235 .M81 Copy 1 V • This cane wm lodged by atorm. From these we see that the cane sugar gradually and rapidly increased, while the glucose slowly decreased, from the time of flowering to the maturity of the seed. During the latter part of September, most of the cane was lodged by a very violent wind and rain storm. Tiae juice from the stalks that were lodged was charged with a red coloring matter, the inside of the entire stalk being in many cases of a bright red color. Several of the stalks contained but a small portion of red coloring matter, but instead had a peculiar yellow and watery appearance, and quite a disa- greeable taste. The juices from these contained on an average only 8 per cent, sugar, and 4.8 percent, glucose. EFFECT OF LEAVING CANE CUT IN TEE FIELD. A number of stalks still in good condition, the juice of which contained 9.50 cane, sugar and 3.25 glucose, were cut and left in the field ten days, during almost constant rain. At the end of the ten days the juice contained 5.98 cane sugar and 6.15 glucose. Some Early Orange cane was also cut September 20, when the juice contained 10.50 cane sugar and 4.95 glucose, and was left in the field till November 2, when the juice contained 13.80 glucose, while not a trace of cane sugar was present. These experiments show conclusively that if cane is cut orginjured and left exposed to rain, the destruction of cane sugar goes on very rapidly, being in time entirely changed into glucose. The rapidity of the change depends, of course, in great degree on the weather. 10 EFFECT OF LEAVING CANE CUT, UNDER SHELTER. In order to ascertain the effect of leaving cane under cover, two tons of Early Amber cane were cut, the juice containing 10.02 per cent, of cane sugar and 3.23 per cent, of glucose. One-half was topped and stripped and both lots were placed on the floor of the baro. The change taking place may be seen from the follow- ing table: September 20 The cane freshly cut October 4. After two weeks: (Stripped) (Unstripped) October 19. After four weeks : (Stripped) (Unstripped) November 2. After 6 weeks : (Stripped) December 20. After 13 weeks: (Stripped) 3.23 6.21 6.00 3.41 3.74 3.74 6.80 To judge by the table the cane changes very slowly, but in reality the loss of sugar is quite rapid. If no loss of sugar took place, the juice would of course become richer in sugar, on ac- count of the evaporation of part of the water. In reality this is not the case. The cane sugar becomes gradually changed to glu- cose, which in turn is destroyed by fermentation. In this way the juice may become even richer in sugar, but the quantity of juice is greatly diminished. The juice becomes also very acid. The effect produced by shocking the cane in the field was tried, with very unsatisfactory results, the cine sugar being destroyed very rapidly. 11 EFFECT OF LEAVING CANE STRIPPED IN THE FIELD. One part of a patch of Minnesota Early Amber cane was stripped of leaves and left standing in the field from September 15 to September 22. It was then cut, and the juice, together with some that had not been stripped, was analyzed, with the following result : I O Cane stripped for one week ,, 11.05 3.25 Same cane not stripped 13.98 2.78 The diminution of sugar is undoubtedly due to the fact that the latent leaf buds found under each leaf begin to develop into new leaves. These new leaves are formed partly at the expense of the sugar in the cane. DEFECATION. The juice after it leaves the mill has a more or less green color, due to the presence of large quantities of chlorophyl and other vegetable substances, which must be removed. This process is known as defecation. The defecator, or the vessel in which this operation is conducted, may be of wood. Copper is perhaps the best material, but is much more expensive. The vessel should be furnished with a steam coil, with sufficient capacity to heat the juice to the boiling point, in a short time. As soon as the juice is expressed it should be removed to the defecator, where it should be heated at once to about 175° F., or just about hot enough to enable h, man to hold his hand in the juice without being scalded. Milk of lime, freed from all coarse particles by straining, should then be added until a slip of red litmus paper becomes changed to a faint purple when dipped into the juice. The lime should be added in small portions, the jaice being vigorously stirred with a paddle after each addition. When the right quantity has been added, the juice must be heated as quickly as possible. A thick green scum will soon come to the surface. When the boiling 12 point is reached, — which is shown by the swelling and breaking up of the scum, — the heat should be stopped and the juice left quiet for about five minutes. The scum will then be quite hard, and may be easily removed from the surface of the clear liquid. Much will depend on a good defecation. If the defecation has been properly conducted, the liquid will be clear, free from par- ticles, and of a pale yellow color. If the S3um is of a light color and thin, while the liquid below is opaque and has a greenish color, it shows that too little lime has been added ; while if the juice is very dark, too much lime has been used. Much nicety of judgment is required to make a good defecation, which can onlj be obtained by experience. USE OF SULPHUROUS ACID. The clear juice from the defecator is now tolerably pure, most of the impurities having been eliminated. It contains, however^ considerable lime, which if allowed tD remain will give us a dark syrup, and if present in sufficient quantities will impart a more or less bitter taste to the syrup. To avoid this we must neutralize the lime, just as before we neutralized the acid. For this purpose sulphurous acid is much us3d. Tbis acid may be added to the juice in the defecator after removing the scum, or it may be added to the juice in the evaporating pan. A sufficient quantity should be added to give to the juice a distinct acid reaction, or until a slip of blue litmus paper, dipped into the juice, is reddened. To accomplish the same result, many preparations have been sold to- the farmers and other syrup manufacturers by agents and peddlers. I would here advise every one to leave all such preparations alone. Most of them are either harmful or good for nothing, while others are but modifications of the methods which I have des3ribed and for which the buyer pays an exorbitant price. As long as I remain at the university inquiries as to any method will be an- swered. Before closing this report we will des3ribe methods by which sulphurous acid may be made at syrup works. BOILING TO SYRUP. The juice should be boiled down as rapidly as possible, the scum which comes to the surface being skimmed off. If con- 13 <3ucted entirely in an open train, it should be concentrated till it boils at about 234° F., whicb corresponds to about 45° B. If a vacuum pan is used, the syrup should be transferred to it when it has a density of about 20° B. It should then be concentrated to about 44° B , at as low a temperature and as quickly as pos- sible. If the syrup is made too thick, the crystals of sugar will be small and difficqlt to separate; while if to:> thin the crystalli- zation will tike place very slowly. After the syrup has been boiled down to the proper density, it should be placed in a room where the temperature may bs maintained at about 90° F. to crystallize. The crystallization usually begins in a few hours, and in live or six days the sugar may be separated. The syrup may be boiled down a second time, and a secDud crop of crystals equal to about one-half the quantity of the first may be obtained in a couple of weeks. A good yield of sugar may be obtained it the following rules are strictly adhered to : 1. Do not cut the cane until the seed begins to harden. 2. Do not allow the cane to stand stripped in the field. 3. Work up the cane as soon as possible after being cut. 4. Defecate the juice as soon as possible after leaving the mill. 5. For defecation use milk of lime, freed from coarse particles "by straining ; add it gradually to the juice with vigorous stirring, until a piece of red litmus paper is turned to a pale purple. 6. Heat the juice quickly to the boiling point, as shown by the swelling and breaking of the scum. 7. Remove the scum after allowing the juic3 to remain quiet for five minutes. 8. Draw off the clear juice, through an aperture near the bottom of the defacator, into the evaporating pan. 9. Add sulphurous acid to the clear juice until a piece of blue litmus paper is reddened.' 10. Evaporate down until it reaches a density of 45° B., or if boiled in an open pan, to a boiling temperature of 284° F. 11. Place in a warm room to crystallize, and in about a week it will be ready to separate. ' This step may be omitted if no excess of lime has been added during def- ecation. It will have no efiect on the quantity of sugar obtained, but will make a lighter colored molasses. u RESULTS. Below will be found a table containing the summary of the re- sults obtained from two plots. Plot A was planted with seed ob- tained from Mr. Seth Kinney, of Morristown, Minnesota. Plot B was planted with seed from Mr. Charles Eastis, of Port Atkin- son, Wisconsin. Plot A was very much exposed and a great deal of the cane was lodged, while Plot B was more sheltered and the cane was in better condition. Area of plots in acres Total weight of cane Total weight of j uice in cane Weight of juice expressed Weight of juice left in bagasse Per cent, of cane sugar in juice Per cent, of glucose in juice Total weight of cane sugar in cane. . . . Weight of cane sugar in expressed j uice. Weight of cane sugar in bagasse Weight of syrup obtained Weight of cane sugar separated Weight of molasses Bushels of seed < 03 m eq o « 0, o &. p. o o^ ^ 32 A glance at the table will show at once the wastefulness of the present mode of extracting the juice. Out of 85 per cent, in the cane, only 60 per cent, was obtained, or nearly 80 per cent, of the sugar in the cane was left in the bagasse. This loss is un- undoubtedly smaller than that sustained in the majority of cases, as 60 per cent, of juice is larger than the average per cent, ob- tained by the small mills usually employed. The absurd theory that if too much juice is expressed, it will cause the whole to "sour," make a poor syrup, etc., is entirely false. THE DIFFUSION PROCESS. The diflfusion process for extracting the sugar from both beets and cane is now employed in nearly all of the principal factories. The cane is cut into thin slices by rapidly revolving cutting ma- 15 chines, the sugar being extracted from these by the use of water. If the pieces of cane are placed in a vessel, and a quantity of water equal to the quantity of juice in them be added, part of the sugar will at once pass through the cell walls into the surround- ing water, while part of the water will enter the cells. This will continue until the liquids inside and outside of the cell walls are of the same density. If this water be drained off, it will contain half the sugar. If, now, this same cane be treated with equal and successive portions of water, each portion, when drained off, will contain one-half of the sugar contained in the cane at the time when it was added. In other words, the cane ■will retain after each draining, one-half, one-fourth, one-eighth, one-sixteenth, one-thirty-second, etc., of the sugar originally in the cane. In practice this process is carried on in such a way that the water is used over again on successive portions of cane until it becomes nearly as rich in sugar as the juice, only about 20 per cent of water being added. An apparatus work- ing on this principle has been invented in Europe, in which slices of cane or- beets are made to pass upward through a cylinder, by the aid of a mechanical feeder, while water passes in at the top of the cylinder, and in passing down becomes more and more charged with sugar, until it issues from below, carrying with it almost the whole of the sugar from the cane. In this way, it is claimed 94 per cent, of all the sugar in the cane is obtained, or 24 per cent, more than that obtained by an average good mill. This difference would constitute an immense profit in a large establishment. The juice is, moreover, perfectly clear, containing but small quantities of chlorophyl and other vegetable matter, which occur so abundantly in juice expressed by the mill. A better syrup and a larger yield of sugar is the result CANE FOR SYRUP MAKING, For the making of syrup exclusively, some experiments were made with the Early Amber, Early Orange and Honduras. Three plots were.planted, one with each variety, in close proximity to each other. They received the same amount of cultivation, and the comparative results are, we believe, as fair as they can possi- 16 blj be made. The plots were each one-fifth of an acre ; and for convenience sake, the results in the following table are calculated to one acre : Weight of stripped stalks Weight of juice expressed Per cent, of juice expressed Degree Beauine of juice Per cent, of cane sugar in juice Per cent, of glucose in juice. . . Oallons of syrup obtained u bQ ^ □ ^a -b2 ^< ^o H 31,000 23,520 13, 660 17.966 58.80 57.95 8.0 8.5 10.63 10.50 2.68 4.95 180 239 w 42. 330 24.433 57.70 7.0 7.00 4.20 265 There was no marked difference in the quality of these differ- ent kinds of sjrup, and it would certainly repay the cane growers to try the Honduras as a syrup producing cane. One great obsta- cle, however, is that the seed would have to be imported from more southern localities every season, as the seed hardly reaches beyond the milk stage before frost may be expected. METHODS FOR MAKING SYRUP. Several different methods for making syrup were used. The lightest colored oyrup will be produced when the juice is nearly boiled down, and skimmed without defecation. The acids which in that case remain free in the syrup, change large quantities of the cane sugar to glucose, and impart the " sorghum taste " to the syrup. In order to make a syrup free from this taste, the juice must be defecated. The defecation should be conducted in the same manner as that described under sugar making. If too much lime is added, a dark syrup will be the result. If the lime is added very carefully, so as to make the juice very nearly neutral, an excellent syrup will be produced. The following rule for defecating juice for syrup works well : Fill the defecator three- fourths full with fresh juice; heat to about 160° F., and add milk of lime perfectly fr^ed from coarse particles, until the juice becomes slightly alkaline. Fill the defecator with fresh juice, mix well and heat to boiling, skim and boil down to a syrup. The defe- 17 •cation may also be carried out as described under sugar making, a quantity, of sulphurous acid being added to the defecated juice until it becomes slightly acid. If properly conducted, this pro- cess will always make a good syrup. It is probably to be pre- ferred to any other, as it is very easily performed. Not much care is requisite, as any small excess of sulphurous acid wliich has been added, will escape with the steam during the boiling down of the juice. Sulphate of aluminum may be used instead of sul- phurous acid, with equally good results, but more care is neces- sary, since any excess that is added will remain in the syrup The flavor of the syrup will depend to a very great extent on the quantity of lime used for defecation, and the quantity to be added must be ascertained by practice. If the maker finds that the syrup still retains some of the " sorghum taste," it is a proof that too little lime has been used, and a stronger defecation should be made. If, on the other hand, the syrup is very dark, too much lime has been added. CONSUMPTION AND rRODUCTION. According to the late commissioner of agriculture a total of 2,000,000,000 pounds of sugar was consumed in the United States during the year 1879. "Of this amount 1,743,560,000, or more than 80 per cent, besides 38,395,575 gallons of molasses, were imported. The whole valued at $114,516,745." He says further : "To bring the vast amount of sugar imported into this country within more easy comprehensioa, we have only to im- agine five vessels of nearly 500 tons each and loaded with sugar, arriving at our ports each day in the year." The question, there- fore, can cane sugar be profitably manufactured from northern sugar cane, is one of immense importance to this country. That there is much prejudice to be overcome, is evident. There are men to whom the bare idea seems ridiculous. In the face of these difficulties, however, we venture to state that if skillfally conducted, the manufacture of sugar from this cane will certainly pay. Assuming the sugar lo be worth 8 cents per pound, and the molasses 30 cents per gallon, we have the value of the produce per acre as follows : b 18 Yield at the rate of plot A : 923 pounds of sugar at 8 cents -f^S 84 103 gallons of syrup at 30 cents .• • • 30 90 Total $ 104 74 Yield at the rate of plot B : 997J^ pounds of sugar at 8 cents $79 80 87 gallons ot syrup at 30 cents 26 10 Total $ 105 90 The seed has a composition about the same as corn, and will undoubtedly constitute a good food for farm animals. The utili- zation of the by-products will constitute another source of in- come. The first scums being very rich in nitrogen and mineral salts, will make an excellent fertilizer, and from the last scums, being rich in sugar, a good vinegar may be manufactured. Tak- ing also into consideration that my experiments were conducted on a small and consequently a wasteful scale, my results are un- doubtedly too low. If the capital is sufficient to produce both refined sugar and syrup, the value of the products will be in- creased by at least one-third, COST OF PRODUCTION. The cost of production is of course the main consideration, and although I cannot as yet give any definite figures, I am confident that after paying all costs a good profit may be realized. The best plan for conducting this industry will be to have large central factories. During the working season these factories can work up a large quantity of cane grown in their vicinity, and during the remainder of the year the crude produce from smaller estab- lishments may be worked up and refined. SUCRATE OF LIME PROCESS, The sucrate of lime process now in full operation in Europe seems to be eminently fitted for carrying out this plan. A very brief outline of the process will perhaps not be out of place here, Sucrate of lime is a solid, containing when dry about 70 per cent, of sugar, and having the appearance of sand. It is in- soluble in cold water, but soluble in hot water, and also in sola- 19 tioDs of sugar, not too concentrated. It is entirely unfermentable, and will not become mouldy or undergo decomposition, if kept for an indefinite length of time. It is therefore an excellent ma- terial for shipping and storing. Sucrate of lime may be manu- factured on the farm with a comparatively small outlay. The juice is defecated as usual, and boiled down to from 30°-32'' B. The syrup is then cooled and transferred to the sucration vessel. This vessel is usually made of galvanized sheet iron. In the center is a vertical shaft, carrying paddles, A certain quantity of pure and finely pulverized lime is then added, which becomes thoroughly mixed with the syrup by the motion of the paddles. The lime and sugar quickly combine, forming the sucrate of lime, which, when washed with cold water and dried, is ready for ship- ment to the refinery, where the sugar is separated from the lime and refined. This is, very briefly told, the process which we believe can be successfully applied to the manufacture of sugar from the sorghum cane. We trust that by another year, if these experiments are allowed to continue, some practical results in connection with this and the diff asion process may be brought out. It would have been very desirable to have made some experi- ments with these processes during the past season, but our time was entirely taken up by the work which has been done. More- over, the limited amount of means at hand would not warrant the construction of the special machinery necessary for conducting these processes. PRODUCTION OF SULPHUROUS ACID. Considerable quantities of sulphurous acid are needed in mak- ing syrup, and much expense may be saved by making it at the factory. When sulphur is burnt in the air, each part of sulphur unites with two parts of oxygen from the atmosphere, forming a gas called sulphur dioxide. This gas is readily soluble in water. When water has a temparature of 50° F. it will absorb 50 vol- umes, or one gallon of water will absorb 50 gallons of the gas. As the temperature of the water rises, it becomes less capable of absorbing the gas, so that at 70° F. it will absorb only 31 volumes. The solution of this gas in water constitutes sulphurous acid« 20 Hence to prepare it, all that is necessary is to cause the fumes of burning sulphur to come into contact with water. The easiest way for persons using steam-power to make this acid is to draw the fumes of burning sulphur from the furnace by a common gas pump and force them through a pipe reaching to the bottom of a barrel filled with water. The bubbles of gas escaping through the lower end of the pipe will be absorbed by the water in ascending. It is best to bend the pipe so that its lower end may lie along the bottom of the barrel. The open end should be closed, and the part lying on the bottom should be pierced with small holes so as to make a large number of small bubbles, instead of a few large ones, the gas being ab- sorbed in this manner more rapidly. In this way a barrel of sul- phurous acid may be made at a cost of from 75 cents to 80 cents. Any further information may be obtained on this subject by writing. Below will be found the analysis of several bundles of cane, which I received from different parts of the state. Many bundles arrived without any labels, having lost them during transporta- tion. Such samples were not analyzed, as it was impossible to tell whence they had been sent. If parties who have sent cane are not represented in the following table, it is because I have re- ceived no information in regard to the cane sent, or else the cane has been without labels, making it impossible for me to tell where it belonged. 21 •jCjauBA sa'^aaaasaasaaaaaagaaaa S/>5 a 3o a ^ •siSAiBUBjo oraix 00000'^00»Nt)<-*t)<'^-<1i-*t1<— '— "-^TtlNII *; »j u ^ ^ w *j ■ >- 00000 DOOOOOOOOOODOOOOOOOOOO^JZZ; •aDinf at oaoD -n[3 JO 'jaaD jaj "* O •« '-0 '^t '^ O^ M iO O CO --O 7? • > CO -jO O as ^M ■ J o => o oj o « in •riDinf aiicSas ansD jj 'iaaD jaj 05^o';jio'w-rrocOT-<:-jo-JCO!.-oco— ■— oi — ot-oot-co^co»n cw i-i 10 ~- oi -O J: 00 Oi o t^ o i-t ^ QO J ^i 1^ :3 »o CO I- o 10 (.- i* i^ t- -^s^ !-< t- r-i •£ 03 a fN £ -*' 06 1^ o t-^ M CO o "-o ■^•^1^:00-* a: ■*' x> o xi to -.a t-^ •paasailxa aoinf JO u^03 aaj oO'-noa30icoooooioo.-i'*cocOT-i!:-M;ot-a>c-aoxioi-t-o QOOcooOfT^oJiOtncioo -'^»— •cD-^ryJcdo-^co^'^f-'^'iOir;) — odaa Tr:oiOio;30o»C)«-iOio:oi00iOiooir3cDio*c-'^irair". iooootp •S5IIBJ8 JOiqStSM. 00 ?i CO O b Cj' io 0~ 33 5( O CO ■N-HiOXieit^tQo't-l^^COa o :o ^ »o rr r-< in •SSJIBIS JO -CM W W C» CO '^J TJ i^ « (?( (M O ^ C'J ■?> CJ -?» TJ •^J C* T» ^J -M CO It "M ;0 C3 'T* fr? ■>» »o 10 • :c >n -o •Saiuno JO o^va o = o»»(N(M'N^ooa3>ooo>-'aj t{ -e rt t^ t; tt *-; r; ^ i>-S, t; t^ • " 02 32 •SaijaBid JO auirj, S^ iC*?-OOCOr-'?JlO'M'^0 "-•■-lOiK .-.l-Hr-OJ'-l^'-' 33 — ° a a a saa is 1 a = . '.aa^-a o a a o o S o » ■ o o o ■/) M O'dtS-aasa'^oS ^oaaoogo <» "T 5 i5 II " 00 "C • -^ • aaaSaaT3^a«s)eS '-'• -—J- — j^ — -^ :*^ ^ w 1 3 3h 7! O O » scBC3aa3o3„,^^_„„ 3ag > O D » aj ti " - a aaasss a cS c3 aaa 000 fHHHi-i!Wi-a,aHOsa;awaKffiKcQii^" «<-5MWaW'-si-5i-5i^rj'i-sW3^p4urchase cane simply by weight, without regard to its char- acter, will be alike ruinous to manufacturer and grower. In some way the quality of the juice must be considered. For syrup making, a densimeter, as the Baume scale, will do fairly well in helping determine the true value of cane. In thestandard ton of cane the stalks should be straight, with leaves and top removed, all small canes and suckers being left out. The juice should have a certain density, as shown by the Baume scale. The price for such cane could be agreed upon by growers and manufacturers before planting time. At the same time the price of cane which falls below this standard or rises above it, can also be arranged. Those who are contemplating th's business on a large scale can- not turn their attention to this part of the industry any too soon, for our farmers are too independent of any one crop to attempt raising Amber cane for syrup boilers who are so careless that they will not pay for what they get according to its true value. Great care must be exercised to make the business a profitable one for 26 careful growers. By purchasing according to a standard, the grower who plants upon sandy land, for instance, and produces a very high grade cane, may find the small number of tons from an acre returning a gooc) profit, while a stated i)rice per ton, without regard to quality, would drive him from the business. It may be interesting to note in this connection that in France the price is $4 for a ton (2,200 pounds) of beets, the juice of which has a density of 5.5 degrees (1.055), and that for variation above or below this standard, special contracts are usually made, though in general where the system has been adopted, 80 cents is added to this price for each additional degree above the standard, and subtracted for each degree below. CANE SEED FOR FEED. For several reasons the value of cane; seed for feed has received little attention. Its importance has not yet impressed itself upon cane growers. As will be seen from Mr. Swenson's report, from one-fifth of an acre of ground, 6f bushels of seed, weighing 53 pounds per bushel, were obtained, or at the rate of 32 bushels per acre. The averag3 yield of oats in the vicinity of Madison this sea- son was about 35 bushels. J. M, Edwards, Oik Hill, Jefferson county, reports 230 bushels of seed, weighing 58 pounds per bushel, from 9 acres. I do not think the feeding value of this seed can fall below that of oats, and possibly it is nearly equal to corn. Experi- ments will be tried upon the farm this winter to learn its value by practical tests. There is no difficulty in saving the seed, as the heads can lie upon the ground a long time unless there is an excessive amount of rain. The heads can be drawn and spread on the barn floor, or what would be better, arranged on racks in a shed like broom corn. Some bind the heads in bundles and stand them on end in the field like bundles of wheat, to dry. According to one test the weight of the green leaves as stripped from the cane is nearly one-fourth as much as the weight of the stripped cane. From this I estimate that an acre producing, for instance, twelve tons of stripped cane will yield three tons of 27 green leaves, which will afford somewhere between half a ton and a ton of dried leaves per acre. All who have fed these dried leaves speak of them as equal to hay in value ; they are not difficult to dry or care for, but owing to the season of the year and the great press of work at that time, they are apt to be neglected. Toe unusual rainy fall mide it im- possible to save the leaves from our cane for experimental feed- ing, as had been intended. THE LESSONS OF THE SEASON. As a summary of the reports sent in by one hundred and eighty manufacturers, I would state that the season, upon ths whole, can- not be called a favorable one. Probably owing to the intense cold that came on in ISTovember, 1880, the vitality of cane seed was so injured that when planted last spring it failed in many instances to grow. This cut down the acreage very considerably in many localities. The fall frosts were long delayed, and in this regard the season was peculiarly favorable. The almost daily rains dur- ing the whole fall made stripping very disagreeable and the roads almost impassable, so that the cane could not be drawn far, and much of it spoiled in the fields. Again, heavy autumn winds laid the cane flat and tangled it, making the expense of stripping and cutting fully double what it should have been. Mr. Swenson's analyses show that the cane sugar is mostly changed to glucose when the cane is blown down, though the loss is not so manifest when syrup alone is made. Had sugar been the object with our manufacturers this season, it would have been a very unfavorable one. This year has seen the introductioa of steam into quite a num- ber of factories, by which means syrup can be made much cheaper than by direct heat. With such facilities defecation is easily practiced, and syrup of superior quality made. I consider the success attained by these steam boiling works as the mjst marked event of the season. Previous to this year no one had but a few hundred dollars invested in the business. There seemed to be no chance for capital to take hold of it as long as direct heat was used, but with the introductioa of steam apparatus, capital can be invested with profit to the owner and advancement to the busi- 28 ness. With so many large manufacturers in the Geld, Amber syrup must go into the market in considerable quantities, and this, with the high quality of the goods, will soon command pub- li3 attention. It is the introduction of these large factories that we must expect and encourage, if this is to become one of the great industries of the state. One of the plainest lessons of the season is the importance of growing cane close to where it is worked up. A wagon load of the stripped stalks at the crusher is not worth over five dollars. It at once becomes evident that such weighty material cannot be drawn long distances with any profit, and that the syrup works must be located near the fields where the cane is grown. Cane to be profitable should not be grown over two miles from the works, unless the roads are excellent, when possibly three may be set as the limit. Those who are locating mills should aim to settle at points where the cane fields can be about them on all sides. Fuel need not be considered, for the bagasse is sufficient when properly managed to supply all the heat needed. The transportation of the syrup requires that the works be near a railroad station. Another fact of the utmost importance has been made plain this season, that is, defecation of the juice by some method is essen- tial. The prejudice against the syrup because of its acid or " sor- ghum taste " keeps the market price down below what it should be, and then buyers will only take it at a low price or not at all. If they must pay syriip prices, they prefer New Orleans. Even the syrup shipped is not sold to the consumer direct, but is first mixed with glucose to remove the strong taste, or rather to flavor the glucose. The only way to overcome this prejudice is to make a syrup with the sorghum taste left out. The experiments on the farm and by others show this to be possible, ani thit the methods are, upon the whole, very simple. I am aware that quite a prejudice exists among boilers against any clarification of the juice. Some even argue that people refuse to purchase Amber cane syrup not because of its sorghum taste, but because it is a home product. They forget that maple syrup, a home product, brings three times the price of the New Orleans. Our boilers here exerted every effort toward making a light 29 colored syrup, and because lime darkens it they are afraid to use lime. If every boiler would use lime cautiously next season, let- ting color be considered after flavor, there would be more real advancement in the industry than ten years of present methods of attempted improvement will bring. At present, less than ten per cent, of the boilers use lime or practice defecation of any kind, CAN THE FARMER MAKE HIS OWN SUGAR? This is a question naturally asked by many who have not studied the problem to any extent. Most certainly not, if profit is to be considered. A farmer might have a mill and make his own patent process flour, but it would not pay him. His business is rather to grow the wheat, while skilled men attend to the milling. While first class Amber syrap can be made by proper means with a small investment and a fair amount of skill, sugar making must be left to skilled men under the direction of a chemist or expert. Such experts must be trained to work with northern cane, and not brought from southern localities where the con- ditions are very different. Such persons though experts at home would only be students, for a time at least, at the north. In order to manufacture sugar there must be quite a large investment of capital in machinery ; to manage this there must be skilled men, and over all must be a man who by chemical tests reads the vary- ing conditions of the juice as it runs from the crusher from day to day, and whose work is law with all other employees. Until there are such experts capital should be most cautious. Fine sugar works with costly machinery will not alone bring sugar, as the many past failures show. It would be far better for all con- cerned to wait ten years before another step is taken in this prom- ising industry than to have it blighted in the start by failures. With capital carefully invested in proper machinery, the works located in the midst of cane fields, and run by good workmen and a skilled chemist, there is no doubt but money can be made as rapidly as in any manufacturing business. When success comes, the farmer will sell his cane at the sugar works as he does his wheat at the mill, but he will not be a sugar boiler and farmer combined. 30 EXPERIMENT WITH FERTILIZERS. In order to ascertain the value of fertilizers in the production of syrup, an experiment was planned a year ago, in which the co- operation of our Wisconsin farmers was solicited. Over forty farmers agreed to carry out a simple experiment as I directed. The following are the directions which were sent to each in April last: DIRECTIONS FOR THE EXPERIMENT. Select in the field where cane is to be planted three plots of ground, each containing not less than ten square rods and lying side by side. The ground should be as uniform as possible in its composition and fertility. Do not select soil where one end of the plot is sand and the other loam or clay. No matter which it is, but have it all of one character. Have the plots, if possible, long and narrow, say one rod by ten, or two by twenty, etc. The plots should lie side by side and should not be separated from one another or the rest of the field. One plot, No. 1, plow in well- rotted stable manure at the rate of sixteen large loads per acre — one load for every ten rods. Plot No, 2, which is to be the mid- dle plot, has no manure of any kind upon it. When the cane on plot No. 3 is three or four inches high apply plaster to the bills or rows to the amount of one hundred and sixty pounds per acre, or ten pounds for every ten rods. The cane is to be planted and cultivated in the same manner as the rest of the field. If possi- ble, weigh the cane of each plot separately when ready for the mill. Boil the juice to a syrup weighing eleven and a half pounds per gallon, and determine accurately the yield of each plot. Save a sample of syrup from each plot for comparison. Report to the department upon the following points : 1. Amount of ground in each plot. 2. CbarJ r-^ lO 1-1 CJ ^ CO O W lO 1 ^ •I^iox rl t- «Ol-l O O eo 1 t- €/ > OOO If 1 e^ « ^ 1 t- COCO oo 1 1 o ^-ai^BS JO 80IJJ COO*CV(M s €/ 1 o o o c Ot > 1 . JO C5 O 00 o •jfjpnBn^ ^^ Ci CO C- (M 0» lO T- 1 f ) aotij O — 1 (M -- lO — c^ > t- c- ooo- 3 r- •[Bjox 00 C- iO rH S o X) lO ee- ■5©- 00 » CO o IT 5 t- r- oj 1-1 o c > 1 ^■aivs JO 901.IJ T-H 04 (?i* •IBiox c^ o -qi i-i c so T-( OS 1 €«■ ^ rt< GOOOO IC t- o c-ooc 1 CO ^aiBS JO aoptj, --0? J O 1* O •jClilUBnf) ^-in. ells, at .32 , 4 13^-in. tees, at .40 40 per cent 40 ?8'-in. by 1,^4-in. machine bolts. CO per cent 50i'2 lbs. copper for coil, at .36 53 hours' lubor making coil, at .50 — 1}4 lbs. 1J4 heavy brass tubing, at .45 box and cartage draft To W.J. Rohrbeck — 2 nests lipp. beakers, 6-in. nest, 1 — 16, at $1.10.. 2 nests do., 4-in nests, 1 — 8, at . 621^ 2 nest beakers, 12in., nest No. CO to 10 . . . 3 doz. Bohem. flasks, flat-bottom, 8 oz. at $1.50 3^2 dcz. Bohem. flasks, flat bottom, 16 oz. . 1 analyt. funnel, 332 oz 1 Ribl. funcel,3 oz 2 plain funnels, lO-in., at 35 2 plain funnels, 5-6 in. at .25 6 each W. tubes 5% and 10-in 6 Liebig's calc. chlor. tubes 2 Burettes W. Geiseler's stopcock, 50-in 1-lOc'c' 2 Burettes W. Geiseler's stopcock. 100-in, 1-5 c'c' 2 Mohr's burettes 50-in. 1-5 c'c' 2 Mohr's burrettes, 100-inch 1-5 c'c' 2 Bink's burettes, 1 each, .25 and .50 2 gradual, pipettes, 1 eacli, 10 and 20 c'c'. . . 2 Yolum. pipettes, 1 each, 10 and 20 c'c . . . . $0 72 2 CO 19 1 90 23 14 40 40 1 90 10 96 1 60 $25 00 10 00 $1 44 86 $18 18 26 50 3 38 $2 20 25 00 50 13 00 75 70 50 4 05 90 5 00 71 To "W. J. Rolirbeck — continued. 12 conic precip. jars 2 hydrometer jars, 10 in 2 calc. chloride jars, 12xli^ in., $1.25.. 4 Pel igots nitrogen tubes 2 Will, and Varren'r. tubes 24 combustion tubes, 8 in., at .30 6 brass corkborers , 2 graduat. cylinders, 500 cc' 2 graduat. cylinders, 300 cc' 2 graduat. cylinders, 100 cc' 4 Marchand's lactobutyrometers 2 per cent, saccharometers 2 Baume's saccharometers 1 lactometer 2 chemic. thermom., C. scale on paper . 2 chemic. thermom., C. scale on milk- () plain Bun's gaslamps 1 upright Fletcher's gas blowpipe 1 gas combus. furnace, 15 burners 2 porcelain casseroles, 4 oz , at .40 2 porcelain casseroles, 12 oz , at .80 1 porcelain casserole, 20 f z., 4 platin. capsules, l^^ diam., at $5 1 crucible, l^gxl 5-lG inches 1 combus. boac 3 fresen. desiccators, at $1.75 2 cases and packing (i^ charges). ... .. 1 Bun's gaslamp, with 3 tubes - draft To Crane Eros. Manuf 'g Co. — 4 pieces % blk. tin pipe, 7 lbs., at .36. . box Less overpay on last account. To W. A. Henry — stationery and postage To W. J. Rohrbeck — analyt. balance, 200 grms., cap. w., knife edges and bearings of agate, etc. 1 set gramme weights, 200 grms., from 100 grms. down 4 globul. stopper funnels, w. Geiseler's stop cock, at $1.25 24 large velvet corks, 5-20 to 35 in case, packing, etc , 3^3 charges less express freight charges to Madison. . . express To J. P. Lightbody — labor in month of May on cane machinery. 5 days, 7 hours, at $2.50 per day labor in June, 15 days, 3 hours, at $2.50 pei day $3 00 75 2 50 1 25 75 7 20 1 50 3 00 2 50 2 00 2 50 1 60 1 20 50 1 50 3 00 3 00 3 50 23 00 80 1 60 1 25 20 00 9 00 3 50 5 25 2 00 1 75 50 $3 52 25 $3 77 25 100 00 12 50 5 00 75 1 50 1119 75 3 50 $116 25 6 05 14 25 38 75 $154 13 2 53 25 00 122 30 53 00 72 July 25 July 25 July 25 July 25 July 28 July 28 July 28 July 28 July 1 July 1 July 1 July 1 July 1 July 1 Julv 1 July 1 July 1 Aug. 1 Aug. 1 Aug. 1 Aug. 1 Aug. 1 Aug. 2 Aug. 2 Aug. 2 Aug. 2 Aug. 2 Aug. 2 Aug. 2 Aug. 2 Aug. 2 Aug. 2 Aug. 2 Aug. 2 Aug. 2 Aug. 2 Aug. 2 Aug. 2 Aug. 2 Aug. 3 Aug. '6 Aug. 3 Aug. 8 Aug. 3 To W. J. Rohrbeck — 1 iron hand press, 1 qrt. cap. less 10 per cent puorimzets. off amount overpaid on last bill paid. $4 50 45 H 05 50 To T. P. Joyce — Labor removing boiler out of building, painting and loading, also work on box and loading the same, 50 hours at 50 cents per hour material for box cartage To C. W. Heyl — 2 square pans of galvanized iron , 2 copper cylinders couplings, faucets, and work on cylinders. galvanized iron, can for cooler, laucet lining vacuum pan, 47 pounds copper work on vacuum pan, worm and coupling. copper kettle 4 milk pans, funnel, pint measure $4 55 50 $25 00 2 50 2 00 .$19 60 14 95 17 75 3 85 15 05 28 00 5 50 90 To W. A. Henry — Freight on steam boiler from Janesville, and cartage To Kent & Lawrence — 1 steam boiler 1 centrifugal machine. To Warnes & Swenson — 1,266 ft. common boards, at $15. 712 ft. stock boards, at $20 636 ft. 2 by 4 studding, at $15. . 168 It. 4 by 4 sills, at $15 252 ft. 2. by 6 joist, at $15 5,000 shingles, at $3.50 80 lbs. nails, at .04 20 lbs. Bails, at .05 240 It. ogee battens, at $30 16 ft. ridge-boards, at .$20 80 ft. flooring, at $30 4 g. sash, at .60 hardware 10)^ days' labor, at $2.50 , To J. P. Lightbody — labor on cane machinery for month of July, 20 days, 23^ hours, at $2.50 per day To Madison Manufacturing Company — one-half cost of flask for vacuum pan 15 lbs. l^^a round iron, at .05 393 lbs. vacuum pan casting, at .06 53 lbs. castings, at .05 $2 50 25 $18 99 14 24 9 54 2 52 3 78 17 50 3 20 1 00 7 20 32 2 40 2 40 1 47 26 25 .?3 50 75 23 58 2 65 73 Aug. 3 Aug. 3 Aug. 3 Aug. 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Aug. 6 Aug. 6 Aug. 6 Aug. 12 Auar. 12 Aug. 22 Aug. 22 Aug. 23 Aug. 23 Aug. 23 Aug. 23 Aug. 26 Aug. 26 Aug. 27 Aug. 27 Aug. 27 Aug. 27 Aug. 27 Aug. 27 Aug. 27 Aug. 27 Aug. 27 Aug. 27 Aug. 27 Aug. 27 Aug. 27 Aug. 27 Aug. 27 Aug. 27 Aug. 30 Aug. 30 Aug. 30 Aug. 80 Aug. 81 Aug. 31 Aug. 31 Aug. 81 Aug. 31 Aug. 31 Aug. 81 Aug. 31 To Wm. Cory — 33 lbs. brass, at .14. . , 20 lbs. brass, at A2}^. 28 lbs. copper, at .15"., To Hollister's Pharmacy- 7 lbs. ether, at .80...'. 2 bottles express 3^2 lb. cause potash. 1 lb. R. salts 1 bot. elher To D. Goldenburger - 1 second-hand tub 1 new made tub. . . To Joseph Lister — IGO lbs. bone charcoal. . . . To Prof. W. A. Henry — freight on ensilage cutter ToS. Williams — 26 bus. lime 26 bus. lime 18 bus. lime To Alex. H. Main, Ins. Agt. — insurance on Amber cane machinery To Schmidtz & Kienar — 21 cords of stone, at $2.50 To Warnes & Swenson — 700 ft. com. boards, at $15.00 500 ft. stock boards, at $20.00 1,138 ft. 2 by 10 plank, at $15,00 144 ft. 2 by 6 studding, at $15.00 644 ft. 2 by 4 studding, at $15.00 32 ft. ridgeboards, at $20.00 5I4 M shingles, at $3.50 55 lbs nails, at .04 20 lbs. uails, at .05 46 ft. scantling, at $15 00 932' days' work, at $2 50 42 ft. flooring, at $30.00 6 days' work, at $2.50 To Esser & Oakey — 25 days' mason's labor, at $3.00. 12 days' laborer, at $1.75 320 white brick To Madison City Gas Light & Coke Co.- gas consumed, 200 cu. ft., at $4.50. . . . rent of meter $4 62 2 50 4 20 P2 00 5 00 Less discount when paid before 10th of mo. 12 ft. lifin. pipe, at .13. 1 13^-in. elbow 1 IJ^-in. brass stop cock 1 wooden stop box $7 28 7 28 5 04 $10 50 10 00 17 07 2 16 9 66 64 18 38 2 20 1 00 69 23 75 1 26 15 00 $75 00 21 00 2 90 $0 90 25 $11 32 8 22 7 00 3 85 6 27 19 60 33 30 52 50 112 31 98 74 Aug. 31 Aug. 31 Aug. 31 Sept. 2 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 To Madison City Gas L'ght & Coke Co. 18 hours' labor, at .15 18 hours' labor, at .25 Sept. - Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Sept. 3 Se])t. 3 Sept. 3 To Democrat Printing Co. — 400 postal cards, and printing , To Thomas Regan — 2 -^3 check valves, at .55 1 oil cup, $1.25. and 1 % lee, at .15 2 3jj' steam cocks 1 piece gas pipe G ft. % cal. pipe, at .lljg 5 % return bends, at .19 I 1 by 34 elbow, at .09 II p4 return bends, at .19 telegraph charges, .45; express, .50 16f;i ft. ^ pipe, at .08 1 P4 bushing, .7; 1 3a bushing, .6 2 % elbows, .09; 2 % tees, at .12 15,V ft. % pip", at .08 1 3.1 union, .20; 1 l-inch tee, .19 , 1 ^i tee, at . 13 100 ft. % pipe, at .08 , 3 11^ tee, at . 19 ; 7 % tee, at . 12 4 ^4 union, at .20 2 3^' elbows, at .09 163.{ ft. % pipe, at .08; 3 ^i elbows, at .09.. 242.,' ft. \]4 pipe, at .27; 3 li.< tees, at .33. . 1 11^ elbow, .30; 2 84 elbows, at .09 1 11-^ bushing, .10; 1 1)^ bushing, at .10.. labor cutting 7 ?4 globe valves ; 1 % glass tube 9 hours for two putting in water pipe 17 ft. 1.; pipe, at .07 3 '^i unions, at .20; 3 J^ elbows, at .06 1 1-inch plug, at .06; 1 % nipple, at .7 95-3 ft. l-inch pipe, at .113^^ 1 1 by % elbow, .09 ; 1 ^i tee, at . 13 2 % globe valves, at $1 00 16};j ft. l-inch pipe, at . lli^ 1 H elbow, .06 ; 1 '^l check valve, .55 4 % elbow, at .09 ; 1 % tee, at . 13 2 reducing couplings, 1 by 3^, at .15 4 % unions, at .20; 6 ft. 1.,' pipe, at .07... 4334' ft. 3^ pipe, at .08. ..." ." 434 elbows, .09; 1 % tee, .12; 1 J^ elbow, .06 25 ft. 1 in. rubber pipe, at .27 3 ft. 3^ pipe, 51^ ; 4 3{ elbows, at .09 1 3^ reducer, at". 10; 1 ^.j coupling, at .05.. 1 % globe valve 1 i-inch globe valve 150 ft. gas pipe, at .13. 4 pillar cocks, at .30 5 nipples, at .05; 1 3,, plug^ at .05 4 burners, at .15 ; 1 pr. meter connections, % 1 l-inch stop cock 1 Jo reducing coupling, .20; 1 }^ elbow, .20 1)2 <^Iays for laborer, at %\ 50. 232 days for man and helper, at $4 50 1 '( bibb cock for water pipe 1 U tee, . 12 ; 3 straps. .05 1 li coupling, .05; 1 % nipple, .05 $1 10 1 40 20 15 69 95 09 09 95 35 13 42 24 39 12 8 00 1 41 80 18 1 51 7 65 48 20 1 00 7 30 4 05 1 19 73 13 11 00 31 3 00 1 82 61 48 39 1 22 3 50 54 6 75 53 15 00 20 00 20 30 60 25 40 3 25 11 35 2 00 17 10 75 To Thomas Regan — continued. 6 1^ elbows, at .06; 1 3^ globe>alve, .85 1 pillar cock 60 ft. l-inch pipe. at. lli^ 3 1-inch elbows, at .09.T 50 ft. 1.; pipe, at .07 1 i^tee 2 days for man and helper, at $4.50 labor for makinsr coil 8 ft. ^i pipe, at .08 1 1-iuch reducing coupling 1 1-inch bushing Cr. by 15 ru rubber pipe, at .27 To Prof. W. A. Henry — Pay roll of men employed in putting in en sila;;e: John Camp, 5% (iays, at $1 50 H. Halbersleben, 6 days, at $1.75 John B. Smith, (j^., davs, at $1.50 Frederick Smith. 4I3 days, at $1.50. . .■ . . . Henry Csesar, 3I4 days, at $1.50 John Kelly. 2'*,£ days, at $1.50 M. Xolan, 1 day, at $1.75 F. Duftee, 1 day, at $1.75 H. Fichten, teaming, 3 nays, at $3.00 M. Foley, 1 Oay, at $3.00 Louis RosHU, 5 days, at $1.50 Ambrose Romyce, 5 days, at $150 $1 21 30 6 90 27 3 50 09 9 00 10 00 04 10 08 $151 81 4 23 "$i47'58 $8 25 10 50 9 75 6 25 4 87 4 12 1 75 1 75 6 00 3 00 7 50 7 50 To J. P. Lightbody — Labor in August, 11 days, 9 hours, at $3.50 To W A. Henry — To cash paid Jo' n Wasler for work putting in ensilage, 2 days, at $1.50 To Magnus Swenson — To services in Amber cane experiments from June 1 to September 1, 1881, 3 months, at $100 per month To Conkling & Co.— 10 barrels Milwaukee cement, at $2.00 1 barrel Milwaukee cement, at $'i.00 2 barrels Milwaukee cement, at $3.00 To D. W. Brittan — 20 5-gallou syrup kegs, at .30 To New York Plow Co — 1 ensilage cutter To Frank tt Rimsay — 12 lbs. 2xK iron, at .03i^ 2 K)3. -i% nuts at .121^ 1 bull's-eye lantern 1 padlock 3I4 strap binges, at .10 60 flashings, at .02. 3 lbs. 6peuny wrought nails, at .08. 14 lbs. nails, at .04 1 well-wheel hook 1 eye bolt $20 00 2 00 4 00 $0 42 25 1 00 65 33 1 20 24 56 13 15 71 74 29 75 00 300 00 26 CO 6 00 75 00 7a Sept. 19 Sept. 19 Sept. 19 Sept. 19 Sept. 19 Sept. 19 Sept. 19 Sept. 19 Sept. 19 Sept. 19 Sept. 19 Sept. 22 Sept. 22 Oct. 1 Oct. 1 Oct. 10 Oct. 10 Oct. 10 Oct. 12 Oct. 12 Oct. 15 Oct. 15 Oct. 18 Oct. 18 Oct. 21 Oct. 21 Oct. 21 Oct. 21 Oct. 21 Oct. 21 Oct. 21 Oct. 21 Oct. 20 Oct. 20 Oct. 20 Oct. 20 Oct. 20 Oct. 20 Oct, 20 Oct. 20 Oct. 20 Oct. 20 Oct. 20 Oct. 20 Oct. 20 Oct. 20 Oct. 20 Oct. 20 Oct. 20 Oct. 20 Oct. 22 Oct. 22 Oct. 22 Oct. 22 Oct. 22 To Frank & Ramsay — continued. 6 lbs. 20 penny nails, at .04 1 piece hoop iron 1 wrench 1 hammer 2 taper tiles, double ends, at .20, 1 file 1 '^s brass faucet 1 pair strap hinges 1 hook and staple . emery paper To M. Swenson — cash paid for barrels. To W.J. Rohrbeck — glass apparatus To HoUister's Pharmacy copper and lead . . barium and alum To To To To Joseph Lister — 2 packages bone charcoal, net 300 lbs., at !f3.85 per 100 lbs P. W. Holt — 99 hours' labor at mill at .15 per hour A. B. Burr — 192 hours' work at mill, at .15 per hour Madison Manufacturing Co. — 8 lbs. wrought iron, at .05 55 lbs. wrought iron, at .05 24 ft. 2-in. rubber belting, at .\2% 2 hours' forging, at .75 ". 2 sorgho skimmers, at .35 5)^ lbs. casting, at .05 6 ij-in. bolts, at. 10 !f0 24 05 1 25 85 40 60 1 50 20 05 15 16 75 4 50 To W. A. Henry — cash paid for 6 jointed rods, at .25 G. Miiman, work on ensilage M. Folley, work on ensilage. . .. .. telegraphing for ensilage cutter. . . To Magnus Swenson — cash paid for 4 yards muslin, at .9 2 yards cotton flannel, at .I2I2'. . . 1 pair scissors 10 yards cotton cloth, at .04 1 yard linen express on charcoal expenses to Janesville lime gallon measure ... lime 1 pail, 1 qt 1 pail, 4 qt To W. A. Henry — cash paid on freight and express bills for packages used in Amber cane experiments To J. N. Wilcox — 231 hours' labor at cane mill, at .15 $0 40 2 75 3 00 1 50 70 28 60 n 50 4 90 6 00 1 01) $0 36 25 50 40 65 50 3 70 55 50 30 15 40 $10 21 10 00 3 00 11 25 11 55 14 85 28 80 9 23 13 40 10 26 8 44 34 65 77 Oct. 23 Oct. 22 Oct. 22 Oct. 22 Oct. 22 Oct. 22 Oct. 22 Oct. 22 Oct. 31 Oct. 31 Oct. 31 Oct. 3L Oct. 31 Oct. 31 Oct. 31 Oct. 31 Oct. 31 Oct. 31 Oct. 31 Oct. 31 Oct. 31 Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Nov. 7 Nov. 7 Nov. 7 Oct. 23 Oct. 23 Nov. 10 Nov. 16 Nov. 25 Nov. 25 Nov. 28 Nov. 28 To J. F. Bruce & Bro.— 2 barrels 1 tub 1 pail 1 keg 1 tub 2 pails 1 barrel To S. L. Sheldon — 1 30-iucli pulley b ^xe3 shaft wood work and bolt for jack ... 1 day, 2 men 30 ft. rubber belting, less i;;' 3 2d h. tumbling rods, ^o price. 3 couplings, % price 2 newT. R. blocks 1 pulley for cutter drayage % day, 2 men setting up To H. G. Kronke — 1 stove 11 joints pipe . . . 2 elbows zinc coal hod To W. A.. Henry — cash paid fur cane seed cash paid for telegrams and express charges. To Magnus Swenson — cash paid for 1 torrent steam pump, steam gauge and 1 old glass gauge To Democrat Printing Co. — 2,0[)0 circulars, 3Q0 government 3 cent stamped envelopes, 300 XXX No. Q}4, en- velopes To W. J. Rohrbeck — 1 platin. capsule, 3 inch diam. wt. 39 grras. at . 43 per grm 4 vol. pipette, 3 each 5 and lOcc . . i?l 00 3 lbs. C. P. Rochelle salt 3 75 less 10 per cent packing $4 75 47 To Joseph Lister — 3 packasres bone charcoal, net, 541 lbs., at $3 85 per 100 lbs To C. I. King — use of tools in constructing sugar cane apparatus To Democrat Printing Co. — 1 M i^ sheet circulars To Bunker & Vroman — 310 ft. plank, at $15 00 $3 CO 85 25 75 85 50 35 i?15 00 3 00 2 50 1 50 5 00 11 80 6 00 3 00 1 50 3 75 1 50 3 00 ifse 00 5 50 50 1 00 85 $2 00 1 80 $16 38 4 28 23 $5 55 57 55 33 85 3 80 18 00 18 00 20 88 20 83 30 00 5 00 5 10 78 Dec. 14 Dec. 14 Dec. 14 Dec. 14 Dec. 15 Dec. 15 Dec. 15 Dec. 15 Dec. 15 Dec. 15 Dec. 27 Dec. 27 Dec. 28 Dec. 28 Dec. 30 Dec. 30 Dec. 30 Dec. 30 Dec. 30 Dec. SO Dec. 30 Dec. 30 Dec. 30 Dec. 30 Dec. 30 Dec. 30 Dec. 30 Dec. 80 Dec. 30 Dec. 30 Dec. 30 Dec. 30 Dec. 30 Dec. 30 Dec. 30 Dec. 30 Dec. 30 To J.N. Wilc(.x — labor in October, 276 hours, at .15. . labor in November, 96 hours, at .15. labor in December, 4 hours, at .15. . To HoUister's Pharmacy — 1 lb carb. lime 1 gross qaini"e bottles 1 gross 4 oz. U. ovals 1 gross corks for quin. bottles 1 gross corks To Magnus Swenson — salary as chemist fr cm Sept. 1, 1881, to Jan 1,1882 To John Kempf — 391 hours labor, at .15 per hour To Democrat Printing Co. — 200 labels for sugar boxes To Magnus Swenson — express charges expenses to Janesville stationery To C. W. Heyl — smoke-stack, 82% lbs 2 covered pails and piece of iron. galv. iron tank, 42 lbs dipper and scoop 2 copper boxes, shelf and stand.. . 76 tin boxes To W. A. Henry — postage on circulars . . . . , To W. A. Henry — cash paid for 200 cu. ft. 1,000 rent of meter gas, at $4.50 per discount. expressage expressage 2 barrels . . freight Total expense to date. Ml 40 14 40 60 $0 80 2 40 1 13 $10 25 75 8 40 40 10 50 7 60 $0 90 25 •n 15 20 $0 95 40 25 2 00 1 89 $56 40 $14 50 400 OO 58 65 2 00 "433 37 90 14 14 •' 5 4» I $3,080 07 ***s RARY OF CONGRESS < -*!• i