W*" 7 *^''-***** I Jk fa/*? & U$U*v*><>^ Pi 4 w O O ft M a?" i.ooo. 1^. PREFACE. The " Recollections of Old Liverpool," contained in the following pages, appeared originally in the Liverpool Compass, their publication extending over a period of several months. When they were commenced it was intended to limit them to three, or at the most four, chapters, but such was the interest they created, that they were extended to their present length. Those who have recorded the green memories of an old man, as told while seated by his humble " ingle nook " have endeavoured to adhere to his own words and mode of narration — hence the somewhat rambling and discursive style of these '" Recollections " — a style which does not, in the opinion of many, by any means detract from their general interest. PREFACE. The frontispiece is copied (by special per- mission) from part of a very finely-painted view of Liverpool, by Jenkinson, dated 1813, in the possession of Thomas Dawson, Esq., Kodney- street. The vignette of the Mill which stood at the North end of the St. James' Quarry in the title page, is from an original water colour drawing by an amateur (name unknown), dated 1821. Nov ember t 1863, CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. PAGB, Birth of Author ; Strong Memory; A Long-lived Family; Tree in St. Peter's Church-yhrd ; Cruelty of Town Boys ; The Ducking-stool*; The Flashes in Marybone ; Mode of Ducking ; George the Third's Birthday ; Frigates ; Launch of the Mary Ellen ; The Interior of a Slaver ; Liverpool Pri- vateers ; Unruly Crews ; Kindness of Sailors ; Sailors' Gifts ; Northwich Flatmen : The Salt Trade ; The Salt Tax ; The Salt Houses; Salt- house Dock; The White House and Ranelagh Gardens; Inscription over the Door; Copperas- hill; Hunting a Hare; Lord Molyneux; Miss Brent; Stephens' Lecture on Heads ; Mathews' " At Home"; Brownlow Hill; Mr. Roscoe; Country Walks; Moss Lake Fields; Footpads; Fairclough (Love) Lane; Everton Road; Loggerheads Lane; Richmond Row; The Hunt Club Kennels 17 CHAPTER IL The Gibson's; Alderman Shaw; Mr. Christian ; Folly Tavern; Gardens in Follv Lane; Norton Street; Stafford Street; Pond by Gallows Mill; Skating in Finch Street; Folly Tower; Folly Fair; Fairs in Olden Times ; John Howard the Philanthropist; The Tower Prison; Prison Discipline; Gross Abuses ; Howard presented with Freedom ; Prisons of 1803; Description of Borough Gaol; Felons; 11 CONTENTS. PAGB, Debtors; Accommodations; Escape of Prisoners; Cells; Court-yards; Prison Poultry; Laxity of Regulations; Garnish; Fees; Fever; Abuses; Ball Nights; Tricks played upon "Poor Debtors"; Execution of Burns and Donlevy for Burglary; Damage done by French Prisoners; their Inge- nuity; The Bridewell on the Fort; Old Powder Magazine; Wretched State of the Place; Family- Log; Durand — His Skill; Escape of Prisoners — ■ Their He-capture; Durand's Narrative — His Re- capture; House of Correction; Mrs. Widdows 51 CHAPTER III. The Volunteers; Liverpool in '97; French Invasion; Panic; Warrington Coach; The Fat Councillor; Excitement in Liverpool; Its Defences; French Fisherman; Spies; Pressgangs — Cruelty Practised; Pressgang Rows ; Woman with Three Husbands ; Mother Redcap — Her Hiding-places; The Passage of the River ; Ferrymen ; Woodside Ahoy!; Cheshire an Unknown Country to Many; Length of Passage there ; The Rock Perch ; Wrecking; Smuggling; Storms ; Formby Trotters ; Woodside — No Dwellings there; Marsh Level; Holt HiU • — Oxton ; Wallasea Pool; Birkenhead Priory; Tun- nel under the Mersey; Tunnel at the Red Noses — Exploration of it; The Old Baths; Bath Street; The Bath Woman; The Wishing Gate; Bootle Organs; Sandhills; Indecency of Bathers; The Ladies Walk; Mrs. Hemans; the Loggerheads; Duke Street; Campbell the Poet; Gilbert Wake- field; Dr. Henderson; Incivility of the Liver- pool Clergy; Bellingham — His Career and His- tory, Crime, Death; Peter Tyrer; The Comfortable Coach 7$ CHAPTER IV. Colonel Bolton; Mr. Kent; George Canning; Liverpool Borough Elections; Divisions caused by them; Henry Brougham; Egerton Smith; Mr. Mulock; French Revolution: Brougham and the Elector on Reform; Ewart and Denison's Election; Conduct of all engaged in it; Sir Robert Peel; Honorable CONTENTS. Ill Charles Grant; Sir George Drinkwater; Anecdote of Mr. Huskisson; The Deputation from Hyde; Mr. Huskisson's opinion upon Railway Extension; Election Processions; The Polling; How much paid for Votes; Cost of the Election; Who paid it; Election for Mayor; Porter and Robinson; Pipes the Tobacconist; Duelling: Sparling and Grayson's Duel; Dr. McCartney; Death of Mr. Grayson: The Trial; Result; Court Martial on Captain Camiichael; His Defence; Verdict; The Duel between Colonel Bolton and Major Brooks; Fatal Result 98 CHAPTER V. Story of Mr. Wainwright and Mr. Theophilus Smith; Burning of the Town Hall; Origin and Progress of the Fire; Trial of Mr. Angus 116 CHAPTER VI. State of the Streets; Dale Street; The obstinate Cobbler; The Barber; Narrowness of Dale-street; The Car- riers; Highwaymen; Volunteer Officers Robbed; Mr. Campbell's Regiment; The Alarm; The Cap- ture; Improvement in Lord Street; Objections to Improvement; Castle Ditch; Dining Rooms; Castle- street; Roscoe's Bank; Brunswick-street; Theatre Royal Drury Lane; Cable Street; Gas Lights; Oil Lamps; Link Boys, Gas Company's Advertisement; Lord-street: Church -street; Rane- lagh-street; Cable-street; Redcross-street; Pond in Church-street: Hanover-street; Angled Houses; View of the River; Whitechapel; Forum in Mar- ble-street ; Old Haymarket; Limekiln-lane; Skel- horn-street; Limekilns: London-road: Men Hung in '45; Gallows Field; White Mill; The Supposed Murder ; The Grave found : Islington Market ; Mr. Sadler; Potteiy in Liverpool; Leece-street; Pothouse lane; Potteries in Toxteth Park; Watch- making; Lapstone Hall; View of Everton; Old Houses; Clayton-square; Mrs. Clayton: Cases- street; Parker-street; Banastre- street: Tarlton- street; Leigh-street: Mr. Rose and the Poets ; Mr. Meadows and his Wives: Xames of old IV CONTENTS. PAGE. streets; Dr. Solomon; Fawcett and Preston's Foun- dry: Button-street; Manchester-street; Iron Works; Names of Streets, &c 1^9 CHAPTEE VII. Everton; Scarcity of Lodgings there; Farm Houses swept away; Everton under Different Aspects; the Beacon; Fine View from it; View described; Description of the Beacon; Beacons in Olden Time; Occupants of the Beacon, Thurot's Expedition; Humphrey Brook and the Spanish Armada; Tele- graph at Everton; St. Domingo; The Mere Stones; Population of Everton 148 CHAPTEE VIII. Everton Cross; Its situation; Its mysterious Disap- pearance; How it was Eemoved; Its Destination; Consternation of the Everton Gossips; Eeports about the Cross; The Bound House ; Old Houses ; Everton ; Low-hill ; Everton Nobles; History of St. Domingo, Bronte, and Pilgrim Estates; Soldiers at Everton; Opposition of the Inhabitants to their being quartered there; Breck-road; Boun- dary-lane; Whitefield House; An Adventure; Mr. T. Lewis and his Carriage; West Derby-road; Zoological Gardens; Mr. Atkins; His good Taste and Enterprise; Lord Derby's Patronage; Plump- ton's Hollow; Abduction of Miss Turner; Edward Gibbon Wakefield 165 CHAPTEE IX. The Powder House; Moss Lake Fields; Turbary; Bridge over Moss Lake Gutter; Edge-hill; Mason-street; Mr. Joseph Williamson; His Eccentricities; His Originality; Marriage; Appearance; Kindness to the Poor; Mr. Stephenson's opinion of Mr. Wil- liamson's Excavations; The House in Bolton - street; Mr. C. H. the Artist ; Houses in High- street; Mr. Williamson, the lady, and the House to Let; How to make a Nursery; Strange N©ises in the Vaults ; Williamson and Dr. Barnes ; A strange Banquet; The surprise, &c 182 CONTENTS. V PAGE. CHAPTER X. Joseph Williamson's Excavations; The future of Liver- pool; Williamson's Property, Changes in his Exca- vations of late years; Description of the Vaults and Passages; Tunnels; Arches; Houses in Mason- street; Houses without Windows; Terraced Gar- dens ; &c 193 CHAPTER XI. The Mount Quarry; Berry-street; Rodney-street; Turn- ing the Tables; Checkers at Inn Doors; The De Warrennes Arms; Cock-fighting; Pownall Square; Aintree Cock Pit; Dr. Hume's Sermon; Rose Hill; Cazneau-street; St. Anne-street; Faulkner's Folly; The Haymarket; Richmond Fair 202 CHAPTER XII. Great Charlotte- street; The Sans Pareil; the Audience there; Actors and Performances; Mr. and Mrs. Holloway; Maria Monk, or the Murder at the Red Barn; The two Sweeps; A strange Interruption; Stephen Price and John Templeton; Malibran; W. J. Hammond; the Trick played by him at the Adelphi Hotel; the Water Drinkers — Harrington or Bootle: Mr. S and the Pew in St Anne's Church 212 CHAPTER XIII. The year 1816; Distress of all Classes; Battle of Water- loo; High rate of taxation; Failure of Harvest; Public Notice about Bread; Distress in London; Riots there; The Liverpool Petition; Good Be- haviour of the Working class in Liverpool; Great effort made to give relief; Amateur Performances; Handsome Sum realized; Enthusiasm exhibited on the occasion; Lord Cochrane; His Fine; Exer- tion of his Friends in Liverpool; The Penny Subscription; How the Amount was paid 221 VI CONTEXTS. PAGP CHAPTER XIV. Fall of St. Nicholas' Church Spire; Dreadful calamity; Riots at the Theatre Royal; Half-price or Full Price; Incendiary Placards; Disgraceful Pro- ceedings; Trials of the rioters; Mr. Statham, Town Clerk; Attempts at Compromise; Result of Trial.. . 232 CHAPTER XV. Old Favourites; Ennobled Actresses; John Kemble; his Farewell of Liverpool Audiences ; Coriolanus; Benefits in the last Century ; Paganini ; His "Won- derful Style ; the Walpurgis Nacht ; De Begnis ; Paganini's Caution ; Mr. Lewis' Liberality ; Success of Paganini's Engagement; Paganini at the Amphitheatre ; The Whistlers ; Mr. Clarke and the Duchess of St. Alban's ; Her kindness and generosity; Mr. Banks and his cook; Mrs. Banks' estimate of Actors ; Edmund Kean; Miss O'Neil; London favourites not always successful; Van- denhoff; Vandenhoff and Salter-off. 244 CHAPTER XVI. High Price of Provisions in 1816; Highway Robberies; Dangerous state of Toxteth Park; Precautions Adopted; Sword Cases in Coaches; Robbery at Mr. Yates' house; Proceedings of the Ruffians; Their Alarm; Flight of the Footman; Escape of Thieves; Their Capture, Trial and Execution; Further Outrages ; Waterloo Hotel ; Laird's Roperies; The Fall Well; Alderman Bennett's Warehouse; The Dye House Well; Wells on Shaw's Brow 250 CHAPTER XVI. Progress of Liverpool; Privateers; Origin of the Success of the Port; Children owning Privateers; Influence, Social and Moral; Wonderful increase of Trade; &c 244 Icrdkliora ajf (Did $m$wl CHAPTEE I. 1 was bom in Liverpool, on the 4th of June in 1769 or '70. I am consequently about ninety- three years old. My friends say I am a wonderful old man. I believe I am. I have always enjoyed such excellent health, that I do not know what the sensation is of a medical man putting his finger on my wrist. I have eaten and drunk in moder- ation, slept little, risen early, and kept a clear conscience before God and man. My memory is surprising. I am often astonished at myself in recalling to mind events, persons, and circum- stances, that occurred so long ago as to be almost - >tten by everybody else. I can recollect every occurrence that has fallen under my cognizance,, since I was six years old. 1 do not remember so well events that have taken place during the last twenty or thirty years, as they seem confused to me; but whatever happened of O RECOLLECTIONS OF which I had some knowledge during my boyish days and early manhood, is most vividly impressed upon my memory. My family have been long-livers . My father was ninety odd, when he died, my mother near that age at her death. My brother and sister are still living, are healthy, and, like myself, in comfortable circumstances. I may be seen any fine day on the Pier-head or Landing-stage, accompanied by one of my dear great grandchildren ; but you would not take me to be more than sixty by my air and appearance. We lived in a street out of Church- street, nearly opposite St. Peter's. I was born there. At that time the churchyard was enclosed by trees, and the gravestones were erect. One by one the trees died or were destroyed by mischievous boys, and unfortunately they were not replaced. The church presented then a very pretty appearance. Within the last thirty years there was one tree standing nearly opposite to the Blue Coat School. When that tree died, I regretted its loss as of an old friend. The stocks were placed just within the rails, nearly opposite the present extensive prem- ises occupied by the Elkingtons. Many and many a man have I seen seated in them for various light offences, though in many cases the punish- ment was heavy, especially if the culprit was obnoxious in any way, or had made himself so by his own conduct. The town boys were very OLD LIVERPOOL. 7 cruel in my young days. It was a cruel time, and the effects of the slave-trade and privateering were visible in the conduct of the lower classes and of society generally. Goodness knows the town boys are cruel now, but they are angels to what their predecessors were. I think education has done some good. All sorts of mischievous tricks used to be played upon the culprits in the stocks ; and I have seen stout and sturdy fellows faint under the sufferings they endured. By the way, at the top of Marybone, there was once a large pond, called the Flashes, where there was a duck- ing-post and this was a favourite place of punishment when the Lynch Law of that time was carried out. I once saw a woman ducked there She might have said with Queen Catherine : — u Do with me what you will, For any change must better my condition/' There was a terrible row caused once by the rescue of a woman from the Cuckstool. At one time it threatened to be serious. The mayor was dining at my father's, and I recollect he was sent for in a great hurry, and my father and his guests all went with him to the pond. The woman was nearly killed, and her life for long despaired of. She was taken to the Infirmary, on the top of Shaw's Brow, where St. George's Hall now stands. The way they ducked was this. A long pole, which acted as a lever, was placed on a post ; at 8 RECOLLECTIONS OF the end of the pole was a chair, in which the culprit was seated ; and by ropes at the other end of the lever or pole, the culprit was elevated or dipped in the water at the mercy of the wretches who had taken upon themselves the task of executing punishment. The screams of the poor women who were ducked were frightful. There was a ducking tub in the House of Correction, which was in use in Mr. Howard's time. I once went with him through the prison (as I shall describe presently) and saw it there. It was not till 1804 or 1805 that it was done away with. My father was owner and commander of the Mary Ellen. She was launched oil the 4th of June, my birthday, and also the anniversary of our revered sovereign, George III. We used to keep his majesty's birthday in great style. The bells were set ringing, cannon fired, colours waved in the wind, and all the schools had holiday. We don't love the gracious Lady who presides over our destinies less than we did her august grand- father, but I am sure we do not keep her birthday as we did his. The Mary Ellen was launched on the 4th of June, 17 75. She was named after and by my mother. The launch of this ship is about the first thing I can remember. The day's pro- ceedings are indelibly fixed upon my memory. We went down to the place where the ship was built, accompanied by our friends. We made quite OLD LIVERPOOL. \J & little procession, headed by a drum and fife, 3Iy father and mother walked first, leading me by the hand. I had new clothes on, and I firmly believed that the joy bells were ringing solely because our ship was to be launched. The Mary Ellen was launched from a piece of open ground just beyond the present Salt-house Dock, then called, "the South Dock."' I suppose the exact place would be somewhere about the middle of the present King's Dock. The bank on which the ship was built sloped down to the river. There was a slight boarding round her. There were several other ships and smaller vessels building near her ; amongst others, a frigate which afterwards did great damage to the enemy during the French war. The government frequently gave orders for ships to be built at Liverpool. The view up the river was very fine. There were few houses to be seen southward. The mills on the Aigburth- road were the principal objects. It was a pretty sight to see the Mary Ellen launched. There were crowds of people present, for my father was well-known and very popular. When the ship moved off there was a great cheer raised. I was so excited at the great " splash" which was made, that I cried, and was for a time inconsolable, because they would not launch the ship again, so that I might witness another great " splash." I can, in my mind's eve, see " the 10 RECOLLECTIONS OF splash" of the Mary Ellen even now. I really believe the displacement of the water on that occa- sion opened the doors of observation in my mind. After the launch there was great festivity and hilarity. I believe I made myself very ill with the quantity of fruit and good things I became possessed of. While the Mary Ellen was htting-up for sea, I was often taken on board. In her hold were long shelves with ring-bolts in rows in several places. I used to run along these shelves, little thinking what dreadful scenes would be enacted upon them. The fact is that the Mary Ellen was destined for the African trade, in which she made many very successful voyages. In 1779, however, she was converted into a privateer. My father, at the present time, would not, perhaps, be thought very respectable ; but I assure you he was so considered in those days. So many people in Liverpool were, to use an old and trite sea-phrase, "tarred with the same brush" that these occupa- tions were scarcely, indeed, were not at all. regarded as anything derogatory from a man's char- acter. In fact, during the privateering time, there was scarcely a man, woman, or child in Liverpool, of any standing, that did not hold a share in one of these ships. Although a slave captain, and afterwards a privateer, my father was a kind and just man — a good father, husband, and friend. His purse and advice were always ready OLD LIVERPOOL. 11 to help and save, and he was, consequently, much respected by the merchants with whom he had intercourse. I have been told that he was quite a different man at sea, that there he was harsh, un- bending, and stern, but still just, How he used to rule the turbulent spirits of his crews I don't know, but certain it is that he never wanted men when other Liverpool ship-owners were short of hands. Many of his seamen sailed voyage after voyage with him. It was these old hands that were attached to him who I suspect kept the others in subjection. The men used to make much of me. They made me little sea toys, and always brought my mother and myself presents from Africa, such as parrots, monkeys, shells, and articles of the natives' workmanship. I recollect very well, after the Mary Ellen had been converted into a privateer, that, on her return from a success- ful West Indian cruise, the mate of the ship, a great big fellow, named Blake, and who was one of the roughest and most ungainly men ever seen, would insist upon my mother accepting a beauti- ful chain, of Indian workmanship, to which was attached the miniature of a very lovely woman. I doubt the rascal did not come by it very honestly, neither w T as a costly bracelet that one of my father's best hands (once a N orthwich salt-flatman) brought home for my baby sister. This man would insist upon putting it on the baby somewhere, in spite of 12 EECOLLECTIONS OF all my mother and the nurse could say; so, as its thigh was the nearest approach to the bracelet in size of any of its little limbs, there the bracelet was clasped. It fitted tightly and baby evidently did not approve of the ornament. My mother took it off when the man left. I have it now. This man used to tell queer stories about the salt trade, and the fortunes made therein, and how they used to land salt on stormy and dark nights on the Cheshire or Lancashire borders, or into boats alongside, substituting the same weight of water as the salt taken out, so that the cargo should pass muster at the Liverpool Custom House. The duty was payable at the works, and the cargo was re-weighed in Liverpool. If found over weight, the merchant had to pay extra duty ; and if short weight, he had to make up the deficiency in salt. The trade required a large capital, and was, therefore, in few hands. One house is known to have paid as much as £30,000 for duty in six weeks. My grandfather told me that in 1732 (time of William and Mary), when he was a boy, the duty on salt was levied for a term of years at first, but made perpetual in the third year of George II. Sir E. Walpole proposed to set apart the proceeds of the impost for his majesty's use. The Salt houses occupied the site of Orford- street (called after Mr. Blackburne's seat in Cheshire). I have often heard my grandfather OLD LIVEKPOOL. 13 speak of them as an intolerable nuisance, causing, at times, the town to he enveloped in steam and smoke. These Salt houses raised such an outcry at last that in 1703 they were removed to Garston, 3Ir. Blackhurne having obtained an act of Parlia- ment relative to them for that purpose. The fine and coarse salts manufactured in Liver- pool were in the proportion of fifteen tons of North- wich or Cheshire rock-salt to forty-five tons of sea- water, to produce thirteen tons of salt. To show how imperishable salt must be, if such testimony be needed, it is a fact that, in the yard of a ware- house occupied by a friend of mine in Orford-street, the soil was always damp previous to a change of weather, and a well therein was of no use whatever, except for cleansing purposes, so brackish was the water. To return to the launch. After the feasting was over my father treated our friends to the "White House and Eanelagh Tea Gardens, which stood at the top of Eanelagh-street. The site is now occupied by the Adelphi Hotel. The gardens extended a long way back. Warren-street is formed out of them. These gardens were very tastefully arranged in beds and borders, radiating from a centre in which was a Chinese temple, which served as an orchestra for a band to play m. Round the sides of the garden, in a thicket lacs and laburnums, the beauty of which, in 14 RECOLLECTIONS OF early summer, was quite remarkable, were little alcoves or bowers wherein parties took tea or stronger drinks. About half-way up the garden, the place where the Warren-street steps are now, there used to be a large pond or tank wherein were fish of various sorts. These fish were so tame that they would come to the surface to be fed. This fish feeding was a very favourite amuse- ment with those who frequented the garden. In the tank were some carp of immense size, and so fat they could hardly swim. Our servant- man used to take me to the Eanelagh Gardens every fine afternoon, as it was a favourite lounge. Over the garden door was written— " Yon are welcome to walk here I say, But if flower or fruit you pluck One shilling you must pay." The, garden paling was carried up Copperas-hill (cajied after the Copperas Works, removed in 1770,. after long litigation) across to Brownlow-hill, a white ropery extending behind the palings. To show how remarkably neighbourhoods alter by time and circumstance, I recollect it was said that Lord Molyneux, while hunting, once ran a hare down Copperas -hill. A young lady, Miss Harvey, who resided near the corner, went out to see what was the cause of the disturbance she heard, when observing the hare, she turned it back. Miss Har- vev used to say " the gentlemen swore terribly ' ? OLD LIVERPOOL. 15> at her for spoiling their sport. This was not seventy years ago ! To return to the Eanelagh Gardens. There was, at the close of the gala nights, as the}' were called, a display of fireworks. They were let off on the terrace. I went to see the last exhibition which took place in 1780. There was, on that occasion, a concert in which Miss Brent, (who was, by the way, a great favourite) appeared. Jugglers used to exhibit in the concert-room, which was very capacious, as it would hold at least 800 to 1000 persons. This concert-room was also used as a dinner-room on great occasions, and also as a town ball-room. Stephens gave his lecture on "Heads" in it very frequently. G. A. Stephens was an actor, who, after playing about in the provincial highways and bye-ways of the dramatic world, went to London, where he was engaged at Covent Garden in second and third rate parts. He was a man of dissipated habits, but a jovial and merry companion. He wrote a great many very clever songs, which he sang with great humour. He got the idea of the lectures on "'Heads" from a working man about one of the theatres, whom he saw imitating some of the members of the corporation of the town in which he met with him. Stephens, who was quick and ready with his pen, in a short time got up his lecture, which he delivered all through England, 16 BECOLLECTIONS OF Scotland, Ireland, and America. He realised upwards of £10,000, which he took care of, as he left that sum behind him at his death, in 1784. He was at the time, a completely worn-out, imbecile old man. Many of the leading actors of his day followed up the lecture on " Heads/' in which they signally failed to convey the meaning of the author. I saw him, and was very much amused; but I do not think he would be tolerated in the present day. The elder Mathews evidently caught the idea of his "At Homes" from Stephens's lecture. Brownlow-hill was so called after Mr. Lawrence Brownlow, a gentleman who held much property thereabout. Brownlow-hill was a very pleasant walk. There were gardens on it, as, also, on Mount Pleasant, then called Martindale's-hill, of which our friend Mr. Koscoe has sung so sweetly. Martindale's-hill was quite a country walk when I was a little boy. There was also a pleasant walk over the Moss Lake Fields to Edge Hill. "Where the Eye and Ear Infirmary stands there was a stile and a foot-path to the Moss Lake Brook, across it was a wooden foot bridge. The path after- wards diverged to Smithdown-lane. The path-road also went on to Pembroke-place, along the present course of Crown-street. I have heard my father speak of an attempt being made to rob him on passing over the stile which stood where now you find OLD LIVERPOOL. 17 the King William Tavern. He drew his sword (a weapon commonly worn by gentlemen of the time) which so frightened the thieves that they ran away, and, in their flight, went into a pit of water, into which my father also ran in the darkness which prevailed. The thieves roared loudly for help, which my father did not stop to accord them. He, being a good swimmer, soon got out, leaving the thieves to extricate themselves as they could. There were several very pleasant country walks which went up to Low-hill through Brownlow- street, and by Love-lane (now F air clough- lane). I recollect going along Love-lane many a time with my dear wife, when we were sweethearting. We used to go to Low-hill and thence along Everton- road (then called Everton-lane), on each side of which was a row of large trees, and we returned by Loggerhead r s-lane (now Everton Crescent i, and so home by Richmond-row, (called after Dr. Sylvester Richmond, a physician greatly esteemed and respected. ) I recollect very well the brook that ran along the present Byrom-street, whence the tannery on the right-hand side was supplied with water. At the bottom of Richmond-row used to be the kennels of the Liverpool Hunt Club, They were at one time kept on the North-shore. 18 RECOLLECTIONS OF CHAPTER II. I was very sorry when the Eanelagh Gardens were- broken up. The owner, Mr. Gibson, was the brother of the Mr. Gibson who kept the Folly Gardens at the bottom of Folly-lane (now Islington) and top of Shaw's Brow (called after Mr. Alderman Shaw, the great potter, who lived in Dale-street, at the corner of Fontenoy-street — whose house is still standing). Many a time have I played in the Folly Tea Gardens. It w r as a pretty place, and great was the regret of the inhabitants of Liverpool when it was resolved to build upon it. The Folly was closed in 1785. Mr. Philip Christian built his house, now standing at the corner of Christian- street, of the bricks of which the Tavern was constructed. The Folly was a long two-storied house, with a tower or gazebo at one end. Gibson, it was said, was refused permission to extend the size of his house, so "he built it upright," as he said "he could not build it alone:." The entrance OLD LIVERPOOL. 19 to the Gardens was from Folly-lane, up a rather Harrow passage. I rather think the little passage at the back of the first house in Christian-street was a part of it. You entered through a wooden door and went along a shrubberied path which led to the Tavern. Folly-lane (now Islington) was a narrow country lane, with fields and gardens on both sides. I recollect there was a small gardener's cottage where the Friends' Institute now stands ; and there was a lane alongside. That lane is now called '-King-street-lane, Soho." I remember my mother, one Sunday, buying me a lot of apples for a penny, which were set out on a table at the gate. There were a great many apple, pear, and damson trees in the garden. When the Friends' Institute was building I heard of the discovery of an old cottage, which had been hidden from view r as it were for many years. I went to see it — the sight of it brought tears in my old eyes, for I recognised the place at once, and thought of my good and kind 'mother, and her friendly and loving ways. Where the timber-yard was once in Norton-street, there used to be a farm-house. The Moss-lake stream ran by it on its way to Byrom-street. I can very well remember Xorton-street and the streets thereabout being formed. At the top of Stafford- street, laid out at the same time, there was a smithy and forge; the machinery of the bellows was turned by the water from the Moss-lake Brook, 20 RECOLLECTIONS OF which ran just behind the present Mill Tavern. There the water was collected in an extensive dani, in shape like a " Ruperts' Drop," the overflow turned some of the mill machinery. Many and many a fish have I caught out of that mill-dam. The fields at the back, near Folly-lane, were flooded one winter, and frozen over, when I and many other boys went to slide on them. The Folly Gardens were very tastefully laid out . Mr. Gibson was a spirited person, and spared no expense to keep the place in order. There were two bowling-greens in it, and a skittle-alley. There was a cockpit once, outside the gardens; but that was many years before my time. It was laid bare when they were excavating for Islington Market. When I was a boy its whereabouts was not known ; it was supposed to have been of great antiquity, How time brings things to light! The gardens were full of beautiful flowers and noble shrubs. There was a large fish-pond in the middle of a fine lawn, and around it were benches for the guests, who, on fine summer evenings, used to sit and smoke, and drink a sort of compound called " braggart," which was made of ale, sugar, spices, and eggs, I believe. I used to sail a little ship in that pond, made for me by the mate of the Mary Ellen I one day fell in, and was pulled out by Mr. Gibson himself, who fortunately happened to be passing near at hand, tie took OLD LIVERPOOL, 21 me in his arms dripping as I was, into the tavern and I was put to bed, while a man w r as sent down to Church-street, to acquaint my parents with my disaster, and for dry clothes. My mother came up in a terrible fright, but my father only laughed heartily at the accident, saying he had been overboard three times before he was my age. He must have had a charmed life, if he spoke true, for I don't think I could have been above eight years old then. My father was well acquainted with Mr. Gibson, and after I had got on my dry clothes, he took us up to the top of the Gazebo, or look-out tower. It was a beautiful evening, and the air was quite calm and clear. The view r was magnificent. We could see Beeston Castle quite plainly, and Halton Castle also, as well as the Cheshire shore and the Welsh mountains. The out seaward was truly line. Young as I was, 1 was greatly struck with the whole scene. It was just at the time when the Folly Fair was held, and the many objects at our feet made the whole view oiii 1 of intense interest. The rooms in the tow r er were then filled with company. Folly Fair was Ik- Id on the open space of ground afterwards used as Islington Market. Booths were erected oppo- site the Infirmary and in Folly Lane. It was like all such assemblages — a great deal of noise, drunkenness, debauchery, and foolishness. But fairs were certainly different then from what they j 22 RECOLLECTIONS OF have been of late years. They are now conducted in a far more orderly manner than they were for- merly. I went to a large one some years ago, in Manchester, and, on comparing it with those of my young days, I could hardly believe it was a fair. It seemed to be only the ghost of one, so grim and ghastly were the proceedings. I recollect the celebrated Mr. John Howard, " the philanthropist/ 5 coming to Liverpool in 1 78T. He had a letter of introduction to my father, and was frequently at our house. He was a thin, spare man, with an expressive eye and a determined look. He used to go every day to the Tower Prison at the bottom of Water-street ; and he exerted him- self greatly to obtain a reform in the atrocious abuses which then existed in prison discipline. In the present half-century there has been great pro- gress made in the improvement of prison discipline, health, and economy. Where formerly existed notorious and disgraceful abuses, the most abject misery, and the very depth of dirt, we find good management, cleanliness, reformatory measures, and firm steps taken to reclaim both the bodies and souls of the erring. It is a most strange cir- cumstance that the once gross and frightful abuses of the prison system did .not/or^ themselves upon the notice of government — did not attract the attention of local rulers, and cry out themselves for change. Still more strange is it that, although OLD LIVERPOOL. 23 Mr Howard in 1787, and again in 1795, and Mr. James Nield (whose acquaintance I also made in 1803), pointed out so distinctly the abuses that existed in our prisons, the progress of reform therein was strangely slow, and moved with most apathetic steps. Howard lifted up the veil and exposed to light the iniquities prevalent within our prison walls ; but no rapid change was notice- able in consequence of his appalling revelations. To show how careless the authorities were about these matters, we can see what I\Ir. Nield said eight years after Mr. Howard's second visit, in 1795, in his celebrated letters to Dr. Lettsom, who, by the way, resided in Carnberwell Grove, Surrey, in the house said to have belonged to the uncle of George Barnwell. Now, it should be borne in mind that Mr. Howard actually received the free- dom of the borough, with many compliments upon his exertions in the cause of the poor inmates of the gaol, and yet few or no important steps were taken to remedy the glaring evils which he pointed out* Some feeble reforms certainly did take place im- mediately after his first and second visits to Liver- pool, but a retrograde movement succeeded, and things relapsed into their usual jog-trot way of dirt and disorder When Mr. Howard received the freedom of the borough an immense fuss was made about him ; people used to follow him in the street, and he was feted and invited to dinners fii BE COLLECTIONS OF and parties, and there was no end of speechifying. But what did it all come to? Why, nothings except a little cleaning out of passages and whitewashing of walls. I went with Mr. Howard several times over the Tower Prison, and also with Mr. Nield, in 1803. As it then appeared I will try to describe it. The keeper of the Tower or Borough Gaol/ which stood at the bottom of Water-street in 1808, was Mr. Edward Frodsham. who was also sergeant- at-niace. His salary was £130 per annum. His fees were 4s. for criminal prisoners, and 4s. 6d* for debtors. The Be v. Edward Monk was the chaplain. His salary was £31 10s. per annum ; but his ministrations did not appear to be very efficacious, as, on one occasion, when Mr. Nield went to the prison chapel in company with two of the borough magistrates, he found, out of one hundred and nine prisoners, only six present at divine service. The sick were attended by a surgeon from the Dispensary, in consideration of IS guineas per annum, contributed by the corpora- tion to that most praiseworthy institution. There ivas a sort of sick ward in the Tower, but it was a wretched place, being badly ventilated and extremely dirty. When Mr. Nield and I visited the prison in 1803, we did not find the slightest order or regulation. The prisoners werenOt classed f indeed, separated ; men and women, boys and OLD LIVERPOOL. 25 girls, debtor and felon, young and old, were all herded together, meeting daily in the court-yards of the prison. The debtors certainly had a yard to themselves, but they had free access to the felon's yard, and mixed unrestrainedly with them. The prison allowance was a three-penny loaf of lib. ooz. to each prisoner daily. Convicts were allowed 6&. per day. The mayor gave a dinner at Christ- mas to all the inmates. Firing was found by the corporation throughout the building. There were seventy-one debtors and thirty-nine felons con- fined on the occasion of our visit. In one of the Towers there were seven rooms allotted to debtors, and three in another tower, in what was called " the master's side." The poorer debtors were allowed loose straw to lie upon. Those who could afford to do so, paid Is. per week for the use of a bed provided by the gaoler. The detaining creditor of debtors had to pay " groating money/' that is to say, 4d. per day for their maintenance. In the chapel there was a gallery, close to which were five sleeping-rooms for male debtors. The size of these cells was six feet by seven. Over the Pilot Office in Water-street were two rooms appropriated to the use of female debtors. One of these rooms contained three beds, the other only one. This latter room had glazed windows, and a fire-place, and was, comparatively speaking, comfortable. The same charge was made for the beds in these 26 RECOLLECTIONS OF rooms as in other parts of the prison. The debtors were also accommodated with rooms in a house adjoining the gaol, from which, by the way, an escape of many of the prisoners, felon and debtor,, took place in 1807 — a circumstance which created immense public interest. When the prisoners were discovered, they stood at bay, and it was not until they were fired upon, that they surrendered, The criminals were lodged in seven close dungeons 6i feet by 5 feet 9 inches. These cells were ranged in a passage 11 feet wide, under ground, and were approached by ten steps. Over each cell door was an aperture which admitted such light and air as could be found in such a place. Some improve- ment took place in this respect after Mr. Howard's visit. There was also a large dungeon or cell which looked upon the street, in which twelve prisoners were confined. This dungeon was not considered safe, so that only deserters were put into it. As many as forty persons have been incarcerated in it at one time. In five of the cells there were four prisoners ; in the other two, there were only three. The court-yards (one of which was 20 yards by 30, the other 20 yards by 10) were kept in a most filthy state, although a fine pump of good water was readily accessible. The yards were brick- paved. In one yard I noticed a large dung-heap, which, I w^as informed, was only removed once a OLD LIVERPOOL. 27 month. There were numbers of fowls about the yard, belonging to the prison officials and to the prisoners. In these yards, as may readily be sup- posed, scenes of great disorder took place. The utmost licentiousness was prevalent in the prison throughout. Spirits and malt liquors were freely introduced without let, hindrance, or concealment, though against the prison rules — not one of which, by the way, (except the feeing portion) was kept. The felons' " garnish/' as it was called, was abolished previous to 1800. but the debtors' fee remained. The prison was dirty in the extreme ; the mud almost ankle deep in some parts in the passages, and the walls black and grimy. There seemed to be no system whatever tending towards cleanliness, and as to health that was utterly disregarded. Low typhoid fever was frequently prevalent, and numbers were swept off by it. The strong prisoners used to tyranise over the weak, and the most frightful cases of extortion and cruelty were practised amongst them, while the conduct of the officials was culpable in the highest degree. At one time the chapel was let as an assembly room. The prisoners used to get up, on public ball nights, dances of their own, as the band could be plainly heard throughout the prison. The debtors used to let down a glove or bag by means of a stick, from their tower into the street, dangling it up and down to attract the 28 RECOLLECTIONS OF notice of passengers, who dropped in pieces of money for the use of the " poor debtors," which money was invariably spent in feasting and debauchery. The town boys used to put stones into the bags, and highly relished the disappoint- ment of the "poor debtors," on discovery of their " treasure." I recollect an execution taking place in front of the Tower, which created an immense sensation throughout the country. In March 1789, two men named Burns and Dowling, suffered the extreme penalty of the law for robbing the house of Mrs. Graham, which stood on Eose Hill. They broke into the lady's dwelling, and acted with great ferocity. It was on the 23rd December previous, they entered the house, with two others, about seven o'clock in the morning. One stayed below, while the others went into the different rooms armed with pistols and knives, threatening the various members of the family with death if they made any alarm. They robbed some guests in the house of nineteen guineas, and some silver ; and from Mrs. Graham they took bills to a large amount. On the 7th January, following, Burns and Dowling were arrested at Bristol, in con- sequence of an anonymous letter sent to the mayor of that city, giving information of their being in the neighbourhood. They were on the point of embarking for Dublin, having several packages OLD LIVERPOOL. 29 containing Mrs. Graham's property on board the vessel, besides £1000 in Bills of Exchange. Dow- ling made a fierce resistance, and would have escaped, but was held by the leg by a dog belong- ing to one of the constables. Eose Hill at that time was quite in the suburbs, and was a very iashionable locality. The town was crowded with strangers from all parts to witness the execution of these villains. Men of the present day would be horror-struck at the number of executions that took place at that time in England. I recollect once when in London (I was only three days going there) seeing three men hanging at Newgate, while the coal waggoners were letting off their waggons us stages for spectators at twopence per head. The various prisoners in the Tower were all re- moved to the new gaol, or French prison, as it was called, on the French being released from custody, at the peace of 1812. This prison, which stood in Great Howard-street — I little thought I should live to see it swept away — was designed by Mr. Howard. Groat Howard-street was called after him. The Frenchmen did so much damage to the gaol, that it cost £2000 to put it in order after their departure. These people maintained them- selves by making fancy articles, and carved bone and ivory work. I once saw a ship made by one of them — an exquisite specimen of ingenuity and craftsmanship. The ropes, which were all spun 30 RECOLLECTIONS OF to the proper sizes, were made of the prisoner's wife's hair. I had in my possession for many years, two cabinets., with drawers, &e„ made of straw, and most beautifully inlaid. I went with Mr. Nield, in one of his visits to Liverpool, to inspect the Bridewell which stood on the Fort. The building was intended for a pow- der magazine ; but being found damp, it was not long used for that purpose. The keeper was Robert Walton, who was paid one guinea per week wages. There were no perquisites attached to this place, neither in "fees " nor "garnish." In fact, the prisoners confined within its dreary, damp walls had nothing to pay for, nor expect. There were no accommodations of any sort. The corporation certainly found " firing," but nothing else, either in beds or food, not even water. There was no yard to it, nor convenience of any kind. Under ground were two dreary, damp, dark vaults, approached by eight steps. One of them was 18 feet by 12, the other 12 feet by 7J. They received a little light through iron-barred windows. Above w r ere two rooms. One was 18 feet by 10, the other 10 feet by 9. Adjoining these two rooms, devoid of fire-grate or windows, were two cells, each 5 feet by 6 feet high. The prisoners in this dreadful place, were herded together, unemployed in any way, and dependent entirely upon their friends for food. It was a disgrace to humanity. OLD LIVERPOOL. 31 It was damp, dirty, and in a most miserable condition. An interesting circumstance connected with the Tower I find detailed in a book of my father's, which he called " The Family ~LogT It relates to the escape of some prisoners-of-war confined in the Tower. My father in this " Log,'"' used to enter up at the week's end any little circumstance of interest that might have come under his notice. At the date of Sunday, May 6th, 1759, I find es That fifteen French prisoners escaped from the Tower, Durand amongst the number"; and then follows a narrative which I shall presently trans- cribe. I may say, incidentally, that the prisoners- of-war in the Tower were principally Frenchmen, who had been captured during some of our naval engagements with them. They employed their time in making many curious and tasteful articles, and displayed great ingenuity in many ways. Discipline in the Tower was not very stringent, so that escapes of prisoners frequently occurred. From the want of energy displayed by the authori- ties in recapturing those that did escape, it was thought that government was not sorry to get rid of some of these persons at so easy a rate, for they were a great burden on the nation. The reason why Durand's name was mentioned as one of those who had fled, was this : — my mother had a very curiously-constructed foreign box, which had been 82 RECOLLECTIONS OF broken, and which the tradesmen in the town had one and all declined even to attempt to repair. As " the Frenchmen " in the Tower were noted for their ingenuity, my father made some inquiry as to whether any of them would undertake the restoration of this box. Amongst others to whom it was shown was one Felix Durand, who at once said he would try to put it in order if my father was in no hurry for it, as it would be a tedious task in consequenee of having so many separate pieces to join together, and it would be necessary to wait the fast binding of each cemented piece to its corresponding fragment. My father often went to see Durand, and was much pleased with his conversation, amusing stories, and natural abilities. My father spoke French well, so that they got on capitally together, and the consequence was that my father obtained several little favours for him, and even interceded with some friends in the government to obtain his release. Durand knew of this, and, therefore, when nry father found he had escaped with the others, he was much annoyed as it completely frustrated his good intentions towards him. My father used to tell us that according to agreement he went for his box on a certain day when it was to be finished. On reaching the gaol he was told of the escape of the party, and that some of them had already been recaptured. It seems that as soon as they got OLD LIVERPOOL. 33 into the street the party dispersed, either singly or in twos and threes ; hut having neither food nor money, and heing quite ignorant of the English language or the localities round Liverpool, they were quite helpless and everywhere betrayed who they were, what they were, and where they came from. Some fell in with the town watchmen; others struck out into the country, and after wandering about in a starved, hungry, and miser- able state, were very glad to get back to their old shelter, bad as they thought it. and hardly as they considered they had been treated. They admitted that their party was too large, that they had no friends to co-operate with them outside, and no plan of action which was possibly or likely to be carried out successfully. The lot of these, how- ever, was not shared by ail, for Durand, as will be seen by his recital, had not done amiss, thanks to his wit, ingenuity, and cleverness. The following is Durand's narrative : — " As you know, Monsieur Lc Capitaine (he always- called my father so), I am a Frenchman, fond of liberty and change, and this detestable prison became so very irksome to me, with its scanty food and straw beds on the floor, that I had for some time determined to make my escape and go to Ireland, where I believe sympathies are strong towards the French nation. I am, as you know, acquainted with Monsieur P , who resides in Dale -street ; I have done some work for him. He has a niece who is toute a faite charmante, She has been a 34 RECOLLECTIONS OF constant ambassador between us, and has brought me work frequently, and taken charge of my money when I have received any, to deposit with her uncle on my account. I hold that young lady in the highest consider- ation. This place is bad for anyone to have property in, although we are in misery alike. Some of us do not know the difference between my own and thy own. We have strange communist ideas in this building. Now *' Monsieur Le Capitaine" you want to know how I got away, where I went, and how I came back. I will tell you. I could not help it. I have had a pleasing three months' holiday, and must be content to wait for peace ox death, to release me from this sacre place. The niece of Monsieur P is very engaging, and when I have liad conversation with her in the hall where we are permitted to see our friends, I obtained from her the information that on the east side of our prison there were two houses which opened into a short narrow street. One of these houses had been lately only partly tenanted, while the lower portion of it had been under repair. Mademoiselle is very complacent and kind. She took the trouble to go for me to the house and examine it, and reported that there w r as an open yard under the eastern prison- wall, and if anybody could get through that wall he might easily continue his route through the house and into the street. My mind was soon made up. I imparted my intention to my companions. There were fifteen of us, altogether, penned up at night in a vile cell or vault, and, of course, the intended escape could not be kept a secret ; what was known by one, must be known by all* We all resolved to escape. Our cell was dirty and miserable. We obtained light and air from the street as well as from a grating over the door. Choosing a some- what stormy night, we commenced by loosening the OLD LIVERPOOL. 35 stonework in the east wall. Now we knew that after we were locked up for the night we should not be disturbed, and if we could not effect the removal of the stones in one night, there would be no fear of discovery during the next day, as we were seldom molested by any of the gaolers. We could walk about the prison just as we liked and mix with the other prisoners, whether felons or debtors. In fact your Liverpool Tower contains a large family party. We worked all night at the wall, and just before daybreak contrived to remove a large stone and soon succeeded in displacing another, but light having at length broken, we gathered up all the mortar and rubbish we had made, stuffing some of it into our beds, and covering the rest with, them in the best way we could. To aid us in preventing the gaoler discovering what we had been about, one of our party remained in bed when the doors were unlocked, and we curtained the window grating with a blanket, stating that our compatriote was very ill and that he could not bear the light. We had no dread of a doctor coming to visit him, for unless special application was made for medical attendance on the sick nobody seemed to care whether we lived or died. The day passed over without any suspicions arising from our preparations. The afternoon set in stormy, as the preced- ing evening had done, and in the course of the night of our escape we had a complete hurricane of rain and wind, which eventually greatly favoured us by clearing the streets of any stragglers who might be prowling about. No sooner were we locked in at night than we recom- menced our work at the wall, and were not long in making a hole sufficient to allow a man to creep through, which one of us did. He reported himself to be in an open yard, that it was raining very heavily, and that the night was affreuse ; we all then crept through. We found 36 -KECOLLECTIONS OF ourselves in a dark yard, with a house before us. We obtained a light in a shed on one side of the yard, and then looked about. We found a sort of cellar door by the side of a window. We tried to open it : to our surprise it yielded. Screening our light we proceeded into a passage, taking off our shoes and stockings first (some of us had none to take off, poor fellows !) so that we should make no noise. The house was quite still ; we scarcely dared to breathe. We went forward and entered a kitchen in which were the remains of a supper. We took possession of all that was eatable on the table. It was wonderful that nobody heard us, for one of us let fall a knife after cutting up a piece of beef into pieces, so that each man might have a share. Although there were people in the house no one heard us ; truly you Englishmen sleep well I Before us was a door — we opened it. It was only a closet. We next thought of the window, for we dared not climb up stairs to the principal entrance. We tried the shutters which we easily took down and. fortunately without noise, opened the window, through which one of us crept to reconnoitre. He was only absent about a minute or two, returning to tell us that not a soul was to be seen any- where ; that the wind was rushing up the main street from the sea, and that the rain was coming down in absolute torrents. Just as the neighbouring church clock struck two we were assembled under an archway together. We determined to disperse, and let every man take care of himself. Bidding my friends good bye I struck out into the street. At first I thought of going to the river, but suddenly decided to go inland. I therefore went straight on, passed the Exchange, and down a narrow street facing it (Dale-street) in which I knew mademoiselle dwelt. I thought of her, but had no hope of seeing her as I did not know the house wherein she resided, I OLD LIVERPOOL. 6t poshed on, therefore, until I came to the foot of a hill ; I thought I would turn to the left, but shutting my eyes with superstitious feelings I left myself to fate, and determined to go forward with my eyes closed until I had by chance selected one of the four cross roads [Old Hay- market. Townsend-lane (now Byrom- street). Dale-street,. and Shaw's-brow] which presented themselves for my choice. f; I soon found I was ascending a hill, and on opening my eyes I discovered that I was pursuing my route in an easterly direction. I passed up a narrow street with low dirty-looking houses on each side, and from the broken mugs and earthenware my feet encountered in the dark- ness. I felt sure I was passing through the outskirts of Liverpool — famous for its earthenware manufactures. During all this time I had not seen a living thing ; in fact it was scarcely possible for anything to withstand the storm that raged so vehemently. In this. however, rested my safety. I sped on, and soon mounting the hill paused by the side of a large windmill (Townsend mill) which stood at the top of London-road. Having gained breath I pushed forward, taking the road to the right hand which ran* before me (then called the road to Prescot). I began now to breathe freely and feel some hope in my endeavour to escape. My limbs, which, from long confinement in prison, were stiff at first, now felt elastic and nimble and I pushed on at a quick pace, the wind blowing at my back the whole time : still onward I went until I got into a country lane and had another steep hill to mount. The roads were very heavy. The sidewalk was badly kept, and the rain made it ankle- deep with mud. On surmounting the hill, which I afterwards learned was called Edge-hill, I still kept on to the right hand road, which was lined on both sides 38 RECOLLECTIONS OF with high, trees. I at length arrived at a little village (Wavertree) as a clock was striking three ; still not a soul was visible. I might have been passing through a world of the dead. After traversing this village I saw, on my left hand, a large pond, at which I drew some water in my cap. I was completely parched with my unusual exertions. Eesting under a large tree which proved some shelter, I ate up the bread and meat I had procured from the kitchen of the house through which we had escaped. Having rested about half-an-hour I again started forward. I now began to turn over in my mind what I should do. I felt that if I could get to Ireland I could find friends who would assist me. I knew a French priest in Dublin on whom I could rely for some aid. I at length hit upon a course of action which I determined to pursue. Through narrow lanes I went, still keeping to the right, and after walking for more than an hour I found myself in a quaint little village (Hale) in which there was a church then building. The houses were constructed principally of timber, lath, and piaster, and were -apparently of great antiquity. Onward still I went, the rain beating down heavily and the wind blowing. In about a quarter of an hour I gained a sight of the river or the sea, I know not which, but I still continued my road until I came up to a little cottage, the door of which opened just as I was passing it. An old woman came out and began to take down the shutters. Now, as I came along the road I had made up my mind to personate a deaf and dumb person, which would preclude the neces- sity of my speaking. I felt I could do this well and successfully. I determined to try the experiment upon this old lady. I walked quietly up to her, took the shut- ters out of her hands and laid them in their proper places. I then took a broom and began sweeping away the water OLD LIVERPOOL. 39 which had accumulated in front of her cottage, and seeing a kettle inside the door I walked gravely into the house, took it up, and filled it at a pump close by. The old woman was dumb -struck. Not a word did she say, but stood looking on with mute amazement, which was still more intensely exhibited when I went to the fire-place, raked out the cinders, took up some sticks and commenced making a fire. Not a word passed between us. It was with great difficulty I could keep my coun- tenance. We must have looked a curious couple. The woman standing staring at me, I sitting on a three- legged stool, with my elbows on my knees looking stead- fastly at her. At length she broke this unnatural silence. Speaking in her broad Lancashire dialect I could scarcely make her out. My own deficiency in not understanding much English increased my difficulty, but I understood her to ask " Who I was, and whither I was going." This she repeated until, having sufficiently excited her curiosity, I opened my mouth very wide, kept my tongue quite close so that it might seem as if I had none, and with my fingers to my ears made a gesture that I was deaf and -dumb. She then said, " Poor man, poor man," with great feeling and gave me a welcome. So I sat before the fire, and commenced drying my clothes, which were saturated during my walk. I suppose I must have fallen asleep, for the next thing I noticed was a substantial meal laid on the table, consisting of bread, cold bacon, and beer, pointing to the food the old woman motioned to me to partake, and this I was not loath to do. I made a hearty meal. I should tell you, before we sat down to the table I had pulled out my pockets to show her I had no money. "The woman made a sign that she did not want payment for her kindness. When we had finished our meal I looked about me, and seeing that several things wanted 40 RECOLLECTIONS OF putting to rights, such as emptying a bucket, getting in some coals, and cleaning down the front pavement of the house, I commenced working hard as some repayment for the hospitality I had received. We Frenchmen can turn our hands to almost anything, and my dexterity quite pleased the old lady. While I was busily sweeping the hearth, I heard the sound of a horse's feet coming swiftly onward. Terror-struck, I did a foolish thing. Fancying it must be some one in pursuit of me, I dropped the little broom I was using, seized my cap from one of the chairs, opened the back door of the cottage, and fled along the garden walk, over- leaped a hedge, crossed a brook, and was off like a hunted hare across the open fields. This was a silly proceeding, because if the horseman had been any one in pursuit, the chances were that, should he have entered the cottage, I might not have . been recognized ; and if I had simply hid myself in some of the out- buildings that were near I might have escaped notice altogether, while by running across the fields I exposed myself to observation, and to be taken. When half over a field I found there a small clump of trees, and a little pond. Down the side of this pond I slipped and hid myself amongst the rushes ; but I need not have given myself any anxiety or trouble, for I saw the horseman, whatever might have been his errand, flying along the winding road in the distance. Having satisfied myself of my security, I started off and soon found myself on the highroad again, and after a time I came near a fine old mansion which presented a most venerable appearance. I could not stop, however, to look at it, for I found I had taken a wrong turn and was going back to Liverpool. I therefore retraced my steps and passed on, going I know not whither. After walk- ing for about an hour in a southerly direction, feeling OLD LIVERPOOL. -41 tired and seeing a bam open I went to it and found two men therein threshing wheat. I made signs to them that I was deaf and dumb, and asked leave to lie in the straw. They stared at me very much, whispered amongst them- selves, and at length, made a sign of assent. I fell asleep. When I awoke the sun was up and bright, while all trace of the night-storm had disappeared. I wondered at first where I was. Seeing the fresh straw lying about, an idea struck me that I could earn a few pence by a little handi- work. I thereupon commenced making some straw baskets, the like of which you have often seen myself and fellow-prisoners manufacture. By the time I had com- pleted two or three the men came again into the barn and began to work with their flails. I stepped forward with my baskets, which seemed to surprise them. The like they had evidently never seen before — they examined them with the greatest attention. One of the men, pulling some copper money out of his pocket, offered it for one of them. Grateful for the shelter I had received, I pushed back the man's hand which contained the money and offered him the basket as a present, pointing to my bed of straw. The honest fellow would not accept it, saying I must have his money. I therefore sold him one of the baskets, and another was also purchased by one of the other men. They seemed astonishingly pleased with their bargains. Just as they had concluded their dealings with me a big man came into the barn, who I found out was the master. The men showed him the baskets and pointed to me, telling the farmer that I was a u dumby and deafy." The big farmer hereupon bawled in my ear the question, "who was I, and where had I come from ? M I put on a perfectly stolid look although the drum of my ears was almost split by his roaring. The farmer had a soft heart, however, in his big and burlv frame. Leaving 42 RECOLLECTIONS OF the barn, he beckoned me to follow him. This I did. He went into the farm-house, and calling his wife, bade her get dinner ready. A capital piece of beef, bread, and boiled greens or cabbages were soon on the table, to which I sat down with the farmer and his wife. Their daughter, soon after we had commenced eating, came in. Her attention was immediately attracted by my remaining basket, which I had placed by them. I got up from the table and presented it to her. Her father then told her of my supposed infirmities. I could scarcely help laughing while I heard them canvass my personal appearance, my merits and demerits. Pity, however, seemed to be the predominant feeling. When the dinner was over, I hap- pened to look up at an old clock and saw that it had stopped. I went up to it, and took it from the nail. I saw it wanted but very little to make it go again. I therefore quietly, but without taking notice of my com- panions, set to work to take off the face and do the needful repairs. A pair of pincers on the window-ledge and some iron wire, in fact, an old skewer, were all the tools neces- sary ; and very soon, to the satisfaction of my host, his wife, and his fair daughter, the clock was set going as well as it ever had done. The farmer slapped me on the back and gave me great encouragement. I then cast my eyes about to see what I could do next. I mended a chair, repaired a china image, cleaned an old picture, and taking a lock from a door, repaired it, altering the key,. so that it became useful. In fact, I so busied myself, and with such earnestness that by night-time I had done the farmer a good pound's worth of repairing. I then had my supper, and was made to understand I might sleep in the barn, if I liked. On the next morning the farmer's daughter found me very busy in the yard with the pigs, which I was feeding : in fact, the whole of that day I OLD LIVERPOOL. 43 worked hard, because I thought if I could remain where I was until the wonder of our escapade was over, I might eventually get away altogether from England by some unforeseen piece of good fortune. For some time I worked at this farm, for, as if by mutual consent of the farmer and myself, I remained, getting only my food for my work; however, at the end of each week the farmer's wife gave 2ne quietly some money. I made several little fancy articles for Mademoiselle which she seemed highly to prize ; but it was through her that I left my snug quarters. The principal labourer on the farm was courting, on the sly, this young woman, and I noticed he became sulky with me, as Miss Mary on several occasions selected me to perform some little service for her. From an ex- pression I heard him make use of to one of the other men I felt sure he was about to do me some act of treachery and unkindness, and, as I was no match for the great Hercules he seemed to be, I thought it best to leave the place, as any disturbance might draw down attention upon me too closely. I therefore put up my spare clothes, some of which had been given to me by the farmer's wife — a kindly, Christian woman she was — and hiding my little store of money securely in my breeches' waist- band, very early one fine morning I set off with a heart, by no means light, from the place where I had been so well-treated, not knowing where on earth to go or what next to do. Before I went, however, to show I was grateful for their kindness, I made up a little parcel which I addressed to the farmer's wife, in which I put a tobacco- box for Mr. John Bull, a bodkin-case for herself, and a little ring for Miss Mary, all of which I had made in my leisure time. I dare say they were sorry to part with me. I am sure Miss Mary was, for I fancied she suspected I was not what I seemed, and had begun to take an evident 44 RECOLLECTIONS OF liking to me. I had taught her some French modes of cooking, which excited surprise, as well as gratification to their palates, and I taught her also two or three little ways of making fancy articles that pleased her exceed- ingly. It was through her manifesting a preference for me that, as I have told you, Monsieur le Capitaine, I felt obliged to absent myself from her father's employ- ment. It was most difficult at first to restrain myself from talking. But I soon got over that, for when I was about to speak I made an uncertain sort of noise, which turned off suspicion. That the head labourer had some doubt about me, I verily believe. I thought at first I would try to get to London, but the roads thereto, I learnt, were so bad and travelling so insecure, even for the poorest, that I considered it best to remain in this neighbourhood, as I wanted to see Madamoiselle P once more, and settle with her uncle for the money of mine in his hands. I thought if I could only communicate with him he would befriend me, so I went on my way. " I travelled all that day until I got into a place called Warrington, by the side of a river. It is a town full of old quaint houses built of timber and plaster. I was very tired when I arrived there at nightfall, but obtained shelter in an old house near the bridge, and as I had the money my mistress gave me I bought some food at a little shop ; a Frenchman does riot want very heavy meals, so that I did pretty well. The next day I went to a baker's and got some more bread. I interested the baker's wife, and when she found I was deaf and dumb, she not only would not take money for her bread, but also gave me some meat and potatoes. It seemed she- had a relation affected as I was supposed to be. I then went out to a farm-yard, and having begged some straw I turned go my never-failing fountain of help — basket OLD LIVERPOOL. 45 making. I made a number of baskets and other little things, all of which on taking into the town I sold readily. I begged some more straw of a man at a stable, and set to work again. I sold off my baskets and fancy articles much quicker than I could make them. I soon got so well known that I excited some attention : but one day being at a public tavern, where I had gone to deliver a basket ordered, the word ' Liverpool' fell upon my ears and caused me to tremble. Near me sat two men who looked like drovers. They were talking about Liverpool affairs : one of them told the other that there had been lately a great fire near the dock, where a quantity of provisions had been burnt, and much property destroyed besides. They then spoke of the escape of my companions and myself, and for the first time heard of their fate, and how, one by one, they had been recaptured or willingly returned. I then heard of their trials and the miseries they had encountered. The drovers also spoke of one prisoner who had disappeared and got away completely, but that there was a hot search after him, as he, it was supposed, was the ringleader in the late outbreak, and that it was planned and carried out by him. I felt that they alluded to myself, and that this place would grow too warm for me, as I knew that I was already an object of public remark, owing to my supposed infirmities and the extraordinary dexterity of my fingers. It will be recol- lected that I bought some bread at a little shop near the market-place. Passing there the day after I arrived, I saw a bill in the window bearing the words " lodgings to let:' I, therefore, by signs made the woman of the shop comprehend that I wanted such accommodation. I took the bill out of the window, pointed to the words, and then to myself ; then I laid my hand on my head as if in the attitude of sleep. The good woman quite comprehended 46 RECOLLECTIONS OF me, and nodding her head to my dumb proposition led the way np a small flight of stairs, and at once installed me in the vacant room. It was small and poorly furnished, but very clean. I soon made myself at home : and never wanted anything doing for me, so that the widow's intercourse with me was very limited. I knew I could not write without betraying my foreign origin, so the way I did first was to get a book and pick out words signifying what I wanted, and from these words the good woman made out a sentence. I wanted so little that we had no difficulty in making out a dialogue. After hearing the talk of the drivers I determined to leave the town without delay, for my fears of recapture quite unmanned me, making me needlessly dread any intercourse with strangers. Having thus resolved to leave Warrington I bade goodbye to my kind landlady, giving her a trifle over her demand, and then shaped my way to the north- ward. I went to several towns, large and small, and stayed in Manchester a week, where I sold what I made very readily. My supposed infirmities excited general commiseration everywhere, and numerous little acts of kindness did I receive. I wandered about the neighbour- ing towns in the vicinity for a long time, being loth to leave it for several reasons ; in fact I quite established a connection amongst the farmers and gentry, who employed me in fabricating little articles of fancy work and repair- ing all sorts of things most diverse in their natures and uses. At one farm-house I mended a tea-pot and a plough- share, and at a gentleman's house, near St. Helen's, repaired a cart, and almost re-built a boat, which was used on his fish-pond. I turned my hand to any and everything. I do not say I did everything well, but I did it satisfac- torily to those who employed me. I now began to be troubled about my money which was accumulating, being OLD LIVERPOOL. 47 obliged to carry it about with me, as I feared being pillaged of it. I therefore resolved on coming back to Liverpool and finding out Monsieur P at all hazards s trusting to chance that I should not be recognised. "Who could do so ? Who would know me in the town save the Tower gaolers who would scarcely be out at night ; even they would not recollect me in the dark streets of the town ? When this resolve came upon me I was at a place called Upholland where I had been living three or four days, repairing some weaver's looms — for there are a good many weavers in that little town. I had nearly finished the work I had undertaken, and was intending to come to Liverpool direct at the end of the following week, when my design was frustrated by a curious and most unexpected circumstance. About three miles from Upholland there is a very high hill called Ashurst. On the top of this is a beacon tower which looks at a distance like a church- steeple rising over the top of the hill, just as if the body of the church were on^the other side of the crest. This beacon is intended to communicate alarm to the neighbour- ing country in war time, it being one of a line of beacons to and from different places. I had once or twice walked to this high place to enjoy the fine prospect. On Sunday last I had gone there and extended my walk down the hill to a place where the road, after passing a pretty old entrance-gateway, moat, and old hall, dips very prettily down to a bridge over a small stream. This bridge (Cobb's Brow Bridge) is covered with ivy, and is very picturesque. Just before the road rather abruptly descends there are, on the right hand side of it, a number of remark- ably old and noble oak trees, quite giants. Some are hollowed out, and one is so large that it will accommodate several persons. This tree has been used by what you call gipsies — and shows that fire has been made in it. 48 RECOLLECTIONS OF " Well, on Sunday, in the afternoon, I was sitting under one of these fine old trees, when I saw a cavalcade coming down the road, consisting of two ladies and a gentleman mounted on fine horses, and attended by two serving-men or grooms. When the party had arrived opposite the trees they stopped to examine them, when one of the ladies, struck with the wonderful size of the largest tree, expressed her admiration of it in very purely-pronounced French. I was so surprised that I became completely unnerved, was thrown off my guard, and, in the excite- ment of the moment, at hearing my native tongue so beautifully pronounced, sprang up, and rushing forward echoed in my own tongue the lady's commendation of those grand old trees. I immediately found out my error, for, to my grief, the other young lady, whom I at once recognized, exclaimed — "Why this is the dumb man who was at the Hall the other day repairing the broken glass vases ! " I at first denied that such was the case, but on the grooms coming up they both netdentified me. In fact, I knew both from having applied to the younger of the two, only a few days previously, to obtain for me employ- ment in the house of his master, in any way my services could be made available. Thus I had, through him obtained permission to repair the vases which had been much injured, and which I had most successfully put in order. The gentleman then asked me who I was, called me an impostor, and ordered his servants to seize me. This they did, when I at once admitted who I was and where I came from. The gentleman, although entreated most earnestly by the ladies to allow me to go away, would not consent to his servants releasing me, but ordered them to take me to Ormschurch (Ormskirk), about five miles distant, and have me put into the little prison there, which you call the cage. The ladies, with OLD LIVERPOOL. 4£ tears in their eyes, on seeing me thus seized by the servant- men, bade them not use me roughly, and one of them slipped a gold piece into my hand, bidding me in French to be of good cheer, for there was a talk of immediate peace, when I should be released. The gentleman rode away calling the young ladies to follow him without delay, bidding, at the same time, the servants to see that I was delivered over to the proper authorities at Orms- church, so that I might be transmitted to Liverpool. As soon as the master and the ladies were out of sight, one of the men, who rode a stout horse, bade me get up behind him. which I did, and in about an hour we arrived in the town. It was full of people in their Sunday clothes. My appearance attracted some notice, I was pitied by some, execrated by others, and followed by crowds of boys. After waiting in the street some time I was taken before a stout, growling old gentleman, who ordered me to be locked up until the next morning, and and to have meat and drink given me. I was then to be taken to Liverpool and delivered over to my gaoler again. In accordance with this order I was put into a small square room, on the floor of which was a quantity of straw. There were benches fixed in the walls. There was no fire-place and it was sadly uncomfortable. How- ever, soon after I was locked up, I received a good supply of bread, meat, and beer ; and, as the straw was tolerably fresh and clean, I did not fare so badly. I therefore lay down, covered myself up with the straw, and was soon fast asleep. I awoke once, but as everything was dark,. I composed myself to sleep again and did not awake until morning. About six o'clock, as I knew by the church-clock hard by, I was aroused and told to be ready to start for Liverpool, whereupon I presented myself at the door, andfound an open cart in waiting. Into this I 50 KECOLLECTIOXS OF was put, and, after a tiresome journey over some of the worst roads I had ever seen in my life, I arrived here last night, having enjoyed a three months' holiday to my great satisfaction. Here, then, I am, waiting for death or peace to release me. I shall now finish your box if you are not too offended with me for neglecting your com- mission so long. I may tell you that Madamoiselle P was here this morning ; tears were in her lovely eyes, and she seemed very glad to see me back, at which I somewhat wondered, especially if she esteemed me. I should have thought she would rather have relished my escaping altogether, than being again caught." Here ends Durand' s narrative. My father appends a note to the effect that, through the intervention of Sir Edward Cunliffe, one of the members for Liverpool, Durand was released from the Tower, and went to reside with Mr. P , in Dale-street. At the date of Sep- tember following there is a memorandum to the effect that M. Durand and Miss P had become man and wife, so that, as my father quaintly adds, lie supposes M. Durand had by that time found out why it was that old P 's niece was so glad to see him again in prison. The House of Correction stood at the back of the present Fever Hospital, the entrance being in Mount Pleasant. It w r as in Mr. Howard's time a most miserably managed place. In 1790 it was a vile hole of iniquity. There was a whipping- post, for instance, in the yard, at which females OLD LIVERPOOL. 51 were weekly in the receipt of punishment. There was also "a cuekstool," or clucking tub, where refractory prisoners were brought to their senses, and in which persons on their first admission into the gaol were ducked, if they refused or could not pay *•' a garnish." This barbarous mode of punish- ment was common in Lancashire, and Cheshire. This prison was in the course of the following years much improved, as it was found by Mr. Neild very clean and orderly through the exertions of Mrs. Widdows, the keeper. Mrs. Widdow's salary was £63 per annum. She had resolutely put down the cuckstool. and the whipping-post was becoming in a complete state of desuetude. A pump in the men's yard was used as a place of occasional punishment for the stubborn and refrac- tory. The prisoners were without any instruction, secular or religious. No chaplain attended. The allowance to each prisoner was a two-penny loaf, two pounds of potatoes, and salt daily. I believe, from all I could learn, that the Liverpool prisons, bad as they undoubtedly were at the close of the last and the begining of the present century, were in better condition than others elsewhere. 52 RECOLLECTIONS OF CHAPTER III. One of my great-grandsons — a fine young fellow fellow, lias joined the Volunteers : and seems deter- mined to work his way to a commission. I cannot help smiling when I see him in his uniform, for he reminds me of my young days, when I was a full private in Pudsey Dawson's Liverpool Volunteers. I don't think the volun- teers of this day are so smart-looking as they were of olden time, when they wore blue coats, white breeches, gaiters and pig-tails, and used pipe-clay in abundance. When we were reviewed on Moss- Lake Fields we made a gallant show. There are fine young fellows now, but somehow the dark rifle-dress looks sombre and dull. Pudsey Dawson's regiment consisted of eight companies of infantry, and mustered 1200 strong. The mettle of the Liverpool men was shown in 1797, for some time about the end of February or OLD LIVERPOOL. 58 the beginning of March, in that year the whole town was put into the utmost fright, confusion and excitement. Two French frigates having landed in Cardigan Bay upwards of 2,000 men, it was reported in Liverpool (the report being traced to the master of a little Welsh coasting smack, who had come from Cardigan) that the French were marching on to Liverpool to burn, sack and plunder it, in revenge for the frigates which had been launched from her yards, and the immense losses sustained by the French mercantile marine through the privateers that hailed from this port. Owing to the low state of education then prevalent amongst the lower — and, indeed, in the middle classes — very few knew where Cardigan Bay was situated ; and I very much question whether, if a map of Europe, or of England and Wales, had been shown, nine people out of ten could, without much difficulty, have pointed out the place. But that the French had landed in Cardigan Bay was a known fact ; and it was firmly believed that they were on their way to Liverpool, destroy- ing every thing on their march. It was fully believed also that the privateers which swarmed out of our docks were the cause of this exhibition of ill-feeling towards us. It may be fairly stated that the enormous sums obtained by captures from the enemy by Liverpool privateers proved the main foundation-stone of the present great 54 RECOLLECTIONS OF prosperity of the port. I must say I was and am proud of my fellow townsmen's spirit in '97, and their show of pluck. No sooner was the report current that the French might be expected, than meetings took place at which his Worship the Mayor and the authorities generally exhibited the most lively feeling towards supporting their fellow citizens in their intention of defending the port, their homes, and hearths, from the ruthless invaders. Men, money, and arms, came forth freely, and even boys — mere lads — urgently begged to be allowed to join the ranks of England's bold defenders. But I must not conceal the fact that, in many cases, great cowardice was exhibited ; as, when the report got current and the cry was rife that Ci the French were coming" — a cry that used to frighten naughty children to the verge of terror — numbers of the inhabitants became panic-struck, and actually packed up their furniture and valu- ables, and commenced a hasty exodus believing that they would be safer inland than by the sea- board. I saw cartload after cartload of goods, toiling up Prescot-road, Brownlow-hill, Mount Pleasant, Oldhall-street, and Preston-road, accom- panied by weeping and terrified women and children, with the deepest anxiety exhibited on their countenances. The outskirt roads were like a fair. It will scarcely be believed that the price of cartage rose so high while the panic lasted, OLD LIVERPOOL. 05 that fabulous sums were asked and obtained for transporting goods out of town. It at length became impossible to obtain a vehicle of any description. Hundreds of persons might be seen camping along the high roads at some distance from the town, anxiously awaiting the expected sound of cannon, the clash of arms, and the cry of contending men. I laugh at this now — but it was no laughing matter then. I recollect one day passing down Dale-street (then a narrow, incon- venient thoroughfare) to muster, when the Warrington and Manchester coach was about to start : numbers of frightened people besieged it and attempted to turn out and off those who had obtained possession of its lumbering inside and its miserable basket behind. In it I remember was seated a tremendous man, a town councillor, who fairly roared and cried like a child because the driver would not hasten his departure — the cry of -'•' the French" annihilated him, and I had half a mind to let off my fire-lock and see what the result would have been. We were not much addicted to punctuality in those good old times ; so that half an hour's delay in the starting of a coach was held as nothing very important — the delay however seemed a year to the worthy magnate. In the town the utmost excitement prevailed. At the Pier Heads, at the Fort, and in St. ^ 5 O KEC0LLECT10NS OF Nicholas's churchyard (in the lower part of which there was a batteiy of six guns) might have been seen hundreds of stalwart fellows strengthenings the fortifications ; men in and out of uniform were marching through the town with drum and fife, some armed and some unarmed, coming and going from or to the rendezvous. The jolly sailors in the port mustered strong, and hearty were their demonstrations of enthusiasm. The shops were shut in many of the streets, while barricades were prepared at the street ends leading out of town, ready to be put up at any moment. Information was then so slow in its journeyings that falsehood became as strong-looking as truth, and it was easy to keep up a ferment for some time. Any atom of news became a mountain, until the fresh air of truth melted it away. We were there- fore kept for days in a state of great excitement, and it certainly was some time before our warlike spirit subsided, and I must say that although we were somewhat laughed at for our extra- ordinary haste in coming to the conclusions we did, we had nothing to be ashamed of. We Liverpool men showed our pluck on that and many other occasions during the French war. I fear we were a little too much alive. We had too much pugnacity about us if anything. I recollect some poor simple looking French fishermen in that year put into Liverpool, in order to sell some OLD LIVERPOOL. 57 osyters, when it was all once taken for granted that they were spies, sent to ascertain what we were doing. The mayor at a meeting held to consider the state of the harbour-defences, actually alluded to these poor fishermen as having in their possession the soundings and hearings of the harbour and river-entrance. I, for one, did not believe in their being spies, never having seen such a lot of harmless, stupid-looking men. About this period the press-gang was very actively engaged in taking men for the navy. These gangs were made up of the very worst and most violent men in the service. They were by no means particular whom they took : to them a man was a man, and that was a sufficient reason for securing him. Cases of horrible cruelty and great hardship frequently occurred to individuals. Men w T ere constantly torn from their homes, wives, and families, without a moment's warning. They disappeared and were not heard of for years, or perhaps not at all. There was a man I knew who was seized in Pool-lane and hurried off to the tender, and was not heard of for four years, when he returned suddenly as his wife was about to be married for the third time since his departure. His arrival, with a good store of pay and prize-money, was ample compensation for the loss of the new husband. Terrible rows took place between the press-gangs and the sailor-men 58 RECOLLECTIONS OF —the latter resisted to the very death any attempt to capture them. Blood was frequently shed, and loss of life was not uncommon. I recollect one murderous business with which I should have been mixed up if I had not made my escape by running into a house in Atherton-street. The men used to get across the water to Cheshire to hide until their ships were ready to sail. Near Egremont, on the shore, there used to be a little low public-house, known as " Mother Kedcap's," from the fact of the owner always wear- ing a red hood or cap. This public-house is still standing. I have often been in it. At that time there were no inner walls to divide the room on the upper floor ; but only a few screens put up of about seven or eight feet in height to form apartments. The roof was not latted or plastered. When I last saw it, some twenty-five years or more ago, the joists and timbers were all open to view. Mother Kedcap was a great favourite with the sailor-men and had their entire confidence. She had hiding-places for any number, and the men used, on returning from their voyages, to deposit with her their pay and prize-money, until they wanted it. It was known, or at least, very commonlys believed, that Mother Eedcap had in her possession enormous (for her) sums of money, hidden or put away somewhere ; but where that somewhere was, it was never known ; for, at her OLD LIVERPOOL. O'J death, very little property was found in her possession, although only a few days before she was taken ill and died, a rich prize was brought into Liverpool which yielded every sailor on board at least a thousand pounds. Mother Redcap's was swarming with sailors belonging to the privateer, directly after the vessel had come into port, and it was known that the old lady had received a good deal of the prize-money on their account, yet none of it was ever discovered. It is a very remarkable circumstance that some few years ago, I think about ten or twelve, but I forget exactly when, a quantity of money in spade- ace guineas was found in a cavity by the shore, not far from Mother Eedcap's. It has always been a firm belief with me that some day a rich harvest will be in store for somebody — a case of treasure trove like that which some years ago was known as " the Cuerdly Find." Mother Redcap's was the resort of many a rough, hard-hunted fellow, and many a strange story has been told, and scene enacted, under the old roof. The passage of the river then and at the begin- ning of the last century, until steam-boats were introduced, was a complete and serious voyage, which few undertook. The boatmen used to run their boats at one time on the beach opposite the end of Water-street and ply for hire. After the piers were ran out they hooked on at the steps 60 RECOLLECTIONS OF calling aloud, " Woodside, ahoy !" " Seaconibe, ahoy !" and so on. It is a fact that thousands of Liverpool people at that time never were in Cheshire in their lives. We used to cross in open or half-decked boats, and sometimes we have been almost as many hours in crossing as we are now minutes. I recollect once wanting to go to Woodside on a stormy day, to see a man who lived in a small house between the Ferry-house and Wallasea Pool, and which, by the way, was the only house then standing thereabout. The tide was running very strong and the wind blow- ing hard, and, after nearly four hours hard work, we managed to land near the Bock Perch, thankful for our lives being spared. The Kock Perch was a pole with a sort of beacon or basket at the top of it, implanted in the rocks on which the lighthouse now stands. There were no houses then anywhere about what is now called New Brighton. The country was sandy and barren, and the only trees that existed grew close to the mouth of the river near the shore. There was scarcely a house between the Bock and Wallasea. Wirrall at that time and the middle of the last century was a desperate region. The inhabitants were nearly all wreckers or smugglers — they ostensibly carried on the trade and calling of fishermen, farm-labourers, and small farmers ; but thev were deenlv saturated with the sin of covet- m OLD LIVERPOOL. 61 l ousness, and many a fierce fire has been lighted on the Wirrall shore on stormy nights to lure the good ship on the Burbo or Hoyle Banks, there to beat, and strain, and throb, until her timbers parted, and her planks were floating in confusion on the stormy waves. Fine times, then, for the Cheshire men. On stormy days and nights, crowds might have been seen hurrying to the shore with carts, barrows, horses, asses, and oxen even, which were made to draw timber, bales, boxes, or anything that the raging waters might have cast up. Many a half- drowned sailor has had a knock on the sconce whilst trying to obtain a footing, that has sent him reeling back into the seething water, and many a house has been suddenly replenished with eatables and drinkables, and furniture and garniture, where previously bare walls and wretched accommoda- tion only were visible. Then for smuggling — fine times the runners used to have in my young days. Scarcely a house in north Wirral that could not provide a guest with a good stiff glass of brandy or Hollands. The fishermen used to pretend to cast their nets to take the fish that then abounded on our coasts, but their fishing was of a far different sort. Forniby, on this side, was a great place for smugglers and smuggling. I don't think they wrecked as the Cheshire people did — these latter were very fiends. The 62 BECOLLECTIONS OF Formby fishermen were pretty honest and hard- working, and could always make a good living by their calling, so that the smuggling they did was nothing to be compared to their Cheshire compa- triots. Strings upon strings of ponies have I seen coming along the road from Formby, laden with the finny spoil. The ponies had panniers slung over their backs, while sometimes the fisherman's wife or child, if the horse could bear the double burden, was seated between them. These were called " Formby Trotters." There were good fish caught in the river at that time ; and I have heard say that herrings used to be taken in great profusion in our vicinity until the people fought at the Fish Stones by St. Nicholas's Church wall, and blood was shed on the occasion. Many a fisherman steadfastly believed that the herrings then left the coast, and never returned in conse- quence. Wallasea was certainly, at one period, a great place for the curing of herrings, as can be proved by tradition as well as written history. How well I recollect the Woodside Ferry when I was a boy. There was a long causeway at it, which ran into the river, formed of logs of wood and large boulder stones. Up this causeway you walked until you came to. the overhanging shore which on the left hand w T as cut away to admit the causeway continuing up into the land. There OLD LIVERPOOL. 63 was a small thicket of trees on the rock-top and a patch of garden which belonged to the ferry- man. The only house visible was a farm-house which stood on the spot where the(Gough's) Wood- side Hotel may now r be found. It had a garden enclosed by a hedge round it. The road to Bidston w T as a rough, rutted way, and the land was for the most part marshy between Woodside and Bidston, and the country looked very deso- late, wild, and rugged. There were some pretty walks over the fields. There was one from Holt Hill to Oxton which I was very fond of. When the weather was fine I have had many and many a pleasant ramble over land where now houses show themselves in hundreds, nay, thou- sands, and where I have gone bird-nesting, and picking wild flowers, and mushrooming in their season. Lord! what changes I have seen and yet live to see ; and I am very thankful for His mercies, which have been manifold and abundant. Wallasea Pool was a glorious piece of water once, and many a good fish I have taken out of it in the upper waters The view of Birkenhead Priory was at one time very picturesque, before they built the church near it and the houses round it. I recollect when there was not a dwelling near it. It seemed to stand out well in the landscape, and certainly looked very pretty. It was a great shame that persons should have been permitted 64 RECOLLECTIONS OF to carry away tlie stones for building or any other purpose. Had not a stop at last been put to this sort of work there would not in time have been a vestige of the old Abbey left. I recollect that there was a belief that a tunnel or subterra- neous passage ran under the Mersey to Liverpool from the Priory, and that the entrance in 1818, when the church was built, had been found and a good way traversed. That passage was commonly spoken of as being in existence when I was a boy, and I often vowed I would try to iind it. I have been up the tunnels or caves at the Eed and White Noses many a time for great distances. I was once fishing for codling at the Perch, and with two young companions went up the caves for at least a mile, and could have gone further only w r e became frightened as our lights went out. It was thought these caves ran up to Ghester Cathedral — but that was all stuff. I believe they were excavated by smugglers in part, and partly natural cavities of the earth. We knew little then of archaeology or geology, or any other " ology," or I might be able to tell a good deal about these eaves, for I saw them more than once, but I now forget what their size and height was. The floor, I recollect, was very uneven and strewed about with big stones, while the roof was arched over in the red sand-stone. The encroachment of the sea upon the Wirral shore has been very gradual, OLD LIVERPOOL. 55 but regular, for many years. Within the memory of man the sea has made an inroad of nearly, if not quite, a mile from its former high- water mark. It was not until the erection of the Wallasey embankment that a stop was put to its ravages. When I stand on the Pier-head, or take my daily walk on the Landing-Stage, I often pause and revolve in my mind the wonderful changes that have taken place in my time in this native town of mine. The other day, soon after the completion of the large Landing-Stage, I sat down and thought would any man then making use of the old baths, swimming inside the palisade, have not considered me, some eighty years ago, a mad fool to have predicted that before I died I should sit on a long floating stage two or three hundred yards from where we were swimming, that would be about a quarter of a mile in length, and that between it and the shore there would be most wonderful docks built, in which the ships of all nations would display their colours, and discharge their precious freights? As I sat there the other day, I thought of the one bath and the old houses by the river's brink, and the Bath-street, along which came, in the summer-time, such strings of country "dowkers." Beyond the baths there were no houses, all was open shore consisting of boulder stones, sand, and pools, such as may be seen on any sea-beach. There was hot as well as cold water 66 BECOLLECTIONS OF bathing in the baths, and a palisade ran out into the river, within which, at high-water, persons could swim, as in a plunge-bath. These baths were erected originally by Mr. Wright, who sold them to the corporation in 1774, by which body they were enlarged and greatly improved. I recollect the bath-woman sold a sort of parlia- ment cake, covered over with coloured sugar plums, and also some sweet things which in appearance resembled slugs. I never see these carraway-cakes and confections in the low shops in which they are now only sold, without thinking of the fat old bath-woman, who was a terror to me and others of my size and age. In 1816 these baths were discontinued and pulled down on the opening of George's Pier-head baths. For a mile or more there was good bathing on the shore. The bathing machines were introduced about the end of the last century. The keeper of the " Wishing Gate-house " had several, and an old man who lived in a low hut near the mill (the remains of which still stand in the Waterloo-road) had two or three, and made money by them. At that time Bootle and Bootle Marshes were wild places, the roads execrable, and as for frogs (Bootle organs), the noise they made at night was wonderful. I recollect all the docks and streets from Bath- street downwards being sand-hills and salt-marshes. New Quay, of which Bath-street was a continu- OLD LIVERPOOL. 67 ation, was a sort of haven, into which small vessels, at certain times of the tide, ran to discharge their cargoes. On the tide receding the vessels were left high and dry upon the hank. Bathers used to he seen in any numher on the shore. Decency was so frequently out- raged that the authorities were at last compelled to take steps to redress the grievance. Not far from the baths was once a pleasant public walk of which I have often heard my father and mother speak. It was called the ''Ladies' Walk/' and extended from the site of the present Canal bridge by Old Hall-street, down to the river. It was a sort of a terraced gravel walk, having four rows of fine Lombardy poplars, and seats underneath. On fine evenings all the gay and fashionable world of Liverpool used to take the air and show off their hoops and high heels, and the gentlemen their brocaded silk coats, and three-cornered hats. The sword was* often drawn by the gallants for some fancied affront, and occasionally a little blood was spilt, a matter of no moment in those days. t was the grief when it was announced that the Leeds and Liverpool Canal Company had resolved on the destruction of the Ladies' Walk. There was another Ladies' Walk in Duke-street, which extended from opposite the present York- street (then called Great George-street) to Berry- et. This was afterwards converted into a 68 KECOLLECTIONS OF ropery and succeeded by Parr-street. By the way, Duke-street, which occupies a portion of its site, has been famous for notable persons residing in it. In the third house from Colquitt-street Felicia Hemans was born, and she wrote some of her early poetry there. In the yard of the next house was once a tree, the last remnant of the Ladies' Walk, which had two rows of trees down the sides and centre as in the other Ladies' Walk previously mentioned. Mrs. Hemans apostro- phizes this tree in one of her early poems. I recollect her very well, for she was intimate with my friends, the Nicholsons, who lived at the top of Richmond-row some forty years ago. Miss Browne received much advice and encouragement from Mr. Nicholson, and she was a most pleas- ing person. As Mrs. Hemans, her life was not "happy. She resided at one time at Wavertree, in one of those cottages on the left hand side of the road just beyond Orford-street. The present "Loggerheads Tavern Revived" was Mr. Nichol- son's house. It was a public-house, called " The Loggerheads" before he converted it into a private dwelling. Where Soho-street now begins there was a dyer's pond and yard; over it was a fine weeping-willow. In Duke-street also lodged at one time Thomas Campbell, the poet. He occu- pied part of the house now converted into a cabinet- maker's shop by Messrs. Abbot. I visited Mr. OLD LIVERPOOL. 69 Campbell several times when lie was preparing ..- The Pleasures of Hope" for publication. He was a very handsome young man, with a fine face and bright eyes. Mr. John Howard lodged in Duke- street in the house directly facing Cornwallis- street, then newly built. At this time his " Eeport on Prisons" was passing through the Warrington Press : and he used to journey backwards and forwards to correct the proofs. The Kev. Gilbert Wakefield lodged in Duke-street, near the bottom, when he was first appointed curate to St. Paul's church, then just erected. Dr. Henderson was the first incumbent of that church. Strangely enough, he seceded from the Dissenting body, while Mr. Wakefield joined it from. the Church. Curious stones were told of Dr. Henderson's ministration. Mr. Wakefield complained bitterly of the unkindness and inhospitality of the Liver- pool clergy. He said he never was invited but by one brother clergyman to visit him during his stay in Liverpool. In 1^1^, Bellingham, who shot Mr. Percival in the House of Commons, on the 11th of May, also lived in Duke-street, about the sixth house above Slater-street. His wife was a dressmaker and milliner. She was a very nice person, and after P>ellingham's execution the ladies of Liverpool raised a subscription for, and greatly patronized her. Bellingham was born at St. Xeot's, in 70 RECOLLECTIONS OF Huntingdonshire, about 1771. His father was a land- surveyor and miniature-painter. Becoming insane, he was for some time confined in St. Luke's Hospital, London ; but being found incurable he was taken home, where he died soon afterwards. Bellingham, at the age of fourteen, was appren- ticed to a jeweller in Whitechapel, named Love, from whom, after giving much trouble and annoyance, he ran aw r ay. In 1786 his mother's sister's husband, a Mr. Daw r , yielding to the solicitations of his wife and Mrs. Bellingham, fitted the young man out for India, whither he sailed in the ship Hartwell, in the Company's service. This vessel was wrecked off one of the Cape de Verd Islands, and young Bellingham managed to get home again, penniless — having lost every- thing he possessed. Still influenced by his female relatives, Mr. Daw next took a shop in the tinware trade for Bellingham. This shop was in Oxford-street ; but a fire occurring in it, Belling- ham asserted that he had a large number of bank-notes destroyed. It was suspected he was -cognizant of the origin of this fire ; but nothing €Ould be proved against him. In 1794 he became bankrupt ; but his creditors were so disgusted with the -statement of his affairs, that they would not grant him his certificate, and he never ■obtained it. We next find him obtaining employ- ment in a merchant's counting-house ; and after OLD LIVPJJRPOOL. 71 being with them some time he was sent out by them to Archangel. He remained there about three years, and then entered into partnership with a firm there. He then came to Hull where he entered into contracts for the delivery of £12,000 worth of timber, but only £4,000 worth was ever delivered upon the bills drawn, accepted, and paid. Upon this transaction Bellingham was arrested and imprisoned in Hull, where he remained seven months. On his release he went back to Archangel, where he had no sooner arrived than he was again throw r n into prison. He appealed vehemently against this arrest to the English Consul, and also to the British Ambas- sador at St. Petersburg, Lord Levison Gower ; but they both declined interfering, as they considered his arrest legal and justifiable. On his release he came to Liverpool, whence he went to Dublin, where he met his future wife, Miss Neville, a native of Newry. Having become possessed of a legacy of £400, left him by his aunt, Mrs. Daw, he returned to Liverpool, where he commenced business as an Insurance and General Broker. He now began memorializing the government on the subject of his claims upon Russia. General Gascoigne presented his petitions. All he got was a constant refusal of interference. There is no doubt that some of the wrongs he complained of were partly imaginary, and that he perhaps inherited rZ BECOLLECTIONS OF his father's malady. Finding his appeals of no avail he determined upon being revenged in some way or other upon somebody. On the 11th May, 1819, he posted himself, soon after five o'clock, near the door of the lobby of the House of Commons, and as Mr. Spencer Percival approached, he drew a pistol from his breast-pocket, and fired at the right honorable gentleman. The Shot took effect, and Mr. Percival died almost immediately afterwards. General Gascoigne, one of the members for Liverpool, was one of the first to recognize the assassin, and, in fact, seized him and took from him his pistols. It was not thought he had any particular enmity against Mr. Percival, but that he would have assassinated any other of His Majesty's Ministers had they fallen in his way at the time. He said he had been a fortnight making up his mind to this bloody deed. He bought his pistols from a well- Known gunmaker in Fleet-street, and so desirous was he that they could be depended upon, that he went to Primrose Hill, in the outskirts of London, to try them. It was said that he had his i- oat altered, and a capacious and readily acces- sible pocket made in it ; in which pocket, in fact, the undischarged pistol was found. Bell- ingliam to the last maintained his contumacious and determined character. He justified his fright- ful deed, and expressed himself resigned to his OLD LIVERPOOL. Vo fate and prepared to meet it. His atrocious act caused a great sensation in the town. The news that it had been perpetrated, had, however, scarcely reached us in Liverpool before we hearcl of his trial and execution. He was tried on the 16th of May and executed on the 18th. Short shriving was then the mode ! In Suffolk-street, which runs out of Duke- street, there once dwelt a droll person named Peter Tyrer. He let out coaches and horses for hire. Many funny stories were current about him. I recollect one to the effect that a customer of his, a gentleman residing in Duke-strcet, complained several times that Peter had supplied him with a coach so stiff in the springs as to be quite unpleasant to ride in it. The next time a coach was sent for by this gentleman, Peter sent him a hearse ! On being asked his reason for so doing, his reply was that " so many people had ridden in that vehicle and never made any complaint, that he supposed it must be a very comfortable conveyance."' 74 RECOLLECTIONS OF CHAPTEE IV. Before I exhaust my recollections of Duke-street and its celebrities, I ought not to omit mention of a worthy gentleman who resided in it, and whose name occupied the attention of the public in many ways, in all honourable to himself, as a man, a soldier, and a citizen. I refer to Colonel Bolton, whose mansion in Duke-street, between Suffolk-street and Kent-street (called after, and by Mr. Kent, who lived at the corner of the street, and who also named the streets adjacent after the southern counties), was in bye-gone years the head-quarters of the Tory party in Liverpool, in election times. From the balcony of that house, wherein the utmost hospitality was always exercised, the great statesmen who have represented Liverpool in Parliament — George Canning and William Huskisson — have many a , time poured forth the -floods of their eloquence. OLD LIVERPOOL. 75 Stirring up the heart's-blood of the thousands assem- bled in the street to hear them, making pulses beat quicker, and exciting passions to fever-heat. Mr. Canning used also to address the electors from Sir Thomas Brancker's house in Rodney-street. The lengths to which election zeal carried men may be understood, when, during the progress of an election, business was suspended in the town for days and days. Hatred, envy, ' and malice were engendered. Neighbour was set against neighbour, and I have known many instances where serious divisions in families} have taken place when opposite sides in politics have been chosen by the members of such families. It has required years to heal wounds made in family circles, and time in some instances never succeeded in bringing relatives to esteem each other again. The small knot of reformers in this town stuck manfully together and fought their battles well : and if the Tory side could boast of substantial names amongst their ranks, those of Henry Brougham, Egerton Smith, Dr. Shepherd, - Mr. Mulock, Edward Rushton, and many others, occupy a place in the pantheon of worthies who stood forward on all great and public occasions when improvement in the constitution was to be advocated. I recollect a time when it was scarcely wise for a man to confess himself a reformer. At the beginning of this century, when the horrors 76 RECOLLECTIONS OF of the French Eevolution were fresh in all men's minds, and knowing so well as we did that there were many mischievous, dangerous, and disaffected people amongst us, ripe and ready to foment and foster broils, bringing anarchy and confusion in their train, it seemed to be the duty of all men who had characters and property to lose, to stick fast to the state as it was, without daring to change anything, however trifling or however necessary. A man was almost thought a traitor to talk of reform or change at one time, for there were not a few influential men who would rather have risen on the ruins of Old England than have fallen with her glory. Ticklish times we had in the beginning of the present century. On the subject of Reform, it was said that an elector one day meeting Mr. Brougham in Castle- street, thus accosted him: — "Well, Mister, so you are going to try for Reform again?" "Yes," said the great orator, "and I hope we shall get it." Elector: "Very good, Mister, we really do want a reform in parliament, for I think it is a very hard thing that a man can only get a paltry £5 or £10 for his vote. There ought to be some fixed sum — certainly not less than £21)" One of the most remarkable election events that has taken place in Liverpool was that in which Messrs. Ewart and Denison were engaged OLD LIVERPOOL. 77 in 1830. Remarkable not only for the vigour with which it was carried on, but for the intense excitement that it created, the number of days it occupied, and also for the enormous sums of money it cost. The bribery that took place on both sides and all sides was really frightful. It was a positive disgrace to humanity. The contest was continued for seven days. While it was carried on business in the town was partly suspended, and all men's thoughts, and acts, and interests, seemed engrossed by the one prevailing subject. On the death of Mr. Huskisson, those interested in political matters set about to look for a successor to represent their interests in parliament. Several distinguished gentlemen were invited to stand ; amongst others were Sir Robert Peel, and the Right Hon. Charles Grant, both of whom, however, declined the honour. Mr. Grant had had enough of an election contest to last him for some time, his success at Inverness had only been won by too hard fighting to be lightly thought of ; while Sir Robert Peel freely- confessed that the duties of Rome Secretary were such as to prevent him from devoting sufficient time to the interests of so large and important a constituency as that of Liverpool. By the way, I recollect a rather curious anecdote of Mr. Huskisson, which may perhaps not be devoid of interest. About 1834 I was dining on 78 RECOLLECTIONS OF board one of the beautiful American sailing- packets, the George Washington. It was only a small party, and amongst others present was the late Sir George Drinkwater, who related the following curious circumstance connected with Mr. Huskisson : — Sir George told us that the day before the lamentable occurrence took place, which deprived this town of a valuable represen- tative, and the country of so distinguished a statesman, Mr. Huskisson called upon him at the Town Hall (Sir George being then mayor), and asked permission to write a letter. While doing so an announcement was made that there was a deputation from Hyde, near Manchester, wishing to see Mr. Huskisson. " Oh !' ? said that gentleman, iC I know what they want ; but I will send them back to Hyde with a flea in their ears!" The gentlemen of the deputation having been ushered into the room, they stated their case, to the effect that they solicited Mr. Huskisson to support a petition in parliament to enable them to construct a railway between their town and Manchester. They had no sooner stated their errand than Mr. Huskisson, angrily throwing down his pen, in very few words refused their request, winding up his reply with these memor- able words — remarkable not only for the fallacy of his then opinions, but also in connection with the calamitous event of the next day — " Gentle- OLD LIVERPOOL. 79 men, I supported the scheme of the railway between Liverpool and Manchester as an experi- ment, but as long as I have the honour to hold a seat in parliament, I will never consent to see "England gridironed by railways .'" What would Mr. Huskisson say now-a-days, when a map of England shows it not only gridironed, hut spread over as with an iron net-work of railroads, that to the eye appear in a state of a inextricable entanglement ? To return to the election of 1830. During seven days the town was kept at fever-heat, each day its intensity becoming heightened. Mr. Denison, in his opening address on 'Change, on the 14th October, in appealing to the constituency for support, avowed himself entitled to it, not only as being Mr. Huskisson's friend — "the friend of your friend " — but as an enthusiastic admirer of his principles." Mr. Denison was son-in-law to the Duke of Portland. Mr. Ewart was a towns- man, and a barrister, and had represented the town of Bletchingly (or Bleechmgly as they call it in Surrey), so that both candidates came well recommended. The writ was moved for in the House of Commons on the 17th November, and received in Liverpool on the Friday following. An army of canvassers was organised on both sides, who plied their vocations in all directions. Mr. Denison's friends mustered on Tuesdav 80 RECOLLECTIONS OF morning, 23rd November, in front of Mr. Bolton's house in Duke-street, and moved in grand pro- cession to the Town Hall. Amongst them were Mr. Bolton, Mr. Gladstone, Sir J. Tobin, Messrs. Wm. Brown* Kitson, Shand, and Garnett. Mr. Ew^art's friends met opposite to the Adelphi Hotel. The horses were taken from. Mr. Ewart's carriage, which was then drawn by the people. With Mr. Ewart were Messrs. J. Brancker, Hugh Jones. W. Wallace Currie, W. Earle, jun., Hall (barris- ter), Captain Colquitt, Bev. Wm. Shepherd, &c. The processions were both got up in admirable style ; splendid and costly banners and flags of all descriptions were displayed, while ribbons, of which Denison's were scarlet, and Ewart's blue, fluttered in the wind in all directions. The following was the result of the polls. I give it to show how remarkably close the contest was carried on, and how the tide of favour ebbed and flowed : 1st day — Denison, 260 ; Ewart, 248. 2nd day — Denison, 583 ; Ewart, 568. 3rd day — Denison, 930 ; Ewart, 918. 4th day — Denison. 1320; Ewart, 1308. 5th day— Denison, 1700; Ewart, 1688. 6th day— Denison, 2020 ; Ewart, 2008. 7th day— Denison, 2186; Ewart, 2215.' The number of freemen who voted was .4401. If ever a borough deserved disfranchising, it was Liverpool on that election. The conduct of the freemen was atrocious. I speak of them as OLD LIVERPOOL. 81 a body. The bribery on that occasion was so broad, barefaced, and unblushingly carried on, as to exite disgust in all thoughtful men's minds. Sums of money from £3 to £100 were said to have been given for votes, and I recollect that after the heat of the election had subsided, a list of those who voted was published, with the sums attached, which were paid to and received by each freeman. I have a copy of it in my possession. Whether true or false who can tell? Where there is fire there will be smoke. It is a well- known fact that many of the canvassers never looked behind them after that memorable time, and numbers of tradesmen signally benefitted by the money that was spread about with such liberal hands. In some cases money was received by freemen from both parties. In one case I find a. man (among the H's) voting for Mr. Denison, who received £35 and £'10. Amongst the C'swasa recipient of £28 and £'25 from each side; and another, a Mr. C, took £50 from Denison and E 1 5 from Ewart, the said voter being a chimney- sweeper, and favouring Mr. Denison with the weight of his influence and the honour of his suffrage.. In looking over the list I find that the principal recipients of the good things going, were ropers, coopers, sailmakers, and shipwrights. Yet the name of " merchant " and "tradesman" not unfre- quently occurs in the descriptions of borough '82 RECOLLECTIONS OB" voters. Amongst the Ws there appears to be scarcely a voter that escaped "the gold fever." Amongst others who declined taking any part in the election was Mr. Brooks Yates; he, feeling so disgusted with the veniality of the voters, and the bribery that was going on, publicly protested on the seventh day against the conduct of all parties, and said "he lifted up his voice against the practice of bribery, which was so glaringly exercised, and which had been carried on by both parties to the utmost extent. The friends of Mr. Ewart had made use of his name to fill up their complement without his authority, and he begged to withdraw it, for he w r as resolved to remain decidedly neutral. The corruption was so gross and flagrant that he would not give his vote on either side." It is said that this election cost upwards of £100,000, of which sum Colonel Bolton supplied £10,000. Mr. Ewart's family it was understood, entirely furnished his expenses amounting to £65,000. Mr. Denison's reached from £47,000 to £50,000. Amongst those who addresed the various meetings during the week of the election, and previous to the commencement of the polling, w r ere Mr. William Rathbone, Mr. Henderson, barrister (afterwards recorder), Rev. W. Shep- herd, Captain Colquitt, Mr. James Brancker (who proposed and seconded Mr. Ewart), and Mr. OJUD LIVERPOOL. Falvey. The orators on the part of Mr. Denison were, Mr. Edward Kushton (afterwards stipendiary magistrate), Messrs. Shand, W. Brown (now Sir William Brown), John Bolton, W. Earle. Leyland, Sir John Tobin, &c. About the fourth day of the election the real excitement commenced, and the baneful system of bribery was resorted to. On the fifth day the prices of votes advanced from £20 to £25, and as much as £40 to £50 were asked and obtained. It was expected that on the sixth day the contest would close, but it seemed to be then continued with unabated vigour. On the seventh day voters were brought from all parts of England, Scotland, Ireland, and wherever they could be met with. The tricks played by both parties on voters were most amusing, either to deter or compel them to vote. Nearly four hundred freemen declined or were unable to record their votes. Even in the " elections for mayor the most inconceivable interest was excited, and in one case, that of 1828, between Messrs. Porter and Robinson, from £1(3,000 to £.20,000, if not a larger sum, was said to have been expended in carrying the day, I recollect a worthy tobacconist, who kept a little shop in the town, who had a vote and was not inclined to sell it cheap. In every insidious way was lie assailed to part with his vote. On the occasion of this election the list of voters was 84 EECOLLECTIOXS OF rapidly running out to the last drop ; the hour of closing the poll was approaching, and it was found impossible to keep the poll open another day. " Come, Mr. Pipes, what about your vote? — it's half-past three !" iQ Call again in a quarter of an hour." In this quarter of an hour the little tobacconist's shop was besieged by canvassers on both sides, when the tempting sum of £30 was reached. The cunning little Abel Drugger knew his value, but no higher sum would either party advance. Pipes had, unfortunately, gone into the back part of his shop for a few minutes, when a wag put his clock back thirteen minutes. Keeping his eye, while in the shop, on the clock, every now and then — although, as he admitted afterwards, it seemed a long quarter of an hour — he still kept off his persecutors. When the hand approached the quarter on the false-telling dial, one canvasser, bolder than the rest, laid £35 on a box of cigars, as the bid for it. But Master Pipes only was sold, for just as he was about to take up the tissue paper bearing the magic name of Henry Hase, St. George's church struck four, and the prize was re-pocketed to the great discomforture of " Pipes," and the merriment of his customers. Of electioneering tricks I could tell a full score. The practice of the "Duello'' is, happily, now gone quite out of fashion, but in my young days OLD LIVEKPOOL. 85 any and every occasion of offence was seized upon as a casus belli. Duels were fought on the most frivolous occasions and for the slightest possible affronts, intentional or supposititious. This taste has subsided, as well as that for hard drinking. I can remember both being carried to 11 lamentable state of excess ; but these practices have grown out of date. I have seen, thank goodness, other equally salutary improvements in morals, customs, and manners. Two remarkable hostile meetings, I recollect, took place in Liverpool at the commencement of the present century, and caused an immense sensation, from the known position and high stand- ing of all the parties concerned. The first duel I shall mention was that between Mr. Sparling, late of St. Domingo House, Everton, and Mr. Grayson, an eminent shipbuilder. Both gentlemen moved in the first circles of society in the town. It took place on the 24th of February, 1804. The occasion of the duel was a conversation that occurred in Mr. Grayson's carriage, between that gentleman and Major Brooks (who was shot by Colonel Bolton in the ensuing year), on their way to dine at Mr. Grayson's, at Wavertree. Mr. Grayson, it seems, called Mr. Sparling " a villain," for breaking off the marriage between himself and a relative of Mr. Grayson's. Major Brooks 6 pK) RECOLLECTIONS OF repeated this conversation to Mr. Sparling, who instantly commenced a correspondence with Mr. Grayson, calling upon him to apologise for his language. This correspondence continued from October until the time the duel was fought — the meeting being the consequence of the unsatisfac- tory results of the communications between the parties. They met at a place called Knot's Hole, near the shore by the Aigburth-road. Mr. Sparling was attended by Captain Colquitt, commanding the Princess frigate, then in the river. Mr. Grayson's second was Dr. MacCartney. After the fatal shots were fired Mr. Grayson's servant found his master alone, lying on the ground with his face down- wards. He was desperately wounded in the thigh, and was taken back to Liverpool as quickly as possible. He lingered until the following Sunday, when he died. Mr. Sparling and Captain Colquitt were, at the coroner's inquest, found guilty of murder, and were tried at Lancaster, on the 4th of April, before Sir Alan Chambre. Sergeant Cockle, Attorney- General for the County Palatine of Lancaster, lead for the crown ; with him were Messrs. Clark and Scarlett (afterwards Sir James);, attorneys, Messrs. Ellames and Norris. For the prisoners, Messrs. Park (afterwards Baron Park), Wood, Topping, Raincock, and Healcl ; attorney, Mr. William Statham. It came out in evidence during the trial, that the OLD LIVERPOOL. 87 hour of meeting was seven o'clock on Sunday morning, February 24th. Mr. Sparling and Cap- tain Colquitt arrived first at Park Chapel; on alighting the Captain carried the pistol-case, and the two gentlemen went through a gate into a field opposite, to the place of rendezvous. Soon after Dr. MacCartney and Mr. Park, the surgeon, arrived in a carriage. Mr. Park had been induced to accompany the Doctor on the representation that he was about to attend a patient of some consequence, and required his (Mr. Park's) advice and skill. Soon after Mr. Grayson arrived on foot, attended by his servant, when, finding the two gentlemen in waiting, he pulled out his watch, and remarked that he feared he was rather late, but that it was all his servant's fault. Dr. Mac- Cartney then took out the pistol-case from the carriage (leaving Mr. Park in it, who had declined proceeding any further), and with Mr. Grayson passed through the same gate as did Mr. Sparling and the Captain. They then went down the field towards the river, and soon, afterwards a shot or shots were heard by Mr. Park, Mr. Grayson's servant, and the post-boys. Mr. Grayson's servant ran into the field, and met Mr. Sparling and Captain Colquitt hurrying up the foot-road, the former asked him "'what he wanted?" he told him who he was, when Mr. Sparling informed him his master was severely wounded. The two 88 EECOLLECTLONS OF gentlemen then ran onward when they met Mr. Park, who had got out of the carriage on seeing them coming towards the road in such a hurry. They bade him "make haste, for Grayson w r as badly wounded." They then got into their carriage and told the coachman to drive back to Liver- pool. The other driver asserted he heard Captain Colquitt say, "by G , it has done me good." The two gentlemen were driven first to Mr. Ralph Benson's in Duke-street, to whom a message was sent up that Mr. Sparling "had been in the country and was quite well." They next called on Mr. Stavert, when Mr. Sparling said, "I have put a ball into Grayson this morning." Mr. Stavert replied, "I hope he is not much hurt," when Mr. Sparling exclaimed, "I think not, for he made too much noise for it to be of any conse- quence." They were next driven to the Royal Hotel and thence to the Pier Slip, where a boat was in waiting, in which they w^ere rowed off. Mr. Park, on hurrying forward to Knot's Hole, found Mr. Grayson supported by his servant and Dr. MacCartney. His breeches w r ere soaked with blood at his right thigh. There appeared to be a shot-hole at the upper part near the hip. He complained of being in acute pain, and that he had lost the use of his limbs ; he said he could no longer stand, but must be allowed to sit down. The party, however, bore him to the carriage, OLD LIVERPOOL. 89 and got him home as soon as possible. Mr. Park attended him until he died. The ball had perforated the thigh-bone, and was not extrac ted until after death. It was produced in court. Mr. Grayson was fully aware of his approaching end. On the Wednesday after the duel, he told Mr. Park that " he was going to meet his God." On the following day he said that " he hoped for mercy, and that he might have gone with greater guilt on his head, if he had killed Sparling, instead of Sparling killing him" ; and added, " whatever his opinions of Mr. Sparling's conduct might be, he truly forgave him the injury he had done him, in giving him his death-wound, and hoped, in the event of his decease, that his friends would not prosecute him." Mr. Grayson repeatedly said Mr. Sparling was an utter stranger to him, and that he did not know him even by si«\ht. At that time counsel were not allowed to make any appeal to a jury for a prisoner, Mr. Sparling's defence was therefore read by one of his counsel, Mr. Park. It was very ably got up. He bitterly protested against the outcry that had been made against him in public, from the pulpit and by the press. He wholly denied bearing any malice towards Mr. Grayson, and justified himself, declaring his act was a mere vindication of his honour and good name, and that he had, in conjunction with Captain Colquitt, repeatedly 90 KECOLLECTIONS OF asked Mr. Grayson to withdraw his insulting words and threatening speeches, but without avail, and the meeting was the consequence of his obstinacy. He said of Mr. Grayson, as Mr. Grayson had said of him, that he wa^ an utter stranger to him. Captain Colquitt made an able defence, wherein he justified himself and his conduct. A number of gentlemen of high character and distinction spoke to the kindliness of manner of Mr. Sparling at all times, and also of Captain Colquitt, and completely exonerated them from the imputation of entertaining vindictive or malevolent feelings. Amongst others who appeared for Mr. Sparling were Sir Hungerford Hoskins, Captain Palmer, Kev. Jonathan Brooks, His Worship the Mayor (William Harper, Esq.), Soloman D'Aguilar, Lord Viscount Carleton, Major-General Cartwright, Lord Kobert Manners, Lord Charles Manners, Lord James Murray, Colonel M'Donald, and Major Seymour. For Captain Colquit many equally honourable gentlemen and officers in His Majesty's service gave evidence in his favour. The judge on summing up decidedly leaned towards the prisoners, and the result was a verdict of "Not Guilty." The same jury was after- wards empanneled to try Mr. Sparling, Captain Colquit, and Dr. MacCartney on another indict- ment, but no evidence being brought forward, they were all acquitted. OLD LIVERPOOL. 01 lus terminated a trial which created an immense amount of interest, not only in Liver- pool, but throughout the whole of the northern counties. Before I relate the. incidents of the second duel that took place in Liverpool, I will briefly give the particulars of another affair, which happened in the same year (July, 1804), which gave the gossips and quid mines of the town, ample food for conversation. This was the court- martial on Captain Carmichael, the adjutant of Colonel E aide's regiment of Fusileers, and formerly adjutant of Colonel Bolton's regiment of "Boyal Liverpool Volunteers." He was charged with '"disobedience of orders, and with address- ing Colonel Earle in abusive and scandalous language respecting the officers of the regi- ment/' The court-martial was held by virtue of a warrant from His Royal Highness Prince William Frederick of Gloucester, the General commanding the district. The president was Colonel Bolton: the judge-advocate, Fletcher Raincock, Esq., barrister-at-law. It appeared that on the 12th of June the Fusiliers were drilling on Copperas-hill ("fancy our Volunteers drilling on Copperas-hill ! ), at the manual and platoon exercise, when they were commanded to " order arms" and «•' stand at ease" bv the Colonel; his intention being 92 RECOLLECTIONS OF to keep the regiment for the remainder of the morning at firelock exercise. Something wm said of a private nature by Colonel Earle to the Adjutant Carmichael, who, instead of replying, took no notice of the observation. He subse- quently spoke to the Colonel in an insulting and impertinent manner, treating him at the same time with marked indignity — calling out, loud enough for the men to hear, "that he insisted upon the officers being called together to inquire into* his conduct, for such things were said of him as he could not bear." On being told that that was not the time nor place to bring charges against the officers, and that he should put down in Avriting what he had to say, and he would then be attended to, he did not seem satisfied, but continued to demand the calling of the officers together. Colonel Earle told him to go on with his duty. Captain Carmichael still took no notice of these orders ; but said his feelings were " worked up to a fiddle-string." Still disobeying Colonel Eaiie's commands, he was told " to go home if he could not do his duty/' He was then heard to say that the officers, or some of the officers, were " a set of blacklegs." For this. offence Captain Carmichael was tried. He denied at first the right of the court to sit in judgment upon him, and raised three objections, two of which were read, and the third was stopped in OLD LIVERPOOL. 93- the middle, being overruled by the court. The court-martial sat five days, and the result of it was that Captain Carmichael was acquitted of disobedience, but found guilty of addressing- abusive language to his commanding-officer. His sentence was ' ; to be reprimanded at the head of his regiment." Colonel Bolton was delegated to administer this reproof. Colonel Bolton spoke highly in the Captain's favour, and stated that he had presented him with a piece of plate which he had bought for him when in London, to mark his respect for him, and his efficiency in drilling his (Colonel Bolton's) regiment. In the following year, 1805, the second duel was fought, which created as great a sensation as that between Mr. Sparling and Mr. Grayson, in the pre- vious year. In this encounter the principals were Colonel Bolton and Major Brooks, the same party who had caused the mischief in the previously- mentioned affair.' The origin of the quarrel arose in this way : — Colonel Bolton, who had raised a regiment of volunteers, in 1808, which he had entirely clothed, armed, and equipped, mustering ten companies of sixty men each, was held in high respect and possessed great influence with government. On the death of Mr. Bryan Bhmdell, who held the appointment of Customs Jerker, Colonel Bolton obtained the vacant office for Major Brooks, who 04 BECOLLECTLONS OF had been formerly in the Lancashire Militia. After enjoying this place for a time, Major Brooks applied for an increase of salary. His application was referred to the West India Association, of which Colonel Bolton was president, to report upon whether an increase in the pay of the office was desirable or deserved. The Association reported adverse to Major Brooks' application. He immediately, publicly, and in the most disgraceful manner, accused Colonel Bolton with being the cause of this refusal, as he had learnt that the Colonel had said that ".£700 a year was quite income enough for a comparatively young, unmarried man." Major Brooks, forgetting that Colonel Bolton's friendship and influence had obtained for him, in the first instance, his appoint- ment, did his utmost to force his benefactor into collision with him, and to such an extent was this annoyance carried, that at length a hostile meet- ing was arranged between the parties. As a soldier and gentleman, Colonel Bolton could no longer keep quiet. Major Brooks possessed, unfortunately for himself, a great amount of irritable vanity and pugnacity. He had been " out," as it was then called, not long before with Captain Carmichael, whose trial by court-martial I have just detailed, upon some point of difference in military discipline. The meeting took place on Bootle Sands, and, to show Major Brooks's temper, OLD LIVERPOOL. 05 on Captain Carmichael firing in the air, lie exclaimed : " D it, why don't you fire at me — we did not come here for child's play !" In those days duelling was very prevalent, and small words brought out pistols and coffins for two. The first meeting between Colonel Bolton and Major Brooks was to have come off on the 20th December, 1804, at a place called Miller's Dam, on the Aigburth-road, which, if I recollect rightly, was a small creek which ran up to a mill — long and long ago, swept away. The circum- stance of the quarrel, however, having by some means got abroad, the authorities interposed and both gentlemen were arrested on their way to the rendezvous. They were both bound over, in very heavy penalties, to keep the peace to all and sundry of His Majesty's subjects, and each other in particular, for twelve calendar months. Brooks, on being arrested, exhibited the utmost rage and virulence, and expressed himself in strong language against the Colonel, accusing him roundly of being the cause of the arrest, and the interference they had met with. There was not n word of truth in this charge, Colonel Bolton, though forced into the matter, according to the laws of honour, kept the meeting a secret, and it was afterwards actually proved that the secret of the meeting oozed out from one of Major Brooks' own friends. 96 RECOLLECTIONS OF During the twelve months the two gentlemen were bound over, Brooks let slip no opportunity of insulting Colonel Bolton i as far as he dared without coming into actual collision, He said he was the cause of their meeting being interrupted, although he had been frequently assured of the truth. As the twelve months were about to expire, Major Brooks increased his violence. On the clay the bond ceased to have effect, the Major, meeting Colonel Bolton walking with Colonel Earle past the shop, kept at present by Mr. Allen- der, in Castle- street, then and there publicly again insulted him, and called him by a name which no gentleman could put up with. A challenge was the consequence. The report of the disturb- ance soon reached the Exchange, and the authorities again stepped forward to prevent hostilities. Colonel Bolton was again arrested and bound over, and Major Brooks was taken into custody. The latter denied the right of the authorities to arrest him, asserting that he had done nothing of sufficient weight to break his bond, and that he could not be again bound over until the year of bondage had expired. The Major was some hours in custody, but was at length released without promising anything. He was no sooner at liberty than he sent a friend to Colonel Bolton, who consented to a meeting for that very afternoon. This was on the 20 th OLD LIVERPOOL. 97 of" December, 1805. The place of rendezvous on this occasion was in a field at the foot of Love- lane (now called Fairclough-lane), which was skirted by it. The exact spot of meeting was in a field about half-way between the present Boundary-street (then a narrow lane with hedges) and St. Jude's Chiirch. It was near Fielding's nursery ground, which occupied the land now used as a timber-yard. It was quite dark when the combatants arrived. Major Brooks was accompanied by Mr. Forbes. Mr. Park, surgeon, who resided at the corner of Newington-bridge, was taken up by Colonel Bolton on his way to the place of meeting in his carriage. Mr. Harris was Colonel Bolton's second. When the parties got over into the field it was found that they could not see to load the pistols. It would then be about six o'clock. Candles were therefore procured to enable them to complete the necessary arrange- ments. As soon as the combatants had taken the places allotted to them, Colonel Bolton observed that, according to the laws of honour and duelling, the [Major was entitled to fire first. To this the Major assented, and fired immediately, the shot passing harmlessly by the Colonel, who then fired in his turn, hitting Major Brooks in the right eye. The Major instantly fell and died. Colonel Bolton was hurried off and remained in 98 EECOLLECTIOXS OF concealment for a short time. It was said that the firing of the pistols was heard in Major Brooks' house at the corner of Daulby-street. An inquiry was held, when a verdict of wilful murder was found, but in consequence of the strong recommendations of Major Brooks's friends, admitting that he was entirely to blame, and that his dreadful fate was entirely brought on by him- self, the matter past over without further notice, everyone admitting that Colonel Bolton had conducted himself with the utmost forbearance as well as courage, and that he deserved the highest encomiums for his gentlemanly and straightforward behaviour throughout this most painful affair. OLD LIVERPOOL. 99 CHAPTEE V. Some five years previous to this event, about the month of June, 1800, a circumstance occurred which created a great sensation in the tovm, and occupied public attention in a most remarkable degree. It seems rather out of chronological order to go back five years ; but the reader who favours me with his attention must be content to obtain my information as I can impart it. My head is not so clear as it used to be in the arrange- ment of such matters. In the year mentioned there was a merchant established in Liverpool of the name of Wain- wright, who was one of the actors in what nearly proved to be a tragedy. At a place called Tunstall, near Burslem, in Staffordshire, resided an earthenware manufacturer named Theophilus Smith. This Smith was in difficulties and his affairs were in much disorder. His creditors were 100 RECOLLECTIONS OF hostile to Mm, and he for some time had been endeavouring to obtain a settlement with them. Amongst other creditors was Mr. Wainwright. He, however, was not one of the hostile party, but was very well-disposed towards Mr. Smith. One day, in the month of June, Mr. Wainwright received an anonymous letter, requesting him to meet the writer at a small public-house near the " Olympic Circus," which was a temporary place of amusement erected in Christian-street, then beginning to be built upon (the Adelphi Theatre in Christian-street succeeded the Circus — in fact, this place of amusement w r as called "the Circus" for many years). Mr. Wainwright, on carefully examining the letter, fancied he recognised Smith's handwriting, and resolved upon keeping the appointment, supposing that Smith, fearing arrest, dared not openly wait upon him. An arrest was an easy matter then. It was only necessary to swear to a debt and take out a writ and you could arrest anybody at a moment's notice, whether •they actually owed you anything or not. There used to be tough swearing in olden times. Mr. Wainwright w T ent to the house indicated and there, as he anticipated, found Theophilus Smith. Mr. Wainwright concluded that Smith was about to make some disclosures relative to his affairs and that was the reason he had sent for him. But Smith only produced a printed statement of OLD LIVERPOOL. 101 his accounts, which had been previously circu- lated, and made no new discovery of any conse- quence ; lie, however, most strongly and earnestly entreated Mr. Wainwright to accompany him to Tunstall, where, he said, on the following afternoon, his creditors would meet, and where Mr. Wain- wright's presence would he conducive to their coming to terms. Mr. Wainwright at first refused to accede to this request, having important business of his own to attend to, but Smith was so importunate that he at length consented to accompany him, and they set out on the same afternoon in a chaise and pair. On their way, Smith was very friendly with Mr. Wainwright. and conversed with him as any man would with a friendly traveller on a long journey. On arriving within a mile of his house at Tunstall, Mr. Smith ordered the chaise to be stopped, and got out, and requested Mr. Wainwright to do the same, saying that a mile could be saved by walking across some fields adjacent. Mr. Smith at the time expressed his dread of being arrested if he were seen on the road along which the chaise would have to be driven. Mr. Wainwright, how- ever, declined to get out ; stating it was quite unnecessary to take so much precaution ; but at length, in consequence of Smith's earnest entreaty, he consented. They then proceeded across the fields on foot. As it was commencing to rain, 102 RECOLLECTIONS OF' Mr. Smith pressed on Mr. Wainwright the use of his cloak ; but this Mr. Wainwright declined. Smith then led the way across the fields, by a stile path, till they arrived at length at a small thicket, through which they proceeded, when Smith stopped short, and said he knew a nearer way. Smith then led Mr. Wainwright into a meadow, and standing before him drew out a pistol. Mr. Wainwright immediately concluded that his fellow-passenger intended to put an end to his own life, and, after a sharp struggle, got the pistol from him, remonstrating with him upon the wickedness of the act. Smith, however, drew another pistol, and fired it at Mr. Wain- wright, fortunately without effect. The latter instantly sprang upon Mr. Smith and got him down, uttering loud cries for assistance. Smith begged hard for mercy, and on promising not to repeat his murderous attack, was allowed to get up. He was no sooner released and on his legs than he drew a third pistol, fired, and hit Mr. Wainwright in the body. The men again closed, when Smith drew a knife and made several attempts upon his companion's life by attempting to cut his throat, which was fortunately well protected by the thick rolls of cambric it was then the custom to tie round the neck, as well as by a thick scarf, which was cut through in several places. Mr. Wainwright, however, never OLD LIYEKPOOL. 103 left hold of Smith until they reached his house when, the door suddenly opening, he rushed in and quickly closed it. He then came to the window and ordered Mr. Wainwright away, refusing him shelter, although it was growing dark and raining heavily. Mr. Wainwright contrived to crawl to a. cottage, where he was laid up for some time, but eventually recovered from the cuts and wounds inflicted upon him. Smith absconded, and A reward of £50 was offered for his capture. This was effected after some time in Pall Mall, London, by two Bow-street runners. Smith was committed for trial at Stafford assizes, where he was found guilty and sentenced to to be hung. He, however, escaped that punishment by destroying both himself and his wife in his cell in Stafford gaol, while awaiting his sentence. What Smith's motive could be for his conduct no one could conjecture. He would give no explanation on the subject though pressed to do so. It was supposed that [a sudden fit of insanity had seized him, and that his violence was the result of it. During the journey the two gentlemen were on the most friendly terms, taking their meals together and acting as travellers thrown together usually do. Mr. Wainwright's presence was most essential to Smith to allay the hostility of his creditors, and therefore, the attempts to make away with him were still more incomprehensible. 101 BECOLLECTIOXS OF As I sit by my fire-side with two or three old friends — friends, indeed, for I have known them all for fifty, sixty, and seventy years — we talk over old times, faces, scenes and places, in a way that calls up the ghosts of the past to our dim eyes. If my readers could listen to our stories of the old town they would hear more about it in a night than my little amanuensis could write clown in a day. Many curious anecdotes and circumstances are called to remembrance by us, and I must say we talk of old times with a regretful yet pleasant feeling. I know I often startle some of my young friends by telling them of scenes I have witnessed in the last century, and I have often noticed them in their minds putting one year and another together, or subtracting one from another so that they might ascertain whether I was telling the truth or not. I don't believe there is another man in Liver- pool alive at this time who saw the Town Hall on fire in 1795. I saw it, I may say, almost break out, for I was in Castle-street in ten minutes after the alarm had spread through the town, and that was soon done, for Liverpool was not of the extent it is now. I believe half the inhabitants turned out into the streets to witness that awful sight, although it was at five o'clock on a frosty Sunday morning in January. For my part, I was aroused by the continuous springing of rattles by the ) LIVERPOOL. 105 watchmen, and the rushing sounds of people running along the street. I was soon out of bed and joined the throng of people who were hurrying to the scene of disaster. When I arrived there, a crowd had already assembled. Castle-street was •then very narrow. It was quite choked up with people. Dale-street was beginning to be crowded while High-street and Water-street were quite impassible. From the windows of all the houses the terrified inmates were to be observed eti dishabille, and the large inn in Water- street, the Talbot, which was nearly opposite the Town Hail, had people looking out at every window. The smoke first made its appearance at the lower windows of the Town Hall. The doors having been forced., a party of men got into the interior of the building, and brought out for safety the books of the various departments, and some of the town's officers having arrived, something like system took the place of the dreadful confusion which prevailed. The town records, the treasurer's accounts, and the muniments, &c, were safely removed to a house at the end of High-street. I helped to keep order. Assisted by many other volunteers for the work we formed a lane so that there should be no impediment to a quick removal of anything that was portable. The lire was first discovered about five o'clock in the morning by the watchman on duty in the street. 106 KE COLLECTIONS OF They were dull old fellows, those watchmen, and of but little use, for in calling the hour nine times out often they made a mistake. The thieves laughed them to scorn. When the watchman saw smoke issuing from the windows he gave the alarm without delay. The fire soon showed itself, when it had once got ahead. When the new Exchange was erected, after the former one had been taken down in 1748, somebody persuaded the authorities to have the woodwork and timber of the new building steeped in a composition of rosin and turpentine, so as to make the wood more durable. It may therefore be readily imagined how inflammable such a composition would make the wood, and how fiercely it burned when once ignited. There had been a perceptible odour of some sort experienced in the Exchange building for some days, and this was afterwards discovered to have arisen from the woodwork under the council-chamber having taken fire through a flue communicating from the Loan-office ; and there is no doubt it had been smouldering for days before it actually made its appearance. It could not have been ten minutes after I arrived on the spot before the flames burst out in all their fury. It was an awfully grand sight. It was yet dark. What with the rushing and pushing of the anxious crowd, the roaring of the fierce flames, and the calling of distracted people, it was an event and OLD LIVERPOOL. 107 scene never to be forgotten. The building was soon all in a blaze, and nothing on earth could have stopped that frightful conflagration. It was a mercy it was a calm frosty morning or the houses in the four streets adjacent must have caught the flame. From the age of these houses, the quantity of timber in them, the narrowness of the streets, and the absence of a copious supply of water, I am sure Liverpool would have been half consumed if a wind had sprung up. I thought the building looked like a great funeral pile as the flames roared out on all sides. It was a grand, yet dreadful sight. The whole of Castle-street was occupied by people, although, from the position of the Exchange, a full front view could not be obtained, it being almost parallel with the west side of Castle-street. The best view of it was where I stood at the top of Dale-street, by Moss's bank. The dome, being constructed of wood, soon took fire, was burnt, and fell in. We had not then as now powerful engines, long reels of hose, and bands of active men well trained to their arduous and dangerous duties, still, everybody did his best and. seemed desirous of doing some- thing. We did that something with a will, but without much order, system, or discretion. The engines in use were not powerful, and the supply of water was not only tardy but scanty, as you may believe when I tell vou it had to be brought from 108 RECOLLECTIONS OF the town wells, the Dye-house Well in Greetham- street, the Old Fall Well in Eose-street (where Alderman's Bennett's ironwork warehouse stands, near the corner of Eose-street — by the way, Eose- street was called after Mr. Eose, who lived in the house next the Stork Hotel), and the wells on Shaw's-brow ; indeed, every possible source where water could be obtained, was put in requisition. The inhabitants allowed the rain-water to be taken from their water-butts in the vicinity to such il- liberal extent that I verily believe there was not a drop of rain-water to be got for love or money when that eventful day was out. Staid housewives for many a day after complained of the dirt the trampling of feet had made in their lobbies and yards, and deplored the loss of their stores of soft-water. At that time water was precious, every drop that could be obtained was saved, garnered, and carefully kept. Every drop of hard- water we consumed had to be brought to our doors and paid for by the " Hessian" or bucket. The water-carts were old butts upon wheels, drawn by sorry horses and driven by fat old creatures, half men half women in their attire and manners. The buckets were made of leather and the water was sold at a halfpenny per Hessian. They were so called, I believe, from their fancied resemblance to the Hessian boots. You may judge how inade- quate a supply of water we had when our wants OLD LIVERPOOL. 100 were dependent upon such aid. The water-carts came rumbling and tumbling along the streets, in many cases losing one-half of their loads by the unusual speed at which they were driven and the awkwardness of their drivers. Water was also carted from the river, and I helped with others to push the carts up Water-street. The steep ascent of this street in its badly paved condition made this work extremely laborious. But everybody helped and did what they could, and those who did nothing made up for deeds by words and shouted and bawled and told the others what they ought to do. Fortunately, only one life was lost, that of a- fool-hardy young man who would press forward to see the fire better — he rushed up to the High-street door and a piece of timber fell on him. The surging of the crowd caused several persons to be struck down and trampled upon. I saved one woman's life by beating off the people who would have crushed her. By twelve o'clock the fire had slackened considerably, and by the evening it was to all appearance subdued. But the fire in the interior remained smouldering for some time afterwards. In the churches on that day the event was alluded to in a very feeling manner, and in St. Peter's Church the rector offered up a prayer of thanksgiving that the town had been spared from a more extensive calamity. 110 EECOLLECTIOXS OF At this time High-street (there was a famous tavern called the " Punch-Bowl" in this street) was the communication between Castle-street and Old Hall-street, and it is a most strange circumstance that the direct line of road was not retained instead of cutting the new street called Exchange- street East through the houses and gardens between Tithebarn-street and Dale-street. It was a great mistake, and everybody said so at the time. Many great mistakes have been made in respect to our streets and public buildings, not the least of which was the blunder of filling up the Old Dock, and erecting that huge and uglv edifice, the Custom-house, thereon. I believe if the conflagration had extended from the Exchange to some distance in the adjoining streets, we should have had some vast improve- ments effected. From the narrowness of Castle- street may be imagined what a scene of confusion it must have been during the fire. It is quite a wonder that many lives were not lost during that morning of terror. The inhabitants of the four streets in many cases prepared for night, for the fire raged so fiercely at one time that the escape of the houses in the vicinity from destruction seemed miraculous. While I was helping to draw water from the yard of some people I knew in Castle-street, a burning ember or piece of timber fell into a lot of dirty paper which would OLD LIVERPOOL. Ill in five minutes have been alight if I had not been there to extinguish it. There were many such wonderful escapes recorded. The trial of Mr. Charles Angus for the alleged murder of Miss Margaret Burns (who was his late wife's half-sister) hi 1808; may be considered as one of the comes celebres of the time. It took place at Lancaster, on the 2nd of September,, before Sir Alan Chambre. Sergeant Cockle, and Messrs. Holroycl, Raine and Clark, were for the Crown ; Mr. T. Statham, attorney. Messrs. Topping, Scarlett, and Cross for the prisoner : Mr. Atkinson,, attorney. Mr. Angus was a gentleman of Scotch birth, and resided in Liver- pool — in King- street. I think. He had been at one time an assistant to a druggist, where he was supposed to have obtained a knowledge of the properties of poisons, and he was charged with putting this knowledge to account in attempting to- produce abortion in the case of Miss Burns, who was suspected of being pregnant by him, and thereby causing her death. Miss Burns was Mr. Angus's housekeeper, and governess to his three children. The case rested entirely on circumstantial evidence, made out against the prisoner by his conduct previous to the supposed commission of the deed, by his conduct at the time and after- wards. At the time the strongest prejudice ran against Mr. Angus, and it must be said that the -112 RECOLLECTIONS OF public were not satisfied with the verdict of the jury ; but at this distance of time, those who had an opportunity of looking over the evidence, and remembering the case in all its bearings, will at once say dispassionately that there was not a shadow of evidence against Mr. Angus. Miss Burns, who had been unwell for some time, was noticed previous to the 2 3rd of March, 1808, to be ailing, and that her size had materially enlarged; and it was suspected, as adduced by several witnesses, that she was enciente. On the 2 3rd of March she complained of being very unwell, and went to lie down on a sofa in the breakfast- room where she remained the whole of the day, thirsting and vomiting. Mr. Angus would not allow his servants to sit up with Miss Burns, but remained in the room with her the whole of that night, the next day, and the following night. On the 25th Miss Burns said she felt better. A servant on that morning was sent to Henry- street for some Madeira that Miss Burns fancied. On her return, not seeing the lady on the sofa, where an hour previous she had left her, she looked round the room and discovered her doubled up in a corner of the room with her face towards the wainscot, while Mr. Angus was asleep sitting in a chair covered by a counterpane. The evidence was most conflicting. Several witnesses declared Miss Burns was not pregnant, others OLD LIVERPOOL. 113 that they believed she was. The medical evidence was also of a most bewildering and diverse nature. Some of the most eminent surgeons in Liverpool were examined, and none of them agreed on the case. This fact came out that no signs of child- birth were visible as having taken place — no dead infant was discovered. The room in which Miss Burns and Mr. Angus were, was at all times accessible to the servants, and no cries of parturit- ion were heard during the lady's illness. The fact of the matter was, Miss Burns had suffered from an internal complaint, and died from natural causes. This was shown by Dr. Carson, then a young and rising physician at the time, and who afterwards published a pamphlet in which he utterly demolished the medical evidence given at the trial for the crown. The jury, after a few minutes' deliberation^ returned a verdict, finding the prisoner " Not Guilty," on grounds as unimpeachable as the trial. In some of the circumstances attending . and resulting from it, it was disgraceful, especially on the part of the medical witnesses for the crown, in their conduct towards the one for the defence — Dr. Carson. I have before me an authentic "Report of the Trial," "A Vindication of their Opinions," published by those witnesses, and Dr. Carson's "Remarks" on that publication, in which he exposes their shortcomings with a master's 114 BECOLLECTIONS OF hand, in a style as terse as it is bold, and as elegant as it is severe ; never were the weapons of irony, satire, and invective more effectively used ; his impeachment is as withering as his victory at the trial was complete. The authors of the " Vindications " had not only clone what in them lay to ruin him in every conceivable way, public and private, but they had exposed themselves to his "Remarks," all-pungent as they were, by going into court and giving opinions founded upon ' ; the most disgracefully deficient dissection ever made." The sore which they had inflicted upon themselves at the trial did not heal under the caustic of the " Remarks" ; and so the •doctor became a victim to local prejudice, passion, and persecution. But he gained to himself a world-wide reputation which outlived them all ; the honours of the French Academy were bestowed upon him, and he took his stand among the literary and scientific magnates of the day. As to the trial, the theory of the prosecution was that the prisoner caused the lady's death by adminis- tering a poison to procure abortion, and it was based upon a hole in the coats of the stomach, and a peculiar mark in the uterus ; the medical witnesses for the crown affirming that the former could not have arisen from any other known cause than poison, and the latter a sure sign of recent delivery. No poison was found in the stomach OLD LIVERPOOL. 115 or intestines, nor were the supposed contents of the uterus ever found, and no other part of the body was examined. The hole in the stomach presented the same appearance, and was described in the same terms as those which John Hunter had called attention to as occuring in certain cases of sudden death, where there was no sus- picion of poisoning, and caused by the action of the gastric juice. Doctor Carson accepted Hunter's facts, but propounded a theory of his own, being guided to his conclusions by the experiments of Sir John Pringle and Dr. Bride, in reference to water at the temperature of 90 degrees dissolving animal substances. He success- fully combated the notion about poisoning from another point of view, namely, the symptoms during life, the comparative mildness of which did not correspond with the usual effects of the poison fixed upon. As to the mark in the uterus, he gave his opinion that it might have arisen from other causes than the one alleged ; two phe- nomena were absent, and upon this fact he asserted it to be physically impossible that there could have been a recent delivery ; and, moreover, in . his " Remarks," he proved mathematically that the mark was four times the size it ought to have been on that hypothesis. Miss Burns had not been attended professionally by any one as she was averse to doctors. Mr. Angus in his defence 11 G RECOLLECTIONS OF ascribed the whole of the legal proceedings ox o against him to the malevolence of two interested parties, and had it not now been for their influence, the circumstance of Miss Burns' death would have passed over without remark. Mr. Angus, so far from desiring to harm Miss Burns, expressed himself as deeply indebted to her for her care of his children and the affection and attention to his comforts she had always manifested, and empha- tically declared he " loved and respected her too well to dream of doing her any harm." OLD LIVERPOOL. 117 CHAPTEE VI. When I look around and see the various changes that have taken place in this " good old town " I am sometimes lost in wonderment. Narrow, inconvenient, ill-paved streets have been succeeded by broad thoroughfares — old tumble-down houses have been replaced by handsome and costly buildings, while the poor little humble shops that once were sufficient for our wants have been completely eclipsed by the gigantic and elegant iblishments " of the present day. f recollect Dale-street when it was a narrow oughfare, ill-paved and ill-lighted at night. [t was not half the present width. In 1808, as the town began to spread and its traffic increase, -rear complaints were constantly being made of the inconvenience of the principal streets, and it was agreed on all sides that something should be done towards improvement. The first movement 118 RECOLLECTIONS OF was made by widening Dale-street ; the improve- ment being by throwing the thoroughfare open from Castle-street to Temple-court, but it really was not until 1820 that this street was set out in anything like a bold and handsome manner. Great difficulties were constantly thrown in the way of alterations by many of the inhabitants, who had lived in their old houses, made fortunes under their roofs, and were hoping to live and die where they had been born and brought up. Many tough battles had the authorities to fight with the owners of the property. Some were most unreasonable in the compensation they demanded, while others for a time obstinately refused to enter into any negotiations whatever, completely disregarding all promised advantages. The most obtuse and determined man was a shoemaker or cobbler, who owned a small house and shop which stood near Hockenall-alley. Nothing could per- suade him to go out of his house or listen to any proposition. Out he avouIcI not go, although his neighbours had disappeared and his house actually stood like an island in the midst of the traffic current. The road was carried on each side of his house, but there stood the cobbler's stall alone in its glory. While new and comfortable dwellings were springing up, the old cobbler laughed at his persecutors, defied them, and stood his ground in spite of all entreaty. OLD LIVERPOOL. 119 There the house stood in the middle of the street, and for a long time put a stop to further and complete improvement, until the authorities, roused by the indignation of the public, took forcible possession of the place and pulled the old obnoxious building about the owner's ears, in spite of his resistance and his fighting manfully for what he thought were his rights ; nor would he leave the house until it had been unroofed, the floors torn up, and the walls crumbling and falling down from room to room.. The cobbler stuck to his old house to the last, showing fight all through., with a determination and persistance worthy of a nobler cause. Some few years ago a barber, also in Dale-street, exhibited an equal degree of persistance in keeping possession of his shop which whs wanted for an improvement near Temple-street. This man clung to his old house and shop until it was made utterly uninhabitable. Dale- street, when I was a boy, was not very much broader than Sir Thomas's Buildings : in some parts it was quite as narrow, especially about Cumberland-street end. The carrying trade at one time from Liverpool was by means of packhorses, long strings of which used to leave the town with their burthens, attended by their drivers, and always mustered together in consider- able number in Dale-street previous to starting. This they did that they might be strong enough. ISO "RECOLLECTIONS OF to resist the highwaymen who infested the roads at the end of the last century. I have often heard my father talk of these free gentlemen's exploits, and the sometimes droll adventures arising from their presence. He used to tell a story of three volunteer officers going to Warring- ton by the stage to a county muster, being stopped by a pretended footpad (a friend in disguise) the oilier side of Prescot, and ignominiously robbed of everything they possessed, even their very swords. 1 cannot say I believed the story, because I felt sure no officers, whatever service they might be in, would have allowed themselves to be so treated. My father frequented the tavern which stood where Promoli's Bazaar now stands, and where all the leading tradesmen used to assemble, and he told us that the three officers were there out* night and were terribly " trotted" about their losses and that they did not altogether ; ' deny the soft impeachment. ''" There was a good story current in Liverpool, I have been told, in 1745, touching the doings of Mr. Campbell's regiment which, when the rebellion broke out in that year, was suddenly called into active service with orders to march to Manchester, by way of Warrington, to resist a party of Scots said to be in that neighbour- hood. The regiment marched at night, and of course threw out an advanced guard. When about two miles this side of Warrington, the vanguard fell OLD LIVERPOOL. 1*21 back reporting that they had seen a party of the enemy bivouacking in the road about a quarter of a mile ahead, and that they could see them quite plainly lying on the ground, at the biles and in the middle of the road. A halt was called, and a council of war summoned. Hearts beat quickly in some hardy frames who boldly advised an onward march, while others were for retreating until some good plan of attack could he determined upon. Some were for diverging from the road and continuing the march through the lanes and bye-ways, so that, if necessary, the en could be outflanked. One bolder than the rest offered to go forward as a scout. His prtipos was eagerly accepted. Away he went, and soon in the distance a terrible uproar was heard — the volunteers flew to arms, and waited in breath- less suspense. They were surprised, however, to hear the alarm raised, but no shots fired. The row subsided, when presently the gallant seout was seen approaching with a prisoner he had bravely captured — in the form of a fat goose. '1'he tart was that a flock of d-street, Fleet-street, Wolstenholme-square, and Hanover-street. This latter street contained some very handsome mansions, having large gar- dens connected with them. Rodney-street was laid out by a German named Schlink, who, being desirous to perpetuate his name, called his new thoroughfare Schlink-street. Several houses were erected in it. but the idea of living in " Schlink"-street — the word <; Schlink " being associated with bad meat — deterred per- sons from furthering the German's specula- tion. In deference to this notion, the name of the then popular hero, Si Rodney," was given to the street ; and it has continued to be occupied by families of the highest respectability, and especially of late years by the medical profession. I recollect a rather curious circumstance, con- nected with one of the best houses in this street, which caused some amusement at the time amongst those who were acquainted with the particulars 196 KECOLLECTIONS OF and the parties. It was a complete instance of " turning the tables." About thirty years, or more, ago, a gentleman lived in Rodney- street, whose commercial relations required him to be frequently in the metropolis. He found his presence there was likely to be continuous, and determined to give up his house in Liverpool and reside permanently in London. He, therefore, took steps to let his house (which he held under lease at one hundred and five pounds per annum) by advertising it, and putting a bill in the window to that effect. To his surprise he received a notice from his landlord informing him that by the tenure of his lease, to which he was referred, he would find that he could not sub-let. Finding this to be the case, he went to the owner of the pro- perty, and expressed a desire to be released from his occupancy on fair terms, offering to find a sub- stantial tenant and pay half a year's rent. The landlord, knowing he had a good tenant, rejected this offer in a way somewhat approaching to rude- ness. Finding himself tied to the stake, as it were, the gentleman inquired under what terms he could be released ? The answer was, that nothing short of twelve months rent and a tenant, would suffice to obtain a release. Without making a reply to this proposal, the gentleman went his way. A few mornings after this interview, the owner of the house, in passing, saw a man painting the OLD LIVERPOOL. 197 chequers* on the door cheeks., and on looking up found that " was licensed to sell beer by retail, to be drunk on the premises." Astonished at this proceeding, he ordered the painter to stop his work, but the painter told him he was paid for the job, and do it he would. On being told who it was that spoke to him his reply was that he did not care, and that he might go to a place "where beer is not sold by retail nor on the premises," for aught he cared. Furious at this insolence, the angry landlord sent word to his tenant that he wanted to see him, at the same time giving him notice of what he would do if he persisted in appropriating the house to the pur- * By tiie way, checkers on ale-house doors originated, I have been told, in a curious circumstance. They are the arms of the De Warrennes, who, at one time, had a right to grant a license to all tapsters for a certain fee. The De Warrennes arms on all house-doors indicated that the house was duly licensed. This grant was given to the De Warrennes by King John who is said to have bestowed it in recompense for breakiug the head of one of the family during a game of " check " in which the King was conquered. He, in vexation, struck De Warrenne with the board. Touching these said " checkers," I once heard a good story told of a Scotch lady resident in this town. Checkers in Scotland are called " dam-boards." The lady wanting to pur- chase some table-cloth with a "check pattern," went into a draper's shop and asktd to be shown a few. The assistant brought out several sorts, but none of them were large enough in the pattern; the lady, at length, told the young man that she wanted some of a " dam-board pattern." Not understanding the lady, but supposing she meant a d — n broad pattern, he meekly replied that they had none so broad as that! 13 198 RECOLLECTIONS OF pose intimated. The only answer returned was, that the tenant would "be at u the beer-shop " at ten in the morning, where he would meet his land- lord. At ten, accordingly, the old gentleman went to his tenant, and on meeting him asked him what was the meaning of his proceedings. " "Why," replied the tenant, " I find by my lease that it is true I cannot sub-let, and as you will not accept what I consider fair terms of release, I intend, for the remainder of my term, to keep the place open as a beer-shop. I have taken out a license, bought furniture for the purpose, and here comes the first load of forms and tables (at that moment, sure enough, up came a cart heavily laden with all sorts of beer-house requisites). I intend to make the drawing-room a dancing saloon, and the garden a skittle alley. I have engaged an old warehouse- man to manage the business for me, and if we don't do a roaring business, I hope to make enough to pay your rent, and become free from loss." The intense anger of the landlord may be imagined, and he left the house uttering threats of the utmost vengeance of the law ; but on an interview with his attorney he found there was no redress — a beer-shop was "not in the bond." He, there- fore, went again to his refractory tenant, for it was clear that if the house was once opened as a beer-shop, the adjoining property would be deteriorated. He was smilingly greeted, and his OLD LIVERPOOL. 199 tenant regretted that lie had not tapped his ale, or he would have offered hirn a glass. " Come, ^j r . ^ said the landlord, " let us see if we cannot arrange this matter. I am now willing to accept your offer of half a year's rent, and a tenant." " No," said Mr. — — , " I cannot think of such terms now." " Well, then, suppose you give me a quarter's rent, and find me the tenant." " No !" " Then the rent without the tenant." ■" No t" " Then a tenant without the rent." " No ; but I will tell you what 111 agree to, my good sir — you see, I have been put to some expense. I made you a fair, and, as I think, a liberal offer, which you would not accept. Now, if you will reimburse me all the expense I have been put to, and pay £10 to the town charities, I will abandon my beer-house scheme, undertake to give up the key, and close the account between us." With these terms the landlord eventually complied, thus having " the tables fairly turned " upon him. Cock-fighting was at one time a favourite sport in Liverpool, amongst the lower orders, and, indeed, amongst all other classes too. In a street leading- out of Pownall-square (so called after Mr. William Pownall, whose death was accelerated during his mayoralty in 1768, in consequence of a severe cold, caught in suppressing a serious riot of the Irish which occurred in the night-time in a place near the Salthouse Dock, called the Devil's acre), there 200 RECOLLECTIONS OF was a famous cock-pit. The street is now called Cockspur-street. Where the cock-pit stood there is a small dissenting chapel, and the entrance to it may be found up a court. This cock-pit was the resort of all the low ruffians of the neighbourhood. In consequence of the disturbances which continu- ally took place, it was suppressed as the neigh- bourhood increased in population. It is rather singular that in more than one instance cock-pits have been converted into places of public worship. The cock-pit at Aintree, for instance, was so con- verted ; and the first sermon preached in it was by the Eev. Dr. Hume, who skilfully alluded to the scenes that had been enacted in it, without in the least offensively describing them. That sermon w r as a remarkable one, and made a great impres- sion on the congregation assembled there for the first time. The late Lord Derby was an enthusiastic cock-fighter, and kept a complete set of trainers and attendants. When I was a boy, it was thought nothing of to attend a cock-fight, and, such was the passion for this cruel sport, that many lads used to keep cocks for the purpose. It is a curious thing to watch the changes that have taken place from time to time in different neighbourhoods as to the character of the inhabi- tants. Where at one time we may have found the aristocracy of the town assembling, we have noticed its respectability gradually fading away, and OLD LIVERPOOL. 20l those who inhabited large mansions removing else- where. For instance, Rose-hill, Cazneau-street (called after Mr. Caznean; at one time a pretty street indeed, with gardens in front of all the houses), and Beau-street, were fashionable subur- ban localities. St. Anne-street abounded in hand- some mansions and was considered the court-end of the town. The courtly tide then set southward, Abercroniby-square and its neighbourhood sprung up, and so surged outward to Aigburth one way and to West Derby another. Everton I have already spoken of. I remember the houses in Faulkner- terrace remaining for years unfinished, and it was at one time called " Faulkner's Folly," from the notion that no one would ever think of living so far out of the town. Mr. Faulkner, however, proved himself to be more long-sighted than those who ridiculed his undertaking. I remember the present Hay market a field with a rivulet flowing through the midst of it, and the whole of this neighbourhood fields and gardens. In Cazneau-street there was an archery lodge, a portion of which is still standing. I remember, too, the erection of Richmond Fair, in 1787. It was projected by a Mr. Dobb, who dwelt in a bay-windowed house still standing in St. Anne-street. He intended it for a Cloth Hall for the Irish factors to sell their linens in, which they brought in great quantities at that time to 90.2 EECOLLECTIONS OF Liverpool. The Linen Hall at Chester gave him the idea of this undertaking. It took very well at first, but in consequence of complaints being made by the shopkeepers in the town that the dealers in linen, instead of selling wholesale were carrying on an extensive retail trade and injuring their busi- ness, the authorities stopped all further traffic in it, and, after remaining some years unoccupied, it has of late been converted into small tenements. OLD LIVERPOOL. 20$ CHAPTER XII. Thirty years ago Great Charlotte-street, at the Ranelagh-street end, was a narrow, poorly-built thoroughfare. On the left hand side, looking south, between Elliot-street and the present coach-build- ers' establishment, there was a timber-yard, in which stood a small wooden theatre, known as "Holloway's Sans Pare il," and truly it was Sans Pared, for surely there was nothing like it, either in this town or anywhere else. Both inside and outside it was dirty and dingy. There were only a pit and gallery, the latter taking the place of boxes in other theatres ; and, yet the scenery was excel. lent, the actors, many of them, very clever, and the getting up of the pieces as good as could be in so small a place. The pantomimes at Christmas were capital. The charges of admission were : to the pit 3d., and to the gallery, Cd. The audiences, whether men or women, boys or girls, were the 204 RECOLLECTIONS OF roughest of the rough. The quantity of copper coin taken at the doors was prodigious ; and I am told that it occupied two persons several hours, daily, to put the money up into the usual five-shilling packages. Mr. Hollo way used to stand at one door and his wife at the other, to receive the admission money. When the audience was assembled, the former would go into the pit and there pack the people, so that no space should he lost. He would stuff a boy into one, or a little girl into another seat, and leave them to settle down into their proper places ; giving one a buffet and another a knock on the head, just to encourage the others to keep order and be obedient to his will and wish. There was no space lost in the pit of Hollow r ay's theatre, whatever there might be any- where else. A thriving business was carried on in this little bit of a theatre, and if the highest class of performances w r as not produced, nothing at any time offensive to order and morality was permitted. I remember a good joke in which a gentlemen whom I knew, connected with one of our news- papers, and a leading actress at the Theatre Koyal, were concerned, in connection with a visit to the Sans Pareil. The lady w r as very desirous to see a piece which was got up with great eclat at the Sans Pareil, and which was attracting crowds of people to see it. I think it was entitled " Maria OLD LIVERPOOL 205 Martin ; or, the Murder at the Red Barn." Hav- ing expressed her wish to my friend, he at once offered to escort her any evening on which she was disengaged. Fixing, therefore, a night when her sendees in Williamson-square were not required, my friend and the fair comedienne "betook them- selves to Great Charlotte-street and presented themselves at the gallery door where the gentle- man tendered the price of their admission. Now the lady had a thick veil on that she might, as she hoped, conceal her well-known features. But it seems that Mr. Holloway had at once recognised his fair visitor. On the money being tendered to Mrs. Holloway at the gallery door, Mr. H. called out from his door, " Pass 'em in — all right, missus." Now my friend w r as well aware that Mr. Holloway knew him, and therefore supposed that as a press man he would not allow him to pay — not supposing- for a minute that the muffled up figure of his companion had been recognised. So in they went and managed to climb up the half ladder, half stair, that led to the " aristo- cratic' 5 region of the auditory part of the theatre. These stairs were frightfully dirty and steep. A broom had not been near them for months, and the lady, picking up her ample skirts, endeavoured to avoid all contact with both stairs and walls. On emerging from the top landing into the theatre, they found the place in a state of semi-darkness. 206 EECOLLECTIONS OF They could just make out a few rows of benches. and clustering in the middle front were about thirty people. The noise was horrible, and seemed more so through the prevailing darkness. Shout- ings, bawlings, whistlings, and screamings were in full swing, and the lady paused for a moment, whispering to her companion, " Oh, let's go back —I can't stand this at any price." My friend, however, urged his companion to remain, and at length they managed to scramble forward, and secure a front seat at one side. The clamour was now added to, by the entrance of the band, who mingled the sounds of tuning instru- ments with the other discords prevalent. Just at this juncture in came Mr. Holloway, who com- menced the packing process, much to the amuse- ment of our lady friend, who now began, in spite of the heat, the offensive smells, and the row, to become curious, and determined to see all that was to be seen. Presently the lights were fully turned on, and the orchestra struck up a lively medley tune, suitable to the taste of the audience. The orchestra, though small, was a good one, and some very clever performers were amongst its members The play at length commenced, and appeared to create great interest and command attention. The lady admitted that the characters were well repre- sented, and the drama very creditably got up. At length came a very sensational portion of the play. OLD LIVERPOOL. 207 That part where, Maria Martin is enticed into the Ked Barn by Carder. In this exciting scene. Maria, as if having a presentiment of her fate, stands still and refuses to move. She appears In a state of stupor and Corder endeavours to urge her to accompany him. Now there were seated in the middle of the pit two sweeps, who appeared deeply interested in the performance, and finding that Corder, could not induce Maria to go forward, one of them, amidst the silence that the cunning of the scene had commanded, screamed out — "Why don't you give her some snuff, and make her sneeze ! ? ' The silence thus broken was broken indeed, and the house roared with laughter. Our two friends were not backward in partaking of the merriment. The lady went almost into hysterics, so violent were her paroxysms of mirth. In the midst of the clamour, Holloway, hearing these loud bursts of laughter at a time when there should be complete silence, rushed on to the stage, fancying something had gone wrong. Darting to the footlights, as well as his little fat figure would let him, he roared out, " What's all this here row about?" and glancing round to see on whom he could heap his vengeance, he caught sight of our two friends, and looking up indig- nantly at them, he continued — " I von't have no row in my the-a-ter. If you vants to kick up a row you'd better go the The-a-ter R'yal." The •208 BECOLLECTIONS OF audience seeing Mr. Holloway addressing the gal- lery, all eyes were now turned up to where our friends were seated, and the lady, (who had thrown up her veil in consequence of the intense heat) being recognised, was saluted by some one shouting out " Three cheers for Mrs. ," whereupon the audience began hurrahing, in the midst of which our two adventurers made off as quickly as they could. They declared that neither of them could tell how they did so, being conscious of nothing until they found themselves breathing the fresh air in Lime- street. When Stephen Price, the American manager, w r as in Liverpool beating up recruits, in, I think, 1831, Templeton, the tenor singer, was playing at the Theatre Royal. At that time Madame Malibran had made Templeton famous, by selecting him to enact the part of Elvino to her Amina, and thus a very second-rate singer suddenly jumped into the first place in public opinion, by his association with the gifted woman who enchanted all her hearers. Templeton waited on Price relative to an engagement in America, when the following conversation took place : — " I should like to go to America, Mr. Price, if you and I could agree about terms.' 5 " Very good, Mr. Templeton. What would you expect, Mr. Templeton ?" " Well, I should just expect my passage out and home, and ■thirty ' punds' a week, Mr. Price, to begin with." OLD LIVERPOOL. 209 •' Very good, Mr. Templet on.*' " And all my travelling expenses, from toun to toun." " Very good, Mr. Templeton. Anything else, Mr. Tem- pleton ?" " My board and lodging in every toun, Mr. Price"' "Very good, Mr. Templeton. Any- thing else, Mr. Templeton?" "And a clear benefit in every toun, also, Mr. Price." " Very good. Anything else. Mr. Templeton ?" " Well — no — I — ah — no ! — nothing occurs to rae just now, Mr. Price.'' i: Well, then," said Mr. Price, " I'll see you d — d first, Mr. Templeton." There was a very good story current in Liver- pool, some twenty-five years ago, about Mr. W. J. Hammond, a then great favourite, both as actor and manager, and an acquaintance of mine. About that time a very flashy gentleman went into the Adelphi Hotel, and after making minute inquiry as to the bill of fare, and what he could have for dinner, at length ordered " a mutton chop to be ready for him at five o'clock." Five o'clock came, and also the traveller, who sat down in the coffee room to his banquet. He helped himself to the water at his own table and then emptied the bottles at the next, and at length called on the waiter for a further supply. When the mutton chop was duly finished, the waiter inquired what wine his " lordship" would take. (: Oh !— ah !— wine ! Ill take — another bottle of — « water.' " " Pray, sir," said the waiter (leaning the tips of his thumbs upon ^10 RECOLLECTIONS OF the table) with a most insinuating manner — " Pray, sir, would you like the Bootle or the Harrington water ?" Hammond heard this, and agreed, with the friend referred to, to enter the Hotel, one at each door, and severally call out, one for a glass of i{ Harrington," and the other for a glass of "Bootle" water. "Waiter, some Bootle water!" came from a voice at the Copperas-hill door. "Waiter, some Harrington water!" was the order proceeding from the traveller entering by the front door. These strange orders, breaking upon the stillness that pervades this well-conducted hotel, seemed to excite great surprise in one or two aristocratic guests, who were standing in the lobby, when just at the moment Mr. Badley came out of one of the rooms and recognised the jokers. Taking them into his sanctum, he provided them with something stronger than the stream from the good old red sandstone. After a short time Mr. E. was called out, and the two guests began to get impatient at his non-return. Hammond declared that he must go — so did his friend ; but they both thought it would seem unmannerly to leave the hotel without seeing their entertainer. Which should remain ? However, Hammond soon cut the matter short by bolting out of the room and locking the door. His friend sat patiently enough for some little time, fully expect- ing Mr. Kadley's return, but, while waiting, fell OLD LIVERPOOL. 211 asleep. When he awoke he found himself in darkness, wondering where he could possibly he. After groping about some time he discovered that the door was locked. The trick Hammond had played him then flashed across his mind. Hunt- ing about, he at length found the bell which soon brought some one to the door, and on its being opened a rather severe questioning took place, as to how the visitor got there and what was his object. Mr. Radley having in the meantime gone home, he could not be referred to. It was only after send- ing for some person who knew the gentleman that he was released, and certainly not without some suspicions attaching to his visit and his peculiar position. I recollect a good anecdote of a favourite actor in Liverpool some twenty years ago, when he was engaged at the Theatre Royal as one of the stock company. Mr. S was a constant church-goer, as many actors and actresses are, although those who do not know them fancy they cannot be either good or religious — a great mistake. Mr. S was accommodated by a friend, who had a very handsomely fitted up pew in St. A "s Church, with the use of it, and Mr. S occupied it so long that he quite considered it to be his own ; and it was a standing joke amongst his intimates that on all occasions '■ my pew !; was referred to. Being out one night rather late, with some ''jolly com- 212 EECOLLECTIONS OF panions," he and they found, on comparing time- pieces, that if they were not quick in getting home unpleasant consequences would ensue amongst their domestic relations. Said one, " I must be off." Said another, " If I don't make haste I shall he locked out." " My hoy," said S , " never mind being locked out. I'll go and get the key of St. A 's church, and you shall sleep in my pew ! " OLD LIVERPOOL. 213 CHAPTER XIII. On turning over my " Recollections " of our theatre, there was one circumstance connected with the drama in Liverpool that I shall not forget. It made a great impression on my mind, as it did no doubt upon all those who. at the time, interested themselves in the success of the movement. I allude to the brilliant demonstration that took place in December. 1816, when an amateur per- formance was got up in aid of the distress expe- rienced in Liverpool, a distress felt in common with the whole nation. All the leading theatrical and musical amateurs in the town took part in that performance. I dare say that, at this distance of time even, it is well remembered by those who assisted at it, if there be any of them still amongst us. I am quite certain that the patriotic feelings which urged them to unite and give their valuable services at so trying a time must still and ever be 14 214 EECOLLECTIONS OF a source of gratification to them of the highest order. At the date I refer to, great commercial distress prevailed Amongst the working and lower classes the most frightful indigence and destitution were experienced. After the battle of Waterloo all sorts of property depreciated in value. Everything previously was at a " war price." The amount of taxation which the country had to endure may be judged when I state that for a house rented at forty pounds per annum the following were the taxes levied upon its occupier: — Window tax, £11 4s. 6d.; inhabited house duty, £2 18s. 6d. ; land tax, £1 16s. ; high- way and church rates, £2 13s. 9d. ; poor rates, £18 ; making a total to be paid of £36 12s. 9d. ! The failure of the harvest that year added also to the general distress so that the nation might have been said to have been on the very eve of bank- ruptcy. So bad was the flour in 1846, and so scanty was the supply, that everybody seemed occupied in hunting up and inventing new modes of preparing it for consumption, as well as appro- priating unheard of articles as food. I recollect even " saw-dust" was attempted to be converted into bread, while horse-beans were cooked in all sorts of ways to be made palatable, ' and were also ground down to a sort of fiour as a substitute for wheat. The newspapers teemed with cautions OLD LIVERPOOL. 215 to the public to use the utmost economy, while recipes without end appeared as to how had flour could he best used and made wholesome. It will scarcely he credited that even a public notice ema- nated from the Town Hall on this subject, signed by Mr. Statham, the Town Clerk. I have by me a copy of it, which, as it may interest some of my readers, I will give entire. It is headed — JOHN WRIGHT, MAYOR. MAKING OF BEE AD. NOTICE TO HOUSEKEEPERS, AND DEALERS IN FLOUR. Complaints having been made against some of the Flour Dealers in this town for having sold Flour unfit for the making of Bread, the Mayor thinks proper to acquaint the Public that, upon an investigation of such complaints, it appeared that in many instances blame was not imputable to the Flour Dealer,- but to the Purchaser of the Flour in not having taken proper precautions in the Making of the Bread, which, owing to the state of the Flour this season, it was necessary to have taken, and which had been pointed out to the party by the Flour Dealer. From the above circumstance, the Mayor has been induced to recommend to all Dealers in Flour upon the Sale of any Flour which, although not unsound, may ren- der proper precautions necessary in the use of the same, to apprise their several customers thereof ; and the Mayor has been further induced to recommend to all House- keepers the adoption of the following system in the Making of Bread : — 916 RECOLLECTIONS OF To boil the water and let it stand till of a proper heat, to knead the Flour well, using as little water as possible, and let it stand a sufficient time to rise : to use fresh Water Barm, and bake the Bread on the oven bottom, in small loaves of not more than 21b. to 31b. weight ; to use, as much as possible. Cakes or Hard Bread, and not to use the Bread new. By Order of the Mayor, STATHAM, Town Clerk. 22 Nov, 1816. Iii London the distress was so great that the people there were full of a rebellious element ; at a meeting in Spitalfields, whereat the celebrated, or, if the term he more appropriate, " notorious," Henry Hunt was present, and addressed a numerous assembly, frightful disorders took place. Meetings of large bodies of the people were held in ail the leading cities and towns throughout the kingdom to petition the Prince Eegent and parlia- ment to do something effectual to stay the tide of calainity that seemed to be setting steadily in to overwhelm the nation. The petition from Liverpool was most numer- ously and respectably signed ; and I recollect that so determined were the memorialists to ascertain whether their petition had been properly presented that a correspondence took place on the subject and was made public, between his worship the mayor, Sir W. Barton, and General Gascoigne, one of our members, relative to its having reached its destination. OLD LIVERPOOL. 217 The price of wheat in the month of December, 181G, was 21s. per 701bs. 3 while the quartern loaf of 41b. 5oz. cost Is. 6fd. The penny loaf only weighed 3oz. 1J dr. To the credit of the working classes in Liver- pool, the utmost patience and forbearance was exhibited under intense sufferings. I recollect well the energy exhibited by the gentry of the town in their endeavours to raise funds for the general relief. The Dock Trustees employed numbers of people at 2s. a day. A large loan was raised to enable them to give unlimited employment. The leading firms in the town were subscribers to this loan, which was headed by the Norwich Union Life and Fire Office with £] 000. In the churches and chapels charity sermons were constantly preached, and the clergy of all denominations urged their flocks to give anything at all, and not to withhold even their mites. Gentlemen formed themselves into parties to canvass subscriptions for the poor from house to house, while the ladies left no stone unturned to further the cause of charity. It was a most re- markable epoch in the history of this country, and certainly in Liverpool the time was as trying as could possibly be conceived. Merchants and tradesmen w r ere daily failing. Great houses, apparently able to stand any amount of pressure, gave way, and many of the provincial banks sue- 218 RECOLLECTIONS OF eurnbed, adding to the horrors of the time. Amongst other schemes afloat to relieve distress in Liverpool was the benefit got up at the Theatre Koyal, to which I have referred. The prices of admission were doubled on the occasion. The box tickets were 9s., the upper boxes, 8s., the pit, 6s., and the gallery, 2s. ; and the proceeds realised no less a sum than £610 ! The performances were the " Poor Gentleman, 5 ' " A Concert," by musical amateurs, and the burlesque of " Bom- bastes Furioso." The characters were personated for the most part in each of the pieces by ama- teurs, amongst whom were several of the leading gentlemen of the town, who spared no pains, study, nor cost to render their exertions success- ful. There may be still left amongst us some of those who took part in the glory of that memorable evening of Saturday, December 7, 1816. At this distant time, they may still indulge in a feeling of pride at their successful endeavours to further a good cause, and they will not, I am sure, be offended at an old man recording the amount of talent they exhibited, nor the zeal they manifested in fully carrying out the plan proposed for the public amusement and the welfare of the poor. I recollect there was an admirably written prologue, by Dr. Shepherd, which was as admirably delivered by Mr. J. H. Parr, in the character of Stephen OLD LIVEKPOOL. 219 Harrowby, a character which he personated in the play with all the finish of an experienced actor, his exertions drawing forth frequent and loud applause. Dr. Ollapod was personated by Dr. Carter, who excited roars of laughter. I recollect the names of Messrs. Aldridge, Bartleman, Cooper. Greaves, Halewood, Hime, Jackson (a distinguished violoncello player, by the way), Langhorne, Maybrick, Tayleure (a dis- tinguished double bass), and Vaughan. In " Bombastes Furioso," King Artaxomines was per- sonated by Mr. Bichmond ; Fasbos by Mr. Clay ; General Bombastes by Mr. J. H. Parr, who elicited shouts of laughter by his drollery and admirable acting. Miss Grant, of the Theatre Koyal Com- pany, played Distaffina. The house was crowded in every part, the whole town seemed to take an interest in the matter, and every nerve was strained to command success. In fact so well did those who had undertaken the disposal of tickets succeed, that numbers of persons could not gain admission although possessing tickets. while hundreds who in vain crowded round the doors were unable to obtain entrance " for love or money/' A more cordial display of goodwill was never known in this town, nor was there ever a more enthusiastic, elegant, or better pleased audience assembled within the walls of the Theatre Royal than on that occasion. 220 RECOLLECTIONS OF At this time there was considerable ferment in the public mincl, relative to, and consequent upon, the escape of Lord Cochrane from the King's Bench prison, and when the gallant and noble lord was re-captured and re-committed with a fine of £100 inflicted upon him, the men ^of Liverpool were early astir in the noble sailor's behalf— a subscription box was opened instantly the matter became known in Liverpool, and it was resolved that not more than a "penny" should be given by each person towards the fine, and each subscriber should, on payment of his money, sign his name and address. A shop at the corner of John-street and Dale-street, was one place appointed for the reception of pence and names, while another was in Mersey-street opposite the end of Liver-street. Crowds of persons were assembled round these places who loudly and admiringly canvassed the noble lord's conduct. He was quite the hero of his day, and in no place had his lordship more enthusiastic admirers than in Liverpool amongst the liberal party. By the people generally, he was quite idolized. In a very short time 2500 pence and names were obtained, and had 25,000 been wanted, I am sui^ they would have been as readily subscribed. As it may be interesting to some of my readers to know how the £100 fine was paid, I can give them some particulars thereupon, £85 was paid in bank notes, £5 r in silver, and £10 in OLD LIVERPOOL. 221 copper. It was said in a joke, that if the whole amount had been tendered in brass it would have been readily accepted, so glad were authorities to get rid of so troublesome a customer. 22£ RECOLLECTIONS OF CHAPTER XIV. On Sunday morning, February 11, 1810, I was standing in St. Nicholas churchyard, in company with two old friends. We were waiting the arrival of the congregation, and the commencement of the morning service. The second hells were chiming. We had been looking on the river with that interest which is always felt in gazing upon such a scene. Our conversation had turned upon the benefits which a good sound Christian education must confer upon the lower classes of society. Education at the period to which I refer was then beginning to take hold of the public mind, as an essential to the well-doing of the people. This subject in later years, as is known, has become an absorbing question. Our remarks had been evoked by the neat appearance of the children of the Moorfields Schools, who had just passed near where we stood, as they entered the church. One OLD LIVERPOOL 223 of us remarked in reference to the Tower close by, that it was the dower of the Lady Blanche, the daughter of John O'Gaunt, who, although occupying so eminently marked a place in history, was a man so narrow-minded that he would not allow any of his vassals to receive the least educa- tion as he held that it unfitted them for the duties of their station, and gave them ideas far above their lot in life. A curious speculation was hazarded by one of my friends that as Water- street was anciently called " Bank-street," whether the word "Bank'"' ought not to have been " Blanche"-street ; a name given to it in honour of the lady to whom the principal building in the street belonged, when, just as he had finished speaking, we heard, as if above us, a smart crack. On looking round to ascertain the cause, a sight burst upon our view, that none who witnessed it could ever forget. The instant we turned, w r e beheld the church tower give way, on the south- west side, and immediately afterwards the spire fell with a frightful and appalling crash into the body of the building. The spire seemed at first to topple over, and then it dropped perpendicularly like a pack of cards into a solid heap, burying everything, as may be supposed, below it. There were many persons in the churchyard, waiting to enter the sacred edifice, and, like ourselves, were struck dumb with horror and dismay at the fright- 224 EECOLLECTIONS OF ful catastrophe. We were soon aroused to a state of consciousness, and inaction gave way to exer- tion. In a very sliort time, the noise of the crash had brought hundreds of persons into the church- yard to ascertain the cause. Amidst the rising dust were heard the dreadful screams of the poor children who had become involved in the ruins ; and not long after, their screams were added to by the frantic exclamations of parents and friends, who, in an incredibly short time had hurried to the scene of the disaster. Crowds of people rushed into the churchyard, some hurrying to and fro, scarcely knowing what to fear or what to do. That the children were to be exhumed was an immediate thought, and as immediately carried into execution. Men of all ranks were seen, quite regardless of their Sunday clothes, busily employed in removing the ruins — gentlemen, merchants, tradesmen, shopmen and apprentices, willingly aiding the sturdy labourers in their good work, and, in a short time, first one little sufferer, and then another, was dragged out from the mass of stone and brick and timber that lay in a confused heap. Twenty-eight little ones were at length brought out, of whom twenty-three were dead ; five were alive, and were taken to the Infirmary, but of these, only three survived. They were horribly maimed, and so disfigured that they were scarcely recognizable. These OLD LIVERPOOL. 925' twenty-eight poor little bodies were at first laid in rows in the churchyard to he claimed by their parents and friends, many of whom were to be seen running to and fro looking distracted with the great calamity that had befallen them. Of all the pitiable sights I ever beheld, the sight of these little things laid on the grass was the most piteous ; and, as. one by one they were claimed and taken away — in some instances parents claiming two, and in one instance, three children — the utmost sympathy was felt for those who had been so suddenly bereft. It was most fortunate that the accident did not occur half an hour — nay, a quarter of an hour — later, or the calamity might have been such as w^ould have marked the clay as one of the darkest in our annals — a frightful spot in our calendar. Beside the children, there were only about twenty people seated in the church, far from the scene of the disaster, and they, on the first indication of danger, had fled and sought safety outside the building. How the bell-ringers escaped, it is impossible to tell, but escape they did, and that unhurt, with the exception of one, who rushed back to get his clothes and was killed. It was to their intense stupidity and obstinacy that this catastrophe may be ascribed. Previous to the accident, they had been told that the tower was unsafe, and on that 226 RECOLLECTIONS OF very morning, they were advised not to ring the bells again, until an examination of the building had taken place ; but ring they would, and ring they did, and the result of their ringing was a death- knell unmatched in local history. Nor were the authorities altogether free from blame. It was said that they were apprised of the insecurity of the tower, and yet did not take steps to avoid the accident. The escapes of people on their way to church were wonderful, and many traced their good fortune, to f being tardy in getting ready, or from leaving home at an un- usually late moment. The scene of the disaster was for a long time an attraction to people residing miles from Liverpool, and the country around sent thousands to gaze on the unusual sight pre- sented to their view. In the same year the sad calamity I have just recorded took place, the Theatre Eoyal was the scene of a frightful disturbance, which ended in the trial at Lancaster, of several highly respectable men, for being partakers in it. I have a distinct recollection of this affair, and a more disgraceful one to all parties concerned in it, cannot be imagined. These riots were termed the H. P. riots. In the September of the preceding year there had been considerable agitation in the theatrical world of London, and dreadful riots had taken OLD LIVERPOOL. 227 place as to the old prices, and tine question was whether new and advanced prices should be charged for admission to the theatres. A number of individuals, as many as forty, were tried for the offence of rioting at Covent Garden, when, to the surprise of everyone, the whole of the party were found " Not guilty." There is no doubt that this strange verdict in reference to most outrageous and unjustifiable conduct had put it into the heads of many people in Liverpool that similar conduct might be indulged in, with like impunity, respecting the Theatre Eoyal. There had been frequent attempts made to induce the lessees of the theatre, Messrs. Lewis and Knight, to permit a half-price to be taken. The plea for the request was that numbers of persons who would like occasionally to visit a theatre were debarred doing so from the fact, that their hours of employment were so late that they could not get away in time to attend when the performances commenced, and they thought it a hard case that they should be obliged to pay a full price for only half the quantity of amusement. The lessees pleaded their expenses were just the same, whether the people came at full price or half-price, and since the Theatre Royal had been established no such arrangement had been attempted, and as it would not pay them to concede a half-price they declined to do so. They 228 RECOLLECTIONS OF said their undertaking in the theatre was a private speculation for a public purpose, and they had no right to be compelled to do, what no other trades- men would be expected to do, that is, prosecute their business at a loss. The play-goers, however, seemed determined to carry things with a high hand, and endeavour to force Messrs. Lewis and Knight to come to their terms. The season was announced to commence on the 11th of May, 1810, when there appeared, a few days previously, on the walls of the town the following placard : — THE THEATRE OPENS ON MONDAY NEXT, 11TH MAY. THE MANAGERS Have been requested to permit admission at HALF-PRICE, As in London, &c. (and elsewhere), but they still persist in the injustice of demanding full prices, from those who have it not in their power to attend until a very late hour, when a good and material part of the performance is over. We have even a greater right to the indulgence than the London audiences — let us boldly c laim it AND WE MUST SUCCEED ! I This placard was followed by others. An abusive letter also made its appearance, as well as OLD LIVEKPOOL. 229 & pamphlet equally offensive, in which the lessees were held up to scorn, ridicule, and opprobrium. In fact, every step was taken to excite the (play-going) public mind on the subject of " half- price or full-price." When the opening night arrived, crowds of people assembled outside the theatre, and the rush to get in, when the doors opened, was immense. Numbers of places had been previously taken in the boxes, by persons who were seen to be most actively engaged in the riots in the theatre afterwards. No sooner had the curtain rose to the play of " Pizarro " than the rqw began — shoutings, bawlings, whistlings, hornblo wings, turnings of rattles, flappings of clappers, and £very noise that could be made by the human voice was indulged in, and the uproar seemed to increase as the night went on — such a scene of confusion can hardly be conceived, and amidst the turbulence that reigned placards were exhibited demanding "half-price." In vain the managers attempted to obtain a hearing — in vain favourite actors came forward, hoping to be heard — the play proceeded, but all in " inexplicable dumb show and noise." These riots were repeated on the nights of the 14th and 16th, when it was found necessary to close the theatre. Each night the same riotous behaviour was exhibited. In fact, to such an extent had it arrived that the 230 RECOLLECTIONS OF Mayor was at length sent for, and read the lUot Act. The mob outside threw brick-bats? stones, and all sorts of missiles at the windows., which they completely smashed, breaking away even the woodwork of the frames. The people outside kept bawling " Half-price !" and when any of the known adherents of the full price attempted to get out of the theatre they were driven back and insulted, while those in favour of " Half- price" were cheered and applauded most vocifer- ously. At length, it was determined by the magistrates that the strong arm of the law should be stretched out, and in consequence, six persons who had been most active in the disturbances were arrested, and brought to trial at the autumn assizes at Lancaster, for conspiracy and riot. These delinquents were all gentlemen of position in the town, and, as may be supposed, the case excited the utmost attention and interest. The rase was tried on the 14th September. Sir Robert Graham was the judge. I remember Serjeant Cockle was for the prosecution, assisted by Messrs. Park, Topping, Holroyd, and Clark, nearly all of whom, by the way, I think, have since obtained seats on the judicial bench. The council for the defence were Messrs. Eaine, Scarlett (afterwards Sir James Scarlett), Ram- rod;, and Richardson. Sergeant Cockle, in opening the case highly lauded Messrs. Lewis and OLD LIVERPOOL. 231 Banks as actors, men, and citizens, and pointed out to the jury how monstrous the conduct of the prisoners had been, in attempting to force an unprofitable movement upon any one. I recollect he made use of this remarkable expression, " that every person resorting to a theatre had a right to express his dissatisfaction against any thing he sees either of the plays performed or the actors, and that he must do this honestly : but if he conspire with others to damn any play or condemn any actor, punishment should follow such con- spiracy.*' At the trial Mr. Statham, the Town Clerk, gave also evidence for the prosecution. After the court had been occupied some time, and many witnesses had been examined, an attempt was made on the part of the judge to effect a compromise, His Lordship remarking that he thought the ends of justice had been served in the public exposure and annoyance which the defendants had been put to, and that as the temper of the people had subsided, and even a better understanding existed between the public and the lessees than before, he thought it was of no use to carry the case any farther. The council for the prosecution, however, would not consent to this ; at the same time they assured the judge and the court, that the prosecution was not carried on by the lessees, but by the magistrates of the 332 RECOLLECTIONS OF borough, who were determined to put a stop, by all means in their power, to a recurrence of such disgraceful proceedings, and attempts on the part of an unthinking public to force gentlemen to do what they did not consider right or equitable. The verdict returned was " guilty of riot, but not of conspiracy." OLD LIVERPOOL. £33 CHAPTEE XV. I have never been much of a play-goer, but have occasionally visited the theatres when remarkable performers have appeared. I recollect many of the leading actors and actresses of the close of the last century, while all the great ones of this I have seen from time to time. Joe Munden, Incledon, Braham, Faweett, Michael Kelly, Mrs. Crouch, Mrs. Siddons. Madame Catalani Booth, and Cooke, and all the bright stars who have been ennobled — Miss Farren (Lady Derby), Miss Bolton (Lady Thurlow), Miss Stephens (Countess of Essex), Miss Love (Lady Harboro), Miss Foote (Marchioness Harrington), Miss Mellon (Duchess St. Albairs), Miss O'Neil (Lady Beecher) — but I must say the old and the new style of acting, appear to be very different. Mrs. Siddons exhibited the highest perfection 234 RECOLLECTIONS OF of acting. I cannot conceive anything that can go beyond it in dramatic art. I was present when. John Kemble hade fare- well to the Liverpool audiences. It took place in the summer of 1813. The play was " Coriolanus." The house was crowded to excess, and the utmost enthusiasm was exhibited in favour of the great tragedian ; who, although not a townsman, was at any rate a county man, he having been born at Preseot. Mr. Kemble, when addressing the audience on that occasion, made a very remarkable declaration. He said that " it was on the Liverpool stage he first adapted the play of " Coriolanus," and produced it, as they had just seen it performed, and that it was the earnest encouragement he then received that proved a great stimulus to him in after life."' A statement of the sums of money received at benefits amongst the " old stagers " may perhaps interest some of my readers. I am going back a long way, but I do so that those who know or who guess at, the receipts of the " moderns " may compare them with those of the " ancients." In 1795 Mrs. Maddocks, a most delightful actress, and an immense favourite in Liverpool, drew £213; Mrs. Powell, £207; Mr Banks, £183; Mr. Whitfield, £135. Mr. Kelly, the Irish singer, and Mrs. Crouch, a most charming and fascinating OLD LIVERPOOL. 260 woman, with a lovely voice, realised together £180 : Mr. Hollinsworth, £124 : and Mr. Ward £119. In modern days the Clarke s (the manager and his wife) have received as much as £300 at their benefits. One of the best speculations Mr. Lewis ever made was the engagement of Paganini, shortly after his first appearance in the metro- polis, in, I think, 1829 or 1830. This wonderful genius had taken the musical world of London by storm, and struck terror and despair into the hearts of the violinists of his day ; one and all of whom declaring, as a friend of mine said of his own playing — although eminent in his profession — <; that they were only fiddlers." Paganini's play- ing was most unearthly and inhuman. I never heard anything like the tones he produced from his violin — the sounds now crashing as if a demoniac was tearing and straining at the strings, now melting away with the softest and tenderest harmonies. He kept his hearers enthralled by his magical music, and astonished by his wonderful execution. I shall never forget hearing him play the "Walpurgis Nacht," when he appeared at the Amphitheatre in 1835 or 1836. It was painting a picture by means of sounds. His descriptive powers were wonderful. Anybody with the least touch of imagination could bring before "his mind's eye " the infernal revel that the artist was depicting* The enchantments of the witches were visible. 236 RECOLLECTIONS Ob 1 You could hear their diabolical songs, you could fancy their mad and wild dances; while, when the cock crew (imitated by the way in a most astonishing manner), you would feel that there was a rushing of bodies through the air, which were scattering in all directions. Then the lovely melody succeeding — descriptive of the calm dawn of summer morning — came soothingly on the senses after the strain of excitement that the mind had experienced. In that delicious melody you could fancy you saw the rosy colours of the breaking day, and gradually the rising of the sun, giving light and beauty to the world. That performance was the most wonderful I ever listened to, and I feel confident no one but those who did hear this strange man can ever entertain any notion of his style or performance. His first engagement in Liverpool was at the Theatre Royal, and a characteristic anecdote is related of the Signer in this transaction. At the Amphitheatre, Signor De Begnis, the great harp player — the husband of the fascinating Ronzi de Begnis, and who ran away with Lady Bishop (he was the ugliest man for a Cavaliero I ever saw, being deeply pitted with the small pox) — had been giving some concerts which were exceedingly unsuccessful. The people engaged got no money, De Begnis having com- pletely failed in the speculation. The news of this having reached London, Paganini heard of it, OLD LIVERPOOL. 237 and when Mr. Lewis proposed to engage him, he jumped at the conclusion that this was the same as De Begnis's speculation and that there could be only one theatre in Liverpool. He accordingly declined to come to Liverpool, unless the money to be paid to him was first lodged at his bankers (Messrs. Coutts) in London. Mr. Lewis saw through the Signor's error at once, and immediately remitted £1000 to ratify the engagement for ten nights. Paganini played his ten nights and drew on each of them from £280 to £300, so that great as the risk was, the speculation was a most advantageous one to the lessee. When Paganini came to the Amphitheatre in 1835 or '36 (I think) with Watson as his manager, and Miss Watson as his Cantatrice, he did not draw as on his first appearance, although the houses were very good. I recollect talking to Mr. Watson on the stage* between the 'parts, when the gods, growing impatient, whistled loudly for a re-commencement of the performance, Paganini, who happened to be near us, seemed rather surprised at the noise, and turning to Watson he inquired quest que cest ces tamgeurs ces siffleurs? and on being told, he grinned horribly, and said in a low voice — Bah! betes! I once was told, by one of the actors employed at the Theatre Royal, a curious anecdote of a remarkable and distinguished lady. I don't recollect the year it happened, but I think it 238 RECOLLECTIONS OF must have been about 1829. In that year a carriage drove up to the Theatre Koyal, containing two ladies, attended by a man-servant in green and gold livery. The servant went into the theatre, to inquire if Mr. Clarke, the stage-manager, was in. On being answered in the affirmative, the stoutest of the two ladies — for the other lady was quite young — stepped out of the carriage, and without ceremony walked through the lobby straight upon the stage, to the utter surprise of the hall-keeper who, like a masonic tyler, allows no one to pass without a word or sign of recognition that they are of the privileged. The man followed the lady, who, stepping to the footlights, gazed around on that most desolate of all desolate, dreary, dingy places, the inside of a theatre by daylight. On her still handsome countenance alternated emotions of pride, regretful feeling, as well as of deep interest. After looking across the pit for a few moments, she turned to the hail-porter and requested him to announce to Mr. Clarke that a lady wished to see him for a few minutes. The man quickly returned, requesting the lady to follow him, but she, passing him, made her way to the treasury with the air and mien of one who well knew the way to that place of torture when a " ghost does not walk." The lady accosted Mr. Clarke with a winning air, and seeing that she was not recognised, said, " So you don't recollect me?" " No, indeed, I do not. : ' "Well, OLD LIVERPOOL 239 that is strange, considering the money you have paid me. Why," she continued, " do you not recollect who played Little Pickle at Swansea and Bristol in 18 — ?" "Bless me!" exclaimed Mr. Clarke. " Ah ! I see you know me now," said the lady laughing. " And many a week's salary I have had there," continued the buxom visitor, pointing to the pay-place, ;i and now just let me have something paid to me to remind me of old times." Whereupon she w r ent to the pay-place, when the gallant stage-manager put down a week's salary as of old, which the lady took up, returning it however, and placing at the same time, in Mr. Clarke's hand, a note for £20, which she desired him to distribute amongst the most needy of the company. The lady was the Duchess of St. Alban's. When Miss Mellon, she had been engaged at the Theatre Boyal, and the first benefit she had was in Liverpool. I knew a gentleman w*ho exerted himself greatly on her behalf on that occasion, and the success of it was mainly attributable to his efforts. This she always gratefully acknowledged, and I recollect his telling me that once, being in London, this admir- able and kind-hearted lady — who so worthily used the wealth at her command, after she was ennobled — recognised him while passing down Pall Mall and beckoned him to the side of her magnificent equipage, and there recalled the old time to his recollection acknowledging the old obligation, assuring him 240 RECOLLECTIONS OF that if she could in any way serve him she would be delighted to do so. The Theatre Royal, about forty odd years ago was under the lesseeship of Messrs. Lewis and Banks. Mr. Banks was extremely fond of a good and well-dressed dish; he had a person as cook who had been with him some years, and w T ho suited his taste in his most choice dishes. The two had a serious quarrel, which ended in cooky giving her master notice of leaving his service. Mr. Banks took this somewhat to heart, as he thought if he parted with his cook — and such a cook as she was — he might not.be able to replace her. To put it out of her power to give him notice again, he offered her marriage, and was accepted. Mrs. Banks sometimes used to visit the theatre, and generally took her seat at the wing by the prompter's table, where she could see tolerably well what was going forward on the stage. On one occasion the tragedy of "Venice Preserved " was being performed. Edmund Kean was Jaffier and Miss O'Neil Belvidera. They were playing to a greatly excited house, as may well be supposed when two such artists were upon the stage. Mr. St. A , who was then ballet-master at the theatre, and who, by the way, was a most graceful dancer, seeing Mrs. Banks,, went up to her to exchange compliments. Having done so, Mr. St. A remarked how OLD LIVERPOOL. 241 seldom they had the pleasure of seeing Mrs. Banks. "Oh," replied she, "I never come to the theatre — not I. There's no good actors nowa- days — there ain't anybody worth seeing." " Dear me, Mrs, B., how can you say so ? Who have we on the stage now? There's Mr. Kean " — w Mr. Kean, indeed/' exclaimed Mrs. B., " I can't abide him ; he's my abortion." " Well, then, what do you think of Miss O'Neil ? " " Miss O'Neil ! — Miss O'Neil, indeed ; do you call her a hactress? — I can't abide her. There she is — see how she lolls and lollups on the fellows — its quite disgusting !" Now the fact was that Miss O'Neil, who was chastity itself off the stage, and who ^ead a most blameless life, showed, when performing, such abandon and impressment in her actions as to be quite remarkable, especially in parts where the intensity of passion had to be displayed, and this Mrs. Banks " couldn't abide." " Well, then," continued Mr. St. A , " who do you call a good actor?" " "Who do I call a good actor? — ah ! you wait till my dear John Emery comes down, and then you'll see a good actor ; and if I live as long, I'll make him such a pudding, please God, as he hasn't had this many a day !" Old Mrs. Banks was about right as to John Emery ; he was an actor of the first-class, and has never been replaced in his peculiar line. I have seen Emery play Tyke in the 242 RECOLLECTIONS OF " School of Reform." It was a wonderful impersona- tion. I have seen nothing like it since. It has always appeared to me to be a remarkable circumstance that many actors and actresses who have been great favourites in the metropolis, have not stood in the same light with the Liverpool audiences. I have seen, occasionally, some remark- able instances of this. Dow ton, a great actor, never drew ; James Wallack never attracted large audiences. I have seen the whole Adelphi company — including Frederick Yates, his charming wife, Paul Bedford, John Reeve, 0. Smith, and others- fail to draw ; in fact at one engagement they played night after night to almost empty benches. This was, I think, in 1838. I recollect, on one occasion, Yates seeing a band-box on the stage, went up to it and gave it a kick, and looking significantly at the state of the house, exclaimed, " Get out of my sight — I hate empty boxes !" Vandenhoff was always a great favourite with the Liverpool audiences. There w r as a tremendous row once got up at the Theatre Royal, in w 7 hich he was concerned. About 1825, I think, Vandenhoff went to try his fortune on the London stage, and there, if he did not altogether fail, he did not suc- ceed commensurate with his great expectations ; and after knocking about at several theatres, playing, I believe, at some of the minors — the Surrey, Coburg, and Sadler's Wells — he came back to Liverpool OLD LIVERPOOL. 243 where a Mr. Salter had taken up the position he had vacated. A strong move by Mr. VandenhofFs friends was made to reinstate him on the Liverpool Tragic Throne. This Mr. Salter's friends would not allow. The consequence was that several noisy demonstrations took place on both sides, and con- siderable confusion was created during the time the row was kept up. To show to what length things went, I may just mention that placards were freely exhibited in the theatre bearing the sentiments on them of the particular side which exhibited them. I recollect one caused great fun and laughter. It was headed " Vandenhoff"' and " Salter-off." Kean thought highly of Vandenhoff. I have seen a letter of his in which he highly extols him, con- sidering his style to be the purest acting since the retirement of John Kemble. In the autumn of 1824, there was a great row at the Theatre Koyal, which was excited in favour of Miss Cramer, a most popular and able vocalist. At that time the Music Hall in Bold- street had just been opened, and concerts were being given under the management of Mr. Wilson, the dancing master, whose niece by the way (Miss Bolton) was married to John Braham, 11 primo tenore fEurqpa, as the Italians termed him. Braham has often said that this Music Hall was a finer room for sound than any that ever he was in ; and at these morning concerts he frequently sang. It was the $44 BECOLLECTIONS OF custom to enlist the aid of the vocalists, if there were any, at the Theatre Royal, to add to the attractions of these concerts. The manager was always willing to allow his singers to avail them- selves of the occasion. However, on Miss Cramer being offered an engagement, the manager refused to allow her to appear. Miss Cramer, feeling the injustice of the case, nevertheless sang at one of the morning concerts, and was consequently dismissed from the Theatre Royal. The young lady instantly issued a handbill stating her case, and the conse- quence was that the theatre was crowded at night, and calls for '" Miss Cramer " were incessant. Mr. Banks came forward to justify himself, hoping that both sides might be heard, but he could not obtain a hearing. At length the audience grew so excited that they tore up the seats, smashed a splendid chandelier that had only just been purchased at a cost of £500, broke all the windows in the house, and did a great deal of damage. The row was con- tinued on the night but one following, when other damage was effected, and it was only by closing the theatre for a few days that peace could be restored. Some of the rioters were afterwards tried at Lan- caster, and, I think, heavily fined. OLD LIVERPOOL. 245 CHAPTER XVI. In the year 1816, in consequence of the high price of provisions, as mentioned in a former chapter, many persons rendered desperate by their wants, formed themselves into gangs of robbers, and committed many daring acts of depredation. Travellers were constantly stopped, ill-treated, and robbed on the roads in the vicinity of the town; and scarcely a day passed, without intelligence arriving of some house in the outskirts being attacked and plundered. To such an extent was. this carried, that people com- menced forming themselves into associations for their mutual protection. In Toxteth Park, this was especially the case, as several very serious robberies had been reported in that neighbourhood. It must be remembered that at that time Toxteth Park was but thinly populated. There were only a few good houses in it, occupied by 16 246 BECOLLECTIONS OF Mghly respectable families, for the salubrious air of " the Park," arid the beautiful views of the river from many parts of it, gave it attractions to those who could live out of town. It was. amongst other things, proposed, I recollect, to have as protection, large and sonorous bells put up on the tops of the houses, so that on the least alarm of thieves, the bells might be rung to arouse the neighbours. Such precautions will be laughed at, now-a-days, but something was necessary to be done at that time, when policemen were unknown, and personal protection was by no means much regarded. It was no uncommon circumstance for persons who had occasion to go out at night, to carry a brace of pistols with them ; but whether they would have had courage to use them or not, I cannot say, but the fact of having such things at hand, were crumbs of comfort to timid people, I dare say many of my readers will remember having seen in old carriages and gigs, a sort of round projection at the back, forming a recess from the inside of the vehicle. These boxes were used for the purpose of depositing therein a sword and pistols, so that they might be ready at hand in case of necessity. The extent to which robbery was committed in Liverpool, at this period, may be judged by the following circumstance, which many may still OLD LIVERPOOL. 247 remember. On the particulars being made public people were completely terrified at the state to which things had arrived, and several families living in the suburbs, seriously thought of returning to reside in the town again. About the month of August, 1810, an old woman was been prowling constantly about the vicinity of Mr. J. A. Yates' house, in Toxteth Park. She made a great many inquiries about the members of that gentleman's family, whether there were men- servants in the house, and whether a dog was kept. In fact, she made herself fully acquainted with Mr. Yates" domestic arrangements. This was thought nothing of at the time, but the old crone's curiosity was recalled to mind after the event took place, which I shall briefly mention. On the night of Friday, 16th August, 1816, about ten o'clock, six men wearing masks, and armed with pistols, might have been seen approaching Mr. Yates' house. Two of them took their position outside as sentinels to give alarm to their companions, if necessary. The other four approached the back of the. premises, and entered i lie house. Passing through the scullery they went into the kitchen, where they found a servant- maid and a footman. Threatening them with instant death if they gave any alarm, one of the four remained in the kitchen to watch the girl, while the other three compelled the footman to 248 RECOLLECTIONS OF show them over the house. Proceeding up stairs, they encountered Mr. J. B. Yates, who was on a visit to Mr. J. A. Yates. On seeing the men approach, he inquired their business, when one of them aimed a blow at him, which, however, fortu- nately missed its mark, and only inflicted a slight wound on Mr. Yates's mouth. They then ordered Mr. Yates to give up his money, which he did; tearing further violence. Driving him before them, they next entered a room, in which Mrs. J. B. Yates was sitting. They compelled her also to give up her money, watch, and the jewellery she wore. While this was going on, Mr. J. A. Yates arrived from Liverpool, and was seized by the two rascals stationed outside. They demanded his money, putting pistols to his head. Mr. Yates, however, with a good deal of nerve, rushed past the fellows, threw his watch away, and seized'hold of the handle of the door bell, w T hich he rung with considerable force. The men, however, again seized him, and told him his ringing would be of no use, as there were fellows inside who could overmaster any effort of his. But the ringing of the door-bell had seriously alarmed the party within, who were then robbing Mrs. Yates, as just mentioned. Snatching up whatever they could, which was portable and seemed of value, the fellows rushed down stairs, ordering the foot- man to open the hall-door. This he did, and OLD LIVEUPOOL. 249 availed himself of the opportunity of making his escape. He ran across the fields and speedily gave an alarm, but too late to be of any service ; for, when assistance arrived, the thieves had decamped, taking with them about £14, in money, and a quantity of valuable plate and jewellery. The man left in the kitchen had contrived to secure the stock of plate. Four of the robbers w r ere captured in September following, and com- mitted to take their trial at Lancaster, where they were found guilty and sentenced to death. They were hung in October following, and it is a rather curious circumstance that the very week these men suffered the extreme penalty of the law, for their misdeeds, a daring burglary was com- mitted one night at the mill near Mr. Yates* house, when five sacks of flour were stolen, put into a boat in waiting by the mill dam, and suc- cessfully carried off. v The Waterloo Hotel was originally Mr. Gore's house. It was afterwards occupied by Mr. Stani- forth, who was in partnership with the present Mr. Laird's father as ropers. The roperies occu- pied the site of the present Arcades, and extended to Berry-street. I recollect the Fall Well occupying the site of Mr. Alderman Bennet*s warehouse near Rose- street. It was covered over with several arches ; access to it was obtained down a flight of steps. 250 RECOLLECTIONS OF A tavern was afterwards built on its site, and was known for many years as the "Fall Well Tavern." It stood at the corner of Kose-street at the hack of the Amphitheatre. The Dye-House Well was in Greetham-street. I believe access is still obtained to the water, at least it was a few years ago. The wells on Shaw's brow w r ere all laid open when the alteration took place in that vicinity. One of the wells was used at an emery mill, which was once the cone of a pottery. One of the wells was found where the Library is now erected. OLD LIVERPOOL. 251 CHAPTER XVII. As a young boy and an old man I have seen my native town under two very diverse aspects. As a boy, I have seen it ranked only as a third- rate seaport. Its streets tortuous and narrow, with pavements in the middle, skirted by mud or dirt as the season happened. The sidewalks rough with sharp-pointed stones, that made it misery to walk upon them. I have seen houses, with little low rooms, suffice for the dwelling of the merchant or well-to-do trader — the first being content to live in Water-street or Old Hall- street, while the latter had no idea of leaving his little shop, with its bay or square window, to take care of itself at night. I have seen Liverpool streets with scarcely a coach or vehicle in them, save such as trade required, and the most en- lightened of its inhabitants, at that time, could not boast of much intelligence, while those who con- 252 RECOLLECTIONS OF stituted its lower orders were plunged in the deepest vice, ignorance, and brutality. But we should not judge too harshly of those who have gone before us. Of the sea-savouring greatly were the friends and acquaintances of my youth. Scarcely a town by the margin of the ocean could be more salt in its people than the men of Liverpool of the last century : so barbarous were they in their amusements, bull-baitings and cock and dog-fightings, and pugilistic en- counters. What could we expect when we opened no book to the young, and employed no means of imparting knowledge to the old ? — deriving our prosperity from two great sources — the slave-trade and privateering. What could we expect but the results we have witnessed? Swarming with sailor men flushed with prize money, was it not likely that the inhabitants generally would take a tone from what they daily beheld and quietly countenanced ? Have we not seen the father investing small sums in some gal- lant ship fitting out for the West Indies or the Spanish Main, in the names of each of his children, girls and boys ? Was it not natural that they should go down to the " Old Dock," or the " Salthouse," or the "New Dock," and there be gratified with a sight of a ship of which they — little folks as they were — were still part-owners ? "We took them on deck and showed them where a OLD LIVERPOOL 253 bloody battle had been fought — on the very deck and spot on which their little feet pattered about. And did we not show them the very guns, and the muskets, the pistols and the cutlasses, the shot- lockers and magazines, and tell them how the lad, scrubbing a brass kettle in the caboose, had been occupied as a powder-monkey and seen blood shed in earnest ? And did we not moreover tell them that if the forthcoming voyage was only successful, and if the ships of the enemy were taken — no matter about the streams of blood that might run through the scuppers — how their little ventures would be raised in value many hundredfold — would not young imaginations be excited and the greed for gain be potent in their young hearts? No matter what woman might be widowed — parent made childless, or child left without protector — if the gallant privateer was successful that was all they were taught to look for. And must not such teaching have had effect in after life ? 1 have seen these things, and know them to be true ; but I have seen them, I am glad to say, fade away, while other and better prospects have, step by step, presented themselves to view. As a man, I have seen the old narrow streets widening— the old houses crumbling — and the salty savouring of society evaporate, and the sea influence recede before improvement — education and enlightenment of all sorts. Step by step S5 4 "RECOLLECTIONS OF has that sea-element in my townsmen declined. The three-bottle and punch-drinking man is the exception now, and not the rule of the table. The wide, open street and the ample window- is now everywhere to be found, while underneath that street the well-constructed sewer carries off the germs of disease that in other times rose up potently amongst us, and through that window comes streaming the sunlight of heaven, cheering and gladdening every heart. Scarcely can the man of old, who has outlived his generation^ believe in the huge edifices that now the merchant occupies, or credit his sight, when he looks at the great shops that display their costly goods of all descriptions, with the best of taste. Nor is there a less remarkable aspect presented in the appear- ance of the people. Of old one scarcely met a well-dressed man — now scores upon scores.. In bye-gone times, w r e scarcely beheld a carriage, lumbering and uneasy as those things were —now we see elegant equipages of every make, shape, and build, suitable for every style of locomotion. In all things have we progressed ; nor are we yet standing still. We are doubling our trade. We are doubling our imports and exports ; we have been doubling them since 1749— about every 1G years. In that year the total tonnage of vessels that entered the port of Liverpool was 98,950 tons. In 1764 it OLD LIVERPOOL. 255 was 56,499 tons, in 1780 it was 112,000 tons, in 1796 it was 224,000 tons, in 1811 it was 611,190 tons, in 1827 it was 1,225,313 tons, in 1841 it was 2,425,401 tons, in 1857 it had reached 4,645,362 tons, so that by the same rule that doubled the tonnage of the port, between 1749 and 1764, the tonnage doubled itself between 1841 and 1857. It occupied 134 years to produce an increase equal to that which had taken place between 1841 and 1857. The value of exports in the whole kingdom in 1857, amounted to £110,000,000 sterling, out of which £55,000,000 passed through Liverpool alone. One hundred and fifty years ago there was not a dock in Eng- land. In Liverpool they now extend over five miles in length. An hundred years hence ?— and what then ? His tale being told the old man bids his readers farewell. He has chronicled a few odd matters relating to his native town. He has spoken of what it was. and of what it is. If it increase in wealth and extent during the next century as it has done in that which is past, our descendants may be so much in advance of us in wisdom and knowledge as to look slightingly upon us. But if our sons' - will only emulate our good and graceful actions, and avoid that which in us is wicked and ignoble, they will have better reason to be proud of their ancestors than we have of ours, or even of ourselves. •J. F. HUGHES, STEAM-PRINTER, LIVERPOOL. nt.K,^5 Y OF CONGRESS 021 397 099 9