they got near enough to fire upon them in their turn. On the 17th October the guns of the allied army opened on Sebastopol, and the siege began. XXI. The Russians, who had several times made their appearance as if to offer battle, and as frequently retreated, at length came out in great force, (October 25, 1854,) and drove the Turks, like sheep, from their batteries round the valley of Balaklava. The English were immediately apprised of this imminent danger ; the Highlanders repulsed the mount- ed Russians with astonishing coolness and skill ; the English dragoons met theirs at full gallop, and after a desperate hand- to-hand conflict, put them utterly to flight ; the English light brigade, by a fatal mistake of the order given, was cut to pieces while performing incredible feats of valor, and amid glo- ry, and carnage, and defeat, — which could scarcely be called defeat when so bravely contested, — this battle of Balaklava ended. The Russians had gained the advantage. They had dismantled the forts, nearly destroyed their light cavalry, and gained the main road from Balaklava to Sebastopol. The allies had lost ten officers, and one hundred and forty- seven men. Still the name of Balaklava is as glorious as that of many victories. XXII. It was about this time that Miss Nightingale, th& heroine of the war, set sail from England, accompanied by a body of nurses, for the humane object of attending to the suffering Ibldiers. Immense assistance of clothes, wine, and other necessaries was sent out by the Times' fund, and a considerable improvement in the hospital, laundry, and med- ical departments followed. XXIII. The morning of the 5th of November was gray and drizzly, when the Russians attacked the position of the besiegers near the bridge of the Tchernaya at Inkermann. Crossing the bridge unseen, they advanced in enormous bodies upon the advanced pickets, which were forced slowly to retreat. The firing aroused the other divisions of the army from sleep ; but before they could arrive, the Russians 9 102 OUTLINES OF had once seized, once been expelled, and once more forced the works, pursuing the brave soldiers towards their camp. By this time the generals had reached the scene ; the Guards, the infantry regiments, and the sixty thousand Russians were soon fighting desperately in innumerable groups, as if twenty battles were going on at once ; for long hours the frightful contest lasted, and the English heroes were gradually giving ground to the foe, when the French, who had been drawn off to the defence of Balaklava, came up at full speed. Eng- lish and French together charged upon the enemy, and at the point of the bayonet, drove them down the hill. The French batteries opened an irresistible fire on the retreat- ing masses, and the battle of Inkermann, after a strug- gle of twelve hours, was won. Eight thousand English and six thousand French had defeated fifty thousand Russians, with a loss of four hundred and sixty-two killed and nine- teen hundred and fifty-two wounded. XXIV. On the 2d March, 1855, died Nicholas, Emperor of all the Russias. This great event made no change, how- ever, in the affairs of the war, which his son and successor pledged himself to continue. About this time an electric telegraph was established at the Crimea, as well as a railway for the conveyance of stores, &c, from Balaklava to the camp. Reinforcements, too, were forwarded to the seat of war, and before May had arrived, the sickness had disap- peared, the men were well provided with necessaries, and not less than one hundred and fifty thousand of the best soldiers in the world were again bombarding Sebastopol. XXV. On the 18th of June, after many varying sorties and assaults, the French and English generals determined on an attack of the Malakhoff and Redan towers — an enterprise which disastrously failed, and ended with a loss of more than five hundred killed and two thousand wounded. On the 28th inst., Lord Raglan, after some days of illness, died, universally regretted throughout the army, and was succeed- ed in his command by General Simpson. ENGLISH HISTORY. 103 XXVI. The English works approached nearer every day to the walls of Sebastopol. Fifteen thousand well-disci- piined soldiers from the little kingdom of Sardinia arrived to the assistance of the allies, under the command of Gen- eral de la Marmora, and were encamped with the English cavalry in the valley of the Tchernaya. Here, on the 16th of August, they were attacked by the enemy in great force ; large bodies of men crossed the river, and, fancying they were to have an easy conquest, advanced up the hill to the French centre. Down came the French, literally hurling them back by the force of their charge. Hundreds of the enemy were crushed, rolled into the water, and put to flight ; and as they rushed confusedly back across the river, the Sardinian batteries mowed them down like grass. In this decisive battle the Russians left three thousand dead on the field, and four hundred were taken prisoners. XXVH. On Wednesday, September 5, the final bom- bardment of Sebastopol began. The first day's work was tremendous, and many fires were observed within the walls both on Thursday and Friday. Towards the afternoon of the latter a Russian powder magazine blew up, which must have done the besiegers appalling service. Thus it went on, and a thousand a day were lulled or disabled by the balls and shells of the besiegers. No garrison could long withstand so deadly an attack. On Saturday, the 8th, the allied armies combined in a gigantic assault, which at the very commence- ment was signalized by the gallantry with which the French troops took the Malakhoff bastion, and planted the tricolor in view of Sebastopol. The English now attacked the Re- dan, but were repulsed ;, and the Little Redan withstood the attack of the French. The French likewise attacked the cen- tral bastion, but were defeated and forced to retreat. General Pelissier was now established in the Malakhoff; and Prince Gortschakoff, aware that this success insured the capture of the town, resolved to leave it. That night, favored by the darkness, he withdrew his troops across the river in fine order, 104 OUTLINES OF by means of a bridge of rafts ; the inhabitants of the town were removed in boats and steamers ; the retreat was guarded by General Schepeleff, who prevented the French from advanc- ing into the town ; and then, as the last of the Russians withdrew, the bridge was destroyed and the buildings of Sebas- topol set on fire, in order that nothing might be left to the conquerors save such ruin, and flame, and desolation as met Napoleon and his army in the streets of Moscow. One by one, forts, batteries, and sailing vessels in the harbor blew up with loud explosions, or sent forth vivid flames. Next morn- ing the victors entered the town. Churches and palaces, all blackened and ruined, stood around, and were visited with eager curiosity. A few days later, and the allied armies oc- cupied Sevastopol, after a siege of nearly twelve months, after four bombardments and three great battles, after a loss of nearly twenty-seven hundred in the last attack, and a total loss on all sides, — English, French, and Russian, — both within and without the walls of Sevastopol, of something like one hundred thousand men. Thus ended the greatest siege of modem history. XXVIII. On the 10th of November, 1855, General Simpson resigned the command of the British army in the Crimea, and was succeeded by Sir William Codrington. On the 17th of October, the allied fleet captured the forts at Kinburn, at the mouth of the Dnieper, having a garrison of 1400 men under General Kokonovitch. Kars, in Armenia, an important stronghold defended by 28,000 Turkish soldiers, having been completely blockaded from the middle of July by the Russian General Muravieff with 35,000 men, surrendered on the 29th of November, under the pressure of famine. In the preceding Sep- tember, a desperate attack on this place, by the Russians, was bravely repulsed, the assailants leaving 5000 dead on the field. The loss of the Turks was about 1000 dead and wounded. In December, Austria sent proposals of peace, which had been sanctioned by the allies, to St. Petersburg. These proposals were accepted by the Em- ENGLISH HISTORY. 105 peror of Russia as a basis of negotiations, and on the 26th of February, 1S56, plenipotentiaries of the Great Powers assembled at Paris in conference. A treaty of peace was signed on the 30th of March, by which the ter- ritorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire was guaranteed, the Black Sea opened to the commerce of every nation, and the freedom of the navigation of the Danube secured. XXIX. On the 8th of October, 1856, the Chinese au- thorities at Canton seized the crew of a small trading vessel, owned and manned by Chinese, but under the pro- tection of the British flag, which seizure led to hostil- ities. France immediately took sides with Great Britain, and on the 29th of December, 1857, the city of Canton was captured by the French and English forces. The allied squadron then advanced up the Pei-ho River to the city of Tien-tsin, at which place a treaty of peace was signed on the 26th of June, 1858. A new treaty was also obtained this year from the Tycoon (Emperor) of Japan, by which several of its jealously-closed ports were thrown open to English commerce. In June, 1859, the French and English forces accompanying the French and English ambassadors who had been appointed to obtain the ratification of the treaty with China, were obstructed in their passage up the Pei-ho, on their way to Pekin, and on attempting to proceed by force, they were repulsed with the loss of several hundred men. An expedition was im- mediately fitted out by France and England to avenge this insult. The first engagement of importance was the capture of the Taku forts, containing about four hundred guns, at the mouth of the Pei-ho, on the 21st of August, I860, after a determined resistance by the Chinese. The allied forces then occupied Tien-tsin, and advanced upon Pekin, which was surrendered on the 12th of October, under the fear of bombardment. The summer palace of the emperor, which contained all the luxuries that Chinese art and wealth could furnish, was plundered and totally 9* 106 OUTLINES OF destroyed. On the 24th of October, 1860, peace was con- cluded, and the Chinese were compelled to pay a large indemnity to France and England, to tolerate Christianity in the empire, and to concede important commercial priv- ileges. A war with Persia also began in 1856, by a quar- rel with the English minister at Teheran, and terminated March 4, 1857, after repeated victories of the English troops in the south of Persia, under the command of Generals Outram and Havelock. XXX. The year 1857 was sadly distinguished by the mutiny of the native army of Bengal. At this time, the Bengal army consisted of nearly 120,000 native or Sepoy troops, and about 22,000 European troops. A new kind of rifle, called the Enfield rifle, was introduced, at the beginning of the year, for the use of the army, and the cartridges to be used with the rifles were made up with greased paper. A report spread among the Sepoys that the paper was greased with a mixture of cow and pork fat, a composition which would, as the cartridges in loading had to be torn with the teeth, cause them to lose caste ; for the Hindoo regards the cow with religious ven- eration, and the Mohammedan looks upon the hog with abhorrence. Other causes undoubtedly aided to bring about this revolt. During the first four months of the year, ill-feeling and insubordination were manifested by single regiments at different stations, and on the 10th of May a formidable rising took place at Meerut, thirty-eight miles north-east of Delhi. The mutineers, after murdering many European officers, together with women and chil- dren, marched to Delhi, where they were joined by the native regiments there, and the massacre of the European residents began. Men, women, and children were bru- tally cut to pieces. Similar shocking massacres were committed at Cawnpore and at other places. Soon a great army of rebels flocked from all quarters to Delhi, the ancient capital of the Mogul emperors. Immediately ENGLISH IIISTORY. 107 the flames of insurrection leaped from post to post throughout the length and breadth of Bengal, and by the end of December seventy-six regiments of Sepoys had mutinied, and twenty-seven had been disarmed or dis- banded. The first movements of the English were against Delhi, the focus of insurrection, which was stormed on the 14th of September, 1857, after a siege of three months, conducted successively by Generals Barnard, Reed, and Wilson. The heroic defence of the Res- idency at Lucknow is known wherever the English lan- guage is read. In this stronghold a small garrison, encumbered with helpless women and children, kept at bay, for nearly three months, the swarming thousands of ferocious rebels who thirsted for their blood. A small relieving force, under the gallant Generals Havelock and Outram, forced its way into the Residency on the 25th of September, 1857, and on the 17th of November, Sir Colin Campbell, the commander-in-chief, after heroic fighting, reached the garrison with sufficient force to ena- ble it to remove i n safety. Meanwhile reinforcements were pouring into Calcutta. From the 1st of July to the end of September, more than 30,000 troops had left Eng- land for the East. On December 6, Sir Colin Campbell defeated the Nena Sahib with 25,000 rebels at Cawnpore, and after severe fighting he gradually conquered Lucknow in March, 1858. The last desperate stand of the mutiny was made at Gwalior, which was taken by Sir Hugh Rose, June 20, and in the course of the spring and summer of 1859, the whole population was disarmed. One important result of this mutiny has been the transfer of the govern- ment of India from the East India Company to the crown. XXXI. In 1857-8 a submarine cable was laid between Ireland and Newfoundland, by means of which telegraphic communication was established between Europe and Amer- ica. The electric communication was, however inter- rupted after a short time, the most powerful batteries failing to produce intelligible signals. 108 OUTLINES OF XXXII. In 1858 Jews were admitted to Parliament. On the 28th December, 1859, died Baron Thomas Babing- ton Macaulay, the brilliant historian and essayist. On the 9th of July, 18G0, the Prince of Wales left England on a visit to the British North American Provinces and the United States. He was received with great enthusiasm in the various large cities which he visited. lie returned to England in November of the same year. On the 14th De- cember, 18G1, Prince Albert, consort of Queen Victoria, died at London, universally regretted. He was a man of liberal culture and refined taste, interested in the progress of the arts and sciences and in general philanthropic sub- jects. In 1SG1, the population of the United Kingdom was more than twenty-nine million persons. On the 1st of May, 1862, another great and successful international exhibition was opened at London. The building erected for this purpose is composed of brick, glass, and iron, and is of a more permanent character and considerably larger than the famous Crystal Palace of 1851. QUESTIONS TO CHAPTER X. I. For how long had George IV. At what determination IV. held the reins of power did the European powers arrive, before he ascended the thron*? and who were the allies ? When What was the first act of his was the battle of Xavarino reign ? By whom was the fought, and with what result ? queen's cause favored ? On V. What were the penalties what occasion did she go to to which Roman Catholics were Westminster Abbey, and what subject at this time ? When followed ? was the Roman Catholic enum- II. What disaster happened cipation act passed ? in Ireland in 1822 ? What VI. When did George IV. well-known character made die ? Who succeeded him ? himself conspicuous ? What VII. For what great meas- sum was granted for the relief ure is the year 1832 famous ? of the Irish ? What was the nature of the re- III. In what year did Greece form ? endeavor to throw off the Turk- VIII. In what year was sla- ish yoke ? What great poet very abolished ? What sum went to their assistance, and was paid to the slave owners, what was his fate ? What panic and how many men were set took place in the following year ? free ? ENGLISH HISTORY. 109 IX. When did William IV. die ? X. What was the age of Queen Victoria when she suc- ceeded to the throne, and in what condition was the British empire ? Why did the Duke of Cumberland become King of Hanover ? What was the state of Canada, and what measures were taken by Parliament to tranquillize that colony ? What ceremony took place in the year 1838, and what great wars were entered upon ? XI. What was Chartism, and what excesses did the Chartists commit ? In what year did the queen marry ? What Avas the result of the war in China ? XII. How did the Indian war progress in the mean time ? How did Lord Ellenborough retrieve the national honor ? Relate the events in China. XIII. In what year did the Sikh war begin ? How many battles were fought with these tribes, and with what success ? When was peace concluded ? When were the corn laws re- pealed ? XIV. For what event is 1851 celebrated ? Repeat the statis- tics of the Crystal Palace. What became of the materials ? What great vehicle of communication was this year established between England and France ? XV. When did the Duke of Wellington die ? When and where was he buried ? XVI. For how long had Eng- land now been at peace with Eu- rope ? What claims of the Empe- ror Nicholas provoked the late war ? What provinces did he seize ? What was the conduct of the sultan ? By what massacre were England and France roused to "indignation ? When was war declared, and what fol- lowed ? XVII. When was the first blow struck ? Describe the af- fair of Odessa. XVIII. Where did the ar- mies encamp ? How many died of cholera in the English army ? Where is Silistria ? How long did the Russians besiege it ? How did the siege terminate, and what were the numbers on each side ? XIX. What place did the allies invade, and when did they arrive there ? When did the battle of the Alma take place ? What were the numbers on each side ? Relate the order of the battle. What were the losses of the allies and Russians ? To what place did the army next proceed ? XX. What preparations were now made before Sebastopol ? When did the siege begin ? XXI. When was the battle of Balaklava fought ? What was the result? What were the English losses ? XXII. What noble lady now left England, and by whom was she accompanied ? What as- sistance was sent out through the Times' subscription ? XXIII. On what day was the battle of Inkermann fought ? How did the Russians advance ? What was the appearance of the battle ? How were the English relieved ? What was the end of the contest ? How long had it lasted, and what were the numbers on each side ? XXIV. When did the Empe- ror Nicholas die ? What effect had his death upon the war ? What useful works were estab- lished at the Crimea ? What was the strength and state of the armies at this time ? ' XXV. Relate the events of the 18th of June. When did Lord Raglan die ? Who suc- ceeded him in the command ? 110 OUTLINES OF ENGLISH HISTORY. XXVI. How many men were sent from Sardinia ? When did the battle of the Tchernaya take place ? How did it end ? How many Rus- sians were killed and taken ? XXVII. When did the final bombardment begin ? How many were killed daily by the missiles of the allies in Sebas- topol ? When was this great attack made ? What army took the Malakhoff? What success had the English ? What French general was es- tablished in the Malakhoff? What was the course pursued by the Russian commander ? By whom was the retreat guarded, and in what state did the Russians leave Sebastopol ? Plow long had the siege occu- pied ? How many bombard- ments and battles had there been ? How many were lost in the last attack ? How many had fallen* altogether, both within and without the walls, during this siege ? XXVIII. Who _ succeeded General Simpson in command of the British army in the Cri- mea ? What forts were cap- tured by the allied fleet? Where is Kinburn ? What stronghold was conquered by the Russians ? What country acted as mediator ? Where and when was the peace con- ference held ? When was the treaty signed ? What were the principal terms of the treaty ? XXIX. What was the cause of the war with China ? Who aided the English ? What city was first captured from the Chinese ? When and at what city was a treaty of peace signed ? Where is Tien-tsin ? What other treaty was made the same year ? What occa- sioned a continuation of hostil- ities ? What did the French and English then do ? Where was the first important en- gagement ? What was the result ? When did Pekin sur- render ? What about the em- peror's summer palace ? When was peace concluded, and on what terms ? What is said concerning the war with Persia ? XXX. For what was the year 1857 distinguished ? What was the number of the Sepoy and of the European troops at this time ? What was the cause of the mutiny ? Where did the first formidable rising take place ? What then happened ? What was the ex- tent of the mutiny ? What were the first movements of the English ? When and by whom was Delhi taken ? What is said about the defence of the Residency at Lucknow? Who was the commander-in- chief at this time ? How many troops were sent from England between the 1st of July and the end of September ? Who was defeated at Cawnpore ? Where was the last stand made ? What result of this mutiny is mentioned ? XXXI. What is said about the submarine cable ? XXXII. When were Jews admitted to Parliament ? When did Macaulay die? When did the Prince of Wales visit the British North Amer- ican Provinces and the United States ? When did Prince Albert die ? What is said about him ? What was the population of the United Kingdom in 1861 ? What is said about the international exhibition ? HISTORIES FOR SCHOOLS. FIRST LESSONS IN THE HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. By a Practical Teacher. 12mo. 196 pages. Price 50 cts. This little book, as its title indicates, is designed for beginners. It commences with the principal discoveries made in America, and continues with the settlement of the several colonies, bringing down the history of each until the period of the " French War ; " an account of the Revolutionary War ; the adoption of the Constitution, and the history of the several administrations to the present time. It contains the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States ; also a valuable Chronological Table. A HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. Revised from former editions, and brought down to the present time. By Charles A. Goodrich. 12mo., 425 pages. Price SI. 00. To those who have examined and used the old editions of Good- rich's History of the United States with Emerson's Questions, it will be unnecessary to say any thing in commendation of the book j for it is be- lieved that no work upon this subject has been so extensively circulated and used in schools as this : but to those who have not, the following description will be interesting. The work is divided into periods, as fol- lows : I. An Account of the Discoveries, extending from the Discovery of America, in 1492, to the first permanent English Settlement in Virginia ; 2. A Description of the several Settlements to the Declaration of War by England against France in 1756, called in this country " the French and Indian War ; " 3. A History of the French and Indian War ; 4. The Revolutionary War ; 5. The Adoption of the Constitution of the United States ; and the remaining periods contain the History of the several Ad- ministrations to the present time. It also contains a very interesting Retrospective View of the Progress of the United States for the last half century. A CHILD'S HISTORY OP ENGLAND. By Charles Dickens. 18mo., 687 pages. Price 75 cents. This book is designed for general reading, as well as for use in schools. It is written in the pecn- liar style of Mr. Dickens, and will interest adults as well as children. HISTORIES FOIR. SCHOOLS. A MANUAL OF UNITED STATES HISTORY FROM 1492 TO 1850. By Samuel Eliot, Professor of History and Literature, Trinity College, Hartford. 12mo., 500 pages. Price $1.25. This volume is just published, and the attention of professors of history in colleges, and of teachers in academies and high schools, is respectfully invited to it. Mr. Eliot is well known to the literary public as the author of a " History of Liberty." OUTLINES OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY FROM THE CREATION OF THE WORLD TO THE PRESENT TIME. By Dr. George Weber, Professor and Director of the High School, Heidelberg. 8vo., 575 pages. Price $2.00. The English edition of this work was translated by Dr. M. Behr, Pro- fessor of German Literature in Winchester College ; and the American edition was prepared by Professor Bowen, of Harvard College. This work has met with unprecedented favor, and has become the Standard Text Book in most of the Colleges, Academies, and High Schools in the United States. The recommendations received by the publishers would fill a volume. All unite in saying that it is the best compend of Universal History ever published. A HISTORY OF GREECE FROM THE EAR- LIEST TIMES TO THE ROMAN CONQUEST, WITH SUPPLEMENTARY CHAPTERS ON THE HISTORY OF LITERATURE AND ART. By Wil- liam SMITH, LL. D., Editor of the Dictionaries of" Greek and Roman Antiquities," " Biography and Mythology," and " Geography ; " with NOTES AND A CONTINUATION TO THE PRESENT TIME, by C. C. FELTON, LL. D., Eliot Professor of Greek Literature in Harvard College. Royal octavo, 681 pages, with upwards of one hundred en- gravings. Price $2.00. The names of the authors upon the title page will be the best recommendation that we can publish. It has become the standard work in the best colleges and schools in the United States. BLAIR'S CHRONOLOGY. 18mo., 240 pages. Price 38 cents. The merits of this little work are too well known to require a description. It should be in the hands of every student of history, as it will enable him to construct a framework in his mind which will be of immense service to him in after life in reading the history of the world. BREWER AND TILESTON. 131 Washington Street, Boston. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 020 946 250 HILLARD'S RttADUKb. NEW SERJKS. THE PRIMER OR FIRST READER, ILLUSTRATED. SECOND READER, ^ THIRD READER, FOURTH READER, INTERMEDIATE READER, FIFTH READER. SIXTH READER. 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