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 rERNATIONAL BUREAU OF AMERICAN REPUBUCS 
 
 JOHN BARRETT. DIREICTOR 
 
 FRANCISCO J. YANES, SECRETARY 
 
 MUNICIPAL ORGANIZATIONS IN LATIN AMERICA 
 
 MEXICO CITY 
 
 (R^rint of an article from the Monthly BuUetm of the fnternaticHial 
 Bureau of American Republics, February, 1 909) 
 
 WASHINGTON. D. C 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFRCE 
 
 1909 
 
INTERNATIONAL BUREAU OF AMERICAN REPUBLICS 
 
 JOHN BARREITT. D I R EL C T O R 
 FRANCISCO J. YANES, SECRETARY 
 
 MUNICIPAL ORGANIZATIONS IN LATIN AMERICA 
 
 MEXICO CITY 
 
 (Reprint of ein article from the Monthly Bulletin of the International 
 Bureau of American Republics, February, 1 909) 
 
 WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
 
 1909 
 
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 THE CITY OF MEXICO. 
 
 THE IDEA of a Federal District not included within the area 
 or jurisdiction of any of the States forming the Union, 
 which district is set apart as the seat of the National Gov- 
 ernment, is fundamental in each of the five Eepublics of 
 North and South America whose form of government is that of a 
 federal union of independent States. 
 
 THE NATIONAL PALACE, CITY OF MEXICO. 
 
 This turreted and bastioned edifice, 675 feet Ion,?, faces the east side of the main plaza. The 
 far corner contains tlie executive offices. Besides housing other departmental offices, the 
 buildins provides chambers for the National Congress and the Central Meteorological 
 Observatory. The palace occupies the site of Cortez's residence during the early days of the 
 conquest, and was commenced in 1()92. 
 
 These five Eepublics, to give them their full designations, are the 
 United States of America, the United Mexican States, the Argentine 
 Nation, the United States of Brazil, and the United States of Vene- 
 zuela. The ca]3ital cities of AVashington, Mexico, Buenos Aires, 
 Rio de Janeiro, and Caracas are each located in a Federal District 
 208 
 
 ... : JUL 24 1909 
 
 * *:.: Da Pt Oft ! 
 
MUNICIPAL ORGANIZATION IN LATIN-AMERICAN CAPITALS. 209 
 
 under direct Federal control. They are all small in area, although 
 the District of Columbia is by far the smallest of the five. 
 
 The Mexican Federal District has a population of 5TG,000, and lies 
 to the southeast of the Valley of Mexico and is irregular in shape. 
 At its greatest length it measures about 30 miles and at its greatest 
 breadth about 25 miles. Its area is about 578 square miles (1,498.75 
 .square kilometers). 
 
 This is more than eight times the size of the District of Columbia, 
 less than half the size of Rhode Island, and one and three-fourths 
 the size of greater New York, . 
 
 A HOLIDAY PROCESSION IN MEXICO CITY. 
 
 The two great rational holidays of Mexico are May 5 and September 16, the former commem- 
 orating the victory over the French at Pueblain 1862, and the latter the patriot uprising under 
 Hidalgo in 1810, which resulted in the establishment of a Republic. 
 
 For purposes of administration the Mexican Federal District is 
 divided into 13 municipalities — Mexico, Guadalupe Hidalgo, Atz- 
 capotzalco, Tacuba, Tacubaya, Mixcoac, Cuajimalpa, San Angel, 
 Cogoacan, Tlalpam, Xochimilco, Milpa Alta, and Ixtapalapa. 
 
 The first includes the City of Mexico and its immediate suburbs, 
 and the remaining 12 the surrounding town, villages, and agricul- 
 tural centers. About one-half of the population in the district out- 
 side of the City of Mexico is of Indian origin, and is engaged in 
 agriculture. 
 
MUNICIPAL ORGANIZATION IN LATIN-AMEEICAN CAPITALS. 211 
 
 Prior to 1003 the form of government in the Federal District was 
 somewhat simihir to the territorial government in force in the Dis- 
 trict of Columbia about thirty-odd years ago. 
 
 The organic act for the government of the Federal District was 
 approved March 20, 1903, and went into effect July 1 of the same year. 
 
 Under its provisions the immediate government of the District is 
 in the hands of three oiRcials who, together, compose the Superior 
 Council of District Government. These officials are the Governor of 
 the Federal District, the President of the Superior Health Board, and 
 the Director-General of Public Works. 
 
 This form of govermnent bears a marked resemblance to that at 
 present in force in the District of Columbia. This resemblance is, 
 however, more superficial than real. 
 
 (Photo by Waite, Mexico City.) 
 
 KKW POST-OFFICE, CITY OF MEXICO. 
 
 The cornerstone of this building was laid by President Diaz on September 14, 1902, and it was opened 
 to the public in 1907. The cost was 81.500,OCO and it was erected in accordance with the plans of 
 the Italian architect, Adamo Boari. The post-office occupies a central location, and covers an area 
 of about 40,000 square feet. 
 
 In the District of Columbia the residents have no vote upon any 
 question nor any voice whatever in the government, while in the 
 ^lexical! Federal District they elect many of the minor officials and 
 have considerable weight in the management of local affairs. In the 
 District of Columbia the final determination of affairs of consequence 
 is in the Senate and House Committees on the District, while in 
 Mexico it is with the President of the Kepublic. The organic act, 
 article 19, says : 
 
 The political government and mnnicipal administrative of tlie District shall 
 be in charge of the Executive of the Union, through three officials, who shall be 
 dependent upon the Department of the Interior, etc. 
 
X 2 = 
 
MUNICIPAL ORGANIZATION IN LATIN -AMERICAN CAPITALS. 213 
 
 In the District of Columbia all administration is by the three 
 Commissioners acting jointl}^ or by majority of the three. As a 
 matter of convenience, the 
 Commissioners do apportion 
 the several departments 
 among themselves, and one 
 of these is especially ap- 
 pointed as an engineer in 
 charge of streets, buildings, 
 etc., 3^et in theory it is the 
 board and not the individual 
 member which acts. In 
 Mexico each of the three 
 officials is for the most part 
 independent and alone re- 
 sponsible in his own depart- 
 ment. This responsibility is 
 limited by the right of the 
 Superior Council — that is, of 
 the three officials acting to- 
 gether — " to revise, confirm- 
 ing, reforming, or revoking 
 the judgments of each one of 
 the members of the Council, 
 whenever these judgments 
 are called in question." The 
 other duties of the Superior 
 Council are advisory merely. 
 It may propose changes in 
 the District law or adminis- 
 tration, rules for the govern- 
 ment and organization of 
 officers and public services. 
 It may suggest improvements 
 in works of public utility, 
 such as water supply, drain- 
 age, sanitation, opening or 
 widening streets, or the crea- 
 tion of special commissions 
 to study and report upon 
 such matters. The Council 
 has a general supervision of 
 the making of contracts for 
 public works, but all such 
 contracts must be submitted 
 authority. 
 
 (Photo by Waite, Mexico City.) 
 
 LETTER CARRIER, MEXICO CITY. 
 
 In the fiscal year of 1908 over 195,000,000 pieces of mail 
 were handled by the Mexican post-ofltice department. 
 
 for final approval to the higher 
 
214 INTERNATIONAL BUEEAU OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLICS. 
 
 The Governor of the District, the Director-General of Public 
 Works, and the president of the Superior Health Board is each the 
 head of his own department and responsible for its work, but the 
 subordinate officers and employees are appointed by the Chief Execu- 
 tive of the Republic. The three heads must each be a Mexican citi- 
 zen, more than 25 years old, and not an ecclesiastic. 
 
 The Governor of the District is the chief political authority in 
 the District. He makes public and enforces all laws, decrees, and 
 rules emanating from higher authority. He has special charge of 
 the police and fire department, imposition of penalties for violation 
 of ordinances, penal establishment, civic festivities, public diver- 
 sions, plays, sale of intoxicating liquors, hotels and restaurants, street 
 cars and cabs, the civil register, and of the inspection of weights and 
 measures. 
 
 The Director-General of Public Works has special charge of the 
 water supply, streets and roads, parks, monuments, municipal light- 
 ing, drainage and street cleaning, public buildings not under direct 
 Federal control, cemeteries, construction, repair and maintenance of 
 slaughterhouses and markets, inspection of building operations, and 
 of woods, lands, commons, and other communal j^roperty. 
 
 The president of the Superior Board of Health has charge of all 
 sanitary works as provided by the sanitary code, and, in addition, of 
 general sanitary inspection, especially of the hygienic and sanitary 
 condition of slaughterhouses, markets, and cemeteries, and the intro- 
 duction of meats from other sections. 
 
 The popular element in government is preserved in the Federal 
 District through the preservation of the ayuntamientos or town 
 councils. Each of the 13 municipalities into which the District is 
 divided has its own ayuntamiento, composed of councilors elected by 
 popular vote for four years. To be a councilor one must be a ]Mexi- 
 can citizen, resident within the municipality, in full enjoyment of 
 civil and political rights, more than 25 years of age, and not an 
 ecclesiastic. 
 
 The ayuntamiento of the municipality of the city of Mexico is 
 composed of 21 members, of Tacubaya 11, and of each of the other 
 municipalities 7. Each ayuntamiento elects from among its members 
 a president and a vice-president who hold office for two years. 
 
 The law requires that the ayuntamiento shall be consulted by the 
 Ministry of the Interior, the Governor of the District, the director- 
 general of public works, and the president of the health board, as the 
 case may be, upon matters of general importance in the municipality, 
 such as water supply and distribution, local sanitary work, establish- 
 ment of new settlements, exploitation or sale of woods, lands, and 
 commons. They must also be consulted as to contracts for the execu- 
 tion of any of these works and as to all other contracts of a municipal 
 
216 INTERNATIOISrAL BUREAU OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLICS. 
 
 character having a duration of five years or more, or which call for a 
 total expenditure of 100,000 j^esos ($50,000) or more, or an annual 
 expenditure of 25,000 j^esos ($12,500). 
 
 In all these matters the ayuntamientos have by a two-thirds vote the 
 right of veto. Tlie effect of this veto is to suspend for four months 
 the project or contract in question. At the end of the four months if 
 the ayuntamiento still opposes the proposition by a vote of three- 
 fourths of its members, the matter is submitted to the President of 
 the Republic for final solution. 
 
 (Photo by Waite, Mexico City.) 
 
 YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION, MEXICO CITY. 
 
 The building of this world-wide association is located on Puente de Alvarado .'Street, near the Central 
 Railway Station, and is the property of the Mexican branch of the society. Throughout the Repub- 
 lic there are 6 organizations, with 4 paid secretaries and about 1,500 merabers. The association has 
 railroad branches and educational departments for boys and men. 
 
 Mexico Cit}^ has 353 public schools maintained at government 
 expense and nearly 200 private institutions of learning. Of the 
 former, 13 are professional and technical institutes. 
 
 The climate of Mexico is delightful. In summer the maximum 
 temperature reached is not higher than 80° F. This occurs in April 
 and May and from 2 to 1 o'clock in the afternoon. The mornings and 
 evenings are cool, the thermometer sometimes falling to 50°. The 
 coldest months are generally November and December, where for a 
 few hours the thermometer may fall within five or six degTees of 
 freezing. The mean temperature of the summer months is about 65°, 
 and for the winter months 51°. The annual variations for the several 
 seasons is comparatively small, but the daily variation is often con- 
 siderable, the temperature rising or falling twenty or more degrees 
 in a few hours. 
 
6SS00— Bull. 2— 09- 
 
218 INTERNATIONAL BUEEAU OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLICS. 
 
 The Mexican capital is becoming one of the most beautiful cities of 
 the world, but it is a city in process of being made over. Unlike 
 Buenos Aires or Chicago, which are new, Mexico City is very old. 
 The work of improvement is the work of tearing down and rebuild- 
 ing. This work goes on constantly and always to fit in with a general 
 large plan, which looks to the whole and not to the particular. 
 
 An English writer, Mr. Percy Martin, says of it : 
 
 The aspect of the city to-day is suggestive of one-half being pulled down while 
 the other half is being built up. But there can be no question as to what it will 
 be when the destruction stage has ceased and the construction is complete. 
 Mexico will be a beautiful city in every respect — worthy of the superb climate 
 with which the country is blessed, worthy of the enterprising Government which 
 is directing affairs, and with plenty to show for the millions which are being 
 expended upon its adornment. Already suflicieut has been effected to evince 
 that Mexico City will be more beautiful than Paris, more admirably planned 
 than Vienna, and a distinct improvement upon Berlin. 
 
 Situated in a valley, with mountains on all sides, the location is 
 ideal. To the stranger the most beautiful construction in the City of 
 Mexico is the Paseo de la Reforma, or the Paseo, as it is usually 
 called. This is undoubtedly one of the handsomest driveways in 
 the world, and in a few years will be incomparably finer than the 
 Prater, Unter den Linden, the Champs Elysees, or the Xevskj^ Pros- 
 pect, the better-known show ways of Vienna, Berlin, Paris, and St. 
 Petersburg. It extends, over two and a half miles in length, from the 
 center of the residential part of the city to the foot of Chapultepec. 
 
 The carriage way is broad, shaded by two rows of trees on each side, 
 between which is a wide promenade. At intervals the Paseo expands 
 into a glorieta^ a small circular park 400 feet in diameter, around 
 which are handsomely carved stone benches. In the center of the 
 glorietas are well-kept and beautiful flower beds. In the first glorieta 
 within the city stands the colossal equestrian statue of Charles IV 
 of Spain, said to be the largest bronze in the world. 
 
 There are also colossal statues of Columbus and of Cuauhtemoc 
 and Juarez. In fact, each glorieta will have several such statues of 
 Mexican celebrities, which will be presented by the several Mexican 
 States. 
 
 The statue of Charles IV was first placed in 1804 on its pedestal in 
 the Plaza Maj^or, where it remained until 1824, when it was removed 
 to the patio of the university, whence it was moved to its present site. 
 It is a solid bronze, 15 feet 9 inches high, weighing over 30 tons. 
 The King is dressed in roj^al robes, wearing on his head a wreath of 
 laurel and holding in his right hand the scepter. The horse is in 
 the act of walking, the left fore foot and right hind foot being raised. 
 The sculptor was Manuel Tolsa. 
 
 The statue of Columbus was one of the first monuments erected on 
 the continent he discovered, and one of the handsomest. He stands 
 
220 INTERNATIONAL BUREAU OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLICS. 
 
 drawing aside the veil which concealed the Xew "World. The base is 
 ornamented by basso-relievos picturing incidents in the life of the 
 Great Admiral, and at the four corners stand life-size figures in bronze 
 of Padre Marchena of La Eabida, Padre Fray, Diego Dehesa, Fray 
 Pedro de Gante, and Fray Bartoleme de las Casas. 
 
 The statue of Cuauhtemoc represents the plumed and feathered 
 warrior standing uj^right in the act of drawing an arrow from his 
 quiver. 
 
 STATUE OF CUAUHTEMOC, CITY OF MEXICO. 
 
 The beautiful statue of Cuauhtemoc, the last emperor of the Aztecs, was designed by Francisco 
 Jimenez, a Mexican artist, and erected in the Paseo de la Reforma at a cost of $40,000. On 
 each anniversary of its dedication, August 21, celebrations are held at the base of the monu- 
 ment, addresses being made in the Aztec language. The bronze ligure represents the well- 
 poined body of the emperor in the act of throwing a spear, sjTnbolic of his refusal of the terms 
 of peace offered by Oortez. 
 
 The hill of Chapultepec overlooking the citj is said to have been 
 the site of the summer palace of the Montezumas. After the con- 
 quest the Spanish viceroys built on the crest of Chapultepec the great 
 castle Avhich stands to this day and is the summer residence of Presi- 
 dent Diaz. Surrounding the castle are magnificent cypress woods, 
 the finest grove on the continent. The view from the terrace of the 
 castle is one of the world's famous sights. 
 
 Another of the famous sights of Mexico is the Alameda, a park of 
 about 40 acres extent. This w^as in old times an Indian market and 
 also a place of execution. It was at one time inclosed by a high 
 
222 IjStternatioxal bureau of the americax republics. 
 
 BAS-RELIEF ON OXE SIDE OF THE STATUE OF CUAUHTEMOC. 
 
 The scene depicts the torturing of the Aztec emperor, Cuauhtemoc, and the cacique of Tacuba, 
 by roasting their feet over a slow fire, in order to force them to reveal to the Spanish con- 
 querors the hiding place of their treasures. The cacique could not conceal his suffering, at 
 which the emperor rebuked him with the words: " Do you think, then, that I am taking my 
 pleasure in my bath? " 
 
 PALACE OF THE PRESIDENT, CHAPULTEPEC, MEXICO. 
 
 This historic structure is situated on the eastern summit of Chapultepec (hill of the grasshop- 
 pers) overlooking the valley with the city in the foreground and the snow-capped volcanoes of 
 Popocatepetl and Ixtaccihuatl in the rear. A fine roadway ascends the hill to the castle, 
 which is also reached by an elevator. At the foot of the hill is a large spring that forms part 
 of the water supply of the capital. In the surrounding park is a fine grove of ancient moss- 
 covered cypress trees, one of which is 45 feet in circumference and 200 feet high. 
 
224 INTERNATIONAL BUREAU OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLICS. 
 
 wooden fence, and later b}^ a stone wall with a moat around the wall. 
 About twenty years ago the fences and walls were removed and the 
 moat filled up. Since then the whole park has been made over, until 
 it is now a most beautiful place of promenades. Here are held the 
 fiestas on national holidays. 
 
 One of the most important, if not the most important, municipal 
 work undertaken in the city of Mexico has been the drainage of the 
 valley. This is a very old project and antedates the conquest in the 
 colonial period. Work was at times pushed and then abandoned, and 
 
 L-^ VIGA CANAL, FEDERAL DISTRICT, MEXICO. 
 
 This is an artificial and navigable waterway, through which the waters of Xochirailco and 
 Chaleo lakes discharge into the lower level of Lake Texcoco. It is the route over which a 
 large traffic in vegetable and other products is carried on between the capital and the outly- 
 ing country. On Sunday afternoons and holidays the canal is alive with pleasure seekers and 
 tourists. 
 
 so it was during the earlier years of the Republic. Decisive action 
 dates from the formation of the Drainage Board in 1886, since which 
 the work has been continuously and intelligently carried on to a final 
 completion a few years ago. It comprehends an outlet from the low- 
 lying valley to carry off the surplus water fall and drainage for which 
 nature has not provided. The Valley of Mexico is a great undrained 
 bowl set round with a rim of high hills and mountains. This rim has 
 been tunneled and into the tunnel are carried the waters of the Vega 
 Canal which is the final receptacle of the surplus water and city 
 
MUNICIPAL ORGANIZATION IN LATIN-AMERICAN CAPITALS. 225 
 
 drainage. The drainage itself is by means of an underground system 
 similar to that of most other modern cities. It differs in this that the 
 natural fall being insufficient to carry off the matter or to flush the 
 pipes by gravity, an artificial method of accomplishing these ends 
 was necessary. This is done through a supplemental water supply 
 derived from the springs surrounding the valley, which is gathered 
 and pumped under pressure through the drain pipes, through the 
 larger collecting channels into the canal, and through the tunnel out 
 of the valley. The work begim by the Board in 1886 was continued 
 by a Commission appointed in 1895 and by the Board of Directors 
 appointed in 1896. 
 
 ^^^^^^I^^^^^^^^Hr' 
 
 
 
 
 L^M 
 
 ' M^ 
 
 A SCENE ON THE VIGA CANAL, FEDERAL DISTRICT, MEXICO. 
 
 The Viga Canal is 16 miles long and 30 feet wide, with an average depth of 6 feet. It has 
 continued in use for more than two centuries. Many historic and picturesque places border 
 its banks and m.ake it one of the most interesting spots in the vallej^ of Mexico. 
 
 The great cathedral of Mexico, the most pretentious church on the 
 continent, stands first in architectural interest among the many fine 
 buildings which have given to the capital the name of " City of 
 Palaces." 
 
 The corner stone was laid in 1573 upon the site occupied by the 
 great Aztec temple which was destroyed by Cortez in 1521. A small 
 church was two years later erected upon the site, which in turn gave 
 place fifty years later to the foundations of the present cathedral. 
 The walls were completed in 1615, the roof in 1623, when the first mass 
 
226 INTERNATIONAL BUREAU OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLICS. 
 
 was said. In 1G6T the church was dedicated, and in 1701 the towers 
 were finished, and the building was finally completed about twenty 
 years later. 
 
 The cathedral occupies an extent of 374 feet by 187 feet. The 
 architecture is composite. The facade on the side from which the 
 
 (Photo by Waite, Mexico City.) 
 
 MOUNTED POLICE, MEXICO CITY. 
 
 The mounted police force, wliich patrols the outlying districts and suburbs of the capital, consists 
 of highly disciplined and well-trained horsemen. 
 
 towers rise is divided by massive buttresses into three divisions rep- 
 resenting the three Greek orders. The lower is Doric, next above, 
 a somewhat exaggerated Ionic, and the upper part Corinthian. The 
 material is a gray stone relieved by statues, friezes, bases, and capi- 
 tals of white marble, which gives an agreeable color effect. The 
 
MUNICIPAL OEGANIZATION IN LATIN-AMERICAN CAPITALS. 227 
 
 towers are 20i feet in height. Two massive buttresses joined to- 
 .gether but hidden by a wall form the first body of each tower, which 
 rises to the height of the side entrances. From thence the second 
 body springs, ornamented with columns and semicircular openings. 
 The third bod}^, lighter in effect and angular, is encircled by a bal- 
 lustrade. The two lower bodies are Doric and the upper Ionic. Each 
 tower is capped by a bell-shaped dome. In the west tower hangs the 
 great bell, Saint Mar}^ of Guadelupe, which is 18 feet high. Above 
 the whole rises the great and imposing dome surmounted by a slender 
 .and graceful lantern. 
 
 MOORISH PAVILION, CITY OF MEXICO. 
 
 The "Pabellon Morisco," or Moorish Building-, which stands on the soiithern side of the Alameda, 
 facing Avenida Juarez, is constructed of iron andglass, and w 
 
 at tlie Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. 
 National Lottery, but is now used as a cafe. 
 
 wasformerly the Mexican Building 
 For twenty-five years it was the office of the 
 
 The interior forms a Latin cross. Five naves, converging to the 
 center, represent various styles of vaulting; cloistered and groined 
 in the fourteen chapels, seven on each side; sjDherical and supported 
 by curvilinear triangles in the processional naves; and semicircular 
 with lanterns in the central and cross naves. The three last naves 
 are supj)orted by twenty handsome Doric half columns. The whole 
 interior is a marvel of carving and gilding. 
 
 The National Palace, occupjdng an entire square, fronting nearly 
 Too feet on the Plaza Mayor, is the Capitol of the Kepublic. It 
 contains the President's offices and those of several executive depart- 
 ments, and is the meeting place of the Senate. The House of Deputies 
 occupies what was formerly the Yturbide Theater, but which has been 
 
228 INTERNATIONAL BUEEAU OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLICS. 
 
 remodeled for legislative purposes. The Palace occupies the side of 
 the House of Cortez, which was destroyed in 1692. The present 
 building was begun soon after, and has been added to from time 
 to time. The last additions are quite recent. The outside is un- 
 interesting, presenting long white walls which suggest no idea of 
 the interior magnificence of the halls and salons. 
 
 The Palace has three entrances from the Plaza Mayor. The most 
 noted room is the Hall of the Ambassadors, an apartment of regal 
 dimensions and adornment. The Hall of the Constitution is also a 
 magnificent room. Over the main gateway of the Palace hangs the 
 Liberty Bell of Mexico, rung by Hidalgo to call the people to arms in 
 1810. 
 
 The National Library was formerly the old Church of St. Augustin, 
 and is one of the fine buildings of the city. It has gardens on each 
 side and contains 200,000 volumes, of which many are very old and 
 valuable. 
 
 The National Museum is one of the world's great museums. Its 
 collection of ancient Mexican art and other relics is known to all 
 scholars. 
 
 The School of Fine Arts is a fine gallery of painting and sculpture. 
 
 Among the most noted churches are San Pablo, Santa Vera Cruz, 
 Santa Maria Martir, Santa Ana, Santa Cruz Acaltan, San Miguel, 
 San Jose, Santo Domingo, San Augustin, San Diego, and Nuestra 
 Senora cle la Concepcion. 
 
 Other fine buildings are the Mining Palace, the Post-Office building, 
 Palace of Justice, and the Mint. 
 

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