r ^■■^ ... T- mrrggggrn Laboratory of Hygiene of the State of New Jersey. CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. TX 541 ,N5 Copy 1 REPORT ON The Examination of Foods, Drugs and Public Water-supplies C water survey) R. O. BROOKS, B.Sc, State Chemist. Trenton, N. J., May ist, 1903. TRENTON N. J.: Press of Edwin Fitzgeorge, Cor. Broad and Front Sts. OP THE U. S. Department of Agriculture. Class 1 Laboratory of Hygiene of the State of New Jersey. CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. REPORT ON The Examination of Foods, Drugs and Public Water-supplies C water Sumy") BY R. O. BROOKS, B.Sc. Statb Chemist. Trknton, N. J., May ist, 1903. TRENTON, N. J.: Press of Edwin Fitzgeorge, Cor. Broad and Front Sts. By transfer SEP 2j 1907 Analytical Data Referring to the Inspection of Foods, Drugs and Water Supplies ("Water Survey "). By R. O. Brooks, B.Sc, State Chemist. The following report deals with the work of the Chemical Department of the " Laboratory of Hygiene " of the State of New Jersey for the year ending April 30th, 1903. Owing to lack of room and equipment in the old laboratory at Princeton during the first seven months of the year, very few classes of compounds were investigated and the number of samples examined was comparatively small, in fact considerably less than the number analyzed since occupying our new quarters in Trenton. A short description of the latter may not be out of place here. Of the four rooms comprising the new "Laboratory of Hygiene," three are devoted to chemical work, the fourth, an extra large room, being used by the Bacteriological Department for the diag- nostic examinations for the physicians of the state. Of the three rooms comprising the Chemical Department, one is occupied by the analyst of Dairy Products, Mr. Wallace, the other two being used for the ' examination of public water-supplies ("Water Survey ") and the analysis of Foods and Drugs. The room devoted to water-analysis is outfitted with an improved Weston ten-flask distillation apparatus, with special sink and glassware cupboard nearby, and a special bench with improved Nessler tube comparison racks, automatic burettes, etc. The room designed for general food and drug analysis is of fair size and outfitted with well-venti- lated hood, constant level water-bath, drying oven, balance, polari- scope, microscope and other apparatus of a modern analytical laboratory. In examining foods and drugs, especially for possible prosecu- tion purposes, it is very desirable that the methods used be beyond criticism, and if possible uniform all over the country. For the analysis, of many drugs the "United States Pharmacopoeia" pre- scribes certain methods (usually quite reliable) which the analyst must use when that book is referred to as the standard. That requisition does not preclude supplementary tests however, for example, in determining what adulterating oil is present when a Pharmacopoeia test shows that some oil is adulterated. For the examination of certain foods, provisional "official methods" of analysis have been published l)y the "Association of Official Agri- cultural Chemists" for use in the various experiment stations and these when possible or practicable should be used. Many methods of analysis however must be sought out, their reliability proven and used as admissable under the circumstances, all of which depends more or less upon the judgment of the analyst. It has been thought desirable therefore in reporting the various substances analyzed to give a brief outline of the method of analysis used, es- pecially where there have been prosecutions based upon the results. These having stood legal and scientific criticism in our own courts may prove of value elsewhere. Of the 1476 samples received for analysis, 836 are classed as Foods, 616 as Drugs and 24 as Micellaneous. Of these all have been analyzed, the following methods having been used and the following results obtained. FOODS. Chocolate mid Cocoa. Ten samples of chocolate were received and examined. Six of these proved to be of good quality, the fat contents ranging from 49.3 per cent, to 52.7 per cent, and the alkaloids, theobromine (dimethylxanthine) and caffeine (trimethylxanthine) from 1.32 per cent, to 1.49 per cent. Microscopical examination showed no additions of foreign starches. Of the four samples that proved to be adulterated, three showed under the microscope respectively about 60, 50 and 15 per cent, foreign starch (corn); fat contents of 26.4 per cent., 31.7 per cent, and 44.8 per cent, confirming these approximations. The fourth sample gave a pronounced test for iron, showing the use of considerable ferruginous coloring matter. Of the sixty-five samples of cocoa received, eighteen proved to be adulterated. Eight of these gave pronounced tests for ferruginous coloring matters, while the other ten under the microscope showed the presence of foreign starches (wheat and arrow-root) in varying quantities, ranging from a mere trace to 35 and 50 per cent! Methods of Analysis: Fat. This was estimated by extraction with ''petroleum spirit " usinif the Soxhlet apparatus, with fat- free liher-paper thimble and cotton plug to hold sample. Alkaloids. For estimating the combined theobromine and caffeine, the method ot W. Kunze* is used as follows : Boil with 10 per cent, sulphuric acid for half an hour, filter and add to filtrate an excess of nitric acid solution of sodium phosphomolybdate. After twelve hours standing the precipitate is filtered ♦Zeitschrift lur Anal. Chemie, Jan., 1901. off, washed with dilute sulphuric acid and decomposed with barium hydrate solutiou, excess of latter being precipitated with carbon dioxide. Evaporate to dryness and extract with boiling chloroform. Upon evaporating the latter the alkaloids are obtained perfectly pure. Microscopical Examination consists of recognizing the characteristic starch granules of various starchy adulterants or the histological structure of other known adulterants. A small amount of the sample is moistened and rubbed out between slide and cover-glass to a very thin layer. A compound microscope with f and G inch objectives and 1 and 2 inch oculars .should be used. A magnitication of about 150 diameters is desirable for general appearance of sample, while 250 diameters is necessary for accurate differentiation of starch granules. For the latter also, a polarizing attachment is desirable. Coffee. Thirt)' samples of ground coffee were received and examined. One of the.se was marked "Compound" and contained besides coflfee, roasted peas and cereals, being colored with "caramel." Seven other samples were adulterated, six with 5 to 15 per cent, of chicory and one with peas, chicory, cereals and finely ground coal, the latter to the extent of about 12 per cent! Estimations of fat, caffeine and ash from the twenty-three samples pronounced unadulterated after microscopical examination, supplemented by test for starch, gave following results : Fat Caffeine. Ash Maximum. I Minimum. 12.3 per cent. 9.74 per cent. 137 1.12 5 04 3.76 Average. 10 61 per cent. 1 263 42 These figures are about normal with the exception of the maximum percentage of a.sh (5 04 per cent.). This is a trifle high and may be due to a little mineral matter not distinguishable under the microscope. Methods of Ayuilysis: STARCH. Coffee contains no .starch, but many of its adulterants do. Test as follows : Boil the ground coffee for a few minutes with ten parts of water and set aside. When cold, add some dilute sulphuric acid and then strong potassium permanganate solution drop by drop, until color is destroyed. Decant off some clear liquid and add iodine solution. Blue or blue- black coloration indicates presence of starch. Fat. Extract with " petroleum spirit " in Soxhlet apparatus, having pre- viously dried the sample to constant weight at 100° C. Extract should be between 10 per cent, and 12.5 per cent. Caffeine. Boil 6 grams with 600 c. c. water in flask with reflux condenser for six hours. Clarify by adding 4 gr. of lead acetate and boiling ten minutes, repeating if necessary. Filter, evaporate 500 c. c. (5 gr. coffee) of filtrate to about 50 c. c, precipitate any lead in solution with sodium phosphate, filter again (, washing filter) and evaporate to about 40 c. c. Transfer to separating funnel and extract four times with chloroform. Distill off the chloroform from com- bined extracts in a tared flask and weigh immediately. Ash. This is usually 3.5 to 4. .5 per cent, and rarely, if ever, 5 per cent. It is estimated by igniting at a low red-heat, 1 gr. of the pulverized sample, until a white or nearly white ash is obtained. A mufile furnace, heated by gas is very useful for incinerating purposes. Cream of Tartar. Eighty samples of "Cream of Tartar" (acid potassium tar- trate) were received and analyzed, only ten of which were adulter- ated, although a number gave slight tests indicating more or less carelessness in its manufacture. Of the ten adulterated samples, four contained no cream of tartar at all, three being scientific frauds, composed of acid phosphate of lime, alum and flour and yielding. when titrated direct with alkali solution, an acid .strength equiva- lent to 99 per cent, potassium bitartrate or over. The fourth was composed entirely of potassium carbonate and was probably sold by the wholesale house by mistake. The other six adulterated samples varied, one containing 59.9 per cent, calcium sulphate, another 45 per cent, alum, another 64 per cent, flour and the re- maining three varying mixtures of acid phosphate of lime, alum, flour, and potassium bitartrate (cream of tartar). Methods of Analysis : Acid Potassium Tartrate. Test for, by shaking a small amount of sample with ammonia in a test-tube, filtering, adding a small crystal of silver nitrate and warming. A silver mirror indicates tartaric acid or tartrates. Estimate as follows : Ignite 1.88 gr. of sample to fusion in a platinum dish, allow to cool, dissolve in water and wash into porcelain casserole or dish. Titrate with normal sulphuric acid solution, using methyl-orange as indicator. Each cubic centimeter of acid required is quivaleut to 10 per cent, acid potassium tartrate. Alum. Test for, by mixing some of the sample with an equal quantity of sodium carbonate, burning to an ash, exhausting with water, tilteriug and adding some ammonium chloride solution. A white tlocculent precipitate (aluminium hydrate) indicates alum (aluminum and ammonium sulphate).* Phosphates. These are tested Ibr, by adding to a filtered dilute nitric acid solution of the sample, a moderate amount of ammonium molybdate test solution and gently warming. A bright yellow precipitate indicates phosphates (usually acid phosphate of lime). The phosphates and alnm, if present, can be estimated by method of K. P. McElroy.f Starch is recognized by the blue coloration caused by iodine solution and may be estimated by converting it into dextrose, estimating the latter by AUihn's method J and multiplying by 0.9. One per cent of starch is equivalent to about 1.4 per cent, wheat flour. *A quantitative method based upon this test, is being investigated and will be reported later. fBuUetin 13, Part 5, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Chemistry. ^Bulletin 46, Revised U. S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Chemistry. Calcium (" Lime "), is tested for and estimated by precipitation as calcium oxalate with ammonium oxalate solution. Flavoring Extracts. Va7iilla. Fourteen samples of vanilla extract were received and examined for strength and purity. Two samples were marked "compound, artificially colored" and proved to be alcoholic solu- tions of artificial Vanillin and Coumarin (the essential principle of the " Tonka bean "), colored with caramel. Three samples not marked "compound" proved to be of similar composition also. Of the nine samples that were really " extracts" in the true sense of the word, five had been made from a mixture of vanilla and Tonka beans and contained from .017 per cent, to .147 percent, vanillin, and from .012 per cent, to .192 per cent, coumarin. One sample contained no vanillin at all. In the four unadulterated samples the vanillin ranged from .03 per cent, to .125 percent. There is no definite standard for vanillin in vanilla extracts, as the amount varies according to the quality of the " beans " used. Methods of Analysis : VANILLIN.* Exactly 2 c. c. of the extract are put into a test tube and decolorized by addition of freshly-precipitated lead hydrate. It is then filtered, the filter being washed well and the filtrate collected in a 50 c. c. Nessler tube. ^ A standard solution of vanillin is now prepared by dissolving 50 milligrams of pure vanillin in 100 c. c. water. 1 c. c. of this solution is equivalent to 0.025 per cent, vanillin in sample if 2 c. c. of latter be taken for analysis. A series of varying quantities (2, 1, Ij, 2, 2i, 3, 4 and 5 c c.) of the vanillin solution in 50 c. c. Nessler tubes and the above filtrate are treated with a few drops of bromine water each, and enough of a freshly -prepared 10 per cent, ferrous sulphate solution added to get the maximum blue-green coloration in each tube. Then by matching the color of the sample tube with proper standard solu- tion, by looking at the tubes held side by side against a white translucent surface, the percentage of vanillin is determined. Coumarin. 25 c. c. are dealcoholized over water-bath and made up to original volume with water (non-separation of resin indicates use of alkali in manufacture). It is then shaken in a special ether extracting tube with am- monia, which forms a compound with vanillin, insoluble in ether, and then ex- tracted with four successive portions of ether, drawing off the upper layer each time with the adjustable stop-cock tube. The ether extracts are allowed to evap- orate spontaneously, the residue dried at 50°C. and weighed as coumarin. ^ If upon washing, the filtrate becomes turbid, it may be cleared up by addition of a drop or nitric acid, without endangering the analysis. *Zeitschrift fur Anal. Chemie, 1894. Lemon. Niue samples of lemon extract were examined, only one of which was up to the required standard, viz.: 5 per cent. Lemon Oil and natural color. Two samples were marked "compound, artificially colored " and contained no lemon oil at all, both being made of " citral " and colored with the coal tar dyes, Naphthol Yellow S and Tropaeo- lin. In the seven samples not marked "compound," the lemon oil present varied from a mere trace (this sample was uncolored) to 6 per cent. Tw^o of these were above 5 per cent, oil, but in the case of one (5.9 percent, oil) Tropaeolin had been used to color it. Meihods of Analysis: LEMON Oil. Polarize the extract in a 200 millimeter tube at a temperature of about 20°C. The reading, uj)on the caue-sugar scale of the polariscope, divided by 3.2 gives the percentage of lemon oil (by volume) in the absence of other optically active substances. If cane-sugar has been used to facilitate solution of oil, a correction of -.38 in the reading for each 0.1 per cent, of sugar found, must be made. Coal Tar Colors. To about 25 c. c. of the sample add 10 per cent, powdered acid potassium sulphate and heat to boiling. Then drop in a small piece of white wool or yarn, previously purified by boiling in dilute alkali solu- tion and washing thoroughly, and stir it around for a few minutes. After washing in hot water examine the cloth. Natural fruit colors leave the wool practically uncolored, while coal tar colors impart a vivid coloration which can be identified by supplementary tests. A red coloration upon adding hydrochloric acid to the dyed wool (or the extract itself) indicates Tropaeolin. Honey. Twent3^-seven samples of honey were received and tested, six of which were adulterated with "glucose" to the extent of 66.3 per cent, and 70.3 per cent, in two samples, 42 per cent, in another and 10 per cent, to 17 per cent, in the remainder. The two worst samples were practically pure "glucose" with a small piece of honey-comb to give flavor. The twenty-one pure samples gave readings on the cane-sugar scale of the polariscope ranging from -6 to -20, the average being -12.9. Methods of Analysis: * Dissolve the normal weight for the polariscope em- ployed (usually 26.048 gr.) in about 60 c. c. of water, add a little "alumina cream " to clarify and make up to 100 c. c. in a graduated flask. Filter and take reading in a 200 millimeter tube. A positive reading usually indicates "glucose." Estimate the latter by inversion (see under "Maple Syrup") and reading taken at 87°C. This reading divided by 1.75 gives the approximate percentage of commercial glucose in the sample. * Bulletin 65, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Chemistry. Milk. Twenty-eight samples of milk were "analyzed" by the de- partment during absences of Mr. Wallace, analyst of " Dairy Pro- ducts." Only one of these was found to be below the state stand- ard of 12 per cent, total solids, the solids in this case being 10.234 per cent. The highest percentage was 14.S14, while the average was 13.19 per cent. The "anal3^sis" consists of evaporating 10 gr. to dryness in a flat-bottomed platinum or nickel dish over a water- bath and weighing the residue. Maple Syrup. Forty-five samples of maple sj'rup were examined for sucrose (" cane sugar ") and "glucose," the latter liable to be present as an adulterant. These two substances are best determined by means of polariscope. A pure maple syrup gives a reading of about 60 on the " cane sugar " scale. A reading in excess of 65 indicates addition of "glucose" without doubt (see method of estimating below). Three of the above samples were found to be adulterated with " glucose " as follows : No. Perceutage Sucrose, j Percentage "Glucose." 37. 59.5 58. 34. 7.43 4.6 Two other samples contained 45.8 per cent, and 44.7 per cent, sucrose only. One of these was much fermented, which accounts for the deficiency. The other had been diluted without doubt. In the forty samples found to be all right the percentage of sucrose ranged from 59.1 to 64.2. In twenty of these the direct reading (see below) was 63 to 64, the "invert" reading being usually — 18. The average percentage of sucrose for the entire 40 samples was exactly 62 per cent. Methods of Analysis: Sucrose (" Cank Sugar.") Dissolve the normal weight for the polariscope employed (usually 26.048 gr.) in about 60 c. c of water in a 100 c. c. graduated flask, then clarify by addition of 3 c. c. alumina cream and make up to 100 c. c. Filter and fill the 100 millimeter tube of the instrument with clear filtrate. Eeading multiplied by 2 gives the "direct polarization" (about 60 on "cane sugar" scale if syrup be pure). The "invert reading" is now obtained by adding 5 c. c. couc. hydrochloiic acid to 50 c. c. of the above filtrate in a small flask, heating slowly in water-bath to 68°C, cooling, filtering and polarizing in 100 millimeter tube, at the same temperature as above, multiplying reading by 2. The percentage of sucrose is now obtained by means of the following formula, 10 ,,_ 100^ D wherein S^^percentage of Sucrose, D^algebraic difiference of "direct" and "in- vert" polarizations and'_T=temperature at which readings were taken In pure maple syrup the percentage of sucrose obtained thua is very close to the first ("direct") polariscopic reading. If the "direct" reading is appreciably higher, it is due to addition of commercial "glucose " The difference or "reading due to glucose" maybe utilized for determining "glucose." Glucose. *~ The grade of "glucose" used for adulterating molasses, syrups, etc has been found to have a polarizing figure always of about 175 (that used for jellies, etc., about 150). By means of the following formula : "Glucose"=^;^° wherein R=' reading due to glucose," a very close approximation of the amount of "glucose" present can be obtained. Molasses. Forty-one samples of molasses were received and examined, twenty-two of which were adulterated with "glucose" in quantities ranging from 7.9 per cent, to 67.4 per cent. Nineteen of these con- tained over 30 per cent, "glucose," thirteen contained over 40 per cent., while eight contained 50 per cent, or over. These last were practically "glucose" with a little molasses added to give flavor. In the nineteen unadulterated samples the percentage of suc- rose ranged from 33 per cent, to 51 per cent, as determined by Cler- get's method (see above). The average was 44.1 per cent., while seventeen gave direct readings between 40° and 50° on cane sugar scale of the polariscope. 3fctho(Js of Analysis : These are the same as for " maple syrup '' except that lead subacetate solution is used for clarifying, supplemented by filtration through animal charcoal, if necessary. Olive Oil. In contrast to olive oil obtained from drug stores (see under "Drugs,") all except one of the samples from grocery stores, twenty-nine in number, were free from adulterants. The majority of these were standard brands imported from Bordeaux and Leg- horn. The one adulterated sample was composed of cottonseed oil entirely. Several samples suspected of containing peanut oil were tested for arachidic acid with negative results in each case. The specific gravity and "iodine absorption numbers" were usually determined, and the U. S. Pharmacopoeia and other tests *Leach, 32d report of Mass. State Board of Health (1900). 11 applied. The specific gravity ranged from .915 to .919 and the " iodine absorption " from 81 to 85.6 per cent. 3Iethods of Analysis: Specific Gravity. This is determiued with West- phal balance or a pycnometer (specific gravity bottle) with inserted ground glass thermometer stopper and capillary overflow tube. Iodine Absorption Number, (see "Provisional Methods of Food Analy- sis ")•* U. S. Pharmacopoeia Test. Six gr. of oil thoroughly shaken in test- tube with mixture of 1.5 gr. nitric acid and 0.5 c. c. water and heated 15 minutes in boiling water, should not become orange or red-brown in color, but should retain original pale yellow color, becoming solid upon standing 12 hours at ordi- nary temperature. Bach's Test. Agitate 5 c. c. sample with 5 c. c. 47 per cent, nitric acid. Pale green coloration results. If peanut oil (arachis oil) is present, a pale rose color develops. Cottonseed Oil Test (Halphen's). Mix equal volumes of carbon di- sulphide (containing 1 per cent, sulphur in solution) and amyl alcohol and to 4 c. c. add 4 c. c. oil sample and heat in bath of boiling brine for 15 minutes. Red or orange coloration indicates cottonseed oil. Sesame Oil Test (Villavecchia's). Mix by one half minute shaking in a test tube 0. 1 c. c. 2 per cent, alcoholic solution of furfurol, 10 c. c. of sample and 10 c. c. cone, hydrochloric acid. Crimson lower layer indicates sesame oil. Corn Oil Test. Dissolve some of sample in carbon disulphide, add a drop of cone, sulphuric acid and allow to stand 24 hours. A violet coloration indicates corn oil. Preservatives hi Foods. Meats. Twelve samples of meats were examined for the pre- servatives, boracic acid (or borax), benzoic acid (or benzoates) or salicylic acid (or salicylates). Of these, four were found to be preserved with boracic acid as follows : sausage meat i, hamburger steak 2, potted ham i. Sausages. Fifteen samples of sausages were examined for the above preservatives. Three were found preserved with boracic acid as follows : ordinary sausages 2, bologna sausage i. Scrappel. Two samples were examined, one of which was preserved with boracic acid. Mince-meat. Ten samples were examined for the above-men- tioned preservatives, but were found to be free from such. B2itter. One sample examined, proved to be free from pre- servatives. Grape Juice. Six samples examined, proved to be free from preservative. * Bulletin 65, Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, p. 24 to 26. 12 • Methods of Testing: BoEACic AciD Test. Macerate the sample in water over water bath for several hours, filter, evaporate to small bulk, add drop of cone, hydrochloric acid and several drops of alcoholic solution of tumeric and evaporate to dryness. Pink stain around edge of residue indicates boracic acid. Color of residue may obscure pink stain, therefore add drop of ammonia. Blue green stain will show if boracic acid be^ present. Benzoic Acid Test (^Mohler's).* Make alkaline with sodium hydrate solution about 100 gr. of sample, evaporate to a thick mass, acidify with hydroch- loric acid, mix with sand and extract in .separating funnel with ether. Allow ether to evaporate spontaneously, moisten residue with 2 c. c. sulphuric acid and heat until acid vapors escape. Then add a little sodium nitrate gradually until liquid becomes colorless. Pour into excess of ammonia and add a drop of am- monium sulphide. Red-brown coloration (due to ammonium meta-diamidoben- zoic acid) indicates benzoic acid. Salicylic Acid Test. Acidulate about 50 gr. of sample with sulphuric acid and extract with mixture of equal parts ether and " petroleum-spirit," in a separating funnel. Evaporate solvent at gentle heat, dissolve residue in water and add a drop of ferric chloride solution. Violet coloration indicates salicylic acid. Spices and Condiments . Pepper. One hundred and twenty samples of ground pepper were received and examined, eighty-eight of which were adulter- ated with ground olive stones or nut-shells (cocoanut especially), buckwheat, corn, pepper-husks and dust, sand, sweepings, etc. The percentage of adulteration varied from a mixture of So per cent, ground nut-shells and lo per cent, buckwheat to a sample containing only a small amount (5 per cent.) of ground nut-shells. The methods for detectingthe.se are entirely microscopical. Several authorities have stated that a pepper giving an ash above 6.5 per cent, must be considered as adulterated. This is doubtless so, and the thirt3'-two samples we found unadulterated by microscopical examination gave each an ash less than that figure, the average being 5.94 per cent. A low ash however is valueless entirely as a judge of the quality of the pepper, as many of the most common adulterants yield a very low ash, e. g., Ash. Buckwheat 2 10 per cen t. Walnut shells 1.04 Cocoanut- shells 0. 54 Olive-stones 1.61 Date-stones 1.24 A high ash suggests the use of pepper-hu.sks (ash 15.61 per cent.), cocoa-shells (ash 10.44 per cent.) or dirt containing sand, * Bull. Roc. Chim. 1890, 3, 414. etc., a conclusion that microscopical examination usually shows to be correct. A number of analyses illustrate both of these points: Number Ash. 1 4.4perct 2 4.42 3 5.24 4 8.92 5 11.55 Olive Stoues or Nut shells. 50 per cent. 30 40 trace. 10 per cent. Buckwheat. small amount. 30 per cent. Pepper husks or Cocoa-shells. 30 per cent. 20 per cent. Dirt, Sand, etc. 6 per cent. 3Iefhods of Analysis: These are almost entirely microscopical (see under "cocoa and chocolate"). Olive-stones or nut-shells may be easily recognized under the microscope (and often by naked eye) by moistening the sample, spread out thin on the microscope slide, with an acid solution of phloroglucol made when needed by dissolving about a decigram of phloroglucol in 5 c. c. alcohol and add- ing several drops of cone, hydrochloric acid. The ground stones or nut-shells are stained a deep carmine, and if present to much extent, give a reddish color to the sample layer. Ash. This is estimated by igniting (in a well ventilated hood) at a low red heat, 1 gr. of pepper until a white ash is obtained . Mustard. One hundred and nineteen samples of mustard were examined microscopically for starchy adulterants and chemically for tumeric. Of this number sixty-one gave pronounced tests for tumeric, while forty-one of these showed under the microscope the presence of wheat-starch or mustard-hulls (excess), the percentage of wheat (approximate) varying from 20 per cent, to 80 percent. Twenty-seven samples contained over 30 per c^nt. wheat each and of these fifteen showed from 50 to 60 per cent, and .seven from 60 to 80 p:r cent, wheat. One sample contained about 50 per cent, excess of mustard-hulls. MeVwds of Analysis : Almost entirely microscopical. After examiniu"' the specimen rubbed out thin with water between slide and cover glass to ascertain what starch granules are present, it is advantageous to carefully lift up the cover - glass, add a drop of 1 per cent, iodine solution and thin out again. By this means the starch granules (of which pure mustard contains none) are colored blue and the proportion present made easier to decide upon. Test for Tumeric. A small amount of the mustard is agitated with alcohol in a test-tube and filtered. A piece of filter paper is moistened with the filtrate, dried at 100° C and moistened again with a weak solution of boracic acid acidulated with hydrochloric acid. Upon drying again a cherry-red color, turned blue-green by ammonia, develops if tumeric be present. Ginger. Twenty-two samples of pulverized ginger were received and examined microscopically for foreign starches, etc. Two sam- ples only were found to be adulterated, one containing 60 per cent, buckwheat and wheat starch with traces of mustard-hulls and turn- 14 eric, and the other containing about 20 per cent, buckwlieat and tumeric. Cassia. Two samples were received and examined microscopic- ally for adulterants but were found to be free from such. Cayejine. One sample examined and found to be unadulterated. Allspice. One sample examined and found to be unadulterated. Cloves. Two samples of powdered cloves were received and ex- amined microscopicall)^ for adulterants and chemically to determine whether the oil had been removed. The following results show- that such was not the case. Number. Volatile Oil. Nonvolatile Ether Extract. 1. 13.5 percent. 7 82 percent. 2. 16.6 7.4 Meihods of Analysis; Mostly microscopical (see under "Cocoa"'). Volatile and Nonvolatile Ether Extract. Extract 2 grams of the powdered material for about 20 hours in Soxhlet apparatus with absolute ether. Then allow ether to evaporate off, place the flask containing extract in a dessicator and let stand about 24 hours. Weigh as total ether extract. Then heat gradually to 100°C. and keep at that temperature for 6 hours and finally to 110° for a short time. Weigh again and if weight is constant, the loss is volatile oil and the resi- due nonvolatile ether extract. Sj/NpS. Eleven samples of syrup, not including "maple-syrup," (see elsewhere) were examined, all of which were found to be mixtures of "glucose" and a little sucrose ("cane-sugar"), the former ranging from 27.4 per cent, to 76.7 per cent ! The average percent- age of "glucose" for the eleven samples was 56 per cent. Suc- rose ranged from 8.9 per cent, to 24 per cent., average 14.25 per cent. Blethoth of Amilysi.'i : Same as under " maple syrup." / 'inegar. One hundred and thirty-four samples of vinegar were received and examined for the required state standard and general quality. The required standard is at least 4.5 per cent, acidity (acetic acid) and at least 2 per cent, solids, if " cider vinegar." This standard was attained in fifty-two of the total number of samples received, a percentage of about 46 per cent. only. All samples were tested for malic acid to determine whether it was "cider vinegar" or not and where a positive test was obtained, the ratio of ash to solids was also calculated, as a ratio of less than 10 per cent, points to addition of unfermented apple material (to furnish test for malic acid and increase solids) such as apple pomace, jelly, etc. A ratio of less than 6 per cent, is positive evidence that the sample is not genuine " cider vinegar."* Nineteen of the eighty-tvi'o samples below standard gave no test for malic acid, showing them to be not " cider vinegar." Three other samples also gave no test for malic acid, but were different from the above nineteen samples inasmuch they contained the required amount of solids. These were prob- ably " malt vinegars" as the ratio of ash to solids was below 7 per cent, and the odor very characteristic. The remaining sixty samples proved to be " cider vinegar " by the above combination of tests, but were below requirements in acidity or solids, or both, due to dilution with water. A number of samples were up to standard in solids but quite low in acidity, indicating dilution and reinforcement with apple jelly. The highest percentage of solids in genuine cider vinegars was 3.314 per cent., while the lowest was .9 per cent. The acidity ranged from 7.7 per cent, to 2.15 per cent. Among the nineteen samples that were not cider or malt vinegar, the solids ranged from .01 per cent, to .764 per cent., while the acidity ranged from 2.85 per cent, to 5.2 per cent. Methods of Analysis : Acidity (Acetic Acid). This was determined by titrat- ing 6 c. c. of sample (diluted with 25 c. C. distilled water), with deciuormal alkali solution. The number of cubic centimeters of alkali required divided by 10 gives the perceutage of acidity or acetic acid. Solids. Ten cubic centimeters (measured by pipette) are evaporated to a syrupy consistency in a platinum dish over the water-bath It is then dried in an air bath at 100°C for 2^ hours, cooled in dessicator and weighed. Ash. The solids obtained above are charred by gentle heat and then heated to low redness in a muffle furnace. The charred solids often have a peculiar steel- blue color when the sample is genuine "cider vinegar." Malic Acid. The absence of this is indicated by adding a little lead acetate solution to a few c. c. of the sample. As other substances (molasses, etc.) also give a precipitate with lead acetate solution, the formation of a precipitate does not necessarily indicate the 2))'esence of malic acid. Mineral Acids. The addition of free mineral acids may be detected by mixing 5 c. c. of vinegar with 10 c. c. water and adding four or five drops of an aqueous solution of methyl violet (1 part methyl violet, 2 B, in 10,000 parts of water). A blue or green coloration indicates presence of free mineral acid. *Dr. W. Frear, Report of Penn. Dept. of Agriculture, 1898. i6 Summary of Foods. Adulterated. Chocolate Cocoa Coffee Cream of Tartar Vanilla Extract Leraon Extract Honey Milk Maple Syrup Molasses Olive Oil Preservatives in Foods. a. Meats h. Sausages c Scrappel d. Mince-meat e. Butter /. Grape-juice Pepper Mustard Ginger Cassia Cayenne Allspice Cloves Syrups Vinegar 4 18 7 10 6 1 4 22 1 8 4 3 1 88 61 2 11 82 Total 341 Not Adulterated. 6 47 23 70 6 1 21 27 41 19 28 38 8 12 1 10 1 6 32 58 20 2 1 1 2 52 495 Percentage of Adulteration. 40. per cent 27.7 per cent. 23.3 per cent. 12 5 per cent. 57. per cent. 88.8 per cent. 22.2 per cent. 3.6 per cent. 8 8 per cent. 53.7 per cent. 3.4 per cent. 17.4 per cent. 33.3 per cent. 73.3 per cent. 51.2 per cent. 9 per cent. 100. per cent. 61.2 per cent. 40.8 per cent. DRUGS. Acetanilid . Six .samples were received and examined for identification ac- cording to the U. S. Pharmacopoeia and for unchanged analine by the test given below. All six samples were of good quality. Test foe Analine by dissolving in cold hydrochloric acid and adding a solution of " chloride of lime." A violet coloration indicates presence of analine. Acetic Acid. Three samples of acetic acid were received and examined for the U. S. Pharmacopoeia standard of strength (36 percent, absolute acetic acid) and purity. All three proved to be of required purit}^ One, however, was deficient in strength, containing only 31 per cent, acetic acid. Method of Amdyah: The U. S. Pharmacopoeia being a standard recognized by the state, it is of course necessary that the tests described therein be used, when examining a drug mentioned in that book. Additional tests may be used how. 17 ever where it is found desirable or necessary. In examining the above drug the Pharmacopoeia tests for presence of lead, copper, snlphuric acid, hydrochloric acid or formic acid were applied and Pharmacopoeia method of estimating acetic acid used. The latter consists of titrating 6 gr. of sample with normal caustic soda or potash solution, using phenolphthalein as indicator. Each c. c. of normal alkali required is equivalent to 1 per cent, absolute acetic acid. Ammonia Water. Two samples of ammonia water were received and tested. One was supposed to contain 28 per cent, ammonia gas, but upon analysis only showed 21.5 per cent. The other was supposed to contain 10 per cent, ammonia gas and analyzed 8 per cent. Otherwise they came up to requirements. Method of Analysis : Pharmacopoeia tests for metallic impurities, sulphates, chlorides and coal tar bases were applied and the percentage of ammonia gas esti- mated by titrating 3 54 c. c. with normal sulphuric acid solution, using rosolic acid as indicator. Each c c. of acid required is equivalent to 0.5 per cent, am- monia gas. Camphorated Tincticre of Ophini ( ' ' Paregoric ") . Nine samples were received, eight of which were examined for methyl alcohol. This substitution was detected in four of the samples, when tested as described under tincture of ginger. One sample was examined for percentage of morphine. Made as re- quired by the Pharmacopoeia, it should contain .052 to .06 gr. morphine per 100 c. c. The sample upon analysis gave 0.048 gr. per 100 c. c, a little below the minimum amount of morphine that should be present. Method of Analysis : The official morphiometric assay for tincture of opium (taking 100 c. c. of sample, but only using one half the usual quantities of ether, etc ) was used (see under " tincture of opium ") up to the point of collecting the separated morphine on filter paper. Then, instead of trying to weigh the small amount obtained, it was treated on the filter with exactly 10 c. c. of decinormal sulphuric acid, gradually added, the filter being thoroughly washed afterwards. The excess of acid was then titrated with decinormal alkali, using methyl orange as indicator. Each c. c. of acid not accounted for by this titration is equivalent to 0.0285 gr. anhydrous morphine. Castor Oil. Eight samples were received and tested for identification and presence of "foreign oils" as directed by the U. S. Pharmacopoeia, Four samples gave the "test" for "foreign oils" although all other indications showed them to be pure castor oil. This "test" is of very doubtful value. i8 Chlorinated Lime (" Chloride of Lime "). Six samples were received and examined, none of which came up to the Pharmacopoeia requirement of 35 per cent, available chlorine. The highest percentage found was 26.3 per cent., the lowest 16.8 per cent., the average being 21.5 per cent. Method of Analysis : The chlorine from 0.354 gr. of sample is liberated in the presence of potassium iodide solution and the iodine liberated thereby is titrated with deciuormal sodium hyposulphite solution as directed in U. S. Pharma- copoeia, page 75. Chloro/onn. Six samples of chloroform were examined and found to be up to Pharmacopoeia requirements, free chlorine, chlorides and pro- ducts of decomposition being especially tested for. Tests as given in U. S. Pharmacopoeia were applied. Cold Cream. Five samples of cold cream were examined to ascertain if the required oil (expressed oil of almonds) had been used and if not, what oil. One sample upon examination showed u.se of cottonseed oil, an undesirable practice, considering the singularly bland and soothing effects of almond oil. Methods of Analysis : The sample is melted by warming gently in a dish or beaker over the water-bath and the tests given under "expressed oil of almonds" (which see) applied, keeping in liquid condition when necessary, by gently warm- ing the test tubes. Compound Spirit of Ether. Two samples were examined for the 33.7 per cent, (by volume) of ether that should be present if the sample be made according to the Pharmacopoeia directions. 30 and 32.5 per cent, (by volume) was found, indicating that the samples had been made with care. Method of Analysis : The ether from 100 c. c. of sample was separated out by careful repeated fractional distillation and its volume measured. A negative test for alcohol indicated thorough separation. Distilled Water. In examining samples of what is bought as " distilled water " {'' aqnadestillata'') especially for possible prosecution purposes, it is imperative that no injustice, due to the peculiar purity require- ments for the substance, be committed. We have paid little or no attention, therefore, in our analyses to certain impracticable Phar- 19 macopoeia requirements, such as absence of " organic matter," car- bonic acid or ammonia. These might come from exposure to a dusty or vitiated atmosphere or careless corking of " stock bottle." A slight mineral residue (silicates) might come from the bottle upon very long standing also. When, however, residues often in excess of those from most ordinary " tap- waters " are found and pronounced tests for chlorides, sulphates, carbonates, calcium salts or metallic impurities, which cannot come from glass or atmos- phere, are obtained, then it is without doubt ordinary water, and to stop such a gross fraud no amount of prosecution can be too vigorous. Fifty-seven samples of what purported to be distilled water were received and analyzed, only twelve of which were pure and only twenty-two of which had any claim to the title "dis- tilled water." The residues ranged from 260 parts (!) per million to 8 parts, sixteen being above 100 parts and the average being 82 parts. All samples with the exception of the aforementioned twenty-two gave tests for either chlorides, sulphates, calcium salts, carbonates or metallic impurities, usually several of these being present in one sample. Methods of Analysis : Tests were applied as directed in U. S. Pharmacopoeia. Residue was determined by evaporating 100 c. c. of sample to dryness in a care- fully weighed platinum dish over a water-bath, in a place free from all dust. JSiher. Seventeen samples of ether were received and examined for the Pharmacopoeia requirements of purity and strength. Six of these were considerably below the required standard of 96 per cent, ether, four containing only 80 per cent. ("U. S. P., 1880, Ether," no doubt) while the other two contained 87.5 per cent, and 92 per cent, respectively. Several gave tests for aldehydes, had " foreign odor" or left residue. One left a residue of 0.014 per cent. Considering the simplicity of the ether estimation (see below) there is no excuse for druggists selling the old Pharmacopoeia ether. Method of Analysis : Teat for aldehydes, " foreign odor " and residue as direc- ted in Pharmacopoeia. The percentage of ether is quite accurately arrived at by the method therein described, viz : Shake in a glass stoppered 50 c. c. graduated cylinder, 20 c. c. of the ether and exactly 20 c. c. of distilled water just previously saturated with ether by agitation with pure ether and separation of excess. Upon separation of the sample and saturated water, the ethereal layer should measure at least 19.8 c. c. showing not less than 96 per cent, ether. From the volume of the ethereal layer the approximate percentage can be calculated assuming 19.§ C. c, to equal 96 per cent. 20 Glycerin . Fourteen samples were received and examined for Pharma- copoeia requirements, also for minute quantities of arsenic as re- vealed by Gutzeit's test (using alcoholic mercuric chloride as indi- cator). Three ■ samples gave decisive tests for arsenic when thus tested. Seven other samples did not come up to Pharmacopoeia requiiements, six of them containing traces of fatty acids, showing insufficient purification by the manufacturer. Two of these seven samples, including the one free from fatty acids, gave pronounced tests for sulphates and calcium (lime) salts. One gave a test for lead and all contained " carbonizable matter." Tests as given in U. S. Pharmacopoeia were applied. Iron and Quinme Citrate. Seven samples were received only two of which contained the required amount of iron and quinine (14.5 per cent, and 11.5 per cent, respectively). Two samples were deficient in both iron and quinine, two were deficient in iron alone and one deficient in qui- nine. Lowest quinine was 10.714 per cent, the highest 12.5 per cent. The four samples low in iron averaged about 13.5 per cent, iron, not a serious deficiency. 3Iethnds of Analysis : Tests for purity as given in Pharmacopoeia vyere ap- plied and the iron and quinine determined essentially as described in that vpork. Irofi and Strychnine Citrate. Two samples were received, neither of which confirmed to the Pharmacopoeia standard, viz: 16 per cent, iron and 0.9 to i per cent, strychnine. Both contained close to 19 per cent, iron; one, only 0.693 per cent, of strychnine and the other, what is of course more objectionable, i. 413 per cent. (!) of strychnine. Method of Analysis : Pharmacopoeia tests for purity were applied and the iron and strychnine determined as directed therein. Iron Valerianate. One sample was received and examined for required iron, which should be between 15 and 20 per cent. 19.5 per cent, iron was found upon determining the metal as directed under ' ' Ferri Valerianas " in the Pharmacopoeia. 21 Lead Subacctate Solution. Four samples were received and tested for Pharmacopoeia standard of purity and strength. One sample contained less (23 per cent.) than the required 25 per cent, of lead subacetate, the other three exactly or a trifle more than what is required. Method of Analysis: Pharmacopoeia tests for parity were applied aud the lead subacetate determined as directed in that book. Lime Water {Solution of Calciitm Hydrate). Four samples were received and examined for required per- centage of calcium hydrate ("about 0.14 per cent.") as directed in Pharmacopoeia. Two were up to standard, one a little below (0.1275 psi" cent.), while the remaining one only contained 0.0225 per cent., or about 15 per cent, of Pharmacopoeia requirements. Oil of Almonds {Expressed). Forty-four samples were received and examined, only twenty of which proved to be pure expressed oil of almonds. Eleven samples consisted wholly or in part of the much cheaper substitute, sesame oil, twelve samples, of the frequent (and cheaper) substitute, peach-kernel oil and one sample of a mixture of sesame and peach- kernel oil. Method of Analysis: U. R. PHARMACOPOEIA TEST. Two c. c. of the oil is shaken vigorously with 1 c. c. fuming nitric acid and 1 c. c. water. Pure almond oil forms a white or very pale yellow mixture, which after standing at about 10°C. for some hours separates into a white solid mass and scarcely colored liquid. If a red, orange or brownish mixture results upon shaking, it indicates adulteration or substitution with peach-kernel, apricot, sesame, poppy or cottonseed oil. To deter- mine what adulterant has been used, test successive portions for sesame oil and cottonseed oil by Villaveccbia's and Halphen's tests (see under "olive oil," under " foods ") and for peach-kernei aud apricot oil by the following test : Shake five parts sample wiih one part of cold fresh mixture of equal weights of cone, sulphuric acid, nitric acid aud water. Immediate orange-red coloration indicates peach-kernel or apricot oil. Oil of Gaultheria {Oil of Wintergreen) . One sample was received and examined to see if artificial oil of wintergreen (methyl salicylate) had been substituted. This was found to be the case, as the sample had no effect at all upon polar- ized light, while the natural oil deviates polarized light a little to the left. 11 m Method of Anahjsix : The 200 millimeter observation tube of the polariscope is filled with the oil iiud the two halves of the colored or shaded " field " exactly matched. A reading to the left on the scale indicates the natural oil, especially if supplemented by a negative chemical test for levulose. If artificial oil, the scale reads exactly at zero. Olive Oil. Fifty-two samples of olive oil from drug stores were received and examined, twelve of which consisted wholly or in part of cot- tonseed oil and one, wholly or in part, of sesame oil. Methods of Analijsis : Pharmacopoeia and supplementary tests were applied, as given under olive oil, under ' foods " (which see). Phenacetin ( p-Acetamidophenetol ) . Two samples were received and tested for acetanilide, the usual substitute and unconverted p-amidophenetol, which is poisonous.* Neither appeared to be present in either sample. Methods of Analysis : Acetanilide Test. 0.5 gr. "phenacetin" is boiled with 8 c. c. of water, cooled, filtered and filtrate boiled with a little potassium nitrite and dilute nitric acid Then add a solution of mercurous nitrate contain- ing a little nitrous acid and boil again. A red color develops if acetanilide be present in more than 2 per cent. p AMIDOPHENETOL TEST. Melt by gently heating 1.25 gr. crystallized chloral hydrate and add 0.25 gr. "phenacetin.'' If red or violet color appears after two or three minutes heating on water bath, the sample contains unconverted p amido- phenetol. If only a pink color appears after five minutes heating, the sample is pure. Potassa Solution. Four samples were received and examined for required per- centage of caustic potash, w^hich is "about 5 per cent." One sample only contained this amount, the other three containing 4.3 per cent., 4.2 per cent, and 2.52 per cent., the last being only about half the required strength. Method of Analysis : Pharmacopoeia tests for purity were applied and alkali determined by titration with normal sulphuric acid solution as directed therein. Potassium Arsenite Solution {^'Fowler'' s Sohition "). Five samples were received and examined for the required amount of "arsenic" (arsenous acid), viz : i gram in 100 c. c. of solution. None of the samples contained this amount however, the nearest approach to it being .98 gr. The other four ranged from 0.89 to 0.8 gr. per 100 c. c, *Allen'8 " Commercial Organic Analysis" III., 2 p. 83. 23 Method of Analysis : Arsenoua acid is determined as directed by Pharma- copoeia, by titration with deci-normal iodine solution. Potasshim Bitartrate {Cream of Tartar.) Eighteen samples of potassium bitartrate from drug stores were received only one of which could be called adulterated and that only to the extent of 5 per cent, starch. A number of samples to be sure contained traces of chlorides, sulphates or calcium salts, which are contrary to the strict Pharmacopoeia requirements, yet when we consider that the percentage of bitartrate in no sample was less than 99.5 per cent, and on the average nearly 99.8 per cent., it is evident that a great improvement over the former quality of this drug exists. Methods of Anali/sis: Pharmacopoeia tests for purity are applied and the bi- tartrate determined as under " cream of tartar," under " foods." A blue color with iodine solution indicates addition of starch. Qziinine Pills (2 a7id j grains) . Twelve samples of 2 grain pills and one sample of 3 grain pills were received and examined for the professed standard of quinine. Three samples contained the stated amount of quinine, the other ten including the 3 grain pills, being below standard. The amount of quinine varied from 2.85 grains (from the 3 grain sample) to 1.62 grains, the average for the twelve 2 grain samples being 1.87 grains. Method of Analysis: Dissolve one pill in 20 c. c. water by heating on water- bath, renewing w ater if necessary. Transfer with rinsings to separating funnel, allow to cool, add 5 c. c. cone, ammonia and shake. Now extract the precipitated quinine with three successive portions of chloroform of 10 c. c. each, allow com- bined chloroformic extracts to evaporate spontaneously in a weighed platinum dish, dry at 125°C for several hours and weigh as anhydrous quinine. 324 parts of this is equivalent to 378 parts of " U. S. P. Quinine." Quinine Sulphate. One sample was received and upon examination was found to fulfill the Pharmacopoeia requirements of purity. Soda Solution. One sample was received and examined for the required 5 per cent, of caustic soda and found to contain just that amount, when tested as directed in the Pharmacopoeia. n m Spirit of Nitrous Ether ( ' ' Sweet Spirits of Nitre " ) . One sample received and analyzed and found to contain the " about 4 percent, of ethyl nitrite" that should be present. This is estimated by determining the volume of nitrogen dioxide evolved in the nitrometer as directed under ' ' Spiritus Aetheris Nitrosi ' ' in U. S. Pharmacopoeia. One other sample contained 3.2 per cent, ethyl nitrite. spirits of Caviphor. Seven samples were received and tested for methyl alcohol and roughly, as to the percentage of camphor, which should be 10 per cent. Four samples contained less than that amount, three con- taining only 5 per cent, or less. One sample gave a test for methyl alcohol, when tested as described under tincture of ginger. Camphor was determiued (roughly) by adding excess of water to 10 c. c. of the sample and after filtering off the precipitated camphor, drying in a rapid cur- rent of air and weighing immediately. Tartaric Acid. Three samples were received and examined for Pharmacopoeia standard of purity and strength and found to be up to all require- ments. Tincture of Ferric Chloride. Thirty-eight samples of tincture of ferric chloride were received and examined for the percentage of iron required by the Pharma- copoeia, viz: "abovit 4.7 per cent." Nine were found to contain less than that percentage of iron, the lowest being 3.15 per cent., the average being 4.03 per cent. Ten were found to contain exactly 4.7 per cent, iron, showing considerable care in its preparation (more so in fact than many of the more dangerous or powerful tinc- tures) and nineteen contained more than the required amount, the highest being 8 per cent. (!) the average 5.5 per cent. Several samples contained traces of other metals. 3Ietho(l of Analysis : Pharmacopoeia tests for purity were applied and the iron determiued hy titration as directed therein. Tincture (" Essence'") of Ginger. Eleven samples were received and tested for methyl alcohol (" wood alcohol "). Four samples gave positive tests with the following modification of Mulliken and Scudder's test.* *American Chemical Journal, 1899, 21, 266. 25 Test for Methyl Alcohol, Put about 100 c. c. of the sample in a small flask and distil off about 10 c. c. keeping the temperature below 70°C. Oxidize the distillate by putting it in a test-tube and plunging a red-hot roll of copper gauze, oxidized by heating a moment in the oxidizing flame of Bun sen burner, into it (the test-tube only) several times. Allow to cool and test contents of tube for formaldehyde by adding to pure milk, adding a few c ca. of hydrochloric acid containing a trace of ferric chloride and gently heating, rotating the dish mean- while to break up the curd.* A positive test for formaldehyde indicates use of methyl alcohol in preparing the tincture. Tincture of Iodine. One hundred and forty-six samples of tincture of iodine were received and examined for the required amount of iodine, viz : "7 grams per 100 c. c." Twenty-six only (!) were up to or above standard, five of these being nearly saturated solutions containing about ID gr. per 100 c. c, the average of the other twenty-one being 7.5 gr. per 100 c. c. The hundred and twenty samples below standard ranged from 6.8 gr. down to only 0.6 of a gram (I) five containing less than 2 gr. per 100 c. c. and twenty containing less than 4.5 gr. per 100 c. c. The hundred samples containing between 4.5 gr. and 7 gr. averaged 5.49 gr. per 100 c. c. The average for the whole one hundred and forty-six samples is only 5.34 gr. per 100 c. c. Several of the poorer samples were made up with " wood- alcohol." Method of Analysi>< : 6.3 c. c. of the tincture is mixed with a solution of 2 grams of potassium iodide in 25 c. c. distilled water and titrated with deci-normal sodium hyposulphite solution using starch solution as indicator. Each c. c. of the hyposulphite solution required is equivalent to 0.2 gr. iodine. Tincture of Niix Vomica. Thirteen samples were received and examined for the required amount of combined alkaloids ("brucine and strychnine"), viz : 0.3 gr. per 100 c. c. Six contained this amount, while only two of the other seven were very much below, the extremes being 0.1274 g''- and 0.327 gr., with an average of 0.2884 gr. per 100 c. c. for all thirteen samples. This shows commendable care in the preparation of this powerful drug as of course should be the case. Method of Analysis : 100 c. c. are evaporated to dryness over a water-bath and the residue assayed by the process given under '' Extractum Nucis VomiciB " in the U. H. Pharmacopoeia. The percentage thus found multiplied by 0.02 gives the weight in grams. *Leach, 29th Report of Mass. Board of Health, 1897, p. 558. 26 Tincture of Opium (" Laudanum "). One hundred and one samples were received and examined for the required amount of cr3^stallized morphine, viz: 1.3 gr. to 1.5 gr. per 100 c. c. Twenty-four samples only were up to or above the minimum requirement, two containing 1567 gr. and 1.593 g^, respectively. The seventy-seven samples below the minimum re- quirement ranged from 1.29 gr. to only 0.313 gr. ( !) per 100 c. c, thirty-five containing less than i. gr. per 100 c. c. The average for the whole one hundred and one samples was 1.0353 g^^- P^^^ 100 c. c. Method of Analysis : The U. S. Pharmacopoeia morphiometric assay method for tiucture of opium (" Tinctura Opii ") was followed, no other method being ac- ceptable in the state courts. SUMMARY OF DRUGS. Acetanilid Acetic Acid Ammonia Water Camphorated Tincture Opium.. Chlorinated Lime Chloroform Cold Cream Castor Oil Compound Spirit of Ether Distilled Water Ether Glycerin Iron and Quinine Citrate Iron and Strychnine Citrate Iron Valerinate Lead Subacetate Solution Lime Water Oil of Almonds (expressed) Oil of Wiutergreen Olive Oil Phenacetin Potash Solu tion Polassium Arsenite Solution — Potassium Bitar trate Powdered Opium Quinine Pills Quinine Sulphate Soda Solution Spirit of Nitrous Ether Spirits of Camphor Tartaric Acid Tincture of Ferric Chloride Tincture (," Essence ") Uinger Tincture of Iodine Tincture of Nux Vomica Tincture of Opium Totals Adulterated. 1 2 5 6 1 4 45 6 10 5 2 1 2 24 1 13 3 5 1 10 1 5 9 4 120 7. 77 370 Not Adulterated. 6 2 4 6 4 4 2 12 11 4 2 1 3 2 20 39 2 1 17 1 3 1 1 1 2 3 29 7 26 6 24 246 Percentage of Adulteration. 55.5 per cent. 79.0 per cent. 35.3 per cent. 71 4 per cent. 71.4 per cent. 54.5 per cent. 25.0 per cent. 5.5 per cent. 77.0 per cent. 71.4 per cent. 24.0 per cent. 36.3 per cent. 82.2 per cent. 53.9 per cent. 76.2 per cent. 60 .0 per cent. 27 MISCELLANEOUS. Beef Extract. One sample was examined for suspected " glucose," but was found to be free from such, the reducing action upon Fehling's solution, which had caused the physician to suspect it, being due to certain extractives from meat, probably creatine. Brandy Drops. Three samples were examined for the percen- tage of alcohol contained in the syrup, according to method des- cribed by Leach. 1.65 per cent, alcohol was found in one sample, .27 and .34 per cent, in the others. Ca7idy {''Yankee Grab Package''^). A penny package of bril- liant pink and yellow pieces of sugar candy. Examination showed presence of the coal-tar colors "Eosin" and "Naphthol Yellow S." the former in great excess. One small piece of candy dyed several yards of woolen yarn a bright pink. Cajiued Beans. One sample was examined for poisonous metals (especially copper, for coloring purposes), but none was found. " Cream Albumenoid.''^ Sold as dessicated milk solids for use in thickening cream. Analj'sis showed it to be simply a mixture of pulverized gelatine, boracic acid and flour. Dye for Colorijig Sausages. This proved to be an impure sample of the sulphouated coal-tar color "methyl-orange." For its physiological effects upon pancreatic digestion, see Weber in "Journal of American Chemical Society," 18, 1092. Extract of Sarsaparilla {Beechent s). Solids 1.23 per cent., alcohol I.I I per cent. No standard claimed, therefore no criticism possible. Linseed Oil. One sample, upon examination (by determining "saponification number" and specific gravity), proved to be "boiled linseed oil " of good quality. Prepared Milk. One sample examined for harmful ingredi- ents, but none found. Egg Powder. One sample of dessicated ^%% for bakers' use was received and examined for genuineness and use of coloring matter and preservatives. A determination of the percentages of protein (43.2 per cent.) and fat (34.8) showed it to be an &%% pro- duct without doubt. It was extensively colored with tropaeolin (a coal tar color) however and was preserved with salicylic acid. " Vanilla Crystals.'^ One .sample of Butler's "Vanilla Cr)'stals" was received and examined. Analysis showed it to be granulated 28 ^ sugar containing .043 percent, vanillin and .027 per cent, coumarin, having a value of less than i cent. Evaporated Cream. One sample examined for preservative and found free from it. Salad Oil. This was an oil sold by mistake and the cause of sickness "diagnosed" as "arsenical poisoning." Examination showed it to be lubricating oil, free from arsenic. ''Shaker Sail." Two samples of prepared salt, which upon analysis proved to be identical, containing 98.5 per cent, sodium chloride, i per cent, calcium carbonate and .25 per cent, calcium sulphate. ''Catarrh Cure." One sample, 2^ per cent, cocaine claimed, 2.1 percent, found. Mineral Waters. Five samples of well known mineral waters (Apollinaris, Vichy Celestin, Saratoga Vichy and Saratoga Kissin- gen and Poland Spring) were examined for principal mineral con- tents and found to agree moderately close to published analyses of same. Strictly speaking, the last brand (Poland Spring) is not a mineral water, but simply a quite pure spring water. Suspected Well-ivater. A well water " suspected of containing arsenic." No arsenic found. Chlorine rather high however (27 parts per million) indicating possible pollution from house drainage. Total Summary. Foods..". Drugs Miscellaneous . Totals Adulterated. 341 370 7 718 Not Adulterated. 495 246 17 r58 Percentage of Adulteration. 40.8 per cent. 60.0 per cent. 29.1 per cent. 48.6 per cent. " WATER SURVEY." This is intended to be in time, a systematic periodical examina- tion of the public-water supplies of the state for advisory and, if necessary, legal purposes. Several examinations will be made yearly and such suspected private supplies as reach the laboratory through the proper authorities will be analyzed also. Only a few examinations have been made as yet, and it is very doubtful if a respectable showing can be made, in addition to the food and drug inspection, with a laboratory force of one chemist only. The analyses up to date are as follows, with results in parts per million : 29 ■ if JUJO l^J^ox •saiBiiijyi OiOOOOOOO 0010t00j>00 "sa^inj^ I cj 00 ;o OO oOOOMO OOjgoOOrlO o o o o o CJ eC 00 rH CO (N O Tj< M tH O tH O CO o o O O O OO o o o o o 00 T-l ;z;^ •anuoiqo lOcoco-^t'-^iOLo'incoodoi^'r-HTHtooi-J-rtSj^; •pioni -ninq^V •98.IJ C0'MC0(M-0-^-*rH-^T-(OOOmOOOOQOOO«0 l-H r-l (M a C^ y-i 7-^ 0(M •<*l tJD q g _a L=o ^ {3 ce CD (» cS k ^ a <4^ •)-l •laqran^ i-l(MM';fin=Ct-00MHH^SKSM>