Class. A ;' Book o^s* P il HISTORICAL GUIDE ancient an* JRtfWhi DUBLIN. ILLUSTRATED BY ENGRAVINGS, AFTER DRAWINGS ' BY GEORGE PETRTE, ESQ. WHICH IS ANNEXED A PLAN OF THP CITY. 13 V THC REV. G. N. WRIGHT A M. LONDON: PRINTED FOI1 BALDWIN, CftABOCK, AND .JOY- 1821. 1 . . — T. C. HANSARD, P ri nter, Peterborough-court, Fleet-street, London. PREFACE JL HE work now offered to the public will, it is hoped, be equally acceptable to the residents of Dublin and to strangers who may visit this magnificent capital; the former will be gratified by the details concerning institu- tions and public edifices, daily before their eyes, but of whose origin, and other remarkable circumstances attend- ing which, they may yet have much to learn ; whilst the latter will find in it every thing calculated to inform them of those objects best worthy their attention. The history of the metropolis of a great nation, known to the world of letters from the earliest periods, and rising daily in the scale of nations, cannot but be important; and, in endeavouring to elucidate this, no pains have been spared. As to the plan adopted in the detail, the reader will perceive, that, instead of prefacing the work with vo- luminous extracts from the annals of antiquity, the past history of each institution will be found prefixed to the description of the building or establishment in its pre- sent state; so that every article is an unbroken chain of historical evidence, relative to the institution it professes to treat of, from its foundation to the present linn' PREFACE. This arrangement, il 15 hoped, will be found not onl) perspicuous, l>ut an additional inducement to the readei not lo turn from the venerable remains of antiquity, wearied by the perusal of minutely detailed annals. My expectations of accuracy are built upon a consci- ousness of the pains 1 have taken to deserve it. Exten- sive local knowledge, diligent investigation, where it was required, and information derived from members of some of the most important bodies in the city, are con- centrated to produce the desired end. The disposal of such means, and the possession oi some leisure, were aided in their incitements to exertion by the advice of the Roman Historian, " non dtsidw. utgue sowdiu bonum otium conterere." I now deliver up my labours to the world, not without -leat diilidence, because, where so much was to be done, much may have been omitted; at the same time I cherish a hope, that praise for candour and diligence, at least, will nut be withheld. O.N. \Y. TABLE OF CON TLA is Page ANCIENT HISTORY OF IRELAND 1 THE CITY OF DUBLIN.. 4 Geographical Description 11 DUBLIN CASTLE 14 TheChapd 16 Executive Government 19 THE UNIVERSITY 21 The Chapel 31 Theatre ib. Refectory 33 Library ' 3-1 Manuscript Room 3."> College Park 37 Printing House 39 Provost'.-. House ib. The Museum 41 AstronomicalObscrvalory ib. Botanic Garden .' a BANK OF IRELAND 43 The Printing Houae 48 Levigating Machine. . . . 52 Engraving Engine ib. Printing Presses . r >3 Drymg^Room 54 N'uinl>ering and Dating Presse s 55 Its Institution 57 PRIVATE-BANKERS 59 Shaw's Bank ib. Newcomen's Rank ib. Latouche's Bank ib. Einlav and Co's. Bank 60 Ball'sBank ib. COUNTRY HANKERS .... ib. Belfast Rank ib. DUBLIN SOCIETY 6] FARMING SOCIETY 69 ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY n KIRWANIAN SOCIETY.. 73 IBBRNO-CELTIC SOCIETY ib. DUBLIN INSTITUTION .. 7) DUBLIN LIBRARY so. CIETY MARSH S LIBRARY 76 Page CATHEDRALS-.— ST. PATRICK'S 7? The Choir 92 Monuments in the Choir.. 91 The Chapter House lu I St. Mary's Chapel 102 The Deanery-house 104 Archiepiscopal Palace ib. Installation of Knights of the Order of St. Patrick 10.5 CHRIST-CHURCH 107 The Nave 1)2 The Transept 124 The Choir ib. St. Mary's Chapel .. 126 Deanerv House 127 CHURCHES:— St. Michael's Church |28 St. John's Church 130 St. Michan's Church 13 1 Vaults ot St. Michan's 132 St. Andoen'fi Church 136 St. Nicholas Without 139 St. Peter's Church 14 1 St. Kevin'.- Church 143 St. Werbureh's Church .... 144 St. Mary's Church 147 St. A line'.- Church 150 St. Bridget's Church 152 St. George's Chun it 1.04 St. George's Chape] 1.-.7 St. Thomas's Church i.">- St. Catherine'.- Church 160 St. James's Chinch I6.s St. Paul's Church 16.. St. Nicholas Within 167 St. Andrew's Church 16* St. Luke's Church 171 Si. Mark's Church ITS ROMAN CATHOLIC CHA- PELS 17 1 Metropolitan Chapel 1: • \11an Qua> Chape] IT" Bridge-street Chapel 175 • - street Chapi 1 lb. Francis-street Chapel Ib. v» CON ti:n IS. Page Liflty -street Cfeapel 179 Anne >1 n . 1 Chapel 1*0 Meath-slieet Chapel 181 Exchange-street Chapel 182 Townsend-street Chapel 185 FRIARIES:— Augustinian Convent ib. Dominican Convent 187 Convent of Calced Carme- lites ill. Convent of Discaleed ditto .. 188 Convent of Franciscans ib . Convent of Capuchins ib. Convent of Jesuits 190 M'XNERIES ib. King-street Nunnery 191 Stanhope-street and William- street Nunneries ib. George's-hill,oi North Anne's- street Nunnery ib. Ward's Hill, or Warren Mount Nunnery 192 Harold's Cross Nunnery .... ib. SECEDERS FROM THE ESTABLISHED CHURCH 193 Presbyterians 194 Strand-streetMeeting-house 1 9.0 Eustace-street ditto 196 Mary's Abbey ditto 19: Usher's Quay ditto ib. Seceders 198 Independents ib. Methodists 199 Baptists 201 Walkerites. ib. Moravians 202 Quakers ib . Jews. , 204 German Lutherans ib. MUNICIPAL GOVERN- MENT ib. Mansion-houso 206 City Assembly-house 209 Aldermen of Skinner's-alley 210 Tailors'-hall 211 Weavers'-hall 212 POLICE ESTABLISHMENT 213 PRISONS:- N cwsrate 216 Sheriffs Prison 219 City Marshalsea 220 Font Courts Marshalsea 221 Sessions House 222 MANORS:— Manor of Grange-Gorman . . 223 Manor of Thomas Court and Doiiore 224 Manor of SI. Sepulchre 225 Manor of the Deanery ot St. Patrick's ib. HOUSES OF CORRECTION 226 Dublin Penitentiary ib. Pagr Richmond General Peniten- tiary 22? Magdalen Asylum 229 Lock Penitentiary 230 Bow-street Asylum 231 Townsend-street Asylum .. 232 Dublin Female Penitent iirv il. ASYLUMS 23J CHARITABLE ASSOCIA- TIONS 235 Sick and Indigent Room- keepers ib. Stranger's Friend Society .. ib. Charitable Association ib. Society for the Relief of the Industrious Poor ib. Debtor's Friend Society .... ib. Ouzel Galley Association.... 236 Musical Fund Society ib. Society for the Relief of dis- tressed Literary Teachers and their Families 237 Charitable Loan ib. Meath Charitable Society .. ib. Mendicity Association . ." 238 SCHOOLS' FOR THE EDU- CATION OF THE POOR . 240 Incorporated Society ib. Erasmus Smith's Schools ..241 Deaf and Dumb Institution . . ib. ASYLUMSFORTHE BLIND 24 1 Simpson's Hospital ib. Richmond National Institu- tion 216 Molineux Asylum 247 POOR SCHOOLS .— Female Orphan-house 248 Masonic Female Orphan- School 249 Pleasants' Asylum 250 Day-schools 25 1 Free Day-schools 252 Society for Promoting the Education of the Poor in Ireland 253 Suiulav - School Society for Ireland Hatch-street Sunday-School, l.eeson street Religious Tract and Book Society ib. RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES., ib. Bible Societies 26? PUBLIC SQUARES:— Stephen's-green 268 Merrion-square 260 K 1 1 zwilliam -square 262 Rutland-square 263 Mountjo\ -square STATUES 265 Neleon'a Pillai ^ Wellington Testimonial 26T L'ONTl n r s Page [•HBATftSS AND PLACES OF PUBLIC AMUSE- MENT 268 New Theatre Royal 269 BARRACKS 272 BRIDGES:— Carlisle Bridge ib. Cast I ron Bridge 274 Essex Bridge lb. Richmond Bridge 275 Whitworth Bridge 276 The Queen's Bridge 277 Bloody Bridge ib. Sarah's Bridge 278 PRIVATE RESIDENCES. .. ib. Charleinont House ib. Waterford House 280 LAW COURTS 281 Inusof Court 288 Prerogative Court 294 Coiisistorial Court ib. High Court of Admiralty .. 295 Board of First Emits ib. PUBLIC OFFICES:— General Post-office 296 Stamp Office 300 Ballast Office 303 Paving Board 305 Wide-street Commissioners 306 Pipe Water Committee .... 307 Custom House 308 Custom-House Docks 313 COMMERCIAL BUILD- 1 N'GS:— Royal Exchange 3 1.-, Corn Exchange Buildings .. 322 The Commercial BuiI4u ■ Chamber of Commerce iiG Savings' Bank 3>7 Gas-li-.ht Com pan) 128 Linen ami Yarn Hall 329 Stove Tenter-House 331 KILMAIMIAM PRIORY .. 333 HOSPITALS:— Raj a 1 Hospital, Kilmainhain il.. Bine-Coat Roys' Hospital, Blackall-stie'ct :) | 2 Marine School 1 y, Page College ot Physicians, Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital ... 34s College of Surgeons 3/ii Association of Members of the College of Physicians in Ireland.— College-Green 355 School of Physic 356 Apothecaries' - Hall 359 Charitable Infirmary ....... 360 Steevens's Hospital 362 Mercer's Hospital 365 Meath Hospital 366 Lying-in Hospital 36S Lying-in-Hospital Chapel. . . . 375 Rotunda Rooms 376 New Rooms. — Rutland-srj. 377 Westmoreland Lock Hospi- tal.— Townsend-street .... 378 United Hospital of St. Mark and St. Anne.— Mark-street 380 Fever Hospital.— Cork-street 381 Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital . . 386 Whitworth Hospital 391 Richmond Surgical Hospital 392 St. George's House of Re- covery 394 Whitworth Fever Hospital, ib. St. Peter's and St. Bridget's Hospital 396 Royal Military Infirmary .. 397 Hospital for Incurables 400 House of Industry 402 Foundling Hospital 403 St. Patrick, or Swift's Hospi- tal. — Bow-lane, James-st. 407 Richmond Lunatic Asylum. 409 DISPENSARIES 412 Talbot Dispensary ib. St. Mary and St. Thomas's 413 Dublin General Dispensary ib. Meatli Dispensary 415 Vaccine Establishment 410 FIXE ARTS 418 Private Collections of Paint- ing 421 ENVIRONS OF DUBLIN.. 42s RATES OF CARRIAGES .. 43: HOTELS IN DUBLIN 43C INDEX 4.r tflato Pa View of Dublin from the North, (frontispiece.) The Castle it The Castle Chapel and Record Tower ic Trinity College 30 The Bank 43 St. Patrick's Cathedral :: Christ Church ditto L07 St. George's Church i 5 1 The Metropolitan Catholic Chapel 17.5 Saekville Street, Post OfKce, and Nelson's Column 2Gt! The New Theatre Royal 269 The Law Courts 2S I The King's Inns, and Royal Canal Harbour 292 The Custom House • 30$ The Royal Exchange 3I."> The College of Surgeons 3.'» l The Lying-in Hospital 368 Plan of the City of Dublin, (after the Index.) PRELIMINARY DISSERTATION; CONTAINING AN ABSTRACT OF THE ®nt\mt ^istorfi of Xrtlaitto* I HE ancient history of all nations is, in a greater or less degree, involved in obscurity, either from the want of all annals, or from their loss; from the absence of learning amongst the original inhabitants, and sometimes even from the too great poetic licence which ancient his- torians have indulged in by the frequent introduction of fable. From these, and various other causes, the History of Ireland is involved in darkness beyond the lot of most nations. Ample testimony, however, is afforded by authentic writers, of its importance as a kingdom, even before Great Britain wa3 known to the continental and eastern empires. The first who mentions Ireland is Orpheus, who, in speaking of the Argonauts, says, " they went by the island of Icrnis." This authority is acknow- 1 ANCIENT HISTORY ledged by Camden, and the learned Stephanus sets down the name " Iernis " as the Greek for Ireland j — tliat the Greeks had no communication with Ireland is a point universally conceded, therefore we naturally ask, how they came by a knowledge of its existence, and why the term " Iernis " is found in their Lexicons ? The answer to those questions is not very difficult ; the only people who were sufficiently acquainted with navigation to ven- ture through the straits of Gades, were the Phoenicians ; they had sailed to almost every part of Europe, and carried home immense treasures, many years before those countries were known to the Greeks ; and it was from the Phoenicians, therefore, the Greeks derived their in- formation of the existence of Iernis. Sir Laurence Par- sons, in his Defence of the Ancient History of Ireland, satisfactorily proves, that in the time of Herodotus the historian, that is, five hundred years before the birth of Christ, lead mines were worked in Ireland by a colony of Phoenicians ; and the inquiries of Col. Valancy have de- monstrated the fact, by a comparison of the Carthaginian and Irish languages ; the Carthaginians being a Phoeni- cian colony, spoke the language of Phoenicia, and in vol. 2 of Col. Valancy's Collect, de lleb. Hib. he has taken a number of quotations from one of the plays of Plautus, where Hanno, the Carthaginian, is introduced speaking the Carthaginian language; being informed that his daughters arc at the temple of Venus, Hanno says, " Ilandone silli hanum bene silli in mustine ;" which is also correct Irish, not requiring the alteration of a letter. The translation is, "Whenever she (Venus) grants a favour, she grants it linked with misfortunes." This, I think, is conclusive as to the primitive identity of the two languages, and the transition is natural to the idea, that Ol' IRELAND. 3 those countries whose language was the same, must have held intercourse. In the Augustan age, Pomponius Mela describes Ire- land as a fertile country, where the cattle are only per- mitted to remain a few hours at a time in the pasturage, in consequence of its richness, but the climate unwhole- some for human beings ; he calls it Iuvernia, but the Romans were not well acquainted with Ireland. Thus far for the antiquity of the kingdom ; its internal arrange- ments are but imperfectly known until they become connected with Britain, from which time its history is tolerably authentic. Logarius, the son of Neile, who reigned in the fourth century, is the oldest Christian King spoken of, but there were many Kings and petty kingdoms in Ireland, who were incessantly at war with each other. In 815 Ireland was entirely subdued by the Normans, Danes, and other barbarians from the north of Europe, under the command of Tengesius. After thirty years submission they rose, and expelled the usurpers with dreadful carnage. The whole island was then partitioned into seven petty kingdoms, all tributary to the King of Connaught. — Another invasion of the Danes called forth the energies of Brian Boromhe, King of all Ireland, who, in the year 1002, was slain at Clontarf, bravely fighting against the enemies of his country. Shortly after this period, Dermod M'Murrough, King of Leinster, having carried away the wife of O'Rouke, King of Connaught, a war ensued, which ended in the overthrow of M'Mur- rough's power ; he fled to Bristol, where he was hospi- tably received by Fitz-Harding, a Danish nobleman, and crossing over into France, submitted himself and his kingdom to the government of Henry the Second, on con- » 2 4 ANCIENT HISTORY OF dition of assistance in his difficulties. The King promised him protection, and dismissed him with letters to some noblemen in Wales, by whose assistance he succeeded in raising troops, passing into Ireland, and recovering his kingdom ; after which, Strongbow, Earl of Pembroke, came to his assistance, by permission of King Henry, and married the daughter of M'Murrough, upon a promise of the reversion of the crown of Leinster at her father's demise. Henry becoming jealous of the success and ad- vancement of Strongbow, set out for Ireland, and landed at Waterford the 1 7th of October 1 1 72, where he received the homage of Strongbow and others ; and, passing through Lismore and Cashell, reached Dublin the 11th of November, and granted that city to be inhabited by the citizens of Bristol. This was the earliest institution of a regular form of government in Dublin, which gradually, from its convenient situation with respect to the coast of the sister kingdom, became of importance, until it was made the residence of the Viceroy, from which time all its greatness must be dated. ANCIENT HISTORY OF Cl)e Ctti? of ©ufcltm The city of Dublin anciently stood on the south side only of the river Anna LifFey, an inconsiderable stream, and not far from Dublin Bay. The name Dublin is de- rived from Dub-leana, " the place of the black harbour ;'> and the name of the river from Auin Louiffa, " the swift river," being merely a mountain torrent. Mac Turkill, the Dane, erected a residence on the northern side of the THE CITY OF DUBLIN. -3 river, which was called after the invaders Eastmantown, since corrupted into Oxmantown ; but he afterwards removed to the southern side. In 1 1 72 and 3, Henry the Second erected a temporary palace near the site of St. Andrew's Church, where he entertained the Irish princes, and received their promise of submission to be governed by the laws of England ; and held a parliament at the same time.-— Thirty-seven years after, King John arrived in Dublin, and governed the kingdom in person ; here, then, he received the homage of many Irish princes, established courts of justice, and directed the Bishop of Norwich to reduce the coin of Ireland to the English standard.— In 1216, Henry the Third granted Magna Charta to the inhabitants of Dublin, and the following year gave the city to the citizens, in fee, for 200 marks per annum. The civil government of Dublin was for- merly committed to a Provost and Bailiffs. — In the year 1409, Thomas, Duke of Lancaster, the King's son, being Lord Lieutenant, the title of the chief magistrate was changed to that of Mayor, and Thomas Cusack appointed to the office. — Charles the Second granted a company of foot soldiers to attend the Mayor, changed the title to Lord Mayor, and gave beside, a pension of 500/. per annum. The first who bore the title of Lord Mayor was Sir Daniel Bellingham. Arthur, Earl of Essex, consider- ably improved the civil establishment of Dublin, and George the Second regidated the corporation according to its present form. The Common Council of Dublin consists of the Lord Mayor and twenty-three Aldermen, two Sheriffs, forty- eight Sheriff's peers, and ninety-six freemen. The Lord Mayor is elected from amongst the Aldermen, by the votes of his brother Aldermen and the Common 6 AN ! | "M HISTORY Off Council ; and the Sheriffs selected from amongst eight freemen, nominated by the Commons. The members of the Common Council are chosen from the different Guilds, and elected by ballot. In all those cases, the persons elected to fill the office of Lord Mayor, Sheriffs, &c. must be approved of by his Excellency the Lord Lieutenant ; and although he has seldom occasion to in- terfere, this controlling power is necessary. In 1819, the board of Aldermen elected one of their body to the office of Lord Mayor, and the Commons made choice of ano- ther ; the case was laid before the Lord Lieutenant, who refused to decide, and sent them back to make a new election ; but such was the violence of parties,, that a second appeal was made to the viceroy, who, with the Privy Council, determined the choice. — A similar case occurred in the year 1790, but attended with more alarm- ing appearances. The board of Aldermen returned Alderman James as duly elected, wliile the Commons re- turned Alderman Howison. The case was argued three times before the Lord Lieutenant and Privy Council before Alderman James was declared duly elected, and three different returns had been made by each party of their favourite candidate. Alderman James at length entered on his office, but so great an outcry was raised against " the violation of rights," that he unexpectedly resigned the mayoralty, and Alderman Howison was elected. The city magistrates held their courts in a handsome building, in Skinner's-row, called the Tholsel, erected in 1683, but no trace whatever remains of it at tins day; the site is occupied by some new houses at the corner of Nicholas-street and Skinner's-row. James the Second held a parliament in Dublin, for the purpose of repealing all the Acts of Settlement ; and with great cruelty and THE CITY OF DUBLIN. / dishonour, forced upon the inhabitants the basest coin that ever was put into circulation ; he caused all the use- less brass and pewter in the ordnance stores to be melted down, cast, and stamped, and the value of each piece was to be estimated by the impress marked upon it, not by any consideration of its real value. His treatment of the University exceeded, if possible, the baseness of his other acts ; he directed them to receive an inefficient person to fill one of their senior fellowships, which they, with be- coming dignity, resisted, upon which a military force was led against them ; the fellows and scholars were driven from their chambers by the bayonet, the communion plate and library were seized, the chapel converted into a military depot, and many of the members cast into pri- son ; they were, however, after some time, released from confinement, on the express condition, that if they re- assembled, they should be punished with death. The general opinion is, that James intended to convert the University into a college of Jesuits. He, however, bestowed the Provostship upon Moor, a Popish prelate, a man possessed of a great love of letters, and who, in the midst of an insolent garrison of disorderly troops, succeeded in preserving the books and manuscripts from the hands of plunderers. About two years after, the insulted heads of the University had a powerful proof of the just punishment that awaits the sinner even in this world, in the overthrow of James at the battle of the Boyne, and his precipitate flight from Dublin into France. On this occasion, Robert Fitz-Gerald, ancestor of his grace the Duke of Leinster, seized on the city of Dublin, in the name of King William, and after expelling all the followers of the misguided James, restored the University sad civil magistracy into the hands of Protestants. 8 AM.ILNT HISTORY OF After the accession of William to the throne of Great Britain, Ireland enjoyed almost perfect tranquillity for nearly a century. In the year 1729, an attempt was made to supersede the necessity of holding a parliament In Ireland, by procuring the supplies for the succeeding twenty-one years. Fortunately this attempt was frus- trated, and the motion lost by a majority of one. Parlia- ment sat in the Blue-coat Hospital in Oxmantown Green; biit in that year the first stone was laid of the Parliament House in College Green (now the Bank of Ireland,) when John Lord Carteret was Lord Lieu- tenant of Ireland. — In 1768, Dr. Lucas, representative of the City, framed an Act, limiting the duration of parliament to eight years ; in gratitude for which, his statue was placed in the Exchange at the public expense. — In 1798, when Lord Comwallis was chief governor, re- bellion broke out in the counties of Wexford and Wick- low, which extended over the principal part of the king- dom before it was suppressed, and during which period many eminent persons were executed in Dublin, both at the front of Newgate and in the cross-ways. At this period lived the celebrated advocate, John Philpot Curran, afterwards Master of the Rolls, who is supposed to have saved the lives of hundreds, by the overwhelming influence of his eloquence. After a lapse of two years the rebellion completely subsided, but the city was thrown into great confusion and disorder, by the introduction of the Act of Union between Great Britain and Ireland: — In the debates on this question, the celebrated Henry Grattan distinguished himself by the most transcendant display of oratorical genius that ever appeared in the Irish senate. The warmth of debate was carried beyond what ought to have been permitted in a parliamentary meeting, and not THE CITY OF DUBLIN. i) unfrequently the parties proceeded from the House of Commons to the field of bloodshed. At length, the 27th of March, A. D. 1800, the House of Lords and Commons waited on the Lord Lieutenant, at the Castle of Dublin, and presented the Articles of Union. — This measure has seriously changed the ap- pearance of Dublin ; with the removal of its parliament the nobility of Ireland withdrew to England, and left their palaces in Dublin either to fall to decay, or be converted into public offices, hotels, or charitable in- stitutions. The residence of the Duke of Leinster, the most splendid in Dublin, is become the Dublin Soci- ety's House. The Stamp-office is kept in the mansion of the Powerscourt family. That of the Marquis of Hastings is in ruins, and the Earl of Alborough's con- verted into a classical school. Most of the others are di- vided into two or three smaller and more convenient houses, for the present inhabitants of the metropolis. While the public mind was still inflamed at the Act of Union having passed, it was not likely to be calmed by the embarkation of the nobles for a foreign country ; some of them having disposed of their estates in Ireland, set sail with the intention of never re-visiting their native land. In this situation of affairs, Mr. Robert Emmet, a man to whom nature had given the means of arriving at the highest honours in the state, placed himself at the head of a body of insurgents, who rose on the 23rd of July 1803, in Thomas-street, so unexpectedly, that the first intimation of the insurrection received at the castle, was given by the Hon. Miss Wolfe, whose father, Lord Kilwardcn, had been dragged from his carriage, and mur- dered in the streets. This inhuman murder was amply revenged ; a body of troops from the royal barracks came 10 ANCIENT HISTORY OF up, and interrupted the insurgents; a desperate battle en- >ued, in which Colonel Brown Was killed, and the insur- gents withdrew, after having merely succeeded in alarming the government.— Immediately after, Emmet and his ac- complices were arrested, tried, condemned and executed. Emmet pleaded his own defence, and though he did not convince the Jury of his innocence, he left an impression of the deepest affliction on their minds, that the life of so eloquent, so young, and highly-gifted an individual, should be incompatible with the well-being of the state. He was executed in Thomas-street, on the very spot where the battle had been fought, immediately opposite to St. Catherine's Church. — From that period, Dublin has en- joyed the most entire tranquillity; the consequences of the Union are now not so severely felt; the public mind is becoming daily reconciled ; so that, perhaps, the metro- polis of Dublin enjoys the blessings of peaceful quiet in a more eminent degree than any other European capital. Having given a brief sketch of the History of Dublin from the earliest dates, it remains now to describe the site, the extent, and population of Dublin some centuries back, IB order that the reader may perceive the rapid progress this city has made in arts, in commerce, in actual civiliza- tion, in comparatively a few years after it obtained the opportunity. The ancient city was walled in by the Danes hi the ninth century ; the walls which may still be traced, did not. exceed one mile in length. From the north tower of the castle they were continued over Cork Hill, near which was an entrance called Dame's-gate, looking towards Hoggin's, now College-green. Near Essex Bridge was another gate, called Essex-gate, erected in the place of Isod's Tower. The wall then extended N. N, W. along THE CITY OF DUBLIN. 11 the river, to the end of Fishamble-street. Here stood Fyan's Castle, which was sometimes used as a state prison. It then proceeded along Wood Quay to the end of Wine-tavern-street, where was another tower, and con- tinuing still by the river, joined a castle, through which was one of the principal entrances into the city, opposite Bridge-street. The next traces are to be found on the west side of Bridge-street in New-row, thence it stretched up the hill to Cut-Purse-row, at the end of which stood Newgate, where criminals of the worst description were imprisoned ; some of the towers are still to be seen at the rear of the houses in Cut-Purse-row and Corn-market. From Corn-market it ran at the rear of Back-lane to Nicholas-gate, thence it passed between Ross-lane and Bride's-alley to Pool-gate, or as it was afterwards called Werburgh's-gate ; from thence it proceeded in a straight line until it united with the castle at Birmingham Tower, where a considerable part of the wall may yet be seen. — In the year 1669, an enumeration being made, the popu- lation of Dublin was found to amount to 8,159. Such was the city of Dublin not more than four or live centuries back ; let the reader compare it with the History of Dublin as it now is. Geographical Description. Dublin, the chief town of the county of the same name in the province of Leinster, is situated on the eastern coast of Ireland, in Lat. 53, 21, N. Lon. 6, 15, W. imme- diately opposite the coast of North Wales. It is not more than one mile from the bay of that name, which is a largo semi-circular basin about eight miles in diameter, into \2 GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF which the river LhTey empties itself, after running through the city, which it divides into two equal parts, in a direc- tion from west to east. This large bay is rendered pecu- liarly dangerous by the breakers and shallows caused by two large sand banks, called the North and South Bulls. The perils of a midnight approach to the city are greatly diminished by the erection of a mole of 30 feet in breadth, and 8,560 yards in length, extending into the bay, on the extremity of which stands a light-house of a circular form, and particularly light and elegant construction. The diffi- culty of erecting a building of three stories in height, in such a situation was very great, and may fairly be compared to those attending the erection of the Eddistone or Tuscard Light-houses,as it is in never-ending conflict with winds and waves. — The north side of the harbour is sheltered by the hill of Howth, a peninsula of considerable extent ; on the most prominent point of which, called the Bailey, another light- house is erected, corresponding to the one in the centre of the bay, thus rendering the entrance of the harbour perfectly distinct at all seasons. — Under the north-west side of this mountain, an extensive pier has been built, and a spacious harbour enclosed, where now the Holyhead packets put in, which formerly sailed from and returned to the Pigeon- house; thereby shortening the voyage from Holyhead to Dublin many miles, and enabling the packets to sail at all hours. And within the last four years another pier has been commenced, and is rapidly completing, at the south side of the bay, to afford shelter for shipping when they cannot make the pier of Howth ; tins wall, which is to have several turns to avoid the accumulation of sand, is built of mountain-granite, drawn from the hills of Killiney, and is called the Dunleary-pier. The bay of Dublin has long been celebrated for its pic- THE CITY OF DUBLIN. 13 turesque beauty. Howth, from its height and situation, has been considered not unlike Vesuvius in the bay of Naples, and the majestic amphi-theatre of mountains encompassing Dublin forms a most sublime and perfect back-ground to the scene. — The mouth of the river is guarded by a strong fortress on the south wall, called the Pigeon-house, where a corps of artillery is always in barrack. — From Ringsend point, where the LifTey discharges its waters into the bay, the stone quays of Dublin commence, and continue on both sides of the river for the space of three miles. Dublin has frequently been accused of paying too dearly for improvements, but certainly the advantages de- rived from the embanking of an unwholesome stream, by granite walls, of such extent and workmanship as are not exceeded by any city in Europe, were not dearly pur- chased at the expense of a trifling yearly tribute, which, though the walls are but now completed, is no longer exacted. — The river is crossed by six handsome stone bridges and one of cast-iron, thereby facilitating the inter- course between the opposite sides of the town. The city is nearly insulated by two canals, which communicate with the interior of the kingdom, terminate in extensive wet-docks, on the north and south sides of the city, and so communicate with the LifFey. — Those canals are naviga- ble for boats of 60 tons, and contribute materially to the cheapness of the Dublin markets, by a constant supply of fuel and provisions from the most remoteparts of Ireland. — The form of Dublin is nearly a right-angled parallelogram, whose longer side measures nearly three miles, and short- er, about two. —The city is encompassed by a road, called the Circular-road, extending 10 miles. — Dublin contains 19 parishes, 2 cathedrals, 19 churches, and meeting- houses of almost every religious sect, with 27 Roman Ca- 11 DUBLIN (AST I.E. tholie chapels. — No city, in proportion, abounds more in magnificent buildings or charitable institutions. — The po- pulation does not exceed 200,000. SBufilm Castle* The Castle of Dublin, the residence of the Viceroy, was built by Henry de Loundres, Archbishop of Dublin, A. D. 1220 ; but was never used as a vice-regal residence until 1560, by order of Queen Elizabeth. — The principal entrance is from Cork-hill, through an high arched gate- way, over which is a statue of Justice looking towards the Castle, this is usually called the eastern gate. — The Castle is divided into two courts, generally called yards; the upper contains the apartments of the Lord Lieutenant and suite, the lower the Treasury, Chapel, Ordnance- office, &c. — The upper court is in the form of a quad- rangle, 280 feet by 130; the principal entrance, the eastern gate, is ornamented by a statue of Justice, and a corres- ponding gate, on the same side of the court, is surmounted by a statue of Fortitude, both the workmanship of Van- Nost ; the interval between the real and artificial gate, is occupied by a building of two stories, exhibiting Ionic columns, on rusticated arches, supporting a pedi- ment, aud from this rises a circular tower of the Corin- thian order, terminating in a cupola ball and vane, from which the Hag is hoisted on state days; this build- ing supplies accommodation for the Master of the Cere- monies, and the Aides-de-Camp to his Excellency ; the part towards the stivet is used as a guard-room. — The colonnade on the opposite side of the quadrangle is the B & F ¥ ►s fa ■•? <$ 4 H <2 H 1 &3 1 *i DUBLIN CASTLE. 15 principal entrance to the Royal apartments ; at the ex- tremity of the colonnade is a handsome flight of steps leading to the Yeomen's Hall, and thence to the Pre- sence Chamber, where stands the throne, covered with crimson velvet, and richly ornamented with gilt carved- work ; from the ceiling of this apartment hangs a mag- nificent glass lustre, the gift of the Duke of Rutland, which was purchased at the celebrated glass manufactory in Waterford. The next object of attraction is St. Patrick's Hall, where balls and assemblies are held on St. Patrick's and other nights ; this is a truly princely apartment, 38 feet high, 82 long, and 41 broad ; it was laid out in its present superb style at the institution of the Order of St. Patrick, A.D.I 783. There are three excellent paintings, inlaid in the ceiling, the centre is of a circular form, the others oblong; one of the rectangular paintings represents St. Patrick converting the Druids, — in the corresponding piece, Henry the Second, receiving submission from the petty Kings of Ireland, A. D. 1772, appears seated under a rich canopy; and the central painting is an allegorical ex- pression of the flourishing state of the country; there George the Third appears supported by Justice and Liberty; the entire, the design and execution of Waldre, an artist of considerable abilities ; there are other devices around the ceiling by the same hand, but of minor im- portance. At one end of the Hall is a gallery for musicians and the household ; and at the other, one for the public, who are admitted, not however without tickets. — At the rear of the Vice-regal apartments is a handsome plat of ground, laid out with gravel walks, and planted with ever-greens ; this is usually called the Castle-garden. As the apartments of his Excellency, and the garden an l'» DUBLIN CASTLE. at different sides of the public passage through the Lower-Castle-yard, the communication is kept up by a large stone arch, furnished with iron railing, where a centinel keeps constant watch, and adds considerably to the ge- neral effect. The front of the royal apartments presented to the garden, is a neat structure in the Ionic Order; but the effect of it is lost to passengers, from the circumstance of the carriage-way passing so immediately under it ; however, it may be seen to advantage from the garden. The lower Castle-yard is an extensive space of very irregular form; in it are to be found the Treasury, the Chapel, Ordnance-office and stores, riding-house, stables, and residences of inferior officers. — The Trea- sury, which is no longer required, is along brick building, with a terrace in front, accessible by a double flight of steps. The Chapel, Now the most remarkable object about the Castle, is a modern building in the most beautiful order of pointed architecture; the design of an eminent architect, Francis Johnson, Esq. who has so considerably beautified Dublin by the exertion of his talents for the last 20 years. The old Chapel was pulled down in the administration of the Duke of Bedford, in 1807, and the present erected on its site; it is 73 feet in length, and 35 broad ; divine service was per- formed here, for the first time, on Christmas-day, 1814; and the total expense of the building of the Chapel is calcu- lated at 42,000/.; it consists of a choir, without either nave or transept, finished in the most florid style of pointed architecture ; each side is supported by seven buttresses, terminating in pinnacles. — These spring from four gro- tesque heads in each buttress, ornamented at the angles, F3 THE CHAPEL. 17 with rich foliage, and terminate in a gothic final. The pin- nacles are connected by a monastic battlement, finished with a moulding. There are six pointed windows in each side, surmounted by labels, which spring from two heads. In the centre of the east end is a pointed door- way, sur- mounted by a rectangular label, supported at one end by a head of St. Patrick, and at the other by that of Brian Boromhe, an Irish King. Above this is a tablet with the following inscription : X. Hanc JEdem Deo optimo maximo olim dicatam vetustate penitus dirutam denuo extrui jussit Johannes Bedfordiae Dux Hiberniae Prorex. Ipse que fundamenta posuit anno a Christo nato, M.D.CCCVII. Over the door-way is the eastern window, surmounted by a label which springs from the heads of Hope and Charity, and terminating at its summit by a demi-figure of Faith holding a chalice. The gavel terminates in an antique cross, the arms of which are enclosed in a circle. At each angle of the east end are square towers, rising to the height of the roof, in which are enclosed the stairs to the gallery. The principal entrance is on the north side of the west end near the Record or Wardrobe Tower ; over tins door- way is a bust of St. Peter, holding a key ; and over a window immediately above the door is a bust of Dean Swift, and, higher up, a head of the Virgin Mary;* this entrance conducts into a small anti-hall of the most exquisite workmanship, and from thence into the body * Those heads arc carved in grey stone, taken from a quarry at Tullamore in the King's county, forty-six miles from Dublin. 18 DUBLIN CASTLE. — THE CHAPEL. of the Chapel ; before you is the eastern window, orna- mented with stained glass, the gift of Lord Whitworth, when Lord Lieutenant; it represents Christ in the presence of Pilate ; the lower divisions are occupied by the four Evangelists ; those are the workmanship of private persons of rank in Dublin ; beside the window, in stucco, are sta- tues of Faith, Hope, and Charity, with busts of the four Evangelists executed by Edward Smyth. The ceiling is composed of groined arches springing from heads of mo- delled stucco, above the capitals of six beautiful clustered pillars which support the roof, and is highly ornamented. The front of the gallery is of carved oak ; on the front of the organ loft are carved the Royal Arms, and in the pannels on either side, those of the Duke of Bedford, who laid the foundation stone of the Chapel, and the Duke of Rich- mond, in whose administration it was completed; from thence, along the front of the gallery, are the arms of those noblemen who have been Vice-roys, with the dates of their reigns, to the earliest periods. The pannels of the pulpit are ornamented with the arms of different Arch- bishops and Bishops of Ireland ; among them are also those of Dean Kirwan, and the four great supporters of the Church of England, Henry, Edward, Elizabeth, and William : the carving was executed by Stewart of Dublin. At the western extremity of the Chapel stands the Record Tower, the oldest building in the Castle, lately repaired and improved during the building of the Chapel : — this tower is connected by a curtain wall, part of the original town-wall of Dublin, to Birmingham tower in the same yard, which is now converted into a supper-room and other apartments, for the use of his Excellency's house- hold. The other buildings attached to the castle are of too trifling a character to be minutely described here. DUBLIN' CASTLE. 19 HZxttutibt &tfotvnmmU The Executive Government of Ireland, is committed to his Excellency the Lord Lieutenant, in which he is assisted and advised by a Privy Council and the Chief Secretary. The Privy Council consists of the Chancellor and high Law Officers, together with the Archbishops and Bishops. The Council Chamber is in the upper Castle- yard, over the arch-way, by which the connection is kept up between the upper and lower yards, and their meetings are held at his Excellency's pleasure. In the absence of the Lord Lieutenant, the Privy Council is summoned, and the government entrusted to three Lords Justices : they are the Primate, the Lord Chan- cellor, and the Commander of the Forces. His Excellency the Lord Lieutenant holds a regular and formal Court at his castle in Dublin ; Levees are held frequently; public Balls are given at the Castle on the King's birth-night, and on St. Patrick's night; on which occasion, the ladies dress in Irish manufacture, and the assembly is held in St Patrick' s-hall. There are also frequent private parties during the season, to which all the nobility, and the majority of the gentry in the city are invited. His Excellency's State and Household is, in every respect, becoming a representative of Majesty. He is allowed a company of battle-axe men, under the command of a captain, who has the rank of colonel ; and two subalterns, who have the rank of captains. The battle-axe-guards do duty through the public apartments of the Court. Besides this guard, the Lord Lieutenant has a body-guard, consisting of a subaltern's guard of horse, with a captain ofinfantry, two subalterns, and sixty men. . 9 20 EXECUTIVE GOVKRNMENT. This guard of honour is lodged In the Castle, and relieved every day by a detachment from the Royal Barracks. The form of relieving guard at the Castle, has always had attractions for the citizens of Dublin, who attend in great numbers every day, to witness this very interesting spectacle. In addition to the military establishment of the Irish Court, there are various officers of the household ; analo- gous to those of Carlton Palace, the principal are a Private Secretary. The Hon. and Rev. J. C. Talbot. Steward. Lieut.- Col. W. Chester Master, 3rd Guards. A Comptroller, Chamberlain, Gentleman Usher, As- sistant Gentleman Usher, Master of the Horse, and Gen- tlemen of the Chamber ; there are besides four Pages, eight Aides-de-Camp, and twenty-four Chaplains. Previous to the removal of the Parliament from Ire- land, the Irish Court was crowded by nobility, but they have long since withdrawn their persons and properties to our more favoured neighbour, Great Britain ; and, con- sequently, there are not many titles to be met at levee, if we exclude the dignitaries of the Church and high Law Officers, who are obliged to reside in Ireland. But, even in this altered and neglected condition, the Irish Court is of great benefit to the poor manufacturers of Dublin. The Medical Establishment of his Excellency's household, consists of the two state physicians, James Cleghorn, and A. Jackson, Esqrs.; one surgeon, Gerard Macklin, Esq.; and an apothecary, George Kieman, Esq. The office of Chief Secretary has always been con- sidered a place of great importance, and never bestowed but upon men of acknowledged talent; and indeed, lat- terly, it has been used as a school to educate statesmen, who were destined to move in a more exalted rank afterwards. THE UNIVERSITY, .21 The extensive patronage of the Chief Secretary, has such a decided influence in providing the country with efficient officers in every department, that upon him rests, almost solely, the propriety or impropriety of the general admi- nistration of the affairs of the kingdom; it is needless to urge any farther demonstration of the importance usually attached to this arduous situation, than to enumerate a few of the distinguished persons who held the office of Secretary for some years back: the Marquis of London- derry, the Duke of Wellington, Mr. Wellesley Pole, Mr. Robert Peele, and the Right Hon. Charles Grant. The Chief Secretary has apartments in the upper Castle- yard, and holds a levee every Thursday; but, indeed, the present Secretary, the Right Hon. Charles Grant, is a man of such gentle and amiable manners, that any per- son may have an audience with him, at any time, by taking the trouble of sending up his name. Besides the apartments in the upper Castle-yard, there is also a mag- nificent residence in the Phoenix Park, appropriated to the use of the Chief Secretary. Though the cultivation of learning, in Ireland, has been of very early date, yet few traces of the literary ex- ertions of the ancient inhabitants remain, and none of their seminaries. In the thirteenth century there was a Col- lege in the Cathedral of St. Patrick's, by permission of Pope John XXII; this however fell to decay, and in 1591, Henry Usher (afterwards Archbishop of Ar- ±2 THE UNIVERSITY magh,) obtained from Queen Elizabeth, a Royal Charter, and mortmain licenca for the land granted by the City, by which means the present University was founded ; it was called the " College of the Holy and Undivided Tri- nity, near Dublin, founded by the most serene Queen Elizabeth." The charter further appointed, that there should be a Provost, three Fellows, and three Scholars ; the first Provost was Adam Loftus, D. D. Archbishop of Dublin, and Lord Chancellor of Ireland; Henry Usher, Luke Chaloner, and Launcelot Moyne, were the three first Fellows; and Henry Lee, William Daniel, and Stephen White, the three first Scholars. After numerous subscriptions being collected throughout the country, and various donations contributed, the first stone of Trinity College was laid, by Thomas Smith, Mayor of Dublin, the 13th of March, 1591, and students were admitted the 9th of January, 1593. Those alone were eligible to the Provostship who had been Fellows ; but this was altered by a subsequent charter, accompanied by a new code of statutes, drawn up by Archbishop Laud, in 1637, which vested the right of appointment in the Crown ; and the integrity and regard for the interest of the University, manifested in the exercise of this privi- lege for a series of years, reflect credit on the illustrious Princes of the British Throne, and demonstrate the providence of the legislator; for although it is in the power of the Crown to elect a person totally ignorant of the regulations and discipline of the University, yet the five last Provosts have been chosen from amongst the Fellows themselves; and this line of conduct is likely to be persevered in. The next in rank is the Vice-Provost, who affixes the College seal in the absence of the Provost; his situation is OF DUBLIN. 23 little more valuable than a senior Fellowship, and the senior Fellows succeed to it in order of seniority. From the increase of pupils, in the course of time the number 01 senior Fellows has been increased to six, who, with the Pro- vost and Vice-Provost, constitute the Board, for the govern- ment of the University : from their decision, however, the injured student has a right of appeal to the Court of Visiters, which consists of but two members, the Chan- cellor of the University (or in his absence the Vice- Chancellor) and the Archbishop of Dublin, who have supreme authority in the decision of all complaints laid before them, and can alter or impose regulations at plea- sure. His Royal Highness Ernestus Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, LL.D. is Chancellor, and the Right Hon. W. Downes, Chief Justice of King's Bench, Vice- Chancellor. The advancement of learning, and the increased num- ber of pupils demanded an additional number of lecturers'; and the number of senior Fellows amounts, at this moment, to six, and the juniors to eighteen, to which shortly an addition will be made. Thirty years ago the number of students in the University was about 500, whereas at present there are 1,600 names on the books. The income of a senior Fellow exceeds 1,000/. per annum; but the emolument of a junior fellowship, independent of pupils, is very insignificant, probably about 100/. per an- num; however, the amazing number of pupils each fellow is permitted to accept of, amply compensates for the defi- ciency of a larger salary ; in some instances, the income derived from pupils has been known to amount to 1,500/. per annum, and in general it is estimated at about 800/. 24 THE UNIVERSITY The following is a List of the Patrons, Fellows, Profes- sors and Lecturers in the University, A. D. 1821 : Chancellor. His Royal Highness the Duke of Cumber- land, L L. D. Vice-Chancellor. Rt. Hon. W. Downes, LL.D. Chief Justice of the King's Bench. Visitors. The Chancellor (or in his absence the Vice- Chancellor) and the Lord Archbishop of Dublin. Provost. Rev. Samuel Kyle, D. D. Senior Fellows, 7. Rev. John Barrett, D. D. Vice-Provost and Librarian. Francis Hodgkinson, LL. D. senior Proctor. Robert Phipps, LL. D. senior Lecturer and Auditor. Rev. Thomas Prior, D. D. Register. Rev. William Davenport, D. D. Rev. Barth. Lloyd, D. D, senior Dean and Catechist, Rev. James Wilson, D. D. Bursar. Junior Fellows, 18. Rev. Henry Wray, D. D. Assistant Librarian. Rev. Francis Sadleir, D. D. Register of Chambers. Rev. Charles William Wall, D. D. Rev. Stephen Creagh Sandes, B. D. Censor. Rev. Richard McDonnell, LL. D. Rev. Charles Hare, A. M. Rev. Charles Richard Elrington, D. D. Rev. Joseph Henderson Singer, A. M. Rev. Henry Griffin, A. M. Rev. Thomas Gannon, A. M. junior Dean. OF DUBLIN. 25 Rev. Richard Purdon, A.M. junior Proctor* Rev. Thomas R. Robinson, A. M. Rev. William Phelan, A. M. Rev. James Kennedy, A. M. Henry H. Harte, A. B. James Thomas O'Brien, A. B. \There are, at present, two vacancies. - ] King's Professors. Divinity, Rev. Richard Graves, D. D. Common Laic, Philip Crampton, LL. D. Civil Law, F. Hodgkinson, LL. D. Physic, Edward Hill, M. D. Greek, Dr. Prior. Assistants, Rev. Charles William Wall. Rev. S. C. Sandes- Rev. Dr. Ellington. Lecturers. Archbishop King's Lecturer in Divinity, Dr. Barrett. Assistants, Rev. Dr. F. Sadleir. Rev. Stephen Creagh Sandes. Rev. Dr. Elrington. Rev. Joseph Henderson Singer. Greek Rev. Joseph Henderson Singer. Assistants, Rev. Henry Griffin. Rev. Thomas Romney Robinson. Rev. William Phelan. Rev. James Kennedy. James Thomas O'Brien, A. B. 26 THE UNIVERSITY King's Professors of Modern Languages. French and German, Charles Williomier, LL. D. Italian and Spanish, Alfonso Pellegrini, LL. D. Erasmus Smith's Professors. Mathematics, Dr. Lloyd. Senior Assistant and Donegal Lecturer, Dr. M'Donnell. Junior Assistant, Dr. Sadleir. Oriental Languages, Dr. Barrett. Assistants, Mr. Hare and Dr. Elrington. Oratory, Dr. M'Donnell. Assistant, Mr. Hare. History, Dr. Hodgkinson. Assistant, Dr, Wray. Natural Philosophy, Dr. Davenport. Mrs. Donnelan's Lecturer, Rev. Dr. Elrington. Andrews' Professor of Astronomy, Rev. John Brinkley, D. D. Observatory. Medical Professors. Anatomy and Surgery, James Macartney, M. D., F.R. S. & F. L. S., &c. Chemistry, Francis Barker, M. D. Botany, William Allman, M. D. Law Agents, Richard and Edward Waller, Esqrs. Bookseller, Richard Milliken. Printer, Daniel Graisberry, Printing-house in the Col- OF DUBLIN. 27 In the reign of King James the First, a number of livings escheated to the Crown by the rebellion of O'Neil, the majority of which were bestowed upon the College of Dublin. The number of church livings, in the gift of the Univer- sity is nineteen, few of which are valued at less than 1,000/. per annum, and the income of some exceeds 2,000/. Upon the death of an incumbent, the vacant benefice is offered to every fellow according to seniority ; and whoever accepts it resigns his fellowship that day twelvemonths : if he be a senior, his place at the board is filled by the senior of the junior fellows, three days after the occurrence of the vacancy. — But if a junior, Ins place is filled by a graduate of the University, elected after a public examination of three days, and a fourth in private: — this trial of abilities and information is of so much difficulty, that the human intellect is incapable of sustaining greater exertion than is necessary to insure success ; and not un- frequently the mind has been totally overthrown and exhibited a melancholy ruin. The candidates are examined publicly in Logic and Metaphysics, Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, Morality, History, Chronology, Hebrew, Greek and Latin ; on the fourth they are employed in Latin and English compo- sition. The examination is held in the Theatre of the University on the four days immediately preceding Tri- nity Sunday, and the questions and answers are delivered in Latin. — It is necessary the candidates should have taken the degree of Bachelor of Arts ; the examiners are, the Provost, Vice-Provost, and the six senior fellows, who, in a ceremonious and solemn manner, select the candidate in the College Chapel, on Trinity Monday ;r- 28 THE UNIVERSITY in the event of an equality of votes in favour of two candidates, the Provost has a casting voice ; and the unsuc- cessful candidate is rewarded by a sum of money, seldom less than 250/. bequeathed by a Mr. Madden to the University for that purpose. — Indeed the difficulty of this examination is so great, that it is considered an honorable distinction in the literary world to have made the attempt ; and though men of considerable merit after one unsuccessful attempt frequently resign the contest, they seldom fail to derive benefit from their labours, in whatever profession they afterwards embark. The fellows, with the excep- tion of three, are necessarily clergymen ; of those three, one is a physician, and two are lawyers. The third component part of this corporation is, the scholars, 70 in number; this situation is the reward of class- ical attainments solely ; a severe examination is given by the senior board to each class, when they have arrived at their junior sophister year, two years and a half from the time of entering college. The emoluments of a scholarship are, a dinner at the pensioners' table for five years, ten or twelve pounds per annum, and sometimes even more ; chambers at half the usual deposit and rent of other stu- dents, and if twenty-one years of age, a vote at the elec- tion of a representative to serve in parliament for the University. The examination is held in the Theatre for two days in the week before Whitsuntide, and the new scholars are declared on Trinity Monday. The whole body of the students is divided into three ranks, distinguished by the denominations of Fel- low Commoners, Pensioners, and Sizars; students of every denomination are obliged to undergo a classical examination previous to admission ; but this is rather for form than for any important purpose, as few are ever OF DUBLIN. 29 rejected. The number of fellow-commoners and pen- sioners admitted into college is unlimited, and though they are obliged to become the pupils of some one fellow, they are permitted to make choice of any particular fellow they please, as a tutor. The fellow-commoners are distinguished from the pensioners by a more expensive and elegant academic dress ; their fees are always double, and they dine at the table with the fellows, which is not permitted to a pensioner. The sizars, who are limited to thirty or thirty-two in number, have their commons and instruc- tion gratis; and though their rank appears degrading, yet many have been known to raise themselves, by their diligence and good conduct, to scholarships and fellow- ships ; and some of the greatest ornaments to the judicial and ecclesiastical orders, have risen from the class of sizars in this University. The expense of tuition is re- markably moderate ; a pensioner's tuition amounts to but eight guineas per annum; a fellow-commoner pays double that sum ; and the college fees, which are com- mon to both, never amount to as much as the tuition. The length of time necessary to graduate as a Bachelor of Arts is, for a fellow-commoner three years and a half, for a pensioner or sizar four years. Instruction is commu- nicated by means of public and private lectures ; exami- nations are held quarterly, at which premiums are adjudged to the best answerers in science and classics, with great liberality on the part of the board, and impar- tiality on that of the junior fellows, who are the exami- ners ; and those who have not been sufficiently diligent in preparing for examinations, are disgraced by a fine, and a judgment which is read out publicly. And at the ter- mination of the collegiate studies of each class, previous to commencemeiitfl or graduating, tlio.se who have distin- 30 THE UNIVERSITY, — giiished themselves at quarterly examinations, by obtain- ing premiums in either classics or science, are examined together in one division, for a gold medal. This ad- mirable plan for the encouragement of learning was introduced in the year 1819 by Dr. Elrington, then Provost of college, afterwards translated to the see of Limerick. There is an objection urged by strangers, to the system of education adopted in the Dublin University, arising from the circumstance of its not producing a greater number of authors ; but as this is not the proper place for refutation, we shall only say, that whatever students of this College have laid their writings before the world, have reflected credit on the British empire, and perhaps the mention of their names would be the best defence that could here be introduced. The following are the most distinguished amongst many : Swift, Congreve, Goldsmith, Usher, Berkeley, Molineaux, Edmund Burke, King, Bedell, Browne, Chandler, Hamil- ton, Young, Leland, Helsham, Delany, Lawson, Murray, Parnell, Flood, Grattan, and Curran ; with many distin- guished statesmen and lawyers. The buildings of the College, which are of considerable extent and beauty, consist of three spacious squares, called the Parliament-square, the Library-square, and Botany-bay. The grand front is presented to College- green; it is 300 feet in length, and of the Corinthian order; the centre is ornamented by a pediment resting on Corinthian columns, and the entire is terminated by pavilions de- corated with coupled pillasters of the same order, support- ing an attic story. The Parliament-square is entered by an octagon vestibide terminating at the summit in groined arches; it is 316 feet long by 212 in breadth, and is built entirely of hewn stone ; besides buildings for the THE CHAPEL — THE THEATRE. 31 accommodation of the fellows and students, it contains the Chapel, the Theatre for examinations, and the Refectory. The Chapel. On the north side of the square stands the Chapel, the front of which is a handsome colonnade of four pillars, in the Corinthian order, supporting a pediment : the chancel is 80 feet in length, (exclusive of a semicircular terminat- ing recess 36 feet in diameter,) 40 feet in breadth, and 44 in height; the seats are of oak, pannelled and highly- polished ; there is, besides, a small but elegantly arranged organ loft, the front of which is ornamented with carved oak- work ; in this gallery the provost and fellows reserve seats for their friends, and one bench is appropriated to the accommodation of those who have graduated in the University ; so that very few strangers are permitted to attend divine service; there is an excellent choir, the same which attends the cathedrals in Dublin, and divine service commences at half past nine, and concludes at half past eleven, in the forenoon of each Sunday. The Theatre. On the opposite — the south side, of the same square, stands the Theatre, or Examination Hall, with a front exactly corresponding to that of the Chapel, and of the same internal dimensions. This splendid hall is furnished with tables and forms, at which the students sit during the hours of examinations, and also at public lectures during term ; and the semicircular recess at the end, is fitted up in an appropriate manner for the purpose of 3*2 THE UNIVERSITY. holding fellowship examinations, in such a manner, that both the candidates and spectators may be accommo- dated. On either side of the hall a rustic basement sup- ports a range of pillars of the composite order, from which rises a mosaicked ceiling, richly ornamented in stucco ; the intervals between the pilasters are occupied by the portraits of eminent 'persons ; Queen Elizabeth, the foundress, and seven others, who were either edu- cated in the University, or bequeathed legacies to its support ; Primate Usher, Archbishop King, Bishop Berkeley, W, Molyneaux, Esq., Dean Swift, Dr. Baldwin, and the Right Honourable John Foster, for- merly Speaker of the Irish House of Commons. On one side stands a splendid monument to the memory of Provost Baldwin, who died Anno Domini, 1758. A large Sarcophagus of black and gold marble supports a mattress of white marble, on which the provost is repre- sented in a reclining posture, larger than life, holding his will, by which he bequeathed 80,000/. to the University, in the left hand, on the elbow of which arm he supports himself, and his right hand is extended open ; a female figure in a mourning attitude, emblematic of the Uni- versity, leans over him, up to whose face, expressive of deep regret, he looks with a countenance of resigned complacency ; at his feet stands a figure of an angel, holding a wreath of palm in its left hand, casting on him a look of benignity, and pointing to Heaven ; immediately behind these figures rises a pyramid of variegated Egyp- tian porphyry ; the entire of which, executed in a most masterly style, is the workmanship of Mr. Hewetson, a native of Ireland, but residing in Rome, and cost the University 2,000/. THE REFECTORY. 33 The Refectory. The Parliament and Library Squares are connected by a small quadrangle, at one extremity of which stands the Refectory, a formal and handsome structure ; the front is ornamented by a pediment supported by pilasters, at the base of which is a broad flagged way, the terminating landing of a flight of steps the entire breadth of the build- ing; through a spacious ante-hall, you pass into the diiung-hall, a room of 70 feet in length, 35 in breadth, and 35 in height ; the upper part of the walls and the ceiling are ornamented with stucco, and the base on both sides is oak wainscoting. In this hall, the portraits of the following illustrious characters have this year (1621) been hung up ; viz. Henry Flood, Lord Chief Justice Downes, Lord Avonmore, Hussey Burgh, Lord Kilwar- den, and Henry Grattan ; over the door is a nill length por- trait of the late king's Father ; at one side of which is a portrait of the Archbishop of Cashel (Cox), and, on the other, of Provost Baldwin. Over the ante-hall is a re- markably neat and elegant apartment, formerly used as the assembly room of the Historical Society, an institu- tion of great practical benefit to the majority of the students, though the legislature of the College have, in their wisdom, crushed it — perhaps for ever. On the south side of the quadrangle, immediately oppo- site the Refectory, stands an old wall, part of the build- ings erected at the first institution of the College, which it is intended to remove, and to supply its place by a triumphal arch of the Doric order, with three openings, supporting a square tower with four circular-headed windows, ornamented with Corinthian pillars and urns ; r> 34 THE UNIVERSITY, — in which building the great bell will be suspended ; the entire to be finished by an octagonal obelisk ; the design of the celebrated Sir William Chambers.* The Library. Beyond the quadrangle is the Library-square,three sides of which are brick buildings, perfectly regular and uni- form, and, of course, fatiguing to the eye ; mostly devoted to the accommodation of the students. The library occupies the fourth side ; this square is 265 feet long by 214 broad. The Library is an extensive stone building, whose base- ment story is a piazza, the entire length of the square. Upon this, rest two stories surmounted by a rich Corinth- ian entablature, originally crowned with a balustrade. Of this building, as it was originally designed, and pre- vious to alterations, a correct painting may be seen in the Librarian's room. — In this apartment, a portrait of the Rev. John Barrett, D. D. the present Vice-Provost, has lately been suspended; it was painted at the expense of the Board, by G. F. Josephs, Esq. R. A. At present, the front has a mouldering appearance and an air of great antiquity ; but this is altogether to be attributed to the perishable nature of the stone of which it is built, — The building consists merely of a centre and two pavilions; in the western pavilion are the grand stair-case, the Lending library, and the Librarian's apartments. At the head of the stairs you enter the Library by large folding doors, the first view of which is striking and magnificent; the exterior library room is 210 feet long, * The Board have not yet finally determined on a site for a belfry, though many designs have been submitted to them. THE LIBRARY. 35 41 broad, and 40 in height, and is acknowledged to be the finest room in Europe applied to such a purpose. Between the windows, on both sides, are lofty oak par- titions, at right angles to the walls, on both sides of which the books rest on closely-placed shelves, so that there are as many distinct stalls as there are windows ; these parti- tions are terminated by fluted Corinthian pillars of carved oak, connected at the top by a broad cornice, surmounted by a balustrade also of carved oak, forming the front of a gallery which is continued round the entire room.— Here are pedestals on which rest the busts of ancient and modern philosophers, historians and poets, of white marble : there are many pedestals still unoccupied, the inheritance of future ages. — The number of volumes contained in a library of such magnitude, must of course, be so great, (about 80,000) that every work, of deserving character, may be found in it. At the remote extremity from the entrance is a second room, 52 feet in length, called the Fagel library, fitted up in a uniform manner with the great or exterior library, containing about 20,000 volumes. This vast collection was the property of Mr. Fagel, a Dutchman, who removed it to London in 1794, upon the invasion of his native country by the French, and was purchased from him by the Uni- versity of Dublin for the very moderate sum of 8,000/. Manuscript Room. Over the Fagel library in the eastern pavilion, is the .Manuscript room, in which are many valuable manu- scripts, particularly those relating to Irish history. — There are besides, Persian, Arabic and Greek ; in the Greek character, the most conspicuous are tlicMontlortian d2 36 THE UNIVERSITY, — and a copy of the four Gospels, with a continued com- mentary, w rktflu in the 9th century. — There is a very curious map of China on an extensive scale, drawn by a native in the Chinese character. Besides those which are mentioned in every pamphlet hitherto published, upon the University of Dublin, there are the following valuable manuscripts in this room : Ecclesiastical MSS. — The Repertorium Viride, of Arch- bishop Alan. — Primate Usher's Visitation-book. — An ac- count of Receipts and Disbursements; also, Chapter Acts of Christ Church Cathedral, by Sir Peter Lewis. — Original Registry of the Diocese of Dublin, in the time of Arch- bishop Tregury. — The Liber Niger of John Allen (most probably a copy), to which Ware frequently refers; — with numerous others relating to Christ Church, Dublin. — A Chapter Book of St, Patrick's Cathedral. — Collections concerning Irish Affairs, by Daniel Molyneux, Ulster King at Arms. — With many Monastic Records, Relating to the Civil Affairs of Ireland. — The History of the County of Clare; and four books of Irish History, formerly the property of George Carew, and afterwards presented to the Bodleian Library by Archbishop Laud.—- Various tracts on Irish Affairs, collected by Archbishop Usher. — Annals from the Monastery of Dunbrothy.— Flatisbury's Chronicle.— Annals relative to Inisfallen. — List of the English Families that came into Ireland at the Conquest. — Letters of Oliver Cromwell, concerning the Public Affairs of Ireland.— Four original Letters of King James II, and one of Marshal Berwick. — Also, an original Letter of King Charles I, in favour of Joseph Avery,— Letters patent, appointing Sir P. Butler Earl of Ossory, dated 23rd of Henry VIII. — Letters and Dis- patches of Joseph Avery, Ambassador of Charles I, to THE LIlillARY. 37 the King of Denmark. — An original English Chronicle, which belonged to John Catesby in the reign of Edward IV.— An account of the Coronation, Death, and Burial, of Anne Bullen. With a great number of manuscripts re- lating to English Affairs. The Manuscript room is not opened to the public, and admittance can only be given in the presence of the li- brarian : this regulation is directed by the statutes for the better preservation of the MSS. — Many of those MSS. were presented to the College by Dr. Sterne, Bishop of Clogher, and Mr. John Madden; and there is a tolerably good catalogue, which was drawn up by Dr. Lyon about the year 1745, to which numerous additions have been made by the present learned librarian, Dr. Barret. None are admitted to read in the Library who have not at least obtained the degree of Bachelor ; and even then not without taking the library-oath. A person so quali- fied is at liberty to introduce visiters, but cannot allow them to touch the books, which, however, a Master of Arts is at liberty to do. The Library is open every day, Sundays and holidays excepted, from eight to ten, and from eleven to two : there is a Reading-room in the west- ern Pavilion, which is always open during winter, and supplied with fires. On the south side of the Library is the Fellows garden, a large park laid out in gravel-walks, where the students are not admitted, the fellows and masters only reserving keys to admit themselves; however, fellowship-candi- dates are always permitted to walk here. College Park, To the east of the Library and Library-square, is the College park, a space of about 20 acres, planted and 38 I HE UNIVERSITY — laid out with great taste; here are two ball-courts and a bowling-green for the amusement of the stndents. — As you enter the park from the Library-square, on the right stands an old tasteless building containing a chemical laboratory, where public lectures are delivered by the professor, and also the Anatomical Lecture-rooms ; in one of the apartments appropriated to anatomical purposes, there are several extraordinary preparations and skeletons ; among the latter is a complete skeleton of a whale, with those of M'Grath the Irish giant, and Clarke the ossified man. M'Grath, the Irish Giant — This unhappy lusus na- ture?, is supposed to have been a protege of Bishop Berke- ley's, when a boy; and, exhibiting an enormous stature for his years, the inquiring mind of the Bishop induced him to try if art could in any way advance the operations of nature, and so used various methods to increase the ra- pidity of his growth. Whether his attaining the enor- mous height of nine feet is chargeable on Nature or the curious Divine, would, perhaps, be very easy to deter- mine, as it is highly improbable that any artificial aid could have increased his stature so far beyond the bounds of nature. — After arriving at the age of twenty, being quite in a state of imbecility, he died in extreme agony. Clarke, the Ossified Man, was a native of the county of Cork, in the south of Ireland, and remarkable, in his early life, for bodily strength and activity; but, having lain an entire night in an open field, he was so afFected immediately after, that every joint became a continued bony substance; his teeth next completely united, so that a small aperture was bored in them, to pour down suste- nance : he was totally incapable of changing his position without assistance, but still preserved his sight and hoar- PRINTING HOUSE, &C. 39 ing ; and, in this miserable condition, he dragged on ex- istence for ten years, and died the most melancholy spectacle the human imagination can picture to itself. Near tins last, are the skeletons of a father and son ; the father was executed for having murdered his son by a blow of a hammer in the os frontis; and, in the cranium of the boy, the circular aperture may be seen where the deadly instrument penetrated. In the attic story of this building, are to be seen the cele- brated wax models of the human figure, executed in Paris by M. Douane, and presented to the University by the Right Honourable the Earl of Shelbourne,* Printing House. Immediately opposite the Anatomy-house, on the north side of the park, is the Printing-office, the front of which is a handsome portico of the Doric order, with a regular entablature and pediment, which is greatly admired for its architectural chasteness and the beauty of its propor- tions; underneath the portico and immediately over the door is the following inscription : R. R. Joannes Sterne, K|ii>co|)iis Clogherensi*:, V ice-Cancel larius liujus Acadeinia*, Pro ln'iii'volciilia ((ii.iin liabuit In Academianl et rein literariam J'llMlit, A.I). 173-1. Provost's House. On the south side of the College stands the Provost's house, a handsome edifice of cut stone with wings, and • ThflM have lately been removal to a temporary building in the gar- 'lui, at the rear of the Anatomy-house. 40 THE UNIVERSITY. a court-yard in front, screened from Grafton-street by a high wall, with a large heavy-looking gate-way in the centre ; and at the rear is a spacious lawn and shrubbery, communicating with the Fellows garden, and separated from it merely by a plantation of ever-greens. The in- terior of the house is peculiarly elegant ; the hall, stair- case, and grand drawing-room, are particularly splendid. The elevation of this building is after a design of Lord Burlington's. To the north of the Library-square, is a third square, commonly called Botany-bay ; it is an area of somewhat greater dimensions than either of the others, and three of its sides are allotted to the accommodation of pupils ; in these the chambers are considered to be the most convenient for residence ; and this plan, which is so much approved of, was drawn by Provost Murray. — Near the centre stands a temporary building, in which is suspended the great bell, the largest and best toned in the kingdom, from which situation it will shortly be removed to a situation whence it will be heard to greater advantage. — The exterior of the north side of Botany- bay square, presents a front of hewn stone to New Brunswick-street, and is visible from Carlisle bridge ; it is 270 feet in length ; the basement story is rusticated, the windows of the three upper stories are ornamented with architraves, and the effect produced is rather that of neatness than grandeur ; it is protected from the street by a semi-circular sweep, enclosed by iron railing, rest- ing on a dwarf wall of a foot and a half in height. — The design is by Mr. Ward. MUSEUM— OBSERVATORY. 41 The Museum. Over the vestibule, within the grand gate, is the Museum, an exceedingly beautifid room, 60 feet long and 40 broad. — The most remarkable collection to be found here, is one of minerals, to which daily additions are making, and would be considered valuable, were it not that the collection of the Dublin society, with which we very naturally compare it, so much excels not only the collection in this Museum, but every other in Europe- There is a very curious collection brought from the South-Sea Islands, and presented to the University by Dr. Patten. In the centre of the room stands a stuffed camel- leopard ; at one comer is a model of the Giant's-causeway, remarkable for the accuracy of its execution ; and, beside it, lie some of the basaltic joints, of which the causeway is composed. — The only remaining curiosities of any im- portance to be met with here, are in the case of Irish anti- quities, amongst which is an ancient Irish harp ; Bingley, in his Tour through North Wales, states this precise harp to be Welch, but the arms of the O'Brien family, which are carved upon it, amply refute this assertion. Astronomical Observatory, On the summit of Dunsink Hill, about four miles north- west of Dublin Castle, stands the Observatory, founded at the instance of Dr. HcnryUsher, late professor of Astronomy in the University. In the year 1774, Provost Andrews bequeathed 3,000/. and 250/. per annum, for building an Observatory and supplying instruments : by means of 42 THE UNIVERSITY. this donation, a handsome house was erected, presenting in front a facade of two wings, and a projecting centre, crowned by a dome. — Besides excellent apartments for the residence of a professor, there are two rooms particularly appropriated to astronomical purposes — the Equatorial and Meridian rooms. The Equatorial room is beneath the dome, and is the most elevated part of the building ; the dome, which is intersected by an aperture of two feet six inches in breadth, is moveable by means of a lever and projecting cogs, so that the aperture may be directed to any point of the horizon : and the equatorial instrument rests on a pillar of masonry which rises from the founda- tion of the house. — The Meridian room, which stands in the west side of the building, contains the Transit in- strument, and the celebrated Astronomical Circle, which is universally acknowledged to be Ramsden's best per- formance ; this instrument is minutely described in Dr. Brinkley's work on Astronomy ; and the valuable disco- veries, relative to parallax and refraction, which the pro- fessor has made with this celebrated piece of mechanism, are recorded in the Twelfth Volume of the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy. Botanic Garden. To the south of the Castle of Dublin, about two miles, a space of about four acres has been enclosed for a Botanic Garden ; and though but of late formation, it is exceedingly well supplied with both exotic and indigenous plants in perfect health : but like the Museum of the University, its merits are altogether eclipsed by the mag- nificent gardens of the Dublin society at Glasnevin. Such is the University of Dublin, which was established not more than two centuries since, with little prospect of ■ 0*1 JlKXJfi I . .• arA ii 8iir9fnifeiItJiiJa9 BANK OF IRELAND. 43 success, and less of the great magnitude of its edifices, and the overgrown classes that now crowd its lecture- rooms ; like other literary establishments it has defects, but it is conscious, and labours to remove them. The writer of this little collegiate history has spent many, and perhaps the happiest of his years within its walls, and concludes in the fulness of affectionate warmth, with this prayer, " Alma mater, esto perpetua !" 23anfe of Eretanlf* This noble structure, formerly the Parliament House of Ireland, is probably not exceeded in magnificence of exterior, by any building in Europe ; after the Act of Union, the Governor and Company of the Bank of Ire- land gave 10,000/. and a rent of 240/. per annum, for this building, the old Bank in Mary's Abbey being found to- tally inadequate. This stately and magnificent structure fronts College Green, and is nearly at right angles to the west front of the College, and by its contiguity to the latter, enriches the scene so much, that few cities can rival the coup d'a?il of this magnificent scene. The foun- dation of the Parliament House was laid in 1729, by Lord Carteret, Viceroy of Ireland, under the inspection of Sir Edward Lovet Pearce, Engineer, but completed by A. Dobbs, Esq. his successor, A. D. 1739, at an expense of about 40,000/. — This building not being sufficiently ex- tensive to accommodate Lords and Commons, in 1785, an eastern front, leading to the House of Lords, was designed and executed, by James Gandon, at an expense of 25,000/. — In 1787, a western front and entrance were added, the design of Mr. Parke, Architect, which cost 44 n K OF IRLL AND. about 30,0(>0/. The centre of this edifice, is a grand colonnade of the Ionic order, occupying three sides of a rectangular court-yard, in front; the columns are of stu- pendous height, supporting an entablature, and resting on a floor, accessible by a flight of steps, continued entirely round the court-yard, and to the extremities of the colon- nade, where are the entrances, under two lofty arch- ways; the four central columns support a pediment, whose tympanum is ornamented by the royal arms; and, on its apex stands a well executed figure of Hibernia, having Fidelity on her right, and Commerce on her left hand. This magnificent centre is connected with the eastern and western fronts, which contend with it in beauty, by circular screen walls, the height of the build- ing, enriched with dressed niches, and a rusticated base- ment: the eastern front, which is towards College-street, is a noble portico of six Corinthian columns, three feet six inches in diameter, crowned by a pediment with a plain tympanum ; on its apex stands a statue of Fortitude, with Justice on her right, and Liberty on her left hand : the entablature of the central portico being continued round to the eastern front, exhibits an architectural im- propriety, the columns of one being of the Ionic, while the others are of the Corinthian order ; but this is not very obvious, from the great extent of the building, end from the shape, which does not admit of both porticos being seen together. The western front, to Fester-place, is a beautiful portico of four Ionic columns, surmounted by a pediment, and connected with the centre, by a circular screen wall, corresponding to that which con- nects the eastern wing to the centre. — A military gu room has been erected adjacent to the western front, the entrance, through a magnificent arch-way, ornamented . BANK OP IBEI.AND. 45 with Ionic columns, and crowned by military trophies, forming the extremity of Foster-place ; the design and execution of J. Kirk. Within this stately and extensive pile of building, the most ample and splendid apartments are provided. Beneath the grand Portico, are two entrances leading to the Cash-office. — There was formerly a grand entrance in the centre, leading to the Court of Requests, where now the Cash-office stands; this splendid apartment, which is 70 feet in length, by 50 hi breadth, was designed and executed under the direction of Francis Johnstone, Esq. The walls are formed of Bath stone, panelled, decorated with fluted Ionic columns, resting on pedes- tals, and supporting an entablature; beneath the en- tablature, all round, are 24 windows, some of which are made of looking-glass to preserve the uniformity. From the ceiling, which is also beautifully ornamented, rises a lantern 50 feet in length, and 30 in breadth. — The desks of the officers are at a distance of 5 feet from the wall, so as to afford a convenient passage behind ; and though the wood work, which is carved mahogany, rises to a sufficient height to protect the notes, &c. laid on each desk, yet so much has the beauty of this apartment been studied by the architect, that no part of the elegant pil- lars is concealed, as their bases are the height of the enclosures around the desks. In the centre of the floor, which is chequered flagging, two tables are placed for public use, as well as counters all rouud the room, in front of the clerks' desks. — The entrances are in each end, which also communicate with handsome corridores, conducting to the different offices of the Bank. These corridores formerly encompassed the House of Commons, which was an octagonal room, covered with 40 BANK OF IRELAND. a dome, supported by Ionic columns, which rose from an amphitheatrical gallery, fronted with an iron balustrade of scroll-work ; in this gallery, strangers were permitted to remain during the debates. This room was always considered an extremely beautiful apartment, but it had latterly been considerably ornamented and improved by the direction of the Right Hon. John Foster, Speaker of the House of Commons in Ireland. There were two of the inferior apartments, particularly elegant, one for the hearing of controverted elections, and the Record-room. The House of Lords, which remains unaltered, is an oblong room, with a semicircular recess at one end, where the throne stood ; the throne has been removed, and the recess very appropriately filled by a statue of his late Majesty, George the Third, in white marble, dressed in parliamentary robes, and decorated with the insignia of the orders of Bath and St, Patrick, executed by J. Bacon, jun. which was placed here at the expense of the governor and company of the Bank of Ireland. Here may be seen two specimens of tapestry brought from Holland, extremely well executed, which were permitted to remain at the request of Mr. Francis John- stone ; one represents the battle of the Boyne, fought be- tween William and James, A.D. 1690. The other repre- sents the famous siege of Derry. On the margin of the latter piece may be seen a representation of the Dartmouth breaking the boom across the river Foyle, near Derry ; on the bank of the river, near this spot, is the seat of the Dean of Derry, called, from being the scene of tins exploit, " Boom Hall." — There is also in this room an excellent bust of his Grace the Duke of Wellington, executed by Tumerelli, a London artist, who resided in Dublin for some time ; and in another niche, one of his DANK OF IRELAND. 47 late Majesty. This room is now called the Court of Proprietors. In the western side of the Bank, is the Library-room, now used to preserve the paid notes until the period arrives for destroying them. In a small apartment may be seen a well-executed model of the Bank of Ireland, the performance of Mr. Doolittle ; it stands on a plat- form of about 4 feet in height, and is an accurate resem- blance of the Bank, except that in the model, the Ionic order has been preserved throughout. Nothing can be more curious and ingenious than the roof of the Cash- office, which is most accurately represented in this mo- del, and admits of being taken off. Next the model-room is an armoury, well supplied and arranged. The repeated fires that have broken out in this building from the day of its foundation, appear to have stimulated the exertions of the Directors in providing apparatus to protect them from any serious loss in that way for the fu- ture. On the 27th of February, A. D. 1 792, between 5 and 6 o'clock in the evening, while the Commons were sitting, a dreadful fire broke out, and totally consumed the House of Commons; but it was shortly after fitted up, precisely in the same manner ; and, in 1804, a fire broke out be- neath the portico at the front, and injured the columns ><> seriously, that large pieces were obliged to be inserted in many of them ; this was supposed to have been done intentionally: against such accidents, the Bank is now amply provided. There are two large tanks of water, one at each side of the building; adjacent to each, engines ot immense power are placed, supplied with great quaii- titiesof tube; and lately Mr. Oldham has rendered the forcing pumps applicable to the purpose of inundating the entire Bank if required. 48 BANK OF IRELAND. This extensive pile is nearly of a semicircular form, and stands on an acre and a half of ground. The grand front is 147 feet in breadth ; and, for elegance of design, is un- rivalled ; but, along with the many extraordinary events connected with the history of this stupendous and mag- nificent building, it is not ascertained with certainty, who was the architect who made the design originally. Harris says, this building was executed under the in- spection of Sir Edward Lovel Pearce, but omits any mention of Cassels, who is generally supposed to have been the person who gave the design, and who was also the architect of Leinster House, in Kildare street. There are numerous offices connected with the Bank, which being altogether connected with the man of busi- ness and not at all with the visiter, may be omitted in this little history; but there is one important im- provement in the Bank of Ireland, which it would be culpable to pass over without serious notice — it is the printing establishment. The Printing House. This building stands at the rear of the Bank, on the diameter of the semicircle; it has been fitted up according to the advice, and under the superintendance of, Mr. Oldham. About four years since, the number of forgeries which appeared upon the national Bank, and the conse- quent results to the fair trader and the unhappy forger, induced the Directors to seek for some remedy in the formation of a proper circulating medium. — That the bank-note is the best and most convenient medium, very late proof has been given. To remedy the obvious defects of their notes, the direc- tors commenced by employing Mr. Oldham, at a moderate BANK OF IRELAND. 49 salary, to provide them with a plan of numbering, analo- gous to the stereotype dating and numbering of the Bank of England notes, which he accordingly did ; and with tins difference from the mode in which the Bank of England note is numbered, that, while their machinery only exe- cutes units, without additional adjustments, and thereby requires confidential assistants, Mr. Oldham's appara- tus continues the series to 100,000, independently of the control of the operator. This was the first introduction of this ingenious gentle- man to the directors, who quickly perceiving, that the great interests of Ireland could be advanced by his means, entered upon a new engagement with him, and entrusted him with a commission, to furnish them with a design of a note, which should not merely defy imitation, but by which the most ignorant, as well as the most sagacious, would be free from the possibility of being imposed on by counterfeits. When we consider the number of years notes have been in circulation, the engravers employed to execute them, and the extreme zeal shown by the directors of England to accomplish those ends, we would be induced to conclude, the request of the governors would never have been complied with; but all those objects have actually been accomplished by Mr.OIdham; and the Printing-house of the Bank of Ireland is, perhaps, analo- gous to only one system of mechanism in the British empire, viz. the Block-house, at Portsmouth. Of Mr. Oldham's discoveries, various illustrious persons who per- sonally witnessed their advantages, expressed themselves highly gratified ; among them were the Grand Duke Michael, the Comptroller of his Majesty's Mint, and Air. Vnnsittarl, Chamellor of the Exchequer. The machinery used in producing a bank note. 50 BANK OF IRELAND. of 1st, an apparatus for cutting; 2nd, a most valuable invention for wetting paper; and, 3rdly, machinery which combines the advantages of seven different branches of the same art, viz. historical engraving, in the vignette ; Machine engraving, in the border; engine turning, in the ornamental edges; letter cutting, in the white letters on a black ground in the motto; wood engraving, in some parts of the vignette and border; writing engraving, in the "promise to pay;'' and, lastly, the stereotype num- bering. The thinness of the paper used for Bank of Ireland notes, rendered the wetting of it for printing, a task of great trouble, extreme nicety, and enormous expense; inasmuch as carts of paper were thrown out of the print- ing office each week, destroyed in the attempt to moisten it sufficiently. To remedy this inconvenience, it was suggested, to introduce thicker paper ; which alteration enabled some misguided persons to erase the number one on the note, and substitute a higher number ; thereby increasing the value of the original note ; and, for this, two unhappy criminals were executed at Monaghan tins year, 1821; being the only execution for forgery since Mr. Oldham has been employed by the directors. The principle of humanity alone, induced this ingenious in- dividual to use all his energies in the discovering some mode of wetting paper, which would not be subject to so much actual destruction of property, and which would still admit the use of paper of the former delicate tex- ture : this once accomplished, it shall appear, that the counterfeiting of an issue of the Bank of Ireland, would be nearly impossible. The apparatus for wetting paper consists of a large iron box, communicating with a reservoir of water BANK OF IRELAND. 51 underneath, by means of a perpendicular pipe, which communication can be intercepted at pleasure by a stop cock. The paper, after being evenly piled in reams laid over each other, is placed In cages, which cages again are laid in the iron box. On the upper surface of the box, an air pump is placed ; and the pump being worked until the iron box is tolerably exhausted, the water is then admitted into the box, by means of the stop cock, and immediately infuses itself into the paper, so minutely and so equally, that every sheet may be lifted up without any danger of its not being thoroughly wet- ted, or of its tearing, as it is forced into the paper by the air which is admitted by the removal of a collar of lea- thers, placed on the upper surface of the chest: there is a barometer gauge and a float attached to the chest. This is the last valuable discovery of Mr. Oldham's; which, when we reflect upon the motives that led him to make this discovery, does credit to his character as a man of feeling, and a man of talent. The Expressing Rollers. — This machine, which is for the purpose of preparing the paper for impressions, con- sists of a system of rollers, brought into contact by means of an enormous weight, and opened by wedges to admit the paper, from which the moisture is to be expressed; when the paper is introduced between the rollers, a system of levers is brought to act in such a manner, that a weight proportionate to the thickness of the paper, that is, to the interval between the rollers, shall always bc^ brought into action to close them again. The advantages derived from this gentleman's former inventions, are too obvious to require proof; and though the machinery cannot be minutely described, yet a good outline may be laid before the reader. E 2 52 CANK OF IRK I 1M). The Levigating Machine. The next invention, in ordine, is the levigating ma- chine; by means of this, labour is saved, the ink produced is better for use, and preserves the colour, which is ex- pressed in grinding it with the muller and flag. —The muller is now only used to break down the colouring matter. The levigating machine consists of a cylinder on an axis, placed horizontally; the cylinder, in turning on its axis, is brought into close contact with the bottom of a circular brazen pan, in which the colour to be ground is placed ; beneath the plane of the pan, is an horizontal axle, exhibiting the appearance of a screw in two places at an interval from each other, which gives a rotatory motion to the pan, and by means of a crank in the form of an eccentric circle, gives a longitudinal motion to the axis of the cylinder ; thus bringing every part of the cylindrical surface successively and equally into contact with the horizontal surface of the pan, which preserves the surface of both in the best possible state for grinding the matter to an impalpable powder. In this beautiful little piece of mechanism, so simple in appearance, there are three distinct motions ; the rotatory motion of the pan, the motion of the cylinder on its axis, and the longi- tudinal motion of the axis itself. The Engraving Engine. This machine is capable of engraving an indefinite number of notes ; possessing absolute identity, not only between each other, but also between different parts of BANK OF IRELAND. 53 the same note; and it is capable of re-producing the same precise characters for ever. This machine engraves the border, the vignette, &c. This engine, the public are not permitted to see; there- fore, no description of its construction can be given. It will, perhaps, here be objected, that this secrecy requires the aid of confidential agents; and that therefore it is not more valuable than any former scheme; but that is com- pletely fallacious: for, in place of being obliged to repose trust in a crowd of clerks, who alone were capable of distinguishing the genuine from the forged note, the pub- lic are now able to detect the forgery themselves, and the number of confidential persons is reduced to one ; so that those who object to the extent of confidence placed in secret agents, must here be satisfied, since the chances are reduced from hundreds to the next figure to cypher. Since, then, it is obvious, that the chances of being betrayed are moral impossibilities, it is manifest, that this secrecy is preferable to the security derived from a patent, because a patent does not conceal the mode of executing, but only prohibits the invention from being used without permission; and persons who forge, would, of course, not seek permission, but make use of the in- vention of the patentee, which would reduce the Bank to the same situation and circumstances, as when their notes were capable of imitation The Printing Presses. There are four printing presses, driven by the force of steam: those presses arc on an exceedingly improved construction ; a shifting roller passes over the heed of the I uv. -smaii, and, at every pull, shifts itself, and present- 54 BANK OF IRELAND. a dry surlace. Five hundred notes are struck off every day at each press, all of which are proof impressions. — To one of the supporters of every press, a small box is attached, with glazed apertures in the top, in which figures present themselves successively, at each pull of the press, indicating the number of impressions taken up to that time of the day. This registering apparatus is secured from the interference of the printer, as the box containing it is locked. Behind the row of presses stands a counter, the length of the room ; in which are inserted, at intervals, metal boxes heated by steam, on which the copper plates are laid and heated also. The advantages of this discovery are fully appreciated by persons in the trade; the health of the pressman is preserved; the copper-plates, which were destroyed by the charcoal used in the former me- thod, preserved; and the work much more perfect. The discovery of heating plates by steam, appears to have been made also by a Mr. Ramshaw ; and the Socie- ty of Arts bestowed a medal upon him, for the ingenuity of the discovery: this was in October, 1818; four years after Mr. Oldham had adopted it; but, perhaps, both have the merit of the invention. The Drying Room. In the room appropriated to this purpose, arc a num- ber of lever presses ; by means of which, the notes laid between sheets of paste-board, placed over each other, are compressed and dried. As the paste-board conse- quently imbibes a considerable quantity of moisture, one side of the room is furnished with a rack, in which the paste-board sheets are placed on their edges, and dried BANK OF IRELAND. 55 by a steam stove. This stove is in the form of a frus- trated cone, in the top of which is a plane self-acting distributor of the heated air; and by means of this drying apparatus, a succession of paste-board sheets, perfectly dry, is always supplied. The Numbering and Dating Presses. There are six presses employed in numbering and dating the notes; each press is composed of a brass box or chest, surmounted by a tympan, connected with the box by hinges: the tympan is so contrived as to receive the skeleton note, and, by means of an aperture in the upper surface of the box, a duplicate number and date is im- pressed, at each pull or fall of the tympan. It should be observed, that the press is calculated to receive two notes at once; which, of course, increases the despatch. — And, besides, as the numbers at one side of each box com- mence with unit, and, at the other, with 501, when 500 impressions are taken, it is evident, that 1,000 notes are double numbered and dated. Thus the series can be con- tinued to 100,000, without interruption, and occupies two months in the process. To provide against every species of imposition, there is a confidential person present, and the presses are also totally out of the controul of the pressmen, the machinery being secured by lock and key. There are many other important improvements in the printing office of the Bank of Ireland; the destruction of the old notes has always been performed by confidential persons, by means of fire : the time employed in this operation was considerable, and the loss great. Mr. Oldham destroys them through the medium of a com- mon paper mill, and the pulpou.s matter thus produced, is valuable to paper makers. o(i BANK OF IRELAND. We shall conclude this little history of the National Bank, and its great improvements, by one or two observa- tions of a general nature on the results of the present system of note making, and the excellent current medium of Ire- land. — The directors no longer identify their notes by secret marks, which the honest trader does not enjoy the advantage of being acquainted with ; but, in every vil- lage in Ireland there are persons quite unconnected with the bank, who make a trade of pointing out the genuine and the forged note, which they do with as much facility as any clerk in the bank ; — and besides all this, the gover- nors have published the following directions, by wliich every stranger in Ireland may deem himself secure from the assaults of base circulation in paper currency : " The notes of the Bank of Ireland, of five pounds and under, may easily be distinguished from the forgeries now in circulation, by observing: " 1st. The general perfection which prevails in every part of the note. " 2nd. The extreme regularity and identity of character prevailing thoughout every part of the border ; the scrolls of which it is composed being without the least percepti- ble variation. "3rd. The small black worm lines inserted on the white ground in the scrolls of the border, which are, as to form, absolute facsimiles of each other. " 4th. The edgings round the sum, of which the dis- tinguishing characteristics are, extreme precision , uni- formity, and perfect execution. " ,5th. In the Vignette, — the correct delineation of the crown, ribbon, and tlinale figures, and t\\c distinct forma- tion of the words ''Bank of Ireland. " in black, and the Latil) motto in white letters, which are inserted in the ribbon." BANK OF 111KLAND. 57 Its Institution. The subscribers to the Bank of Ireland were incor- porated by Act of Parliament A.D. 1783, by the deno- mination of the " Governor and Company of the Bank <>f Ireland," 1 and transacted business, for the first time, on the 25th of June in that year. Upon stock amount- ing to 600,000/. in 4 per cent, government debentures were deposited at par. But, an Act was afterwards pass- ed, authorising government to cancel those debentures, and grant an annuity, at the rate of 4- per cent in lieu thereof. — In addition to their capital, they borrowed 60,000/. upon 5 per cent debentures, previous to making any issue; and, in the year 1784, they raised 40,000/. upon similar securities. All money paid into his Majesty's Treasury, Court of Chancery, and Exchequer, are also deposited here. — The first dividend was made A.D. 1783, at the rate of 4 per cent, from which time it has gradually risen, and now bears about 5$ per cent interest. The governor, directors, and officers, are annually elected in the month of April— there are fifteen directors; of these, five must be new. — The necessary qualification for governor is to be actually possessed of 5,000/. in stock, of a deputy governor, to be in possession of 3,000/., and of each of the directors, 2,000/. each. In the year 1791, a continuation of their charter was obtained for 21 years from the expiration of the charter the bank was then possessed of, three years of which were still unexpired, on condition of 400,000/. being added to the capital; which would make in all 1,000,000/. ^u-rling. About 17 92, or 93, the bank raise-da farther 58 BANK 01 IRELAND. sum of 120,000/. upon debentures bearing 4- per cent in- terest, — redeemable at the expiration of three years, ac- cording to their option ; in 1821 the bank obtained a re- newal of their charter, on condition of increasing their capital half a million. From the great extent of the building appropriated to the transaction of business, it may naturally be concluded, that every office is arranged on a systematic and convenient plan. In the Cash Office, which has been already men- tioned, all lodgments are made, notes and post bills is- sued, and exchanged or accepted, drafts paid, &c. — The Cash Office is open from ten to three every day, but private bankers notes are not received in lodgment after two o'clock. — The Bullion Office is open also from ten to three each day : here silver is issued for notes not less than ten pounds; but silver is not received there after two o'clock. — In the Discount Office bills are received from half past nine to half past eleven ; and the office opens again at one for the delivery of bills. This office is not open on Saturdays. — The Receiver's Office is open from two to three, and from five to six in the afternoon, for the payment of bills which were not honoured in the course of the day. Irish bills falling due on Sunday are payable the Monday after, but English bills are payable the Saturday before. — Neither post bills or private notes are received in payment of bills at the Bank. — The only Holidays observed by the company of the National Bank, are Good Friday, Christmas-day, and the King's Birth-day. Governor of the Bank of Ireland, A.D. 1821, ArtlmrCiuiimess, Esq.; deputy governor, Nathaniel Hone, Esq. PRIVATE BANKERS. 59 $ribatt asanfters* Shaw's Bank. Robert Shaw, M. P. T. Needham, and Ponsonby Shaw, Esqrs. hold their Bank in Foster-place, College- green, opposite the west front of the Bank of Ireland. Here bills are discounted, and private notes and post bills issued. Newcomen's Bank. The bank of the Right Hon. Viscount Newcomen and James Evory, Esq. is situated at the corner of Castle- street, and Cork-hill, opposite the principal entrance to the Castle. This bank discounts and does the usual business of a private bank, but does not issue notes under five pounds. This building presents two fronts of Portland stone, one to Castle-street, the other to Cork-hill, executed in a very elegant style; the windows are ornamented with architraves carved with peculiar taste : it stands how- ever on a very small space of ground. The design is by Mr. Ivory. Latouche's Bank. On the opposite side of Castle-street, stands the bank of George La Touche, J. D. La Touche, J. La Touche, jun. T. La Touche, jun. P. D. La Touche and James D. La Touche, Esqrs. This firm transacts the usual business of discounting, receiving lodgments, &c. but does not issue notes under five pounds. The bank is a large brick building of four stories in height, having the windows ornamented with architraves t>0 PRIVATE BANKERS. of cut stone. The circumstance of there being a hank on each side of tins street, is the foundation of a ridi- culous tenigma, frequently proposed in Dublin, viz. Why is Castle- street like a river? Finlay & Co.'s Bank. In a handsome large brick building in Jervis-street, formerly occupied by the Bishop of Waterford, at the corner of Mary-street, and opposite to Mary's Church, Thomas Finlay, John Geale, Robert Law and Michael Law, Esqrs. conduct their business. This firm discounts, receives lodgments, and issues its own notes, of all amounts. Ball's Bank. The bank of Benjamin Ball, Matthew James Plun- kett, Philip Doyne, jun. and Henry Samuel Close, Esqrs. is situated in Henry-street, next to the General Post Office, and but a few yards from Sackville-street. The house is a large brick building, divested of every species of ornament, though well calculated for the purpose it is applied to, and was the residence of W. Henry, Esq. a connection of Ins Grace the Duke of Lcinster. This bank issues notes, and transacts all other species of bank- ing business. Cauntrj) Bankers* Belfast Bank. The notes of Gordon and Co. are payable at Watson and Law's counting-houses 39, Upper Sackville-street, between the hours of ten and two, each day. DUBLIN SOCIETY. (>l Lurgan Bank. The notes of Bronlovv and Co. Bankers in Lurgan, are payable at the house of Wilcox and John Philps, 92, Capel-street, Dublin, between the hours of ten and two, each day. This valuable institution originated in the private meet- ings of a few eminent men, Dr. Prior, Dr. Madan, and others, A.D. 1 73 1 , for scientific purposes, and was supported solely by their subscription for eighteen years. April 2nd, A.D. 1749, George the Second incorporated them as the " Dublin Society for promoting Husbandry and other useful Arts, 1 ' and granted them 500/. per annum; since which period, parliament have lent them most liberal patronage and support, — it is governed by a president, (lii.s Excellency the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland,) and six Vice-presidents. The Governors and Company of the Bank of Ireland are Treasurers ; and the Sec reia ries, are Henry Joy, Esq. (Serjeant at Law,) and John Boyd, Esq. Barrister. Assistant Secretary, B. McCarthy, Esq. Solicitor, John Litton, Esq. Professor and Lecturer on Botany and Agriadture, W. Wade, M.D. F.R.S. Professor of Chemistry, W. Higgins, Esq. Assistant, Mr. Wharnby. Professor and Lecturer of Mineralogy, Sir C. Giesecko. KU| Engineer, R. Griffith, Esq. Lecturer in Erjwimcntal Philaw>}>hy, Mr. Lynch, 62 DUBLIN SOCIETY. Professor and Lecturer in the Veterinary Art, Mr. Peall. Librarian, S. Litton, M.D. Con-ector of the Press, Rev. Dr. Lanigan. Master of the School for Ornament and Landscape Draw- ing, Mr. W. Brocas. Master of the Figure School, Mr. B. West. Master of the School for Architectural Drawing, Mr. H. R. Baker. Master for Sculpture, Mr. Smith. Head Gardener at the Botanic Garden, Glasnevin, Mr. Underwood. There is a General Meeting of the Society every Thurs- day at two o'clock : Sub-committees, upon various scien- tific subjects, meet constantly. — Annual Courses of Lec- tures, open to the public, are delivered by the Professor and Lecturer, from whom and the House-keeper, tickets can be had. — Chemistry ; 1st Course commences the first Tuesday in November; 2nd Course, first Tuesday in January. — Mineralogy ; first Monday in March. — Natu- ral Philosophy ; 1st. Course, first Tuesday in March; 2nd Course, first Tuesday in May. — Botany, 1st Course, first Monday in May ; 2nd Course, second Tuesday in June. — Mining, first Tuesday in February. — Veterinary, first Monday in May. The following departments are open to the Public. — Museum on Mondays and Fridays from twelve to three, — Room of Statuary and Elgin Casts, Tuesdays and Satur- days from twelve to three. — The Library, on introduction to the Librarian. — Botanic Garden, on Tuesdays and Fridays from twelve to four ; but, a member can intro- duce visiters at any time. The subscription to become a member of the Society for life, is 50/.: the number of members is about 500. DUBLIN SOCIETY. 63 Though no branch of literature totally escapes the at- tention of this noble institution, yet it prudently directs a considerable degree of it to encourage and diffuse im- provements in the construction of implements for abridg- ing labour, in discovering and adapting manures to various soils, and in combining agricultural science with practice. They grant premiums to planters of nurseries; and such is the effect already produced, that many mil- lions of young trees have been planted, and extensive nurseries formed ; which, by the consequent cheapness of plants, has induced gentlemen to adorn and benefit their property, to the improvement of the kingdom at large. To Botany, they have given liberal encouragement; having purchased a considerable piece of land at Glas- mere, about one mile from Dublin, at the north side of the city ; they have disposed it as a botanic garden, with great judgment; and appointed an eminent professor, Dr. Wade, to lecture at their rooms in the garden, during the spring season. This garden, laid out and designed by the present celebrated professor, contains upwards of 30 acres; and is inferior, in size, to but one garden of the same description; that is, the garden of Jamaica: the ground has every advantage in quality of soil, and aspect of its banks ; and is watered by a well-supplied stream. — The classification of the plants is as follows : — The Linnaean garden, which contains two divisions, — Herbaceous plants, and shrub-fruit ; and forest-tree plants. 2. Garden arranged on the system of.Iussieu, 3. Garden of Indigenous plants (to Ireland), disposed according to the system of Linnaeus. 1. Kitchen Garden : — To advance the great benefits of (*4 DUBLIN SOCIETY. this department, six apprentices are constantly employed, who have previously served under private gardeners ; they receive a complete knowledge of systematic botany, and are much esteemed by private gentlemen as gardeners. 5. Garden of medicinal plants. G. Garden of plants eat and rejected by cattle. 7. Garden of plants used in rural economy, natural and artificial grasses. 8. Plants used in dying. 9. Rock plants. — For the better effecting this object, a mound has been raised of earth and stones, to which those plants usually adhere ; and intersected by gravel wiilks, whose borders are decked with the greatest variety of those wild flowers. 10. Aquatic and marsh plants. — An artificial marsh has been formed for those plants, contiguous to the river which winds through the garden. 11. Site for Cryptogamics. 12. Flower garden, besides extensive hot-houses, and a conservatory for exotics. Near the centre of the garden, stand the professors-house, and lecture-room, — a plain, unadorned building, where lectures are delivered in the Spring ; one end of the lecture-room communicates with the conservatory, for the purpose of more easily introducing any of the exotics required at lecture. The lectures commence in May, and continue to Septem- ber ; the hour of attendance, eight in the morning, three days in the week. The introductory lecture is delivered at the Society's house in Dublin ; the remain- ing discourses, in the lecture-room at the garden. The garden is open to the public two days in each week, Tuesday and Friday; on Other days, an order from a member of the society, procures immediate admission. DUBLIN SOCIETY. 85 The Botanic Establishment comprises — A Professor. A Superintendant. Two Assistants. Twelve Gardeners. Six Apprentices. The veterinary establishment is similar to that in London ; there are two eminent lecturers on the dis- eases and treatment of horses, black-cattle, sheep, swine ; there is also a veterinary museum. One of the most important objects of this institution, is the cultivation of mineralogy; to attain this object the society purchased, in the year 17.92, the Museum of Mr. Leske, professor of Natural History, at Marburg, a distinguished pupil of the illustrious Werner ; this collec- tion was subsequently improved by Kir wan, the Irish Philosopher. The classification of the minerals is Wer- ner's, and is as follows: — 1. Characteristic collection. 2. The Systematic. 3. Geological. 4. Geographical. 5. Economical. The Irish minerals form a distinct col- lection, distributed according to the arrangement of the thirty-two counties, and is called "Museum Hiberni- cum." This valuable collection of specimens is open to students at all hours, and to the public on Monday, Wednesday and Friday, from 12 to 3 o'clock. Sir Charles G. S. Giesecke, is the present professor. The second part of the Leskcan museum contains the Animal Kingdom ; this is arranged under six classes : — 1. Mammalia. 2. Aves. 3. Amphibia. 4. Pisces. 6. Insects. 6. Vermes. Shells, butterflies, and beetles of the most beautiful species are found here in the F (X) DUBLIN SOCIETY. greatest variety. There is also, the stuffed skin of a boa constrictor, thirty feet long ; there are but few birds, but the plumage of those has been admirably preserved ; some pearls found in a muscle, in the Lake of Killarney, are also shewn, two of which are so fine, as to be valued at fifty pounds each. Messrs, McAllister and Hen have presented some well-executed specimens of stained glass ; there are two good models, one of Stone- henge, exhibiting its present and former condition, and another of an extraordinary ruin, in the county of Kerry, called the Stairs, which had escaped the notice of all modern surveyors, and whose existence was made known so late as 1811, by Mr. L. Foster and Mr. Roch- fort, commissioners for reclaiming bogs in Ireland ; from whose drawings the model has been constructed ; what renders this model interesting is, that the original is sup- posed to be an ancient amphitheatre, erected by the Mi- lesians after their landing.* To encourage the fine arts is one of the chief objects of this noble institution, for which purpose they offer premiums for superior excellency in painting, statuary, modelling and engraving, and they provide the young artist with the best originals that are to be had. Among those are to be seen the Laocoon and Apollo of Belvi- dere ; Mercury, gift of J. Weld, Esq. ; Venus de Medicis; a Bacchus ; a Roman gladiator ; Roman boxers ; Sampson claying the Philistines ; to these have lately been added, casts of the Elgin marbles; — a dancing Faunus, in statuary marble, is much admired. The Drawing School, is divided into three compart- ments ; landscape, figure, and architecture, to which is added a school of sculpture; over each of those a dif- * This ruin was known to General Vallancey, 1787- DUBLIN SOCIETY. 07 ferent master presides, who gives instruction three times each week, and three hours at each sitting. The pupils of the figure school, are occasionally provided with a living figure, to perfect their sketches of the human frame, and all this is gratuitous ; about two hundred pupils partake of this advantage, and from the exhibitions of native genius and education presented at the annual display of drawings formerly made in the society's house, the beneficial consequences were manifest. The surveys made by commissioners appointed for the purpose, com- monly called bog-surveys, and which are shewn at the society, are exquisite specimens of the graphic art. There is an excellent collection of models in the possession of the society; the most remarkable, is one of the wooden bridge over the Rhine at Schaffhausen in Switzerland, the gift of Lord Bristol, in 1771; the original was 36.5 feet long, it consisted of two arches, whose chords measured, the one 172, the other 193 feet, and which rise in the centre from a pier, the remains of a stone bridge, which had been swept away by the current ; this curious and grand object was destroyed by the French, in their retreat from Switzerland, which circumstance enhances the value of the model. There are many other interesting models. The Society House was a low mean looking edifice in Hawkin's-street, afterwards used by the Mendicity As- sociation and now converted into a Theatre, until 1815, when they purchased the mansion of the Duke of Lein- ster, in Kildarc-street, for the sum of 10,000/. and the an- imal rent of f>00/. This is one of the most noble private residences in Europe ; the entrance is from Kildarc-street, through a grand gate-way of rusticated architecture, tattHflg into a spacious court. The front of this palace F 2 68 DUBI4N SOCIETY. is ornamented with four beautiful Corinthian pillars which rest on the rusticated basement story, and support a pediment, with a plain tympanum; between the pe- destals of the columns are balustrades. The windows are ornamented by architraves, those of the first story crowned by circular and angular pediments alternately ; at the rear of the building is a lawn of great extent, se- parated from Merrion Square by a low wall, and occu- pying the greater part of the western side of the square. The hall is a noble room of stupendous height, and has an elegantly ornamented ceiling ; at the end, you pass between large pillars into a long gallery at right angles to the length of the hall, in which are the board room, news room, secretary's apartments, &c. In the hall, is a statue of the Belvidere Apollo, and some models of pillars, from which a selection was made for the trophy to the Duke of Wellington ; amongst the rest Smirks, which was preferred by the society, as the most appropriate. — On the next story, are the library and museum : the former occupies a large room in the western wing, with a gallery all round, and enlarged by a semicircular recess ; it contains about 12,000 volumes of well chosen books, upon various subjects; there is, besides, a good col- lection of MSS. which are bound up in seventeen volumes, for the convenience of consulting : most of those manuscripts are copied from the MSS. of Bishop Sterne, and were purchased from the widow of Harris, the histo- rian, for .500/. ; amongst them are, the Annals of Innisfallen and Multifernan, and numerous tracts on ancient Irish history. The only original documents amongst them are those which belong to Archbishop King. The catalogue, which was drawn up by Harris, is very incomplete. The remainder of this story is occupied by the museum, which FARMING SOCICTY. (>i) is disposed in six successive rooms. The only disad- vantage of this arrangement is, the rooms being lighted from one end only; the other ends have not as great a quantity of light as such objects generally require. The chemical laboratory is finished in the most modern and improved manner, the apparatus is of the most scientific description, such as the present learned pro- fessor is entitled to ; here, an annual course of public lectures is delivered, and there is accommodation for 800 auditors. ^fanning; &otittv. This society was instituted in 1800, and incorporated by royal Charter 1S15, in the reign of George III. The objects of this society are, the improvement of agricul- ture and live stock, and the growth of timber :— the ne- cessity of such an institution, in a country so fertile as Ireland, was obvious ; and yet it was a matter of much difficulty to induce the farmers to introduce any new discoveries, or lay aside their old prejudices in the agri- cultural art ; only fifty years back, the plough was drawn by traces fastened to the horses tails. The late most noble the Marquis of Sligo, was the founder of this valuable institution. It is directed by a President, (Right Hon. J, Foster) a Vice President, and twenty one Directors ; —five Directors are changed every year, candidates are elected by ballot at the general meetings, which take place the last Wednesday in March, at the Society's House, Summer-hill, Dublin, and on the 5th of October at Balinasloe, in the county of Gal way. The subscription (for life) is ten guineas, which must be de- posited previous to the ballot ; there are at present about 70 FARMING SOCIETY. one thousand members, and it is patronised by his Ex- cellency Earl Talbot, Lord Lieutenant, A. D. 1821. Besides the establishment at Summer Hill, there is a depot at Balinasloe, in Connaught, where they hold annual meetings, during the time of the fair, from the fifth to the ninth of October. The house at Summer Hill, though not distinguished by architectural ornament, is convenient for its purposes; it contains the apart- ments of inferior officers ; with a board room and Li- brary—there is a small garden at the rear for the pre- servation of specimens of grass; there is an enclosure sur- rounded by sheds, in which the spring show of fat cattle is held, and an auction-house, for the sale of fine wooL There is, besides, a factory for making all kinds of im- plements connected with husbandry, according to the latest improvements. To encourage the breed and proper feeding of cattle, the society have an annual show (in spring) of black cattle, sheep and swine; on which occasion premiums of considerable value are distributed to the owners ; nor do their exertions stop here, for about the same time of year, an annual plough- ing match is held, where premiums are distributed ac- cording to the merits of the candidates, — and, by an ad- judication of rewards for broad cloth manufactured in Ireland, from Irish wool, cloth of an excellent description has already been produced. The society is supported by occasional grants from Par- liament, donations, and the subscriptions paid by members on their admission. Secretary to the Society, E. Dix, Esq, Register, W. Dix, Esq. ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY. 71 ftaijal Ens!) Statoms* As early as 1683, the celebrated Mr. Molyneaux endeavoured to establish a society, similar to the Royal Society of London ; and though fostered by the protection of Sir W. Petty, its president, it was but of five years continuance. In 1744, the Physico-Historical Society was instituted ; the chief object of this institution was, to inquire into the antiquities of Ireland ; and, under their auspices, some statistical surveys were made : they were the patrons of Smyth's history of Kerry, Waterford, and Cork : but here terminated their labours, after a reign of but two years. Several fruitless efforts were made for several years after. The year 1782, how- ever, was more propitious to the literary exertions of the Irish ; for in that year, a number of gentlemen, chiefly members of the university, associated together, for the purpose of promoting general and useful knowledge ; and, in 1786, a patent was granted for the incorporation of the Royal Irish Academy to promote the study of polite literature, science, and antiquities. It consists of a patron, (his majesty,) a visiter, (the lord lieutenant,) a president, four vice-presidents, a treasurer, two secretaries, and a council of twenty-one, which h subdivided into three committees; first, of science; second, of polite literature ; third, of antiquities. c 4 - iqoi f Rev. J. II. Singer ) Fellows of Secretaires, 1821 - ^ > I Rev. F. Sadleir $ Trinity College. Librarian, Rev. T. R. Robinson, F.T.C.D. Secretary for Foreign ('orrcs/,oiirar£ J^arittin Like other great Institutions, this began from very moderate means, and is now, probably, the largest body in any one society in Ireland. The origin of this Society can be traced to the meeting of a few persons in the drawing-room of a bookseller in Dame-street, to read the newspapers and new publications ; but growing too nu- merous, they removed to a larger house in Eustace-street, and in 1791 assumed the name and form of a regular so- ciety. The gradual increase of members requiring a larger house, they removed to Burgh-quay, near Carlisle-bridge, one of the most central situations in the city, and thence to a neat elegant edifice, with a stone front, erected purposely for their use, in D'Olier-street, but a few yards from their former situation. The library, which is very ex- tensive, cost upwards of 8,000/. and admirably chosen, is open every day from 10 o'clock in the morning until five in the afternoon, and from seven in the evening until ten at night. There is a room set apart for conversation, and which is supplied with English, Scotch, Irish, French, and American newspapers. The business of the Society is conducted by a president (the right honourable the Earl of Charlemont), four vice-presidents, and a committee cf twenty-one, chosen annually from amongst the members, by ballot. Terms, for the first year, two guineas, f<;r every subsequent year but one, payable in advance on tin- first day of January. The subscribing for fifteen 7G marsh's library. years, or a donation of books to the value of fifteen guineas, or ten guineas paid on admission, constitutes a member for life. Officers of his majesty's service, doing duty in Dublin, are admitted on paying the annual subscription of one guinea. Every member is admitted to the advan- tage of the Lending or Circulating Library, on paying one guinea per annum additional. The number of subscribers is about 1500. Treasurers, Messrs. George La Touche and Co. Librarian, Mr. John Raper. Assistant, Mr. George Rankin. Dr. Narcissus Marsh, Archbishop of Dublin, A. D. 1694-, established a public library in the vicinity of Patrick's Cathedral. The books which compose this li- brary,' were, most of them, the property of Dr. Stilling- fleet, and purchased by Dr. Marsh for the public benefit. The library-room consists of two galleries, meeting at a right angle; and in this angle is the li- brarian's room ; who, consequently, has a view of the entire library at once. The books of Stillingfleet are ill one of the galleries; and donations, and modern produc- tions, in the other. To gain admission, you are required to present a certificate, or procure an introduction : this was not always the case ; but, in consequence of some books being stolen in 1750, certain restrictions were im- posed, and the following extraordinary precaution taken; viz. each book was fastened to a chain, to the other ex- CATHEDRAL OF ST. PATRICK. 77 tremity of which a ring was attached, running on an horizontal rod ; the chain was of sufficient length to permit the book to rest on the reading desk beneath. — The only existing trace of this extraordinary trouble and precaution is the rod; the chain has been removed, and the difficulty of gaining admission is but nominal. — The library is open every day from 11 to 3, Sundays and holidays excepted : it is under the government of trus- tees, appointed by act of parliament, who make annual visits. The situation of this library is so very inconve- nient and remote from the respectable part of the city, and the books it contains so obsolete, that the public do not derive much advantage from them: there are here twelve volumes of MSS. illustrative of the History of Ireland. — Amongst the MSS. are the Repertorium Viride, the Liber Niger of Archbishop Alan, James the Second's Procla- mation for Toleration in Scotland, Remarks on two Reli- gious Papers by King Charles the Second. There are many marginal notes, made with a pencil, in the books and MSS. of this library, which are supposed to have been written by Dean Swift. The best method of render- ing this collection useful would be, to transfer it to some of the public libraries, which are better situated. CATHEDRALS. Cattjrtral of $t $atrit&. The Cathedral dedicated to this celebrated divine, was built by John Comyn, Archbishop of Dublin, A.D. 1190 ; for which excellent and laudable purpose, he received 78 CATHEDRAL OI ST. PATRICK. many munificent grants from the Lords Governors of Ireland. It lias been dedicated to St. Patrick, not only as being the patron saint of Ireland, but, it is supposed, that on the same site there stood a chapel built by the Saint himself in the year 448. — The founder of this church created thirteen Prebendaries, which number was in- creased to fifteen by Henry de Loundres, also Archbishop of Dublin, about the year 1220: who also appointed a Dean, Chanter and Chancellor, and modelled its govern- ment on that of the English cathedrals. — About one hun- dred years after the death of Henry de Loundres, through the shameful negligence of the cathedral servants, this noble edifice was completely burned down. — But, a true Christian principle existed in Ireland at that time, as tins magnificent structure erected for the worship of God testifies; for in less than two years after, while Thomas Minot was Archbishop of Dublin, the cathedral was re- built, and the steeple and spire added, of which Arch- bishop Minot laid the foundation stone, A.D. 1370. — A note in the Registry of St. Patrick's Church may lead to extraordinary reflections on the mode in which labourers were procured to raise those great architectural piles which are to be found scattered over England and Ireland: "After the burning of St. Patrick's Cathedral, sixty idle fellows were taken up, and obliged to assist in repairing the church, and raising a steeple ; but, the work being completed, they returned to their old habit— begging ; and finally were banished the diocese." — In the reign of Philip and Mary, A.D. 1555, the rights and privileges of this cathedral were established. The chapter was ap- pointed to consist of the dean, two archdeacons, a chan- cellor, treasurer, twenty-two canonical prebendaries, six inferior canons, sixteen vicars-choral, and six choristers. CATIIKDKAL OF ST. PATRICK. 7V The two archdeacons are those of Dublin and Glendaloch, in the county of Wicklow.- This building consists of a nave, transept and choir. The nave, which is 130 feet in length, has two side-aisles, much decayed, and wanting considerably of their original elegance, but kept remarkably neat. They communicate with the centre of the nave by large pointed arches of a particularly beautiful style, sup- ported by plain octagonal pillars. The nave is lighted by a very large window in the western end, over the grand entrance, as at Furness Abbey, and other large churches in England. — On one side of the centre stands a hand- some monument to the memory of Doctor Thomas Smyth, Archbishop of Dublin, who died in 1771. The inscrip- tion, which is in Latin, is said, by an Irish historian, to be the composition of Dr. Louth, Bishop of London. — Im- mediately opposite to Dr. Smyth's monument, stands that of Dr. Narcissus Marsh, a man remarkable for piety, learning, and liberality. — He filled the situations of dean, provost, bishop, archbishop, and, finally, primate of all Ire- land. — Before his death, he bestowed on the public a magnificent collection of books, and erected a library- house in the neighbourhood of the cathedral. £See Art. Marsh's Library.^ — This monument was originally erected against the side wall of the library, which he had be- queathed for the public benefit; but, suffering much from the eilects of weather, the dean removed it to a more suit- able position in the nave, where it now stands. — Beneath a canopy, ornamented with drapery, of white marble, and between two handsome Corinthian columns, is the following inscription: M. s. Nai:( ism Maiish, S.T.P. Oui ex Aula Sancti A I ban i apiul Oxonil 80 t vnn.DiiAi- of st. Patrick. AJ regimen 6. Sanetx et Individual Trinitatis juxta Dublin Hinc ad unitos episcopatus Fernensem et Leignensem Evectus, Turn Archiepiscopus Cassiliensis, postea Dubliniensis, Tandem Armachanus, totius Hiberniae Primas et Metropolitans. Septies item per regias literas constitutus Unus de dominis justiciariis hujus regni. Omni turn honoris, turn laboris publici munere defunctus, Hie tandem requiescit Animum jam accipe, His omnibus parem, vel etiam majorem, In academia optimarum literarum studium, In ecclesia pietatem et disciplinam primasvam, In republiea pacem et legum reverentiam, Praepositus, Praesul, Gubernator Promovit, auxit, stabilivit; Pie semper et intaminate vivendo, Fovendo literatos, Conservando cives. Inter hasc tanta munia quicquid erat otii Studiis matheseos et rerum naturalium, donabat, Linguarum, praesertim orientalium peritissimus, Summa sacrorum fontium, et ecclesiae historiae cognitione Christiana? religionis veritatem et decus, Transtulit in vitam, et ecclesia; regimen Sic omnibus charum, spectabilem, utilem se prebuit Nee satis hoc duxit vir animi magni et excelsi, Nisi et posteritati prodesset; Hinc Dubliniensis, publicam hanc extruxit bibliothecam, Armachanus auxit, Instruxit que hbris in omni eruditionis genere Selectissimis ; Qualis quantaque sit Adspicc et inspicc. Pontanac domicilia duodecim scdificavit Clericorum viduis sua; imprimis diceceseos recipiendis, Commodam unicuiquc pensionem annuam constituens. CATHEDRAL OF ST. PATRICK. 81 Templa quam plurima Injuria temporum collapsa instauravit, Ecclesiam suam Cathedralem Armachaiiam Annuo reditu a?ternam esse voluit; Et quod magis illustre, magis utile, Deciinas ecclesiis diu subtractas, Optimo exemplo redemptas restituit. De exteris quoque bene raereri cupiens. lis qui in propaganda apud Indos fide, Labores impenderent Animo vere Apostolico Munificentia sua vires stimulosque addidit Vir patria?, ecelesia\ orbi natus. Natus Dec. 20th, I608. Diaconus, a.d. 1662. Episcopus, a.d. 1685 Prcesbiter, a.d. 1662. Propositus, a.d. 167H. Archiepiscopus, a.d. 1691. Primas et Metrop, a.d. \~02. Unus e dominis justiciariis septies, 1699, 1700, 1701, 1705, 1707, 1710, Mortuus Nov. 2, 171", a?tatis 75, Monumentum posuit Benjamin Huson, a.m. Immediately opposite to the monument of Primate Marsh stands that of Archbishop Smyth. Two columns of the Ionic order support an entablature and semicircular pediment, on which rests a mitre ; the centre of the pedi- ment is occupied by the bishop's arms ; underneath stands a large urn of white marble inserted in a nich, and below the urn, a bas relief head. This magnificent monument, which cost upwards of 1,500/. was executed by VanNort, and designed by his pupil, John Smyth ; on the pedestal is the following beautiful inscription, before mentioned to have been the composition of Dr. Louth. 82 t AlHLDRAL OF 9T. PATRICK. H. S. E. Reverendissimus ARTURUS SMYTH, S.T.P. Archiepiscopus Dubliniensis. Reverendi admodum Thomse Smyth, Episcopi Limericensis. Filius natu octavus; Natus Limerici die xix Feb. a.d. mdccvi. Studiis Academicis primum Dublinii, Dcinde Oxonii vacavit; Ubi praeclarum ingenium optimis disciplinis instruxit, Omnique liberali doctrina expolivit. Gentes Europae humanitate maxime excultas Primo valetudinis causa peragravit; Simulque adfectas corporis vires recepit, Integrum animi robur firmavit. Turn adscitus in contubernium illustrissimi Marchionis Hartingtonensis, (Postea Devonian Ducis) Juvenem excellentissimum Sua ipsius indole ad omnem virtutem comparatum, Repetita eadem pei-egrinatione, Praeceptoris loco comitatus est, Quem Virum Patria universa Quem Pro-regem Hibernia dilexit et admirata est; Singulare sui seculi decus eheu ! mox immatura morte extinctum. Hoc praecipue Patrono quod ipsum in magna laude poncndum, Ad summos in Ecclesia honores gradatim ascendit; Ecclesiae Rapotensis Decanus constitutus a.d. mdccxxu. Anno in sequenti ad Decanatum Derensem promotus, Episcopus Clonfertensis et Kilmac Duacensis creatus et Sacratus. a.d. mdccxlii. Ad Episcopatum Dunensem et Connorensem Translatus a.d. mdccliii. Deinde ad Midensem, a.d. mdcclxvt. Poitremo ad Archicpiscopatum Dubliniensem evectus A.D. MDCCLXVI. Per omnem vifce et honorum decursum Sui 8imilis et semper idem, Miris, facilis, humanus, eandidus, Moribua sanctissimis, primEva integritate. CATHEDRAL OF ST. PATRICK. Ipsa simplicitate, venerabilis. Morbi supremi accrrimos crueiatus Tranquilitate et constantia vere Christiana perpessus, Aiiimam placide Deo reddidit Die xiv Decembris, a.o. mdcclxxi. Uxorem duxit foeminam lectissimam Elizabethan! filiam Nicolai Bonfoy, De Abbot Ribton in Comitatu Huntingtonensi Armigeri. Qua) sine prole obiit Die xiv Julii a.d. mdcclxi. -,-Etatis suae lvii. Fratri bene merenti, optimo, carissimo, Carolus et Edvardus Smyth, Ex testamento Ha?redes P. Monument of the Earl of Cavan. On the north side of the nave, attached to one of the pillars, is a handsome monument of white marble, to the memory of the Earl of Cavan. A sarcophagus supports a figure of Minerva, surrounded by military emblems. Behind an urn is seen, resting on a column, against which is suspended a medallion of the deceased Earl. The in" scription is as follows: Sacred to those virtues, that adorn the just and brave, This monument perpetuates the memory of RICHARD LAMBERT, EARL OF CAVAN, Viscount Vilcoursie, and Baron of Cavan, Lieutenant General of His Majesty's Forces, Colonel of the 15th Regiment of Infantry: Who yielded human life for Eternity on the 2nd day of Nov. 1778, M. 56. 8i CATHEDRAL OF ST. PATRICK. On the sou tli side of the nave, and near St. Patrick's gate, a handsome monument of white marble is affixed to one of the columns, dedicated to the memory of John Ball, Esq. Serjeant at Law. By the unanimous vote of the Irish Bar, This memorial of esteem and admiration is raised to the memory of JOHN BALL, One of His Majesty's Serjeants at Law. He died the 24th of August, 1810, in the 60th year of his age. During a life of strenuous exertion he never excited one transient enmity. In his progress to the highest professional eminence, he never stooped to any unworthy condescension ; zealous, but candid ; modest, yet bold ; his simple and persuasive eloquence was the true result of generous feeling and animated conviction; no sophism disgraced his reasoning, no studied ornament impeached his since- rity. Worth, Learning, Intellect, all conspired to exalt him to distinction: characteristic modesty grew with the growth of his reputation, whilst it seemed to impede, it advanced his progress, and, interesting all men in his success, shed an unoffending lustre on his prosperity. This unprecedented offering of a grateful pro- fession to a member, distinguished by all the great and amiable qualities of the head and heart, whilst it affords a present solace to his afflicted family and mourning friends, after personal remem- brance shall have ceased, may perpetuate the benefit of his exam- ple, by encouraging unobtrusive worth and unpatronized genius to pursue his path and acquire his celebrity. Stella's Monument. On the same column, and only a few feet lower, is a white marble slab, to the memory of Mrs. Hester John- son, better known in the literary world as Swift's Stella ; Oil which is inscribed, M CATSEDRAL OI ST. PATRICK. 85 Underneath lie the mortal remains of Mrs. HESTER JOHNSON, better known to the world by the name of STELLA, under which title she is celebrated in the writings of Dr. Jonathan Swift, Dean of this cathedral. She was a person of extraordinary endowments of body, mind, and behaviour. Justly admired and respected by all who knew her, on account of her many eminent virtues, as well as for her great natural and acquired perfections. She died January L'Tth, 1727-8, in the 4Gth year of her age, and by her will be- queathed one thousand pounds towards the support of a chaplain to the Hospital founded in this city, by Dr. Steevens. Archbishop Tregury's Monument. On the right hand side of St. Patrick's, at the western gate, is a monument dedicated to the memory of Michael Tregury, Archbishop of Dublin, who died in the year 1471, and bequeathed, by his will, two silver salts, gilt, to be used as chalices at the celebration of the Lord's Supper in this cathedral ; and to St. Mary's Chapel he left a pair of organs. On the tomb stone, which is a slab of granite stone, seven feet long and four broad, set upright in the wall, the Archbishop is represented in his pontifical habit, with his crozier in his hand, on the top of which is a crucifix. In Church-text characters, around the edge of the slab, is this inscription : Jesus est Salvator mcus. Praesul Michael hie Dublinieusis marmore tumbatus. Pro me Christum flagitetis. Swift's Monument. On the column next that to which the monument of Mi\ Hester Johnson is fixed, is that of Dean Swift, who was adored by the Irish, while living, and whose example, 80 CATHEDRAL OF ST. PATRICK. after death, was beneficial to his country; of him Scott says, " At the tidings of his death, the gratitude of the Irish shone forth in the full glow of national enthu- siasm; the interval was forgotten, during which their great patriot had been dead to the world; and he was wept and mourned as if he had been called away in the mid career of his public services. Young and old of all ranks surrounded the Deanry-house, to pay the last tribute of sorrow and affection. Locks of his hair were so eagerly sought for, that Mr. Sheridan happily applies to the citizens of Dublin, these lines of Shakespeare : " Yea, buy a hair of him for memory, And, dying, mention it within their wills, Bequeathing it as a rich legacy, Unto their issue." On the 22nd of October his remains were deposited, in a private manner, at the foot of the second Gothic column, from St. Patrick's gate ; and on a black marble slab, indicating the resting place of this distinguished man, is an inscription, expressive of that hatred of op- pression, and love of liberty, w r hich his other writings breathe, for the inscription was written by himself. Hie depositum est corpus JONATHAN SWIFT, s. t. d. Hujus Ecclesiae Cathedralis Decani, Ubi sacva indignatio Ulterius cor lacerare nequit. Abi Viator Et imitarc, si poteris, Slxenuum, pro virili, Libertatis vindieatorem, Obiit l*) g die mensis Octobris a.d. 1713. Anno /Etatis 78. _ _ CATHEDRAL OF ST. PATRICK. 87 Immediately over this monumental tablet, is a well- executed bust of Swift, placed there in 1776, by J. Falkener, the original printer of his works, by permis- sion of the Dean and Chapter of the Cathedral. It is the workmanship of Mr. Cunningham. — Falkener at first intended to place this admirable specimen of statuary, at the front of his house, in Essex-street, as appears by his Journal, No. 3,816. — For an accurate description of every thing connected with Swift, and this Cathedral, the reader is referred to Mason's History of St. Patrick's Ca- thedral and Whitelaw's History of Dublin. To the left of the entrance, called St. Paul's Gate, affixed to the pillar next the door-way, is a small marble slab, to the memory of Alexander M'Gee, servant to Dean Swift, with the following superscription : — Here lieth the body of ALEXANDER M'GEE, Servant to Doctor Swift, Dean of St. Patrick's. His grateful master caused this monument to be erected in memory of his discretion, fidelity, and diligence, in that humble station. Obiit March 24th, 1721-2. ^Etatis 29. Dean Keating's Monument. At the north-west end of the south aisle, is the vault which was granted by the Chapter to the Rev. J. W. Keating, late Dean of St Patrick's, where his remains are entombed ; his friend, Dr. Handcock, has dedicated a small marble slab to his memory, bearing the following inscription : — 88 CATHEDRAL OF ST. PATRICK. Underneath lie the lamented remains of Very Rev. JOHN WILLIAM KEATING, D.D. Dean of this Cathedral j He died May 6th, 1817- Aged 47 years. His attached friend, Rev. John Handcock, D.D. Dedicates this tablet to his memory. In the north aisle, and near the steeple, is the monu- ment of Richard Meredyth, D.D. Bishop of Leighlin and Ferns, and once Dean of this cathedral. The tomb dedicated to his fame was destroyed in the revolution of 1688, when the church was converted into a barrack for the military, by order of King James. But a second tomb has since been erected, a little to the east of its former situation, with the following inscription engraved thereon : — Here lieth the body of RICHARD MEREDYTH, D.D. Lord Bishop of Leighlin and Ferns, And Dean of this cathedral of St. Patrick's. Who died August the 3rd, A.D. 1597, In memory of whom, and several of his family, who he here in- terred, this monument is erected, by Richard Meredyth of Shrow- land, in the county of Kildare, Esq. Charles Meredyth of Newton, Dean of Ardfert, and Arthur Francis Meredyth, Esq. both in the county of Meath; being the remaining branches of his family, 1754. Repaired, Anno Domini, 1768, by Sarah Meredyth, other- wise Paul (relict of the above Richard Meredyth), Thomas Mere- dyth of Newton, and Arthur Meredyth of Dollaritown, Esqrs. Not far from this is a monument to the memory of Doctor Martin, Prebendary of St. Patrick's, and rector of Killeshandra. In the same aisle, there is a monument erected to the memory of Henry Tomkins, a youth of fifteen years of ■^^kMM^H CATHEDRAL OF ST. PATRICK. SO age, who came into Ireland, in the reign of the Marquis of Buckingham, and died in the residence of the Mar- quis, who was his attached friend, and who caused his remains to be deposited in this cathedral, and a monu- ment, with the following inscription, to be erected to his memory : — HENRICO, HENRICI TOMKINS, de Weston-TurviUe In. Com. Bucks. Arm. Filio natu maximo, Georgius, Marchio de Buckingham, Hibernian Pro-Rex, Amoris ergo et desiderii P. Quinto die Maii Annum sctatis quindecimurn Vix emensus, morte, hcu ! iramatura, Praereptus est MDCCLXXXVIII. Lord Rosse's Monument. Near the monument of Henry Tomkins, is another to the Earl of llosse. — A pedestal supporting a bust of white marble, comprises the entire structure, over the tablet of which is engraved the following epitaph: — This marble was erected by John, the Sixth Lord Viscount Nettervflle, In memory of RICHARD PARSONS, Earl of Rosse, Who, with his sister, Lady ELIZABETH PARSONS, are interred Within this cathedral. On the north side of the nave, at a short distance from the choir, is a tablet, witli the following inscription : — 90 CATHEDRAL OF ST. PATRICK. To the memory of JOHN BOARDMAN, Esq. Who, for twenty-three years, filled the office of grand Treasurer to the Freemasons of Ireland, with consummate knowledge, rigid integrity, and unexampled zeal. He died in London, on the 25rd of May, 1814, whilst on a mission to the United Grand Lodge of England. This monumental tablet is erected by the Grand Lodge, to commemorate their gratitude for his services, their sense of his virtues, and their sorrow for his loss. Aug. Fred. Duke of Leinster, Grand Master, Hon. A. A. Hely Hutchinson, Deputy Grand Master, John H. Baron Hutchinson hardens John C. Baron Kilmaine Rev. Robert Handcock, D.D. Grand Secretary. a ijw, Mr. John Rigby's Monument. To the column next the choir, on the north side of the nave, is affixed a handsome marble monument, with some masonic insignia thereon, to the memory of Mr. John Rigby ; the inscription is as follows : — To the memory of JOHN RIGBY, Late Sovereign of the order of Prince Grand Rose Croix, and Deputy Grand Commander of the College of Philosophical Masons of Ire- land. Whose great masonic zeal, manly, honourable, and in- dependent mind, and kind and generous disposition, placed him in those high ranks of Freemasonry; and gained him the esteem and respect of society. This tribute to his worth is erected by his brethren of the original chapter of Prince Masons, and the first Volunteer Lodge, No. 620. A.D. mdcccxix. There are a few other monuments and inscriptions in the nave, which cannot be introduced here, and for which the reader is again referred to Mason's History. — _». CATHEDRAL OF ST. PATRICK. 91 At the north-west angle of the aisle, is the door-way leading to the steeple. — The steeple was erected in 1370, at the instance and owing to the zeal of Archbishop Minor, who, on that account, adopted as a device upon his seal, a Bishop holding a steeple in his hand. — In 1719, Dr. Stearne, Bishop of Clogher, bequeathed 1,000/. towards the erection of a spire, which was accordingly executed, from the design of George Semple, Esq. — The tower is 120 feet in height, and the spire 103, making in all from the ground to the ball of the spire, 223 feet. This spire, it will be supposed, is extremely con- spicuous from every approach to Dublin, but, owing to the lowness of its situation, it is not visible at all from the north or west of the city. — Within the tower is suspended a ring of remarkably sweet-toned bells ; which has been greatly improved, by the placing of a ceiling immediately over them; this was done by the late Very Rev. Dean Keating, to whom the public are indebted for the almost total preservation of this venerable and beautiful structure. — On one of the bells is the following appropriate motto, " Buret illccsa ad preces excitans, usque ad sonitum supremo;, 1 721." — There are English mottos upon the others. Returning then to the remote end of the nave, and the intersection of it, with the transept, we reach the entrance of the choir, which is through a gothic arch-way of modem construction, and over which, forming the division be- tween the nave and choir, is the organ. This organ, universally acknowledged the finest toned in Ireland, is the workmanship of Smith, of Rotterdam, and intended to be erected in the church of Vigo, in Spain ; but at the moment of its arrival, the Duke of Ormond made an attack on that town, at the head of the Allied Fleet, and 92 CATHLDRAL Ol ST. PATRICK. carried off this organ, with other valuables. — The organ he presented to Patrick's Cathedral, and the Chapter plaeed the arms of his family in front of it, turned towards the aisle. — Some years after, the Duke was so unlucky as to lose the royal favour, and suffer a loss of rank in the state, upon which the sheriff of Dublin en- tered the cathedral, for the purpose of removing the Ormond arms from the front of the organ. But Swift, who was then Dean of this cathedral, resisted the sheriff's authority, upon legal grounds, and retained the arms in their position. — They were however removed from their original position, two years since, to permit some neces- sary alterations, and are now on the very summit of the organ looking towards the nave. The Choir. The choir, which is ninety feet in length, including that portion of the nave where the four principal arches intersect, is the finest specimen of pointed architecture in the kingdom, richly decorated with niches and recesses, called commonly the Friar's walks. — The ceiling, which is composed of groined arches, was built of stone, but not long since was obliged to be removed, and its place sup- plied by a ceiling of stucco, exactly similar to the former ; so that the choir presents the venerable appearance of an ancient cathedral, in its full splendour. — The choir was formerly roofed with stone flags, of an azure colour and inlaid with stars of gold. But the weight of the roof being too great for the support beneath, it was removed, and discovered beneath traces of 100 windows. — The exterior walls were supported by flying buttresses, with demi-arches, and there were niches in the walls, where CATHEDRAL OK ST. PATRICK. 93 statues of the saints were placed, but no traces of the niches or statues are to be found at tins day. — Within the choir are, the Archbishop's tin-one, and stalls of the knights of the most illustrious order of St. Patrick ; over each stall are suspended the helmet and sword of the knight, and above the gallery, all round, are the banners of those who now enjoy the honour of knight- hood. — The throne, stalls, and first gallery, in which are the dean and archbishop's closets, are very appro- priately ornamented with carved oak, and scarcely inter- fere with the architectural beauty of the ulterior ; but, in consequence of the great crowds which attend divine service every Sunday in this cathedral, the Chapter have erected a second gallery, Avhich greatly disfigures the appearance of the choir, and gives it rather the air of a theatre, than of a cathedral for divine worship. — Not- withstanding, the whole appearance of the choir, from its immense height, the quantity of light admitted, the insignia of the order of St. Patrick, and the different monuments, is venerable, magnificent, and imposing, and cannot fail to excite those religious thoughts, which it was the object of gothic architecture, particularly, to effect, from the gloom and awfulness of the interior of their churches. In the east end is the altar, at each side of which, on tablets sunk in recesses, the ten command- ments are placed in gilt letters, and the altar-piece re- presents a curtain behind a large gothic arch, half-drawn and just admitting a glory to the view ; it is considered well executed, and has an admirable effect, being com- pletely in character. 94 i ATIIKDI! \I. OF ST. PATRICK. MONUMENTS IN THE CHOIR. Earl of Cork's Monument. Near the altar, on the south wall of the choir, stands the celebrated monument of Richard, Earl of Cork, erected in the reign of Charles I. Not more remarkable for its magnificence, and the enormous sum it cost, than for the political and ecclesiastical quarrels it was the oc- casion of.— This monument originally stood where the communion table now stands, at which place there was once a door way into the chapel behind the choir ; but, this being the proper place for the altar, Archbishop Laud complained to Lord Strafford, then Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and afterwards to the King himself, that this structure occupied the place of God's altar. But this attack was defended by the Primate, and by Dr. Usher. — HoAvever, the Earl of Strafford exerted himself to have this monument removed, which circumstance was occa- sion of offence, not only to the descendants of the Earl of Cork, but also to Weston, Lord Treasurer of England, whose ancestor, Lord Chancellor Weston, was interred beneath that pile, and to whose memory it was chiefly de- dicated. And even after the ecclesiastical dispute was terminated, the rancour kindled in the hearts of these statesmen burned with undiminished violence. For at the trial of the unhappy Earl of Strafford, it is believed, the Lord Treasurer Weston used all his zeal and influence to do him injury.— On the 16th of April, 1634, a king's letter was issued, to investigate the matter, which ended by an order being issued for the removal of the monument to the place it now occupies. The upper chamber of the monument contains a figure CATHEDRAL OF ST. PATRICK. 95 of Weston, Dean of this cathedral, beneath an arch, in a cumbent posture ; beneath him are two marble slabs, on which you may read the following inscriptions : Here lieth interred, the body of that reverend, honourable gentleman, ROBERT WESTON, Esq. Doctor of the Civil and Canon Laws, Grandfather to the Lady Catherine, Countess of Cork, being sometime one of the Lords Justices of Ireland, and for six years Chancellor of this realm. Who was so learned, judicious, and upright in the course of judicature, as in all the time of that employment he never made a decree that was questioned or reversed ; he changed his mortal for an eternal life, the 20th of May, 1573, whose honorable memorie no time shall extinguish. In the chamber underneath are two compartments, the one occupied by a figure of Sir Geoffrey Fen ton, and the other by his lady, Alice, daughter of Dean Weston ; both figures are in a kneeling attitude; near them are two slabs, having the following inscriptions : Here lieth intombed, the body of the twice honourable Sir GEOFFREY FENTON, Kt. Secretary and Privy-councillor to Queen Elizabeth, and King James, of blessed memory, for the affairs of Ireland ; and which employment he performed with great justice ; he was father to the Ladie Katherine, Countess of Corke, and departed this life the 24th of October, 1G08, whose workes and vertues will never die. In memorie of the honourable and vertuous ladie, Lady ALICE FENTON, wife to Sir Geoffrey Fenton, and mother to the Lady Katherine, Countess of Corke, whose religious and charitable cour- teous life was an example to her sex ; she deceased the 20th of May, 1631, but will ever live in the happy remembrance of all posterity. In the next lower chamber, are placed two figures, the one of the Earl and the other of the Countess of Cork, in a recumbent posture ; at their heads one of their sons 00 CATHEDRAL OF ST. PATRICK. is kneeling-, in the attitude of prayer, and another in the same position, at their feet; on the edge of the marble slab on which they recline, is this inscription : This monument was erected for The Right Honourable Sir RICHARD BOYLE, Kt- Lord Boyle, Baron of Youghall, Viscount ofDungarvan, EARL OF CORKE, Lord High Treasurer of Ireland, Of the King's Privy Council of this realm, And of the Lords Justices for the government of this kingdom ; In memory of his most dear, virtuous, and religious wife, The LADY* KATHERYNE, COUNTESS OF CORK, And their posterity ; As also, of his grandfather, Robert Weston, Some time Lord Chancellor of Ireland, and one of the Lords Justices for the government thereof, Whose daughter, Alice Weston, Was married to Sir Geoffrey Fenton, Kt Principal Secretary of State in this realm ; And they had issue, the said Lady Katheryne, Countess of Cork, Who lieth here interred with her said father and grandfather, Whose virtues she inherited on earth, And lieth here entombed with them; All expecting a joyful resurrection, Quae obiit decirao sexto Februarii, 1629. In the lowest chamber are the Earl's six daughters,, with the figure of a child, supposed to be the celebrated Sir Robert Boyle, all in the attitude of praying ; between the arches of tins story you will find the following inscription : AN The issue of the 1 NO Right Honourable Richard, Lord Boyle, 6 DO EARL OF CORKE, MI And the Lady Katheryne, his wyfe, 1 NI With the arms of such of their daughters Husbands, as are married. CATHEDRAL OF ST. PATRICK. 1)7 And near the highest point of this monument, is this motto : God's providence is our inheritance. Swift, when Dean of this cathedral, made application to the Lord Burlington for money to repair this monument of his ancestor the Earl of Corke, which circumstance is mentioned in Swift's Letters to Lord Carteret. For further information on the subject of this extraordinary mauso- leum, see the learned work of William Monck Mason on this cathedral. Viscountess Doneraile's Monument. Over the door leading from the Choir to the Chapter- house is a monument, a figure in a leaning posture, of the Viscountess Doneraile, who was interred in the vault of the Boyle family, to which is annexed this inscription : Here lieth the body of the Right Honourable LADY ELIZABETH VISCOUNTESS DONERAILE, Wife of the Right Honourable Hayes Sentleger, Lord Viscount Doneraile, Daughter of the Right Honourable Joseph Dean, Lord Chief Baron of the Court of Exchequer, in 1715 ; And of Margaret Boyle, daughter of the Honourable Roger Boyle of Castlemartyr, in the County of Cork, Esq. She departed this life on the 3rd day of December, 1761, in the 59th Year of her Age. she lived universally esteemed, and died universally lamented. Her disconsolate Husband, with whom she lived in perfect harmony forty years, hath caused this Monument to be erected in testimony of the love which he bare her, and as a memorial of his sincere '(•t for her many great and amiable virtues. 08 CATHEDRAL OF ST. PATRICK. At some height, against the south wall of the choii between the monuments of the Earl of Cork and tin Viscountess Doneraile, are some relics, said to be the chain-ball which killed St. Ruth at the battle of Aughrim in 1691 ; the head of the last wolf ever taken in Ireland, and for which a reward of 100/. was given by the Lord Lieutenant ; and the spurs worn by the Duke of Wel- lington at the battle of Waterloo : but this is complete fiction; the head is that of a boar, carved in wood, the crest of the Loftus family ; the ball was that which killed Lord Loftus at the battle of Limerick; and the spurs also belonged to the same nobleman. Duke Schomberg's Monument. Opposite to the Earl of Cork's monument, and at a con- siderable height, there is a black slab inserted in the wall, consecrated to the memory of the illustrious prince, Duke Schomberg, who was slain at the battle of the Boyne, in 1G90.* Dean Swift made repeated applications to the descendants of this gallant officer, to place a testimonial over his remains, worthy of his deeds, which proving ineffectual, the Dean himself placed the present stone, in the wall of the choir, and wrote the inscription carved thereon, which is as follows: — * In a press in the Chapter-house the skull of Duke Schomberg Is still preserved; in the forehead of which is a circular aperture, made by the bullet which caused his death. CATHf-.DRAL OF ST. PATRICK. 99 I lie infra situm est corpus Frederick Ducis cle SCHONBERC, Ad Bubindam occisi, a.d. 1690. Pecanus et Capitulum maxiraopere ctiam atquc etiam Petierunt, ut haercdes Ducis Monumentum in memoriam parentis Erigendum curarent. Sed postquam per epistolas, per amicos, Diu ac sa;pe orando Nil profecere; Hunc demum Lapidem statucrunt: Saltern ut scias hospes ubinam terrarum Schonbergense3 cineres dehtescunt. Plus potuit fama virtutis apud alicnos Quam sanguinis proximitas apud suos. A.D. 1731. Near this last are slabs to the memories of Dean Fyche, and Dean Sutton. — Dame Mary Sentleger, who married a fourth husband, Sir Anthony Sentleger, Master of the Rolls in Ireland. — And not far from those is a stone with the following inscription : Hcare liefh buried, The Reverend Doctor THOMAS BYTTOLPH, Deane of Raphoe, heretofore Chaplainc, both to King Charles ye First, and his now sacral Maiesty, King Charles the Second: who maryed Ann ye Davghter of Hcnery Mingay, Esq. of Ameringill in the County of Norfolk-,- by whom he left issve only one Davgh- ter, and died the 21st day of Avgvst, 1676. There is here also a monument to Sir Edward Fiton, Lord President of Connaught, in old English Characters, on a brass plate ; the arms are engraved on pewter, and inlaid on the plate. h 2 100 CATHEDRAL OF ST. PATRICK. Archbishop Jones's Monument. This monument, although built in the style and mannei of Lord Corke's, is still deficient in magnificence; it con- sists only of two chambers or stories, in one of which is the effigy of the Archbishop, and in the other Lord Viscount Ranelagh, with a number of figures kneeling, their hands raised in a suppliant maimer. In this vault many noble persons have been interred from time to time, as appears from Archdall. — On the left hand side of the upper chamber, is the following inscription : d. o. m. s. THOMAS JONES, Archiepiscopus Dublin, Hybernia? Caneellarius, Bis e Justiciariis unus, Obiit 10th April, A. D. 1619. Margarita Thomas Uxor Obiit 15th Dec. 1618. And on the right, the following : ROGER JONES, Eques. Vice Corns. Ranelah, Connaeia? Praises, Jacobo et Carolo regibus E Secretioribus Consiliis. Parentibus sibi et Posteris posuit Prior uxor Francisca FUia Giraldi Vice Comitis. Moore De Drogheda, Obiit 23rd. Nov. 1620. Altera, Catharina Filia Henrici Longuevil de Comitat. Bucks, Equitis, Obiit 4th Dec. 1628. Filius ct conjux mcesti monuments doloris, Hie patri matri conjugibusq. loco. Under the gallery there is a brass plate inserted in the wall, with an inscription, in obsolete English, to the CATHEDRAL OF ST. PATRICK. 101 Memory of Sir Henry Wallop, of Southampton, who was buried in this cathedral, A. D. 1599. — Beneath the steps of the altar the Domvilles have been interred, and not far from their burial ground, is the grave of Archbishop Talbot. In the choir of this Cathedral also are deposited the remains of Brigadier Fitzpatrick, who, with eighty fellow passengers, was drowned near the hill of Howth in the bay of Dublin, A, D. 1696, in at- tempting to cross the channel from Holy-head to Dublin, in the William packet. — In the aisle, to the south of the choir, is a monument to the memory of Mrs. Taylor, and some of her children. And another, to the memory of Baron William Worth, and his posterity ; he was in- terred in the choir, A. D. 1682.— -Over two small pointed arches in the choir have lately been discovered the arms of King John. The Chapter House. The Chapter House, or, as it was anciently called, St. Paul's Chapel, which occupies part of the southern tran- sept, was a beautiful specimen of the interior beauty of this cathedral, until it was disfigured by a modern arch, introduced for the support of the walls, which were in a tottering state ; in this was the prison of the inquisition. Here the Dean has a throne, and the prebendaries stalls ; the banners of the deceased knights of the illustrious order of St. Patrick are removed from the choir to the Chapter House, and add considerably to its picturesque appearance; it is ornamented also by a statue of tlie Marquis of Buckingham, dressed in the robes of the order, which was instituted during his government; and on the pedestal is inscribed, 102 CATHEDRAL OF ST. PATRICK. The Most Noble GEORGE NUGENT GRENVILLE TEMPLE, Marquis of Buckingham, &c &c. &c. first Grand Master of the most illustrious order of St. Patrick. This statue was made at the expense of Lord Tyrawly, as a mark of his esteem for the late Marquis of Buckingham. In a frame, hung against the side wall, several pieces of burnished tile are preserved. The entire cathedral was originally floored with tiles of this description, but they have been buried in the ruins of the cathedral subsequent to its destruction by fire : those specimens were discovered by Mr. Maguire. St. Mary's Chapel. In the east of the choir, is a small chapel where di- vine service is performed at different hours from those in which it is celebrated in the cathedral : the chapel itself has been so much altered by repairs, that all its ancient character is effaced. There were many other chapels beneath this extensive roof, but they are now buried in ruins. The north entrance, or St, Nicholas gate, at present exhibits not a vestige of its former greatness, not preserving as much as would repay the antiquarian for the trouble of a visit ; it contains, however, what is sup- posed to be St. Patrick's well, and one monument, on which this inscription may still be traced : Hie rcquievit corpus HENRICI PRICE, S. T. P. hujus Eeclesiac, per annos t'ircitcr XX. pastoris Dignissiml ; qui obiit Sep. Mh, A. 1). 1706. CATHEDRAL OF ST. PATRICK. 103 The site of this cathedral has been already spoken of as being injudicious, and not merely from its being so low, but from the circumstance of a small stream, which runs by the cathedral, and under Patrick-street, that overflows after rain, and at one time inundated the ca- thedral; to obviate which inconvenience, the cathedral floor was raised, and consequently part of the pillars, supporting the pointed arches, buried ; after which the street was raised; consequently, the cathedral floor again remained lower than the external surface, which very much contributes to render it damp. Until a few years back, the side aisle to the east of St. Nicholas's Gate, was completely filled with rubbish, and impassable ; this was cleared away, and rendered one of the most elegant walks in the cathedral, by the direction of Dean Keat- ing, who also removed a quantity of scaffolding which supported the roof of the nave, and totally obstructed the view of the interior of the cathedral. Those are the most important improvements made by that zealous and amiable divine, but there are innumerable others of less importance in every part of the cathedral; to comme- morate the advantages derived from his deanery, a small slab is placed in the nave, with this inscription : 1 he roof of the nave being decayed, and supported by scaffolding tweiit>- five years, was taken down, the present erected, and the Cathedral and organ received many improvements, and thorough repair, A. D. 181 1 and 181 G. Very Rev. John William Keating, D.D. Dean, Rev. Thomas Haddock, LL.D. Prebend of St. Audeouis, Proctor. Such is the influence of example on noble minds, that there can bo no doubt whatever that successive deans v\ill hnitatu the example of this excellent man; and at '■ ^-^ 104 CATHEDRAL OF ST. PATRICK. this instant preparations are making to restore the north- ern part of the transept, or St. Nicholas's gate, which would nearly leave this venerable edifice in the condition it was in when Sir James Ware asserted it was preferable to all the cathedrals in Ireland for beauty and magnificence of structure, and extent of compass. — Strangers visiting this cathedral can be at no loss for an intelligent guide, as long as the present very respectable Verger, Mr. Maguire, remains in office. His residence is immediately opposite St. Paul's gate, in the south close. In Mr. Maguire's possession there is a mask of Dean Swift, taken immediately after his death, and bearing a strong resemblance to the portrait of him in the Deanry- house, and in the Examination-hall of the University. — Amongst other curiosities in Mr. Maguire's collection, is a deed with Stella's signature attached in her own hand- writing. The Deanry-house. At a short distance from the cathedral, in the narrow- est and filthiest part of Kevin-street, is the residence of the Dean ; it is a small low handsome building, with a small court yard in front, having one gate for admission, and another for egress. Here are portraits of all the deans of this cathedral; and from the portrait of Swift, which may be seen here, all the others have been copied. Archiepiscopal Palace. There were two palaces attached to the See of Dublin, one at a distance of four miles from town, and near the village of Tallagh, which is still in the possession of his Grace, but long since disused. The second is in Kevin- CATHEDRAL OF ST. PATRICK. 105 street, elose to the Deanry-house. The Dublin palace was an exceedingly beautiful building, and but for its miserable site, would probably have been preserved yet as the Archiepiscopal residence: it consisted of a center and wings extending about 150 feet, with a spacious court-yard in front : from this court may be had, perhaps, the best view of the cathedral, with the exception of that from the windows of Marsh's library, which has been taken for this work. This venerable edifice has lately been converted into a barrack for Horse-police, and the Archbishop is obliged to supply himself with a residence. For many years serious contentions existed between the Archbishops of Dublin and Armagh, on the question of primatial rights ; and in 1353 Pope Innocent VI. de- termined that both sees should be primatial: notwith- standing which, Richard Talbot and George Brown revived the controversy afterwards. But Lord Strafford, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, decided the right in favour of Armagh, by the persuasion of Archbishop Usher — [See Stewart's History of Armagh and Ware's Bishops.] Installation of knights of the Order of St. Patrick. On the 5th day of February, 1783, his Majesty was graciously pleased to order letters patent to pass under the great seal of Ireland, for creating a society or bro- therhood, to be called Knights of the illustrious Order of St. Patrick, to consist of the sovereign, and fifteen knights companions, of which his Majesty, his heirs, &c. shall perpetually be sovereigns, and the viceroy of this kingdom to officiate as Grand Master. The premier knight, thus appointed, was Prince Edward, his Majesty's fourth son, and of the other original knights, the only sur- -*- 1 -* ~ -» - . ^ ^ 100 CATHEDRAL OF ST. PATRICK. vivor is, the most noble the Marquis (then Earl) oi Droghcda ; the Earl of Antrim was also nominated, but lie supplicated permission to relinquish his stall, upon which, Arthur, Earl of Arran, was created one of the original knights of the said illustrious order. In conse- quence of the tender age of Prince Edward, Lord Mus- kerry was permitted to act as proxy, and was invested in the Prince's name; Henry Loftus, Earl of Ely, was not in the kingdom during the investiture, and died without being installed. On the 11th day of March, 1783, the knights being as- sembled in the Presence Chamber of Dublin Castle, a pro- cession was made from thence to the Ball-room, which, from that day, by his excellency's command, has been called St. Patrick's Hall : here the knights were invested, with great solemnity, in the presence of all the nobility of Ireland. On the 27th day of March, 1783, his excellency, pre- ceded by the officers of the household, and attended by the knights companions, with their esquires, proceeded to St. PatrickVcathedral, his excellency alone being dressed in his full mantle, habit, and collar of the order, the knights dressed in their surcoats only, with their caps in their hands ; the esquires in full dress. At St. Patrick's gate the procession was met by the dean and chapter, who conducted the knights to the Chapter-room, where a procession was made to the choir, where the ceremony of installation was performed. Since the first installation, two others have occurred, the first in the administration of the late Duke of Richmond, the second, during the government of Lord Whitworth ; on both those occasions the knights and esquires walked in procession from the castle of Dublin to the cathedral, and CATHEDRAL OF CHRIST-CHURCH. 107 returned in the same manner, decorated with all the bril- liant insignia of the order. There are some vacant stalls at present, which it is expected will be filled in the pre- sent year (1821). For a minute detail of the ceremony of installation, see Beatson's Index. Catijeftrai ot €t)vi$t=€i)uvt% In the year 1214, the see of Dublin was united to that of Glendaloch, a village in the county of Wicklow, twenty-seven miles from Dublin, which union still exists. To this See many valuable endowments were given by Pope Innocent III, and by King John of Eng- land. The Archbishop of Dublin was formerly a member of the privy-council of England; he had the rights and privileges of a prince palatine within the liberties of the Cross, and a gallows for the execution of criminals, within a mile of his palace, at a place called Harold's Cross, on the south side of the city. Arch- bishop King erected a handsome building in Kevin's- street, where the seneschal held his court, but the con- ^istory-court was held in St. Patrick's cathedral. — A very remarkable circumstance relative to the diocese of Dublin is, that it contains two cathedrals, St. Patrick's and Christ-church, or the Blessed Trinity. The cathe- dral of Christ-church was built A. D. 1038, about the center of the city of Dublin, by Sitricus, the son of Amlave, King of the Ostmen of Dublin, and Donat or Dunan, the first Ostman bishop, who was buried in the choir of lliis cathedral, at the right-hand side of the communion table, A, D. 1074- This cathedral stands 108 CATHEDRAL OF CHRIST-CHURCH. 011 a range of arches, erected by the Deans as stores for merchandize ; and in those vaults, St. Patrick first ap- pealed to the inhabitants of Dublin in behalf of the christian religion. It was then called the cathedral of the Holy Trinity, and was erected for secular canons; but, in the year of our Lord 1163, those canons were changed into Arroasian canons (so called from the diocese of Arias in Flanders), by Lawrence O'Toole, archbishop of Dublin. Lawrence was the son of Maurice O'Toole, Prince of Imaly : he was educated at Glendaloch, in the county of Wicklow, and consecrated in the cathedral of Christ-church, by Gelasius, Bishop of Armagh, A. D. 1162: before his time the Irish bishops were consecrated at Canterbury, which regulation ceased with the consecration of O'Toole. — The chapel of St. Michael's, formerly attached to the cathedral, was built by Donat ; but this church was converted into a parish church, by Richard Talbot, Archbishop of Dublin, A. D. 1417, whom we before mentioned to have been buried at the foot of the altar in St. Patrick's cathedral, A- D. 1449. After Archbishop Talbot's death, a man of the name of John Streguthen pledged the crosier, for five marks, to Richard White, a tailor, which was not released for the space of eighty years. Richard Talbot was brother to the illustrious hero, John Lord of Furnival, whom King Henry VI. raised to the Earldoms of Salop, Waterford, and Wexford, for his great services in France. Donat farther built the chapel of St. Nicholas, on the north side of the cathedral, together with the transept and nave. The choir, the steeple, and two chapels, the one dedi- cated to St. Edmund, King and Martyr, and to St. Mary the White, and the other to St. Laud, were all built at the joint labour and expense of Archbishop Lawrence, CATHEDRAL OF CHRIST-CHURCH. 109 Richard Strongbow, Earl of Strigul, Robert Fitzstephens, and Raymond le Gross. In the archives of Christ- church there is mention made of a chapel in the south aisle adjoining the choir, formerly dedicated to the Holy Ghost ; but after the canonization of Archbishop Law- rence, it was generally called St, Lawrence O'Toole's chapel. Anciently the prior and convent of Christ- church had a cell of the canons in the diocese of Armagh, endowed with the churches of St. Mary of Drumsalan (where they had a residence, and served the cure), and of Philipston Nugent, with the chapels thereunto annexed, the gift of Philip Nugent, the true patron, with a wood and two carucates of land, A. D. 1247. But Albert, Archbishop of Armagh, in consequence of the great dis- tance of the cell from Christ-church, with the consent of the patron, suppressed the cell, using this argument, from the epistle of St. Bernard, " That a cell without dis- cipline, is the cell of Satan." The three immediate suc- cessors of Lawrence, were John Comyn, Henry Loundres, and Luke, who were also amongst the principal bene- factors of this cathedral. The choir was built at the sole expense of John de St. Paul, Archbishop of Dublin, A. D. 1G58. On the 1 1th January, 1283, John Derlington being then Archbishop of Dublin, a party of Scotchmen set fire to one side of Skinner-row, which communicating to the cathedral, destroyed the steeple, chapter-house, dormi- tory, and cloisters ,• upon which the citizens, with true piety and sincere religious feelings, subscribed for the restoration of the cathedral, even before their own houses were repaired. In the year 1300 an agreement was made between the chapters of both cathedrals, Patrick's and Christ-church, that each church should be called 110 CATHEDRAL OF CHRIST-CHURCH. Cathedral and Metropolitical, but that Christ-church should have precedence, as being the elder church, and that the archbishops should be buried alternately in th« two cathedrals. On the 25th of March, 1395, four Irish kings, after having performed their vigils and heard mass, received the honour of knighthood at the hands of Richard II. of England, in the church of this prior}', and were afterwards entertained by the king at his own table: and in 1450, a parliament was held in the church by King Henry VI. — A. D. 1487 Lambert Simnell, an impostor, was crowned in this cathedral by the title of Edward VI. The crown used on this occasion was borrowed from a statue of the blessed Virgin, which stood in the church of St. Mary les Dames, and shortly after he received the homage of the citizens of Dublin in the castle. A. D. 1508 Robert Castele, alias Payneswick, a canon regular of the priory of Lanthony, was installed on the 4th of July, and this year the staff of St. Patrick, which was brought hither from Armagh, as a relic of great estimation, was publicly burned: at this time the prior sat in the House of Peers, as a spiritual lord. Letters patent, dated 10th May, A. D. 1541, changed the priory into a deanry and chapter, continued their former estates and immu- nities, and appointed the prior Payneswick the first dean. This new foundation consisted of a dean, chanter, chancellor, treasurer, and six vicars choral. — Archbishop Brown erected three prebends in this cathedral, A. D. 1544 ; they were St. Michael's, St. Michaen's, and St. John's, and from the period of this alteration, this cathe- dral has been called the cathedral of Christ-church, instead of the cathedral of the Blessed Trinity, which it had been called before. — King Edward VI added six priests and two choristers, or singing boys, with an annual pension of CATHEDRAL OF CHRIST-CHURCH. Ill 151. payable out of his Majesty's exchequer. — Queen Mary confirmed that grant, and added another gift out of her bounty, and King James farther increased the revenues of the cathedral ; so that in his reign, besides the officers already named, there were three prebendaries and four choristers. — He also ordained that the Archdeacon of Dublin should have a stall in this cathedral, and a voice and seat in the chapter in all capitular acts relating to it. In the year of our Lord 1559, Thomas Earl of Sussex being Governor of Ireland, a parliament was held in a room in this cathedral, called the Commons'-house. On the 3rd of April, 1562, the roof of the church fell in, by which the monument of the Earl Strongbow was much injured ; but it was replaced shortly after, together with the monument of Earl Desmond, which was brought here from Drogheda. In this cathedral were preserved the following religious relics : A crucifix, which had spoken twice ; the staff of our Lord; St. Patrick's high altar of marble, on which a leper was miraculously conveyed from Great Britain to Ireland; a thorn of our Saviour's crown; part of the Virgin Mary's girdle ; some of the bones of St. Peter and St. Andrew ; a few relics of the holy martyrs, St. Cle- ment, St. Oswald, St. Faith, the Abbot Brendan, St. Thomas Becket, St. Wolstan, Bishop of Worcester, and St. Lawrence O'Toole ; with the shrine of St. Cubius. We have already mentioned who first held the Deanry of Christ-church, to whom, up to the present time, about twenty deans have succeeded. — In 1677, William More- ton, the tenth dean, was installed. But King James II, when he was residing in Dublin, appointed Alexius Staf- ford, a secular priest of the county of Wexford, dean of \1'2 CATHEDRAL OF CHRIST-CHURCH, the cathedral, and a master in chancery ; this cler- gyman, officiating as chaplain to the royal army, was '..tin at the battle of Aughrim, A.D, 1691; after which, Moreton resumed the duties of dean, having previously been created Bishop of Kildare. — The eleventh dean was Welbore Ellis, who was installed 12th of November, 1705, and was also made Bishop of Kildare, from which time the Deanry has been held in commendam with that bishopric. — This cathedral was originally hi the middle of the city; and although Dublin has increased considerably in extent, it has preserved its relative position, being still about the center of Dublin. It is surrounded by Fish- amble-street, John's-lane, Christ-church-lane, and Skinner- row ; and only the length of Castle-street from the Castle gate. It is in the form of a cross, like most cathedrals, but so disfigured by buttresses built up against the side walls in various places, and indeed in such a ruinous con- dition altogether, that there are only sufficient remains to indicate its former stateliness ; but it fails any longer to excite our admiration as a specimen of architecture. — The grand entrance is in the western end of the nave, beneath a large window, in Christ-church-lane. A few years since, a door was opened in the southern whig of the transept, leading to Christ-church-yard, which is the most conveniently situated for persons coming from the north end of the city; and there is also a door- way in John's-lane, but this is seldom used. The Nave. The present appearance of the nave is neither vener- able nor imposing. The south side is comparatively of modem date; for the roof and side Avail harm- CATHEDRAL OF CHRIST-CHURCH. 113 fallen in, A. D. 1562, and being completely disfigured, it was replaced by a plain wall, plastered smoothly up to the roof; to commemorate which restoration of the cathedral, there is a stone inserted in the wall, nearly above Strongbow's monument, bearing the follow- ing inscription: THE : RIGHT : HONORABL : T : ERL OF : SVSSEX : LEVTNT : THIS : WAL : FEL : DOWN : IN : AN : 1562. THE : BILDING : OF : THIS : WAL : WAS : IN : AN : 1562. The length of the Nave is 103 feet, its breadth 25. The northern wall preserves still some traces of antiquity ; in it are pointed arches of a peculiarly beautiful style ; the pillars between these were composed of a number of small columns, with intervening mouldings, on which rested capitals of heads and foliage combined- High up, in the same wall, are still to be seen galleries, or, as they are more commonly called, Friars walks, which were continued through the walls of the entire cathedral. The side aisle, on the north of the nave, is also part of the ancient cathe- dral, but is rather in a dilapidated state, and if not sup- ported on the outside by a strong buttress, would long since have fallen. In this aisle are two statues, in robes and periwigs, the one of Charles II, the other of James II ; those statues formerly ornamented the front of the Tholsel, in Skinner-row, at the corner of Nicholas-street, which building has lately been taken down. In the corner, near those statues, is the coffin and tomb of Archbishop O'Toole ; and at the south side of the nave, beneath one of the old pointed arches, is the door leading to the Chapter-house. 114 CATHEDRAL OF CH RlST-t HURCH. Prior's Monument. Near the door leading to the Chapter-house, is a beau- ti fid and interesting monument, to the memory of Thomas Prior, Esq. distinguished for his unceasing exertions to benefit his fellow-creatures during his life, and fortunate enough to attach so illustrious a man as Bishop Berkeley to him, by the strongest ties of friendship, while he was his fellow student in the university. Mr. Prior was so zea- lous in his efforts to serve his native land, that he wrote upon almost every article of produce and manufacture in Ireland ; he obtained a charter for the foundation of the Dublin Society, which has proved so beneficial to this country. He wrote some valuable tracts on the linen ma- nufacture of Ireland, and recommended the wearing of scarfs at funerals as an additional mode of disposing of the labours of the industrious to advantage, and this cus- tom was first introduced at the funeral of Conolly, Speaker of the Irish House of Commons, A. D, 1729. Mr. Prior was interred in the parish church of the village of Rathdowney in the Queen's County, about sixty miles from Dublin: where a neat marble monument, bearing the family arms and surmounted by an urn, was erected to his memory by his afflicted family, with the following inscrip- tion : Sacred to the memory of THOMAS PRIOR, Esq. who spent a long life in unwearied endeavours to promote the welfare of his native country. Every manufacture, every branch of husbandry, will de- clare this truth; every useful institution will lament its friend and benefactor. He died, alas ! too soon for Ireland, October 21, 1751. Aged 71. The beautiful monument in Christ-church Cathedral was erected at the expense of a number of admiring CATHEDRAL OF CHRIST-CHURCH. 115 friends and patriotic characters. On the top is the bust, beneath which stand two boys, the one weeping, the other pointing to a bas-relief, representing Minerva con- ducting the Arts towards Hibernia ; and in his hand he holds a scroll on which is inscribed : This monument was erected to Thomas Prior, Esq. at the charge of several persons who contributed to honour the memory of that worthy patriot, to whom his veracity, actions, and unwearied en- deavours, in the service of his country, have raised a monument more lasting than ever. The Latin inscription, sculptured by J. Van Nort, in 1 756, which was before mentioned to have been the com- position of the friend of his youth, Bishop Berkeley, is as follows : — Memoria? sacrum THOIVLE PRIOR, Viri, si quis unquam alius, de Patria Optime meriti ; Qui, cum prodesse mallet quam conspici, Nee in senatum cooptatus, Nee consiliorum aula: particeps, Nee ullo publico munerc insignitus, Rem tamen publicam Mirifice auxit et ornavit, Auspiciis, consiliis, Iabore indefesso. Vir innocuus, probus, pi us 5 Partium studiis minime addictus, De re familiari parum solicitus, Cum civium commoda unice spectaret Quicquid vel ad inopia: levamen Vel ad vita; elegantiam facit, Quicquid ad desidiam populi vincendam, Aut ad bonas artes excitandas pertinet, Id omne pro virili excoluit: i2 116 CATHEDRAL OF CHRIST-CHUUCII. Sociktatis Dtbliniensis Auctor, Institutor, Cursor, Quae fecerit Pluribus diccrc haud refcrt: Quorsum narraret marmor Ilia qua; omnes norunt ? Ilia quas civium animis insculpta Nulla dies delebit? Strongbow's Monument. Against the same wall, and near Prior's monument, are two figures of hewn stone, the one representing a man in armour, the other a female figure lying by his side : they rest on a block of stone, about two feet high ; the figure of the female is imperfect. — These are said to be dedi- cated to the memories of Strongbow and his consort Eva. Over the monument, upon a slab sunk in the wall, is the following inscription : — THIS : AVNCYENT : MONVMENT : OF : RYCHARD STRANGBOWE : CALLED : COMES : STRANGVLENSIS LORD : OF : CHEPSTO : AND : OGNY : THE : FYRST AND : PRINCYPALL : INVADER : OF : IRLAND : 1169 QVI : OBIIT : 1177 : THE : MONVMENT : WAS : BROKEN BY : THE : FALL : OF : THE : ROFF : AND : BODYE OF : CHRYSTES : CHVRCHE : IN : AN : 1562 : AND SET : VP : AGAYN : AT : THE : CHARGYS : OF : THE RIGHT : HONORABLE SR : HENIRI : SYDNEY KNYGHT : OF : THE : NOBLE : ORDER : L : PRESI- DENT : WAILES : L : DEPVTY : OF : IRLAND : 1570. Richard, Earl Strongbow (according to Lyttleton in his Life of Henry II, and also according to Archdall in his Monasticon), in the year of our Lord 1176, granted the CATHEDRAL OF CHRIST-CHURCH. 117 lands of Kinsale to purchase lights for the Church : he died of a cancerous sore leg, and was interred in this cathedral within sight of the Holy Cross, A. D. 1177.— Notwithstanding these authorities, and several others of great weight, it is doubted whether this be really the tomb of Earl Strongbow. Archdall also states, p. 133, that Strongbow, having granted certain lands to the Abbey of the Virgin Mary in Dublin, directed that his remains should be interred in that Abbey, because his brother Thomas had there taken the habit of the order.— Leland, in his Itinerary, states, that there is an inscription to the memory of Strongbow, Earl of Pembroke, in the cloisters of Gloucester Cathedral; but Giraldus de Bani, who accompanied Prince John to Ireland, A. D. 1185, only eight years after the Earl's death, expressly mentions that he was interred in this cathedral. Monument of Lord Bowes. John, afterwards Lord Bowes, and Chancellor of Ire- land, was a man of considerable ability. He was a native of England, but pursued the profession of the law in this kingdom with great integrity and impartiality. Having passed through the several offices of Solicitor, Attorney General, and Lord Chief Baron, he was, at the decease of Lord Jocelyn, raised to the peerage, and custody of the Great Seal ; but never having married, the title is extinct. He presided in the House of Lords, in Ireland, with great dignity ; and his eloquence was considered in the highest degree manly and persuasive.*— The monument erected to Stc Ilanly's Life of Charlcmont, iw Edit. p. &j. 118 CATHEDRAL OF CHRIST-CHUECH. his memory is near that of Strongbow, and is composed of statuary and variegated marble ; a statue of Justice, as large as life, with her scales broken, and in an attitude of sorrow, is looking at a medallion, on which is a bas-relief head of Lord Bowes. — Van Nost, the sculptor, received 500/. for this piece of sculpture, and added much to his former reputation by the execution of the countenance, which is an excellent likeness. Beneath the sarcophagus is the following inscription : — Sacred to the memory of JOHN LORD BOWES, Late Lord Chancellor of Ireland, Who died in the seventy-sixth year of his age, 22nd of July, 1767. This monument is erected by his affectionate brother Rumsey Bowes, Esq. of Binfield, Berks. Lord Ltfford's Monument. Lord LifFord, High Chancellor of Ireland, expired in the month of July 1789, two months after the violent de- bate in the Lords upon the regency question. — Previous to Ins promotion to the Great Seal of Ireland, he had been one of the judges of the King's Bench in England, and was indebted to his sincerely attached friend, Lord Cam- den, for his promotion. — He was generally considered an excellent lawyer, and an impartial judge, and his patience and good temper on the bench were exemplary. — He was succeeded in the Chancellorship by Mr. Fitzgibbon, then his Majesty's Attorney General for Ireland, afterwards Earl of Clare.— A plain marble tablet is laid on a slab of variegated marble, of pyramidal shape, on the summit of which are placed the arms of the family, with this s-uitabic CATHEDRAL OF CHRIST-C1IORCH. 110 motto, " Be just, and fear not." — The inscription is as follows : — Near this place are interred the remains of JAMES LORD VISCOUNT LIFFORD, Late Lord Chancellor of Ireland ; The unanimous sense of a grateful nation Is the best testimony of the unblemished integrity with which, for the space of 22 years, he filled his high and important station, ever firmly adhering to the maxim he had originally assumed as the guide to his judicial decisions, " Be just, and fear not ;" What he was as a Father, a Husband, and a Christian, is deeply engraven on the memory of his surviving family and friends, and will avail long after this frail memorial shall perish and be forgotten. A memorial which is rather intended as the grate- ful and dutiful offering of conjugal affection, and filial piety, than to be the record of his virtues to posterity.— Died a. d. 1789. Aged 75 Years. Bishop of Meath's Monument. Between the monuments of Lord Chancellor Bowes and Lord LifTord, is a handsome piece of scidpture, to the memory of Dr. Ellis and his family. A neat tablet, at the top, inclosed by di apery, and at one side the bust of Mrs. Kllis, admirably executed, stands on a tapering pedestal, with an inscription carved thereon ; and at the other side is the bust of Dr. Ellis on a corresponding pedestal : the entire of statuary marble.— The inscription on the central tablet is as follows : — The issue of the marriage of the Bishop of MEATH and Mrs. DIANA ELLIS: ANNE, born August 6th, 1707 : married first to Henry Agar, Esq. of Gouran. Com. Kilkenny, by whom she had several children : her HOond husband was George Dunbar, Esq. Com. Fermanagh : she died April 1 Jib, 176>. and was buried in this church. 120 CATHEDRAL OF CHRIST- CHURCH, JOHN ELLIS, bom December 25th, 1709 ; died November 10th, 1711. WILLIAM ELLIS, born May 13th, 1711 ; died 21st of same month. JOHN ELLIS, bom October 9th, 1712 ; died on 18th same month. PHILIP and CHARLES ELLIS, bom January 21st, 1715. PHILIP, died May 14th, 1765. CHARLES, August 31bt, 1716. DIANA ELLIS, bom August 5, 1716; died May 15th, 1718. All buried in this church. This tablet was erected to their memory by their only surviving brother, the Right Hon. Welbore Ellis. The following inscriptions are carved upon the pedes- tals:— To the memory of the Right Rev. Dr. WELBORE ELLIS, descended from an ancient fa- mily of Keddall Hall, in York- shire. Preferred to the Bi- shoprick of Kildare, and Deanery of Christ-church, Sept. 22nd, 1705. Translated to that of Meath, March 13th, 1731: one of his Majesty's Privy Council. He died Jan. 1st, 1733, and was buried in this church. His only sur- viving son, the Right Hon. Welbore Ellis, caused this monument to be erected. To the memory of Mrs. DIANA ELLIS, daughter of Sir John BRISCOE, of Boughton, in Northamptonshire ; and of Amhaly Castle in Sussex, Kent, and of Lady Anne, only daughter of Nicholas, Earl of Banbury, by the daughter of Mountjoy, Earl of Newport, married to Dr. Welbore Ellis, Bishop of Kildare, July 20th, 1706, by whom she had many children ; the names of which are on the adjacent tablet; died in January 1739, and was buried in this church. Her only surviving son, the Right Hon. Welbore Ellis, caused this monument to be erected. CATHEDRAL OF CHRIST-CHURCH. 121 The Transept. In this cathedral, probably owing to the fall and de- struction by fire of different parts of it, several distinct species of architecture may be traced. The Transept, which is 90 feet in length, and 25 hi breadth, is chiefly of the Saxon order, although the early introduction of the pointed arch, with zig-zag decorations, which belong to the Saxon or Anglo-Norman style, is visible in an arch leading from the southern wing of the Transept into the side aisle to the right of the choir. — At the northern ex- tremity of the Transept was a portal, now shut up, purely Saxon ; this may be distinctly seen on the exterior of the cathedral in John's Lane. Over the intersection of the Nave and Transept is a square tower, of ancient but elegant appearance, in which a ring of extremely deep-toned bells is suspended. Over the door of the side aisle, on the north side of the choir, are the arms of some nobleman, with the date 1577 at the top, and the motto " Quo fata vocant" beneath. — In this year Adam Loftus was Archbishop. The Choiu. The choir, which is 105 feet long by 28 in breadth, is a most extraordinary and tasteless medley of Gothic, Grecian, and Italian architecture. — Here the Dean, who is always the Bishop of Kildare, and the other members of the chapter, have stalls. The Archbishop has a throne in this cathedral as well as in St. Patrick's. — The walls of the choir are plastered and painted in the style of the interior of a private residence ; the ceiling is 122 CATHEDRAL OF CHRIST-CHURCH. a continued concave, with a fashionable cornice. — The gallery over each side, which bears in most places the ap- pearance of but modern date, is supported by Corinthian and Ionic columns, while the Archbishop's throne and the cathedral stalls are of carved oak, and in a Gothic style. In the gallery is a seat for his Excellency the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, with pillars of the Ionic order, sup- porting a flat canopy, not corresponding to any other part of the choir. — The reading desk is supported by a brazen eagle, with expanded wings, and is a specimen of the worst possible taste. — Beneath the gallery, and at the side op- posite to his Excellency's seat, the Lord Mayor and Al- dermen have seats appropriated to them, for particular days in the year ; near the Lord Mayor's seat is one be- longing to the Kildare family, as appears from the follow- ing inscription on a brass plate set in the wall of the pew : Thisseate belongs to JOHN, EARLE OF KILDARE, and his family for ever, beirg conveyed to him by the Deane and Chapter of Christ- church, November 17th, anno Domini, 1696. In the same pew are the arms of Sir Edward Griffith, of Penrin, in North Wales, cut in stone, beneath which is the following inscription : — The remains of EDWARD GRIFFITH, of Penrin, in the county of Carnarvon, Esq. son and heir to Sir William Griffith, Knight, who arrived in this land the 28th day of September, 16ol, and died in the 12th of March following, one of the Privy Counsellors, and Captain of two hundred and fifty foot men ; erected by Sir Nicholas Bagnol, Knight, Marshall of this realme, who married Ellen, one of his daughters and co-heirs, and now renewed by Sir Ucnry Bagnol, Knight, son and heir to the said Sir Nicholas and dame Ellen. CATHLDRAL OF CHRIST-CHURCH. 123 Eahl of Kildare's Monument. On the left of the high altar is a costly marble monu- ment, erected to the memory of Robert, Earl of Kildare, great grandfather to his Grace the present duke of Lein- ster; the workmanship of H. Cheene, A. D. 1743. — The Earl is represented in a recumbent posture ; at his feet stands his son, the first Duke of Leinster, and at his head stands his countess and his daughter, Lady Hilsborough. This is an exquisite piece of workmanship ; but the effect is greatly diminished by the antique costumes in which the figures, which are all as large as life, are habited. — Upon his death-bed he ordered, that but few of his servants should follow his remains to the vault where they were to be deposited, and also that his body should remain unburied as long after his decease as it could with propriety, unaided by art. — The inscription is as follows : — To the memory Of ROBERT, EARL OF KILDARE, The nineteenth of that title in succession, And in rank, the first Earl of Ireland. He married the Lady Marie O'Bryen, Eldest daughter of William, Earl of Inchiquin ; By whom he had issue four sons, and eight daughters: Of which number, only James, the present Earl, and the Lady Mar- garetta, survived him. Together with the titles, he inherited the virtues of his noble ancestors, And adorned every station he possessed. Truth, honour, and justice, directed the whole course of his life: Ih. daily devotions of his family, and the public worship in the church, were, by his regular attendance, cherished and recommended 124 CATHEDRAL OF CHRIST-CHURCH. Though possessed of a great estate, he managed it with particular pru- dence and cDConomy, in order to give a free course to his many and great charities. He was a disinterested lover of his country, without any affectation of popularity; and was beloved of all, not because he sought it, but because he deserved it. He was a most tender and affectionate husband, an indulgent and pru- dent father, a sincere and steady friend. His disconsolate relict, in testimony of her gratitude and affection, and the better to recom- mend to his descendants the imitation of his excellent example, caused this monument to be erected. He died the 20th of February, a. d. 1743, In the 69th year of his age. BiSHor Fletcher's Monument. On the south side of the choir and of the altar, is a plain white marble tablet, dedicated to the memory of Thomas Fletcher, Bishop of Dromore, who was trans- lated to the see of Kildare and Deanery of Christ-church, 28th day of June, A. D. 1745, with this inscription : — In a vault near this place lie the remains of THOMAS FLETCHER, D. D. for near 16 years Bishop of Kildare and Dean of this church. He departed this life on March 18th, 1761, in humble hope and expectation of a joyful resurrection. Reader, if thou knewest him, thou needest not be told, if he was not known to thee, thou wilt not easily conceive, with what exemplary goodness and unfeigned piety; with what earnest, but rational and well- conducted zeal for the true religion ; with what unwearied patience and resignation ; with what engaging cheerfulness, indeed under a long, severe, and painful illness; with what solidity of judgment, and improving conversation; with what benevolence of mind and integrity of heart, he filled up the character of a Christian Bishop. CATHEDRAL OF CHRIST-CHURCH. 125 Francis Agard's Monument. Near the tablet to the memory of Bishop Fletcher, is a monument consecrated to the memory of Francis Agard, A. D. 1577; and Lady Cecilia Harrington, his daughter and heiress, who married Sir Henry Har- rington, A. D. 1584. — The name of this same Francis Agard is engraven on a stone at the south side of the altar, in the Church of St. Mary, at Beaumaris, in the Isle of Anglesea, and historians have hitherto failed in explaining who he was, although they were acquainted with the other names on the same stone. For the inscription here alluded to, see Pennant's Wales, Vol. III. p. 32. Francis Agard was Secretary to Sir Henry Sidney, Lord Justice of Ireland, and Holinshed says, that Sir Henry usually called him his " Fidus Achates." — This, there- fore, fully explains the reason of his name being intro- duced on the inscription in Beaumaris Church, which is on a plate, dedicated to Sir Henry Sidney. This monument consists of two divisions, in which are some well-executed figures, in small life, of persons in devotional attitudes. Beneath is the following inscription in Roman characters : Hie situs est FRANCISCUS AGARD, Armiger, quondam cobortia Equitum in Scotia sub domino Seimor dc Sudley Angus admirallio prefectus, postea co- mitatui Wexfordiac propositus, in bello contra O'Nealum centum equitum ductor, pro- vincial Momoniae commissarius primarius, Rcgionum O'Bren vt O'Toh) seneacJialius, rcgni M 3 Here lyeth entombed Ladyc CECILIA HARRINGTON, daughter and eoheyre of Francis Agard, Esq. most deare and loving wyfe of Syr Henry Harrington, Knight, with whom, when she had lyved 7 years, most vertuously, and had brought forth two sonnes, James and John, she ended this life the 8th of September, 12G LTHEDRAL OF ( IIRIST-CHUIICH. Hibemici pa nnnos XXVI in the year, 1581 ; for whose (regnantibus Maria et Eliza- memory and her father's, Syr betha), consiliarius prudentis- Henry Harrington, Knight, simus, Obiit xi Octobris 1577. her loving husband and his suc- Cum Henricus Sidneius cessor in office, erected this amicus ejus longe honoratis- monument at his own charges, simus jam secundo esset Hiberniae Prorex ; unaquc se- pelitur uxor ejus charissima Jacoba de la Brett cum Thoma Filiolo. Dr. Woodward's Monument. This monument, which is exactly over that of Francis Agard, is principally remarkable for bearing upon its front a musical Epitaph, — Dr. Woodward was organist to this cathedral. — Above the musical engraving is the following inscription : — In the Vault near this place, lie the remains of RICHARD WOOD- WARD, Mus. Doc. late Organist of this Church, Vicar Choral of St. Patrick's Cathedral, and Preceptor to the Children of the two Choirs of Dublin. His love of harmony equally refined his taste and regulated his heart, and while it gave melody to his voice and composition, added a consonant sweetness to his temper and conversation, so that he lived eminently distinguished in his public profession, and died universally lamented for his private virtues, Nov. 22nd, A. D 1777, in the 54th year of his age : to the memory of whose filial duty and affection, his afflicted father de- dicates this last sad testimony of parental love. St. Mary's Chapel. The chapel of St. Mary's, a small building 60 feet long, and 28 broad, situated on the north side of the CATHEDRAL OF CHRIST-CHURCH. 127 choir of this cathedral, is only remarkable for the neatness and repair in which it has always been preserved by the Dean and Chapter, who permitted the parishioners of St. Michael's to make use of it for a considerable length of time, while they renewed their parish church, which was completely in ruins. — It was built at the sole expense of the Earl of Kiidare, but is not used at present. The cathedral of Christ-church, though exhibiting so ruinous an exterior, is in good order, and neatly arranged within, owing to the exertions of the Lord Bishop of Kiidare, and the chapter of the cathedral. — Divine service commences here on Sundays at half past eleven o'clock, where the Dean always attends and stimulates by his ex- ample. — The choir, which attends at the University Chapel at nine o'clock, performs here afterwards, and then proceeds to St. Patrick's Cathedral at three. The organ, though inferior to that of St. Patrick's, is still a good one, and always in perfect repair ; and the difficulty of procuring a seat is so great, that a stranger ought to be at the door of the cathedral, at eleven o'clock at the latest, — The Wide-street commissioners have at length commenced their improvements in this neighbourhood, but they have post- poned, till it is almost too late, as many years cannot elapse before this ancient pile will moulder away ; how- ever, for the present, the view of the exterior of the cathedral is greatly improved. Deanery House. The residence of the Dean was in a court-yard at the rear of the houses in Fishamble-street, and next to St. John's Church ; it is an extensive and handsome brick building, 1'28 ST. MICHAEL'S CHURCH. with stone architraves round the windows; but the situation was so injudicious, that it was used as the resi- dence of the Dean for a very short period ; and the present Dean resides in his own private mansion at Glasnevin, about one mile from Dublin. €i)uvcl)t&. ST. MICHAEL'S CHURCH. In the year 1554, Archbishop Browne erected three Prebends in Christ-church, St. Michael's, St. Michaen's, and St. John's. — In these churches from that date the Roman Catholic service was never performed, for they were so erected after Archbishop Browne had embraced the reformed religion, he being the first who did so in Ireland; and his principal object was, to have chapels where the service of the Church of England could be per- formed without interruption. The chapel of St. Michael is situated in High-street, at the corner of Christ-church-lane, immediately opposite the western end of the cathedral. Until very lately, it was completely in ruins, the steeple being the only part standing; but it has been renewed with so much taste as to be the neatest building in the parish, and a considerable convenience to the inhabitants. — The steeple is a very high square belittling, but without a spire, in the lower part of which is the portal leading into a ves- ST. MICHAEL'S CHURCH. 129 tihule or ante-hall, in which is a shield-formed tablet, to the memory of Mr. William Whitshed, for the repair of which his descendants allow an annual sum of 2/. The inscription is as follows : — p. if. s. Juxta sepultus jacet GULIELMUS WHITSHED, Armiger, Thomae incliti non ita pridem Juris Consulti Filius celeberrimus. Suis ornamento patriae commodo natus. In teneris annis spem bonarn florentis a?tatis excitavit, Indole admodum felici praeditus. Optimis omatus Uteris In foro summa legum peritia inclaruit, Juris consultus causas egit, suade, strenue, facunde, Senator principi studuit simul et patriae Egregiis hisce dotibus sibi conciliavit, Omnium bonorum vota, Georgii primi Regis favorem, Cui a secretioribus usque erat consiliis, In Banco Regis dum primas tenebat. Dein (ipso hoc ornante), Summum in curia Coramunium Placitorum eorum obtinuit, Utramque provinciam per trcdecim annos exornavit. Judex Indefessus, Perspicax, Incorruptus Ita se gessit uti virum decet, Praematura morte abreptus, ca?]cbs obiit quinquagenarius, 26 die Augusti, 1727- The interior of this chapel is fitted up with great taste and neatness, in the pointed style of architecture. — Here the corporation of shoe-makers have a seat, but they have not yet put up their arms. — The site upon which Michael's is erected, has long been the site of a religious K ■ 130 ITi JOHNS CHURCH. establishment, and a chapel was erected on this precise spot by Donat, A. D. 107G. This was converted into a parish church by Archbishop Talbot, A. D. 1417. The second church erected here was in 1676 : in order to accomplish which rebuilding, a petition was sent from the parishioners to the Earl of Arran, requesting him to raise a subscription in his regiment, for the repair of their church, as appears from the parish register, dated A. D. 1667. — The present beautiful little edifice was erected in 1815; the Very Rev. R. Graves, D. D. Dean of Ardagh, and late Senior Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin, officiates. The number of inhabitants in this parish is about 2,500, and the number of houses 116. ST. JOHN'S CHURCH. This church, situated in Fishamble-street, at the corner of John's-lane, and next the court-yard in front of the Deanery, was also erected a Prebend by Archbishop Browne, A. D. 1514. The front is a handsome specimen of architecture ; four columns of the Doric order, resting on a broad landing, the breadth of the front, support an en- tablature and triangular pediment ; a broad flight of steps conducts to the landing ; there are three entrances in front ; a gate in the centre leading to the great aisle, and two door- ways leading to the galleries on each side of the church. Divine service is performed here at the usual hours by one of the prebendaries of Christ-church. Tins parish consists of persons in the middle ranks of trade, although some over-grown fortunes have been accumulated by ST. mhhan's church. 131 persons residing in Fishamble-street. The number of in- habitants amounts to 4,000 and upwards, and the num- ber of houses to 300. The interior of the church is plain and handsome; the galleries fronted with oak, varnished and pannelled. On the front of the gallery, at the north side, the arms of the corporation of tailors are suspended, with this remarkably appropriate motto in Latin, " I was naked, and you clothed me." — The present church is of modem date ; in the register of the parish in the vestry-room, may be seen the estimate for the re- building it in the year 1767, amounting to the sum of 1,170/. 3s. 6]d. not more than one-fifth of what it would cost at this day; and many protests of the parishioners against this extravagant estimate, are regis- tered along with it. The church which occupied this site before the present building was erected, was raised about the year loOO by Arnold Usher; and this suc- ceeded a chapel built in the eleventh century. ST. MICHAN'S CHURCH. The Church of St. Michan, is situated in Church-street, at the north side of the river, and a short distance only from the law courts. This is also one of the Prebends of Christ-church, created by Archbishop Browne. Before the year 1700 tins was the only church at the north side of the LifTey. It is in form of a cross, extremely large, and the best adapted church for hearing in Dublin. — It has the appearance of great antiquity, but the steeple is comparatively of modern erection. The interior is dis- DOaed into pews, and surrounded by a gallery. On the south k 2 132 8T. MI< ban's CHURCH. side of the communion table is an old figure of a knight in armour, but it is not known whom it repre- sents. Against the w r all of the south gallery are sus- pended the arms of the Leitrim family, who are depo- sited in the vaults. The number of inhabitants in this parish amounts to 2,000, and number of houses to 1,560. Vaults of St. Michan's. The vaults of this church have long been a subject of curiosity to the inhabitants of Dublin, and of investigation to the philosophic mind, from the extraordinary anti-septic power they possess. Bodies deposited here some centuries since, are still in such a state of preservation, that their features are nearly discernible, and the bones and skin quite perfect. A learned chemist in this city published an article in a periodical paper, on the appearance of the remains deposited in those vaults, from which the following is a brief abstract : " Not many years since, the high state of preservation of the bodies laid here, gave rise to the idea that some reli- gious persons placed in those dreary abodes had afforded all-powerful protection to their bodies from corruption. But the full growth of science in this age is not to be im- posed upon, nor likely to be contented with such a sub- terfuge, for the explanation of phenomena which were capable of being explained. The bodies of those a long time deposited, appear in all their awful solitariness, at full length, the coffins having mouldered to pieces ; but from those, and even the more recently entombed, not the least cadaverous smell is discoverable ; and all the bodies exhibit a similar appearance, dry, and of a dark colour. It is observable of animal matter in general. st. michan's church. 133 that in common cases, from the action of the external air, or its own re-action, putrefaction results ; but when placed in a temperature not exceeding 32°, the septic tendency is considerably counteracted, as the preserva- tion of the Mammoth in the Ice-berg would sufficiently prove. In this instance, it appears, that the action of the fluid was interrupted by cold ; now, if the action of the in- closed fluid was altogether destroyed, as is the case in the salting of meat, it is plain this would also contribute to counteract the septic tendency : whence it follows, that it is the moisture which gives life to the putrefactive ferment. Now the floor, walls, and atmosphere of the vaults of St. Michan's are perfectly dry, the flooring is even covered with dust, and the walls are composed of a stone peculiarly calculated to resist moisture. This combina- tion of circumstances contributes to aid nature in ren- dering the atmosphere of those gloomy regions more dry than the atmosphere we enjoy. Further, it appears, that in none of the bodies deposited here, are any intestines, or other parts containing fluid matter to be found, having all decayed shortly after burial. In one vault is shown the remains of a nun, who died at the advanced age of 111, and whose remains, of course, according to the theory laid down, would be the most likely to oppose the putrefying influence ; — the body has now been 30 years in this mansion of death ; and although there is scarcely a remnant of the coffin, the body is as completely preserved as if it had been embalmed, with the exception of the hair. In the same vault are to be seen the bodies of two Roman Catholic clergymen, which have been 50 years deposited here, even more perfect than the nun. — In general, it was evident, that the old were much better preserved than the young, A convincing proof of this was afForded 134 ST. MICHAN's 11JU1UH. in the instance of a lady, who died in child-birth, and was laid in those vaults with her infant in her arms : not long after, the infant putrefied and dropped away, while the mother became like the other melancholy partners of this gloomy habitation. In the year 1798, two brothers, of the name of Sheers, were executed the same day for high-treason, and after suffering decapitation, were laid together in these vaults ; and, as a further demonstration that tins anti-septic power is to be attributed to the atmosphere peculiar to those regions, the bodies being just thrown at the entrance of the vaults, were exposed, in a great degree, to the influence of the external atmos- phere, in consequence of which they shortly after totally decayed." These considerations, however foreign to the object of this little work, may still be allowed a place, if we con- sider, that at least they may be the means of removing the errors of superstition. In the church-yard of St. Michan's are many tombs, dedicated to persons unknown beyond the limits of their parish. Here, however, many persons implicated in the unfortunate rebellion of 179S were interred; amongst them is one very remarkable man, Oliver Bond, who died in Newgate the night before he was to have been exe- cuted. In another part of the church-yard is a monument to the memory of Dr. Lucas, the only physician who ever sat in Parliament, The reader will find the first dawn of this man's greatness, mentioned in the biographical sketch of Lord Charlemont's Life by Mr. Hardy, His statue is erected in the Exchange, and the inscription on his tomb is as follows :— ST. MlCUAM's CHURCH. 135 To the memory of CHARLES LUCAS, M. D. formerly one of the Representatives in Parliament for the City of Dublin ; whose incorrupt integrity, un- conquered spirit, just judgment, and glorious perseverance in the great cause of Liberty, Virtue, and his Country, endeared him to his grateful constituents. This tomb is placed over his much- respected remains, as a small, yet sincere tribute of Remembrance, by one of his fellow-citizens and constituents, Sir Edward Newen- ham, Knight. Lucas ! Hibemia's friend, her joy and pride, Her powerful bulwark, and her skilful guide ; Firm in the senate, steady to his trust, Unmoved by fear, and obstinately just. Charles Lucas, born 26th of September, 1713. Died November 4th, 1771. The parish of St. Michan's is very extensive, and composed of different classes of society ; but from the situation of the church, the poorer part of the inha- bitants are the principal attendants on Divine Wor- ship. John Rowley, D. D. is the rector of this parish. About two years since, in this church, a man of the name of Smyth, church-warden for that year, while he was handing round the plate to collect for the poor, at a charity sermon, was observed taking some of the notes ofF the plate, and putting them into his pocket After service he was arrested, his pockets searched, and the notes found upon him identified by the persons who bestowed them for charitable purposes. Upon which he was prosecuted by the other church- warden, and transported to Botany-bay. The popula- tion of this parish amounts to upwards of 19,000 souls, and the number of houses to 1,560. 136 ST. A u do en's or ST. AUDOEVS, OR ST. OWEN'S, CHURCH. This ancient church is situated in a narrow passage, leading - from Corn-market to Cook-street, on the south !>ide of the river. So early as A. D. 1316, when Edward Bruce, brother to the King of Scotland, invaded Ireland and was approaching Dublin, the citizens destroyed the Monastery of St. Saviour's, which was at the north side of the river, to procure materials for ex- tending the city walls, from St. Owen's to the Quay ; at that time this church was 400 feet from the bank of the river; and so early as A. D. 1213, Henry de Londres, Archbishop of Dublin, is mentioned as having, by charter, appropriated this church to the treasurer of St Patrick's; and A. D. 11 SI, John Comyn gave tins church to the convent of Grace Dieu. —In 1467, it was erected into a distinct Prebend, by Archbishop Tre- gury, The church originally consisted of the choir, and one aisle parallel to the choir, and of equal length, built by Lord Portlester ; at the end of this aisle is a steeple, with a ring of bells. The present church is only the western end of the ancient one, and about three-fourths of this venerable edifice are in complete rums. The eastern extremity of the choir still exhibits a beautiful specimen of the pointed style of architecture : there are to be seen here, three arches of the most light and elegant construction, On one of the pillars, from which those arches spring, is a tablet, the inscription on which cannot be readily deciphered ; it is erected to the me- mory of a female of the St. Leger family, whose effigy is placed at full length at the foot of the pillar.— In the ves- tibule of the church is buried Dr. Fairy, Bishop of Kil- ST. owen's church. 137 Jaloe, and two of his sons, who were successively Bishops of Ossory. He died of the plague, in Dublin, A. D. 1650. Near this is a large stone, to the memory of the Breretons, bearing date May 10th, 1610; and next to this another large stone, to mark the burying place of Sir Matthew Terrell, Knight, who died, A. D. 1649. Under the east window is the tomb of Robert Maple, Esq. who died Jan. 8th, A. D. 1618. The family arms are carved on the tomb. At the south side of the eastern window are the figure of a knight, in armour, and his lady, with their dogs at their feet ; the figures are remarkably perfect. This tomb was erected by Rowland Fitz Eustace, Baron Portlester, A. D. 1455, and is placed in the aisle which he built at his own expense. On the margin of the tomb is the following inscription in the Gothic character: — " Orate pro anima" ROWLANDI FITZ EUSTACE DE PORT- LESTER, qui hunc locum sive Capellum dedit, in honorem bcatac Maria; Virginis, etiam pro anima Margarita; uxoris suae, et pro animabus omnium fidcliura defunctorum. Lord Portlester was buried at New Abbey, in the county Kildare, A. D. 1496, and the title is now extinct. On a recess at the south side, where once was a window, a shield-like slab of marble is fixed in the wall, bearing the following inscription, but no date: — Rcvcrcndus ct amabilis vir, JACOBUS WARD, Clounensis Dccanus. Vosquotquot cstis, docti, pii, bcnigni, virtutis vera- custodes, o genc- rosa; anima;, congratulantes, condolete. Testamenti Executores hoc inanifunguntur muncre, ct bcnemcrenti posucrc, nctorpcret vctcnio. Sir fajK?! Molyneux had a monument against the 138 ST. audoen's OR ST. OWEN'S church. northern wall of the choir, which has lately been re- moved, perhaps for the purpose of being placed in one of the cathedrals, though the family continue to be in- terred in the vaults of this church. — The Byrnes of Cabinteely, in the county of Dublin, have also a monu- ment in the eastern end of Lord Portlester's aisle. There are, amongst the ruins of this once-beautiful edifice, many monuments of wood : the most perfect, is one dedicated to the memory of John Malone, Esq. an Alderman of Dublin, who departed this life A.D. 1591. A stone sarcophagus rests against the south wall of the aisle, on which are the names of John Malone and Mary Pen- tony. At the west end of the sarcophagus is this in- scription :— JOHN MALONE, MARY PENTONY, vivit post funcra virtus. And on the east, Eccc tali domo clauditur omnis homo. The monument, which is entirely of wood, is placed over the sarcophagus against the wall ; it consists of two chambers, in one of which the alderman and his sons are represented in the attitude of prayer, and in the other his wife and daughters. Over the pediment, winch crowns the little structure, are figures of the different members of the families of Malone and Pentony. In the chancel are many more monuments, some of wood, and two, on plates of copper, inserted in a pillar opposite the reading desk and pulpit ; one dedi- cated to Sir John Peyton, an English Baronet, who was buried here, May lf)th, A.D. 1720. — And another with the following singular inscription : — CHURCH OF ST. NICHOLAS WITHOUT. 139 The burial place of Alderman WALTER MOTLEY, the Reverend Archdeacon WILLIAM WILLIAMSON, and Alderman GEORGE FORBES, and their posterity. Containing ten foot and half from the pillar to the middle of the aisle, aud six foot and half in breadth, Anno Dom. 17)9- Divine service is performed here every day at the usual hours. — The present incumbent, is the Rev. Thomas Cradock, LL. D. who was installed Prebendary of St. Audoen's, Nov. 2nd, A. D. 1776. — There are very few Protestants in this parish, though the number of inha- bitants amounts to upwards of 5,000, and the number of houses to 455. The Saint to whom this church is dedicated was Arch- bishop of Rouen, in the 9th or 10th century, and died at Cleichy in France, two leagues from Paris. His body was carried to St. Peter's at Rouen (which has since been called St. Audoen's), and there interred. This church it is supposed was built by the Normans ; it was formerly much venerated, and a steeple raised upon it, which was blown down A. D. 1668, and rebuilt at the expense of the parishioners in 1670. CHURCH OF ST. NICHOLAS WITHOUT. The parish of St. Nicholas is divided into two parts, St. Nicholas Within the Walls, which is in Nicholas- street, near High-street, and St. Nicholas Without. This latter church, which is dedicated to St. Myra, and is supposed to have stood in Limerick Alley, may be consi- dered coeval with the cathedral of St. Patrick, as it 140 CHURCH OF bT. NICHOLAS WITHOUT. occupied the north transept of the cathedral ; it was 50 feet in length, and 32 in breadth. — It is now completely in ruins ; but to the credit of the Very Reverend the Dean of St. Patrick's, preparations are making for the restoration of the northern transept, which will render the cathedral perfect in form and extent, however it may be deficient of its primaeval beauty. — When this desirable improvement shall be completed, the Wide- street Commissioners will then also lay claim to some share of public approbation, for the pains they are now taking to beautify and render convenient this and every other part of Dublin. — A new street is already marked out, and begun, being a continuation of York- street, which will form one grand avenue from Stephen's Green to St. Patrick's cathedral, which is now without one decent, or clean approach. A. D. 1708, the parish of St. Nicholas Without was divided, and one part constituted a distinct parish, by the title of St. Luke's. — A parish church was erected on the Coombe, not far from Patrick's-street, and a Glebe-house built for the curate. — The nomination, however, of this curacy, as well as that of St. Nicholas Without, is vested in the chapter of St. Patrick.— The present curate is the Reverend Latham Coddington. — Though this parish is of small extent, there are upwards of 12,000 inhabitants within its boundaries, principally of the lowest class, and 885 houses. Divine service for the parish of St. Nicholas is performed in St. Mary's Chapel, to the east of the choir of St. Patrick's. st. peter's church. 141 ST. PETER'S CHURCH. The parish of St. Peter's, the largest in Dublin, has also the largest church ; it is situated in Aungier-street, op- posite York-street. Here, upon all occasions of a very public or peculiarly interesting nature, charity sermons are delivered, and in this church the celebrated Dean Kirwan obtained, by the overpowering influence of his eloquence, the enormous sum of 4,000/. per annum for charitable purposes, for a series of years. — The present church is on an old site, but is a building of modern date, and is in the form of a cross ; the pews and front of the gallery are pannelled and painted white. Both exte- rior and interior of this church are divested of ornament, and, except for its size, it would not be worth noticing as a public building. — There are a few monuments around the gallery walls, undeserving of notice as specimens of statuary. In the south gallery is a slab, to the memory of Lieutenant-General Archibald Hamilton, an officer who had been in the service of King William and Queen Anne, and who fought at ths famous siege of London- derry, A. D. 16S8. In the gallery, at the north side, is a small unassuming tablet to two heroes, Lieutenant George Westby, who fell at the battle of Fuentcs d'Honor in Spain, May 5th 1811 ; and his brother Edward, who fell in the ever me- morable field of Waterloo, June 18th, A. D. 1815. There is an excellent organ in this church ; and indeed there are but one or two churches in Dublin, that are not provided with organs. The respectability and extent of this parish has, con- 142 st. peter's chuihii. sequently, rendered the cemetery attached to the church the place of rest for the remains of many noble persons. In the church-yard are deposited the remains of the Earl of Roden, and many members of that family ; with a great number of Bishops, and other dignitaries, whose re- spected remains are not distinguished by any more osten- tatious decoration than a slab resting on the earth that covers them. Here is the burying place also of the Dunboyne family ; and the celebrated John Fitzgibbon, Earl of Clare, and Lord High Chancellor of Ireland, is interred at the south side of the church-yard, close to the wall, with only a plain flag marking the place of his interment. This extraordinary man was remarkable for having risen to rank and distinc- tion against the united efforts of the great orators of Ire- land, G rattan and Curran, to whom he was opposed for a series of years : his exertions on the regency question were so great as to recommend him to the notice of persons in power, in preference to every other candidate ; and upon the death of lord Lifford, in 1789, he was raised from the Attorney-generalship to the dignified station of Chancellor of Ireland. The Archdeacon of Dublin is always the vicar of this parish, and in consequence of the great quantity of occa- sional duty occurring, he employs three curates ; the senior curate of this church at present is the Reverend C. R. Maturin, A, M. so well known in the literary world as a novelist and dramatic poet, and whose sermons, the visiter of this metropolis would have reason to congratulate himself upon having heard delivered by the Divine, from the pulpit of his own church.— The population of tins parish is about 1T,000, and the number of houses 2,225. The great extent also requires the assistance of - — .- st. kevin's church. 143 several chapels ; there is one in Kevin-street, where Divine service is performed by one of the curates of St. Peter's parish on Sundays ; and there is another about to be erected in Upper Mount-street, Merrion-square. ST. KEVIN'S CHURCH. The chapel of St, Kevin is an assistant to that of St. Peter's ; and consequently the Archdeacon of Dublin is the Vicar. The vicarage of St. Kevin was formerly in the gift of the Archbishop of Dublin, and was usually bestowed upon his vicar choral, whom, as prebendary of Collen, he was bound to provide for. — The Dean and Chapter of St, Patrick's are now the Rectors, but the vicarage has been united to the Archdeaconry of Dublin. Upon this site a chapel was built some time in the fifteenth century, dedicated to St. Coemgen or St. Kevin. The present church, which is, comparatively speak- ing, of recent date, is in the shape of the letter T, a plain building, more like a village church, than a house of worship in the metropolis of a kingdom : there is no gallery in the interior, nor any monument. — The church is surrounded by an extensive cemetery, filled with countless tomb stones, but none of them dedi- cated to persons of rank, or distinction, nor remarkable for the beauty of their sculpture. Near a small door in the church-yard is a monument in the fonn of an obelisk, enclosed by an iron railing, to the memory of the Reverend John Austin of the Jesuit order, A. D. 17 81. And to the left of the principal entrance into -- - - -^ ,_^ 144 st. weruuiujh's church. the church-yard from Church-lane, is a small stone, not more than 20 inches in height, said to have been found in sinking- for the foundation of the present church, de- dicated to the memory of Henry Oliver, aged 136 years. Divine service is very numerously attended at tliis church, owing to the difficulty of procuring seats in St. Peter's ; the entrance is from Church-lane in Kevin-street. The parish of St. Kevin being part of the parish of St. Peter's, the amount of its inhabitants is included in the estimate of the population of that parish. ST. WEllBURGH'S CHURCH. The church of St. Werburgh is situated in the street of the same name, and only a few yards from the inter- section of Castle-street, Skinner-row, Fishamble-street, and Werburgh-street. It is dedicated to St. Werburgh, daughter of Wulherus, King of Mercia, who is entombed in the cathedral of Chester. — The old church of St. Wer- burgh, built by the inhabitants of Bristol, in the reign of King Henry II. on the site of St. Martin's Church, occupied this site, but was destroyed by fire, with a great part of the city, A. D. 1300, only thirteen years after the destruction of Christ-church cathedral by the same element ; it was, however, shortly after rebuilt, and a set of chimes hung therein, A. D. 1748. — In the year 1754 it was burned down a second time, and rebuilt in a very beautiful style, A. D. 1759, the same year in which the grand front of Trinity College was finished. — The front of this church is particularly beau- tiful ; it consists of several stories, which, though fre- ST. werburgh's church. 145 quently altered, owing to the repeated accidents that have happened to this building, still preserve considerable beauty and consistency. — In the basement story six Ionic columns support a handsome plain entablature ; in tliis story are three entrances, a large gate in the centre, over which is a semi-circular pediment, and small door- ways on each side, leading to the north and south gal- leries; over which are windows, lighting the stair- cases, ornamented with architraves and crowned with pe- diments. — The second story is of the Corinthian order, in which a large window, lighting the bell-loft, is placed, much ornamented, and crowned with a pediment. — The next is the belfry- story, which is square, and ornamented at its angles by Composite half-pillars. Above this story is a low parapet or pedestal, from which the spire, which has been taken down, rose gradually. The spire was, perhaps, the lightest and most elegant to be seen in Ireland, the upper part of which, ter- minated by a cross at first, afterwards by a gilt ball, was supported by eight rusticated pillars, with intervals between ; but, either from the perishable nature of the stone, or some defect in the building, it ap- peared inclined from its perpendicularity ; and though Francis Johnston, Esq. whose labours we have had occa- sion to speak of very frequently, undertook to secure the spire, such was the alarm of the inhabitants, that they insisted upon its being immediately taken down, which was accordingly done in 1810. — The removal of this spire was a considerable loss to a city which only boasted of two, viz. St. Patrick's and St. Werburgh's; the former of which, from its situation, is only visible in par- ticular positions ; but the ingenious architect who under- took to support the spire of St. Werburgh's, lias since i M^— ^— jlfcin ii ^ -^ ■■ i i i i '*rf 140 ST. WEUBURGU'S CHURCH. supplied its loss by the erection of St. George's, a more beautiful edifice, and more advantageously situated. The interior of the church is venerable and elegant: the pews are of oak, and the front of the gallery is also of oak, carved and pannelled. The royal arms are hung in front of the organ loft: ; and the organ, which is considered remarkably fine, cost 400 guineas.— In the south gallery are two handsome monuments to Mrs. Arthur and Mrs. Benjamin Guinness, the wives of brothers of that name, brewers in Dublin; men extremely conspicuous for piety, integrity, and many Christian virtues ; but, above all, charity. — On the south side of the church, in the passage leading to the church-yard, there are several figures of very ancient date ; next the door are eight, executed in small life, and dressed in pontifical habits J to the east of those are two whole length figures of a knight in armour and his lady lying beside him, both much effaced ; no register remains of their interment, the archives of this church being destroyed by fire. There are four other figures not far from those, also placed in the wall, evidently scriptural cha- racters. In the vaults of this church lie the remains of Lord Edward Fitzgerald, brother to the late Duke of Leinster, who died in Newgate, A. D. 1798, of the wounds he received in resisting the officers who arrested him. His family have since been restored by Parliament to the enjoyment of their property and the confidence of the Crown, in consideration of the services of his lordship's son in the peninsular war. Here also are interred the remains of Sir James Ware the antiquarian, but there are no monu- ments to the memories of either. — Edwin the player is also interred here ; and on the tomb marking his place of rest, a bitter reproach is engraved, against the author of st. mary's church. 147 the Familiar Epistles, the severity of which is stated to have caused his premature death. — The population of St. Werburgh's parish amounts to about 4,000 souls, and the number of houses to 2G9. — In this church the Lord Lieutenant has a seat, which, however, since the re- building of the Castle chapel, he never uses, except on the day of the charity sermon. — Divine service is per- formed here every day. The present incumbent is the Reverend H. Guinness, D. D. ST. MARY'S CHURCH. The parish church of St. Mary's is situated in Mary- street, in the part intercepted between Stafford-street and Jervis-street. — The front of this church is scarcely de- serving of description ; it consists merely of a great gate, with Ionic columns on each side, and two smaller entrances leading to the galleries, over which are windows of clumsy workmanship, ornamented with stone architraves. — Above the vestibule is a square tower, or belfry, of an unpicturesque appearance, so that on the whole, the con- venience of its situation, being in the very centre of the parish, is the only advantage the parishioners have to congratulate themselves upon with regard to this edifice. The interior, which measures 80 feet by 55, is in the same heavy style of decoration ; and although it has the appearance of great antiquity, this is altogether attributable to the tasteless style in which it was ori- ginally erected, for the date of its foundation is 1697. The interior, though not elegant, is extremely com- fortable ; a gallery extends quite round the church, L 2 ~r- . - 1 Ifl sr. mauy's church. (with the exception of the eastern end, in which is a large window with a circular head), and is lighted by circular-headed windows, without any ornament. The gallery is supported by large oak pillars, which assume the Ionic order after they reach the gallery, whence they are continued to the ceiling. There are many monuments in this church, placed against the side walls. At the south side of the communion- table, at a great elevation from the ground, is a tablet, to the memory of Edward Tenison, Bishop of Ossory, who died Sept. 29th, 1735; and on the other side is one to the memory of Richard Nulty, Nor. 10th, 1729. — In the north gallery is a tablet to Mrs. New- come, a member of the Doyley family, who died 30th Dec. 1769. In the same gallery, and next the monument of Mrs. Newcome, is that of Dr. Law, which was erected at the public expense, as a tribute of public esteem. The inscription is as follows : — Sacred to the memory of the Rev. ROBERT LAW, D. D. Late Rector of the parish of St. Mary, Who departed this life June 11th, 1789. The parishioners of St. Mary caused this monument to be erected, in testimony of the high veneration and esteem in which they ever held their truly excellent and beloved Pastor; whose unre- mitting attention, during a period of seventeen years, to the ardu- ous and important offices of his station, whose faithful discharge of his various duties, and whose constant, tender, and pious zeal, for their temporal and eternal welfare, justly endeared him to the grateful affections of his whole flock ; and whose afflicting loss, alas ! will be long severely felt by the poor, deeply regretted by the rich, and sincerely lamented by all. In the south gallery is a large marble slab, enclosed in a frame of black marble, bearing a very long inscription ST. mary's church. 149 to the memory of Mrs. Chevenin, daughter of Colonel Dives, of Bedfordshire, and wife of the Bishop of Water- ford and Lismore ; she was the friend and intimate of the Princess of Orange and the Countess of Chesterfield. — She died A.D. 1752. Id the same gallery are two small tablets, one to the memory of Gorges Edmond Howard, and another to that of Dean Fletcher. In the aisle, at the south side of the church, is a hand- some monument, the workmanship of Edward Smyth, erected at the public expense. — It exhibits a white slab on a grey ground, surmounted by an opened Bible and a funeral urn. The inscription (which is the composition of Mr. Andrew Knox) is as follows: — To the memory of Mr. WILLIAM WATSON, A. B. T. C. D. He was respected as a citizen, amiable as a man, and venerable as a Christian. In youth he was virtuous, in manhood he was con- scientious, in advancing years he was exemplary; and earnest to be the instrument of communicating that to others which he found to be his own best security and truest happiness. He conceived and shortly saw accomplished, the plan of an Association (now in- corporated by Act of Parliament) for discountenancing Vice, and promoting the knowledge and practice of the Christian Religion. The members of which body, desirous to express their gratitude and prolong the influence of his example, have erected this mo- nument. He departed this life 'JCtli of May, 1805. Aged 72 years. Reader, whatever be thy rank in life, thou wilt truly advance thyself by emulating the modest excellence of William Watson. On the lea\ es of the volume, above the tablet, are these words: — " Search the Sci i fit arcs, for in them ye think ye linn- eternal life, and they arc then which testify of me" •lolm, ehap. v, verse 29; beneath is the seal of the} iation. 130 ST. annl's church. The burying-ground attached to this church is of con- siderable dimensions, but is still too small for the extent of the parish. Here many highly distinguished persons have been interred. Among the numerous tombs which crowd this cemetery, are those of Baroness Maydell, who died in 1818 ; the Bishop of Waterford, Dr. Marlow, uncle to the late Henry Grattan ; Mrs. Mercer, the founder of Mercer's Hospital ; and Mr. Simpson, who endowed the hospital for the blind and those labouring with the gout. — Not far from the south wall of the church is a monument of an officer, who served under four different sovereigns of England. The inscription is as follows : — Here lyes the body of LIEUTENANT COLONEL JAMES HORNE, late of the Royal Scots ; he was son of Sir John Home, of Black- adder, in the shire of Berwick, in Scotland ; he served the crown of Great Britain for 53 years, under King William, Queen Anne, George the First, and George the Second. He departed this life July 26th, a. d. 1714. 71 years of age. The parish of St. Mary is very extensive, and com- prises some of the most fashionable parts of the city ; the population amounts to about 17,000 persons, and there are 1,905 houses in this parish. Divine service is cele- brated here every week-day at eleven o'clock precisely, and every Sunday at twelve. ST. ANNE'S CHURCH. The church of St. Anne is situated in Daw son-street, opposite Anne-street, and within a few yards of the Man- sion, or Mayoralty House ; its site was granted to the parishioners of St. Bridget's, 1707, by Joshua Dawson, esq. and from that period St. Anne's was erected into a ST. ANNL'S CHURCH. 151 distinct parish. — The front is a tolerably well designed piece of architecture, after a design by Mr. Smith, architect, consisting of a grand portal with half columns of the Doric order; there are smaller entrances on each side, with ornamented windows over each, lighting the stairs which lead to the gallery. The upper part of the front, having neither cupola nor 6teeple, has an exceedingly unfinished appearance. The interior is spacious and disposed with good taste ; the gallery is supported by pillars of carved oak, and fronted with the same : in the south gallery is a seat, with a canopy over it, formerly belonging to the Dukes of Leinster, to whose residence (now converted into the Dublin Society's house) this seat is attached. Exactly opposite is a seat of corresponding appearance, belonging to Robert Shaw, esq. member of parliament for the city of Dublin. —The parishioners of this church are rather the higher classes of society, as it is in a most respectable and fashionable neighbourhood. At the east end of the south gallery is a handsome monument, consisting of a pediment of white marble, sup- ported by two cherubim, one on each side, who are re- presented as looking at a bust of statuary marble, be- neath the pediment. Against the wall of the south gallery, in one of the piers, is a beautifully executed monument, to the me- mory of Miss Elizabeth Phibbs. A female figure is represented leaning over a funeral urn, in a mournful at- titude ; the figure and urn are of white marble, and the former is in small life ; the ground is of variegated marble. It is one of the best performances of Edward Smyth. On the north side of the communion-table, at a consi- derable height, is a tablet, to the memory of Sir Robert 158 st. Bridget's, or st. bride's church. Maude, bearing date August 4th, 1750; this is almost effaced. The church-yard, at the rear of this church, is crowded beyond example, and to a dangerous extent : the grave- stones are placed against the end and sides of the church. — In this cemetery are deposited the remains of many noble and learned individuals. Dr. Brocas, Dean of Kil- laloe; Lord Rosmore; General Anthony St. Leger; Dr. Stopford, Bishop of Cloyne; Right Hon. Lieut Gen. Pomeroy, and many others of equal rank. The present vicar is the Hon. and Reverend John Pomeroy, who is assisted in the discharge of the arduous duties of this populous and highly respectable parish by two curates. — Divine service is celebrated here, and in every church in Dublin, at eleven o'clock every day, ex- cept Sunday, when it commences at twelve. — The popu- lation of this parish probably amounts to 8,000 indivi- duals, and the number of houses to 753. ST. BRIDGET'S, OR ST. BRIDE'S CHURCH. The parish church of St. Bride, is situated in a street of the same name, and at the comer of Bride's Alley. John Comyn, Archbishop of Dublin, A. D. 1181, granted this church to the cathedral of St. Patrick's ; but it appears from a note in Mason's Hibernia, that before that time it belonged to the cathedral of the Holy Trinity or Christ- church. This appears from the grant of Laurence O'Toole, who was consecrated Archbishop of Dublin, A. D. 1162. This parish consists of a union of three smaller parishes, the ancient St. Bride's, St. Stephen's st. Bridget's, or sr. bride's church, 153 and St. Michael de la Pole. The tower and monument of Michael de la Pole remained until 1706, at which period they were in the possession of John Jones, D. D. to whom they were entrusted by the chapter of St. Patrick's ; and John Jones kept a school in the ancient church, A. D. 1706. The chapter issued an order to Jones for the pre- servation of those monuments ; but a mere edict cannot support a falling' heap, and now no traces of church, tower, or monument of St. Michael de la Pole can be found. However, on the same site a school-house is built, where the poor children of Bride's parish are clothed and edu- cated. There is a small space of ground adjoining the school-house still used as a burying-place. The entrance is through a narrow dark passage in Great Ship-street ; it is marked by a stone placed over the door- way directing to the school of St. Michael de la Pole. The exterior of St. Bride's church is more like that of a meeting-house belonging to some religious sect, than a church of the established religion. In the eastern end, a thing very unusual, are two large circular-headed windows, and at the top of the pediment-formed gable is a clock. The principal entrance is in Bride's Alley. The interior of the church is particularly neat and com- fortable ; the communion-table and altar are placed be- tween the two great windows, and a handsome cornice is carried round the ceiling; the gallery extends from each side of the east end round the church, the front is painted white ; against the back walls arc a few monuments. In the north gallery is a monument to the memory of Mrs. Pleasants, wife to Mr. Pleasants, so celebrated in the an- nals of Dublin for the extent and number of his charitable donations. Amongst his excellent bequests was a sum of 4,000/. for the erection of a stove-house or tenter-house 104 st. george's church. in the liberty ; 5,000/. for building a splendid entrance to the Botanic Gardens at Glasnevin ; and a yearly income for the support of 30 female children, who are to be clothed, educated, and portioned in marriage : which latter institution is conducted according to the most sanguine expectations of the founder, at a house purchased for the purpose in Camden-street. The monument consists of the family arms at the top, in white marble, beneath which is a funeral urn, resting on a small sarcophagus, both of white marble, and placed on a grey marble ground ; on the side of the sarcophagus is an inscription in affectionate and feeling language. In the western hall, behind the organ, is a small tablet to the memory of Sir William Cooper, Bart. Member of Parliament for the borough of Hilsborough. And in the small cemetery is a tomb to the memory of the Domvilles, and behind, another to Mr. Pleasants. Here also may be seen the tomb of O'Hanlon, keeper of the record tower in Dublin Castle, who was killed by Howley, one of the insurgents, A. D. 1803, in attempting to arrest him. — The inhabitants of this parish are about 8,000 in number, and there are 710 dwelling houses. ST. GEORGE'S CHURCH. On the north side of the city, in a crescent caked Hardwicke Place, from Philip, Earl of Hardwicke, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, stands the parish church of St. George. The first view of this church is imposing ; the front may be seen directly from Hardwickc-strcel, and oblique views equally beautiful are afforded from Eccles- street and Tcmplc-strcct ; so that the general complaint against the situations of most of our public buildings, st. george's church. 155 is altogether groundless in this particular instance, and the site itself too, is the most elevated ground in Dublin, except the upper end of Eccles-street. The principal front, towards Hardwicke-street, is 92 feet wide, and consists of a majestic portico of four fluted Ionic columns, 3j feet in diameter, supporting an entabla- ture and pediment ; on the frieze of which, is a Greek inscription, signifying — Glory to God in the highest. The portico rests on a landing, accessible by a flight of steps, the entire breadth of itself, viz. 42 feet, and the pro- jection of the portico is 1.5 feet. The body of the church has, besides, three fronts of the Ionic order, and being without a church-yard, the rec- tangle in which the church stands is surrounded by a square of small neat houses, and affords not only an unin- terrupted view of each front, but a less dreary prospect than the neglected cemeteries around the Irish churches in general afford. There are five entrances, one in front, beneath the portico which conducts into the vestibule be- low the steeple, and two in each side. At the eastern end is a projecting building of 22 feet in breadth and 40 in length : here are the parish school and vestry-room ; and those appendages are rather an ornament than an excrescence. Over the grand entrance and immediately behind the portico, rises the steeple, exceeding any ever erected in Dublin, both in the justness of its proportions and the per- fection of its execution. This permanent monument of the ability and taste of the architect, Francis Johnston, Esq., is 200 feet in height, and consists of five stories above the roofj and a spire. The first story is a square 156 st. george's church. tower, ornamented at the angles by Ionic columns, sup- porting an entablature continued all round, and in the centre of each side is a large circular-headed window, richly ornamented. Above this is the clock story, the angles of which are adorned by large urns, of admirable workman- ship ; and over the clocks are festoons of carved stone, gracefully terminating at each side. The third story is an octagonal tower, the angles of which are occupied by small pillars, and the intervals between the pillars are pannels, with a circular aperture in the centre of each. At the next story, the convergence of the spire, which is also octagonal, commences, and continues with the most gra- dual inclination to its termination, hi a ball and stone cross on the pinnacle. The interior is in a corresponding style of taste and magnificence : a large rectangular apartment, 80 feet by 60, surrounded by a gallery, which appears supported by the extremities of the joists in the wall, is divided on the basement story into square compartments, containing the pews, to which are convenient passages leading from the centre and side aisles. The lower story of the church is encompassed by a passage, or corridore, on the side walls of which the floor of the gallery rests, and, projecting beyond the corridore, has the appearance of being without any support, except from the cantalivers which rest in the rear wall. The pulpit, reading-desk, and communion-table, are placed in a recess at the east end of the church, and it is intended to place an organ in the gallery story just opposite. — Contributions have been given by several inhabitants of this highly respectable and wealthy parish for this purpose ; one of the con- tributors is the ingenious architect, alter whose design this great ornament of Dublin has been erected ; and. st. George's chapel, or church. 157 what is very strange, this is the only parish-church in Dublin without an organ. Divine service is celebrated here every day, and in consequence of the respectability and number of the inhabitants, is generally well attended. — The Rev. W. Bushe, A. M. is rector.— The population of this parish is estimated at 7,000, and the number of houses amounts to 1,029. ST. GEORGE'S CHAPEL, OR LITTLE GEORGE'S CHURCH. Not far from the parish-church of St. George, in Lower Temple-street, stands the old parish church, commonly called Little George's, built in 1698. This place of wor- ship becoming too small in proportion to the extent, and too much decayed in proportion to the wealth and respectability of the persons frequenting it, Great George's was erected in 1793. The old church continues, however, to be used as a chapel, and a chaplain performs duty every Sunday and holy-day. The entrance is beneath an old square steeple, about 40 feet in height. The interior is small, but comfortable, adorned with a few monuments of neat execution, particularly one to the memory of Lady Galbraith, on the south side of the com- munion-table. The communion-table is in a recess at the eastern end, and lighted by a large circular-headed window. In the west, over the entrance, is a small gallery, badly lighted. The cemetery of St. George's parish attached to this chapel, is crowded in a most shameful manner, and the surface of the church-yard is several feet above the level of the exterior ground: this scandalous proceeding loS st. Thomas's church. calls loudly for reformation. Before the building of this chapel, St. George's church stood at the south side of the city, where George's-lane is now built. ST. THOMAS'S CHURCH. This very neat and beautiful structure forms the chief ornament of the neighbourhood : its situation, immediately opposite to Gloucester-street, is peculiarly well-chosen ; and if it had been elevated a little more, and approached by a flight of steps, would have had a majestic appearance. Had a steeple also been erected on this basement, the want of elevation would be less obvious. — The foundation of this church was laid in 1758; the design is from one by Palladio. In the same year a statue of George II. was erected in Stephen's Green, and the Theatre Royal re-opened, the patent of which expired last year. — The architect of this church and of St. Catherine's in Thomas- street, was Mr. John Smith. The front of this church consists of two pilasters, and two three-quarter columns of the Composite order, which support an entablature and pediment. In the centre is a grand door-way of the Corinthian order, crowned by an angular pediment. The entablature is continued from the centre, on each side of the principal entrance, to the extremity of the front, where it terminates in a Corinthian pilaster. On each side are niches decorated with Corinthian pilasters, and crowned with pediments. The entrances to the galleries are in the north and south ends of the projecting front, in recesses formed by circular curtain walls connecting two advanced gates, one ST. THOMAS'S CHURCH. 139 on each side, with the building itself, and giving the ap- pearance of a very extended front The want of a steeple to this very beautiful little edifice is rendered doubly apparent by viewing the front from Gloucester-street ; there the body of the church, a huge shapeless bulk, with an enormous roof, towers above this elegant Palladian composition, and hurts the eye of every passenger; but it is the intention of the parishioners to remedy this evil very shortly, by the erection of a very beautiful steeple, the design of Mr. Baker, an architect of eminence in Dublin. The interior of St. Thomas is extremely well designed and executed : its length is about 80 feet, along the whole extent of which run galleries, supported by fluted Corin- thian pillars of carved oak, varnished over ; the front of the gallery is also of oak, higlily varnished, pannelled, and ornamented with festoons, and various other orna- ments. The gallery is lighted by five large windows in each side, which also afford ample light to the whole building, and do not interrupt the entablature which passes over them, and is continued all round. The east and west ends are occupied by two grand arches, de- corated with coupled Corinthian columns on pedestals, which rise to the ceiling, and meet the entablature. In the western arch is the organ and galleries for the parish children, within the eastern one is a recess, in which are the pulpit and reading desk ; and in the front of these the communion-table. The recess is highly or- namented with stucco-work, and lighted from above by two circular windows in the roof, and a Dioclesian window in the eastern wall, with the Hebrew word Jehovah, painted on canvas, placed in it. There are no monu- ments in the interior, but the cemetery attached to tins 100 st. Catherine's church. church contains the mortal remains of many illustrious families. Divine service is performed here every day at the usual hours ; the Rev. Arthur M'Guire, A. M. is rector. There are about 10,000 inhabitants in St. Thomas's parish, and 1,219 houses. — The estimate of the population given in this work is taken from Whitelaw, but that nume- ration was never quite correct, and besides, it was made 11 years since, so that it cannot be very exact at the present period, 1821. ST. CATHERINE'S CHURCH. The parish church of St. Catherine is situated in Thomas-street, at the south side of the river, in a very elevated situation, almost on the site of the abbey of St. Thomas, which is said to have stood in Thomas Court. The present parish was originally united with that of St. James, and the first church erected on the present site, was in 1185; but in the year 1710, an act was passed disuniting those parishes, the presentation to both rest- ing in the Earl of Meath. The front of St. Catherine is built of granite-stone ; in the centre four Doric semi-columns support a pediment, and in the interval of the central columns is the principal entrance, between two columns of the Ionic order, support- ing a semi-circular pediment. The entablature, adorned with triglyphs, is carried along the entire front, and ter- minates in coupled pilasters. The front presents two stories, the windows of both which have carved architraves, and are circular headed. At the west end stands a tower, containing the belfry, in which five bells were hung, 1670. The original intention was to erect a steeple and ST. CATHERINE'S CHURCH. 1G1 spire, but the idea appears to have been totally abandoned of late. The interior of this church is remarkably imposing, and exhibits excellent taste ; it resembles those of St. Thomas, St. Werburgh, and St. Anne, but in internal decorations is still superior to all of them. Though the design is by Mr. Smith, the architect of St. Thomas's, yet St. Catherine's appears to have been finished in a more elaborate style. The pews and the front of the gallery are of carved oak, highly varnished. The organ is large and ornamented, and two handsome galleries are erected, one at each side of the organ, for the parish children ; in these galleries, the boys educated at one of the schools founded by Sir Erasmus Smyth, in Pimlico, are henceforth to sit during Divine service every Sunday. The communion-table stands in a recess, beautifully de- corated with stucco-work, and has a handsome arched ceiling, also richly ornamented. — Though the parish of St. Catherine is of great extent and very populous, yet the Protestant parishioners have ample accommoda- tion here, the church being 80 feet in length, and about 50 in breadth. The cemetery belonging to St. Catherine's is about 180 feet in length by 80 in breadth, and is now almost dis- used, owing to the poorer classes in the parish preferring to inter their relatives in country church-yards. There are no monuments deserving notice, except that of Dr. Whitelaw, the historian of Dublin, which is placed near the door of the vestry-room, with an inscription, stating, that he died of a fever caught in the discharge of his clerical duties. But as there is another tablet to his memory in the interior of the church, erected at the expense of the parishioners, perhaps the inscription 109 -r. < amifrine's cmuimii. w hull is to bo tbtlnd on that stone, would be more interest- ing, and more worthy of record : — In commemoration of the Rev. JAMES WHITELAW, A. B. Who entered into rest on the 4th day of February, 1813. Aged 55. Tlits tablet was erected by the parishioners of St. Catherine's. For 25 years vicar of this parish, he held forth the word of life by precept and example. With a mind enlarged and adorned by science, on principle he became a Christian; as a minister of Christ Jesus, he warned the wanderer, he reproved the profane, he comforted the mourner, and was, in the discharge of all his duties, in wisdom a man, in humility a child: charity, unknowing sect or party, reigned in his heart. Reader, follow his faith and conversation, and thus sowing unto the spirit, you shall of the spirit reap an everlasting life. — Amen, At the end of the south gallery, and immediately over the monument of Dr. Whitelaw, is a large tablet of white marble, dedicated to the memory of J. Stackpole, Esq. Barrister at Law. Beneath the communion-table, in a vault, are depo- sited the mortal remains of the Earls of Meath and their offspring ; but no monument has ever been erected to their memories. On the north side of the communion- table is a small tablet, sacred to the memory of an ex- ceedingly ingenious engineer, to whom the inhabitants of Dublin are much indebted. It bears the following in- scription : — To the memory of WILLIAM MYLNE, Architect and Engineer, from Edinburgh, who died, aged 56, March 1790, and whose re- mains are laid in the church-yard adjoining. This tablet was placed by Ins brother, Robert Mylne, of London, to inform pos- terity of the uncommon zeal, integrity, and skill, with which he formed, enlarged, and established, on a perfect system, the Water- Works of Dublin. sr. jamcs's church. 163 There are no other monuments or inscriptions ; but from the extreme elegance with which the church is fitted up, their absence is not observed. — The vicar of the parish of St. Catherine is the Reverend W. Whitelaw, brother to the historian. — The population has been calculated as amounting- to 20,000 persons, and the number of houses to l,o 72. ST. JAMES'S CHURCH. In James's-street, opposite a large fountain in the form of an obelisk, ornamented by four sun-dials, is the Parish Church of St. James. The exterior is un- like the place of worship of a populous parish, being a long, low, narrow building, with six windows in each side, with circular heads. The interior is in a corresponding style: one row of pews on each side, of pannelled oak, but not varnished, constitutes the accommodation for the parishioners ; there is, beside, a small organ loft, with scats for the parish children, and an organ sufficiently large and well toned. The communion-table is in a shell- formed recess, in the back of which is a glory, executed in stucco work, but by no means in a masterly manner. On the north side of the chancel is a stone of rude ap- pearance, bearing this inscription : — This monument was erected by Mark Rainsford, of the City of Dublin, Alderman, 1693. The date of this monument is antecedent to the erec- tion of this church, A, D. 1707, and also to its nomination, as a distinct parish from St. Catherine's, which took place A.D. 1710. On the south side, near the connnunion- m2 164 st. James's church. table, is a tolerably- well-executed piece of sculpture, to the memory of Mr. Cook ; and immediately opposite, another to the memory of the Rev. John Ellis, 31 years vicar of this parish. On one side, a Bible is represented, in white marble, and on the summit a funeral urn, ap- pearing beneath drapery. Beneath this tomb also lie the remains of William Ellis, governor of Patna, who fell in the dreadful massacre of 17G7. The cemetery of St. James is the most remarkable object connected with the church. Here are to be seen innumerable tombs, most of them placed over vaults, erected at the individual expense of the relatives of the deceased, who purchased the right of interment. This church-yard has long been marked out by the inhabitants of the liberties as a most desirable cemetery for the in- terment of their friends ; and during the fair of St. James, which is held in James's-street, opposite the gate of the church-yard, they deck the graves with garlands and ornaments, made of white paper, disposed into very extraordinary forms. In the center of the church-yard is a monument of gigantic appearance, to the memory of Theobald Butler, an Irish Barrister, who assisted in framing the articles of Limerick, in 1691, and who advocated the catholic cause before parliament, — A. D. 1720. A high partition of plas- tered brick-work, with a circular heading, on the front of which are the heads of three cherubim, encircling a cie- dallion, and beneath, a tablet, bearing an inscription in gilt letters, on a black ground. This tomb, from the situation of the church-yard, on a steep declivity, is visible at the distance of some miles from the opposite bank of the river Liffey. — On the north side of the church is a tomb-stone, with the following extraordinary epitaph : — st. Paul's church. 165 Stay, Passenger, see where I lie; As you are now, so once was I ; And as I am, so must you be; Prepare for death, and follow me. Of course, the effect of this unfinished composition, introduced in an historical tract, must be considerably diminished ; but the compiler of tliis volume, after having spent weeks in reading and deciphering the monuments of Dublin, when he came to this extraordinary epitaph, was struck with astonishment, as if the very inhabitant of the grave had addressed him, from beneath the earth on which he trod. At the lower end of this immense tract of hallowed ground, is a large sarcophagus of grey marble, with pannels inserted in the ends and sides, on one of which is an inscription to the memory of Sylvester Costigan, Esq. late a merchant of considerable respectability in this city, and whose remains were followed to their last sad resi- dence by thousands of persons, who respected his character when living, and now endeavour to imitate it. The presentation to this parish is vested in the Earl of Meath. The vicarage is, at present, filled by the Rev. James Waters. The number of inhabitants is about 6,000, and of houses, 595. ST. PAUL'S CHURCH. St. Paul's Church is situated in King's-street, north, near the Blue Coat Hospital, and not many yards from Smithfield. Tliis building exhibits but a rude specimen of arciii- 1(>0 ST. I'AL'l.'b ClIL'llCU. tecturc;— three rugged stone walls, into which are let a few windows, quite disproportioned to the size of the building, and an enormous roof, of an extravagant pitch. The interior is in a ruinous and miserable condition; it is very spacious, and has a gallery round three sides, and an organ in the west end. Beneath the gallery, in the northern wall, is an an- cient monument, at the summit of which the arms are placed, executed in marble, and coloured, on which is tins inscription, in ancient abbreviated characters : — Underneath lies the body of Mrs. ELIZABETH, wife of the Hon. Brigadier Gen. MEAD, who died April 15th, 1718, aged 47- Against the south wall is placed a small tablet to the memory of Lieut. Col. Lyde Brown, of the 21st Regt. Royal N. B. Fusileers, who was killed in Thomas-street, on the 23rd of July, 1803, by the insurgents, under the command of Robert Emmet, while bravely leading on Ms regiment. In the gallery, beside the organ, is a white marble slab, placed on a black marble pyramid, sacred to the memory of Mr. Filson, 23rd of Nov. 1744. The church-yard is tolerably spacious, and not too crowded, as most burying places in Dublin are ; it is almost completely occupied by tomb-stones dedicated to military men, who are interred in this church-yard more frequently than in any other in the city, from its vicinity to the Royal Barracks. A tablet is affixed to the exterior south wall of the church, to the memory of three soldiers of the 2Jst Royal Fusileers, who were killed by the rebels in the insurrec- tion of 1803. This monument was erected at the expense ST. NICHOLAS WITHIN. 107 of the noncommissioned officers and privates of the 21st regiment. Near the centre of the church-yard is a mausoleum of granite stone, one story in height, entered by a door-way in die western side, and having the arms of the family affixed to the opposite side. It is a square building", with a plain entablature and pilasters of the Tuscan order at the angles. This is sacred to the memory of Col. Ormsby. — Here also the ancestors of the great senator, Henry Flood, are buried, beneath a plain grey stone resting on four dwarf pillars, and inclosed by an iron balustrade. This description might, perhaps, have been altogether omitted, as the present church will be taken down without delay, and a more stately and suitable edifice erected on the same site. Divine service was cele- brated here, for the last time, on Easter Sunday, 1821. The number of inhabitants in St. Paul's parish has been estimated by Wliitelaw at 9,000 and upwards, and the number of houses has been ascertained (1821) to amount to 1,000. ST, NICHOLAS WITHIN. The church of St. Nicholas Within, appears always to have been distinct from the cathedrals, as is evident from the charter of Archbishop Corny n, and was built originally by Donat, Bishop of Dublin. This church, which was erected in 1707, is situated in Nicholas-street, near High-street, and within a (ew yards of Christ-church Cathedral and St. Michael's Church. The exterior is built of cut stone, of very dark colour, ](>8 ST. ANDilEW's cuuiicil. called black slate; it consists of three stories, gradually diminishing in breadth to the summit, and is of a gloomy, uninteresting appearance : the front has deviated so much from perpendicularity as to be exceedingly dangerous, and ought immediately to be taken down. The interior is mi- serable in the extreme ; the pews are falling to decay, the walls and ceiling in a wretched condition, and the organ is very old and weak toned. There is no gallery, except at the west end, which only accommodates the children educated in the parish school. The cemetery attached to this church was formerly sufficiently large in proportion to the extent of the parish; but the corporation purchased the major part of it to erect theTholsel upon (a building since taken down) ; and the burying ground is reduced to such scanty dimensions as to be merely a passage to the vaults. In these vaults several persons of high descent have been deposited; but their names can be learned only from the parish register, as there are no monuments to mark the spot where they are laid. The population of this parish amounts to about 1,000 individuals, and contains 123 dwelling-houses. ST. ANDREW'S CHURCH. The original site of St Andrew's Church and cemetery was on the south side of Dame-street, where Castle- market was afterwards erected 1707; this market uas removed in 1782 still more to the south, adjoining William-street, where it now stands, and the handsome row of houses on the south side of Dame-street built hi ST. ANDREW'S CHURCH. 1G9 its place. — About the year 1530, when the learned John Alan (chaplain of Cardinal Wolsey, and who was mur- dered at Clontarf by Thomas, eldest son of the Earl of Kildare) was Archbishop of Dublin, this church was assigned to the Chapter's Vicar of St. Patrick's Cathedral. Archbishop Brown united St. Andrew's to the parish of St. Werburgh's, A. D. 15.54; but this union was dis- solved by act of parliament, A. D. 1660; and St. Andrew's was erected into a distinct parish ; the presen- tation to the Vicarage being vested in the Chancellor, the Archbishop of Dublin, the Vice Treasurer, the Chief Baron, the Chief Justice, and Master of the Rolls : any four to constitute a quorum, the Archbishop being always one of the four. — In 1707 an act was past constituting the parish of St. Mark's a distinct parish, which was be- fore only part of St. Andrew's. The present site is about 400 yards east of the former one : here a church was erected, A. D. 1670, which falling to decay very soon, the present extraordinary edifice, in imitation of St. Mary de Rotunda, at Rome, and commonly called the Round Church, was commenced, in 1793. It is in the form of an ellipse, whose major axis is 80 feet in length, and minor 60 ; the gallery story is ornamented by seven large windows, with circular heads, admitting too great a body of light into the in- terior, which error is corrected by blinds of oiled silk, ornamented with transparencies, the subjects of which are scriptural. In the eastern window, little children are represented coming to Christ ; and in the western window, is the Flight into Egypt. The entrance, which is in St. Andrew's-street, opposite Church-lane, is through a granite porch, of a plain, un- ornamented style, perhaps from the danger of exposing 170 st. Andrew's cuubch. the awkwardness of the building, which rises so closely behind. Over the principal entrance, in the center, is a statue of St. Andrew supporting his cross, executed by Edward Smyth; this is the only instance of a statue erected over any Protestant place of worship in Dublin. At each extremity of the vestibule are urns, ornamenting the angles, and in the returns are the gallery doors. At the other side of the church, in the church-yard, are two stories of a steeple ; the basement story is converted into a vestry- room, the other is unemployed ; the steeple, which is in the Gothic or pointed style, is the design of Francis Johnston, Esq. ; but it remains unfinished, and all idea of completing it is abandoned. The interior is in every possible respect the reverse of the exterior : the pews are formed in the intervals between the passages which diverge from the center of the ellipse, as radii ; in the centre is a beautifully executed baptismal font of veined marble, having the outside, and pillar supporting it, fluted ; the oval space in the center is flagged with black and white marble; the communion-table stands in front of the reading-desk and pulpit, at the south side of the church, and near the extremity of the minor axis of the ellipse, which is obviously contrary to the situation which a slight knowledge of the doctrine of echoes or sounds would have pointed out, viz. one of the foci of the ellipse ; hence this church is particularly distinguished for the great difficulty of being heard, which is inflicted on the reader ; and in particular parts of the church he is quite inaudible. The gallery is an extremely graceful object ; the pillars by which it is supported retire so far as to give the idea of extreme lightness, and the fluting of the pillars, which is exceedingly beautiful, is unlike any thing of the kind in the metropolis. A handsome cordage is represented ST. LUKE'S CHURCH. 1/1 connecting the shaft to the capital of each pillar, and the capital itself represents the Lotus flowers ; and beneath the gallery front, all round, the cordage is continued. Behind the pulpit, in the gallery story, is the organ, highly ornamented with carved oak-work, and at each side of it, a delicate and light gallery for the parish chil- dren. The oak from which the ornaments of the church are carved, was taken from the roof of the old College Chapel, which stood at the entrance of the Library-square, and is remarkable for its extraordinary density and specific gravity. The transparencies in the windows have been already mentioned. From the center of the ceiling hangs a large gilt lustre of carved wood, presented by the Lord Lieutenant to this church; it formerly hung in the Irish House of Commons, but was removed when that noble edifice was converted into a national bank. — This parish contains the most respectable trading part of Dublin : the number of its inhabitants is about 8,000, and that of houses, 743. Divine service is performed here every day ; the Rev, W. Bourne, A. M. is vicar. — There is a burying ground attached to this church, which is pre- served with much decency, but is not decorated by any handsome piece of sculpture, or remarkable epitaph. It is to be observed of St. Andrew's Church, that from its extreme proximity to the public thoroughfare, the cele- bration of divine service is constantly interrupted by the noise of vehicles passing backward and forward. ST. LUKE'S CHURCH. The parish church of St. Luke is situated on the Coombe, in the vicinity of St. Patrick's Cathedral. In 172 ST. luke's church. the year 1708, an act of parliament was passed, cutting oif a part of the parish of St. Nicholas Without, and giving to it the denomination of St. Luke's parish, in conformity to which act a Glebe House was erected on the Coombe for the Vicar, who is nominated by the Chapter of the Cathedral, and the Church of St. Luke erected not far from the Glebe. The approach to this church is through a long vista of elm trees, now full grown, which gives more the idea of a village church, than a parish church in a large city. The principal entrance which fronts the avenue, is through a large door-way, with rusticated columns at either side. The exterior is very plain, and the windows in the north side not being of equal dimensions, disfigure its general appearance. The interior is about 70 feet by 30 ; the walls and ceiling are without ornament, and a gallery, supported by pillars of but scanty dimensions and mean appearance, is carried round the sides and west end of the church. At the east is a circular-headed window, too small in proportion to the size of the church, and below, an altar composed of heavy pannelled wood-work; the altar-piece represents a scarlet curtain drawn aside, and disclosing a glory, tolerably well painted. At the opposite end is an organ, the gift of a lady (who has modestly concealed her name), which, though small, is remarkably well toned ; and from the property, which tins church possesses in an eminent degree, of conveying sound with rapidity and distinct- ness, the tone of the organ is abundantly loud. Behind the church is a small space of ground appro- priated as a burying ground for the parishioners, but much too small for the purpose for which it was intended, and is not frequently made use of. The only person of consequence interred in this cemetery, is Mr, Justice ST. mark's church. 173 Hellen, second Judge of the Court of Common Pleas in Ireland, who died in 1793; and was interred near the entrance, in the north side of the church. The number of inhabitants in this parish is about 7,000, all of the poorest classes of society ; and so proverbial is this parish for its poverty, that the advertisement of the annual charity sermon is headed by the words, " The poorest Parish In Dublin." The number of houses is 470. ST. MARK'S CHURCH. The parish church of St. Mark is situated in Mark- street, to the east of Trinity College. It is a capacious unornamented building, erected in 1729. John Lord Carteret, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. It was cut off from St. Andrew's by Act of Parliament, A. D. 1707, and its foundation laid the same year with that of the New Parliament House, the present Bank of Ireland. — The exterior of this building exhibits no architectural inge- nuity or taste. The interior, about 80 feet in length and 30 in breadth, is extremely well disposed for the accommodation of numbers, not being divided into pews, as the other churches in Dublin, but laid out with benches, supplied with backs of pannelled oak, with doors at the end of each row. The communion-table is placed in a concave recess, in the back part of which stands the pulpit and reading-desk. In the present year (1821) an organ has been erected, cased in oak; its merits are not yet perfectly ascertained. Around the east, north, and west sides of the church, 174 ROMAN CATHOLIC CHAPELS. extends the church-yard, crowded with tombs. But this cemetery has lately been much disused, owing to the surgeons making a practice of paying it nocturnal visits. In the belfry, over the vestibule, is suspended a large bell, one of the finest toned in the metropolis. — Divine service is celebrated in this church every day. — The population is estimated at 8,000 and upwards, and the number of dwelling-houses at 901. Xtoman Catholic Cijapels* Though there are many chapels for the celebration of divine service according to the rites of the church of Rome, yet only three of them are deserving of notice for their architecture — the Metropolitan Chapel in Marl- borough-street, Anne's-street Chapel (in lieu of Mary's- lane), and St, Michael and St. John's (in lieu of Rosemary- lane) on Essex Quay. This may be accounted for in the following manner : during the operation of the penal code, the Roman Catholic clergymen dared not celebrate mass in public, by which the poor were, literally speaking, cut off from the benefit of all religious instruction ; and even the rich, who supported chaplains as part of their household, counted their beads in silence and retirement ; and even yet the Catholics are not permitted to summon their congregations by the toll of the bell. The public performance of divine service, according to the rites of the Roman Catholic church, was first tolerated by Lord Chesterfield, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, A. D. 1745, from which period their places of worship gradually as- METROPOLITAN CHAPEL. 175 sumed a more important character, and the Metropolitan Chapel will be perhaps the most picturesque and classical structure in the city. There are twelve parish chapels in Dublin, six Friaries and seven Nunneries ; besides three assistant chapels in the suburbs, at Harold's Cross, Miltown, and Dolphin's- barn. A succession of masses is continued at almost all those different chapels from six in the morning till one in the afternoon ; each mass lasts about half an hour, and high mass generally commences at 12 o'clock. Sermons are sometimes preached on Sunday evenings in each chapel, and almost every evening in Lent. METROPOLITAN CHAPEL. This magnificent structure was commenced in 1816, on a plot of ground formerly occupied by the Mansion of Lord Annesley. The ground was purchased for 500/. and the design was sent over to this country by an amateur artist residing in Paris, who entrusted it to the care of Dr. Murray. The design is not taken from St. Maria Maggiore at Rome, St. Philip du Roulx at Paris, or any other building in existence : those churches are in the Roman, whereas the Metropolitan Chapel is in the Grecian style. The principal front is presented to Marlborough-street, and consists of a portico of six magnificent columns of the Doric order, supporting an entablature, the frieze of which is ornamented with triglyphs ; the entablature is carried along the front and sides of the entire building. Over the entablature, in front, is c magnificent pediment, 17G METROPOLITAN I'll At'l-'.L. the tympanum of which is enclosed by a rich mutule cornice. Beneath the portico are three entrances, the principal one in the centre, and the smaller near the ex- tremities of the colonnade. The portico is a projection of ten feet ; the columns are without bases, rising imme- diately from an extensive landing or platea approached by an extended flight of steps ; the chaste and simple elegance which is to characterize this building woidd not admit the introduction of statuary in any part of it. The front portico will resemble the central portico of the Pro- pyloea at Athens, or the facade of the temple of Theseus. The portico and ornamental parts are of Portland-stone, the rest of the exterior are of mountain granite. The sides of the chapel may be considered fronts also, being finished in a very beautiful and singular style ; in the centre of each is a retiring colonnade, rising from a flight of steps, and supporting an entablature, and at each side, wings or pavilions, ornamented by one large window divided into three compartments, by four pillars of Portland-stone, and crowned by an entablature and pediment. There are no statues to be placed over any of the porticos. The interior, which is not yet completed, will be equally simple and chaste. The centre or grand aisle is en- closed by a range of columns on each side, which sup- port an entablature, from which springs an arched ceil- ing, divided into compartments. The colonnade is con- tinued behind the altar, which stands in the centre of a semicircular recess at the end of the great aisle, exactly opposite the principal entrance, and a passage is left out- side the colonnade in the recess. The altar, which is quite detached from every other part of the building, is of white marble, enclosed by a ARUAN QUAY CHAPEL. 177 circular railing, and without ornament. Behind the colon- nade, at each side, are side aisles, the length of the great aisle, and uniting behind the altar. In the centre of those at each side are deep recesses of a rectangular shape, in which altars are also placed, so, forming three distinct places of worship beneath the same roof. The length of the great aisle is 1.50 feet, and the breadth about 120. This stately edifice has been raised by subscription solely : 26,000/. has been already expended upon it, and it will probably cost as much more to complete it. Hugh O'Connor, and Cardiff, Esqrs. contributed 7,000/. to this laudable purpose. The donation of Mr. O'Connor was 4,000/. The management of the subscription is entrusted to a committee, of which the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin is chairman, and the members of this committee inspect the progress of the building. ARUAN QUAY CHAPEL. This little building, which is at the rear of the houses on Arran Quay, was erected in 1785, and is scarcely sufficient to accommodate its parishioners. The parish includes a great extent within its boundaries ; it is in the parish of St. Paul's, and is considered as reaching as far as the Vice-regal residence in the Phoenix Park. — There are attached to this chapel six clergymen, five of whom are curates. 178 FRANCIS-STRF.F.T CHAPEL. BRIDGE-STREET CHAPEL. This chapel is for the accommodation of the parishioners of St. Audoen's parish only, and stands in a neat court- yard, at the rear of the eastern side of Bridge-street. The Dominican friars of Great Denmark-street Chapel formerly resided here. In this parish is a Friary of Franciscans, called Adam- and-Eve Chapel, which presents a front to Cook-street. There are a superior and seven assistants attached to this Friary, who reside in Chapel-lane, adjacent to the chapel. JAMES'S-STREET CHAPEL. This parish chapel comprehends an extensive circuit, from Dolphin's-barn to Crumlin, and Kilmainham to Chapel-izod. It is situated in Watling-street, not far from James's-gate. The chapel, though not remarkable for architectural decorations, is in excellent repair. Beside the priest of the parish, there are four curate- assistants in this chapel. FRANCIS-STREET CHAPEL. In the year 1235, Ralph le Porter granted a piece ot ground in that part of the suburbs now called Francis- street, as a site for a monastery, to be dedicated to St. Francis. This monastery existed for 114 years, when the lands belonging to it were leased to Thomas Stephens, to be held in capitc, at the yearly rent of two shillings. On this spot is erected the chapel of Francis-street, LIFFEY-STIIEET IHAl'tL. 179 which includes the parishes of St. Luke's, St. Nicholas Without, St. Bride's, St. Kevin's, a portion of St. Peter's, and in the suburbs, Rathmines, Portobello, Harold's-cross (where there is a chapel of ease), and ex- tends to Rathfamam and Miltown. As the congregation is the largest in Dublin, so also the chapel is of very considerable magnitude ; but, not- withstanding, scarcely accommodates its parishioners: the priest of this union, who is also Roman Catholic Dean of the metropolis, is assisted by eight curates ; they all reside in the chapel house. LIFFEY-STREET CHAPEL. Liffey-street Chapei., like most of the chapels in Dublin, is at the rear of the houses on the south side of the street, and the entrance is by a wretched gate- way, beneath a tottering fabric, which, most likely, the com- missioners of Wide-streets will shortly condemn. Though the entrance is so miserable, the interior by no means corresponds : it is extremely neat, and has a venerable sombre character. This very extensive division includes part of St. George's, with St. Mary's and St. Thomas's parishes: it is bounded by Arran-street, Ormond Quay, Green-street, Bolton-street, and Dorset-street ; and ex- tends to Drumcondra Bridge, and is bounded by the river Tolkay and the Liffey. In this chapel the titular Archbishop of Dublin officiates, assisted by his oeconome and six curates. The Archbishop will officiate in the Metropolitan Chapel in Marlborough-street, when that beautiful edifice 1 is finished. n 2 180 ANNE-STREET CHAPEL. ANNE-STREET CHAPEL. The chapel in North Anne's-street belongs to the parish of St. Miehan's, and to part of St. George's. It is bounded on the south by the river LifFey, on the east by Arran-street and its continuation, on the west by Church- street and the Glasnevin-road. The parish chapel formerly stood in Mary's-lane, and was the oldest in Dublin : in tins chapel it is supposed was preserved a silver image of the Virgin Mary, which formerly be- longed to the Abbey of St. Mary ; but this little figure, bearing a crown of silver on its head, was sold to an Irish Baronet at the removal of the chapel. This venerable building becoming quite unfit for use, was converted into a parish school, and the present splendid edifice erected in lieu of it. The principal front of the new chapel is presented to Anne-street, north, and is built entirely of mountain granite: it consists of two stories, the lower occupied by three pointed door- ways; that in the centre leading to the great aisle, those on the side to a spacious gallery. The second story is ornamented with three large pointed windows, and the summit rises to a very acute angle, terminated by a cross, and finished with a monastic battlement and pinnacles. The interior is richly decorated with stucco and sculp- ture. At the cast end are three altars, placed in deep recesses, and ornamented with heavy carved work, in the pointed style. Over the centre altar is a full-length figure of our Saviour, in alto-relievo, beneath a pointed canopy, above which, on the ceiling, is a glory, encom- passed by innumerable heads of cherubim The altar on thi MPATHn STREET t'HAPEL. 181 right is ornamented by a very beautiful painting of St. Francis, copied from Guido, and the altar piece on the left represents the Virgin and Child. In one of the orna- mented niches, over the side altar, a small organ is placed, and in the corresponding niche there is a false front. The ceiling, which is semi-eliptical, consists of groined arches springing from heads of saints, placed in the piers between the windows, on each side ; and three lustres arc suspended from richly-worked pendents, which drop from the intersections of the arches. The aisle is lighted by five pointed windows in each side, decorated with labels springing from heads of saints ; and the half of each window is ornamented with stained glass. The stucco and carving were executed by O'Brien, a Dublin artist ; and the building is after a design by Messrs. O'Brien and Gorman. Divine service is celebrated here at the usual hours ; there are six curates to assist the parish priest in the discharge of his duties. The chapel also presents a front to Halstein-street, at the back of Newgate, but this is merely of brick. — Admittance may be had to this chapel at any time. MEATH-STREET CHAPEL. This chapel is for the accommodation of the Roman Catholic parishioners of St. Catharine's and a rural dis- trict extending to the canal. It is situated at the back of the houses on the cast of Meath-street, in that part of the city, called the Earl of Mcath's Liberty. The chapel belonging to the parish, formerly stood in Bridge-foot- 182 I-XtHANGK-STKELT CHAPEL. street, at the north side of Thomas-street j but being in a state of dilapidation, about the year 1780 a subscription was raised amongst the parishioners for the erection of the present chapel in Meath-street. This building, which is entirely of brick, is of an octagonal form, and very spa- cious ; opposite the altar a gallery is erected, which is continued along five sides of the octagon, and sup- ported by columns. Divine service is performed here every day. — There are five assistant curates and a parish priest, for whom an excellent house adjacent to the chapel has been erected. EXCHANGE-STREET CHAPEL. This chapel, which was erected by public contribu- tions from all ranks of society, was built as a place of worship for the parishes of St. Michan and St. John's ; but this union also includes St. Bride's, Christ-church vicinity, part of St. Werburgh's, and pail of St. Nicholas Within ; and is bounded by Augier-street, George' s-street, and Eustace-street, the river Liffey, and Winetavem- street. Divine service was formerly performed in the chapel of Rosemary-lane, but the building having fallen to decay and the situation not being central, the present site was chosen by the parishioners as an appropriate one for a new and spacious building. — The front towards Fxchangc- street, is also visible from Wood Quay, and it was understood an opening would have been left by the Com- missioners of Wide-stive^, through which ;his very EXCHANGE-STREET CHAPEL. 183 ait front might be seen, not only from Wood Quay, but also from the opposite side of the river, and so be an extremely interesting object in this part of the city ; but the commissioners have thought proper to alter their de- termination, so that the north front is, strictly speaking, presented to a very confined passage, Lower Exchange- street. To this building there are two fronts of hewn stone, equally beautiful, and in a highly-finished style of pointed architecture; the lower stories in both fronts are de- corated with pointed door- ways, and the second stories with three large pointed windows adorned with labels ; the fronts terminate in an acute angle and are surmounted by crosses. The principal door in the north front is ac- cessible by a double flight of steps. The south front is presented to Smock Alley, where used to be the entrance to the pit and boxes of the theatre of Dublin, winch for- merly stood on this precise spot, and was called Smock Alley Theatre. The original name of this passage was Orange Street, which name was exchanged for that of Smock Alley, upon the erection of the theatre. — This place of entertainment was disused from the opemng of Crow-street Theatre, 1758, after which it was con- verted into stores for merchandize, and in 1815, the pre- sent stately pile was erected on this spot for a much more noble purpose than any to which it had been previously dedicated. The interior of this chapel is richly ornamented, and in an extremely elegant and chaste style of workmanship. At one end are three altars ; over the centre altar is a painting of the crucifixion, suspended in a deep recess decorated with stucco-work ; and on each side of the great pointed niche in the centre are pointed windows orna- 1M MIAN GE-5T KELT (II A PEL. mented with stained glass. Beneath the window on the right side is a small altar with a painting, representing St. John the Evangelist writing his sacred volume. This painting, which was brought from Rome by the priest of this parish, the Rev. Dr. Blake, is by Del Frate, a dis- tinguished Italian artist. Below the window, on the left side and over the communion-table, is another altar piece, re- presenting the arch-angel Michael, brandishing a sword in one hand, and trampling upon Satan. This is also by an Italian artist, and is a copy from a painting of Raphael's in St. Peter's at Rome. It is unluckily in a very bad light in its present situation. On one side of the chapel is a very handsome piece of sculpture, the design and execution of Turnerelli, an Italian artist, some time resident in Dublin. It is a mo- nument to the memory of Dr. Betagh. On a black pyramidal slab is placed a medallion of the Reverend Prelate, in white statuary marble. — Be- neath, in white marble also, a figure of Faith is repre- sented, leaning over a funeral urn, bearing a cross in one hand, and holding Religion (which is represented in the character of an infant boy), with the other. On a white slab beneath is the following inscription : — Glory be to God, most good, most great • This marble, Christian brother, presents to your view the likeness of the Very Reverend THOMAS BETAGH, S. J. Vicar General of the Archdiocese of Dublin, and during more than 20 years the excellent and most vigilant pastor of this parish. Who, glowing with charity towards God and his neighbour, was ever indefatigable id his ministry, leaching, preaching, and exerting all his powers to confirm the true Christian in the faith once delivered to the ainlBj and bring back thi ito the way of salvation. His chief delight and happina ■ it was to instinct the yonnj TOWNSLND-STIIEET CHAPEL. 185 cially the needy and the orphan, in religion, piety, and learning, and to forward and cherish them with affection truly paternal, His zeal for the welfare of souls continual to burn with undimi- nished ardour, until the last moment of his life. When, worn down by lingering illness and incessant labours, this good and faithful servant delivered up his soul to God in the year of his age, 73— and of our Redemption, 1811. May he rest in peace ! To tins most deserving man, the ornament of the priesthood and of his country, the clergy and people of Dublin who attended his funeral with most mournful solemnity, an unexampled concourse, have erected this monument as a lasting memorial of their love and gratitude. On the same side of the chapel, in a recess and beneath ALGUSTINIAN CONVENT. at the back of the houses on the north side of Townsend- street, within a few yards of the principal entrance to the New Theatre Royal. In front of the chapel, and con- cealing' it from the street, is a handsome house erected for the residence of the priest and his assistant curates, six in number. This chapel, which is large and well dis- posed, although without any architectural beauties, was not long since in one of the filthiest and most wretched situations in the city, but from the opening of D'Olier and New Brunswick streets, it is now in a most con- venient and central one. The incumbent of this parish is generally the coadjutor to the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin. The parish chapels are here designated by the respec- tive streets in which they are placed, for the following reasons, viz. they are so generally denominated in Dublin, and as each chapel belongs to several Protestant parishes, it is obviously incorrect and would produce confusion to attribute the name of any one of those parishes to the parish chapel ; and besides, the division of parishes is made to conform to the Protestant places of worship solely. dfriaria** AUGUSTINIAN CONVENT. The friary of St. John is situated in John- street at the north side of Thomas-street ; this friary is within the district of Meath-street chapel. To this chapel are at- tached only the prior and two friars, who, by their lauda- ble exertions in the cause of humanity, are enabled to clothe and educate 26 boys and 20 girls. CONVENT OF CALCED t ARMELITLS. 187 DOMINICAN CONVENT. This convent, commonly called Denmark-street Chapel, is situated in the street of that name communi- cating with Britain-street and Henry-street. The friars of this chapel originally belonged to Bridge-street chapel. This place of worship is contiguous to a fashionable part of Dublin, and is consequently numerously and respectably attended by persons who bear substantial testimony of the sincerity of their charitable inclinations, for, from the sums collected here on Sundays, 25 boys are sup- ported, and upwards of 60 girls educated ; at the same time that the chapel and friary are kept in perfect repair, and continual improvements carrying on. — This friary, to which seven clergymen are attached, is in the circuit of Liffey-street and the. Metropolitan chapels. CONVENT OF CALCED CARMELITES. This convent, with a small neat chapel attached, is situated in French-street not far from York-street, and is within the district of Townsend-street chapel. The order had a chapel and convent in Ash-street winch they relinquished for the present retired and genteel neighbourhood. There are six resident clergymen in this convent, of which the proper designation is the " Friary 188 CONVF.NT OF CAPUCIMNS. CONVENT OF DISCALCED CARMELITES. The chapel of tliis convent is situated in Clarendon- street, and, next to the Metropolitan, is the largest in Dublin; it is in the shape of a rectangle with the corners canted off. The exterior is rather of a plain ap- pearance, the lower part being plastered, and the upper, in winch are the studies and dormitories of the friars, only of brick. Before the building of this spa- cious edifice, the friars of this order performed Divine service in a small inconvenient building at the back of the houses on the south side of Stephen -street, near Augier- street, but this building has been taken down some time since. There are seven clergymen attached to this chapel, and an evening school is supported here, where 200 boys are educated gratuitously.— This friary is within the precincts of To wnsend- street chapel. CONVENT OF FRANCISCANS. Adam and Eve Chapel, otherwise denominated " Cook- street Chapel," belongs to friars of the Franciscan order. To this friary eight clergymen are attached, who, from the crowded population of the neighbourhood, are con- stantly engaged in occasional duties.— This convent is intended as a chapel of ease to Bridge- street chapel. CONVENT OF CAPUCHINS. The Capuchin Friary, better known by the appel- lation of Church-street Chapel, is situated on the west CONVENT OF CAPUCHINS. 189 side of that street, and not far from Michan's church. The friary attached to this chapel affords accom- modation to seven or eight clergymen, for whom there is ample employment in this poor, but extremely populous, part of Dublin. The chapel belongs to the dis- trict of Arran Quay Chapel. The building itself affords no remarkable features ; the interior is adapted to accom- modate both classes of persons ; the respectable part of the congregation are admitted into the sacristy, which is divided from the rest of the chapel by a railing, outside which the lower classes are obliged to remain. This structure was for a long period in a state of dilapi- dation, until the manly eloquence of the Rev. P. Keogh, a friar of the Capuchin order, influenced the wealthy part of his hearers, by repeated and powerful appeals to their feelings, to contribute largely to the restoration of the edifice ; and in the space of two years, within this very chapel, upwards of 1,500Z. was collected at the sermons delivered there by Mr. Keogh. This distinguished orator has since been translated to the united parishes of Howth and Baldoyle, seven miles from Dublin ; but such are the energy and activity of his mind, that the place of his early residence still continues to derive benefit from his exertions; and this amiable and intelligent individual is frequently heard in Church- street Chapel with delight and admiration by crowded congregations of different religious opinions. — There i a school attached to this convent where 40 boys ari educated, and the same number of girls both clothed and educated. 100 NUNNERIES. CONVENT OF JESUITS. The chapel of this order, called Hardwicke-street Chapel, is a small neat building, lately fitted up in an unassuming and tasteful manner; it originally be- longed to a nunnery of the order of St. Clare, in Dorset- street ; but upon the building of St. George's Church, and the opening of Hardwicke-street in front of it, the retire- ment of the nuns was so completely interrupted, that they withdrew to Harold's cross at the south side of Dublin, and surrendered this chapel to the Jesuitical order. — There are, in general, two of the order residing in the apartments over the chapel, and the chapel is in the division of Liffey-street and the Metropolitan chapels. &unmvm> In Dublin and its environs there are several religious asylums, where the females of the Roman Catholic reli- gion find shelter, when deprived of the protection of their relatives by the hand of Providence. —The nunneries in Dublin are George's Hill, King Street. Stanhope Street. Summer Hill. Warren Mount. William Street (north). In the environs are, Cabragh. Harold's Cross. Ranelagh. Richmond (removed from James Street-) NUNNERIES. 191 KING-STREET NUNNERY Is a large comfortable house, and probably the longest established of all the nunneries. The sisters who are about six or seven in number, are Poor Clares. — The chief use of this asylum at present is, to afford a safe retreat to widows and other females of a respectable class, who are able to pay for their board and lodging. STANHOPE-STREET AND WILLIAM-STREET NUNNERIES. The inhabitants of these convents are called " Sisters of Charity," their lives being wholly devoted to charitable purposes. — This order has long existed on the continent, though quite unknown, until lately, in this kingdom. GEORGE'S-HILL, OR NORTH ANNE'S-STREET NUNNERY Is of very ancient date, and the residents, about eleven or twelve in number, are called Ladies of the Pre- sentation. These amiable and charitable females super- intend a school of 300 girls, 20 of whom are clothed and fed at the expense of the convent. — This was the first Roman Catholic school pennitted to be opened in Dublin, it being forbidden by the Foreign Education Bill, but that prohibition was removed in the reign of his late Majesty George III. 10-2 NUN NCR J IS. WARD'S HILL, OR WARREN MOUNT NUNNERY. The sisters of Warren Mount Nunnery are galled Poor Clares : there are in general about twelve sisters re- sident in this convent, to which is attached a school, where 200 girls are instructed, and 20 are supported and clothed by the sisterhood. On the south side of Dublin, at the village of Ranelagh, is a convent of the order of St. Joseph. In this convent, when the Irish nobility resided in their native land, the daughters of the Roman Catholic nobility were educated, and there is still a number of highly respectable persons residing here. It is in the district of Francis-street Chapel. The sisters contribute munificently to the sup- port of two schools ; one in Paradise-row, where 20 orphans are admitted at the age of three years, and sup- ported and instructed until sufficiently qualified to bo apprenticed; and another, where 30 boys and as many girls are clothed, fed, and educated. There is a convent of Dominican nuns at Cabragh, about three miles from Dublin, on the north side, which of course cannot be considered as at all belonging to the city. Another at Richmond, 2 miles south of Dublin. — The sisters of this nunnery, who are denominated Ladies of the Presentation, formerly lodged in JamesV street. HAROLD'S CROSS NUNNERY Ifi more immediately in the vicinity of Dublin, and much more conspicuous than nil the others for the mag- nitude of its charitable bounty. The winters, who aro SECEDERS FROM THE ESTABLISHED CHURCH. 193 Poor Clares, were disturbed in their former establish- ment, Dorset-street nunnery, by the opening of a new street (Hardwicke-street) in front of St George's church ; their dwelling house was purchased from them and taken down, and their chapel was delivered into the care of the Jesuit Friars. The nunnery is in the district of Francis-street chapel.— This edifice is very extensive, having attached to the apartments of the sisterhood a large building containing a school-room and two dormi- tories, each capable of containing 50 beds. — The benevo- lent sisters not only educate, but clothe and support 100 female children, for whose accommodation they have erected this spacious building, and a handsome chapel adjacent to it. It would be uninteresting to continue a specific enu- meration of the different Roman Catholic schools in this city, and the precise number educated, clothed, and fed in each ; but the reader will learn with surprise, that there are about 4,000 boys and 3,000 girls educated by this denomination of Christians, and nearly 2,000 of those are clothed, and half that number fed ; and at this mo- ment a new society is establishing for diffusing the bene- fits of education amongst the poor Catholics, throughout the kingdom in general. j^ttrtJtra from tije Cgtatttaftefr In the small circuit of the city of Dublin, the number of places of worship appropriated to different religious ■tctfl is much greater than that either of churches of the o 11)4 l'KKSRYTERIANS. established religion, or Roman Catholic chapels. — The most ancient and respectable of the dissenters in Dublin are the Presbyterians. PRESBYTERIANS. The Presbyterian government in Ireland is modelled on that of the Scotch church. King James the First en- couraged many Scotch Presbyterians to pass over into the northern provinces of Ireland, where they spread to an amazing extent, and from their habits of propriety and industry, that wild and uncultivated part of the kingdom became rapidly civilized, so that at this moment it is de- cidedly the most improved and humanized part of Ireland. The Presbyterian church, is divided into synods or as- semblies, which hold annual meetings for the better go- vernment of their body ; and at those meetings, each con- gregation is represented by one pastor and one lay elder. The principal synod in Ireland is that of Ulster, there is a second, called the Minister Synod. — The establish- ment of Presbyterian chapels in Dublin, took place in 1662, shortly after the passing of the Act of Uniformity. — At this period, Samuel Winter, Provost of Trinity College, with three of the Fellows, E. Veale, R. Norbury, and S. Mather, refused to subscribe in an unqualified manner to the Thirty-nine Articles of the Established Church, and voluntarily resigned their preferments. So respectable and learned a body of leaders might natu- rally be expected to possess both influence to attract, and eloquence and information sufficient to preserve, a consi- derable number of adherents ; at their instance several meeting-houses were erected in different parts of the city, STRAND-STREET M KETING' HOUSE. 195 some of which have since been taken down and rebuilt upon different sites. There are now (1821) four meeting-houses of the Pres- byterian sect in Dublin ; Strand-street, Eustace-street, Mary's Abbey, and Usher's Quay. STRAND-STREET MEETING- HOUSE Is situated in a retired street, chiefly occupied by mer- chants' stores, and recedes a few yards back : in front is a small court, with two gates. The front of the building is of brick, two stories in height, and without any orna- ment ; the interior is spacious, but intentionally finished in the plainest manner possible. There are two congrega- tions united in Strand-street Meeting, viz. Wood-street and Cook-street, which were both erected at the period of the secession of Provost Winter. Attached to this meeting is a Poor-school, where 30 boys are clothed, fed, and educated, and afterwards ap- prenticed to different trades.* With the exception of about 30/. per annum, a donation, this school is entirely dependant on the results of an annual charity sermon, preached by one of the ministers of the Church, on the last Sunday in February. But from the great respectability of the Strand-street congregation, this collection may always be calculated upon as ample means for the support of the charity ; and besides this, a collection is made every Sunday, which is appropriated to the use of a number of distressed widows. Adjoining to the meeting-house there is a library of divinity, where the members of the con- * This school was established by the Misses Plunket, whose father wu many years minister of the meeting. O 2 l!)G 1. 1) ST u :k-strbet mketing-house. gregation are permitted to read, yet owing to its incon- venient situation, it is but seldom visited. The Presby- terian clergymen have been, for about two centuries back, supported by a salary called the " Regium Donum," given at first to encourage the introduction of this respectable body in Ireland, and still continued to those pastors whose congregation amount to a certain number. Amongst the ministers who have officiated in Strand-street, for years back, many distinguished theological and controversial writers are to be found, — Matten, Charnock, Rule, and Leland, author of " A View of the Deistical Writers of the last and present Century " EUSTACE-STREET MEETING-HOUSE. This meeting-house, which is situated in Eustace-street, at the north side of Dame-street, is not so spacious as that in Strand-street, nor is its congregation more than half as numerous. As the members of this religious sect study and cultivate the absence of ornament, then- places of worship afford notlung for the eye of curiosity to rest upon. Attached to this chapel is a school for 20 boys, who all receive board, lodging, clothing, and education, and, at a proper period, are apprenticed to useful trades. Besides the collection made at an annual charity sermon, there is a yearly income for the support of this charity, as well as for the establishing and maintenance of a girls' school, and an alms-house for poor widows. Before the present building was erected, the members of this meet- ing celebrated divine worship in a small building in New Row. usher's quay meeting-house. H>7 MARY'S ABBEY MEETING-HOUSE. There was another meeting-house similarly denomi- nated, the congregation of which having united with that of Strand-street, left the present chapel in the undisputed possession of this distinguishing appellation, — Though these two meeting-houses, Strand-street and Mary's Abbey, are so near in point of locality, they profess to differ widely in doctrinal points ; and to make the line of distinction still more obvious, the latter congregation call themselves the Scots Church, whence it may be inferred, that they are somewhat more strict in the observance of particular religious forms than their neighbours of Strand-street. Several distinguished divines have been ministers of this congregation, and there is at present amongst the cler- gymen of this chapel one very able preacher. The congregation of this meeting-house support a charity school of about thirty children ; in addition to donations and subscriptions, there is an annual sermon preached on the first Sunday in March for the mainte- nance of this little establishment. USHER'S QUAY MEETING-HOUSE Has also an ancient Presbyterian congregation, which united with the brethren of Plunket-street, about fifty years since, and is now a considerable body. There are two schools, containing about forty children, supported by the collections made in this chapel, and aided also by an annual charity sermon. l!)«S INDEPENDENT. SECEDERS. This religious sect, which is a ramification of the Kirk of Scotland, consists of austere Calvinists, and, in conse- quence of a difference in civil matters, it is subdivided into Burghers and Anti-burghers. On account of their ex- tremely rigid doctrines, the Anti-burghers hold very- little intercourse with any other sect of Christians. The Burghers have a meeting-house in Mass-lane, close to the law courts, which will shortly be taken down by the Commissioners of Wide-streets; and the Anti-burghers have a smaller one on the site of the old National Bank in Mary's Abbey. The difference between these two sects has of late years nearly subsided. But another body of dissenters from the Kirk has risen up, called the Relief; they are Calvinistsand Presbyterians, but extremely liberal in their views. INDEPENDENTS. The first congregation of Independents, that met in Dublin, assembled in the old Presbyterian meeting-house, in Plunket-street, under the care of Mr, Hawkesworth. Then- most distinguished pastor was Mr. Cooper, who still preaches in Plunket-street, and is likely to be excelled in pulpit-oratory by his son. There is also a very large chapel, belonging to this sect, in York-street ; and the Dutch church, in Poolbeg- street, has been made use of by the Independents, for several years back. A small chapel, at the corner of Ilawkins-strect and D'Olier-strcet, was erected in 1S20, by a party of Scccdcrs from tlir York-street Independents. On the tympanum of a brick pediment, over the front of this chapel, is inscribed, " Ebcnezer," the appropriateness of which motto will be made manifest by the following quo- tation, whence the name is borrowed : " then Samuel took a stone, and set it between Mizpeh and Shen, and called the name of it Eben-Ezer, saying, hitherto hath the Lord helped us." Zion Chapel, in King's-Inns- street, also belongs to the Independents ; this chapel, which is built of lime stone, and fronted with mountain granite, is ornamented by three circular-headed windows, over winch is a triangular pediment, with a plain tympanum, and on the frieze of the entablature beneath is carved the name, "Zion Chapel.' ' Divine Service was performed here, for the first time, on Sunday, oth August, 1821, by Mr. Raffles, of the Indepen- dent Chapel, Liverpool. METHODISTS. About twelve years after the first promulgation of the Wesleyan doctrines, they were introduced into this city, for the first time, by a Mr. Williams, whose success was so remarkable, that he immediately communicated the tidings of this great accession of followers to Mr. Wesley, who was induced to cross over to Dublin, where he arrived on Sunday morning, between eleven and twelve, as the church bells were tolling for service. His mind, ever anxious to catch at any thing that could be consi- dered as a prediction, hailed the omen, and proceeding to Mary's church, obtained permission to preach there. After continuing some time in Dublin, and preaching daily at a Meeting-house in Marlborough-street, he 200 Ml.THODISTS. returned to England, happy at the result of his mission. But, he was scarcely gone, when the infuriate mob, unable longer to curb their rage, attacked and destroyed the chapel, and compelled the pastors to make a speedy retreat. Wesley, notwithstanding this, repeatedly visited Dublin afterwards, and ultimately succeeded in his favourite object. The Methodist chapels, belonging to one branch of the Wesleyans, in Dublin, are in Great Charles-street, Mount- joy-square, and in Great George's-street south; they are both very capacious, and the former, called Wesley Chapel, has a front of mountain granite, which is in the Ionic order, and has three large windows in the second story, below a neat pediment, with a plain tympanum ; the date of its building (1S00) is over the door. The meeting-house in George's-street, stands on a piece of ground, lately occupied by a cabinet-makers workshop, and is concealed by the houses in front. There is another congregation, professing the same doc- trine which meets in the Weavers'-hall, on the Coombe, in the Earl of Meath's Liberty. Those who are not considered Separatists, have a Meet- ing-house in Whitefriars-street, to which a book-room and alms-house are attached; it is capable of accommodating near 1500 persons ; Kendrick-street chapel, near the Royal Barracks, is not so spacious. There is another in Cork- street, in the Liberty, which has not been opened more than five or six years; and a very handsome brick building, just erected (1821) in Abbey-street, near the Custom-house, and opened for divine service the first Sunday in June, upon which occasion, a most able discourse wa6 delivered by the Rev. Mr, Clarke, one of the pastors of this congregation The Kilhamites have uo chapel in Dublin. WALKER1TES. 201 BAPTISTS. There is but one Baptist Meeting-house in Dublin, which is situated in Swift's Alley. Their doctrine was in- troduced into this city in the sixteenth century, at which time the first chapel was built, which, falling- into decay, was rebuilt on the same site, about the year 1730. The ceremony of immersion is performed very properly, in pri- vate. This sect supports two schools, one for boys, the other for girls; and a charity sermon is annually preached, for their support, in the meeting-house of the congregation. WALKERITES. John Walker, a man of much learning, and formerly a fellow of the university of Dublin, conceived certain notions, regarding the mode of celebrating service in the church of England, which led him to conclude, that he could no longer, conscientiously, continue one of its members. Upon communicating this change of sentiment to the Provost and Board, he was necessarily removed from his fellowship, without delay. The leading features of his doctrine, besides being entirely calvinistic, are, "Total exclusion of all who are not of precisely the same sen- timents, as to prayer." Mr. Walker never had many adherents, and even those few separated upon points of discipline. The zealous founder was of opinion, that the words of the Apostle, " salute one another with a holy kiss,'* were to be literally understood and acted upon, while one of his pupils advised otherwise. He continued to instruct his proselytes, in a room in Stafford-street; and the separatists withdrew to another called the Cutlers' Hall, in Capel-street. Tlie sect is now nearly extinct. There is another, of somewhat earlier date than Walker's, called Kelly's sect ; their doctrines differ little from Walker's, though they would wish themselves to be considered as distinct. They have no regular place of worship in Dublin, but they sometimes meet in a private school-room, in Upper Stephen-street, near George's- street ; there is a chapel, belonging to this sect, at the village of Black Rock, four miles from Dublin. MORAVIANS. The doctrines and tenets of this sect were first intro- duced into this city by Mr. Cennick, about the year 1740, who was joined in his ministry by Mr. Latrobe, a student of Dublin College. Mr. Latrobe's success was very considerable ; and in a few years, he obtained a meeting-house, and a residence for their elders. The former is in Bishop's-street, and the elders' residence joins it. In the same street there is a house of refuge for un- married females of the Moravian profession, who support themselves by their needle- work, which is of the most perfect description. There is a widows' house belonging to this body ; and the females of the congregation super- intend a Sunday school for girls. They have a distinct burying-ground, which is about three miles from Dublin, a little beyond the village of Rathfarnham. QUAKERS. The celebrated George Fox, one of the Founders >f this sect., passed over from England to Dublin, where QUAKERS. 203 he regulated their meetings, and with the assistance of Edmunson, a soldier in Cromwell's army, and afterwards a pedlar, who came into the north of Ireland a few years previous, he was enabled to raise funds for the building of two meeting-houses, one in Bride's-alley, the other at Wormwood-gate ; these have gone to decay, and Meath- street and Sycamore-alley meeting-houses supply their places. — The Quakers of Ireland hold annual meetings in Dublin in May, and those of Dublin have monthly ones. At one of those meetings it was, that the first protest was ever made against the traffic in human flesh, called the slave trade, and perhaps this was the origin of the bill introduced into the English parliament by Mr. Wilberforce, which has immortalized him, and given additional lustre to the throne of England. Few of the Quakers have been eminent for learning, though all are distinguished as persons of good understandings, and remarkably honourable in their dealings. John Gough, however, a native of Dublin, has w r ritten a treatise on Arithmetic, which is in use in every part of the king- dom. The number of Quakers in this city, amounts to about 1,000. They have no distinct charitable establish- ments, but contribute indiscriminately and munificently to all. The only establishment of an exclusive nature, they support, is a Lunatic Asylum at the village of Donny- brook, two miles from Dublin. The Quakers, like the Moravians and Jews, have distinct burying grounds from other religious sects. Those of Dublin, preserve a piece of ground for this purpose hi Merrion-street, and a large enclosure in Cork-street. 204 MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT. JEWS. Although there are six or seven millions of Jews still in existence, yet there are not twelve in the metropolis of Ireland ; there were a sufficient number some years back to justify their opening a Synagogue, but this has a long time been closed, and a glass shop occupies the site in Marlborough-street ; the only Synagogue which ever ex- isted in Dublin, antecedent to that in Marlborough-street, was built by some foreign Jews in Craven-lane. The few Jews who remain in Dublin, read their Talmud in private, and still preserve a distinct burying ground in the neighbourhood of Ballybough-bridge, where are to be seen seven monuments with Hebrew inscriptions. GERMAN LUTHERANS. The German Church is situated in Poobeg-street, near the new Theatre, and has been mentioned already by the name of the Dutch Church. iElumrtpal <@rttmmenk The history of the corporation of every city is so in- timately connected with the history of the city itself, that the most important facts connected with tins cor- porate body will be found interspersed in the sketch of the History of Dublin, given at the commencement of this volume. In 1173, a charter of incorporation was granted to the inhabitants of Dublin by King Henry II. who, at the same time, induced many inhabitants of Bristol to unite themselves with the citizens of Dublin, and enjoy the MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT. 205 advantages of this charter. The chief magistrates of this city were originally denominated provost and bailiffs, and the first who bore the title of provost, was John Le Decer, when Richard de St. Olave and John Stakehold were the first bailiffs, A. D. 1308. In the year 1665, Charles II. had changed the title of provost to that of Lord Mayor, and conferred this honour for the first time upon Sir Daniel Bellingham, with a salary of 500/. per annum. The last act for the better regulating of the corporation of Dublin, and by which the junior guilds were greatly benefitted, was past in the year 1760, since which time no material change has been made. The corporation consists of the Lord Mayor, twenty- three Aldermen, two Sheriffs, Sheriffs Peers, who are mem- bers for life, and twenty-five guilds. The two component parts are denominated the board of Aldermen, and the Commons ; the latter consists of the Sheriffs Peers, and representatives of the different Guilds ; the Lord May or presides at the upper board, and the Sheriffs of the year in the lower assembly. The Lord Mayor is elected from amongst the Aldermen, by the concurrent voices of both assemblies (see prefatory history). The election is made at a quarter assembly in April, and he continues to be styled Lord Mayor Elect, until the 30th September, at which time he enters upon his office. The Aldermen are all City Magistrates, and assist the Recorder at oyer and terminer. The Sheriffs are elected from the Common Council, and are obliged to swear that they are worth 2,000/. those who have served the office are called Sheriffs Peers. The Aldermen are elected by the Board and Common Council in conjunction, and it is only necessary that he should have been a Sheriffs Peer. The Lord '25 hackney sedans. \Vc might suppose, that there was now little alteraliou 21(> NEWGATE. required In this system; a bill, however, will be brought lor ward next year (1822) for its farther regulation. risotto NEWGATE. The principal gaol for malefactors of all descriptions is situated in Green-street, and bounded by the Little Green and Halstein streets ; previous to the building of this place of confinement, the gaol was an old castle on the town wall, over the gate leading from Cut-purse-row to Thomas-street ; and from its situation, derived the name of Newgate, which appellation was transferred to the present prison. This building, which is after a design of Mr. Thomas Cooley, the architect of the Exchange, is faced with granite stone, brought from the Dublin Moun- tains : the front consists of threa stories, the lower rus- ticated, and the two upper perforated by windows di- vested of ornament: the centre is surmounted by a triangular pediment, and in front of the upper story of this part of the building, are the platform and apparatus for execution. This building, which stands on a rectan- gular piece of ground, 1 70 feet by 130, has at each angle a round tower with loop holes to admit light; and one side of the prison has no other windows than these apertures. In this wing, piisoners of the lowest class were generally confined, and from the exorbitant fees or " garnish money,'' demanded by the turnkeys, for any accommoda- tion however wretched, those unfortunate miscreants were compelled to suspend a small cloth bag from those loop-holes by a cord, and beg aloud for alms from the passenger, of whom they only heard the pacing of their NEWGATE. 217 feet : — this extreme of human misery, together with many blameful improprieties practised and countenanced within the prison walls, called forth the interference of Mr. W. Pole, Secretary of State for Ireland, who made a serious reformation in the discipline of Newgate. The interior is divided into two nearly equal parts by a broad passage, having on either side lofty walls with iron gates, through which, visiters may speak with the prisoners. At the end of this passage is the gaoler's house, the front of which is in Halstein-street ; but the turnkeys have apartments in the prison. There is a chapel at- tached to the prison, and three chaplains, one of the Established Church, one of the Roman Catholic persua- sion, and a Dissenting clergyman. The cells are not sufficiently numerous for the number of criminals that must necessarily be at all times con- fined in the gaol of a large city, nor are they of sufficient magnitude to accommodate more than one, each being only twelve feet long by eight in breadth ; they all open into corridors, which look into the court-yard, and are locked at night. The foundation of this building was laid in 1773, and it was opened for the reception of criminals in 1781. It is not considered either well situated or strongly built, the blocks of stone not being cramped as they are in the county-gaol. Few prisoners, however, have ever been able to effect their escape, without the connivance of the turnkeys. A few years since, when the gaol was crowded with convicts, destined for transportation to Botany Bay, a conspiracy was formed to break through the walls and escape ; but the plot was fortunately de- tected in sufficient time to obviate it. The conspirators assembled in the prison-yard, and threatened death to 218 ISWSJMPfl* whoever should venture to approach them, and the sen- tinels on the summit of the wall were ultimately obliged to fire amongst the rioters, by which, order was almost immediately restored. From that period, no irregidarity or spirit of insubor- dination has appeared in the gaol, owing partly to better internal arrangement, and partly to a diminution of crime in the city, by which the number imprisoned is much reduced, A design for a new gaol for the city is at present be- fore the proper authorities for recommending such a change, but it is not quite decided how far it will be adopted. The county gaol is situated near the Royal Hospital, and is called Kilmainham Gaol. A handsome court- house has been lately erected close to it, but as neither of these are within the city, any detail of them would be improper here. The internal regulation of both these gaols has been, of late, greatly benefitted, and the last improvement which has received the sanction of the High Court of Parliament, viz. the abolition of fees, has scarcely left any thing more to do in the government of prisons, but to have the present systems strictly observed. Besides the gaoler and his deputy, there are five turnkeys, a sur- geon, physician, inspector, and three chaplains : a subal- tern guard does duty at the prison. There is one im- provement yet wanting in Irish prisons in general, viz. the employment of the prisoners, and whoever has visited Lancaster Castle will feel strongly the force of tliis ob- servation. sheriff's prison. % 2['J SHERIFF'S PRISON. Antecedent to the year L791, persons arrested for debts exceeding 10/. were generally lodged in private prisons called u Sponging Houses/' where the most in- famous practices were permitted, as the unhappy debtor would make any sacrifice of his property to be allowed to escape before some new claimant seized upon him ; and but a few years since, one of those infamous houses existed in a court in High-street.— In 1794 the Sheriff's prison in Green-street was erected ; it is a large building, forming three sides of a square, and having a court-yard in the centre. At the first institution of this prison, the gaoler, turnkeys, and other officers or servants attached, were supported by the rent of the chambers, which was very exorbitant, and a considerable rent, above 100/. per annum, was paid by a vintner, who had a shop in the under-ground story. From such an arrangement, it is obvious abuses must have arisen, and vice and infamy of every description been encouraged in its growth- The Sheriffs preyed upon the head gaoler, he upon his deputy, the deputy on the more wealthy part of his prisoners, and those again upon the poorer, to whom they let part of their rooms at a weekly sum of three or four shillings. But happily for the morals of the nation at large, all this scene of debauchery, profligacy, gambling, and extortion, has vanished with the abolition of gaol fees, and the removal of those allurements has diminished the charms of con- finement, which a profligate mind never failed to discover within the precincts of the Sheriffs' prison. — The court- yard in the centre is used as a ball-court, but is much too confined for the number of debtors, of whom about 100 ( ITY MAKSHALSEA. are usually confined here. The Marshalseaaiul Kilmainham gaol, however, afford accommodation to so many of those, whose health is impaired by confinement in Green- street, and the Insolvent Act removes the Irish debtors so quickly, that the number to be seen at present, in this prison, is comparatively small to what it formerly was. — There is no chaplain or surgeon, nor any means of support for the poor debtors, except the contributions of their friends and Powell's gratuity. This last resource is derived from a property of 700/. per annum, be- queathed by Mr. Powell, (formerly confined in this gaol,) and vested in the hands of the Lord Mayor and board of Aldermen, in order to be distributed amongst the poor debtors at Christmas. CITY MARSHALSEA. Tins wretched mansion is a mean-looking brick build- ing, intended solely for the confinement of persons ar- rested for debts under 10/. ; in general they do not ex- ceed forty shillings ; the debtors are committed by the de- crees of the Lord Mayor's Court and the Court of Con- science. The interior exhibits a picture of the deepest distress and misery. Very frequently, benevolent persons send sums of money to this prison to procure the discharge of a number of those creatures, and there cannot be a more truly charitable mode of giving an oblation, as a large family of infant children is probably dependent on the poor prisoner for existence. Before the erection of this building, which is between the Sheriff's prison and the Sessions-house in Green-street, FOUR COURTS MARSHALSEA. 2*21 the poor debtors were confined in a wretched hovel on the merchants' quay, having a window without glazing, secured by iron bars : at this window one or two of them stood, holding a box with a small hole in the top, and earnestly supplicated charity from every passer-by. This melancholy appeal is now spared to the public, but the unfortunate prisoner is not relieved by the concealment of his misery. FOUR COURTS MARSHALSEA. This place of confinement, situated in Marshalsca- lane, in Thomas-street, is also intended for debtors. Here are placed not only the debtors whose health has been injured by confinement in the unwholesome air of the Sheriff's prison, but others from various parts of Ire- land who are anxious to take the benefit of the Insolvent Act. — The building consists entirely of lime-stone, and may be said to have no principal front ; it is separated from Marshalsea-lane by a high wall, unbroken by any aperture. The situation is extremely healthy, being on the very summit of a rising ground and on the southern bank of the LifFey. In the prison are two court-yards, one, sur- rounded by the chambers of the debtors, has pumps in its centre, which yield a constant supply of water. In the other court is a cold bath. Here are likewise a chapel, several common-halls, a ball-court, and tolerably good accommodation for the debtors : indeed, from tin great fluctuation in the number of prisoners committed to this Marshalsea, it woidd be a matter of great dilli- "222 sissions noisn. < -ulty to decide, whether or not it ought to be enlarged.— There is one desideratum yet, in the construction of this place of confinement, viz. a perfect ventilation, which might be accomplished by perforating the wall in Mar- shalsea-lane : this was suggested by Francis Johnston, Esq. some time back, who also showed that it would not be attended with any diminution of security to the prison, but it has not yet been adopted. SESSIONS HOUSE. In the year 1702, the first stone of the Sessions House in Green-street was laid by Henry Gore Sankey, then Lord Mayor of Dublin, and trials were held there in five years after. The front consists of six three-quarter columns supporting a triangular pediment with a plain tympanum ; between the columns in the second story are circular-headed windows, and in the lower story blank windows, to preserve uniformity; the doors on either side are approached by a flight of steps, which is continued along the entire front, and terminated by a broad platform, from which the columns rise. — There is another front corresponding to this, in Halstein-street, leading to the apartments in which the agents sit during contested elections. The interior of the court-house is lofty and spacious ; the centre in front of the bench is occupied by the table for the examination of witnesses, the dock, &c. ; on each side is a gallery, part of which is appropriated to the jury, and the remainder to the accommodation of the public. MANORS. 22S The ceiling, which is Hat, is supported by four large pillars of the Ionic order; and, upon crowded occasions, the court is capable of being extremely well ventilated. There are four distinct courts held in the Sessions House. The Quarter Sessions, which, as the name im- ports, are held four times each year. The Recorder and two Aldermen at least preside at this court, and try petty offences. The court is opened by the Right Hon. the Lord Mayor, who goes in procession from the Mansion House to Green-street, and back again on the opening of the Sessions. The court of Oyer and Terminer sits about six times each year in this court-house, and tries for crimes of a blacker nature than are brought before the court of Quarter Sessions. On this occasion two of the Puisne Judges preside. The Lord Mayor's court sits every Thursday, and re- gulates all disputes relative to journeymen, apprentices, servants, &c. At tins court his Lordship and the two Sheriffs preside. The Recorder's court is held in January, April, July, and October. At this court various offences and mis- demeanors are tried, and actions are brought for debt by civil-bill process. In this court were held all the State Trials of 1798 and 1803. JHnnore* There are four manor courts attached to the city, Grange Gorman or Glasnevin, Thomas Court and Donore, St. Sepulchre's and the Deanery of St. Patrick's. — The 224 MANOR OF TIIOM VS COURT AND DONORE. manors were town lauds united to the city, hut still pre- serving their own jurisdiction. The manor of Grange Gorman includes that part of Dublin on the north, which lies in the neighbourhoods of Glasnevin and Mountjoy-square. The Seneschal holds his court in a private house in Dorset-street, at the corner of the circular road. He has in his employment a Mar- shal and Register. — The lord of this manor is the Dean of Christ-church. MANOR OF THOMAS COURT AND DONORE. In the year 154.5, Henry VIII. granted the monastery of Thomas- court, with a carucate of land, to William Brabazon, ancestor of the Earl of Meath, since which period the appointment of the Seneschal, Registrar, Ike. are vested in the Meath family. The court-house is a wretched brick building in Thomas-court, Thomas-street, where small debts are sued for, before the Seneschal, whose powers were formerly very considerable within his own boundaries ; but the improvements in the govern- ment of the city in general, have rendered the exertion of those powers unnecessary. The court was first established in the reign of King John, and its jurisdiction extended over the principal part of the liberties and part of the environs at the south side of the city. MANOR OF THE DEANERY OF ST. PATRICK'*. '225 MANOR OF ST. SEPULCHRE. The court-house and prison of St. Sepulchre are si- tuated at the end of the long lane in Kevin-street, near the New Meath Hospital, and opposite an old wall which enclosed the garden where the celebrated Dean Swift was in the habit of walking a certain number of hours every day, when he did not wish to mingle with the world. The court-house is a modern building, and fronted with mountain-granite. The jurisdiction of this court, as far as relates to the city of Dublin, is confined to part of St. Peter's, in which are St. Kevin's parish, and the parish of St. Nicholas Without. The Seneschal of these Liberties is appointed by the Archbishop of Dublin, who is the Lord of the Manor of St. Sepulchre. Before the erection of the present court-house, the Seneschal sat in the Archiepiscopal-palace in Kevin-street, now occupied by the horse-police. — The prison for debtors, in this manor, is at the rear of the New Court-house. MANOR OF THE DEANERY OF ST. PATRICK'S. The Dean of St. Patrick's is Lord of this Manor, which extends only a few hundred yards on each side of the cathedral ; it is inhabited by some of the very poorest people in the city, and the court of the manor has been discontinued. The only advantage its poor inhabitants possess is, that they are exempt from the jurisdiction of 2'2() HOUSES OF CORRECTION. other courts, as to the recovery of trifling debts, and sometimes elude the clutches of the bailiff by flying for refuge to the confines of their own manor. Statists of CttTtttum* DUBLIN PENITENTIARY. This extensive building is situated on the circular road at the south side of Dublin, near New-street ; and is built of lime-stone, the ornamental parts being granite. The entrance is through a large gate of particularly heavy and durable workmanship. A Barbican, after the manner of that of a Feudal Castle, is placed in front, con- nected by screen walls with flanking towers ; this is merely an out- work, and is separated from the body of the building by a wide passage, intended as a rope- walk. On the frieze of the cornice, ornamenting the upper story of the building, is this appropriate inscription : — " Cease to do evil, learn to do well." And over the porter's lodge the city arms are sus- pended, with the words " Obedientia civium urbis felicitas. " Certainly a good motto, and likely to have its effect, if the wretched miscreants who are brought in here under- stood Latin; yet something more adapted to the capacities of those for whom it is intended ought to be substituted in lieu of this abstract sentence in a dead language. The interior is divided into two extensive courts entirely encompassed with buildings ; the dormitories arc cells opening to a corridor, having doors at each end RICHMOND GENERAL PEN ITENTI AIIY. 'I'll which are locked at night. The second floor is devoted to purposes of industry. The males and females occupy distinct parts of the building, and both are kept closely to employment. The male convicts are only in a mode- rate state of subordination ; but the female criminals, partly owing to the exertion of several humane and reli- gious persons who regularly visit this place of confine- ment, are brought to such habits of industry and pro- priety, that they have more distinct notions of morality and religion, upon quitting the House of Correction, than when they entered it ; which is the reverse in almost all other prisons. Attached to this gaol is a large garden of three acres and a half, well cultivated by the male convicts, and capable of supplying the prison with vegetables; from which, about three years since, a considerable number of the convicts escaped ; but this was owing to a discarded turnkey, who reserved a key of the garden gate upon his dismissal, which he gave to some of the prisoners. Tins establishment occupies altogether about five acres of ground, and cost about 30,000/. which was levied on the city of Dublin. The first stone was laid 1813, by the late Duke of Richmond, then Lord Lieutenant of Ire- land. The principal keeper is appointed by the grand jury. Another house of correction, commonly called " Bride- well," situated in Smithfield, was opened for the recep- tion of young criminals, in 1801. RICHMOND GENERAL PENITENTIARY. Tins penitentiary is situated in Grange Gorman lane, adjoining the House of Industry. The front towaidfl q 2 228 RICHMOND GENERAL PENITENTIARY. Grange Gorman-lane measures 700 feet, and consists of a centre of considerable breadth, crowned by a large pedi- ment, and wings of great extent ; the portals are at a distance from the main body of the building, and are connected by high curtain walls. There is an extremely handsome cupola, containing a clock with four dials, over the centre of the front, which is built of a black stone, quarried in the vicinity of Dublin ; the ornamental parts are all of mountain-granite. The general appear- ance of this facade is very imposing, and calculated to produce in the mind of the approaching criminal, an im- pression of hopeless incarceration, and compel him to re- sign at once every idea of liberty, unless deserved by a reformation of conduct. This extensive building, the first stone of which was laid in 1812, by the late Duke of Richmond, then Lord Lieute- nant, is after a design of Francis Johnston, Esq. and cost upwards of 40,000/. At the rear of the building, retired from all communi- cation with its other parts, are a number of cells, where the culprits are enclosed in solitary confinement on their first admission ; they are, in proportion to their conduct, gradually removed into others more cheerfully situated, where they are permitted to hold intercourse with their fellow-creatures, an enjoyment at first denied them : and should they continue improving in habits of morality and industry, they are ultimately permitted to join those who have undergone the same beneficial ordeal with them- selves. DALEM ASYLUM. 229 MAGDALEN ASYLUM. This asylum is placed in Leeson-street, near Stephen's Green ; the house is faced with brick, and not remarkable as a building. It was the first of this description opened in Dublin; was founded by Lady Arabella Denny; and opened on the 11th of June, 1766. Its objects are the protection and subsequent reformation of deserted females, who having at first departed from the paths of virtue, have become disgusted with vice, and seek the means of becoming qualified to associate again with moral society. In order to accomplish this truly Christian and charita- ble object, this asylum was opened by the amiable foundress. Its means of support are, the interest of 2,000/. raised by originally voluntary subscriptions, the collection of the annual charity-sermon and the Sunday collections of the chapel. The produce of the penitents' labour is partly bestowed upon them, as an incentive to industry, and part of it is reserved for donations to them upon their being restored to proper habits, and permitted to quit the asylum. The chapel attached to this institution is capable of containing upwards of 500 persons, and is always crowded to excess, by visitors too of the most respectable classes ; consequently, the Sundays' collections are considerable, probably amounting to 500/. per annum. This is to be attributed to various causes, — first, the great interest ex- cited for the charity, by the excellent Lady, the foundress, which has been preserved by females of the highest rank in society, who have largely contributed themselves ; se- condly, this chapel has been remarkable for being supplied formany years with the most popular preachers of the me- l 2:3() LOCK PENITENTIARY. tropolis. Should a stranger inquire where he can hear an eloquent preacher, and see an exemplary character at the same time, he may gratify his curiosity, and receive improvement together, by attending the Asylum Chapel and healing Mr. Dunne. Mr. Dunne's predecessor, Dr. Nash, was also an excellent preacher, and greatly improved the funds of this institution by his meritorious exertions. — Divine service is performed every Sunday, commencing at 12 o'clock precisely. LOCK PENITENTIARY. About the year 1789, a chapel was opened in Dorset- street, called the Bethesda, at the sole expense of William Smyth, Esq. of Granby-row, in this city, nephew of Dr. Arthur Smyth, Archbishop of Dublin, whose monu- ment may be seen in the great aisle of St. Patrick's Cathe- dral. (See Patrick's Cathedral.) Mr. Smyth added an Orphan School and Asylum for female children only, who are lodged in apartments over the chapel. To this was annexed, in 1794, a Penitentiary or Asylum for the reception and employment of destitute females, leaving the Lock Hospital. Those wretched creatures are accommodated in an excellent house attached to the chapel, and are supported by contribution, by the collec- tions in the chapel, and by the produce of their own labour, in calendering, washing, mangling, &c. The chapel, which has lately been much enlarged, is spacious and convenient, but perfectly free from any species of ornament. Divine service is performed here at the usual hour of the established church, and the attend- ance is extremely numerous and respectable, so that it is BOW-STREET ASYLUM. '231 Very 'iiiicult for a stranger to procure a seat. — The at- tendants of this chapel are not considered to be, strictly speaking-, members of the established religion, nor do clergymen of any church in the diocese officiate here, which was not so formerly. The last chaplain was John Walker, fellow of the University of Dublin, and founder of a religious sect which bears his name. The present chaplain is Mr. Matthias, the most distinguished pulpit orator in the kingdom. — The performance of divine ser- vice at this chapel is rendered more affecting and im- pressive than in most other places of worship, owing to the plaintive melancholy tone in which the responses are delivered by the penitents, who are concealed from view by a curtain in front of their seat. BOW-STREET ASYLUM. This asylum was established by a Mr. Dillon, a mer- chant now residing at Monte Video, in South America. He had been, when an infant, left at the door of a brick- layer in Bow-street, and was reared by him, and taught the same mode of employment ; returning from labour one evening he was interrupted by a wretched female, who endeavoured to seduce his virtuous mind from its purer course; but virtue triumphed over vice, and he suc- ceeded in persuading the unfortunate female to accept of support from him until an asylum was procured, which would afford her permanent shelter. While Dillon was employed in this noble undertaking, he was acknowledged by his parents, and succeeded to an inheritance of consi- derable value, part of wluch he bestowed upon his favourite and charitable project. Mr. Dillon shortly 232 DUBLIN 'FEMALE PENITENTIARY. after withdrew from Ireland, but the asylum continues in a flourishing condition, and gives protection to above 40 penitents. The chaplain of this asylum is a Roman Catholic clergyman. TOWNSEND-STREET ASYLUM. This little asylum is also supported by Roman Catho- lics, although it admits persons of all religious persuasions. It was founded by a few weavers from the Liberty, in whom nature had implanted correct moral notions, and who voluntarily associated for the management, and sub- scribed for the support of this very desirable charity. The penitents are supported by contribution and the produce of their industry in washing, mangling, &c. DUBLIN FEMALE PENITENTIARY. This penitentiary originated in the feeling disposition and amiable minds of a few females of respectability, at the north end of the city. In 1813, a large commodious house was erected for the penitents, in an extremely healthy situation on the North Circular-road, near Eccles- street, behind which is a chapel of considerable dimensions, and having an approach from the road for strangers. The penitents are employed in washing, mangling, &c. and those who are capable are allowed to devote their ex- ertions to fancy works, which are disposed of at a repo- sitory in one of the wings of the building. ASYLUMS. 2&J There are in general about 30 females on the esta- blishment. Besides the produce of their labour, and occa^ sional donations, there is an annual sermon preached at some of the churches in town for the support of these penitents. Stadiums* Besides those already mentioned, there are several others through the city and suburbs equally deserving of being pointed out as examples worthy of imitation. The widows' house, in James-street, was founded by John Loggins, a coach-driver, who miraculously escaped de- struction, when Kilcullen-bridge fell down, the coach having gained the bank at the moment the entire bridge fell into the river. Upon another occasion the life of this excellent man was spared, when he happened to fall asleep in the stall with one of his horses, which was known to be a remarkably vicious animal, and had maimed several persons before. These providential interferences influ- enced the mind of Loggins so powerfully, that he bestowed all his savings on an alms-house, which he had the happiness to see supported with great spirit and bene- volence by the parishioners of St. James's. There are widows' houses in the following places: — one in Great Britain-street; and another in Denmark- street, commonly called " Fortick's alms-house ;'' both which supply the use of apartments and two guineas per annum to the aged inmates. In Dorset-street there is an alms-house founded by the La-Touches, in which the re- sidents arc allowed 2*. 6d. per week, together with the use of comfortable apartments. There are thirteen alms- VH ASYLUMS. houses, attached to parishes: the first in importance is an asylum for clergymen's widows, in Mercer-street, which gives excellent lodgings, in addition to a gratuity of 10/. per annum, to six poor ladies, who have been accustomed to a more respectable situation in life ; this was founded by Lady Anne Hume, upon the model of an extensive asylum for the same purpose in Waterford. The Presby- terians support an alms-house in Cork-street ; the Inde- pendents in Plunket-street ; the Moravians in White Friars-street : and the Roman Catholics one in Clarke' s- court, Great Ship-street ; another in Archibald's-court, Cook-street ; and a third in Liffey-street. On Summer-hill is an asylum for aged and infirm female servants ; upon producing certificates of good behaviour during their service with their several masters or mis- tresses, they are admitted to the advantages of this place of refuge. Mrs. Blachford opened an asylum in Baggot-street, called " The House of Refuge;" none but young women, of unquestionable character, are admitted into this, where they are employed in plain-work and washing, until they are provided with eligible places. Mrs. H. Tighe, the author of Psyche, bestowed the purchase-money given for that very beautiful poem, upon this excellent institution, which was founded by her mother. There is another House of Refuge, in Stanhope-street, Grange Gorman, for similar purposes, where between twenty and forty females have shelter and protection while seeking for employment. In Russell-place, on the North Circular-road, is an Asylum for old men; none are admitted under sixty years of age, nor of any religion but the established church. CHARITABLE ASSOCIATIONS. Charitable Associations, Sick and Indigent Room-keepers. — In the year 1791, the respectable part of the inhabitants in the neighbour- hood of Ormond Market associated, for the purpose of re- lieving- the poor of their parish, who were unwilling to beg and unable to work, and who had retired into some miserable garret, to pine away in wretchedness and despair. This humane, unostentatious, and religious charity was at its first institution ardently assisted, and at length spread its amiable example over the whole city ; four committees were appointed : the Stephen's Green, Rotunda, House of Industry, and Barrack, each of which employs persons to find out proper objects of their bounty, and lay the cases before the committee of that division. The advantages of this association, which is supposed to have relieved a greater number of individuals than any other in the metropolis, were brought into action by the indefatigable zeal of Mr. Rosborough. (See Statistical Survey of Dublin.) The Stranger's Friend Society was instituted about the same period by Dr. Clarke : it is supported chiefly by the methodists, and professes to give relief to all religious persuasions. The Charitable Association meet at the Bethesda chapel; their object is the relief of all but street beggars, and to procure work for the industrious poor. The Society for the Relief of the Industrious Poor meets at the House of Refuge, in Dorset-street ; it is supported by subscription, and was established by the Quakers. The Debtor :; Friend Society was first established in 23() ( IIARIT \JJLK ASSOCIATIONS. the year 1775, but was, after a short experience of its effects, abandoned ; it was, however, revived about the year 1814; its object is the release of debtors confined hi the Marshalsea for sums not exceeding 5/. ; the debt must not have been contracted for spirituous liquors, or any improper purpose. The Lord Mayor and Sheriffs are " ex officio'' members of the committee for the ma- nagement of this fund. The confined debtors also have assistance from a charitable bequest of 7001. left by Mr. Powel, who had been imprisoned for debt some years ago. The interest of this sum is employed in purchasing bread, beef, and fuel, which are distributed among the confined debtors at Christmas, together with Is. Id. to each person. A charitable loan, called the Goldsmiths' Jubilee, was established in the year 1809, the year of the jubilee, cele- brated as the fiftieth anniversary of the late king's acces- sion. The object of it is, to afford an asylum to the aged and infirm members of that trade, who are comfortably lodged in the village of Rathfarnam, two miles from Dublin ; it is entirely supported by persons in the same trade. The Ouzel Galley Association derives its name from a vessel which lay, in 1700, in Dublin harbour, and was the occasion of a lengthened and complicated trial, that was ultimately arranged by an arbitration of several respectable merchants in Dublin. It consists of 37 members, a re- gister, and secretary, who determine commercial dif- ferences by arbitration, and the costs of the proceedings are bestowed upon different charities. The Musical Fund Society is for the relief of distressed musicians and their families exclusively ; those who sub- scribe 1 uiving a claim on the association, and an allow- CHARITABLE ASSOCIATIONS. 2-37 ance to their families after their death. Members pay from two to ten guineas on their admission, the precise sum to be regulated by the age of the person admitted. This society was founded by Mr. Cooke, of the orchestra of Smock-alley Theatre, 1787, and incorporated by act of parliament in 1794. The chief support is derived from a public concert, called the " Commemoration of Handel." In the thirty-sixth year of George the Third, an act was passed for the encouragement of " Friendly Societies," which induced the Teachers of Dublin to associate, for the purpose of accumidating a Fund for their own relief, in the event of a reverse of fortune, and for the relief of orphans and widows of members of that profession. The society is denominated The Society for the Relief of dis- tressed Literary Teachers and their Families. At the first institution of tliis society it was called the " Abecedarian Society,'' which name was exchanged for the present ap- pellation. There are at present 50 members, two of whom are Fellows of the University, and of course honorary members ; and the society have 2000/. in the treasurer's hands. (For further information see printed rules and regulations.) The Charitable Loan was established in 1780, and in- corporated by act of parliament. It was instituted by the patrons of the Musical Fund Society, and meets every Thursday in the vestry-room of St. Anne's Church. The object of this charity is to relieve distressed tradesmen, by lending them sums of money, not less than two, nor more than five, pounds, without interest, which is to be repaid by instalments of sixpence per week. During the drawing of the lottery they decline lending. The Meath Charitable Society was established by the Kev. J. Whitelaw, author of the History of Dublin '2o8 MENDICITY ASSOCIATION. This association has afforded considerable relief to the poor weavers of the Earl of Meath's Liberties, by lending sums, not less than 51. and not exceeding 20/., interest free. MENDICITY ASSOCIATION. The absence of poor-rates, or any other system of re- gulating and bettering the condition of mendica nts in Ireland, filled the streets of every town in Ireland with importunate applicants for alms ; the passenger landing on the pier of Howth, or the quay of the Pigeon-house, is immediately assailed by a crowd of miserable beings, half naked, vociferating in opprobrious language, if the application for charity be not attended to. The streets of Dublin itself, but three years ago, were so crowded with mendicants, that whenever a well-dressed person entered a shop to purchase any thing, the door and window s were darkened by the crowds of beggars, awaiting his egress to prefer their claims of being the first who came up. The spirited exertions of a few individuals have completely changed the face of the city in this point of view, in the space of a few years ; very few mendicants are to be seen in the streets, and the public have the pleasing idea connected with their absence, that they are usefully em- ployed and comfortably provided for. The association commenced its proceedings in January, 1818, in despite of violent opposition from numbers of their fellow-citizens. Subscriptions, however, were largely and willingly given; charity sermons, preached for the support of the institution, were numerous and bene- ficial ; the inhabitants, likewise, consent, almost unani- MENDICITY ASSOCIATION. 239 mously, to pay a small tax, according to their means, for the suppression of mendicity. The first house taken as an asylum and work-house, was that belonging to the old Dublin Society, in Hawkins- street, now the New Theatre On its being purchased by the patentee, the association applied to the Lord Lieute- nant for the barracks in George's street, which would have been granted to them, but for the interference of St. An- drew's parishioners, who seemed to think it would greatly injure the respectable trade of that neighbourhood ; there- fore the present premises in Copper-alley were finally de- termined on. The poor are employed in various works, such as lace-making, picking oakum, pounding oyster shells, sweeping streets, spinning, netting, making and mending clothes, &c. Besides the establishment in Copper-alley, the associ- ation have other apartments in Fleet-street, and a very extensive school for the children of the paupers, where they are not only educated but taught useful trades. From this school apprentices are frequently taken by shop- keepers through the city. Though the advantages of the association are now obvious, yet the custom of giving alms in the street is not totally discontinued ; and very lately, a circular letter was sent to the inhabitants, entreating them to withhold their charity from mendicants, and direct them to the association for relief. The affairs of the association are under the control of the Right Honorable the Lord Mayor, president, and twelve vice presidents, assisted by a committee. IILs Excellency the Lord Lieutenant is Patron. '240 INCORPORATED SOCIETY. ^rijools for tyt <£UtKAtum of INCORPORATED SOCIETY. The Incorporated Society, which meets at a lar-2. handsome brick building, in Aungier-street, not far from St. Peter's church, was incorporated by act of parlia- ment, in 1790. The plan was suggested by the example of Scotland; and in the year 1793, the Duke of Dorset, then Lord Lieutenant, raised large subscriptions amongst the nobility and gentry of Ireland, for the endowment of charter schools. Twenty-nine schools were established throughlrelandforthe rearing and educating of protestant children solely, that is, the children were to be reared in the protestant faith alone. Of these charter schools, two are situated in Dublin, one in Kerin-street, in the once splendid residence of the Coopers, and the other in Upper Baggot-street, in a large brick building. Kevin-street school generally contains about 200 girls, and Baggot-street maintains and educates 60. The moral education is also intrusted to the care of the master and mistress of each school, subject to the in- spection of the catechist (a clergyman), who attends once each week, for the purpose of lecturing and examin- ing the children in the sacred scriptures. The affairs of the incorporated society arc managed by a committee of fifteen persons, most of them bishops, who meet at the society's house, in Aungier-street, every Wednesday. His Excellency is President. DEAF AND DUMB INSTITUTION. 241 ERASMUS SMITH'S SCHOOLS. In the rebellion of 1641, an enormous property was sequestered, part of which was adjudged by the Commis- sioners of the Act of Settlement to Erasmus Smith, Esq., who endowed with it sundry grammar schools, and left a fund for establishing professorships in the university. The directors of tins fund were incorporated by Charles II. and enabled to economize, farm, and bestow the funds on various objects, by an act of George I. These go- vernors are numerous and respectable, the Primate, Lord Chancellor, and Provost of Trinity College, are ex officio governors. Several schools have been endowed through the kingdom, and two have lately been opened in Dublin, one on the Coombe, in the Liberty, and a second in New Brunswick-street ; in both places excellent school- houses have been built, and the children are taught reading, writing, and the elements of a sound education. DEAF AND DUMB INSTITUTION. Though this institution is not within the city, being situated at Claremont, near the village of Glasnevin, yet it is an establishment of such national importance that a detail of the present state of the metropolis cannot omit some account of it. A few years ago, the celebrated Robinson, who had been instrumental in bringing Romana's army from Denmark, proposed to the government of Ireland to es- tablish and direct a national school, for instructing the 242 DEAF AND DUMB INSTITUTION. deaf and dumb on Abbe Sicard's plan ; but the project then failed. Afterwards, in consequence of a course of public lectures delivered on the subject in Dublin, by Dr, C. Orper, in 1816, and of the extraordinary interim excited by the exhibition of a young deaf and dumb boy, whose progress (after only three months instruction) in calculation, and in written language, as also in conveying his meaning, even by articulate sounds, afforded a practical illustration of the efficacy of the project. In consequence of which, the present institution was founded under the patronage of the then Viceroy, and is the only one now in Ireland. The school at first opened with only eight pupils, in a room of the Penitentiary in Smithfield, for a short time allotted to the purpose by the governors of the House of Industry. In 1817, the subscribers hired a small house, but their school even then comprised only eleven boarders and five day scholars. The members of this new institution, having for some time managed their funds with the greatest ceconomy, were, in the year 1819, first enabled to form a regular establishment, by the purchase of above eighteen acres of ground at Claremont, near Glasnevin ; by the ap- pointment of a respectable superintendant, who received instructions in this peculiar art of teaching in different institutions in Great Britain for the deaf and dumb ; by the appointment also of a new assistant teacher, matron, steward, and other officers ; by gradually increasing the number of scholars to above thirty male and twelve female pupils; and/lastly, by forming auxiliary societies in several parts of Ireland, for selecting pupils to be instruct- DEAF AND DUMB INSTITUTION. 'i-5-> ed, clothed and dieted hi this national institution, all which was effected without any pecuniary aid from government The business of the institution is under the direction of a numerous, highly respectable, active, and zealous committee, who are elected annually, and meet once a month, or oftener when necessary ; but as to matters of ordinary routine, they are assisted by sub-committees who meet on the spot, viz. 1. The farm sub-committee, at the head of which is the Bishop of Kildare, and gen- tlemen well acquainted with fanning concerns, under whose judicious direction, agricultural and garden em- ployment has been found sufficient to occupy the boys with great advantage, as well to their health as to their habits of industry when out of school. 2. A sub-com- mittee for the conduct of household concerns, who em- ploy a few of the boys in making baskets and B&tq, tailoring and other trades ; and the girls (who occupy a distinct building and play-ground) are also employed, when not in school, in needle- work, house-work, laundry and dairy management, by which measures con- siderable ceconomy is effected. 3. There is a sub- committee of the schools, who have devoted much of their time towards improving the mode of educating this unfortunate class; and who by study, as well as by actual visits at most of the continental and British institutions, with which also they correspond, and from practical information attained in superintending, have acquired considerable information on this particular subject This sub-committee have also a regular periodical examination of the progress of each indivi- dual pupil, and the effect of all this attention on the part of the committees and teachers has been, that they have now (1821) attained such excellence in their methods r2 244 ASYLUMS FOR THE BLIND. of instruction, that some pupils of this institution have lately made as much advance in a few months, as those of other institutions have done in as many years. The institution is open to all visiters on Wednesdays during - school hours, i. e. between nine and two, but not at any other time, except to benefactors introduced by a written order from one of the committee, which is only given when such persons are unable to attend on the public day, as the constant attendance of visiters was found to interrupt the progress of instruction, and the other important duties of the officers of the institution. Those who most frequently visit this interesting esta- blishment, are as much struck with the amiable manners and dispositions of the pupils as with their talents and industry. The superintendant has a separate private establish- ment for the education of male and female children of the higher ranks, whether they are deaf and dumb or only have impediments in their speech, and these live in all respects as members of his family. ateglttm* for tyz 3»Iiirti* SIMPSON'S HOSPITAL. This asylum was established by George Simpson, a merchant of this city, who himself laboured under a disorder of the eyes, and was a complete martyr to the gout; it was natural enough therefore that his own sufferings should have directed his attention to the me- lancholy situation of many, who, like himself, sustained -ASYLUMS FOR THE BLIND. 245 the tortures of the gout, or a partial or even total blind- ness, while they were not possessed of pecuniary means to render their situation tolerable ; he accordingly be- queathed his estate, in 1778, for the foundation of a hospital for blind and gouty men, in reduced circum- stances, and the house was opened in 1781, and the govern- ors incorporated 1799. The hospital is situated in Great Britain-street, facing Jervis-street, the front occupying the entire breadth of that street, so as to form a good termination; it is of mountain granite, perfectly plain in its construction but by no means a heavy or gloomy building ; in the rear is a small garden with accommo- dations for the exercise of the patients. There are twenty- four wards, which contain about seventy beds, and an additional one has been lately built over the new dining- room, so that, were the funds sufficient, the house could now accommodate one hundred patients. The number which is supported is about fifty, and in the admission of patients, the preference is given cateris paribus to those who have been the most affluent, and whose moral character is unblemished; there are at present fifty gouty and fifty blind persons in the institution. The income of the hospital amounts to nearly 2,700/. ; the salaries and wages to about 160/. annually. The apothecary is paid for his medicines, and the agent a per- centage, exclusive of this expenditure. The petitions for admission are to be laid before the board, or lodged with the registrar, one month at least previous to the second Monday in May and November, There are two physicians, one surgeon, a registrar and agent, a steward and a housekeeper. 24() RICHMOND NATIONAL INSTITUTION, &C. RICHMOND NATIONAL INSTITUTION, FOR THE INSTRUCTION OF THE INDUSTRIOUS BLIND.— SACKVILLE STREET. This institution was opened in the year 1809, by sub- scription, for the purpose of instructing the indigent blind in various trades, whereby they might be enabled to support themselv r es ; they are taught weaving, netting, and basket-making, and many of them hare made consi- derable progress in those trades. The greatest number of pupils at any one time in the institution is thirty- two. The managers wished to have increased it, as there is accommodation for fifty, but they have been obliged within the last two years, from the pressure of the times, and the failure of that part of their income which arose from charity sermons, to reduce the establishment. The funds are now however in a more promising state, so that there are at present twenty-seven pupils in the house, independently of a certain number of external ones, who, having been educated at the institution, are allowed to work there, the produce of their labour being disposed of for their benefit while they maintain them- selves. Several of the former pupils have settled in different parts of the countiy, and are enabled to sup- port themselves by their own exertions. The religious instruction of the pupils is committed to the care of the clergy of their respective persuasions, for as the benefits of the Charity are not confined to the professors of any particular sect, it has been conceived unnecessary to have a chaplain attached to the establish- ment. The care bestowed by their pastors in their im- MOMNEUX ASYLUM. — PETER-STREET. 247 provement, was publicly evinced in the case of the Protestant pupils, at the late public examination in St. Mary's Church, where they obtained premiums, and were so distinguished as to attract the particular notice of his Grace the Lord Archbishop of Dublin. Though the majority of the pupils has been, and will perhaps ever continue, Roman Catholic, yet it is remarkable that the most zealous supporters of, and liberal contributors to, the institution, since its foundation, have been the dig- nitaries of the established church, among whom the present Lord Bishop of Deny appears pre-eminent, having always cherished the establishment with paternal care, and in a great degree maintained it, under various difficulties, by his extensive connexions and influence. The matron, superintendant, teachers and servants are the only persons who receive salaries or emoluments His Excellency the Lord Lieutenant is Patron, and the affairs of the institution are conducted by seven Vice- Presidents, a Secretary and Treasurer. MOLINEUX ASYLUM.— PETER-STREET. This institution was opened in 1815, in the family mansion of Sir C. Molineux, whose father having re- moved to a more fashionable part of the city, disposed of the house : it afterwards fell into the hands of Astley, when it was converted into a Circus, and was subse- quently held by Mr. II, Johnstone, after whose departure from Dublin it was taken by the subscribers to the Asylum for Blind Females. It is supplemental to the Richmond Institution and Simpson's Hospital, for as those establish- 248 FEMALE ORPIIAX-HOUSE. ments confine their benefits to males, so the Molineux Is for the accommodation of females solely, and, as of the former institutions, one serves as an asylum for the old, and the other as a seminary for the instruction of the young, the Molineux combines within itself both ob- jects. The house, which is of brick, is large and com- modious, and the expenses defrayed by the profits of a chapel, charity sermon, and private subscriptions. The family, whose name it bears, have contributed hand- somely. There are a patron, patroness, guardian (Lady Molineux,) treasurer, sub- treasurer, secretary, chaplain, physician, surgeon, and apothecary. What was formerly the Circus, has been converted into a neat and convenient chapel, where service is performed agreeably to the forms and canons of the established church. Blind females, above the age of fifty, have here a per- manent asylum ; those below that age enjoy the benefits of lodging, clothing, diet, and instruction in such em- ployments as will enable them afterwards to obtain a livelihood. Twenty are at present on the establishment, but the building would accommodate fifty. FEMALE ORPHAN-HOUSE. About the year 1791, Mrs. Tighe and Mrs. Este formed a plan for fostering and educating female or- phans, of an age not exceeding ten nor less than five years, and for that purpose purchased a small house in Prussia-street, and supported five orphans there at their own expense ; but the nobleness of the design soon MASONIC FEMALE ORPHAN SCHOOL. 249 impressed the minds of others, and in two years those amiable ladies had several benevolent co-adjutors. The present extensive building 1 , on the North Circular-road, was built by public subscription solely, and is capable of accommodating one hundred and sixty children. They are taught reading, writing, and needlework; at the same time that they are made acquainted with the duties of servants, for which purpose they are fre- quently apprenticed. About five years since, an extremely handsome chapel, in the gothic style, and built of lime- stone, was erected adjoining the house. Divine service is performed here on Sundays, in presence of a crowded and respectable congregation, and a subscription of con- sequence is generally procured. The present patroness ot this institution, and to whom it is much indebted, is Mrs. Latouche. Besides the accumulated fund, the produce of an annual charity-sermon, and the result of the labour of the orphans, there is an annual grant allowed by parliament for the support of this institution. In 1793, an orphan-house was opened in Prussia- street, for educating, clothing, and maintaining orphan boys : but this appears to have been abandoned. MASONIC FEMALE ORPHAN SCHOOL. This school was founded originally by a few mem- bers of the body of Freemasons in Dublin, in 1790, and for that purpose a house was taken in Domville- lane, Prussia- street. In May 1797, the lodge 190-15 contributed munificently to its support, and removed the orphans to a house in Gordon's-lane, Charlemont-street. 250 pleasant's asylum. The treasurer, Mr. James Brush, of St. Andrew-street, resigned its government into the hands of a committee selected from the grand lodge, together with a sum of 112/. lis., and the grand lodge further granted a sum of 200/. from their own funds for its support. In 1798, a resolution of the grand lodge was passed, " That it was expedient subscriptions should be raised throughout Ireland, for the maintenance and education of orphan children of Freemasons," the Right Worshipful Walter Wade, M.D. D.G.M. on the throne. The funds have im- proved so much, that the school has been removed to a more convenient house, No. 4, Gloucester-place, Mabbot- street; and, when they will permit, it is intended to establish similar schools in different parts of Ireland. PLEASANT'S ASYLUM. The charitable Mr. Pleasant, at whose expense the Tenter-house and New Meath Hospital were erected, bequeathed a considerable sum for the establishing of a female orphan-house, for daughters of respectable householders of St. Peter's Parish. In this asylum, which is situated in Camden-street, at the south side of Dublin, and was opened in 1818, twenty female orphans are clothed, educated and maintained in a manner ex- ceeding any thing of a similar description in the British empire: and when arrived at a proper age, if they can find a suitable partner, they receive a handsome portion in marriage. DAY-SCHOOLS. 251 In the year 1786, the first Sunday-school, ever held in this kingdom, was established by the Rev. R. Powell, curate of St. Catherine's. This was called St Cathe- rine's Sunday-school, and the female children were assem- bled, at first, in the parish school-house, while the boys met in the court-house of the liberties of Thomas-court and Donore. The only recommendation necessary was a certificate from a housekeeper, and the number in- creased so rapidly, that some new accommodation be- came indispensably necessary; accordingly, subscrip- tions were raised, chiefly amongst the Quakers of St. Catherine's parish, for erecting the present extensive and admirably-contrived school-house, in School-street. This building, which is of brick, is 1.56 feet in length, and 37 in depth; the two upper floors are occupied by the schools, four in number, two for the boys, and two for the girls ; the children of each sex are quite distinct, and the entrances for each are at different extremities of the building. In the centre of the building, and between the male and female schools, are the committee-room and master's apartments, the room of the supervisor of all the schools is so circumstanced, that he can command a perfect view of all the four schools, by standing up and sitting down successively. On the 30th of September, 1820, there had been admitted to this valuable establish- ment 27,711 pupils, and 360 were in actual attendance. There is no distinction as to religious opinions observed here, but the scriptures arc read by all. ■ 252 FREE DAY-SCHOOLS. The great anxiety evinced by the children to receive education, induced the managing- committee to open a day-school, which they did March the 7th, 1808, from when to the 30th September, 1820, 14,883 scholars have been received, and the number on the books at that date was 840. The system of education finally approved of is Lancaster's, and the children are instructed in reading-, writing, and cyphering-, and in the scriptures without note or comment. The funds for the support of this meritorious establishment are derived from subscriptions, donations, from work done in the female schools, &c. and the scholars are provided with stationery, slates and books, which, if they should be so unfortunate as to lose, they are required to pay for. The managing committee consists of twenty- one, amongst whom are some members of the La-Touche family, two Messrs. Guiness, and several Quakers, mer- chants of importance in Dublin. FREE DAY-SCHOOLS. In the same year (1786), in winch the extensive es- tablishment in School-street was opened, another upon similar principles was founded on the North Strand, for the poor children of the parishes of St. George, St. Thomas, and St Mary. There is a small chapel at- tached to this school, the collections from which con- stitute a principal part of the funds for the support of the schools. Since the institution of this school, 7,800 children have been educated, and some of them clothed, and there are at present in attendance above 300. SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING EDUCATION, &C. 253 Besides the Sunday and daily free schools spoken of, there are the Linen-hall-street and James's-street schools, and at the upper end of Dorset-street, near Drumcondra Canal bridge, stands a capacious school-house, the build- ing- of which cost 5,000/, bequeathed by Miss Anne Kellet, of the county of Meath. In Stephen's-green there is also an extensile school, on the Lancasterian system, where children of both sexes are instructed. In St. Mark's parish is an excellent school on Dr. Bell's system, called Marble-street Free School. There was also a Sunday-school for the improvement and education of young chimney-sweepers : —but Robinson's humane invention will work greater benefits to this class of society, than could ever be expected from a weekly review of their persons and morals. SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING THE EDUCATION OF THE POOR IN IRELAND. On the 2d of December, 1811, a meeting of near two thousand persons of respectability assembled at the public rooms, to take into consideration the most ad- vantageous method of promoting the education of the poor of Ireland ; when it was resolved that a system of education, embracing an economical disposition of time and money, and affording the same facilities to all classes of professing christians, without any interference in religious opinions, should be adopted. A petition was subsequently presented to parliament for assistance in the execution of this design ; in reply to which was granted a sum of ^^^M 254 SUNDAY-SCHOOL SOCIETY FOR IRELAND. G,9S0/., with which a Model-school has been erected in Kildare-place, capable of accommodating 1,000 children. In this young men are educated for the purpose of being intrusted with the charge of the society's schools in different parts of the kingdom. Societies have been es- tablished in London and Edinburgh to co-operate with that in Dublin in promoting the education of the poor in Ireland. As far as its funds will permit, the society con- tributes also to the building school-houses, and esta- blishing schools throughout the kingdom ; and it keeps a repository in Kildare-place, for the sale of stationery, slates, school books, and moral publications for the use of children, on such terms as the most limited incomes can reach. Meetings are held at the society's house, the 2nd of May in each year, and are generally attended by the most distinguished ornaments of the Irish pulpit and bar ; which circumstance, together with the interesting subject of discussion, never fails to procure a numerous attendance. The funds are very insignificant, if we ex- cept the parliamentary grant, which, this year (1S21) amounted to 10,000/. The affairs of the society are managed by a committee of thirty-one ; besides six vice presidents the Duke of Kent is patron, the Duke of Leinster, vice patron, and the Duchess of Dorset, pa- troness. THE SUNDAY-SCHOOL SOCIETY FOR IRELAND. A society, for the purpose of promoting Sunday- schools in Ireland, was first proposed in 1783, but not SUNDAY-SCHOOL SOCIETY FOR IRELAND. 255 energetically carried into effect, till in November, 1 809, the present improved and extended system was adopted. It professes to assist in the establishment of Sunday-schools all over Ireland, to supply them with spelling-- books, &c. at cheap rates; to furnish copies of the sacred scriptures gratuitously and at reduced prices. This ex- cellent institution is under the patronage of her grace the Duchess of Dorset ; the president is the Bishop of Kildare ; there are besides twenty-one guardians. As the advantages of such societies are probably most cor- rectly judged of by their effects, perhaps the efficacy of the system will be readily shown by enumerating the number of schools aided or established, and the number of religious tracts and other books disposed of, either gratuitously or at reduced prices. The last report states, that 1,350 schools have been aided since the es- tablishment of this society, 1,200 of which were founded by the society itself; fifty schools have purchased books from it; besides 6,000 Bibles, and 80.000 Testaments, numerous religious books, &c- have been disposed of at reduced prices. The society meets at present at No. 16, Upper Sackville-street- There are several other school societies in this city ; one for the dissemination of Irish Bibles and Prayer- books ; this appears an Irish mode of instructing, most as- suredly, for had the society commenced by teaching thepoor the English language, the effort would haye been more readily accomplished, and the pupil woidd then have the whole range of English literature thrown open to him. 250 RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. HATCH-STREET SUNDAY-SCHOOL.— LEESON- STREET. This School was built by private subscription, and is supported by voluntary contributions. It is opened twice a week for the instruction of girls in plain work, and on Sundays for the instruction of both sexes, in spelling, reading, and knowledge of the Scriptures. RELIGIOUS TRACT AND BOOK SOCIETY. To facilitate the dissemination of religious tracts, a shop has been opened in Lower Sackville- street, where a collection of books is exposed for sale : these are selected from amongst all the religious publications to be met with in Great Britain or Ireland, and are sold at reduced prices by an agent appointed by the society. Within the present year a new house has been taken in Upper Sackville-street, formerly the bank of Sir W. Alexander, Bart, to winch the repository will be removed. JUlujious &mttit8. The Association for discountenancing Vice, and pro- moting the Knowledge and Practice of the Christian Re- ligion, meet at Mrs. Watson's, No. 7, Capel-street, every Thursday, from October to July, at one o'clock. For the origin of this society, the public are indebted to Mr. William Watson, of Capel-street, who first commenced the plan, and communicated it to the Rev. Dr. O'Connor BIBLE SOCIETIES. iij/ and Rev. S. Harper, in 1792 j and three years after, the society was so approved, that his Excellency Lord Fitz- william became president. It continued to encourage public catechetical examinations of the poor schools, and distribute premiums to the best answers ; also to such pupils at private seminaries, as were best prepared in scripture. They suppressed the system of insurance in the lottery, which beggared and demoralized the lower classes of Dublin, and assisted in the establishing, throughout the kingdom, schools, on the soundest moral principles. Among the decorous acts which this society are deserving of respect for, it ought not to be forgotten, that they induced the governors of the Lying-in-Hospital to discontinue the practice of holding Sunday-evening promenades in the new gardens, and succeeded in alter- ing the levee-day at the Castle, from Sunday to Thursday. The society have distributed upwards of 60,000 bibles, 100,000 testaments, 100,000 prayer-books, and one million of moral and religious tracts ; and premiums have been conferred upon 15,000 children for their knowledge of the Scriptures. The funds of the associ- ation are derived from donations, subscriptions, and par- liamentary grants. The Lord Lieutenant is president. BIBLE SOCIETIES. There are several religious associations in Dublin, which hold their meetings at No. 1G, Upper Sackville- street: — the Hibernian Bible Society; the Naval and Military Bible Society ; the Church Missionary Society ; Auxiliary Society for Promoting Christianity amongst 258 Stephen's green square. the Jews ; the Methodist Missionary Society ; and some others for the most excellent purposes. Most of those associations, however, are branches of similar ones in England; and their objects, or rather effects, are gene- rally stated annually in the public rooms attached to the Lying-in-Hospital, by the most zealous and eloquent advocates of the Christian religion to be found in Ireland. IduUit Jequatm No city in Europe is supplied with more extensive, more beautiful public squares, or so great a number of them, in proportion to its extent, as the city of Dublin. The largest and most noble of these is called STEPHEN'S GREEN. This magnificent area is a perfect square, the walk around which, measured on the flag way, is six furlongs, thirty-one perches, and three yards, English measure ; and between the chains and railing only 25 perches and one yard less. The interior of this square was the property of the corporation of Dublin, and sold by them to the inhabi- tants of the Green for an annual consideration of 300/. The Green was originally enclosed by a hedge in 1678, outside which, a deep ditch of stagnant water was carried all round, which separated a broad gravel- walk from the interior : this walk was sheltered by rows of full-grown elms on each side, and protected from the streets by a wall of 4 feet in height. Such an arrangement neces- STEPHEN'S GREEN SQUARE* 250 sarily cast a gloominess on the surrounding houses, and rendered the atmosphere unwholesome. The improvement, therefore, of Stephen's Green, was long contemplated, and upon the appointment of a com- mittee to erect the Wellington Trophy, the inhabitants applied for parliamentary aid, to enable them so to im- prove this noble square, that it might be rendered de- serving of the attention of that committee. Commis- sioners were accordingly appointed in 181.5, who levelled the interior and planted it with shrubs and evergreens, rilled the ditch, cut down the full-grown elms, and re- moved the wall. They have supplied their places by a range of dwarf stone-pillars, connected by iron chains, enclosing a broad gravel-walk, within which is a dwarf wall surmounted by iron railing, enclosing 17 acres ; in the centre of which stands a brazen equestrian statue of George II. in a Roman military habit, executed by J. Van Nost, A. D. 1758.— The pedestal was formerly a large mass of building, and was very suitable to the ex- tensive area in the centre of which it was placed ; but this has been diminished in bulk to suit the present light external decorations of the square, and now it appears too trifling a central ornament. On one of the pannels of the pedestal is the following Latin inscription : — Georgii Secundo, Magnae Britannia?, Francia?, et Hibernia?, Regi. Forti et Reipublicae Maximc fideli, Patriis Virtutibus Patroni securo, S. P. Q. D. A. D. 1758. Thomas Mead, Praetore Urbano. Michael Sweeny, i „ „_.. > Vice-comitibus. Gcliklmo Forbes, > Many curious circumstances are connected with this statue ; for a number of years it appeared to be destined s 2 200 ilERRION-SQUAIlE. to fall, like that of Sejanus, by the hands of ruffians ; from its remote situation, midnight depredators were induced to make trial of their skill in sawing off a leg or an arm, for the value of the metal ; one leg of the horse was cut off, and a saw had nearly penetrated his neck, when the watchmen were alarmed by the noise, and routed the depredators. — In 1816, a lengthened dispute took place between the commissioners for the improvement of Stephen's Green, and the committee for the erection of the Wellington Testimonial, about the propriety of re- moving this statue to some other site, and erecting the Testimonial in its place ; but it was ultimately decided, that a king ought not to be removed to accommodate a subject. — Around this area are many magnificent man- sions, Mr. Whaly's, the Lord Chancellor's, Lord Charle- ville's, Lord Ross's, the Chief Baron's, the Archbishop of Dublin's, and Mr. Plunkett'sj and probably the picturesque appearance of the scene is heightened by the extreme irregularity of the buildings.— The only public building in this square is the Royal College of Surgeons. MERRION-SQUARE. The second square in Dublin, or the next in dimen- sions to Stephen's Green, is Merrion-square. Tins spacious and elegant area, which contains about 12 acres of ground, is situated at the south side of the city, and but a few minutes walk from Stephen's Green. The exterior walk round this square measures four furlongs, eleven perches, and five yards ; the flagged way is twelve feet broad, and the carriage-road between the path and rail- ing is fifty. The interior is enclosed by lofty iron-rail- MERRION-SQUARE. 261 ing, ornamented with 127 lamp-irons, resting on a dwarf wall of mountain-granite. Immediately within the rail- ing is a thickly planted and luxuriant shrubbery, which gives an air of perfect retirement to the interior walk ; this walk, which is 1 4 feet in breadth, is continued entirely round, and measures 3 fur. 7 per. .5 yds. The great inequality of the central ground of this square adds much to its picturesque appearance. The enclosed area con- tains about 127 acres. The houses on the north side of the square are consi- dered some of the best built and most convenient in Dublin ; the basement stories of all on that side are of mountain-granite and rusticated, and the three upper stories are of brick ; the houses on the other sides are entirely of brick. The north side of this square has con- tinued to be used as a summer promenade for many years. The west is chiefly occupied by the lawn of Lein- ster House, one of the great ornaments of the square ; and at this side also is the beautiful fountain ornamented with sculpture, erected by his Grace the Duke of Rut- land about 30 years ago, and now little better than a ruin. In the centre is an arch, within which reclines the fountain nymph, leaning on an urn, from which water is represented as flowing in an uninterrupted stream into a shell-formed reservoir beneath; on the frieze of the entablature above, is a beautifully-executed medallion, on which is represented the story of the Marquis of Granby, relieving a soldier's family in distress ; and on one side is an inscription, setting forth the life and conduct of the Duke of Rutland ; while on the other, above the orifice of one of the fountains, is this inscription : — His saltern aocumulem donis, e( fungar insui muncrc. 262 FITZWIJ.LIAM-SQUARE. Besides Leinster House, there are three splendid man- sions in this square, Robert La Touched, Esq. M. P, on the east side, and Antrim House (the residence of Sir Robert Shaw, Bart. M. P. for Dublin), and the Bishop of Dcrry's on the north. The lawn of Leinster House is accessible to the friends of the members of the Dublin Society, and several persons residing in Merrion- street have keys to admit themselves by the private door ; the walk round this lawn is exactly a quarter of a mile in extent. FITZWILLIAM-SQUARE. This beautiful little square is at the south side of the city, not far from the preceding one ; the flagged walk around it measures 1 fur. 31 per. 4 yds., and that close to the railing is only eight perches less. The interior is enclosed by an iron-railing, resting on a dwarf wall, and ornamented by lamp-supporters at equal intervals. The interior area, which is laid out in gravel- walks, shrubberies, and flower-plats, is below the level of the street, and consequently the foot-passenger has a perfect view of the whole garden at one glance. The houses here are not so large as those in Merrion-square, but re- markably well finished, and produce a large rent. Only three sides are erected, and from this circumstance is derived the principal advantage this square possesses ; namely, the magnificent mountain view on the south side, which will be shut out if that side be ever com- pleted. RUTLAND-SQUARE. 203 RUTLAND-SQUARE. The Rotunda Gardens (Rutland-square) are at the rear of the Lying-in-Hospital in Great Britain-street, at the north side of the city, and were opened by Dr. Mosse, the founder of the hospital, for the purpose of holding Sunday evening promenades, for the benefit of that esta- blishment. Those entertainments were continued for many years, to the great advantage of the funds of the hospital, until the Association for discountenancing Vice petitioned the governors of the charity to suppress this immoral proceeding; since which, the gardens have only been opened on the other evenings in the week during the summer season : on those occasions, one and sometimes two military bands attend, and play from eight to ten o'clock, while the persons admitted promenade along a terrace in front of the orchestra, eighteen perches in length ; the walk round the entire square, inside, measures 1 fur. 35 per. The interior, which is thickly planted with full-grown elms and close underwood, on promenade evenings is brilliantly illuminated with festoons of variegated lamps and other fanciful decora- tions ; and lately, singers have been introduced to amuse in the intervals between the different airs called for by the visiters. — The receipts of one evening, at this place of amusement, have been known to amount to upwards of 20/. which is an enormous sum, if we consider the mode- rate price of admission, five pence each. The interior of this space is also particularly remarkable for the good taste with which it has been laid out, and the very picturesque and pleasing variety afforded by the inequality of the grounds. _ 2*J4 MOUNTJOY -SQUARE. The houses around this square are all noble structures ; amongst them are those of Lord Charlemont, (see art. Charlemont House,) Lord Wicklow, Lord Longford, the Countess of Ormond, the Earl of Bective, the Earl of Farnham, and several others. Three sides of this beau- tiful square are designated by different names ; the north is called Palace-row, the east Cavendish-row, and the west Granby-row ; the south is wholly occupied by the Lying-in-Hospital and Public Rooms. MOUNT.TOY-SQUARE. This small, regular, and elegant square, is named after the proprietor, Viscount Mountjoy (now Earl of Blessinton), and is situated at the north end of Dublin, not far from Rutland-square. The houses (72 in number, 18 on each side) are all regular and nearly equal in size; none of them however are remarkable for magnitude. The extent of the walk on the flagged-way round the square is 2 fur. 27 per., and the walk within the railing 1 fur. 22 per. The interior, containing 4 acres, is en- closed by an iron railing, on a dwarf wall of mountain- granite ; is laid out with much taste in serpentine walks, and is planted with shrubs and evergreens. The air in this neighbourhood is considered extremely pure, and free from the unwholesome ingredients which enter into the combination of the atmosphere of cities in general, being at the extremity of Dublin and on the most elevated ground. There is a small square in the liberty called the Weavers'-square, measuring not more than 120 feet on each side, and entirely paved like the places in Paris. STATUES. 2G5 Besides the statues already mentioned, viz. of his late Majesty George III. in the Bank of Ireland, another of this same monarch, and one of Dr. Lucas in the Royal Exchange, an equestrian statue of George II. in Stephen's Green, and an equestrian statue of George I. at the Mansion House, Dawson-street, — there is an equestrian one of King William III. in College Green ; it stands on a pedestal of granite-stone of considerable elevation, the pannels of which are decorated with military emblems ; the King is represented crowned with a wreath of laurel. This statue was erected in 1700 to perpetuate the re- membrance of the Revolution of 1688, and gave great offence to the Roman Catholic inhabitants, particularly from a custom adopted by the corporation of decking the statue with orange ribbands upon certain days ; latterly, none but the lowest orders of the populace felt any indig- nation at this childish transaction, and the practice of firing over the statue has been altogether discontinued. The present Lord Mayor (Sir A. B. King, Bart. 1821), re- quested those decorations with party colours might be laid aside, but he could not persuade the enthusiastic admirers of the great warrior to abandon their favourite amusement. On several occasions, the insulted party expressed their wounded feelings by mutilating the statue; in 1800 the sword and truncheon were torn from it, and other acts of violence committed upon it; and in 1805, on the eve of its decoration, after the statue had been painted with most glaring and brilliant colours, some of the same offended party ascended the pedestal and 26G nelson's pillar. blackened the figure all over with some greasy substance, which it was found very difficult to remove ; upon this occasion, it was, that the Member for the University made this far-famed classical quotation, " Hie niger est, hunc tu Romane caveto." NELSON'S PILLAR. On the 15th day of February, 1808, the foundation stone of this stupendous column was laid in Sackville- street, by his Grace the Duke of Richmond, with great ceremony. It was hollowed for the purpose of receiving coins of different value, and on a brass-plate laid over the coins is this inscription : — By the blessing of Almighty God, to commemorate the transcendant heroic achievements of the Right Hon. Lord Viscount NELSON, Duke of Bronte in Sicily, Vice-Admiral of the White Squadron of his Majesty's fleet, who fell gloriously in the battle off Cape Trafalgar, on the 21st day of October, 1805, when he obtained for his country a victory over the combined fleets of France and Spain, unparalleled in naval history. The column, which is after a design of W. Wilkins, Esq., of Caius College, Cambridge, is of the Doric order, and fluted ; on the pedestal are the names, Trafalgar, St. Vincent, Nile, Copenhagen, with the dates of the battles fought at those places; and above the cornice of the pedestal, on the side facing the New-bridge, is a large sarcophagus. The abacus of the capital is surmounted by a strong iron railing, enclosing the platform upon the top, and surrounding a podium or circular pedestal 12 ft. 6 in. high, upon which is a colossal statue of the Hero IeaniRg THE WELLINGTON TESTIMONIAL. 207 against the capstan of a sliip. This figure, which is exe- cuted by Smyth, is 13 feet in height. From the gallery is a commanding view of the city and bay. The balcony, to which the ascent is by 168 steps, is 108 feet from the ground, and the entire height to the top of the statue 134 ft. 3 in. — The entire expense of this monument was 6,856/. THE WELLINGTON TESTIMONIAL. Though this stupendous mass of building is not actually within the city, yet its being seen from so many different parts of Dublin, and standing in the Phcenix- park, justify some slight description of it. — A committee was appointed for disposing of a fund amounting to near 20,000/. in raising a testimonial of gratitude to the illus- trious deliverer of our country, and several sites within the city were pointed out — Stephen's Green, Merrion- square, &c. ; and many models laid before the committee, all which are still preserved in the hall of Leinster House. The public in general appeared to prefer the model of Mr. Hamilton, while the committee selected that of R. Srnirke, jun., Esq. an English architect. The testimonial is in the form of an obelisk, or truncated pyramid, 205 feet high. A platform accessible by four flights of steps supports a pedestal 56 feet square, and 24 feet high ; the pannels of which are ornamented with bas-relief medallions, representing different victories won by his Grace : in front of the pedestal, on an insulated pedestal, is an equestrian statue of the Duke in his mili- tary habit. From the pedestal rises the obelisk, having the names of all the victories won by the Duke of Wei- 268 TF1EATRES. lington, from his entrance into military life to the battle of Waterloo, inscribed on the four facades. In the view of the Law Courts, drawn for this work, this monument is seen in the distance, on an elevated situation in the Phoenix Park, formerly occupied by the salute bat- tery, and commanding a view of the whole city. Cijeatres aittt Pates $t $u6lk gtmusemtnt In the reign of Elizabeth, plays were represented in the ball-room of the castle, by the nobility and gentry, but no regular licensed theatre was opened until the reign of Charles I. In 1635, Lord Strafford being Lord Lieute- nant, John Ogilby (the translator of Homer), erected a theatre in Werburgh-street, for which the famous Shirley wrote some plays. This theatre was closed during the rebellion, and never re-opened ; but Ogilby procured a renewal of his patent, and opened a theatre in Orange- street, now Smock-alley, 1662. But during the perfor- mance of Bartholomew Fair, Dec. 26th, 1671, the upper gallery fell down into the pit, by which three persons were killed, and numbers severely wounded. This acci- dent deterred the public from the encouragement of theatrical amusements for some time; nor was the theatre re-opened, until 1691, after the battle of the Boyne. Another theatre was some time afterwards opened in Aungier-street, of which Mr. Sheridan was manager ; but unfortunately he outlived the public liking, and his edifice 270 THE NEW THEATRE IIOYAL. from the temple of Bacchus, are divided into pannels by- gilt mouldings, and separated by gold pedestals, orna- mented with burnished gold caducei ; these pedestals form the basis of two rows of burnished gold columns, which are fluted, and apparently support the second circle of boxes, the slips, and the gallery, On the first circle is placed a continuous ornament, adapted from the temple of Erectheus and Minerva Polias; and on the upper one a com- position of the Greek chain, twined with the shamrock ; mouldings, taken from the classic models of ancient Greece, run all round the three tiers. The ornaments of the proscenium are compositions from decorations found in Pompeii and Herculaneum, surmounted by draperies of velvet and gold, and by arches surrounded by the Greek fret and honeysuckle. The upper part of the proscenium is connected with the ceiling by coves, which leave no harsh lines to hurt the eye; and this part of the proscenium and ceiling forms the peculiar feature of the theatre, and the^r^ instance of such an attempt; by continuing the circle of the back of the boxes, along the proscenium, instead of cutting it short by the straight line of the stage, as in every other theatre, a completely circular ceiling is formed, by which means a great ap- pearance of expanse is attained, without the inconvenience of distance ; and the performer speaks actually in the body of the house, without the appearance of intruding upon the auditory. It is to the form of this ceiling and the absence of any distinct top proscenium, that we attribute the facility with which the slightest word uttered on the stage is heard in the remotest corner of the house. The ceiling is coved into a shallow dome, divided into de- corated compartments, and being supported by a circular row of antae-pilasters, surmounted by an entablature, THE NEW THEATRE ROYAL. 2/1 ornamented with gold wreaths, gives to the theatre the appearance of a vast Greek temple. All the decorations are raised in burnished gold upon lilac pannels, relieved by fresco-coloured stiles ; the tints are so blended as to pre- sent no decided distinction of colour to fatigue the eye, and all the lines are curves. By the arrangement of the different artificers employed, which varied, during its pro- gress, from four to seven hundred persons, this theatre (the new part of which covers a space of 100 feet by 168, the walls of which are 78 feet high, and the span of the roof 78 feet without any support but the external walls), was raised and opened in 65 days,* computing the day at 10 hours and a half. The whole work was executed and perfected under the immediate direction of Mr. Beazley, the architect, of whose activity and professional skill it affords a striking proof, and a splendid one, also, of the liberality and spirit of the patentee. At the back of the box lobbies is a saloon for refresh- ments, 54 feet long by 34 broad, with a gallery at each end, supported by Ionic columns, communicating with the upper circle of boxes, by which means the visiters to tliis part of the theatre have access to the saloon without de- scending to or interfering with the dress circle. The ceiling is composed of a dome and cupola, supported by four arches. The proportions of the Ionic order used in this saloon, are the same as those of Minerva Polias. There is a small theatre in Fishamble-street, built originally for a Music Hall, where the celebrated Lord Mornington presided at concerts given for charitable purposes ; but this is only used now as a private theatre. There is no permanent Circus in Dublin. • It was opened Jan. 18th, 1821. 272 BARRACKS. In the Royal Arcade, in College Green, there are several excellent rooms let out for public entertainments, in one of which is a small theatre, called the Theatre of Arts ; this is chiefly intended for exhibitions of the powers of mechanism. The only public promenade remaining in Dublin, is that held on summer evenings in the Rotunda Gardens. (See Lying-in-Hospital and Rutland-square. ) 3Barratfc». The foundation of the Royal Barracks was laid in 1 70 !, on the north side of the LifFey, near to the Park Gate ; they consist of a number of large squares, built on three sides only, the south side being open. Palatine- square is quite enclosed, and the buildings faced with mountain-granite ; in this square is a ball-room for the use of the officers of the garrison. The situation of the barracks is elevated and healthy, and if Mr. Peele's proposal of continuing the parade in front, down to the water's edge, had been accomplished, it would have greatly added to the salu- brity, grandeur, and beauty of tins extensive establish- ment. There are several other barracks in the neigh- bourhood, but from the great reduction that has taken place in the military establishment they are not now re- quired; besides, the Royal. Barracks give accommodation to 2,000 troops. I$rftf£i0. CARLISLE BRIDGE. After the opening of the New Custom House, vessels of large burden had no necessity to proceed further up CARLISLE BRIDGE. 273 the river than that limit, so that the communication be- tween the opposite sides of the river was facilitated by the throwing of Carlisle (or the New) Bridge, across the river from the end of Sackville (then Drogheda) street, to Westmorland- street, (then College-lane) ; this beau- tiful piece of architecture was commenced in 1791, and finished in three years. The first stone was laid by the Right Hon- John C. Beresford. The carriage-way over this bridge is only forty feet broad, much too narrow for the great concourse which is constantly passing over it ; its length is 210 feet; the balustrade and ornamental parts are of Portland stone ; the remaining parts of the facing and arches are of granite. There are but three arches, which are ornamented by architraves of cut stone, and enriched by colossal heads as key stones. From this bridge may be had, probably, the finest panoramic city view in the empire. The drawing of Sackville-street and the Post-office which accompanies this volume, was taken from a window in the first floor of Lundy Foot's house, near this bridge. The Carlisle Buildings, close to this bridge, are proba- bly the most splendid mercantile concerns in the empire ; the great room is worth the notice of a visiter, and the politeness of the proprietor will insure immediate ad- mission. This edifice was built originally by public subscription for a public cofTee-room and tavern, and was sold by the trustees and proprietor to Mr. Kinahan for 4,000/. subject to a rent of 400/. per annum. ESSEX BRIDGE. CAST IRON BRIDGE. Midway between Carlisle Bridge and Essex Bridge is a bridge of cast iron. It consists of one elliptical arch, the chord of which measures 140 feet : and it springs from buttresses of rusticated masonry projecting a short distance from the quay walls. There was a ferry formerly at this place, the property of the corporation ; Alderman Beresford and William Walsh, Esq. purchased the tolls of this ferry, and erected the bridge at their private ex- pense : it cost 3,000/. and is a great ornament and con- venience to the city. ESSEX BRIDGE. This bridge was thrown across the river, in 1676, by Sir Humphrey Jervis, Knight, then Lord Mayor, and named after Arthur, Earl of Essex, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. It was rebuilt 1753-55, after the model of Westminster-bridge. The spans of the arches in those bridges are to each other as three to five, and the lengths as one to four: the breadth of Essex-bridge, from the exterior of the parapets or plinths, is fifty-one feet ; from the laying the first stone to the completion of tins bridge was one year, five months and twenty-one days ; and the expense was 20,661/. lis. 4>d. The first architect, Sir Humphrey Jervis, during the building of the bridge, was thrown into prison for debt, where he remained seven years. Mr. Robert Mack, by a mistake in the estimate, was a considerable loser, and was very near sharing a RICHMOND BRIDGE. 27»J similar fate. An equestrian statue of George I. stood on this bridge, but the old structure being taken down, it was removed at the expense of the corporation, to the lawn of the Mansion-house in Dawson-street, and was re-erected in 1798. (See art. Mansion-house.) A most minute comparative view of Westminster and Essex bridges, is to be seen in Harris's History of Dublin. RICHMOND BRIDGE. Before the erection of this bridge, which connects Ormond Quay with the extremity of Winetavern-street, the view down the river was much disfigured by the ruins of Ormond Bridge, erected in 1683, which was carried away in the great flood of 1802; a gentleman from the neighbourhood of Chapelizod was riding over at the time, and just as he arrived at a distance of ten or twelve feet from the Quay, the arch before and the whole of the part he had passed gave way, when his horse with one spring cleared the chasm before him, and bore his rider to the opposite bank in safety. The first stone of the present, or Richmond Bridge, was laid Aug. 9th, 1813, by her Grace Charlotte, the present Duchess Dowager of Richmond ; and it was opened to the public on St. Patrick's day, in 1816. It is built almost entirely of Portland stone, and the crown of the centre arch is not more than two feet above the level of the quays. There are three arches richly ornamented, the key stones of which are colossal heads of Plenty ; the LifFey, and Industry on one side, and Commerce, Hibcrnia and Peace on the other : it is after a design of Mr. Savage, an English artist, and cost twenty-five thousand pounds ; Mr. Knowles was overseer of the building. T S 270 YVHITWOItTIl BRIDGE. In sinking for the foundation of this bridge, several coins were found, some of Elizabeth, others of Philip and Mary, besides two boats, 18 feet in length, in one of which was the skeleton of a human being, with various other implements; likewise a mill-stone, 16 feet in diameter; all those were much below the bed of the river. From this it would appear, that the bed of the river is greatly raised from its original level, which, coupled with the extraordinary elevation of the surface, to be witnessed in the ruins of St, Mary's Abbey, demonstrates the fact of the gradual elevation of the soil throughout this part of Dublin. WHITWORTH BRIDGE. The next bridge to the westward is Whitworth Bridge. The foundation stone was laid by his Excellency, Charles Earl Whitworth, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, October 16, 181 G ; it is like Richmond Bridge, and the balustrade is continued along the quay wall to that bridge, and greatly contributes to the splendour of the scene in front of the law courts. This bridge replaced the Old Bridge, so called from its being the oldest site of a bridge across the Liffey since the foundation of the city ; in sinking for a foundation, the traces of two or three former bridges were observed, one of them of excellent workmanship, and supposed to have been laid in the reign of King John ; this was one of the principal entrances to the city, in the reign of Elizabeth ; and in the reign of Henry VIII. a valuable toll was collected on this bridge, by the Dominican Friars, who built it. The Friars Bridge BLOODY BRIDGE. 277 replaced Dublin Bridge, which was swept away in 138.5 ; and the present bridge succeeded the Old Bridge, which was taken down by the corporation for improving the quays, &c. of Dublin. THE QUEEN'S BRIDGE. In 1683, a bridge was built over the Liffey, oppo- site to Queen-street, called after the Lord Lieutenant, Arran Bridge; this bridge was swept away by the floods of 1763, and rebuilt in 1764. It is built of granite-stone, consists of three arches, is ornamented with a light metal balustrade, and is 140 feet in length by 40 in breadth. BLOODY BRIDGE. The last bridge in Dublin to the west is called Barrack Bridge, but more frequently Bloody Bridge. This extra- ordinary appellation was derived from the following cir- cumstance: In the year 1671, the apprentices of Dublin assembled for the purpose of demolishing the wooden Bridge over the LuTey near the Royal Barracks; but being interrupted by the military, a battle ensued, m which four of the young men were killed, and the re- mainder put into Bridewell. In consequence of this in- cident Barrack Bridge was built, which still however preserves its name, and is the oldest bridge now standing in Dublin. 27S CHARLEMONT HOUSE. SARAH'S BRIDGE. To the west of Bloody Bridge, about one mile from Dublin, at a little village called Island Bridge, is Sarah's Arch. This beautiful piece of architecture consists of one elliptical arch, the chord of which measures 104 feet, and the altitude from low water to the current 30. It is of a light and elegant construction, and is 7 feet wider in the span than the celebrated Rialto at Venice. In the view of Dublin from the rising ground of the Phoenix-park, this arch is a beautiful and picturesque object in the fore- ground. The foundation stone was laid in 1791, by Sarah, Countess of Westmorland. iEternumque locus nomen habebit. Uritoate a&csitoiues* Most of the mansions of the nobility have been con- verted into public offices, and have been already noticed as such. Leinster House is described in art. Dublin So- ciety ; for Powerscourt House, see Stamp Office, &c. CHARLEMONT HOUSE. The residence of the Earl of Charlemont is the most magnificent private residence preserved in Dublin. It is situated in Palace-row, opposite the centre of the New Gardens, and is decidedly the best situated residence in the city. It was built by James, the late Earl, a man as CHA11LEM0NT HOUSE, 279 well known in the political world as amongst the schools of arts. (See Hardy's Life of Charlemont.) This edifice, which is after the design of his lordship, aided by Sir William Chambers, is chaste, classical, and elegant. The front, which is of hewn stone, brought from Arklow, consists of a rusticated basement and two stories ; the first floor has five windows adorned with architraves, and surmounted by pediments alter- nately angidar and circular ; those of the second story have no pediments. The door- way, which is in the centre, is decorated with Ionic columns supporting an entabla- ture, and at each side are obelisks supporting ornamented lamps ; semi-circular curtain walls, enclosing the sweep in front, and continued to the adjacent houses on each side, are ornamented with circular-headed niches, and crowned by a balustrade. The interior was designed with equal taste, and those apartments which are completed exhibit the most refined taste in the arts. The most attractive at present is the library, which is one of the finest rooms in Dublin, and supplied with a valuable collection of books ; at one end of this is a chamber containing a statue of the Venus de Medicis, carved on this precise spot by Wilton ; at the other, are apartments containing a cabinet of pictures, and a collection of medals. The library is connected with the house by a long corridor ornamented with statues, particularly a Mercury brought from Italy by his lordship. On one side of the corridor is a smaller library ornamented with vases and urns from Ilercu- laneum ; some made of the Lava of Vesuvius, and others of burnt Egyptian clay. There are a number of original paintings by the first masters ; for a list of wliich, see Catalogue of Paintings by the Old Masters. 280 WATERFORD HOUSE. WATERFORD HOUSE. The first private edifice of stone, erected in Dublin, was built in 17-10 by the Earl of Tyrone in Marlborough- street, after a design of Mr. Cassels, architect of the Bank of Ireland and Leinster House ; and is now better known by the denomination of Waterford House, the illustrious family being raised to a Marquisate. The front, which is of hewn granite, consists of three stories ; the door-way is ornamented by Doric pillars, supporting an entablature and pediment ; and over the door, in the principal story, is a large Venetian window. All the other windows in both stories are regular. There is a spacious court-yard in front, with two gates for admis- sion and egress. The interior, being in the style of those days, is curious and beautiful. The hall is richly ornamented with stucco- work, and has an oak perkenteen floor disposed in diamonds and lozenges. The parlours are spacious, but gloomy, owing to the profusion of mahogany carved work, which is iioav of so dark a hue, that it throws a gloom and grandeur over the apartments. The stairs, balusters and hand-rail, and doors, are all of mahogany ; and the walls of the staircase are orna- mented with stucco-work, in a style superior to any thing of the present day. Busts of different members of the family, resting on consoles, are placed against the walls ; this beautiful workmanship was designed by CremiUon, an Italian, who was assisted by the Francini, of whose workmanship a very beautiful specimen is to be seen in the chapel of the Lying-in-Hospital. The extensive suite of apartments is adorned with a . LAW COURTS. 281 fine collection of the works of the old masters (See Ca- talogue of Paintings by the Old Masters). — In the small drawing-room is a very curious and beautiful specimen of Mosaic work in a marble pier table, and in this room is a portrait of Catherine Poer, Countess of Tyrone, by whose marriage with one of the Beresfords the title and property passed into that distinguished family ; the por- trait represents her as young and beautiful, and is in- serted in the summit of some ornamental carved work over the chimney-piece. The next apartment is pro- bably one of the most interesting subjects of curiosity in Dublin. The ceiling is carved and richly ornamented, and the walls are hung in tapestry, designed by the younger Teniers, and executed in Holland. This is the best specimen of the art of tapestry-weaving to be seen in Ireland. There are several other splendid apartments in the rear of the building, commanding a view of an extensive and well-planted lawn. Jlato Cmtrts* The courts of law in Ireland, antecedent to the year 1695, were itinerant. Carlow, Drogheda, and various towns throughout the kingdom, occasionally gave shelter to the Commissioners of Justice. It appears from the annals, that previously to this date, the courts were held in Christ-Church-lane, adjacent to the cathedral of that name, but the situation being considered inconvenient, and the edifice inadequate, an attempt was made to con- vert the cathedral of St, Patrick's into a hall of justice, 282 LAW COURTS. upon the pretence that two cathedrals were unnecessary ; besides, that from the union of the sees of Dublin and Glenda-loch, if St. Patrick's were turned to the required purpose, two cathedrals would still remain in the diocese of Dublin. This sophistry was successfully refuted by Adam Loftus. The same distinguished prelate also pro- tected this venerable cathedral from being converted into a University, which Sir John Perrot, the Lord Deputy, anxiously endeavoured to effect. The site of the Four Courts was formerly that of the Friary of St. Saviour, founded between the years 1202 and 1218, in Ostmantown, on the northern bank of the river. William Mareschal the elder, Earl of Pembroke, was the founder. (See Archdall's Monasticon). It was originally a Friary of Cistercians, and was surrendered to the Do- minicans by the monks of St. Mary's Abbey in 122-1-, on the following condition, viz. that, on the Feast of the Nativity, the Dominicans should annually offer a lighted taper in the Abbey of St. Mary, as an acknowledgment that this monastery originally belonged to the Cistercian order. In the year 1316, a Scottish army, com- manded by Edward Bruce, brother to the king of Scot- land, and probably favoured by Richard, Earl of Ulster, at that time residing in St. Mary's Abbey, approached Dublin with an intention of besieging it ; but the citi- zens fortified themselves so securely, that Bruce, discom- fited, withdrew to Naas. Upon this occasion, the church of this friary was destroyed, to procure materials for repairing and enlarging the fortifications of Dublin ; and with those stones the city wall, which hitherto ran close to St. Audoen's Church, was advanced to the Mer- chants Quay, close to the water's edge. (See Audoen's Church.) But soii\j years after, Edward III. obliged the LAW COURTS. 283 citizens to restore the church winch had been dilapidated for their benefit. The friars of this house had a college for the instruction of Philosophy and Divinity on Usher's Island, at the opposite side of the river; and from the difficulty of passing the stream during floods, they were compelled to throw a bridge across in the year 1423, which was afterwards called the Old Bridge. A toll was exacted from every passenger and vehicle that crossed, by a lay brother, and a vessel stood on the centre of the bridge containing holy water, for the purpose of sprinkling the passengers. About the year 1506, Patrick Hay, the last prior, sur- rendered this monastery to the King, and part of the property was granted by King Henry VIII. to Sir Thomas Cusacke for the yearly rent of 8.y. 5d. The site was afterwards granted for the erection of a King's Inns, where the judges, lawyers and attorneys had chambers. (See Duhigg's History of King's Inns.) In 1776, the King's Inns having quite fallen to decay, a new site was chosen for the erection of an edifice, to be called the " King's Inns or Temple," but which is to be differently appropriated from the former, and this site was selected to erect the Law Courts, or Four Courts, upon. The Law Courts situated on the north side of the river, are one of the noblest structures in Dublin, both as to magnitude and sublimity of design. They are built after a design of Mr. Cooley, who was architect of the Royal Exchange ; but he dying after the western wing was finished, the completion of this noble design was in- trusted to Mr. Gandon. The foundation stone was laid on the 13th of March, 1786, by Charles, Duke of Rutland, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, accompanied by James Vis- count LhTord, Lord Iliyh Chancellor; yet the edifice wa> 284 LAW COURTS. not entirely finished for 14 years ; the expense of building, &c. is calculated at about 200,000^. It was intended to throw a bridge over the river immediately opposite the courts, and open a street up the hill in front of Christ Church ; but, from the closeness of the building to the water, it was deemed unsafe to make the experiment of driving piles, and a more expensive, but much more con- venient and beautiful design was proposed and executed. The quay wall in front of the courts was surmounted by a handsome iron balustrade, extending about 800 feet, at each end of which are handsome stone bridges with corresponding balustrades, forming a picturesque and magnificent fore-ground to the view of the courts from the opposite side of the river. The drawing made for this work is taken from Essex Quay, and introduces Richmond bridge, Ormond bridge, and the Queen's bridge; the Courts are seen on the right, and the Wellington Testimonial is seen considerably elevated in the distance. The following architectural description of the Courts is chiefly borrowed from Malton, but all late improvements and alterations are carefully attended to, as the entire edifice was not completely finished when Malton's Views were published. The edifice called the Four Courts, contains the Courts of Law, and an immense number of offices attached to them : it consists of a centre, at each side of which are squares, one to the east, the other to the west, surrounded by buildings containing the law offices; those squares are separated from the street by arcade screens of rusticated masonry, surmounted by a hand- some stone balustrade, and the entrance to each court- yard is through a large arch-way. Over the eastern gate LAW COURTS. 285 is placed the harp of Ireland, laid upon a shield, encom- passed by emblems of Justice, Security, and Law, the shield resting on volumes of law books, bound together by a serpent entwined around them ; and over the western gate the royal shield, encircled by oak leaves, is encompassed by different emblems appropriate to the offices which occupy that wing: — Edward Smyth, of Dublin, was the artist. Around the eastern court are the offices of the Chancery, Exchequer, and Rolls court ; in the western square are those of the King's-bench, Hanaper, Remembrancer, and the repository of the rolls of Chancery. The center building, which contains the Courts of Chancery, King's-bench, Common Pleas, and Exchequer, is a square of 140 feet, within which is described a circle of 64 feet in diameter, from the circumference of which the Four Courts radiate to the angles of the square, and the intervals between the courts are occupied by jury rooms, and retiring chambers for the judges, &c. one of them also is employed as a Rolls Court. The front of the central pile consists of a handsome portico of six Corinthian columns with pilasters, support- ing a magnificent and well proportioned pediment ; on the apex is a statue of Moses, on one side of whom is a figure of Justice, and on the other one of Mercy. At each extremity of the front, and over the coupled pilasters are statues in a sitting posture, one of Wisdom, the other of Authority. Above the central building rises a circular lantern of the same diameter as the hall, 64. feet, ornamented by 24 pillars, and lighted by twelve large windows. An entablature is carried round the summit of the lantern, and on this appears to rest a magnificent dome. Beneath the portico of the south, or principal front, 286 LAW COURTS, is a semicircular recess, in the center of which is the door- way, leading to the hall of the courts, which is exactly underneath the dome. This noble apartment, in term time, exhibits an extraordinary air of bustle and con- fusion ; here the lawyers, dressed in their professional cos- tume, promenade in search of some solicitor; or the better employed are obliged to pass from court to court to attend the suits they may be engaged in. The anxious suitor is seen and heard warmly urging the truth of his case to his legal friend, and the voice of the crier occasionally re- duces all to order, and interrupts those little groups of orators by the welcome tidings that their attendance in court is required. At the extremities of the diameters, passing through the four cardinal points, are the entrances to the hall, the Rolls Court, and the chambers appropriated to the judges and juries, &c. and between these are the entrances to the different courts, each entrance is between Corinthian columns two deep, 25 feet high, fluted the upper two- thirds of the shaft, and resting on a sub-plinth, in which the steps leading to the court are indented ; by this disposition there are formed eight intervals or recesses, all ornamented in the same style, and the piers between them are decorated with niches and sunk pannels. The columns support an entablature which is continued the entire way round ; above the entablature is an attic pedestal ornamented by eight sunk pannels, which are exactly above the eight intervals between the columns ; on the pannels over the entrance to the Four Courts, the following historical events are represented in bas-relief : 1st, William the Conqueror instituting Courts of Justice, Feudal and Norman laws, Doomsday Book, Curfew. 2nd, King John signing Magna Charta, in presence of the barons. 3rd, Henry the 2nd giving an audience to LAW COURTS. 287 the Irish chiefs, and granting the first charter to the citizens of Dublin. 4th, James I. abolishing the Brehon laws, Tamistry, Gavelkind, Gossipred, and publishing the Act of Oblivion, — these are the workmanship of Mr. Edward Smyth, of Dublin. From the attic pedestal rises an hemispherical dome with a rich Mosaic ceiling ; in the dome, above the pannels of the attic, are eight windows of considerable size, which admit abundance of light into the hall beneath ; the vertex of the hemispherical ceiling is perforated by a circular opening, permitting a view into the void between the two domes, as in St. Paul's in London ; the void is a large apartment, the diameter of the hall, illumined by 12 windows, and used as a record room ; it was originally intended for a library, but is ob- viously ill calculated for such purpose. In the piers between the windows of the interior dome are eight colossal statues, in alto relievo, resting upon consoles or brackets, representing Punishment, Eloquence, Mercy, Prudence, Law, Wisdom, Justice, and Liberty. Over those statues an entablature with a highly enriched frieze is continued round the dome, and immediately above each window, on the frieze, are medallions of the following eight distinguished legislators, Moses, Ly- curgus, Solon, Numa, Confucius, Alfred, Mancho-Capac, and Ollamh-Fodhla. The courts are all of exactly the same dimensions, and similarly constructed ; they are separated from the great hall, by a partition, the upper part of which is glazed ; on each side of every court are galleries for the jury, and at the end opposite to the entrance the judges bench is placed, in an elevated position, and beneath a semi-ellip- tical sounding-board. Each court is lighted by six windows, three on either side, and perhaps there is too 288 ^NNS OF COURT. great a quantity of light admitted. There are numerous apartments underground, one of which, the coffee-room, is a great convenience to persons who are obliged to remain in court all day. The present elevation of the Four Courts is supposed to be a trifling deviation from the design of Mr. Cooley ; his intention was to have kept back the central pile, and to have formed a continued area in front of the building-, but tliis inimitable plan was interrupted from the great difficulty of procuring ground at the rear of the courts ; in consequence of which, Mr. Gandon, who completed the building, introduced the idea of distinct court-yards divided by the centert The front of the Four Courts towards the Quay extends 450 feet, and its depth is 170. INNS OF COURT. Before the reign of Edward I. there were no regular courts of Justice nor Inns of Court ; the number of Pala- tinates and Chiefries existing- through Ireland, which were governed by the old Brehon laws, rendered a court of Chancery unnecessary ; but an Exchequer was still re- quired. The Brehon laws were of so mild and con- ciliating a spirit, that a fine (erick) was the only punish- ment inflicted even for the worst of crimes. It is manifest that such a system, in those days, must have been liable to infinite abuses, and after an existence of nearly four centuries under the crown of England, the application of them was at length declared to be treason- able, in the 40th of Edward III. by the statute of Kil- kenny. The Brehon laws were written in a character INNS OF COURT. 289 called the " Phanian dialect," and the family of Mac Egan alone possessed the secret of decyphering their re- cords ; so we learn from the Collect, de Reb. Hib. that the Mac Egans were in possession of this secret, down to the reign of Charles I. — Henry II is said to have held a court in Dublin, (Nov. 1172,) but all records or manu- scripts relating to it are lost. The first institution of an Irish Inn of Court took place in the reign of Edward I. ; it was called Collet's Inn, and was outside the city walls, where Exchequer-street and George's-street south are now built ; here also were the superior courts of justice. But, unfortunately, a banditti from the mountains of Wicklow, watching an opportunity, when the deputy and great part of the military strength were engaged at a distance, entered and plundered the Exchequer ; and having burned every record they could lay hands on, murdered all the unarmed inhabitants of the neighbourhood. About the same period, both in England and France, a similar attack was made on the Temple, and other public literary establishments, by an armed force. This dreadful calamity obliged the government to re- move the seat of justice from without the walls ; and the courts were at first appointed to be held in the Castle of Dublin ; then at Carlow, which was considered an im- pregnable fortress. Whilst the Courts and Inns of Law were held in this ambulatory manner, in the reign of Edward III., Sir Robert Preston, Chief Baron of the Exche- quer, resigned, for an Inn of Court, his noble mansion, si- tuated where the Royal Exchange now stands, and having a range of offices extending from that to Essex-bridge, or, according to the ancient nomenclature, from Dame's-gate to Isod's tower, afterwards Essex-gate : on this site Lord 15 290 NNS OF COURT. Chief Baron Byssc, some years after, built a noble dence, which was taken down in 1762,, to open Parliament- street. In Preston's Inns the benchers, lawyers and attorneys had chambers, which they were required to fit up at their private expense ; and, for two centuries, this Collegiate Society was upheld with dignity and advantage to the legal profession. After the death of Sir Robert Preston, the family, which had been honoured by a peerage, iu 1478, with the title of Viscounts Gormanstown, disputed the claim to the site of Preston's Inn, and their claim being supported by government, the benchers and lawyers were dispossessed. At this time the Courts of Law were held in the Castle of Dublin, which being found inconvenient, as a considerable number of military required accommodation there also^ the Inns of Court were removed to the dissolved Monastery of Dominicans, called the Monastery of St. Saviour's, where the Four Courts now stand; (see Law Courts.) In 1512, Henry VIII. assumed, for the first time that any English monarch had done so, the title of King of Ireland, and from the royal founder this society took the denomination of the " King's Inns." The society of King's Inns ob- tained from Henry VIII. grants of land in MichanV parish, in Patrick-street, and in New-street, besides par- liamentary support; and a statute was introduced, oblig- ing each student of law to reside for two years at an Eng- lish Inn of Court, to assist in introducing the English practice of law into this kingdom. From this date, the society of King's Inns began to assume an air of respecta- bility and importance as a body. The King's Inns occupied this site for a considerable time, but the building was at length allowed to fall into INNS OF COURT. 291 a ruinous condition, and became unfit for the purposes of the Society. Some time after this, in 1771, a report was made to the government, that a repository for public records was much wan ted, and the site of the King's Inns was recommended as the most convenient for such a building; this was approved of, and the same site being also considered eligible for the Law Courts, the present magnificent building was erected, containing both. A promise of compensation was made at the same time to the Society of King's Inns for the ground, which it does not appear has ever been fulfilled. Six years previously to this, the Society had taken a plot of ground from the Rev. Richard Robinson, then Primate of Ireland, at the upper end of Henrietta-street, where the first stone of the foundation of the New Inns was laid by Lord Clare, Chancellor of Ireland. The si- tuation was unhappily chosen, being accessible only from the rear, and the rent very extravagant : nor was it cer- tain whether the lessor had power to dispose of the ground in perpetuity ; it was disputed too, whether he could pur- chase the interests of under tenants, and become the sole lessor to the society ; and after not only all the lawyers of eminence in Ireland being consulted, but also the English Attorney and Solicitor General re- quested to give their opinion, it was ultimately arranged only by the passing of an Act of Parliament. The edifice called the Inns of Court, presents a beautiful front, of hewn stone, to the rear of the houses on Constitution-hill, consisting of a centre and wings. The wings, which extend back 110 feet, present a facade of two stories, surmounted by pediments; over the windows of the second story, in the north wing, is an alto relievo, representing Bacchus and Ceres, sacrificing on n 2 292 INNS OF COURT. an antique tripod, attended by the Seasons ; and over the front of the south wing, or Prerogative Court, in a si- milar manner, are represented, Wisdom, Justice, and Prudence, sacrificing on an altar, attended by Truth, Time, and History. On the entablature in the centre of the building, the lawyers and prelates of Ireland are represented, receiving a translation of the Bible and a charter from Elizabeth, who appears seated on a throne. The doorways in front of the Dining-hall and Preroga- tive Court, are ornamented by caryatides,* supporting a rich cornice, and resting on pedestals. Those at the door of the dining-hall are Plenty and a Bacchante with a goblet ; and at the entrance to the Prerogative Court and Record Office are Security and Law, one holding a key, the other a scroll, k Beneath the central building, which is crowned by a beautiful octangular cupola, is a lofty, arched gateway, with doors at either side, leading into the space between the Dining-hall and Record Office, which run parallel to each other; and at the farther end is a magnificent corresponding gate with doorways, communicating with Henrietta-street. Over this gate are the royal arms in Portland stone, which, together with all the statuary of the building, were executed by Edward Smyth, a Dublin artist of very considerable merit. The dining-hall, which occupies the principal part of the north wing, is 81 feet by 42, ornamented by four three-quarter Ionic columns at either end, over which in circular recesses in the ceiling, are figures in alto relievo, representing the four Cardinal Virtues; at the end of the hall where the benchers' table is placed, the * Caryatides are statues employed to support an entablature instead of columns. INNS OF COURT. 293 floor is elevated about 12 inches above that of the re- maining' part, and over the chimney-piece at this end is a portrait of Lord Chancellor Manners. The room is lighted by five circular-headed windows on one side, between which are niches intended to be filled with statues ; and on the opposite side are portraits of Lords Avonmore and Manners. The lawyers and law students dine on one side, and the attorneys on the other side of the hall. Over the anti-hall is the library, a room measuring only 42 feet by 1 7, and never intended for this purpose. Part of this collection was the property of Christopher Robinson, Esq. Senior Puisne Judge of the Court of King's Bench, and the selection of law books was made chiefly by Charles, Earl Camden, Lord Chancellor. A curious manuscript volume, called the " Black Book," is preserved here, containing the transactions of the society of King's Inns, for many years back. The library is open every day from two to four o'clock. The admission fees on becoming a member of King's Inns are, For a Barrister ------£. 568 For a Bencher ------ 1176 Attorney - - £. 2 13 4 Fee - - - - 16 8 4 Admission to the Library five guineas each Member. This elegant structure is erected from the designs of James Gandon, Esq. the Architect of the Custom-house. 294 CONSISTORIAL COURT. PREROGATIVE COURT. The Court of Prerogative was formerly held in a large mansion in Henrietta-street, once the residence of Primate Robinson, adjoining the Inns of Court ; but it has lately been removed to the south wing of the Inns, where the Right Hon. John RadclhTe, LL. D. the present judge, holds his court, on Tuesdays and Fridays each week in Term. The remaining part of this wing is oc- cupied with records of different kinds, original wills, admi- nistrations, licences of marriage ; and here also are pre- served the manuscripts, called " Regal Visitation Books.'' One of these books, which probably belonged to this office originally, is said to be in the hands of Sir William Betham, Ulster King at Arms; the oldest record in this office is dated 1530. Some extracts from the Visitation Book, which were laid before parliament in 1815, give accounts of the ecclesiastical property of Ireland in the twelfth century. CONSISTORIAL COURT. The Consistorial Court, winch was originally held in the Cathedral of the diocese, is now held in Stephen's- grcen, at the house of the Deputy Registrar, Thomas Clarke, Esq. Here all cases of blasphemy, apostacy, && are decided, marriage licences granted, and all points con- nected with the rights and privileges of the church ad- justed. The records in this office do not bear a date more ancient than 1G00, and even these are not complete, BOARD OF FIRST FRUITS. 295 there being an hiatus from 1730 to 1779. There is in this office a valuable set of books in admirable preser- vation, called Title Books. HIGH COURT OF ADMIRALTY. There is a regular Court of Admiralty in Dublin as in London, and for the same objects, it is held in the Law Courts, and, consists of a Judge, three Surrogates, a Registrar, Marshal, and Proctors, &c.; the independence of this court was preserved by a special clause in the Act of Union. The records are in possession of the Re- gistrar, D. Piueau, Esq. The date of the oldest MS. in the Registrar's possession is 1747, at which period this court was probably first instituted. BOARD OF FIRST FRUITS, This board, chiefly consisting of the dignitaries of the established church, holds its meetings twice in the year at the Record Office in the Lower Castle-yard ; their principal business is the augmentation of the value of small livings, by purchasing glebe, building glebe houses, &c. and improving the property of the Church of England by every legal and honourable means in their power. Their grants are made according to a certain scale. Here are many public records, which, about the year 1814, were arranged in systematic order. Amongst these was found the charter of Trinity College, which was restored to the University, upon the presentation of a petition from that venerable body to the commissioners appointed by parliament. 290 GENERAL POST-OFFICE. public dMScts, GENERAL POST-OFFICE. The necessity of a mode of communication between persons at a distance from each other was felt as early as the invention of letters ; and both in the sacred writings and in the ancient classics we find this mode of com- munication spoken of. In later ages, France may per- haps be considered as being the first nation that esta- blished a regular and systematic mode of transferring letters ;* and England, of course, quickly adopted so ob- viously important an advantage. Edward VI. pre- scribed a certain rate per mile, to be charged for post horses, viz. one penny ; -and a post was established be- tween London and Edinburgh; and between Chester and Dublin, by way of Holyhead. Cromwell also ex- tended this establishment, and with the aid of parliament took the management into the hands of government; at this time packets sailed between Dublin and Parkgate or Chester, and between Milford and Waterford. The first director of the Post-office, appointed by government, was John Manley, who was obliged to make uniform charges for the conveyance of letters, at the rate of two pence for eighty miles. A Postmaster General for the British dominions, was appointed in 1711, and a sepa- rate establishment opened in Ireland, under the direction of two Postmasters General, in 1784, two years after the passing of the " Act for the Restoration of the Con- stitution of Ireland." From this date, the facility of communication through the kingdom has rapidly in- * In the reign of Louis XL 1475, GENERAL POST-OFFICE. 297 creased, and the number of post towns in Ireland, which this office advertises to deliver letters at, amounts to above 400, The Penny Post-office, attached to this establishment, was first opened in 1770, and is conducted in a most in- genious and expeditious manner ; there are four col- lections and four deliveries of letters through the city every day, Sunday excepted ; and in the neighbourhood of Dublin there are two collections and deliveries daily ; but all letters delivered beyond the circular road pay two pence postage. There are fifty houses in different parts of the city appointed to receive letters, and sixty carriers who call for and distribute them ; so that it is scarcely possible to conceive any establishment on a more perfect footing than the Penny-post of Dublin. It has attained this state of perfection under the manage- ment of Mr. Baynes. The next feature of importance is the establishment of mail-coaches, a measure fraught with much advan- tage to the general interests of Ireland. Parts of this kingdom, hitherto unknown, are now in a state of civili- zation, owing to the intercourse they enjoy with more cultivated society. Mails were first established in England in 1784, in Ireland in 1790. Mr. Anderson, of Fcrmoy, first contracted to run a coach, carrying the mail- bags between Dublin and Cork, and Mr. Grier, between Dublin and Newry ; to accomplish which purpose more fully, his Excellency the Marquis of Buckingham pur- chased two coaches in London, and presented them to the contractors. The Road Act was shortly after passed, which has opened every part of Ireland to the traveller, with convenience and safety, and a chain of communi- cation is now kept up throughout the kingdom, by means 298 GENERAL POST-OFFICE. of this very ingenious management of the coaches, for wherever the direct mail from Dublin to any town stops, a second light mail coach is in waiting to proceed by cross roads. Coaches leave the General Post-office every evening at eight o'clock precisely ; they drive into the court-yard (from which all persons not on business are excluded) at one gate, and out at another immediately opposite, and all passengers are required to take their seats before the coach arrives at the entrance gate. This admirable re- gulation and precaution was rendered necessary, from an extraordinary robbery which was committed on the Belfast mail about two years since ; a person called at the office of the coach, and paid for the four inside seats for that mght, but only one seat being taken possession of in the evening, upon inquiry being made for the remainder, he answered, they would be taken up at the Canal-bridge ; the coachman drew up at the appointed place, and the gentleman got out to look for his friends, but was never heard of more ; upon examining the coach, it appeared he had cut out the pannel in the back of the boot, and carried off 4,000/. in small notes, directed to a northern bank. The English mail is despatched every morning at seven o'clock, in a mail-cart, to Howth-harbour, whence it is conveyed by government steam-packets, of great power, to Holyhead. Besides two steam-packets, there are seven packets on the old construction, and two wherries, which can cross the channel when the steam- packet coidd not live. All letters for Scotland and the north of England are sent by way of Donaghadee ami Port Patrick, and to the South, by way of Waterford and Milford Haven. GENERAL P06T-0FFICE. 299 The General Post-office of Dublin was at first held in a small building in Dame street, and was afterwards re- moved to a larger and better situated house, opposite the Bank of Ireland, in College-green, (since converted into the Royal Arcade) ; and on January the Gth, 1819, the new Post-office in Sackville-street was opened for business. The foundation-stone of this magnificent edifice, which is built after a design of Francis Johnston, Esq. was laid by his Excellency Charles, Earl Whit worth, August 12, 1814, and the structure was completed in the short space of three years, for the moderate sum of 50,000/. The site on which the new Post-office is erected, was pre- viously occupied by a range of houses corresponding with those in the same street, near Carlisle-bridge, and used for some time as a temporary barrack : but they were so badly built, and so shaken by their numerous in- mates, that immediately after the military were removed they all fell down; fortunately no lives were lost. The front, which extends 220 feet, has a magnificent portico (80 feet wide) of six fluted Ionic columns, 4 feet f> inches in diameter. The frieze of the entablature is highly enriched, and in the tympanum of the pediment are the royal arms. On the acroteria of the pediment are three statues, executed by John Smyth, viz. Mercury, on the right, with his Caduceus and purse; on the left, Fidelity, with her finger on her lips, and a key in her hand ; and in the centre, Hibernia resting on her spear and holding her shield. The entablature, with the exception of the architrave, is continued along the rest of the front ; the frieze, however, is not decorated as it is over the portico. A handsome balustrade surmounts the cornice of the building, which is 50 feet from tlic ground. With the exception of the portico, which is of 300 STAMP OFFICE. Portland stone, the whole is of mountain-granite. The elevation has three stories, of which the lower, or basement, is rusticated, and in this respect it resembles the India House in London, where a rusticated ground floor is in- troduced, although the portico occupies the entire height of the structure. Over the centre of the building is seen a cupola, con- taining the chimes and bell on which the clock-hammer strikes. Tins bell is so loud, that it is heard in every part of the city. The interior is particularly remarkable for the conve- nience of its arrangement and the number of its commu- nicating apartments ; the board-room is a very handsome apartment, furnished with only two seats, which are for the Postmasters General; over the chimney piece, pro- tected by a curtain of green silk, is a bust of Earl Whitworth, in white marble, the workmanship of John Smyth. STAMP OFFICE. The business of this office was formerly transacted in a range of old brick buildings in Eustace-street, at the north side of Dame-street ; but was removed from this inconvenient situation May 3rd, 1811, to its present one in William-street. An office for the manufacture and distribution of stamps was first established in this kingdom during the government of Earl Harcourt, in 1774, and even then was productive of a consi- derable revenue, which, from the augmentation of stamp- duties, has since increased to more than ten times its early amount. The gross produce of stamp-duties for the years 1812, 13, and 1 1, exceeded 700,000/. STAMP OFFICE. 301 1815 it amounted to ;£. 747,586 8 5| 1816 591,265 8 11 1817 596,709 16 8 1818 610,396 15 7} 1819 602,535 12 7| 1820 557,403 1 10 1821 to June 5th - 4S5,429 8 8 The accounts furnished before 1818 were all in Irish currency, but from that date they have been returned in British, and are always to be so returned in future. The present Stamp-office was formerly the private resi- dence of Richard, Viscount Powerscourt ; it was com- menced in the year 1771, and completed in three years, at the sole expense of his lordship, and cost the moderate sum of 10,000/. ; it is after a design of Mr. Robert Mack, architect. The Commissioners of Stamp-duties purchased it for the sum of 15,000/. The west front, which is presented to William-street, is of mountain-granite, raised on his lordship's estate in the county of Wicklow; the ornaments and dressings being of Portland-stone. This facade consists of a base- ment, principal floor, and mezzanine. The first of these, which has circular-headed windows, is rusticated, and has a Doric entablature, continued also over the gateways on the side, supplying the place of wings. The ascent to the grand entrance is by a broad flight of steps, with a stone balustrade ; the door has Doric pilasters and an en- tablature. The windows of the first floor, three on each side of the centre, rest on rich pedestals, and have pediments, of which the middle one of the three is semi-circular. Above the slight projection or break, forming the central division of this elevation, is a pediment with a circular window in its tympanum, and above is a singular species STAMP OFFICE. of attic, enriched with carved scrolls instead of pOas From this part of the structure, which was originally in- tended as an observatory, may be obtained as extend view as the smoke of the city will permit. This fine edifice, cannot at present be seen to advantage, in consequence of its being built in the narrowest part of a narrow-street, (William-street,) immediately opposite Castle-market. The hall and staircase are decorated with rich heavy stucco-work, not suited to the taste of the present day ; and the stairs and balusters are of mahogany. In the drawing-room of this splendid mansion are two slabs of the lava of Vesuvius, richly mounted as pier tables ; and in tins room were several paintings of the old masters, winch have been since removed to his lord- ship's magnificent residence in the county of Wicklow. The gateways at each side of the house have been converted into entrances to the different offices of the es- tablishment ; these are principally held in a square of buildings erected at the rear of the house for this pur- pose, which improvements have cost the commissioners 15,000/.* * There were two designs laid before Lord Powerscourt, for a town residence, by Mr. Mack, the hall-door of one of them was ornamented by a portieo with a flat canopy, which design was rejected by his lord- ship. Whitelaw, and others after him, have confounded the two eleva- tions, and state, that it was the intention to have built a portico in front of the present edifice ; but drawings of both designs are yet to be seen in Dublin, which contradict this. BALLAST OFFICE. 303 BALLAST OFFICE. This useful establishment holds its meeting in a hand- some house, built for the purpose, in Westmoreland- street, near Carlisle-bridge, and economy has been so much the guide of the earliest resolutions of this board, that their office has been built to range and correspond with the uniformity of the other houses in this street. The society was incorporated in the year 1707, under the title of " The Corporation for Preserving and Im- proving the Port of Dublin," and was placed under the superintendence of the Lord Mayor, Sheriffs, and some of the citizens of Dublin. At this period great improve- ments were made in the entrance of the harbour, which was extremely dangerous, owing to two sand banks, called the North and South Bulls, which completely choked it up ; a channel of some breadth was cleared, and a float- ing light established, where the Dublin light-house has since been erected. About the year 1714 the river was embanked on both sides, a quay wall built, and a large quantity of marshy ground reclaimed; and about 1748, that extensive work, the Mole, which connects Ringsend and the Pigeon-house, was commenced, and the expense defrayed by a tonnage on shipping. Shortly after, this corporation was intrusted with fuller powers, both as to the nature of the improvements they were to undertake, and as to the election of new members to fill vacancies at their board. Their next great work was the building of the Mole* and Light-house in Dublin Bay; but the grand * This wall measures 9,81G feet from the rigeon-housc to the Light-house. 304 BALLAST OFFICE. conclusion of their labours was the enclosing of the Liffey within the present magnificent quay walls, which extend from Ringsend to Bloody-bridge, a distance of three English miles ; which has not only deepened the channel, but greatly benefitted and improved the city. Dublin was well supplied with bridges before the incorporation of this body, but two of them were in a dilapidated con- dition, and one, called the Coal-Quay-bridge, was partly swept away by the floods. The Ballast Office have sup- plied their places by Richmond and Ormond bridges. Since the institution of this body, the coast of Ireland has been rendered more safe to the mariner by the erection of light-houses in various places. The most extraordinary in point of situation, and winch was attended with many melancholy disasters during its building, is that on the Tuskard Rock on the coast of Wexford ; (see Whitelaw's Plistory of Dublin.) The light- house erected on the Bailey at Howth is probably one of the best situated on the coast, and lighted on very improved principles, the reflectors being ground to the parabolic form, and an oil lamp placed in the focus of each. The funds of this Board are derived from the sale of ballast to the shipping, which they raise from the channel of the river, and from a tonnage on vessels arriving in port. The expense of building the quay walls was de- frayed by a tax, which has now ceased to be demanded. The Directors of this Board do not receive salaries, and perhaps no establishment in the kingdom has given greater satisfaction, or been of more real benefit. PAVING BOARD. 305 PAVING BOARD. This board consists of a chief Commissioner and two others, with two supervisors, a treasurer, and secretary, the amount of whose salaries is but 2,300/. per annum. The objects of this board are of course most important, paving-, lighting, and cleaning the streets, making sewers, and, in summer, watering the public ways. There are few cities in better condition as to pavement, and none so well supplied with broad and even flag- ways. Many great improvements have been made by this body ; there were formerly in almost every street one or two fountains, which, though a great ornament, were also a serious nuisance, and the cause of many sad accidents ; they were always crowded with poor persons and idlers, and the pavement around was always so wet and slip- pery, that horses, particularly in harness, have frequently fallen in attempting to pass, and in winter the same places became a perfect sheet of ice. All these nuisances have been removed, at the expense of a trifling loss to the city, in point of picturesque appearance. The light- ing of the city, however, is not so deserving of approba- tion, the intervals between the lamps being much too great; but the introduction of gas-light, by the new company, has probably diminished the exertions of the Paving-board in this particular point, as the use of gas is becoming very general. This board formerly held its meetings in a large brick house at the corner of Dawson-strect, the site of Morri- son's hotel, from whence it removed to its present situation in Mary-street. This house was formerly the residence of the ancient and respectable family of the Rowleys, from x 2 306 WIDE-STREET COMMISSIONERS. whom it was purchased for a temporary barrack ; and at the conclusion of the war it was transferred to the Paving- board, who have fitted it up conveniently, and erected stabling at the rear for their horses, and sheds for the watering-carts. WIDE-STREET COMMISSIONERS. The Commissioners for " opening wide and conve- nient streets'" were appointed in 1758, when the first im- provement they made was to open a passage from the Castle to Essex-bridge ; after which, they were directed to improve the city generally, by opening wide avenues. Their funds for the purchase of houses are derived partly from parliament, from a tonnage on coals imported to Dublin, and from a card tax levied from the citizens. The next improvement was the opening of Dame-street, so as to form a proper avenue from the seat of govern- ment to the Parliament-house. Westmoreland-street, Sackville-street, (formerly Drogheda-street,) and Caven- dish-row, and the passages along the river on both sides, are lasting monuments of the labours of this useful body. The last improvement was the opening of D'Olier and New Brunswick streets ; and they are still determined to immortalize themselves in the memories of their fellow- citizens by one great act above all the former; from the end of York-street in Aungier-street, a passage will be continued to Patrick's Cathedral, forming one direct and splendid communication between Stephen's Green and that venerable edifice. The improvements in the vicinity of the other cathedral are going on with rapidity, PIFE WATER COMMITTEE. 307 and reflect credit on this respectable and intelligent body. Numerous other avenues have been opened, which it would be impossible to enumerate here ; but the best argument in favour of the proceedings of this board, is the mag- nificence of the avenues and streets of Dublin. The Board meet at their Secretary's house in Blessing- ton-street, where their proceedings may be seen, contained in 24 folio volumes of manuscript, numerically arranged, PIPE WATER COMMITTEE. The Pipe Water Committee, instituted for the purpose of supplying the city with water, is composed of mem- bers of the corporation solely, viz. the Lord Mayor, Sheriffs, 12 of the Aldermen, and 24 of the Common Council ; they have the power of levying taxes for the supply of pipes, and paving the streets after they are laid, and hold a meeting every Monday at the City Assembly- room in William-street, at the corner of Coppinger's-row, to transact business. There are three basins attached to Dublin for the sup- ply of fresh water, one at the end of Basin-lane in James's- street, which is an English mile in circumference, and round which is a broad gravel walk, formerly one of the most fashionable parades in the vicinity of Dublin. A second basin is situated on the high ground at the upper end of Blessington-street, also encompassed by a terrace, and enclosed by a strong close hedge, for the sup- ply of the north side of the city ; and a third is situated on the banks of the canal, near Porto-bcllo harbour, to feed the pipes in the south-eastern part of Dublin. x 2 308 THE CUSTOM I10USC. The water was formerly conveyed by wooden pipes from those basins through all the streets, and a leaden pipe, inserted in the main, supplied each house with water. It being found, however, that the wooden pipes were subject to very speedy decay, and consequently superinduced enor- mous expense, metal pipes were adopted in 1802, and have been continued ever since. A new tax was imposed on the citizens, for the accomplishing of this object, called " the Metal Main Tax," which they have not borne with so much good feeling as they ought, as it will, in all pro- bability, be shortly removed. THE CUSTOM HOUSE. The old Custom House stood near Essex-bridge, be- tween Essex-street and the river, and was built in tin year 1707; it must have been originally inconvenient for business ; besides which, the navigation of the river could not be improved, owing to a bed of rocks which extended across the river, opposite to the building. These circum- stances induced the Commissioners to erect a new and capacious Custom House nearer .to the mouth of the river ; accordingly, they chose the present site on the north bank, on Eden Quay; and since this quay has been opened and its walls completed, there is, perhaps, no city in Europe that affords a covp cTccil more magnificent than the panoramic view from Carlisle-bridge. From this point the spectator beholds Sackville-strcct with the Post-office and its beautiful portico, Nelson's Pillar, and the Rotunda; in the distance—the south front of the Custom House with the quay walls and shipping;— THE CUSTOM HOUSE. 309 Westmoreland-street with the portico of the old House of Lords, and the north pavilion of Trinity College ; — and D'Olier-street, winch, though unfinished, contains one handsome stone building, the Dublin library, and is terminated by a view of the front of the new-square of Trinity College. In consequence of the violent oppo- sition of Lord Shannon, to the passing of the Bill through the Irish House, not only was the building of the New Custom House delayed, but the first stone was laid, almost secret, by the Right Hon. John Claudius Beresford. This edifice, the second building in Dublin, in point of extreme elegance in workmanship, is an extensive pile, and if we except, perhaps, its proximity to the water's edge, admirably situated ; yet, although its contiguity to the river is a defect, as far as beauty is concerned, it is con- venient for the dispatch of business. There are four fronts, accurately corresponding to the four Cardinal Points. The south or principal front, which is entirely of Port- land-stone, extends 375 feet, and the depth of the building from north to south is 209. The central part, which is 130 feet in breadth, is continued from the north to the south front, and forms the partition between two spacious court-yards, which were indispensable in affording light to the apartments in the interior or central part of the building. In the centre of this front is a portico of four Doric columns supporting an entablature, with a fine projecting mutule cornice, and a frieze enriched with the heads of oxen connected by festoons. The tympanum of the pediment is decorated with a group of figures in altc relievo, Hibernia and Britannia embracing each other, and holding the emblems of Peace and Liberty. These two figures are sealed in a marine chariot, or shell, drawn by sea horses, and attended by a crowd of Tritons, after i. 310 THE CUSTOM HOUSE. whom appears a fleet of merchant ships, bearing the pro- duce of various nations to the shores of Ireland, and wafted by the trade winds: the whole designed and exe- cuted by Mr. Edward Smyth. — The attic story, which is the height of the pediment, supports four allegorical statues, of Industry, Commerce, Wealth, and Navigation, executed by Thomas Banks, Esq. R. A. of London. Above the portico is a magnificent cupola, resembling those at Greenwich Hospital, its dome is 26 feet in dia- meter, and is supported by 40 columns. On the apex of the dome is a circular pedestal, upon which is placed a colossal statue of Hope, 12 feet high. The entire elevation to the summit of this figure is 125 feet. On the key stones of the arches over the different door- ways, sixteen in number, are carved colossal heads, emblematic of the different rivers of Ireland, distinguished by means of the produce of their banks ; the Anna Liffey, which runs through the city, is represented by a female, all the rest by male heads. — These also are the workmanship of Mr. Edward Smyth, an Irish artist.* The pavilion at either extremity of this facade has a recess with two Doric columns, above which, of the same * This excellent sculptor was born in the county of Mcath, lTlti. He was intended by his father for the army, in which he himself held the rank of Captain ; but having a decided predilection for modelling, was placed under Vcrpoyle, His first public work was, the admirable- statue of Dr. Lucas, in the Exchange. Besides the sculpture at the Custom House, he executed the figures at the Bank of Ireland, Four Courts, King's Inns, and the beautiful heads in black stone on the New Castle-Chapel. These, however, he did not live to finish, but they h.iw since been completed by his son from his models. He diet! in 1*12. He was likewise the sculptor of a beautiful monument in SI. Anne's Church. (Seep. 151.) THE CUSTOM HOUSE. 311 height as the balustrade, and surmounting the cornice of the edifice, is a pannel decorated with festoons, and serving as a pedestal to a group formed of the arms of Ireland on a shield, with the Lion and Unicom, executed by Smyth. In each of the Arr tire-corps,* between the pavilions and centre, are seven rusticated arches, and above them three niches and four windows placed alternately, all of which are crowned with pediments. The balustrade of the pavilions is continued over the Arrtire-corps. The north front is of the same extent and height, but being built of mountain granite and not so much orna- mented, is considerably inferior in point of beauty: besides the light colour of the Portland stone in the south front gives a cheerfulness to its aspect; the north front, perhaps, appears more sombre and majestic, while the south exhibits greater taste and elegance. The centre of the north front is ornamented by a portico of four columns with an entablature, but without a pediment. On the entablature, over the columns, are figures representing the four quarters of the world, executed in a particularly chaste and elegant style, by Joseph Banks, Esq., R. A. ; the windows in the north front are decorated with architraves of Portland stone, and in the recesses at each end, between the columns, are doors leading to the apart- ments of the chief Commissioners and other persons who reside here. The east front is composed of the pavilions of the two principal fronts, connected by handsome archways, leading to the court-yards witlun the building, with a central building about 90 feet in length ; this centre consists of a » Arrure-corps arc the receding parts of an elevation, or those be- tween projecting pavilions, &c. 312 THE CUSTOM BOlfS . beautiful rusticated arcade, ou the top of which is a ba- lustrade. The arches of this front are at present built up to form a temporary dry store. The west front is two stories in height, the lower one, originally like the centre of the east front, has also been built up for convenience of storage, but even its pre- sent state does not injure the tout ensemble. The principal entrances, beneath the porticos on both sides, are approached by a flight of steps, and conduct to spacious halls. The hall belonging to the south entrance is an octagonal vestibule below the cupola, and the hall attached to the north entrance is very spacious, and orna- mented with columns of Portland stone. The grand staircase, winch leads to the north side of the building, has always been considered a most re- markable proof of the ingenuity of the architect who conducted the erection of this building, as uniting good taste, originality of conception, and grandeur of design. A flight of steps, fastened id the wall, conducts on either side to a landing place ; from the centre of which landing, rises the return flight communicating with the landing above, and apparently without any support whatever. This is done by making the steps rest on each other in arched joints, thus forming a semi-eliptical arch from one landing to the other. The offices in this building are very numerous and very commodious, and scarcely an alteration has been made since its opening. The Board-room, in which the two Boards of Custom and Excise sit, is in the centre of the north front, lighted by three circular-headed windows with plate-glass. On this side of the building, Lord Castle-Coote and Mr. Hawthorne have splendid apart- ments. The Commissioners Court is also a very elegant -~- CUSTOM-HOUSE DOCKS. 313 room, decorated with columns. The only office worth the attention of a visiter is the Long-room, which, as it mea- sures 70 feet by 65, is nearly a square, although it has been always denominated the Long-room. A range of Composite columns, 12 feet distant from the wall, sup- port an arched ceiling, lighted by two circular lanterns, ornamented with stucco-work ; besides which, there are Dioclesian windows above the entablature. The space between the wall and the columns is enclosed by a range of counters the entire way round, behind which different clerks are placed to transact business. In this room all forfeited goods are sold, and here the sales by inch of candle are conducted. The architect of this truly magnificent pile was James Gandon, Esq. of whose professional taste and ability this structure will be a lasting memorial, for it is decidedly one of the finest pieces of architecture in Europe. The estimate for the erection of the Custom House laid before the House of Commons, was 163,363/. ; but from unavoidable circumstances, it afterwards amounted to 260,000/. CUSTOM-HOUSE DOCKS. To the east of the Custom House is a wet dock 400 feet in length by 200 in breadth, faced with lime stone, aud of depth sufficient to float any vessel that can enter the river. About twelve years since, the Spitfire, a twenty-gun ship, which was driven up the river by the severity of the weather, took shelter here. This dock, which communicates with the river, and is kept of sufficient depth to float large vessels, by means of a sea-lock, was opened in 1796, and cost about 80,000/. 314 custom-house docks. which, added to different items for furnishing the interior, makes the total expense of opening the Custom-house and dock, &c. above 300,000/. A range of stores was carried round this dock, which the increase of commerce, during the French war, ren- dered it expedient to remove, for the purpose of excavating new docks, and building more extensive storage. — The first store to the east is for general merchandize, and is 500 feet in length by 112 in breadth ; to the east of this store is the new basin, 330 feet by 250, faced with lime stone, and communicating with the river by a sea-lock. A dock of still greater dimensions, 650 feet by 300, to the north of tins, will shortly be completed. To the east of the new basin is the tobacco store (500 feet by 160, and capable of con- taining 3,000 hogsheads), the plan of which was given by John Rennie, Esq. In the tobacco store, which is now completed and in use, there is not one particle of wood or other combustible matter. There are nine vaults beneath, which altogether afford perfect and con- venient storage for 4,500 pipes of wine, allowing a walk behind the heads of the pipes as well as between them ; these vaults are lighted by means of thick lenses set in iron plates in the floor of the tobacco store ; but this is by no means sufficient to supersede the necessity of candle light. The interior of the tobacco store is ex- tremely curious and interesting : the roof is supported by metal frame work of an exceedingly ingenious construc- tion, and, at intervals, long lanterns are inserted, the sashes of which are also metal ; the entire frame work is supported by three rows of cylindrical metal pillars, 26 in each row ; these rest upon others of granite, which are continued through the stone floor into the vaults THE ROYAL EXCHANGE. 315 beneath. All this iron work, so inimitably executed, was manufactured at the Butterley-foundry in Derbyshire. — The only inconvenience at present felt in this store is the excessive heat, which, in all probability, can be remedied by a proper system of ventilation. Immediately adjoining the tobacco store is an extensive yard for bonding timber, which is of great advantage to the timber merchants ; and, at a short distance to the east, a very extensive store for whiskey is erecting by the Board of Excise, consisting of two stories of long arches of brick work, with openings in the top to admit light. The management of all matters connected with the imports and exports of Ireland, is intrusted to seven Commissioners appointed by his Majesty ; and against their decision a right of appeal is open to the Lords of the Treasury of the United Kingdom. They are deno- minated the Commissioners of Customs and Port duties. The Board of Excise holds its meetings in the same apartment, and consists of the same number ; the peculiar employment of this Board consists in the regulation and collection of Inland excise and taxes. THE ROYAL EXCHANGE. The Royal Exchange is situated on Cork-hill, near the Castle gate, almost the highest ground in the city, and has in front the longest avenue in Dublin, comprising Parliament-street, Essex-bridge, Capel-street, and Bolton- street. At whatever side this building is approached, it challenges the architectural critic, and pleases the eye of >»"*- 310 THE ROYAL EXCHANGE. every spectator. The view prefixed to this article, bond taken from the corner of Exchange-street, shows the whole length of Dame-street, terminated by the College. This is the most advantageous view that can be obtained, for, owing to the narrowness of the street, not above half the building can be seen from Parliament-street. In 1769, premiums were offered for the best design, when that of Mr. Thomas Cooley, an English architect, hitherto unknown in Dublin, was preferred, and to him was accordingly adjudged the first premium of 100 guineas ; while Mr. Thomas Sandby obtained the second of 60 guineas ; and Mr. James Gandon was rewarded with 30 guineas. The building this magnificent structure was not only a very great ornament to the city, but an immediate benefit to the neighbourhood, for the site on which it stands was occupied by the old Exchange, Lord Cork's house, afterwards Lucas's coffee-house, and many mean shops, so that one of the greatest thoroughfares in the city was thus rendered both inconvenient and dangerous. The Earl of Northumberland, then Lord Lieutenant, gave considerable assistance to the merchants in raising funds for purchasing ground and erecting an Exchange. Parliament granted 13,000/., the merchants subscribed liberally, and by a successful defence made by Dr. Lucas in parliament, in behalf of the merchants of Dublin, a large fund was saved and added to the collections for the building of the New Exchange, in addition to which, was raised a considerable sum by lottery schemes. On the 2nd of August, 1769, the first stone was laid by Lord Townscnd, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and, in ten years from that date, the Exchange was opened for the transaction of business. THE ROYAL EXCHANGE. 317 The edifice is a square of 100 feet, crowned by a dome in the centre, and has three fronts, all of Portland stone. The north or principal front has a portico of six Corinthian columns, (those at the extremities coupled,) the entablature of -which is continued along the three fronts, all of which are decorated with Corinthian pilasters, festoons, &c. between the capitals. The top of the building- is crowned by a balustrade, except where it is interrupted by the pediment on the north side ; and above this, the summit of the dome is visible, but having no tambour it is too low to be distinctly seen. As the building is situated on an exceedingly steep hill, the ap- proaches are somewhat interrupted ; that to the great front is at the western end, where the terrace in front is the level of the street ; but the other end of this plat- form, or terrace, is blocked up by a high wall, surmounted by heavy iron railing of enormous height, greatly dis- figuring the front of this light and elegant structure. This was not part of the original design, but in conse- quence of the sudden ascent of the ground, the arcliitcct continued the terrace, which was accessible at the east by a long and wide flight of steps, the west end being level with the street; the terrace was protected by a metal balustrade resting on rustic work. But on the 24th of April, 1814, an enormous crowd having assembled on this platform terrace, to witness the whipping of a criminal, the balustrade yielded to the enormous pressure, and numbers were precipitated into the street. The principal sufferers were those who stood below, some of whom were killed upon the spot, and many dreadfully bruised. A view of the Exchange, with the original balustrade in front, may be seen in Malton's Views of Dublin. Be- neath the colonnade arc three large iron gates suspended 31S THE ROYAL EXCHANGE. on Ionic pilasters ; these lead into a flagged hall, where UN the entrances to the Exchange-hall. Over the gates ami between the pillars are windows ornamented by arelii- traves, lighting the coffee-room. On either side of the portico are two corresponding windows resting upon a rich fluted impost or facia, that serves as a cornice to the ground floor, which is rusticated and imperforated by any aperture, a circumstance that gives a peculiar and appropriate character to this structure, while it adds greatly to its strength. The western elevation does not differ much from that •on the north, except that the portico has only four columns and no pediment ; and that there is only one window on each side, in the inter-pilaster adjoining the portico, the other being without any aperture whatever. The east front, which is in Exchange-court, has only pilasters : on this side are the entrances to the vaults of the Exchange, which are dry and extensive, and are generally let to the Commissioners of Customs, who frequently want more storage than the ^buildings at- tached to the Custom-house afford. The ingenuity of Mr. Cooley is no where more con- spicuous than in his design of the interior of the Ex- change, the ground plan may be perfectly represented by the idea of a circle inscribed in a square, but the beauty and elegance of the effect produced, cannot be so readily represented by description. Twelve fluted columns of the Corinthian order, 32 feet high, form a rotunda in the centre of the building. Above their entablature, which is liighly en- riched, is an attic 10 feet high, with as many circular windows, answering to the inter-columns below, and connected with pendent festoons of laurel in rich stucco 1 THE ROYAL EXCHANGE. 319 work, and from tliis rises an elegantly proportioned dome, ornamented with hexagonal caissons. This is deservedly considered a chef d'oenvre hi the art of stucco plastering, and was executed by the late Alderman Thorpe of this city. In the centre of the crown is a large circular sky-light, which, with the assistance of the different windows so judiciously dispersed around the hall, affords a profusion of light. The inter-columns are open below to the ambulatory encompassing the circular area in the centre of the build- ing, so that the ground-plan of the whole is a circle de- scribed within a square. Ionic impost pilasters, about half the height of the columns to which they are attached, support a fluted frieze and enriched cornice, above which, in the upper spaces of the inter-columns, are pannels and other ornaments. The ambulatory is much lower than the rotunda, being covered with a flat ceiling, the height of the impost pilasters, with enriched soffits, ex- tended from these pilasters to others opposite to them against the wall. Between the pilasters are blank arcades with seats. Between two of the columns, immediately opposite the north or principal entrance, is a statue in bronze of his late Majesty, George III., standing on a pedestal of white marble, dressed in a Roman military habit, and holding a truncheon in his right hand. This statue, the workmanship of the famous artist, Van Nost, was a gift of his Excellency the Earl of Northumberland (then Lord Lieutenant of Ireland) to the merchants of this city, for the express purpose of being erected in the Royal Exchange of Dublin, and for which his Lordship gave Van Nost seven hundred guineas. Over the statue of his late Majesty, in one of the pannels beneath the 320 THE ROYAL EKCHANC entablature, is a handsome clock. Behiiul thr lour columns, which are opposite the four angles of the ex- terior wall of the building, desks are placed, in the small angular recesses formed at the meeting of the tangents to the circular hall ; these are not only convenient to the merchants, but contribute to square the exterior ambu- latory, and preserve an equal breadth the entire length of the walk, at every side. Both the circular hall and ambulatory are paved with square flags, alternately black and white, and gra- dually diminishing in breadth to the centre of the circle. The ambulatories are lighted by the doors of the north, east, and west sides, which are half glazed. At the eastern and western ends of the north front, are handsome oval geometrical staircases, with ornamented ballus- trades, lighted by lanterns inserted in a coved ceiling, the lanterns being the precise diameter of the central well of the staircase. On the stairs, in the north-western angle, is a beautifully executed statue of Dr. Lucas, a member of parliament for the city of Dublin, and to whom the merchants of this city are much indebted, executed by Mr. Edward Smyth, a pupil of Van Nost, and erected at the public expense: he holds in his right hand a copy of Magna Charta, and is dressed in his senato- rial robes ; on the pedestal is a bas-relief of Liberty, with her wand and cap. Van Nost and his pupil were em- ployed by the trustees to execute models in wood of the intended figure, which were accordingly submitted at the appointed time for their inspection ; but the model of the master being considered on too large a scale, Smyth's was on the point of being chosen, when Van Nost begged a postponement of the choice for a short period longer. In the interval he cut his model in two, and THE ROYAL EXCHANGE. 321 omitted part of the centre, and thus presented it a second time for judgment ; but this alteration had 50 cheated every other part of the figure of its fair proportions, that Smyth's model was immediately chosen, and the copy completely justifies the selection of the original. This staircase leads to the Coffee-room, the Court of Bankrupt Commissioners, &e. The Coffee-room is im- mediately over the entrance on the north, and the other apartments are over the ambulatories. The ceilings of those staircases are richly decorated with stucco-work ; in some of the compartments are casts of several figures found in the ruins of Hercidaneum, which being laid on coloured grounds are distinctly seen. The Trustees of the Royal Exchange are, the Lord Mayor, High Sheriffs, City Representatives, and City Treasurer, all ex officio; together with fourteen mer- chants. — There are only two officers attached to this es- tablishment, viz. the Secretary or Registrar, and the coffee-room keeper. The increase of mercantile business has called for addi- tional accommodation for the brokers, &c. employed in conducting business ; in consequence of which, the Com- mercial Buildings have been erected in Dame-street, to sup- ply the want of a sufficient number of offices in the Ex- change ; although, perhaps, either building is sufficiently extensive and commodious for an Exchange, if the matter was seriously considered by mercantile men. 322 CORN EXCHANGE BUILDINGS. CORN EXCHANGE BUILDINGS. The corn merchants of Dublin being much incon- venienced, by not having any well situated market to ex- pose their grain for sale, associated for the purpose of pro- viding themselves with one in the most advantageous manner, and also for the convenience of commercial inter- course and dealing. The following highly respectable corn-merchants, com- posing the committee, petitioned and obtained a Charter of Incorporation during the government of Earl Whit- worth, in 1S15. Leland Crosthwaite, James Conolly, J. Todhunter, R. Armstrong, A. Guiness, W. C. Colville, G. Russell, R. Pim, J. M'Call, T. Maxwell, W. P. Lu- nell, R. Shaw, I. Stewart, J. Hone, and W. Robinson, all of the city of Dublin. The corporate name of the company is, " The Corn Exchange Buildings' Company :" their funds were at first chiefly derived from subscriptions of 50/. each, by the members of the association, and leave is given in the Charter to increase capital stock to 15,000/. : but a ge- neral assembly may augment stock to double that sum, on certain conditions therein recited. (See Charter and Bye Laws, published by William Goddard, Esq. Law Agent to the Company.) The business of the company is managed by a com- mittee of 15 directors, who meet in a room in the Corn Exchange Buildings, This edifice presents a handsome front of mountain granite to Burgh Quay, consisting of two stories : in the lower, which is ornamented with rustic work, are two door ways, of an height quite disproportioned to that of CORN EXCHANGE BUILDINGS. 323 the building itself, ornamented by pillars of Portland stone. The second story is decorated by five large windows with architraves and pediments which are alter- nately circular and angular, and along the summit is a rich cornice. The south front, which is presented to Poolbeg- street, is entirely of brick. The interior is a large hall 130 feet in length, extending from Burgh Quay to Poolbeg-street ; the centre of which is divided from the ambulatories on either side by a range of metal pillars, above which is an entablature continued around the centre hall ; this forms the pedestal to a range of windows which are continued uninterruptedly round, so as to form a lantern the size of the quadrangular space below. The ceiling of the lantern is ornamented by stucco- work, and in the south end of it is placed a clock en- circled by oak leaves, sheaves of corn and implements of husbandry, all in stucco-work. The hall and ambulatories are furnished with tables surrounded by ledge boards, to lay corn samples upon on market days ; from the letting of those tables, and the rent of a large room in the front of the building, for public dinners and assemblies, the interest of the shares is paid. The total expense of completing this building is estimated at 22,000/. aryl is to be defrayed by a toll of 2s. 6d. per ton on merchandize imported into Dublin. The design was not given by any particular person, but was composed from different elevations ; the stone- work was executed by Baker and Macartney, and the masonry and stucco by Williams and Orr. The whole was executed by contract, and Mr. Halpen, of the Ballast Office, super- intended its erection. y 2 )24 THE COMMERCIAL BUILD Cije Commercial ttuinrtngs* The business transacted in the Exchange being so circumscribed, merely the purchase of bills on London, it is opened only on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, from three to four in the afternoon. A stranger visiting the Exchange at any other hour, or on any other day, would naturally inquire what that noble edifice was em- ployed for, or whether there was commercial business in Dublin to require so splendid an Exchange. However, from some ill-fated regulations, long after the opening of the Royal Exchange, on Cork-hill, the merchants as- sembled hi vast numbers, in Hampton-court, opposite Palace-street, to exhibit samples, and transact other parts of business. This system called loudly for reform in a civilized and extensive city, and the merchants determined, in a spirited manner, to relieve themselves ; accordingly a subscription was raised, principally on 50/. debentures, amounting to 20,000/. ; besides this, 13,000/. was raised as a loan guaranteed by government; and 5,000/. was raised by the sale of grounds. After this fund was col- lected, the site of the old Post-office, and one end of Crown-alley, were purchased by the trustees to erect the Commercial Buildings, the first stone of winch was laid July 29th, l?9fi ; and the building was finished, after a design of Mr. Parks, in 1799. The front of this building, which is on the north side of College Green, in the centre of an extremely elegant row of lofty houses, is of mountain-granite, throe stories high: a rusticated basement, in which is the door-way. THE COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS. 325 with Ionic pillars, and six large circular-headed windows, supports two stones, with windows ornamented with architraves ; those of the first floor are crowned by pe- diments, alternately circular and angular, and the summit of the front is finished by a handsome cornice of cut stone. The hall, which is very spacious and lofty, is pecu- liarly appropriate to the objects of this building ; on the right-hand side is an Assurance and Notary-Public's Office, and on the opposite the Coffee-room ; this, which is a noble room measuring 60 feet by 32, is well supplied with domestic and foreign papers, tables of imports and exports, and every species of mercantile advertisement ; indeed, the convenience and advantage of this apartment has caused a total desertion of the Exchange coffee-room Notwithstanding its great length, it is amply supplied with light, having three large windows at either end. The middle story contains several elegant apartments ; one in the front of the building is a private subscription- room, belonging to the merchants ; behind this, and over one end of the coffee-room, is a large room used for a Stock Exchange, where business is transacted every day between three and four o'clock in the afternoon. The remaining part of this story and all the upper one are appropriated as an hotel, for the accommodation of foreign merchants, or indeed of any respectable persons who prefer this part of the town for a temporary residence. To the rear of this building is a handsome square, con- taining the offices of the Marine and Commercial In- surance, with those of many brokers ; here also, in fine weather, the merchants congregate to buy and sell and exhibit samples. At the north side of this square is a 326 CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. door-way communicating with Cope-street, and affording a thoroughfare from Dame-street to the back streets near the river. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. About thirty years since a Chamber of Commerce was first established in this city, whose principal object was to protect its commercial interests; at their in- tercession the fees usually paid to clerks and porters, &c. on the quays were commuted for a regular per- centage on all merchandize entered. This was attended with great inconvenience where much expedition was required, for as the officer had no stimulus to extraor- dinary exertion, every person had to wait for Ins turn. — This Chamber, after an existence of several years, discon- tinued its meetings. On the 16th of November, 1820, a general meeting of merchants was held in the Commercial Buildings for the purpose of forming themselves into an association to be called " The Chamber of Commerce of the City of Dublin." — The professed objects of this association are the protec- tion and promotion of the manufacturing and commercial interests of the city in particular, and of the kingdom in general. — Members were at first admitted upon payment of one guinea admission fee, and a subscription of another annually ; but now all persons applying for admis- sion are to be admitted by ballot. An annual general assembly is held on the first Tues- day of December in each year for the purpose of electing officers : the principal of which are a president, four vice- savings' bank. 327 presidents, and a council of twenty-four. These repre- sentatives, whenever it may be required, are to hold inter- course with the officers of the Crown, in the name and on the behalf of the chamber. The president this year (1821) is Joshua Pirn, Esq. The vice-presidents are, John Lindsay, Leland Crosthwaite, and James Conolly, Esqrs. The office is in the Commercial Buildings. — For further information, see Laws and Regulations of this Association ; printed by Bentham, of Eustace-street, Dublin, 1821. SAVINGS' BANK. St. Peter's Parish Savings' Bank was established at a meeting of the parishioners, held February 16th, 1818, the Rev. James Saurin, Archdeacon of Dublin, in the chair. The object of this bank is to preserve safely, and lay out advantageously, the small savings of the in- dustrious poor. Deposits are received, of not less than ten pence, and accumulate with compound interest; but no computation of interest is made upon any sum less than 12*. 6d., after which amount, the deposits bear 4 per cent, per ann. The Savings' Bank debentures bear 4/. lis. 3d. per cent., but the 11*. 3d. goes to pay the ex- penses of the institution ; there are various regulations in the act unnecessary to mention here : it is sufficient to shew the general principles, and also the great utility of the establishment. In the space of two years and a half there has been received from depositors the sum of 45,000/., and, after repayments, there remains (June 28th, 1821,) the sum of 23,000/. A depositor can draw his money, by giving one week's notice. The bank is kept at No. 10, ^ 32$ GAS LIGHT COMPANY. CufTe-strcet, and is open every Monday, from three to live o'clock. Th.) deposits are daily increasing, and on Monday, the 25th June, 1821, 1,138/. was received in the short space of two hours. The bank is governed by a president, (the Lord Chancellor,) eight vice-presidents, twelve trustees, and a managing committee of fifty-two gentlemen ; and the business is transacted by two of the members of the managing committee, chosen alphabe- tically, together with the treasurer, who of course do not reserve salaries. There is a small pamphlet, published by Jones, in Great George's-street, containing all the regu- lations of this excellent institution, and the names of the original committee, who so warmly seconded the views of Dr. Saurin, in establishing it. GAS LIGHT COMPANY. In 1820, an act was passed for lighting the city of Dublin with Gas, and twenty-nine commissioners, or proprietors, (at the head of whom is his Grace the Duke of Leinster,) were appointed, who have permission to conduct the lighting of the city, under certain re- restrictions. It is in the first place required that 50,000/. shall be subscribed, before the act be executed, and in case that sum be insuilicient, a further sum of 12,500/. may be raised. It is further strictly enjoined that the gasometer be erected hi a suitable place, and the refuse not permitted to run into the river Liffcy. The pro- visions of the act enable the commissioners to procure a supply of gas, for illuminating the streets and squares, at a reasonable charge, whenever they require it. As soon as the sum of ten thousand pounds shall be ac- THE LINEN AND YARN HALL. 329 cumulated, by savings set apart at the rate of five per cent, per ann. arising from the profits, a dividend shall be made of the profits, and not before. The company are at present actively employed in laying - pipes in all the public streets, and there can be no doubt whatever, that the introduction of Gas Light will be In various ways beneficial to shop-keepers. The affairs of the company are conducted by a go- vernor, deputy governor, five directors, a treasurer and clerk. The office is situated in Foster-place, College- green. THE LINEN AND YARN HALL Of Dublin, was first erected in the year 1728, and has continued to extend from that period to the present day. The building occupies a space of ground of nearly three acres, and contains 557 apartments; of this number 4-92 are appropriated to the storage of linens and the remainder for yarn. These apartments are kept in order by the Linen Board, out of the funds intrusted to their care by parliament, for the use of the trade ; and the several dealers in the country forward their linens to tliis building as suits their convenience. When the building was first erected, three markets were appointed to be held in the year, namely, one in February, one in June, and one in October; but, since the increase of the trade, and the great facility afforded in travelling, the English buyers resort hither at various other periods. In this establishment maybe purchased linen of every description, from the finest damask, and linens to the coarsest fabricks ; thus fur- nishing a great and constant mart for the trade of the fa —Hi— J r 330 THE LINEN AND YARN HALL. United Kingdom. The Yarn Hall is the great depot for the sale of this article from various counties, which, in consequence of the regulations established by the board, has become of vast importance to the country. All these concerns are under the care of a Chamberlain, whose duty it is to superintend them, and report when any vacancy occurs in any of the rooms, (which are granted by the board during pleasure to the different factors,) and to check any impropriety on the part of the servants of the establishment. Regular gate-keepers and watchmen are attached to the hall, and a fire-engine with a suitable establishment, and the greatest care is observed to prevent any accident either by fire or stealth. An account is kept of all Linen and Yarn coming in and going out of the building, and the greatest regularity observed in every department. This valuable mart of our great staple manufacture is well worthy of the in- spection of the public. Before this building was erected, the linen factors met in a garret in the Castle, with which they were ac- commodated, in consequence of their tenement on Cork- hill being insufficient for their purposes ; and their affairs were conducted by trustees appointed in 1711. Their trade still increasing, they petitioned for a " larger garret" in reply to which they received the grant for the erecting of the present Linen Hall. The woollen, silk, and cotton manufactories, are not reduced under the controul of bodies corporate, and therefore do not afford an opportunity of being treated of hi a work of a public nature. STOVE TENTER-HOUSE. 331 STOVE TENTER-HOUSE. What one great and good man can effect, towards ameliorating the condition of his fellow creatures, is strikingly proved by the following sketch of the Stove Tenter-house, in Brown-street, in the Earl of Meath's liberty, erected by Thomas Pleasants, Esq. in 1815, at an expense of 12,964 I. \2s. lOd. exclusive of the solicitor's bill of cost. In the space of twelve months 1018 pieces of cloth were tentered, 1588 chains or warps were sized and dried, and 1450 stones of wool were dyed, beneath the shelter of this truly charitable asylum. Before the erection of this building, the poor weavers in the liberty were wholly destitute of employment in rainy weather, or else endeavoured to tenter their cloths before the ale-house fire ; the natural consequence of this wretched state was an inducement to drink, conse- quently to run in debt, and ultimately be removed to the Debtors'-prison. The jails were crowded with persons of this description, and the hospitals filled with others labouring under disease of mind and body, resulting from the pressure of want. After the building of the Tenter-house, during the season of extreme and general distress, in 1816, not one woollen weaver was found imploring relief, or within the walls of a prison ; need we wonder then at the extra- vagant blessings and prayers bestowed by thirty thou- sand persons on one of the noblest characters, in point of pure beneficence and patriotism, that ever adorned this country. The stranger will learn with gladness, that Mr. Pleasants lived to witness the matured success of this truly-benevolent design. The building, which is situated between Cork-street 332 STOVE TENTER-HOUSE. and Brown-street, a little to the east of the Fever Hos- pital, is a brick edifice 275 feet in length, and three stories high. In the centre is a cupola and spire, and at either extremity a pavilion, in the pediment of which are the weavers' arms, carved in stone, with this motto " Re e mer-ito.'' The lowest story contains the stoves by which the horizontal flues, the length of the entire building, are heated ; the upper ones contain the tenter frames, which are capable of being expanded or contracted, so as to stretch the cloth to any degree of tension. The heat ascends without interruption to the very roof, the floors of the upper stories being composed of bars of hammered iron, placed parallel, and at intervals from each other, and the cloth is conveyed away upon a small dray, running on the parallel bars as on a rail-way. The prices for the drying of cloth and chains are posted up in the galleries ; for every piece of cloth dried in the winter months 3s. 4,d. ; and for other articles, prices in proportion ; this charge is diminished in summer, when lire is not required, as it is intended merely to defray the expense of fuel, and keep the house in repair. In the front lawn is a spa, rising at a depth of 40 feet from the surface, through a bituminous lime-stone which abounds in this part of the city ; it has been analyzed by Dr. Barker, Professor of Chemistry in the University of Dublin, and recommended for the cure of cutaneous and bilious complaints. At the gate-lodge is a book for the registry of the names of those who are disposed to express their admiration of this patriotic example, and amongst them may be seen marked expressions of heartfelt satisfaction, in the hand- writing of Lords O'Neil, Sandon, Manners, and several others. ROYAL HOSPITAL, KILMAINHAM. 333 Sulmatnljam Stetofi* We find, that before the year 606 there was a priory, on the south side of the city, not far from the Liffey, called the Priory of Kilmaignend, from St. Magnend, who had been prior in that year, and whose festival was ob- served the 18th December. Within the cemetery of tins priory, in a place now called the Hospital Fields, a lofty stone pillar of rude workmanship is pointed out as the burying-place of Brian Boroimhe, King of Ireland, and Murchad his son, who fell in the battle of Clontarf in 1014 ; but this is quite erroneous, for the bodies of Brian and his son were borne from the field of battle to the monastery of St. Columba at Swords, seven miles north of Dublin, and were there laid in state, until Moelmurry Mac Eoch, Primate of Armagh, arrived with the sacred reliques, and removed them to the Cathedral of Armagh, where they were solemnly interred in stone coffins, ac- cording to the request of King Brian himself. The pillar which is shown is the remains of an ancient cross. ftoyal hospital, &iimaml)am* On the site of Kilmaignend was erected the ancient priory of Kilmainham, established in 1174, by Richard Strongbow, Earl of Pembroke or Strigul, for Knights Templars, under the invocation of St. John the Baplisi. and a confirmation was granted by Henry II. the sam< 3:34 ROYAL HOSPITAL, KILM AINI1AM. year. These Knights, who were exempt from all ordi- nary jurisdiction, were of the order of St. John of Jeru- salem; and this priory was not only an alms-house, but also an hospital for the sick. After bestowing the lands of Kilmainham on this priory, Strongbow expired in 1176, and was interred in Christ Church. The first prior was Hugh de Cloghall, who held that office about 1190, after whose government King John granted to the City of Dublin, that " the Knights Templars, or Hospitallers, should hold neither person or messuage exempt from the common customs of the city, one alone excepted." Edward II. sent a mandate to John Wogan, Jus- ticiary of Ireland, accompanied by a copy of the order made for the suppression of the Knights Templars in England, enjoining him to have the same executed in Ireland before the rumour should have reached that country ; accordingly, in 1307, on the day of the Purifi- cation, the Templars were seized upon in every part of the kingdom, and confined in the Castle of Dublin. The institution of the order of Knights Templars was peculiarly calculated to suit the romantic and chivalrous age in which it arose, viz. about 1118, and so powerful was its influence, that, during the 200 years which tliis order existed, it had actually acquired 16,000 lordships. However, the extravagant bearing and unchristian-like conduct of the Knights afforded ample grounds to that ava- ricious and designing prince, Philip of France, to impeach their reputation ; and upon charges of sorcery, idolatry, and other dreadful crimes, their estates were confiscated, and their persons cast into prison. Edward II. followed «the example of his Royal neighbour ; and after a solemn trial held in Dublin, before Friar Richard Balybyn, ROYAL HOSPITAL, KILMAINHAM. 335 Minister of the Order of Dominicians, the Templars were condemned, but more in conformity with the general feeling of the rest of Europe, than from any evidence of their infamy. The lands and possessions of this priory were then bestowed upon the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem by the Pope, and the grant confirmed by the King ; and it became an hospital for guests and strangers, to the com- plete exclusion of the infirm and sick, who had been always received by the Knights Templars. The priory was henceforth held by persons of great rank, and many priors were also Chancellors and Lords Deputy of Ireland, and every prior sat as a Baron in the House of Lords. In 1447, Thomas Fitz Gerald, grandson of Thomas, Earl of Kildare, then prior, being in London, accused James, Earl of Ormond, of high treason, and a combat was appointed to be fought between them, in a chivalrous manner, in Smithfield ; but the King inter- rupted the combat, and prevented bloodshed. James Keating, who was prior in 1482, having exhibited an extremely turbulent disposition, in seizing on the Castle of Dublin with armed men, breaking down the bridge over the Liflfey, and disposing of the property of the hospital, was removed from the office, and excommu- nicated ; and Marmaduke Lomley, an Englishman, of a noble family, appointed to succeed him. But Lomley, landing at Clontarf, was seized by Keating, and com- pelled to resign his letters of appointment, on which he retired into the county of Lowth, where he is supposed to have died of a broken heart. The impetuosity of Keating, hurried him on to the most flagrant violences, and he next lent his warmest support to the scheme of raising Lambert Stinnett to the throne of England. It was then 230 ROYAL HOSPITAL, KILMAINHAM. enacted that the prior of Kilmainham should henceforth be a person of English descent ; and John Rawson, an Englishman, was elected prior, some years after Keat- ing's excommunication. Aided by the priors of the Holy Trinity and All-saints, during the Christmas festival of J 528, Rawson entertained the Lord Deputy, Piers Butler, Earl of Ossory, with two plays, the one repre- senting the Passion of our Saviour, the other the different deaths of the apostles; and on the same stage, which was erected in Hoggins, now College-green, th corporations of the city exhibited a new play every- day. In 1535, William Skeffington, the Lord Deputy, ex- pired in this hospital, which had been used several years previous to its fall, for the summer residence of the Lord Deputy. In the same year, Rawson, with the con- sent of the chapter, surrendered the priory and all its possessions to the King, for which he was created Vis- count Clontarf, with a salary of 500 marks out of the hospital estate. George Brown, Archbishop of Dublin, obtained a license from Henry VIII. March 8th, 1545, the year before that Monarch's death, to unite the church of St. John the Baptist, at Kilmainham, and that of St, James without the suburbs, to the church of St. Catha- rine within the suburbs. But Cardinal Pole, the Pope's legate, restored the prior of Kilmainham to his autho- rity about twelve years afterwards; and March 8, 155?, Mary confirmed him in his possessions, and regrantcd the priory to Sir Oswald Massingberd, of Massingberd. who held the office until the second of Queen Eliza- beth, when, by an act of Parliament, it was annexed to the crown, and continued so until the rvjign of Charles II. ROYAL HOSPITAL, KILM AINHAM. 337 Upon the confiscation of the property, and suppression of the dignities of the prior by Elizabeth, Sir Oswald se- cretly escaped from the kingdom, and died in obscurity. After this period, the property of the priory was gradually disposed of to private persons, for pecuniary con- sideration, and to the cathedral and churches gratuitously. About 1675, Arthur, Earl of Granard, Marshal General of Ireland, (according to Harris,) first entertained the idea of instituting an asylum for the disabled and superannuated soldier, the best part of whose life had been devoted to the service of his country. Arthur Capel, Earl of Essex, then Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, was so much struck with the nobleness of the plan, that he directed a proper site to be forthwith selected ; nothing- further, however, was done during his government Lord Granard, says Harris, borrowed his idea from the Hospital of Invalids, founded by Louis XIV. ; and the internal ar- rangements resemble those of Chelsea, in England. On the 24th August, 1677, the Duke of Ormond was sworn Lord Lieutenant, and, owing to the incessant ap- plication of this patriot on the same subject, Charles II. was induced to grant his request. A committee was appointed (Oct. 27th, 1679,) to make an estimate of the number of invalids that would require accommodation, and to inspect the ground within the park wall, on ihe south of the river. The first stone of the edifice was laid by his Grace, April 29th, 1680; and the second by Francis, Earl of Longford, Master-general of the Ordnance. It was built after a design of Sir Christopher Wren, and was completed in less than three years, for 23,559/.* In 1638, Richard Talbot, Eari of Tyrconnel, repre- • An abstract of the charter may be seen in Harrii. 7. 338 ROYAL HOSPITAL, KILMAINHAM. sented to the king (James II.) that the charter was de- fective; and Lord Chancellor Fitton declared, that the tenure of the hospital and lands, " to be held for ever in Frank Almoigne," was illegal, whereupon they sup- plicated his Majesty to withdraw the charter. Lord Tyrconnel then became absolute master, admitted Roman Catholics to the benefits of the hospital, and had the service of the church of Rome celebrated in the hospital chapel. The charter, however, was preserved by Robert Curtis, Esq. Registrar, who escaped with it into England, and detained it in his custody, until he surrendered it to Charles Fielding the Master, some time after James's abdication. The building, which is now most commonly called the Old Man's Hospital, is a pile 306 feet by 288, having in its interior a handsome court-yard, 210 feet square, with grass plats, intersected by four walks meeting hi the centre ; this is surrounded on three sides and part of the fourth by a piazza (13 feet wide) formed by 59 Doric arches, and affording a covered passage to the dining hall, in the centre of the north front. This hall, which is 100 feet by 50, has the lower half of its walls wainscotted with oak, and painted white. The guns, swords, &c. of the soldiers, are arranged like those in a regular armoury, and on the upper part of the walls are twenty-two full-length portraits, beginning at the west end, next the gallery, with the founder 1. Charles II. 2. William III. 3. Queen Mary. 4. Queen Anne. 5. George, Prince of Denmark. G. Lionel, Duke of Dorset, Lord Lieutenant, 1734. ROYAL HOSPITAL, K1LMAINIIAM. 330 On the north side, 7. William, Duke of Devonshire, Lord Lt. 1737. 8. James, Duke of Ormond, LordLt. 1662. 9. Thomas, Earl of Ossory, Lord Deputy, 1664. 10. Richard, Earl of Arran, Lord Deputy, 1684. 11. Michael Boyle, Lord Primate, Lord Justice, 1685. 12. Thomas Lord Coningsby, Lord Justice, 1690. 13. Sir Cysil Wyche, a Lord Justice, 1693. 14. Sir Charles Porter, Lord Chancellor, a Lord Justice, 1696. 15. Henry, Earl of Galway, a Lord Justice, 1697. 16. Narcissus Marsh, Lord Primate, a Lord Justice, J 699. 17. Charles, Earl of Berkeley, a Lord Justice, 1699. 18. Laurence, Earl of Rochester, Lord Lieut. 1701. 19. General Thomas Erie, a Lord Justice, 1702. At the east end, 20. Thomas Knightly, Esq. a Lord Justice, 1702. 21. Sir Richard Cox, Lord Chancellor, a Lord Justice, 1704. 22. Lieutenant- General Frederick Hamilton, a Lord Justice, 1718. A gallery leading from the apartments of the com- mander of the forces, who resides as governor, to the chapel, runs along the south side of the hall, supported by brackets of carved oak, representing different figures, as large as life. The ceiling is in a very massive and heavy style, divided into three compartments, the centre of which is occupied by the dial of a clock, about 10 feet in diameter. At the east end is a large door-way opening into the chapel, which is 80 feet by 40. The appearance of the chapel is extremely imposing and venerable ; the 340 ROYAL HOSPITAL, KILMAINHAM. large east window is ornamented with painted i and beneath is the communion table of carved Irish oak, beautifully executed. The ceiling is coved, and divided into compartments of, perhaps, the richest stucco work m the kingdom. The governor's seat is beneath a canopy in the gallery, at the west end of the chapel ; there are a fen pews at either side, for the accommodation of the dif- ferent officers of the hospital, and forms are placed along the aisle for the common soldiers. The remaining part of the north side of the quad- rangle is occupied by the commander of the forces, and usually called the Governor's house. These apartments are beautifully situated, commanding a view of an ex- tensive and highly-cultivated valley, watered by the LifTey, and of the grounds of Phoenix park, with the Wellington Testimonial, the Royal Infirmary, and Sarah's Bridge. This bridge, the most westerly of those in the vicinity of Dublin, consists of an arch, the span of which is 104 feet, and the altitude, at low water, 30, being 7 wider than the celebrated Rialto at Venice. This beautiful structure was named from Sarah, Countess of Westmorland, who laid the first stone, June 22, 17 9 J. The north front, which contains the governor's apart- ments, hall, and chapel, has a projecting centre, deco- rated with four Corinthian pilasters and a pediment. In this is a door-way, likewise adorned with pilasters and a semicircular pediment, and above it are the arms of the Duke of Ormond ; on either side is one large arched window. From this centre rises the steeple, the lower story of which is a square tower with an arched window on each side, crowned with a heavy en- tablature, and an urn at each angle. The second di- vision is of less diameter and height, and contains a ROYAL HOSPITAL, KILMAINHAM. 341 clock; the whole terminates in a short spire, with a ball and rane. The front, on each side of the centre, has large circular- headed windows nearly the height of the building, and in the roof, which is greatly elevated, are dormers. The greatest circumspection is used in the admission of persons to view the northern front, for some unknown, but, it is to be hoped, prudent reason. There are up- wards of 260 pensioners accommodated in this retire- ment, who are comfortably clad and fed, and have each one pound of bread and two quarts of beer every day, with eighteen ounces of mutton twice a week, and the same quantity of beef on three days, with an allowance of cheese on the other days. Sir David Baird has lately restored the costume worn by the invalids in the reign of Charles II. At convenient distances round the hospital are different offices, viz. the deputy governors house, the infirmary, &c. Besides the resident pensioners of this asylum, there are upwards of 3,000 out-door pensioners supported by his Majesty's bounty. At the institution of the hospital, its expenses were defrayed by a deduction from the pay of the soldiers and officers on actual service, but this has wisely been discontinued. The annual expenditure for the support of the establishment, is under 20,000/. and that of the externs amounts to about 50,000/. The approach to this building was formerly through the most disagreeable and filthy part of the town, but this was subsequently remedied by a road through the hospital grounds and Lord Galway's walk, and is now completely so, by the formation of a pleasant drive on the banks of the LifTey, called the Military road, the entrance to which is through an embattled gateway on Usher's Island, erected after a design of Francis 342 BLUE-COAT BOYS 1 HOSPITAL. Johnston, Esq,, an architect to whom Dublin Ei indebted for many of its recent structures and embel- lishments. The principal officers of state are appointed governors by charter. The present Master is the Right Hon. Sir David Baird, Bart. G. C. B. and K. C; Deputy Master, Major- general Lord Aylmer, K. C. B ; who, together with the Chaplain, Surgeon, Registrar, &c. reside at the Hospital. BLUE-COAT BOYS' HOSPITAL.— BLACKALL- STREET. The finest charitable institution ever erected in Dublin was the Old Blue-Coat Hospital in Queen-street, esta- blished at the expense of the corporation of Dublin, to whom Charles II. granted a charter for that purpose in 1 G ? 0. The original plan was of a most extensive, and, indeed, impracticable nature ; its object was to give shelter and protection to all the poor of the city and their numerous offspring; but tins extravagant project was relinquished for one more rational and feasible ; namely, to educate and maintain the sons of freemen who had been unsuc- cessful in trade. The building, although of mean ap- pearance in front, covered a considerable space, and previously to the erection of the Parliament-house in 1729, the Parliament sat in this hospital. The present edifice, the foundation stone of which was laid in 1773, by Earl Harcourt, then Lord Lieutenant, stands opposite the extremity of Blackall-street, on Oxman- town* Green. The architect was Thomas Ivory, who also built Lord Newcomen's Bank. The front, consisting of a centre and wings, is of Portland stone, it extends 300 feet, and faces a handsome court enclosed with iron railing on a * A corruption of Ostman, or Eastman, town. BLUE-COAT BOYS' HOSPITAL,, 343 dwarf wall. The body of the building, which is 90 feet long by 45 in height, consists of a rusticated basement, principal floor, and mezzanine; the central division is decorated with four Ionic columns, supporting a pediment with a plain tympanum. The entablature of the order is continued along the front, which has two windows and two mezzanines above, on either side of the centre. Above the latter a tower was to have been erected, but for want of funds this has never been executed, although the octa- gonal basement has been actually commenced — " pen- dent opera interrupta." This part of the building is appropriated solely to the use of the resident officers of the establishment, such as Chaplain, Registrar, &c. with the exception of a Record and a Board Room, the latter of which is an extremely elegant apartment. Here may be seen a drawing of the elevation as it was designed by the architect; there is an excellent engraving also of the intended hospital in Malton's Views, and one in those published by Poole and Cash in 1780. The wings are connected to the body by two curved screen walls, ornamented with niches, and surmounted by a stone balustrade ; behind these screens the different buildings, which are only rough stone plastered, are ex- posed to view, as well as the sides of the chapel and school- room, which considerably diminishes the merit of this very elegant design. The wings have a projecting break in the middle, crowned with a pediment, and a large arched window placed within an arcade ; on either side of this projection is a niche with a festoon above. There are no windows in the basement, but beneath the great window is a large pannel. In the north wing is the chapel, 65 feet by 32, plain 344 BLUE-COAT BOYS' HOSPITAL. but well proportioned, the altar-piece, executed by Waldre, represents the Resurrection. In the opposite wing is the school-room, where are portraits of George II. and his Queen, William and Mary, and some others ; these were removed hither from the Tholsel, which building was lately taken down. There are several buildings at the rear, viz. dormitories, dining-hall, and Infirmary, also a large bowling-green, where the boys exercise. Upwards of 20,000/. has already been expended, and certainly not less than 10,000/. more would be requisite to finish the building according to the original design. The number of boys is between 150 and 200, the age for admission is from 8 to 12, and they must previously undergo surgical inspection, to prove that they are not subject to any personal defect, or infected by any con- tagious disease. At present the funds are incapable of supporting more than 110. Besides the sons of freemen, who are presented to the hospital by the corporation, there are seven presented by the Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench, who, with his well-known munificence, resigned the emoluments of his office as Treasurer for their maintenance. There are 50 supported on the establishment by the Governors of Sir Erasmus Smith's charitable fund. Henry Osborn, of Dardistown, in the county of Meath, Esq. bequeathed 1,000/. to this hospital, on condition that the Lord Bishop of Meath, as trustee to his will, should have the right of presentation to ten vacancies in the hospital. James Southwell, Esq. bequeathed a sum of 450/. for the support of two boys, the vacancies to be filled by. order of the Rector of St. Werburgh's parish. The revenues of the hospital, which arise from various MARINE SCHOOL. 345 sources, amount to about 4,000/. per annum; part of it is derived from landed property in Tipperary, Wexford, and Dublin; 250/. per annum from the corporation of Dublin, in lieu of a toll on corn ; and about 300 guineas per annum paid by the Lord Mayor and Sheriffs on being elected ; together with the emoluments of the treasure- ship, 228/. per annum, which the present Lord Chief Justice Downes has so charitably resigned for the benefit of the hospital. The guild of merchants subscribe 20/. per annum for the support of a mathematical master, to instruct 10 boys destined for a sea-faring life; and when boys are sufficiently educated and arrived at a proper age, they are apprenticed to persons in respectable trades, with an accompanying fee of 5/., which is very frequently returned to the charity. The manner in which this charity has been conducted for a number of years, affords a strong presumption in favour of the system of governing by a number of re- spectable persons, not deriving pecuniary advantage from their directorships ; for there is not an establishment in the metropolis governed with more prudence, more economy, or upon more liberal and independent prin- ciples. MARINE SCHOOL. This humane and useful institution is situated on Sir John Rogerson's quay, on the north side of the Liffey. It owes its origin to the united efforts of the following gentlemen, David Latouche, George Simpson, Luke Mener, William Lyndon, David Burleigh, Theophilus Thompson, William and Thomas Barton, and Alexander Schomberg, Esqrs. These gentlemen, impressed by the 340 MARINE SCHOOL. noblest feelings of humanity, and commiserating sincerely the destitute situation of those orphans whose parents devoted the most valuable years of their existence to the preservation of their country in the war of 1760, i blished an asylum at Ringsend for the purpose of clothing, dieting, and educating the orphans and sons of seafaring men. Into this establishment, about twenty deserving ob- jects were admitted to the enjoyment of these advant. about the year 1766, and the only fund for its support was derived from charitable contributions. But an in- stitution so useful to a naval and commercial kingdom, could not long remain unnoticed by a judicious govern- ment, and on the 20th day of June, 1775, the Royal Marine School obtained a charter, appointing the Lord Lieutenant, the Primate, the Lord Chancellor, the members for the city, the Lord Mayor, the senior master of the Guild of Merchants, and the Archdeacon of Dublin, all for the time being, governors of this charity, with whom the original founders were by act incorporated. The objects of this institution are not only the support of these children, but to instruct them carefully in reading, writing, arithmetic, navigation, and the sacred writings, and afterwards apprenticing them to masters of vessels, to whom they are a great acquisition. The establishment is at present conducted in a most creditable and economical manner by the master, Mr. Baker, whose sagacity readily detected the difficulty of providing for boys so instructed, after the cessation of hostilities and the decay of trade. He has accordingly introduced shoe- making, tailoring, &c. as a part of their education ; first, reducing the expense of their cloth- ing to less than half its former amount, and also providing for their future subsistence, when their apprenticeships MARINE SCHOOL. 347 shall hare expired, and their services, perhaps, be no longer required. There are at present (1821) one hundred and eighty boys on the establishment, the greatest number it was ever known to accommodate ; for the instruction and su- perintendance of this great number, only two persons are employed, a master and one assistant, and there is, not- withstanding, no charitable institution in the country more neatly kept, or where the improvement of the pupils is more considerable. Before the appointment of the present respectable master, who was formerly a commissioned officer in his Majesty's service, this charity was much abused; in the year 1809, three boys were expelled, two died, and 31 eloped; and from the oth of January, 1814, to the 5th of January, 1821, a period of seven years, we find 351 boys were registered on the books ; of these, 85 were apprenticed to masters of vessels. 58 volunteered into the Royal Navy. 9 were discharged, as unfit for service. 4 ditto for improper conduct. 4 died. 14 eloped. Total 174— leaving 180 in the school. From this scale, it is evident the average of elopements, which formerly exceeded 20, is reduced to 2 per annum. The number of deaths does not exceed one in two years, and on the 1st of June, 1821, there were no inva- lids in the infirmary. The building, which is after a design of Thomas Ivory, Esq., presents a front of granite-stone to the quays, having a court-yard before it, enclosed by a wall ten feet high ; 348 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS. there are wings on either side, one of which is the chapel and the other the school-room. The upper part of the house is used as a dormitory, and the lower stories give accommodation to the master, assistant, and house- keeper. The only room in the establishment, quite unfit for the purpose it is applied to, is the dining-hall, which is in the underground story, and is low, dark, and damp, and only requires to be visited by those in whose power it is to remedy the evil, to prove its total inadequacy and unfitness. The infirmary is also injudiciously situated, occupying a room in the centre of the building, and some years since, when the establishment was not con- ducted with the care and ability which marks every part of its present arrangements, the governors were obliged to rent a lodging, at some distance from Dublin, as an in- firmary, but this is no longer found requisite. — For any further information respecting this Society, see the Charter and Bye Laws, printed 1789. COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS, SIR PATRICK DUN'S HOSPITAL. This body was first incorporated in the reign of Charles II., but the charter then granted having been found insufficient for the purposes for which it was de- signed, was surrendered in 1692, and a new one ob- tained from William and Mary, incorporating the body by the name of the King and Queen's College of Physi- cians in Ireland. By this charter it is directed that there shall be 1 1 fellows, one of whom is to be president ; the other officers COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS. 340 are a vice- president, four censors, a treasurer, and a re- gistrar. The office of president circulates amongst the senior fellows of the body, the vice-president is one of the censors, and the junior censor is usually the registrar. The censors are chosen indiscriminately from the fellows at large, but the four junior ones are commonly appointed. The treasurer is likewise elected from the body of the fellows. Their charter conferred on this body consi- derable powers, but, as it was not confirmed by Act of Parliament, it has never been attempted to be acted on by them. Several acts have however been passed by Parliament, which confirm parts of the charter, and even confer new powers. The censors are now authorised by law to search the shops and warehouses of apothecaries, druggists, and chemists, and to destroy any articles of medicine which are of a bad description. A principal share in the conduct of the School of Physic in Ireland is also, by Act of Parliament, imposed on the College of Physicians, and they still possess the power of summon- ing all practitioners of medicine before them in order to be examined ; the charter enables the College to impose pecuniary fines, and even personal confinement, in case the practitioner so summoned fails to appear; but the charter not having been confirmed by Parliament, such proceedings are never resorted to. The College has the power of publishing the names of those who refuse to appear, and tins is perhaps a more serious alternative than a pecuniary fine. The objects for which this body is designed are nearly the same as those of the College of Physicians in London, except that the Dublin College has a considerable share in the management of the medical school in Ireland, (see School of Physic ;) whereas there is no regular school in .350 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS. London. The constitutions of both Colleges resemble each other, no physician can be a fellow of either who has not received a regular education, and passed through one of the Universities, Oxford, Cambridge, or Dublin. All persons, whether graduates in arts or not, may be- come licentiates of either on passing the accustomed exa- mination, and on agreeing to confine themselves to the practice of medicine alone. It having been provided by law, that all fellows who should become possessed of ap- pointments by which they derive emolument from the trust funds of the College, should " ipso facto" vacate their fellowships, such persons are generally made honorary fellows on their resignation. Thus there are three classes of members : — 1st, Fellows on whom the entire manage- ment of the College depends ; 2nd, Honorary Fellows, who cannot take a part in the financial affairs of the Col- lege, but may be summoned to meetings on extraordinary occasions, and vote on affairs of general concern; and 3rd, Licentiates, who have nothing whatever to do with the management of the College, but may yet also be summoned on occasions of importance. The number of fellows is not limited by the Act to 14, whence, in case of ill health, absence from town, or other cause preventing the attendance of any fellow, there are, generally, two or three above the number, so as always to have a full board. Almost all the physicians who intend practising in Dublin, find it necessary to take licenses from the College, for, from the internal regulations adopted among the members, it would be absolutely impossible for a person to attain rank in the profession who is not a licen- tiate of the College. The candidate for license is examined during two days, on the first in anatomy and physiology, by the fourth or junior censor, and in materia medica, COLLEGE OF SURGEONS. 351 pharmacy, chemistry and botany, by the third censor; on the second day he is examined in all these branches by the fourth censor, on acute diseases by the third, on chronic by the second, on non-naturals by the senior; and in Greek (such as Hippocrates or Aretaeus) by the pre- sident. The meetings are held at Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital, in a board-room, which the College have reserved for their use ; adjoining it is a very valuable library, consisting chiefly of old writers on medicine ; no addition has been lately made to it since the Act of Parliament appropriated the surplus of the funds of the estates of Sir Patrick Dun to the erection of an hospital for the use of the School of Physic, and, until the execution of that object, it forbade the expenditure of any part of that revenue on the library; the hospital being now completed, it is expected that the library affairs will be taken, as speedily as possible, into consideration. The officers consist of a president, four censors, and nine fellows. The members of this College are the trustees of the estates bequeathed by Sir Patrick Dun, for the purpose of promoting improvement in medical education ; they have the power of disposing of the lands, and are constituted, by Act of Parliament, Guardians of the School of Physic in Ireland. COLLEGE OF SURGEONS. Though Ireland has always been distinguished for producing skilful surgeons, there was no regular system of education established there until 1784, when a charter --^ k. 352 COLLEGE OF SURGEONS. was granted for the foundation of a College, which held its first meeting March 2nd, in that year. From that moment the practice of surgery has improved in a manner creditable to the most enlightened nation ; this is to be attributed to various circumstances, to the zeal of the founders, and to the liberality which admitted all religious persuasions to hold the highest honours in the profession, if their qualifications rendered them the most eligible. The candidate for admission amongst this respectable bodv is first examined in classics, he is then required to serve an apprenticeship of five years to a senior practitioner, during which period he attends hospitals daily, and sur- gical lectures, both in the College and privately ; and should his object be to obtain a license, a most strict examination is held by a Court of Examiners, who frequently reject candidates, who are capable, without additional prepara- tion, of obtaining a license in London; thereby demon- strating, the comparative accuracy of the Dublin Col- lege in granting licenses. It is not necessary for any army or navy surgeons either to serve the apprentice- ship or undergo so serious an examination ; they can ob- tain a certificate of qualification with considerably less trouble ; and, by a late regulation, the certificate of tins College is sufficient qualification to hold an employment in England. The licentiate who happens to be rejected, may appeal to a court of twelve examiners, who some- times reverse the former decree and grant the license, but this is not of frequent occurrence- There are six professors who give lectures on different branches, and are paid by the results of the tickets they dispose of to the pupils. The profassorsliips are — 1. Anatomy and Phy- siology ; 2. Theory and Practice of Surgery ; 3. Trac- tiee of Physic ; 4. Surgical Pharmacy ; 5. Midwifery, COLLEGE OF SURGEONS. 353 and the Diseases of Women and Children ; and 6. .Botany. The annual courses of lectures commence on the last Monday in October, and all (except botany) terminate the first week in May. The botanical course commences in April, and continues during summer. The lecture-room can accommodate 800 persons, and to this there is attached a gallery, for the public to witness the dissection of malefactors. There are, besides, two museums, (one public, the other private,) a dissecting- room on a very extensive scale, and drying lofts for making preparations; the public dissecting-room con- tains twenty tables, at each of which two students may be employed. The demonstration-room is capable of containing about 100 persons. The former College was situated in the midst of a wretched assemblage of small buildings at the junction of Mercer-street with Johnson's Place, and adjoining Mercer's Hospital ; this becoming too small for the number of students, the present building was erected at an expense of 25,000/. granted by parliament for that purpose, on a piece of ground in Stephen's Green, at the corner of York-street, formerly the burial-ground of Quakers. The building is a small neat edifice, the front of which, facing the Green, measures 4o feet. The first stone was laid 17th March, 1806, by John, Duke of Bedford, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. It consists of two stories, the basement built of mountain-granite ; the facade, which is of the Doric order, is of Portland- stone; in the hall, which would be grand, but that it wants height, is a bust of his Majesty George IV. ; the staircase and apartments ~ 354 COLLEGE OF SURGEONS. already mentioned are executed in a plain, neat, and be- coming manner, nor is there any establishment in the country that affords greater benefit or greater satisfaction to the public. The library, which is on the ground floor, is an excel- lent room, about 50 feet by 20, and contains a good col- lection of surgical works. Every licentiate is permitted to make use of the books. Over the library is an excel- lent collection of preparations, which, although the museum is in its infancy, are highly deserving the atten- tion of the student in surgery ; the preparation of one of the lower extremities is one of the most admirable speci- mens of the art to be met with. It is but justice to Mr. Shekelton, who has so materially contributed to supply the museum with valuable preparations, to give the circumstance publicity. At one end of the museum near the door, are two busts of statuary marble, the workmanship of John Smith, the one of Mr. Stewart, late surgeon-general, and the other that of surgeon Dease, a distinguished and early member of the College of Surgeons. The board, or committee room, is a spacious apart- ment, with a handsome stuccoed ceiling, lighted by three large circular-headed windows ; at one end is a full-length portrait of Dr. Renny, to whose exertions the College are indebted for their present charter, and at the other that of James Henthorn, thirty years secretary to the College. In the centre of the room stands an enormous stuffed skin of a camelopard. There are many other small and convenient apartments appropriated to the use of the registrar, house keeper, &c. ■ ASSOCIATION OF PHYSICIANS. ASSOCIATION OF MEMBERS OF THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS IN IRELAND.-COLLEGE- GREEN. This Society was instituted in 1816, for the purpose of encouraging an intimate union amongst the members of the College of Physicians, and for the general purposes ol advancing medical science. The members of the College consisting of three different classes, fellows, honorary fellows, and licentiates, it was thought desirable that the individuals composing these several classes should form themselves into a body open to all members. The Association consisted, at first, of but one class of members, viz. those who belonged to the College of Physicians in Ireland, but subsequently it was determined to follow the example of other learned societies, as well at home as abroad, in instituting a class of corresponding members ; this class contains the names of some of the most cele- brated medical men on the continent, as well as those of some most respectable practitioners in England and the country parts of Ireland. The members meet at their rooms, 21, College-green, on the evening of the first Monday in every month, for the purpose of transacting business. Communications on medical subjects and scientific matters in general, are re- ceived and read at these meetings ; the most interesting (whether by strangers or by members) are selected for publication. The Association have already published 3 vols, of Transactions, which have called forth the un- equivocal expressions of approbation from some of the most fastidious conductors of medical reviews on the other side of the Channel. These works are still carried on with a a2 — 350 SCHOOL OF PHYSIC. spirit, and the Association requests the assistance of the profession, not only in the metropolis but in the pro- vincial parts of the kingdom. All communications are expected to be sent postage free to the secretary. Strangers of this profession, espe- cially foreigners, are frequently introduced, and they seldom fail to express themselves highly flattered by the attention paid to them by the members individually and collectively. The officers are, a president, two vice-presidents, a treasurer, librarian, and secretary. SCHOOL OF PHYSIC. The School of Physic is partly under the direction of the College of Physicians, and partly under that of the Board of the University, each of which bodies exerts a controul over three of the six professors of which the school consists. The professorships of anatomy, chemistry and botany are filled up by the appointment of the Board of Trinity College, who elect and pay these professors, who are thence styled University Professors ; those of the practice of medicine, institutes of medicine, and materia mediea, are called King's Professors, as they derive their salaries from the legislative enactments relative to the School of Physic. These professors are chosen by five electors, three of whom are balloted for from the fellows of the College of Physicians, the fourth is the Regius Professor of Physic in the University, and the fifth the Provost ; the emoluments of the University professors are liable to some SCHOOL OF PHYSIC, 357 fluctuation, since their salaries from the University de- pend on the number of students in a particular class, and it is by fines imposed on them that the different professors are paid by Trinity College ; the remainder of their income arises from their own pupils, each of whom pays fair guineas for a course of lectures. In the case of the King'^ Professors, the pupils pay the same fees, but they have a fixed sum, in addition, of 100/. only per annum, so that a King's professorship is not so lucrative as an Univer- sity one. The King's professors deliver their lectures at Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital, the University professors at Trinity Col- lege. All, except the professor of botany, commence their lectures on the 1st Monday in November, and terminate on the 1st Monday in May. The order in which the lec- tures are delivered is as follows : —at ten o'clock, A.M. the professor of Materia Medica, (Dr. Crampton) ; at eleven, the professor of the Institutes of Medicine, (Dr. Boyton) ; at twelve, the patients are visited at Sir P. Dun's Hos- pital by the clinical lecturer ; at one, the professor of Anatomy and Surgery, (Dr. Macartney) ; at two, the professor of Chemistry, (Dr. Barker) ; at three, the pro- fessor of the Practice of Medicine, (Dr. Tuomy) ; the six professors take their turn of attendance at Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital, where they deliver clinical lectures on the patients, each lecturer attending three months at a time. The students in medicine are of two classes, the first con- sists of regular graduates in arts, who in three years from their admission to the degree of A. B. may be examined, and, if qualified, are admitted Bachelors in Medicine ; these, by standing, attain the fidl University degree of M. D. The second class consists of those who do not become students in arts, but merely matriculate in mcclU 358 SCHOOL OF PHYSIC. ( cine ; these in three years after matriculation arc exa- mined, and if found properly qualified, receive a diploma ; this diploma, though inferior to the degree obtained by the other class, is yet on an equality with the diploma conferred at Edinburgh. In no case is a candidate ad- mitted to examination until he has produced, to the re- gistrar of Trinity College, the certificates of the six pro- fessors for at least one course of each, certificates for attendance on the clinical lectures for six months, and the ticket of admission as a pupil to Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital. Trinity College will admit the certificates of any three professors of Edinburgh as qualifications, instead of those of corresponding professors of the Irish School, and the same compliment is paid by the University of Edinburgh to the School of Physic in Ireland ; but it is requisite that when the candidate seeks a degree or diploma from this school, he should be able to produce the ticket of Sir Pa- trick Dun's, together with the certificates of the clinical lecturers for six months. The reputation of the School of Physic in Ireland is already very considerable; it is how- ever every day rising more in the estimation of the public, and the recent revival of some old regulations, together with some alterations which are contemplated by the Board of Trinity College, promise to raise the character of the institution. The facility, with which anatomical studies can be pursued in Dublin, is one cause which gives this school an advantage over others. The Botanic Garden is very conveniently situated for the students, being within a few minutes walk of Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital ; the system of private instruction carried on there is of the utmost utility, the professor's assistant (Mr. Mackay), a most intelligent man and an excellent APOTHECARIES'-HALL, MARY-STREET. 359 botanist, gives private lectures in the garden, which arc very well attended, and from which the students cannot fail to derive the greatest advantage. APOTHECARIES'-HALL, MARY-STREET. The house occupied by the Governor and Company ot the Apothecaries'-hall was erected in 1791, for about 6,000l. ; it is a plain building, fronting Mary-street, having extensive storehouses in the rear, and a spacious chemical laboratory, wherein several of the articles in use among apothecaries are prepared ; the hall serves, as it were, for a wholesale warehouse, whence the individual apothecaries can procure their medicines in a state of purity. Previously to the incorporation of this society, the apothecaries' shops were supplied from the ware- houses of the druggists, who were the importers, and frequently furnished very bad preparations, In order to remedy this evil, an application was made to parliament for permission to raise subscriptions for the purpose of erecting an Apothecaries'-hall, which was to be supplied with the purest medicines of all kinds. In 1791, the petition was granted, and an act passed, incorporating a society under the title of the Governor and Company of the Apothecaries'-hall ; G,000/. was raised on debentures, with which the house was completed ; 2,000/. more was borrowed for the outfit of the shop ; and so successful has this institution been, that the debentures, which were originally bought for 100/., now sell for from 5001, to 6001. . Lectures arc delivered at the laboratory on chemistry and pharmacy, which commence on the 1st May, and _ rm 360 CHARITABLE INFIRMARY, JERVIS-STREET. continue for about two months, three times a week ; the present lecturer is Mr. Donovan, a gentleman who has greatly distinguished himself by his chemical labours. The principal duty of this society is the examination of candidates for the rank of master apothecary, without wliich no person can open an apothecary's shop in this; city, This examination is conducted with great strict- ness, and to this is to be ascribed, in a great degree, the perfection which this branch of the medical profession has attained in this city. Previously to their being bound, apprentices are likewise examined in a classical course, comprising Caesar, Sallust, Virgil, Horace, Greek Tes- tament, &c The establishment consists of a governor, deputy go- vernor, treasurer, and secretary, and thirteen directors. CHARITABLE INFIRMARY, JERVIS-STREET. The Charitable Infirmary was instituted early in the commencement of the eighteenth century, for the purpose of affording relief to the poor, labouring under medical or surgical diseases ; it was the first institution of the kind erected in Dublin, and owes its existence (like many other valuable establishments) solely to the bene- volent exertions of a few medical men. In the year 1728, a house was opened in Cook-street, for the pur- poses of the charity, and, from the flourishing state of the funds, the directors were soon enabled to transfer their establishment to a more appropriate situation on the King's Inns' Quay, which they vacated in 1792, in order to remove to the present site in Jervis-strcct. Soon after this the governors procured a charter, appointing sub- CHARITABLE INFIRMARY, JERVIS-STREET. 301 scribers of two guineas governors for the year, and those of twenty pounds governors for life. By some accident, the original charter has been forfeited, and a new one lately obtained, depriving the medical officers of the right they formerly exercised of being ex officio govern- ors, but still recognising their power of becoming such, on subscribing the sums above mentioned. The imme- diate conduct of the hospital, is vested in the hands of a managing committee of fifteen governors, who act under the controul of the general board, all elections for me- dical officers and apothecaries being in the hands of the latter. The building, which was erected in 1803, is of the plainest description, possessing a simple brick front, and is scarcely to be distinguished from the adjoining houses, except by a double flight of granite steps furnished with a high iron railing, the house retiring a few feet from the line of the adjoining ones. The ground floor is occupied by the surgery, board-room, and apothecary's apartment ; all the rooms above stairs are used as wards, with the exception of two, one of which is appropriated to the use of the resident matron, and the other to operations. The board- room contains a neat library, supported by contributions from the students, a great number of whom attend the practice of the hospital. The house is capable of affording accommodation to fifty patients, but, as the funds are not sufficient for the support of more than thirty, the governors have adopted a most wise and salutary regulation, that of admitting, into the unoccupied beds, patients who, being of a rank in life somewhat above the lowest order, are able to provide for their own support, and who receive from the establishment only medicine and advice. Although the accommodation STEEVENS S HOSPITAL. of this hospital is so limited, yet the selection of cases is so excellent, that few afford so useful a field of obser- vation to the student, and the great extent of the dis- pensary department attached to it familiarises him with almost every species of disease. The records furnish ac- counts of the successful performance of some of the most difficult and capital operations to be found in the annals of surgery, The funds amount to a little more than 900/. per ann. The officers are, two physicians, nine surgeons, re- gistrar, housekeeper, two nurses, and a porter. Hours of attendance, nine a. m. in winter, eight a. m. hi summer. Physicians visit on Tuesdays and Fridays, or as occa- sion requires ; surgeons daily, in turn, Terms of attendance for pupils, for the Summer half year - - Three Guineas. Winter ditto - - - - Four Guineas. STEEVENS'S HOSPITAL. In the year 1710, Dr. Steevens, a practitioner in Dublin, bequeathed to his sister, during her life, Ins estate, amounting to 600/. per annum, and, after her death, vested it in three trustees, for the purpose of erecting an hospital for the maintenance of sick poor, as well medical as surgical patients, to be called Steevcns's hospital. She, anxious to fulfil the wishes of her brother, as soon as she came into possession, immediately appro- priated the greater part of the property to the building of the hospital, reserving to herself merely 120/. per annum, and apartments in the hospital, an act of public spirit and generosity which exceeds, if possible, the STEEVENS'S HOSPITAL. 363 liberality of the founder himself. The house is situated between Bow-lane (James's-street) and the Liffey, to the north of Swift's Hospital; it was commenced in 1720, and, in 1733, was so far advanced as to be ready for the ac- commodation of forty patients ; the hospital was accord- ingly opened on the 2nd of July, in that year, under the management of the following governors appointed by act of parliament, eleven ex officio, viz. the Primate, Lord Chancellor, Lord Archbishop of Dublin, Chancellor of the Exchequer, Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench, Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer, Dean of Christ- Church, Dean of St. Patrick's, Provost of Trinity College, Surgeon-ge- neral; and twelve elective. The building, 233 feet by 204, consists of four fronts, and encloses a court, 114 feet by 94, surrounded by a piazza with a covered gallery above it. In the eastern front is the entrance by a large gateway, over which is erected a cupola, with a bell and clock; on this side are the apartments of the resident surgeon, chaplain, steward, and matron. On the north east is thn board-room, where is deposited the library, bequeathed by Dr. Ed- ward Worth, consisting of medical and miscellaneous books; adjoining is the committee-room, where patients present themselves for examination. Over the entrance to the library is the following inscription : — /Egris Sauciisq: Sanandis, llicardus Stecvcns, M. D. Rcditus, Grisalda Stecvcns superstcs /Edcs hascc Dono dedcrc. Edwardus Worth, Archiatcr Bibliothccam quaia vides Eruditam, nitidam, pcrpolitam. - o<)4 STEEVENS's HOSPITAL. The library is decorated with the portraits of Dr. Worth and Mr. Steevens ; in the west front are the wards, operating theatre, baths, apothecary's shop ; and in the under-ground story kitchens and laundries. The north and south fronts are devoted to wards, the upper story for women, and the lower for men ; in the south- eastern angle is a chapel, wherein Divine service is per- formed on Sundays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. The go- vernors not having funds to support the entire number of patients which the house is capable of accommo- dating, (300,) have occasionally let the garret story to government for the reception of military patients ; and, since the closing of the male wards of the Westmoreland Lock Hospital, in 1819, they have contracted with it for the support of fifty beds for the reception of vene- real patients. The annual income of this establishment, independent of grants from parliament and the Irish government, is about 2,231/. The private funds are sufficient to maintain about 160 beds, and the contributions from government and parlia- ment enable the governors to support fifty or sixty addi- tional, so that the whole number]of beds occupied exceeds 200 ; hence this is the most extensive surgical hospital in the city, for the great majority of patients admitted are surgical. During the prevalence of the late epidemic fever, there were eighty beds supported by government in tliis hospital for the reception of fever patients, independently of those who were admitted on the house establishment. The medical officers are, one physician, one assistant ditto, two surgeons non resident, two assistant ditto non- resident, one resident surgeon and one apothecary. The salaries of the non-resident officers, arc merely allowances mercer's hospital.— johnson's-place. 3C5 for occasional coach hire, and the residents have, in ad- dition to their salaries, coals, candles, apartments, and a garden ; the chaplain has, out of the funds of the es- tablishment, 20/. per annum, with apartments, coals, candles, and a garden, hut he also receives from lands bequeathed for his use 1611, 2s. making a clear annual income of 181/. 2s. The hospital is visited by the physicians and surgeons, non-resident, on Mondays and Fridays, at eleven o'clock in the forenoon, and operations are performed imme- diately after the surgeons have completed their visit. The dispensary is open on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays. A very useful and select medical library is now es- tablishing, under the superintendence of the resident surgeon, in the western side of the hospital, for the use of the students. MERCER'S HOSPITAL.— JOHNSON'S-PLACE, WILLIAM-STREET. This hospital, which derives its name from the bene- volent founder, was appropriated to the reception of the sick, in the year 1734, by Mrs. Mary Mercer; it is a large house, built of hewn stone, at the corner of Stephen's and Mercer's streets, in Johnson's-place. The exterior presents little remarkable, the ascent to the hall-door is by a winding flight of stone stairs. At its first in- stitution it contained only ten beds, but, subsequently, the number has been increased to fifty, it seldom however happens that more than forty are occupied, the funds nut 3G() MEATH HOSPITAL — COOMBE. permitting it. The chief management of the affairs of this institution, incorporated by act of parliament in 1750, is intrusted to a committee of fifteen, chosen from amongst the governors, who meet the first and third Tuesday in each month, and, out of these, two vi- siters are appointed, who visit the house occasionally and at uncertain times. The principal donors are, Captain Hayes, Mr. Pleasants, and Miss Daunt, who bequeathed 500/. each ; Mr. Hume, sixty years surgeon to the house, 300/.; the annual income exceeds 1,000/., of which about 130/. is furnished by annual subscription, 250/. by profit rents, 450/. by interest on money, the rest by grand jury pre- sentment, and occasional parliamentary grants. It is almost exclusively a surgical hospital ; previously, however, to the building of Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital, some wards were set apart in it for the reception of me- dical patients, the subjects of clinical lecture, whose support was charged on the funds of Sir Patrick Dun's estates j this was at that time a very desirable object, there being, at that period, no clinical hospital; owing, however, to some misunderstanding, the governors shut up the wards, and the clinical lectures were terminated, to the serious disadvantage of the students. The medical officers are two physicians and six surgeons. N. B. The surgeons visit daily, and a dispensary is attached. MEATH HOSPITAL— COOMBE. The Meath Hospital is so called from its having been originally destined to the use of the poor, living in the - MEATH HOSPITAL— COOMBE. 3G7 Earl of Meath's liberties ; but, within a few years after its foundation, an act was passed, converting it into an infirmary for the county of Dublin ; it was originally in Meath-street, afterwards removed to South-east-street, and subsequently, as soon as the improved state of their funds permitted, the present house was built on the Coombe; but this being found inadequate, the shell of a large and commodious hospital, capable of accommo- dating with ease one hundred patients, is now erected at the rear of Kevins-street, fronting the Long-lane. This most desirable object has been effected principally by the munificent T. Pleasants, Esq. who in 1814, made a donation of 6,000/. of which he directed 2,000/. to be funded for the purpose of supporting patients, and the remainder to be expended in building a dissecting room, &c. The ground was immediately purchased, and with the addition of 800/. raised by subscription, the shell of the edifice has been built, but it still continues in an unfinished state. Formerly, the medical officers received a salary of 100/. each, but they agreed to resign it for the advantage of the institution, and this custom has been adopted ever since. The establishment consists of two physicians, six sur- geons, and one apothecary. A physician and a surgeon attend every day at ten o'clock, and visit the house, as well as prescribe for the patients attending the extensive dispensary attached to the institution. The annual income exceeds 1,000/., and in some years amount to 1,150/. The salaries and wages are about 170/. per annum. There are four ex officio governors, his Grace the Primate, his Grace the Archbishop of Dublin, the Lord Chancellor, and the Vicar of St. 3G8 LYING-IN-HOSPITAL. — GREAT-BRIT AI N-ST. Catherine's. Persons paying twenty guineas are gover- nors for life, and subscribers of two guineas are governors for the year ; those who subscribe one guinea annually are entitled to recommend patients. LYING-IN-HOSPITAL.— GREAT-BRITAIN- STREET. This establishment owes its existence to the humane and persevering exertions of Dr. Bartholomew Mosse, a physician of eminence in Dublin, who opened, at his own private expense, an hospital for the reception of poor lying-in women. The house first occupied for this purpose was situated in George's-street south, and was opened on the 25 th March, 1745, being the first establishment of the kind in his Majesty's dominions ; he had the credit of continuing to support this most beneficial charity solely at his own expense, until the great relief afforded by it, induced others to contribute their mite to the execution of so laudable a project; accordingly, in 1750, the state of the funds being suffi- ciently flourishing, he selected the site of the present hospital, with the grounds adjoining. The latter he immediately proceeded to lay out in such a manner as to afford a place of public amusement, the emoluments arising from which he justly computed would be of great assistance in the supporting the hospital he was about to erect ; and the first stone of the present struc- ture was laid May 24th, 1751. After expending all his fortune in forwarding his plan, he was obliged to apply to the House of Commons for assistance, from whom he received a grant of 6,000/., and in the next — - .—— — 1 LYING-IN-HOSPITAL.— GREAT-BRITAIN-ST. 3C9 session a similar sum was voted to him, both of which having been expended on the building 1 , he was presented with a sum of 2,000/. for himself. In 1756, a number of governors were incorporated by act of parliament, and, in 1757, the hospital was opened for the admission of patients : the following year an hospital was opened on the same footing, in London, by Dr. Layard, who had obtained the plan from Dr. Mosse. The wards, which are extremely neat and well ven- tilated, are of various sizes, some containing twenty beds or more, and others only one. This arrangement is most desirable, for, in case any of the patients should be visited by the dreadful consequences of parturition, it affords an opportunity of removing them into a room where then- sufferings are concealed from those, who being perhaps under precisely similar circumstances, might be dangerously affected ; the beds are of the most comfortable description, being furnished with cur- tains, and kept in a state of the most perfect neatness : as soon as a bed is vacated, the old straw is instantly re- moved and fresh supplied, and from the mode in which the admission of patients is regulated, there are constant opportunities of washing the wards while they are un- occupied by patients, a regulation evidently attended with advantage. The income of the establishment has, from various causes, greatly declined within the last twenty-five years; formerly, a great portion of it was derived from the profits of concerts given in the Rotunda Rooms; but this speculation has latterly been unproductive, for the public taste has undergone some alteration with respect to such entertainments, and in the next place, the distur- bances in the year 1798, and subsequently, (during 370 LYING-IN-HOSPITAL. — GREAT BRITAIN-ST. which time the Rotunda and public rooms were used as barracks,) prevented the gentry from indulging in their customary amusements, and broke in upon their habits, in so much that, when the rooms were restored to the governors, the exertions which they made to induce the public to frequent their concerts, which they had re- vived, were nearly fruitless ; in addition also to these causes may be added, the almost total desertion of the metropolis by the nobility and gentry, in consequence of the Union. Thus it is easy to perceive why this charity should have suffered more than other institutions from the effects of that measure, which was to have been pro- ductive of so much advantage to Ireland, but has proved injurious to every interest of this country, whether local or general ; for the peculiar object of it being calculated to excite in the minds of the higher orders a stronger interest than any other medical establishment, whatever tended to diminish the numbers of the higher classes resident in the metropolis, tended to reduce the revenues arising from their bounty. That all the above causes operated most seriously to the prejudice of the insti- tution, appears from a reference to the table of receipts, arising from public exhibitions previous and down to to the above period. The average profits from the rooms, for the three years preceeding 1798, amounted to 1,450/. per annum, whereas, those of the three years previous to 1809, did not exceed 300/. per annum. Finding these exhibitions so unprofitable, the governors frequently advertised the rooms for hire, and they do oc- casionally succeed in procuring a bidder ; they have even offered to let them for a term of years, and they were lately taken by Mr. Harris, who fitted them up as a tem- porary theatre, where plays were represented during the building of the new house in Hawkins- street. They .„ m^. LYING-IN-HOSPITAL. — GREAT-BRIT AIN-ST. 37l were laid out with considerable judgment, and afforded very comfortable accommodation, but not presenting a sufficiently spacious area, were occupied only six months, after which they were restored in perfect order to the governors. Another source from which the income of the hospital is derived is the collection in the chapel ; this, formerly, made a considerable item in the revenue of the house, amounting on an average, for the twelve years ending 1786, to 158/. per annum, whereas, not more than the fourth of that sum is now raised. The charity- sermon has also been of late much less productive than formerly ; occasional benefactions, the rent of a room let to the Anacreontic Society, and the profits of the gardens, are the other sources of the casual income. The fixed or permanent income arises chiefly from subscriptions, called bed-money, collected from some of the governors who pay 12/. 10s. per annum, from the rent of vaults, ground-rents, and interest on debentures, and amounts to about 965/. the casual may be estimated at 700/., making in all about 1,665/. per annum. The expenditure may be estimated at thirty-shillings (Irish) per head for every patient, and this sum is sufficient to cover all expenses, except the interest of eleven thousand pounds, at 4 per cent, the payment of which is guaran- teed by government ; and the expense of supporting and instructing eight female pupils, who are educated for the purpose of practising midwifery in distant parts of the country. The greatest part of the income has hitherto been derived from parliamentary grants ; but it is to be regretted that it has lately been found necessary to curtail them, and it is even supposed that the Irish government intend to recommend a still further reduction ; in which case they will entirely new model the internal administration of the establishment, and it is much to be u u2 - 372 LYING-IN-HOSPITAL. — GREAT-BRITAI N-ST. apprehended, that any change made therein will tend to the injury of the institution. The expenditure in salaries, wages and allowance- amounts to something more than 500/. per annum ; the officers and servants are, a master and three assistants, two chaplains, (one superannuated,) registrar and agent, matron, chapel-clerk, sextoness, porter, head midwife, nine nurses, eight ward-maids, one cook, one kitchen- maid, one house-maid, and one messenger, the total amount of whose salaries is 507/. Besides these items, there is also a small allowance to the master, his assistant^ and pupils, for coals. The Hospital is placed under the management of sixty governors, thirteen of whom are appointed ex officio, and are styled Guardians, viz. his Excellency the Lord Lieu- tenant, Lord Primate, Lord Chancellor, Lord Mayor of the City of Dublin, Archbishop of Dublin, Duke of Lein- ster, Lord Bishop of Kildare, High Sheriffs of the City of Dublin, Commander of the Forces., Dean of St. Pa- trick's, Archdeacon of Dublin, and Recorder of Dublin; the rest are selected from the subscribers ; and the master, consulting physician and surgeon are always elected governors. The immediate regulation of the es- tablishment is delegated to the master, who is always a physician of the highest celebrity as an accoucheur, and as so great a trust is to be reposed in him, it is the first object of the governors to procure a proper competition for the situation: this they have effected by a very prudent regulation, namely, that of allowing the master all the profits arising from the pupils. This officer, who as well as his assistants, is a resident, is elected for seven years, and is not re-eligible at any future period; his income may be calculated at about LYING-IN-HOSPITAL. — GREAT-BRITAIN-ST. 373 1,800/. per annum ; but it will evidently depend entirely OB liis own exertions, for, if he be attentive to his duties, and have the interest of the institution at heart, his own will be promoted by the increase of pupils, each of whom attends the hospital for six months ; and of these there is always a constant succession. The pupils are of two classes, internal and external ; the former, who are six in number, pay thirty guineas ; each number is constantly kept up, so that hence arises to the master an income of 360 guineas annually. The extern pupils take their turn with the interns, of remaining the night in the wards ; they amount, at the lowest average, to fifteen, each pay- ing to the master twenty guineas ; and as these as well as the interns attend only six months, the sum hence arising is 600 guineas per annum. Ten guineas are also paid by the Governors for each female pupil, (of whom there are generally four attending for six months.) Independently of these emoluments, he receives 200/, from each of his assistants, (who are changed every three years.) It is said, however, that government have it in contemplation to allow a fixed salary to the master, and to apply all the profits of pupils, assistants, &c. to the support of the patients. It is to be hoped that such an arrangement will not be adopted without due deliberation, as the conse- quences might be most injurious; the master would no longer be dependent on his own exertions, the pupils would therefore decline in number, and the profits would be considerably reduced. This would evidently be the case, if the salary determined on were so liberal as to render the master independent ; if it, on the other hand, were re- duced too low, there would be a defect of competition, and the situation would no longer be filled by accoucheurs of the first rank. If any change should take place In this 374 LYING-IN-HOSPITAL. — GREAT-BRIT A IN-ST, department, it might be advisable to divide the profits between the hospital and the master, in such a ratio that the latter shall be amply repaid for his exertions ; but even such a change is attended with hazard, for no principle can be better established in the management of institutions, public or private, than this, that the greater the advan- tage which the acting officer derives from the flourish- ing state of the establishment, the more zealous will he be. This hospital is frequented by all those who intend de- voting themselves to the practice of midwifery in Ireland ; besides numbers of foreign students, and of those who are designed for general practice. The master delivers a course of lectures on midwifery, and, at the end of six months, each student is examined by the master, in pre- sence of the assistants, in the principles of the science, and, if he is found properly qualified, receives a certifi- cate. This establishment forms, as it were, a supplement to the School of Physic in Ireland, affording the students an opportunity of qualifying themselves in a branch which does not enter into the course of study laid down for me- dical students. The opportunities of acquiring informa- tion are very great, the number of cases occurring in the hospital being very considerable. From the 1st of January, 1820, to the 3rd November in the same year, 2,078 women were delivered, that is, upwards of six cases per day. From the opening of the hospital to the 20th No- vember, 1820, 96,677 women were delivered of 51,270 boys and 46,960 girls; 1,600 had twins. The front of the building, which is towards Great-Britain- street, * and extends 125 feet, consists of a rusticated, * The front would have been exactly opposite Sackvillc-street, had not Dr. Mosse quarrelled with the proprietor of the ground, Mr. Luko Gardiner, afterwards Lord Mountjoy. THE LYING-IN-HOSPITAL CHAPEL. 375 basement and two series of windows above ; in the centre of the basement is a break, supporting four three-quarter Doric columns with their entablature and pediment. The entablature is extended along the whole front, but the triglyphs of the frieze are confined to the centre. The upper windows have architraves, the lower ones cornices also, and that on each side the Venetian window over the entrance has a pediment. The whole facade is of granite-stone : extending from the basement, and of the same height, are two sweeping colonnades of the Tuscan order, ter- minating in elegant pavilions, (designed by F. Trench, Esq. ) one of which is the entrance to the Rotunda, the other the Porter's Lodge. A handsome court-yard in front throws the hospital 40 feet back from the street ; this is enclosed by an iron balustrade resting on a dwarf wall. This building is after a design of Mr. Cassels, the architect of the Bank of Ireland and the Dublin Society House. THE LYING-IN-HOSPITAL CHAPEL. The principal entrance to the hospital is in the south front, and leads to a handsome hall, the ceiling of which is supported by columns : this room would be grand, were it not too low. On one side of the hall on a bracket, stands a well-executed bust of Dr. Mosse, the founder of the hospital, and immediately opposite a bust of Mr. Dcane, who bequeathed a considerable sum to the support of the institution. Under the former is a large baptismal font of veined marble, the gift of Robert Downes, Lord Bishop of Raphoc. A handsome broad flight of stone steps leads to the chapel over the grand hall, a room about 40 feet square, furnished with pews of mahogany, and a gallery sup- 37G ROTUNDA ROOMS. ported by pillars ; an entablature extending round the chapel beneath the front pannels of the gallery is hand- somely ornamented with gilding. The stucco-work of the ceiling is not only remarkably curious and beautiful, but in a style totally different from any work of the kind in this city. Over the communion-table is a console sup- porting a Iamb in alto relievo, with a richly decorated canopy above it, and on each side an angel, as large as life, reclining upon it. On the north side of the ceiling, in a deep arched recess, is Faith, with a crucifix in her hand, in a recumbent posture ; over the communion-table, in a similar recess, is Charity with infants ; and on the south side, Hope. Above the organ is Moses with the tables, and, corresponding to him, an angel blowing a trumpet. All those figures are in alto relievo, of the size of life. The design of this beautiful piece of workmanship was given by Cremillon, a French artist, and he was assisted in the execution by the two Francini, Italian sculptors. It is much to be regretted, that those distinguished artists were not engaged in any other public establishment while they remained in Ireland, There is a house in Rutland- square, the residence of Alderman James, the stucco-work of which was executed by the Francini. This was built by Dr. Mosse for his private residence. ROTUNDA ROOMS. Adjoining the Lying-in-Hospital are a suite of rooms of elegant arrangement, and in dimensions exceeding the Public Rooms of Bath or Edinburgh. The principal en- trance to the Rotunda is from Sackville-strect, through the East Pavilion, into a waiting-hall for servants, connnu- NEW ROOMS. — RUTLAND-SQUARE. 377 nicating with the vestibule adjoining the Great Room. This room, which is after the design of Mr. Enson, is 80 feet in diameter, and 40 in height. The walls are orna- mented by 18 Corinthian pilasters, resting on pedestals, and supporting a continued entablature ; in the intervals, between the pilasters, are windows enriched with stucco- work and surmounted by triangular pediments. The ceiling is handsomely ornamented with stucco, and consists of concentrical divisions sub-divided by semi-radii. The general appearance is greatly disfigured by a projecting orchestra. To the west of this is a card-room, 56 feet by 24, and opposite, a tea-room of the same dimensions. On the north, another vestibule conduct s to the ball-room, a spacious apartment 86 feet by 40. The walls are orna- mented by coupled pillars, supporting flat canopies at in- tervals along each side of the room, and banners, shields and various ornamented trophies are suspended in dif- ferent places. Over this splendid apartment is another of equal size, and more light and elegant in appearance, though not so richly ornamented. On the same floor are two smaller apartments, over the tea and card rooms, which are let for public exhibitions. NEW ROOMS. RUTLAND-SQUARE. The front of the New Rooms, in Cavendish-row, is of granite-stone, after the design of Mr. Richard Johnston, and Frederick Trench, Esq., a gentleman of fortune and rank. It consists of a rusticated basement story, on which, in the centre, are four three-quarter Doric _ 378 WESTMORELAND LOCK HOSPITAL. columns, supporting a pediment, in the tympanum of which are the arms of Ireland, the crest of the Duke of Rutland, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, who laid the foun- dation stone of these buildings, 17th of July, 1785, and the star of the Order of St. Patrick ; and at each end are two coupled pilasters. The emoluments of all the concerts, balls and exhibi- tions, constantly held in these rooms, are devoted to the benefit of the hospital solely ; but these advantages are greatly diminished of late, and some other sources of in- come wholly destroyed, — for instance, a tax on private sedan chairs ; there were, when this hospital was founded 260 private sedans in Dublin, whereas at present, there are not more than six. WESTMORELAND LOCK HOSPITAL.— TOWN- SEND-STREET. This hospital was opened 20th November, 1792, for the reception of persons of both sexes labouring under the venereal disease. Under the administration of the Earl of Westmoreland, it was determined to provide an hos- pital for this purpose, capable of containing 300 beds ; for a temporary one having been previously established near Donnybrook, it was found impracticable to procure a regular attendance on the part of the medical officers, owing, no doubt, to the distance from town. Government, therefore, entered into a negociation with the Governors of the hospital of incurables, then occupying the site of the present building, and an exchange of premises was agreed on. The front, which is plain, is of hewn mountain- WESTMORELAND LOCK HOSPITAL.' 379 granite ; the centre and wings project a little, and the former surmounted by a triangular pediment, having an aperture for a clock, which, however, has not been erected. In the centre are the apartments for officers, &c. The wings and additional buildings furnish the wards for the patients. The entrance for the patients seeking admis- sion is in Luke-street, the hospital being situated at the comer of this and Townsend-street ; a situation formerly- known under the name of Lazar's Hill. No establish- ment has undergone more changes in its internal admi- nistration : it was at first attended by medical officers without salaries, but the attendance becoming irregular, it was deemed expedient not only to reduce the number of surgeons from ten to five, but to allow them salaries ; two, under the denomination of senior surgeons, have ten shillings per day, and three, styled assistants, have 50/. per annum ; the former to be appointed by Government, the latter by the Board of Directors ; both, however, confined to the members and licentiates of the College of Surgeons in Ireland ; it was afterwards deemed advisable, that the office of senior surgeon should be held for seven years only. The Board of Governors formerly consisted solely of medical persons, but latterly the constitution of the Board has been altered, as also that of the charity itself, for the hospital was originally intended for venereal patients of both sexes ; but government have, within the last year, given orders that only females shall be admitted, and that the number of beds shall be reduced to 150, half the original number. The bad consequences of refusing admission to male patients have been in some degree obviated, by pre- paring accommodation at Steevens's Hospital for forty, and at the Richmond Surgical Hospital for thirty such patients ; 380 HOSPITAL OF ST. MARK AND ST. ANNE. but it is to be apprehended that very serious inconvenience may arise from the want of sufficient accommodation for all who apply. It is to be observed, on the other hand, that the forming a separate establishment for each sex, promises the greatest utility; and even in the short space of time which has elapsed since the new modeling of the Institution, several reformations have been wrought, and in many instances unfortunate females have been restored to their families. The strictest economy has been adopted in carrying these alterations into effect ; instead of two physicians at 50/. each, two senior surgeons at 182/. 10s. each, and three juniors at 50/., the medical department now is limited to a non-resident and resident surgeon. On the 4th of March, 1820, the hospital ceased to receive male patients, and has been placed under the controul of a board appointed by his Excellency the Lord Lieutenant. The officers of this Institution are a senior surgeon, a resident ditto, a resident apothecary, a steward, and an accountant. UNITED HOSPITAL OF ST. MARK AND ST. ANNE.— MARK-STREET. This small hospital was opened in Mark-street, in 1808, for the relief of the poor, whether for surgical or medical cases. The establishment had previously been conducted in Francis-street, but the number of hospitals provided for that part of the city, about the year 1814, rendered this unnecessary. Accordingly, the governors very wisely determined to transfer it where there was a want of such institutions ; for although Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital was at this time building, yet it did not promise FEVER HOSPITAL.— CORK-STREET. 381 lo be speedily completed, at least it was probable that it would be some time before the funds would enable it to be effective. This supposition was in some degree veri- fied, for it was not until 1819 that the latter hospital began to afford any extensive relief; even yet it is not capable of receiving- all the patients who apply: it is therefore to be wondered at, that the hospital* of St. Mark and St. Anne should be so much neglected by the public, as to be actually incapable of supporting the ten beds which it contains. Such a neglect is the more to be regretted, as it often happens that the proportional advantage of small establishments is greater than that afforded by extensive institutions. Yet although the funds are inadequate to the support of hospital accommodation, they are sufficient to provide very extensive Dispensary relief for the poor of this neigh- bourhood, who, through the joint operations of this, Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital, the Dublin General Dispensary, and the parochial relief afforded by Mark's parish, are now tolerably well supplied with medical assistance. There are two physicians, four surgeons, and a trea- surer, by all of whom subscriptions are received. Children are vaccinated here every day ; the hour of attendance from 11 to 12. FEVER HOSPITAL.— CORK-STREET. The Fever Hospital, or House of Recovery, in Cork- street, the most extensive institution of the kind in Great Britain or Ireland, was founded chiefly by the exertions of a committee of mercantile gentlemen, principally of the religious sect, aptly denominated the Society oi 382 FEVER HOSPITAL. — CORK-STREET. Friends, by whom the adoption of hospitals for the recep- tion of persons afflicted with fever alone, seemed to be urgently demanded. The subject having attracted the notice of government in the session of 1802, on the recommendation of his Ex- cellency the Earl of Hardwicke, then Lord Lieutenant, a sum of 1,000/. was voted towards erecting a building, and 500/. towards the annual support of an establishment for the reception of fever patients residing in that part of the city which comprises the liberties on the south side of the LifFey. Liberal contributions were immediately made by private subscription, which, in a very short time, amounted to 10,000/., and have since received further aug- mentation. The original design extended to forty beds only, but the subscriptions so far exceeded the expecta- tions of the worthy founders, that they felt themselves justified in enlarging their plan, and accordingly deter- mined on the erection of an hospital capable of containing, in case of emergency, 120 beds. The first stone was laid April 24th, 1802, and the house was opened May 14th, 1S04, for the reception of eighty patients. It is most ad- vantageously situated, being near the district for relief of which it was established, and possessing good air and abundance of water. The site is on the south side of Cork-street, in a field of somewhat less than three acres. The hospital, when first erected, consisted of two parallel buildings, 89 feet by 30, three stories high, running north and south, and connected by a colonnade of 116 feet. The eastern building is used for fever, the western for convalescent patients ; tins arrangement was adopted, in order to prevent, as much as possible, the communication of contagion. Westerly winds being more prevalent here than easterly, the windows of these buildings have all FEVER HOSPITAL. — CORK-STREET. 283 either an eastern or western aspect, in order as much as possible to promote ventilation and avoid the inconve- nience of the southern sun. The wards in these buildings are small and not very lofty, being only 16 feet by 11 ft. 3 in., and 10 j feet high, and are arranged on each side of the galleries, which run the length of the building. They are ventilated by the chimney, which is opposite the door, by the window, and by a tube from the ceiling communi- cating with louvres in the roof. The galleries communi- cate by gratings placed vertically over each other. The apartments of the officers were originally in the western wing, but they have since been removed to the centre, which was built in 1808, for the purpose of affording ad- ditional accommodation ; and thus, the number of beds was increased to 144. This circumstance, together with the increase of the parliamentary grant, which in 1805 was made 1,000/. per annum, induced the governors to extend the district to the relief of which the hospital was to be applicable ; they therefore determined to take in patients from all parts of the city, south of the Liffey; and in 1809, declared themselves ready to admit them from all parts of Dublin within the Circular Road. But in the lapse of a few years, they found, notwithstanding the establishment of the Hardwicke Fever Hospital, that their accommodation was still inadequate to the number of applicants ; accord- ingly, in 1814, a fourth building, much larger than any of the former was erected, by winch the hospital was ren- dered capable of containing altogether 200* beds, which is its present establishment. * In the year 1818, when famine crowded the hospitals every where throughout Ireland, the number of beds in this hospital was laeTCMBl ' " 260.— See Reports of Managing Committee for lb IS. -^- 384 FRYER HOSPITAL. — CORK-STREET. In the construction of the fourth building, the system of large wards has been adopted ; it stands to the south of the east wing, (as may be distinctly seen in the map,) and is ventilated by windows in the eastern and western sides. A more particular description of this building, as well as of the causes which rendered it necessary, may be found in the annual reports of this Institution, by the Managing Committee and Physicians. The hospital is supplied with ample offices, coal=vaults, &c. ; and a laundry, perhaps the most perfect establishment of the kind attached to any institution, public or private, has lately been erected at a great expense. The principal part of the labour is perfonned by means of an elegant steam-engine, and not more than two persons are em- ployed during one day in each week for washing an im- mense quantity of mien, blankets, &c. In adjusting the proportion between the beds for fever and those for con- valescent patients, the governors were directed by the experience of the Fever Hospital at "Waterford, where the number of patients and convalescents was found to be as three to two ; it soon, however, appeared that this was not the case here. The affairs of the institution are conducted by a com- mittee of twenty-one persons, fifteen of whom were elected 23rd October, 1801, for life, and six others are selected annually from the subscribers; this committee meets every Tuesday, and it is but justice to observe, that the same zeal which characterised its exertions in the founding of the institution remain entirely unabated ; perhaps no public charity was ever conducted with so much assiduity, skill, and integrity, as the Cork-street Fever Hospital. At the first opening of the hospital, the medical de* FEVER HOSPITAL. — CORK-STREET. 385 partment consisted of three physicians and one surgeon ; but the number has been since increased to six permanent attendants, (besides whom, two others are occasionally employed), one surgeon and an apothecary. Three physicians attend the hospital daily, and the others are employed in visiting, at their own homes, the applicants for admission. The internal attendance is taken in turn by the physicians, each set attending one month in succession ; their salaries are small at first, but are gradually augmented, until, at the expiration of three years, they are allowed 100/. annually. The surgeon re- ceives 50/. per annum, and one guinea for every difficult case which he attends. The temporary physicians do not receive a fixed salary, but are allowed occasionally a re- muneration proportioned to the attendance they haw given during the year. These salaries and allowances, together with those of the minor officers and servants, amount to upwards of 1,600/. per annum ; the average annual expense, for the last six years, has been about 6,500/. ; and for the nine years, terminating January 5th, 1821, it has been 4,600/., independently of the buildings erected in the mean time. This expenditure is chiefly defrayed by a parliamentary grant ; the subscriptions and funded property amount to about 1,000/. a year- Since the opening of the hospital (Hth May, 1801,) to May 11th, 1821, about 42,500 patients have been admitted ; the mortality has been 1 in 16'. No recommendation is necessary in order to procure admission, but on notice being left at the hospital, the applicant is inspected by a physician on extern duty, and, if found to be affected with fever, removed. Among the duties of the physicians is that of publish- ing, annually, a Medical Report of the Institution, and t<» 380 SIR PATRICK DUN'S HOSPITAL. this regulation, the medical world is indebted for some of the most valuable documents on the subject of the treat- ment of fever, and the nature of those causes which tend to promote or check the diffusion of the disease. Subscriptions are received at the bank of Messrs. George La Touche and Co., treasurers. SIR PATRICK DUN'S HOSPITAL.-GRAND CANAL-STREET. This hospital owes its existence to the celebrated prac- titioner of physic, whose name it bears. He had be- queathed his estates, situated in the county of Waterford, for the establishment of a professorship or professorships in the College of Physicians ; but the executors having failed in the execution of Ins will, the trust was vested by the Court of Chancery in the College of Physicians ; in con- sequence of which, three professorships were appointed, viz. Practice of Medicine, Institutes of Medicine, and Materia Medica. The estates having increased in value, the income of the professors was so liberal as to render the instruction of pupils an object of little import- ance : an act was therefore passed 25th Geo. III., limiting the salaries of the above professors to 100/. per annum, and directing that, clinical patients should be supported by the surplus arising from the estates, after the salaries of the three professors had been deducted ; a provision was likewise made, that, previous to the completion of the hos- pital which was intended for the reception of clinical patients, it might be lawful for the College of Physicians to support thirty patients in any of the hospitals in the SIR PAIUCK dun's hospital. 3S7 city, the governors of which might be willing to permit them for a time to occupy a part of their establishment without charging for rent. Accordingly, the Governors of Mercer's Hospital permitted thirty patients, the number appointed by the Act of Parliament, to be lodged in their hospital without making any charge for the occupation of the wards. An act, passed 40th Geo. III., directed that the surplus of the estates, after supporting the thirty patients above alluded to, and after the completion of an hospital for their reception, should be applied to the ex- tending of that hospital, so as to render it capable of ac- commodating 100 patients. Both these objects have been completed, partly by the produce arising from the estates, partly by parliamentary grants, and partly by private contributions. Of the money granted by parliament, about * 9,000/. has been expended on the building, the re- mainder of the expense having been defrayed out of the funds of Sir Patrick Dun, assisted by private subscriptions. Owing to considerable difficulty in procuring ground, the commissioners were forced to fix on a site in the low, marshy grounds, extending from Mount-street to the river ; it was at first apprehended, that this position would prove most unfavourable, but, owing to the precautions adopted m building, all inconvenience has been avoided, and the ex- cavations have served, in conjunction with other means, to elevate the site of the house far above the level of the low grounds, and even above that of the Grand Canal, which lays near it, and would have otherwise had rendered it damp and unwholesome. The front, which is towards * See Report on Sir P. Dun's Hospital, made to the Commissioners of Inquiry, by James Clcghorn, M. D.— Embodied in Report on CharL» table Institutions — Dublin, 181,9. cc2 SIR PATRICK DUN S HOSPITAL. the north-east, is of mountain-granite, extends about 194 feet, and consists of a centre with two advancing pa- vilions or wings, all of which are two stories in height. The middle of the former is decorated with four Ionic columns resting on the plinth, dividing the ground-floor from the upper one, and supporting an entablature with a cantiliver cornice ; on the frieze is the following inscrip- tion in gilt characters : — Nosocomium Patricii Dun Eq. Aurat. In the intercolumns are three windows with pediments ; these are the only ones which have dressings, the others being quite plain, but have oblong pannels above them. Above the columns rises a kind of ornamental attic, de- corated with breaks, pannels, and a clock. The eleva- tion of the wings is three windows in width; those of the ground-floor are circular-headed and placed within arches. The upper floor has only two windows, viz. one on each side a niche that is placed within a square pannel, dressed like a window, the whole composition being recessed in an arcade. The ground story of the centre is occupied by apart- ments for the matron and apothecary, pupils' waiting-room and theatre, in which the lectures are delivered: all of these open from a handsome hall with a beautiful staircase of mountain-granite. Above them are the board room of the College of Physicians, that of the governors, and the library, the last being placed in the centre ; here are also two rooms originally intended for the use of the professors, one of them is now a dormitory for the provider. The remainder of the centre is allotted to the apothecary's shop and the museum of the professor of Materia Medica. The patients' wards are situated in SIR PATRICK DUN'S HOSPITAL. 380 the wings, those in the lower story are designed for chronic patients, and those on the upper floor for fevers ; the ceilings are all arched, and the floors flagged with granite. The upper story is not similarly arranged on both sides, being divided, on the side appropriated to females, (the right wing,) into small chambers capable of accommodat- ing about five patients each ; there are on this floor ten apartments, one of which is used for the nurses' room and six as wards; they are tolerably lofty and well ventilated ; all the upper story of the other side (the left wing) is thrown into one ward, subdivided by partitions, ten feet high, into six compartments, with passages, two 38 feet by 13, and four 16 square. The height of the ward is 21 feet. This mode of arrangement is more adverse to the pro- pagation of infectious diseases than the division of the whole into separate wards of small dimensions, the com- partments above alluded to communicate so freely with the great body of air in the upper part of the ward, that the ventilation is as perfect as if the partitions were re- moved, while it is certain that the partition is of the greatest service, hindering the currents of air which rush horizontally over the patients wherever the ventilation is abundant m a large sized ward. This mode, therefore, combines in itself all the advantages and obviates the disadvantages which have been observed to arise from large or small wards separately ; and the experience of several years has shown, that many more nurses are af- fected with contagious diseases in the female wards than in this. The hospital is capable of affording accommodation to 100 patients, but the funds are not adequate to the main- tenance of more than sixty. Such persons as arc not 390 SIR PATRICK DUN'S HOSPITAL. exactly objects of eleemosynary relief, are admitted on their subscribing 1/. 10s. in case they labour under an acute disease, or 2/. 10s. if under a chronic one, a measure that has been found both prudent and benevolent. Thirty beds are set apart for the use of the School of Physic, the occupants of which form the subjects of the clinical lectures delivered twice a week during the me- dical session, which lasts from the first Monday in No- vember to the first Monday in May. The professors of the School of Physic deliver these lectures in rotation for three months at a time, so that two professors attend each winter. The clinical professor is paid three guineas by each pupil for his course of lectures, and the pupils pay for admission to the hospital one guinea per annum, if they are of a certain standing (junior sophistes) in Trinity College, and six guineas if not. After the deduction of 900/. per annum for the pro- fessors' and librarians' salaries, ground rent, officers' and servants' salaries, and nearly 180/. annually for head and quit rents of the estates bequeathed by Sir Patrick Dun, there remains about 2,200/. per annum, applicable to the support of patients. The establishment consists of a physician in ordinary, assistant surgeon, apothecary, re- gistrar and provider, treasurer and matron. In addition to their salaries, the resident officers are allowed coals and candles. This establishment is under the government of a board of twenty-two persons, whereof twelve are chosen an- nually from the subscribers, and sixteen are governors ex officio, viz. the Lord Chancellor, three Chief Justices, the President, and the four Censors of the College of Physi- cians, and the Provost of Trinity College. Life subscribers of twenty guineas may send two pa- WHITWORTH HOSPITAL. — BRUNSW1CK-ST. 391 tients every year ; those of thirty guineas may always have one in the house, and those who pay four guineas an- nually can have one patient in the house constantly during the year. WHITWORTH HOSPITAL— BRUNSWICK- STREET. The house in Brunswick-street, now called the Rich- mond Surgical Hospital, was originally provided for the reception of surgical patients, but not being sufficient, it was determined, under.the permission of Lord Whit- worth, then Lord Lieutenant, to erect an hospital for the accommodation of the chronic medical patients. It is a plain stone building of two stories, independently of the under-ground one. The front, which has a northern aspect, and faces the House of Industry at a distance of about 200 yards, has no other ornament than a plain triangular pediment over the centre, below which the name of the hospital and the date of its foundation are inscribed on the frieze beneath a plain stone cornice ; the centre con- tains a hall, physicians' room and staircase at either side ; above is a large room, used as a dormitory for clinical clerks, and adjoining are smaller apartments allotted to them for parlours and sitting-rooms ; at the extremities of the building are situated the wards for the patients, six on each floor, two of which, intended as private wards, contain only one bed ; the others about ten beds each. The clinical clerks supply the place of resident me- dical officers ; they visit the wards in the absence of the physician, and, in case of urgency, take such steps a* 892 RICHMOND SURGICAL HOSPITAL. seem necessary. The hospital was originally designed, not only for the accommodation of such of the inmates of the House of Industry as might happen to be af- flicted with chronic medical complaints, but for the relief of paupers from all parts of the city, who might not be able to procure assistance from other hospitals ; yet from the great accumulation of chronic cases in the House of Industry, and through motives of economy on the part of government, it now receives no patients from the city, and thus the poor affected with such maladies are again left almost entirely destitute of any medical asylum. This hospital forms a branch of the House of Industry, and is supported out of the fund granted annually by parliament for the support of that institution. The physicians are the three senior physicians to the House of Industry, who visit daily. RICHMOND SURGICAL HOSPITAL. The Richmond Hospital, Brunswick-street, serving as the Surgical Hospital to the House of Industry, contains 130 patients, who are selected by the surgeons according to the urgency of their disease, and without any refer- ence whatsoever to recommendations. From this it would appear, that in the foundation of their institutions it was in the contemplation of the legislature, to furnish accom- modation and relief, not only for cases requiring hospital treatment which might occur in the House of Industry, but for the destitute and friendless of any description, so many of whom are to be found in this populous city ; and also for cures of sudden accidents, and for all persons RICHMOND SURGICAL HOSPITAL. 393 who may be unable to procure admission into other hospitals. Tins building, which was fonnerly a nunnery, is ill- adapted for its present purpose, the wards being low and small ; the inconvenience, however, likely to result from their defects, are in a great degree prevented by the strictest attention to cleanliness and ventilation. The late Duke of Richmond, when Viceroy, recommended the erection of an operative theatre, with cloisters adjoining, for patients after operation. This is an exten- sive building, and is also suited, not only to perform, but also to serve for lectures. It contains a valuable col- lection of professional books, for the use of the students, which is likely to become very extensive, and which was provided at the private expense of the surgeons and their pupils. This hospital is attended by three surgeons, who visit their respective departments daily. Two of their senior pupils are permitted by the board to reside in the hos- pital, one of whom is in constant attendance. The ex- tensive practical experience which this and Steevens's hospital afford, has greatly contributed to raise the science of surgery in Ireland to its present exalted rank. During the last year, several of the most important operations for the American mode of amputation of the thigh joint, the removal of large tumors, ike. have been performed here. The institution for the relief of the ruptured poor in Ireland has been lately placed, by order of the Lord Lieutenant, under the direction of this establishment. 394 WHITWORTH FEVER HOSPITAL. ST. GEORGE'S HOUSE OF RECOVERY.— GEORGE'S-PLACE, DORSET-STREET. The same reasons which operated towards the in- stitution of the Whitworth Fever Hospital, (for which see next page,) led to the establishment of St. George's Hospital, in fact, some of the very same individuals who were originally concerned in the management, and who, from some cause or other, had seceded, were those who were chiefly instrumental to the opening of the former. The building is situated on the same premises, and at- tended by the same officers, as the Dispensary for the poor of George's parish. The object of the institution is to afford an asylum to those who are unable to defray the expense of medical attendance at home, and yet are in circumstances which prevent them from seeking ad- mission into other hospitals, where, if admitted, it must >e on the supposition of their being paupers ; indeed, the subscriptions paid by the patients on their admission are more than sufficient to discharge the actual expense of their support, including the attendance of servants, maintenance, &c. They pay one guinea per week, during their stay in the house. The Dispensary is attended every morning at ten o'clock. The patron is the Lord Lieutenant ; there are a president, (the Duke of Leinster,) treasurer, physician, consulting ditto, and a consulting surgeon. WHITWORTH FEVER HOSPITAL, NEAR DRUMCONDRA. The great distance of the northern extremity of the town from the Fever Hospital in Cork-street, induced WHITWORTH FEVER HOSPITAL. 395 .several individuals to establish one for the accommo- dation of the north-eastern part of the city, accordingly, about 1816, they determined to commence a building foi that purpose, which they opened the 1st May, 1818, under the title of the Whit worth Fever Hospital. It is situated at the third lock of the Royal Canal, near Drumcondra, outside the city, and is a plain building of brick, with an entablature of granite, on which are the name and date. The construction is somewhat extraordinary; in the floor of each story is laid down a large tube opening to the external air, and communicating with the interior of the wards by valves in the floor, a corresponding valve in the ceiling serves to establish a current of air, so that there is at all times a sufficient ventilation. The house is so contrived as to be easily capable of extension, but it is to be lamented, that the present state of the funds does not render the completion of the design probable ; it can at present accommodate about thirty-five patients with tolerable ease. During the prevalence of the late epidemic fever, it was of considerable service to the north-eastern extremity of Dublin, and also to the vil- lages in the vicinity : the inhabitants of the neighbouring village, Glasnevin, (where it was found necessary to es- tablish a board of health, under the act of parliament,) contracted with the governors to receive patients from that place, at one guinea per head, an arrangement which was of the greatest service to that part of the suburbs, and to which may be ascribed the removal of the disease from that quarter. This hospital is supported entirely by private subscriptions ; it was the intention of the governors to have conducted it as nearly as possible according to the plan of the House of Recovery in Oork- 396 ST. PETER'S AND ST. BRIDGET'S HOSPITAL. street, but the failure of the funds renders it improbable that they will succeed. It is much to be regretted that this establishment is not supported with spirit, as it is the proper asylum to which the sick in the part of the town adjoining it should apply for assistance. The direction is in the hands of the managing com- mittee, selected annually from the subscribers at large. Subscribers of one guinea are entitled to recommend one patient at a time throughout the year, but in cases of urgency persons are admitted without this form. There are a patron, president, four physicians, apo- thecary, matron and registrar attached to this hospital. ST. PETER'S AND ST. BRIDGET'S HOSPITAL. This institution was founded in 1810, at the sole ex- pense of John Kirby, Esq. Member of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, by whose exertions principally it has been supported since its foundation. The hospital has accommodation for five and thirty patients. During a time when famine and a pestilent disease destroyed the poor, and extended their alarming con- sequences to the habitations of comfort and of opulence, this institution sought amongst the abodes of the wretched for its objects, and received within its walls many who otherwise would have pined in nakedness, poverty and disease. To several thousand extern patients it annually af- fords advice and medicine, and still admits to a parti- cipation of its advantages, the sick and friendless. Beds are always ready for the reception of accidents, and for ^ ROYAT. MILITARY INFIRMARY. 307 all cases requiring- the performance of severe and dangerous operations. Connected with this institution, there is a theatre in which lectures are delivered on anatomy and surgery, by Mr. Kirby and Mr. Daniell. There is also an excellent anatomical collection, which promises to rival any private museum in the sister countries. Two courses of lectures are annually delivered — that in the summer by Mr. Daniell; and the winter course on anatomy, physiology, pathology, and surgery, by Mr. Kirby and Mr. Daniell, by the latter of whom anatomical demonstrations are delivered. ROYAL MILITARY INFIRMARY.— PHCEXIX- PARK. Tins hospital is designed for the reception of such of the sick soldiers of the garrison of Dublin as cannot be accommodated in the regimental hospitals attached to the different barracks, either for want of room, or because the diseases they labour under render them unfit for the smaller establishments; and, for want of accommodation here, government has occasionally rented the upper story of Steevens's Hospital at 500/. per annum, and allowed the governors, in addition, the sums expended in the support of their patients, who were generally from forty to sixty. The building stands near the south-eastern gate of the Phcenix-park ; it is delightfully situated on an eminence forming a natural terrace, round which a stream winding, 39S ROYAL MILITARY INFIRMARY, serves as well for utility as ornament, supplying cohl baths, situated at the foot of the terrace, so as to be completely obscured from the view of the house; the ground on the opposite side of this stream rises as suddenly, thus forming a ravine, by which the grounds of the infirmary are separated from the rest of the park. It was impossible that the site could have been selected with greater taste and judgment, it being most salu- brious, and commanding a fine prospect, in which are visible the Wellington Testimonial ; the river Liffey in the valley with Sarah-bridge; the Old Man's Hospital, or Royal Infirmary ; the cultivated enclosures belonging to the commander of the forces ; and the Dublin and Wick- low Mountains in the distance. The building presents a handsome elevation of granite, after a design of Mr. Gibson, consisting of a centre, (surmounted by a handsome cupola, containing a clock,) and projecting pa- vilions at the ends. The interior is divided into thirteen wards, seven of which are devoted to the accommodation of medical, and six to that of surgical patients ; in the centre building, the lower part i& occupied principally by the officers ; the upper part is used for wards ; and the hall has been fitted up as a chapel, where Divine Service is regularly performed every Sunday morning. The wards are convenient, and the nurses' apartments and bath rooms are well arranged. Behind, the centre and returning wings form three sides of a court; the fourth is a building detached from the others, and serving for the reception of such patients as labour under febrile or contagious diseases; it contains also a few cells on the ground floor for ma- niacal patients. The hospital is visited daily by the physician general, who is ex officio physician to it. The surgeon general and the staff surgeon, who are the ROYAL MILITARY INFIRMARY. 390 surgeons, attend alternately, and pay the utmost at- tention ; and the thanks of the public are due to the late physician general, (Dr. Perceval,) who, by the most indefatigable exertions, succeeded in reforming some serious abuses which had crept into the establishment. The officers are, a physician, surgeon general, staff surgeon, apothecary, resident surgical officer, steward, deputy ditto, and chaplain. The hospital is under the management of a board of commissioners appointed ex officio, viz. Commander of the Forces, Lieutenants-general, Majors-general, Quarter- master-general, Deputy Vice-treasurer, Surveyor-general, Physician-general, Surgeon-general, and the Director- general of Military Hospitals. The establishment is sup- ported partly by a parliamentary grant, and partly by stop- pages from the pay of the soldiers in hospital ; this deduc- tion defrays about half the expense of the patient, and amounts to ten pence per diem; the total expense of supporting each patient is stated at 33/. per annum, including salaries to officers and servants. The structure, which cost 9,000/., was completed in 1788; previously to its erection, a large building in James's-street was used for a military hospital, but on account of its dilapidated condition, and the want of sufficiently ample accommodation, it was abandoned, and this one commenced in 1786. It is particularly provided, that all soldiers attacked with fevers, or who have met with accidents, shall be forthwith removed hither, none but ordinary cases, or those in which there is no danger of the propagation of disease, being received into the regi- mental hospitals. Of late years, the number of patients has been less than formerly, so that the infirmary fa now adequate to the accommodation of the sick. 400 HOSPITAL OF INCURADL1S. HOSPITAL OF INCURABLES.— DONNYBROOK- ROAD. In 1744, a society of musical persons, who had asso- ciated themselves with a view to procure contributions towards the support of the poor, afflicted with incurable complaints, opened a house in Fleet-street, for the re- ception of the poor so afflicted ; the society owed its ex- istence to the exertions of Lord Mornington, and it was so successful, that, in a short time, the members found themselves in a situation to extend their scheme ; but they unfortunately fell into an error common to the directors of most institutions of the kind in this country ; calcu- lating on their present success, they constructed an hospital on Lazar's-hill, for 100 patients, a number which their income was by no means adequate to sup- port; their funds were thus unnecessarily expended, and in a short time they were unable to support more than a dozen patients ; they then agreed to permit the governors of the House of Industry to send to their hospital 100 of such of the inmates of the former establishment as were incurable. In 1790, 4,000/. was bequeathed by Theo- bald Wolf, Esq., which was of the greatest sen-ice, and, two years afterwards, government offered, in exchange for this establishment, the Buckingham Hospital, near Don- nybrook, (originally designed for the small-pox, but then used for venereal patients,) together with the land belong- ing to it. The land adjoining, (fourteen acres,) serves, by the profits arising from it, to defray the charge of rent, so that the hospital is held free of expense; in 1800, the governors were incorporated by charter, and em- powered to make such bye laws as were not contrary t< HOSPITAL OF INCURABLES. 40) its spirit ; they have the power of appointing officers with salaries not exceeding fifty pounds ; subscribers of twenty- guineas, are governors for life, and those of five guineas, governors for one year. The patients are admitted by the board, who give the preference to such as most need relief. When 50/. has been deposited in the hands of the treasurer for the admission of a patient, in case of the demise of such patient within one year, the further sub- scription of 15/. entitles the subscriber to the liberty of filling another vacancy for life. One physician and one surgeon attend, and, after three years service, they are eligible as governors. The house accommodates seventy patients, having been lately enlarged, by the addition of a ward containing ten beds, under which is a waiting- room for patients, and other rooms requisite to the per- fect accommodation of the establishment. The income arises from the interest of money sub- scribed and bequeathed by different individuals, aided by a grant from goverment of 500/. per annum, and another from the grand jury of 100/., together with contributions from individuals who defray the expense of patients recommended by themselves. Consulting physician, Thomas Herbert Orpen, Esq. M. D. All the physicians or surgeons, members of the board, are ex officio consulting physicians or surgeons. The governors meet the third Wednesday in each month at the hospital, when patients are directed to present themselves for admission. Subscriptions and benefactions are received by Peter La Touche, Esq. the treasurer, at the bank, in Castle- street. 402 HOUSE OF INDUSTRY. HOUSE OF INDUSTRY. The House of Industry deserves more detail than the limits of this sketch will allow, whether we consider the imperious claims on humanity of the cases here admitted, the order, neatness and regularity pervading every de- partment, or the moderate expense of 51. 3s, 6d. yearly, for the maintenance and clothing of each individual pauper. The number in the house, July the 4th, 1S21, was 1,739, consisting of aged and infirm, such as require medical or surgical treatment, or paupers incurably in- sane ; the last description of persons being removed to the House of Industry, from the Richmond Lunatic Asylum, which is exclusively reserved for curable patients ; — all have their separate beds. Under the system lately adopted, paupers from the county and city of Dublin only, are admissible. At the origin of this establishment, in 1772, paupers from all parts of Ireland, and from any country, under every species of distress, were admitted ; vagrants and prostitutes were also confined here, with a view to their reformation, and it is not a little singular that this com- prehensive plan was found practicable, from the com- mencement of the present century, when the dietary was remodeled, to the year 1815 ; after which period two suc- cessive years of scarcity, forcing 4,000 paupers into this asylum, followed by two successive years of epidemic, cast 700 fever patients on its daily care, and ren- dered the population of the house perilously dense, and the duty of superintendence laborious in the extreme. For its present improved organization, reduction of number, and proportionate reduction of expenditure, the FOUNDLING HOSPITAL. -J AMES's-STREET. 403 public are indebted to Mr. Peel, late chief secretary of Ireland. There are eleven acres of ground belonging to this establishment, partly covered by two squares of building-, one for the aged and infirm, and one for the insane ; there are also 137 cells for the more refractory of the last class; besides three hospitals, detached from the main building, and from each other, for fever, chronic, medical, and surgical cases ; and in addition to these arrangements, the Talbot Dispensary affords medical and surgical relief daily, to the extreme poor of the north-west quarter of the city ; their average weekly number is 312. (See Hard- wicke Fever Hospital, and Richmond Lunatic Asylum.) The penitentiaries, auxiliary fever hospitals, and other branches, hitherto attached to the House of Industry, having been lately discontinued, or placed under other controul, the remaining duty of superintendence has been committed to one resident governor and seven visiters, who hold their meetings weekly ; the amount of the last parliamentary grant, for 1821, was 21,233/. 6s. 8c?. Irish currency. FOUNDLING HOSPITAL.— JAMES'S-STREET. The building now used for the purposes of a Foundling Hospital was originally designed as an asylum for the aged and infirm, and to a few lunatic patients, and as a work- house for vagrants capable of labour. It was founded in 1704, with no other property than 100/. a year, and a piece of ground, containing fourteen acres; these resources were by no means adequate to the expense of such an establishment, and accordingly, fourteen years after, a tf d2 404 FOUNDLING HOSPITAL. — J AMES's-STREET. new corporation was formed, consisting of several persons of the highest rank, amongst others, the lord mayor, sheriffs and clergy of the city. The ordinary affairs of the institution were conducted by a court of no less than fifteen persons chosen from the body of governors at large ; the establishment was originally for the recep- tion of all beggars and children above six years old, those below that age being supported by their respective parishes, and its revenue arose from an estate of 113/. a year, a tax on carriages plying for hire, and three pence in the pound, according to the valuation of the minister's money, on every house within the city and liberties of Dublin; but in 1730, it was found necessary to open the house for children of all ages. It was at this period that the institution received the appellation of the Foundling Hospital and Workhouse, and it continued without alte- ration until 1774, when the governors determined not to receive children after the age of twelve months. All the healthy children were put out to nurse, with women who undertook the care of the infants for a small annual al- lowance, which was increased by a premium, in case the nurse acquitted herself to the satisfaction of the governors; and, since that period, the objects of relief of the institu- tion, have been children only; the average number annually admitted for the last nine years has been about 1940. The front of the dining-hall, towards the great en- trance from James's-street, has no beauty, although some affectation of ornament. The centre has one series of lofty arched windows, three on each side the break in the middle, in which is the door, (heavily decorated with pilasters, pediment within pediment, scrolls, foliage, &c.) and a window on either side. This break is crowned by a FOUNDLING HOSPITAL. — J AMES's-STItEET. 405 pediment, above which is seen an octangular turret, with a clock ; at either extremity of the building is a projecting pavilion with an arched door beneath and two windows above, one over the other, placed in a shallow recess, the flat arch of which is within the pediment ; the parapet between these three projections is embattled ; in the roof are six lofty dormer windows. The interior is lighted by sixteen circular-headed windows; over the fire-place, at the eastern extremity, is a full-length portrait of Primate Boulter, who obtained this distinction from his liberality and benevolence displayed in causing the poor of the city of Dublin to be fed in this hall at his own expense, in 1727-28, when a famine visited Dublin. The chapel, which stands on the south side of the court behind the dining-hall, is a very neat building, and its interior is handsome ; the galleries and roof are sup- ported by gothic pillars. The infirmary, which is of more recent date, is well constructed, and affords accommodation more than suffi- cient for the demand. The establishment has been hitherto supported by parliamentary grants, assisted by a tax on the city, and by the rents of the estate of the hospital ; the two latter sources of revenue, however, afford but a small proportion of the sums requisite to the support of the institution, and do not exceed the fourth part of the grant annually made by parliament. The tax on the city is about to be re- linquished, the governors having determined that the sum of 51. shall be paid by each parish for every child sent from it to the hospital. A bill to this effed ifl now (1821) in progress through parliament. It has generally been stated as a grievance to the citizens of Dublin, that they alone arc compelled to contribute towards tb 406 FOUNDLING HOSPITAL. — J AMES'S-STREET. support of this establishment ; but, on the slightest con- sideration, it will appear that nothing could have been more equitable than the imposition of the former tax, since it was only from the city that admissions were allowed. The cause of complaint, however, is likely to be speedily removed by the act above alluded to. The establishment is under the management of a board of thirteen governors, in conjunction with a similar number of governesses ; amongst the former are the Archbishop of Dublin, the Bishops of Deny, Ferns, and Elphin, and the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and, amongst the latter, many ladies of family and fortune. The expenditure is considerable, owing as well to the number of resident officers requisite, as to the immense number of country nurses to be paid. There are at present no less than 5,000 children with nurses in the country, and nearly 1,200 in the hospital. The resident officers are, a chaplain, registrar and pay- master, apothecary, provider, head master (male schools), superintending school-mistress and housekeeper. The male schools are now placed under the immediate superintendence of the chaplain, the Rev. H. Murray, whose abilities and general information are universally acknow- ledged, and whose name is well known as a theological writer of high repute. At a certain age the children are apprenticed out to trades, for which they are previously prepared, by instructing them in such branches as they show a disposition to cultivate ; and the greatest care is taken by the governors in selecting the most respectable persons as masters. For the last twenty years, on an average 2,000 children have been admitted to the hos- pital, and the parliamentary grant has been between 20,000 and 30,000/. st. Patrick's, or swift's hospital. 407 ST. PATRICK'S, OR SWIFT'S HOSPITAL.— BOW- LANE, JAMES'S-STREET. The founder of this hospital, which was the first esta- blished in Ireland for the reception of idiots and lunatics, was the celebrated Dean Swift. It may, perhaps, have been regarded as one of the most remarkable instances of the strange coincidences frequently to be observed, that the very person who founded this institution shoidd sub- sequently have been reduced to the condition of the most wretched of its inmates ; but this fact is easily accounted for, without recourse to any miraculous presentiment, by the recollection of this circumstance, that for many years previous to the complete wreck of one of the noblest of created minds, the gradual decline of memory, the frequent gusts of passion, and the weariness of life, under which this unfortunate man then laboured, formed too sure indi- cations of the dreadful catastrophe that was to ensue. It was probably the expectation of such a termination which led him, while yet his reason possessed somewhat of its original powers, to think of this subject with attention, and caused him to perceive the deplorable situation in which many wretches were placed, from the total want of an institution appropriated to their reception. He therefore, by his will, bequeathed the whole of his property, subject to a few legacies, to the laudable purpose of building and supporting an asylum for the reception of idiots and lunatics. The amount of the bequest was up- wards of 10,000/.; the hospital was commenced in 1749, on a site between liow-lane and Steevens's Hospital, pur- chased from the latter institution, and was opened for 408 st. Patrick's, or swift's hospital. fifty patients, September, 1757 ; the expense having been defrayed partly by the interest of the bequest and sub- scriptions received during the building, and partly by two parliamentary grants of 1,000/. each. The building has been since enlarged, so as to contain 177 patients. The front, about 1 50 feet, consists of a centre and two wings, the former, which has two stories above the base- ment, is rusticated, and of granite ; the latter plain. There is a neat court-yard planted with trees and separated from the street by a high wall ; here the convalescent patients are permitted to exercise ; behind there are gar- dens, which are cultivated principally by the labour of the patients. There are six wards, three in each of the two buildings which run parallel to each other at right angles with the front, at a distance of 32 feet, and are 327 feet by 33, and three stories high. Each ward is divided into a corridor, its whole length, and cells opening from it ; the latter, 158 in number, are 12 feet by 8, the corridor 325 by 14, and sufficiently lofty ; there are, besides openings from the corridor, in each ward two apartments, of 1 6 feet by 12, for the accommodation of chamber boarders, and two rooms for the keeper of the w T ard. The ventilation is good, and is principally effected by large open casements with gratings, at the northern end; there are fire-places in the corridors, and every possible contrivance is adopted for rendering the accommodations at once healthy and comfortable. Besides the apartments above men- tioned, 16 feet by 12, there are seven others appropriated to chamber boarders ; these are in the front building, and the occupants pay 100 guineas per annum, for which they have a servant for their own use exclusively. RICHMOND LUNATIC ASYLUM. 409 There is a second class of boarders, who pay sixty guineas a year ; they lodge in the wards, but have very excellent accommodation and attendance. The officers are a physician, surgeon, master, matron, and six ward-keepers. The master and matron have allowances for coals, candles, soap, &c. The medical officers have no regular salary from the institution, but receive fees from the chamber boarders ; the physician four guineas for each, with two guineas entrance ; the surgeon two guineas for each ; both annually. The Lord Primate, Lord Chan- cellor, Archbishop of Dublin, Deans of Christ-church and St. Patrick's, and the Physician and Surgeon General are ex officio Governors. No institution can be more judiciously managed; the expenditure, though great, is considerably within the income, and, even in the present distressed state of the country, the governors have been able to collect the rents, so as to have a large sum in ad- vance. No assistance, whatever, is received from parlia- ment. RICHMOND LUNATIC ASYLUM, BRUNSWICK- STREET. The accommodation for lunatic patients in this city and the neighbouring parts of the country, having been found quite inadequate to the demand, it was determined by the legislature to direct the foundation of an institu- tion which might be sufficient to receive all the cases of mental derangement, not provided for by other establish- ments of the kind, not only in Dublin, but throughout the country. The cells attached to the House of Industry in 410 RICHMOND LUNATIC ASYLUM. Dublin, and to the different workhouses in the other towns through the kingdom, having formerly been the only receptacles for the wretched sufferers, and these being necessarily crowded, without any possibility of classification, it was evidently not to be expected that the medical and moral treatment of the disease should have proved generally successful. The benevolent views of the legislative and executive governments have not been disappointed, for, as few institutions of the kind have been more prudently and judiciously conducted than this, so in few have the proportion of successful cases been greater. It is under the controul of a Board of Governors ; the chief officers are, a moral governor, a physician, and sur- geon. The institution was originally designed solely for pauper patients, but the Board have very judiciously de- termined not to deny its benefits to those whose families are in possession of moderate means, and who yet would be quite unable to bear the enormous expense of support- ing their friends afflicted with this dreadful malady. This class of persons comprehends, perhaps, the most deserving part of society, and, therefore, it is not only justifiable but highly laudable to attempt every means of affording them comfort, particularly under such trying circumstances. It is with this view that the governors have adopted the plan of admitting patients able to defray a part of the ex- pense of their support. The establishment accommodates 230 patients, whereof 226 are paupers, and four contribute a small sum towards their maintenance; there are 198 cells, besides rooms containing two or three beds for convalescent patients, but occasionally a few more than this number can be ac- commodated. The number in the asylum, January *, RICHMOND LUNATIC ASYLUM. 411 1820, was 234, of whom G9 were discharged cured, 19 relieved ; it appears also by the report of the institution, that there is reason to believe, that of the 19 discharged " relieved," 10 have recovered, making altogether 79 re- covered; the number who died was 24. The views of the Governors are carried into effect by the attention and talents of the moral governor, (Mr. Grace,) and it is found, as might have been expected, that a state of moderate exertion is best calculated to promote the return of the mental powers ; bodily exercise, as tend- ing to invigorate the general system, is of the greatest ad- vantage, and is therefore adopted in all cases which per- mit it. The male patients are chiefly employed in the gardens and grounds ; some are occupied in domestic offices, and a few who have been tradesmen, have been induced to resume their former occupations, so that there is a prospect that several articles of consumption in the hospital may soon be manufactured within its walls. The number of males employed in various occupations varies from twenty to thirty ; the number of females from forty to fifty ; these are generally occupied in spin- ning, knitting, mending and making clothes, washing in the laundry, &c. ; it is observable, that the women, parti- cularly the spinners and knitters, are much more anxious to receive their proportion of pecuniary remuneration than the male patients. The only modes of coercion permitted here are the imposition of the arm-straps, the muff, strait-waistcoat, solitary seclusion and degradation from one class <>i patients to another. Religious instruction has been introduced in such a manner as to be least liable to produce mischief. All the patients who arc capable of duly comprehending the 412 DISPENSARIES. objects of prayer are regularly assembled for that pur- pose, and it is observed by the moral governor, that many of the most unruly, noisy, and talkative patients, have re- strained themselves in a remarkable degree, after having been permitted to attend family prayer. Religious books have been (with the greatest caution) distributed in several instances, and their use has always been attended with advantage. No person can be admitted as a pauper patient with- out a medical certificate of insanity, an affidavit of poverty, and a certificate of the moral governor of a vacancy : printed forms of the certificates and affidavit are to be had of the moral governor at the asylum. Independently of the asylums for the insane already noticed, there are several in the vicinity of Dublin which are devoted to the accommodation of persons of fortune, one of these is established at Glasnevin. There is also one near Donnybrook, supported by a society of Quakers, and designed for patients of their own sect ; this institu- tion is, however, about to be enlarged, so as to admit those of all classes, and of every religious profession. ©tsptiisams. Of institutions of this kind, there are a great number; these, with a single exception, (the Talbot Dispensary,) are supported by private contributions, without any as- sistance whatever from government. TALBOT DISPENSARY. The Talbot Dispensary is attached to the House of In- dustry, and is intended for the relief of such of the inmates DUBLIN GENERAL DISPENSARY. 413 of that establishment as are not fit to be sent to the dif- ferent infirmaries attached to it, a9 well as for applicants from all parts of the north-western extremity of Dublin ; it is attended every morning' by one physician and two surgeons. ST. MARY'S AND ST. THOMAS'S DISPENSARY, COLES-LANE, HENRY-STREET. This was the first Dispensary ever established in Dublin; attendance three days in the week, Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays ; there are four physicians and two surgeons who perform the duty in turn, exclusively of the consulting physicians. DUBLIN GENERAL DISPENSARY, No. 4, FLEET- STREET. This Dispensary was founded in 1782, and was de- signed for the relief of the whole city ; but the several establishments of the same kind, since instituted, have somewhat contracted the sphere of its general action. Still, however, it is imperative on the different officers of it to afford their assistance to the poor, from whatever part of the town they may apply for assistance. A re- commendation from a Governor is necessary, previously to receiving relief from this institution, which, no doubt, in some degree, diminishes its utility. There are six phy- sicians, exclusive of a consulting physician, and the same number of surgeons. The latter attend the Dispensary daily, the former three days in the week, at eleven o'clock, (Monday, Wednesday, 414 DUBLIN GENERAL DISPENSARY. and Friday), in their turn, one physician and one surgeon attending the house practice for a month at a time. The whole city is divided into six districts, to each of which a physician and surgeon are attached, whose duty it is to visit at their own homes such patients as may be unable to attend at the Dispensary. Subscribers of one guinea annually, or life subscribers of five guineas, are eligible as governors. Twelve of the subscribers, in conjunction with the twelve medical officers, form the Board of Governors. A branch of the Humane Society is held at this institu- tion ; the Board consists of the medical men of this insti- tution, those of Steevens's Hospital, the physician and surgeon general, the Lord Mayor, &c. On account of its immediate vicinity to the river, many cases of sus- pended animation have been brought to the institution, and a very great proportion indeed have been restored to life. The requisite apparatus is here provided. The establishment was, until lately, held in Temple- court, Temple-bar ; but the declining state of the funds, from the obscurity of the situation, together with the advantageous offer of the present house, induced the Governors to endeavour to stimulate the public to a more liberal contribution, by removing to a situation where the institution might be more within the view and contempla- tion of the public. MEATH DISPENSARY. 415 MEATH DISPENSARY, OR SICK-POOR INSTI- TUTION, 25, MEATH-STREET. This institution was opened in 1794, and was designed for the relief of the poor of the Earl of Meath's liberty, comprising four parishes, where the population is more numerous, and the poverty of the lower orders more ex- treme, than in other parts of the city ; the number of ap- plicants from that quarter to the Dublin General Dispen- sary, joined to the consideration of the great distance of that establishment, induced a number of private indivi- duals to establish an institution on the spot, following the general plan of the other Dispensary. The medical department consists of six physicians and one surgeon, the former attend daily in turn, the latter visits the institution each day, both from eleven to two o'clock. These officers, until lately, have had salaries from the institution proportioned to the length of their services, but the Governors have now withdrawn their allowance. For the space of twenty-six years, no public charity could have been better conducted ; the alertness of the medical men was quite proverbial. It is rather to be hoped than expected, that the economical plan pur- sued by the Governors may not tend to the injury of the establishment, since a great loss to the poor may arise from a relaxation of the exertions of the medical men, who, however charitably disposed, cannot in justice be ex- pected to bestow so much time and labour on the duties of their office, as when they received a moderate compen- sation for the time they expended, and the fatigue they underwent in the discharge of them. 41fi VACCINE OR COW POCK INSTITUTIOV. Persons paying ten guineas are Governors for life ; annual subscribers of one guinea, or more, are Governors for the year. VACCINE OR COW POCK INSTITUTION, 62, SACKVILLE-STREET. This institution was opened January 14th, 1804, for the purpose of securing a succession of cow pock infection, of inoculating gratuitously the children of the poor, and of supplying the different parts of the kingdom with genuine vaccine infection. With a view to carry into effect these most laudable designs, six medical gentlemen of great respectability associated themselves under the name of the Directors of the Vaccine Institution ; under their directions, the secre- tary, or his assistant, both of whom are physicians of very considerable experience, attend twice a week, (Tuesdays and Fridays,) from twelve to three o'clock, for the purpose of vaccinating the children of the poor. The numbers of applicants have been, from the first, very considerable, and it is gratifying to observe, that the numbers vac- cinated are annually increasing. Notwithstanding the many reports of the inefficacy of vaccination, very few indeed have ever appeared at the institution, to complain of failures in those who had been there inoculated ; and out of the immense number of individuals vaccinated at the in- stitution since its first opening, amounting very nearly to 6S,000, the Directors admit the occurrence of no more than four cases of genuine small pox, none of which proved fatal. In order to ascertain whether the process VACCINE OR COW POCK INSTITUTION. 417 succeeds in a proper manner, occasional inspection is ne- cessary, and to insure the attendance of the mother with her child, at a proper period after the operation has been performed, it is the rule to demand a deposit of ten pence, to be returned as soon as the period of inspection has ex- pired, if the mother has been punctual in her attendance. This regulation, if it could be adhered to in every instance, would tend to remove the doubts concerning the efficacy of vaccination, in those cases where small pox subse- quently occurs ; but unfortunately, from more than one cause, it is not productive of the utility it promises, for many of the applicants are so poor as to be unable to make the deposit, which is therefore in those cases dis- pensed with, and besides, many who live at remote dis- tances, prefer forfeiting their deposit to undergoing the labour of carrying the child to the institution. The establishment is supported in a great degree by private contributions, and by the profits arising from the sale of the vaccine matter; packets of which may be had in any part of the kingdom, free of postage. The assist- ance derived from government is exceedingly trilliiiL: ; perhaps in no institution was there ever so much public utility produced at so small an expense to the community. The only officer who receives a salary is the secretary, on whom, or his assistant, devolves the entire labour of the institution. The house is allotted to the accommodation of the secretary, and is at present occupied by his as- sistant. The annexed table shows the number of children rao> cinated annually, since the establishment of the institu- tion. i ■ 418 Years. 1804 - 1805 - 1806 - 1807 - 1808 - 1809 - 1810 - 1811 - 1812 - 1813 - FINE ARTS. Number Number vaccinated. Years. vaccinated 578 1814 - - . - 5,585 1,032 1815 - - - - 2,984 1,356 1816 - - - - 6,497 2,146 1817 - - - - 4,529 3,002 1818 - - - - 4,082 3,941 1819 - - - - 4,218 4,084 1820 - - - - 7,748 4,157 Six months 1 5,162 ending July f - 2,798 4,968 1821. His Excellency the Lord Lieutenant is patron. Besides the Dispensaries already mentioned, there are several of minor note, which are of great advantage to the poor, in the different parts of the city. Among them are, The Charitable Institution, Kildare-street. The National Eye Infirmary, North Cumberland- street. Saint Mary's Hospital, Ormond Quay-street, &c. dFute arte. Though Ireland has produced many eminent artists, (painters particularly,) yet the Arts are, comparatively speaking, almost in a state of infancy in the metropolis of the kingdom, There is either a want of sufficient taste amongst the Irish gentry, or the country is too poor to afford support or existence to professions not absolutely necessary. It cannot be urged, that neglect, on the part of govern- ment, in not patronizing the Arts, is one of the chief FINE ARTS. 419 operating causes against their advancement, for no charter, or patronizing name, could correct the taste of the country, if it were impure, or compel the public to purchase thousands of very inferior works, for the despe- rate chance of what some very distant period might produce. As the Royal Academy in London was founded so late as 1768, the Irish artists need not be very loud in their com- plaints, or very indignant at not being incorporated until this present year (1821), and perhaps the artists of Dublin are not quite correct in attributing such magical effects to a royal charter upon persons in their present circumstances ; but this question does not properly belong to our subject. There are about fifty artists resident in Dublin, of whom not more than six or eight live by what is termed the legi- timate exercise of their art. Let it not be concluded from the preceding observations, that the exertions of the Dublin Society, to rescue the Arts from neglect, have been totally ineffectual, for, in their academies, many distinguished artists have received the rudiments of their education ; and if the fostering hand of a great and noble institution were to protect dawning genius, until its brilliancy became suffi- cient to emit a strong and permanent lustre, the ends of its establishment would be fully answered. Initial or elementary instruction is all that can be expected from the Society's schools, which is quite sufficient for future mechanics and traders, and so far the utility of their academies is universally acknowledged. Numerous attempts have been made to establish annual exhibitions of painting and sculpture, and, pre- viously to the year 1800, they were highly creditable to the artists of Ireland; but, since that period, they have been irregular, and the collections unpromising. I£'2 420 FINE ARTS. In 1764, the artists associated and erected a large and handsome edifice in William-street, called the " Exliibi- tion Room ;" but the emoluments of the exhibitions were not sufficient to pay the interest of the debentures, issued to create a building fund ; and the house devolved to their agent, who had advanced considerable sums for its com- pletion. The next exhibition, presented to the public, was held in the House of Lords, by the permission of Lord Hard- wicke. Not many years after, his Grace the Duke of Richmond, then Lord Lieutenant, instituted a Society of Arts, and an exhibition was held under his patronage, in 1810, in the Dublin Society's house, Hawkins'-street, (now the New Theatre Royal,) at which several works of merit appeared. Dissensions amongst the artists them- selves, at this period, considerably abated the warmth of public feeling towards them, and a new society was in- stituted, under the patronage of his present Majesty, (then Prince Regent,) for exhibiting the works of the Old Masters. These exhibitions also were held in the Dublin Society's house in Hawkins'-street, but have been discon- tinued since the removal to Leinster House, where no col- lection, either of the Old Masters, or of Living Artists, has ever been exhibited. This year, (1821,) an exhibition of painting and sculpture was held in the Public Rooms attached to the Royal Arcade, in College-green, which did not prove very attractive.* It may not be uninteresting to name some * There were some admirable pieces by Asliford and Roberts In this exhibition, but they were painted so many years back, and exhibited so repeatedly, that it may fairly be asked of these artists, " Inter quo? referendi erunt ? vetcrcsne ?" PRIVATE COLLECTIONS OF PAINTINGS. 421 of the distinguished artists who incorporated themselves with their brethren in London ; amongst them arc Barrett, Peters, Barry, Shee, Mulready, Thompson, &c. Many of equal, and some of superior talent, never thought it expedient to withdraw from their native city, viz. Hamilton, Ashford, Roberts, Comerford, to which list might with truth be added, the name of the distin- guished artist, from whose drawings the engravings for tins work were made. PRIVATE COLLECTIONS OF PAINTINGS BY THE OLD MASTERS. LORD CHARLEMONT S COLLECTION, PALACE-ROW. Portrait of himself Rosabella. St. John in the Wilderness Carreggio. Judas throwing down the pieces of silver Rembrandt. Caesar Borgia, (a portrait) Titian. Musicians Michael Angela Coram Lord Aylesbury, (a portrait) Sir Joshua Rean a U t. Head of St. Peter / amlmke. Fruit pieces Michael Angela I Campidbglio, Gates of Calais Ibg mr t h . Lady's last stake, (unpublished) , Ditto. Harlot's progress, (second subject) Ditto. Mrs. Wolbngton Ditto. Two sea views // "right, of Derby. Landscape ( laude Lorrain. Venus chiding Cupid Sir Joshua RefnokU. Justice, (a portrait) Qiorgione. An old mau'6 head Hogarth, 422 PRIVATE COLLECTIONS OF PAINTINGS. EARL OF FARNHAM'S PALACE-ROW, RUTLAND-SQUARE. Duke and Duchess of Lerma Velasquez. Landscapes Gasper Poussin . Ditto Gainsborough. Venus extracting the thorn from her foot Paul Veronese. Prodigal son's return Romanelli. Landscapes Loutherbourg. Ditto Ricci. Woman taken in adultery Caravaggio. THE MARQUIS OF WATERFORD's, MARLBOROUGH-STREET. The woman of Samaria Lanfranc. Martyrdom of St. Sebastian Baroccio. Sea-port B. Peters. Battle piece Bret/del. Ditto Ditto. Diana and the death of Actaeon Filippo Lippi. preparing for the chase ,. Ditto. Offering of the Wise Men Tenters. Cattle fVovermans. Landscape Teniers. Holy Family Caracci. David bearing the head of Goliah Simon de Vos. Marriage of Canaan Ditto. Dead Christ Quintin Matsys, (the Smith, of Antwerp.) A Magdalen Rubens. Allegorical piece, the Virgin and Child .... Vandyke, in the style of Rubens and Lang Jan. Cattle and figures Francisco Castiglione. Ditto Ditto. Landscape and figures Lucatelli. Banditti, Gambling , Paul Potter. Sylvan figures P. Battoni, after Rubens and Snryders. St. Jerome Rothenhantrr and I 'inkenbooms. PRIVATE COLLECTIONS OF PAINTINGS. 423 Holy Family Carlo Muratti. Annunciation Ditto. Landscape and figures D. Aden*-. Ditto Miehan. Two portraits P. D. Bray. THE HONOURABLE AND REV, MR. POMEROy's, MERRION- SQUARE, NORTH. The Grecian Daughter Guercino. Christ bearing his cross : . . . . Murillo. Flute-player . Velasquez. Diana and nymphs Titian. Sea view Claude. Landscape and figures Tenters. Ditto and.'.cattle Ditto. Landscape Salvator Rosa. Ditto Ditto. St. Sebastian Fandykc. This is considered the finest collection in Dublin. WILLIAM JOHN MOORE'S, ESQ., RUTLAND-SQUARE. Ecce homo Guido. Italian peasants Piazze/ti. Charles I. (three views of his countenance in the same piece, done for Bernini the sculptor, in order to give him B perfect idea of the head and face) Vandyke. Marriage of St. Catherine Correggio. Sea piece, (calm) fV. Vand n. A storm Backhuyten . View in Venice ( 'analetti. 426 PRIVATE COLLECTIONS OF PAINTINGS. Woman taken in adulter)' Franks. Scourging of Christ Vunderwerf. Scene from Don Quixote Hogarth. Landscape (with banditti) 5. Rosa. Ditto Francisco Bologncse. Ditto Van Goyen. With many beautiful portraits by Tintoretto and others. ALDERMAN CASH'S, RUTLAND-SQUARE. Two large landscapes (painted in Rome) Jacob Moore. The Royal Family Zoffani. Landscapes by Melzu, Luca Giordano, Opie, Brueghel. Landscape Barrett. Ditto Gilpin. Ditto Fan Eginont. Bergham, a very fine moucheron, with figures, by Van- dervclde ; besides a number of cabinet pictures, and some of the best productions of the present Irish artists. THOMAS MANNING S, ESQ., GLOSTER-STREET. Susanna and the Elders P.de Cortona. flower pieces ■ Van Oost. Landscape N. Poussin. Vertumnus and Pomona IVigmana. Landscape JVilson. HENRY MANNING'S, ESQ., GRENVILLE-STREET. Virgin and Child Raphael. Portrait of a Burgomaster Rembrandt. A Magdalen Caracci. Sea piece J'ernet. Landscape ,,,,,,,.,.,,.. Swanefeld. PRIVATE COLLECTIONS OF PAINTINGS. 4'27 LADY HARRIET DALY'S, HENRIETTA-STREET. The Assumption Mmitto. Cleopatra Barroccio. Portrait of Himself Rembramlt. A Magdalen Gmido. Virgin and Child Caracci. St. Francis Ditto. RICHARD POWER'S, ESQ., KILDARE-STREET. The Woodman (copied in worsted by Miss Linwood) . . Darker. Landscape and cattle Mio-Ulo. Ditto Ditto. Cattle Ami Portrait E. Senmi. Charity C. Cignaiii. Ruins / 'iciuni. Landscape A. Kemffimtm . This list might readily be much enlarged, but it would be trifling with our readers to direct them to exhibitions, to which they might be refused admission. 428 ENVIRONS OF DUBLIN. <£nbirmt0 of Dublin* The City of Dublin is encompassed by two canals, communicating with the LifFey, near its mouth, on the north and south sides, where extensive docks are attach- ed to them. Upon passing the canal bridge, on the north side of the city, a flat but highly improved country is expanded to the view. On the road leading to Howth harbour, not far from Clontarf, is Marino, the seat of the Earl of Charlemont, consisting of about 100 acres richly wooded; in the centre of which stands the Casino, a beautiful structure, designed by Sir W. Chambers, and a rich specimen of Italian architecture. In this demesne there are several objects worth the attention of the visiter, viz. the hermitage, and Rosamond's bower. In the neighbourhood is Killester, the seat of Lord Newcomen, a beautiful demesne of about 50 acres, with an excellent house. In the garden are graperies and pineries of great extent. Near the village of Clontarf, about one mile from Killester, stands Clontarf Castle, the seat of George Vernon, Esq., a stately edifice, possessing noble apartments, excellent gardens, and surrounded by a highly improved demesne. A few miles farther to the north is Malahide Castle, the seat of Colonel Talbot, Member for the County of Dublin. This ancient building, and the grounds attached to it, were given to the Talbots by Henry II. ; much care and pains are used to preserve that air of antiquity which every object about this in- teresting spot possesses. The oak parlour is not only a great curiosity, but a strong testimony of the skill and address of artists in the davs of other times. ENVIRONS OF DUBLIN. 429 Turvey House and Park, formerly the seat of Lord Kingsland, but now belonging to the Trimleston family, is an extensive demesne, and thickly wooded, but no farther interesting. There is another magnificent resi- dence at the north side of the city, three miles from Dublin, Santry, the seat of Sir Compton Domville, Bart., remarkable principally for its great extent. Near Malahide, is the Church of St. Dolough, an object of great interest to the antiquarian ; this ancient build- ing, which is roofed with stone, and in excellent preserva- tion, is of such a style of architecture as to render it a matter of considerable difficulty to reconcile the date of its erection with any exact period ; there are many holy wells of various forms and properties around. On the hill of Howth, which is such a prominent fea- ture in the scenery at the north side of the city, is Howth Castle, the seat of the Earl of Howth: the house is an ancient castle modernized, and is much disfigured by being so constantly and accurately white-washed. In the residence of tins ancient and noble family, some relics of the greatness and heroism of their ancestor* are still preserved: here maybe seen the double-handled sword, with which Sir Tristram committed such havoik amongst the Danes. The Abbey of Howth is a beautiful and interc -tin- ruin, and contains some curious tombs; and on the island of Ireland's Eye, about three quarters of a mile from the pier head, are the ruins of the Monastery of Holm Patrick ; upon this little detached piece of land, there i< a castellated rock, which, seen from the shore, never tail- to deceive the stranger; and on the shore along which the Dublin road winds, are the ruins of Kilbanick Abbey, To the south of Dublin lies a country not exceeded by 430 ENVIRONS OF DUBLIN. any outlet in the empire, a spacious inclined plane reach- ing from the foot of the mountains to the sea side, thickly studded with villages, lodges, castles, desmesnes, villas, &c, from Dublin to the base of Sugar-loaf Hill, a distance of twelve Irish miles. The villages of Black Rock and Dunleary have long and deservedly been celebrated as bathing places, and the retreat of all the citizens on Sundays. Near Black Rock are innumerable seats, commanding delightfid sea and mountain views, the most splendid of which is Mount Merrion, the seat of Verschoyle, Esq. ; the demesne, which is enclosed by a high wall, contains 100 acres beautifully wooded, and commands a view of the whole County of Dublin, part of the County Wicklow, with the scalp in the fore-ground, and, in cloudless weather, the mountains of the County Down may be distinctly seen from these grounds. Sans Souci, the seat of Mr. La Touche ; Leopard's Town, the residence of Lord Castle-Coote ; Stillargan, and many other equally magnificent demesnes, adorn this neighbour- hood. More to the west are Rathfarnam Castle, formerly oc- cupied by the Marquis of Ely, whose property it is; Bushy Park, the seat of Robert Shaw, Esq. M. P. for the City of Dublin ; Marley, the seat of the Right Honourable David La Touche; and Holly Park, the property of Jeffrey Foote, Esq. Along the banks of the LiiFey, west of the city, is a beautiful view of a country in which are some very elegant demesnes and splendid mansions. Leixlip Castle and the Salmon Leap are romantic and beautiful objects, and the aqueduct tin-own across the Rye, by the Royal Canal Company, is a great artificial curiosity, being 100 feet ENVIRONS OF DUBLIN. 431 high. Near to Dublin, along the banks of the riw r. several very beautiful plantations and residences. Her- mitage, formerly the seat of Colonel Haniield, is particu- larly picturesque and romantic. Palmerstown, one of the seats of the Right Honourable Lord Donoughmore, princely dwelling. Lutterils Town, the seat of Luke White, Esq. M. P., formerly the property of Lord Carhampton, is one of the most extensive demesnes in the county of Dublin. The Phoenix Park, the country seat of his Bia IK Of s the Lord Lieutenant, and several of the household, is a tract of land of about 1000 acres. It was first laid down by King Charles II. (1662), who was in possession of that part of the lands of Kilmainham which was sunvndi Bed to the Crown, (32 Henry VIII., Nov. 2nd.) by Sir John Rawson, Knight, Prior of Kilmainham, upon the suppressi. »n of the Priory of St. John of Jerusalem, (see Royal Hospi- tal). James Duke of Ormond, then Lord Lieutenant, purchased, in pursuance to the desire of his Majesty, the lands of Phoenix and Newtown, containing 4(>7 acres, to add to the lands of Kilmainham, in order to extend the park: also a farther quantity of 441 am > Inmi Sir Maurice Eustace, Knight, Lord Chancellor of Ireland, part of the lands of Chapel Izod. Many other town lands were then purchased, and united into that enelo.-urc now called Phoenix Park, (from the town land of that name,) which was the first purchased, and to which all the others were added. The Park extended on both sides of tin- I .ill! \ , and was in consequence much exposed to MfpeOMty up"" which it was determined to enclose the part on the north side of the river; this, Sir John Temple, (aitnwanb Lord Palmcrstown) undertook to perform, on condition 432 ENVIRONS OF DUBLIN. of being paid 900/. out of the Treasury, and a grant being made to him of all the land excluded by the Park- wall from the Dublin-gate to Chapel Izod, which condi- tions were assented to by his Majesty. The land on the other bank of the river was granted by his Majesty for the purpose of erecting the Royal Hospital upon, and was henceforth excluded from Phoenix Park. The first Ranger of the Park was appointed by Charles II., and in 1751, the Right Honourable Nathaniel Clements, Ranger, father of Lord Leitrim, built a handsome lodge for his own residence, which was purchased from him by government in 1784, as a country seat for the Lord Lieutenant, since which time it has been enlarged and beautified, so that its present appearance is not un- worthy of the improved taste of this age. Near the entrance to the Vice-regal residence, is a Corinthian column, thirty feet in height, in the centre of a circidar plat of ground, enclosed by iron railing ; this was erected in 1745, by Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of Chester- field, then Lord Lieutenant, who also improved and beautified the whole Park. On the summit of the column is a Phoenix, from which it is supposed the Park borrows its name ; but the figure was rather a consequence than a cause of this appellation, as is obvious from what has been mentioned relative to the origin of the Park. Opposite the Vice-regal Lodge, is the residence of the Chief Secretary, inferior in point of elegance, but still a comfortable and elegant mansion. There is a large plain of about fifty acres, perfectly level, where the troops are reviewed on his Majesty's birth-day, and on field-days : at one end of tins is the Hibernian School, for the education and maintenance of soldier's children, established by Lord Townsend hi 17G7, ENVIRONS OF l»l . I i N aiid accommodating MM) boys, and n is a church attached, where one ai I chaplains officiates. There are other interesting objects in this Park which have already been described, vis. the Weill Testimonial, and the Royal Infirmary ; and nan Dublin entrance to tl .a! Lodge, in the bottom of a wooded glen, is a Chalybeate Spa, with pleating ground, and seats for invalids, laid out at the r\| of the Dowager Dui public benefit. Thus has the reader been trespassed upon, in a WOli professing to be an Historic View of the City, with :i brief sketch of the County itself, of which, though not the professed object of this Volume, as it contains t 1 Metropolis of Ireland, he will excuse the introduction. In the little Volume now laid belorc the Public, there will necessarily be discovered many iinperieetio:is ; but when the Header takes the trouble of investigating how many original articles, the result <>t local know! observation, have been introduced, he will probablj acknowledge, that much ala rnipbahed. ( tin ) KATES OF CARRIAGES, FOB 1821. An, Public Carriages arc under the control of the Ma tratrs of the Head Police-Office, (Exchange Court, Royal Exchange), to whom complaints of misconduct agaiu-i owners or drivers are to he preferred, within fourteen day> after the offence is committed. [From 6 Morning to 12 From I I ! Kates of Carriages. a Night. to (J Mom. COAch. ./. Car. Sedan.] Coach. Stduti. A Set Down within the Public s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d Lights 1 4 10} 6} 2 q ■ *! For (he first Hour 2 1 3} 1 1 2 • ■: Hor every Hour after 1 6 8 9 2 i : r'<'.r twelve Hours 13 6 G 6 RATES OF CARRIAGES TO THE FOLLOWING PLACES. PLACES. Coach) PLAC7.S. Coach. J.Car\ s. d ,. -. s. d. Abboistown 3 5 i 1 1 ('insist ream 5 .■> ArLme 3 :'> 1 4 ( 'ollingstown - Ashbrook 3 5 1 4 Cairiikinines S 1? Hall's-bridee 2 ft 1 -1 Cabinteelv - 1 .I 3 Beirut 5 ■ > i ?ij Cork nigh" Balhfermot 3 5 i l , Croydon 1 -i Ball'xir:'.!! 3 5 1 1 Dnnsink 4 1 Blackroek 4 1 Dolphins-barn-town 2 ft Bluebell 2 N 1 '\ Dargle (New) 5 I Booterstown 3 5 1 4} Donnycarney 2 8j ' ■ Belleainp S 5 2 7^ Donny brook 2 0| 1 4 Barberstown 7 5 3 3 Dmmcondra 2 0} 1 4 Belldovle 8 J 3 3 (Dubber 4 1 1 11| Belgriffla 5 5 2 :.| Dundriun 4 1 1 HI Braekenstown 10 ip 3 11 (Diinleary 6 1| 2 71 Brazil 10 10 3 11 Dalkey 10 10 3 3 Bullock 8 M 3 3 Fairview 2 81 1 4 Ballinteer 5 s 2 r.i Finglas 3 S 1 H Brenanstown 8 l£ 3 3 Finglas Bridge 2 H 1 4 Blackbnsh 3 5 1 11) Fox and Geese 3 5 1 ') Burton Hall 5 5 2 rj Feltrum 10 10 3 11 Cabragti 2 oj 1 4 Forrest r a) 3 2 Clonskeagb 2 8f 1 1 Fir House .5 5 2 7} Canlil) \b Bridge 2 8| 1 4 Hod ley Green 3 5 1 11} Chapel izod 3 5 i ;' Glasnevin 2 ft* 1 A Church Town 3 5 1 4 Glanasrearv 8 10 3 S Castleknock 4 1 1 1 1| GlenvSle 1 9 - Clontarf .! 5 1 4 Hampsfead I 1 Cloutarf ShedB t 1 1 I! 1 Harold's-cross 1 4 Coolock 1 1 1 II 1 Halls-bam 3 5 1 4 Cm nil in 2 Bi 1 4 llowth 10 10 3 II Cloghran Ch. 7 5j 3 3 Huntstown 1 1 1 "I Clondalkin 6 5 a ■) Irish-Unvn 2 G 1 I Clor.ce 10 I" 3 11 Johnstown S 5 1 4 Cmagh : m 3 3 Ja nes Tom n 4 1 1 11} KATES 01' CARRIAGES PLACKS. Coach s. d. Island- bridge Kildouan K Uli'MiT Kinia; Kilgobbin Kiltt-i Kill oJ i ICnocfcsedan Kilmacud Leixlip Larkfiedd Lutirilstown, or Menrion Mi Mown Blt.vel.Faf Mt. pel. P lace (B.R.) Mt. pel. Row (B.R.) « Mount Merrion Ma la hide Monk.-town Mulhnddart Mt-rville Mount Venus Newtown Avenue New brook Newland New Park Newtown Park Newtn. Hall's Bam \ril-tnwil OldbawTJ Palmerstown Souse ■ Wood Pnckstown Pickardstown Priest House t 1 s 5 ! II 10 10 .-> 5 10 10 4 9 4 9 .5 a 1.0 10 10 10 4 9 J. Car t. d, i i i li i n i I.* .1 i i 11 i : S n a i\ \A 3 11 3 11 6 1 1 10 10 I 6 i : 3 11 4 6 9* 5 5 I .; i n; 3 3 -' "J • II] ■ -\ PLACES. Pbilipsburgh Phipebofi Ratten) i nam Ratlin . Rathgar i uk Roche's-town River-' Royal CharteT School Royal !' R Kitlin Ship on Shoulder ol Mutton Stonnai ■ .•nt Sandy mounl eld - Si. Doukwgh's St. Crftbei -■ Saint ri Pea IMnt(B. R.) Snnn-iu.n StjIloTg Swords Tall.-.b M. (/. 10 10 I. i MgW. Do. from 12 at Ni-ht tO« m "'• Mo 10 in f, *t 4 I 4 9 Hi Hi 1 I .1 I I II I I ' I 3J .1 I II 1 Hi I >>) .) .< 1 l.{ 3 II i nj Carriages are deemed on th,.r Stand wh-.yr mitwlth. pwrfdoA ,!,.■> I. carriages ^ ^ ^ ^ ^r^ ,.„,. il ^ 1 . rr^> a fat Down unolieagoUU to an) oftfca abow placet, and returning JtTthe ^Ker.'pn^HU-d tlu-r, bV no, lay oi mo* .minutes. ( B6 ) Jfeottls in iSubltm Arthur Morrison Dawson-street. Thomas Gresham 2, Upper Sackville-street. William Tuthill 51 3 Dawson-street. Christopher Bilton 51, Sackville-street. Peter Dunne 19, Ditto. William Ryland 45, Ditto. Martin Ryan 154, Britain- street. Michael Hynes 46, Capel-street. Garret Kavanagh 24, Stephen's green. Joseph Dollard 2, Bolton-street. Patrick Dwyer 51, Exchequer -street. Henry Mac ArdeU 41, Ditto. Alexander Dempster 25, Bride-street. Patrick Coyle Essex-street. Matthew Crosbie 14, Sackville-street. Thomas Macken 12, Dawson-street. William Heron Portobello. Joseph Abbot 57, Dawson-street. Anne Mitchell Bridge-street. John Corbally J 5, Boot-lane. Edward Oxford 38, Kildare-street. George Elvidge 28, Frederick-street. Andrew Farrell 1, Dorset-street. George Jones 17, Sackville-street. Sarah Wilson 97, Ca pel street. Francis Jones 47, Dawson-street. .lames Meade 6, Bolton-street, *k ( 437 ) 1 N DEN. i'.. \C\DKMY, Royal In-!. .... I , History of Ireland. D< blin Aldermen of Skinti Apomeoaties' Rail Asylum, Magdalen paw-street Townsend-street Female Penitentiary Widows i»>»»*le Servants Arehiepi-copal Palace 104 Artirti, Lniog Ai * BALfs Bank Bank of Ireland Oasfl Office Hou--e of Commons House of Lord- LiLL.;. Prating Rouse Qtg&niza-ti< I ; . .. 50- Kngi efor ••• Drying-room foT Numberii . Perfection of the Irish... Barracks Bav of Dublin Betfasl Bank ■ Blind, A Simpson's Hospital Richmond ln.-litntio!i.... Molynenx Asylum l',l„e-cnat'Ho-|Ht.il Botany-bay-square. ••■••••• • ••• BotanVgarden, (College).. 42, (Dublin - Boyd's, Aldernii.il. Paintmgaat Brehon Laws Bridewell Bridge, Carlisle Bridges, Iron — K--i\ Richmond Whitworth Queen's B1o■- Chapel ' Record Tower i. St. Rati • Monuments in CI St. Mary's Ch , Christ Church Relics Wave " ; Monument.- II*- Transept I pel — C iholic . , Metropolitan ■ I street BjccI Denn Clarendon Adam and Bve • ChoTch-street Hardwick-stxeet Ebenezer " ]•" i/i 1 »6 174 i:- • i- 1 i- • |«7 .b. lb. Zion w . - Chamber ol CommCTi ■ iciatlotti Charlemont-hoi M -'• s Paii.nn--at I" Church, St. Michael'* St. J. din's WO Mkhan's w] St. Audoen - oi Ow« St. Nieholai VViti ■• IW St. Peter'i IU •138 Church, St. Kevlll> I 13 St. Werburgh's 1 1 1 St. Maty's 1 1: St. .Aim.-'.- 150 St. Bridget's 152 St. George's 1.5-1 St. George's (Little) 157 St. Thomas's 158 St". Catherine's 160 SI . James's 1 63 St. Paul's 165 St. Nicholas Within.... 167 St. Andrew's ics St. Luke's 171 St. Mark's ib. Circular-road 13 Clontarf 3 College, Trinity 30 Chapel 31 Theatre ib. Refectory 33 (Intended)TriumphalArch ib. Library 34 Fagel Library 35 I\J anuscri pt-room 36 Fellows' Garden 37 Park ib. AnatomioalLecture-rooms 38 Printing-house 39 Provost's-kouse ib. Botany-bay-square 40 Museum 41 Observatory ib. Botanic-garden 42 College of Physicians 348 Surgeons 35 1 Column, Nelson ,.. 267 Phoenix 432 Commercial Buildings 324 Common Council 5, 205 Cooley, (Architect).. 216, 283, 316 Corn Exchange 322 Corporation 204 Courts of Law 281 Court, Prerogative 294 Consistorial ib. Admiralty 295 of Conscience 210 Custom House 30S Long Room 313 Dock il>. D. DALY'S, Lady H. Paintingsat 427 Deaf and Dumb Institution. .. . 241 Deanery, St. Patrick's 1 04 Christ Church 1 ^7 Dispensary, Talbot 412 St. Man, &c 113 Dublin General ib. Month 115 Page Drawing School Dublin, Ancient Histon tit... I Modern History nt' «; Site and extent of |0 Bay of 12 Environs of Society 6 i Institution -; Library Soeie ly : r, E. ENGINE for engraving Bank Notes 52 Environs of Dublin 128 Eustace-street Meeting-house,. 196 Exchange 315 Excise il>. Executive Government Exhibitions of Paintings 1 1 << Exhibition Room 420 Expressing Rollers for V,. Notes.! 52 F. FAGEL library Farming Society Farnham's, Earl of, Pajnfji at m Fellov. s of Trinity College. . . . Fine Arts '. us Finlav & Co.'s Bank First-Fruits Board Friaries 186 Forgery ......... r-ountain, Memon-sqtiare. ... 261 Fountains, removal of 305 Four Courts 88a G. GANDON, (Architect).. ■:. 293, 313, 316 Gas Light Company 32x George's Hill N unnery 1 9 1 German Church 204 Government, Executive I!) Municipal WH H. HAROLD'S Cross Nunnery .. 19 i Hospital, Royal, Kilmainbam 383 Steevens's 362 Mercer's 365 Meath ;166 Lying-in 368 Hospital. V\ ••Mmnrolaii.l Loci 378 St. Mark and St. Anne's, Fever 38 1 Sir Patrick Dun'> 386 M)E\ Hospital, Whitworth Richmond Surgical •• Wmtwoti ib. St. Peter and St. Bridget Incurables House of Industn 4"-' Fo i i be St. Patricks Hotel.- 436 House of Commons 4'> Lords Refuge Industry 40.' Houth .' (2 Abbey Castle ib. I. IMPROVEMENTS Incorporated Society , Incurables, llo.-uital for •)(.») I ode pendents Infirmary, Jen b-streei Royal Miiitarj Inns of Court '. !nn, Collet's g Preston's ■ Kind's Insane, Asylums for .... 407 — 112 Installation of Knights oi St. Patrick ' • Institution, the Dublin '< insurance (Marine and Com- mercial) Offices 1 11-111 ivetion Ireland, Karly History 01 1 Subdued by the Norma Irish Grant. .... ivory. < Architect) JEWS 204 John-ton, (Architect 228, 299 his Caller ol Paintrrj 1 KEATING, (Prior) Kilniainhain Gaol Prion Royal Hospital King's Inns Kin^-street Nunnerv Knights of St. Patric - lation of Templar Kirwanian Soeieft Lecture?', at the Did.. Medidi : Bod ai - on Midwifer) Clinical.... Library, Trinit I - r Dublin Soeiel Royal lu-li Acadeui) Dublin !n-titiitiun : 1 Dublin Libran - 1 Mar.-h".- , Lightho Lord Lieutenant's 1 rnenl Lord Ma 01 Lucas, Dr. Charles Monument Statue Lunatic Asylum VM Hospital) Richmond CJIa.-nev in 11 Donii) brook ib. Lunatics, treatment of 1 11 Lurgan liank L.3 iiiir-i'i Hospital C Lapel Id.', :.t LAW Court-... Latouche's Hank M. LAi .- rp. .... Manning's, Thos. Pain Henry .... Thomas Court 1 ; R K Sh 1 Dublin -• Ro ■ 1 Marin.- School ' Mirino I I'll K Meath-street Chapel .Meal I. 1 Dispensar) 11 • Mendieii . Seciel Mcthodiati Minot, Thomas 140 I n : in \. Page Model of the Hank 17 Bridges 67 Molyneux Asylum Monuments, viz.— Piovost Baldwin 32 Dr. Marsh 79 Karl of Cavan 83 John Ball 84 Stella ib. Archbishop Tregury.... 85 Dean Swift lb. M'Gee 87 Dean Keating 88 Meredith ib. Tomlrins 89 LordRosse ib. Boardman 90 Rigby ib. Karl of Cork 94 Weston 95 SirG. Fenton ib. Sir Robert Boyle 96 Viscountess Doneraile . . 97 Duke of Sehoinberg 98 Dr. Byttolph 99 Archbishop Jones 100 Archbishop Talbot 101 Price 102 Prior U4 Strongbow 1 1 6 Lord Bowes 117 Lord Lifford 118 Bishop Ellis 119 Griffith 122 Karl of Kildare 123 Bishop Fletcher 124 Agard 125 Dr. Woodward 126 Dr. Whitshed Ii9 Dr. Lucas 134 Dr. Parry 137 Brereton ib. Baron Portlester ib. Dr. Ward ib. Sir C. Molyneux 138 Malone ib. Motley 139 Hamilton 140 Westby 141 Kit zgibbon 142 Austen 143 Guinness 146 Bishop Tennison 148 Dr. Law ib. Mrs. Chevenin 149 Dean Fletcher ib. Watson ib. Lieat.-Colonel Home... 150 Miss Phibbs 151 Dr. Stopfprd 152 I. inil. -Crucial Pomeroy ib. Mr. Pleasants 153 Monuments, viz. — Lady Galbraith 151 Whitelaw 1 r, 1 , ole 168 Mylne il>. Cooke 164 Ellis ib. Butler ib. .Mis. Meade 166 Colonel Armsby I(i7 Dr. Betagh 184 Moore's, Mr. Paintings at .... l^.i Moravia ns 202 Mosse, Dr 370 Mount-h crrion 430 Musical Fund Society ^36 N. NELSON'S Column 267 Newcomen's Hank 59 Newgate 216 New Rooms Nicholas. S in- Numbering and Dating Pn Nunneries. 190 ( . OLDHAM s, Mr. Apparatus for Printing Bank -Notes 49 Organ, St. Patrick's Cathedral 91 Orphan House. Female 248 Sch ols, Female Ossified Man - Ouzel Galley Association P. PAINTINGS, List of.... 42 1—4 27 Paper, Apparatus for wetting. . 50 Park, College .>: Phoenix 43] Paving Board 305 Penitentiary, Dublin 226 Richmond 227 Locke 230 Dublin Female 232 Phoenicians 2 Phopnix Park 431 Column 432 Physic, School of 356 Physicians' College 348 Association of 356 Pipe Water Committee 307 Pleasants, Mr 153, 33 1 , 367 Asylum 250 Police .'. 213 Pomeroy's, Mr. Paintings at. . 423 Portraits at Tiinif\ College.. Mansion House 207 Royal Hospital 138 INDEX. 441 Page Post Office Penny 297 Powers, Mr. Paintings at it* Presbyterians 194 Preston's Inn i[iu Printing House, University .. 39 ' ■ Bank ^8 Presses for Bank-note-.. . 53 Prisons 216 Provost's House Paintings at 124 Q- QUAKERS eoj Asylum for Insane Il> R. RATES of Carriages 434 Refectory, Trinity College ;.; Religion- Societies Richmond Bridge >75 Institution ^ii Lunatic Asj lum 109 Rotunda Rooms ' ; ; 6 Royal Irish Acadeinj 72 ; Arcade ' 272, 1 20 Hospital, Kilmainhain.. 333 S. ST. DOLOT'GH 431 St. Patrick's Hall 1.-, Savings' Bant School, St. Catherine's, Sun Free, Day, Bell and Lanea-teriai Seats 428, 131 Seceders 1 D s Sessions House }22 Shaw's Rank 59 Sheriff-' Prison 219 Simpson's Hospital -ill Smith's Schools 84] Smyth, ('Sculptor) i*,U9, l/ij, 310 Spa at Stove Tenter 1 Square, Mention 260 Fitzu illiam Rutland Jfid Mounijoy Society, Dublin 61 Farming Kirvvanian :; Iberno-Celtic ii>. Dublin Library 75 Strangers Friend ■ For Reliel oi Industrious Poor ib. Debtor's Friend ib. Page Society, Musical Fund /j« Meatli Charitable Incorporated 240 For Kdueationof the Po Sunday School -> I Religious Tract 256 Bible, dec 257 Stump Office 300 Statue, George 111. Bank 46 Marquis of Buckingham 101 George I. Man-ion 11. »09 George 1 1. Step I William lII.College,E George III. Exchange .. 3 19 Dr. Lucas, Exchange 320 - I)r 'a Hospital ib. Stephen'- Green Stove Tenter-house' 331 Strand-sire t Meeting-house.... 195 Students at Trinity College.... 28 Surgeon's College 3.51 . rtUdj ot 352 < Operations in 393 Swift, .MS. notes by 77 Mask's Portraits of 104 .'l .Monument 85 Hospital 40 T. TAILORS' Hall 211 TApestn lis, 212, -1 Tenter-house 331 Theatres 268 Theatre, CrOW -street 269 New ib. Fi-hamhleslieet 71 Thol-el 6, 210 Tobacco 314 Transactions of the rberho-Cel- tie Son fcj 74 Trea-un . . .' 10 I'. tfNION, The University 7, A* Pro! osl Vice Provosi ib. Lit ings 87 I-Xamiuaiicin of Candi- dates il>- Scholars Classification oi the Stu- dents tb. Course of Studs Usher's Qua) Meeting I Q Q 442 IK DEX. V. 4IG 115, 259, 319, 320 132 432 VACCINE Institution . Van Nost, (Sculptor) 81 Vaults, St. Michan's.... Viceroy's Lodge W. WALDRE, (Painter) 15 Walker, John '201 Walkerites iD - Page Ward's-hill Nunnery 19 > Waterford-liouse Paintings at Wax-models 39 Weavers' Hall 212 Wellington Testimonial 287 Wide-streel Commissioners... 306 Winter, (Provost) 194 YARN Hall 330 ERRATA. Page 9 Alborough . . . read — 16 Johnson — 17 gothic final — — gavel _ 45 Johnstone Ci Since tbearticle " Lurgan Bank ha« era-! d to exist. — 54 P'ive I) u ml red . — 63 (5 la- mere . . — G* Smirks . . . — r: I divine — gl & 1 15 Van Nort — lo-v Deans . . . — 175 Roulx . . . — 204 i oobeg-street . — 20s Alderman Lanhey — 2ii Homohon . . — 214 Vanheaver . . — 21.i ■ Phanian . . — 318 Corinthian — 324 Hampton Conrl — 392 cures (bottom line) — 393 operation for the Amerii . Aldborough. . Johnston. . gothic finial . gable. . Johnston. tten, that honte . Five thousand . Glasnevin . Smirke's. . celebrated Saint. . Van Nost. . . Alderman Sankey. . Homohon . Van doen's dan. . ipton Court. T. C. HANSARD, Printer, Peterl ;1 coi rl • ^- > I *