,i5 Class. Book. .Elrll N"_ _____ COPyi^lGHT DEPOSIT. ;1 COMPLETE SCHOOL HISTORY ri OF THE United States. BY ..V' 5 X/^ V EDWARD S'AeLLIS, A. M PORTER & COATES. y/'; E / 7 2 J OorYRIGHT. 1S92, Uy rOKTEK >!t COAXES. IN^TRODUCTION The stiuly of history is so foseinatino: tliat dicression is a constant temptation. The record of our ctnnitry from tlie tirst settUnnent to the ju-esent time oviu'liows with inciiUnits oi' the most strikinu' nature, 'i'lie num- herless State, county, and local compilations ]n-ove the inexhaustible resources of this mine — resources so limit- less as to be practically useless. No memory can retain a tithe of the matter, nor is it desirable that such a feat should be within the u'rasp of any intellect. lUit all should be familiar with the Icadinu' facts in the history of our country. It is impossible for any one to appreciate his priceless heritage as a citizen of the republic without a comprehensive knowledge of the sa- lient and instructive features of its birth and existence. The story is one of heroic endeavor, patient sufiering, sturdy enterprise, patriotic struggle, dauntless courage, wonderful }>rogress, and marvelous achievement, that has made the United States a beacon-light among the nations of the earth. That in the swei'}) of events errors have beiMi made it would bo idle to deny. Protbund as should be the pride o( every American in his birthright. \\c nuist not 5 6 iXTRODrcTrox. close liij^ eyes to tlio truth, nor admire the sun any tl\e less because there are spots upon its taee. " To err is human" is as true oi' nations as of individuals. That historian only is faithful to his work who aims at unerr- iuii' aeeuraey and unvaryin^i; impartiality. From the mass o{ material we have souuht to select and group those facts which illustrate and bear directly upon the jn'ogress of our country. We have not dis- tracted the student's attention by countless foot-notes, antvdotes of doubtful authenticity, or disquisitions upon questions oi' trilling importance which are to be found in more pretentious works. It is hojKnl that an interest will be excited in the pupil which will lead him to jHirsue at his leisure an extendod course of his- torical study. The plan pursued, avc believe, if conscientiously fol- lowed by the student, will give to him an intelligent knowledge of the subject, and will so impress it upon his mind that it will remain through life, and form the nucleus to which he can add in after yeai-s. The method adopted is as follows : Fivfif. — A clear, succinct grou}>ing oi' historical inci- dents. StToml — A series of exhaustive questions upon those incidents. Thinf. — -V tlivision of the subject-matter into tt^pics. to be elucidated by the ]nipil. FourtJi. — Subjects for written compositions suggested by the incidents and topics. lyrnonrcTinx. Fifth. — (.Questions lor discussion. Thost^ (inrstions sliapo tluMUsolvos iinturally iVoiii tlio liisioi'ical luattci', and arr so jiiTscnlcd as to contain an allinnativo and nou'ativc \io\v. TIumi' discnssion 1>\ the ('lass cannot fail to cxcuc interest, jiroinotc rcscai'cli. inipfcss the trntli. and lu'oailcn tlu' kno\vl(>di;t> o\' tlic student. A riuofons study ^A' the Coinplete Scliool History in accordance with these iniMhods nuist he eircclive in the hi«;liest attainahK' deiifce. History should not be skinnucd over nor ima'cly read, hut stmlied with the thon^Uiilnuxss o[' a prohleni in matheinatics. In nootluM- way can its t'uU ineaninu' secure a dwelling-place in the memory and ui\derstandii\i;- of the [)U[iil. CONTENTS. IXTROPrCTlOX 5 TART I. THE PERIOD OF DISCOVEKY AND DEVELOPMENT. CH.\PTER TACE I. The First Discoverers ok Amerio.v 13 ir. Discovery of America by C'om'miu's 15 III. Other Kxplor.\tioxs in Amerka 20 PART II. THE COLONIAL PERIOD. IV. TiiK FiusT Enci.ish Settlement 28 V. ScBSEQiEXT History op the Settlements in \ii!(;inia . o3 VL Settlements in MAssAcur.^ETTS 37 VII. The Other New England Colonies 45 VIIL Settlement of Ninv York 47 IX. Settlement of New Jersey, I'knnsvlvania, Delaware 49 X. Settlement of Maryland, the Carolinas, and Georgia 53 XL Intercolonial Wars 5(> XII. Life in the Colonial Times (»3 XIII. The North American Indians 07 9 10 COXTENTS. PAKT 111. THE KKVOLITIONAKY rKKlOD. CHAtTEK PAGE XIV. The (.'.vises of the Kevoi.itiox 70 XV. Events of ] 774-75 74 XVI. Events of 1770 SO W'll. Events of 1777 So Win. Events of 177S SS XIX. Events of 1779 93 XX. Events of 1780 9S XXI. Events of 1781.— Close of the Hevoeition . . . 102 r.virr iv. GKOWril ANl> UKVKl.Or.MKNT OF THE ST.\TES. XX 11. \Va>iiington's An>UNisTK\T!ON, 1789 97 107 XXIII. An.vMSs Apmixistr.\tion. 1797-1801 113 XXIV. .Iekferson's .\dministr.\tion. lSOl-09 lUi XX \'. MwMsoNs Apministr.\tion, 1S09-17.^The War of ISl-J.— FiRl 160 XXXV 11. ^iROWTH OF THE StATF^ lt>4 coy TENTS. 11 PART V. pup: civil. WAR. niAPTEK FAiiK. XXXVllI. LiN'OOI.x's AUMINISTUATION, 18(>1 (io 170 XXXIX. Lincoln's Ahministua iion (t'ominueil), 18()2 .... 178 XL. Lincoi>n's Administration (fontimied), 18(33 .... 196 XLI. Lincoln':? Adminlstration (foiitiiuied), 1864 .... 208 XLII. Lincoln's .Voministuation ^I'ontinuod), 1865 ... 217 I'AKT VI. THE MAXIIOOI) OF TIIK NATION. XLIIL Johnson's Ad-minisiraiion, 1805-69 223 XLIV. Grant's Ahministration, 1869-77 228 XLV. Hayes's Administration, 1877-81 233 XLVI. G.\RFiKLD AND Arthur's Admini-stration, 1881-85 235 XLVIL Clkveland's Administration, 1885-89 237 XLVIIL Harrison's Administr.^tion, 1889-93 241 APPENDIX. The Declaration of Independence 247 Constitution of the LTnited States . . 251 List of States and Territories 265 List of Presidents and Vice-Prksidents ...... . . 267 Questions for the L^se of Classes 268 Chronological Su.mmary 308 ToPicAi. Analysis 321 Subjects for Composition 331 Questions for Discussion • • 334 List of Books Recommended to Students of American Hi.s- TORY • 336 General Index 337 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. PART I. THE PERIOD OF DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT. ('II AFTER I. THE FIRST DISCOVERERS OF AMERICA. 1. America's First Visitors. — 'i'lio first discoverers ot" Aiiu'ricu [)r()l):il)ly eaiiie I'roni Asia. We know little more than the fact that at some remote jx'riod navi- gators from China, driven far ont of their course by storms, wei-e swe])t across the Tacific Ocean and found a home in the new woi'ld. Others doubtless pushed tlieir way across Bering Sti'ait, and, bi'ing well pleased witli the strange country, made it their home. But these first visitors and their descendants perished long ago, and only a few scatterecl i-uiiis remain to tell the story of their settlement in America. 2. The Mound Builders. — Proofs abound that our country was once iidiabitcd by a people who dis- appeared man}' centuries before the continent was dis- covered l)y Columbus. Tlie Mississippi Valley contains immense earth-works, and in Mexico and Peru are found the remnants of monuments, temples, idols, and works 13 14 JIISTOBY OF THE UXITED STATES. A Northman Ship. reared by the mound builders, wlio attained a high degree of eivihzation. 3. The Northmen. — A thousand years ago the North- men, as tiie natives of Norway and Sweden were eaUed, were the most (hiring navigators in the worki. In A. I). 800, Naddod, a famous sea-rover, was (h'iven by a storm upon the eoast of leehind. He stayed only a short time: four years later it was visited by an- other Northman, who carried home such a glowing account that a colony went thither from Nor- way. It did not prosi>er, however, and the settlement was soon abandoned. 4. Settlement of Iceland and Greenland. — Ten years later a second settlement was made in Iceland, and continued to prosper for hundreds of years. Eric the Red established a colony in Greenland, ami it is believed tliat his sons looked upon the continent of America. They were on their way to join their father in Greenland wlien a storm carried them so far south that they saw the mainland, but sailed away without touching the shore. 5. Visits by Other Northmen. — Other Northmen visited America and formed settlements, which pros- })ered for a time, but gradually disappeared, until the existence of the new world was forgotten by the old. Centuries passed and silence brooded over the great oceans, across which no navigator dared to steer his tiny ship. Until the close of the fifteenth century liiscovFRY OF ^^[^:RICA i^v corr}[nrs. 15 Aiuorioa was as unknown to iho old world as it' it had 110 oxislonoo. riiArrKK ii. DISCOVERY OF AMERICA BY COLUMBUS. 1. Geographical Knowledge of this Period. — Five liimdivd years auo tho land divisions ot' the earth were supposed to he luirope. Asia, and AtViea. Their hound- aries were unknown and their remote seetions were be- lieved to he uninhahiied. At that time l-airope earried on an extensive tratle with India hv means ot" eara- vans. Navigation had reeeived a strong impulse from tlie invention ot" tlie mariner's eom]>ass. and an instru- ment termed the astrolabe bv whieh latitude eouhl be roekoneil. WiMidertul stories were brought baek by those who had visite«l China and Japan, and many ot" the learned peoj^le believed that the world was round. AA'ith this beliet" naturally eame one that I'hina eould be reaehed by sailing around At'riea or going diivetly west aeross the Atlantie. These people had no thought that the eontinent ot" Ameriea lay between them and Asia. 2. Christopher Columbus. — Christopher Columbus was born in Cuaioa. Italy, about 1 too. His i"ather was a poor wool-oomber. and Christopher was the eldest ot four eliildren. lie attended tlie Cniversity of Tavia. but when in his fit"teenth year he beeame a sailor, lie visit- ed England. leeland. the Azores, the Cuiinea eoast. and learned to be a skillful sailor. 3. Geographical Belief of Columbus. — Columbus was one of those who believed the earth to be round, and that by sailing two or three thousand miles west- ward he eould reaeh the eoast o{ Asia. lie supposed 16 IIISTOIIY OF THE UNITI<:i) STATES. the globe to he iiiucli sniiillcr than it is, and never sus- pected the existence of America. 4. At the Court of Portugal. — Cohunl)Us deter- inined to try the new I'oute, hut he was too poor to l)ear the cost of such an exjx'dition. Ih' exi)hiine(l liis plan h» King John of rorlngai, who thought well of it, hut Ciiitisixn'iiEit Columbus. refei'red him to the learned www at coui't. Thev ridi- culed the idea. 5. Expedition to the Cape Verde Islands. — King -John, however, was so im|)ressed with tlie arguments of Columbus that he secretly fitted out an expedition and sent it Avestward. Ife was unwilling to pay the hirge reward asked by Cohimbus, and tried to cheat him by this underhand method. The navigators sent out by the king persevered until they reached the Cape A'erde DISCOVERY OF AMERICA BY COLUMBUS. 17 gi I I N [^\iii Li,A OF Spain. Islunds, wlien tliey l)ccame so frightened that tlicy at once ivtni'iicd. 6. Columbus at the Spanish Court. — Disgusted with tlie iiR'aniicss shown by King Joliii, Columbus now went to Spain and hud his plans before Ferdinand and Isabelhi, the king and queen. Spain at tliat time was Ijusy fighting tiic Moors, and Co- lumbus had much troul;le in iiiKhng llios'.' wlio believed in J lis ideas. For seven years he imj)ortuned King Ferdi- nand, and at last was told that his schemes were too vision- ary to Ije considered. 7. ('ohunbus now turned his face towai'd I'^rance, but he was stopi)ed before going far by the glad news that the queen would grant his prayer. She and a numljer of tlie members of the S])anisli court ])elieved in his ideas. I'he king remained indiilerent and complained of the lack of funds. The queen replied that she would })ledge her jewels to raise the money. This sacrifice, how- ever, was not necessary, for St. Angel, treasui'cr of Ara- gon, and the friends of Cohunbus advanced the money. 8. Sailing of the Expedition. — The scheme was regarded by many as so desperate that Columbus had great difficulty in obtaining sailors. But he was \n>i the one to be discouraged, as he had ali'cady ]»roved, and finally securing crews with which to man the three small vessels, the Pinta, tianta Maria, and Nina, sailed from Spain, August 3, 141)2. 9. The Voyage. — As the tiny ships sailed westward 18 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. over the unknown oct'un and tlieir native land was left fartlier and I'artlier hi'liind, the sailors became frightened and were tilled with all manner of superstitious fears. Many times they were on the point of throwing Colum- bus overboard and turning the ships back to Si)ain. It required all his tact and skill to restrain them, but he was determincil that nothing should thwart his purjjose. lO. At the crisis of discontent, when open mutiny was about to break out, unmistakable signs of land appeared. A bird hovered about the shi})s for several hours, patches of weeds and grass diifted past, and several of the sailors declared that they could detect the odor of earth in the air, although land was not yet in sight. 11. First Sight of Land. — On the evening of Oc- tober 11th, while Colum- 1 bus was standing near the stern of his vessel, the Santa Maria, he saw a point of light moving to the west as if carried by a |)erson who was rapidly walking. Before the night had passed some one on the Pinia raised the cry, " Land !" When day dawned, the shore, clothed in tropical verdure, lay be- fore them. 12. While the officers and sailors were gazing in wonder at tlie strange sight they saw scores of naked men swarming from among the trees to the edge of the Caravels of Christopher Cdu-mbus. (After an engraving ijulilislicil in l'iS4. i EARLY VOYAGES TO NORTH AMERICA DISCOVERY OF AMERICA BY COLUMBVS. 19 sea. Tliere they stopped and stared in awe at the tliree vessels, which they supposed to be huge l)irds from some unknown land. 13. Landing of Columbus. — Clad in armor and a splendid uniform, and accompanied by a retinue of officers and men with banners, Columbus was rowed ashore, and first set foot upon the new world on Friday, October 12, 1492. He immediately sank upon his knees, kissed the ground, and gave fervent tlianks to God. He then formally took possession of the country in the name of Ferdinand and Isabella. 14. The Indians. — Columbus gave the name of San Salvador to the island on which he landed. He visited other islands, all of which he supposed lay off the eastern coast of India. Because of this belief he called the cop- per-colored natives Indiana. 15. Return of Columbus to Spain. — Columbus was received with the highest honors on his return to Spain. He carried with him nine natives of the new world and a quantity of gold ornaments. The account which he gave King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella filled them with wonder and gratitude. When they learned of the exuberant wealth of the newly-discovered country, its fine climate, its splendid forests, its mineral richness, and its thousands of natives ready to become converts to Christianity, the rulers gave thanks to God for the triumph he had granted to them. 16. Other Voyages by Columbus. — Columbus made three other voyages. On his second voyage he planted a colony on the island of Hispaniola, or Hayti. He first .'^aw the mainland near the Orinoco River, in 1408, but died, May 20, ITjOO, in ignorance of the fact that instead of discovering a few outlying islands of Asia he had discovered the continent of America. 20 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. CHAPTER III. OTHER EXPLORATIONS IN AMERICA. 1. How America was Named. — An Italian, Amerigo Vespucci (am-a-re'go ves-poot'chee), or, as it is written in Latin, Amer'icns Vespu'cius, accompanied an expedition to the new world. He was a friend of Columbus, and discovered a part of South America in 1499. AVIien his description of the new country was published it was sug- gested that it should be named America. The suggestion was adopted, and thus the two continents bear the name of one who never had the right to be called their discoverer. 2. Interest of the Leading Maritime Nations. — At the time of the discovery of America by Columbus, Spain, England, France, and Holland were the leading maritime nations of Europe. They were roused by the achievements of the great navigator, and made haste to send out expeditions of discovery to the westward. Although Columbus was an Italian, he sailed under the flag of S})ain, and that country, therefore, had a just claim to the land he discovered. 3. Joinn Cabot. — All the nations named now has- tened to send exploring expeditions westward. Despite the grandeur of the discovery of Columbus, there was much disappointment at his failure to open a trade with the Asiatic islands. John Cabot, an Italian by birth, living in England at the time, believed that the spice regions which Columbus failed to find lay farther to the north, and King Henry VII. of England gave him authority to carry out the project he had in mind. 4. In May, 1497, Cabot sailed from Bristol with his son Sebastian and eighteen persons. He sighted Cape x^V,.v>/ ^p/C'. SMrrm/^' HUDSON IGOq PURITANS 1620 LASALL 1685 RALEIGH 1583 DELEON iSia COLUMBUS 1492 •a Z/-^^// '^vespucius ^'^Z'f'^ l^L A. IP SHOWING Discoyeries and Settlements i IN NORTH AMERICA MAGELLAN isao OTHER EXPLORATIONS IN AMERICA. 21 Breton or NcwioiiiKlIaiKl more than a year before Co- lunibus discovered the mainland, and took possession of tlie country in the name of Knghmd. lie was received with great honor on his return home, dressed in silks, and called the "Great A(hniral." 5. Discoveries by the Cabots. — The following year, accomj)anie(l hy his son Sebastian, he set out to lind the route to .la|)an and ('hina, and coasted as far soul h as North Carolina. Seljastian continued his father's dis- coveries, cruising from Newfoundland to Chesapeake Bay. Like all his predecessors, lu> failed to tiiul the route to Asia, but his achievements gave to klngland a title to a vast ])ortion of the new world. 6. Spanisin Explorations in America. — Ponce de Leon. — 8int'e the existence of America was established, the })i'oblem was to find the shortest route to India by going around or across the continent. In 1512, Ponce de Leon (pon'tha da Ifi-on') an old navigator, set out to search for a fabled fountain in which he believed lie could bathe and become young again. On Easter Sunday he sighted a land l)rilliant wilh llowers and Ncrdure, which he named Florida, lie returned home, having gained little glory and without having discovered the secret of renewing his youth. 7. Balboa. — In 1513, Vasco Nufiez de Balboa (vas'co noon'yeth da bal-bd'ah) made his way across the Isthmus of Panama, and from the crest of the Andes looked down upon the Pacific Ocean. Impressed by the grandeur of his discovery, he solenndy declared that the ocean and all the lands bordering u])on it should remain the prop- erty of the Spanish (Vown for ever. 8. Magellan. — hi 1520, Ferdinand Magellan, a Por- tuguese navigator in the service of Spain, sailed through the straits named after him, and was the tirst person to 22 HISTORY OF THE USITED STATES. circiimiuivigate the globe. He had discovered a water- route to India, but it was too king to be used. Con- tinued search, ihtTi'turc, was maile for a shorter course across th.e continent, which was beheved to be quite narrow. 9. De Narvaez. — In ir)28, Pampliilo de Xarvaez (pani'teedo da nar-va'eth) huided near Tampa Bay, f^lori(i men and a number of liorso<. and BVRIAl. (IK Hk attempted the conquest of the country. They aroused the enmity of the Indians, were nearly starved, suHered all manner of hardships, and afti'r the loss of a large number the survivors tinally reai'hed the CJulf of Mex- ico. There thev embarked in a miserable boat in the OTHER EXPLORATIONS IN AMERICA. 23 ho})e of reachino; their starting-point. At last only four were left alive, the comiiiaiulor liaviiii;' iK'en lost at sea. After sutferiiisi; ineretlible har(lshi[)s the t^urvivors suc- ceeded in reaching the Pacific coast. lO. De Soto. — Hernando de Soto, with nearly a tliousand men, landed at Tampa Bay in the spring of looO. and set out to explore the interior. Traversing the jtresent States of Georgia. Alahama. and Mississippi, they reached the Mississippi Kiver in 1541. Another X City G.\tes, St. Augistine, Fuirip.^. year of aimless exploration followed, and De Soto sick- ened and died. That tlu> Indians might not know of his death, his hody was sunk at midnight in the iNIis- sissippi. The ex|)edition returned down the river, and, half the original explorers having perished, the rest reached the Spanish settlements in Mexico. 11. The Oldest Town in the United States. — Pedro 24 mSTOET OF THE UyiTED STATES. Menendez (ma-uen'deth) began a settlement in Florida in loiio, which he nanietl St. Augustine. It was the first permanent settlement planteil in our countrv, and St. Augustine, therefore, is the oldest town in the United States. 12. French Explorations in America. — Verrazani. — France was as ejiger as her sister-nations to share the territory of the new world. Vern»Zi\ni (zii'ni > was first sent to search for the shorter route to India. This navi- gator, like Columbus, was an Italian. He sailed along the coiist in 1524, but his account is so \-ague that it is uncertain where he went or what he did. It is believed, however, that he enterevl Xewjiort and Xar- ragansett Bsiys, and coastetl from North Carolina north- ward along New EngUuid. He named the country Xew France. To Verrazani belongs the credit of first declaring the true theory of the size of the globe in opposition to that of Columbus and other navigators. 13. Cartier. — In the summer of 1535, Jacques Car- tier ikjir-tya') ascended the St. Lawrence to the present site of Montreal. His attempts to found a colony were failures- 14. Ribaut. — In 1562, Captain John Kibaut (re-bo') droppeil anchor in the harbor of Port Royal, S. C- His companions were so charmeil with the climate and countrv that all wanted to stay. He selected some thirty whom he left behind, and who Ix^m at once to erect a fort. They l>eit\me so homesick after a time, however, that they built a rude ship and set sail for France- After much sufiering the survivors were captureil by an English vessel and carried prisoners to England. 15. Laudonniere. — Captain Laudonniere (lo-dCi>'ne- er), who accomjv»nietl the first exj^tHlition. rej^eateil the attempt at colonization two years later. He erect eil a OTHER FXPLORATIOXS IX AMERICA. 25 fort on the St, John? River. ^Vhen on the verge of starvation anil about to leave. Ivibaiit arriviHl with supplies and joineil him. The Spanish, however, olainietl the countrv. and under the lead of the cruel Menendez thev atiaekeil the settlement and masstiCRHl nearly everv one of the eolonists. 16. Cham plain and De Monts. — I'hamplain maivheii from the banks of the St. Lawivnee early in the seven- teenth ivntury, and dis<.\>vei'eil the lake in Northern New York whieh beai"s his name. Uniting with De Monts (mong), he founded the colony of Poi-t Royal, in Xova Scotia, in ItHX'i. This and the settlement of Mount IVsert were plundereii and broken up eight years later by the English fix^m ^'irginia. who elaimeil that they were within the boundaries of the Virginia patent. 17. Settlement of Quebec. — The first permanent Fivneh settlement in Canada was establisluxi in lOOS at Quebec by Champlain. He succeeiieii in the face of many dithculties in iirndy fixing the authority of France on the banks of the St. Liiwivnce. His success in this direction has caused him to be termetl the " Father of New France." IS. English Explorations in America. — Frobisher and Gilbert. — It was not until the close of the six- teenth century that England seemed to see that it was time to bestir herself if she hojxn^l to gitin any share in the partition of the new world. Acting inuler the belief that America otlered a shorter route to India. Martin Frobisher in 1570 saileii far to the northward and entereii Ixitfin Ixty. He was tunuxl back by the ice. and nothing was accomplisheii. In 1583. Sir Hum- phrey GiUvM't. while engageii in a stw^nd attempt to colonize the new world, was lost at sea. 26 HISTORY OF riTE UNITED STATES. 19. Attempts at Settlement by Raleigh. — Sir Walter lialeigli, a half-brother of Gilbert and a favorite of (^ueen P^lizabeth, set vigorously at work to cari'v <>ut the views of his lost relative. The queen gave him a grant of land covering an immense territory, wliicii was named Mrginia in honor of the ^'^irgin Queen. He sent out an exploring exp(.'dition in 1584, which re- turned the same year. 20. In 1585 colonists went out })urposing to gather gold, with which they be- lieved the new -world abounded. Landing near Cape Hatteras, they gave all their energies to hunt- ing for tlie precious metal, and would have starved to deatli, liad it not been for the arrival of Sir Francis I )rake in time to take them l)ack. On this visit to America the settlers learn- ed the use of tobacco from the Indians, and intro- duced it into England. 21. In 1587, Sir Walter Raleigh sent a second colony, that he determined should remain in America. They formed a settlement near Roanoke Island, off the coast of North Carolina, and made many visits inland, 'i'hey still believed that gold was plentiful, and wasted their time in searching for it. ^"irginia Dare was the first English child born in Virginia. She was the grand- daughter of John White, the governor of the colony. 22. White sailed that year for England to ol)tain sup])lies. The war with Spain occupied so much atten- Sii: Walter Kai.kii.ii OTHER EXPLORATIONS IN AMERICA. 27 tioii that it was three years before he could return. When he did so, it was to find that every member of tlie colony, including liis own family, had perished History is silent as to the cause of their strange taking off. Sir Walter Raleigh had spent an immense sum of money in his vain attempts to found colonies in America. He now gave over his efforts and trans- ferred his ])atents to other parties. 23. Dutch Explorations in America. — Henry Hudson. — Althougli Holland was a great maritime nation during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, she showed little interest in the new world. With the opening of the seventeenth century, however, she sent out Captain Henry Hudson, an English navigator in her service. In 1601) ho sailed up the river which bears his name, searching, like all who had preceded him, for the short route to India. The discovery of Captain Hudson gave the Dutch their claim to the region ex- tending from Cape Cod to the Delaware River. To this territory he gave the name of New Netherland. PART IT. THE COLOMAL PERIOD. CIIArTEPv TV. THE FIRST ENGLISH SETTLEMENT. 1. Slow Progress of Settlement. — More than a hundred years passed after the diseoverv of America before a permanent settlement was made bv the French, Dutch, or Enghsh. Spain alone had established a weak colony at San Augustine. Florida (1505). The rest of the vast continent was inhabited by Indians and wild animals. 2. The result, however, of the various explorations and attemjns at settlement was the resolution on the part of the leading nations to colonize the new world. In the nature of things, such an inviting field could not remain long noccupied by white men. 3. The London and Plymouth Companies. — King James I. of F land granted the enormous territory known as Mrginia to two companies, the London and the Plymouth. To the London Company was given the tract lying between the thirty-fourth and thirty- eighth degrees of latitu*le. This was called South Vir- ginia. North Virginia, lying between the forty-first and forty-fifth degrees of latitude, was granted to the Plymouth Company. THE FIRST EXGLJSH SETTLEJUKXT. 29 4. Provisions of the Charters. — The chartei"S of these com ['allies provided that the English king should name a resident eoiiiieil for eaeh of the eolonies. who should elect their own presiding officer. He must not be a . clergyman. The king or council had the power to change the laws made in America. The Church of England was the established religion, and it was pro- vided that for tive yeai-s all the property should be held in common. 5. Efforts of the Plymouth Company. — In IGOG the Plymouth Company sent out two ships, but one was captured by the Spaniards. The other cruised along the coast of Maine, and brought back a favorable reiH^rt. A colony was despatched thither in the follow- ing year, but it did not remain long. 6. Expedition of the London Company. — The London Company sent three vessels from England, December. 19, 1000. containing one hundred and five men, but no women. Half of the colonists were "gen- tlemen."' who felt above working, and who visited America to learn whether it contained anything worthy their attention. There were some soldiei"s and servants, but not more than one-tifth of the party were thrifty or willing to toil. 7. John Smith. — The colonists ir ^luded one remark- able man. He was -John Smith, ^■■ho had met with many adventures in other parts of t' world. He was brave, industrious, ami possessed a strong will. Xo one undei*stood better than he what was necessary to make the colony successful. It never could have survived without him.* ' Few men have met with more romantic adventnre;: tlian Captain John Smith of Vinrinia. and few liave taken more pains to let the world know about them. It is said that when a Ik\v he ran away from his home 3 30 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 8. The Fleet. — The fleet comprised the Susan Con- stant, of one hundred tons burden, the God-spced, of forty, and the Discovery, a pinnace of only twenty tons. The connnander was Captain Christopher Newport. The weather continued so stormy that it was more than a month before the shi})s were able to leave tlie coast of England, and it was four months ere they reached ^"irginia. 9. Ascent of the James River. — Their intention was to land on Roanoke Island, where Raleigli had planted his colonies, but a storm drove them into the mouth of a large river, which they named James in honor of their king. It was the month of April, and the shores were radiant with blossoms and flowers whose fragrance floated across the smooth water. To the men, wearied with their long voyage, it was the fairest land on which they had ever gazed. They were eager to land and begin tlieir new settlement. 10. Founding of Jamestown. — After searching along the river for a while, they selected a site, and named it Jamestown. The landing was made May 13, 1607, and Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in America. in Lincolnshire, England, and engaged in the Holland wars. Then he fonght tlie Turks: on his way thitlier he was thrown overboard during a storm because he was a heretic, but swam safely to land ; he killed three Mussulmans in succession at a sort of barbaric tournament. Being cap- tured in battle, he was sold as a .slave, but afterward killed his master, donned his garments, and rode into the Russian camp. lie reached England at the time of the excitement about settling the new world, and embarked with others. He roused the envy of his associates and was landed in chains, but finally became president of the coU)ny, where his marvelous adventures continued. It should be rememliered, however, that Smith himself is the authority for most of these wonderful tales, and the probability is that they contain nuich more fiction than truth. Never- theless, he was an extraordinary man, and rendered invaluable services in the colonization of America. THE FIRST ENGLISH SETTLEMENT. 31 11. Sufferings of the Settlers. — The settlers were in ii sad pliglit. Nearly all tlieir food was gone, and it was too late to plant cro})s. The Indians attacked them, and killed one boy and wounded seventeen men. The rest were obliged to keep a continual watch, for the savages were alert and vengeful. They were angered at the prospect of having the strangers settle among them and take away their hunting-grounds. 12. ^Matters grew worse. By and by nearh' every one was ill, and at the end of a few months half the colonists had died. The survivors lived in wretched hovels and in holes in the ground. It looked for a time as if Jamestown Avas to share the fate of the other at- tempts at planting colonies in America. 13. Services of John Smith. — In this dreadful crisis John Smith proved himself the right man in the right place. The settlers saw that he was the only one who could save them, and they made him president of the council, with full power to do as he thought best. He induced them to build a fort and log houses. He told them that every man who would eat must Avork. and that the only Avay to save themselves was by industry and self-reliance. 14. Captain John Smith saw that food must be obtained from the Indians or his people Avould starve. He therefore made long voyages among the waters of Chesapeake Bay, cultivating the friendship of the Indians and trading with them for supi)lies. The red men were eager to give him corn for the gaudy beads and trinkets of which they were fond. 15. Capture of Smith by the Indians. — On one of Smith's voyages up the Chick-a-hom'iny the Indians took him prisoner. To prevent their killing him, he roused their wonder by showing them the use of his pocket- 32 HISTORY OF THE UNIIED STATES. compass and making drawings of the moon and stars. He was taken before Powliatan, the great war-chief, who ordered him to be shiin. roealiontas, the daughter of the chief, begged for his Hfe, and he was allowed to return to Jamestown. 16. The "Starving Time." — iSiuith was so badly hurt in 1G09 by the explosion of some gunpowder that he was obliged to go to England for treatment. Left without his guiding hand, the settlers fell a prey to Tin; Mai:i;iai:e of PorAiidNTA.*!. disease and famine. Some were killed by Indians, and others in desjieration soi/.ed a boat and became pirates. That winter (1()09-10) is known in history as the "starv- ing time.'' At the end of six months only sixty persons out of four Innidred and ninety were left in Jamestown. These in despair decided to return to England. They SUBSEQUENT SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 33 were about starting when Lord Delaware arrived with a new company of immigrants and abundant supi)hes. All landed, and Jamestown was saved from ruin. 17. The Third Charter. — A second charter had been granted the company in IGOO, but tlie results were so bad that a third one was granted in 1012. This abol- islied the London council, and gave to the stockholders the right to regulate tlieir affairs as they thought best. 18. Pocahontas. — Pocahontas naturally became a great favorite with tlie colonists. In 1()13 she married John Ivolfe, an English planter, and received Christian baj)tism in the rude little church at Jamestown. She visited England tliree years later with her husband, and attracted great attention. She was received at court and met her old friend. Captain .John Smith. When about to return to America she fell ill and died. From the infant son whom she left some of the leading families of Mrginia are })roud to claim descent. CHAPTER V. SUBSEQUENT SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA- 1. Bad Government. — The promise to the colonists that aftt'r five years they should have land of their own was broken. The industrious su})i)orted the lazy, and under this bad rule the settlers were no better than slaves. Sir Thomas Dale, the governor, did something to help them, but Argall, his successor, ruleil so badly that the colony was brought to the verge of ruin. 2. "The Great Charter." — The First Legislative Body in the New World. — JJie com])any in London granted a "Great Charter " to Virginia in 1()18. This 34 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. gave to the settlers the right to have a voice in making their own hiws. Sir George Yeardloy {-hiW 30, llUV)) called together at Jamesto\s'n the first legislative body ever convened in America. 3. Method of Government. — The government of Virginia was vested in a governor, a " conncil of estate," and a "general assiMnhly." The niemhers of the assem- bly, or " bnrgesses," were chosen from the ditterent plan- tations or "boroughs.'' The laws thns made were not binding unless ratified by the com})any in London, while the rules of the company were not binding until ratified by the colonial assembly. In 1G21 these ])ro- visions were embodied in a written constitution. The plan of govia'uuient was copied in time by the other colonies. 4. Prosperity. — A period of prosperity now came to Virginia. The settUa-s wrought hard, for tluy had for the first time the right to reap what they sowed. Both sides of the .Tames were lined with settlements for moi'e than a hundreil iniU>s. Excellent young women were sent from England, and the settlers ran up the price of the wives thus brought from one hundri'd to one hundred and fifty pounds of tobacco. Every free- man was allowed to vote. Keligious toleration jire- vaiUnl. The colonists uow looked upon Virginia as their home, and gave up all thouglit of going back to England. 5. Introduction of African Slavery. — In 1(110 a Dutch vessel calliMl at .lamest(nvn with twiMity negroes that had btH'U kidnajtpeij on tlu' African coast. The colonists needed help, and bought th(>m. In this man- ner African slavery was introduced into America. Many other slaves were imjM)rt(Hl afterward, lor the settlers were eager to raise all the tobacco })ossihle. SUBSEQUENT SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 35 6. Massacres by the Indians. — rowliatan, who liad been a true iVicnd of the Knglisli, died in 1()18. His successor was a bitter eueuiy of tlic white people, and eager for the externunation of all who were in Vir- ginia. He laid his j)hins with such skill and secrecy that few dreamed t)f (hmger until the massacre began. A converted Indian warned a few of his friends, and they spread the alarm as (juickly as they could. Thus Jamestown and the nearest settlements were able to pre{)are themselves. 7. On the 22d of March, 1(;22, the Indians burst uj)(>n the colonists, assailing them with such fury that within an hour more than four hundred, including men, women, and children, were slain. The attack was so sudden that many of the settlers were killed with their own hatchets and implements. The massacre extended one hundred miles along the James. In the fierce w^ar that followed, the whites, numbering four thousand, lost about half that num})er. 8. A War of Extermination against the Indians. — In l(i44 the Indians slew about five hundred ct)lonists. The survivors then began a war of extermination. They captured the leading chief, who was wounded and died a prisoner. At last the Indians sued for })eace, and, after ceding a large tract of land to the settlei's, withdrew farther into the wilderness. 9. Virginia a Royal Province. — King James was (lisj)leas('(l with the liberal sentiments of the colony, and took away its chartei- in 1G24. lie allowed the people to elect theii- assembly, but appointed their governor and council. This made \'ii'ginia a royal province, and she remained such until the Kevolution. 10. Oppressive Measures by the British Parlia- ment. — The British Parliament oi)pressed the colony 36 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. in many ways. In 16G0 it affirmed the Navigation Act of 1651, and the settlers wore compelled to carry on their commerce in Englisli vessels. They were also rec^uired to send all tlieir tohacco to England. The members of the assembly were mostly loyalists, who imposed heavy taxes, voted themselves large salaries, refused to go out of office when their terms expired, and even fined the Quakers for not attending the English Church service. 11. Bacon's Rebellion. — The assembly finally be- came so oppressive that the people revolted in 1G76. Governor Berkeley re- fused to provide the set- tlements with the means of defense against the Indians. Nathaniel Ba- con formed a company, defeated the Indians, and then marched to meet the governor, who declared he was a trai- tor. During the strug- gle which followed Gov- ernor Berkele}^ was driv- en out of .Jamestown and the little town burned, and only a few ruins to-day mark the site of the first permanent English settlement in America. 12. Continued Prosperity. — While these troubles were taking })lace IJacon died. There was no one com- petent to take his })lace, and his followers dispersed. Governor Berkeley punished the leaders without mercy. Ruins ok Jamestown, Va. SETTLEMENTS IN MASSACHUSETTS. 37 Virginia, however, continued to prosper. As early as the middle of the seventeenth century she had a po2:)U- lation of tliirty thousand, and traded extensively with England, Holland, and the colonies of New England. CHAPTER VI. SETTLEMENTS IN MASSACHUSETTS. 1. Religious Persecution in England.— The Pil- grims or Puritans. — The Separatists. — Tliere was nnicli religious persecution in England during the seventeenth century. Among tliose who suffered were the people known as Pilgrims, hecause of their wan- derings. They were also called Puritavs for the reason tliat they were dissatisfied with the ceremonies of the Church of England. Tliey thought there should be greater purification from old observances and doctrines. Those Puritans who withdrew^ from the Established Clnirch were called "Separatists." 2. The Mayflower. — In 1(520 a band of one liun- dred and two Puritans sailed from Holland in the il/r///- flowcr. Tliey landed at Plymouth, IVhissacliusetts, on the 21st of December, after a long and stormy passage. Tliey came ashore during a storm of snow and sleet, and straightway began building huts to shelter them- selves and families. 3. Character of the Puritans. — Tlie Puritans were well fitted to become pioneers. Tliey were earnest, in- dustrious, and deeply religious. Tlieir lot was a hard one from the first. They suffered from the t(rril)le severity of the weather. Before spring half of tliem died, and at one time there were only seven })ersons left to take 38 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. care of the sick. Yet none of Ihein tliouglit of giving up or going ])a('k. 4. Samoset and Massasoit. — The Indians had suf- Natidnai. Mdntmknt to Tiir. I'okkfatiikks, I'lvmoutii, Mass. fered so nincli from a recent })cstilcncc (liat they did not molest tlie Fui'itans. Wlien spi'iiig came and tliey began ])lantiiig their erops, tht'v received a visit one day SETTLEMENTS IN MASSACHUSETTS. 39 from an Iiuliaii luuned Sam-o'set. To their surprise and delight, he called out, when he saw them, " Wel- come, Englishmen !" He had learned a few words of English from some fishermen on the coast of Maine. ]\his'sa-soit, the cliief of Hamoset's tribe, soon after vis- ited the colonists, and made a treaty of peace which lasted fifty years. 5. War Averted. — Ca-non'i-cus, a Narragansett chief, thought to frigliten the settlers hy sending them a bun- dle of arrows wra})ped in a rattlesnake's skin. This was meant as a declaration of war. Governor Bradford returned the snake-skin at once. When tlie Indians received it, they found some powder and balls inside. They were wise enough to take the hint, and did not disturb the white people. 6. Captain Miles Standish. — ('a])tain Miles Standish was at the head of military afiairs at Tlymouth. He was small of stature, but very brave. He showed no mercy to the hostile Indians. When he learned that a number were plotting to destroy the whites, he and his men fell u])on and killed them all. 7. Prosperity of the Colony. — The health of the colonists improved with the coming of s})ring. The Indians taught them how to cultivate maize, or Indian corn, and tliey jilanted a great deal of it. The May- Jioiver returned to England in 1(521, and tlie ship For- time arrived later in the yeai' with thirty-five colonists. 8. The Famine Year. — The ])eoj)le of Plymouth suffered mucii from lack of food. Their harvests failed, and the}' had to provide for the new-comers. The year 1()23 is known as the " famine year," when they w^ould have perished from starvation except for the shellfish taken from the waters. Four years after their an-ival only one hundred and eighty-four were alive. The plan 40 HISTORY OF THE V KITED STATES. of holding property in common was tried, but it failed just as it had at Jamestown. 9. Union of the Two Colonies. — A quantity of land being assigned to each settler, an ini})rovement began. There was plenty to eat and affairs prospered. The progress, however, was slow. Tlie colonists elected Miles Standish's Sword, etc. (Now in Plymoiitli Hull.) their own govei'nor and made their own laws. In 1092, Plymouth was united under the name of ^hissachusetts with the INIassachusetts Bay Colony. 10. The iVIassachu setts Company. — Other Settle- ments. — The Pilgrims were no more than fairly settled at Plymouth when other colonists began arriving in New England. In 1028 the Massachusetts Company was SETTLEMENTS IN MASSACHUSETTS. 41 G((vr.i;N(ii; John Winthrop. loriiu'd, and in tlie same year tliev made a settlement at Salem. Two years later Ciovernor Winthrdp l()unde(l I^oston, wliieh beeame the ca})ital of the provinee. Twenty thousand people settled in Massachusetts between the years 1G;30 and lOdO. 11. The Massachusetts Bay Colonists. — The Massachusetts Bay eolonists were Puritans, but their views ditlered from those of their friends at Plymouth. The latter were Sei)aratists — that is, they separated from the Church of England — but the i)eoi)le of the Massachusetts P>ay Colony renuiined in the I^stablished Chun-li, althou<;li dissatistied witli many of its features. They sought to reform it from within. They had come to America, however, to maintain Puritan ju-inciples, and did not mean that any one should interfere with their purpose. 12. Persecution of the Quakers. — Great hostility was shown towai'd the (Quakers. They were fined, whip})ed, tiu'own in prison, and banished, but they regularly returned, willing and even eager to suffer for conscience' sake. Pour of them were put to deatli, after whieh the })erseeutions gradually ceased. 13. Intolerance of the Puritans. — Banishment of Roger Williams. — They also forljade any one to vote in civil ail'airs mdess a mend)er of their own Church. Those who persisted in using the old forms were sent back to England. Poger AVilliams was so bold in gainsaying this form of tyranny that the clergy and magistrates feared the })eace of the eolony would be destroyed. They orden^l him to retui'u to I^ngland, but he esea})ed them, and in the depth of winter fled 42 HISTOEY OF THE UXITED STATES. through the wilderness to tlie Narrairaiisott Indians. They gave him shelter and land, and he founded a settlement which he named Providence. 14. The United Colonies w„.uams- fu.;ht through of New England. — The United the wildek.ness. Colonies of New England was formed in 1043 bv a union of the colonies of Massachnsetts Bay, Plymouth, New Haven, and Connecticut. The object of this union was nuUual protection against the encroachments of the Dutch and French settlers and the attacks of the Indians. 15. King Philip's War. — On the death of Massasoit, SETTLEMENTS IN MASSACHUSETTS. 43 wilt) linil iilwnys been iViciidly to the coliiiiisls, liis son riiilip siu-cccdrd Iiiiii. I Icwns ( licir hillcr I'oc, and did liis uliiiosl lo \\\\\W (lie New l^nghiiid tribes ai;aiiist, tluMu. While the settlers ol' Swansea were on their way to ehureh, they were snddenly assailed hy Indians, who killed one of them and wonnded s(>veral. 'The Indians were linally driven oir, hnt only lo at- tack other settlements in the Comieelieut \'alley. 16. The Swamp Fight.— The settlers, howe\er, were (|uick to rally, and they pressed the war with viii'oi". Learning;,' that ^_ the ])owerfnl Nar- rai;anset(s wei'e on the point oi" joininii' Philip, a Ibi'ee ol" lif- lec'ii hnndred attacked Iheii' slronu'h(»ld. ()nelhonsan(l warriors were slain and two hnndretl ^vllite men I'ell. This is known in history as the " Swamp Fi»i,lil.'' 17. Death of Philip. — Peace. — The Xarrasiansetts look a leart'nl ri'ven^e by bni"ninni, and tlie Tciinods rnteivd U])on the war withont tlu'ir liolj). Tlu\v massacred thirty ot' the colo- nists, who sent a sti'on>;- force under Captain Mason to attai'k their stronghold on Mystic Kixcr. 1 h" did so with such tierceness (June 5, 1037) that the whole tribe was slain. 5. The Charter Oak. — In 1002 a royal charter united New Haven and Connecticut colonies, and li-naran- teed to them all the rights aiireed uiuni hy the Connec- tieut colonists. In 1()87 the tyrannical (iovernor Andros marched from Boston to Hartford and di'nianded the charter. During the debate the lights were suddeidy ])ut out. ^\dlen the candles were reliiihted the char- ter was missiuii'. Captain W'adsworth had slij)ped out in the ilarkness and hid it in the hollow o{ an oak. This tree was afterward known as the Ciiarter (^ak^ and remained standing' for a hundred and seventy years. 6. (iovernor Audro~< was not to be batlled ; he tle- elared the charter government at an end. and went back to Boston. Two years later, when he was deposed, the charter was brouuht h'om its hiding-iilace. the gtMie- ral court reassembled, and the government went on as befi>re. 7. Settlement of Rhode Island. — i'ro\ idiMiee Plan- tation was si^ttled by Kom'r Williams in l()-">(>, the same year that Ihirtford was founded. A ]>arty of exiles from Ma.ssachusetts bought the land o( Atjuiday, an Indian chief, ami established the Rhode Island Plantation. These j>eoi)le. remembering their own persecutions lor tlie sake of their religion, generously allowed v)thers to believe as thev chose. SETTLEMENT OF XFU' YOnK. 47 S. The r(.H[iu'st of tlu' colonists that they iniiiiit join the Now I'Jiuland I'nion was rot'usod booauso thoy liad no chailrr. So Kogvr Williams went to Kn^'land and srcuivd a charter uniting tlio two plantations. When ]\v canio hark, in !(> 17. tlu' ju'ojilc mot and auiwd ujion a sot of laws whioh gavo froodom o( failh and worshi]) to all. CITAPTER VTir. SETTLEMENT OF NEW YORK. 1. Voyage of the Half Moon. — Wo have learned that Henry llndson. an l^nglish ex]»lorer in the emi)U)y of Hollaiul, sailed nj; the Hudson in 1(10*). He made the voyao-e in a small vesstl called the Jlulf Maaii. with only twenty sailors. ]Ie had been sent by tlu' Pntch Ea^t India Company to search for a short route to China. 2. The New Netherlands. — The followiiiii' year the Dutch beo-an trading in furs with the Indians along the Hudson. In Km they explored the coast from the 1 Delaware to a point lu^yond r)oston harbor. They claimed all the country between, and ga\e to it the name of Xew Netherlands. 3. Settlements by the Dutch. — A trading-post had been built where Albany now stands, and otlu^rs were established elsewhere. The Ihitcli tradt'rs erected some huts on Manhattan Island in llilT). No colony, how- ever, was sent out until ten years lat(>r. 'jdie setllement at Albany was called l-'ort Orangt\ and the one on the ])rcsent siti' of New Yoik was known as N\'W Amster- dam. 4. Among the privileges granted to tlie Dutcli set- tlers was one giving to every person who planted a 48 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. colony of tit'tv tlio riu'lit to buy lands of the Indians. These lands, it was decreed, should belong to the heirs of the purchasers for ever. Great trouble was caused in after years by this law. 5. The Dutch Governors. — Peter Minuit, the first Dutch governor, took charge in l&Hx lie brought all the settlements under one government, and bought all Manhattan Island from the Indians t"or a sum cijual to twenty-tour dollars. Two years later the population was less than three hundred. 6. W'outer van Twiller became governor in l(i33. lie was an ignorant man. The ablest Dutch governor was Peter Stuyvesant (stTve'sant), who assumed charge in UUO. In 1655 he sailed up the Delaware with a small fleet and captured the settlements which the Swedes had })lanted there. He came to an agreement with Con- necticut as to the boundary-line. 7. Capture of New Amsterdam by the English. — England, however, claimed all the territory between \'\v- ginia and New I'^ngland, because Cabot had explored it many years before. In 1664 four Knglish ships anchored in the harbor of New Amsterdam and compelled the town to surrender. The name was changed to New York. The population at that lime was about lifteen hundred. 8. Subsequent History of New York City. — Tlie people, who were rather pleased with the coming of the Knglish, were disappointed by their rulers. They refused them many of their rights. They were glad, therefore, when nine years later a Dutch fleet appeared in the har- bor. They returned to their old rule, but the following year New Amsterdam came into the hands of the Eng- lish through treaty, and so remained until the Kevolution. 9. The English Governors. — (.Governor Andros, the SETTLEMENT OF NEW JERSEY, ETC. 49 inar])lot of the colonies, was the first English governor, but he was snch a tyrant that he was called home. By permission of the Duke of York an assembly of the representatives of the jK^o[)le was called in 1(383. Two years later, liowever, when the duke became James II. of England, he forbade such assemblages, abolished printing-presses, and annexed the colony to New Eng- land. lO. When Governor Andros was imprisoned in Bos- ton, Nicliolson, his deputy in New York, lost no time in fleeing from the angered people. C'a})tain Leisler there- upon took chai'ge until the arrival of Governor Slough- ter. Ilie aristocracy in New York were bitter enemies of Leisler. They secured his arrest under charge of treason, and induced the governor while intoxicated to sign his death-warrant. Leisler was hanged before the governor recovered his senses. New York took an active j)art in the intercolonial wars which followed, and was one of the most ])Owerhd et)lonies at the breaking out of the Revolution. CHAPTEK IX. SETTLEMENT OF NEW JERSEY, PENNSYLVANIA, AND DELAWARE. 1. First Settlement in New Jersey. — New Jersey was included in New Netherlands, and the Dutch erected a trading-j)ost at Bergen about 1018. The Duke of York, having received from his brother Charles IT. the grant of New Netherlands, kept that })art now known as New York, Ijut gave the portion lying between the Hudson and the Delaware to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. The flrst English settlement here was at 50 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Elizabethtown in ICyCA. Several Dutch and Swedish settlements had been made at an earlier date. 2. East and West Jersey. — In 1074 the province was divided into East and West Jersey, a distinction which i)revails at the present day. Lord Berkelev, who WiM.IAM PENN. owned West Jerse}', sold it to a company of Quakers. A number of these persons soon after settlgd near Bur- lington. 3. After Sir George Carteret's death, East Jersey, his portion, was sold to William Penn and eleven other Quakers. There was great confusion over the land- titles, and in 1702 the proprietors surrendered their rights to the English Crown. New Jersey was united SETTLEMENT OF NEW JEIiSEY, ETC. 51 witli New York under one governor, but with her own assembly. In 1738, New" Jersey was set apart as a distinct royal province, and so remained until llie Revolution. 4. First Settlement in Delaware. — In l<)o8 tbe Swedes made a settlement near ^\'ilming•ton, Delaware. Tliey named the country New Sweden. They planted another settlement a short distance below Philadelphia. These settlements afterward fell into the hands of the Dutch, but they prosj^ered for many years. Penn's House, Present Appeakance. 5. William Penn. — King Charles II. of England owed William Penn a large sum of money on account of the services of his father, Admiral Penn. He paid tlie debt by granting to William Penn a large territory on the west side of the Delaware. To this grant the Duke of York added the present State of Delaware. 6. The Object of Penn. — Founding of Philadel- phia. — Penn's object was to find a refuge for his sect, which was bitterly persecuted in England. He sent out large numbers of Quakers to the new country, and arrived 52 HISTORY OF THE I'SITED STATES. himself in 10S2. He boiiglit land of the Swedes, and the following year laid out the city of Philadelphia. 7. Penn's Beneficent Rule. — Pennsylvania pros- pered from the first. This was due to the wise admin- istration of Penn and his successors. Although the king of England had been paid for the land, Penn bought it again of the Indians. The price was small, but it satisfied those simple folk, who found themselves dealing with honest men. Penx's Treaty with the Indians. 8. Some of Penn's theories are worth remembering. The foundation principle was perfect freedom of con- science. Murder and treason only were punishable with death. This provision was insisted upon by the chief-justice, but no person was hanged in Pennsylva- nia during the lifetime of Penn. He maintained that a prison should be devoted to the reformation of the SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAXD, ETC. 53 criminal ; arbitration should take the place of litiga- tion, even between nations; an oath is unnecessary, as are cockpits, card-playing, and drunkenness ; lying is a crime, and should be punished as such. He established jury trial, and in cases where an Indian was interested ordered that the jury should include an ei^ual number of white men and Indians. 9. Penn made a treaty with the Indians which re- mained unbroken for sixty years. Seven thousand per- sons, representing several nationalities, arrived at Phil- adelphia in one year, and in three years the city gained more than New York in half a century. 10. Delaware, known as the " three lower counties on the Delaware," was also under Penn's government. At the recjuest of tlie people Penn gave to them a deputy governor and allowed them to have their own assembly. The two provinces, however remained under one governor until the Revolution. 11. Death of Penn. — His Heirs. — Penn died in 1718, and his heirs retained their })ro]>rietor.ship and appointed the governors until 1779. In that year the State of Pennsylvania bought the claims of the heirs for about half a million dollars. CHAPTER X. SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND, THE CAROLINAS, AND GEORGIA. 1. Settlement of Maryland. — It has been shown that one cause of so many people coming to .Vmerica was to esca])e persecution. Among those thus driven from their homes was Cecil Calvert, or Lord Baltimore. He was a wealthy gentleman and a Roman Catholic- 64 HISTORY OF THE UNITED- STATES. He obtained tVom King Cliarles a grant of land lying north of the Potomac River, and his brother made a settlement in 1()34 near the mouth of the i-iver. 2. The name of the new settlement was St. Mary's. The ehai'ter gave to freemen a voice in making the laws. In U)49 the " Toleration Act " was passi'd, which allowed all to Avorship (Jod as they thought best. This liberality caused ^hiryland to become an asylum for persecuted j)ersons. 3. Conflicting Claims. — Civil War. — \'irginia claimed that Lord Baltimore's grant was for land be- longing to her. Clay borne, a member of the James- town council, established two trading-posts in Maryland, and would not leave until he and his people were driven out. Clayborne was so olistinate that he went to Eng- land and a})pealed to the king, whose decision sustained Lord Baltimore's claims. In 1()45, Clayborne entered Maryland again, excited a rebellion, and drove out Governor Calvert. The governor after a time was able to gather a force strong enough to frighten Clayborne into lleeing. There was no more disturbance. 4. There was mucli religious trouble, however, in Maryland, and civil war lasted for years. Sometimes victory was with one party and sometimes with the other. Finally, in 1691, Lord Baltimore was stri})ped of his rights as pro])rietor, and ]\hiryland became a royal province. The Church of England was estab- lished, but, in 1715, the fourth Lord Baltimore recov- ered his rights and religious toleration was restored. This condition of things lasted until the Revolution. 5. The Carolinas. — The Albemarle and Carte- ret Colonies. — A large tract of land south of Mrginia was granti'd in 1()()3 to Lord Clarendon and several other iu)blemen. Thev named it Carolina in honor of SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND, ETC. 55 tlie king. The Albemarle colony was already planted by settlers from Mrginia. The Carteret colony was established in 1()70 b}^ English immigrants. The first settled on the banks of the Ashley, but removed in 1680 to the present site of Charleston. 6. The colonies increased rapidly, but as they ex- panded much friction was caused between the settlers and proj)rietors. The latter became so discouraged that, in 1729, they returned to the Crown the right of govern- ment and seven-eighths of the land. The colonies were se})arated, and remained royal provinces until the Revo- lution. 7. Settlement of Georgia. — The last of the orig- inal thirteen colonies to be settled was Georgia. In 1732, Ceneral Oglethorpe, a wealthy and kind-hearted man, obtained from King George II. the grant of a tract of land which, in honor of the king, he named Georgia. 8. Oglethorpe's Scheme. — Oglethorpe's wish was to provide a refuge for debtors, who were harshly treated in England. He formed a settlement at Savannah in 1733. His experiment awakened great interest in Eng- land, and large sums of money wcire subscribed to lielj) the enterprise. 9. General Oglethorpe was an excellent man. He })roved his soldierly qualities by brilliantly defeating the Spaniards when they attacked the colony. Some of his rules, however, produced great discontent. They interfered with the just liberties of the people and caused many to leave the colony. This discontent increased to such a degree that the trustees finally gave up the task, and in 1752, after twenty years of trial, surrendered their charter to the Crown. Georgia con- tinued a royal province until the Revolution. 56 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. CHAPTER XI. INTERCOLONIAL WARS. 1. King William's War. — The wars between Euro- pean nations naturally involved their colonies in Amer- ica. The first struggle of this kind was between Eng- land and France, and was called King WilHani's War. It lasted from 1089 to 1097. The Indians of Canada and Maine took the side of the Frencli, while the pow- erful league known as the Iroquois or Five Nations of New York helped the English. 2. Invasion of New England and New York. — In the depth of winter the French and Indians came down from Canada on their snow-shoes and laid waste the border settlements of New England and New York. They committed fearful atrocities. The favorite time for attack Ijy the Indians was between midnight and daylight, when people were sound asleep. Women and children, a'^ well as men, were dragged from their beds and tomahawked. 3. Invasion of Canada. — Peace. — To clieck these barbarities tlie several English colonies in 1()90 organized an invasion of Canada. 8ir William Phipps captured Port Iloyal in Nova Scotia and secured a great deal of plunder. The combined land and naval expedition was a failure. After eight years of savage and desul- tory fighting, the war was ended by the treaty of Rys- wick (riz'wik), wliich gave to each party the territory it held before fighting began. All the suffering, loss of property, cruelty, and death was in vain. 4. Queen Anne's War. — This was brought about by the war ])etween France and Spain on the one hand and England on the other. The Iroquois, because of INTERCOLONIAL WARS. 57 their treaty with France, took no part in this war, which hasted from 1702 to 1713. From this cause New England suffered most. Her frontier was ravaged, and many of the exposed settlements were abandoned. 5. Port Royal was captured, in 1710, by the united English and colonial troops. The name of the place was changed to Anna})olis. A formidable expedition sailed against Canada, but shipwreck destroyed more than a thousand men, and the attempt, as before, resulted in disastrous failure. The war was ended by the treaty of Utrecht (u'trekt), which ceded Acadia to England. 6. King George's War lasted from 1744 to 1748^ and was between England and France. The most noted event of the struggle was the capture, after a long siege, in 1745, of the strong fortress of Louisluirg. This was on the island of Cape Breton, and the colonial troops did most of the fighting. Peace was made by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (aks-lii-chapeF). To the indignation of the colonists, Louisburg was given back to the French by this treaty, and matters were left so that another war was certain to break out in the near future. 7. The French and Indian War lasted from 1754 to 1763, and was by far the most important struggle in which the colonies took part previous to the Revolution. France and England were powerful rivals, and their continual wars involved their colonies in America. Their contests had gradually taken the form of a struggle for supremacy in the new world, and could not end until one became the conqueror. 8. The English and French Colonies. — At the opening of the final struggle the English colonies occu- pied a narrow fringe of sea-coast a thousand miles in length. The French territory, beginning with Canada, extended to New Orleans. This long line was guarded 58 HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. bv more than sixty military posts. Tlio region west of the Alleghany Mountains was elaimed by both, and this dispute brought on the Freneh and Imlian War. 9. The lur-trade in the seetion named was very profitable and much sought by the Freneh and Englisli traders. They left the Indians out of the question, though they were the people to whom the land rightly belonged. The Freneh seized the English surveyoi-s along the Ohio and broke up a British post on tlie Miami (me-a'mel Pressing forward into tlie disputed territory, they built a fort at Presqu' Isle (presk el'), near the i>resent site of Erie, Pennsylvania ; a second near Waterford : and a third a few miles south, on French Creek. 10. George Washington. — Now. all this angered Mrginia. because she claimed that section. Governor Dinwiddie decided to make a vigorous protest against the invasion. He selected as the bearer of his message a young man named GkoiutE Washin\;ton. 11. Washington at that time was about twenty-two years of age. He was a skillful surveyor and a won- derful athlete. There were no young men of his ac- quaintance who could run as fast, leap as tar. throw a stone to a greater distance, ride a hoi'se better, or excel him as a hunter. He was brave, truthful, honest, an obedient son. ami a man held in the highest respect by all who knew him. He was born February "22. 1732. 12. Washington's Journey through the Wilder- ness. — Young M'ashington left ^\'illiamsburg on the very day the letter of Governor Dinwiddie was placed in his hands. He had live companions, one o\' whom was the famous guide Ghristopher (iist. The journey to and from Le Panif (IC-h bt1f') was fully a thousand miles. It led through dismal forests, over rugged moun- AN ATT^^■.n nv'N rm Life of ^YA5HI^•GT0^•. INTERCOLONIAL WARS. 59 tains, and across tnvl)nk'nt streams lilk'd with rusliinj;; ice. The country contained wild beasts and wilder red mcMi. 13. An Indian attempted to shoot A\'ashinL;,'ton when a fi'W rods away. His gun missed fire, and Cdst cap- tured him. AN'ashington, however, wouUl not allow him to be harmed, but let him go. To avoid cai)tui'e themselves, they traveled all night, though the weather was bitterly cold. Often they slept with their clothing- frozen u|)on them. In crossing the Alleghany on a raft Washington was thrown into the waier, and saved him. self by powerful swimming. 14. The trying journey occupied more than two months. The reply brought back by Washington from the French commander was a refusal to withdraw from the ground claimed by the English. He was there, lie said, l)y (M'ders from his superiors, and as a sol- dier he could rt'gard no commands from any other source. 15. Breaking Out of the War. — It was not long before war began. A\'ashington, then a major, was sent with a force to drive out the French, who had built a post where Pittsburg now stands. It was called Fort Dmpiesne (doo-cane')- The French were too strong, and after considerable lighting AVashington was forced to retreat before the superior force. 16. Braddock's Massacre. — In 1755, General I>rad- dock led an expedition against Fort Duquesne. He was e the ca})ture of Quebec. This great task was assigned to the brave and skillful Wolfe, wlio, in the summer of 17")',), anchored off the city with eight thousand ti"o<)[)S and a large fleet. Mont- calm, the French commander, opposed him with a force equal to his own. 23, Week after week ^\'olfe vainly searched for some 62 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. weak point in tlic rocky wall miles in length. But can- non confronted him everywhere and the French soldiers were always on the alert. Montcalm kept his horses saddled night and day, ready to dash to any spot where needed. Knowing what great interests were at stake, he did not take off his clothing for months. 24. Wolfe was on the point of giving up when he discovered a narrow path winding among the rocks and The Death of Genekai, Wolfe. hushes to the bluff above the city. In tlie darkness of night the soldiers silently climbed up the i)recipice and scattered the guard at the top. When the sun rose the astounded Montcalm saw the English army in line of battle on the " Plains of Abraham." 25. Death of Wolfe.— Montcalm attacked with his usual bravery. Whilst the issue remained doubtful, Wolfe LIFE IN THE COLONIAL TIMES. 63 led a bayonet charge. He was struck twice by bullets, but pressed on until mortally wounded by a third ball. As they were carrying him to the rear he heard the exclamation, "They run! they run!" "Who run?" he feebly asked. " The French," was the reply. " God be praised ! I die happy," he added, his pale face glowing with joy. 26. Death of Montcalm. — Montcalm was mortall}^ hurt a few minutes later while trying to rally his troops. A\'hen told by the surgeon that he could live only a few hours, he replied, " It is well, for I shall not see the sur- render of Quebec." The city surrendered five days later, September 18, 1759. 27. The Conquest of Canada. — The French at- tempted to retake Quebec the following year, but failed. The capture of Montreal in 1760 completed the conquest of Canada. A treaty of peace was signed in Paris in 17G3, by whicli France gave to England all her posses- sions east of the ]\Iississippi except two small islands south of Newfoundland. She ceded New Orleans and all lier territory west of the Mississippi to Spain. The costly devastating wars were at an end, and England at last ruled America. CHAPTER XII. LIFE IN THE COLONIAL TIMES. 1. The Homes of Our Forefathers. — Life during the colonial times was widely different from what it is to-day. The first houses were built of logs put together with little regard for anything except strength and shel- ter. The danger from Indians often made these dwell- 64 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. ings tlic oiih' means of defence against their attacks. The windows were few and small, the doors massive, and the interior was divided into one, two, or three rooms. Tlie stairs by which the upper story was reached consisted of an inclined ladder. The chimney was of stone and was mainly on the outside of the building. 2. The Furniture. — The fireplaces were very broad, and most of the heat went up the chimne}'. The win- ters were severe, and it was necessary to get as near the fire as possible. Seats, therefore, were sometimes placed inside the fireplace. Glass was so scarce that most of the window-panes were made of oiled paper. The fur- niture generally consisted of rude benches, tables, and stools made by the head of tlie family. The floor was rough, and sometimes consisted of the hard earth itself. Carpets were unknown during the early days. The latch of the door was of wood, and was raised from the out- side by pulling a string which dangled from a small hole. AVhen this string was drawn in the door was locked. 3. How they Cooked, Ate, and Drank. — Tlie poorer people used blocks of wood instead of plates. At first forks were unknown. Food was cut with a knife and eaten from the fingers. The pots and kettles were hung from a swinging crane in the fireplace, and the cooking was done in front in skillets and on griddles. These stood on legs, so that the coals could l)e raked under them. A piece of meat was sometimes Ijroiled by laying it upon the live coals. 4. An oven for 1)aking would occasionally be seen built in the side of the chimney. A whole pig was roasted l>y running an iron rod through it and turning it on a spit in front of the fire. The neat housekeej)ers strewed the floor of the best room with white sand. LIFE IN THE COLONIAL TIMES. 65 wliich was marked off with ornamental designs. The rich colonists brought ponderous furniture from Eng- land — so strong and c^nduring that much of it is in existence to-day. They had pewter dishes, which were polished to the highest possible degree. The cumbrous but valuable silver-ware was brought forth only on rare occasions. 5. There was much drinking of wine and spirits. For a long time coffee and tea. were unknown. Nearly every family made its own beer. The genteel folk used Madeira wine, and nearly every one drank rum and hard cider. The religious people made no objection unless a person indulged immoderately and neglected his duties. 6. Their Dress. — No one wore trousers as they are now made. They stopped at the knees, below which the limbs were protected by stockings to the shoes. This gave the rich a chance to display their silver buckk-s and buttons. They were very fond, too, of lace and finery. The breeches of the laborers were made of leather, deer-skin, or the coarsest kind of cloth. The rich used velvet or fine material, and some of them were as proud of their appearance as any one who is seen to-day. 7. The Schools. — The schools were few and poor. The teachers had little education, and were harsh. The sessions were double the length of what they are in these times, and Saturday holidays and summer vacations were unknown. The whip was frequently plied, for our forefathers believed in tlie doctrine that to spare the rod is to spoil the child. Sunday-schools are not a century old in this cdunti'v. The sermons at church were often two or thi'ec hours in length. The benches were hard and uncomfortable. When a listener dozed, a man 66 HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. M'lu) was on llio \v;\ti'li prodded him with the end of a pole to kee[i him awake. S. Methods of Punishment. — The laws winv severe. In N'iruinia seventeen oll'enees were punishahU' with death. In llartl'ord the watehman ran*;' his hell in the morning as an onler tor every one to rise from his bed. Tf a wmnan beeame too free witli her tonoue. she was j>rononneed a seold. and was pnnished bv biMno- plai-ed near her door and gagged. For other otionees the stocks and jnllorv and the dneking-stool were used. 9. Entertainments. — Human nature has always been the same, and onr ancestors man- aged to have their share of anuisement. I)ancing was po[)nlar. •Aud wedding festivi- ties sometimes lasted several days. Horse- raeing and cock-tight- ing ])revailed in the Midille and Southern colonies. The New Englandors made the most of their militia trainings. l-Acn a funeral was accompanied by feasting and drinking, while the long winters were diversified by coasting, skating, and similar anuisements. 10. IVleans of Travel. — Ignorance. — First Print- ing-Press. Paper, and Colleges. — In th(\«^e early times the people traveKnl on tbt^t. horseback, or bv boat. Slav- ery prevailed everywhere. Ignorance was connnon. Many men antl women were unable to write their names. The tirst printing-press was set up at rambridge in UJoO. THE yORTH AMERWAX TyDfAXS. 6' The lirst })aper was the Jiosioii X< ws Ldfir. published in 1704, ami the first daily paper did not appear until 1702, Harvard (\^llege was founded in 1(530; AVilliani and Mary in 1002 ; Yale in 1700: Princeton in 1710 : University of Pennsylvania in 1745*; Colunihia in 17'»4: and Dart- mouth in 17()0. (V)mpared with the eolleuvs of the pres- ent day hi>aring" those names, they were as the tiny aeorn to the full-irrown oak. ('11AP4M:K XIII THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS. 1. Error regarding the hidians. — The belief is general that the Amcriean race is disappearing. This, however, is not the case. There are 250,000 In- dians to-day in this country, which is an increase of the number that roamed over the continent at the time of its discovery by Colum- bus. 44iei-c is no reason to believe that they will not continue as long as the Caucasian rai'c. 2. Endurance of the hidian. — Althougli the Indian displays littU> nmscular development, he is cajiable t»f immense endurance. Cieneral Cn^ok states that he has seen an Apache run for fifteen hundreil feet up the side t.'nol T OF TTKS ANP WHiWAM. ('(i1(i|:AI>0. 68 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. of a mountain without any increase in his res2:»i ration or the least evidence of fatigue. 3. Wrongs of the Indians. — One of the great wrongs perpetrated by the settlers of this country was their treatment of the Indians. The rigiits of the latter were disregarded ; they were cheated out of their land ; their confidence was abused ; treaties were violated ; and many times they were driven in very desperation to war. Osceola, the famous Seminole chieftain, was made a prisonei' by an American officer Avhile visiting our lines under a tiag of truce, and died in prison. William Penn used the Indians justly, and, as a consequence, his treaty with them remained unbroken for more than half a century. 4. How the hndians Live. — The Indians are a migratory })eople. They live in rude tents and wig- wams, moving from place to place in order to secure better hunting-grounds. They are fine horsemen, being trained from infancy to manage their ponies, to handle the bow and arrow or gun, to hunt and fish, to endure hardships, and to make war. 5. Treatment of their Women. — The women are treated like beasts of burden. A warrior considers it undignified to work. Ilis squaw, therefore, is com})elled to till the ground, to carry burdens, and to do all the maiuial labor rc(juired l)y the family. 6. The War- Path. — In former times the Northern Indians were accustomed to tie their long 1)lack hair in a knot on the crown. This was called a scalp-lock, and was meant as a defiance to the enemy to capture it. They were fond of daubing their faces with fantastic designs in {)aint, of placing stained feathers in their hair, and making themselves look as hideous as possible. They hoped to frighten their enemies by this means. THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS. 69 7. Indian Oratory. — Altliougli the American race is inferior in every res})ect to the Caucasian, yet it has produced more than one great orator, warrior, and states- man. King Philip, Pontiac, and Tecumseh were strik- ing examples in these respects. 8. The Indian's Conception of Heaven. — All people, no matter how degraded, have some idea of a Supreme Being. It is an instinct of our nature, and one of tlie most impressive proofs of the immortality of the soul. The Indian's conception of heaven is a material one. He believes it consists of ha])py hunting-grounds, where his dog shall bear him company and the feast- ing be without end. The Indian, however, is ca|)able of accepting and understanding the truths of Chris- tianity. The labors of the missionaries among them have proved this fact in numl)erless instances. 9. The Indian Susceptible to Education. — The Indian is suscejUible to education and civilization. The various schools established by our government have shown striking and beneficent results. It is earnestly to be hoped that these influences may continue, and that at no remote day the " Indian Problem " may be solved happily and for ever. PART ITT. THE REVOLUTION. CHAPTER XIV. THE CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. 1. The French and Indian War was the AVest Point for the American connnanders in the Kevohnion. The training received by them proved of invahiabk' service wlien the inevitabk^ conflict of arms took }>hice. 2. Indirect Causes of the Revolution. — >hiny causes joined to bring about the war for independence. Enghmd treated the Americans as though they were a subjected nation. She enforced laws that favored the Enghsh merchants at the expense of those in the colo- nies. The navigation laws especially were unjust and oppressive. The American farmer was comj>elled to send his ])roducts to England and buy his goods there. American manutactures were not jiermittetl. The ]u-iine minister went so far as to declare that the colonies had not the right even to make a horseshoe nail without ]ter- mission from Parliament. 3. It was inevitable that the colonies should separate in time from the mother-country, but has. and compelled the agents to resign. The people, led by Samuel Adams, the " Father of the ■AMI \ 1 Al'A^I>, 72 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Kcvolulioii," ])lc(li;x'(l tlic'iHselvos to use no articles of British inaimlacturc until the duly should be taken oil'. 7. Repeal of the Stamp Act. — Delegates tVoni nine of tlu> colonies met in New ^'ork in October, 17G5. Tliey framed a. Declaration of Iviglits and a {)etition to King CJeorge 111. and Parliament. The opposition to the Stamp Act became so bitter and deternnned that even England was alarmed, and in 17()() repealed it. 8. Other Oppressive Measures. — The Boston Massacre. — At the same time, howevei', Parliament passed another law affirming its right to tax the colonies. Other articles were taxed. Troops were (juartered, in 1708, in the colonies at their expense. The })eople r(>fused to con- sent to this, and (juar- rels between the citi- zens of I)ost()n and the soldiers were fre(juent. The patriotism of the citizens was I'oused by frequent meetings and addresses in Faneuil Hall and elsewhere. In March, 1770, a collision resulted in the death of three citizens ;iiid the wouiuhng of eight. This is known in history as the Poston Ahissacre. 9. Taxation without Representation. — Finally, the tax was taken oil' evei-ything except tea. Even this was so arranged that, with the tax included, tea was cheaper in America than in lOngland. The mother-country was contending tor a principle and would not yield the right Fankuii, Ham., I!( THE CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. 73 of taxation. The Americans were also contending for a principle, and would not consent to taxation without rep- resentation. lO. The Boston Tea-Party. — The Americans deter- mined they would not use tea. Tlie cargoes which reached New York and Philadelphia were sent away again. At Charleston tea was stored in damp cellars, where it soon spoiled. At Boston, Decemher 16, 177o, fifty men disguised as Indians boarded the ships at night and emptied three hundred and forty-two chests into the water. This is known as the famous Boston Tea- Party. 11. Retaliatory Meas- ures by England. — The War Spirit in the Colonies. — Eng- land adopted retalia- tory measures at once. She closed the port of Boston the following year, and General (lage was appointed gover- nor of Massachusetts. The closing of the |)ort caused much distress, but the other colonies came to the hel{) of Boston. The anger against England increased every day. The only parties were the Whigs, wlio opposed royalty, and the Tories, who favored it. Minute-men began organizing and drilling. The ringing words of Patrick Henry, " Give me liberty or give me death !" were heard every wliere. Revolution was in the air and the conflict of arms was at hand. 1'ati;I( K Henky. 74 HISTORY OF THE U Nil ED STATES. CHAPTER XV. EVENTS OF 1774-75. 1. The First Continental Congress. — The first Con- tinental Congress met in Philadelphia in September, 1774. Every colony was represented except Georgia. Among t he representatives were men of marked ability. The majority were not prepared for independ- ence, but hoped to in- duce England to change licr course toward the colonies. They de- clared that obedience was not due to the recent acts of Parlia- ment — that Massachu- setts did right in re- sisting her oppressors ; they })rotested against tlie quartering of troops among the people witli- out their consent, and decided to hold no in- tercourse with Great Britain. 2. Battle of Lexington. — These were bold words on the part of the representatives, and hastened the con- flict. General Gage, the British commandant at Boston, sent out eight hundred men soon after midnight, April 10, 1775, to destroy some military stores at Concord, twenty miles away. The Americans were on the watch, and when the troops reached Lexington, they found the i i \ % 1 rl Bl Ii, M- ^^xi^^dHfl^^^ E Caimt.nters' Hali,, Pnii.AriKi.riiiA, wiikue THE FiKST Continental Congress Met. EVENTS OF 1774-75. 75 niiiuito nu'ii hastily iiatlu'rino- on llu' villaixo g:reeii. Major Pitraini ordered tlieiii to disperse. A skirmish followed, and eight of the .Vnierieans were killed and several wonnded. One British soldier was killed and one wonnded. The troops continued their march to Con- cord and destroyed the military stores. noi'SE.S IN WHICH THE MtI.ITAP.Y ST()|;KS \\1:i:K CnNCEAI.ED, CONCXIllD. (Still staiKiiiig.) 3. The affray at Lexington set the Americans w ild. Horsemen dashed otf at headlong speed and spread the nt>\vs. The minute men and all who had weapons snatched tliem up and ran toward the red coats, who were retreating for L)Oston. A deadly fire was opened ui)on the soldiers from hehind rocks, trees, fences, and anything that offered protection. Had not reinforce- ments arrived from Boston, every British soldier would have been killed. Sixty-five were slain and a great many wounded. Of the Americans, forty-nine were killed. 4. It has been said that at Lexington Avas "fired the shot that was heard round the world." There was no 76 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. telegrapli in those days, l)ut the news was carried by men on liorseback. As it s})rea(l, tlie colonists Hamed with excitement. Men swarmed toward Boston, until Boston and Vkinitv. in a short time twenty tliousand were throwinii; up intrenchnients to shut the British in the city. 5. Battle of Bunker Hill. — A detachment of Amer- icans fortified Breed's Hill at night without any sus- EVFNTS OF 1774-75. 77 ])i('ioii o\\ (1k' part of tlic British of what was i2,"oiii,L;; on. They wwv ama/.cd the next nioniiiig to sec what liad been (lone. The works eonimanded the city, and Gene- ral CJage determined to dislodge the Amerieans witliont delay. He sent Howe with three thousand nu-n, while tlie roofs and stee])les in Boston were hhick willi i)co[)le watehing tlie tlirillino- sight. 6. The Ih-itisli marched slowly up the hill, and showed ])erfoct dise'i]>liii('. The Anici'icaiis ^\•ail(■d until they wciv very ncai', when they lired \\ith such deadly elleet that the soldiers broke and lle(l. The oHieers rallied them, and a second advance was made. This was repulsed as decisively as befoi'c. The l>ritish officers with mucli difficulty brought their men together, and the thii'd time charged up the hill. Fierce Hghting fol- lowed, but at that critical moment the ammunition of tlie Americans gave t)ut and they were compelled to retreat. 7. The Americans lost one hundre(l and fifty killed, two hundred and seventy wounded, and thirty taken })risoners. The ])i-itish loss, as given by Gage, was two hundren, and .June loth aji]iointed General (ieorge A\'ashington connnander-in-chief He inode.stly accepted the appoint- 78 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. nieiit, ])ut (Icclincd to receive any pay. Tt, slioiild be i'eineiiil)ere(l that Wasliiiiotoii was never paid a, dollar for his inestimable services to his country during the Revolution. Jle and Gates set out at once Ibr ( ani- ()i,i> I'.i.M, Ai ( 'a,mi;i;iim.i;, Mass., imii;i; w iin u \\ AsiiiN(/r()N ASSUMED Command cliaro'c of the army there. When the}'' reached New York they heai'd Ibr the lirst time of the battle of l)Uidenedict Arnold by a brilliant dash capture(l Fort 'riconderoga. It was a complete surprise, no one being killed on either side. \'alual)le stores were secured for the Americans. Crown Point was captured two days later. 10. Siege of Boston by the Americans. — ^\'ash- ington tbund a })atriotic mass of iburteen thousand m(>n awaiting his arrival befoi-e Boston. They M'ere without uniforms, })Oorly disci})lined, badly clothed and armed, EVENTS OF 1774-75. 79 and lind little iuniminitioii. Tlu'V Ibriued tlic material for an clfective hrniy, and the wise leader set to work to mould them into form. He kept the British closely besieged in the city. 11. Invasion of Canada.— In the latter part of the .fa^XOItTU£J/y .iSM}'; ,„,i,..i,„.,tiuw}LDi:Ryr.ss •• t>Lr.,uvl, n-lu.* Cttt«-J-\rnoU ,.u^/,— "f ' » s 4 * • m M r^ '« M. ' ' * 1 ■^ '"'ill __ ii^- WASHiNiiTON's Visit tu the MoiiTALLY-worNDED Hessian Cioimander. twenty camion crossed the Delaware a few miles nl)ove Trenton. It was Christmas night, and the river was so full of rushing ice that many hours were consumed in forcing the dangerous passage. A rapid march was then made to Trenton, which was reached shortly after daybreak. The Hessians, who had been brought over by the British, were attacked, their leader mortally wounded, and one thousand prisoners taken. The Americans had EVENTS OF 1777. 85 only two killed and four wounded. Washinoton visited the Hessian commander, Colonel Rail, as he lay dying in the house to which he had been removed. CHAPTER XVir. EVENTS OF 1777. 1. Renewed Hope of the Americans. — The victory at Trenton thrilled the colonists with renewed hope. Enlistments increased, confidence was restored, and tlie feeling became general that the crisis had been passed. Hard work remained to be done, but triumph in the end was sure. 2. Cornwallis was so near that Washington recrossed into Pennsylvania with his prisoners on the day of the victory. Three days later he returned to Trenton, where his army was increased to six thousand. Cornwallis with a larger force marched down from I'rinceton, with the resolve to wipe out the disgrace of a few days before. 3. Battle of the Assunpink.— A conflict took place January 2d across the Assunpink Creek, which flows through the town. The British were repulsed and lost a number of men. The fii'ing ceased nt dusk, and the foi-ccs (■n('ain])ed on o[>]iositc sides of the stream. 4. Victory at Princeton. — The situation of Wash- ington was critical, for the ice-gorged Delaware was be- liiiid ]iim and shut off his retreat in the face of the enemy. He therefore kept his camp-fires burning brightly, so as to make it appear tliat his army was present, but in tlie darkness he stole around the British forces, and reached Princeton, ten miles away, at day- break. There he assailed the enemy, captured more 86 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. tlinii two Imndivd, and drove the rest pell-mell out of the {own. One of the first eannon-balls fired crashed through a })ortrait of King George in the college build- ings. The battle of Prince- ton took place January 3d. 5. The Two Armies in Winter Quarters. — This vic- tory compelled the British to fall back to New Brunswick, where they remained during the winter. Washington with- drew to Morristown, went into winter c^uarters, and stayed until JNIay. lie busied him- GENERAL Bl'EGOYNE. self in recruiting his army and in making forays upon the enemy. 6. Burgoyne's Invasion.— General Burgoyne set out with a large army from Canada, intending to cap- ture Albany and join the British forces in New York. Had he succeeded, the American colonies would have been cut in twain. It looked for a time as if nothing could avert this calamity. 7. Ticonderoga was evacuated, the artillery and all the stores falling into the hands of the enemy. The same fate overtook Forts Grown Point and Edward, and the enemy secured full control of Lakes Ghamplain and (Jeorge. 8. Victory at Bennington. — A force of (}ermans sent out from Fort Edward to capture horses and sup- ])lies was totally routed at Bennington by General Htark. General Gates, wdio was doing his best to oppose the advance of Burgoyne, found his army rapidly in- creased by reinforcements from New York and New' England, EVENTS OF 1777. 87 9. Surrender of Burgoyne. — Burgoyne was in press- ing need of supplies, and his situation became critical. He attacked the Amer- icans at Bemis Heights, and after a hard battle was defeated. He was now gradually but sure- ly hemmed in on every side until his situation was hopeless : he sur- rendered his whole army, October ] 6th, numbering nearly six tliousand men. 10. Fall of Philadel- phia. — Meantime, mat- ters had gone ill else- where for the Amer- icans. General Howe sailed from New York, and, entering Chesapeake Bay, marched upon Philadelphia. Washington's army was much weaker than the British, and he withdrew to Chadd's Ford, on the Brandywine. There he was attacked, September 11th, and defeated. Philadelphia was captured, and the British established themselves in winter ([uarters in that city and in Germantown. 11. Defeat at Germantown. — October 4th, Washing- ton attacked the enemy at Germantown. For a time victory seemed within his grasp, but a dense fog pre- vented the co-operation of the different divisions, and the fierce resistance of the enemy in a stone house still further complicated matters. The Americans withdrew at the moment of trium])h. 12. Washington at Valley Forge. — Howe now re- <;KNKI;AI. (iATKS. 88 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. duced the forts below Pliilade]])lii;i which shut off his supphes. Nothing more could l)e done by Washington, and he went into winter quarters at A'alley Forge, leaving the enemy in possession of the capital and the most im- portant city in the colonies. CHAPTER XVIII. EVENTS OF 1778. 1. Sufferings of Washington's Army. — The winter of 1777-78 was unusually severe. Wasliington's army shivered and starved in their rags at A^alley Forge, while Howe and his forces held high revel in Philadelphia, Washington's HEAi)-(iUAHTEKs at Valley Forge. twenty miles away. They were abundantly supplied with gold and lived on the fat of the land. The Con- tinental currency in which the patriots were paid was almost worthless. Few of the soldiers had any bedding, EVENTS OF 1778. 89 TWO THOUSAND DOLLARS. ^ -»-»-!-<-<-t-«-4-»-/l-»-t.^-»-+->-*-* <• l" » » »-»-» No. 723^4/ «{ jC.6oo > l^j-J^mHIS Bill of Two Thousand WXTy-aj DOLLARS fh^ll be exchanged and rt- a<*v'4*l^ deemeJ in Spam/I} MilttJ Xiollart, or the S!3BiEi«_ value thereof in Gold or Sil^ei, st ihe rate ofO/if/o;- 'F:n-;y, at the Trcafury of VIRGINIA, on or befoie the //ir/u/Aday of Df cember, Ont ihoafanA feven '■umirr.l n'lHmneii-jour, acccordin^ {0 ail Afl of Aletnbly [jaficd the fcvcnth day of May, 17S1 " ^IX HUNDRED POUNDS. ^ > P R I N T e D .« 8 V ,^.' J O H N « I7U N L A P. j> Virginia Currency. iind inaiiy could not obtain even straw. When tliey moved about they left their bloody footprints in tlie snow. WASHIN(iTON IN I'KAYKl: AT \a1.1,KV KdKCE. During the coldest nights numbers huddled about the fires until daylight to save themselves from freezing. 90 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 2, Help from Abroad. — Baron Steuben, La Fayette, Pulaski, and De Kalb. — The spring, how- ever, brought sunshine and hope. The sympathy of more than one Euro- pean nation was roused in behalf of the strug- gling colonies, and a number of excellent officers joined the pa- triots. Among them were Baron Steuben and the Mai-quis de La Fayette.' The for- mer became inspector- general of the army, and by his ability and skill brought it to a high state of disci})line. Among others who gave great help to the Americans were ('ouiit Pulaski and the self- styled Baron de Kalb. 3. Assistance from France. — Through the etibrts of Benjamin Franklin- the king of France concluded ^ La Fayette, whose name will be for ever honored in America, was a chivalrous Frenchman who, when not twenty years old, witli a lovely wife and great honors awaiting him in his own country, left them all and enlisted on the side of American independence. He bought a vessel with his own means, and, escaping the oHicers that sought to detain him, crossed the tempestuous Atlantic, landing at Charleston, whence he hastened to Philadelphia, where he asked Congress to permit him to serve as a volun- teer without pay. He became a major-general before he was twenty-one, and enjoyed the fidlest contidence and friendship of Washington. ''■ Benjamin Franklin was one of the most famous of Americans. He was born in Boston in 17UG, and died in Philadelphia in 1790. His father Gkneral La Fayettk EVENTS OF 1778. 91 a treaty, February 0, 1778, with the United States, acknowledging its independence and pledging to give it material help. France loaned money, furnished military stores, and prepared to send a fleet to aid the colonies in tlie struggle. 4. Alarm of England. — England was alarmed. She sent connnissioners to this country, and offered to give the colonies all that they asked, except tlie one great boon — independence. Since that was the aim of the patriots, and it was already in sight, the negotiations came to naught. 5. Evacuation of Philadelphia. — Battle of Mon- mouth Court-house,— The British army occupied Philadelphia until June. General Howe was succeeded by Sir Henry Clinton, who, afraid of being slnit in by the French fleet, started overland for New York. AVash- ingtoii followed in hot pursuit, and overtook him at ■was a soap-nnd-candlemaker, and Benjamin Avas the youngest son among seventeen cliildren. By tlie most rigid economy he managed to bny a few books, which he studied whenever he conld gain the chance. When seven- teen years (dd lie Landed in Philadelphia with only a dollar or two in his possession. lie secured work as a printer and was persuaded to go to England, v.here he found himself penniless, but he also found work and friends. He came back to I'hiladelphia, established a newspaper, and, beginning in 17.S2, pnl)lished ifjr twenty years Poor Eichard'f< Almanac. This annual abounded with such quaint wit, homely iihilosophy, wise proverbs, and valuable household hints that it became popular in Eui'ope as well as in America. He acquired a fine fortune and devoted himself to science. His discoveries in electricity made him renowned throughout the world. He was an ardent patriot, who contributed not only his best efforts, but his money, to tlu> cause of American independence. He was immensely pojiular at the French court, and acquired great iniluence. He was thus enabled to render invaluable service to the colonies. On his return he was elected for three stu-cessive years president of Pennsylvania. He gave his entire salary, amounting to !?30,000, to benevolent objects. Great and deserving honors were shown to him on his death, his funeral being attended by more than twenty thousand persons. 92 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Monmoutli Court-lionse. The lieat was so great that many soldiers in both armies were overcome. The battle was fought Juno 28, 177S. 6. Treachery of General Lee. — General Charles Lee, by disobedience of orders, came near losing the battle. At the critical moment, when all seemed lost, A\'ashington assumed charge, ordered Lee to the rear, and turned the seeming defeat into victory. Molly Pitcher, seeing her husband, an artilleryman, fall at his post, seized the rammer and served the piece with great iMoLI.V I'lTfllER. skill during the rest of the battle. She was rewarded with a sergeant's commission and half-pay through life. The English stole off in the darkness, and continued their Higlit toward New York. General Lee was dis- missed from the army for his incom})etency. A few EVENTS OF 1779. 93 years since proof was brought to light that Lee was a traitor to the American cause. 7. Retreat of General Sullivan. — General Sullivan marched with a coiisi(k'ra])lc force to attack Newport. It had been arranged tliat the French fleet was to help him. This fleet had hardly entered Narragansett Bay when Howe appeared off tlie harl)or with the English fleet. D'Estaing (des-tang') sailed out to fight him, but a severe storm com})elled both fieets to put in for repairs. Sullivan, l)eing left without his allies, retreated in time to escape Clinton, who was advancing from New York with a superior force. 8. The Southern Colonies Overrun. — Having failed so signally in the North, England now made the attempt, and succeeded too well, in overrunning the Southern colonies. By the close of the year Savannah was captured and Georgia subjugated. CHAPTER XTX. EVENTS OF 1779. 1. Conquest of Georgia. — Following out the plan of transft'rring the war to the South, the British forces completed the conquest of (}eorgia. They })laced an English governor in power, and with some reason l)oasted that the mother-country had one loyal prov- ince among the rebellious colonies. 2. Repulse of the Combined Assault on Savannah. — D'Estaing joined (ieii. Benj. Lincoln in Se})tember at Sa- vannah. An assault on the city resulted in a repulse, with 94 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Count Pulaski. the 15th of July, General " Mad Anthony " because with four regiments against Stony Point. The night was so sultry that the men threw off their outer clothing, but they eagerly charged, and, although met by a fierce resistance, quick- ly captured the post and secured nearly six hundred ])risoners. 4. Massacre of Wyoming. — 'Vhv In- dians had taken sides with the Britisli and committed many atro- the loss of a thousand men. Among the killed were the brave Sergeant Jasper and Count Pu- laski. D'Estaing gave the Americans no more help than at Newport. His course, indeed, seemed to justify the charge of timidity on his part. 3. Capture of Stony Point by Gen- eral Wayne. — The col- onies made little prog- ress during 177i>. On Anthony Wayne, often known as of hisdasli and daring, marched Genekai, Anthony Wayne. EVENTS OF 1779. 95 cities. Tlic massacre of AVyoming, in the summer of 1778, was one of the most shocking in our history. The Indians murdered many families in the Mohawk A^alley, and did so much evil that General Sullivan Avas sent with an expedition into the Indian country. 5. General Sullivan's Campaign against the Indians. — Sullivan made thorough work in his cam- })aign against the Iro(]uois. He burned forty of their villages, and so utterly destroyed their harvest-fields that many Indians died during the following winter from starvation. It was fearful punishment, but it was necessary. 6. The War on the Ocean. — Great Britain had long claimed to be mistress of the seas. Few dreamed, at the opening of the Revolution, that any contest could be made with her on the ocean. We had no navy, and no means of building one, while she possessed the finest in the world. The })luck of the patri- ots, however, led them to tit out a number of swift-sailing privateers with which vast harm was done to the British shipping. 7. Exploits of Paul Jones. — Paul Jones proved himself one of the most daring and skillful fighters that ever sailed on the ocean. Some of his exploits have never been sur- I'AUI. Junes. 96 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. passed in licroisni. One iii!j,lit, in ITT^S, with tliirty-one voluntc'crs, \\v landed on \\\v coast of ( "undjerland, sot fire to three vessels in the liarbor of Whitehaven, and spiked a number of cannon in the guard-room of tlie fort. S. in ITTiMic j)ut to sea in tlu' llon-HnminePdchard, an old liidiaiuan pi'esented to him by tlie king of 1'' ranee. He was accompanied by two consorts, tlie Alliance and Pdllm. On the evening of September 23d, when the full moon was sliining, he opened battle with the British ship Scrapis, carrying fifty guns, wdiile the JiOn-Jfonniic /Hclifinl liad ])ut Ibrty-four. 9. Jones wished to light at close quarters. After closing with the Scmpix, he found he could not bring his guns to bi>ar, and fell off. Idie I)ritish commander shouted, "Have you struck?" — " iStruck !" called out Jones ; " J haven't begun lighting yet." As the t^crapis swung round her jib-boom caught in the rigging of the liichard, and Jones himself lashed the boom to the mast. The two ships were so close that when the /ScTop/.s' atteui[)ted to fire, she could not o})en her ports; so she cleared the way by blowing out the port-lids witli her own shots. 10. This awful sea-fight lasted for two hours, in the height of the l)attle the i*'i'ench commander of Jones's consort, the A/lioncc, fired broadside after broadside into the liirltdrd, which fought on, without paying attention to this fearful fire in the rear. The French captain was afterward ju'onounced insane. 11. Th(! light became hand to hand, and was con- tinued with unsurpassable bravery on both sides. Each vessel was on fire several times, and when the English commander himself hauled down his flag, the din and EVENTS OF 1779. 97 confusion were so overpowering that many believed it was the Bklaivd that luid surrendered. Meual stkuck in Honor of Paui, Jones. 12. Subsequent Career of Paul Jones.— Junes had 98 IIISTOHY 0/<' 77//'; VNirKl) STATES. ]);ir('ly time !<> I'ciiitixc his woiiiidcd and liis ci-cw to tlic iS<'r|»ressive acts in rhiladeli)hia cansed cliai'i;'es to he l)roiiij,hl au'ainst liim, and he was sentenced to he reprimanded hy the commander-i n -ch ief. W'ashiiiiitoii jji'i-forincd the unpleasant duty as <>;eiitly as lie could, lor lu' I'cmembi'red Arnold's o,allaiit services before Quebec and at Beinis Heights. lilN I I'll I A i;m III' EVENTS OF 1780. 99 2. 'riic (reason of Arnold was dclihci-alc and witlioiii pallialion. I Ic secured from W'asldn^ton llie eomniaiid of West Toiiil, then the inosi important military post iji America. lie then ari'ant^-ed with (Jeneral Clinton to suri'eiidei' it to him. Majoi' Andre acted as the heai'er of letters between the two, l)Ut was caj)tui-ed hy three Americans whih' on his i-eturn to New York. 3. Capture and Exe- cution of Andre. — Andie oll'ei'ed a hir^'e I'cward lo Ids captors if they would I'elease him, hut they re- fused, and (leliverei'itisli army. He was dcs])ised, liowevei', hytlie |)eople whom he had ser\'ed, and died, in ISOl, in London, detested hy eN'erybody. Andre, lia\in. (Jeiiei'al ( iates, the CHptnrer of Uui'goyne, assumed command of all the patriot troo2>s in the South. \\(i aJid his friends at one 100 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. time tliouglit him tlic superior of Washington, and an effort was put forth to make liim commander-in-chief. 5. The career of CJates in the South proved that Looking tp the Hvdson from the Water Battery, West J'oint. no greater calamity could have hefallen the cause of American independence than that of placing him, or indeed any one other than Washington, at the head of the army. Lord Cornwallis, the ablest British general of the Kevolution, routed Gates at the battle of Camden in South Carolina. The patriot forces throughout the South were so shattered and broken that organized resistance ended for the time. 6. Partisan Fighting in the South.— There was a great deal of fighting, however, in that section. IMarion, the " Swamp Fox," Pickens, Sumter, and Gen. Henry Lee at the head of their daring horsemen, struck man}^ effective blows against tlu' invaders. Sometimes they were strong enough to ca}»ture small garrisons and cut off considerable detachments of troops. 7. The Severe Winter of 1779-80. — Washington SOUTHERN CAMPAIGNS DURING the: REVOLUTIONARY WAR EVENTS OF 17S0. 101 at Morristown. — The winter of 1770-80 was one of the severest ever known in this country. Washington's army at IMorristown siitibred as intensely as at Valley Forge. Men wxre frozen to death on the highways; ^Iakion Inviting the British Offrkks to Dinnkk. animals died by the hundred ; wolves, rendered des- perate, attacked people at their own doors ; the ordinary channels of trade were closed ; and for weeks it was a struggle for people, even in the cities, to save themselves from })erishing. 8. Return of La Fayette. — Further Aid from France. — La Fayette returned from France in the spring with good news. His country had fitted out an armament of land and naval forces which would soon be sent to this country. The fleet arrived off Rhode Island in July. The British, however, had the stronger fleet, and blockaded the French at Newport. 102 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Clinton did not dare leave New York to go to the assistance of his countrymen, for Washington was wait- ing to attack the city. He remained below Tappan until winter, the two armies closely watching each other. CHAPTER XXI. EVENTS OF 17S1. -CLOSE OF THE REVOLUTION. 1. General Greene. — His Character, and Services in the South. — (Jeneral Greene resembled Washington in many respects. He was able, courageous, and a devoted patriot. Gates having met with signal failure in the South, (xreene took charge of tlie remnant of the army. The men numbered barely two thousand, were in rags, half starved, and poorly armed. Greene secured a good many recruits and effected great im- l)rovement in disci- pline. 2. Battle of the Cowpens. — At the battle of the Cowpens, in January, Morgan, the patriot leader, defeated a strong force under Tarleton. Cornwallis with his powerful army hurried forward to recapture the prisoners and to punish the Americans. Greene with admirable skill retreated across Generai, Nathaniel Greene. EVENTS OF 17S1.— CLOSE OF THE REVOLUTION. 103 Nortli Carolina to Virginia, witli C'ornwalli.s close after him. The race was a hot one, but the xVmericans won. 3. Defeat of the Americans at Guilford Court- house. — Greene thought himself strong enough to risk a battle, which took place, March 15th, at Guilford Court- house. The American militia showed little bravery, but the Continental regulars proved themselves heroes. In the end the Americans were compelled to retire from the field, but the army of Cornwallis was so broken that he withdrew towai'd the seacoast with Greene at his heels. 4. Brilliant Achievements of the Patriots in the South. — Cornwallis with his accustomed skill eti'ected a junction with the British troops in ^'irginia, and thereby saved himself. Greene then turned aljout, and gave his efforts to reconquering South Carolina. In this work he received much help from Marion, Pickens, Sumter, and the partisan leaders. When the weak forces at the disposal of Greene, and tlie many disadvantages under which he labored, are taken into account, his suc- cess was remarkable. He recovered Georgia and the Carolinas, with the exce})tion of tlicir three leading seaports, from Englisli rule. 5. Benedict Arnold's Marauding Expedition. — Benedict Arnold, the traitor, had led a marauding expe- dition into A'irginia in January. La Fayette essayed to check him, but his force was too weak. Upon the arrival of Cornwallis from the South he took charge and contin- ued the work of destruction. By command of Clinton, who feared an attack from Washington upon New York, Cornw^allis kept near the seacoast, so as to be ready to go to his help. 6. Cornwallis at Yorktown. — The end was ap- proaching. Cornwallis fortified himself at Yorktown, 104 HISTORY OF THE TTNITED STATES. while Wasliington marched sonthwai'd, accoinpaniod by the Freiicli army under Ilochambeau (ro-sham-bo'). The Freiich fleet blockaded the Hritisli forces, and fired red- hot shells among them, tlie allies, sixteen thousand strong, opening the attack on the 2Sth of Septeml)ei'. 7. Surrender of Cornwallis. — The best of feeling prevailed between the French and Americans. The siege was vigoronsly ])ressed until Cornwallis, seeing no way of escape, surrendered (_)ctol)cr I'Jth. The allied The SlUUiKNDER AT YOUKTOWN. armies were drawn up in two colunnis, with Washington and Rochambeau on horseback at tlieir head. Tlie cap- tured army of seven thousand, with shouldered arms and slow stej), passed between them. The humiliated Cornwallis reniaincMl away under the plea of sickness, and sent his sword by (leneral O'Jlaru. Washington directed that it should be received by General Lincoln, CORNWALLIS SURKENI>Ei:iN EVENTS OF 1781.— CLOSE OF THE REVOLUTION. 105 (iKNKKAL 15ENJA.MIN LlNCdl.N. who, the year before, liad been compelled to surrender Charleston. 8. Independence of America. — Spread of the Tidings. — Peace. — Hardly had the surrender taken })lace when a courier lea})ed into the saddle and started at headlong speed for Philadelphia. Changing horses frequently, he dashed into the city late on the evening of the 2od with the glorious tidings. The watchmen, making their rounds, startled the sleepy citizens with a change in their usual cry : " Pad two o'clock, and Corn- wallis is taken I" 9. In a short time the city was in a uproar. Bells were set ringing, men hurrahed and shouted, and it seemed as if every one was on the street. Early the next morning ('ongress marched in solemn })rocession to church, and gave thanks to God for the deliverance of the nation. The aged doorkeeper was so overcome with joy that he dropped dead. 106 inSTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 10. Upon receiving news of tlie surrender at Yoi-k- town, England gave up all liojie of eoiKpicring her colonies. The conditions of peace were agreed upon, and a treaty was signed at Paris, September 3, 1783. By this treaty Great Britain acknowledged the independ- ence of the United States. 11. Washington's Retirement to Private Life. — Washington, who had won an enduring place in the hearts of liis countrymen, resigned his command of the ai-my and bade his officers an affecting farewell. Tlie ceremony took place at his head-quarters, Newl)urgh, WASHINC. ton's HKAI)-lilAKTEK8 AX N lOU lU K<.;H. N. Y. Then the illustrious Father of his Country as a private citizen gladly returned to Afount ^'^c'rnon, his dearest wish being that he might be allowed to end his days there in quiet and peace. PART lY. GROWTH OF THE STATES. CHAPTER XXII. WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1789-97. 1. The United States a Nation. — The lono- striiffffle of the American colonies for independence had ended in triumph. The United States was now a na- tion, with boundless opportunities. The field for development was a vast expanse, stretching fi-om ocean to ocean, and from the frozen regions on the north to the tor- rid zone on the south. Climate, soil, and nat- ural facilities combined to render it the chosen land of liberty, of en- terprise, and of l>rog- ress. 2. Condition of the Country. — But the end of the Kevolution left the United States in a deplorable 107 (;p",oi!<;r. Washington. 108 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. condition. All commorco had been destroyed and the currency was worthless. The torch of the enemy had burned many thriving towns and villages; crops had been laid waste; there were few manufactures, and the country was as poor as it could be. 3. The most trying crisis in the history of a nation often comes at the end of a great war. Although the victory at Yorktown really ended the struggle, for a time no one could feel certain that it had done so. King George III. was stubborn, and had Parliament consented w^ould have been glad to renew the war. Charleston was held for more than a year, and New York and Savannah for about two years, after the surrender at Yorktown. 4. Domestic Perils. — Besides all this, the United States was in peril from its own army. The soldiers, who had suffered and undergone so much, feared they would be sent home without any pay. They petitioned Congress, but that body could do nothing, for the treas- ury was empty. • In their desperation they urged Wash- ington to become king. That pure patriot spurned the offer. He calmed the violent, and by his lofty bearing soothed the malcontents, and in a short time the trou- ble ended. 5. A New Danger. — A new danger now manifested itself. The States were virtually independent of each other. The most that Congress could do was to recom- mend certain legislation, but the States paid little heed to its requests. They were jealous of each other, and would not levy the taxes necessary, while Congress had no power to do so. 6. Adoption of tine Constitution. — -The tlioughtful men of the country saw that there was but one remedy for this sad plight. That was the formation of a strong national government. Accordingly a convention was WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1789-97. 109 callpd ill Philadi'lpliia to revise the Articles of Con- federation. Wasliington presided. After much debate the present Constitution was adopted, September 17, 1787. In order to become effective it was necessary that it shoukl be accepted by the respective States. Ten promptly accepted it, and it therefore went into effect in 1788. New York adopted it in time to take part in the first Presidential election; North Carolina fell into line the following year; and Rhode Island, last of all, in 1790. 7. Tlius the Confederation ended, and the new " Union " took its place. The States had become a nation that we must believe will endure for ever. There remained a President to be chosen, and all eyes naturally turned toward one man, the Father of his Country. 8. Washington Chosen First President. — Wash- ington, since resigning his commission, had been liv- ing the quiet life of a country gentleman on his estate at Mount Vernon. It was his wish to end his days there. He had well earned the repose, but he was too pure and lofty a patriot to disregard the call of his country. He was unanimously chosen first President, with John Adams of ]\Iassa('husetts A'^ice-President.^ ' (ieorpe \Vas]iin<;ton, :i,s stated elsewhere, was born in Nyestinorclaiul county, Virginia, February 22, 17.S2. His father died when lie was eleven years old, and his education was directed by his mother, a woman of great tact and force of character. The bashful, hesitating boy l)ecame manly, truthfid, and o])edient. He excelled in strength, activity, and athletic sports. There were few of his age who could equal him in throwing, swimming, leaping, or running, and he was one of the liuest horsemen in ^'irginia. At the age of sixteen Washington was employed to examine the val- leys of the Alleghany Mountains, and performed his task with admirable skill. When nineteen he was a[)pointed adjutant-general over one of the districts of Virginia, his rank being that of major, ile studied military tactics under his brother and other officers, and developed such ability 110 HISTORY OF THE UMTED STATES. 9. Washington's Journey to New York. — Wash- ington's journey from ]iis liome to New York was a con- tinuous ovation. In Philadelphia he was welcomed by a procession of five thousand })eoj)le, representing many trades and pursuits. At Trenton he rode under an arch, which is still preserved, bearing the inscription, " The Defender of the Mothers will be the Preserver of the Daughters." Young ladies threvv' Howers in front of his horse and sang a song of welcome. These happy greet- ings attended liini all the way to New York ("ity, which was the nation's temporary ca})ital. 10. Inauguration of Washington. — Washington was inaugurated President of tlie United States on the 30th of April, 1789. The ceremony took place on the balcony of the old Federal Hall, and was very impressive. The great man fully ajipreciated the grave and difficult task before him. 11. One hundred years ago the nation was but an infant compared with the United States of to-day. The population was about one-fifteenth, and was distributed that when the districts of Virginia were reduced to four, lie was left in command of one of tiieni. As stated elsewhere, lie was hut twenty-one years old when he was sent hv Governor Dinwiddle on the mission to the French posts on the Ohio. His bravery, patriotism, and skill in the French and Indian War won the confidence of his countrymen, and led to his ajipointment as commander-in-chief of the American forces during the Revolution. His management of affairs could not have been sur- passed. While not a military genius, his judgment was almost perfect; his patriotism was pure, his devotion lo his country unsurpassable, and his faith in our independence and future was never shaken. Washington was inqmlsive at times, and, as (leneral Charles Lee learned at Monnidulh. he \\as ti'rril)]t' in his wratli. He was a devout Christian, a strict dist'iplinarian of himself as well as the army, an ideal gentleman, reserved and somewhat aristocratic in his tastes, a magnificent man physically, and one who conunanded tlie resj)ect of his foes and the reverence of his friends. He will ever remain the grandest and most heroic figure in American historv. WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION, 17S9-D7. Ill mainly along the seacoast. To the westward the bulk of the American continent was a vast wilderness, as unknown tlu-n as (A-ntral Australia is to-day. 12. Serious Work for the New Administration. — The new administration had serious work on its hands from the first. The nation had no money and no credit. The Indians on the frontier were hostile; Spain con- trolled the navigation of the Mississippi ; and the few American ships cruising in the Mediterranean w^ere preyed upon by pirates from the Barbary States. But w'e had able men at the head of the government, and Washington was a profound and far-seeing statesman. 13. The Political Parties. — The two political parties were the Fe(leralists, who believed in a strong national gov- ernment, and the Re- publicans, afterward called Democrats, who favored the in- crease of State powers at the expense of the national government. 14. Public Credit Secured. — Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, was an able financier. B}^ his advice Congress as- sumed the debts con- tracted by the States during the Revolution, and pledged itself to pay the national debt. To secure funds, taxes were levied on distilled spirits and imported goods. A national bank A I.K.X A N 1 1 El; H A M I I,T( )N. 112 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. and a mint were established in J^liiladolpliia. Public credit was thus secured. 15. The Whiskey Insurrection. — Taxes are never popular. The people in A\^estern Pennsylvania declared tliev would })ay none on whiskey. " Tlie Whiskey Insurrection" in 1704 was so formidable that it required a force of fifteen thousand militia to subdue the rioters. 16. Removal of Congress to Philadelphia. — Washington made the National Capital. — (onoress removed from New York to Philadelphia in 1700. This city remained the ca})ital until ISOO, when Washington Thl \\jini> lliiisi,, W isiiiNcaoN. was made the capital, and that city was laid out by the great man after whom it was named in 1793. George Washington and Adams were re-elected in 1702. 17. Conquest of the Indians. — The Indians on the frontier gave great trouble. They not only murdered hundreds of settlers, but defeated several military expe- ditions sent against them. P'inally, General Anthony Wayne took tlie field. August 20, 1704, he fought a great battle with them on the Maumee. The Indians were utterly routed, their towns laid waste, and they ADA3fS'S ADMINISTRATION, 1797-1801. 113 were forced to make a treaty, by which they gave up twenty-five tliousand square miles iiortli of the Ohio. 18. Treaties with Algiers and Spain. — In 1795 a treaty was signed with Algiers, which o|>ened commerce to American vessels and released those of our citizens who were held cai)tives. A treaty was made shortly after with Spain, whicli fixed the boundary of Florida and secured the free navigation of the Mississippi. 19. Trouble with the French Minister. — Naturally, the Americans felt a strong friendship for France, for we can never forget the valuable aid she gave us during the Revolution. When, therefore, war broke out between that country and England, our people were eager to help France. It was hard for ^^^ashington to preserve our neutrality. The Frencli minister was so defiant that he began fitting out privateei's in our ports to prey upon Brit- ish commerce, and insulted our government. Washing- ton asked for his recall, but the trouble was not yet ended. 20. New States Admitted. — A^ermont became a State in 1791 ; Kentucky, in 1792 ; and Tennessee, in 1796. Thus at the end of Washington's administration the thirteen original States had become sixteen. The region between the Ohio and Mississippi constituted the North-western Territory. The first census of the nation was taken in 1790, and showed that the population was about four millions. CHAPTER XXIII. ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION, 1797-1801. 1. The Second Presidential Election.^ — John Adams^ was elected second President Ity the Federalists over ^ Juhn Adams, second President of the United States, was born at 114 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Thomas Jefferson, candidate of the Republicans, or Democrats as they soon came to be called. Jeiferson, receiving the next highest number of votes, became Vice-President. 2. Trouble with France. — The administration of Adams was chiefly con- cerned with France. Notwithstanding the strong friendship that liad existed between tliat country and our- selves during the Revo- lution, war seemed cer- tain more than once. Napoleon Bonaparte, the greatest military genius of modern times, was at the be- ginning of his won- derful career. His government refused to recognize our minister, and finally ordered him to leave the country. 3. President Adams was anxious to avoid a war, and, having been assured that our envoys would be received with proper respect, sent three of them to France. On Braintree, Mass., in October, 173o. He graduated at Harvard College at the age of twenty, and was admitted to the bar three years later. He was an active and powerful member of both the First and Second Continental Congresses, and did nnich to strengthen tlie vVmerican sentiment of inde- pendence. He persnaded Congress to adojjt tiie Declaration of Independ- ence, and it was at his suggestion that Washington was a])pointed to the chief ('(innnand of tlie army. .Vdanis was able, liont'st, and cduragt'ous, bnt irritable and conceited. The latter qualities iiad nuicli to do witli liis defeat when he ran a second time for the Presidency. .louN Adams ADA3rS\S ADMINISTRATION, 1797-1801. 115 their arrival they were told that in order to secure peace with the French government they must make it a loan and ])ay hribes to certain members. 4. Our envoys indignantly spurned the offer, and the country prepared for war. Ships were built, an army equipped, and Washington made commander-in- chief What were termed the Alien and Sedition Laws were passed. Tlie former allowed tlie President to expel any foreigner whoso presence was deemed dangerous to the country. The latter authorized the fining or impris- onment of any one libeling the President or government. 5. War Averted. — Death of Washington. — Shots were exchanged on the ocean, and it may be said that war did actually begin. At this crisis Napoleon became supreme in governmental affairs in France. He wished no trouble with this country, and on September 30, 1800, made a new agreement, by which it was averted. Washington, the Father of his C'ountry, died at Mount Vernon, December 14, 1790. 6. The Alien and Sedition Laws. — Presidential Election of 1800. — The trouble with France caused strong party feeling in the United States. The Alien and Sedition I^aws were very unpopular. The feeling showed itself when Adams ran a second time as the Federal candidate. He was defeated, and no President was ever afterward elected on that ticket. Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr received the same number of votes. This threw" the election into the House of Representatives, which on the tliirty-sixth ballot chose Jefferson President,^ ai.d in 1804 he was elected to a second term, with George Clinton as Vice-President. ^ Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United States, was born at Shadwell, Va., April 2, 174.'5. He was tlie best educated man of his times, a fine horseman, an excellent violinist, and understood Latin, 116 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. CHAPTER XXTV. JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1801-09. 1. Duel between Burr and Hamilton. — Vice-Pres- ident Burr was a ])rilliant but evil man. He hated Thomas .iKFFia'.soN'. Greek, French, Spanish, and Italian. W\{\\ tlie exception of a few trifling words he wrote the Declaration of Independence. He was the founder of a party whose fundamental idea was to cm-tail the power of the general government and increase tliat of State governments. He favored simplicity, economy, and reform, and on the day of his inauguration, instead of proceeding to the Capitol in state, as Washington and Adams had done, he rode thitlier alone on horseback. His adniinistration was brilliant and succossful. It was while he was in oflicc that Lewis and JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION, lSOl-09. 117 Hamilton, and challenged him to a duel. Hamilton was shot July 11, and died July 12, 1804. The whole coun- try was shocked. Burr was afterward tried for plotting against the government. He was acquitted, but became an outcast. 2, Purchase of Louisiana. — War declared by Tripoli. — A})ril oO, l.SOo, Louisiana was bought of Na- poleon for the sum of 115,000,000. The bashaw (or ruler) of Tripoli had become accustomed for years to capture the vessels of Christian nations and hold their crews for ransom. These nations paid an annual tribute to tlie Ijashaw to secure immunity from these attacks. Finally, in 1801, this petty ruler actually declared war against the United States. 3. Tripoli Defeated. — He soon learned his mistake. Our infant navy was sent to the Mediterranean, and Decatur, Bainbridge, Stewart, and others taught the bashaw a lesson which he never forgot. Tripoli was Ijlockaded and bom- barded, and on June 3, 1805, the thoroughly frightened ruler was glad to make peace. Clark made their exploration of the North-west; that the immense terri- tory west of the Mississippi was purchased from France; and that our decimal system of currency disjjlaced the cumbersome pounds, shillings, and pence system of CJreat Britain. STf;i'iiEN Decatur. 118 HISTORY OF TIJE UNITED STATES. 4. The Lewis and Clark Expedition. — In May, 1804, Captains Lewis and Clark led an explorino; expe- dition westward. It penetrated to the Columbia River, which was traced to the Pacific. It was the first |)arty of white men to cross the continent north of Mexico. The explorers were absent two years, and the re])()i1 of their journey w^as very interesting. 5. The First Steamboat. — The year 1807 was made memorable by the first voyage of a steamboat in Amer- ican waters. This was the KafJuriiic of Clennonf, which was launched at New York, and began her voyage up the Hudson on the first of August. She was the invention of Robert Fulton, and took thirty- two hours to travel one liundred and five miles to Albany, but the event marked an era in the history of civilization. 6. Sufferings be- cause of European Wars. — England and France were engaged at this time in a tre- mendous war. Na- l»oleon I>onaparte was fairly launched on his amazing military ca- reer, and had conquered most of Western Europe. Eng- land forbade trade with France, and Napoleon, in turn, forbade commerce with England. The United States, as a neutral nation, was oppressed by both the bellig- erents, and suffered much. RoBEitT Fri/roN. JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION, lSni-09. 119 7. The Alleged Right of Search. — The most exas- perating indignity, however, to which we were subjected was from Great Britain. She was in need of seamen, and enforced the so-called right of search. She stopped American vessels on the high seas, and forcibly took off such men as her officers said were iMiglish subjects. In many instances those who were born in this country were impressed into the service of a foreign nation. Pro- tests did no good, and the British navy was })Owerful enough to laugh at ns. 8. The Affair of the Leopard and Chesapeake. — In June, 1807, the British frigate Leopard poured several broadsides into the American frigate Cliesapeqke while cruising off the coast of Virginia. The excuse was that the American had a number of British deserters on board. Three men were killed and eighteen wounded. The CJicsapeake was unprepared for action, and struck her flag. The Lrnjxird took off four deserters, three of whom were negroes. The Englishman was hanged. 9. This occurrence threw the country into excite- ment. Captain Barron, the commander of the CJiesa- peoke, was denounced as a coward in many quarters. Among those most impatient with him was the im- petuous Decatu-r, who would accept no explanation of the surrender. Years after* he and Barron fought a duel, in whicli Decatur was killed. 10. President Jefferson immediately issued a proclama- tion ordering all British vessels of war to cpiit American waters. A special minister was sent to England to demand satisfaction. England disavowed the act of her officer, but would not yield the right of search. She promised re|)aration, l)ut never made it. 11. The Embargo Act. — Congress, in December, 1807, passed an Embargo Act, which forbade American vessels 120 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. to leave any port in the United States. It was believed that by suspending commercial intercourse with Great Britain and J'rance those nations would be forced to recognize our rights. C)ur commerce, however, was the chief sufferer, and the act was very unpopular, espe- cially in New England and New York. It was repealed in 1809. 12. The Presidential Election of 180S. — The coun- try was in this unsettled state when Jefferson's second term ended. James Madison,' the Republican or Demo- cratic candidate, was elected as his successor, with George Clinton of New York, who was re-elected as Vice-President. CHAPTER XXV. MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1S09-17.-THE WAR OF 1SI2. -FIRST YEAR OF THE WAR. 1. Indian Troubles. — The resentment of the Amer- icans against England was increased, in 1811, by the breaking out of an Indian war in the North-west. The red men were encouraged to hostilities by British agents, who furnished them arms and ammunition. Tecumseh, war-chief of the Shawnees, and one of the ablest Indians that ever lived, did much to unite the different tribes in the North-west. General Harrison, Governor of Indiana ' James Madison, fourth President of the United States, was horn in King George county, Virginia, in 1751. He was a nieniher of the Vir- ginia Legislature during the Kevolution, and afterward a nieniher of Con- gress. In the Convention of 17S7 he was one of the ahlest advocates of the Constitution. He was .Jefferson's Secretary of State, and followed his policy when he hecame President. He possessed a fine education, was courteous and sunny-tempered, of spotless character, and when he died it was said that tiie wiiole nation were his friends. MA n rsox 's a dministra tiok isoo- 1 7. 121 Tcrritorv, routed tlicm in a battle foiioht at Tipiu'caiioe in November, 1811. Teeuniseh was absent at tbc time, and soon afterward entered the British serviee. 2. Engagement between the Little Belt and the President. — England eontinued lier impressment of sea- men. Slie even sent war-vessels into our waters to prosecute her offensive sea re! 1. The British sloop Little Belt, while thus en- gaged, hailed off the coast of Virginia the American frigate At.s- iihiit. Not liking the reply, tlie sloop sent a cannon-shot into the President. The latter let fly with several broadsides, killing eleven and wounding twenty-one of the Brit- ish crew. The Little Belt then concluded to be moi'e civil. 3. War Declared by the United States. — June 10, 1812, the United States declared war against Eng- land. It must be remembered, however, that the war was not favored in all parts of the country. New Eng- land was strongly opposed to it, and on the shipping in Boston harbor the flags were placed at half-mast on receipt of the news. The other sections Were strongly in favor of a vigorous prosecution of the war. 4. Disasters to the American Arms. — One of the first ste})s decided uj>on was to invade Canada, but tlie Americans were only half ])repared, and for a time J.\MEs Madison. 122 iirsTOin' of the united states. cNcrytliiiii:, wciil wroiii^-. I''(»rt Mnckiiinw, hchvccii \a\Vv Huron mid Lnkc MicliiL!,':iii, was caphn'cd hv the ciicmv Ix'foi'c the Auu'i'icaii coiiiniaiMlci' knew (lial war liad l)ccii dcclai'cd. 'Idicii (iciicral William I lull, coiiiiiiaiid- iut;- a lai'!4(' foi'cc a( 1 >t'tr()il, sliaiucfully surriMidcrrd to tlu' l>ritisli and Indians, lie had hccn a hraNc olku-cr duiMiij:; (lie licvoluliou, Iml was now old and timid. Indeed, it was his ]»re\ious rt'cord only which saved him iVom hein^- shot- lor eowai'diee. This disoraeel'ul surrender took place Autiiist K), 1S12. 5. Second Attempt to Invade Canada. — A second ji((em|>t \\as made to in\ade ('anada. (ieneral \'an. Kensselaer sent a detachment across the Xiai2,ara River io attack the British at (^)ueenstown lleiohts. The enemy was deleated, and (uMU'i'al jiroek, their com- mander, killed. (Ieneral \ an IvcnssehuM' made readv to follow U|) his suecH'ss, hut his luilitia ri^t'used to lea\i' the Stall". 'Idle hra\e hut small {owe on the Canadian shore, beino- (luis iK'serted, was ohli^ed to suri'euder. Tlic AnuM'ieans lost fully a thousand in killed and wound- e(|. (ieneral \'an Rensselaer was so disgusted that he resigned his comuussion. 6. Results of the First Year of the War to the Army. — The lii'st year ol the war was one of disaster and defeat t(» the army. The only success worthy of the name was achie\'ed hy tlu' infant navy. 7. Strength of the British Navy. — It must he le- incMuhei'cd that (ii'eat liritain had heen en^a^'cd so eon- tiimously in war that she was fully ready for that of ISI"^. IK'r na\y numhiaed a thousand and tlurty-si\ vessels, of which about one-tburth wei'c shi[)s-uf-the- liui', and none carrie(l less than se\enty guns of larij,e calibre. She had eiuhty-lix c war-vessels ready for action at the dill'eri'ut stations on the Aiueriean coast. Her MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION, IHOU-H. 128 n;iv\' \v;is iii.'iiiiicd l)y one liniidrcd iiiid loii ylniii' I liou- SMtid sailors. 8. The American Navy. — Its Exploits. — To com- liat tins j)ro(lioi()iis for'cc the Aiiici'ic'iiis had twciiiy lai'i;(' vessels and a lew miidioals. 'I'lie t;-o\-enniieiii liad almost decided to make no coidcsi on the ocean, when ('aptains I)ai!d)i'id<^e and Stewart persuaded the aillhorilies to lei the lillle navv do the hesi it could. 9. Within two hours alter the commander of Iho Vrcmdnd leai'ne(l thai war had heen (leclare(| he put^ to sea. Cbmin<2; up with the I'riuale rxlridcrc, he killed seven of liei' crew, hut she maiia^'ccl to escajx'. Sixteen of the /'rcsldcitt'.s crew were killed hy the explosion of a i;un. 10. Auiiust l**tli the Amei'ican IViuale ( 'onsliliillon and Navai, Hat'i-i,k, tlie ^^'^m^y (o;rire-e-are') louo'ht a Icri'ilic ])atl-le ofl' the coast of Newfoundland. In less than half an hour every mast and almost every sjiai- of the J>ritisli slooj)-of-vvar was sliot away. She had seventy-nine killed and 124 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. wounded when she surrendered, while the Americans liad onl}' seven killed and seven wounded. The com- mander of the Ccmstitntiim. was Captain Isaac Hull, a nephew of the cowardly General Hull. 11. In October the American sloop-of-war Wai

i, however, soon bore down and captured both vessels. 12. A i'vw days later Commodore Stephen Decatur, commanding the frigate United States, captured a packet with a large sum of specie. He fought the frigate Macedonian for two hours, at the end of which time he had but twelve men killed, wliile the enemy lost more than a hundred. 13. Later in the year Bainbridge, commanding the old Constitution, fought the frigate Java off the coast of Brazil. Every mast was driven from the British ship, and her hull burst with round-shot. When her flag was struck her captain was mortally wounded, and she had lost one hundred and twenty men. The loss of the Constitution was but thirty-four. 14. Pre.sidential Election of 1812. — The war was no more than fairly under way when the Presidential elec- tion took place. Madison was re-elected, with Elbridge Gerry as Vice-President in place of George Clinton. This was an endorsement of the war, and the naval vic- tories aroused great enthusiasm throughout the country. MADISON'S AD31INISTBATI0N, 1809-17. 125 CHAPTER XXVI. MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1809-17 (continued). - THE WAR OF 1812. -SECOND YEAR OF THE WAR. 1. Organization of the American Army. — The United States now prei)are(l to prosecute the war with vigor. The forces were organized in three divisions: the Army of the North, under General Wade Hampton, was to operate in the country around Lake Champlain ; the Army of the Centre, under direction of the com- mander-in-chief. General Henry Dearborn, was to re- sume offensive movements on the Niagara frontier and Lake Ontario; and the Army of the West, under Gen- eral Hari'ison, was to act in that section. 2. Operations of the Armies of the Centre and North. — Little was done by the Armies of the Centre and North. Li April, General Pike led an attack against York, now Toronto. It was captured after a brief but sharp struggle. Two hundred of tlie assailants were killed and wounded, among tliem General Pike, who met his death from the explosion of a powder-magazine. General Dearborn landed shortly after and took posses- sion of the town. 3. General W^ilkinson succeeded Dearborn, and started down the St. Lawrence to join General Hampton in an attack on Montreal. Learning that Hampton had re- turned to Plattsburg, the ex})edition was abandoned. This includes about all that was done by the two armies in 1813. 4. Operations by the Army of the West. — A part of tlie Army of the West was caj)tured at Frenchtown, on the river Raisin, by General Proctor, who next laid siege to Fort Meigs, where Harrison was posted. He 10 12n HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. was repulsed, and then attacked P^ort Stephenson. Major Croghan, a young man barely of age, with only one hundred and sixty men, made such a valiant defense tliat the British were l)eaten off. 5. Exploits of the Navy. — As during the preceding year, the priiicii)al .Vnierican successes were on the water. In February the sloop-of-war Hornet fell in with the English brig-of-war Peacock, off Bi'itish (iluiana, and in fifteen minutes com[)clled her to strike her colors. She sank so suddeidy that several of the Americans, who had gone to her aid, went down with her. Captain Lawrence, who commanded the Hornet, was promoted to the command of the OliewpeaJce, then refitting at Boston. 6. The Chesapeake and Shannon. — Captain Broke of the SJimniou challenged Lawrence to come out and figlit him. IjUwrence foolishly accepted the challenge and went out, with his frigate ill prepared and a part of his crew under the infiuence of liquor. The battle was a furious one. Lawrence was twice wounded, the last time mortally. As he was carried below he uttered the memorable words, " Don't give up the ship!" which afterward served many times as the watchword of our navy when going into action. Within fifteen minutes after the fight opened the Chcmpealr was captured, wuth the loss of nearly a hundred and fifty killed and wounded. 7. Decatur Shut in at New London. — On the day the Chesapeake was taken, Decatur, in command of the United States, Macedoitian, and Hornet, was chased into New London by a strong British squadron, and kept there during the rest of the war. He tried many times to aet to sea, but was baffled in evcrv instance. lie declared that traitors on shore warned the British by 3rA D rSON 'S A DMrNISTR A Tin X, lsno-17. 127 hnrniiic; blue liohts. Tn the partisan excitement of the times the Federal party was given the name of " Bhie Lio-hts." 8. Perry's Victory on Lake Erie. — One of the orandest triumphs in tlie history of the American navy was gained Septeml)er 10, 1813. Captain OHver Hazard Perry, less than thirty years of age, \v])0 liad never seen a naval battle, com- manded a squadron of ten vessels and fifty- five guns. With this he set out on Lake Erie to look for Com- modore Barclay and his six vessels with sixty-three guns. 9. The battle v.-as fought at the western end of Lake Erie. It was hardly opened M'hen Perry's flag ship was detached from the others, and assailed so furiously that in two hours she was in a sinking condition. Perry embarked in a small boat, and was hastily rowed toward the Niagara. He passed within a few rods of the British, who fired repeatedly at him, but he was not harmed. 10. Reaching the Niagara, his flag was hoisted. The British were trying to form a new line of battle, and some confusion resulted. Perry drove the Niagara directly through the fleet, delivering broadsides right and left. The rest of his squadron hastened to his assistance. In filteen minutes the enemy was helpless, Commodore Oliver H Perry. 128 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. and by four o'clock in the afternoon the whole Ih-itisli fleet had surrendered. 11. This victory lias rendered the name of Perry im- mortal. When he was forming- liis line of l)attle he ran up a flag bearing, the words of poor Lawrence, " Don't give up the shij) !" The disi)atch wliich lie sent to Gen- eral Harrison, announcing the victory, " We have met the enemy, and they are ours," became as famous as the words of the dying Lawrence. 12. Victory at the Thames. — A great deal depended on the issue of this l)attle. M' tlie British won, Proctor was ready to invade Ohio. If the Americans proved the victors, Harrison was to enter Canada. Tlie way being open, General Harrison lost no time in carrying out his purpose. He overtook the fleeing enemy on the river Thames. They were overwhelmed by the fierce charge of the Americans, and surrendered. Tecumseh was killed, and Proctor escaped on a fleet horse. 13. Troubles with the Indians. — This victory, fol- lowing so close upon Perry's, was decisive as regarded the war. There was trouble with the Greek Lidians in the South. The visit of Tecumseh had stirred them into forming a league. Many of the frightened inhab- itants took refuge in Fort Minims, on Lake Tensas. There they were assailed on the 30th of August, and every woman and child killed. Of the garrison of nearly two hundred, only twelve escaped. MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1809-17. 129 CHAPTER XXVII. MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1809-17 (continued). - THE WAR OF 1812. CLOSE OF THE WAR. 1. Defeat of the Creek Indians. — The Creeks were made to pay dearly for the massacre at Fort Mimms. General Andrew Jackson led a strong volunteer force against them. The Indians were driven from one point to another, and finally made their last stand at Horse- shoe Bend. There, March 27, 1814, they were over- whelmed. They fought desperately, but six hundred were killed, and half that number fled. Their spirits were crushed, and they were ready to make j^eace on any terms. 2. Invasion of Canada. — The last invasion of Canada was made by the American army under the able General Brown. Crossing Niagara River, the Brit- ish were attacked at Chippewa, July 5, and a brilliant victory secured. The battle of Lundy's Lane was fought twenty days later. General Winfield Scott was the hero of this engagement. He had but one thousand men, but ho bravely kept up the light, and the furious battle lasted until midnight. The number of Americans taking part was about four thousand, and the British about five thousand. One-fifth of tliose on each side were killed and wounded. 3. The Americans retained possession of the field, but withdrew the next day. General Scott was so severely wounded that he was unable to take any fur- ther part in the war. General Brown was also hurt, but not badly. He received the thanks of Congress and a gold medal for his services. He held the highest posi- tion in the army until 1828. 130 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 4. (ioiicral Urown's need of I'cinforcements had (IniiiUMl l'latts])ur<;- of all but fifteen hundred troops. The eonnnander of the British army marched against the place with twelve thousand veterans. At the same time the Ih'itish fleet on Lake Cliamplain attacked the American s(juadr()n under Commodore Macdonough. 'V\\o latter had eighty- n. 5. Macdonough's Naval Victory. — The naval battle lasted a little more than two hours. The fight was <(^ desperate that at its ilose not a mast was left uninjured in either scjuadron. Commodore Downie was killed, his shi]i surrendered, and nearly all the others were sunk or captured. The British general, Prevost, was also de- feated in the land attack, and withdrew in the night, leav- ing the sick and wounded in the hands of the Americans. 6. Capture of Washington. — The Star-Spangled Banner. — The British were more successful in their invasion by way of Chesai)eake Bay. They landed a l)Owerful army, in August, 1814, and gained a decisive victory at Bladensburg in IShiryland. They then marched upon Washington, and burned the Capitol, the Pres- ident's house, and the principal public buildings. Balti- T|["MA< >r \rl.iiN(iri,II. MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1809-17. 131 more was next attacked by land and water, but the Brit- isli were repulsed. This victory inspired Francis S. Key to write our national hymn, "The Star-spangled Banner." 7. Disaffection in New England. — These events threw the country into alarm. The militia was organ- ized and the seaports fortified. The administration was condemned for its method of conducting the war, and delegates from the New England States met at Hartford, in December, 1814, to discuss the matter. They sat for three weeks with closed doors. They issued an address charging the government with carrying out measures injurious to New England, proposed amendments to the Constitution, and adjourned to meet in the following June. The meeting, however, never took })lace. 8. Victory at New Orleans. — A strong fleet and an army of twelve thousand men under General Pakenham made the attempt to capture New Orleans. General Jackson, who commanded the Americans, had thrown up intrenchments, behind which knelt the Kentucky and Tennessee riflemen, the finest marksmen in the world. The British advanced again and again, but there was no withstanding the unerring fire of the backwoodsmen. (ieneral Pakenham and more than two thousand of his men were killed, while only seven of the Americans were slain. This great victory was won January 8, 1815, and added greatly to the fame of General Jackson. The notable fact about this victory was that it was gained after a treaty of peace had been signed at Ghent, December 24, 1814. In tliose days submarine telegraphs and swift-sailing steamers were unknown, and it took news a long time to travel across the ocean. 9. The Treaty of Ghent. — The treaty of (ilient was a farce. The real cause of the war was the right of 132 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. search, in which l']iiglaii(l })e'rsiste(l. Not a word was said about this, and the dispute remained just as it was before tlie first gun was fired. Tlie quarrel, however, lias never l)een revived. The people were delighted that peace had come, and did not sto]) to consider the ])recise terms. 10. Cost of the War. — The war had proved a United States, was born in Vir- ginia in 1758, and educated at William and Mary College. He fouglit as MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION, IS 17-25. 133 CHAPTER XXVIII. MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION, 1817-25. 1. The Era of Prosperity.— iVn era of prosperity succeeded the War of 1812. Following the Revolution, attempts were made to establish manuiactories of various textile fab- rics, but capital was scarce, labor dear, and machinery beyond our reacli. During Mon- roe's administration Congress passed many laws in favor of protec- tion. That is to say, a tax was imf)0sed on imported goods. This raised their price, and gave the Americans a chance to make the same kind of sfoods and J^^^""-^ mon-roe. a lieutenant at Trenton during the Revolution, and distinguished himself at Brandyvvine, Germantown, and Monmouth. He studied law under Jefferson, and when only twenty-five years old was elected a delegate to the Continental Congress. His course when minister to France in 1794 offended the administiation, and he was recalled. From 1799 to 1802 he was (Tovernor of ^'irginia, and was re-elected in 1811. During the same year President Madison appointed him Secretary of State. There was no money in the treasury, and lie pledged his own means to seciu'e the defense of New Orleans. He followed the policy of Jefferson when President, and died poor. He was plain and unassuming in his manner, not great, but sagacious and pure, and during his administration our country's development was greater than uu(k'r any preceding chief magistrate. 134 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. earn fair wages. The question of free trade and protec- tion has always been an important one. 2. The Seminole War. — Purchase of Florida. — The Seminole War broke out during the early years of Monroe's administration. These Indians caused much trouble in Florida. General Jackson seized a i)art of the territory in 1814, and again four years later. He was obliged to give it up, however, each time to Spain. After mucli fighting with the StMuinoles and negotiation with Spain, it was formally conveyed by that country in 1S21. General Jackson was appointed tlie first governor, and he performed his duty with characteristic sternness and vigor. 3. The Missouri Compromise. — A bitter dispute arose in Congress when Missouri applied for admission as a State, as to wheth- er it should be slave or free. Henry Clay se- cured its admission as a slave State in 1821, but under what is known as the "Mis- souri Compromise." This prohibited slav- ery in all other Terri- tories west of the Mis- sissippi and noi'th of I.arallel 30° 30', which was the southern bound- ary of Missouri. 4. The Monroe Doc- trine, — South America is the land of revolution. The various provinces had long been held by European monarchies, and these Henry Ci.ay. MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION, 1817-25. 135 provinces now made strong efforts to gain tlieir inde- pendence. The United States naturally felt a sympathy for pati'iots. Henry Clay urged our government to recognize them. This was done by Congress in 1822. President Monroe issued a vigorous message the follow- ing year, in which he declared that for the future the American continent was not to be considered as terri- tory for colonization by any European power. This constituted the famous Monroe Doctrine. 5. Visit of La Fayette. — One of the most pleasant Bi'NKER Hill Monument. incidents of Monroe's administration was the visit of La Fayette. He had been the intimate friend of Wash- ington, and his services to the Colonies during the Revo- lution had endeared him to the Americans. He landed at New York in August, 1824, and afterward traveled through every State in the Union, the tour covering a distance of more than five thousand miles. He was 136 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. received everywhere with the greatest honor and respect. While in Boston, June 17, 1825 — that being the fiftieth anniversary of the battk^— he laid the corner-stone of Bunker Hill Monument. In the following September he sailed for home in the frigate Brandywive, so named in honor of the first battle in which I^a Fayette was engaged, and where he was wounded. Congress also presented him with a townsliii) of land and two hun- dred thousand dollars in money as a token of national gratitude'. 6. Recasting of Political Parties. — Presidential Election of 1824. — A recasting of political parties took place. Monroe having been elected a second time without opposition, four candidates appeared in 1824. The Republican party was gradually becoming known as the Democratic, while the opposition assumed the name of Whigs. The Whigs favored a protective policy and a general system of internal improvements. The Democrats opposed these measures. No one of the four candidates having received a majority of votes, the choice fell to thi' House of Representatives. That body chose John Quiiicy Adams, son of the .second President, as President, and John C Calhoun of South Carolina as Vice-President.' ' John Qiiincv Adams, sixth President of tlie United States, wa.s the son of the second President, and was born at Braintree, ^rassacliiisetts, in 1767. He wa.s finely educated, and at diflerent times was American min- ister at the courts of Holland, Portugal, England, Prussia, and Russia, and was one of the commissioners to negotiate the treaty with England at the close of the War of 1812. He was Monroe's Secretary of State through both his administrations, and filled the office with much ability. His administration as President was not popular, owing mainly to the power- ful array of political enemies against him. He was a member of the House of Representatives from 1831 to 1848. Pie proved himselC a brilliant del)ater, a powerful speaker on any subject, and at tlie age of fourscore was still known as " the Old Man Eloquent." JOHN QUINCY ADA3fS'S ADMINISTRATION, 1S25-29. 137 CHAPTER XXIX. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION, 1825-29. 1. Admission of New States. — Our })ro.speritv con- tinued. Ohio, the seventeenth 8tate, had been admitted to the Union in 1803 ; Louisiana, in 1812 ; In- diana, in 1816 ; Missis- sippi, in 1817 ; Illinois, in 1818; Alabama, in 1819; Maine, in 1820; and Missouri in 1821. A quarter of a century then passed before the formation of another new State. 2. The Progress of our Country. — A t)rief study will show the great i)rogress made by our country during the quarter of a century succeeding the War of 1812. Immigrants came in great numbers to this country, and tlie Mis- sissippi Valley was rapidly settled. The defeat of the Creeks opened tlie way to the South-west. Before the close of Monroe's administration, therefore, all the ter- ritory east of the Mississippi, except the northern por- tion, had become States, and one beyond the Father of Waters was admitted, as we have learned, in 1821. 3. Death of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. — The Fourth of July, 182(), was made for ever memor- able by two striking events. On that day, just half John Qvincy Adams. 138 HISTORY OF TIIK UNITED STATES. a century after the adojjtioii of tlio Dedaration of Inde- pendence, John Adams and Tlioiiias Jefferson ])eacefnlly passed from earth. 4. The Tariff Question. — Tlio tariff' was a stirrini^ question during Adams's a(hninistration. The Southern States were opposed to tlie tariff, because tliey were not engaged in manufactures, and were therefore compelled to pay a higher price for goods. The Eastern States, being manufacturers, naturally favored the measure. 5. Opening of the Erie Canal. — In October, 1825, the Erie Cajial, which was in process of construction for eight years, was opened for traffic. This is the greatest canal in the world, and connects Lake Erie and all the ( Treat Lakes with the tide-water of the Atlantic. It gave a great impulse to settlement and prosperity, its earn- ings being so enormous that tlie}^ often amounted in a single year to half the original cost of the work. 6. The First Railway. — The first railwav in the First Railhoad Train in Pennsylvania. United States was completed in LS^lx For several vears the cars were drawn by horses. The first steam loco- motive was put in operation in 1829. During the fol- lowing year twenty-three miles were in use. To-day JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1S29-37. 139 our combined railway tracks would extend a half dozen times around tlie globe. 7. Presidential Election of 1828. — John Quincy Adams's administration was an excellent one, but it was not popular. In 1828, he was defeated by Andrew Jackson of Tennessee, Calhoun being again chosen Vice-President.' CHAPTER XXX. JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1829-37. 1. Characteristics of Jackson. — Andrew Jackson was a man of intense convictions, iron will, dauntless courage, fiery temper, unassailable integrity, and inflexible patriot- ism. He loved his friends and hated his enemies. He cared for no person's opinion, and conducted the office of President to suit one person only ; tliat was himself. He believed in the doctrine that to the victors belong the spoils. He therefore turned his ])olitical enemies out of ofiice and replaced them with his friends. 1 Andrew Jackson, seventh President of the United States, was born in Union county, North Carolina, in 17(17. Pie was of Scotch-Irish descent, and joined the patriots of the Revolution when only fourteen years old. At the close of the war he was the only survivor of his family. He Andrew Jackson. 140 HISTORY OF THE U SITED STATES. 2. Jackson and the United States Bank. — Pres- idential Election of 1832. — Jaeksoii was opposed to tlio rniti'd States IJaiik. Its cliarter expired in 1830, and lie vetoed the Itill to ri'iiew it which passed Con- gress in 1832. Believiiii;' the hank itself was uneon- stitntional, lie removed the United States deposits and distril)ute(l tliem anions llu' State banks. In the midst of the excitement the Presidential election of ISlVi took place. Jackson was re-elected, receiving nearly four-tifths of the electoral votes. 3. Nullification in South Carolina. — During Jackson's Pres- idency the political parties crystallized into Whigs and Democrats, whose principles have heen already explained. In 1832, Congress ]>assed an act increas- ing the duties on im- I)orted goods. South Carolina Avas so an- gered that she called a convention, which l^ronounced the acts mill and void. She declared fiii'flu>r that she would resist the enforcement of the act to the point of with- drawing from the Cnion. studied l:nv, ;ind at tlio ayv ot" twi'iity-niu' wont to Nashviilo. His inipot- uoiis braverv in tlu' wars with tlu' Indians t-ansod tliein to name liini "Siiarp Knif\'" and " I'ointcd Arrow. " wliilo liis pocnliarities led his admirins: I'lmntivnun to call liin>"()l(i llickorv."' His administration was very jxipular, and he will always hold a leadinir j>laee in Ameriean history. John C. Calhovx. JACKSOX'^ AI)ML\JSTI:ATIUX, 1S^9-S7. 141 4. President Jackson acted with his accustomed vigor. He issued a proclamation asserting his intention of ex- ecuting tlie laws, and ordered lleneral vScott to C'luirles- ton with troo{)s. He vowt'd that he would hang every traitor, including \'ice-President ( 'alhoun. who dared to defy the national authority, (alhoun resigned his office and became a United States Senator. 5. Compromise Measures. — Meanwhile, Henry C'lav secui'ed the passage of another compromise measure which gradually reduced the tariff, and was accepted by both sides. The threatened disruption of the Union was ])Ost- poned for nearly thirty years. 6. Indian Troubles. — There was more than one serious trouble with the Indians. The Sacs and P\>xes of the North-west, after selling their lands to the United States, refusi'd to leave. Considerable fighting followed. Black HaAvk, their leader, was captured and the tribes were forced to move. The Seminoles resisted the at- tempt to remove them from Florida, in 1835, to the lands set apart for them we.st of the Mississippi. O.sceola, their chief, was so defiant that the govern- ment agent i>ut him in irons. Thereu])on the sachem signed the treaty. It was only a trick, however, for as soon as released he gathered his warriors about him and on December 28 attacked the government agent and his friends while at dinner. The agent and four others were killed. 7. On the sann' day that this occurred, INFajor Dade and a hundred and forty men were ambushed and mas- sacred on the Big Witldacoochee by the Seminoles. In October, 18o7. Osceola and a number of liis cliiefs and warriors, while in the American cam]) under tlie protec- tion of a flag of truce, were made ])risoners. OsC(H)la was confined in Fort Moultrie, where he died the follow- 11 142 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. ing year. The Seminole War lasted until IS 1'2. when it was ended by CJeneral \\\)i'th. 8. Death of Ex-Presidents Monroe and Madison. — Ex-President Monroe died on the 4th of July, 1831, heino- the third ehiet" nuiiiistrate to die on Independence Day. Ex-President Matlison died June 28, 183G. He was the last survivor of the signers of the Constitution of the United States. 9. Presidential Election of 1836. — Admission of New States. — Martin \'an P>uren, Oenioerat. was elected President in the fall of 18o(), and the Senate chose Colonel Richard M. Johnson of Kentucky. \'iee-Pres- ident. Arkansas was admitted into the Union in 18oG, and Michigan in 1837.' CHAPTER XXXI. VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION. 1837-41. 1. The Panic of 1837. — The result of the violent financial steps of President -hiekson did not show until ' Martin \';ui lUnvn, oightli I'residi'nt of the United States. \va.< horn at KinderiuH^k, N. Y., in 1782, tive days after the signing of the pre- linunary ;irtii-les of ]>eaee hetween (Jreat Britain and her former colonies, lie was, therefore, the tii-st President not horn a British subject. His education was limited, hut lie studied hnv and became an influential politician before reaching his majority, lie was a niendier of the State Senate, and afterward attorney -general of New York. From IS'21 to 1828 he was a United States Senator. In 1S29, President Jackson made him Secretary of State, and two years later nominated him minister to England. The Senate rejected the nonunation because his course toward that country had been weak when lie was Secretary of State. His party elected him the following year to the ^'ice-Presidency. The peculiar difficulties wliieli he was called to face when President createtl a great deal of political enmity, and his administration was among the least popular ill our history. VAN BUREN'S ADMIMSTRATION, 1S;17-41. 143 the adiiiiiiistnilion of liis siiciH'ssor. ]>usiness was dis- arnuiii'iMl, wild sjn'i-ulatioii [iiTNailrd, and vast opera- tions ANCiX' condiu'trd on hoiTowt'd capital, 'riio surplus in till' r. S. 'I'n-asury, alter llio national debt was paid, was ilividi'd anionu' llu' various iStales and increased the era/.e tor sjteeulation. 2. The erash soon eanie. Moreantile houses went M \l;l IS \ \N down, hanks that had stai'ted up oNcrvwlieri' susjx'ndcd spccii' |)aynient, and disasti'i- was universal. The I'ail- uri's in New "^'ork and New Orleans during tlie months ol" Ahireh and Aj)ril, \s:\~. amounted to |ir)0,00l),()00. Property of cvci'v kind declined in value, several States failed, and the lime came when the I'nitcd States could not pay its debts. An impi'o\-emcnt, however, showed 1 u HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. itsrlf the I'ol lowing;' year, but a considerable time elapsed before coiilideiiee was fully restored. 3. The Patriot War.— Tlie "Patriot War" broke out in Canada in 1S;!7. Tliis vva;; a rebellion afi;ainst Great Britain. Our country, and especially New York, sympathized with the iiisur<2:ents. Seven hundred men from that State seized and fortified Navy Island in Niagara River. The loyalists attempted to capture it, but failed. On the ni.ulit of December 29, 1837, they attacketl the su[)i)ly-steamer Caroline, killed twelve of the defenders, fired the boat, and sent it over Niagara Falls. 4. The President issued a })roclamation I'efusing tlic protection of our government to any who should aid the Canadians. General Wool was sent to the frontier, and com]>elled the New York insur- gents, on Xavy Island, to surrender. Tlie re- bellion was soon sub- dued. 5. Presidential Election of IS40.— Tlu> administration of Yan Buren was among the least brilliant in oui' history. It was blamed for the hard times, general ba!ik- ruptcy, and everything that displeased the })eople. As a consequence, when \'an Buren was renominated, in 1840, he was defeated by General William Henry Harrison, of Ohio, the Whig Wii. 1,1AM Hknuv Hahkis HARRISON AND TYLP:R'S ADMINTSTRATION, 1^^41-45. 145 candidate. John 'Jyloi-, of \^ir^nnia, became Vice-Pres- ident. After holding tlic reigns of government for nearly forty years, the Deraoci-atic party went out of power.' CHAPTER XXXTT. HARRISON AND TYLER'S ADIVII N ISTRATION , 184-1-4-5. 1. Death of President Harrison. — President Har- rison died, on the Uli of April, just one month after his inauguration. As provided by the Constitution, Vice- President Tyler was sworn in as his successor. He did not act fully with the Whigs, liowever, and thereby caused much dissension in thai party. 2. Tyler's Unpopula- Acts. — An act was passei' by Congress to rechartei' the Bank of the United States, but, to every one's astonishment, the President vetoed the bill. It was modified to meet his views and passed again, but he vetoed it a second time. Then ' General William Henry Harrison, ninth President of the United States, was born in Charles City county, Virginia, in 177'^. He was the adopted son of Robert Morris, the financier of tlie Revolntion, and the son of Benjamin Harrison, a signer of the Declaratioti of Independence and afterward governor of Virginia. He was ednc^ated at Ilarnpden- Sidney Col lej^e, and, entering the army, won \",\\nd promotion. He was appointed secretary of the North-west Territory in 17'.)7, and elected its first delegate to Congress, in 1799. He became governor of Indiana JOTIN 'I'VI.KR. 146 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. most of his Cabinet resigned, and tlie resentment was intensilied in all parts of the country. 3. Settlement of the Maine Boundary. — For a good many years there was a dispute between Great Britain and the United States over the Ahiine boundary. This was settled, in 1842, when the boundary as it is to-day was agreed U]^on. 4. Dorr's RebelHon in Riiode Island. — Rhode Island was governed, down to the year 1.S42, by the charter granted by Charles .II. to the colony, in IGtio. This made it necessary for every man to own a certain amount of property before he could vote. The dis.satis- faction so increased that two parties were formed. A new constitution was adopted, in 1841. The Suffrage or radical party chose Thomas W. Dorr governor, and the other i)arty elected Samuel W. King. Something like civil war followed, but it was finally ended hy the adoption of the present libiM-al constitution, in 1843. 5. Anti-rent Troubles in New York. — Stei)hen Van Kenssilacr dicMl in ISJO. lie had been one of the wealthiest '' j)atroons " — that is, proprietors of immense tracts of land — in the State of New York. These were inherited from their ancestors, to whom they were granti'd by tlie original Dutch })r()i)rictors. l>y tlu^ tci'ins of these grants the settlers upon them wcrt' re(iuired to i)ay a small rental annually to the patroons. In addition, the latter received many rights in conflict with republican ideas. TiTi-itdiy, ;nul his Liilliant services in tiif \\'ar oi" ISTJ sccmi'd iiiiii tlie I'lTsidoiu'V. Jolin Tyler, t(Mith President oC the United States, was Ixini in N'iiijinia, in 1790. As stated above, he heeanie unpopular with his party, the leail- in-49. 151 regiment of dragoons, charged through the grape-shot, cut down the Mexican gunners, and captured La Vega (liih va'gah), the commanding ofiicer. The panic-stricken Mexicans never stop{)ed in their flight until they reached the other side of the Rio Grande. 5. Scott's Plan of Campaign. — War having begun in earnest. General Scott {)lanned the invasion of Mexico. He organized our forces into three divisions. General Kearney, with the Army of tlie West, was to cross the Rocky Mountains and conquer tlie northern Mexican provinces ; the Army of Occupation, under General Taylor, was to seize and hold the districts on the Rio Grande ; while the Army of the Centre, under General Scott, the commander-in-chief, was to advance from the Gulf into the heart of the country. General Wool was directed to attend to the work of mustering the troo{)S. 6. Capture of Matamoras. — (icneral Taylor, pop- ularly known as "Rough and Ready," crossed over from Fort Brown and ca[)tured ^hltamoras ten days after the victory of Resaca de la Palma. Receiving reinforce- ments, which increased the number of his troops to 6G00, he marched against INlonterey, which was defended by a gai'risoii of lO.OOO men. 7. Fall of Monterey — The city was iiive.sted Sep- teml)er IDth. Two days later (Jenei'al A\"orth caj)tured the fortified works in the rear of the town. On the 2od the city was assaulted and takeji in front. A grand assault followed, the Mexicans fighting with great fierce- ness, but nothing could clieck the Americans. They drove the enemy from the barricades and to the house- tops, pressing forward with such vigor that the city sur- rendered. Ampudia, the commander, was granted the honors of war, and, evacuating the city, fell back toward the city of Mexico. 15-2 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 8. Victory at Buena Vista. — General Scott, liaving taken command in Mexico, ordered the major part of the Army of Occupation to join him on the Gulf for the purpose of marching against the capital. Santa Anna advanced with 20,000 men to crush Taylor, who took position at Buena Vista (bwa'nah vces'tiih). Here he was attacked, February 23, 1847, by Santa Anna, whose force was more than four times as great as that of tlie Americans. The battle lasted all day, and ended in the defeat of the Mexicans, who withdrew in the night. 9. Conquest of New IVIexico and California. — General Kearney left Fort Leavenworth for the West in June, 1846. The march was a long and tire- some one. Santa Fe was captured and gar- risoned August 18th. All of New Mexico submitted. While on his way to the Pacific coast he learned that California had been conquered by Fre- mont and a small force. With the as- sistance of Commo- dores Stockton and Sloat and General Kearne}^ the whole country was subdued before the close of the year. 10. Fall of Vera Cruz. — General Scott began the last campaign of the war j\Iarch 0, 1847. Landing with a force of 12,000 to the south of Vera Cruz (vfi'rah crodz), he completed the investment within three days. General Scott. POLK'S ADMINISTRATION, 1S45-49. 153 Assisted by Commodore Conner, a bomljardment was kept lip for four days. The city capitulated on the 20tli of Marcli. 11. Defeat of the Mexicans at Cerro Gordo. — The road now being open, Scott set out for the city of Mexico. At the mountain-})ass of Cerro (lordo the Mexicans were routed. Santa Anna tied in sucli haste that he left his wooden leg behind him. This battle occurred on the 18th of April, and the army entered Jalapa on the following day. The castle of Perote sur- rendered without fighting and lai'ge su])plies were secured. 12. March on the Capital. — The city of Puebla (pweb'la) ottered no resistance, and on tlie lOth of August the army came within sight of the city of Mex- ico. At Ayotla it was within tiftet'U miles of the caj)- ital. The fortifications in front were so strong that the army swung to the south around Lake Cludcos, and thence west to San Augustin, where it was within ten miles of the capital. 13. On the morning of the 2()th of August, Contrcras (con-tra'ras) was stormed, and within twenty minutes 6000 Mexicans were driven pell-mell out of the forti- fications. Shortly alter the garrison of San Antonio was routed. Then th(> height of Churubusco (choo-roo- boos'co), where an immense force of the enemy was gathered, was stormed and a number of batteries cap- tured. Santa Anna, on his way to reinforce the garrison, was driven back. 14. Santa Anna sent out a proposal to negotiate, but his terms were those of a conqueror, and it was soon evident that his oidy jiui'pose was to gain time. Hostil- ities were resumed Sei)tend)er 7th. '^^Fhe western defenses were captured the next day. Chapultepec (chii-pool- 154 HISTORY OB' THE UNITED STATES. te-pec') was carried by storm on llic Kjtli, and the setting sun saw tlic American army witliin tlie suburl)s of tiie Mexican capital. 15. Capture of Mexico. — That niglit Santa Anna turned loose two thousand convicts to tight our soldiers, and with the city officers stole out in the darkness, l^y seven o'clock the next morning the capital had fallen and Mexico was conquered. All that remained was to arrange the terms of peace. 16. The Treaty of Peace. — A treaty was concluded at Guadalupe Hidalgo, Felniiary 2, 1(S4()' north latitude, wliich the Missouri Com{)ro- mise declared should be the dividing-line of slavery and freedom. The people of Califor- nia had already de- cided by their con- stitution that slavery should be prohibited. 2. Henry Clay's Omnibus Bill. — ()nce more, and for the last time, the wonderful eloquence of Henry Clay saved the Union. His*^ "Omnibus Bill" was agreed to, and settled the quarrel on the following terms: California was to be admitted as a free State; the Great Basin of the Rocky IMountains was organized, without mention of slavery, into tlie Territory of Utah ; New Mexico, with a recognition of her rights to the parts claimed by Texas, could do as she pleased about slav- ery ; Texas was to receive $10,000,000 from the Federal Treasury- to give up her claim to the Territory of New Mexico ; the slave-trade was to be abolished for ever Zaciiaky Taylor. lawyer, was a moniber of the Assembly fnr tiiree terms and of Cons^res;; for four terms. He possessed integrity, good judgment, and aliility, but destroyed mueli of liis ixijtularity in tlie North when he signed the Fugitive-Shive Law. TA YLOR AND FILLMORE'S ALJMINISTRATION, L^D 53. 157 in tlie District of Cbliiinbia ; all fugitive slaves in the free States should l)e ]ial)le to arrest and return to slavery. 3. The Fugitive-Slave Law. — The Fugitive-Slave Law aroused indignation in the North, many of whose citizens had aided for years in the escape of runaway slaves. Dan- iel ^\'ebster's powerful support of the measure destroyed all chances of his ever becoming President. His course alienated multitudes of those who had been his supporters. 4. The Lopez Ex- pedition. — Cuba had long struggled to throw off its alle- giance to Spain. Many adventurers went thither from the United States to assist in the war for independence. To secure its annexation, General Lopez, with a band of nearly five hundred men, organized an ex])edition which was routed by the Spanish forces. Lopez and the I'ingleaders were captured, and taken to Havana, where they were executed in LSoL 5. Presidential Election of 1852. — Li tlie Pres- idential election of 1852, Fraidvlin Pierce of New Ham])shire and William R. King of Alabama were elected by tbe Democrats Pi'csident and A'ice-President over (Jeneral Scott and William A. ( iraham, candidates of the AMiig party.' ' Franklin rierce, Coiirtuuntli rresidiMit of the I'liited States, was born Jtn.i.ARD Fillmore. 158 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. CHAPTER XXXV. PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION, 1853-57. 1. Repeal of the Missouri Compromise. — The most notable event of Pierce's udministration was the repeal of the Mis- souri Compromise. Stephen A. Doug- las introduced in- to Congress a bill for organizing the Territories of Kan- sas and Nebraska, which left the in- habitants of each to decide for them- selves the question of slavery. The measure was fought with extreme bit- terness, but it be- came a law in l^oi. 2. Civil War in Kansas. — Ne- braska lies so for north that she naturally became free without any disturbance, but Kansas was soon the theatre ill New Ilninpsliire in 1S04. lie gradiuilrd at r>o\v(l(iiii ( 'ollep;o and be- larno a lawyer and politician. He was a menilier of the State Lefj^islature, and afterward of both branches of Congress. In the national Senate he was overshadowed by Clay, Webstei", Calhoun, Sewai'd, Benton, and other intellectual giants. When nominated for the Pi-esidency there were thousands who lieard his name mentioned for the first time. He served in the Mexican \\'ar as a brigadier-general under Scott, whom he after- ward defeated for the Presidency. Franklin Pierce. PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION, 1S5S-57. 159 of civil war. The pro-slavery and anti-slavery men sent armed })arties into the Territory, and scenes of violence continued for years — in fact, ushered in the great Civil War. 3. Readjustment of the Boundary with Mexico. — The houndaries between Mexico and the United States were readjusted in 1854. The new treaty released the United States from all obligations to defend the frontier against Indians. For this release our government paid $10,000,000. 4. Walker's Filibustering Expedition. — In 1853, General William Walker, an adventui'cr, left San Fran- cisco and made a descent on La Paz in Lower (-alifornia. In the following spring he marched to Sonora and raised the standard of revolt. His forces were scattered, and he was made prisoner. He was tried by the authorities of San Francisco and acquitted. He was more success- ful in Nicaragua, but was finally overthrown. Invading Central America a third lime in June, 18G0, he marched against Honduras, but his whole band was cai)tured and he was shot. 5. Organization of the Republican Party. — Pres- idential Election of 1856. — The Republican i)arty of to-day was organized during Pierce's administration. Its foundation principle was opposition to the extension of slavery. The Whig party ceased to exist. The Demo- cratic party retained its organization, and, in 185(5, elected its candidate, .lames P>uchanan of Pennsylvania, President, and John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky, \^ice- President. The Ivej)ublican candidates were John C. Fremont and William L. Dayton.' ' .lames r>iirliaii;m, lil'iccnl li I'l'esident of the I'liited States, was born of Irish ])arentafi:e, in Pennsylvania, in 1791. lie lield many situations of public trust and honor, liaving been a member of the State Legislature, 160 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. CHAPTER XXXVI. BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION, 1857-61. 1. Bitterness between the North and South. — 'I'lic bitter ilvliii^ between tlie North and South grew in intensity. The ques- tion of shivery was tlie burning!; one of the hour. The repeated (•onij)roniises in Con- gress luul only post- j)oned the fateful day when the embers of eivil war sliouhl l)reak forth into a conflagra- tion that would rage from one end of the country to the other. 2. The Conflict in Kansas. —The Dred Scott Decision. — Personal Liberty Bills. — The conflict in Kansas stirred the na- tion. Civil war was at its height, and many outrages were committed within the Territory. In March, 1857, the Supreme Court of the United States, through Chief- Justice Taney, rendered the famous Dred Scott decision. of Congress, niinister to Russia, I'rcsidcnt Polk's Secretary of State, and minister to Enjj^land diiriny- the adiiiinisti-ation of Pierce. Much hope was felt that his administration wouUl I)e al)le to sootlie tiic increasiu!; bitterness between tlie North and South, but all cfiijrts were in vaiu, and when he went out of office the country was on the verge of the most tremendous conflict of modern times. .1 \ M I'S BrcUANAN. n UCJIA NAy \S . I hMlMSTIlA TIOK isr.r-ci. IGl Tliis (loclarod tliat 11h> owners of slaveys iiiit2,lit take thorn into any State in tlie I'nion without torfeitino; tlieir I'iiihts. The decision [)h'ase(l llic Sontii, hut kindled anew tlie wrath of the North. 'rrouhle took phico whenever an attempt was nuuk' to reclaim fugitive slaves, and, although the law had heen declared con- stitutional hy the highest trihunal in the land, it was repeatedly violated. Several States passed " l\'rsonal- Liberty " Bills, granting to iugitive slaves, when arrested, the i-ight of trial by jury. 3. John Brown's Raid. --.John Brown was a fanatic John Brown's Foiit at IIakpkr's Fkkry. wlio had fought the pro-slavery i)arty in Kansas. AVith a band of twenty men he seized the arsenal at Harj)er's Ferry, October 1(>, IcSoi), and attempted to create an in- surrection among the slaves. Sharp fighting followed, several of the conspirators were killed, and Brown took 162 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. refuge in an engine-house. Colonel Robert E. Lee was sent with a company of marines from Washington, over- powered Brown, and delivered him and his surviving followers to the Virginian authorities. Brown and six of his companions were tried and hanged on the 2d of December. Although Brown was solely responsible for this raid, his act intensified the resentment of the South. 4. The First Atlantic Cable. — During these excit- ing times the telegraphic cable was completed across tlje Atlantic Ocean. The first message flashed under the sea, August 5, 1858. Others passed back and forth, but the insulation of the cable was faulty, and in a short time it ceased to work. At the end of a month it was useless, and success was not attained until 18G6. Now the Atlantic is underlain Ijy several cables which work perfectly. 5. Widening of the Breach between the North and South. — Election of Abraham Lincoln to the Presidency. — The civil war continued in Kansas, but the Free-Soil party gained ground so rapidly as to leave no doubt of its final success. The breach between the North and South grew wider each day. The Demo- cratic party split into two divisions. One nominated Stephen A. Douglas, the champion of popular sover- eignty, and the other, John C. Breckinridge, who claimed that slavery could be carried into any Terri- tory. The Republicans j)ut forward Abraham Lincoln of Illinois. He held that slavery should be protected where it already existed, but should not be carried into any free Territory. Hannibal Hamlin of Maine was nominated for ^^ice-President. This ticket was elected. 6. Secession of South Carolina and other States. — Formaion of the Government of the Confederate n UCIIA NA N '5 AT) SINISTRA TION, 1857-61. 163 States of America. — The South did not await tlie in- auguration of President J.incohi before carrying out its threats of secession in the event of Kepubli- can success. South Car- olina withdrew from the Union December 1*0, 18(JU. Mississippi, Flor- ida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas soon followed. Dele- gates from these States met at Montgomery, Ala., in February, and formed the government of the " Confederate States of America." Jefferson Davis of Mis- sissippi was chosen President and Alexander H. Stephens of (ieorgia, Vice- President. It was decided that the flag should consist of two broad red stripes, se})arated by a white space of the same width, the union blue, with seven white stars in the centre. This Hag was unfurled on the 4th of March over the State-house in Montgomery, Alabama.' Jeffersox D.ivis. ^ Jefferson Davis was born in Kentucky, .June 3, 1808. He graduated at West Point, in 1828, and did service on the frontier, remaining in tlie army until 18;v"), when lie resigned. In 1845 he became a member of Congress, but on the breaking out of the ^STexican War entered the army as colonel of a Mississippi regiment. He did brilliant work at Buena Vista and in other engagements. He was afterward sent to the United States Senate from Mississippi, and was Secretary of War under Pres- ident Pierce. He again became Fenator, in 1857, but resigned when his State seceded, in 1861, and became President of the Southern Confed- eracy, outliving most of the leaders who took part in the Civil ^Var. 164 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 7. Seizure of Government Property by the Con- federates. — The Coiiiuderatc authorities seized the United States forts, custom-houses, and arsenals in the se- ceded States. President Buchanan saw no way of check- ing the alarming movements, which went on rapidly. More than one member of his Cabinet sympathized with secession. Howell Cobb, the Secretary of the Treasury, resigned in December and went South, and John B. Floyd, Secretary of War, soon afterward did the same. 8. Occupation of Fort Sumter by Major Ander- son. — The Steamer "Star of the West" Fired upon. — The eyes of the nation were turned toward Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor, from which the United States flag was still flying. Major Anderson, with his garrison, had been stationed in Fort Moultrie, but, knowing that an attack would be made, he secretly moved on the night of December 2Cth to the stronger position. The South Carolinians were angered at tliis ])ro- Major Robert Anderson. CCediug, and, taking pOSSCSsioU of the remaining forts, began to erect bat- teries with which to reduce Fort Sumter. The Star of the West, carrying supplies to the fort, was fired upon Jan- uary 9th, and compelled to turn back. Thus matters stood at the end of Buchanan's administration. CHAPTER XXXVII. GROWTH OF THE STATES. 1. We have mentioned in the proper ])laces the ad- mission of the various States into the Union from tlie close of the Revolution until the beoinninu' of the Civil GROWTH OF THE STATES. 165 War. It is well that wo sliuukl learn something more about the new members which joined us after the inde- pendence of our country was gained. 2. ^^ermont, the first State admitted after the Revo- lution, was jointly claimed by New Hampshire and New York. The inhabitants, however, kept up an independ- ent government throughout the War for Independence, and came into the Union March 4, 1791. Its name sig- nifies " Green Mountain." 3. Kentucky formed the fifteenth State, and was admitted June 1, 1792. Its name, " dark and bloody ground," was given to it because of the many fierce conflicts between the Indians and white settlers. Daniel Boone, the famous hunter and pioneer, built a fort at Boonesborough, and removed thither in 1775. Kentucky was originally a part of Virginia, from which it did not separate until 1790. Its inhabitants resembled the Virgin- ians in their habits and military spirit. 4. Tennessee, the sixteenth State, was settled by North Carolinians, who gave up their claim to the ter- ritory in 17S9. The first settlement was at Fort Loudon, in 1750. In 1790, Tennessee was joined with Kentucky, the two forming an independent Territory. Tennessee was admitted into the Union June 1, 1796. Daniel Boone. \C)C) niSTORY OF THE UNfTKf) STATES. 5. Ohio, tlic scvciilcciilli State, was tlie first to l)o made iVoiii the Norlli-wcslcni Territory. This iimneiise area included the pi'eseiit States of Micln't^aii, Ohio, Indiana, lUinois, Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota. The lirst })ei"nianent settU'inent was at Ahiric^tta, in 1788. There lias l)een some (|iU'stion as to tlic ])recise date of its a(hnissioii into the I'nion, l)ut I'Y'bruary 10, I80o, is now conceded to l)e tliu correet one. 6. Louisiana, th(^ eighteentli State, formed the soutli- ei'n part of the vast territory Ijought from France. It was aihnitte(l into the Union A})ril oO, iSTi. The Amer- ican I'lMon, therefore, comprised eigditeen States (hiring the War of \S\-1. The first settlement was ma(h' l)y the l"'rench at IJiloxi, near the mouth of tlie iMississij)j)i, in l(')!)i». New Orleans was founded in 1718. 7. Indiana, the nineteentli State, was admitted De- cemhei- 11, iSKi, being the secoiid formed from the North-western Territory. It did not grow ra})idly until after the settlement of tlu^ Indian troubles within its borders, when its progress in ])oj)ulation an, 18-15, and, as ex})laiiied elsewhere, this admission brought al)out the war with Mexico. 17. Iowa, the twenty-ninth State, was lirst })erma- nently settled at Burlington. It was organized as a Ter- ritory in bSoS, and with its present limits was admitted into the Union December 28, 184(). 18. ^\'isconsin, the thirtieth State, was visited by 1^'rench explorers and tradei's early in the seventeenth century, (ireen Bay was settled in 1745. ^^'isconsin became a separate Territory in 18o(), and was admitted into the Union May 29, 1848. 19. Ualifornia, the thirty-tirst State, was settled by the Spaniards, who established the mission of San Diego in 1709. Another was established in 1776 at San Fran- cisco. At the beginning of the present century the country was in the hands of the I'^ranciscan moid-cs. Their power was overthrown by the Mexican revo- lution of 1822. Kmigrants from the United States went thither, and in 184() the country was conquered by l*'remont, Stockton, Kearney, and others. M4u>n Upper California was ceded to the United States at the close of the Mexican AVar, it includcMl what is now known as Calilbrnia, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, with por- tions of Kansas, Wyoming, Cblorado, and New Mex- ico. It was admitted into the Union September 9, 1850. 20. Minnesota, the thirty-second State, was organized into a Territory in 1819. Fort Snelling was established in 1819, and St. Paul in 1838. it was admitted into the Union May 11, 1858. (ntOWTI! OF THE STATES. 169 21. Oregon, llic tliirty-lliird State, was visited in 1804 by tlic Lewis aiiouis- iana jturchase. The history of tlie civil war in Kansas, brought about by the slavery fjuestion, lias been rel'eri'e(| to (]). 158). It was admitted into the Lnion .January 29, 1801. 13 PART V. THE CIVIL WAH. CHAPTER XXXVIir. LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION, 1861-65. 1. Civil War Inevitable. — Careful observers had seen for 3'ears that civil war was certain to come. The va- rious compromises in Coiioress had only post- [)()iied the fearful hour when the North and JSouth should face each other in battle array. Slavery must either extend over the whole domain or perish for ever in the United States. 2. Views of the Southern Leaders. — The South saw in the election of a Republi- can President a menace to the peculiar institu- tion and to their doctrine of State Rights. Their leaders believed that their allegiance was due to their respective 170 ABi:AiiA:\r I.iNCdi.N'. LINCOLN \S A DMINISTRA TION, 1861-65. 171 States before that of the national government. They looked u])()n the Union as a league of the respective States, from whieh any member had the right to with- draw when a majority of its citizens chose to do so. 3. The Union Sentiment North and South. — It should be borne in mind that a great many people in the North sympathized with the South, and were willing to make almost any sacrifice to preserve the Union. There were thousands also in the South who strongly favored the Union. Alexander H. Stephens, Vice-Pres- ident of the Confederacy, made a powerful Union speech a short time before the secession of Georgia, his na- tive State, and General Robert E. Lee spent hours in prayer and mental struggle before turning against the Union. As with them, so it was witli multitudes of Southerners. 4. Formation of the Confederate States of America. — These men, however, were believers in the State Rights doctrine, and when their States withdrew from the Union they went w4th them. CJompromises were again offered, and a " peace convention" assembled in Washington, February 4, 1861. Ex-President Tjder presided, but the attem})t at conciliation utterly failed. It was an impressive fact that on the same day that the peace convention met the delegates which formed the "Confederate States of America" assembled in Mont- gomery, Alabama, and took the step which made civil war inevitable. 5. Inauguration of President Lincoln. — Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated President of the United States March 4, ISOl. Cleneral Scott had charge of the mili- tary preparations, and no outbreak occurred. Mr. Bu- chanan and the President-elect entered the Senate cham- ber arm in arm, and the inaugural was delivered in the 172 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. presence of the Huprenie Court, tlie Senate and House of Representatives, the foreign ministers, and a hirge nundjer of prominent citizens.' Early Home hk Abi:aiia:\i Lincoln, Gentryville, Indiana. ' Abraham Lincoln, sixteentli President of tlie Ignited States, was horn in JIardin (now Larue) county, Kentucky, February 12, 1809. When only seven years old the family moved to the backwoods of Indiana. Abraham reached manhood with little oi)|)ortunity for ac(iuiring an edu- cation. At nineteen he worked on a Hatljoat tliat went to New Orleans. When he came back his father moved to Illinois, where the son was em- ployed for a time in splitting rails. For a number of years he was vari- ously cuijaired as Ihitboatman, clerk, surveyor, iiostmaster, and rivcr-jiilot. lie studied law iiiidiT ti'i'eat difliculties, and served as a captMin in the {'.lack Hawk War. He was elected to the Illinois Legislature in 1S;!4, and .idmittcd tn tlii' bar three years latiT. He practised at Spriuglield, Illinois, where he met with great success. \Iq was elected to Congress in LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION, 1861-65. 173 6. Capture of Fort Sumter by the Confederates. -Learning that sii})})lies were to be sent to Fort Sumter, Attack on Foirr Sr.MTKi;. General P. G. T. Beauregard (bo-re-gard'), in command of tlie Confederate troops at Gliarleston, sunnnuned Major Anderson to surrender. He refused, and fire 1846, but attracted no special notice until selected to answer Stephen A. Douglas in the debate on the repeal of the Missouri Coniproniise. His speech delighted his friends l»y its wit ;iiid power, and led to Mr. Lincoln's nomination to oppose Mr. Dout^das for tlie I'nitcd States Senatorship. The party of Douglas was in the niiijority, and he wmi, 1)nt the l)riiliancy dis- played by Lincoln caused his nomination for the rre>idency in 1860. Lincoln was one of the cjreat men of modern times. He possessed a rare vein of wit, was kind-hearted, wise, patient and forbearing, incor- ruptibly honest, and with an intuitive perception of the riyht time for doing a thing that approached the marvelous. Xo ruler of any people was ever called upon to pass through more crucial trials, and none ever performed his duty witii more wisdom oi- a loftier sense of responsibility, than he. 174 HrsTonv OF the vnitep states. was 0})eiR'(l eurly on llic moniiiig of A[>ril 12tli. It continued for thirty-six lioius, when. Major Anderson's situation being hoj)eless, he surrendered. He was allowed to retire^ witli the honors of war, and saluted the Stars and Stripes before hauhno- his eolors down. No person was injurecl on either side. 7. Opening of the Civil War. — Further Secession of Southern States. — Call of President Lincoln for Genkhai, Scott ano his Stakk. Volunteers. — The eapture of Fort Sumter oi)ened tlu' great Civil War. It tlu'illed the whole eountry, and united the North as it did the South. \'iiginia. North Carolina, Teiniessee, and Arkansas hastened to join the Confederaey. Party lines in the North vanished, and the peoj)le became ardent in their support of the Union. Their sentiments were irrestrainable. Tresident Lin- coln issued a call for To, ()()() \-oiunteers to serve three IJNCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION, 1S61-65. 175 months, and williin ilii-cc days a luindred tijoiisand res{)oiid(Ml. 8. Capture of Harper's Ferry by the Confed- erates — Richmond made the Capital of the Con- federacy. — Tlie c'lithiisiastn was as orcal in tlic South. \'ir«^nnia troo])S seized the United Stales aniioi'v at. Ilar- j)er's I<\M'rv and tlie Noi'lnlk navy-yaid. 'The youiiji- men of the Soutli clamoi-ed loi- places in the ranks. The whirlwind swept resistlessly o\cr l.otli sections. Rich- mond, \'ir<;inia, was made the < 'onl'edei'ate capital, and military prej)arations were active in all (piarters. 9. Attack on the Massachusetts Troops in Balti- more.— The ( 'onfcderale ti'oops i;atlierinii,- in Kichniond threatened ^\'asllin^lon. Tiie Sixth .Massachusetts rei^- imeiit, huri'yiiiij,- to the del'ense of the ca|iital, was at- tacked while passinii; thr(»ut;h iSaltiniore, .April I'.Mli. After three of the soldiers were killed the i-eii,iment lii'cd into the moh, killinii' nine and woundiiiii- many moi'e. 10. Seizure of Various Points by Federal Troops. FOUI'KKSS .Md.NlldF, \.\. — The Repulse at Big Bethel. — Arlington Heights and Alexandria were seized May 2hli hy the I'nion troops. Fortress Monroe was miri'isoned hv (leneial !>. Iv Jiutler. 176 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. All expedition sent against Big Bethel was grossly mis- managed. The Federal trooi)s fired into each other, and ten men were killed before the mistake was discov- ered. P^ourteen more were lost and fifty-nine wounded in the attack on the Confederates, who repulsed the Fedei-als. 11. Defeat of the Federals at Bull Run. — In answer to the clamor in the North, General McDowell marched upon Richmond with the Army of the Potomac. The Confederates, under Beauregard, were encountered at Bull Kun, near Manassas Junction, July 21st. The HH^A 'M H^^ ifef-r. .. ^ J Jl 1 1 Stone Bridgk over Hri.i, Run. advantage at first was with the l^nioii forces, but the arrival of reinforcements under the direction of General Joseph E. Johnston at a critical moment turned the tide. The Union army was utterly routed, and fled in the wildest panic toward Washington. 12. General McClellan appointed to the Com- mand of the Army of the Potomac. — Tlie disastrous defeat at Bull Run showed the Xortli the stupendous work before it. The Soutii was brave, determined, and in earnest. Congress voted half a billion dollars and L INCO LN'S A DMINISTRA TWN, isr, l-f;6. \Ti half a million men for tli(> sn[)picssion of the rebellion, (teneral (Jeoi'<;"e ]>. MrClcllan, who had heeome poj>ular because of the brilHant manner in whieh he had driven tlic Tonfedei-ates out of West \'irginia, was placed in connnand of the Ami}' of the Poto- mac. 13. Defeat of the Federals at Ball's Bluff. — (Jencral Mc- Clellan devoted his energies to drilling; his new command and bringing it to a high state of efficiency. A reconnoitering expedi- tion crossed the Poto- mac at Ball's Plulf, October 21st. Being suddenly assailed l)y a force of Confederates, they fled down the blutl', a hundred feet below. in their des- j)erate efforts to escape many were shot and many drowned, the loss amounting to nearly a thousand, among whom was Colonel E. D. Baker, Senator from Oregon, who led the recoiuioitering expedition. 14. The War in the West. — No progress was made l)y the Cnioiiists in the Jvist during the first year of tlie war. In the West, General Lyon attacked a su])erior Confederate force at Wilson's Creek, Missouri, August 10th. lie was killed and his men defeated. Colonel Mulligan, after a des})erate defense at Lexington, was forced to surrender to (Jeneral fSterling Pi'ice. General John C. I'^remont drove Pi'ice to Sj^ringfield, when he KKNKHAI, 2. 1. The Campaign in the West. — Success of the Confederates. — The Confederates were more successful than the P\'derals at the beginning of the war. The LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION, 1861-05. 179 Soutli was fully aroused and confident. Her soldiers were determined and her generals skilliiil. There was no a])|)reeiahle Union sentiment left except in East Ten- Thf. Skirml-^iiki:. nessee. The Southerners were fighting on the defensive, and had full faith in their tinal snccess. 2. The Great Task of the North. — The tiohting which occurred, in ISOl, was not conducted on any clearly-defined plan, hut was disjointed, fitful, and with- out definite purpose. Now, however, that the Nortli un- derstood the })rodigious task hefore it, tlie war was prose- cuted with a percej)tion of the end in view. 3. Desperate fighting and hrilliant leadersliip were necessary to conquer the Confederates, who were now in the full flush of victory. Several things must he accomplished hefore the Union could he restored. One 180 HISTORY OP THE tWlTED STATES. was the opening of the Mississippi. The Confederacy drew its enormous sup})lies from Texas and the South- west. The clearing of this great stream, therefore, would cut the Confederacy in two. 4. Anotlier necessary step was the capture of Rich- CONFKMF.P.ATK CArrnH,. Rl, \'.\. mond. In tliat city were the government and directing power of the terrible enginery arrayed against the Union. The capture of the capital would be the smiting of the Confederacy in a vital part. 5. A third ste}) was the effective Ijlockading of the Southern })orts. This would ])i-event the ( 'on federates from selling their valuable cotton and from obtaining many of the supplies that could be got only in Kurope. The vast area of country over which the battle for the Union was fought made necessary a great many minor movements. Jx-t us keep in mind, liowcvei', the grand LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION, 1861-65. 181 I)lan t)f campaign, and renienil)er that all tliis Hgliting was intended to contriKute to one of the three ol>jects named. 6. The Situation in the South-west. — The Con- federates held a strongly fortified line in the South-west, extending from Columlnis to Cumberland Gap. If the centre could be broken, they would be forced to evacuate Columbus, and leave the way open to Nashville. Com- modore Foote, therefore, with a fieet of gunl)oats, and General Grant with a large land force, advanced from Cairo against Fort Henry. 7. Capture of Forts Henry and Donelson by the Federals. — February (itli a l)oml)ardment was <)j)ene(l, and the fort quickly surrendered. The garrison escai)ed to Fort Donelson before the troops could cut them ott". Returning to the Ohio, the fleet ascended the Cumber- land, while General Grant crossed by land to unite in the attack on Fort Donelson. Amid snow and sleet, and in weather so extremely cold that many froze to death, the Federals kept up the attack for three days. 8. The fire from the fort was so severe that the fleet was repulsed, and Commodore Foote received a severe wound. The Confederates attempted to cut their way out, but were defeated in a desperate engagement. Grant had received reinforcements, and was making read}' for the final assault, when, on February Kith, the fort sur- rendered with fifteen thousand men. 9. This victory caused great rejoicing in the North, and the popularity of General Grant kept pace with his increasing triumj)hs. The Confederates now established a new line of defense for tlu' South-western States. ( Jen- eral Polk at New Madrid was on the left, Albert Sidney Johnston at ]\rurfreesl)oro' on the right, and Beauregard at Jackson, Tennessee, formed the centre. This was an 182 UISTOTIY OF TIIK rNITFI) STATES. abaiiiloiiiiiciit of Kentucky, and left the ii]>|)('r ])ai"t of Toiincsscc ()|»('ii to the l^'i'dcrals. lO. The Electoral Vote of the Southern Con- federacy.— TlircHMlays ai'tcr the fall of" l*'ori Doiiclson tlio electoral vote of (lie ( 'oiil'cdci-atc I'rcsidciicy was counted. Jed'erson Davis was unanimously re-e-lected, and Alex- ander II. Stephens was chosen \'ice-l*ix'sident. They were inau^uratt'd at IJichniond on Washington's birthday. 11. Movements of the Federal and Confederate Forces in the South-west. — The Union army now ascended t he Teiniessee to Pittsburii,- Landing,-. (Jeneral (Jrant was j)ut in connnand, and (ienei-al Uuelh who had occupied Nashville, was ordered to reinlbree him. The ( 'oid'ederates decided to attack (irant hetbre IJuell could reach him with reinlbrcements. 12. The Battle of Shiloh or Pittsburg Landing. — The battle of Shiloh or IMltsbui'u Landing be^;in at daylight Sunday moi-ninu, April (llh. Albert Sidney LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION, ISG1^65. 183 Joliiisloii, one of tlic nlilcsi ^('iici'Jils of the ( unlcdcracy, strove with ini^lity vi^or lo (liiv(^ (Jraiit into tlio Ten- nessee River. (Ji'ant, to wlioiii the attaek was a surprise, was pushed to the od^e of the stream, where he gatliered his shattered regiments i'or th(! final stand. 'Jdu^ Con- federates were lield at l)ay until Jkiell's men arrived, when they fell back. '^I'he Union trooi)S were; re-formed (hn-ing the night. The severe fighting was continuccl on tlie next day, but ended in the withdrawal of the ('on- feclerates. This was the second great battle of the war. The Union killed was 1735, with 7882 wounded and 4044 missing. The Confederates lost 1728 killed, 8012 wounded, and 950 missing. Among the kdled was (Jen- (>ral Albert Sidney Johnston. 13. Federal Occupation of Corinth. — .MtlioULi^h the Confe(lerates were beaten and retreated, tlx'y had captured three thousand prisoners, thirty flags, and an (iuormous amount of stores. Ueatu'cgard witlidi-cw to ('orintli, slowly followed IjyCeneral Ilalleck, wiio had assumed connnand of the Union forc-es. I)eaui'(gai'd evacuated Corinth, of which ilalleck took ])ossession May 30th. 14. Previous to this the Conf"ederates, on retreating from ColumV)us, had taken jiosition on Island No. 10. A l)ombar(lment of several weeks by ('onnnodore l'\»o1e producing little effect, General Pope captured tiie bat- teries opposite, and prepared to assail tlie fortifications in the rear. They surrendered A|)i-il 7tli. 15. Capture of Kentucky and Tennessee by the Federals. — On the 10th of May tlie Union guid)oats attacked aiul dcfc'iti/d the ( onfederate iron-clads. l)c- stroying the flotilla, befoi'c Meinj)liis, that city fell, and tli(! Memphis and Charleston Pailway was securcid. This gave Kentucky and Western Tennessee to the Federals, 184 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. who held a strong line extending from Meniiihis almost to Chattanooga, which was the ol)jectivo point of General Buell. 16. The Battle of Perryvilie. — With the purpose of hrcaking this investment, General Bragg pushed ra})idly toward Louisville. General Buell, who had fallen back to Nashville, began a race with him for the Ohio River. Buell won by a day, and, receiving heavy reinforcements, moved against Bragg, who turned at bay, October 8th, at Perryvilie. A tierce battle was fought, Bragg with- drawing at night and taking with him his immense wagon-train. General Buell's management of the cam- paign was unsatisfactory to the government, and on the 30th of October he was sui)crscded by General Bosecrans. 17. Repulse of the Confederates at Corinth. — Previous to this most of Grant's troops had been sent to the assistance of Buell. Generals Price and Van Dorn began a movement toward Corinth. Hoping "to capture Price, and then reach Corinth ahead of Van Dorn, Grant directed Rosecrans to march against luka. Rosecrans failed to intercept Price's line of retreat, and after a sharp engagement, September 10th, Price escaped and joined \-A\\ Dorn. These two united their forces and attacked Rosecrans in his intrenchments at Corinth. No assault could have been braver, but the Confederates were re- pulsed. 18. Battle of Murfreesboro'. — Later in the year Rosecrans concentrated his troops at Nashville, whence he marched to meet Bragg, who was advancing north- ward with a ])owerful column. Thes(> armies met at Murfreesboro', and a tremendous battle o{)ened on the last day of the year. It continued three days. The first day ended in favor of the Confederates, and to General George IL Thomas belonged the credit of saving the LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION, JSt;i-65. 185 Union army iVoni destruction. The two armies were too exhausted to do much eftective fighting on the second day. On the third the Confederates forced back a part of the left wing of the Federal army, but were in turn driycn back. Finally, Bragg retreated, and Rosecrans occupied Murfreesboro'. This battle was the bloodiest yet fought, each army losing about nine thousand in killed and wounded, in addition to those captured. 19. The Siege of Vicksburg.— While these opera- tions were under way, Grant attempted the capture of Mcksburg. His plan Avas to adyance along the Mississi{)i)i Central Railway, while Sher- man came down the riyer from Memphis with Commodore Por- ter's gunboats. The scheme was ruined by General Van Dorn,who destroyed Grant's depot of supplies at Holly Springs. Unaware of this misfortune, Sherman went to the mouth of the Yazoo and attacked north of Vicks- burg. He suffered a disastrous repulse and witlidrevy. In March, General Curtis defeated Van Dorn at Pea Ridge, Arkansas. 20. The Campaign on the Sea and the Coast. — The Monitor and the Merrimac. — In the burning of the Norfolk Navy-yard by Unionists in 1801, to saye it from falling into the hands of the Cbnfederates, the frig- ate Merrimac was set on fire and scuttleil. She was not much injured, and the Confederates I'aised her and cov- ered her with railroad iron, placed at an angle of forty- 14 Hi.AiKji ,\l;ii i:>, \ i' is>- BLT.G, .SHOWING Cave on i.ekt of I'ictuke. ■ 186 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. five degrees and coated with grease. Slie carried ten guns, eight at the sides, one at the stern, and one at the bow. With a strong crew she steamed into Hampton Roads, March Sth, and made directly for tlic sloop-of-war Cumberland, wdiose broadsides glanced off' and bounded hundreds of feet in the air without inflicting harm. The CongvcHfi added her liroadsides to those of the Cum- berland, and riddled the smoke-stack and steam-pipes, knocked off the muzzles- of two of the guns, and killed, and wounded twenty-one men on the Mcrrlnuw. 21. The Merrimac now repeatedly rammed the Cum- berland, which ran up the red Hag, nu'aniiig "no surren- der," and went down, firing her guns until the water was knee-deep on her decks. Of her crew of 37(5 men, 121 LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION, 1861-65. 187 lost tlicir lives. The Merrimac then turned her atten- tion to the Congress. One hundred men, including her commander, were killed, while she was powerless to The Monitor and the Mkp.rimac. do harm to her impenetrable assailant. To check the slaughter the white flag of surrender was hoisted at the peak. 22. The Merrimac steamed slowly back to Norfolk^ intending to return on the morrow and complete the destruction of the Union fleet. In Richmond all was rejoicing, while consternation reigned in Wasliington and the North. But that night the Monitor arrived from New York. Slie was the work of the late famous Swedish inventor, John Ericssen. She, too, was an iron- clad, with a single turret and two eleven-inch Dahlgren guns, but was but an infant in size compared with the Merrimac. She had been laboriously stealing southward from New York for more than two days, and while off 188 HISTORY OF THE r SITED STATES. Cape Henry caught the hooni of tlie Mcrrimacs guns as she poured red-hot shot into the doomed Congress. 23. As the cumbersome Merrimac came in sight the next morning, the Monitor darted out from behind the Mlimesofa and opened tii'e. The Mcrrinmc repHed, but her ])roadsides, for the first time, failed to inflict injury. The battle now became a duel between the two iron- clads. The diminutive size of the Mo)iitor enabled her to play al)out her bulky foe and dodge the heavy thrusts from her iron beak. The attempt to run down the Mon- itor was tried and Ixitlled five times. Finally, the ^fcr- rimac drew off and laboriously made her way back to Norfolk. 24. The End of Wooden Vessels in Naval War- fare. — This battle, in which no person was killed, though several were wounded, was the first of its kind in the history of the world. It ended the days of wooden ves- sels and ushered in that of iron-clads. Plenccforth the navies of all nations must be useless unless sheathed with armor. The Hglit l)etween the Monitor and Mirriinac marked an epoch in naval warfare. 25. Capture of Roanoke Island, Newbern, and Beaufort by the Federals. — With a view of increasing the stringency of the blockade, an expedition had been sent against Roanoke Island in February. It was cap- tured on the Sth, Xewbern was taken March bltli, and Beaufort, N. C\, April -Joth. 26. Capture of New Orleans by the Federals. — Captain Farragut with a large fleet, carrying a land force under Ceneral I>utler, srt out to cai)ture New Orleans. Several days' bombardnii'nt failing to reduce tlie forts below tlie city, Commodore P^arragut ran his shi[)s past the forts. He encountered Hro-ships, a tierce cannonade from the lorts, and an attack from the iron-clad LmCOLN'S ADMLWISTRATroX, 1S61-G5. 189 ram, tlio M(tna>ull Kun, where, in answer to an inquiry, lie replied that his troops would stand like a " stone wall." lie was a brilliant, dashing leader, who performed many amazing exploits during the war. \\v did the duty assigned to him with wonderful skill and \ioor. Beins' reiidbrced by Ewclls division, he sent Banks Hying from Strasburg, and chased him to the Fotomac. aero 's wdiich he tied in a })anic. 31. Successes of the Confederates. — The peril of Washington caused the President to take military posses- sion of the railroads. The governors of the Northern States were a})pealed to for militia to hel]) to defend the capital. McDowell at Fredericksburg. Banks at Harper's Ferry, and Fremont at Franklin were ordered to capture Jackson. They did their best, but Fremont was easily defeated at Cro.ss Keys, June 8th, and Shields was served in the same manner the following day at Port Republic. Jack.son burned his bridges behind him and escaped from the Shenandoah Valley. 32. Battle of Fair Oaks.— Meanwliile, on May olst and June 1st, McClellan threw his left wing across the Chickahominy. A terrific storm prevented the crossing of his entire army, and Johnston assailed the left wing 11)L> II IS nun' or riii-: r.v/v/v) sr.iTi:s. witli Lircat tuvv. (umU'VmI Suiuiut. howcvrr, clu'cktMl the iiuiNouu'Ul ill time It) piTxcnt llic l'\HK'r;il ;iniiy tVoiii Ix'iii^' separated. ( iciu'val .lolinsiou was Itadlv woiuuKhI 1\\' an t'xplocliuii' ?^1h"II, and t he ( 'onllnKa-aU's wi-rr rriuilsrd when (liov ivmnvcd ilu' allark \ho \'o\\ow\UiX y- '^lu^^ st'\i'ro l>atlK> is kimwn as ihat ct' l''air ()aks. 33. General R. E. Lee takes Comniand of the Confederates, and assumes the Aggressive. Urn- oral Kobert \\. Loo now assnnuMl oonnnand of tlu> Confodorato army, and lu'ld it to tho oloso of" tho war. Instoad ot" rotroatinu, ho assnnunl tlioauiiivssivo. (lonoial .1. v.. r>. Stnart. .Inno rJih, inado a oa\;dry raid in uhiih ho hniMK^l suppUv's alonu' \\\c railway oonnooling with Whito Ihniso. \\v niado [\\c ooinpU'to oirouit o[' (ho Fi'doral army witlunit anv ohoo'k.' 34. McClellan's ChaniAo of" Base. —Mel 'K-lkui was siill looliim' his way ttnvard liiohinond, and Ihiokor's pirkcis advanoiHl noar ' iitMUMiil Kv^u-ri IMwanl I .oo \vn> l>orn :U Snaiford llouso. Wostmoiv- liiiul couulv. \iixiin;\, ,imu' l!>. 1S07. His fiU lior \v;i> tho taiiioiis " I.isjht- li.'iM' ll:inv" (>r ilu- Kovolntion. aiul ;> siivat lavorito ot" \V;ishii\>;ton. Tlu' son uratlnalotl second in Ins olass at Wost Point in IS'Ji). Ilo possosstnl sni'h nijukiHl abililv that ho was i>n(pK>vod in tho most ivsponsiblo juvsi- tions ovo\) in timos ol" (uaoo, Ilo was ons>inoor-in-ohiot" dniin«>- tho Mox- ican Wsif, aiul waj. woiinvliHl al llio luUllo ot" (. hapnllopoo. llo wassnpor- O.INl l!\l. IxOl'.KUr 1\. I.KK. i.ixcoi.ys ADMiMsTn.iTiox. is):t-(ir>. !}):> cnouuli ((» sec tlu> s|iir('s ;iii(l s(t'r|il('s ot' tlu' ( '(>nt'o»K'r;iti' fapilnl. Al lliis iuiiclurf lu'ws \\;is iTrrivcd that Stt)iu>- wall .lacks* Ml was at 1 laiioN cr ( '(iurl-li(>usi\ and MrClrllan's I'onimuniratidiis with \\ hit*' House worr in daiiucr. 'riit'i'cujuMi tlu' I'liioii (•(iiiniiaiiurned them. The same niu'ht, June "JSth, Lee made an efTort to cut oil' McClellan's retreat. A se\-ere taiuaui'- nn'Ut took jilai'c the next day at Savage's Station, and at niiilil the l'\'tK'rals ix'sumed their retrouratU' mo\n-inent. 36. Lee's Repulse at Malvern Hill. — .\n assault was made on tiie I'nion lines at l"'raser"s j'^ai'm, hut they wi'ri' not hroken. That niuht the retrcatinu' l'\'deral.s gathered at Malvt'rn Hill. With the help of the uun- boats the desjui'ate assault of Lee was repulsed, and Medellan withdrew unmolested to Harrison's Landing. 37. Failure of the Campaign against Richmond. — DiscoLU-agement of the North. — Thecampaiun against Ivic'hniond had endi'd in disastrous failuix'. The North was discourai:,ed, lor tlu' war for the Lnion seemed to intoinlcut tor til I'lH' vr:ns (if ilir Miliiarv .Xcadiniv at W'csi IViint. rpoii the secTs-sitni of X'iiiiinia In- risioiu'd liis I'diiniiissidii. April ■_'(!, lS(il. and Mn-; mado (•(iiiiiuaudfr-iii-cliift" dl" liir \'iri;inia Malv riiiii>. .MUrwaid 111' iiri'anu' a ( '<)i\t'r(K'rali' ui'iU'iai, and iairf in llic war was L;i\rn contioi of all tlu- t'oici'.s (if till' ('(iiifc(i( racv. lie was oiu- dI' iIic alilcst iiiilitarv leaders of liis limes, and eniidueled liis «'anipaii;ns wiili eoiisminiiale aliiiily. Ho :iianfiiily aeci'iiled tlie ivsiilt.s of (lie war, and did iniieli liy liis e\aiiiplo to soollio (lie liittiTiiess of defeat in llie South, llelieeaiiie ])iH'sident of Wasliinnioii-I.ee I iiivci-^ily, and died al i.exinyloii, \'a., ()etolier l"i, l.'^TO. A inaunifleeni ninnniiienl elected Id his inellloi'V wa.s unveiled in Kiiliiihuid, in Mav, IS',10. 194 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATEJS. grow more formidable every day. President Lincoln called foi' 300,000 more men, and preparations for push- ing o}>erations were soon vigorously under way. 38. Lee's Aggressive Campaign. — CJeneral Lee continued his aggressive movements, and was soon marching against Washington. General Pope, stationed at the Rapidan, had charge of the defense of the national ca])ital. The dissatisfaction with McClellan led to an order that he should transfer his army to Ac(|uia Creek and j)lace it under the comman*! of General Pope. Lee determined to overwhelm Po})e before McClellan could join him. 39. Defeat of Pope. — Lee held Poj^e in his front while Stonewall Jackson passed around his right flank. Pope turned upon Jackson, confident of defeating him. His plans went amiss, and he was set upon by the whole Confederate army (August 29th and SOtli). Utterly routed, his shattered forces were driven in confusion behind the fortifications of Washington. BuRNsiDE'.s Bridge, Antietam. 40. Lee's Invasion of Maryland. — Battle of An- tietam. — Lee crossed the Potomac and in vailed Mary- LINCOLN 'S A DMINISTRA TION, 1S61-65. 195 land. McClellan liad been restored to command and started in pursuit. The Confederate rear was overtaken at South Mountain, and the Union army entered the valley beyond. Lee liastily gathered his scattered forces, a colunni of which had cajitured Harper's P\nTy with eleven thousand Union prisoners. (Jne of the severest battles of the war was fought at Antietam Creek, near Sharpsburg, Maryland, September lOtli and ITtli. The battle was a drawn one, and that night Lee recrossed the Potomac without molestation. The Union army passed into Virginia a few weeks later. 41. Burnside's Repulse before Fredericksburg. — General Burnside succeeded jNIcClellan in tlie com- mand of the Army of the Potomac. If the former gen- eral was timid, the latter was reckless. He was no match for General Lee. Crossing the Rappahannock at Fred- ericksburg, he assailed the Confederate works, December 13th, and was repulsed again and again. Night ended the awful slaughter, which amounted to twelve hun- dred dead, ten thousand wounded, and three thousand missing, the Confederate loss being less than one half. P>urnside wished to renew the hopeless task on the morrow, but his officers dissuaded him from making the attempt. 42. A Year of Battles. — Desultory Fighting in the West. — The year 18G2 was one of battles. As iar west as New Mexico, General Sibley was at the head of a small force of Confederates. There were many skir- mishes and much desultory fighting. February 21st, the forces of Colonel Canl)y and Sibley fought at V.al- verde, some distance below Fort Craig. The fighting lasted all day, and ended in the defeat of the Federals, who lost their only battery, and had sixty-two killed and a hundred and forty wounded. 196 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 43. Indian Troubles in Minnesota. — The Sioux Indians of Minnesota committed many outrages during the summer of 1862. Colonel H. H. Sibley defeated the red men and took numerous prisoners. Thirty-nine of these, having been proven guilty of horrible cruelties, were hanged at Mankato. CHAPTER XL. LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION, 1861-65 (Continued). iHii'.i. 1. The Emancipation Proclamation. — The Attack on Rosecrans. — Battle of Murfreesboro'. — The Eman- cipation Proclamation, declaring human slavery for ever at an end in the United States, was issued by President Lincoln on the 1st of January. The new year came in while the terrific battle of Murfreesboro' was raging. Rosecrans remained comparatively idle after this until June, when he marched with a large army against Bragg. Finding his communications in danger, Bragg evacuated Chattanooga early in September. Rosecrans was pursuing at a leisurely })ace when Bragg unex- pectedly wheeled and assailed the Federal army. The Confederates had been strongly reinforced, and the Lhiion commander was unprei)ared for the attack, his army be- ing strung along for forty miles. He saved them from being cut off in detail, however, and the full shock of arms came at Chickamauga. 2. Battle of Chickamauga. — Longstreet, one of the ablest generals of the Confederacy, had been sent into this section to direct affairs, and his genius was felt in this furious battle. Fighting began September 19th, LINCOLN 'S A DMINISTRA TION, 1861-65. 197 and no advantage had been gained by eitlier side at tlie close of the first day. At noon on the second day the Union line was broken by a movement to help the left Aving. Quick to see his chance, Longstreet hurled a force into the gap, and drove the Federal right and centre from the field. 3. Irretrievable disaster threatened the Federals. If the left wing gave way, t'hickamauga would become another Bull Run. But General Thomas commanded the left wing, com- })osed of men as brave as himself. The whole Confederate a rmy ch a rged against him again and again, but he was immovable. He held his ground all through the ter- rible afternoon. His bravery and skill on that occasion gave him the name of the " Rock of Chickamauga.". At night he fell back to Chattanooga, gathering several hundred pris- oners on the way. 4. This battle was a Confederate victory. Matters assumed so threatening a look that Grant, now com- manding the ]\Iississi[)}ii division, hastened to Chatta- nooga. Thomas had succeeded Rosecrans, and was grimly holding fast, though the city was so completely invested by the Confederates that the Federals were in danger of starvation. General Thomas. 198 HISTORY OF THE UMTKI) STATES. (iF.NEHAL Joseph Hooker. 5. The Battle above the Clouds. — Grant hurried reinforcements forward. Hooker l)rouglit two corps of tlie Army of tlie Potomac, and Sherman led a strong force from Juka. Tlie communications that had been cut were re-established. On the 23d of November, Thomas seized Orchard Knob. The next day Hooker attacked the fortifica- tions on Lookout Mountain. His men had been ordered to stop u})on reaching an elevated plateau, but their enthusiasm carried them over the sunmiit. They swept the Con- federates before them. This engagement, fought at such an elevation, has been styled the "battle above the clouds." 6. The battle was renewed the following morning under the eye of Grant, who closely watched operations. While Sherman was assailing the northern flank, Hooker attacked Missionary Ridge on the south. To repel these assaults the Confederate line in front of Orchard Knob was necessarily weakened. Grant pushed Thomas's corps against the centre. These veterans quickly carried out their orders to capture the rifle-pits at the foot of Mis- sionary Ridge, and then, instead of halting to re-form, as they had been ordered to do, they swept up the moun- tain like a whirlwind. 7. Tlie cool-headed Grant was so thrilled l)y the sight that he ordered a charge along the whole front. It was executed with resistless ardor. The Union hosts clam- bered eagerly to the crest without tiring a shot, caj»turt'd tlie guns, and turned them on the flying enemy, and the victory of Chattanooga was complete. LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION, 1861-65. 199 8. Union Successes. — This triuni})li meant the over- throw of Bragg's army and the Union occupation of Chattanooga. P]ast Tennessee \vas liberated, and tlie path opened to the heart of tlie Confederacy, which liad received an ahnost I'atal l»lo\\". 9. Raising of tine Siege of Knoxville. — Burnside had been sent into East Tennessee, where he was so suc- cessful that Longstreet went thither to check him, and shut him u}> in Knoxville, much the same as Thomas Avas imprisoned for a time in Chattanooga. Grant sent Sherman to his relief. Before they could arrive Long- street made a furious assault upon Burnside, November 29th, but was repulsed. Five days later, on the approach of Sherman, Long.street retreated. 10. Tine Campaign in thie West. — Capture of Vicksburg. — Faiirngto carry \'icksburg from the north. Grant moved down the west side of the river, while his gunboats ran the batteries. These extended lor miles along the Ijank, and the fire was so fearful that only those men who volunteered were allowed to take the risk. Reacliing a safe point below the city, the Federal army was taken across in boats. 11. Moving with his usual vigor. Grant attacked and defeated Pemberton at Fort Gibson, May 1st, as he was advancing to the relief of Vicksburg. Hearing then that General Joseph E. Johnston was marching to Pcmber- ton's aid. Grant threw his army between the two. By this brilliant strategy he sluit up Pemberton in ^'icks- burg beyond reach of help, and drove back Johnston by defeating him at Jackson, May 14th. 12. Two determined assaults having been made \\\nm Vicksburg without success, Grant laid regular siege to it. The Confeclerates held out with great heroism, but tlieir situation grew worse every day, until the starvati()n-])()int 200 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. was reached and all hope was gone. Then, on the 4th of July, General Peniberton surrendered his garrison of more than twenty thousand men, with an immense amount of arms and ammunition. Port Hudson sur- rendered of necessity on the fall of X'icksburg. The A Gunboat Running the Batteries on the Missi.ssippi. Mississippi was now open from its source to the Gulf, and one great object of the war for the Union was accom- j)lishea. The Confederacy was cut in twain. 13. The Campaign on the Water. — Failure of the Attack on Charleston. — In the month of April an attempt was made to take Charleston by a naval attack undercharge of Admired DuPont. The iron-elads failed and were driven back. (Jeneral Gillmore then landed on Morris Island, and after a long siege and heavy bom- bardment cai^tured Fort Wagner, vvdiile Fort Sumter was reduced to ruins. LINCOLN'S ADMINLSTLATTON, 1861-65. 201 14. Confederate Privateers. — The Alabama. — As early as 1802, the ('onfecU'ratcs, with tlie aid of their friends in Enghind, succeeded in launching a number of swift-sailing privateers which made havoc with Northern commerce. The most famous of tliese was the Alabama, commanded by Cajjtain Semmes. She sailed from Birkenhead, July 28, 1862, and for two years inflicted such j)rodigious damages that she almost destroyed American commerce. 15. Recapture of Galveston by the Confederates. — Galveston was recaptured by the Confederates on the 1st of January. The steamer Harriet Lane was attacked by several gunboats, her commander shot down, and most of his men killed. The Federal troops in the towai, having no artillery, surrendered. The blockade in that section was raised and the port reopened to com- merce. The C'Onfederates retained possession of Texas' until the close of the war. 16. The Campaign in the East. — General Hooker's 15 202 HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. Campaign against Riclnmond. — Burnside, after liis disastrous failure at Fredericksljurg, was superseded by General Hooker, Jaiuiary 26th. The detachment of Longstreet, which went to the South-west, left Lee with ^'\'V- i>n-4| < *rf jpyty Plan of BaTTLEKIELP of FKEDEKUKSBlKli. an army of sixty thousand men, numbering not much more than one-half of those composing the Army of the Potomac. Hooker decided to move against the Armv of Northern Viruinia. 17. Failure of the Campaign. — Death of Stone- LTXCOLX'S ADMiyiSTRATIOX, 1S61-65. '20:^ wall Jackson. — The main body ot" the Foilonil arniv orosseil the Kappaliamiook several miles above Fred- erieksburii\ while Sedgwick remained to carry the in- trenelimentsofthetown. Lee took the perilous step of dividing his army while in the front of a superior enemy. Jackson, by one of his swift, secret marches. swept around Hooker with his division of twenty thousand men. and routed the Federal right. Hooker was forced to assume a new position that night, but the next dav was driven from his line of battle. SlMNKK's <.'1;->S>1N... FUKPKKUKsr-VKi MaKYK HOISE. CHANCEI.I.OKSVIII.K BAlTl.K-lJKOrNP. Learning that Sedgwick had ca}>tured Fredericksburg, and was marching to attack him in the rear, Lee turned and drove him across the river. Then, facing about once more, he advanced against Hooker, who had hur- ried back to his old quarters opposite Fredericksburg. The campaign against Kichmond had ended in another 204 HISTORY OF THE USITED STATES. failure. Lee, however, luui suffered an irrejmrablc loss in the death of Stonewall Jackson, who tlirouoh a mis- take was shot by his own men. IS. Lee's Second Invasion of the North. — West X'iriiinia, that had remained loyal from the first, was ad- mitted into the Union in .June. Lee had been so successful tluit he now determined to in- vade tlie Nortli a second time. With his niai:;- niticent army, full of liope and confidence, lie marched swiftly down the Shenandoah, crossed the Potomac, and reached Uhandjersburg. (Gen- eral (Jeoroe (J. Ah'ade had assumed command of the Army of the Potomac, and followed al*, CiKTTYSIU'Kli. LINCOLN'S AmnmSTRATION, 1861-65. 205 for throe dnvs raued one of tlio greatest battles of niodeni times. The fate of the North and South liunii- in the balance, and no braver fighting was ever witnessed. The soldiers on l)oth sides were veterans, their leaders were officers of niiHtarv genius, and every man seemed to understand the momentous issues at stake. 20. First Day's Operations. — The Federal advance l'L.\N HF B.\TTI,El'lKI.|i UK GETTYSBI KG. was driven back on the first day, and lost a large num- ber of prisoners. Thousands of troops confiinuMl arriv- ing all night, and were plaee(l in position to be ready for th(» frt'mendous eonflit-t of the morrow. 21. Second Day's Operations. — 'Idu' tighting on the second day was of the most desperate nature. Tlu' Confederates carried works at both ends of the Union 206 HISTORY OF THE VXITED STATES. The Devil's Den, (;ettvsbli(u line, their successes leading Lee to the determination to continue the battle. But Longstreet's men, after fighting their way to Cemetery l\idg(», were Itloodily rejiulsed by Hancock, f^wcll, however, was so successful on the Union right that grave fear Avas felt for the safety of the Union army on the morrow. 22. Third Day's Opera- tions. — At noon on the third day Lee had one hundred and forty-five cannon on Seminary Ridge, ojiposite JMeade's centre, while Meade lined the crest of Cemetery Hill with eighty pieces of artillery, For two hours these guns thundered against each other, and the mountains and valleys shook under the most awful outburst the American continent had ever known. 23. Then, when the tremendous din ceased and the suljihurous vapor lifted, a column of fifteen thousand men was seen to issue fi'om Seminary Kidge, a mile away, and advance toward the Union lines. Their red flags were flying, they were clad in Confederate gray, and tlieir gun-barrels glistt'Ued in llie sunlight, 'i'hey marched with great ])n'eision. for tliey were the Hower of the Confederate army, under the lead of (Jeneral Pickett. From afar Lee, Longstreet, and his otiicers anxiously watche(l tlie eliarge, while a nuirninr of ad- miration ran tlnxnigh \\\v Union lines at the wonderful scene. 24. With tlu' same graceful, tirm slt>p the long gray double line advanced until half the distance was passed. The line was more than a mile in I'xtent. and no braver men than those Confederates ever trod the earth. The Union artillery suddenly opened u{)on them. Scores LINCOLN'S ADMINLSTRATION, 1861-65. 207 dropped, but the o-aps were iii:?taiitl\' closed, and the advance continued with the precision of dress parade. Then, when within easy nuisket-range, the crest of the ridge became one sheet of tiame, and thousands of bullets were driven in the verv faces of the assailants. "The Whkat-field," Gettysburg Battlefield. 25. But Pickett's men never wavered. With mar- velous coolness they delivered a volley at the breast- works in front, bi'oke into cheers, and dashed at full speed up the crest of Cemetery Ridge. They bayoneted tlie men at the guns. ca])tured the works, and fought hand to hand with the Federals, who rushed thither from all directions. Attacked in front and Hank, the focus of a converging fire, witli his supports scattered, Pickett saw tliat a few minutes more would destroy every man he had, so he gave the order to fall back, and the remnant I'etreated. 26. ()f the four thousand nine hundred who advanced upon the unsuipas-((I charge, three thousand live hun- dred wei'c killed, woundeil, oi' prisoners in the hands 208 iiisTonr of tiik rsiTi:i) states. of the Federals. Ot" the three hrijiade etuiiniaiulers, one was killed, the seeoiid dyiuii'. ;iiid the third badly Avounded. Of the feiirteeii tield otlieers in the advance, only one eanie back, and but two o*i twenty-tbiir regi- mental otticers eseaiunl nnhuri. 27. Retreat of Lee. — The killed, wounded, and oaiUured in this territie battle anionnted to forty-eight thousand. The Union army was too exhausted to fol- low Lee, who. after a day's rest, withdrew across the Potomac and assumed position back of the IJapidan. 28. Gettysburg the Turning-point of the War. — Ciettysburg marked the turning-point o( the war. Never again did the Confederacy attain sitch hojH^ oi success as at the opening of that battle. Henceforward its fortunes steadily declined, until the inevitable md came within the follow! iiii two vears. CIlAPri-.K XLI. LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION, 1861-65 .continued^ 1S(>4. 1. The Work yet to be Done. — The greatest achieve- ment of all still remained to be made befvu'e the Union could be restored : that was the destruction oi Lee's army anil the capture o'i Richmond. The Army of Northern A^irginia was still wielded by the masterly hand that had guided it almost from the lirst. (>ne Federal commander after another had been tried against him. but all had failed U]i to the tinu* he received his first serious check at CJettysburg. 'Idie ("onfederate army in the East was still strong and detiant. 2. General Grant made Lieutenant-General. — LfXCOLyS ADMlXISTIiATlOX, 1S61-65. 200 Tlu'i'o \v;is hard work renuiiiiiiiij,' to 1h' dono also in the South, hul tlu' siUTcss ab^'ady iiainod Irt'l Hltic douht t)t" the tuial ti'luiuph oi' thr I'liion Iomh's. l^arly in the yrar (Iciu'ral (Jraiit was luadr lit'iHciiaiit-ut,'iU'ral. and all the ai'inics of the I nitctl Stairs wore juit under his conuuand. This iilarnl tlir inniuiist' inac-hinrr\" within the control of a siugk' man. That man had already in'oven that he jtossessed nnlitary u'enius ot' the hiulu'st order. Henceforth he was to direct the hattles tor the Union. 3. Sherman's Campaign in tlie South. — The second formidable army o\ the ( 'ontederacv was in tlie Souili nndi'i' the command of .loseph M Johnston, who had suc- ceeded (Jeneral r>rauu-. He was at Halton. (ia., with lifiy thon>and men. winle Sherman. under orders from (b'ant, marched against him with an army lliree times as strong. Thesi' two skillful generals mana'uvred and Ibught for more than one hun- tlre(l nnles. .h»iniston steadily falling back and drawing Slierman fartlu'r south and away from his su|i|tlies. Tlie battles M-eri> numerous, and at Keiiesaw Ahmutain the l-'ederal army iHH'eived a severe repulse. {j\\ the lOlh of August. Johnston withdrew ! ■H % ^ f^ Px i^^ W^^' / CiKNEK.M, W. 'P. M1I.I:M.\.\. 210 HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. within the intreneliments of Athmta. Shortly after he was removed from eommaml by the ( "onfederate govern- ment, and Hood assnmed eharge. 4. Hood believed more in fighting than in strategy. He assailed the Federals repeatedly, bnt was re}>elled every time with great slaughter. He lost more men in a few days tlian Johnston had during the whole campaign, and without gaining any advantage. Finally, he was forced out of Atlanta, which Avas occupied b}' Sherman, September 2d. 5. The conflict now took a remarkable turn. Hood with his powerful army invaded Tennessee. He expected that Sherman would follow him. and thus save (xeorgia from invasion. But Sherman was only waiting for Hood to move away from his front when he prepared to march straight through the Confederacy to the coast. 6. Disastrous Defeat of Hood by Thomas. — Mean- while. Hood entci'ed Tennessee, aiming to strike Thomas hffore he could concentrate his forces. He drove Scho- field back into Nashville, where he was shut up with Thomas behind the fortifications. Thomas carefully made his jireparations, and when fully ready marched out. December l."th. with his whole army. He attacked Hood with a resolution that swept everything before it. The Confederate army, after a tremendous battle lasting- two days, w;'.s broken to fragments and scattered. It no longer existed as an army, and the exhausted Con- federacy could never replace it. 7. Sherman's March to the Sea. — After firing the city of Atlanta, Sherman, with an army sixty thousand strong, started, Xovembei- KUh. for the Atlantic coast. The distance was three hundred miles, directly through the granary of the Confederacy. Railways of indis- pensable value were destn^yed and vast damage inflicted. LfXCOl.y'S ADMiyTSTEATIOX, lS61-eo. 211 Tlirro was no power at tlio eoniniaiKl of the Confederates that oouUl eheek lliis extraordinarv march, wliieh in five weeks carried Sherman and his legions to the sea. They strnek the coast at Savannali, which was hastily evac- uated hy the ConicHlei'ates. and occupied by the Federal army on the '20th of December. Thus the Confederacy, that had been severed by the opening of the Mississippi, was once more cut in twain. S. The Final Campaign against Richmond. — In May. llie Army of the Potomac, under the connnand of (Jrant and Mi'aile. started on the last campaign against Richmond. The Federal army was far more numerous tlian Lee's, and the Confederacy was so exluiusted that it could not }»]ace more men in the held. 212 mSTORY OF THE XJNtTED STATES. 9. Battles of the Wilderness and Spottsylvania Court-house. — The first collision took place in the Wilderness. For more than two weeks the fighting was of the most terrific nature. The soldiers of both armies were veterans, under the command of leaders of the highest military genius. The world never saw braver men, and history records no fiercer conflicts than those in the Wilderness and about Spottsylvania Court-house. In sixteen days the Army of the Potomac lost thirty- seven thousand five hundred men, and the loss of the Army of Northern Virginia was correspondingly great. During the desperate battles General Longstreet was severely wounded by his own men, who mistook him and a group of officers for Federals. General J. E. B. Stuart, the most famous of all the cavalry leaders of the Confederacy, was mortally wounded, and died the fol- lowing day in Richmond. 10. Advance of Grant. — Instead of falling back, like his predecessors, Grant pushed ahead. He repeat- edly flanked Lee, who kept retreating, so as to hold his army between the Federal host and Richmond and ]ire- vent the cutting off of his supplies. On the 3d of June, at Gold Harbor, Grant assailed the whole Confederate line. He received the bloodiest rejuilse of the war. At the height of the struggle he lost in twenty minutes more than four hundred men for each minute. 11. Grant's Change of Plan. — Tlie fearful slaughter at Cold Harbor caused (irant to make a change in his plan of campaign. He crossed the James and marched to Petersburg, south of Richmond. The fall of that city threatened the destruction of Lee's su})plies, and woidd leave him the choice between the evacuation of Rich- mond and starvation. 12. Siege of Petersburg. — The Federal army was LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION, 1861-65. 218 near Petersburg: by the lOtli of June, when an attack was made, but it was re})ulse(l at every point. Tiie next morning the Federals saw, to their astonishment, thou- sands of soldiers marching to their positions in the breastworks. The Army of Northern A'irginia had arrived, and once more confronted the advance upon liichmond. 13. Petersburg could 1)0 taken only jjy a regular siege, and ({rant began its investment. An immense mine was run nnder an angle of the Confederate works, and exploded on the 30th of July. It opened a great gap, but the Union attack which followed was misman- aged and resulted in a frightful lo.ss of life, \\nthout any gain. When the year closed the siege of Petersburg was still in progress. 14. Operations in the Shenandoah Valley. — Other important military movements took })lace while Grant was pressing his direct campaign against Lee. These were planned by Grant, and were intended to divide the Confederate forces. General Sigel was to advance up the Shenandoah Valley and threaten the railroad communi- cations with Richmond. He was defeated. May ir)th, at New Market. General Hunter, his successor, after defeat- ing the Confederates at Piedmont, June 5th, reached Lynchburg, but, finding the city too strong to be ca})- tured, withdrew into West Mrginia. This |)laced him on the west of the Allegheny Mountains and altogether out of the Shenandoah Valley. 15. Defeat of Butler by Beauregard. — Early in May, General Butler ascended the James River with a large force and landed at Bernuida Hundred. He was surprised by Beauregard, and driven back into his de- fenses. Beauregard then threw intrenchments across the strip which connects Bermuda Hundred with the main- 214 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. land. This shut out Rntler iVotn makiiiii; any move- nicnt to hv]p ({rant. 16. Washington Threatened. — Hunter havino- dis- appeared from the Shenandoah \'allev, .Tuhal Early advanced against Washington. He defeated Wallace, at Ah)nocacy on the 9th of July, and ap{)eared before the defenses of Washington four days later, (irant had time to hurry reinforcements into Washington, so that wlien Early attacked he was repulsed. A day's delay on his j)art saved the capital iVoni capture. He withdrew across the Potomac with an immense amount of plunder. A party of his cavalry penetrated to Chambersburg, Pa., which, failing to pay a heavy lansum, was partly burned. 17. Sheridan's Operations in the Shenandoah Valley. — (general Sheridan now assumed charge of all the Union forces in the Shenandoah Valley. When Early had weakened his army by sending reinforce- ments to Lee, Sheridan attacked and defeated him at Winchester. Sej)tember lf)th. Three days later, Early was routed out of his trenches at Fisher's Hill and driven farther up the valley. 18. Sheridan devastated the Shenandoah X'alley, and carried off all the stock to prevent the Confederates from coming back. Early, however, followed him, and during Sheridan's absence attacked and defeated the Federals at Cedar Creek, October 19th. Slieridan was riding leisurely from Winchester, twenty miles away, when he heard the .sound of firing. Knowing what it meant, he s))urre to await his ti'ial on the cliar,i;-(i of treason. The trial was posti)oned from time to time, and, on May 18. 1h, North ( ';ii-oliii;i. His raiiiilv was so poor that lie was not sent to seliool, and at ihi' a^c of (en was apiuentieed to a taih)!-. A kind-hearted neiL'hbor nsed to read to tlie vonnii- men in JOHNSON'S ADMIMSTRATrON, 186r>-(]9. 225 6. Executions on Account of the Civil War. — Only live jxtsohs were exccutetl for acts growing' out of the Civil War. ('aj>laiii Wirz, krcju'r of tlie mili- tary -lirisoii at Aii(l('rsoii\ilic, South (Airolina, was hanged on (he loth of Novemher, iSOo. He deserved this fate hecause of his cruel treatment of the prisoners under Ins charge. Lewis Powell (alias Payne), David Iv Jlerold, George At/ei'odt, and Mrs. INlai-y Iv Suri'ati were hanged for coni[»licity in the assassination of Pres- ident JJncoln. 7. Settlement of Two Important Questions. — 'I'he war settled two questions for ever: State rights and human slavery. I'lie thirteenth amendment to the Constitution, aholishing slavery, was ratified l)y the States, and Decendx'i- N, l.Slio, hecame the law of the whole land. 8. Provisional Governments in the South. — President Johnson recognize(l tlie State govennnents of \'irginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisianu that had heen oi'ganized under the protection of the Union forces. He a[)j)ointed j)rovisional govennnents in other States and ])rovided for the calling of conventions to form loyal govennnents. The States took advantage of the oppoi'tunity thus oilered. They repealed the oi'di- nances of secession, I'cpudiated the Confederate war-deht, tlic shop, niid lliis iiic:(((i Aiidrcw lo speiui his Icisiii'i' lime in Icjiriiiiin' to rend. Ill isHf) he iciiiovcd to < i icciisillc, Tcmies.see, and tliciv inai'rit'd a nol)lc wife, who yrcnily aided liiiii in liis cdiuation. He became interested in local politics, and was twice e'.eeted alderman, twice mayor of the city, was sent tliree times to the State lA'sjislatiire, and in 184.S to ('on,t?ress. Ten years later he l)e( aiiic ( ioveiiior of Tennessee, and entered tlie Senate in 18')7. FTe was an ardi'iil Pciiiocial aiul a fearless I'liion-nian. In 18fi2, Lincoln apiioinlcd him iiiiiitaiy uoveiiior of Tennessee. His viij- oroiis adiiiinistiation of the duties of iliis ollice led to his nomination for the N'ice-I'residency. 226 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. and ratified the constitutional amendment abolisliing slavery. The President issued a })roclamation of pardon to those who had taken })art in secession, excepting only a few leaders, on the simple condition of their tak- ing an oath of allegiance to the United States. On Christmas Day, 18G8, a universal amnesty was declared. 9. Dissatisfaction witin President JoFinson. — Pres- ident Johnson, however, found he had arrayed Congress against his plan of reconstruction. That body claimed that to it belonged the power to prescribe the conditions on which the seceded States should resume their places in the Union. Among other things. Congress required that each of those States should allow negroes to vote before their l-ve})resentatives should be again a(lmittes Ahraiii (iaiHelcl, twontiotli President of the T^'^nited States, was lioni at ()ran<,^e, ('iiyalioga eouiity, ()., Novcniher 10, iSol. Ilis fiither died wliile lie was an infant, and lie was left under the sole care of his luutlur, wlio was a noble woman. lie was sturdy and athletic, and served as ;i .iriver and pilot of a launl-lioat. At tlu' aije of seventeen he attended the hiyli sehool in ( hester, where he was a hard student and learned fast, lie graduated from Williams College in 185G, and after- ward heeame president of Iliram College. lie was elected to the Ohio Senate, and volunteered in the service of his country on the breaking out of the Civil War. He disi)layt(l marked ability in the tield and won the jiromotion of major-general. He was elected to Congress while in the militarv service in ISti'J, and served for seventeen vears. In 1880 he was GA RFIELD A NI) A R THUR 'S A DMINfSTRA TION, lSSl-85. 235 C PI AFTER XL VI. GARFIELD AND ARTHUR'S ADMINISTRATION, 18SI-S5. 1. Assassination of President Garfield. — On tlie 2(1 ot" -inly, 1881, in coinj)any with Sucrt'tai'v ])laiiu» and some friends, President Garfield rode to tlic Bal- timore Railway station to take the cars, lie had entered the sta- tion when a miscreant named Guitean shot him in the l)aci<. He was the sec(»nd Ti^esi- dent to fall hy the liand of an assassin, and the news caused a profound shock throuu'hout the civil- ized woi'ld. 2. Kverythinti; that skill and alfection could do for the snllerino- President was done. The hope was stron^^ that he mii;lit recover. He was removed to the seaside, and for a time seemed to improve. The wound, however, was mortal, and he quietly passe(l away on the ni.L!;ht of September P)th. His assassin was hanued .lune ;!0, 1SS2. 3. Events of Arthur's Administration. — Ghester A. Arthui', as i)rovided hy the Constitution, became Pres- JAMF.S .\. (iAl'.l-ll'.I.l> sent to tlie United States Senate, l)Mt did not (ai, 1S;U). lie i::radnatod from I'nion College in 1849, taujiht sdiool for a wliili', and, lu'lni; admitted to the bar, was very suooessfnl. lie wa.-^ (inarterniasler-jjeneral of the State of New York dnrinu the Civil War. In 1S72 be was appointed eolleetor of the port of New York City, and held the post for six years. CLEVELAND'S ADMINISTRATION, 1SS5-89. 237 ceivcd. It (lisfnuu'hised all polygamists and made them ineligible to ottiee. On May 24, 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge, one of the most famous structures in the country, was opened to travel. The cornerstone of the Washington Monument was laid July 4, 1848, but many years passed before it was com})leted. It was dedicated February 21, 1885. 5. Other Laws. — Among the other laws enacted during Ai'thur's administration was one designed to regulate, by means of examinations, the system of civil- service appointnu'uts and promotions. Tn 1885 letter- postage was reduced to two cents an ounce. 6. Presidential Election of 1884. — In 1884 the Democrats elected their nominees for the Presidency and ^"ice-Presidency. They were Grover Cleveland of New York and Thomas A. Hendricks of Indiana. The Re- })ublican nomiiu'cs were .lames G. Blaine of Maine and .lolni A. Loiran of Illinois.' CHAPTER XLVII. CLEVELAND'S ADMINISTRATION, 1SS5-S9. 1. The Presidential Succession Law. — Cleveland was the first Democratic President since the war. A Presidential-succession law was jnissed in 188(5, which ' r; rover (lovelaiul, twenty-secdiid President of the United States, was liorn in Caldwell, New Jersey, March 18, 1837. lie attended the j)nl)lie schools, and became a teacher in an institntion for the blind at Clinton, N. Y. He removed to Bntlalo in 1855, and four years later was admitted to the bar. lie was successful, and in 18()o was a.ssistant distrit't attorney. He was elected sluM-ifT of the county in 1870, and mayor of Bullido in 1881. His enormous iiKijurily in the i,'ulieniatoi-ial campaif^n in 1882 secuii'd fur him the rresidential election, for which he was a candidate, two vears later. 238 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. provided tliat if, at any time, there shall be no President (jr ^^ice-^resi(lent, the othce of President shall devolve iijKiii a nicinljer of the Cabinet in the following order of succession : the Secretaries of State, Treasury, and War, the Attorney-General, the Postmaster-General, and the Secretaries of the Navy, Interior, and Agriculture. 2. Death of Gen- eral Grant. — In the summer of 1885 the country was called upon to mourn the death of General Grant. He had been suffering for a considerable time with a cancer at the root of the tongue. He bore bis sufferings heroic- ally, and finished writing his autobiography in spite of his severe illness. He died at Mount McGregor, in New York State, July 23d. His funeral ceremonies were of an impressive character. 3. Other Notable Deaths. — Vice-President Thomas A. Hendricks died suddenly at his home in Indianapolis, November 25, 1885. General George B. jNIcClellan died on the 21)th of the preceding month at his home in New Jersey. General "\\\ S. Hancock died February 9, 1S8G, at his quarters on Governor's Island. Ex-A'ice-President Arthur died at his home in New York, November IS, 1886. 4. Strikes and Labor Disturbances. — Anarchist Troubles in Chicago. — Strikes and labor disturbances Grovki: ('i,r.vKi.ANi>, CLEVELA XD 'S A DMLXISTR. 1 TION, 1SS5S9. 239 occurred in ditlbrent jnirts of tlio eountrv. In (liieago, May 4, 1880, while the police were dispersing a crowd of pestilent anarchists, one of them threw a dynamite bomb among the otficers. Its explosion killed si'ven, crippled eleven for Hfe. and injured a nundier of others, /riie most guilt}' of the anarchists were tried and hanged. 5. The Statue of Liberty. — The statue of Liberty, so (,'Ons|)icuous an object in the harbor of New York, was dedicated October 28, 188(5. The eeremonies were rSt^ Ptatvk of I.iiiri'.TY. Xew Yukk IIahror. striking antl impressive, and were attended by the Pres- ident, Lieutenant-( General Sheridan, and several mem- bers of the Cabinet, besides many distinguished visitors. 6. Earthquakes in Charleston. — Few occurrences in tlie liistory of our country were more startling than the earthquakes in Cliarleston, S. C, in the sunnner and earlv autunni of 188(k The shocks were felt in other parts of the South, but were severer in Charleston than 240 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. anywhere else. The deaths were about one hundred, the loss from $5,000,000 to $10,000,000, and fully two- thirds of the city required rebuilding. 7. Conquest of the Apaches. — An important achievement of the United States army was the close of hostilities with the Apache Indians of the South- west. These red men are the most formidable that ever defied the white man. ' Their endurance, cunning, and malignancy made them for a long time the dreaded scourge of the border. Geronimo (he-ron'i-mo) was their leader during late years, and was tlie cause of numerous outrages. After incredible hardships the Apaches were conquered, their leaders run down, and with their fami- lies, including Geronimo, were transferred to a fertile reservation in Alabama. 8. Presidential Election of 1888. — In the election of 1888 the Republicans elected Benjamin Harrison of Indiana President and Levi P. Morton of New York Vice-President. They defeated Grover Cleveland and Allen G. Thurman of Ohio, who had been nominated by the Democrats.' ' Benjamin Harrison, twenty-third President of tlie United States, was born at North Bend, O., August 20, 1833. His grandfother was the ninth President, William H. Harrison. Benjamin graduated at Miami Univer- sity in 1852. He chose law as his profession, and upon being admitted to the bar established himself in Indianapolis. He enlisted in the service of his country at the outbreak of the Civil War, and served with marked success to the close. In 1881 he was elected to the United States Senate, and displayed much ability. His administration has been clean and cred- itable. The speeches made by President Harrison during his tour across the continent in 1891 were models of taste and eloquence. HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1SS9-9S. 241 CHAPTER XLVIII. HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1889-93. 1. The Johnstown Flood. — The most lamentable dis- aster in our country of late years was the flood of .Johns- town, Pennsylva- nia, May 31, 1880. The giving way of a reservoir em- bankment released a torrent of water half a mile wide and nearly forty feet high. It rushed down the Cone- maugh Valley at the rate of more than two miles a minute, drown- ing 2205 persons and destroying $10,000,000 wortii of property. 2. The Indian Uprising of 1890- 91. —Trouble broke out with the Sioux Indians in the latter part of 1800. Sitting Bull, the marplot among the red men, was arrested by the Indian police at Crand Pviver, South Dakota, on the 15tli of December. In an attempt by his followers to rescue him he and eleven others were killed. Conflicts took place at Wounded Knee Creek, S. D., Decendjer 20th, in which thirty sol- Ben.iamin IIaI'.UI.soN. 242 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. diers of the Seventh Cavalry and two hundred Indians were killed. Lieutenant Edward W. Casey, while scout- ing near the hostile cani}), was shot by an Indian, who was afterward arrested, tried, and acquitted. 3. A large number of Indians fled to the Bad Lands Johnstown today, showing LofATioN of Brokkn Dam. and defied the military authorities. They had been aroused to a pitch of fanatical excitement by ghost- dances, and the belief that their Messiah was about to ap|)ear among them and drive the whites from their hunting-grounds. General Miles took command of the government troops on the 2(1 of January. At one time there was fear of a general rising among the tribes of the North-west, but the military authorities managed mat- ters with great discretion. The hostiles who had taken refuge in the Bad Lands returned to Pine Bidge Agency on the loth of January, and surrendered their arms HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1889-93. 243 to the riiitcil States officers. There was no further fronhle. 4. Death of Jefferson Davis. — Jeti'erson Davis, Ex- President of the Southern Confederacy, died in New Or- leans, December G, 188U. His funeral was generally observed throughout the South. His remains were re- moved to Richmond in 1891, and a movement was organ- ized to erect a monument to his memory. 5. Deaths of Admiral Porter, General Sherman, and General Johnston. — At Steamucjat. Philadelphia, originally requiring two days, is now made in two hours. More than one hundred and twenty mil- lion dollars are expended annually in the education of twelve million school-children. 9. Inventions. — Our people are a nation of inven- HARBISON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1S80-03. 245 tors. Tlie quadrant was invented by Thomas Godfrey at about the same time that IJenjamin Franklin origi- nated the hghtning-rod. In 1704, Eli Whitney con- structed the cotton-gin, which made the i)roduction of cotton the leading industry of the South. Since then the inventions of Americans have been numberless. Among the leading ones are the steamboat, agricultural machines, the telegraph, improved gunnery, lightning printing-|)resses, sewing-machines, the telephone, phono- graph, kinetoscope, with ecjually marvelous inventions doubtless to come in the near future. 10. Literature and Art. — In literature and art the Americans have made and are making a no less sur- prising advancement. The Revolution secured to us our iiational existence; the War of 1S12 gave us a prestige aniong nations, and the Civil War of 1861-65 purged us of all danger from within. The United States is destined to lead in the civilization and prog- ress of the world, and under the favor of Heaven shall endure to the end of time. APPENDIX. DECLxVRATION OF INDEPENDENCE. In Congress, July 4, 1776. A DECLARATION BY THP] REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED. Wlieii, ill the coursL' of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the o{)inions of mankind requires that they shduid declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident : — That all men are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights-, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, de- riving their just powers from the consent of the governed ; that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happi- ness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate, that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown that mankind are more disj)osed to suffer while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishin-g the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpa- tions, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw oflT such government, and to jjrovide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies ; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of gov- ernment. The history of the i)resent King of (ireat Britain is a history of rej)cate(l injuries and usui-pations, all having in direct object the estab- 247 248 ArrENDIX. lislinient of y tlie Legislature tliereof, for six years; and eacli senator sliall liave one vote. Immediately after tliey sliall be assembled in conse(jiience of the first election, they shall be divided as ecjnally as may be into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expira- tion of the second year; of the second class, at the expiration of the fourth year; of the third class, at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third maybe chosen every second year ; and if vacancies hap- pen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill stich vacancies. No person shall be a senator wlio sliall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. The Vice-President of the LTnited States shall be president of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless tliey be equally divided. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president pro tempore, in the absence of the \'ice-President, or when he sliall exercise the office of President of the United States. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments : when sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. \Vhen the President of the United States is tried, the Chief-Justice shall preside; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the nieinbers present. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States; but the ])arty convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to iiulictiiieiit, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law. Section 4. The times, places, and manner of liolding elections for senators and representatives shall be presciibcd in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and t-uch meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless tlu'V shall by law ai)point a difTerent day. Si'X'TiON o. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, ret inns, and (pialifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall con- stitute a (pioriim to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and Inay be authorized to compel the attendance of absent CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 253 members, in siicli manner, and under sncli penalties, as each lionse may provide. Each iiouse may determine the rules of its proceedinfjs, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the eoncurrenee of two-thirds, expel a member. Each liouse shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy, and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on any question shall, at tlie desire of one-fiftli of those present, be entered on the journal. Neither liouse, during the session of Congress, shall, without the con- sent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses sliall be sitting. Section 6. The senators and representatives shall receive a compensa- tion for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treas- ury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the .session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any speech oi- debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. No senator or representative sliall, during the time for wliicli he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased, during such time ; and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either house during liis continuance in office. Section 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the Iiouse of Kepresentatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amend- ments as on other bills. Every bill which shall have passed the Iiouse of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of the United States; if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it, witii liis objections, to that house in which it shall have origi- nated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and pro- ceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with tiie objec- tions, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of tlu' peismis voting for and against the l>ill shall be entered oil the journal of each iiouse respectively. If any l)ill shall not be returned l)y the I'resident witiiin ten days (Sun lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States; To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; To regulate commerce Avith foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes; To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and vniiform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States ; To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and tix the standard of weights and measures ; To provide for the punishment of tounterfeiting the securities and cur- rent coin of the United States; To establish post offices and post-roads ; To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by secin-ing, for limited times, to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respec- tive writings and discoveries; To constitute tribunals inferior to tlie Supreme Court ; To define and piniish piracies and felonies conunitted on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations ; To declare war, grant letters of mariiue and reprisal, and make rides concerning cajjtures on land and water; To raise and suiijiort armies, but no apprcju-iation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; To provide and maintain a navy ; To nuike rides for the government and remilatiuii of the land and naval forces; To provide fur laliing forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions. To provide for organizing, arming, and disiii)lining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in tlie service of the United States, reserving to tlie States respectively the appointment of the CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 255 officers, aiul tlu' aulliority of tr:iiniiio- the iiiilitia aot'ordiiii;- tn the disci- plino prescribed liy ( niinri'ss; To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever owv such dis- trict (^not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of j)articnhir States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the govern- ment of the United vStates, and to exercise like authority^ over all places l>urchascd by the consent of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needi'ul buildings ; — and To make all laws which shall be necessary and jiroper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of tlu- I'niti'd States, or in any depart- ment or officer thereof. Section 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now existing shall think jiropcr to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on suili importation, not exceeding ten dollars for eacli person. The privilege of tiie writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in I'ases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may re- (piire it. ]S'o bill of attainder or ex-jiost-facto law shall be j)assed. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in projiortion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from anv State. Ko preferent'c shall be given by any regulation of conunerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to, or iVoiM, one State, be obliged to inter, clear, or pay duties in another. No Tuouey shall be drawn iVoni tlu' treasury but in eonse(pienee of aiiiHoprialions made by law ; and a regular stati'UU'ut and account of the receipts and expenditures of all jiublic money shall b • published from time to time. No title of nobility shall be granted by the I'nited States : and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, oHice, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. SpX'TIoN 10. No Stati' sh.all enter into any treaty, alliance, or con- federation ; grant letters of manpH' .and rt^prisal ; coin money; emit bills of credit ; make auytbiug but gold and silver coin a tender in pavment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex-post-lacto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. No State sliall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or 256 APPENDIX. duties on imports or exjiorts, except what may lie alisnliitely necessary for executing its inspection laws; and the net pni(hiee of all duties and im- posts, laid hy any State on imports or exj)orts, shall l)e lor the use of the treasury of the United i^'tates; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of ton- nage, keep troops, or ships-of-war, in time of peace, enter into any agree- ment or compact with an(3ther State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. ARTICLE II. Sfx'TION 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall liold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the ^'ice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected, as follows : Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of sena- tors and representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Con- gress: but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under tlie United States, shall be apjiointed an elector. [The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they shall sign and certify and transmit scaled to the scat of the government of tlie I'nited States, directed to the president of the Senate. The pres- ident of the Senate shall, in (he presence of the Senate and House of of Representatives, open all tlie certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an ecjual number of votes, tlien the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President ; and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list, the said house shall in like manner, choose the President. Rut in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken l)y States, the rejiresentation from each Slate having one vote; a quorum for this purpf)se shall consist of a member or mem- bers from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 257 the Vice-President. But if tliere slidiild ifiuaiii two or more wlio have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from tlieni In- ballot the "N'ice-Pres- ident.] The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes; wliich day shall he the same tliroiighout the United States. No ]KM'son except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this constitution, shall be eligible to the ofHce of President ; neitiier shall any person be eligible to that office who siiall not have attained to the age of thirty-tive years, and been four- teen years resident within the United States. Jn case of removal of the President from office, or of his death, resig- nation, or inability to di-jciiarge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President ; and such officer shall act accordingly until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a com- pensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall liave been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. Before he enters on the execution of liis office, he sliall take the fol- lowing oath or affirmation : — " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the oflice of President of the Inited States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend tlie Constitution of the United States." Skctiox 2. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the I'nited States, and of the militia of the several States, when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in such of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices ; and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States, exce]it in cases of impeachment. lie shall have j)ower, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate shall a|i|inint amliassadors, otliei' public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all othei- officers of the United States, whose appointments wlio are not herein otherwise ])rovided fni-, and which shall be established by law : but the ( 'ongress m.iy by law vi'st the appointment 258 APPENDIX. of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. The President shall have power to fill up all vancancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. Skction 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress informa- tion of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them with resfjcct to the time of ad- journment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive amba.s.sadors and other public ministers; he sliall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall connnission all the officers of the United States. Section 4. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and con- viction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. ARTICLE III. Section 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. Section 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitntidu, \\\v laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be nindc, under their authority; — to all cases aflecting ambasradors, other iniltlic ministers, and consuls;— to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; — to controversies to which the Ignited Statics shall be a party ;— to controversies between two or more States; — between a State and citizens of another State; — between citizens of different States; between citizens of the same State claiming lauds under grants of diflferent States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens or subjects. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other ])ublic ministers and consuls, and those in which a State shall bi> jiarty, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all other cases before mentioned, the Sujireme Court shall have ai^pellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with siicli exceptions and under sucli regulations as the Congress sliall make. The trial of all crimes, except in eases of impeachment, shall be by jury ; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 259 shall have been committed ; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at sucii place or i)laces as the Congress may by law have directed. Section 3. Treason against the I'nited States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. ARTICLE IV. Section 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be jjroved, and the eflect thereof. Section 2. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. A }!erson charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the State from which he Hed, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. No jierson held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. Section 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this I^nion ; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of ;iiiy otlicr State; nor any State be formed by the jimction of two or more States, ov parts of States, without the consent of the Legislature of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. Tiie Congress shall have i)o\ver to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations resj>ectiug the territory or other property lielonging to tiie United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so con- strued as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any par- ticular State. Section 4. Tlie I'nited States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of tiiem against invasion, and on api)lication of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic violence. 260 APPENDIX. AETKLE V. The (Jongres.s, wlienever two-tliirds of botli liouscs shall deem it neces- sary, shall jiropose ainendnients to this Constitution, or, on the application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of tlie several States, shall call a con- vention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and jjurposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress; provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner atiect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deju-ived of its equal sufliage in the Senate. ARTICLE VL All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, l)efore the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. Tills Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in i)nrsuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States^, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary not- withstanding. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution ; but no religions test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. ARTICLE VII. The ratilicalion of the Conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the eslal)lishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same. Done in convention, by the unanimous consent of the States pres- ent, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the in- dependence of the I'nited States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names. (iEORGE WASHIN(;T0N, President , and lUpntiifrom Virgmia. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 261 NEW HAMPSIIIKE. John Lanodon, Nicholas Oilman. MASSACHUSETTS. Nathaniel Gorham, Ri'Fus King. CONNECTICUT. William Sa.muel John.son, llOGKU Sherman. NEW YORK. Alexandki: Ham II. ton. NEW JERSEY. William LiviNiisxoN, David Bi;eai;lev, William Pateiison, Jonathan Dayton. PENNSYLVANIA. Benjamin Franklin, Tho.mas Mifflin, Robert Morris, George Cly.mer, Thoma.s FiTZ.sijroNs, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson, GOUVERNEUR MoltRLS. DELAWARE. George Read, Gunning Bedford, Jr. John Dickinson, Richard Bassett, Jacod Broom. VIRGINIA. John Blair, James Madison, Jk. NORTH CAROLINA. William Blount, Richard Dorbs Spaight, High Willi a.m.son. SOUTH CAROLINA. John Rutledge, Charles C. Pinckney, Charles Pinckney', Pierce Butler. MARYLAND. James M'Henrv, Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifei;, Daniel Carroll. Allesl: WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary. GEORGIA. William Few, Abraham Baldwin. AMENDMENTS To THE Constitution of the United States, ratified according TO the Provisions of the Fifth Article of the Foregoing Constitution. Article I. — Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for redress of grievances. Article II. — A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. Article III. — No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner; nor in time of war but in a manner to be prescribed by law. Article IV. — The right of the people to be .secure in their persons, houses, papers, and eflects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, Imt upon probable cause, supported by oath or alliruKilion, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 262 APPENDIX. Article V. — No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or other- wise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war and public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor io be deprived of life, liberty, or property, witliout due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. Article VI. — In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been conmiitted, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for t)btaiuing witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. Article VII. — In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States than according to the rules of common law. Article VIII. — Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. Article IX. — The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the i)eople. Article X. — The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. Article XI. — The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, connnenced or jirosecuted against any of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citi- zens or subjects (if any foreign state. Article XII. — The electors shall meet in their respective Slates, and vote by ballot for President and ^'ice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant with the same State with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in dis- tinct ballots the jierson voted for as Vice-President ; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all per- sons voted for as Vice-President, and of the nuinltei- of votes for each, which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate; — the president of the Senate shall, in the jiresence of tlie Senate and House of Ivepresentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 263 shall then be counted ; — the person having the greatest number of votes for President, sliall lie the President, if sueh number be a majority of the wliole niunber of eleet(M-s appointed ; and if no person have sucii majority, tlien from the persons liaving the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted fr(iperty, witliout due process of law, nor deny to anv person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Section 2. Bepresentatives shall be appointed among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of per- sons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But wlien the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for I*resident and Vice- President of the United States, representatives in Congress, tlie executive or judicial ofiieers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one 264 .1 PPEXDIX. years of age, and eiti/.t'iis of the I'liited States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in ri'Iiellion or otiier crime, tlie basis of rei)resen- tation therein shall be reduced in the projiortion which the nnmber of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty- one years of age in such State. Section 3. No person shall be a senator or representative in Congress, or elector of President or Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who having pre- viously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial oflicer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insin-rection or rebellion against tlie same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such disability. Sccfion 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, author- ized by law, including debts inciUTcd lor payment of pensions and l)ounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be (jues- tioned. But neither the United States nor any State sliall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim fm- the loss or emancipation of any slave ; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. Section o. Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legis- lation, the provisions of this article. Article XV. — Section 1. The rights of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or I>y any State, on account of race, color, or jjrevious condition of servitude. Section 2. Congress shall have i)ower to enforce tliis article by appro- priate legislation. LIST OF STATES AND TERRITORIES. 265 5§ >J 30 eOTj4 CO CO CO CO o Oi r-i CO lO lO ■* OS ^ o o CO C<) 05 CO OO 00 ^ t--o ZC Ol CD lO ■^ 00 '^ CO '^T^ i-H CI •^ CO t- CI o LO '-' .— I C^l '-' OiO lO lO O lO o »o ^ t^ 05 1— 1 0(N 00 ■— I Cl C|_lO cToTcf orc^fi-TaT CO ^ TT lO o o o o o o o lO CD C^ lO 1— ■ lO UO C^^ O_t-~^C0 00 CD CI cT ^'oO^CD^CD^CD'cf Tti Tti Tjl CO ^ lO lO t— I--, t-- 00 00 CO 00 CO OO CC CO CO t^ l^ t^ I- t- l^ OOOOOOCOCsOi— 1 CI CO X' CO 00 CO CI n C5 l^ 1-- I- l^ t^ l~ t^ 1^ CD CO C-1 CD t^ 00 OS Oi O T-H I— ( — i 1— I I— I 1^ CO OD CO C/D 00 CO 1^ CI CO CI Oi CD CD ;^ ^ >>>-. b ^ ^ :r . as Q r^ »-5 '-^ ^ '^ 1^ fS ►-^ ^ c: CO ^ O CO ■*! >, cu 3 o) o) (U ;-! ■— • QJ V a> , > I— I 2i)T:^ .2 — ^ = 0* — 1> D = o WT2 - >h-t:^ ffl Ci 00 CO CI CO 05 05 CO — 3-. C-. lO -^ O cc O Pd O^r-H^r-._^00 rt- lO cc^ aj__ T-<_ cc_ I -._ o_ I - t^ CI -— 1 CO -H l^ C» CO l^ L> 1—1 ■-ToToo'co"!— iO~ ^ -Si X ^ c6 1~^ of lo" (x cf oTcf cf o6~-* cT 1 CO t^ (M 05 05 CO rtOOOOr-l(MCO ^ 1C"^COOD(MOOCO B- CO CO r- O CC (M Oi_«5_C#" o" i-Tco-oTco'criCTtrtC CO CO "O in) ic CO lO lO lO 00 05 00 (M — I- O CO Tff l^ 1^ 00 05 (M " 1— 1 r-. 1— 1 o s2 o o y JO ■ 1 9 ' ^ ^ ^ s- .. » ^ - -^ o 5 - - 'c tc^.«^ ^ ^ >. „ S 55 5- J ^ s a ^ T -r ^ ccr'""'""'"' n i l& P-1 HM h: llw o O >— 1 CO i-^ IC lO cDoooooa:i— ICO M< t^iC33C".03asoo CJ CI CO CO ■* -f ^r-tiioioiococo CO cci^a:cecocc0305 ca y^ :a rj^ cc CO ODCCCOOOcecttCO co ooccoccococcx^oo lo'o'lo'co'co of oo'~aror'-r'i<''oroi' .- i-T co' r-T oo" co' co' co" o" S2 -^ I— ( 1— ( M (M (M(M 1— li-i(N!— ICO "-H 1—1 s g ^ t. ^ t. t< t< !-i c ^ U) S S t^ OJ C (U OJ < w ^ .^ ,o -S -2 t. t^. , -Q ^ -O _0 Sh ^^ S-= £ i g ^ § ^j= S £ S S a II III P C S OQ § fe trs t-5 o S ;^ ^ !zi ^ ;2; ^^ hi; ^ 'c' • >-. c ^ o c3 : ^ c _C5 ■*^ 'B '• o fs C ; c '3 a; "-"

a- = 3 c I" X' ^ o .= "A o z 3 11=1 i o -- i .i - cS rt p « &,.5 ' ^ (U r- rr; _ ^ . •iilJiil C3 r 1^ • c : 1— 1 o 5^ fi S c c: ^ c: t, c3 O OJ tH C t. _ g * c: ■% |i2|_ iCi ^5 s^ o s o w ?; ^5 CO Tti lO CO t> oc Oi O rH (M CO 'tl lO CO t^00050^l?^COT(< z IM (M C^ C<) (M (N > S o.Si ^ ^ Oi 3 0?^ 1 S. Legare. I'. Upshur. C. Calhoun. s Buchanan. M. Clayton, el Webster. ■a so S CS x 2 I C3 a. 1 B. Washbui ilton Fish. M. Evarts. s G. Blaine. Frelinghuy.' las F. Bavarci 2 C ; o o r- a5 a3 « a ? QJ H ^ o : .5 2 - f- ^ ' — - " a bu^j- ^ - — e = : e ?* — — .a a a a E^H 3 S :;hh "o S 5J5K.3 "o'o i5 = ;^ 53 « ~> '^ 2> j= SS^^Sfe-p rt "o 1 ■ — , — '— - -^ : i^v— K • ' , ^ ; ■ — r — ' :^ — ^ : "-'^-' it: ■• >i z 1 i 1 J : a : ! S : rj £ : : CD 1- 3 f^ 3 ■ C '^ o 2 I g4 George Clinton... (ieorge Clinton... EJbridge (Jerrv... Dan'l I). Tonipkii John C. Calhoun. John C.Calhoun.. MartinVanBuren 1 i "o : 1 J £ : J5^ ■ «'S i Jl William R. King. J. C. Breckinridge Hannibal Hanilii Andrew Johnson. Schuyler Colfax... Henry Wilson Wm. A. Wheeler. Chester A. Arthu Thos. A. Hendric 1 !5 Ah" 03 _a ,— '— v-- : ^ ■—Y-' '-^ ^ : '^ •— : : ■ : c: J, : = J^ • a a a a a a ,„• a i s —C .£ ^ • *^ il ' .£ s c5 C3 cj C3 c« 2 CS a 1 : - = '-g = S ^ : : .^ .2 .2 .2 .2 « a ' — —HO; " K 2.SP M a r .SF 2.5: ) b 2 2 c a. ~ ar~S'a3 '2 a a. 33 ?: ft K « -j;S « r:^ M M K « K K«Mm K cc T CC CC 1 10 ci i i i! 1 U r- a 1 !^ J4 ii i>^ .-00 i U t-" 00 00 c rt* CC « ci crC _ CC r^ T^ 00 rt '. GO fa "" 1 ^ rQ CC ^ b i2j a CC "^ w 1 * ~l 1 05 1 ° « 1 c t^ C<1 >a trt a 2 CD t^ '^ 'd iC o- . CD ooc3 cc •f c CC r^ — .„ CC fa CO S a o a i sic i n '2 S'a g - -a ^ a r^ c3 a a a i 2 a 5 j;^ a c a c c ^ 5 a. £ « a 03 a a a ^. « ^-^LO_03 c a c a aj oi >2 Ol in S a a ! ^ ? 03 2 2 0) g 1 & & ^ & c & a a >. a > > > 1 P c E= a a ;^a h c- e> HC H 00 CO Oti (M C C CO H OcccoO ^ o- . t^t- t^ !^'-: t^ I^ t-> CO CO 00 ooccccoo 00 1 £ c '" 1 : '. ^ 1 "c C3 rt _r 'a a ^ : >i ■ r ii 2 "J .id c ci ■ 1 'c OJ 03 a '0 c 'S J 3 '3 'S 'Sc? a &.2 'S > q'; & 'X = .2.2 &fe -5 a > ? >■ H s aj 0? % 1 s 1 ^ jaj3 03 03 ^ ccziz; u o i Bi C q 'S ai bi u o 3 ■i: a .a s .1) « CD a c r c 4 a 1: a P I a 2'S C 3 H cj ;-• 2 p c £ 1) a a C3 1 c a a p a .a 1-5 03 j 0) : ciT a tea c ^5 aJ ^ , >. 2 a u ■ a'S j= a ^1 ll £ a g *C 1 a 'g o 5 cs 3 « c: x: 03 O ^ I-: '-:'-5 <. '^•^ — .N ^ ^ < <; 5 K^^oJ ffi ■ON T-1 tev VII. — 1. What grant of land was received by Gorges and Mason ? What settlements were made ? What of the patent ? What country was taken by Mason ? By Gorges ? 2. What claim was made by Massachusetts? How did it secure a clear title? How long did Maine remain a part of Massachusetts? W^hat is said of New Hampshire? When did it become a royal prov- ince? 3. What took place in 1()31 ? What was done l)y the Dutch? By the English? When was Hartford founded? How were the Dutch shut out? QUESTIONS FOR THE USE OF CLASSES. 273 4. What of the Pequod Indians? What did Roger Williams do? Wliat massacre took place? Wliat was done by Captain Mason? '). What took place in l(i(;:i? lnlG87? Relate the anecdote cvf the Charter Oak. 6. What did (iovernor Andros do? \Vhat happened two years later? 7. What settlement was made by Roger Williams? By a party of exiles from Massachnsetts ? How did they treat the opinions of others? 8. What request was refused by the New England Union ? How was the objection overcome? Wliat was done in 1647 ? Chapter VIII. — 1. What of Henry Hudson? By whom and for what purpose was he sent? 2. What was done the following year? In 1011? What did they claim ? What name was given to the territory ? 3. What trading-posts were built ? ^Vhat was done by the Dutch traders? When was a colony sent to New Netherlands? Wliere was Fort Orange? New Amsterdam? 4. What privilege was granted to those persons who iilanted a colony ? W'hat was the result ? 5. Who was the first Dutch governor? When did he take charge? What did he do? What was the population of New York in ]()28? 6. What is said of Wouter van Twillcr? Of Peter Stnyvesant? What did he do in 1655 ? WHiat else? 7. W^hat claim was made by I^ngland ? On what grounds? ^Vhat took place in 1664? What change was made in the name? What was the population ? 8. What is said of the people? Of the rulers? When did the I»utch retake New York? What took place the following year? 9. Wliat is said of (Jovernor Andros? What took place in 1683? What was done by the duke of York when he became king ? 10. What followed the imprisonment of Governor Andros in Pxiston ? What was done by Captain Leister? What was his fate? What is said of New York ? Chapter IX. — 1. In what was New Jersey included ? What was done l)y the Dutch ? What was done by the duke of York ? Where and when was the first English settlement nuidi- in New Jersey? What other settlements were made before that date? 2. What took place in 1674? What was done by Eoid Berkeley? What followed? 3. What took place after Carteret's death ? What caused confusion? What took place in 1702? In 1738? 4. What can you tell about the first settlement in Delaware? What did they name the new country? What of the other settlements? 274 APPENDIX. 5. How came William Penn to secure the grant to Pennsylvania ? Wliat addition was made by the duke of York ? G. What was Penn's object? What did he do? When did he arrive? When was Philadelphia laid out ? 7. What is said of Pennsylvania? To what was this due? Illustrate Penn's honesty. 8. What was the foundation-principle of Penn's theories? What crimes only were punishable with death? How did he regard prisons? arbitration? an oath? cockpits, card-playing, and drunkenness? lying? What did he establish? What was done where an Indian was con- cerned ? 9. What is said of Penn's treaty with the Indians? Illustrate the prosperity of Philadelphia. 10. What is said of Delaware? What did Penn do at their request? What is said of the two provinces? 11. When did Penn die? What of his heirs? What was done in 1779? Cllciptei" X. — 1. What was the cause of many immigrants coming to America? Who was Lord Baltimore? What grant did he obtain? When, where, and by whom was the first settlement made? 2. What was its name? What right was given by the charter? When was the "Toleration Act" passed, and what did it do? What was the result of this liberality ? 3. What claim was made by Virginia? What did Clayborne do? What was his next step? What did he do in 1645? What followed? 4. What trouble existed in Maryland? What took place in 1691? How wei'e the Catholics treated? When were Lord Baltimore's rights restored to him? How long did this administration continue? 5. What grant of land was made in 1663? Why was it named Caro- lina? What colony was already planted there by Virginians? When and by whom was the Carteret colony cstal)lished? Where did the immi- grants lirst settle ? Where next ? 6. How did the colonies increase? What friction resulted? What was done by the proprietors in 1729 ? What followed ? 7. Which was the last of the thirteen original colonies to be settled? Wiiat was done by General Oglethorpe? 8. What was the scheme of General Oglethorpe? When was Savannah founded ? What was done to aid him in England ? 9. What is said of General Oglethorpe? How did lie display his generalship? What is said of some of his rules? Wliy? What was done in 1752? How long did Georgia continue a royal province? Chapter XI. — 1. What followed the European wars ? What was QUESTIONS FOB THE USE OF CLASSES. 275 the first intei'colonial war? How long did it continue? What Indians helped the French? Wiiat Indians iieli)ed tlie P]nglish? 2. Wliat was done l)y the French and Indians? What was the favorite time for attack l)y tiic Indians? Why? [Show how cruel the Indians were. 3. What step was taken hy the colonists? What was done hy Sir William Phipps? How was the war ended? What did this treaty do? 4. What was the cause of Queen Anne's War? Wliat of the Iroquois? What is said of New England? 5. What of Port Royal ? What name was given to the place? What of the expedition against Canada ? How was the war ended ? What of Acadia ? 6. How long did King George's War continue? What was the most noted event? How was peace secured? What angered the colonies? How were matters left? 7. How long did the French and Indian War last ? What is said of it? What is said of Franco and England? In what way only could the struggle end ? S. What is said of the Euglish colonies at this time? Of the French territory ? 9. What is said of the fur-trade? What of the rights of the Indians? What did the French do ? W'hat forts did they build ? 10. How did Virginia regard this invasion by the French ? What did Governor Dinwiddie do? Whom did he elect as the bearer of the message ? 11. Tell what you know of young Washington. 12. Illustrate Washington's promptness. How many companions had he? How long was the journey ? Describe it. 13. Relate some of Washington's experiences on this journey. 14. How long did the journey last? What reply was brought back by W^ashington ? Why did not the French commander obey the request of Governor Dinwiddie? 15. Whither was Major W^ashington sent ? What was the result? 16. What was done in 1775? W^hat is said of General Braddock? 17. AVhat took ))lace within less than ten miles of the fort? How did the Virginians tight? What of Braddock? 18. Illustrate Braddock's bravery. What is said of Washington? What did the regulars finally do? What was done by Washington? 19. What of Acadia? What was done with the Acadians? Why was this harsh step taken? 20. What is said of the progress of the English at the beginning of the war? ^N'liat was done by Generals Amherst and Wolfe? Wliat capture 276 APPENDIX. was made in September? What was clone at Fort Duquesne ? "Why was the English fort named Pittsburg? 21. What is said of tiie attack upon Fort Ticoudcrogn ? What took place the following year? 22. What would be the deathblow to French rule in America? To whom was the task assigned? What did he do in the sunnner of 1759? What of Montcalm? 23. What is said of Wolfe ? Of Montcalm ? 24. What discovery was made l)y Wolfe? What did he do? What sight astounded Montcalm the next morning? 25. What was done by Montcalm? Describe Wolfe's death. 26. Describe Montcalm's death. When did Quebec surrender ? 27. What attempt was made by the French? What is said of the treaty of Paris? What did the treaty secure to England? Sinn up the result of the French and Indian War. ChaptlT XII. — 1. What is said of life during the colonial times? Of the houses? Why were they thus made? What of the windows? The doors and interiors? The stairs? The chimney? 2. Describe the fireplaces: the wiudow-})anes; the furniture; the floor. What of carpets? The latch-string? 3. What of plates among the poorer ])eople? of forks? How was food cut and eaten? What of the pots and kettles? IIow was cooking done? How was meat broiled ? 4. What of the ovens? How was a i)ig roasted? What of the lloor of the best room? What is said of the furniture in the liouscs of (he rich? the pewter dishes ? the silverware? 5. What of tlie drinking habit? Illustrate. 6. Descrilx' the dress of tlic men in good circumstances; of the laborers. 7. What of the schools? the teachers? the vacations? corporal })unish- ment? of Sunday-schools? of the sermons? How were the listeners kept awake? S. Wiial is said of the laws? Illustrate. How did tlic people of iinrt- ford know when to rise in the morning? How were the scolds treated? How were other ollences ))unishe(l ? i). I)escril)e some of the nie;ins of entertainment among our loi'c- fathers. What was poi)ul:ii' in tlu' Middle and Southern colonies? In New England? What was doni' at fiuierals? What of other sports? 10. IIow did the peojile travel in colonial times? What is said of slavery? Illustrate the ignorance tlint ]ire\ ailed. Wlu'U and where was the first print ing-])ress set up? \\'hnt was tlu' lirst newsjiaper, and whi'U was it issued? The first daily newspaper ? When was Harvard College QUESTIONS FOR THE USE OF CLASSES 277 founded? William and Mary? Yale? Princeton? University of Pennsylvania? Columbia? Dartmouth? How did they compare with the colleges of the present day bearing tliose names? Chapter XIII. — 1. What is said of the North American of to-day? Describe him. 2. Are the Indians growing less in nundjer? How many are there in our country to-day ? 3. What is said of the Indian's muscular development and piowcrs of endurance? Illustrate. 4. How have the Indians been treated by the white peojjle? What is said of Osceola ? What of William I'enn ? 5. What further is said of the Indians? 6. How are the Indian women treated? What does a warrior think of work? 7. What of the " scalii-lock " ? Of what were the Indians fond? Why? 8. What has the American race produced? Illustrate. '.>. What is said of all people? Of what is this a jjroof ? Describe tlie Indian's idea of heaven. Of what is he capable? 10. Of what else is the Indian susceptible? What is said of tlie gov- ernment schools among them ? What is to Ije hoped ? Chapter XIV. — 1. What is said of the French and Indian War? What is meant by the expression? 2. Mention some of the causes of the Eevolution. What of the navigation laws? W^hat declaration was made by England's prime min- ister ? 3. What was inevitable? What would have postponed the separation? It what way might it have taken place? 4. \Vhat was the direct cause of the Revolution? AVhen was this act ])assed? How nuicli did the French and Indian War cost the colonies? What amount was returned to them? What was the purpose of the tax? What is meant by " taxation M'ithout representation " ? 5. What disposition did England show toward her colonies ? What were writs of assistance? What did the Stamp Act require? AVhat was its object ? 6. How did the Stamp Act affect the Americans? What did tliey do? To what did they pledge themselves ? 7. What meeting was held in New York? ^Vhat did the members do? What was done by England ? 8. What other act was passed by Parliament? What was done with troops? Did t hi' colonies consent? Wliat was the residt? Describe the Boston Massacre. 278 APPENDIX. 9. What was finally done ? How was tliis (ax arranf!;cd? For what was the niotiuT-c'dnntrv contendin.!';'.'' What actuated the Americans? 10. What deterniinatioii was made hy the Americans? Wiiat wiis done in New York and I'hiladelphia? At < iiarleslon ? (Jive an account of the Boston Tea-I'arly. 11. TIow was iMii^iand allectt'd hy these proeeedini;s ? What did she (111? IIow was Iloston. aliected hy the closlnj^ of lier port? Who were the Whi,t thus gained? What was doiu' by Gen- eral Howe ? 2. Describe the attack on Charleston. QUESTIONS FOR THE USE OF CLASSES. 279 '^. What was done on tlic Fourth day of July? Wlio wrote tliat paper? AVhat was it? How was it received? 4. Did this Declaration secure the indci>endcnce of the colonies? What was necessary ? 5. Explain why (Jreat Ihitain was obliged to wage war against lier American colonies. (>. What was done liy < Icneial Howe? Who else arrived in New York? What was the number of the combined forces? How did they compare with the Americans? What did Washington do? 7. Wluit was done by the British ? What of tlie battle (jf Long Island ? What followed? Where did Washington take position? 8. What did Howe do? What occurred at White Plains? What of Fort Washington ? 9. \Vhat was Washington conqiellcd to do? What of his army? AVhat of Cornwallis? 10. What was Washington's next step? How large an aiiiiy liad he? What is said of Cornwallis? 11. What is said of those days? Wluit of Congress? Of the army? Of Washington ? 12. What did Washington do? Describe his crossing of the r)elaware. When was it? Describe the battle of Trenton. Chapter XVII. — 1. What is said of the victory at Trenton ? Xame some of the results. What remained to be done? 2. What did Washington do? What was done three days later? How large was his army? W^hat of Cornwallis? o. Describe the battle of the Assunpink. 4. What rendered Washington's situation ci-itical ? Describe the strategy he adopted. Describe the battle of Princetcjn. What of the portrait of King George in the college buildings? •"). WJiut did the victory compel the British to do? How long did they remain in New Brunswick? Where did Washington go into winter quarters? How did he busy himself? 6. What of (General Burgoyne? What would have been the result of success on his part? What was the prospect? 7. What of Ticonderoga? Forts Crown Point and Edward? 8. Describe the battle of Bennington. What of General Gates? 9. What of Burgoyne? The liattle of liemis Heiglits? Describe Burgoyne's surrender. 10. How had matters gone elsewhere? ^Vhat movement was made by General Howe? By \Vashington ? Wlial of the battle of Brandywine? What followed? 280 APPENDIX. 11. Describe the battle of < Jerniantown. When did the Americans witlidraw ? 12. AVliat did Howe next do? Wliat was done by Washington? Where were the British? Chapter XVIII.— 1. What is said of the winter of 1777-78? Contrast the sitnation of the opposing armies in tiieir Avinter quar- ters. 2. Wliat did the spring bring? What is said of some of the Euro- pean nations? Name a couple of excellent foreign officers who assisted the Americans? What of Baron Steuben? Who else helped the colo- nies ? 3. What of Benjamin Franklin? What treaty was made by France? What did she do? 4. How was England aflected ? What did she do ? Why was not her proposition accepted ? 5. How long did tlie British army occu^n' I'hiladelphia? Who suc- ceeded (ieneral Howe ? What did he do? What of Washington? What is said of the heat ? 6. Describe the battle of Monmouth. What is said of General Charles Lee? 7. What was done by General Sullivan? What of the French fleet? \\'hat ])revented a naval battle ? What of Sullivan ? 8. ^Vhat did p]ngland now do? To what extent did she succeed ? Chapter XIX.— 1. What was done by the Britisli ? What of an English governor ? 2. What of D'Estaing? What of the attack? Who were among the slain ? What furtlier is said of D'Estaing? 3. What is said of tlie war during 1779 ? Describe the cajiture of Stony Point. How many prisoners were taken? 4. What is said of the Indians? Where did they conmiit many out- rages? Who was sent against them? 5. What did he do? What is said of this punishment? 6. What had Great Britain long claimed ? How were we etpiipped to tight her? What was done by the Americans ? 7. What have you to say concerning Paul Jones? What exploit did he perform ? 8. What did he do in 1779 ? By what was he accomjianied ? With what did he open battle ? 9. What did Jones wish ? Describe the opening of this naval battle. 10. How long did it last? What strange thing was done by the French commander of the AU'kuicc? AVhat is the explanation? 11. Further describe the fight. QUESTIONS FOR THE USE OF CLASSES. 281 12. WJiat of the removal to the Serapis? How many of the Americans were killed and wounded? What else can you tell concerning Paul Jones ? Cluipter XX.— 1. What was the most shocking incident of the Revolution ? What is said of Arnokl ? What occurred while he was in PliiladelpJiia ? 2. What is said of Arnold's treason ? What did he secure from Wash- ington ? What arrangement did he make witli General Clinton? Who acted as tlie hearer of lettei's between the two? A\'hat liappened to Andre ? 3. What did he offer to his captors? What did tliey do with him? What is said of these paj)ers? What did Arnold do? What was his reward ? What further is said of him ? Wliat was Andre's fate ? What is said of sympatliy for him ? 4. What of the war in the Soutli ? Uf Charleston ? Who assumed command? What is said of liim? 5. What of Gates's course in the South? What of Lord Cornwallis? What followed ? 6. W^hat of the partisan fighting in the South ? Name some of the partisan leaders. What did they sometimes do ? 7. What is said of the winter of 1779-80? Illustrate. 8. When did La Fayette return? What news did he bring? When and where did the fleet arrive? What was done by the J>ritish fleet ? Did Clinton leave New York ? Why not ? Chapter XXI.— 1. What is said of General Greene? What did he do? W^hat of his command? What did he accomplish ? 2. What was done at the Cowpens ? What of Cornwallis ? Of Greene? What is said of the race ? 3. What did Greene think? What of the battle of Guilford Court- house? What is said of the American militia ? Tlie regulars? Wliat was the result of the battle? 4. How did Cornwallis save himself? What did Greene then do? Who gave him lielp ? With what success did lie meet ? 5. What had been done by Arnold? What did Cornwallis do? 'What were Clinton's orders ? 6. Was the end near at hand ? Wluit did Cornwallis do? Wliat of Washington and Rochambeaii? The French fleet? What was the strength of the allies? When was tlie attack opened? 7. What of the feeling between tiie French and Americans ? When did Cornwallis surrender? Describe the scene. 8. How was the news sent to riiiladeiphia? When did he reach the city ? What of the watchmen ? 20 282 APPENDIX. 9. Describe tlie effect produced by the news. Wliat did ('nnjTrcss do ? What of the doorlveeper ? 10. How did the news aflect iMifiland? When was a treaty of peace signed? Wliat . AVbat i(ltu(ion^ and the ./«('«. What were the respective losses? 13. AVhat naval battle took place in October? Describe it. Compare the loss of each ship. What of the Pokliers? 14. What took place in the autumn of 1812? Who were elected Pres- ident and Vice-President? Of what was this an endorsement? How was the country aflectcd by the naval victories ? Chapter XXV^I. — 1. How was the army of the United i^tates now organized? Who commanded the Army of the North, and where was he to operate? The army of the Centre? The Army of the West? 2. What of the Armies of the Centre and North? Describe the attack on York or Toronto. What befel General Pike? What was done by General Dearborn ? 3. Wlio succeeded Dearborn ? Wliat did he do ? Why was the expe- dition abandoned ? W^hat further is said ? 4. What hap])encd at Frenchtown? At Fort Meigs? At Fort Stephenson ? 5. Where were our chief successes during tlie second year of tlie war? Describe the conflict between the Hornet and Peaenek. 6. What challenge was made by the P>ritish conuiiander of the Shannon f Why was its acceptance foolish on tlie part of Lawrence? Describe the battle. 7. What misfortune befell Decatur? Whom did he blame for his failure to escape? What name was given to the Federal party l)y its opponents? 8. What was gained September 10, 181o? What have you to say al)OUt Captain Oliver Hazard Perry? M'hat did lie cdinmaiid ? \\'liat did he set out to find ? 9. Where was the liattle fought? What took jilace shortly after the opening of the battle? Relate what was done liy Perry. 10. What did he do on reaching the Xiar/ara? Describe the vic- tory. 11. What motto did he display upon opening tlie battle? What words did he use in sending the news to General Harrison ? 12. If the British had won, what would have been done? What did Harrison do? Where did he overtake the enemy? What followed? WHiat of Tecumseh? Of Proctor? 13. What is said of this victory? What trouble occurred in the South? Who caused the trouble? What took place at Fort Minims? Chapter XXVII.— 1. What of the Creeks ? Of General Jackson ? 286 APPENDIX. Tell what you know of the battle of Horseshoe Bend. What further is said of the Creeks? 2. Who made the last invasion of Canada? Describe the battle at Cliippewa. Of Lnndy's Lane. What was the relative strength of the armies ? The losses ? 3. What of the Americans? Cienerals Scott and Brown? What further of General Brown ? 4. What of General Brown's need of reinforcements ? What force marched against Plattsburg ? What of the British fleet ? What was the relative strength of the fleets ? 5. Describe the naval battle. What followed? 6. What of the British invasion by Chesapeake Bay? What was done in August, 1814? What followed? What of the "Star-Spangled Banner " ? 7. How was the country afl'ected ? What do you know of the Hartford Convention ? 8. What attempt was made to capture New Orleans? Who com- manded the Americans? Describe the battle. Wlien did it take ])lace? What was notable about this victory? When and where was the treaty of peace signed ? Why was the news so long in reaching this country ? 9. What is said of the treaty of Ghent? Prove the truth of this statement. What of the quarrel? Of the people? 10. Was the war costly ? To what extent ? What of business ? What change took place ? 11. What of our finances? What was done by Congress? What followed? What was the result? 12. What trouble occurred with Algiers? Who were sent to bring the ruler to terms ? How well did they succeed ? 18. How was the Federal party afti?cted by the war? How was this shown in the Presidential election? Whom did the Democrats elect President?. Wluit is noteworthy concerning our first five Presidents? Chapter XXVIII.— 1. What succeeded the War of 1812? What attempts were made at the close of the Revolution ? What prevented success ? What was done during Monroe's administration ? Explain what is meant by protection and free trade. What is said of it ? 2. What of the Seminoles? What was done by General Jackson? Wliat followed? In what manner did we acquire Florida? Who was its first governor? How did he rule? 8. What dispute arose in Congress? In what manner was Missouri admitted? What w:is the "Missouri Comi)romise " ? 4. What is said of South America? What of tlie various provinces? QUESTIONS FOR THE USE OF (7L ASSES. 287 Of the United States? What did Henry Clay urge? Was this done? When ? Explain the Monroe Doctrine. 5. Wliat pleasing incident occurred during Monroe's administration? What is said of him? Where and when did he land in this country? What can you relate concerning his tour? What took place in Boston? W'hat of the Binndijwincf What present was made to La Fayette by Congress ? 6. What took place? How many Presidential candidates appeared in 1820? What of the Republican party? The opposition? What did the Whigs favor? What of the Democrats? How did the na- tional election result ? Who were chosen President and Vice-Pres- ident ? Chapter XXIX. — 1. What is said of our prosperity? W^hen did Ohio become a State? Louisiana? Indiana? Mississippi? Illinois? Alabama? Maine? Missouri? How long an interval then passed before the admission of another State? 2. What is said of immigration? Of the Mississippi Valley? Tlie defeat of the Creeks? Of the territory east of the Mississippi? Of the territory west? 8. What two striking events occurred on the Fourth of July, 1826 ? 4. Wliat (|uestion was a stirring one during Adams's administration ? Why was the South opposed to a tariff'? Why did the East favor it? 5. When was the Erie Canal opened ? What is said of this canal ? WHiat does it connect? What followed its opening? 6. When was the first railway in this country completed? What was the motive-power of the cars ? When was the first steam locomotive used? How many miles of railway were in operation in 1830? How many are in operation to-day ? 7. W'hat is said of John Quiucy Adams's administration? By whom was he defeated in 1828 ? Who became Vice-President? Chapter XXX. — 1. Describe the character of President Jackson. In what doctrine did he believe? What did he do ? 2. To what was Jackson opposed ? What course did he take to destroy the bank? What else did he do? What occurred in 1832 ? What was the result? 3. What f)f the political ])arties? ^VIlat act was passed by Congress in 1832? What course did South Carolina take? What did she de- clare? 4. How did President Jackson act? What steps did he take? What did he vow? What was done by Callioun? .5. What did Henry Clay secure? What of the threatened disruption of the Union? 288 APPENDIX. 6. What of the Indians? The Sacs and Foxes? Black TFawk? What trouble occurred with the Seminoles? What of Osceola? 7. Describe the massacre of IMajor Dade and liis ineu. Oive the fur- ther history of Osceola; of the Seminole War? 8. When did Ex-President Monroe die? Ex-President INIadison? What further is said of Madison? 9. Who were elected President and Vice-President in 18o()? When did Arkansas become a State? Michigan ? Chapter XXXI. — 1. What is said of the result of tlie violent financial steps taken by President Jackson ? What of business and speculation ? What was done with the surplus in the United States Treasury ? 2. Describe the consequences. Wliat of the failures in New York and New Orleans? AVhat followed? When did an improvement mani- fest itself? 3. What can you relate concerning the " I'atriot War" in Canada? What overt act was committed by New York citizens? What followed? 4. What did the President do ? What of General Wool ? Of the rebellion ? 5. What is said of the Seminole War? 6. How does ^'an Buren's administration compare with others? For what was it blamed? What was the consequence? Who became Vice- President? How long had the Democratic party been in power? Chapter XXXII.— 1. When did President Harrison die? Wlio succeeded him? What is said of him? 2. State how tlie President acted regarding the United States Bank. What followed? 3. What dispute liad existed for a number of years? When and liow was it settled ? 4. How was Ehode Island governed down to 1842? What did tliis make necessary? When was a new Constitution adopted? Whom did the Snfi'rage party elect governor? Who was r-hosen by the other party? What followed ? How was the trouble settled ? 5. Who was Stephen Van Rensselaer? When did he die? Explain who the "patroons" were. G. How did Van Rensselaer stave oil' trouble? How much was due his estate at his deatli ? What did his heirs attempt to do ? Describe what followed. 7. Who settled at Nauvoo, 111., in 1840? Wliat did they do? Wliat did the people do? Wliere did the Mormons finally settle? 8. Of what was Texas formerly a part? What took jjlace in 1836? What followed? What did she do in 1844? QUESTIONS FOR THE USE OF CLASSES 289 9. Wliat did the question cause in Congress? Why did the North oppose the admission of Texas? Why did the South favor it? When was a joint resolution for its admission passed ? Wliat other bills were passed ? 10. Who were elected President and Vice-President in 1844? How was the news sent from Baltimore to Washington ? Was this the first public telegram? Who invented the magnetic telegraph? Who is generally given the credit? What did he do? Chapter XXXIII.— 1. AVhat did the Texan Legislature do on the 4th of July, 184o? What request was made of the President of the United States? In what manner did he comply? 2. What was done by General Taylor? What of (General Arista? "What occurred A]n-il 'Jlitii ? Where was blood first slied in tlie Mexican War ? 3. What was General Taylor's next step? What took place on his return ? 4. Describe the battle of Eesaca de la Palma. What of the j\Iexi- cans ? T). What was planned by (Jeneral Scott? What duty was assigned to General Kearney? To General Taylor? What duty was assumed by General Scott? What was General Wool directed to do? 6. Describe General Taylor's movements. Against what place did he next march ? How many men composed the garrison ? 7. When was Monterey invested ? What was done two days later ? On the 2.3d? What followed? Describe the capture of the town. 8. What of General Scott? Of Santa Anna? Where did Taylor take position ? Describe the battle. 9. When did dleneral Kearney leave Fort Leavenworth ? ^Vhat befell Saiita Fe? What did Kearney learn while marching toward California? What followed? 10. What did General Scott begin? What was his force, and where did he land ? Describe the capture of Vera Cruz. n. Toward what city did General Scott now marcli ? What took place at Cerro Gordo? What of Santa Anna? When was the battle of Cerro Gordo fought? What of Jalapa? The castle of Perote? 12. What is said of Pueblo? Where did the army arrive August 10th? How near was it, when at Ayotla, to the capital? What move- ment was made? How near did this take the army to the city of Mexico ? ]:*>. When was Coutreras stormed? What of San Antonio? Of Churubusco? ()f Santa Anna? 14. What of hostilities? The western defenses ? Chai)ultepec? 290 APPENDIX. 15. What was done In- Santa Anna ? What took place the next morning? 16. Wlien and where was a treaty of peace conchided ? Wliat terri- tory did we gain ? To what did the I'nited States bind itself? 17. What is said of Oregon ? How was the dispute settled ? 18. Tell when and how gold was discovered in California. What did investigation prove ? What followed ? What amount of gold was re- ceived by our mint up to June oOth, 1861 ? Since that date? 19. What two ex-Presidents died during Polk's administration ? W^here and when did that of Jackson occur? Of John Quincy Adams? What of Wisconsin ? 20. Who were elected President and Vice-President in 1848? Wliom did they defeat ? Chapter XXXIV.— 1. When did President Taylor die? AVho succeeded him? What of the question of slavery? What occurred when California applied for admission into the Union? What caused the dispute? What had the people of California done? 2. Who saved the Union? What did his "Omnibus Bill" provide regarding California? Kegarding the Great Basin of the Rocky Moun- tains? Regarding New Mexico? Regarding Texas? Regarding the slave-trade in the District of Columbia? Regarding fugitive slaves? 3. What is said of the Fugitive-Slave Law ? What of Daniel Web- ster's support of the measure? 4. What have you to say respecting Cuba? Who went thither and for what purpose? What was done by General Lopez? W^hat was the result ? 5. W^ho were elected President and Vice-President in 1852? Who were defeated ? Chapter XXXY. — 1. Wliat was the most notable event of Pierce's administration ? What bill was introduced by Stephen A. Douglas? What did it do with the question of slavery? What of the measure? When did it become a law ? 2. What is said of Nebraska? Of Kansas? What was done by the pro-slavery and anti-slavery men? What further is said? 3. What else was done in 1854? What were the provisions ttf the new ti-eaty ? 4. What was done by General William Walker in 1853? What did he do in tlie following spring? What followed? Wliat was his career in Nicaragua? (iive an account of his tliird invasion of Central America. 5. When was the present Republican party furmed ? What was its foundation principle? What became of the Whig party ? Of the Demo- QUESTIONS FOR THE USE OF CLASSES. 291 cratic party ? Who were elected President and Vice-President in 1856 ? Wlio were defeated? Cliai>ter XXXVI.—]. What is said of tlie bitter feelina- hetween the North and Soutii ? ( )f the <[uestion oi" shivery ? ( !f the t'(inii>r(>niises in Congress '.■" 2. What (if the conllict in Kansas? Wliat decision was rendered hy the Supreme Court of the United States in March, 1857? What did it declare ? How was this decision regarded in the South and the North ? What took place in the North ? What of the " Personal-Liberty " bills? 3. Who was John Brown ? What did he do'? What followed? Who captured Brown? What was his fate? How did his raid atlect the South ? 4. When was the first Atlantic cable laid? How long did it work? When was success attained? What of other cables? 5. What took place in Kansas? AVhat of the breach between the North and South? What of the Democratic party? Who were the respective nominees of tlie two sections of it? What were their prin- ciples? Whom did the Republicans nominate and elect? 6. Did the South await President Lincoln's inauguration before seced- ing? When did South Carolina withdraw from the Union? What other States followed? What did their delegates do? Who were chosen Pres- ident and Vice-President? Describe the Confederate Hag. When and where was it unfurled ? 7. What was done by the Confederate authorities? What of President Buchanan? Of his ( abinet ? Illustrate. 8. Whither were the eyes of the nation turned? Wliiit liad been done by Major Anderson ? How did the South Carolinians regard this move- ment ? What did they do ? State what befell the Star of the West. Cliapter XXXVII. — 2. By what provinces was Vermont claimed? Wliat of the inhaliitants? W^hen did it come into the Union ? What does its name signify? 3. Which was the fifteenth State admitted? When did this take place? Why was it called the " dark and bloody groimd " ? Where, when, and by whom was it first settled? Of what did Kentucky originally form a part? Whom did its inhabitants resemble? 4. What of Tennessee ? Where was the first settlement made? What took place in 1790? AVhen was it admitted into the Union ? 5. Whatof ( hio? Of what was it the first? AVhat did the North- western Territory include? Where and when was the first settlement made? AVhen was it admitted into the T'nion? (i. Wliat of Louisiana? When was it adinitttd intd tiie Union? Of how many States did the American I'nion consist din-ing the War of 292 APPENDIX. 1812 ? Where was the first settlement made in Louisiana ? When was New Orleans founded ? 7. What of Indiana ? Of what was it the second ? What retarded its growth ? What took place after the Indian troubles were ended '/ 8. What of Mississippi '! What took place in 1728 ? What continued ? ^^'ilen was it admitted into the Union? 9. What of Illinois'? What of the Indians? Of the i>rcsent city of Chicago? Of the prosperity of the State since 1S5U? 10. What of Alabama? Where was it first settled? When was Mobile founded? When was it admitted into the Union? 11. What of Maine? When was it admitted into the Union? 12. What of Missouri? Wlien was St. Louis settled ? When incor- l)oratcd ? What was caused by the application of Missouri to become a State? What Avas the question? llow was it settled? AVhen did Mis- souri become a State? 13. What of Arkansas? When was it organized into a Territory? When did it become a State ? 14. What of Michigan? When was Detroit settled? When was Michigan organized into a Territory? When did it become a State? 15. AVhat of Florida? AVhen were the Territories of East and West Florida organized? When did Florida become a State? 1(1. Wliat of Texas ? What of its early days? When did American emigration set thither? When did it declare, and when did it gain, its independence? What did it become? When did it become a State? What did this bring about? 17. What of Iowa? When was it organized as a Territory ? Wlien did it become a State? 18. What of Wisconsin? When was (Jreen Ray settled? When did it become a Territory ? When was it admitted into the Union ? 19. What of California? When was a mission established at San Francisco ? When was the power of the Fianciscan monks overthrown ? What of American immigrants? What took place in 1846? What was included in l^inier California when ceded to us? When did it become a State ? 20. What of Minnesota? When was Fort Snelling established? St. Paul? When did Minnesota become a State? 2L What of (h-egon ? What did the Lewis and Clark expedition do? What was soon established? \\\\x\{ did Oregon embrace wlien organized into a Territory in 1848 ? When did it become a State? 22. What of Kansas? What of its civil war? When did Kansas l)ecome a State? Chapter XXXVIII.— 1. What had careful observei-s .seen for QUESTIONS FOB THE USE OF CLASSES. 293 j'ears? ^Vliat of tiie various compromises in Congress? Wliat of slaver}- ? 2. How did the South regard the election of a Kepublican Pres- ident? Wliat did their leaders l)eiieve? What did they consider the Union ? 3. Had the South any sympathizers in the Nortii? ^\'ere there many Union men in the South ? Illustrate. 4. In what were these men believers ? What did they do wlien their respective States seceded? What do you know of tlie '" Peace Conven- tion" held in Washington? What other body met on tlie same day? 5. When was President Lincoln inaugurated? Describe the pro- ceedings. 6. What was done by General Beauregard? Describe the bondjard- ment and surrender. 7. What is said of the capture of Fort Sumter? How did it ;dii'ct the North and South ? Illustrate. 8. What was done by Virginia troops ? What of Eichniond ? 9. What city was threatened ? Tell a!)out the attack on the Massa- chusetts troops in Baltimore. 10. What of Arlington Heights and Alexandria? Fortress Monroe ? Describe the affair at Big Bethel. 11. What was done by General McDowell? Where were the Con- federates encountered ? AVith whom was the advantage at first ? ^Vhat turned the tide? What followed? 12. What did the Union disaster at Bull Run show the North ? What of the South? What was done by Congress? Who was ajuiointcd com- mander of the Army of the Potomac? 13. To what did General McClellan devote his energies? Describe the disaster of Ball's Blufl'. What was the Union loss? Who was among the slain ? 14. What progress was made in the East by the Unionists in 1861? What did General Lyon do in Missouri? What was the result? What of Colonel ^Mulligan ? What did General Fremont do? Who superseded him? What did he do? Who superseded Hunter ? AVliat was accom- plished by (ieneral Halleck? 15. What was done in August? In November? What movement was made by General U. S. ( ii'ant ? W'liat followed ? 16. What favor was shown the Confederacy by France nnd England? Who were sent as commissioners to those countries? Ivelate the par- ticulars of the Trriit, affiur. How was a war with England averted? (!liai»ter XXXIX. — 1. Compare the success of the Federals and Confederates at the beginning of the war. What of tlie South ? Her 294 APPENDIX. soldiers and generals? The Union sentiment? AVhat fuither of the Southerners ? 2. What of the fighting of 18(11 ? JI((\v was it to he prosecuted hence- forth ? 3. What were necessary to conquer the Confederates? Name some- thing that must be accomplished. Why? What would the opening of the Mississippi do? 4. Name another necessary step. What was in tiiat city? What would its capture be ? r). Name a third necessary step. W'hat would this prevent? What of minor movements? To what were they meant to contribute? (). What did the Confederates hold in the South-west? What would follow the breaking of the centre? What advance was now made ? 7. What took place February (Itii ? What of the garrison? What followed? Describe the attack. 8. What of the fleet? What did the Confederates attempt? What followed ? 9. Wliat is said of this victory? Of General Grant? What was now done by the Confederates ? Describe it. What is said of this new line? 10. AVliat took place three days after the fall of Fort Donelson? Who were elected President and V ice-President ? When were they inaugurated? 1 1. What did the Union army do? Who was put in command ? What did the Confederates decide to do? 12. When did the battle of Shiloh, or Pittsburg Landing, begin? What of Albert Sidney Johnston ? What of Grant? What followed? What ■was done during the night? What of the next day? What is said of this battle? What was the Union loss? The Confederate? Who was killed on the latter side ? 13. With whom was the advantage? What did they capture? What of Beauregard? Of General Ilalleek? What was done by these respec- tive generals ? 14. Describe the capture of Island No. 10. AVhon did it surrender? 1.'). What was done May 10th ? What was the result ? What did this give to the Federals ? What line did they hold ? IC). Wiiat movement was made by General P)ragg? By General Buell? Who won? What did Buell do? What foU.nved? What of Buell's management of the cam[)aign? 17. What had been done previous to this? What of Price and Van Dorn? What purpose did Grant form? What failure did Kosecrans QUESTIONS FOR THE USE OF CLASSES. 295 make? Wliat followed? What did the two Confederate leaders do? What is said of this assault? 18. What was done later in the year? Where did the armies meet? When did the battle open? How did the first day end ? Who saved the Union army? What of the second day? Of tlie third day? What was the result ? What is said of tliis battle f 19. What did (irant attempt to do? What was his plan? What ruined the scheme? Describe the movement of Sherman. 20. Wliat was done with the Merrimac when the Norfolk navy-yard was burned? What Avas afterward done with her? Describe her arma- ment. What did she do March 8th ? Tell what was done by the Congress and Cumberland. 21. Describe the rest of the fight between the 3Terrimac and Cumber- land. What was the loss of the Cumberland? What then of the Merrimac and Congress? 22. What did the Merrimac next do? What was the feeling in Rich- mond and Washington and the North ? What impoi'tant arrival took place that night ? Who invented her? Describe the Monitor. How long had she been on the way from New York? What did she hear when off Cape Henry ? 23. What surprise awaited the Merrlinuc? Describe lier fight with the Mon il(ir. 24. What is said of this battle? What did it end and usher in? What of the future navies of the world? 25. What naval expedition had gone out in February ? What was the result ? 26. Who were sent to capture New Orleans? Describe tlie battle. When did the city surrender? 27. What movement was made by the Army of the Potomac in April? How did it begin the campaign against Richmond? Who checked (Jcn- eral McClellan ? What did he do ? What followed ? 28. Who commanded the Confederates? Describe the battle of Wil- liamsburg. What was done by McClellan ? What took place in Rich- mond? What checked McClellan? Who was also endangered? 29. What was done by Fitz John Porter ? What of McClellan's hopes? How did Johnston prevent the junction? 30. Relate how .Jackson gained the name of "Stonewall." What further is said of him? How did be perl'orni tlie duty now assigned to him? Tell what he did. 31. What did the peril of Washington cause the President to do? Who were ordered to capture Jackson? How did they succeed? What did Jackson do? 296 APPENDIX. ."2. What was done in tiie mean time by McClellan ? \Vhat did a rain- storm prevent? What movement was made by Johnston? Whiit was done by iSumner? What liapiiened to Johnston? Wliat took plaee tlie following day? 33. Who assnmed command of the Confederate army? Did he con- tinue retreating? Describe Stuart's cavalry raid. 34. What was McClellan still doing? How near did Hooker's pickets approach to the Confedei-ate capital ? What news reached McClellan at this juncture? What did he decide to do? 35. What attaclv was made by Lee? What was the result? What of Cxaines' Mills? "What eflbrt was made by Lee? What of Savage's Station ? 86. Wliat took place at Fraser's Farm ? Where did the Federals gather? What followed Lee's assault? Whither did the Federals withdraw ? 37. What is said of the first campaign against Kichmond? What was the effect in the North ? What was done by President Lincoln ? 38. What did Lee continue? What of General Pope? What orders were given to McClellan ? What did Lee determine to do ? 39. Describe Lee's course. Describe Pope's. What followed? 40. What did Lee next do? What of McClellan ? What occurred at South Mountain ? What did Lee do ? Where was a severe battle fought ? Wliat was the result ? 4L Who succeeded McClellan in the connnand of the Armv of the Potomac? What is said of him? How did he compare in ability with Lee? Describe liis attack on Fredericksburg. What was the Union loss? What prevented a renewal of the assault on the morrow ? 42. What is said of the fighting in New Mexico ? Describe the engage- ment at Valverde. 43. What was done by tlie Sioux Indians in Minnesota? Wlio defeated them ? How were they punished ? Chapter XL. — 1. What can you tell about tlie Emancipation Proclamation? What battle was in progress when the new year opened? How long did Rosecrans remain idle? AVhat movement did he then make? What did Bragg do ? What followed ? AVhere did a battle take place ? 2. What of Longstreet? Of the fighting September 19th? Of the fighting the second day ? 3. What threatened the Federals? What averted such disaster? How long did he hold his ground ? What did lie do at niglit? 4. With whom rested the victory ? What step was taken by () rant? What of Chattanooga? QUESTIONS FOR THE USE OF CLASSES. 207 5. Relate what was done by Grant. What did Tlionias do on the 23d of November? Describe the "battle above the cknids." 6. What took place the next morning? What attacks were made by the Federals? What was done to repel tiiese attacks? What did (irant do? Describe the charge. 7. How was Grant afiected? Describe the victory of Chattanooga? 8. What was the effect of this triumi)ii ? 9. Wiiitiier had Burnside been .sent? Wiiat of his work there? Wiiat did Longstreet do? Wliat occurred November 2yth ? \Vhat followed? 10. What change did Grant make in his siege of Vicksburg? What of the gunboats ? 11. Describe Grant's movement against Pemberlon ; against Johnston. What did Grant accomplish by this strategy? 12. Describe the capture of Vicksburg. What of I'ort Hudson? What great object was now accomplislied ? 18. What attempt was made against Charleston? Witii what irsult? What was done by General Giilmore ? 14. What of the Confederate privateers? ^Vhat of the Alabama f When and from what i)oint did she sail ? How long was she engaged in destroying Northern shipping? 15. When did the Confederates recapture Galveston? Relate the incidents. What followed ? 16. Who superseded Burnside in the command of the Army of the Potomac? When? What induced Hooker to attack Lee? 17. Describe the Federal advance. WIuU did Lee do on discovering this movement ? Describe the work of Jackson. What w'as Hooker forced to do? What of Lee's movement against Sedgwick? against Hooker? What of the campaign against Ricimiond ? What great loss did the South suffer? 18. What did Lee now determine to do? Describe his advance. AVliat of General Meade? Why did Lee threaten Baltimore? 19. What occurred July 1st ? What is said of the battle of Gettysburg? What of the issues at stake? The armies and their leaders ? 20. What took place on the first day? At night? 21. What of the fighting on the second day? What successes were gained by the Confederates ? Describe Longstreet's movements ; Ewell's movements. 22. Describe the great artillery duel. 23. Describe Pickett's advance. 24. What further is said of the Confederate charge? 25. Describe the rejjulse. 21 298 APPENDIX. 26. How many ('(iiifoderate soldiers were lost in the charge? AVhat of the hrigado commanders? of the field officers? of the regimental officers? '27. How many were killed, wounded, and captured in the battle ? Why was Lee not pursued ? What did he do ? 2S. What is said of (iettysburg? Of the Confederacy? Chapter XLI. — 1. What remained to be done before the House could be restored? What is said of the Army of Northern Virginia? Of the F'ederal commanders? 2. What of General Grant? What was the eflect of this promotion? What further is said of Grant ? 3. What of the second, formidable army of the Confederacy ? What of Johnston and Sherman ? Describe their mameuvres. What of Kensaw Mountain? What was done by Johnston on the lUth of August? What occurred shortly after? 4. AVhat of Hood? What was he tinally forced to do? 5. What of the conflict? Wliat movement was made by Hood ? What did he expect ? AN'hat of Sherman ? 6. Describe Hood's movements in Tennessee. Relate wluit was done by Thomas. What became of Hood's army? 7. What of Sherman? How great was the distance? Describe his march to the sea. Where and when did he reach the coast ? What fol- lowed? What was the result? 8. What took place in May ? Compare the two armies. * !t. Where was the first shock of battle ? What is said of the fighting? What of the leaders and men? What was the respective losses in sixteen days? What befell Cieneral Longstreet? General Stuart? 10. AVhat did Grant do? How did Lee act ? Describe the repulse at Cold Harbor. 11. What did this repulse cause Grant to do ? What did he do ? AVhat did the capture of Petersburg mean ? 12. AVhat of the attack on Petersburg? AVhat astonished the Federals the next morning? AVhat did this mean ? l.'>. What was the only way of taking Petersburg? Describe the mine explosion. AVhat of the siege at tlie close of the year? 14. AVhat is said of other military movements? What was their ob- ject ? What was (Jeneral Sigel to do? What of liis attempt? AVhat of (General Hunter? To what point did he withdraw ? 15. AVhat movement was made by Butler in May? How was he out- witted by Beauregard? AViiat was the result? 16. What is said of Jubal Early? AVhat of (ieneral AVallace? When did he appear before AVashington ? AVhat saved the city ? QUESTIONS FOR THE USE OF CLASSES. 299 How? "What followed? Wliitlior did lie withdraw ? What of Cham- bei-sburg ? 17. Who now assumed eharge of the Union forces in the Shenandoah Valley? What occurred at Winchester? What took place three days later? IS. What was done by Sheridan? By Early? Where was Sheridan? Relate what he did. What further is said? 19. What was (ieneral Banks ordered to do in the spring of 18(54? By w'hoin was he accompanied ? What Avas it to do ? Describe Banks's movement. What did he do at Pleasantville? What followed? 20. Kelate the particulars of Porter's escape. What is said of the Bed River expedition ? 21. What took place despite the stringency of the blockade? What was done by the Confederates at Mobile? What did Admiral Farra- gttt do ? 22. What is said of the expedition against Wilmington, N. ('. ? Who commanded the land forces? What took [)lace ? What then did Butler do? What of Connnodore Porter? Of (Tcneral Terry? 23. Wliatis said of the Confederate cruisers? What was done by Cap- tain Semmes while at Cherbourg? Describe the lighting between the Alabama and Kearsarge. 24. Describe the remainder of the fight. What did Captain Semmes do just before his vessel sank ? Who was rescued by the Deerhoundf 25. What befell the Georgia? The Florida? The Albemarle? 26. What State was admitted October 1 ? What member of the Union did she make? Who were elected President and Vice-President in No- vember? Whom did they defeat? Chapter XTjII. — 1. What remained to be done? What of the re- sistance elsewhere ? What two armies only were left ? 2. What was done by the Confederate Congress? What was among his first acts? What did this include? 3. What movement was made by Sherman? What did he have? What of Savannah ? Toward what point did he march ? AN hat of Colum- bia? What followed ? What of Charleston ? 4. What is said of Johnston ? Where did battles take place ? What occurred at (ioldsboro' ? How large then was the Union army? What did Sherman do? When did he and (Jrant meet? 5. N\hat is said of Grant? What took place on the 5th of February? How large was Lee's army? How long was his line ? 6. What was Lee's plan ? How would his forces then compare with Grant's? Did Grant intend to allow this function to be made? 7. What was Lee's next step? What success attended it? 300 APPENDIX. 8. What of the 2'Jtli of March? What followed? What did Lee do on the 31st? 9. What did Lee next do? What was done hy the Federals? What of Sheridan ? 10. What took phice April 1st? on the following day? What was the resnlt? What is said of Fort Gregg? Deserihe the defence hy the gar- rison. 11. ^Vhat is said of the end? Tell how the news was given to Jefler- son Davis. Relate what followed. 12. What took place April 2d? What followed a few hours later? What of the pursuit ? Describe the retreat of the Confederates to Amelia Court-lionse. 13. Relate the misfortune that befell Lee's army at Amelia Court- liou.se. 14. W'hat was done by Lee? What of the council of war? What is said of Orant? Describe the surrender. What is said of the Army of Noithern Virginia? 1-5. What event shocked the entire country? Describe the assassina- tion. When did President Lincoln die? What was the fate of his tissassin ? 16. When did General Johnston surrender? On what terms? When and by whom were the remaining Confederates east of the Mississijipi surrendered? AVhat of the naval forces of the Confederacy? What of the military leaders west of the Mississippi? 17. What befell Jefferson Davis? What was done with him ? What of the trial? When was he released on bail? What of the prosecu- tion ? Chapter XLIII.— 1. Describe the grand victory that followed the close of the Civil War. 2. What is said of the Union and Confederate soldiers? Illustrate. Wliat of Northern capital? Of the South? 3. What was the total number of troops furnished the L^nion army dur- ing the Civil War? About how many were killed in battle? (Give round figures in tiie statistics that follow^ regarding the I'nion army.) How many died of wounds? Of disease? What is the total of deaths? Of desertions ? 4. What is a partial statement of the Confederate deaths? What is the estimate of those crippled and disal)led by disease ? How many lives, therefore, did the Civil War cost ? 5. W^hen was Vice-President Johnson sworn in as President? Was there any disorder ? 6. How many persons were executed for acts growing out of the Civil QUESTIONS FOR THE USE OF CLASSES. 301 War? Give the facts concerning Captain Wirz. Who else were exe- cuted ? For what crime? 7. What two questions were settled by the Civil War? What can you tell concerning the thirteenth amendment to the Constitution ? 8. What was done by President Johnson ? What was done regarding the other States ? Wliat did the States do ? What was done on Christmas Day, 1868? 9. What did President Johnson find? What did Congress claim? Wliat did they require ? 10. What did Congress do ? How did the President treat the law ? What was then done? What was the object of impeachment? IIow did the trial result ? What took place in 1868 ? 11. What was done by Congress in July, 1866? Who became gen- eral of the army ? lieutenant-general ? Admiral of the navy ? vice- admiral ? 12. What Fenian movement was made in the summer of 1866 ? Give the particulars. 13. Tell what you know about the purchase of Alaska. Illustrate its size. 14. What did the Emperor Napoleon of France attempt to do during our Civil War ? What warning did he receive ? Whom had he selected to be emperor of Mexico? What followed? 15. Give the jiarticulars of the successful laying of the Atlantic tele- graph cable. 16. Tell what yon know about the death of Ex-President Buchanan. 17. Who were elected President and Vice-President in 1868? Who were defeated ? What of Nebraska ? Chapter XTjIV. — 1. AVhen was President Grant inaugurated? Mention a noteworthy event of his adnunistrntion. Tell what you know about it. 2. What occurred October 8th, 1871? IIow many buildings were burned? What was the area of the fire? IIow many people were made homeless? How many lost their lives? What practical symjiatbv was shown ? 3. Tell what yon know about the great fire in Boston in 1871. 4. What of the fifteenth amendment to the Constitution ? What is said of the claims against Great Britain because of Confederate privateers? How were they settled ? What did lOngland agree to pay? o. drive the particulars of tiie settlement of the last boundary dispute with Great Britain. 6. Wlio were elected and di'featt'd in tlie Presidential election of 1872? AVhat further is said of Horace Greeley ? 302 APPENDIX. 7. What trouble took place with the Modoc Indians ? "What occurred April 11, 1873 ? What followed ? 8. What difficulties arose with tlie Sioux ? What befell General Custer and his command? What of (ieneral Reno? What was the loss of the Seventh Cavalry ? What followed ? 9. What is said of 1876? How was it commemorated? What can you tell about the buildings erected in f^airmount Park ? What of the main building? Who made exhibits ? What was the daily attendance? The whole number of visitors ? The total receipts ? Who opened and closed the exhibition ? 10. What of Colorado? What of the Presidential election of 187(3? Who were the Republican nominees ? The Democratic ? , How was the dispute settled ? What was its decision ? Chapter XLV. — 1. What is said of the administration of President Hayes? What policy did he pursue? Illustrate. 2. What labor trouble occurred in the summer of 1877? What started it? What is said of the rioting at Pittsburg? Where else did disturbances take place? 3. When were specie payments resumed ? What of silver? What of gold? 4. Relate wliat you know of the fishery dispute with Great Britain. 5. What is said of General Grant's tour around the world? 6. Wlio were elected President and Vice-President in 1880? Chapter XLVI. — 1. Describe tlie assassination of President Gar- field. Who was his assassin ? 2. Tell what you know of President (iarfield's sufferings and deatli. 3. Who became President ? What legislation took place regarding Chinese immigration ? 4. What is said of Senator Edmund's l)ill against Mormonism? What of the Brooklyn Bridge ? Of the Washington Monmnent ? 5. Mention some other laws enacted during Arthur's administration. 6. Who were elected President and Vice-President in 1884? Whom did they defeat? Chapter XLVII. — 1. What is said of Cleveland? Describe the provisions of the Presidential-Succession Bill. 2. What can you tell about the Statue of Liberty ? 3. Give the particulars of the death of General Grant. 4. What of Vice-President Hendricks? (icneral McClellan? General Hancock? Ex-Vice-President .\rthur? 5. What is said of strikes and labor disturbances ? Relate what took place in Chicago in May, 1886. 6. What can you tell about the earthquakes in Charleston? How many QUESTIONS FOR THE USE OF CLASSES. 303 were killed? and what was the loss? How much of the city had to be rebuilt ? 7. What is said of the troubles with the Apache Indians? ^Vhat of the Apaches themselves? Of Geronimo ? What was done with him and other leaders ? 8. Who were elected President and Vice-President in 1 S8S ? Who were defeated ? Chapter XLVIII. — 1. Give a description of the Johnstown flood. How many persons were drowned? and how much property was destroyed ? 2. What trouble broke out in 1890? What of Sitting Bull? What afterward occurred? What of other conflicts? What of Lieutenant Casey ? 3. What was done by many of the Indians? What caused the excite- ment among the Indians? What was done by (ieneral Miles? What fear prevailed at one time ? How did the military authorities manage matters? What of the hostiles? When did the trouble end? 4. Relate what you know about the death of Jeflerson Davis. 5. What of Admiral Porter? General Sherman ? General Johnston? 6. When were North and South Dakota admitted into the Union ? Montana? Washington? Idaho? Wyoming? What is the rule when a new State is admitted ? How many stars did our flag have on July 4, 1891 ? 7. What was the principal question before the Congress of 1890? What legislation took place ? 8. How must we feel in looking back over the hundred years and more of our national existence? Show how the population has increased. Illustrate the expansion of our territory. What cities in 1790 had a population of ten thousand or upward ? How many such cities have we to-day? Canyon name any having as much as a million inhabitants? W^hat can you say about the post-offices? Illustrate the reduction that has been made in letter postage. Show the improvements made in traveling. How much money is spent annually in education? How many children attend the schools? 9. Do the Americans make many inventions? W' hat two important ones were made before the Revolution ? . What can you tell about the cotton-gin? Name some of the principal American inventions? Do you think others are yet to come? 10. How have we advanced in literature and art? What did the Revolution do for us? The War of 1812? The Civil War? What of the future? 304 APPENDIX. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. Pkp:a:mble. — State the objects of tlie Constitution. By wlioni was it ordained and establislied ? Article I., Section 1. — In what l)ody is tlie [lOwer of legishition vested? Of what does Congress consist ? Section 2. — Of whom is the House of Representatives composed? When are they cliosen ? By wliom ? What qualifications must the electors possess? What qualifications are necessary in a Representative? How are Representatives and direct taxes api)ortioned? How is this de- termined? How is the enumeration or census made? \Vhat limit is set to the number of Representatives? Can a State be deprived of a Repre- sentative? What provision is made for vacancies? How are the speaker and other officers of the House chosen ? Section 8. — Of what is the Senate composed? How and for what time are they chosen ? What was the classification first made ? What was the object of this plan? What qualifications must a Senator possess? Who is president of the Senate? When only can he vote? How are the officers of the Senate elected ? When can the Senate elect a president pro tern f What sole power is possessed by the Senate ? When sitting for impeachment, on what shall they be ? Who presides when the Pres- ident of the United States is tried? AVhat is necessary for conviction? How far does judgment extend in cases of impeachment? To wliat is the party convicted still liable? Section 4. — What body prescribes the times, places, and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives? To what extent may Congress interfere? How often and when shall Congress assemble? What exception is made ? Section a. — Of what shall each House be the judge? What shall con- stitute a quorum for business? What is a smaller number authorized to do? What may each House determine? What shall each House do as regards its proceedings? ^Vhen shall the yeas and nays on any question be entered on the journal? What restricticm is there ujion the time and place of adjournment? Section 6. — Hoav are the salaries of the members fixed and jiaid ? ^Vhat special privileges do they possess? Can a Congressman hold any otlier office at the same time ? Section 7. — What bills nnist originate in the House of Rejjrcsentatives? What power belongs to the Senate regarding such bills ? Explain the three methods by which a bill may become a law. What orders, resolu- tions, and votes nnist be submitted to the Pii-sident ? Section 8. — What i)Ower has Congress regarding taxes, duties, imposts, QUESTIONS FOR THE USE OF CLASSES. 305 and excises ? regarding the debts, common defense, and general welfare of the United States? What is said of all duties, imposts, and excises? What is the power of Congress regarding the borrowing of money? Eegnlating commerce? Naturalization? Bankruptcies? Coining money? Counterfeiting? Post-offices and post-roads? Authors and inventors? Inferior courts? Piracies? Declaring war? Raising and supporting armies? A navy ? Government of the land and naval force? Calling forth the militia? Organizing the militia? Where does Congress pos- sess exclusive legislation ? What power has Congress to enforce its authority ? Section 9. — What power is denied to Congress concerning the slave trade? Writ of habeas corpus ? Bill of attainder ? Ex-post-facto law? Direct tax? Exports from any State? Trade l)etween the I'nited States? Payments from the treasury? Titles of nobility? United States office- holder receiving presents, offices, or titles from a foreign power ? Section 10. — What power is denied to every State regarding treaties? Letters of marque and reprisal? Coinage of money? Issuing bills of credit? Making any otlier l^al tender than gold and silver? A bill of attainder? An ex-post-facto law ? The impairing of contracts? Titles of nobility? Imposts? Keeping troops? Making peace and engnging in war? ARTid.y.JJ., Section 1. — In whom is the executive power invested? How long do the President and Vice-President hold office? Who are the Presidential electors, and how are tliey chosen ? Who are ineligible? WHiat may Congress determine? Who only is eligible to the office of President? What was the provision for the Presidential succession? What is the provision regarding the President's salary ? What is the oath or affirmation of office taken by the President? Section 2. — What is the President's authority over the United States army and navy? The State militia? The princij)al oflicers of the executive departments? Reprieves and pardons? Whnt is the Pres- ident's power in the making of treaties? Appointment of ambassadors? Judges of the Supreme Court and others? What is the President's power in tilling vacancies? Section 3. — Define the duties of the President as respects Congress, ambassadors, United States officers. Section 4. — For what crimes and in whiit m:inner mny United States officers be removed from office? Article III., Section 1. — In what Ixidies is the judicial jiowcr of" the United States vested? How long are tluir terms of office? What pro- vision is made regarding their salaries ' Section 2. — Enumerate the cases in wiiich the judicial power of the 306 APPENDIX. United States extends. In what cases does the Supreme Court possess original jurisdiction ? Appelhite jurisdiction? State the law regarding trial by jury. Section 3. — Define treason. What is necessary to a conviction? Who fixes the punishment ? What is the limit ? Article IV., Section 1. — Give the law regarding State records and judicial proceedings. Section 2. — To what is every citizen entitled? Does flight from one State to another save a criminal from punishment? Section 3. — State the law regarding the admission and formation of new States. What i)ower has C'ongress over the territ(ij-y and property of the United States? Section 4. — What must ( 'ongress guarantee to every State ? To what extent must she protect each State? Article V. — What two ways are provided for amending the Consti- tution ? How may these amendments be ratified ? What restriction no longer exists ? How are the smaller States protected ? Article VI. — What debts were assumed by the United States on the adoption of the Constitutii>n? What constitutes the supreme power of the land ? Who must take an oath or affirmation to support the Consti- tution of the United States ? What religious test is required ? AMENDMENTS. Article I. — What provision is made regarding religious freedom? Freedom of speech and the press? Peaceable assembling and petition? Article II. — What provision is made concerning the right to bear arms ? Article III. — What is the provision about quartering soldiers upon citizens ? Article IV. — ^Vhat is the provision about unreasonable searches and warrants ? Article V. — What are the provisions regarding a trial for capital otlences? Can a jierson be tried twice for the same crime? Can he be compelled to witness against himself? When can private property be taken for public use ? Article VI. — What rights are guaranteed to the accused in case of criminal prosecution ? Article VII. — When is the right of trial by jury guaranteed ? In what way must a fact tried by a jury be re-examined? Article VI II. — What protection is given against excessive bail and unusual punishment ? QUESTIONS FOR THE USE OF CLASSES 307 Article IX. — In wliat manner does the enumeration of certain rights in the Constitution affect those not enmnerated? Article X. — What powers are reserved to tlie respective Htates? [Tlie foregoing ten amendments were proposed in 1789 and adopted in 1791. Tliey were passed in answer to the demand of those wlio thought tlie Constitution did not sufficiently protect the rights of the people.] Article XL — Point out the restriction placed on the judicial power of the United States. [This amendment was adopted in 1798.] Article XII. — Explain the method of choosing the President and Vice-President by electors. How is the President elected if the electors fail to make a choice? How is he elected by the House? If no Pres- ident is elected by March 4th, who would act as President? [Tiiis amendment was adopted in 1804.] Article XIII. — What was the force of this amendment? [This amendment was adopted in 1865.] Article XIV., Section 1. — Who are American citizens? How are the rights of citizens protected ? [This amendment was adopted in 1868.] Section 2. — How are Representatives apportioned among the different States ? Section 3. — Who are prohibited from holding any office under the United States ? Section 4. — How is the public debt protected ? What is the provision regarding the Confederate war debt? Article XV. — What is the provision regarding universal suffrage ? [This amendment was adopted in 1870.] CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 860. America visited by the Northmen. 870. A second settlement formed in Icehind. 1492. Columbus discovered the new world, Oct. 12. 1497. The Cabots discovered Labrador. 1498. The Cabots sailed along the Atlantic coast. Columbus saw South America. 1499. South America discovered by Amerigo Vespucci. 1512. Ponce de Leon discovered Florida. 1513. Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean. 1520. Magellan first circumnavigated the globe. 1524. Verrazani sailed along the Atlantic coast. 1528. Narvaez partly explored Florida. 1535. Cartier ascended the St. Lawrence. 1539-41. De Soto explored the present States of Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, and discovered the Mississippi River. 1562. Ribault established a colony at Port Royal, S. C. 1564. Laudonniere planted a colony on the St. John's River. 1565. Menendez founded the first permanent settlement in the United States. 1576. Frobisher entered Baffin Bay in his search for the passage to India. 1584-87. Raleigh made two attempts to plant a colony in Virginia, and failed. 1605. Champlain and De Monts founded a colony at Port Royal, Nova Scotia. 1607. Jamestown settled. May 13. 1608. ('hamplain foundeil Quebec. 1609. Hudson sailed up the Hudson River. Second charter granted to Virginia. Henry Hudson sailed up the river l)cariiig his name. 1610. "Starving-time" in Virginia. The Dutch began trading along the Hudson. 308 CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 309 1611. The Dutch explored the coast (Voin the Delaware to beyond Boston. 1(512. Third charter granted to Virginia. 1013. First settlement made on Manhattan Island by the Dutch. Marriage of Pocahontas. 1618. Third charter granted to Virginia. Death of Pocahontas. Dutch erected a trading-post at Bergen, N. J. 1619. African slavery introduced into America. First legislative l)ody convened in America. 1620. Landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth. 1622. Indian massacre in Virginia. 1623. Famine year at Plymouth. New Hampshire settled at Dover. 1624. King James took away the charter of Virginia. 1626. Peter Minuit became the first Dutch governor of New York. 1628. Massachusetts Comi)any formed. 1630. Boston founded. 1633. Wouter van Twiller becomes governor of New York. 1633-36. Settlements made in Connecticut. 1634. Maryland settled at St. Mary's. 1635. Hartford founded. Carolina granted to Lord Clarendon and others. 1636. Rhode Island settled at Providence. 1637. Annihilation of the Pequods. 1638. Swedes settled Delaware. 1643. " United Colonies of New England " formed. 1644. Second Indian massacre in Virginia. New Y'ork surrenders to the English. 1 646. Peter Stuyvesant becomes governor of New Y^ork. 1647. Liberal government adopted in Rhode Island. 1649. "Toleration Act" passed in Maryland. 1653. New Y'ork retaken by the Dutch. 1654. New York retaken by the English. 1655. Capture of the Swedish settlements on the Delaware by the Dutch. 1660. Navigation Act passed. 1662. Union of the New Haven and Connecticut colonies. 1664. New Jersey settled at Elizabethtown. 1670. South Carolina settled on the Ashley River. 1674. New Jersey divided into East and West Jersey. 1675-76. King Philip's War. 1676. Bacon's rebellion. 1682. Pennsylvania settled. 310 APPENDIX. 1683. Pliiladelphia laid out. 1684. Ma.ssacluisetts made a royal i)rovince. 1686. Arrival of Andres, the first royal governor of New England. 1687. Andros annuls the Connecticut charter. 1689. Breaking out of King William's War. 1690. Invasion of Canada. 1691. Lord IJaltiniore deprived of his rights. 1692. Salem Witclioraft. I'nion of Plymoutli with Massaclnisetts Bay Colony 1697. I':nd of King William's War. 1702. Breaking out of Queen Anne's War. New Jersey united with New York. 1710. Capture of Port Royal, N. S. 1713. P^nd of Queen Anne's War. 1715. Rights restored to Lord Baltimore. 1718. Death of William Penn. 1729. Surrender of the charter of Carolina to the Crown. 1732. George Washington l)orn, February 22. 1733. Cieorgia settled at Savannaii. 1738. New Jersey becomes a royal province. 1744. Breaking out of King George's War. 1745. Capture of Louisburg. 1748. End of King George's AVar. 1752. Georgia surrenders her charter to the Crown. 1754. Breaking out of the French and Indian War. 1755. Repulse of Braddock. Expulsion of the Acadians. 1758. Capture of Louisburg. Capture of Fort Duquesne. 1759. P]vacuation of Crown Point and Ticonderoga. Capture of Quebec, September 18. 1760. Surrender of Montreal. 1763. End of the French and Indian War, and the termination of French rule in America. 1765. Passage of the Stamp Act, March 8. Meeting of Colonial Delegates in New York, October. 1766. Repeal of the Stamp Act, March 18. 1768. British troops quartered in the colonies. 1770. The Boston massacre, March 5. Removal of taxes upon all articles except tea, April 12. 1773. Tlie "Boston Tea-Party," December 16. 1774. The port of Boston closed, March 31. CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 311 1774. First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia, September 5. 1775. The battle of Lexington, April 19. Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia, May 10. Capture of Ticonderoga, May 10. Capture of Crown Point, May 1 2. Washington appointed connnander-in-chief, June 15. Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17. Capture of St. John's and Montreal, November 13. Defeat of Americans before Quebec. 1776. Evacuation of Boston by the British, March 17. Unsuccessful attack by the British on Charleston, June 28. The Declaration of Independence, July 4. Battle of Long Island, August 27. American defeat at White Plains, October 28. Capture of Fort Washington by the British, November 16. Washington's retreat through New Jersey. Victory of Washington at Trenton, December 26. 1777. Battle of Princeton, January 3. Fall of Ticonderoga, Crown Point, and Fort Edward. Defeat of Hessians at Bennington, August 16. Defeat of Washington at C hadd's Ford, September 4. Battle of Brandy wine, September 11. Capture of Philadelphia by the British, September 26. Battle of Gerraantown, October 4. Surrender of Burgoyne, October 17. Capture of forts below Philadelphia. Washington's army in winter quarters at Valley Forge. 1778. France acknowledged American independence, February 6. Evacuation of Philadelphia, June 17. Battle of Monmouth, June 28. Massacre at Wyoming, July 3. Arrival of French fleet in Narragansett Bay, July 29. Savannah captured and the Southern Colonies overran, December 29. 1779. Capture of Stony Point by General Wayne, July 15. Campaign against the Indians by (leneral Sullivan, August 29. Paul Jones's naval victory, September 23. Kepulse of American and French attack on Savannah, October 9. 1780. Capture of Charleston, May 12. Arrival of the French fleet ofl' Rhode Island. Defeat of Gates in the South. Treason of Benedict Arnold. Execution of Major Andre, October 2. 312 APPENDIX. 1781. Arnold's marauding expedition in the Sonth, January 5. Battle of tlie ('owpens, January 17. Battle of Guilford Court-house, March 15. Reconquest of the South by General (Jreene. Surrender of Cornwallis, Oct. 19. 1783. Treaty of peace signed at Paris, September 3. Washington resigns his commission, December 23. 1787. The Constitution of tlie United States adopted. 17SS. The Constitution of tlie United States went into efiect. 178'.). Washington inaugurated, April 30. 1790. Philadelphia beuame the national capital. 1791. Vermont was admitted into the Union, March 4. 1792. Washington and Adams re-elected. Kentucky admitted into the Union, June 1. 1793. The city of Washington laid out by General Washington. 1794. Indians defeated by Wayne, August 20.. The Whiskey Insurrection. 1795. Treaty made with Algiers. 179(J. Tennessee admitted into the Union, June 1. John Adams and Thomas Jeflerson elected President and \'ice- President. 1797. Adams inaugurated, March 4. 1799. Washington died at Mount Vernon, December 14. 1800. National cajiital removed to Washington. Treaty made with France, Septeml)er 30. Thomas Jeflerson and Aaron I'nrr elected President and Vice- President. 1801. Jeftc'rson inaugurated, March 4. Tripoli declared war against the United States. 1803. Ohio admitted into the Union, February 19. Louisiana purcha,sed from France, April 30. 1804. Lewis and Clarke's exploring expedition. Hamilton killed by Burr, July 11. 1805. Treaty of peace with Tripoli, June 3. 1807. Fulton ascended the Hudson with the first steamboat. The Chesapmkr tired into by the Leopard, June 22. Passage of the Embargo Act, December 22. 1808. James Madison and George Clinton elected President and Vice- President. 1809. Madison inaugurated, March 4. Embargo Act repealed. 1811. Collision between the President and Little Bell. CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 313 1811. Defeat of the Indians at Tippecanoe, November 7. 1812. Louisiana admitted into the Union, April 8. War dechired against (Ireat Britain, June 19. Surrender of Detroit by General Hull, August 16. Constitution captured the Gveiriere, August 19. Exploit of Commodore Decatur with the frigate United States. Battle of Queenstown Heights, October 13. The Frolic captured by the Wasp, October 13. Capture of the Java liy the Constitution, December 29. Madison re-elected President, and Elbridge Gerry chosen Vice- President. 1813. Battle of Frenchtown, January 22. York (Toronto) captured, April 27. Fort Meigs attacked, May 1. The Hornet captured tlie Peacock; February 24. Chesapeake captured by the Shannon, and Lawrence killed. June 1. Attack on Fort Stevenson, O., August 2. Decatur blockaded al New London. Massacre at Fort Minims, August 30. Perry's great naval victory on Lake Erie, September 10. Battle of the Thames, October 5. 1814. Defeat of the Indians at Horseshoe Bend, March 27. Battle of Chippewa, July 5. Battle of Lundy's Lane, July 25, Washington captured by the British, August 24. Victory at Plattsburg and on Lake Chainplain, September 11. British rei)ulsed at Baltimore, September 13. Hartford Convention, December 15. Treaty of peace signed at (ihent, December 24. 1815. Victory at New Orleans, January 8. Capture of the Gyane and Levant, Fel^ruary 20. W^ar with Algiers. 1816. Indiana admitted into the I'nion, December 11. James Monroe and Daniel Tompkins elected President and Vice- President. 1817. Monroe inaugurated, March 4. Mississippi admitted into the Union, December 10. 1818. Illinois admitted into the Union. December 3. 1819. First steamship to cross the Atlantic left Savannah, May 24. Alabama admitted into the Union, December 14. 1820. Florida purchased of Spain. Missouri Compromise passed, March 3. 22 314 APPENDIX. 1820. Maine admitted into the Union, March 15. 1821. Missouri admitted into the Union, August 10. 1822. The South American provinces recognized. 1823. The "Monroe Doctrine" declared. The Erie Canal opened, ( )ctober 8. 1824. Visit of La Fayette. ('orn«Ktone of Bunker Hill monument laid by La Fayette, June 17. John Quincy Adams and John C. Calhoun elected President and Vice-President. 1825. Adams inaugurated, March 4. 1826. Adams and Jefierson died, July 4. The first railway in the United States completed. 1828. Andrew Jackson and J. C. Callioun elected President and Vice- President. 1829. Jackson inaugurated. The first steam locomotive put in operation. 1831. Ex-President Monroe died, July 4. 1832. Black Hawk War. Jackson vetoed the charter of the United States Bank. Nullification in South Carolina. The Seminole War. Jackson re-elected; Martin Van Buren elected Vice-President. 1833. Jackson inaugurated. 1835. Massacre of Dade's connnand by Seminoles, December 28. 1836. Arkansas admitted into the L^nion, June 15. Ex-President Madison died, June 28. Texas proclaimed her independence, March 2. Martin Van Buren and Col. R. M. Johnson elected President and Vice-President. 1837. Michigan admitted into the LTnion, January 26. Van Buren inaugurated, March 4. Financial distress throughout the country. Osceola captured under a flag of truce. Rout of Seminoles at Okechobee, December 25. 1837-38. Rebellion in Canada. 1837. Steamer Caroline burned and sent over Niagara Falls, December 29. 1840. General W. H. Harrison and John Tyler elected President and Vice-President. 1841. Harrison inaugurated. President Harrison died, April 4. 1842. Dorr's rebellion in Rhode Island. End of the Seminole War. CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 315 1842. Our North-eastern boundary question settled. 1843. Rhode Island adopted her present Constitution. 1844. The first public telegram sent. The Mormons driven out of Nauvoo, 111. James K. Polk and George M. Dallas elected President and Vice- President. 1845. P^lorida admitted into the Union, March 3. Polk inaugurated, March 4. Ex-President Jackson died, June 8. Texas admitted into the Union, December 29. 1846. Captain Thornton attacked and captured, April 26. Victory at Palo Alto, May 8. Victory at Resaca de la Palma, INIay 9. War declared by Congress, May 11. General Kearney lelt Fort Leavenworth with an army for the West, June. Santa Fe captured, August 18. Monterey captured, September 24. Iowa admitted into the Union, December 28. 1847. Victory at Buena Vista, February 23. Vera Cruz captured, March 29. Victory at Cerro Gordo, April 18. Victory at Contreras, August 20. Chapultepec captured, September 13. City of Mexico surrendered, September 14. 1848. Treaty of peace signed, February 2. Ex-President J. Q. Adams died, February 23. Gold discovered in California, February. Wisconsin admitted into the Union, May 29. General Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore elected. 1849. Taylor inaugurated, March 5. 1850. President Taylor died, July 9. California admitted into the Union, September 9. 1851. Lopez, the filibuster, shot. 1852. General Franklin Pierce and AVilliam R. King elected President and Vice-President. 1853. President Pierce inaugurated, INIarch 4. 1854. Kansas and Nebraska P>ill ]iasse(l and ^Missouri Compromise repealed, May 31. Boundary between INIexico and the United States readjusted. 1856. James Buchanan and John C. Breckinridge elected President and Vice-President. 316 APPENDIX. 1856. Dred Scott decision rendered, December terra of Supreme Cor.rt. 1857. Buchiuian and Breckinridge iniuigiiratcd, March 1. 1858. Minnesota admitted into the I nion, May 11. First Athuitic cal)le o})crated, August 5. 1859. Oregon admitted into tlie Union, February 14. 1860. John Brown's raid, October 16. Abraham Lincohi and Hannibal Hamlin elected President and Vice-President. John Brown and six companions hanged, December 2. South Carolina seceded from the Union, December 20. Major Anderson moved from Fort Moultrie to Fort Sumter, Decem- ber 26. 1861. Steamer Star of the Went fired upon, January 9. Kansas admitted into the Union, January 29. Confederate Goverinnent formed at Montgomery, February 4. " Peace Convention " held in Washington, February 4. President Lincoln inaugurated, March 4. Fort Sumter bomI)arded, April 12, 13. President Lincohi called for 75,000 volunteers. Virginia seceded, April 18. Massachusetts troops attacked in Baltimore, April 19. Arkansas seceded, May 6. North Carolina seceded. May 20. Tennessee seceded, June 8. Battle of Big Bethel, June 10. Battle of Bull Kun, July 21. Battle of Wilson's Creek, August 10. Forts at Hatteras Tnlet, N. C, captured, August 29. Colonel Mulligan defeated at Lexington, Mo., September 20. Battle at Ball's Bluff; October 21. Port Royal, S. C, captured, November 7. IVIason and Slidell seized, November 8. 1862. Fort Henry captured, February 6. Roanoke Island taken, February 8. Fort Donelson captured, February 16. Electoral vote of the Southern Confederacy counted, February 19. Battle of Valverde, N. M., February 21. Battle of Pea Ridge, March 7, 8. Battle between the Monitor and Mcrrimac, March 9. Newbern, N. C., captured, ISIarch 14. Army of the Potomac landed at Fortress Monroe, April 4. CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 317 1862. Battle of Pittsburg Landing, April 6, 7. Island No. 10 taken, April 7. New Orleans captured, April 25. Beaufort, N. C, taken, April 25. Yorktown occupied, May 4. Battle of Williamsburg, May 5. Norfolk surrendered. May 10. Corinth occupied, ]May 30. Battle of Fair Oaks, May 31 -June 1. Memphis captured, June 0. General Stuart's cavalry raid, .June 12. Seven Days' battles, June 25-July 1. Battle of Cedar Mountain, August 9. Indian War in ^Minnesota. Second battle of Bull Bun, August 29, 30. Battle of South Mountain, September 14. Capture of Harper's Ferry, September 15. Battle of Antietam, September 15. Battle of luka, September 19. Battle of Corinth, October 4. Battle of Perryville, October 8. Buell superseded by Rosecrans, October 30. Battle of Fredericksburg, December 13. Failure of the attack on Vicksburg, December 29. Battle of Murfreesboro', December 31, and January 1, 2, 1863. 1863. Emancipation Proclamation issued, January 1. Galveston recaptured by the Confederates, January 1. General Hooker assumes command of the Army of the Potomac. Attempt to capture Charleston. Fort Sumter bombarded, April 7. Defeat of Pemberton at Fort Gibson, May 1. Battle of Chancellorsville, May 2, 3. Defeat of General Johnston at Jackson, May 14. West Virginia admitted into the Union, June 19. Battle of Gettysburg, July 1-4. Vicksburg surrendered, July 4. Port Hudson surrendered, July 8. Fort Wagner taken, September 7. Attack on Charleston. Battle of Chickamauga, September 19, 20. General Thomas seized Orchard Knob, November 23. Battle of Chattanooga, November 24, 25. Siege of Knoxville raised, December 4. 318 APPBNDLX. 18G4. Fort de Russy captured, March 14. U. S. Grant made lieutenant-general, March 12. Battle of Sabine Cross-roads, Ai)ril S. Battle of Pleasant Hill, April 8. Butler landed at Bermuda Hundred, May 5. Battles of tlie Wilderness, May 5, (>. Battle of Spottsylvania, May 8, 1 2. Sigel defeated at New Market, May 15. Grant repulsed at Cold Harbor, June 3. Battle of Piedmont, Jime 5. Battle before Petersburg, June 16. Destruction of the Alabama by the Kearsfirr/e. June 19. Battle of Kenesaw Mountain, June 27. Battle of the Monocacy, July 9. Battles before Atlanta, July 20, 22, 28. Explosion of the Petersburg mine, July 30. Chambersburg burned, July 30. Battle of Mobile Bay, August 5. Privateer Georgia aeized, August 11. Capture of Atlanta, September 2. Battle of Winchester, September 19. Battle of Fisher's Hill, September 22. Privateer Florida seized, October 7. Battle of Cedar Creek, October 1 i). Albemarle sunk, October 27. Nevada admitted into the Union, October 31. Sherman started on his march to tlie sea, November 16. Battle of Nashville, December lo, 16. Savannah occupied, December 20. 186."). Fort Fisher captured, January 15. Sherman marched northward, February 1. Lee made commander-in-chief of the Confederate armies, Feb- ruary 5. Columbia taken, February 16. Charleston captured, February 18. Battles of Averysboro' and Bentonville, March 15, IS. Grant and Sherman met to arrange tinal campaign, March 27. Battle of Five Forks, April 1. Fort Gregg caj)tured, April 2. Petersburg taken, April 2. Richmond taken, April 3. Lee surrendered, April 9. CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 319 1865. President Lincoln assassinated, April 14. Jolinston's army surrendered, April 26. Confederate forces east of the Mississippi surrendered, May 4. Confederate naval forces surrendered, May 4. JefJerson Davis captured, May 10. Confederate forces beyond the Mississippi surrendered, May 26. Vice-President Johnson sworn into ofhce as President. 1866. Grade of general in the army revived, and those of vice- and rear- admiral in the navy created. Canada invaded by the Fenians. Ex-President Buchanan died, June 1 . Atlantic telegraph cable laid, July 28. 1867. Alaska purchased. French evacuated Mexico. Nebraska admitted into the Union, March 1. 1868. President Johnson impeached. All the seceded States admitted. Universal amnesty declared, December 25. 1869. President Grant inaugurated, ]\Iarch 4. Pacific Raihvay completed, May 10. 1870. The fifteenth amendment to the Constitution became operative. 1871. The great fire broke out in Chicago, October 8. 1872. The Alabama claims were settled. Boundary dispute with Great Britain adjusted. 1873. General E. S. Canby and others murdered by Modoc Indians. 1875. Colorado admitted into the Union, March 3. 1876. General Custer and his command massacred, June 25. Centennial exhibition, Philadeljjhia, May 10 to November 10. 1877. President Hayes inaugurated, March 4. Labor troubles in various parts of the country. 1878. Fishing dispute with Great Britain adjusted. 1879. Specie payments resumed, January 1. 1880. General J. A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur elected President and Vice-President, November. 1881. President Garfield assassinated, July 2. President Garfield died, September 19. Vice-President Arthur sworn in as President. 1882. Law passed against Chinese immigration. 1883. Brooklyn Bridge completed. May 24. 1885. Washington Monument dedicated, February 21. (ieneral Grant died, July 22. Letter postage reduced to two cents an ounce. 320 APPENDIX. 1886. Presidential-Succession Bill passed. Anarchistic riots in Chicago, May 4. Earthquakes in Charleston. War with the Apache Indians. Statue of Liberty dedicated, October 28. 1889. Johnstown flood, May 31. North and South Dakota admitted, November 3. Montana admitted, November 11. Jefll'erson Davis died, December G. 1890. Idaho admitted, July 3. Wyoming admitted, July 10. Sitting Bull killed, December 15. 1891. Sioux War ended, January 15. Admiral Porter died, February 13. General Sherman died, February 14. General Johnston died, March 21. Forty-four stars appeared in the national flag, July 4. TOPICAL ANALYSIS FOR SLATE OR BLACKBOARD. PART I. The Period of Discovery and Development. Earliest Discoverers. Discoverers from Asia. Tlie Mound-Builders. f Naddod. The Northmen, i t^ • .1 d 1 ' I. Knc the lied. The Columbus. Other Discoverers. Spanish Explorers. French Explorers. English Explorers. Dutch Explorer, Era of Geographical Ignorance. ^ Birth and Early Training. His Geographical Views. At the Portuguese Court. At the Spanish Court. His Voyage Westward. His Return to Spain. Further Discoveries. [ His Death. Amerigo Vespucci. .John Cabot. Sebastian Cabot. f Ponce de Leon. Balboa. J Magellan. I De Narvaez. I De Soto. I Menendez. Verrazani. Cartier. •John Ribaiit. Laudonniere. Champlain. De Monts. j^ f Frobisher. Sir Humphrey Gilbert. {First and second at- tempts, and their fail- ures. Henry Hudson. 321 322 APPENDIX. Virginia. Massachusetts. John Smith. John Smith. PAET II. The Colonial Period. Attention of the leading nations attracted to the New World. The London Company. Tlie Plymouth Company. Method of Government. First Failure. f His romantic history. t- Doubt of some portions. Founding of Jamestown. His services. His adventures. The Starving Time. Arrival of Lord Delaware. The Third Charter. Pocahontas. Colony Badly Ruled. The Cireat Charter. First Legislative Body Convened. Method of (iovernment. Period of Prosperity. African Slavery Introduced. Death of Powhatan. Trouble with the Indians. Virginia made a Royal Province. Oppressed by the Britisli Parliament. Bacon's Rebellion. f Religious Persecution. Landing of Pilgrims. Character of Pilgrims. Sufferings of Pilgrims. The Indians. Growth of the Colony. The Puritans. Their Intolerance. The Colonies I'nited. King Philip's War. Made a Royal Province. TyrannicalGovernment. Salem Witchcraft. Plymouth Colony. Massachusetts Bay Colony. TOPICAL ANA L YSIS FOR SLA TE OR BLA CKB OA RD. 323 Maine and New Hampshire. Settlement. Connecticut. Rhode Island. New York. New Jersey. Georgia. Intercolonial Wars. Delaware and Penn- sylvania. Maryland. The Carolinas. Destruction of the Pequods. The Charter Oak. Settlement. Toleration Act. Charter Granted. Settlement. Government under the Dutch. Government under the English. Settlemerrt. East and West Jersey. New Jersey a Koyal Province. Settlement. Philadelphia Founded. The Golden Rule in Government. Penn's Treaty. Remarkable Prosperity. Delaware. Death of Penn. 1 [ Rights of his Heirs. f Settlement. I Religious Difficulties. Settlement. The Albemarle Colony. The Clarendon Colony. Settlement. Oglethorpe's Experiment. (Causes. Progress. Results. (Causes. Progress. Results. (Causes. Progress. Results. (Causes. Progress. Results. Queen Anne's War. King George's War. Life in the Colonial Times. 324 APPENDIX. Causes of the Revolu- tion. Retaliatory Measures by Great Britain. Events of 1774-75. Events of 1776. Events of 1777. Events of 1778. Events of 1779. PART III. The Revolution. Discrimination against American Interests. Navigation Acts. Stamp Act. Taxation without Representation. Writs of Assistance. Closing the Port of Boston. (Jeneral Uage appointed Governor of Massa- clmsetts. ! First Continental Congress. Battle of Lexington. Battle of Bunker Hill. Second Continental Congress, (ieneral Washington made Connnander-in- Chief. Capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point. Invasion of Canada. f Evacuation of Boston. Attack on Charleston. ] Declaration of Independence. Campaign around New York. Retreat through New Jersey. Battle of Trenton. Battle of the Assunpink. Battle of Princeton. Burgoyne's Invasion. Fall of Philadelphia. Washington at Valley Forge. Treaty of France with the United States. Evacuation of Philadelphia. Battle of ]\Ionmouth. ^lilitary Movements in Rhode Island. Campaign in the Soutli. The War in the South. The War in the North. Campaigns against the Indians. The War on the Ocean. TOPICAL ANALYSIS FOR SLATE OR BLACKBOARD. 325 Events of 1780. Events of 1781. Treason of Arnold. The War in the South. Further Aid from France. Campaign in the South. Surreniler at Yorktown. Treaty of Peace. Washington Surrenders his Commission. Washington's Admin- istration, 1789 97. PART IV. Growth of the States. Condition of the States at the Close of the Ke volution. Peril from the Army. Adoption of the Constitution. First President and Vice-President. Domestic Aflairs. Foreign Aflairs. [ Political Parties. John Adams's Admin- Domestic Affairs. • a. A.- innr, lom '{ Foreign Affairs. istration,1797 1801. .^ V Presidential Election of 1800. Jefferson's Adminis- tration, 1801 09. f Burr and Hamilton. Louisiana Purchased. Domestic Affairs, -i The First Steamboat. Lewis and Clarke's p]x- pedition. War with Tripoli. Foreign Affairs. ^ England and France, Em- bargo Act. Presidential Election of 1808. L Madison's Adminis- tration, 1809-17. Domestic Affairs. Foreign Affairs. War of 1812. r Causes of War. Achievementsof the Army. Achievements of the Navy. [ Peace. Results. Indian Troubles. [ Presidential Election of 1816. 326 APPENDIX. Monroe's Administra- tion, 1817-25. Polk's Administra- tion, 1845-4.9. I Pvra of Prosperity. TA i- * a • ( Missouri Compromise. Domestic Anairs. -i , ' •^ La Fayette's Visit. ■c. • . «• • f Acquisition of Florida. l*oreign AHairs. < ^ ^ Monroe Doctrine. Recasting of Political Parties. Presidential Election of 1824. John Quincy Adams's Administration, 1825 29. Jackson's Adminis- tration, 1829 37. Van Buren's Adminis- tration, 1837-41. Harrison and Tyler's Administration, 1841-45. /-U.S. Banl Domestic Aftiiirs. \ Nullificati *- Indian Tr( Admission of States. Opening of the Mississippi Valley. Death of Jefferson and the Elder Adams. The Erie Canal. First Railway. First Steam Locomotive. Presidential P:iection of 1828. U. S. Bank, ion. Troubles. Foreign Afl'airs. Presidential Election of 1836. Domestic Aflairs. Panic of 1837. Foreign Aflairs. The Patriot War. Presidential Election of 1840. f U. S. Bank. Death of Harrison. r)omestic Affairs. Foreign f Annexation Suffrage Difficulties. Anti-rent Excite- ment. The Mormons. Magnetic Telegraph. Presidential Election of 1844. Aflivirs. of Texas. Foreign Affairs. War with Mexico, 1846-48. Domestic Aflairs. I _ Presidential Election of 1848. f Causes. I Operationsof Armiesun- j der Generals Taylor, I Kearney, and Scott. I Peace. Results of the I War. Discovery of Gold in in California. Death of Ex-Presidents Jackson and Adams. TOPICAL ANALYSIS FOR SLATE OR BLACKBOARD. 327 f Death of Taylor. ( Slavery. Taylor and Fillmore's Domestic Affairs. ^ Admission of California. Administration, ^ T,^^ American Attempt to 1849-53. Foreign Affiurs.-^ Liberate Cuba. Pret^idential Election of 1852. Pierce's Administra- tion, 1853-57. Buchanan's Adminis- tration, 1857-61. Domestic Aftiiii Foreign Affair? f Eepeal of Missouri C'om- I promise. i Kansas-Nebraska Bill. Civil War in Kansas. [ Walker's Expeditions. Mexico. [ Presidential Election of 1856. Domestic Affairs. r Slavery Question. j Dred Scott Decision. John Brown's Raid. I Atlantic Cable. The Seceding States. Fort Sumter. Presidential Election of 1860. States admitted during this Period. 1861. PART V. The Civil War. Lincoln's Administration, 1861-65. Slavery and the Doctrine of State Rights. Inauguration of President Lincoln. Peace Convention in Washington. Capture of Fort Sumter. War-spirit North and South. Battles of Big Betliel, Bull Run, and Ball's Bluff'. General McClellan takes Command of the Army of the Potomac. General Lyon. Colonel ]Mulligan. The Trent Aflkir. 328 APPENDIX. 1862. 1863. 1865. 1864. J The Union Plan of Campaign. Capture of Forts Henry and Donelson. Confederate I'residency and Vice-Presidency. Battle of Shiloh. Capture of Island No. 10. Battle of Perryville. Battle of Murfreesboro'. The Monitor and 3Ierrimnc. Capture of New Orleans. First Campaign against Richmond. Lee's First Northern Invasion. Battle of Antietam. Attack on Fredericksburg. The War in New Mexico. Indian Outbreak in Minnesota, f Battle of Chickamauga. I Battle of Chattanooga. I Relief of Burnside at Knoxville. Attempt against Charleston. J Confederate Privateers. 1 Recapture of Galveston. Battle of Chancellorsville. I Second Confederate Invasion of the North. I Battle of Gettysburg. I Capture of Vicksburg. Sherman's Campaign : his INIarch to the Sea. Grant's Campaign — Petersburg. Sigel's and Hunter's Campaigns in the Shenandoah Valley. Butler's Failure at Bermuda Hundred. Early's Advance. Sheridan's Campaign. General Banks's Red River Expedition. Closing of Mobile. Capture of Fort Fisher. Destruction of the Ahthoma. Presidential Election of 1864. Sherman's March Northward. Grant's Last Campaign against Lee. The Surrender of Appomattox. Assassination of President Lincoln. Collapse of the Southern Confederacy. tL TOPICAL ANALYSIS FOR SLATE OR BLACKBOARD. 329 PERIOD VI. Peace and Progress. Johnson's Administration, 1865 69. The Grand Victory that Followed that of the I'nion. Cost of the Civil War. The New Ranks in the Army and Navy. Tlie P^enian Movement. Purchase of Alaska. Maximilian in Mexico. Laying of the Atlantic Telegraph Cable. Death of Ex-President Buchanan. Presidential Election of 1868. Grant's Administration, 1869 77. The (Ireat Fires in Chicago and Boston. The Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution. The Alabama Claims. The North-western Boundary. The Election of 1872. Indian Troubles. The Centennial E]xhibition. Presidential Election of 1876. Hayes's Administration, 1877-81. Hayes's Conciliatory Policy. Labor Troubles. Specie Payments. The Fishery Dispute with (ireat Britain. General Grant's Tour around the World. Presidential Election of 1880. Garfield and Arthur's Administration, 1881-85. Assassination of President Garfield. Law against Chinese Immigration ; against Mormonism. Brooklyn Bridge. Washington Monument. Otiier Legislation. Presidential Election of 1884. 2a 330 APPENDIX. Cleveland's Administration, 1885 89. The Presidential Succession. The Statue of Liberty. Death of General Grant. Other Dij^tinpiiished Dead. Labor Disturbances. Earthquakes. Indian Troubles. Harrison's Administration, 1889-93. The Johnstown Flood. Indian Troubles. Deaths of Prominent Persons. New States Admitted. Tarifl' Legislation. Past and Future of our Country. Inventions. Literature and Art. SUBJECTS FOR COMPOSITION. Suggestions to Teachers.— In preparing compositions on the subjects named pupils sliould be required to relate every incident in their own language. They should never be permitted to use the exact words of the text-book, but should ciinstruct their own sentences, and aim at directness, clearness, and good Eng- lish. Chapter I. — Tlie Traditional Period of Discovery; The Northmen. Chapter II. — The Lack of (Jeogi-aphical Knowledge Four Hundred Years ago; The Career of Columbus ; The True Eank of Columbus among the Discoverers of the World. Chapter III. — Amerigo Vespucci ; Effect produced on Leading Maritime Nations of Europe by the Discoveries of Columbus ; Discov- eries of the Cabots ; A Brief Comparison of what was done Respectively by Spain, France, England, and Holland in the new world to the close of 1609. Chai^ter IV. — Jamestown ; Captain John Smith ; Pocahontas. Chapter V. — Early Times in Virginia; The First Legislative Body convened in America ; African Slavery ; The Indian Wars ; Bacon's Re- bellion ; Prosperity of Virginia. Chapter VI. — The Puritans of New England ; King Philii) ; Witch- craft. Chapter VII. — The Work of the Plymouth and ^lassachusetts Colonies in Settling New England ; Early Indian Wars; Religious Toler- ance and Intolerance in New England. Chapter VIII. — The Early Settlements in New York; Tiie Early Settlers ; Governor Andros ; Why the City of New York was Destined to become the Metropolis of the New World. Chapter IX. — The Early History of New Jersey ; of Pennsylvania ; of Delaware ; The E.xample of William Penn. Chapter X. — The States whose Founding was due to Religious Intolerance ; Other Causes of Settlements in the New World ; The Mis- takes made by the Pioneers of the Original Thirteen States. Chapter XI. — The First Three Intercolonial Wars; The Services of George Washington Previous to the Revolution ; The {'onf|uest of America by England. Chapter XII. — Contrast of the Colonial and Modern Dwelling- houses; Contrast of the Colonial and Modern ]\Iethod of Living; Com- parison of the Colonial and Modern Laws. Chapter XIII. — The Future of the American Indian. 331 332 APPENDIX. Chapter XIV. — England's Folly in Dealing with her American Colonies; The Patriotic h^pirit of the Americans. Chapter XV. — The First and Second Continental Congresses ; Lex- ington and Bunker Hill ; Washington as Commander-in-Chief. Chapter XVI. — The Campaign in New England ; The Declaration of Independence; The Turning-point of the American Revolution. Chapter XVII. — Washington's Generalship at the battles of the Assnnpink and Princeton ; General Gates's Generalship at t^aratoga ; The Reverses of Washington in 1777. Chapter XVIII. — Valley Forge; Friendship of France for the American Colonies; Monmouth; Military Movements in the North and South in 1778. Chapter XIX. — The Campaign of 1779 in the North and South ; The Part Played by the Indians in the Revolution ; The Infant American Navy. Chapter XX. — Career of Benedict Arnold ; Sufferings of the Amer- ican Army during the Winter of 1779-80. Chapter XXI. — The Last Campaign of the Revolution ; Washing- ton in Retirement. Chapter XXII.— The Birth of the Nation; The Infancy of the Nation ; The Constitution ; The First President and Vice-President ; The First Administration, and What it Accomplished. Cliapter XXIII. — Tlie Second Administration ; The Alien and Sedition Laws ; Washington. Chapter XXIV.— The Duel l)etween Burr and Hamilton; Tlie War with Tripoli ; The Lewis and Clarke E.xpedition ; The Katherine of dermoid; The Embargo Act. Chapter XXV.— The Causes of the War of 1812; A Comparison of the Strength of Great Britain and the United States at the Opening of the War; The Army and Navy during the First Year of the War. Chapter XXVI.— The Achievements of the Army in 1813 ; The Achievements of the Navy in 1813; The Causes of Failure and of Defeat. Chapter XXVII. — The Achievements of the Army in the War of 1812 ; The Achievements of the Navy in the War of 1812; The Cap- ture of Washington ; The Treaty of Ghent. Chapter XXVIII.— Our Material Progress after the War of 1812 ; The Missouri Compromise ; The Monroe Doctrine ; La Fayette. Chapter XXIX.— The Sixth Administration; The Death of Thomas Jefferson and John Adams ; The P>ie Canal ; American Rail- ways. Chapter XXX. — Andrew Jackson; South Carolina in 1832; Osceola. SUBJECTS FOR COMPOSITION. 333 Chapter XXXI.— The Cause of the Panic of 1837; The Admin- istration of Van Buren. Chapter XXXII.— The Mormons; Texas; The Magnetic Tele- graph. Chapter XXXIII.— The Mexican War ; The Discovery of Gold in California. Chapter XXXIV.— The Question of Slavery in I80O ; California ; The Attempts to Help the Cause of Cuban Independence. Chapter XXXV. — The Repeal of the Missouri Compromise ; Bleeding Kansas ; The Republican Party. Chapter XXXVI.— The Dred Scott Decision ; John Brown ; The Atlantic Cable; The Secession Movements during Buchanan's Adminis- tration. Chapter XXXVII. — Origin and Meaning of the Names of the Different States ; Pioneer Settlements. Chapter XXXVIII.— The Causes of the Civil War; The Fall of Fort Sumter ; The Battle of Bull Run ; Operations in the West ; The War on the Coast ; The Trent Aflair. Chapter XXXIX.— The War in the West; The Monitor and Merrimac ; Operations on the Water ; The First Campaign against Rich- mond ; The First Confederate invasion of the North ; The Fredericksburg Campaign. Chapter XL. — The Campaign in the South-west ; The Campaign in the West ; The Campaign on the Water ; The Campaign in the East. Chapter XLI.^ — Operations in the South : Operations in the East; Operations in the South-west ; ( )perations on the Water. Chapter XLII. — The Final CamiJaign for the Union; The Assas- sination of President Lincoln. Chapter XLIII.— Peace; The Cost of the War for the Union; Alaska ; Maximilian ; The Atlantic Telegraph Cable. Chapter XLIA'^. — The Chicago Fire ; The Alabama C'laims ; Indian Wars; The Centennial Exiiibition. Chapter XLV. — The Labor Troubles of 1877 ; General Grant's Tour around the AVorld. Chapter XLVI. — President Garfield ; The Washington Monu- ment ; Arthur's Adn)inistration. Chapter XLVI I.— The Last Days of General Grant ; The Labor and Strike Troubles ; The Noted Dead of 1885-86. Chapter XLVIII. — Tiie Johnstown Calamity; Causes and Inci- dents of the Last Indian War; The New Members of the Union; Our Past and Our Future. QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION. Chapter I. — Whence came the people found in America hy tlie first wiiite men that visited it? Cliaptor II. — -What is tlie true place of Columbus among the great discoverers? Chapter III. — What was the cause of the numerous failures to plant colonies in the new world? Which of the four leading maritime nations of Europe had the clearest title to the territory she claimed in America? Chapter IV. — Would Jamestown have escaped destruction except for Captain Jolni Smith? Chaptei* V. — If the Dutch had not brought slaves to Virginia, would the system of African slavery have ever been introduced into this country? Chapter W. — Was King Philip justifiable in making war against the colonists? Is there any excuse for the witchcraft delusion in New England ? (■hapter A"II. — Was the anniliilation of the Pequod Indians neces- sary or justifiable? Chapter VIII.— Had England or Holland the clearest title to the New Netherlands ? Chapter IX. — Whiih theories of William Penn were sound, and which unsound ? Chapter X. — Why did the scheme of (ieneral Oglethorpe regarding (Georgia result in failure? Chai>t«'r XI. — Did France or England possess the better claim to the disputed territory which was the cause of the French and Indian War? Chaptei* XII. — What mistakes were made in the governuient of our forefathers? Chapter XIII. — What is the true solution of the " Indian Prob- lem " ? Chapt<'r XIV. — Suppose Englanil had treatid her American colo- nies witii justice, when would their separation from her have taken place? Would such separation have been peaceable? Chapter XV. -Would a victory at Hunker Hill have benefited the Americans more than a defeat ? 334 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION. 335 Chapter XA^I,— What would have been the result if tiie battle of Trenton had been a defeat for the Americans and Washington had been made a prisoner? Chapter XVII. — Did Washington or Gates display tlie better generalship in 1777? Chapter XVIII. — Where and when, down to the close of 1778, did the jiatriot army display the grandest heroism? Chapter XIX. — Was it necessary that General Sullivan should l)unish the Iroquois Indians with such fearful severity? Chapter XX. — Was it right to hang Major Andre? Would the Americans have been successful with any other than Washington in com- mand ? Chai>ter XXI. — Was the help of France indispensable to the suc- cess of the American colonies in their struggle for indei:)endence? Chajiter XXII. — Since France aided the colonies in their struggle for independence, was it not the duty of our government to help France in her war with England ? Chapter XXIII.— Was the passage of the Alien and Sedition laws necessary or wise? Chapter XXIV. — Did the United States do right in paying tribute to the Bashaw of Tripoli? Was Captain Earron blamable lor surrender- ing the Chesapeake without first making battle? Chapter XXV. — Ought General William Hidl to have been exe- cuted for the surrender of Detroit ? Chapter XXA'I. — Should the hero Lawrence be commended or censured for iigliting, under the circumstances, the Shannon? Chapter XXVII.— Ought the United States to have signed the treaty of (ihent ? Chapter XXVIII. — When is it right and when is it wrong to con- sent to a compromise? Chapter XXIX. — W^as there anything more than a simple coin- cidence in the death of Thomas JefTerson and John Adams ? Cliapter XXX. — Was there any justification for the arrest of Osceola under a flag of truce? Chapter XXXI. — Would it not have been right for our govern- ment to permit American citizens to aid the insurgents in Canada? Chapter XXXII. To whom belongs the chief credit for the invention of the magnetic telegraph? Chapter XXXIII.— Was General Scott or General Taylor en- titled to the greater credit for our triumph over Mexico? Chapter XXXIV.— Ought Daniel Webster to have sujiported the "Omnibus Bill"? 336 APPENDIX. Chapter XXXV. — Was the repeal of the Missouri Compromise j list i liable ? Chapter XXXVI.— Did John Brown deserve to be hanged? Chapter XXXVII.— Whieh State, admitted during this period, made the greatest progress? Wliich has the most natural advantages? Chapter XXXV^III.— Was the Federal defeat at Bull Run a benefit or injury to the Union cause? Chapter XXXIX. — ^Vllo was censurable for the failure of the first campaign against Richmond ? Chapter XL. — What would have been the result of a Union defeat at Gettysburg? Chapter XLI, — Was it wise to displace Hannibal Hamlin as tlie nominee of the Republican i)arty for Vice-President in 1864? Chapter XLII. — Could Jefiferson Davis have been convicted of the crime of treason ? Cliapter XLIII. — Did President Johnson deserve impeachment? Chapter XLI V.— Who was rightfully elected President of the United States in 1S76? Chapter XLV. — Should silver be a legal tender? Chapter XLVI. — Is the legislation against Chinese immigration justifiable or necessary ? Chapter XLVII. — Why do you believe (or disbelieve) in civil- service reform ? Cliapter XLVIII. — Is free trade or protection the better policy for the United States? LIST OF BOOKS RECOMMENDED TO STUDENTS OF AMERICAN HISTORY. Sclioolcraft's Indian Tribes; Bancroft's Native Races; Parkman's His- torical Works ; Lossing's Field-Book of the Revolution and of the War of 1812; Lewis and Clarke's Journal; Mackenzie's Life of Jackson; Cooper's History of the American Navy ; Fremont's Explorations ; Rip- ley's War with ]\Iexico ; McPherson's Political History of the United States; Jay's Mexican War; Comte de Paris's Civil War in America; Swinton's Army of the Potomac and Twelve Decisive Battles; Personal ^lemoirs of dleneral U. S. (irant; Memoirs of (General W. T. Slierman ; Davis's Rise and Fall of tiie Southern Confederacy; Stephens's War between the States; Johnston's Narrative of Military Operations ; Life and Letters of Cieneral Thomas J. Jackson, by his ^Vife ; The American Statesmen Series; Ellis's Indian Wars of America; Bryce's American Commonwealth ; Lossing's History of the United States Navy. INDEX. For the convenience of students the dates ot the birth and death of all important persons have been given in parentheses immediately after the name. Many of these are disputed in various ways, and tlie dates accepted in Thomas's Biographical Biction- ary have been mainly followed. A. Abraham, Plaiii.s of, 62. Ai-adia attacked, (>0. coded to England, .57. original name of Nova Scotia, 60. Acadians, banishment of, 60. Acquia Creek, 194. Adams, John (173.5-1826), adminis- tration, 1797-1801, 113. chosen first Vice-President, 109. defeated as candidate, 1800, 115. elected second President, 1796, 113. his death, 1826, 137. note on life of, 113. portrait, 114. re-elected Vice-President, 1792, 112. sends envoys to France, 114. John Quincy (1767-1848), admin- istration, 1825-29, 137. administration not popular, 136, 139. elected sixth President, 136. his death, 1848, 1.54. note on life of, 136. portrait, 137. Samuel (1722-1803), "Father of the Revolution," 71. portrait, 71. Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of, 57. Alabama becomes twentv-second State, IS 19, 137. its history, 166. secession, 1()3. traversed, 23. Alabama, the, compensation for, 230. its destruction, 216. its successes, 201. Alaska purchased, 1867, 227. Albany, 47, H(i. Albemarle Colony, 54. Albemarle, the, its destruction, 1864, 217. Alexandria seized by Federals, 1861, 175. Algiers, treaty, 1795, 113. war with, 132. Alien and Sedition laws, 115. Alleghany Mountains, region west of, 58. Eiver crossed by Washington, .59. Allen, Ethan (cir. 1738-89), captures Ticonderoga, 78. Alliance, the, 96. Amelia Court-house, provision-trains pass through, 1865, 221. America, achievements of patriots in South, 103. becomes a nation, 107. Colonial Period, 28. disasters, 1812, 121. discovered by Columbus, 15. English explorations in, 25. events of 1774-75, 74. of 1776, 80. of 1777, 85. of 1778, 88. of 1780, 98. of 1781, 102. first discoverers of, 13. French explorations in, 24. help from abroad, 1778, 90. how named, 20. independence acknowledged by Britain, 106. intercolcmiul wars, .56. interest of other nations, 20. life in colonial times, 63. nev^'s of independence spreads, 105. organization of army, 1813, 125. other exploratiims in, 20. partisan fighting in South, 100. 337 338 INDEX. America, period of discovery and set- tlement, 13. See Colonial Times. See Viiiled Sdites. slow progress of settlement, 28. Spanish e.\|)l(irati(ins in, 21. unknown till lifteenth century, 15. war in the South, 9!(. American navy, exploits of, 1813. 126. Amherst, Gen. Jetirey, Lord (1717- 97), 60. Amnesty, universal, 1868, 226. Ampudia, Pedro de, defeated at Mon- terey, 151. Anarchist troubles, 1886, 239. Anderson, Major Robert (1805-71), 164. portrait, 164. surrenders Fort Sumter, 174. Andersonville, S. C, 225. Andre, Major John (1749-80), capture and execution, 99. portrait, 99. Andros, Sir Edmund (1637-1713 or '14), 48. deposed, 46. governor of New England, 1686, 44. imprisoned, 44. Annapolis, so named 1710, 57. Anne (1702-13), war of Queen, .56. Antietam, Md., battle, 1862, 195. Burnside's Bridge, view, 194. Anti-rent troubles. See New York and Renvselaer. Apache Indians, conquest of, 240. their endurance, 67. transferred to Alabama, 240. Appomattox, the, Lee crosses, 1865, 221. Aquiday, Indian chief, 46. Argall, Samuel (1.572-16.39), governor of Virginia, 33. Arista, (leneral Mariano (cir. 1800- 55), 149. Arizona, 16s. ceded to United States, 154. Arkansas, 178, 225. becomes tweutv-fifth State, 18.36, 142, 1()7. " its history, 167. organized as a Territory, 1821, 167. secession, 1H61, 174. settled by French. 1685, 167. Arlington Heights seized by Federals, 1861, 175. Armv, grades revived, 22(). of "Northern Virginia, 202,208,221. Army of Northern Virginia at Rich- mond, 1864, 213. its losses, 212. of Occupation, Mexican War, 151. of the Centre in Mexican War, 151. of the Centre in War of 1812, 125. of the North in War of 1812, 125. of the Potomac, 176, 198, 202, 204, 211. Burnside succeeds McClellan, 195. its losses, 212. McClellan appointed to com- niand, 176. of the West in Mexican War, 151. of the West in War of 1812, 125. Arnold, Benedict (1740-1801), 80. captures Ticonderoga, 78. his death, 99. his marauding expedition, 103. his treason, 1780, 98. portrait, 98. Arthur, Chester Alan (1830-86), ad- ministration, 1881-85, 235. becomes twenty-first Presi- dent, 1881, 235. elected Vice-President, 1880, 234. his death, 1886, 238. note on life of, 236. portrait, 236. Ashley River, 55. Assun])ink, battle of the, 1777, 85. Astrolabe, 15. Atlanta occupied and fired by Sher- man, 1S64, 210. Johnston withdraws to, 1864, 209. Atlantic Cable, first, 1858-66, 162,227. Atzerodt, George, hanged, 1865, 225. Avery.sboro', battle, 1865, 218. Ayotia, 153. 15. Bacon, Nathaniel (cir. l()30-77), his rebellion, 1()76, 36. Bad Lands, Indians at, 242. Baffin Bay discovered, 25. Bailey, Colonel, saves gun-boats, 215. Bainbridge, Ca])tain William (1774- 1833), 117, 123, 1.32. victory of, 124. Baker, (.'olonel Edward Dickinson (1811-61), his death. 177. Balboa, Vasco Nunez de (cir. 1475- 1517). his discoveries, 1513, 21. INDEX. 339 Ball's Bluff, Federals defeated, 1861, 177. Baltimore, 14H. 244. British repulsed, 1814, i:31. disturbances, 1877, 233. Massachusetts troops attacked, 1861, 175. threatened by Lee, 1863, 204. Baltimore and Ohio Railway, 233. Baltimore, Cecil Calvert, Lord ( 76), 53. Banks, Gen. Nathaniel Prentiss (1816 ), defeated by Jackson, 1862. 191. his expedition, 1864, 215. portrait, 215. Barbary States, pirates in 11^'-.), 111. Barclay, Commodoi-e, 127. Barron. Captain James (1768-1851), commander of the Chesa- peake, 119. killed Decatur in duel, 119. Battle above the Clouds, 198. Beaufort, N. C, captured by Fed- erals, 1862, 188. Beauregard, Gen. P. G. T. (1816- ), 181. defeats Butler, 1864, 213. evacuates Corinth, 1862, 183. takes Fort Sumter, 173. victory at Bull Run, 176. BeJridere, the, 123. Bemis Heights, 98. Burgoyne defeated,-87. Bennington, Stark's victorv, 1777, 86. Bentonville, battle, 1865, 218. Bergen, Dutch trading post, 1618, 49. Berkeley, Gov. Sir William ( 1677), 36. Lord, 49. sold West Jersey, .50. Bermuda Hundred, Beauregard's in- trenchments, 213. Big Bethel, Federals repulsed, 176. Big Witiilacoochee, 141. Biloxi, settlement at, 1699, 166. Birkenhead, I':ngland, 201. Black Hawk (cir. 1768-1838), cap- tured, 141. War, 141, 172. Bladensburg, Md., British victorv, 1814, 130. Blaine, James (Jillespie (1830 ), defeated as Presidential candi- S59, 161. exei'Uted, 1(52. Buchanan, James (1791-18G8), 164, 171. administration, 1857-61, 160. elected fifteenth President, 1856, 159. his death, 1866, 227. note on life of, 159. portrait, 160. Buell, Gen. Don Carlos (cir. 1818- ), his campaign unsatis- factory, 184. superseded, 184. to reinforce Grant, 182. Buena Vista, victory at, 1847, 152. Buffalo, distui'bances, 1877, 233. Bull Kun, Federals defeated, 1861, 176. stone bridge over, view, 176. Stonewall Jackson at first battle, 191. Bunker Hill, 78. battle, 1775, 76. Monument, La Fayette lays cor- ner-stone, 136. view, 135. Buren, Martin Van (1782-1862), ad- ministration, 1837-41, 142. administration least popular in our history, 142, 144. defeated as Presidential cajidi- date, 1848, 1.55. elected eighth President, 1836, 142. note on life of, 142. portrait, 143. jirochunation against insur- gents, 144. renominated as President, 1840, 144. Burgoyne, Gen. John ( 1792). 99. his invasion, 1777, 86. portrait, 86. surrenders, 1777, 87. P.urlington, Iowa, settled, 168. New .Icrsi'v, settlements near, .50. Burnsidi', Gen. Ambrose Everett (1824-81), assault on, by Longstreet, 1863, 199. repulsed at Fredericksburg, 195. superseded by Hooker, 202. Burnside's Bridge, Antietam, view, 194. Burr, Aaron (17.56-1836), duel with Hamilton, 116. elected Vice-President, 1800, 115. Butler, Gen. Benjamin Franklin (1818 ), 17.5,216. at New Orleans, 188. defeated by Beauregard, 1864, 213. c. Cabot, John, 20. called the "Great Admiral," 21. sails, 1497, 20. takes possession of Labrador, 21. Sebastian (cir. 1477-cir. 1557), 21. Cabots, the, 48. discoveries by them, 21. Cairo, 181. Calhoun, John Caldwell (1782-1850), elected Vice-President, 1824, 136. portrait, 140. re-elected Vice-President, 1828, 139. resigns ofllice, 141. California, 168. a free State, 156. I ai)plies for admission to Union, 1.56. becomes thirty-first State, 1850, 168. ceded to United States, 154. ! conquest of, 1846, 152. ! discovery of gold, 1848, 154. I its history, 168. l)rohibited slavery, 156. California, Lower, 159. California, Upper, ceded to United States, 168. Calvert, Cecil. See Lord Baltimore. Cambridge, first printing-press at, 66, Camden, S. C, battle, 1780, 100. Canada and Fenian troubles, 227. attempts to invade, 1812, 121, 122. conquest of, 63. invasion by English colonies, 56. invasion of, 79. last invasion, 1814, 129. Patriot War, 1837, 144. rebellion, 1837, subdued, 144. Canby, Colonel Edward Rich. Sprigg (cir. 1818-73), attacks Sibley, 195. murdered in Modoc War, 231. Canonicus (cir. 1.56.5-1647), Narra- gansett chief, 39. Cape Verde Islands, secret expedition to, 16. Caravels, view of, 18. INDEX. 341 Carolina, North, 21, 24, 54, 124. adopts Constitution, 109. recovered, 103. secession. LSfil, 174. Settlement oC, 5;?. South, 54, 103, 21S. nullification, 1832, 140. recovered, 103. settlement of, 53. Carolinas, the, made roval provinces, 1729, 55. so named after King Charles, 54. Caroline, the, destroyed, 1837, 144. Carpenters' Hall, Phila., view, 74. Carteret Colony, 1670, 54. Sir George (cir. 1600-79), 49. his death, 50. Cartier, Jacques (1494-cir. 1552), his explorations, 24. Casev. Lieutenant Edward VV., his death, 1890, 242. Cass, General Lewis (1782-1866), de- feated as Presidential candi- date, 1848, 155. Cedar Creek, Federals defeated, 1864, 214. Cemetery Hill, 206. Eidge, 206. Pickett's ciiarge, 207. Census, first, 1790, 113. Centennial, the, exhibition, 1876, 232. Cerro Gordo, defeat of Mexicans, 1847, 153. Chadd's Ford, Washington defeated, 1777, 87. Chalcos, Lake, 153. Chambersburg, Pa., 204. Lee arrives at, 204. partly burned, 1864, 214. Champlain, Lake, 86, 125. battle on, 1814, 130. discovered, 25. Samuel (1567-1635), 25. called " Father of New France," 25. settles Quebec, 25. Chancellorsville, Marye House, view, 203. Chapultepec, 192. stormed, 1847, 1.53. Charles IL of England (16.30-85), 49, 51, 146. Charleston. .55, 173, 244. attacked by British fleet, 1776, 81. captured, 1780. 99. earthquakes, 1886, 239. failure of attack on, 1863, 200. Charleston fired and evacuated, 1865, 218. still held after the war, 108. tea stored at and spoiled, 73. troops ordered to, 1832, 141. Charleston harbor, 164. Charter Oak, the, 46. Charters of English companies, 29. " The Great Charter," 33. the third in 1612, 33. Chattanooga, 197. evacuated by Bragg, 1863, 196. occupied by Federals, 199. victory, 1863, 198. Cherbourg, France, battle of Ala- bama, 1864, 216. Chesapeake and Shannon, conflict be- tween, 126. Chesai)eake Bay, 21, 1.30. ■John Smith's voyages, 31. Chesapeake, the, captured, 126. fired on by the Leopard, 119. Chicago, Anarchist troubles, 1886, 239. Auditorium Block, 1892, view, 229. disturbances, 1877, 233. great fire, 1871, 229. Chickahominy River, 31, 191, 193. Chickamauga, battle, 1863, 196. Chinese immigration, bill forbidding, 1882, 236. Chippewa, British defeated, 1814, 129. Churubusco stormed, 1847, 153. City Point, 218. Civil Service examinations, 237. Civil War, 1861-6.5, 170, 245. a year of battles, 1862, 195. campaign in the East, 189, 201. in the West, 177. in the West, 1862, 178. in the West, 1863, 199. on sea and coast, 185. on water, 1863, 200. cost of, 224. desultorv fighting in the West, 1862, 195. discouragement of the North, 193.' four executions for assassination of Lincoln, 225. Getty.sburg its turning-jioint, 208. great task of the North, 179. inevitable, 170. movements in Soutli-west, 1862, 182. in South-west, 1864, 215. number of Confederate deaths, etc., 224. 342 INDEX. Civil War, iiuml)cr of TTnioii deaths, etc., 224. ou coast and Soutli-vvest, 178. only one execution followed, 225. opened, 174. operations on water, 1864, 215. Peace Convention, 1861, 171. proclamation of pardon, 22(). situation in South-west, 181. Southern ports, 180. Union successes, 18()3, 199. universal amnesty, 1868, 226. work for 1864, 208. for 1865, 217. Clarendon, Lord, 54. Clark, Captain William (1770-1838), 118. explores Oregon, 1804, 109. Clay, Henry (1777-1852), 135. and Missouri Compromise, 134. further compromise measures, 141. his "Omnibus Bill," 156. portrait, 134. Clayborne, William, 54. Clermont, the, first steamboat, view, 244. Cleveland, Grover (1837 ), ad- ministration, 1885-89, 237. defeated as Presidential candi- date, 1888, 240. elected twenty-second President, 1884, 237. note on life of, 237. portrait, 2.38. Clinton, George (1739-1812), 124. elected Vice-President, 1808, 120. Gen. Sir Henry (1738-95), 82, 93, 102, 103. and Benedict Arnold, 99. succeeds (ieueral Howe, 91. Coasting. 66. Cobb, Howell (1815-68), resigns Fed- eral oftice, 164. Cock-fighting, 66. Cod, Cape, 27. Cold Harl)or, Grant repulsed, 1864, 212. Colfax, Schuvler (1823-85), elected Vice-President, 1868, 227. Colleges, 66. Colonial times, church service, 65. cooking and food, 64. dress, 65. entertainments, 66. furniture and windows, 61. liomes of our forefathers, (j.'i. law and punishments, 66. Colonial times, life in, 63. means of travel, 66. schools, 65. want of education, 6(). whipping in schools, (J5. Colonies, disjjutes between English and French, .57. Southern, overrun, 93. "war-spirit in 1774, 73. Colonists slain by Indians, 1644, 35. Colorado, 168. becomes thirtv-eighth State, 1876, 232. Columbia surrendered and l)urnt, 1865, 218. College, founded 1754, 67. District of, slave-trade aljolished, 1.56. Eiver, 169. explored, 118. Columbus, 178, 181, 183. disturbances, 1877, 233. Columbus. Christopher (cir. 14.35- 1506), at Court of Portugal, 16. at Spanish Court, 17. first sight of land, 18. geographical belief of, 15. his I)irth and education, 15. his death, 1.506, 19. his first vovasje, 17. landing, Oct. 12, 1492, 19. l)ortrait, 16. returns to Sjjain, 19. sails on first voyage, 17. under fiag of Spain, 20. three other voyages, 19. Commercial panic, 1837, 142-144. Concord, colonial military stores at- tacked, 74. houses with military stores, view, 75. Coneinaugh Valley, 241. Confederate States, collai)se of Con- federacy, 222. Confederacy again cut in twain, 211. Confederate White House, view, 182. electoral vote, 1862, 182. flag unfurled, 1861. 163. formation of, 171. formation of government of, 162. naval forces surrendered, 1865, 222. privateers, 201. fate of, 217. INDEX. 343 Confederate States recognized as ))el- ligereiit by Eiijiland, 178. as belligerent by France, 178. Secession ordinances repealed, 225. seize government property, 164. successes, 18(j2, 178, 191. Congress, first Continental, 1774, 74. flies from riiiladel|ihia, i^'>. removed to Pliiladelpliia, ]7!ti), 112. returns thanks for Independence, 105. second Continental, 1775, 77. CoiKjress, the, tight with Merrimae, 186. the, surrendered to Merrimae, 187. Connecticut Colony, unites with others, 164;i, 42. settlement of, 45. Valley, attat-ks by Indians, 43. Conner, Commodore, 15.3. Constitution, adopted 1787, 108. fifteenth amendment, negroes to vote, 1870, 230. Madison, last survivor of signers of, 142. thirteenth amendment, abolishing slavery, 1865, 225. when adopted t)v each State, 10!). Cimstitiitiiin, battle's of the, 123. Con treras stormed, 1847, 153. Corinth, Confederates repulsed, 1862, 184. Halleck takes possession, 1862, 183. Cornwallis, Cliarles, Lord \ 1738-1805), 83, 85, 100, 102. at Yorktown, 103. surrender, 1781, 104. Cotton-gin, 245. Council of War, portraits, 211. Cowpens, battle, 1781, 102. Craig, Fort, ].33-1701), his re- strictions, 49. Jamestown burned, 36. during "Starving Time" (1609- 10), 32. first legislative body in America, 1619, 34. founded, 1607, 30. A INDEX. 349 Jamestown, ruins of, view, 3fi. saved, 33. warned of threatened massacre, 35. Jasper. Sergeant William (1750-79), his death, 91. Java, the, defeated, VIA. Jefferson, Thomas (1743-1820), ad- ministration, lbOl-09, 116. demands satisfaction of Great Britain, 119. elected third President, 1800, 115. elected Vice-President, 114. his death, 1826, 137. note on life of, 115-117. jjortrait, 116. writer of Declaration of Inde- pendence, 82. Jersey, divided into East and West, 1674, 50. sold to Penn and Quakers, 50. Jesuits, their missionaries founded St. Mary, 1668, 167. John II. (1455-95), king of Portugal, 16. tries to cheat rohimhus. 16. Johnson, Andrew (ls()S-75), acquit- ted on iiMpeaclmient, 226. administration, 1865-69, 223. becomes seventeenth President, 1865, 224. dissatisfaction with, 226. elected Vice-President, 1864, 217. impeached, 1868, 226. note on life of, 224. l)ortrait, 223. Kichard Mentor (1780-1850), elect- ed Vice-President, 1836, 142. Johnston, Gen. Albert Sidney (1803- 62), 181. his death at Shiloh, 183. Gen. Joseph Eggleston (1809 ), 199. at Bull Run, 176. defeated at Jackson, 1863, 199. his death, 1891, 243. manoBuvres with Sherman, 209. repulsed at Williamsburg, 189. restored to command, 1865, 218. Sherman's friend, 224. surrendered, 1865, 222. to unite with Lee, 1865, 219. wounded at Fair Oaks, 1862, 192. Johnstown flood, 1889, 241. to-day, view, 242. Jones, I'aul (1747-92), exploits of, 95. medal struck in his honor, 97. Jones, Paul, portrait, 95. subsequent career, 97. K. Kalb, Johaun (self-stvled Baron von de) (1732-80)', 90. Kansas, 168. becomes thirty-fourth State, 1861, 169. civil war in, 158, 169. conflict on slavery, 160. its history, 169. Territory organized, 1854, 1.58. Katlierhie of Clermont, first steamboat, 118. Kearney, General Philip (1815-62), 152, 168. Kearsarge, the, battle with Alahama, 216. Kenesaw Mountain, Federals re- pulsed, 1864, 209. Kennebec River, 45. Kentucky abandoned by Confedei*- ates, 182. becomes fifteenth State, 1792, 113. gained by Federals, 183. its history, 165. signifies " dark and bloody ground," 165. Key, Francis Scott (1779-1843), wrote " Star - spangled Banner,"' 131. Kinetoscope, 245. King, Samuel W., chosen governor of Rhode Island, 146. William Rufus (1786-1853), elected Vice-President, 1852, 157. Kingston, Canada, fort captured by English, 60. Knoxville, siege raised, 1863, 199. L. Labor disturbances, 238. troubles, 1877, 233. Labrador discovered, 21. La Fayette, General, Maniuis de (1757-1834), 90, 103. portrait, 90. returns from France, 101. visit of, 1824, 135. Lancaster, Pa., 227. La Paz, 159. La Salle, Robert (cir. 1635-87), the ex- plorer, settled Illinois, 166. Laudonniere, Captain (Kith cent.) his colony, 24. 350 INDEX. La Vega captured, 151. Lawrence, Cajjtain Jaraes ( 1781-1813), capture of the Peacock, 126. his death, 126. his "Don't give up the ship," 126, 128. Le Boeuf, 58. , Leavenworth, Fort, 152. Lee, Gen. Charles (1731-82), dis- missed from the army, 92. his treachery, 92. Gen. Henry (1756-1816), 100. called "Light-hor.se Harrv," 192. Gen. Robert Edward (1806-70), 162, 202. aggressive campaign, 1862-63, 194. assumes supreme command, 1865, 218. at Fredericksburg, 203. at Gettysburg, 204-208. de-serts the Union, 171. his plan, 1865, 219. hopeless resistance, 1865, 220. note on life of, 192. portrait, 192. president of Washington and Lee University, 224. retreat from Gettvsburg, 1863, 208. retreats, 1864, 212. second invasion of North, 1863. 204. surrender, 1865, 221. takes command of Confeder- ates, 192. temporary advantage, 18()5, 219. wounded at Chapultepec, 192. Leisler, Captain Jacob ( 1691), his execution, 49. Leon, Ponce de (1460-1521), discovers Florida, 21. Leopard, the, fires on the Chesapeake, 1807, 119. Letter-postage reduced, 1885, 237. Lewis and Clark expedition, 1804, 118, 169. Capt. Meriwether (1774-1809), 118. explores Oregon, 1804, 169. Lexington, Mass., battle, 1775, 74-7(). its shot- "was heard round the world," 75. reinforcenu'uts from Boston, 75. Lexington, ]\Io., surrender of Colonel Mulligan, 1861, 177. Liberal Republicans, 230. Liberty Bell, Independence Hall, view, 82. statue of. dedicated, 1886, 239. view, 239. •' Light-horse Harry," 192. Lightniiig-nid, 245. Lincoln, Abraham (1809-65), admin- istration, 1861-65, 170, 178, 196, 208, 217. assassinated, 1865, 221. call for more men, 18()2-63, 194. early home of, at Gentryville, view, 172. elected sixteenth President, 1860, 162, 172. his call for volunteers, 174. inauguration, 1861, 171. note on life of, 172. portraits, 170, 211. re-elected President, 1864, 217. Gen. Benjamin (1733-1810), 104. besieges Savannah, 93. Literature and art, 245. Little Belt, engagement with the Pres- ident, 121. Logan, John A. (1826-86), defeated as Vice-Presidential candi- date, 1884, 237. London Compauy, 28. expedition of, 1606, 29. fleet of, 30. grants the great charter, 1618, 33. its charter, 29. London Council abolished, 33. Long Island, British victorv, 1776, 8.3. Longstreet, Gen. James (1821- • ), 202. at Chickamauga, 196. at Gettvsburg, 18(!3. 206. reiiulsed, 1863, 199. wounded by his own men, 212. Lookout Mountain, attack on, 1863, 198. Lopez expedition, 157. General Narcisso (1799-1851), exe- cuted, 157. Loudon, Fort, settlement at, 1756, 165. Louisburg, cajiture of, view, 61. captured, 57, 60. Louisiana, 169, 225. becomes eighteenth State, 1812, 137, 166. its historv, 166. purchase, 1803, 117, 169. secession, 163. INDEX. 351 Louisville, 184. Lundy's Laue, battle, 1814, 129. Lynchburg. 2i;i Lyon, General Nathaniel (1819-61), his death, 177. M. Macdonough, Conimodore Thomas (1784-1825', his uaval vic- tory, 1814, 1130. portrait, 130. Mucediinitni, the, 124, 12(). Mackinaw, Fort, captured, 122. Madison, James (1751-ls:j(j), elected fourth President. ISOS, 120. his administration, 1809-17, 120, 12.5, 129. his death, 18:56, 142. last survivor of signers of Con- stitution, 142. note on life of, 120. portrait, 121. re-elected President, 1812, 124. Magellan, Ferdinand (cir. 1470-1.521\ sails idund the world, 22. Straits discovered, 1.520, 21. Magruder, General John Bankhead (cir. 1810-71), 189. Maine, 44. becomes twenty-third State, 1820, 137, 167. boundary settled, 1842, 146. explored, 29. its histoiy, 1(57. . settlement of, 45. Maize, 39. Malvern Hill, Lee repulsed, 193. 3Ifinnss,if<, the, 189. Manhattan Island. 161.3, 47. bought for 824, 48. Mankato, Indians hanged, 196. Manufactures, American, prohibited, 70. Marietta, settlement at, 1788, 166. Mariner's compass, 15. Marion, General Francis (1732-95), the "Swam)) Fox," 100. in the South, 103. inviting British officers to din- ner, vieu', 101. Marshall, .lames W., discovers gold in California, 1.54. Marye House, Chancellorsville bat- tle-ground, view, 20:!. Maryland, asylum for the persecuted, .54. civil war raised by Clayborne, 54. Maryland, claims made by Virginia, ,54. invaded by Lee, 1862, 194. made a royal province, 54. settlement of, 53. toleration in, 1715, 54. Mason, James Murray (cir. 1798- 1871), arrest disavowed and returned, 178. taken from steamer Trent, 178. Captain John (1600-72), destrovs Pequods, 1637, 46. settlement of New Hampshire, 45. Massachusetts, 44. exiles from, buy land, 46. form union of two colonies, 40. made a royal province, 1684, 44. other settlements formed, 40. settlements in, 37. supported by colonies, 74. twenty thousand settlers (1630-40), 41. Massachusetts Bay Colonists, 41. Massachusetts Bay Colony becomes Massachusetts, 40. unites with others, 1643, 42. Massacre of colonists by Indians, 1622, 35. of French colonists, 25. Massasoit ( 1661 >, his death, 42. his treaty of peace, 38. Matamoras, 149. captured, 1846, 151. Maumee, victory over Indians at, 1794, 112. Maximilian (1832-67), executed, 1867, 227. May, Captain, 1.50. Maytiower returns to England, 1621, 39. sails from Holland, 1620, 37. McClellan, Gen. George Brinton (1826-85), at Fair Oaks, 191. at Yorktown, 189. commander of Army of Poto- mac, 176. defeated as Presidential candi- date, 1864, 217. his change of base, 192. his death, 1885, 238. portrait, 177. restored to command, 195. to place his army under Pope, 194. McDowell, General Irwin (cir. 1818- 85>, 191. defeated at Bull Bun, 176. 352 INDEX. Meachem, General ( ), treacherously wounded in Modoc War, 231. Meade, General George G. (1815-72), at Gettysburg, 204-208. campaign against Richmond, 211. headquarters at Gettysburg, view, 204. portrait, 204. sent to Canada, 1866, 227. Mechanicsville, Lee's attack, 1862, 193. Medal struck in honor of Paul Jones, cuts, 97. Meigs, Fort, besieged, 1813, 125. Memphis, 185. falls, 1862, 183. Memphis and Charleston Railway se- cured by Federals, 183. Menendez, Pedro, founded St. Au- gustine, 1565, 24. massacre of colonists, 25. Merrimac River, 45. Menimac, the, naval fight, 185-188. refitted by Confederates, 185. scuttled. 1861, 185. Messiah of Indians, 1890-91, 242. Mexico, 23, 14S. and Maximilian, 227. boundary readjusted, 1854, 159. conquered, 1847, 154. first conflict, 1846, 149. Gulf of, reached, 22. invaded by Winfield Scott, 151. land north of, explored, 118. march on, 1847, 153. monuments in, 13. revolution, 1822, 168. war witli, 1846, 149, 168, 192, 229. Miami, a British trading post, 58. Michigan, 166. becomes twentv-sixth State, 1837, 142, 167. ' its history, 167. organized as a Territory, 1805, 167. Miles, General, takes command, 1891, 242. Mimms, Fort, 129. massacre, 1813, 128. Minnesota, 166. becomes thirtv-seeond State, 1858, 168. Indian troubles, 18(i2, 196. its history, 168. organized as a Territory, 1849, 168. Minnesota, the, 188. Mint established in Philadelphia, 112. Minuit, Peter, Dutch governor, 1626, 48. Minute men, 73, 75. Missionary Ridge, battle, 1863, 198. Mississippi becomes twentieth State, 1817, 137, 166. its history, 166. secession, 163. traversed, 23. Mississippi Central Railway, 185. Mississippi River, the " Father of Waters," 137, 166, 180. free navigation secured, 113. opened, dividing the Confeder- ates, 200. reached, 1,541, 23. Mississippi Valley, earth-works in, 13. rapidly settled, 137. Missouri becomes twenty-fourth State, 1821, 134, 137," 167. its history, 167. "Missouri Compromise," 1821, 134, 167. repealed, 18.54, 1.58. speech by Lincoln, 173. Mobile captured, 1864, 215. founded, 1711, 167. Mobile Bay, 167. Modoc Indians removed to Dakota reservation, 231. War, 1873, 231. Mohawk Valley, slaughter by In- dians, 1778, 95. Monitor and Merrimac, the, no person killed, several wounded, 188. view, 187. Monitor, the, arrives from New York, 187. naval fight, 185-188. Monmouth, 1.33. Monmouth Court-house, battle, 1778, 92. Monocacy, Wallace defeated at, 1864, 214. Monroe Doctrine, 1823, 134. Monroe, Fortress, Va., 216. Davis imprisoned, 1865, 222. garri.soned by General Butler, 175. McClellan lands at, 189. view, 175. Monroe, James (17.58-1831), adminis- tration of, 1817-25, 133. and "Monroe Doctrine," 135. elected fifth President, 1S16, 132. his death, 1H31, 142. note on life of, 132. \ INDEX. 353 Mouroe, James, portrait, 133. re-elected President, l,S-20, 136. Montana becomes fortv-first State, 1889, 243. Montcalm, General (1712-59), death, 1759, 63. defeated at Quebec, 1759, 61-63. Monterey, 229. fall of," 1846, 151. Montgomery, Ala., 163. Confederate States formed there, 163. meeting of Confederates, 1861, 171. Montgomery, General Kichard (1737- 75), attacks Quebec unsuc- cessfully, 80. his death, 80. portrait, 80. takes Montreal, 79. Montreal, 24. attack on, abandoned, 1813, 125. captured, 1760, 63. captured, 1775, 79. Morgan, General Daniel (1736-1802), wins battle of Cowpens, 102. Mormon Tabernacle, Salt Lake City, view, 147. Mormonism, measures against, 1882, 236. Mormons, settled at Nauvoo, 1840, 147. Morris Island, Gillmore lands on, 1863, 200. Morristown, VVashingtou's winter quarters at, 86, 101. Morse, Samuel Finley Breese (1791- 1872), and the telegraph, 149. Morton, Levi P. ( ), elected Vice-President, 1888, 240. Moultrie, Fort, 81, 164. Osceola confined in, 141. Mound-Builders, 13. Mount Desert, settlement at, 25. Hope, death of Philip, 43. McCiregor, N. Y., death of Grant at, 238. Vernon, home of George Washing- ton, 106. Wa.shington dies at, 1]5. Washington's estate at, 109. Mulligan, Colonel James A. (1830- 64), defence of Lexington, Mo.. 177. Murfreesboro', battle of, 1862-63, 184, 196. General .Tohnston at. 181. Mystic Eiver. Pt'cjuod stronghold, 46. Naddod, sea-rover, 14. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), 114, 117, 118. III. (1808-73) and Mexico, 227. Narragansett Bay, 24, 93. Indians, 46. shelter Roger Williams, 42. war with, 43. Narvaez, Pamphilo de (1470-1528), lands, 1528, 22. Nashville, 181, 182, 184, 210. National Bank established in Phila- delphia, 111. Nauvoo, 111., Mormons driven from, 1844, 147. Naval battle, view, 123. warfare, end of wooden war- vessels, 188. Navigation Act, 1660, 36. and Massachusetts, 44. laws unjust and oppressive, 70. Navy, exploits of American, 123. grades revived, 226. Navy Island, Niagara River, New York insurgents at, 144. Nebraska becomes thirty-seventh State, 1867, 228. Territory organized, 1854, 158. Negroes, their vote, 226. Nevada, 168. becomes thirty-sixth State, 1864, 217. New Amsterdam, 47. captured by English, 48. Newbern, 218. captured by Federals, 1862. 188. New Brunswick, formerly called Acadia, 60. quarters of British troops, 1777, 86. Newburgh, N. Y., 106. Washington's headquarters at, view, 105. New England, 24. disaffection, 1814, 131. fresh colonies, 45. invasion, by French and Indians, .56. opposed to War of 1812, 121. united colonies of, 1643, 42. Newfoundland, 21, 227. New France, 24. New Hampshire, 132. made a royal province, 1741, 45. settlement of, 45. unites with Massachusetts, 45. 354 INDEX. New Haven Colony unites with Con- necticut, l(i62, 4(i. unites witli others, 1043, 42. New Jersey, 238. included in New Netherlands, 49. made a royal i)rt)vinee, 1738, 51. retreat tliroufpal bishop, 181. Polygamists disfranchised, etc., 2.37. Ponce de Leon. See Leon. Pontiac, North American chief (cir. 1712-69), 69. Poor Richnrd'ti Almn)iac, 91. Pope, Gen. John (1823 ), defeat- ed, 1862, 194. defends Washington, 194. enters Island No. 10, 1862, 183. Population, first census, 1790, 113. Port Republic, defeat of Shields, 1862, 191. Port Royal, Nova Scotia, colony founded, 1605, 25. captured, 1710, 57. name changed to Annapolis, 57. Port Royal, S. C., colony at, 24. Entrance, forts captured, 1861, 178. Porter, Commodore David D. (1813- 91), 185. ascends Red River, 1864, 215. at Wilmington, N. C, 216. his death, 1891, 243. made vice-admiral, 1866, 226. narrow escape with gunboats, 215. portrait, 211. Gen. Fitz John ( ), 193. captures Hanover Court-house, 191. Portsmouth, settlements near, 1623, 45. Portugal, Columbus at court of, 16. Postage rates, 244. Potomac, the, 191, 194, 204, 208, 214. settlement near, 1634, .54. Powell, Lewis (alias Payne), hanged, 1865, 225. Powhatan, war-chief, 32. dies, 1618, 35. President, the, 121, 123. Presidential election, 1876, disputed, 232. Presidential-Succession law, 1886, 237. Presqu' Isle, French fort at, 58. Price, General Sterling ( 1867), 177. attack on Corinth, 184. Princeton College founded, 1746, 67. Princeton, Washington's victory at, 1777, 85. Printing-])resses, 245. first at Cambridge, 1639, 66. Proctor, General, 125. defeated on the Thames, 128. Protection, 13.3, 136. Providence Plantation settled, 16.36, 46. Providence, R. I., founded, 42. Pnebla surrenders, 1847, 153. Pulaski, Count Casimir (1748-79), 90. his death, 94. portrait, 94. Puritans, 37, 41. character of, 37. intolerance of, 41. Q. Quadrant invented, 245. Quakers, persecution of, 41. Quebec, 98. atta(;ked, 1775, 79. captured, 1759, 61-63. settlement of, 1608, 25. surrendered, 1759, 63. Queeustown Heights, British defeat- ed, 1812, 122. R. Railroads destroyed by Federals, 210. military possession taken, 1862, 191. Railwiiv, the first, 138. strike, 1877, 233. the first train, view, 138. INDEX. 357 Raleigh, Sir Walter (1552-1618), at- tem])ts at eoloiiization, 26. portrait, 26. Rail, Colonel, his death, S4. Raiiidan, the, 194, 208. liappahaniioek, the, 195. crossed by Federals, 1863, 203. Reading, disturbances, 1877, 233. Red River, 215. expedition of Federals failed, 1864, 215. Reno, General, 231. Rensselaer, Stephen Van, 122. his death, 1840, 146. his land rents, 147. Republican Party organized, 159. Republicans, 111, 114, 136, 1.59, 162, 217, 227, 230, 232, 234, 237, 240. Eesaca de la Palma, 151, 229. Mexicans defeated, 1846, 150. Revolution, close of, 102. dark days, 83. direct cause of, 71. effect of the war, 107. indirect causes of, 70. inevitable, 70. oppressive measures by England, 72. war on the ocean, 95. Revolutionary War, 245. Rhode Island', 101. adopts Constitution, 1790, 109. adopts State Constitution, 1843, 146. Dorr's rebellion, 1841-43, 146. joins New England Union, 1647, 47. Plantation established, 46. settlement of, 46. Ribaut, Captain .Tolin (cir. 1520-65), his cdlduy, 24. joins Laudoiiniere, 25. Richmond, 176, 180, 204, 208, 212, 213. alarm in, 1862, 189. campaign against, 1862, 189. campaign against, 1863, 202. capital of ConftHleracy, 175. Confederate capital, view, 180. Davis's remains at, 243. environs of, map, 190. evacuated, 1865, 220. failure of campaign against, 1862, 193. failure of campaign asainst, 1863, 202. final campaign against, 1864, 211. Richmond, Hooker's campaign against, 1863, 202-204. inauguration of Davis and Ste- phens, 182. Jefferson Davis's residence, view, 182. Johnston's army south of, 218. Right of search, Americans forced into English service, 119. Rio Grande, 149, 151. Roanoke Island, 30. captured by Federals, 1862, 188. settlement near, 1585, 26. Rochambeau, Marshal de (1725-1807), 104. " Rock of Chickamauga," 197. Rolfe, John, 33. Rosecrans, Gen. William Stark (1819- ), 184, 197. attack on, by Bragg, 196. occupies Murfreesboro', 1862, 185. takes command, 184. " Rough and Ready," 151. Russia sold Alaska to United States, 227. Russy, Fort de, captured, 1864, 215. Ryswick, treaty, 1697, 56. s. Sabine Cross-roads, Banks routed, 1864, 215. Sac Indians, 141. Sacramento Valley, gold discovered, 154. St. Augel advances money to Colum- bus, 17. St. Augustine, city gates, view, 23. oldest town in United States, 23. St. Genevieve settled, 1755, 167. St. John's captured, 1775, 79. St. John's River, fort on, 25. St. Lawrence River, 125. discovered by Cartier, 24. St. Louis, 178. incorporated, 1809, 167. settled, 1764, 167. St. Mary's, Md., 1634, 54. St. Mary, Mich., founded by Jesuits, 1668, 167. St. Paul, Minn., established, 1838, 168. Salem settled, 1628, 41. witchcraft, terrors of, 1692, 44. Salt Lake City founded by Mormons, 147. Samoset, his friendly welcome, 38. 358 INDEX. San Antonio garrison routed, lii3. San Augustine, 153. fii-st permanent settlement, 28. San Diego mission established, 1769, 168. San Francisco, 139. mission established, 1776, 168. jSrtH Jacinto, the, 178. San Juan boundary settled, 1872, 230. San Salvador named bv Columl)us, 19. Santa Anna (or Ana), Antonio Lopez de (1798-1876), defeated at Buena Vista, 152. flies, leaving his wooden leg, 153. offers terms, 1847, 153. Santa Fe captured, 1846, 152. Santa Maria, 18. sails, Aug. 3, 1492, 17. Savage's Station, engagement at, 1862, 193. Savannah captured, 1778, 93. evacuated by Confederates, 1864, 211. occupied by Federals, 1864, 211. patriots repulsed, 1779, 93. refuge for debtors, 1733, 55. Sherman leaves, 1865, 218. still held after the v^^ar, 108. Saye-and-Sele, Lord (1.582-1662), 45. Sciiofield, General Jolin McAllister (1831 ), 210. takes command, 1865, 218. Schools, cost of, 244. Scott, General Winfield (1786-1866), 171. and liis staff, view, 174. at Lundy's Lane, 1814, 129. defeated as Presidential candi- date, 18.52, 157. in command at Mexico, 152. invades Mexico, 151. ordered to Charleston, 1832, 141. portrait, 152. Seceded States, 225. admitted, 1868, 226. Sedgwick, General John (cir. 1815- 64), at Fredericksburg, 203. Seminarv Ridge, 206. Seminole Indians, 68, 134, 141. Semmes, Captain Raphael (cir. 1810- 77), commander of the Ala- bama, 201. defeat and attempted suicide, 216. Separatists, 37, 41. Serapis, the, fight with, 1779, 96. Sermons in colonial times, 65. Sewing-machines, 245. Seymour, Horatio (1810-86), defeated as Presidential candidate, 1868, 228. Shanvon, the, 126. "Sharp Knife," 140. SlKir].sl)urg, Md., 195. Sliiiwncc Indians, 120. Slienandoah Valley, 191, 204. operations in, 1H64, 213. Sheridan, Gen. Philip Henrv (1831- • ), 220, 239. operations in Shenandoah Val- lev, 214. portraits, 211, 219. Sherman, General William Tecumseh (1820-91), 185, 198. at Knoxville, 199. campaign in the South. 1864, 209. conference with Grant, 1865, 218. his death, 24.3. his march northward, 1865, 218. his march to the sea, 1864, 210. Johnston's friend, 224. made lieutenant-general, 1866, 226. portraits, 209, 211. receives Johnston's surrender, 222. reinforces Grant, 1865, 219. Shields, General James (1810-79), de- feated at Port Republic, 191. Shiloh, battle, 1862, 182. Shreveport, 215. Sibley, General Henry (cir. 1815- — -), Federals defeated, lS(i2, 195. Colonel Henrv H. (1811-63), In- dians defeated, 1862, 196. Sigel, General Franz (1824 ■), de- feated at New ^Market, 213. Signers of Dechuation of IndciJcnd- ence, fac-simile of signatures, 81. Silver made legal tender, 234. Sioux Indians, 196. ui)rising, 1.^90-91, 241. war, 1S7(), 231. Sitting Bull, his arrest and deatli, 189(), 241. massacre liy, 1S76, 231. Skating, GG. INDEX. 359 Skirniislicr, the, wood-cut, 179. Slavet-y, Utl. abolished in District of Columbia, 150. abolition ratified, 1865, 225. burning question, 1857-61, 160. debate over admission of Texas, 14S. Emancipation Proclamation, 1863, 196. negroes introduced, 1619, 31. opposed by Republican party, 1.59. question in 1861-65, 170. Slavery question, 155. Slidell, John (1793-1871), arrest dis- avowed and returned, 17K. talien from steamer Trent, 178. Sloat, Commodore, 152. Sloughter, Governor, 49. Smith, Captain John (1579-1631), 29, 32, 33. captured by Indians, 31. his exploits, 29. his services, 31. Joseph (1805-44), killed by a mob, 147. Smithsonian Institute, 149. Snelling, Fort, Minn., established, 1819, 168. Sonora, revolt at, 159. Soto, Hernando de. See De Soto. South America partly discovered, 1499, 20. provinces recognized as inde- pendent, 1822, 135. South Carolina, secession, 1860, 163. South Mountain, 204. Confederates overtaken at, 195. Southern States, secessions, 163, 174. Spain and Cuba, 1.57. and Florida, 134. controlled Mississippi, 1789, 111. first settles California, 168. sends out expeditions, 20. treaty, 1795, 113. Spanish Court, Columbus at, 17. Specie payments resumed, 1879, 234. Spottsvlvania Court-house, battle, 1864, 212. Springfield. 177. Stamj) Act, 1765, 71. rei)eale(l, 1766, 72. Standish, Ca|.t. Miles (cir. 1.584-16.56), liis exploits, 39. his sword, etc., view, 40. Stark, Gen. Jolm (1728-1H22), victory at P.iMinington, 86. Star of tlir Wrst, the, fired upon, I8(il, 164. " Star-spangled Banner," when writ- ten, 131. State banks receive United States deposits, 140. State Rights, 170, 171. after Civil War, 225. States, admission of, 113, 137, 142. growth of the, 164. Steadman, Fort, Lee defeated, 1865, 219. Steamboat, the first, 1807, 118, 245. Steam locomotive, the first, 1829, 138. Stephens, Alexander Hamilton (1812- 83), elected Vice-President of Confederate States, 1861, 163. his Union sjieech, 171. re-elected Vice-President of Confederate States, 182. Stephenson, Fort, attacked, 1.S13, 126. Steuben, Baron Frederick (17.30-94), inspector-general of the army, 90. Stewart, Captain Charles (1778-1869), 117, 123. Stockton, Commodore Robert Field (1796-1866), 152, 168. Stony Point captured by General Wayne, 1779, 94. Strasburg, 191. Strikes, 238. Stuart, General James E. B. (cir. 1833-64), cavalry raid, 1862, 192. his death, 212. Stuyvesant, Peter (cir. 1602-82), Dutch governor, 1646, 48. Sullivan, Gen. John (1740-95), cam- paign against Indians, 1778, 95. retreat, 1778, 93. Sumner, Gen. Edwin Vose (1796- 1863), at Fair Oaks, 192. Sumner's Crossing, Fredericksburg, view, 203. Sumter, Fort, attack on, view, 173. captured by Confederates, 1861, 173. Major Anderson at, 164. no person injured during thirty- six hours' firing, 174. reduced to ruins, 1863, 200. Sumter, General Thomas ( 1734-18.32\ 100. in the South, 103. Sundav-schools, ()5. Surrat't, Mrs. Marv K., hanged, 1H65, 225. Susan Constant, the, 30. 360 INDEX. Swamp fight, the, 43. "Swamj) Fox," the, 100. Swansea attacked by Indians, 43. Sweden, early Swedish settlements, .'SO. Northmen natives of, 14. settlement near Wilmington, Del., 51. T. Tampa Bay, Florida, 22. landing at, in 153'J, 23. Tapiian, 102. Tariff bill passed, 1890, 243. duties reduced, 141. question, nature of, 138. Tarleton, Colonel Bannastre (1754- 1833), defeated at Cowpens, 102. "Taxation without representation," 71, 72. Taylor, General (Dick) Eichard ( 1879), Banks defeated, 1864, 215. surrendered, 1865, 222. General Zachary (1784-1850), 151. administration, 1849-53, 1.55. called " Eough and Ready," 151. defeats Santa Anna, 152. elected twelfth President, 1848, 155. his death, 1850, 155. note on life of, 155. portrait, 156. to protect Texas. 1846, 149. victory at Palo Alto, 150. Tecumseh icir. 1770-1813), enters British service, 121. his death, 128. war-chief of Shawnees, 69, 120. Telegram, first public, 148. Telegraph, 245. Teleplione, 245. Tennes.see, 225. becomes sixteenth State, 1796, 113, 165. invaded by Hood, 1864, 210. its history, 165. left open to Federals, 182. secession, 1861, 174. Tennessee, East, 179. opened to Federals, 1863, 199. River, 18.3. Western, gained bv Federals, 183. Tensas, Lake, 128. Terry, General Alfred H. (1827- ), 218. Terry, General Alfred H., Wilming- ton, N. C, captured, 1M()4, 216. Texas applies for admission, 1844, 148. becomes independent republic, 1836, 168. twentv-eighth State, 1845, 149, 168. ceded Territory of New Mexico, 156. to United States, 154. debate over admission, 148. independence declared, 1835, 168. recognized, 148. its history, 167. secession, 163. War of Independence, 18.35, 148. Thames, victory of the, 1813, 128. Thomas, General George H. (1816- 70), at Chickamauga, 197. at Murfreesboro', 184. called "Rock of Chickamauga," 197. defeats Hood, 1864, 210. portraits, 197, 211. takes Orchard Knob, 1863, 198. Rev. Dr. ( 1873), murdered in Modoc War, 231. Thornton, Captain, surrender of, 149. Thurman, Allen G., defeated as Vice- Presidential candidate, 1888, 240. Ticouderoga, Fort, attack upon, 61. captured, 1775, 78. evacuated, 1777, 86. Tilden, Samuel Jones (1814-86), de- feated as Presidential candi- date, 1876, 232. Tippecanoe, battle, 1811, 121. "To the victors belong the spoils," 139. Tobacco inti'oduced into England, 26. Toleration Act, 1649, 54. Tories favored royalty, 73. Toronto. See Yorh. Trent, aflair of the, 1861, 178. Trenton, battle, 1776, 84. welcomes Washington, 1789, 110. Tripoli defeated, 117. war declared by, 1801, 117. Twiller, Wouter van, Dutch gover- nor, 1633, 48. Tyler. .Tohn (1790-1862). 148 administration, 1841-45, 145. becomes tenth President, 1841, 145, 146. elected Vice-President, 1840, 145. INDEX. 361 Tyler, John, liis iiupt) pillar acts, 145. note on life of, IK!, portrait, ll."). presides at Peace Convention, 171. u. Union sentiment in Nortli and South, 171. United States Bank, 140. charter granted, l.'^17, 132. not renewed, ls:j2, 140. new charter twice vetoed, 145. United States becomes a nation, 107. cities of 10,000 population and ui)wards, 244. condition of country after Revo- lutionary War, 107. Confederates seize government propertv, 164. cost of War" of 1812, 132. danger from States being inde- pendent of each other, 108. eighteen States during War of 1812, l(j(i. era of prosperity, 133. exploits of navy, 122, 123. extent of territiory, 18D1, 244. tirst railway, 1826, 138. fortv-four stars on tlag, 1891, '243. in peril from its armv, 108. panic of 1837, 142-144. peace and progress, 223. population, 1891, 244. progress of country, 137. sixty thousand post offices, 244. true reunion of, 223. War of 1812, close of, 129. United States, the, 124, 126. Utah, 147, 168. Territory organized, 156. Utes and wigwam, view, 67. Utrecht, treaty of, 57. Valley Forge, 101. Washington in prayer, view, 89. Washington's headquarters at, view, 88. winter quarters, 88. Valverdo, Federals defeated, 1862, 195. Van Buren. See Bnren. Van Dorn, (Jeneral Earl (cir. 1823- 63), attacks Corinth, 184. 25 Van Dorn, General Earl, destroys Grant's supplies, 185. Vera Cruz, 229. fall of, 1.S47, 152. Vermont liecomes fourteenth State, 1791, 113. its history, 165. signifies "Green Mountain," 1()5. Veriazani, Giovanni (cir. 1486-1527), his theory of size of globe, 24. Vespucci, Amerigo. See Ves2)Helus. Vespucius, Americus (1451-1512), 20. Vicksburg captured, 1863, 199. environs, map, 201. General Pemberton's headquarters, view, 185. siege of, 1862, 185. surrendered, 1863, 200. Virginia, 10.3, 225. authorities hang John Brown, 162. bad government, 33. claims against Lord Baltimore, 54. section west of Allegbauies, 58. colony prospers, 36. entered by Federals, 195. four of tirst five Presidents from, 132. made a royal jtrovince, 1624, 35. method of government, 34. named after Elizabeth, 26. prosperity of settlers, 34. secession, 1861, 174. settlement of, 33. seventeen capital offences in, 66. .sutlerings during " Starving Time " (1609-10), 32. of settlers, 31. the Great Charter, 33. war breaks out between Virginians and French, 59. Virginia currency, w'ood-cut, 89. Virginia, North, 28. South, 28. West, becomes thirtv-fifth State, 1863, 204. Volunteers, call for, 174. 100,000 respond in three days, 175. w. Wadsworth, Captain, hides charter in oak, 46. Wagner, Fort, cai)tured, 1863, 200. Walker, (Jeneral William (1824-60), executed, 1.59. his filibustering expedition, 159. 362 INDEX. Wallace defeated at Moiiocat-y, ^11. War of 1812, 245. Warren, General Ciouverneur K. (1825-82), 220. Warwick, Earl of, 45. Wasliiiiutoii, 241). becoiiK'S national capital, 1800, 1 1'?. Capitol, etc. burned, 1M4, KJO. captured, 1814. i::o. Ford's Theatre, Lincoln assassi- nated, 221. Lee's march against, li)4. Peace Convention, 18(J1, 171. threatened, 175, 191. by Early, 1864, 214. White House, view, 112. Washington becomes forty-second State, 1889, 243. Washington, Fort, captured with 2000 Americans, 1776, 83. Washington, (4eorge (1732-99), 58, 86, 91, 92, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104, 192. administration of. 1789-97, 107. advi.ses General Braddock, 59. appointed commander-iu-chief, 1775, 77. as a statesnnxn, 111. at Morristown, 1779-80, 101. chosen first President, 109. death, 1799, 115. defeated at White Plains, 83. near Brooklyn, 83. his tactics, 85. inauguration as President, 110. in battle at Duquesne, 59. in ])raver at Valley Forge, view, 89. journey through the wilderness, .58." to New York, 1789, 110. made commander-in-chief again, 115. note on his life, 109. portrait, 107. re-elected President, 1792, 112. retires to private life, 106. retreat through New Jersey, 83. sufferings of his army, 1777-78, 88. urged to become king, 108. visits wounded Hessian com- mander, view, 84. Washijigton Monument, 1885, 2."57. IFa.sj*, the. captun'd, 124. Waterford, French fort at, 58. Wayne, General Anthony (1745-96), called "Mad Anthony," 94. Wavne, General Anthony, jwrtrait, !)4. victory on the Maumee, 112. Webster, Daniel (1782-1852), supports Fugitive-slave law, 157. Weddings, 66. West Point, 99. Wheeler, William A. ( • -), elected Vice-President, 1876, 232. Whigs, 136, 140, 145, 1.55, 157, 1.59. opposed royalty, 73. Whiskey Insurrection, 1794, 112. White House. 192. communications \vith, endan- gered, 193. White House Landing, 190. White, .Tohii, governor of colony, 26. White Plains, Washington defeated, 1776, 83. Whitehaven, Cumberland, Paul .Tones at, 96. Whitney, Eli (1765-1825*, and the cotton-gin, 245. Wilderness, battle of the, 1864, 212. Wilkes. Captain (Jharles (1801-77), takes Mason and Slidellfrom the Trent, 178. Wilkinson, General James (1757- 1825), 125. William and Mary College founded, 1692, 67. Williamsburg, 58. battle, 1862, 189. Williams, Roger (1599-1683), 46, 47. banishment of, 41. his liight, view, 42. William's War, King, 1689-97, 56. Wilmington, Del., Swedes settle near, 1638, 51. Wilmington, N. C, 218. captured, 1864, 216. Wilson, Henry (1812-75), elected Vice-President, 1872, 230. Wilson's Creek, Mo., Federals de- feated. 1861, 177. Winchester, Early defeated. 1864, 214. Windsor, trading-post established, 45. Winslow, Captain John A. (1811-73), his victory, 216. Winter quarters of the armies, Janu- ary to May, 1777, 86. severe, 1779-80, "lOO. Winthrop, (Tovernor John (1.588- 1649), founder of Boston, 41. portrait, 41. INDEX. 363 Wirz, Captain, hanged, 1805, 225. Wisconsin, Kid becomes thirtieth State, 1848, 155, 168. its historj, 168. organized as a Territory, 1836, 168. Witchcraft at Salem, 44. Wolfe, General James (1726-59), cap- ture of Louisburg, 60. his death, 1759, 62. his death, view, 62. takes Quebec, 61-63. Wool, General John E. (1789-1869), 151. sent to subdue insurgents, 144. World believed to be round, 15. Worth, General William Jenkins (1794-1849), 142. at Monterey, 151. Wounded Knee Creek conflict, 1890, 241. Wright, Governor Silas (1795-1847), 147. Wyoming, 168. becomes forty-four t-li State, 1890, 243. Wyoming, Valley of, massacre, 1778, 95. Y. Yale College founded, 1700,67. Yazoo Kiver, Sherman at mouth of, 185. Yeardlev, Governor Sir George, 34. York, James, Duke of (1633-1701), 49. York (now Toronto) attacked, 125. Eiver. 193. y Yorktown, 108. Cornwallis at, 103. siege of, 1862, 189. surrender at, 1781, 104, 106. surrender at, view, 104. ^v r?^ Lb 20