.> •■ ■ »0 -7*. ""^T * 4 o 
 
 •>sf?'*A'^'^</-'?:t-*\c/\ "-^?ft^'\^*^'"^^;-v.?v<- ,^^\ 
 
 o 
 
 .■^. 
 
 %/ ,, : S-o*' ::^^<"- %/ ; ^ Vc^' .■:^^*^-- %^^ 
 
 ■> 
 
 ■°o 
 
 
 % 
 
 .-. ^''' ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,0^ 
 
 ">",- 
 
 
 
 
 
 '^^ c°'' .':;^:.^- ''°- 
 
 *P /CC' '■ .- ,- V .<> 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ ^ ' 
 
 X-- 
 
 
 ^4 o^ \C) rr, ■ o^ . ' \0 -7*. 40 
 
 -..-^ ^^. \* V -^ ^, o.v ^^ 
 
 *^^- 
 
 
 
 ,.,\. 
 
 
 't^o^ 
 
 
 
 
 ^ G° .^^-■°^' ^ ^^ 
 
 0^ "b V"- 
 
 ^--v - - ' 40 - -.^ - . aO v*. 
 
 \0 V, 'Vj ° 40 ~ '■ \0 '7" ,7 ° ,4 o>. 
 

 
 
 o 
 
 '-1^ 
 
 .0' 
 
 >^°-^^, 
 
 .-^ ^^.. 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 V 
 
 \' 
 
 
 I/O V 
 
 -K 
 
 •c^- 
 
 ■7- 
 
 .0' 
 
 o V 
 
 ,0' 
 
 ■^ • ■■■ -- .- „ <^ .-y » •■ - ^--^^ .V <■ - . -- . <^ .'\ /,• ;.■; 
 
 
 
 ■\ 
 
 
 ,V 'X, 
 
 
 > r. ■ 
 
 ,0 
 
 xOv;^ 
 
 ,> 
 
 40 
 
 <^ 
 
 jp -a 
 
 
 
 
 
 "^° A^^ .... '^^ 
 
 
 
 .-f' -$- 
 
 <^ 
 
 ^0 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 ^r 
 
 
 , s!>^ c o " = . '^^ 
 
 ^' S^ 
 
 v"''^^^ 
 
 :^' /:VC^ 
 
 0' 
 
 ,0 
 
 >„ ^rr:!^' ..^^ 
 
 
 .0' 
 
 
 -?>' 
 
 C ' .0' 
 
 ^•' .^;• ;-. -- 
 
 
 * ;;■ ■ 'v£v •■; ■ 
 
 
 ' vr""-''^' 
 
 
 5^ ^> * -s-;.-;-:/. 
 
 Z^-^'*" ;->" 
 ^ A 1 
 
 .4 q. 
 
 
 ^ -<.. 
 
 ^■-4>:;.;/.;^?'%' 
 
 V , ^ 
 
 ^•^ 
 
 ^0' 
 
 •■r"^ 
 
 . "^ •'". '"^ <o ^ 
 
 A 
 
 
 \' 
 
 
 •^0 
 o4 ° 
 
 x\ 
 
 ,^' 
 
 .'t- " " " " ^^ 
 
 
 
 .0' 
 
 
 y>'> S' 
 
 
 
 
 .0' 
 
AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 
 
 The 
 
 Ancient Basket Makers 
 
 OF 
 
 Southeastern Utah 
 
 George H. Pepper 
 
 Assistant, Department of Anthropology 
 
 ^*5^,'408 
 
 SUPPLEMENT TO AMERICAN MUSEUM JOUR 
 \0L. II, No. 4, APRIL, 1902 
 
 Guide Leaflet No. 6 
 
American Museum of Natural History 
 
 Seventy-seventh Street and Central Park West, New York City 
 
 First Vice-President 
 
 J. PiERPONT Morgan 
 
 Treasurer 
 
 Charles Lanier 
 
 BOARD OF TRUSTEES 
 
 President 
 Henry Fairfield Osborn 
 
 Ex Officio 
 
 Second Vice-President 
 
 Cleveland H. Dodge 
 
 Secretary 
 
 J. Hampden Robb 
 
 The Mayor of the City of New York 
 The Comptroller of the City of New York 
 The President of the Department of Parks 
 
 JOSEPH H. CHOATE 
 
 Class of 1909 
 
 J. PIERPONT MORGAN 
 HENRY F. OSBORN 
 
 J. HAMPDEN ROBB 
 ARTHUR CURTISS JAMES 
 
 CHARLES LANIER 
 ANSON W. HARD 
 
 Class of 1910 
 
 Class of 1911 
 
 SETH LOW 
 Class of 1912 
 
 PERCY R. PYNE 
 JOHN B. TREVOR 
 
 WILLIAM ROCKEFELLER 
 GUSTAV E. KISSEL 
 
 D. O. MILLS 
 ARCHIBALD ROGERS 
 
 ALBERT S. BICKMORE 
 CORNELIUS C. CUYLER 
 ADRIAN ISELIN, Jr. 
 
 Class of 1913 
 
 GEORGE S. BOWDOIN 
 A. D. JUILLIARD 
 
 CLEVELAND H. DODGE 
 ARCHER M. HUNTINGTON 
 
 EXECUTIVE OFFICERS 
 
 Director 
 Hermon C. Bum pus 
 
 Assistant-Secretary and Assistant-Treasurer 
 George H. Sherwood 
 
 The American Museum of Natural History was established in 1869 to promote 
 the Natural Sciences and to diffuse a general knowledge of them among the people, and 
 it is in cordial cooperation with all similar institutions throughout the world. The Museum 
 authorities are dependent upon private subscriptions and the dues from rnembers for pro- 
 curing needed additions to the collections and for carrying on explorations in America 
 and other parts of the world. 
 
 The membership fees are, 
 
 Annual Members! $ 10 
 
 Life Members 100 
 
 Fellows $ 500 
 
 Patrons 1000 
 
 All money received from membership fees is used for increasing the collections and 
 for developing the educational work of the Museum. 
 
 The Museum is open free to the public on every day in the year. 
 
The Ancient Basket flakers 
 
 OF 
 
 Southeastern Utah 
 
 A GUIDE LEAFLET DESCRIPTIVE OF AN EXHIBIT 
 
 IN THE 
 
 AIVIERICAN nUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 
 
 By GEORGE H. PEPPER 
 
 of Ca^^,, 
 JUL 2 1920 
 
 '^/•^B 
 
 NO. 6 
 
 OF THE 
 
 GUIDE LEAFLET SERIES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 
 
 EDMUND OTIS HOVEY, EDITOR 
 New York. Published by the riuseum. April, 1902 
 
 ^4k- ,....._ n.n^t- 
 
 Second Edition, from stereotyped plates, May, 1909 
 
V 
 
 
 
 f r 
 
 202 
 
 I.-^ 
 
 SKETCH PLAN OF SECOND, OR MAIN, FLOOR. 
 
 Thi' colU'Ction illustrating- tlu' ancient basket niakei's of southeastern 
 Utah is in the soutlnvest corner of Hall No. 202 on the Second, or Main, 
 floor of the West wing of the INIuseuin building. 
 
THE ANCIENT BASKET xMAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN 
 
 UTAH. 
 
 By Geop.'^tE H. Pepper, 
 Assistant in the Department of Anthropologv. 
 
 The southwestern part of the United States is noted archa?o- 
 logicahy for its chff dweUings and pueblos. The cHff-houses are 
 more numerous in Colorado, Utah and Arizona, but the largest 
 group of ruined pueblos is situated in one of the broad canons of 
 northwestern New Alexieo. These homes of the ancient people, 
 though differing greatly in form and situation, as well as the cave 
 lodges and boulder houses of the old river beds, were doubtless 
 the result of environment, and were probably, to a certain ex- 
 tent, occupied contemporaneously. The numerous problems 
 suggested by these ruins have been studied by careful investi- 
 gators, and exploration work has served to verify many hypo- 
 thetical conclusions and to disprove as many more ; but the work 
 may continue indefinitely, for each season brings to light some 
 new problems of iniportance, and it is one of these that will' be 
 considered in this paper. 
 
 The Wetherill family of Mancos, Colorado, have been closely 
 associated with the arch^rology of the Southwest for nearly a 
 quarter of a century, and they have had the honor of bringing 
 before the public the great Cliff-Dweller region of Colorado and 
 Utah. They have been untiring in their efforts as collectors and 
 are keen observers. Richard, the eldest son, was the leader of 
 most of the exploring trips, and it was he who found, in the 
 Grand Gulch region of southeastern Utah, the skeletons of an 
 ancient people, whose skulls were markedlv different from those 
 of the Cliff" Dwellers, and who named this new people the " Basket 
 Makers." Two gentlemen, Messrs. McLovd and Graham, fol- 
 lowed the pioneers and made a representative collection of the 
 objects and utensils of the Basket people. It is from accounts 
 of the region given by the last named explorers, supplementing 
 the statements of the Wetherill brothers, whom I consider 
 
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH 
 
 authorities on this subject, that I shall draw many of my 
 facts. 
 
 Richard Wetherill, in writing of this region, says: "Grand 
 Gulch drains nearly all the territory southwest of the Elk moun- 
 tains, from the McComb Wash to the Clay Hills, about one tlious- 
 and miles of territory. It is the most tortuous canon in the whole 
 of the Southwest, making bends from 200 to 600 yards apart, al- 
 
 buHlML ^.-*vc uF BASKET MAKERS, GRAND GULCH, UTAH 
 
 most the entire length, or for fifty miles, and each bend means a 
 The Canons cavc or Overhanging cliff ; all of those with an exposure 
 of Utah. to the sun had been occupied either for clift'-houses or as 
 burial places. The canon is from 300 to 700 feet deep and in 
 many places, toward the lower end, the bends are cut through by 
 Nature, making natural bridges. Under these bridges, in some 
 cases, are houses, and in such places are pictographs in the greatest 
 profusion; the painted ones of the Basket Maker, with the later 
 ones of the Cliff Dweller cut or incised in the rock without paying 
 any attention to previous ones. Ingress and egress are very 
 difficult, there being not more than five or six places where even 
 
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH 
 
 footmen can ^et into or out of the canon. Water is fairly plentiful. 
 Springs occur at \cry frc(iucnl intervals, running a short dis- 
 tance and sinking in the sand perhaps to rise again lower down 
 the canon. Wherever there are slopes a sjxirse growth of jjihon 
 and cedar occurs; about the springs are cottonwoods, willows 
 and box-elders; in the shaded side canons are mountain ash and 
 
 ^rj, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bi,SK£T BURIAL, GRAND GULCH, U"^AH 
 
 hackberry. The usual luish of the canon is scrul) oak. Canes 
 or rushes cover tlie Inttom lands in the \-ic-inity of water." 
 
 This. then, was the Ikmiic n\' the IJasket Maker, at any rate, so 
 far as we know. There are e\-i(lences that a few, at least, of 
 these people found homes in the caves as far south as the Canon 
 de Chelle, but nine-tenths of the. caves inhabited by these people 
 have been found in the Crand Ciulch country. 
 
 The Cliff Dwellers practiced artificial flattening of the head. 
 This flattening was confined to the posterior portion of the 
 
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH 
 
 skull, and was as pronounced in the women as in the men. 
 The occipital deformity is so noticeable and so constant among 
 Physical ^his people that a normal cranium among a lot of skulls 
 Character- would attract the attention of an investigator. Mr. 
 istics. Wetherill discovered that two forms of human skulls 
 
 occurred in the canons: the broad, short, flattened cranium of 
 the CHIT Dweller and a narrow, elongate, normal cranium. The 
 
 BASKET BURIAL, GRAND GULCH UTAH 
 
 latter was the only kind found buried under baskets, a fact which 
 suggested to the discoverer the name "Basket Makers" as an 
 appropriate appellation for the ancient people whose remains he 
 had found. 
 
 But these were not the onlv marked differences between the 
 two people whose remains are so closelv associated. That the 
 Basket Makers used the bow is doubtful. They had, however, a 
 form of weapon unknown in the Southwest, either in ancient or 
 
 6 
 
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH 
 
 modern times, save in tliis restricted area, the throwin^-stiek, 
 whose nearest neij^hhor is found in ("hihiialuia, Mexico, in the 
 form of the "atlatl," an implement of war eoncerninj^^ Weapons 
 whieh wonderful tales were told by the early chroni- and 
 
 clers of New Spain. There are other ini])lements and Utensils, 
 utensils peculiar to this people, one of whieh is similar to the 
 rabbit-stick used by the Ho])i Indians of to-da\'; luit the most 
 striking features are the absence of houses in the ca\-es and the 
 manner of bur\-ing the dead. 
 
 The Basket Makers lived in caves, l)ut the investigations in 
 this region furnish no e\4dences of their ha\'ing had stone houses. 
 In some of the caves the houses of the Cliff Dwellers 
 
 1 1 r 1 1 • r 1 1- n 1 Dwellings, 
 
 nave been found o\-er the remains oi the earlier pKisket 
 
 IMakers. In relation to the rooms e.\ca\"ate(l 1)\' the Basket 
 Makers. McLoyd and (Iraliam sa\': "Some of the skulls in this 
 collection were obtained from underground rooms that had been 
 excavated in the clav bottoms of the ea\es. The largest of these 
 rooms are as much as twent\'-t\vo feet in diameter. Thev ha\-e 
 been filled in with ashes and other refuse, and the stone cliff 
 houses constructed over them. The lieads taken from these 
 rooms are of natural form, never hax'ing been changed 1:)\- i)res- 
 sure. No skulls of this shape are found in the stone cliff houses 
 that are in the same caves, and no llattened skulls are found in 
 the underground rooms. Articles found in the rooms beneath 
 the cliff dwellings are, to some extent, dilferent from those ob- 
 tained in the stone liouses abo\-e." 
 
 \\'etherill makes mention of a great manv (le])ressions in the 
 form of "pot-holes," some of which were lined with baked ela\-: 
 their use may have been, primarily, the storing of Mode of 
 grain or ])n)\-isions, l)ut a secondarx- and final utiliza- Burial, 
 tion was as a grax'C. In these carefulh' ])re])ared ])laces, the 
 bodies of the people were buried. Thev were doul)led u]^ and 
 placed at the IxHtom of the hole, then covered with beauti- 
 ful feather or rabbit-skin robes and finally with baskets, 
 either several small ones or one large canying basket. No 
 matter what the character or qualit\- of the other mortuary 
 articles might be, the basket was almost in\-arial)h' in evidence. 
 
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH 
 
 The bodies exhibited, eommonly known as mummies, testify 
 forcildy to the (h"vness of tlie eaves in whieh thev were found. 
 They were not suhjecleil to an artifieial mumniifvinsj^ "Mum- 
 process, as many j)eople imaL,nne and as the eommon mies." 
 name would imply, but were buried in the usual manner, Nature 
 alone being responsible for their present condition. The body 
 instead of decaying, slowly dried. Tlie (lesh wasted away, under- 
 going a gradual process of desiccation, until tlie skin, flattened 
 on the bones by the pressure of the eartli aboxc it, became a 
 parchment-like co\-ering tliat enclosed the skeleton. Tliis work 
 of Nature was so wonderfully done tliat tlic indix'idual external 
 features and ]^eculiarities, althougli somewhat (Hstcjrted, are per- 
 fectly preser\-ed. The hair, eyebrows and nails are intact, and 
 the ears, the nose, the skin of the face and other fleshy parts of 
 the body are so perfect that they ]ia\-e l)een rendered almost 
 life-like bv a process employed in one of our unix'crsities. Nature, 
 in this region at least, lias been kind to the archccologist, and, 
 through her carefully prepared store-houses, has made it possible 
 to verify manv hypotheses, while at the same time she has pre- 
 served for the student many in\-alual)le records of the past. 
 
 The Culture of the Axciext Pj.\sKi:r M.xkers. 
 
 Although most of the ancient Pueblo pco])le and C]\\( Dwellers 
 were masters of the art of making pottery it would seem, from 
 the data at hand, that the Basket Makers had not 
 
 Pottery. 
 
 developed whatever aljility they may have had ni that 
 line. In fact, the maiority of the vessels found with the remains 
 of these people are of a yerv crude type, in(hcatiye oi the first 
 steps in fictile art as pointed out by specialists. McLoyd and 
 Graham, in speaking of this ware, say: "The third kind of 
 pottery is very valuable, less than hfty pieces lia\-ing been found 
 up to date, and those in the underground rooms that have been 
 mentioned as being underneath the Cliff dwellings and in the 
 same caves. It is a \-ery crude, unglazed ware, some of the 
 bowls showing the im]n-int of the l)askets in which they were 
 formed." 
 
 The pottery mentioned in this statement is on exhibition in 
 
 9 
 
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH 
 
 the table case in front of the wall case referred to, and will be 
 
 described in detail in a future publication. 
 
 The lari^e jars on the u])])cr sliclf of the wall case containinjr 
 
 the baskets are from the caNcs in wliich some of the remains of the 
 
 Basket Makers were fount h 1)ut thev are from the „ , , 
 
 " Vessels for 
 
 upi^er levels and are the work of the Cdiff Dwellers. Cooking 
 
 ]\Iany were used as cookin<^ vessels, but most of the and 
 
 larger ones were rece|)tacles for corn and other ])rovis- Storage. 
 
 ions. Some of the jars still retain tlie corn and seeds that were 
 
 placed there by their original owners, wliile otliers are covered 
 
 with soot that sliows tlie use made of tliem in the culinarv 
 
 department. It will be noticed that most of the kirge jars have 
 
 rounded bottoms, necessitating a stand or l)ase to keep them 
 
 in an u])right ])()sition. The stand used was in the form of a ring 
 
 made either of yucca ("Spanish bayonet") or cedar bark and one 
 
 of these may be seen attached to the base of a jar. It foims 
 
 part of a harness made of yucca lea\-es, wliich also ser\-ed to 
 
 strengthen the jar, and facilitated the c;nTying of such a vessel. 
 
 This form of jar is common throughf)ut the greater ])art of the 
 
 Pueblo and Cliff Dweller countrw nnd is a good example of the 
 
 ware in which the coils ha\-e not been obliterated b\' smoothing. 
 
 The bottle-necked olla and a bowl are shown as examples 
 of another form. In these the surface has been smoothed and 
 ornamented with painted designs. In the corrugated other 
 
 jars, the desigtis are generallv incised, and are either Forms 
 
 lines or slight depressions forming figures. In the °^ J^^- 
 former stvles of decoration a \-ucca lirush is used, while in the 
 latter a bone im|)lement or stick or e\-en the finger Ucuil was 
 enough to give the desired effect. 
 
 The foot co\-cring of the ancient sedentary ]KX)]de is interest- 
 ing enough to hll a 1)ook witli instructix'C text, but we must 
 merely glance at that liere shown and ]^ass on to tlie Sandals: 
 great collection of l)askets. The \-ucca ])lant furnished Material, 
 the material from which these sandals usuall>' were made. Some 
 were plaited from the s])lit leaves of the broad-leaved sjX'cies, 
 while for others the entire leaf of the narrow-leaved ])lant was 
 utilized. In making the sandals the progression was from the 
 
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH 
 
 toe to the heel. Another form, a thick pad-Hke sandal, was 
 made from yucca fibre loosely wo\'en, while a fourth was a 
 carefully woven product, both warp and woof being yucca cord. 
 Other materials were employed in the manufacture of these 
 useful articles, and specimens illustrating this fact may be seen 
 in the table case east of the one under consideration. 
 
 ^^IP" 
 
 
 FOCD TRAY WITH BUTTERFLY DESIGN 
 
 There is a marked difference in shape between the sandal of 
 the Basket Makers and that of the Cliff Dwellers. The latter 
 Sandals: has a pointed toe, and there is a jog or step a few 
 Shape. inches from the toe end. The sandals of the Basket 
 Makers have square toes, apparently without exception. From 
 the crudest form made from broad leaves to the finest woven 
 
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH 
 
 product, there is no deviation. The Wetherill brothers made 
 this a point for s]xx>ial investip;ation, and the square-toed form 
 seemed to ]~)ersist to the exehision of the re<j:ular chff-house 
 type. We have McLoyd and (iraham's views in the followin.s^ 
 words: "' We are of the opinion that those [sandals] with square 
 
 FOOD TRAY WITH WATER-FOWL DESIGN 
 
 toes were made hv a race wlio inhabited tlie underground 
 rooms. This view is formed from finding them lun-ied witli 
 mummies of that race and is strengthened by tlie fact that we 
 have found none in the caves where such ruins do not exist." 
 Thus we may safely assume that this is another characteristic 
 
 13 
 
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH 
 
 in which the Basket Makers differ from the Chft" people: at all 
 events, the matter is worthy of further study. 
 
 The baskets taken from the various caves of the Grand Gulch 
 region, and shown for the first time in this case, form as complete 
 a collection of pre-historic wickerwork as may be 
 found in this country, and present a new field for the 
 student of ancient weaves. All the large baskets were found 
 with the Basket Makers. The Cliff Dwellers made baskets, and 
 may ha\-e learned the art from these people, but most of their 
 productions were small and unornamented. According to Mc- 
 Loyd and Graham: " The large flat baskets or platters have only 
 been found in the underground rooms that have been mentioned." 
 These large dishes or trays are well represented in the Museum 
 exhibit. 
 
 The Wetherill Collection. 
 
 The northern half of the case is devoted to the material col- 
 lected bv the Wetherill brothers and is the first collection of note 
 that came from the Grand Gulch country. Tlie unic[ue character 
 of manv of these baskets wouli warrant a technical treatment, 
 and the weaves, materials, dyes and desigis are all deserving of 
 a more detailed description than this account will permit. 
 
 The baskets that claim attention when the case is first ap- 
 proached are the ones that cover the bodies. They are really 
 Burden burden baskets and, though used to cover the bodies 
 Baskets. after death, were not specificallv mortuary baskets. 
 Thev are from three to four feet in diameter and are conical in 
 form. Some of them still retain their carrying cords and show 
 evidences of long use. As burden baskets they were no doubt 
 used in carrving wood, grain, fruits etc. They are of the coil 
 pattern and have the three-stick core. We find this form of 
 basket in use at the present time among the Apaches, Pah Utes 
 and most of the tribes of northern and central California. In 
 the modern tribes, liowever, almost all baskets of this shape are 
 of the bam tush wea\'e, a weave in which the warp is perpen- 
 dicular instead of being in the form of a horizontal coil. 
 
 The ornamentation here shown is angular and well defined, 
 
 14 
 
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH 
 
 and apjiroaclies in decoratix-e effect the modern work of tlie 
 Maidu Indians of California. The material used in the Omamen- 
 construction of the basket is willow. wSplinls of this tation. 
 
 material liave been dyed black and a peculiar dull red, and these 
 two colors form the design as shown in the basket on page 8. 
 
 FOOD TRAY WITH BUTTERFLY A\D WATER-FOWL DESI3NS 
 
 The conical bottom of this basket has l)een reinforced and 
 strengthened with heavy yucca cord, 1)ecause the basket is always 
 put down with this ])art resting on the ground. Tins feature 
 may be noticed in the Pali Ute burden baskets of the present 
 day, but the Pah Utes generally bind their baskets with 
 rawhide. 
 
 IS 
 
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH 
 
 On the first or lower shelf of the Wetherill collection there is 
 a series of eight baskets that were probably used as food trays or 
 Food Tr vs "^^^^ bowls. Some may have been used as gambling 
 or Meal trays with which to toss the bone and wooden dice, 
 Bowls. while others were, possibly, ceremonial obiects that 
 were used only on special occasions. This series is composed of 
 specimens that are practically of the same form. They are made 
 of willow stalks and splints and are of the "three-rod founda- 
 tion" type, as illustrated and described by Professor Otis T. 
 Mason in the AniericcDi Anthropologist, X. S., vol. 3, Xo. i, 
 p. 122. Since almost all of the baskets made bv these people 
 are of this type, Mason's description of this i:)articular form of 
 weave as given in the article cited may be c^uoted here. 
 
 "Three-rod foundation — This is the type of foundation called 
 bv Dr. Hudson, baui isn icii. Among the Pomo and other 
 Mode of tribes in the western part of the United States the 
 Manufac- most delicate pieces of basketrv are in this style. Dr. 
 ture. Hudson calls them the "jewels of coiled basketrv." 
 
 The surfaces are beautifully corrugated and patterns of the most 
 elaborate character can be wrought on them. The technic is as 
 follows : Three or four small, uniform willow stems serve for the 
 foundation. The sewing, which may be in splints of willow, 
 black or white carex root, or cercis stem, passes around the three 
 stems constituting the coil, under the upper one of the bundle 
 below, the stitches interlocking. In the California area the 
 materials for basketry are of the finest qualitv. The willow 
 stems and carex roots are susceptible of division into delicate 
 filaments. Sewing done with these is most compact, and when 
 the stitches are pressed closely together the foundation does 
 not appear." 
 
 Accepting this description as covering the generalities of 
 manufacture, we may proceed to the examination of a few of 
 the individual peculiarities. Beginning with the second specimen 
 from the right of this part of the case we have a basket seventeen 
 inches in diameter, which is slightly concave. The stitch is the 
 ordinarv "wrap stitch" with the exception of a space about an 
 inch and one-half from the end of the outer coil, where the 
 
 16 
 
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH 
 
 herring-bone stitch was used. This stitch is employed by the 
 modern Pah Utes, Xavajos, Supais and Pimas, Ijut with tliese 
 tribes tlie entire rim is fmislied in this manner. The desijj^n on 
 this basket, as shown on page 12, is a very unusual one. Mr. T. 
 
 ""^^sswfcfeifc:: 
 
 OPEN WORK, OR "blFrER " BASK'^T 
 
 F. Barnes of Los Angeles, C\difornia, has suggested that it may 
 be a con\-entionalized representation of butterflies and Butterfly 
 that the basket was probably a ceremonial one. used Designs, 
 when a child was born, the butterfly being symbolical of the new 
 life. In verificati(^n of this supposition, the entr\- in Wetherill's 
 original catalogue shows that this basket was found over the 
 " partially mummified remains of a child." The design is in two 
 
 17 
 
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH 
 
 colors. The space below the bar and between the wings is a dull 
 red-brown, the remainder of the figure being black. These de- 
 signs are not equidistant as is generally the case in ancient decora- 
 ti\'e work of this region, and the position of one of the figures 
 directly below the finished end of the outer coil may point to a 
 symbolic relation between the design and the closed or finished 
 coil. 
 
 Another decoration, as interesting as it is odd, is shown in 
 the fourth basket from the same end of the case. This basket 
 Water- was found in a cave and may be seen in position in 
 fowl the plate on page 5. In this instance the basket 
 
 Design. covered the head and upper part of the body, the 
 remainder being wrapped in a feather-cloth robe. The figures 
 shown in this basket, forty-four in number, were evidently made 
 to represent ducks or other water-fowl, and they form two lines 
 or series (p. 13). All the figures pointing in one direction are 
 black; those facing them are dull red, and are raised slightly 
 above the others in a horizontal plane. A line of black near the 
 rim constitutes the remaining feature of the decoration of this 
 basket. In size and material it is practically the same as the 
 one just described and the design is similar, in some respects, 
 to the fifth basket, which is also decorate! with the bird figure. 
 In the photograph of this basket shown on page 15 it will be 
 seen that the designs in the two baskets that have been described 
 last are combined in this one. The bird-forms are practically 
 Other the same, but the body of the butterfly, if it be one, 
 
 Designs. is represented by one instead of three parts. In the 
 former the figure may have been made to represent the butterflv 
 just after its emergence from the chrvsalis, with the wings ex- 
 tended, which would have been a pretty svmbolization of the 
 new life as applied to the infant, while in the latter the wings 
 are folded, and the butterflies, like the birds, are resting. The 
 designs, however, mav have a cosmic significance, the figures 
 typifying the gods of the air and the water. An interesting 
 feature of these figures is the antenna-like projection that mav 
 be noted on both baskets. There is a black coil near the rim 
 of the basket; where this ends there are two black stitches on 
 
BOWL-SHAPED BASKET WITH SUN-AND-MOUNTAIN DESIGN 
 
 BOWL-SHAPED BASKET WITH MOUNTAIN DESIGN 
 
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH 
 
 the outer coil. From this point to the end of the coil is a little 
 more than an inch, and the finishing half of this portion is done 
 in the " herring-bone stitch." 
 
 Inasmuch as all the other baskets on the shelves are of the 
 same form and general workmanship as those already described, 
 Sifter we will pass on to those on the floor of the case. Here 
 
 Baskets. ^^ve find a type, shown on page 17, which is unusually 
 interesting. It is a sifter basket of the single-stick variety and 
 the weave is very peculiar. The basket is nine and one-half 
 inches in diameter and two inches deep. The fact that it is a 
 coiled basket makes it doubly worthy of notice. Sifter baskets 
 are found among the Apaches, Pimas, Pah Utes and Pomas of 
 the present day, which are, however, of the bam tush weave. 
 Open-stitch work is seen to-day among the Klikatats of Wash- 
 ington and in the Attn baskets of the Aleutian islands. This 
 basket is made of willow and is well preserved. It is not dec- 
 orated, but the stitch is a peculiar one and therefore lends a 
 charm that claims our attention. An examination of the spec- 
 imen, or even of the photograph, will serve to give a better idea 
 of the structure than could be gathered from a description. 
 
 While considering the large baskets it may be well to ex- 
 amine those collected by McLoyd and Graham and then return 
 to the smaller specimens in the Wetherill collection. 
 
 The McLoyd and Grah.a.m Collection. 
 
 The McLoyd and Graham collection occupies the southern 
 half of the large case. The first specimen to be considered is the 
 second one from the right on the first, or bottom, shelf, and it 
 is ]:)robably the most beautiful example of pre-Columbian basket- 
 work in existence. The basket is of the three-stick weave, with 
 flat bottom and flaring sides, and is seventeen and one-half 
 inches in diameter and five inches in depth. The highly orna- 
 mental geometrical design, in black and dull reddish brown, 
 is illustrated on page 19. This basket, like many others, was 
 found buried with the bodv of a child which had been wrapped 
 in fur-cloth and deerskins. From the aesthetic standpoint, this 
 basket is a treasure, and its utilitarian value must have been 
 
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH 
 
 as great as its ornamentation is beautiful. The s])lit willows 
 forming the design were dyed a glossy blaek and a dull reddish 
 brown, the pattern formed of the latter eolor giving the effeet 
 of an under-tint. The design is l)old and somewhat startling 
 
 ■-^^ 
 
 \'-\y:- 
 
 \. 
 
 '«fci 
 
 ^ 
 
 FOOD OR GAMBLING TRAY 
 
 and is confined to the flaring part. The flat bottom presents 
 the appearance of a disc from which wings extend; Winged 
 the designs forming these appendages start from the Design. (?) 
 opposite sides of its circumference, which is defined by two 
 black lines. These wingdike figures are broad and have serrated 
 edges. They extend to a black line that forms the second coil 
 
 2 I 
 
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH 
 
 of the rim. On one side of each wing there are two well defined, 
 lines that have the appearance of wave-lines. On the other 
 side there is a design in the dull red color that seems almost like 
 a shadow. This too is flanked by two lines similar to the ones 
 just mentioned. There are two designs similar to those em- 
 ployed by the Pomas of the present day. They are in the form 
 of mountains and occupy positions on opposite sides of the 
 basket. The base of these figures rests against the black line 
 Sun-and- ^'^^'■^^ skirts the rim and the terraced tops almost reach 
 Mountain the rim of the central part. The most forcible im- 
 Design. (?) pj-ession of this ornamentation in its entirety is that 
 of the winged sun soaring over the earth as represented by 
 the mountains. Neither a photograph nor a description can 
 do justice to this wonderful evidence of the work that could 
 be done by the old people ; the specimen itself must be examined 
 if one would fully appreciate the capabilities of the ancient 
 Basket ]\Iakers. 
 
 Another basket of beautiful design and workmanship is 
 figured on page 19 and may be seen on the first shelf of the 
 Mountain case. It is similar to the one just described both in 
 Design. (?) shape and weave. Its special claim upon our atten- 
 tion is its decoration. This is in the form of heavy mountain- 
 like figures that form a band midway of the rim. There 
 are the same lines of black separating the bottom and upper 
 part as seen in the other baskets, then there is a plain space 
 before the terraces begin. There are seven of these pyram- 
 idal figures and their bases are joined, forming a rosette. The 
 tops of the figures are toward the rim and rest against a black 
 coil. A single black coil near the rim completes the ornamenta- 
 tion. This basket and the one with the wing design are the 
 only ones in our collections with heavv designs, the tendency 
 being toward a more delicate treatment. 
 
 A third specimen of the flat-bottomed form is shown on page 
 21. It has the double coil of black that forms the limit of the 
 bottom piece and from this the sides extend, their edges being 
 twenty inches apart. The design is in black and is formed by 
 two zig-zag bands, one of which is near the rim and the other 
 
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH 
 
 near the bottom. Tliis basket was found with a mummy and 
 with it were three (jthers. It has weathered more than the 
 
 YUCCA SPLINT BASKET 
 
 FOOD BASKET OF COILED WORK 
 
 
 
 
 SMALL STORAGE BASKETS 
 
 other baskets, l^ut it is one of the kirgest, and the design is a 
 very striking one. There is a gambHng tray from the Tule 
 River reservation, Cahfornia, in the Briggs collection in the 
 
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH 
 
 American Museum, that has a design similar to this one, and 
 the weave of the basket is practically the same. 
 
 Turning to the coarser weaves we have on page 23 two baskets 
 that show conclusively that thev were made for every-day use. 
 Coarsely ^'^*^ ^^ '^ bowl-shaped piece eleven inches in diameter 
 Woven and four and one-half inches deep; it is of the usual 
 Baskets. j^qj| pattern, but coarselv woven as compared with 
 those already noted. This basket was used until the bottom 
 gave out and even then it was not discarded. It was mended 
 with strong strips of split willow and each strip included two 
 coils. The basket was strengthened to such an extent by this 
 reinforcement that it was really as good as new. The second 
 basket shown on this page is made of yucca leaves. It is four- 
 teen inches in diameter and four inches deep. This form and 
 weave are common among most of the modern Pueblo tribes and 
 even the finish is the same. It is also found among the Apaches 
 and Pimas. The rim is a willow stick over which the yucca ends 
 have been bound and tied, the tying being done on the outside. 
 A number of smaller baskets of this type are shown in the case 
 and one of them is figured on page 23 among the baskets shown 
 with their original contents. 
 
 The basket last mentioned is exactly like the large yucca 
 one, except in size, and in the plate cited we may see it as it was 
 Storage found. It is filled with beans, which must have been 
 Baskets. raised in quantities bv the ancient people, since a great 
 many have been found in the debris of the rooms. 
 
 The basket shown above the one just mentioned is rather pe- 
 culiar in form, since the bottom is oval, a rather unusual shape 
 Oval in pre-historic baskets. Most of the baskets from the 
 
 Baskets. caves are round, but several of the oval form have been 
 found; enough, in fact, to show that the shape is not a freak. 
 This specimen is eiglit inches long, three and one-half inches 
 wide at the top, two inches wide at the bottom, and four and 
 three-quarter inches long. Its depth is four inches. This basket 
 is of the three-stick weave, and the materials used are the same 
 as in the others. The bottom is flat and there are two coils of 
 l)lack separating the top and bottom. There are two pointed 
 
 24 
 
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH 
 
 designs in black near the rim on either side. When found, these 
 baskets were filled with po])pe(l corn, pihon nuts and seeds. 
 
 In the lower right-hand corner of the same photograph there 
 is rexjresented a small basket containing feathers which were kept 
 in place by means of a piece of cotton cloth completely filling the 
 upper part of the basket. 
 
 YUCCA BASKET AS FOUND IN A CAVE, GRAND GULCH UTAH 
 
 The remaining three baskets represented on page 23 are of 
 the "in-curve" form. Two have flat bottoms. l)ut the third is 
 like an olla in sha|)e. Thev have the three-stick core, "in-curve" 
 and the weaving of the two shown in the left part of Baskets, 
 the picture is the same as that already describe:!. Tlie third, 
 in the upper right-liand corner, has wliat is known as the "skip 
 stitch," which may be seen in some of tlie old Pima baskets. 
 The ordinary in-curve basket is found among tlic modern Pomos 
 of California, but is extremely rare among ancient peoples. 
 These baskets, although not as jirctentious as the larger ones, 
 present a phase of the domestic life that appeals to the student, 
 because thev are the receptacles for holding the little things 
 that are so common and yet so essential in the every-day life. 
 
 25 
 
THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH 
 
 Some were storage baskets in which seeds were kept, perhaps 
 for the next season's planting. One of them contains pinon gum, 
 which was their paste and glue. With this gum thev mended 
 their broken vessels and made their baskets water-tight, as may- 
 be seen by the oUa-bottomed basket represented in the plate. 
 This little water bottle is filled with pumpkin seeds and the 
 covering of gum has rendered it water-tight. 
 
 Another form of basket that may be considered under this 
 class is shown on page 25. It is more like a yucca bag than a 
 basket, and yet it is made in the same way as are the other yucca 
 productions. It is really a small storage basket and it is here 
 shown filled with shelled corn while about it are scattered ears of 
 corn. This basket and corn were found in a pot-hole in a cave 
 and were no doubt cached in this place for future use. Near 
 the basket just described and leaning against the back of the case 
 Mortar is a Specimen that is evidently a mortar basket. It is 
 Basket. thirteen inches in diameter and three and one-half 
 inches deep. The interior is coated with meal and the surface 
 of the coils is worn as though from blows of a pestle or grinder. 
 The home of the mortar basket is in Cahfornia and, should future 
 investigations show that this form of basket was used by the 
 ancient people of Utah, it will mark the eastern limit of the type, 
 so far as known. 
 
 Much more might be said concerning these interesting objects. 
 Those that have been noted are worthy of a detailed description and 
 there are more than fifty others in this case that must be passed with- 
 out even mention. The collection as a unit may be studied with 
 the help of this introduction, which will prepare the student for 
 more specific information regarding the arts of the Basket Makers. 
 
 Note. — The various types of baskets mentioned in this description of the 
 remains of the pre-historic inhabitants of south-eastern Utah are also to be seen 
 in the basketry of the Indian tribes now inhabiting Cahfornia and other parts 
 of the western United States, e.xamples of which are on exhibition in the West 
 hall, ground floor; and in that of the natives of British Columbia, Alaska and 
 the Aleutian islands, as exhibited in the North hall, ground floor. Inasmuch 
 as the same design expresses different ideas when used by different tribes, it is 
 well for the reader to bear in mind the point made clear in the text by the 
 author of this Leaflet, that the interpretation offered here for the designs on 
 the pre-historic baskets is wholly conjectural. — Editor. 
 
 26 
 
 RD 1 2.8 
 
No. 
 
 13. 
 
 No. 
 
 14. 
 
 No. 
 
 15." 
 
 No. 
 
 16. 
 
 No. 12.— THE COLLECTION OF FOSSIL VERTEBRATES. By W. D. Mat- 
 thew, Ph. D., Associate Curator of Vertebrate Palieoiitology. Octo- 
 ber, 1903. Price, 10 cents. 
 
 A GENERAL GUIDE TO THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL 
 HISTORY. January, 1904. Out oj print. 
 
 lilRDS' NESTS AND EGGS. By Frank >L Chapmax. Associate 
 Curator of Mammalogy and Ornitliology. April, 1904. Re-printed, 
 February, 1905. Price, 10 cents. 
 
 PRIMITIVE ART. July, 1904. Price., 15 cents. 
 
 THE INSECT-GALLS OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY. 
 By William Beutenmuller, Curator of Entomology. October, 1904. 
 Price, 15 cents. 
 
 {Reprinted from The American Museum Journal.) 
 
 No. 17.— THE FOSSIL CARNIVORES, MARSUPIALS AND SMALL MAM- 
 MALS IN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. 
 By W. D. Matthew, Ph. D., Associate Curator of Vertebrate Palaeon- 
 tology. January, 1905. Price, 15 cents. 
 
 No. 18.— THE ]\10UNTED SKELETON OF BRONTOSAURUS. By W. D 
 Matthew, Ph. D., Associate Curator of Vertebrate Palaeontology. 
 April, 1905. Out of print. 
 
 No. 19.— THE REPTILES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY. By 
 Raymond L. Ditmars, Curator of Reptiles, New York Zoological Park. 
 July, 1905. Price. 15 cents. 
 
 No. 20.— THE BATRACHIANS OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY. 
 By Raymond L. Ditmars, Curator of Reptiles, New York Zoological 
 Park. October, 1905. Price, 15 cents. 
 
 No. 21.— THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MOLLUSK. By B. E. Daiilgren, 
 D. M. D. Januarj', 1906. Price, 10 cents. 
 
 No. 22.— THE BIRDS OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY. By Frank 
 M. Chapman, Associate Curator of Mammalogy and Ornithology. 
 April-July, 1906. Priae, 15 cents. 
 
 No. 23.— THE SPONGE ALCOVE. By Roy W. Miner, A.ssistant Curator of 
 Invertebrate Zoology. October, 1906. Price, 10 cents. 
 
 (Published as a separate series.) 
 
 No. 24.— PERUVIAN ^MUMMIES. By Charles W. Mead, Department of Eth- 
 nology. March, 1907. Price, 10 cents. 
 
 No. 25.— PIONEERS OF AMERICAN SCIENCE. IMcmorials of the naturalists 
 whose busts are in the Foyer of the Museum. April, 1907. Price, 15 
 cents. 
 
 No. 26.— THE METEORITES IN THE FOYER OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM 
 OF NATURAL HISTORY. By Edmund Otis Hovey, Ph.D., 
 Associate Curator of Geologj\ December, 1907. Price, 10 cents. 
 
 No. 27.— THE MALARIA MOSQUITO.' By B. E. Dahlghen. D. M. D. Assis- 
 tant Curator of Invertebrate Zoology. April, 190S. Price, 15 cents. 
 
 No. 28.— THE HABITAT GROUPS OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. By 
 Frank M. Chapman, Curator of Ornithology. February, 1909. Price. 
 15 cents. 
 
The American Huseum Journal 
 
 Edmund Otis Hover, Editor. 
 Frank M. Chapman, \ 
 Louis P. Gratacap, > Advisory Board. 
 William K. Gregory, ) 
 
 The Journal is sent free to all ^Members of the Museum. 
 
 Guide Leaflets published by the 
 AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. 
 For Sale at the Museum. 
 (Issued as supplements to The American Museum Journal.) 
 
 No. 1.— THE BIRD ROCK GROUP. By F. M. Chapman, Associate Curator 
 
 of Mammalogy and Ornithology. October, 1901. Price, 10 cents. 
 No. 2.— THE SAGINAW VALLEY COLLECTION. By H. I. Smith, Assistant 
 
 Curator of Archaeology. December, 1901. Price, 10 cents. 
 No. 3.— THE HALL OF FOSSIL VERTEBRATES. By W. D. Matthew, 
 
 Ph. D., Assistant Curator of A'ertebrate Palieontologj\ January, 1902. 
 
 Out of print. 
 No. 4.— THE COLLECTION OF MINERALS. By Louis P. Gratacap, A. M., 
 
 Curator of Mineralogy. Februaiy, 1902. Revised edition, May, 1904. 
 
 Price, 10 cents. 
 No. 5.— NORTH AMERICAN RUMINANTS. By J. A. Allen, Ph. D. Curator 
 
 of ]\Iammalogy and Ornithology. ]\Iarch, 1902. Revised edition, 
 
 February, 1904. Price, 10 cents. 
 No. 6.— THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH. 
 
 By George H. Pepper, Assistant in Anthropology. April, 1902. 
 
 Second edition. May, 1909. Price, 10 cents. 
 No. 7.— THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY. 
 
 By William Beutenmxjller, Curator of Entomology. May, 1902. 
 
 Price, 15 cerits. 
 No. 8.— THE SEQUOIA. A Historical Review of Biological Science. By 
 
 George H. Sherwood, A. M., Assistant Curator. November, 1902. 
 
 Price, 10 ce7its. 
 No. 9.— THE EVOLUTION OF THE HORSE. By W. D. Matthew. Ph. D., 
 
 Associate Curator of Vertebrate Palaeontology. January, 1903. Sec- 
 
 ond edition, May, 1905. Price, 10 cents. 
 No. 10.— THE HAW^K-MOTHS OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY. 
 
 By W^illiam Beutenmxjller, Curator of Entomology. February', 
 
 1903. Price, 10 cents. 
 No. 11.— THE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF THE INCAS. By C. W. Mead, 
 
 Assistant in Archaeology. July, 1903. Price, 10 cents. 
 
 {Continued on page 3 of cover.) 
 

 A"" 
 
 ^^ 
 
 o 
 
 ^"\A 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0^ 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ,V^"- 
 
 
 V 
 
 -0^ 
 
 <■ ,/•■'' 
 
 f "^ ' \^ .. -^ 
 
 °%.-^\=v^ 
 

 .^^ .. 
 
 .■^ 
 
 
 ?^ ^•^. v.. 
 
 
 .-^"^ >'^^m^ 
 
 .0' 
 
 .•^' + 
 
 ^^-^. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^=.0^^^ 
 
 ;^ .^^%^ ^^^ _^ksr/>);_^ ^..^^ 
 
 <^<. 
 
 
 
 
 
 .0' 
 
 .^^^ 
 
 
 ^•^^. 
 
 V 
 
 
 ^>. 0< 
 
 N' 
 
 -\' 
 
 ^' 
 
 /'/-v?^/ 
 
 
 •/• 
 
 ,0- 
 
 •^ 
 
 O' 
 
 x^' /^:^r^'. 
 
 '^. 
 
 '^. 
 
 '.\^ 
 
 ' .0 -^ 
 
 .'^-' 
 
 
 .■-N 
 
 /^v?;'-. 
 
 .O' 
 
 V- >A 
 
 
 .\^ 
 
 ':?', 
 
 A 
 
 -P 
 
 
 '■ A-^- 
 
 •> 
 
 ,/" -..-.^-i.V' "-^r 
 
 
 
 
 V -^. 
 
 -' . A w.. av ^^. _'!' 
 
 \-' 
 
 -/', 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .0 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 .0- 
 
 ,-^^^ 
 
 
 ■"0 v^"" ; 
 
 ' V;:'' ''-■ 
 
 x^' 'Cu " 
 
 
 •z- 
 
 ^V 
 
 ^, 
 
 -V 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 •* 
 
 '^o 
 
 .0 
 
 \^ 
 
 '^, 
 
 ■V %-:- •^ ' .- '^^ ' / A'' •■>' 
 
 .■V 
 
 ^ 
 
 ,0 
 
 c^ 
 
 ^V 
 
 -O^ 
 
 0^ 
 
 /:■ ,.^"'*. '>v... 
 
 ,•^ O 
 
 
 .^■ 
 
 ,0' 
 
 ■^' 
 
 "^ .■^^' 
 
 
 
 •<'-\ 
 
 
 •/> T 
 
 .^ 'S- 
 
 r^-,^ , , ( ,^J 
 
 . \' -^■• 
 
 'b' 'S-- 
 
 "* "^^^ I t— ~ *""' 
 
 ^x"-' -> 
 
 A-' -Kj. 
 
 "^"^i" '' \'-,* 
 
 '■• -?• 
 
 ■ ^ I 
 
 .'X' 
 
 
 <? 
 
 -5=^ 
 
 ^U 
 
 .V'' 
 
 ,0^^ 
 
 ^x 
 
 
 .^^^ 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 ,0 
 
 •v^-*^ 
 
 
 
 <:>, 
 
 
 .0 
 
 V 
 
 vX"-' 
 
 ■^ 
 
 x- 
 
 .0- 
 
 
 -^ .x^ - 
 
 
 ■f- r'O . . ^ 
 
 ■/■• b 
 
 -X'' 
 
 >, 
 
 « o 
 
 ,0' 
 
 DOBSSBROS. ■'>'» "'■. 
 
 <>■. LIBRARY BINDING , 'r, A c -, 
 
 •'o_ .-x-^ 
 
 . '* .0'^ ST. AUGUSTINE "' / ^r- 
 
 
 o V 
 
 \' 
 
 ■. ' jM^m. '^'-'^• 
 
 v-^ ^.:«^'mt 
 
 V 
 
 ^' 
 
 
 ^2084 a"^"' 
 
 
 -^ X- f '_ ' ° ' '^X -i -^ ■■ ,. - 
 
 •^ A^' ^^^ '^i^>n': ^. .-s^ :