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 A PERSONAL HISTORY 
 
 OF 
 
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 YSSES S, GRAl 
 
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 ILLUSTRATED BY THIRTY-TWO ENGRAVINGS, 
 
 FAC-SIMILE8 OF LETTERS FROM GRANT, LINCOLN, SHERIDAN, BUCKNER, LEE, ETC.; 
 
 AND SIX NIAPS, 
 
 ALBERT D. RICHARDSON, 
 
 AUTHOR OF "FIELD, DUNGEON, AND ESCAPE, AND "BEYOND THB MISSISSIPPI. 
 Revised and Completed by R. H, Fletcher, 
 
 Residents of any State in the Union desiring a copy should address the Publishers. 
 
 JUL /V I305J / 
 
 HABTPORD, CONN.t 
 AMERICAN PUBLISHmG COMPANY. 
 
 1885. 
 
r- 
 
 L? I 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 186S, 
 
 By ALBERT D. RICHARDSON, 
 
 In *e Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Southern District of New York. 
 Copyright, 1885. 
 
 BT AJ«BIC-i.N PlTBLISHINS COKPANT. 
 
"Our greatest yet with least pretense, 
 g^eat in council, and great in war, 
 Foremost Paptain of his time, 
 Rich in saying common sense, 
 ;4^nd, as the greatest only are, 
 
 Tn his simplicity SUBLIME. 
 
 Who never sold the truth to serve the houi^. 
 Nor paltered with eternal pOD for powei^; 
 Who let the turbid stream of rumor flow^ 
 Through either babbling world of high or low ; 
 Whose life was work, whose language rife 
 With rugged maxims hewn from life. 
 
 He on whom, from both her open hands, 
 Lavish Honor showered all hei^ stains, 
 
 ,AnD affluent -pORTUNE EMPTIED ALL HER HOI^N. " 
 
 TENNTSOirS ODE— DEATH OF WELLINGTON. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 In ISfil, when the guns of Sumter awoke the country, a resigned armj 
 captain, in his fortieth year, was living at Galena, Illinois. His civil life of 
 seven years had been a hard struggle. Though healthy, temperate, and 
 most industrious, he had found serious difficulty in supporting the wife and 
 children to whom he was devotedly attached. He bad failed as a farmer, 
 and as a real-estate agent, and was now clerk in his father's leather store, at 
 a salary of eight hundred dollars per year. 
 
 He was hardly known to a hundred persons in the little city. His few in- 
 timates esteemed and loved him ; but he seemed so out of place in the 
 scramble of life, that even they regarded him with something of that patron- 
 izing sympathy which those who earn their bread and butter easily, feel for 
 the " unpractical " who are baffled by tliat first problem of existence. 
 
 He had shown little interest in politics, and had never voted but once. 
 Though a very close reader of newspapers, he lacked the culture derived 
 from books. In hours of leisure he wooed not history, philosophy, nor 
 poetry — but euchre, whist, and chess ; smoking his clay pipe, and, between 
 the games, relating incidents of the Mexican war and of garrison life in Oregon. 
 
 At the Military Academy hehad been unnoticeable, and he graduated near 
 the middle of a class which was by no means brilliant. His military life of 
 eleven years gave no distinguishing promise. His reputation was very high 
 for amiability, truthfulness, and fair-mindedness. While campaigning in 
 Mexico, and while busy as a quartermaster both in Mexico and on the 
 frontier, it was above the average for bravery, energy, and business efficiency ; 
 but in the idle routine of a line-captain during his last year in the army, and 
 in the circumstances of his leaving it, this had been something marred. 
 
 And now when he otfered his services to the Government, the adjutant- 
 general did not even answer his letter ; his native Ohio had no commission 
 for him, and the governor of his adopted Illinois gave him a half-clerical, 
 half-advisory position, only on the persisting demands of two Galena 
 gentlemen. 
 
 '• Many meet the gods, hut few salute them.'' The obscure ex-captain 
 had reached middle life without much honor, either in his own country or 
 
X Preface. 
 
 anywhere else. Had he died then, he would have been remembered only 
 as a pure, shy, kindly gentleman, of moderate abilities. 
 
 But a destiny almost incredible awaited him. In one year he was a 
 laureled hero. In three, he had risen to the command of a million of 
 soldiers. In seven he was elected President of the Great Republic. 
 At a period requiring the highest statesmanship, he had won the enthusiastic 
 confidence of thirtj- millions of people in his ability to conduct their civil 
 afiairs; and the leather-dealer's clerk was the foremost man of all the world. 
 
 The bare outline of this strange, eventful history, reads like a leaf from the 
 Arabian Nights. In these pages it is not attempted to give all the minute 
 details of Grant's achievements in the field. The world knows them by 
 heart. But rather to show what made him the man he became — the stock 
 from which he sprang ; the molding influences of his boyhood ; his early 
 military and civil life; his intellectual growth, and political education 
 during the great rebellion; his administration of national and international 
 affairs; his re-adjustment of the political and industrial relations of ten 
 millions of peojile, occupying half a continent; finally his retirement to 
 private life ; and through all, the little things indicating the interior life of 
 the man — what he thought, and hoped, and feared. Hence many incidents 
 are related in the belief that those, even, which seem trivial and pointless, may 
 help to throw light upon his organization and development. 
 
 Personal histories so abound in colorings, suppressions, and half-truths, 
 that it has been said, "A biography is either a satire or a panegyric." For 
 example, documents still in existence prove the George Washington of 
 popular repute as fabulous as Liliput or Bluebeard. There never was any 
 such perfect, super-human Washington. But there was a Washington, full 
 of human weaknesses and faults, yet of such practical wisdom, such long- 
 sufiering patience, such radiant integrity, that those who knew him best 
 loved and honored — not the moral Apollo we substitute for him, but the 
 living man, infirmities and all, just as he was. 
 
 This volume can not hope to have escaped altogether the dangers which 
 beset this path of literature. But it has been the aim to record facts, with- 
 out any theory to vindicate, any case to make out, or any party to serve. 
 Nothing has consciously been added, nothing concealed, nothing explained 
 away. It has been the object, not to paint the ideal, but to photograph the 
 man — or, rather, to let the man photograph himself. Wherever it was 
 practicable, verbatim copies from his letters, orders, and reports are given. 
 In conversations it is not attempted to give his language in a single case, 
 unless some record, or some person believed trustworthy, recited the 
 language. 
 
 In consulting previous works, Badeau's admirable volume has been the 
 most drawn upon. For new material, official records have been opened 
 with great freedom and kindness, enabling the use of many letters and dis- 
 patches upon important points of our past history, never before given to 
 the public. Thousands of miles have been traveled to visit the various 
 
Preface. 
 
 XI 
 
 scenes of Grant's checkered life, and to meet with the hundreds of bis life- 
 long acquaintances, civil and military. All have afforded cheerful assist- 
 ance, and all have expressed hearty love and admiration for his character. 
 
 Our war might have developed a leader profligate, corrupt, or imeasily 
 ambitious, as so many great captains have been in the past. It gave us in- 
 stead this pure, modest, simple-hearted man, who, loyal and admirable in 
 private life, loved himself last, and who always believed most enthusias- 
 tically in the United States of America. Invincibility in war, magnanimity 
 in victory, wisdom in civil government, and unselfishness in all things — 
 what are these, if they be not greatness ? 
 
 " What is writ is writ; would it were worthier." 
 
 It is the imperfect record of a life which carries a striking lesson of 
 charity, of faith in human nature, of certainty that the highest talents may 
 sleep undiscovered imtil opportunity comes, without which no man is great. 
 
OO^TEl^TS. 
 
 CHAPTER I.— Genealogy. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Matthew Grant lands at Nantasket— Milk one penny a quart — On the verge of 
 Starvation — A Quaint old Epitaph— Fighting Famine and Indians — 
 Surveyor, Town Clerk, and Church Clerk — Matthew Grant's Church 
 Record — An Umbrella as a "Weapon — Solomon Gram makes his Will — 
 Noah Grant's Handwriting — Solomon and Noah Grant killed — Noah 
 Grant, junior, in the Revolution — Settles in "Western Pennsylvania — 
 Removes to the Ohio "V\'ilderness — The Grant Genealogical Record 21 
 
 CHAPTER n.— Boyhood. 
 The Baby Named by Ballot — Jesse moves to Georgetown — A great place for 
 Drinking — '' I can't take Powder " — A Correspondence in Rhyme — Ulysses 
 the Favorite Child — Early exploits with Horses — Boyish feats of Horse- 
 manship — A curious juvenile Bargain — Skating, Fishing, and Swimming — 
 A New and Improved Version — " When the Cat's away " 37 
 
 CHAPTER III.— Early Youth. 
 A Journey to Deerfield— A thoroughly boyish Trick — Working in the Bark 
 Mill — '-Dave and Me" — Ulysses sent to Louisville— Driving a good 
 Bargain— The HUls '• Judgment and Mercy "—Ulysses' Father and 
 Mother- At School and in Sports — The Military Spirit fervent— A Student 
 at Maysville and Ripley — Ulysses' standing at Seventeen 49 
 
 CHAPTER IY.—West Point. 
 Plans for Future Life — A Vacancy at West Point — "Ulysses " Simpson " 
 Grant Appointed — Reaches the Military Academy — Ulysses 
 thrashes a Classmate — Nicknames of the Cadets — " Leave it to Uncle 
 Sam " — " I can't die but once." — Graduates and returns Home 63 
 
 CHAPTER V. —Mexican War— with Taylor. 
 Lieutenant Grant at Jefferson Barracks — Where he falls in Love — Origin of the 
 Mexican War — How Annexation was received — Lieutenant Grant and his 
 jovial Colonel — Stationed at Corpus Christi. Texas — How Taylor obtained 
 
xir COXTENTS. 
 
 PASB 
 
 Mules— The Army marches for Mexico— And encamps opposite Mata- 
 moras— Grant fights his first Battle— And the next day his second— War 
 "upon our own Soil '■—Scott's '-Fire in the Rear "'—Pillow's Duch and 
 Breastwork— The Battle of Monterey— Three Days of Hard Fightmg— 
 
 Grant runs a Gantlet of Death—" Green " rendered into Spanish 75 
 
 CHAPTER VI.— Mexican War— with Scott. 
 Taylor is attacked at Buena Yista— And wins a Splendid Victory— "Generals 
 made out of any thing "—The battle of Cerro Gordo— A Solitary Relic of 
 the Aztecs— Grant's Regiment seizes San Augustine- Battles of Contreras 
 and Churubssco— The Attack on Molino del Rey— Lively times for Lieu- 
 tenant Grant— Chepultepec Stormed and Captured— Lieutenant Grant 
 earns a Captaincv— End of the Mexican Wnr- What it Lost and Gained 
 us—Taylor nominated for the Presidency— Quartermaster Grant" is robbed 
 
 — Returns home and defends Taylor 9'? 
 
 CHAPTER VIL— Marries. 
 Wedding— Winter at Sackett's Harbor— The new Couple begin Housekeep- 
 ino-_And a Son is Born to them— Grant's Life in Detroit— Outdoor and 
 Indoor Pleasures— A Quarrel with Zachary ('handler- CluiDdler fined six 
 cents and costs— Grant at Sackett's Harbor— Odd Fellow aud Son of Tem- 
 perance — A very Uneventful Life 113 
 
 CHAPTER YIIL— Resigns. 
 Ordered to the Pacific Coast — How the Ladies crossed the Isthmus — Grant's 
 Energy and Resources displayed— Ravages of Cholera in his Regiment— His 
 Kindness to the Sufifenng Men— Stationed on the Columbia River— Enter- 
 tains George B. McClellan — "How cleer-headed Sam Grant isl"- A Captain 
 at Fort Humbolt, California — Living on the Fat of the Land— Resigns and 
 
 returns Home — His Fortunes at a low Ebb 123 
 
 CHAPTER IX.— Farmer. 
 Four Years' Residence at C4ravois — Builds a House and hauls Wood — His Heart 
 Warm toward old Comrades— Visits his Brothers at Galena— A Black Skin 
 but a True Heart— Grant casts his First Vote- An Adventure with a Wood 
 
 Thief- Graut and Boggs form a Partnersliip 139 
 
 CHAPTER X. — Real Estate Agent. 
 Grant lives in Camp Style— Conducts Business in Boggs's absence— Sufi"ers from 
 Ague and Rheumatism— Trades ofl" Hardserabble— How his Friends re- 
 garded him — Applies for the County Engiueership— Indorsements on the 
 Application — "Leading Citizens" who seconded it— Why it was Unsuc- 
 cessful— Boggs and Grant dissolve Partnership 149 
 
 CHAPTER XL— The Leather Store. 
 The Captain disappointed again— Visits his Father at Covington— Settles in 
 Galena, Illinois— A Clerk in the Leather Store— A Hard Struggle for a Liv- 
 ing—Grant is a Douglas Democrat— But is Converted to Republicanism- 
 Disturbed about Public Affairs ^^^ 
 
 CHAPTER XII.— The Long Roll. 
 Fort Sumter is fired on— Meeting in the Galena Court-House— A Grand_ Speech 
 from Rawlins— Grant presrdes at another Meeting— He makes his First 
 Speech- Goes with Washburne to Springfield— A Clerk in the Governor's 
 Office— Made Colonel of the Twentv-first- His Men Uke Falstaff 's Soldiers 
 —Beginning of Washburne's Friendship— His Heart Tender and Lenient 
 
 — Made Brigadier-General 169 
 
 CHAPTER XIIL— Brigadier-General. 
 Hillyer's Enthusiastic Client— A Trap for .Jeff. Thompson— Fir.st Newspaper de- 
 "scription of Grant — Occupies Paducah without Orders — Rawlins joins liis 
 Staa"^How the General transacted Business — A Story of " Samaritan Ogles- 
 by" — Grant has Independence aud Opportunity 1*^1 
 
Contents. xv 
 
 CHAPTER XIV.— Belmont. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Ordered to Move at Last — Determines to Attack the Enemy — The Battle of Bel- 
 mont begins — Enemy Driven, and his Camp Captured — " We'll cut our 
 Way Out" — Grant has a Narrow Escape — •' Nigger wuf more to me" — Grant 
 Delighted with his Troops 189 
 
 CHAPTER XV.— Port Hexry. 
 Halleck's " Order Number Three " — Grant avoids the Appearance of Evil — His 
 Loyalty to his Old Instructor — His Narrow Escape from Guerrillas — A 
 Little "Newspaper Rivalry — Deals with Fugitive-Slave Cases— Bitter Hos- 
 tihty of Contractors — An Expedition into Kentucky — "Who Stole the 
 Honey ?" — Grant has Permission to Move — A New Rule for the Corre- 
 spondents — The Gun-boats capture Fort Henry 199 
 
 CHAPTER XVL— DoxELSON. 
 
 Grant starts for Donelson — Invests it with an Inferior Force — Our Gun-boats 
 damaged and repulsed — A Narrow Escape from Defeat — " Are their Hav- 
 ersacks full?"—" Tell General Grant I'll do it "—The Stars and Stripes go 
 up — Consternation in the Reliel Camp— An Intelligent Contraband's Infor- 
 mation—Grant and Buckner correspond— Fort Donelson Surrenders — 
 " I propose to move immediately upon your works" — " Compel me to ac- 
 cept the Ungenerous and UnchiValrous Terms" — Wonder of the Confeder- 
 ate Troops 211 
 
 CHAPTER XVIL— Cl-rbek. 
 
 An Emphatic Rebuke to Buckner — A Great Panic in Nashville— Halleck guilty 
 of a Joke— The North wild with Delight— Grant's Praise on all Tongues- 
 Encounters Sherman and McPherson — Shabby Treatment from Halleck — 
 Commands a New Expedition — A bad Fall from his Horse— Buell's Army 
 
 approaching in the Rear 227 
 
 CHAPTER XVlil.— Shiloh. 
 
 A Rebel Council in the Woods — Sunday Morning Dawns— The Roar of Battle 
 begins — Grant reaches the Field — Vigor of the Rebel Assault — Sherman 
 wins Green Laurels — " I havn't despaired of whipping them" — Death of 
 Albert Sidney Johnston — Union Troops make a Final Stand — The Night 
 after the Battle- Second Day— "The last of them "—Beauregard's bitter 
 Disappointment — The summing up of Shiloh — Hue and Cry against Grant. 237 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. —Shackled. 
 Halleck removes him from command — The Journalists in the Field — A couple of 
 Horse Stories — Halleck's snail-like Movement — Divulging Military Informa- 
 tion—Grant demands a Defined Position — " You fought the Battle of 
 Corinth "—Tlie Guerrillas after Grant— The Fourth of July Dinner in 
 Memphis — Halleck leaves Grant in command 253 
 
 CH.\PTER XX —luKA AND Corinth. 
 An Order about Contrabands- The battle of luka— And Corinth— The historic 
 Wisconsin Eagle — Grant occupies La Grange — Depredations by the 
 Soldiers— The Humors of Cipher Telegrapliing— The Country slow to appre- 
 ciate Grant— Grant sets the Contrabands to work — History of the Jew 
 Order— The President countermands it— A Grievance for Peace Democrats. 263 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. —VicKSBURG— Seven Attempts. 
 Purpose of Grant's movement — Vicksburg and its Approaches — Sherraa. or- 
 dered to take it— The Rebels threaten Grant— And capture Holly Springs 
 — He subsists on the Country — Sherman's Repulse at Chickasaw Bayou — 
 Grant takes Command of the Front- A new Bed for the Mississippi— 
 The Mississippi declines it— Toiling among the Swamps— Repulsed at 
 Fort Pemberton — The Pleasures of Bavou Navigation—" I rather like the 
 
^"^1 Contents. 
 
 CHAPTER XXn.— All or Nothixg. 
 
 PAG a 
 Grant favoring Negro Regiments — His anxiety about Vieksburg — " You will 
 Sleep here, Steele " — A New and Daring Plan — The Rebels frightened by 
 a Barge — The Quteii passes their Batteries — Varied Capacity of each 
 Regiment — Seven Transports run the Gantlet — " Where does he get his 
 Whisky ?" — Porter's Repulse at Grand Gulf — Thorough Loyalty of the 
 Negroes — The River crossed at last 291 
 
 CHAPTER XXITL— The Dogs of War. 
 Grant's Baggage for the Campaign — McPherson charges the Rebel Rear — A 
 Victor_v and a Speech — Grant enters Port Gibson — A Bridge built in Four 
 Hours — The Requests of a Rebel Prisoner — Grierson's daring Cavalry Raid — 
 The Battle of Raymond — Grant cuts loose from his Base — The Battle of 
 Jackson — Grant in the Capital of Mississippi — Why the Rebels burned a 
 Hotel 305 
 
 CHAPTER XXrV.— The Game at Bay. 
 Grant intercepts a Rebel Dispatcli — The Battle of Champion Hill — Grant 
 reaches the Big Black — Lawler makes a brilliant Charge — The Game 
 entering the Trap — Vieksburg invested — Two imsuccessful Assaults — 
 A Truce for burying the Dead — The opposing Pickets converse — " A good 
 Moral Drink" — Mine Explosion under Fort Hill — "The Lord and Joe 
 Johnston." 317 
 
 CHAPTER XXV.— lo Triumphs ! 
 Pembei ton proposes to Capitulate — Grant meets hira between the Lines — Result 
 of the Interview — Grant's Instructions to liis Pickets — The Union Army 
 enters Vieksburg — Humors of the halt'-slarved Rebels — The greatest 
 Capture ever made — Sherman disperses Johnston's Army — Abraham 
 Lincoln's Letter to Grant — "A grateful Acknowledgment'' — "You were 
 jight and I was wrong " — Monument in Memory of the Surrender 329 
 
 CHAPTER XXVL —Promoted. 
 Major-General in the Regular Army — A Lesson for Steamboat Men — Grant 
 deals with a Cotton Buyer — Soldiers to Vote as they pleased — His Views on 
 tlie Slavery Question — A very moderate Ambition — Grant feted in 
 Memphis — Visits New Orleans — A bad Fall from his Horse — Inflicts no 
 Death Penalties 341 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIL— A New Field. 
 The Peril in Tennessee — The whole West under Grant — Hard Journey to Chat- 
 tanooga — Phil. Sheridan becoming known — The Army almost Starving — 
 The Town invested by Bragg — Grant seizes Lookout Valley — The Charge 
 of the Mule Brigade — The Question of Supplies settled— Grant prepares for 
 Battle 353 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIIL —Chattanooga. 
 The Blue-Coats mislead Grant — First and Second Days' Fighting— Hooker car- 
 ries Lookout Mountain — Third Day — Slierman Fights Stubbornly — The 
 Rebels roU down Rocks — The (i-rand Charge begins — The Troops carry the 
 Rifle- Pits — And go up Missionary Ridge — '• How do yon do, Southern Con- 
 federacy ?" — End of the Wonderful Battle — Bragg retreats mto Georgia — 
 Longstreet is defeated at Knoxville 363 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. — Lieutenaxt-General. 
 A Mountain Ride in Winter — A Letter about the Presidency — The General 
 visits St. Louis — Dechnes to make any Speeches — His Views on Strategy — 
 The Grade of Lieutenant-General — Views of Leading Senators — Lincoln 
 sends for Grant's Friend — "This Presidential Grub "—Letter to Sherman 
 and McPherson — Sherman sends a Reply — Grant's Reception in Washing- 
 Ion — Visits t'ne Army of the Potomac — ■' Enough of the Show Business.". 3TI 
 
Contents. xvii 
 
 CHAPTER XXX. —Wilderness. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 The General begins his Task — " Mr. Grant an Obstinate Man " — Northern Peace 
 Part}^ growing — Lincoln and Grant correspond — What the General deter- 
 mined to do — Why he chose the Overland Route — The Army once more in 
 Motion — Battle of the Wilderness Begins — Terrible but Indecisive Conflict 
 — Second Day — Lee's Narrow Escape — Grant Whittles and Smokes — A 
 Talk before the Camp Fire — A Leader found at last — .1 Correspondent 
 comes to Grief 393 
 
 CHAPTER XXXI.— Spottsylvania to Cold Harbor. 
 " Not a Retreating Man " — Sheridan ordered to March — Sedgwick is Killed — 
 "Fight it Out on Tliis Line" — Hancock's Splendid Charge — Orders from 
 Meade and Lee — How Grant received a Stranger — The feeling in 
 Meade's Army — Siieridan within the Enemy's Lines — Grant withdraws 
 from North Anna — Terrible lighting at Cold Harbor — Relative strength 
 of Grunt and Lee 407 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIL— Before Petersburg. 
 Lincoln's View of the Situation — Grant Changes his Base to the James — Smith's 
 Failure at Petersburg — Butler •' in a Bottle strongly Corked " — Head- 
 quarters at City Point — A Letter from Winfield Scott — Early Invades 
 Maryland — General McPherson is Killed — A Letter from his Aged Grand- 
 mother — " You must throw away that Cigar " 419 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIIL— Sheridan's Ride. 
 A Mine is E."cploded — Horrible Scenes in the Crater — Sheridan sent to the 
 Shenandoah — Great Explosion at City Point — Figliting on the Weldon 
 Railway — Sherman captures Atlanta — Siieridan is instructed to " go in " 
 He sends Early " whiiling " Southward — Grant's Views on Soldiers' Voting 
 — His Operations in September — Early attacks Sheridan's Army — Sheridan 
 arrives and routs him — " Up from the South at break of day " 431 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIV.— The Beginning of the End. 
 Grant refuses to argue wnth Lee — End of the active Fall Campaign — Humor of 
 the Soldiers in the Field — Hood proposes to Invade the North — •' How 
 Sherman Marched Down to the Sea " — Thomas's splendid Victorj' at Nash- 
 ville — Butler's Failure at Fort Fisher — Grant in Wasliington and New 
 York — Philadelphians present him a House — Three Rebel Peace Commis- 
 sioners — Confer with Lincoln and Seward — Lee proposes a Peace Confer- 
 ence- 447 
 
 CHAPTER XXXV.— Attention— March I 
 Sherman in the Carolinas — Sheridan Finishes up Early — Abraham Lincoln at 
 City Point — Grant's Orders for the Final Campaign — Lee's Repulse at Fort 
 Steadman — Sherman arrives for Conference — Grant's Hopes and Fears 
 — His final Orders for the March '^^^ 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVL— Richmond Falls. 
 Lincoln's Farewell Words — " I now feel like Ending the Matter " — Sheridan 
 driven back to Dinwiddle — Fights the Battle of Five Forks — Evening Scenes 
 in his Camp — Grant breaks the Petersburg Lines — A. P. Hill is Killed — 
 Jefierson Davis's Fhght — "And Great was the Fall of it" — Lincoln's Re- 
 ception in Richmond 467 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVIL— The Hot Chase. 
 Siftin Souf, Sah" — Sheridan on Lee's Front — "Our Army is Ruined, I fear " — 
 Grant goes forward to Sheridan — Gallant Exploit of Read's Brigade — 
 Battle of SaUor's Creek — Important Letter from Lincoln — Sheridan and the 
 Old Virginian — A Friend of the Family — Correspondence between Grant 
 and Lee — Fac-simile of Lee's First Reply — The General thinks the " Job " 
 finished 477 
 
xTiii Contents. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVIIL— The Last Ditch. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Lee Determines "to be frank" — Grant receives an Important Letter — Sheriden 
 in at the Death — "South Carolinians never surrender" — Grant and Lee 
 have an Interview — It results in Lee's Capitulation — Satisfaction of Lee's 
 Soldiers — "I "Want to Go Home" — " The Old, Familiar Faces" — "All quiet 
 along the Potomac." 489 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIX.— The Assassikation. 
 His Feeling at the Close — Attends a Cabinet Meeting — Abraham Lincoln is Mur- 
 dered — Profound Grief of the Country 501 
 
 CHAPTER XL.— The French in Mexico. 
 Frantic Demands for Severity — Sherman's Treaty Disapproved — Grant Recom- 
 mends Lee's Pardon — Farewell Order to the Army — Reception in N. T 505 
 
 CHAPTER XLL— Laureled. 
 " Where none can follow you "—Grant at the Chicago Fair— He visits New 
 England and Canada — " Captain Grant " returns to Galena— The Little White 
 Pacer — The General's Southern Tour — His Report to the President — The 
 Mexican Question again 511 
 
 CHAPTER XLIL— General. 
 
 The Richmond " Examiner " suppressed — Johnson removes the Disabihty 521 
 
 CHAPTER XLIIL— Reconstruction. 
 More Correspondence on Mexican Matters — Sheriden on the " Imperial Bucca- 
 neer " — Grant on Sending Troops into Maryland — He refuses to go to Mexico 
 — Favors Negro Suffrage — He wanted Stanton and Sheriden retained — Presi- 
 dent removes Stanton — Grant's Protest 523 
 
 CHAPTER XLIV.— War Office. 
 " Say Nothing of Them "—Surrenders War Office to Stanton — His able Adminis- 
 tration of it — Enormous Savings for the Government — A Letter from Phil. 
 Sheriden — Some of Grant's Personal Traits 531 
 
 CHAPTER XLV.— White House. 
 A National Republican Convention — Its Declaration of Principles — Grant Nomi- 
 nated for the Presidency — " Let us have Peace." 537 
 
 CHAPTER XLYL— The Tour Around the World. 
 
 Embarljation for Liverpool — Greeted with Honors — Up the Nile — Rome — 
 
 Russia — Spain — Bombay — India — Siam — China — Japan, etc 547 
 
 CHAPTER XLVIL— Retirement. 
 
 Through the South — Cuba — Mexico — A Close Call — Political Campaign, 1880 — 
 
 The permanent Fund — Purchase of New York House 576 
 
 CHAPTER XLYIIL— The Financial Catastrophe. 
 
 The Firm of Grant & Ward — Taking an Interest — Fabulous Profits— Failure of 
 the Firm — Grant's Efforts to Pay Yanderbilt — List of Trophies Presented 
 to the Government 580 
 
 CHAPTER XLIX.— Sickness. 
 
 The Pall on the Ice — Development of the Disease — Placed on the Retired List — 
 
 Thought to be Dying— Partial Recovery, etc 596 
 
? 
 
 I LLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 FAOl 
 
 1. Portrait of General Grant, 1S68. On Steel. 2 
 
 2. Illustrated Title-Page (Grant's Birthplace;! 3 
 
 3. Grant's Boyhood in Georgetown, Ohio 53 
 
 4. Capet Grant at West Point. 1839-43 71 
 
 5. Bkevet Second-Lieftenant Grant. 1845 81 
 
 6. Grant's Ride foe Ammunition at Monterey. 1846 93 
 
 7. Crossing the Isthmus. 1852 1'^ 
 
 8. Captain Grant's Ebsidenoks in and about St. Louis. 1855-9 138 
 
 9. Hardsokabble, Built by Captain Grant 145 
 
 10. BoGGS AND Grant, St. Louis. 1859 151 
 
 11. Captain Grant in Galena. 1860-61 163 
 
 12. " Nigger Wup Moke to Me." 195 
 
 13. Grant at Suiloh — Death of Carson 246 
 
 14. " Only Served Him Eight." 265 
 
 15. " Bress de Lord ! " 302 
 
 16. General John A. Rawlins, Chief of Staff , 347 
 
 17. The Charge at Mission Ridge 371 
 
 18. General Grant's Father and Mother. 1868 391 
 
 19. " Tou Must Throw Away that Cigar, Sir." 429 
 
 20. Coolness of Grant at the City Polnt Explosion 435 
 
 21. Mrs. Grant. 
 
 22. The Lost Cause.. 
 
 591 
 
 499 
 
 23. Returning to Galena. 1865 B15 
 
 24. Some op Gen. Grant's Residences... 546 
 
 25. The Chicago Contention Nominates Grant fob the Presidency, 1868 540 
 
 26. Madrid 554 
 
 27. The Taj 558 
 
 2S. Governor General's House, Calcutta 561 
 
 29. Street Scene in Hong Kong 5('5 
 
 30. At Yokohama 571 
 
 31. The Cathedral, of Mexico 576 
 
 32. Gen. Grant's Children "^1 
 
 3'i. New York Residence, in 66th Street 597 
 
 Fac- Si MILES. 
 
 PAOX 
 
 1. 1755— Noah Grant's Handwriting 31 
 
 2. 1659— Business Card of Boggs & Grant 149 
 
 3. 18.59— Captain Grant's Application fob St. Louis County Engineership. 156-7 
 
 4. 1S62 — Fort Donelson. — "I Propose to Move Immediately upon your Works.".... 222-3 
 
 5. 1862 — BucKNER Accepts the "Ungenerous and Unchivalbous Terms." 224-5 
 
 6. 1863 — Letter from Lincoln to Grant, after Vicksbueg 838-9 
 
 7. 1865 — Lkb's Reply to Grant's Demand pok Subkender. 1865 487 
 
 8. 1868— A Letter from Sheridan 535 
 
 yviAPs. 
 
 PAGS 
 
 L Bklmont, Henry, Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth, and Iuka. 190 
 
 2. The Field and the Union Lines at Shiloh 240 
 
 8. Thf, Seven Campaigns against Vicksbueg 278 
 
 4. The Chattanooga Campaign •^SS 
 
 5. The Virginia Campaign of 1864 399 
 
 6. The Final CAMPAiaN against Lee 464 
 
PERSONAL HISTORY OF ULYSSES S. GRANT. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 GEXEALOGY. 
 
 It is the fashion among modern American biographers to 
 impute Scotch or Scotch-Irish blood to their heroes, and to 
 trace their lineage from the illustrious defenders of London- 
 derry. The subject of this volume has not escaped the 
 common lot. Indeed, circumstances conspire to thrust it 
 upon him. Xot only had he the blue eyes, fair complexion, 
 and sandy beard of the typical Scotch face, but he bore the 
 name of an ancient Scottish clan, to "whose chosen motto, 
 "Stand fast, stand firm, stand sure,'' not a Scot of them 
 was ever more true than he. Hence, his multifarious biog- . 
 raphers" report him of Scotch descent, and a tradition to the 
 same eftect has been cherished in his own family. 
 
 But the record disproves the tradition. Richard A. 
 Wheeler, of Stonington. Connecticut, has searched out the 
 Grant genealogy, and is confident he can establish everj^ 
 link in a court of justice. Running back for more than 
 two hundred and fifty years, it is without a trace of Scotch 
 blood, and leaves no doubt that the Greneral was of English 
 Puritan lineage. 
 
 The summer of 1630, ten years after the Pilgrim Fathers 
 landed at Plymouth Rock, witnessed an unprecedented 
 immigration to the Xew England Colony. Between Feb- 
 ruary and August arrived seventeen ships, loaded with 
 families, bringing their cattle, furniture, and other worldly 
 
 * While this book was passing through tlie press, five or six Lives of Grant 
 were already out, and several more announced to appear 
 
 2r 
 
22 Matthew Graxt lajn^ds at Naxtasket. [igso. 
 
 goods. The Mary and John, which sailed from Plymouth, 
 England, on the twentieth of March, was a ship of four 
 hundred tons, and brought one hundred and forty passen- 
 gers. They were emigrants from Dorsetshire, Devon, and 
 Somerset, principally young bachelors or 3^oung married 
 couples. 
 
 I. Among the latter were Matthew Grant, and Priscilla, 
 his wife — the earliest known ancestors of General Grant. "^ 
 They Avere each twenty-nine years old, and they brought 
 with them an infant daughter. Probably they had no 
 Scotch blood, for they came from Dorsetshire, one of the 
 three English counties ftirthest from Scotland, and whose 
 residents were therefore known as "West-country people." 
 
 An old record describes the passengers by the Mary 
 and Jolin as "a very godl}^ and religious company, many 
 of them being persons of note or figure, and dignified by 
 the title of Master, with which but few in those days were." 
 Two were Wareham and Maverick, both eminent preach- 
 ers. The voyage was uneventful ; but it seems to have 
 been a busy time for the clergymen. Roger Clap, Avho was 
 on board, kept a diary, which illustrates the Puritan mean- 
 ing of "comfortably," in a phrase suggesting that of the 
 venerable lady who once declared, " I am so old now that I 
 shall never enjoy much more trouble in this world." Roger 
 sums up : " So we came, by the good hand of God, through 
 the deep comfortably, having preaching and expounding 
 of the Word of God erery day for ten loeeks together, by 
 our ministers." 
 
 On the thirtieth of May the ship landed at Nantasket, 
 a peninsula on the southeast side of the narrow entrance 
 to the harbor of Boston, and nine miles from that city. It 
 now holds the quaint little hamlet of Hull, hiding from the 
 sea between two hills, and casting but sixteen or seven- 
 teen votes, for which political poverty it hath been ridi- 
 culed many a time and oft . Says a Massachusetts election 
 
 * Four years later, the ancestors of his friend and heutenant, William T. Sher- 
 man, came from Essex County, England, and also settled m the Massachusetts Bay 
 Colony. 
 
1630.] Milk Oxe Penny a Quart. 23 
 
 proverb, ' ' As goes Hull, so goes the State ;' ' and his Ma- 
 jesty, the Breakfast-Table Autocrat — Xow let us sing, Long 
 live the King — thus improves the Essay on Man : — 
 
 "All are but parts of one stupendous Hull." 
 
 The Nantasket settlers, who were colonists of ten years' 
 standing, hospitably entreated the new-comers, until they 
 could cross in little boats and land at Boston. Captain 
 Squib, master of the Mary and John, though a good sailor, 
 was not willing to venture his shiiJ into the intricacies of a 
 harbor of which he knew nothing. But he had agreed to 
 take his immigrants to Boston ; and the colonial authorities 
 held a prejudice, not yet altogether extinct in New England, 
 in favor of having agreements lived uj) to. So Captain 
 Squib's passengers brought suit against him, and recovered 
 damages, for not being landed at their destined port. 
 
 Thirteen days after the immigrants reached jS'antasket, 
 Governor Winthrop arrived at Salem, then boasting but ten 
 buildings, where he found a frame house awaiting him. In 
 those days milk sold for one penny a quart ; and colonists 
 wrote home glowing descriptions of the beauty and fertility 
 of Xew England. One of their letters records that "by 
 planting thirteen gallons of corn, one can raise three hun- 
 dred and sixty-four bushels, and every bushel can be sold 
 to the Indians for beaver worth eighteen shillings. So of 
 these gallons of corn, worth six shillings and eightpence, 
 one might have about three hundred and eighty-seven 
 pounds sterling." 
 
 The ' ' West-country people ' " settled four miles from 
 Boston, at Matapan. This Indian appellation they changed 
 to Dorchester, in memory of the county town of their own 
 English Dorsetshire, which like most British names ending 
 in "Chester,"* is the site of an old Roman encampment. 
 So the memory of Imperial Csesar, dead and turned to clay, 
 invaded the domain of the Sachem of "Mos-chuset," and 
 changed its nomenclature. 
 
 Dorchester is now a pleasant Boston suburb of half a 
 
 * Cast/a, camp. 
 
24 On the Yerge of Staevation. [ig3o. 
 
 dozen villages and hundreds of generous residences with 
 exquisite grounds. As Emerson says of England, it is 
 finished with the pencil instead of the plow. One house 
 is still standing which was built in 1633, and at the "rais- 
 ing" of which, perhaps, Matthew Grant assisted. 
 
 In his da}^ Dorchester Plantation was a rude settlement 
 of a few log cabins, straggling over most of the territory now 
 embraced in Milton, Canton, Stoughton, Sharon, and South 
 Boston. The salt marshes afforded excellent subsistence 
 for the famishing cattle of the immigrants, but they them- 
 selves suffered for want of food. Their first meal was of 
 fish without any bread, and for months, they endured 
 many hardships. Says Roger Clap : " The place was a wil- 
 derness. Fish was a good help to me and to others. Bread 
 was so scarce that I thought the very crusts from my fa- 
 ther's table would have been sweet ; and when I could 
 have meal and salt and water boiled together, I asked. 
 ' Who would ask for better ?" ' 
 
 Among the settlers of Dorchester, were several elderly 
 gentlemen of good estate in England, three men of military 
 experience, and two stockholders of the London Company 
 which held the Massachusetts Bay Charter. The Charter 
 had been drafted for a trading company rather than for a 
 government, so the control of the settlement vested only in 
 the stockholders. But the Puritans would not permit Dor- 
 chester to be governed by two men, and the Court of Massa- 
 chusetts Bay bestowed freemanshi}? upon twenty-four col- 
 onists within a month after the arrival of the 3fa?'2/ and 
 John. Freemanship was an important endowment, secur- 
 ing to its recipients large tracts of land and making them 
 members of the General Court. This unique tribunal was 
 a sort of colonial town meeting for local government,* as 
 the representative system was not yet in vogue and the col- 
 ony was almost a pure democracy. The principal qualifi- 
 cation for freemanship seems to have been i^iety, or at least 
 church membership ; and Matthew Grant received it, with 
 many others, after he had lived in America for one year. 
 
 ♦The Massachusetts Legislature is still popularly known as the " General Court." 
 
1635.] A Quaint Old Epitaph. 25 
 
 Writers in 1633, describe Dorchester Plantation as having 
 "abundant hay-ground, fair corn-fields, and pleasant gar- 
 dens, with many cattle, sheep, and swine," though the in- 
 habitants still subsisted largely upon fish. 
 
 Among the settlers was Humphrey Atherton, who, a 
 train band captain eke had been in famous London town. 
 He became a leading military spirit of the settlement, for pro- 
 motion is rapid in new countries, and his ambition was ulti- 
 mately gratified by a major-generalship. He was the first 
 captain of the "Ancient and Honorable Artillery," a milita- 
 ry organization of note still existing in Boston. When he 
 died, his memory was honored by an imposing military 
 funeral, and his tombstone was illuminated by the quaint 
 epitaph : — 
 
 " Here lyes our Captaine and Major ; of Suffolk was withall ; 
 A godly Magistrate was He, and Major-generall. 
 
 Two Troops of Hors with Him here come such Worth his Love did crave ; 
 Ten Companyes of Foot also mourning marcht to his Grave. 
 Let all that read be sure to keep the Faith as He hath done ; 
 With Christ He lives now crowned : His Name was Humphrey Atherton ; 
 Ho dyed the 16 of September, 166L" 
 
 When Matthew had been four years in America, Pris- 
 cilla, his wife, died, and left four children, the youngest an 
 infant. The next year, 1635, nearly half of the first Dor- 
 chester settlers went to establish new homes in the wilder- 
 ness of the Connecticut Valley, far beyond the confines of 
 civilization. Early historians give as reasons for this second 
 migration, a "hankering after new lands," which were 
 fertile and grassy, while those of Dorchester were rocky 
 and heavily wooded ; better opportunities for trading in furs 
 with the Indians ; and fears lest Connecticut should fall into 
 the hands of the Dutch, who were attempting to settle it. 
 
 Matthew Grant — now restless and lonely — went with the 
 rest. Reaching the present site of Windsor, half-way be- 
 tween Springfield and Hartford, and already settled by an 
 offshoot from the Plymouth Colony, they were entertained 
 by the pioneers, and, after examining the country, deter- 
 mined to stay. The settlers from Plymouth resented this as 
 ungenerous ; but the Dorchester people persisted, and even 
 
26 Fighting Famine and Indians. ' [lese. 
 
 drove away another party of twenty from Massachusetts 
 Bay, likewise desirous of remaining. 
 
 Matthew Grant and his comjoanions spent the summer in 
 felling trees and building log-houses. Their families re- 
 mained behind in Dorchester, and in October, several of 
 the men went back for them. Sending their household 
 goods by ship around through Long Island Sound, to come 
 up the Connecticut, tlie}^ started on their return to Windsor, 
 by land, the babies and invalids on horseback, and men 
 and women walking, and driving their cattle through the 
 wilderness. 
 
 Winter set in early. By the middle of November the 
 river was fast frozen, and the snow deep. The overland 
 emigrants suifered much, and were obliged to leave their 
 cattle in the woods, where many died, while the rest lived 
 on acorns until spring. Reacliing the Windsor settlement, 
 the travelers were appalled to learn that the ship, with 
 their provisions, was imprisoned in the river below. Seven- 
 teen went back to Massachusetts Bay in despair, while 
 those who remained subsisted chiefly on nuts and acorns. 
 At length a party of seA^enty — men, women, and children — 
 started for the ship, which had frozen in twenty miles 
 above the river's mouth, that they might live on her sup- 
 plies. But before they reached her, she was released by 
 the spring thaw ; so they returned to their settlement, 
 which at first they called New Dorchester, but finally named 
 Windsor. 
 
 They carried their lives in their hands. Like all frontier- 
 men, they were reckless of their own safety, but prudent 
 for their wives and children. As soon as their families 
 arrived, they built a palisade, a quadrangle three-quarters 
 of a mile long, to protect them against Indians. Those who 
 had houses or lots outside, left tliem and moved in. Matthew 
 Grant had cleared six acres, but abandoned it all except the 
 little piece on which his log-dAvelling stood, within the 
 palisade, and next to the old Windsor town-house. For 
 ninety years the colonists suff'ered constantly from Indians. 
 At home, in the field, in the meeting-house, nowhere were 
 they secure. 
 
16:^7.] Surveyor, Town Clerk, and Church Clerk. 27 
 
 " Honest Matthew Grant '" filled a large place in the set- 
 tlement. He was elected one of two surveyors, to overlook 
 the construction and preservation of highways, and con- 
 tinued in that office for the greater part of Ms life. The 
 roads and farm boundaries were very crooked and involved, 
 and real estate plentiful and cheap. After working hard all 
 day at surveying, Matthew used to say, "I would not 
 accept all the land I have bounded to-day as pay for my 
 day's work.*" 
 
 He was also town clerk for many years. His auto- 
 graph constantly appears on the Windsor records, to au- 
 thenticate public documents. In 1637, the driven-out 
 Massachusetts people sold their tract to this colony. Ap- 
 pended to the deed is a long note describing the land, and 
 signed "Matthew Grant, Recorder.'' He seems to have 
 taken a just pride in his own integrity. In a land suit, in 
 1675, in a deposition still preserved in the State archives at 
 Hartford, he testified in somewhat nebulous rhetoric :— 
 
 " If any question my uprightness and legal acting about our town affairs, 
 that I have been employed in a measure of land and getting out of lots of 
 men which has been done by me from our first beginning here come next 
 September is forty yere. I never got out any land to any man until I knew 
 he had a grant to it from the townsmen, and town's approbation, or to 
 recording after the book was turned. I am chose near twenty-three years 
 since. I can say with a cleare conscience I have been careful to do nothing 
 upon one man's desire." 
 
 He was a Puritan of the Puritans. A schism arose in 
 the church about the old minister. Wareham. who had come 
 with the colonists from Dorchester, and, in his old age, was 
 thought a little rigid and narrow even for those days. So 
 a party of townspeople established a parish under a younger 
 and more liberal divine named AVoodbridge. They de- 
 sired to have this entered upon the town records ; but 
 Matthew Grant, apparently alarmed at the degenerac}^ and 
 growing impiety of the times, refused to write it. The new 
 church people, however, were men of authority, and seem 
 to have demanded the book to enter the fact themselves. 
 At all events, the record stands in a strange handwrit- 
 ing, with a note appended in Matthew' s well-known chi- 
 
28 Matthew Geant's Church Record. i^*^^^ 
 
 rograpliy explaining the affair, and indirectly protesting 
 against it. 
 
 The Windsor records, in the library of the Connecticut 
 Historical Society, show that he was clerk of the church 
 until his death, Matthew' s brief business-like entries are 
 open to criticism, for he studied conciseness in letters as 
 well as in words, and did not put himself to unnecessary 
 trouble in the use of the parts of speech. The sexes are 
 classified as "menkind," and "womenkind," and daughter 
 is given as "darter." Dates of sacraments, baptisms, church 
 admissions, suspensions, and indebtedness to the deacons 
 for bread and wine, are recorded. There are also allusions 
 to the flood of 1639, and to a subscription for sufferers in 
 King Philip's War, to which Matthew and his son both 
 contributed. There was little fighting south of Springfield ; 
 but it was at Hadley, only a few miles above, that Indians 
 attacked while the settlers were at church, and an old man 
 with white flowing beard — whom they at first supposed an 
 angel, but who proved to be one of the fugitive judges of 
 Charles the First — suddenly appeared from the forest and 
 led the worshipers to victory. 
 
 Matthew's immediate successor as church clerk, was less 
 concise and business-like, but more sentimental, and wrote 
 invocations like this: "I680. The Lord make the next 
 year a good year. ' ' • ■ 1688. Not so much as one added to the 
 church this year, and as many died out of it as were added 
 the year before. The good Lord awaken and humble us I'' 
 
 Among the passengers by the Mary cmd John was Wil- 
 liam Rockwell, an elderly man of good estate, who brought 
 Susannah, his wife, and eight children. He also came to 
 Windsor, where he was first deacon of the church. In 1640 
 he died. Five years later, and ten years after the loss of 
 his first wife, Matthew Grant was married to Susannah 
 Rockwell. He was forty-four years old, and she forty- 
 three, and they began housekeeping with the fair start 
 of twelve children. They lived together twenty-one years. 
 She died November 14, 1666, and he December 16, 1681, at 
 the age of eighty, outliving her fifteen years, and spending 
 the close of his life with his youngest son, John. 
 
i'3^] Ax Umbrella as a Weapox. 2\> 
 
 II. Samuel, Matthew's second sou, was born in Dorches- 
 ter, Xovember 12, 1631. When four years old he removed 
 with his father to Windsor, where he lived and died. He 
 left eight children, all bearing Biblical names. 
 
 III. Samuel (second"), first child of the above, was born 
 in Windsor, April 20, 1659. On coming to manhood, he 
 moved to East Windsor, just across the river. There he 
 lived and died, leaving nine children, of whom seven bore 
 Biblical names. 
 
 IV. Noah, first child of the above by a second marriage, 
 was born in Windsor, December 16, 1692. During his life- 
 time the portion of Windsor in which he resided was set off to 
 Tolland. From his Avife' s family descended Samuel Hunting- 
 ton, one of the first Supreme Judges and afterward Governor 
 of Ohio. He resided near Painesville, in that State, and a 
 story, at least entertaining, has been handed down, that once, 
 riding homeward through the woods just before dark, he 
 was set upon by a pack of wolves. He had no weapon but 
 a great umbrella. Whenever his snarling pursuers came too 
 near, he would suddenly spread this open and send them 
 flying back. Then putting spurs to his fleet horse, he out- 
 stripped them for a few minutes. Thus he finally got home 
 in safety, bearing only the frame and shreds of his opportune 
 umbrella. 
 
 V. Xoah (second), eldest child of the above, was born 
 in Tolland, July 12, 1718. He married Susannah Delano, of 
 the family from which Columbus Delano, late a Representa- 
 tive in Congress from Ohio, is descended. About 1750 Noah 
 moved to the adjoining town of Coventr3\ Soon after began 
 the fiucil struggle between the French and English for su- 
 premacy on the xlmerican Continent, in which he and his 
 brother Solomon both served. 
 
 The old French and Indian War of our great-grand- 
 fathers 1 — how dim and remote the antiquity, in which it 
 now seems hidden I The first blood was shed in Western 
 Pennsylvania, under Major George Washington, in 1754. 
 The next year occurred the ambush and slaughter of the 
 English and Americans, under Braddock, ten miles from 
 Pittsburg, in which every officer but Washington, now a 
 
30 SoLOMOis^ Ctkaxt makes his Will. ['^""S. 
 
 colonel, ^vas killed or Avouuded. One uiglit a week later, in 
 tlie deep woods, by a glowing torchlight, the young American 
 colonel read the funeral service of the English Church over 
 the corpse of Braddock. Four years after came the dramatic 
 battle of the Heights of Abraham, in which Wolfe and Mont- 
 calm gave up their lives, and won a sure place in history. 
 
 Before entering the service, Solomon Grant, "who was a 
 bachelor, thirty years old, made his Avill, giving his real 
 estate to Xoaii, or, in the event of Xoah" s death, to his eld- 
 est son, and so on in entail forever. 
 
 The curious document ran thus : — 
 
 In the name of God, Amen, the eighth day of Septenilier, a. d. 1755. 
 
 I, Solomon Grant of Coventry, in the County of Windham and Colony 
 of Connecticut, in Xew England, being about going on the expedition against 
 Crown Point, and also of perfect mind and memory, Thanks be to God there- 
 for, calling into mind the mortality of my body, and knowing that it is ap- 
 pointed for all men once to die, do make and oi'daiu this my last Will and 
 Testament, that is to say, Principally, and first of all. — I give and recom- 
 mend my Soul into the hands of God that gave it, and my body I recommend 
 to the earth, to be buried in decent Christian burial, at the discretion of my 
 Executor, nothing doubting but at the General Resurrection I shall receive 
 the same again, by tlie mighty power of God, and as touching such worldly 
 Estate, where witli it hatii pleased God to bless me in this life 
 
 I give, devise, and dispose of the same, in the following manner and form, 
 
 Imprimis. I give and devise unto my well-beloved Brother, Xoah Grant, 
 all and every part of my real estate during his natural life. At his decease 
 I give the whole of said estate to my said brother's oldest son then surviv- 
 ing, and at his decease to the next oldest male heir, and so on, to be an 
 estate entail, in manner aforesaid, successively from one generation to another 
 to the latest posterity. 
 
 Item. I give aud bequeath unto my well-beloved Brother, Adoniram 
 Grant, after my debts and funeral expenses are paid, and also he paying 
 what I shall hereafter bequeath, the whole of my movable estate, 
 
 Item. I give and liequeath unto my well-beloved Sister. Martha Price, 
 one hundred pounds in old tenor bills of credit, to be paid out of my movable 
 estate. 
 
 Item. I give and bequeath to my well-beloved brothers, Benjamin and 
 Elias Buell, each "c' them twenty pounds, in old tenor bills of credit, to be 
 out of my movable tstate. 
 
 Item. I give and bequeath to my well-beloved sister. Abigal Buell, ten 
 pounds in old tenor liills of credit, to be paid out of my movable estate. 
 
 Item. I give and bequeath unto my well-beloved Brother, Samuel Buell, 
 
1755.] 
 
 Noah Geant's Handweiting. 
 
 31 
 
32 Solomon A^^D ]S"oah Geant Killed. [iiis. 
 
 five pounds, in old teuor bills of credit, to be paid out of my movable 
 estate. 
 
 Itein. I give and bequeath to my well-beloved Sister, Hannah Kimball, 
 five pounds in old tenor bills of credit, to be paid out of my movable 
 estate. 
 
 Item. I give and bequeath unto the Second Society of Coventry afore- 
 said two hundred pounds in old tenor bills of credit, for the use and benefit 
 of the School in said Society, to be paid out of my movable estate. 
 
 All the above Legacies to be paid by my Executor after named, within the 
 space of one year after my decease. 
 
 I do hereby constitute, make, and ordain, my well-beloved Brother, Adon- 
 iram Grant, to be my sole Executor of this my last Will and Testament, and 
 I do hereby disallow, revoke, and disannul all and every other former Testa- 
 ments, Legacies, Bequests, and Executors, by me, in any way before 
 named. Ratifying and Confirming this and no other to be my last "Will and 
 Testament. 
 
 In witness whereof I have hereunto set niy hand and seal the day and 
 year above written. 
 
 Solomon Grant, [l. s.] 
 
 Signed, Sealed, Published, Pronounced, 
 
 and Declared by the said Solomon 
 
 Grant, as his last "Will and Testament, 
 
 in the presence of us, the Subscribers, 
 
 Phineas Strong, Je., 
 Caleb Fairchild, 
 OziAS Strong. 
 
 Tlie inventory accompanying gave the property as about 
 nine Imndred pounds sterling. The brothers were both 
 killed in an engagement near Oswego, 'New York, Septem- 
 ber 20, 1756. 
 
 Noah and his brother were in different companies, 
 Noah a captain, and Solomon a lieutenant. The original 
 muster-roll of Noah's company is still preserved in his own 
 handwriting, headed by his own name as captain, and dated 
 March 26, 1755. There was no military prejudice against 
 color in those days, for two privates on the muster-roll are 
 designated: "Prince, negro," and "Jupiter, negro.' 
 
 YI. Noah (third), son of the above, was born in Coventry, 
 Connecticut, on the twenty-third of June, 1748. The subse- 
 quent change in our calendar from Old Style to New, brought 
 his birthday on the fourth of July, to the keen satisfaction of 
 Noah, who had inherited the patriotic and military tastes of 
 
1790.] iS'oAH Grant (third) in the Revolution. 33 
 
 his father. After marrviug Anna Buell, of the family from 
 which sprang General Don Carlos Buell, Xoah went into 
 the army at the first drum-beat of the conHict for Indepen- 
 dence. He was a lieutenant of militia at the battle of Lex- 
 ington, and served through the entire Revolutionary War, 
 coming out with the rank of captain. 
 
 When he returned from the war, the Connecticut Yalley, 
 which, a hundred and tifty years earlier, his ancestor Mat- 
 thew had found a howling wilderness, was dotted with 
 towns, villages, and farms, and tilled with an industrious, 
 thrifty people. Brissot, who wrote in 1788, says : '• Nature 
 and art have spread out all their treasures to make it the 
 Paradise of the United States. Nevertheless, in this State 
 there is much land to sell. What is the reason i The prin- 
 cipal one is the desire of emigration to the West. The de- 
 sire to do better has empoisoned the joys even of the inhab- 
 itants of Connecticut.' ' 
 
 Noah Grant returned to a desolate home. His wife had 
 died, leaving him two sons. Solomon and Peter. Under 
 this affliction, aggravated by the restlessness which army 
 life leaves, in 1790 he succumbed to the prevailing emigra- 
 tion fever, and removed to Westmoreland County, Pennsyl- 
 vania, settling near Greensburg, on the Monongahela River. 
 Twenty miles below was Pittsburg, then a frontier post of 
 only five hundred inhabitants, but ah-eady boasting a news- 
 paper, Tlie Pittshwg Gazette, which is still in existence. 
 The people dwelt in log-houses, and there was a little 
 garrison at Fort Pitt, where the Monongahela and Alle- 
 ghany unite to form the Ohio. 
 
 In the French and Indian War, a certain Major Grant 
 mth eight hundred Scots, had fought the Indians on an 
 acclivity east of the town, which is called Grant's HiU to 
 this da}^ Hence possibly the tradition of Scotch descent in 
 the Grant family, who may have erroneously supposed this 
 Scotch major of Pittsburg to be of their kith and kin. 
 
 A rough mail carriage had just begun to run to Philadel- 
 phia, though there was no turnpike, and roads were horri- 
 ble. Most travelers journeyed on horseback, spending the 
 nights at taverns, where lodging and meals were twenty- 
 
34 Settles m Westeen Penxsylvais^ia. [1794. 
 
 five cents each. The horseback trip from Philadelphia oc- 
 cupied eight or ten days. Freights over the same route 
 cost forty-five shillings per hundred- weight. 
 
 Westmoreland County is a rough mountainous region, 
 whose people, though at the outset of the Revolution on 
 the verge of war with their Virginia neighbors about the 
 boundary between the two States, and during its progress 
 suffering greatly from Indian attacks, had been intensely 
 loyal to the national cause. After the war, the great tide of 
 emigration from New England to the Northwest Territory 
 (Ohio), swept directly through it. Emigrants would cross the 
 Alleghanies, and then embark in canoes on the " Yock " or 
 Youghiogheny River, float down it and the Monougahela to 
 Pittsburg, stop there a few hours for supplies, and then 
 glide down the Ohio into the deeper wilderness beyond. 
 
 The people of Westmoreland lived largely upon venison 
 and potatoes, though cattle were plentiful, and the new land 
 produced corn abundantly. They shipped cider and beer 
 down the river to Ohio and Kentucky, and made enormous 
 quantities of whisky, supplying much of the South and West. 
 They raised flax from which the women wove clothing for 
 their entire families. Iron mines in the vicinity of Pittsburg 
 were already attracting attention ; glass and iron manufac- 
 tories were springing ujd, and some oil wells had been dis- 
 covered. They were not deetned valuable, however, but 
 simply regarded as curiosities. The woods still abounded 
 in whip-poor-wills, owls, bears, and panthers, and often in 
 hostile Indians. There was no money in the region, and its 
 entire business was conducted through barter. 
 
 Such was the country and society in which ISToah Grant 
 settled. On the fourth of March, 1792, two years after his 
 arrival, he married a widow named Rachael Kelly, by whom 
 he had seven children. 
 
 YII. Jesse Root Grant, fourth child of the above, was 
 born January 23, 1794. He was named for Jesse Root, 
 many years Chief-Justice of the Supreme Court of Connec- 
 ticut. 
 
 Noah Grant, still restless, lived only nine years in Penn- 
 
1799.] Removes to the Ohio WiLDEEisTEsg. 35 
 
 sylvania. In April, 1799, again lie folded liis tent like the 
 Arab, and as silently stole away — into a new wilderness. 
 Wagons were then little used ; the river, alive with travel 
 and commerce, was the great thoroughfare. At high water 
 crafts went from Pittsburg to the present site of Cairo, 
 at the mouth of the Ohio, in twenty days, but in summer 
 the voyage sometimes consumed ten weeks. 
 
 The river vessels floated with the current, were flat-bot- 
 tomed, and of two classes : trading boats, bound for Ken- 
 tucky and New Orleans, and loaded with whisky, flour, 
 apples, cider, apple-brandy, earthenware, iron, and glass ; 
 and family boats, of emigrants, carrying farming utensils, 
 household goods, cattle, horses, men, women, and children. 
 
 In a boat of the latter class, Noah Grant and his wife 
 embarked with their five young children, a horse, two cows, 
 cooking utensils, and all the rest of their worldly goods. 
 Their craft was snug, and a part of it was roofed. Bidding 
 adieu to their old home, they floated down the Monongahela 
 and then down the fair Ohio, whose banks were already 
 dotted by a few farms. They did not stop at night, but 
 glided on through the darkness, one watching while the 
 others slept. 
 
 Forty-five miles below Pittsburg and two below the 
 Pennsylvania line, they landed at the little settlement of 
 Fawcettstown, now Liverpool, Columbiana County, Ohio. 
 The river here, half a mile wide, at low water is almost ford- 
 able, but in spring very high, full of driftwood, and dotted 
 with stern- wheel steamers, pushing black coal barges before 
 them. Liverpool, on the north bank, occupies a bluff which 
 slopes down to the river, and looks across upon a sharp, 
 wooded hill. The village is a long straggling collection of 
 buildings which look as if they were on their way ' ' down 
 to the river to drink," — dingy dwellings and stores, sharp- 
 roofed white cottages, shaded by ash and elm, and pottery 
 factories, each a queer, circular edifice of brick, with 
 huge, round chimney, looking like a bee-hive with a stove- 
 pipe protruding from the top. 
 
 Such is the Liverpool of to-day. Noah Grant found it 
 composed only of half a dozen log-cabins in the deep 
 
36 The Geant Genealogical Recoed. [1822. 
 
 forest. His son Jesse, tlien five years old, was still liv- 
 ing in full liealtli and vigor and well remembered the 
 voyage sixty-nine years after its occurence. He was the 
 father of General Grant. 
 
 We will recapitulate the foregoing facts, and anticipate 
 some yet to be related, to present in compact and complete 
 foi-m the genealogical record : 
 
 I. Matthew Grant, born in Dorsetshire, England, 1601. Married Pris- 
 
 cilla , in England, November 17, 1625. Arrived at Nantasket Point, 
 
 Massachusetts, Mav 30, 1630, and settled in Dorchester. Eemoved to 
 Windsor, Connecticut, September. 1635. 
 
 II. Samuel Grant, born in Dorchester. Massachusetts, November 12, 
 1631. Married Mary Porter, May 27, 1658. 
 
 III. Samuel Grant (second), born in Windsor, Connecticut, April 20, 1659. 
 Married (second wife) Grace Minor, April 11, 1688. 
 
 IV. Noah Grant, born in Windsor, Connecticut, December 16, 1692. 
 Married Martha Huntington, June 12, 1717. 
 
 y. Noah Grant (second), born in Tolland, Connecticut, July 12, 1718. 
 Married Susannah Delano, November 5, 1746. 
 
 VI. Noah Grant (third), born in Coventry, Connecticut, June 23, 1748. 
 Eemoved to Pennsylvania, 1790. Married (second wife) Rachael Kelly, 
 March 4, 1792. 
 
 VII. Jesse Root Grant, born in Westmoreland County. Pennsylvania, 
 January 23, 1794. Removed to Ohio, April. 1799. Married Hannah Simp- 
 son, June 24, 1821. 
 
 VIII. Ulysses Simpson Grant, born at Point Pleasant, Clermont County, 
 Ohio, April 27, 1822. 
 
 Never was Jesse Grant's good fortune greater than 
 when, on the twenty-fourth of June,^ 1821, he married Han- 
 nah Simpson. 
 
 The 3'oung couple began housekeeping in a little frame 
 dwelling, a hundred yards from the Ohio River. Behind 
 the house and the hamlet rose a bold hill. In front ran 
 a little creek. Here, on the twenty- seventh day of April, 
 1822, the future General was born. Our title-page repro- 
 duces faithfully a capital photograph of the home in which 
 he first saw the light, with the physician, who introduced 
 him into this breathing world, standing in the gateway. The 
 dwelling, long substantially unchanged, was visited by 
 many curious and patriotic pilgrims. The two trees 
 standing in front were planted by the hand of Jesse Grant. 
 
1822.] The Baby Named by Ballot. 37 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 BOYHOOD, 
 
 The baby weighed ten and three-fourth pounds, and 
 caused the usual excitement attendant upon the advent of a 
 first child. The name was held a question of gravity, only 
 to be decided by a famil}^ council. So when the little 
 stranger was six weeks old his mother made a visit to her 
 father's, ten miles away, where a congress of parents, 
 grand-parents, and two maternal aunts, was called to legis- 
 late on the all-important subject. 
 
 Party feeling ran so high that a ballot was determined 
 upon. On a slip of paper each wrote the name which he or 
 she preferred, and deposited it in a hat. The hat was 
 shaken, and then an aunt, with head turned aside, drew 
 forth a slip. It bore the name "Ulysses." Further 
 examination of the ballot-box showed that the vote stood 
 thus : — 
 
 Hiram 1 
 
 Albert 2 
 
 Theodore 1 
 
 Ulysses 2 
 
 "6 
 
 Hiram was voted l>y John Simpson, the maternal grand- 
 father, with whom it was a special favorite. The Alberts 
 were for Albert Gallatin, well known, particularly in the 
 West, as one of the most brilliant, versatile, and able public 
 men of the United States, and just then resident minister 
 of our Government at Paris. He was alike successful as 
 legislator, diplomat, author, financier, and man of business. 
 After passing fifty years in honorable public service, and 
 declining seats in two cabinets, and the vice-presidency 
 3b 
 
38 Jesse Moves to Geoeoetown. L1823. 
 
 of tlie United States, lie vohintarily retired to spend a calm, 
 ■wise old age in the pleasant paths of literature. 
 
 These were matter-of-fact names. Theodore, more fan- 
 ciful, had pleased the fancy of one of the maiden aunts. 
 Ulysses, both romantic and classic, originated thus : Shortly 
 after marriage, Jesse read Fenelon's Telemachus, of which 
 a coj^y had strayed into the settlement. Afterward the 
 book fell into the hands of old Mrs. Simpson. Both were 
 deeply impressed with the character of the hero's father, 
 "the wise Ulysses," whom Fenelon depicts from classic 
 song and story, and of whom, by the grace of Alexander 
 Poj)e, Homer sings : — 
 
 "To tread the walks of death he stood prepared, 
 And wliat he greatly thought he nobly dared." 
 
 Throughout the book he is invariably spoken of as 
 " gentle of speech, beneiicent of mind," "the most patient 
 of men," "equally unmoved against danger and reproach." 
 Telemachus is apostrophized : — 
 
 " Your father Ulysses is the wisest of mankind ; his heart is an un- 
 fathomable depth ; his secret lies beyond the line of subtlety and fraud ; he 
 is the friend of truth ; he says nothing that is false, but when it is necessary 
 he conceals what is true ; Ms tcisdom is, as it were, a seal upon his lijis, tohick 
 is never hrolcen hut for an important jiurjjosey 
 
 So, "whether by chance or by design of the immortal 
 gods," the tanner s son, born in a frontier cabin, was named 
 for the antique character Avhose traits his own were to resem- 
 ble so strikingly — -the Grecian warrior and counselor, noted 
 for intrepidity, reticence, and wisdom, no less than for pass- 
 ing unscathed through every danger. Afterward, in defer- 
 ence to the grandfather' s wish, another name was prefixed, 
 and the lad was baptized Hiram Ulysses Grant. 
 
 Ten months after the birth of Ulysses, Jesse moved to 
 Georgetown, in Brown County. The tanner was thrifty. 
 In twenty-two months he had accumulated eleven hun- 
 dred dollars, which he took with him, one thousand 
 of it in silver, then commanding a premium of thirty 
 per cent. That year Jesse built him a small brick house, 
 
1823.] A Geeat Place for Dei:n'king. 39 
 
 and supported his family from the profits of his new tan- 
 yard, without drawing upon his accumulated capital. 
 
 Georgetown is ten miles back from the Ohio. Ripley, 
 the river point for the debarkation of passengers and freight, 
 is fifty-nine miles above Cincinnati, and the most important 
 town between that city and Maysville. Both Ripley and 
 Georgetown are thirty miles from the nearest railway — per- 
 haps the only localities in Ohio so completely "off the 
 road." The counties, Brown and Clermont, happen to be 
 in a bend of the Ohio River, and not on the route to any- 
 where. 
 
 Landing from a steamer at the old brick town of Ripley, 
 a sort of urban Rip Yan Winkle, with a "general flavor 
 of mild decay," we climb the sharp bluff which rises two 
 or three hundred feet. Upon it, and along the creeks 
 cutting through it to the river, are great vineyards, their 
 stakes covered with clinging vines, and in autumn rich with 
 purple grapes. Brown is the first wine county of Ohio, 
 except Hamilton. Back from the river, on the road to 
 Georgetown, we find the country rough and heavily tim- 
 bered. Log-houses are abundant, and many of the people 
 still travel on horseback. 
 
 Ever since there was a Democratic party the county has 
 been strongly Democratic, and some of its denizens are said 
 to be still voting for Jackson. It used to be famous for 
 Clay suppers, Jackson suppers, and Adams suppers, con- 
 vivial "feeds" at the Georgetown hotel. Probably more 
 liquor has been consumed in the vicinity than in any other 
 of our northern communities. To be temperate in Brown 
 means to be intoxicated only two or three times a year. In 
 old times, a man who did not get drunk at least on the 
 eighth of January, the twenty-second of February, and the 
 fourth of July, could hardly maintain his standing in the 
 community, or in the local churches. 
 
 When Jesse settled in Georgetown, its inhabitants, all 
 told, were only a dozen families. It is now the county-seat, 
 a pleasant village of twelve hundred people, built around 
 a hollow square, with an ample brick court-house in the 
 center, after the old Southern and Western fashion. 
 
40 "I Can't Take Powder." [is24. 
 
 Here Ulysses passed his boyhood. It furnished little 
 material for a wonder-book, as he was in nowise a remark- 
 able child. Still some leading qualities of his character 
 were displayed very early. While he was less tlian two 
 years old, and lying in his father' s arms, a 3'oung neighbor 
 wanted to try the effect of a pistol rej^ort upon him. So his 
 little hand was pressed against the trigger until the charge 
 exploded with a stunning report. The father relates that 
 the imperturbable baby never winked nor dodged, but sim- 
 ply reached out for the pistol, crying : — 
 
 " Fick it again ! Fick it again !" 
 
 Still he seems to have had no special longing for the 
 villainous saltpeter. Once, when he fell sick, before he 
 was three years old, the family physician pronounced him 
 feverish, and said he would leave powders for him to take. 
 The little fellow burst out sobbing : — 
 
 " No, no, no ! I can't take powder ; it will blow me up." 
 
 The phrase was a by-word in the family afterward, when- 
 ever powders were prescribed. 
 
 His fondness for horses developed even earlier. When 
 he was twenty months old, a little menagerie and circus 
 which visited the town had, among other attractions, a 
 trained pony. In the midst of the performance the ring- 
 master asked : — 
 
 " Who will ride the pony ?" 
 
 Ulysses, still in petticoats, begged that he might be al- 
 lowed to do so. So he was held on the steed's back, and 
 rode two or three times around the ring, manifesting more 
 glee than he had ever shown before. 
 
 Jesse Grant, sturdy and clear-headed, never swerved 
 from his determination to acquire a competence. He worked 
 hard and lived frugally. To make sure of hides, he added 
 butchering to tanning. He also did hauling, erected build- 
 ings, and, indeed, turned his hand to any thing which would 
 pay. He was a decided character, fond of talking at public 
 meetings, and of writing ingenious rhymes, which often 
 found their way into print. The county paper, published in 
 Georgetown, was called Tlie Castigator. A few miles away 
 lived "Backwoodsman," seventy-flve years old, and of 
 
1827.J A COEEESPONDENCE IN RlIYME. 41 
 
 considerable local reputation as a poet. AVhen Ulysses was 
 five, this frontier Homer wanted a pair of shoes. He was 
 without purse or scrip, but could pay in hides or grain. 
 He wrote a letter in verse, setting forth his condition and 
 need. It was addressed to the tanner, but instead of being 
 sent to him directly, was published, as the fashion is with 
 modern politicians who wish to be ''understood." It began 
 thus : — 
 
 "Jesse R. Grant, my loving friend, 
 I can not go, and therefore send 
 This little letter, and less news, 
 To let you know I'm out of shoes. 
 My shoes are tops and bottoms worn, 
 My feet upon the briers are torn, 
 I've tried the cobblers far and near, 
 To get my shoes put in repair ; 
 They throw them down, and curse and swear 
 They'd rather make me two new pair." 
 
 " Backwoodsman " went on in his rheumatic numbers, to 
 complain that he could not go out to hear the news ; that 
 he would pay in hides or grain ; that he wanted coarse, 
 strong shoes, with broad bottoms, and not such as dandies 
 wear. 
 
 Jesse Grant was neither the man to hear unmoved an 
 appeal to his sympathy, nor one at whom anybody could 
 fling rhymes with impunity. He contributed not only the 
 shoes, but also this rejjly, made through The Castigatw : — 
 
 " Backwoodsman, sir, my aged friend, 
 These lines in answer back I send, 
 To thank you for your rhyming letter, 
 Publislied in The Castigator. 
 The story of your worn-out shoes. 
 Is, to a tanner, no strange news ; 
 We often hear that story told, 
 By those whose feet are pinched with cold, 
 When they apply to get some leather, 
 To guard against the frosty weather. 
 That cash is scarce, they oft complain, 
 And wish to pay their bills in grain. 
 Others who wish to be supplied, 
 Will promise soon to bring a hide. 
 
42 Ulysses the Favokite Child. [1827. 
 
 Such pay by us is greatly prized, 
 
 But is not always realized. 
 
 Now, one thing here I must relate, 
 
 As written in the Book of Fate, 
 
 As you've grown old, you have grown poor, 
 
 As poets oft have done before. 
 
 And yet, no one of common sense, 
 
 "Will charge that fault to your expense ; 
 
 Or, otherwise, disprove the weight, 
 
 Than charge it to a poet's fate. 
 
 Dame Fate with me, though, need not flirt, 
 For I'm not poet enough to hurt ! 
 The world, 'tis said, owes all a living, 
 What can't be bought, then, must be given; 
 And tliough I have not much to spare, 
 I can, at least, supply a pair — 
 Or leather for a pair — of shoes. 
 That you may sally forth for news. 
 And when another pair you want, 
 Just drop a note to 
 
 J. R. Grant." 
 
 It was an uneventful life in the little Ohio village. 
 When Ulysses was three years old a second son was born 
 to his parents, and named Simpson. The two grew up 
 together. Their school comrades often used, after the fash- 
 ion of those days, to go home with the Grant boys in 
 winter, and spend the evening "before the great, log lire, 
 which blazed on the kitchen hearth, playing ' ' fox and 
 geese," "morris," and "checkers," eating apples, cracking 
 hickor^^-nuts, telling stories, propounding riddles, and end- 
 ing the fun by sleeping together. 
 
 Two brothers, who were their closest intimates, for years 
 lived in Georgetown. Both went through the Mexican 
 War ; one has been a Democratic Representative in Con- 
 gress, and the other, as a Brigadier-General of Volunteers, 
 did gallant service during our great war. 
 
 Ulysses was a very quiet, but by no means a diffident 
 boy. His father, who was fond and vain of his children, 
 was given to putting them forward ; and Ulj^sses was the 
 favorite, because he would do, or at least attempt, whatever 
 he was told. Both father and mother were members of 
 
1831.] Early Exploits with Horses. 43 
 
 the Methodist church, and there was a little meeting-house 
 across the street. Methodist ministers frequently spent the 
 night at the house. A visitor rememljers one evening 
 when Ulysses, then only seven or eight years old, at the 
 call of his father, stepped out briskly, stood up in a corner, 
 and recited : — 
 
 " You'd scarce expect one of my age, 
 To speak in public on the stage." 
 
 He rattled it off hurriedly and mechanically, but still 
 with great readiness. Daniel ^^"ebster, in boyhood, could 
 not summon composure enough to "speak his piece," but 
 Ulysses Grant could without the least diffidence. If any 
 wiseacre had had opportunity to compare the two, his pro- 
 phetic soul would undoubtedly have seen in the farmer' s 
 son a great orator in embr^'o, and, perchance, in the shy 
 New Hampshire boy, the promise of a successful general. 
 
 The most noticeable thing in the boyhood of Ulysses 
 continued to be love of horses. Once, at seven and a half 
 years old, when his father was gone to Ripley, tlie child 
 succeeded in hitching a young colt to a sled, drove to the 
 woods, loaded brush, and hauled it to the door all day. 
 When the father came home at night, he found a j^ile of 
 brush as high as a haystack. 
 
 At eight, the boy hauled wood dail}', taking care of a 
 span of horses himself, though he was not tall enough to 
 put on their collars and bridles without standing upon an 
 inverted half-bushel measure. 
 
 He accumulated a little money by carting wood, and 
 driving passengers, who arrived in Georgetown by stage, to 
 their homes in the adjacent country. So at nine, he bought 
 a colt for seventeen dollars, and from that time was never 
 without a horse of his own. He frequenth' traded, always 
 had a little fund of money, and was thought to give indica- 
 tions of unusual business capacity, though he never mani- 
 fested it in his personal affairs in after life. 
 
 He was known far and near as the best horseman "in 
 all the country round.'' When nine or ten years old, he 
 had acquired such repute for fast riding, that horse-jockeys 
 
44 Boyish Feats of Horsemaxsiiip. [isss. 
 
 who had steeds suffering from a distemper, which was re- 
 lieved by riding them so fast as to lieat them, used to bring 
 the animals to Georgetown, for the tanner's son to try 
 them for a few miles at the break-neck gallop, in which his 
 heart delighted. Neighboring farmers also brought refrac- 
 tory horses for him to train and subdue. More than 
 once the little fellow was seen racing around the public 
 square upon a kicking, rearing, pitching beast, to which, 
 with arms clasped about its neck, and fat bare feet 
 pressed against its flanks, the lad was clinging with the same 
 tenacity which he manifested later in life. 
 
 Of course he was in demand at the traveling shows. 
 Georgetown people relate, that at one, when he was 
 only eleven, he not only rode a trained pony at full run 
 around the narrow ring, but while at that flying speed, was 
 not in the least disconcerted by a mischievous monkey, 
 which, being turned loose, jumped upon the top of liis 
 head, and, clinging to his hair, looked down into his face. 
 
 A favorite amusement was to stand barefoot upon a 
 sheepskin strapped on his horse' s back to keep the rider' s 
 feet from slipping, and then put the animal on a fast gallop 
 down to the brook or up the main street. Before he was 
 twelve he learned to ride thus, standing only upon one foot, 
 and holding by the bridle rein. The widow of Dr. Bailey, 
 nearest neighbor to the Grants, says : — 
 
 "In general, Ulysses was exceedingly kind and amiable. 
 Our boys never had the least dispute with him about any 
 thing except horses ; but sometimes, when they galloped to- 
 gether down to the 'run' to water, Ulysses would laugh 
 at our boys, and tell them our horses were getting poor. 
 This used to trouble them, and they would ask me, ^vitli 
 great anxiety, if ours really were thin and slow." 
 
 One of the sons of this lady met his death through his 
 fondness for horses. He was riding a refractory one which 
 became frightened, reared, rolled over, and killed the rider. 
 
 With all his equestrian skill, Ulysses was extremely 
 averse to being thought a jockey, and reluctant to train 
 horses. Once, a neighbor, desirous of having a colt disci- 
 plined, put the lad on the animal, and gave him two dol- 
 
1833]. A Curious Juveistile Bargain^. 45 
 
 lars to cany a letter thirteen miles to Decatur, While he 
 was starting, the neighbor said, as if the thought had just 
 occurred to him : — 
 
 " Oh I I wish you would teach that pony to pace."' 
 
 When the lad returned at night, the animal was a good 
 pacer. But after Ulysses discovered that the letter was 
 on] 3^ a pretext, he could never again be induced to train a 
 neighbor' s horse. 
 
 He was singularly ingenuous. Before he was twelve, 
 his father sent him to buy a mare, of the Printer stock, 
 from a farmer named Robert Ralston, who lived a mile 
 west of Georgetown. Jesse, sharp at a bargain, instructed 
 Ulysses : — 
 
 ' ' Off'er him forty dollars ; if he won" t take that, give 
 forty-five ; and rather than come away without her, pay 
 him fifty." 
 
 The boy started for the Ralston farm-house, intending to 
 carry out his orders. But farmer Ralston plumply asked 
 him : — 
 
 " How much did your father tell you to j)ay V 
 
 Disconcerted by the abrupt question, Ulysses replied : — 
 
 " He told me to otferyou forty dollars, and if you would 
 not take that, to offer forty-five; and rather than return 
 without her, to give fifty." 
 
 The fanner laughed, but, with an eye to business, in- 
 sisted that he could not sell the mare for less than fifty dol- 
 lars. So Ulysses took her home, and his father paid the 
 money. 
 
 The chubby baby grew up a chubby boy, — short, fat, 
 and ruddy. He had a very keen sense of justice. One day, 
 playing with the Bailey boys, he knocked the ball through 
 a window of their house. Rushing in, with his round 
 face blushing scarlet, he said earnestly to their mother : — 
 
 " Mrs. Bailey, I have broken your window, but I am 
 going right up town to get another pane of glass for you, 
 and have it put in at once." 
 
 But he was too great a favorite with the lady, and, indeed, 
 with all her family, for them to exact such a measure of jus- 
 tice from him. 
 
46 Skating, Fisiiixg, and Swimming. [isss. 
 
 A little brook ran beside the tan-yard. During a June 
 freshet, when the lad was ten 3'ears old, it overflowed all 
 the vats, and sent the leather and bark floating away. 
 But the leather caught in thick willows, and the stream 
 was soon full of men and delighted boys swimming in to 
 bring it back. All was reclaimed, without serious injury, 
 and Jesse's only loss was the valuable bark — that which 
 was dry and nnused floating ofl", but the old and water- 
 soaked remaining. 
 
 He was extremely fond of skating, and leariied it while 
 very young. When nine or ten years old, he froze his 
 feet from tight straps. Mrs. Grant, a physician on instinct, 
 was on terms of intimacy with every conceivable malady 
 that juvenile flesh is heir to, and had a remedy for it duly 
 put away and labeled in some corner of her memory. Of 
 course, such a mother is worth all the physicians in the 
 world for little invalids, despite her harmless idiosyncrasies, 
 one of which in her case found vent in administering salts 
 to the children regularly, sick or well, at certain seasons 
 of the year. This time she smoked the frozen feet of the 
 young sufferer with hay, and then bound on slices of bacon 
 to take out the frost. 
 
 Ulysses and his comrades, when very young, used to sit 
 barefooted on the bank of tlie little brook beside the tan- 
 yard, flshing for '"chubs'" and " shiners." Avith hooks of bent 
 pins. As they grew older they angled for larger members 
 of the finny tribe a mile west of the town, in a considerable 
 stream, which was there called White Oak Creek, but in 
 New England would be dignified into a river. Here, too, 
 was excellent bathing ground. Ulysses was a capital swim- 
 mer and an expert diver, with unusual endurance in re- 
 maining under water. 
 
 Hunting was a common amusement among the boys of the 
 neighborhood. By day they pursued rabbits, gray squir- 
 rels, and partridges in the woods ; at night they had the 
 more exciting sport of treeing raccoons with dogs, and then 
 felling the trees. In these diversions Ulysses seldom 
 joined. While his comrades were playing, he was haul- 
 ing loads for neighbors, or driving stage passengers home. 
 
.1833.] A Xew and Improved Yersiok. 47 
 
 Thus lie was enabled to be a profitable customer for 
 the village confectionery, whose treasures he lavished with 
 a free liand upon his playmates and young ragamuffins 
 generally. 
 
 Truthfulness usually comes with training and maturity. 
 Most children, of any imagination or force of character, tell 
 falsehoods shockingly, George Washington to the contrary 
 notwithstanding. There is a version of the cherry-tree 
 story, so much dinned into youthful ears, which at least 
 has more human nature than the original. It runs thus : — 
 
 Once there was a little boy whose name was William 
 Shakespeare. One day his father, walking in the garden, 
 found his favorite cherry-tree all hacked to pieces. 
 
 "William," he asked, sternly, "who cut that cherry- 
 tree?" 
 
 " Father," replied the ingenuous boy, "I can not tell a 
 lie. It was Ben Johnson who cut that cherry-tree !" 
 
 " My son," said the parent, Avith tears in his eyes as he 
 folded the child to his heart, ' ' I would rather have you tell 
 a hundred lies than spoil one cherry-tree !" 
 
 But the truthfulness of Ulysses was conspicuous and un- 
 deniable. The closest comrades of his boyhood insist that 
 he was never guilty of a deliberate falsehood. 
 
 Nevertheless, he was human enough to keep out of the 
 category of good little boys, who are usually loved of the 
 gods, or else, surviving until manhood, go straight to the 
 bad. A lad, named Mount, lived a quarter of a mile from 
 the tan-yard, and a schoolmate relates : — 
 
 ' ' I never saw Grant fighting but once. He was ten or 
 eleven years old. Mount was at his wood-pile, chopping, 
 when Ulysses came along, and they got into a fight. Mount 
 was the larger and stouter, and when I first observed them, 
 had the better of Ulysses, and was scratching him in the face, 
 when Grant suddenly gave him a kick in the thigh. That 
 ended the matter. Mount gave a tremendous j'ell, and 
 started for his house, and Ulysses also scampered home at 
 the top of his speed, perhaps afraid of Mount's father." 
 
 The strict discipline of Jesse Grant's household per- 
 mitted no card-playing and no attending of dancing-schools 
 
48 "When the Cat's Away." [is33. 
 
 or l)alls ; but the hoys were boys. On Sundays, it was 
 the delight of young Ulysses and his playmates to col- 
 lect at the tan-yard and spend the afternoon in turning 
 somersaults on the bark, blacking their boots with the 
 brush which was used for leather, and performing the other 
 like freaks in which juvenile hearts delight. 
 
 When he was eleven, cholera raged, and the corporate 
 authorities of Georgetown sent his father to Maysville to 
 procure a cholera preparation which had great local repute. 
 After it was brought home, however, the disease subsided ; 
 so the medicine, a sweet cordial, was stored in Jesse' s cel- 
 lar. During these Sunday improprieties, while the parents 
 were at church, the lads used to steal down-stairs and 
 drink the palatable but "perilous stuff" in enormous 
 quantities. That Ulysses the man, though exposing himself 
 with great rashness, went through two long wars 
 unharmed, is wonderful ; but that Ulysses the boy sur- 
 vived these weekly allopathic doses, is a hundredfold more 
 marvelous. 
 
1833.] A Journey to Deerfield. 49 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 EAELY YOUTH. 
 
 A MONTH before Ulysses was eleven, an uncle by mar- 
 riage, who was named Marshall, died near Deerfield, Ohio, 
 the old home of the Grant famil}^ Jesse immediately 
 went to settle the affairs of his bereaved sister, and bring 
 her and her five orphan children to Georgetown. Ulys- 
 ses accompanied him, and it was his first considerable 
 journey. 
 
 Taking steamer from Ripley to Wellsville, and stage 
 thence to New Lisbon thirty-five miles, father and son made 
 the last fifteen miles on horseback. They spent two or 
 three weeks with Mrs. Marshall, selling at public auction 
 all the family effects, except bedding, crockery, and other 
 articles easy of transportation. Then, with the widow and 
 children, they turned their faces homeward. One of the 
 cousins, James Marshall, was near the age of Ulysses ; and 
 the two boys, riding on the coupling-pole behind the wagon, 
 were delighted with the trip. 
 
 Starting on a Monday afternoon, the party reached Deer- 
 field, six miles distant, that night, and on Tuesday night. 
 New Lisbon, where they "put up" at the village tavern. 
 On Wednesday, finding their team overloaded, they char- 
 tered a two-horse wagon, and evening found them at Wells- 
 ville. There they took the steamer Lady Byron^ taking 
 their horses and wagon on board, and descending the river. 
 A broken wheel compelled the boat to stop at Wheeling for 
 several hour^ Ulysses and James strolled up through the 
 streets, less sleepy then than now. While they were loiter- 
 ing about the City Hotel, a traveler asked young Grant : — 
 
 "What will you take this trunk down to the steamer 
 for?" 
 
50 A Thokoughly Boyish Trick. [^833. 
 
 " A fi' -penny bit," replied the lad. 
 
 The five-penny bit, usually contracted to "fip" in West- 
 ern months, was worth six and a quarter cents, an outlay 
 which the extravagant traveler fancied he could afford. So 
 Ulysses at one end, and James at the other, bore the heavy 
 trunk down to the boat half a mile away, and earned their 
 reward. It is to be hoped that they never in after-life did 
 so much hard work for so little money. 
 
 There was no wharf at Wheeling. The water was nearly 
 level with the top of the stone wall, from which a staging ex- 
 tended to the boat. The steamer had on board many German 
 emigrants, going to Louisville and Cincinnati. With genuine 
 boyish fondness for mischief, the two lads so arranged the 
 planks that the first person venturing upon them would tum- 
 ble in. The first happened to be a little German boy habited 
 in a red fiannel dress, and not more than three years old. 
 As he stepped upon it the staging gave way, and "c7i?^c^" 
 he fell into the water. The alarm was shouted, and, as he 
 came up to the surface for the second time, some of his peo- 
 ple caught him by the hair and lifted him out. 
 
 The thoughtless boys were sadly frightened, but cau- 
 tious enough to hold their peace, and unspeakably relieved 
 to see the streaming young Teuton saved from drowning. 
 
 The Lady Byron finally started again, and on Saturday 
 the travelers reached Maysville, where they remained 
 several days with relatives, before riding to their hom© 
 twenty miles farther. 
 
 As Jesse Grant prospered, and his quiver waxed full of 
 the poor man' s blessings, he outgrew the little family dwell- 
 ing ; so, shortly after his return from Deerfield, he added a 
 spacious two-story house to the old one, which he left 
 standing as an L. Ulysses drove the horses for hauling all 
 the brick, stone, and sand. In a few months was completed 
 the Grant homestead shown in our picture, and still un- 
 changed. It stands on low ground, a hundred yards east of 
 the Georgetown public square, a sober brick house, its 
 front very near the street ; and one side shaded by tall 
 
1834.] WOEKIXG IX THE BaRK MiLL. 51 
 
 locusts, and overlooking a smaller roadway whicli leads up 
 past the old Methodist meeting-house and the Bailey resi- 
 dence. In a hollow, on the oj^posite side of the main street, 
 stood, for many years, the little brick currier shop. Be- 
 hind it was the tan-yard. Beside it, for a hundred feet, 
 stretched a low shed— a mere roof supported by a skeleton 
 of poles. Under this were piled many cords of oak bark, 
 in the midst of which stood the bark-mill, with a hopper 
 like an old-fashioned cider-mill. 
 
 The bark, peeled from standing trees, is brought to the 
 tan-yard in strips three feet long. In grinding, a boy stands 
 holding one in his left hand, and, with a hammer in his 
 right, breaks it into the hopper in pieces four or iive 
 inches long. Meanwhile, a horse trudging around a circle, 
 and leading himself by means of a pole attached to the 
 sweep which he di-aws, grinds the bark to powder. 
 
 Xot only is the work confining, but every time the beam 
 comes around the boy must "duck," or it will strike his 
 head. Ulysses heartily disliked all labor about the tan-yard, 
 and had a tendency to make himself invisible whenever 
 he suspected there was any to be done. But when his 
 father left him to attend the bark mill, he would hire some 
 other boy to take his place for twelve or fifteen cents a 
 day, while he, by driving a stage passenger or hauling a 
 load, earned a dollar or a dollar and a half. The young 
 speculator accumulated money easily, and in the use of it 
 was free, though not wasteful. 
 
 Just before the lad was twelve, his father contracted to 
 build a county jail. The job would require much hauling 
 of stone, of bricks, and particularly of logs. The tanner 
 had one very large horse, and Ulysses said : — 
 
 "Father, if you Avill buy Paul Devore's horse to work 
 beside ours, I can haul these logs for you." 
 
 So Jesse purchased the animal for fifty-five dollars. 
 Ulysses was proud of his fine-looking black horses, and 
 named the new one "Dave," in irreverent compliment to 
 David Devore, a Georgetown attorney. With them the lad 
 did all the hauling. It was two miles from the woods to the 
 site of the jail. The logs were a foot square and fourteen 
 
52 "Dave and Me." [i834. 
 
 feet long, and required a great deal of hewing, as all the 
 "sap" had to be cut off. It took eleven men to do the 
 hewing, but only one to " score." The hewers loaded the 
 logs, while the lad simply drove the team. 
 
 One cloudy April morning when rain was threatened, 
 Ulysses went as usual for his load. After a long trip, he 
 came back with his logs, and as Jesse and the hired man 
 were unloading them at the jail, he remarked: — 
 
 "Father, I reckon it's hardly worth while for me to go 
 again to-day ; none of the hewers are in the woods. There 
 is only one load left ; if I get that now, there will be none 
 for me to haul to-morrow morning." 
 
 " Where are the hewers V 
 
 "At home, I suppose. They haven't been in the woods 
 this morning." 
 
 " Who loaded these logs ?" 
 
 "Dave and me." 
 
 " What do you mean by telling me such a story ?" asked 
 the clear-headed, indignant father. 
 
 "It is the truth ; I loaded the logs with no help but 
 Dave's." 
 
 It was the truth. For this hauling, the body of the 
 wagon had been removed, and the logs were carried upon 
 the axles. It was a hard job for several men to load. They 
 would take the wheels off on one side, let the axles down 
 to the ground, lift on the squared logs with handspikes, 
 then pry the axles up with levers, and put the wheels on 
 again. That a boy could do this alone was incredible ; and 
 Jesse inquired : — 
 
 "How in the world did you load the wagon ?" 
 
 " Well, father, you know that sugar-tree we saw yester- 
 day, which is half fallen, and lies slanting, with the top 
 caught in another tree. I hitched Dave to the logs and 
 drew them up on that ; then I backed the wagon up to 
 it, and hitched Dave to them again, and, one at a time, 
 snaked them forward upon the axles." 
 
 The ingenious lad had used the trunk of the fallen maple 
 as an inclined plane, and after hauling the logs upon it, so 
 that they nearly balanced, had drawn them endwise upon 
 
D/vvEhnD ivit. 
 grant's EOVHOOD in GEOKGETOWX, OHIO. 
 
1834.] Ulysses Sent to Louisville. 55 
 
 his wagon underneatli witli little difficulty. The feat made 
 him quite famous in the neighborhood. Did it not involve 
 as much inventiveness, patience, and fertility of resource as 
 the "wonderful campaign which ended in the captuiv of 
 Yicksburg ? 
 
 Ulysses worked hauling the logs all summer, Avith tlie 
 exception of a single week, which he spent in Louisville. 
 His father, engaged in a lawsuit, wanted a deposition taken 
 in that city, and had frequently written for it without success. 
 Finally he sent his first-born to attend to the business. 
 Ulysses got the document and started back, but the captain 
 of the steamer on which he sought passage, thinking the 
 little fellow must be a runaway at first declined to take him. 
 When, however, he produced a letter from his father, ex- 
 plaining the business on which he had been sent, the 
 admiring captain brought him back to Maysville free of 
 charge. 
 
 The jail Avas finished by the first of December, and then 
 Jesse sold his wagon to a citizen of Aberdeen, twenty-one 
 miles away, Ulysses was sent to take it there, with two 
 horses, one which the purchaser had left, and a beautiful 
 bright bay, not yet four years old, which he himself had 
 owned onl}^ a few weeks, and had never tried in harness. 
 
 For the first ten miles the team went well ; but then, near 
 Ripley, passing a farm-house where the butchering of hogs 
 was going on, the sight and smell of it made the colt quite 
 frantic. In a twinkling he kicked himself out of the har- 
 ness, tearing it to shreds. Ulysses sprang from the wagon, 
 and firmly held the frightened beast b}" the bit until he was 
 quiet. Then, knowing that he was, at least, an admirable 
 riding-horse, Ulysses put on his saddle, brought for the 
 return trip, and galloped into Ripley. There he asked of the 
 first acquaintance he met : — 
 
 " Are there any horse -buyers in town ?" 
 
 ' ' Yes, there is one collecting horses for New Orleans ; 
 he is to leave with them in a few days. I reckon he is over 
 there at the stable." 
 
 To the stable Ulysses rode, and, finding his man, ac- 
 costed him : — 
 
 4e 
 
56 Dkivi]S'G a Good Bargahst. [i835. 
 
 " My horse is for sale ; are you "buying ?" 
 
 " Yes, what do you ask for him V 
 
 " Sixty-five dollars, and the use of him or some other 
 horse to take my wagon to Aberdeen." 
 
 The beauty of the little steed interested the buyer, and 
 he answered : — 
 
 " I will give you sixty dollars." 
 
 " I can't take that ; he is worth more." 
 
 " Well, I will split the difference with you, and give you 
 sixty-two dollars and fifty cents." 
 
 "All right." 
 
 The bargain was closed, the horse delivered, and the 
 money paid. But then the buyer, looking again at the 
 chubby lad, whose gravity of demeanor had prevented his 
 diminutiveness from being noticed, added : — 
 
 " You are a very small boy ; I am afraid it is hardly 
 safe to buy of you." 
 
 " Oh, if that is all, I can satisfy you," replied Ulysses. 
 And he went and brought Captain Knight, an old family 
 friend, who testified : — 
 
 "It is all right; any trade you make with this boy is 
 just as sound as if you made it with his father." 
 
 The buyer, determined not to lose sight of his new pony, 
 furnished Ulysses with an old safe horse to Aberdeen, 
 which the boy left in Ripley on his return, and thence went 
 by stage. 
 
 The next year, a roving New York journeyman, with a 
 weakness for whisky, worked in the tan-yard. Once, hav- 
 ing exhausted all his money, he took six calf-skins belong- 
 ing to his employer. IS'ot daring to offer them for sale, he 
 consulted a little shoemaker, who betrayed him. Jesse 
 found the hidden plunder, and soon after meeting his specu- 
 lating workman in the village tavern, ordered him to leave 
 town. But the journeyman was obstinate, would not go, 
 and even drew a knife upon Jesse. The broad-shouldered, 
 powerful tanner took the weapon away from him, sent 
 Ulysses for his cowhide, and laid it over the culprit' s back 
 half a dozen times with all his power. But the victim, 
 neither frightened nor hurt, stood his ground till some 
 
1835.] The Hills "JuDG:\IE^"T axd Mercy." 57 
 
 village " roughs" marched lihn out of toAvn, with the -warn- 
 ing never to come T^ack. He never did. 
 
 Ulysses, ever on the look-out for joIds for his horses, 
 made frequent trips to Cincinnati, fifty miles from George- 
 town. He always stopped at the Dennison House, which 
 was kejDt on Fifth Street, between ]SIain and Sycamore. 
 He knew familiarly the landlord's son, William Dennison, 
 six or eight years older than he, who lived to become Gov- 
 ernor of Ohio, and Postmaster-General in the cabinet of 
 Abraham Lincoln. 
 
 Between Georgetown and White Oak Creek was a high 
 ridge, very gentle on the side next the village, but almost 
 perpendicular on the other. With a good deal of humor 
 the people named the steep, dangerous hill, ' ' Judgment, ' ' 
 and the gentler declivity, "Mercy." On the " Judgment " 
 side the villagers frequently stalled their horses with heavy 
 loads. Young Grant was too good a teamster for this. One 
 day a neighbor asked him : — 
 
 " Why do your horses never get stalled V 
 
 "Because I never get stalled myself," was the pithy 
 answer. 
 
 Jesse Grant, with all his thrift, was not getting rich 
 rapidl}^. He acted thoroughly on Micawber's wisdom — 
 
 "Annual income, £20; annual expenditure, £19 19«. 6<Z. — result, happi- 
 ness. Annual income, £20 ; annual expenditure, £20 Os. Qd. — result, misery. 
 The blossom is blighted, the leaf withered — in short, j-ou are forever flooreiV* 
 
 Whatever other agency might have taken Jesse Grant 
 off his feet, he was not a man to be floored by spending 
 sixpence above his income, or to be unmindful of the re- 
 sponsibility which every sixpence involves. He worked 
 hard, never speculated, was a most thrifty, indefatigable citi- 
 zen of sobriety and integrity, but not so popular in the com- 
 munity as a more reticent man would have been. 
 
 He made good sj)eeches, for he was fluent, and possessed 
 an unusually retentive memory. In private, his children 
 were the favorite theme. He was extremely fond, and in- 
 clined to be vain of them. His first-born was nearest his 
 heart. He frequently said : ' ' Who knows but my Ulysses 
 
58 Ulysses's Father and Mother, [isss. 
 
 maybe President of the United States T' But then, hun- 
 dreds of thousands of parents at the same time were thinking 
 the same thing of their own boys. 
 
 He was always a politician. Three times he cast his 
 vote for Jackson. AYhen Van Buren was nominated, Jesse, 
 lacking faith in him, did not vote at all ; but in 1840 he sup- 
 ported Harrison, and adhered afterward to the Whig party 
 as long as it lasted. He was chosen first mayor of George- 
 town, but at the second election was defeated by a tailor — 
 a misfortune which does not seem to be hereditary in the 
 family. 
 
 Ulysses inherited many of his best traits from his mother. 
 The old residents of Georgetown speak of her with extra- 
 ordinary enthusiasm and affection. She was amiable, serene, 
 even-tempered, thoroughly self-forgetful, kind and consider- 
 ate to all, and speaking ill of none. Her children she 
 governed with tender affection, and without the rod ; and in 
 return they were tractable and well-behaved, never bois- 
 terous nor rude in the family circle. She was exceedingly 
 reticent and exceedingly modest. Whatever she thought of 
 her boys and girls in her mother-heart, she never praised 
 them before others. And even, though feeling high and 
 just pride in her illustrious son, and fond of reading all 
 that was said of him, she not only refrained from boasting 
 of him, but oftentimes blushed like a girl, and left the 
 room when his praises were sounded in her ears ; for it 
 seems akin to hearing self-praise, which she regarded with 
 unmitigated horror. In her old age, she had calm win- 
 ning manners, and a face still sweet and still young in 
 .the nicest sense of Holmes : — 
 
 " For him in vain the envious seasons roll, 
 Who bears eternal summer in his soul." 
 
 Ulysses was sent to school before he was four years old ; but 
 he began so young to drive a team and make himself useful 
 to his father, that his education was sadly neglected. After 
 he was eleven, he went only in the winter term, averaging 
 about three months. Even then his attendance was ir- 
 regular whenever he could find passengers to drive home. 
 
1835.) At School and in Spouts. 59 
 
 or neighbors who wanted to visit Cincinnati. The plain, 
 one-story, hrick building baldly fronting the street, with- 
 out any pleasant surroundings, where the village } outh 
 tirst quaffed from the " Pierian Springs," is faithfully 
 shown in our picture. Though like many another place 
 of high estate that has fallen, this centre of learning fin- 
 ally became a dwelling for a family of negroes. 
 
 He was not deemed a particularly bright boy, nor a bril- 
 liant scholar except in arithmetic, in which he excelled his 
 class. In other branches he was below the average. But 
 no one in the scliool could draw such horses upon liis slate 
 as young Grant, and in this exercise he was exceedingly 
 diligent. He would sit too, and reflect for hours with his 
 slate or bock hugged up against his breast, and his head a 
 little cast down. His ordinary nickname was "Ulyss," or 
 simply "Lyss;" but some of his comrades called him 
 " Texas," because his father had visited that province and 
 published a long account of his trip. Others called him 
 "Hug," from his initials, H. U. Gr., and others still traves- 
 tied his name to " Useless." 
 
 Notwithstanding his expertness at skating, swimming, 
 and riding, he was awkward in other out-door sports. But 
 he had unusual fortitude, and though at ball-playing he 
 was a very poor dodger, no ball could hit him hard enough 
 to make him cry, or even wince. 
 
 He attended frequent evening spelling-schools, and also 
 a juvenile debating club, at which, however, he never spoke. 
 Though seeming to care little for amusements, he went with 
 the rest to the evening gatherings of boys and girls, playing 
 his part creditably at riddles, puzzles, and other games, and 
 not shrinking from the endless juvenile kissing involved 
 in forfeits, though he had no special fondness for the society 
 of the opposite sex. One little girl only was a particular 
 favorite, and she continued so until he grew to manhood. 
 
 In brief, Ulysses was a sober, thoughtful boy, who pre- 
 ferred the society of men to that of younger companions, but 
 always as a modest and quiet listener rather than a talker. 
 
60 The Military Spirit Ferveistt. [isss. 
 
 He was temperate — much less inclined to whisky than most 
 young men in that convivial region, for whoever had grown 
 virtuous, Brown County willed that there should be cakes 
 and ale. 
 
 Military traditions were among the familiar things of his 
 childhood ; stories of Samuel and Noah Grant in the old 
 French war, and of his grandfather' s exploits in the eight 
 years of the Revolution. The militarj' spirit also was fer- 
 vent in the vicinity ; he saw much of company drill, and 
 never missed the general muster in August. On this grand oc- 
 casion, as many as three thousand citizen- soldiers were some- 
 times drilled by their officers through the long summer day, 
 with more than ordinary zeal and diligence. Even the local 
 names betokened an admiration of military heroes. Ripley 
 was so called in honor of General Ripley ; Scott township, 
 of Winfield Scott ; and Brown County, of Ethan Allen 
 Brown, all famous in the war of 1812. 
 
 A Philadelphia journalist, who was a native of the same 
 village — a little boy, who, in his own phrase ' ' used to hang- 
 around the skirts of Grant's ' wamus,' " writes : — 
 
 '•A brother of the General was a fellow-' devil ' in the printing-office in 
 which we were then the younger imp. And through him we hecame ac- 
 quainted with Ulysses, or ' Lyss.' as he was called by the boys. He was then 
 a stump}-, freckle-faced, big-headed country lad of fifteen, or thereabouts, 
 working in his father's tan-yard ; and we often stood by his side and exercised 
 our amateur hand under his direction in breaking bark for the old bark mill 
 down in the hollow. Though sneered at for his awkwardness by the scions 
 of noble Kentucky who honored Georgetown with their presence, Ulysses 
 was a favorite with the smaller boys of the village, who had learned to look 
 up to him as a sort of a protector. 
 
 •"We well remember the stir created by the appointment of the tanner's 
 sou to a cadetship at West Point. The surprise among the sons of our 
 doctors, lawyers, and storekeepers was something wonderful. Indeed, none 
 of us boys, high or low, rich or poor, could clearly imagine liow Uncle Sam's 
 schoolmasters were going to transform our somewhat o?/ ire-looking comrade 
 into our heau ideal of dandyism— a West Pointer. But the rude exterior of 
 the bark-grinder covered a wealth of intellect, which, of course, we youngsters 
 were not expected to be cognizant of. Modest and unassuming, though de- 
 termined, self-reliant, and decisive then as he still seems to be — we mistook 
 his shy, retiring disposition for slowness, and, looked up to as he was by us all, 
 we must confess there was much joking at his expense as we gathered of 
 evenings in the court-house square." 
 
1838.) A Student at Maysyille and Ripley. 61 
 
 Beside Ulysses, there were in due season fi.Ye other 
 children, — Simpson, Clara, Virginia, OrYil L., and Mary 
 Frances. Virginia long resided with her father in Coving- 
 ton, and Mary became the wife of a clergyman, at one 
 time the American consul at Leipsic; both ladies of 
 unusual talent and most estimable character. Orvil be- 
 came a leather merchant, with one of the largest establish- 
 ments in the West. Simpson and Clara both died of 
 consumption a few years ago. 
 
 When Ulysses was nearly fourteen, his life was varied 
 by a winter at Maysville, Kentucky. The schools there were 
 better than in Georgetown, and to their advantages he was 
 bid by the widow of his uncle, Peter Grant, who resided 
 there. Two years later he was sent for a few months to the 
 Presbyterian Academy at Ripley, where he boarded with 
 Marion Johnson. 
 
 He was a plant of slow growth ; looking little like his 
 father, but much like his aunt, Mrs. Rachael Tompkins, of 
 Charlestowu, West Virginia, and inheriting the "Grant 
 face," with its Scotch look of strength, spirit, and deter- 
 mination, and, when smiling, its peculiar twist of the under 
 lip. 
 
 Thus the boy grew up in a pleasant, well-ordered family, 
 trained by a thoughtful father of great energy and integrity, 
 and by a mother so tender, so faithful, so calm, so heavenly 
 tempered, that former neighbors speak of her as men are 
 wont to speak only of their own mothers. In this home he 
 was surrounded by pure influences only — a religious house- 
 hold, the frugality and simplicity of working people in 
 humble life, the hospitality and open-handed kindness of 
 a new country. On the other hand, schools were poor and 
 infrequent, the standard of public morality none of the 
 highest, and the temptations to excess in drink many and 
 powerful. 
 
 With him the home influence proved the stronger, and 
 at seventeen years of age he was noted as an honorable, 
 trustworthy youth, above all meanness, incapable of any 
 crooked ways. Yet a citizen of Georgetown, asked to 
 select the boys likel}^ to achieve distinction, would have 
 
62 Ulysses' Standing at Seventeen. [isss. 
 
 placed Ulysses Grant very low upon the list. He was not 
 "brilliant," and his neighbors, like most Americans, con- 
 founded brilliancy with greatness, and suspected good sense 
 and clear judgment of being stupid. Friends of the family 
 would have predicted : — 
 
 " He will be a horse-trader or a livery-stable keeper, an 
 energetic business man, accumulating money largely and 
 expending it freely, but always a trifle slow, and never des- 
 tined to make a mark in the world. ' ' 
 
 Well muses the melancholy Claude — "Wise judges are 
 we of each other !"" A hundred years before, another boy had 
 been reared whose youth was just as unnoticeable, who was 
 equally silent and thoughtful, equally indifferent to books, 
 *nd chiefly remarkable for his love of athletic sports. If 
 lie had died young, he would only have been remembered, 
 if remembered at all, as one who left a mark upon the 
 Natural Bridge, where he had thrown a stone twenty feet 
 higher than any other man or boy in Virginia. But in that 
 Providence which confounds the wisdom of the wise, he 
 lived to become " first in war, first in peace, and first in the 
 hearts of his countrymen." 
 
1839.] Plans for Futuee Life. 63 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 WEST POINT. 
 
 In tlie winter of 1838-9 Ulysses was nearly seventeen. 
 Though small of his age, he was a rugged boy, who had 
 never been ill a day in his life. His frugal father said to 
 him :— 
 
 ' ' I reckon you are now old enough to go to work in the 
 beam-house." 
 
 IS'ow the most unpleasant part of a tanner s labor is in 
 this very "beam-house," and consists chiefly of cleaning 
 the raw hides of flesh and hair and dirt, by means of a 
 long knife, with handles at each end. Ulysses, though un- 
 complaining and diligent, disliked every branch of the busi- 
 ness, and he rei3lied, with unusual vehemence : — 
 
 "Well, father, Til work here till I am one-and-twenty, 
 if you require me to ; but I will never do a day' s work at 
 tanning after that." 
 
 "I don't want you to do this now, unless you expect 
 to follow it in after-life. What do you want to be V 
 
 " I should like to be a farmer, or a Mississippi trader, or 
 to get an education." 
 
 The tanner pondered. He had no farm to give his son. 
 The life of a Mississippi River flatboat trader, with its many 
 temptations, he did not approve of ; nor did he feel, though 
 possessed of ten or twelve thousand dollars, that he could, 
 in justice to his five other children, afford to send even his 
 first-born to college. He thought of West Point, which had 
 already won a high reputation, and some of whose graduates 
 were leading men — especially in the militia organizations, 
 more honored then than of later years. At the Military 
 Academy his son could be liberally educated at the coun- 
 try' s expense, and serve it afterward in an honorable posi- 
 tion. Ulysses knew all about that school, as George Bailey, 
 
64 A Vacancy at West Point, [isso. 
 
 his nearest neighbor and playmate, had entered there hut a 
 short time before. So -when his father asked, 
 
 " HoAV "vvould you like to go to West Point V he replied, 
 sententiously : — 
 
 " First rate." 
 
 ' ' Then, ' ' said the prompt parent, ' ' I will make applica- 
 tion at once." 
 
 The prospect was not promising. The Congressional 
 district was supposed to have a single cadet there already — 
 all it was entitled to. But each United States senator also 
 could make one appointment ; and in Clermont County, a 
 few miles away, lived Senator Thomas Morris. While a 
 poor bo}', he had come from Virginia to free Ohio. After- 
 ward, while a day-laborer, and without an}' instructor, he 
 began the study of the law, and linally attained eminence 
 in its practice. He had been for twenty-four years a mem- 
 ber of the legislature, and chief-justice of the State. Now 
 in the Upper House of Congress, he had won national fame 
 by his gallant and able defense of freedom of the press, of 
 speech, and of i^etition, against the most violent slavehold- 
 ing opposition. To him Jesse Grant wrote, asking if he 
 had a vacancy at West Point. Morris replied : — 
 
 " I have not. There hehig uo application for the cadetship, I waived my 
 right to appoint in favor of a member of Congress from Pennsylvania. But 
 there is a vacancy in yom* own district, and doubtless Mr. Hamer, your repre- 
 sentative, will fill it with your son." 
 
 There loas a vacancy. After admission, young Bailey 
 had failed, on the first semi-annual examination. His father 
 placed him under a private tutor, and got him reappointed, 
 but ill-fortune still pursued him. In his second year he 
 was expelled on a trifling charge of the delinquency so 
 common in schools — reporting himself ill when he was not. 
 The punishment was so disproportioned to the ofl;ense, that 
 he was afterward reinstated ; but he declined to return, and 
 went to Illinois, in his mortification not even visiting his 
 own home, though he passed doAvn the Ohio within ten miles 
 of it. 
 
 His family had been silent on the subject, and all the 
 neighbors supi)osed him still at West Point. Ultimately his 
 
1839.] Ulysses "Simpsox" Grant Appointed. 65 
 
 military education proved of service to him. In tlie -s^ar for 
 the Union he served as colonel of the Ninth Loyal Virginia 
 regiment ; and in 1861, in a skirmish at Guyandotte, West 
 Virginia, he was killed. 
 
 The member of Congress from the Georgetown district 
 was Thomas L. Hamer, a lawyer of distinction, and a bril- 
 liant orator, who was now regarded by the Democracy as a 
 possible candidate for the Presidency. To him Jesse Grant 
 wrote, and Hamer received the letter on the evening of March 
 3, 1839, a few hours before the expiration of his last term 
 in the House. He immediatelj^ dispatched a note to Joel R. 
 Poinsett, of South Carolina, Secretary of War, asking the 
 appointment, but without referring again to Jesse's letter 
 for the first name of the applicant, as the Grant family, 
 being his neighbors, were all known to him. Confounding 
 the name of Ulysses with that of his younger brother, he 
 asked the Secretarj^ for the appointment of Ulysses Simp- 
 son, and then wrote back to Jesse : "I received your letter 
 and have asked for the appointment of your son, which 
 ■will doubtless be made. Why didn't you apply to me 
 sooner V 
 
 Hamer got home several days before this letter. Jesse 
 surprised at his seeming neglect, said nothing to him on 
 the subject, and he wondering at Jesse's ingratitude was 
 likewise silent. But at length the delayed letter came, and 
 with it an appointment to the ]\Iilitar3" Academy filled out 
 for Ulysses Simpson Grant. 
 
 In vain after reaching AVest Point did Ulysses attempt 
 to get his OAvn baptismal name substituted. Red Tape 
 argued that the appointment nwst be right ; and Red Tape 
 proved too much for him. So, he could only acquiesce in 
 the name, which, first applied to him through a curious 
 blunder, has proved a shirt of Nessus ever since. 
 
 The unexpected appointment caused some wonder in the 
 little town. Even admiring friends of Ulysses marveled 
 that such a "homespun" boy should be sent to West 
 Point. The same neighbor after whom the j^outli had 
 once named a horse, and perhaps, in revenge for that dubious 
 compliment, accosted Jesse on the street : — 
 
QQ Reaches the Militaey Academy. [is39. 
 
 ' ' So Hamer has made Ulyss a cadet V ' 
 
 "Yes!" 
 
 " I am astonislied that he did not apj)oint some one with 
 intellect enough to do credit to the district." 
 
 For a long time the father was very sore over the unkind 
 remark, though he enjoys the memory of it now. 
 
 Until his appointment came, Ulysses' chief books had 
 been, not woman' s looks, but horses' idiosyncracies. Now, 
 hoAvever, he began to tit himself for the Military Academy, 
 stud^'ing and reciting to one Baldwin Summers of George- 
 town, a professional teacher, with a good deal of reputation 
 as a penman and mathematician. 
 
 Meanwhile, the lad' s careful mother was preparing his 
 outfit. He had saved about a hundred dollars. He spent 
 twenty-five for new clothing and the like, and had seventy- 
 five for his journey. Sixty dollars was required by the 
 West Point rules as a deposit, to pay the student' s expenses 
 home if he should not pass examination, or should after- 
 ward be expelled. 
 
 On the morning of the fifteenth of May, 1839, Ulysses, 
 in his eighteenth year, parted from his mother and younger 
 brothers and sisters at the door of the old homestead. Then 
 he went across the street to say good-bye to Mrs. Bailey. 
 She and her daughters bade him farewell with tears. This 
 touched the undemonstrative boy, who exclaimed : — 
 
 "Why, you must be sorry I am going. They didn't cry 
 at our house." 
 
 These early friends of his he never ceased to regard 
 with affection. 
 
 On his way to West Point he spent several days with 
 his mother' s relatives in Philadelphia. That city he had 
 always longed to see, and he wandered about the streets. 
 Franklin-like, spending his money freely, until he had 
 barely enough left with which to finish his journey. On 
 the tenth of June he reached West Point, passed his exam- 
 ination without difliculty, and entered at once upon his 
 scholastic duties. 
 
1841] "What the Geaduate has Learned. G7 
 
 The course of study lias been little modified since Grant's 
 day, though additions have been made to it. The uniform, 
 too, has been somewhat changed, and discipline somewhat 
 relaxed. 
 
 A perfect or maximum recitation is represented on the 
 records by a figure 3, v.hich the students call a "max." 
 From this the numbers run down fractionally to zero. The 
 minute and exact record thus kept, is posted up at the 
 end of the Aveek. This determines the cadet's standing 
 in his class, and the average of it his regular scholarship. 
 One hundred zero marks in six months will cause his ex- 
 pulsion. 
 
 The examinations are rigid and impartial. The annual 
 one of the whole corps, in June, is attended by a full aca- 
 demic board, and a board of examiners appointed by the 
 President of the United States. The semi-annual one, in 
 January, is conducted by the professors alone. After ad- 
 mission, the two severest examinations occur respectively 
 at the ejid of the first six months and the first year. Even 
 at these, a student, "posed" by some problem, may be 
 saved by his general character — that is, his good record on 
 recitations in the weekly and monthly reports ; but if his 
 marks there fall below the average, and he also makes a 
 poor showing to the examiners, he is dismissed. 
 
 The awkward cadet, at first the butt of the older stu- 
 dents, is soon molded into a soldier. At the end of four 
 years, which have accustomed him to military service and 
 discipline, he graduates, capable of drilling a regiment, 
 taking in at a glance an ofiensive or defensive position, 
 overseeing the construction of a field fortification, block- 
 house, bridge, building, or roadway, and drawing maps 
 and plans. He has spent nearly one year in actual field 
 service, living in tents, and performing full military duty ; 
 and in times of peace he can build railways, forts, and 
 lighthouses. 
 
 In Grant's day, the famous North and South Barracks 
 were yet standing. The rooms of the former each held 
 four cadets — those of the latter, two. Young Grant Avas 
 lodged sometimes in one, sometimes in the other. The old 
 
QS Ulysses Theashes a Classmate. [issa 
 
 barracks of stone and brick, which were then the distin- 
 guishing feature of the Academy, are now replaced by 
 more imposing and modern ones of stone. 
 
 When Grant entered, at the age of seventeen, he was a 
 jDlumj), fair-complexioned, beardless youth from the conn- 
 try, rustic in manners and careless in dress. There was the 
 usual disposition of the school-boy race the world over to 
 impose upon the new-comer, but his readiness to take a 
 joke was his best defense. The students of the first year 
 are called "Plebes." In forming squads to go to meals or 
 roll-call, they begin at the right and take their places toward 
 the left in the order in which they reported at the beginning 
 of the term. In Grant's class was one Jack Lindsay. His 
 father was an old army colonel, whose fellow-oiRcers and 
 comrades had made a pet of Jack, already a tall, stout fel- 
 low, and something of a dandy. His place was on the left 
 of Grant, whom he one day crowded out. Grant, thinking 
 it might be a mistake, and slow to take offense, said nothing 
 till after roll-call, when he quietly told Lindsay not to do it 
 again. The very next time, however, Lindsay, to show his 
 contempt for the raw lad from the backwoods, repeated the 
 indignity. To his infinite surprise and the general delight of 
 their classmates, Grant instantly knocked down his larger 
 comrade, and administered to him that effectual dose which 
 has taken the nonsense and ill-manners out of so many boys 
 — a sound thrashing. Lindsay interfered with him no more ; 
 and the other ' ' Plebes ' ' saw that, with all his good-humor, 
 ' ' Uncle Sam ' ' Avas not to be imposed upon. 
 
 There were few less prominent students at West Point. 
 He was simply a quiet, well-behaved rustic lad, at first 
 considered a specimen of unpretending mediocrity. One 
 of his old tutors wiites : — 
 
 " I remember liim well. He was a tiny-looking little fellow, with an in- 
 dependent air, and a good deal of determination. It is a long time ago ; but 
 when I recall old scenes, I can still see Grant, with his overalls strapped 
 down on his boots, standing in front of the quarters. It seems but yesterday 
 since I saw him going to the riding hall, with his spurs clanging on the 
 gi'ouud, and his great cavalry sword dangling by his side." 
 
 As he became better known, he grew popular among 
 
1841.] ]S'ick:n-ames of the Cadets. 69 
 
 comrades and professors for his purity, amiability, and 
 modesty. In most studies lie was fair, but reputed indo- 
 lent, and not at all brilliant. Still, lie liad a knack of 
 getting at the pith of things, and, even when answering a 
 question incorrectly, never did it mechanically, but could 
 o-ive some clear, well-defined reason for the faith that was 
 in him. In mathematics he excelled. Several, more ambi- 
 tious than he, stood higher ; but the only two classmates 
 who overtopped him in capacity were Franklin and Quin- 
 by. The class contained several other cadets who became 
 well known as generals during our war for the Union — 
 Ingalls, Hardie, Augur, Judah, Charles S. Hamilton, and 
 Frederick Steele. 
 
 As in all schools and colleges, the lads distinguished 
 each other by nicknames. Grant, partly from the impres- 
 sion that his second name was Samuel, and partly from his 
 general gravity, was known as "Uncle Sam" — a title which 
 afterward adhered to him during all his service in the regu- 
 lar army. Of the others, Deshon was "Dragon;" Frank- 
 lin, "Frank;" Gardner, "Gulger;" Ingalls, "Yankee;" 
 Hamilton, "Ham;" Quinby, "Nykins;" Selden, "Taps," 
 or "Simon Tajjpity ;" Steele, "Doctor," because he had 
 studied medicine; and Raynolds, "Dad," from premature 
 gray hair. Two others, well known, received the uncompli- 
 mentary appellations, ' ' Bullhead, ' ' and ' ' Jeremy Diddler. ' ' 
 
 At the end of his second year, the student receives a fur- 
 lough of sixty days for visiting his friends. It is the only 
 one during his entire term, unless in case of extreme sick- 
 ness, or some other emergency. In June, 1841, Grant im- 
 proved his by returning to Bethel, Ohio, ten miles west of 
 Georgetown, where tlie family now lived. He had left 
 Georgetown a round-shouldered lad. Now, after the first 
 greeting, his mother exclaimed : — 
 
 "Ulysses, you have grown much straighter." 
 "Yes, that was the first thing they taught me," he re- 
 plied. Still the effect of the teaching was not permanent. 
 
 He spent the weeks of his furlough in visiting old friends, 
 and riding out with the girls ; for nature will assert herself, 
 and the young man seemed to have outgrown his indifiference 
 
70 "Leave it to Uncle Sam." [^841. 
 
 to tlie other sex. He had also greatl}^ improved in man- 
 ners, overcome liis baslifulness, and gained self-poise. For 
 a time, in accordance witli an agreement between himself 
 and classmates to abstain from liquor for a year, he steadily 
 refused to drink with his old friends. The object of the 
 cadets was to strengthen by their example one of their 
 number who was falling into bad habits. 
 
 In due season he returned to his studies. He had es- 
 tablished his reputation as one who accomplished much 
 easily, and who, though not fond of study, learned every 
 thing thoroughly. His acquaintances were few, but he had 
 a small circle of attached friends, among whom were In- 
 galls, later Quartermaster- General of the army ; Franklin, 
 Steele, Augur, Deslion, and Quinby. His comrades all 
 respected his clear judgment and fairness, and, when dis- 
 putes arose among them, would say : — 
 
 "Let's leave it to Uncle Sam." 
 
 And he witched his little world with noble horseman- 
 ship. There was nothing he could not ride. He command- 
 ed, sat, and jumped a horse with singular ease and grace ; 
 was seen to the best advantage when mounted and at a full 
 gallop ; could perform more feats than an}^ other member 
 of his class, and was, altogether, one of the very best riders 
 AVest Point had ever known. 
 
 The noted horse of that whole region was a powerful, long- 
 legged sorrel, known as ' ' York. ' ' Grant and his classmate, 
 Couts, were the only cadets who rode him at all, and Gouts 
 could not approach Grant. It was his delight to jump York 
 over the fifth bar, about five feet from the ground, and the 
 best leap ever made at West Point — something more than 
 six feet — is still marked there as "Grant's upon York." 
 York's way was to approach the bar at a gentle gallop, 
 crouch like a cat, and fly over with rarest grace. One would 
 see his fore feet high in the air, his heels rising as his fore 
 feet fell, then all four falling lightly together. It needed a 
 firm seat, a steady hand, and a quick eye to keep upon the 
 back of that fiying steed. One day when Grant had just 
 taken his favorite leap Hamilton said to him : — 
 
 " Sam, that horse mil kill you some day." 
 
THE NORTH BARRACKS 
 
 THE .MESS HALL. 
 
 CADET GRANT AT WEST POINT. 
 
18^3] "I Cax't Die but O^^ce." 73 
 
 " Well." lie replied characteristically, " I can't die Tjut 
 once." 
 
 The class then at the Academ^^, was about equally 
 divided between Southerners and Nortlierners, or rather be- 
 twetni plain and pretentious students. Among the last, 
 Southerners took the lead in every thing ; were conlident in 
 manners, showy in dress, and courted the society of ladies, 
 for during the summer season, there were frequent cotil- 
 lion parties in the long roomy hall, attended hy the families 
 of West Point and guests from everywhere. There was no 
 intimacy between these two sets. They were seldom in each 
 others' rooms, except on business. The only literary society, 
 the "Dialectic," was in the hands of Southerners. It 
 was difficult for the plain pupils to become members, so 
 they asked permission to form another society, but it 
 was denied. Grant, of course, was in the unfashionable 
 set, as were most members of the class who have since be- 
 come eminent. Deshon was held the most shining mem- 
 ber. He remained in the army only few years then became 
 a Roman Catholic priest in Xew York. The class was called 
 less brilliant than an}^ which had preceded it since the found- 
 ing of the Academy. When it graduated, not a single mem- 
 ber was held good enough in mathematics to be recom- 
 mended for the engineers, and only one for the toi^ographi- 
 cal engineers. 
 
 But, eighteen years later, only three of the class went into 
 the Rebel service— Roswell S. Ripley, originall}' a ]S"ew 
 Yorker, but married to a Southern lady ; Samuel G. French, 
 from New Jersey, who also married in the South, and Frank- 
 lin Gardner, appointed from Iowa, but residing in Washing- 
 ton when the war broke out. The two first did not rise above 
 the rank of brigadier-general. Gardner, a major-general, 
 was captured with his command at Port Hudson, through 
 the reduction of Yicksburg by Grant in 1863. 
 
 Grant's class, that of 1843, was of course associated with 
 seven others first and last. In those below it were George 
 B. McClellan, Kirby Smith, and Stonewall Jackson, the lat- 
 ter reputed only a fail- scholar. The class of 1842, the first 
 above, was very large, and esteemed by the faculty the 
 5r 
 
74 Graduates and Returns Home. [is-^s. 
 
 siblest tliat liad ever gTaduated. Several members became 
 more or less famous in our day — Xewton, Rosecrans, Pope, 
 Doubleda.y, Sykes, and Setli Williams on the Union side ; 
 and Longstreet, D. H. Hill, Manstield Lovell, and Earl 
 Yan Dorn in serving the Rebel cause. 
 
 In the class of 1841, were Buell— adjutant of the corps 
 and a martinet of great reserve and dignity ; Rodman, in- 
 ventor of the Rodman gun ; Patrick Calhoun, son of John C. 
 Calhoun, who died from excessive drinking ; J. F. Reynolds, 
 killed at Gettysburg ; Nathaniel Lyon, Alfred Sully, and 
 Israel B. Richardson, who fell at Antietam. 
 
 In the class of 1840. were Ewell, William Tecumseh Sher^ 
 man, and George H. Thomas. 
 
 On the thirtieth of June, 1843, Grant graduated, the 
 twenty -first on a list of thirty-nine classmates— all that 
 were left of more than a hundred who entered the Academy 
 with him. The rest had been weeded out from year to 
 year. Robert E. Lee graduated fourteen years earlier, 
 when Grant was a stripling of seven ; Bragg and Pember- 
 ton six years earlier, Beauregard five, and Halleck four. 
 Buckner came one year later, McClellan three, Burnside 
 four, Warren seven, McPherson and Sheridan ten, and 
 Howard eleven. 
 
 Leaving the Academy, Grant went as far as Philadelphia 
 with his classmate. Frederick T. Dent of St. Louis, thence 
 to AVashington, and thence to his home in Ohio. At the 
 final examination, his chief achievement was with his fa- 
 vorite horse York. In presence of the board of visitors he 
 made the famous leap of six feet and two or three inches. 
 
 His career at West Point had been altogether unno- 
 ticeable. His scholastic standing was about the average. 
 His reputation for integrity and fairness was high, and his 
 observance of the truth so strict that he never indulged in 
 the slightest exaggeration. But neither classmates nor pro- 
 fessors fancied that he was born great, or going to achieve 
 greatness, or likely to have greatness thrust upon Mm. 
 
1843.] Lieut. Geant at Jeffeeson Baeeacks. 75 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 MEXICAN AVAR WITH TATLOK. 
 
 In 1843 tlie army of the United States numbered only 
 seven thousand five hundred men, and West Point sent out 
 officers for it much faster than they were needed. The 
 custom was to commission graduates as second lieutenants 
 by brevet, and mau}^ became gray-headed men before they 
 reached the rank of captain. 
 
 Grant was accordingly appointed brevet second lieu- 
 tenant in the Fourth Infantry. The usual ninety days' fur- 
 lough after graduating he spent at his Ohio home, and 
 then joined his regiment at Jefferson Barracks, near St. 
 Louis. 
 
 The 3^oung soldier, with little work and much leisure, 
 found recreation in the society of the neighboring city. 
 Four miles west of the barracks also lived Colonel Frederick 
 Dent, the father of 6ne of Grant' s classmates. In 1815, 
 when a young man, he had settled in Missouri, and bought 
 eleven hundred arpents of land (eighty-five-hundredths 
 of an acre making an arpent), ten miles southwest of St. 
 Louis, on Gravois Creek. This place he called White- 
 haven, in memory of his old home in Maryland, granted 
 to his ancestors by King Charles. The new W^hitehaven 
 was in a pleasant region, looking out upon wooded hills 
 and grassy valleys ; and to its Southern hospitality, made 
 easy by the unpaid labor of thirty slaves, Grant soon be- 
 came a welcome guest. 
 
 Not solely or chiefly to see his old classmate did he 
 frequent the place. There was metal more attractive. Julia 
 
76 Wheke he Falls in Love. [i^i^. 
 
 Dent, three or four years liis junior, was the fifth child, 
 "but eklest daughter, of the house. Reared among slaves 
 —"Black Julia," a girl exactly her own age, being her per- 
 sonal servant — she had inherited and acquired some of 
 the local traits and habits of thought always perceptible 
 m ladies of Southern education ; but she had a sprightly 
 mind, and a most sterling, lovable character— was amiable 
 in disposition, comel}^ in person, well-bred and attractive 
 ill manners. The logical result followed. Poet might have 
 sung to the soberest old oak, that shaded the hospitable 
 Whitehaven porch : — 
 
 " Beneath thy boughs at fall of dew, 
 By lover lips is softly told 
 The tale, that all the ages through, 
 
 Has kept the world from growing old!" 
 
 The lieutenant and the lady plighted then* troth. But the 
 family looked askance upon a match for the favorite 
 daughter wdth a young itinerant, who had no fortune but 
 a subaltern's pay, gave little promise of eminence in his 
 profession, and from whom his wife must endure long sepa- 
 rations. So the young couple could only promise to wait 
 patiently, and to love each other all the more. 
 
 The country, meanwhile, w^as on the eve of war. Several 
 years earlier, a few hundred Americans had settled in 
 Texas, an outlying province of Mexico. They were chieliy 
 Southerners, and an unparalleled proportion were patriots, 
 who had ''left their country for their country's good." 
 But even American desperadoes believe in self-government, 
 so Texas asked admission as a State to the Mexican Confed- 
 eration. She was refused, with the additional indignity of 
 having her commissioners imprisoned. 
 
 The President of Mexico was Santa Anna, who had 
 already seen many ups and downs of fortune — to-day exiled 
 or in prison, to-morrow chief ruler of the fickle republic. 
 Sam Houston, the central figure in Texas, had had a still 
 more checkered career. His truthful memoii- would read 
 like the bloodiest of dime novels. While yet in his teens he 
 had been a boy-soldier against the Indians ; then a voluii- 
 
1836] Origin of the Mexicax War. 77 
 
 tary resident among tlieni for years, adopting tlieir habits, 
 and leading them by his strong ^^ill ; next a representative 
 in Congress, and then Governor of Tennessee. The latter 
 office he suddenh* resigned three months after his marriage, 
 and, from some unknown cause, left his young ^vife, aban- 
 doned civilization, lived again for years among the Chero- 
 kees, was engaged in many battles, and finally settled in 
 Texas, to appear again in the whirlpool of politics. 
 
 In 183o, Santa Anna marched into Texas at the head of 
 an army to subdue the refractory province. War followed, 
 mth various fortune, for nearly a year. Two bodies of 
 unarmed Texan prisoners, one hundred and eighty-five at 
 the Alamo, and three hundred and fifty- seven at Goliad, 
 were murdered by the Mexicans. These deeds of blood 
 gave a battle-cry to the Texans. On the San Jacinto, eight 
 hundred men led by Houston, attacked a fortified camp 
 of sixteen hundred Mexicans under Santa Anna, shout- 
 ing : — " Remember the Alamo ! Remember Goliad !" 
 
 They stormed the breastworks, and, with a loss of only 
 thirty-three in all, killed, wounded, or captured almost 
 eveiy Mexican, slaughtering many after the fort was taken. 
 Houston, Mith the greatest difficulty, saved the life of Santa 
 Anna himself, who was made a prisoner. 
 
 Mexico was soon read}' to acknowledge the independence 
 of Texas. But the question of boundary i^resented a new 
 difficulty, Texas claiming west to the Rio Grande, and 
 Mexico demanding that the border should be the Nueces 
 River, three hundred miles farther east. Though the inter- 
 vening country is made up of barren sand deserts, Mexico 
 and Texas fought about it for years, the Texans receiving 
 warm sympathy and support from our Southern and West- 
 ern States, as the victims of the Alamo and Goliad were 
 from along the Mississippi and the Ohio. Even the two 
 brass field-pieces, which helped Houston to win the battle 
 of San Jacinto, were a gift from citizens of Cmcinnati. 
 
 Our Southern politicians, too, began to clamor in the 
 name of freedom for the rich and virgin soil of the fair 
 province — that they might cover it \vith slaves. Tlius en- 
 couraged, in 1837 Texas proposed annexation to the United 
 
78 How Annexation was Received. [i845. 
 
 States. President Van Buren opposed her request as conflict- 
 ing with our well-defined national policy, and as likely to 
 involve ns in a war with Mexico. The protection of Great 
 Britain and France was sought for by the revolted prov- 
 ince, which thus invoked the potent influence of opposition 
 to foreign interference on the American continent. 
 
 The death of President Harrison, and the treachery of 
 Vice-President Tyler to the party electing him, proved more 
 friendly to the Texans. In 1844, Tyler, as President, and 
 John C. Calhoun, as Secretary of State, signed a treaty of 
 annexation ; but the Senate rejected it, so the question was 
 referred to the grand jury of the nation. In vain did 
 Webster and other prominent statesmen, supported by the 
 entire Whig party and many Northern Democrats, oppose 
 the projected addition to our territory, on the grounds of 
 safe policy and sound political morality. The national 
 lust for territorial expansion was irresistible. Van Buren 
 opposed the measure, and so lost the Democratic nomina- 
 tion for the Presidency. Henry Clay, the Whig candidate, 
 opposed it, and was defeated by James K. Polk, the Demo- 
 cratic nominee. So Texas was admitted in December, 
 1845. 
 
 The South regarded the result as a great victory for the 
 Slave-Power. At the Xorth a fresh impulse was given to 
 the growing Abolition sentiment, both by the annexation 
 and by a provision in the Texas Constitution, which autho- 
 rized dividing her into five Slave States at some future day. 
 As an index of the intensity of this feeling. I remember a 
 mother, not more interested in public atfairs than many 
 New England mothers, who, when news of the annexation 
 came, as she sat at her family breakfast-table, burst into 
 tears at such an appalling pro- Slavery triumph. 
 
 It was so well understood that annexation might involve 
 war with Mexico, that American troops were concentrated 
 at Fort Jessup, on Red River, near the eastern border of 
 Texas, more than a year before the admission of the new 
 State. Brevet Brigadier-C-feneral Zachary Taylor, distin- 
 guished in the war of 1812, and in Indian contests, was 
 sent to take command of this '"Army of Observation." 
 
1845.] Lieut. Grant axd his Jotial Coloin'el. 79 
 
 Early in May. 1844, Lieutenant Grant obtained leave of 
 absence for a visit to his Ohio home. Before the steamer 
 conveying him was out of sight, his regiment, at Jefferson 
 Barracks, received orders to start for Red River. There 
 was no telegraph in those days, and Grant went on to 
 Bethel, but the stage which bore him also carried an order 
 in the mail for him to rejoin his regiment ; so he remained 
 at home but one or two days, and then returned. 
 
 He had barely time to bid adieu to his betrothed. Her 
 family, quite willing that the prospective war should rid 
 them of the young lieutenant, were not sorry to have him 
 called away. But youth and maiden, blest with that rich 
 inheritance of hope bequeathed by every generation of 
 true lovers, parted with full faith in a radiant future. 
 
 It was the second week in May when the regiment em- 
 barked for New Orleans. In five days it reached Grand 
 Ecore, a cantonment on Red River, four miles from the 
 old town of Natchitoches, Louisiana, and so healthy that 
 the officers named it "Camp Salubrity." 
 
 Our young brevet lieutenant varied hi^' idle life by fre- 
 quent visits to the ancient city, and to Fort Jessup, twenty- 
 five miles in the interior, where most of the troops w^ere 
 encamped, and where horse races, ''gander pullings,'' and 
 the other amusements of that region were frequent. 
 
 Here the regiment was stationed for a year. But in 
 June, 1845, in anticipation of annexation, Taylor was 
 ordered to the western frontier of Texas, ''to protect her 
 from foreign invasion and Indian incursions.'' Choosing 
 New Orleans as the port of embarkation, he rendezvoused 
 his troops four miles below that city, near the old Jackson 
 battle-ground. The Fourth were in barracks, and not- 
 withstanding the heat and some yellow fever, the young 
 officers delighted to frequent the city. 
 
 Their regimental commander had a weakness for the 
 bottle. Sometimes, on his visits to town, he fell into the 
 hands of the police, and Avas reprimanded or fined by the 
 courts. On one of these occasions. Grant went in search of 
 his peccant colonel, took a seat beside him in the court- 
 room, and the two waited for his case of ''drunkenness and 
 
80 Statioisted at Coepus Christi, Texas. [^845. 
 
 disorderly conduct" to be called. Before it was reached, 
 tliey heard the tramp of approaching soldiers in the street, 
 and a moment after, in a familiar voice, the words : — 
 
 "Halt! Ground arms!" 
 
 It was a squad of Grant' s own company. The lieuten- 
 ant instantly step]3ed out and asked : — 
 
 "What does this mean, corporal?" 
 
 "Well, lieutenant," rejDlied that zealous subordinate, 
 "we heard that the colonel had got into an ugly scrape 
 with these rascally police, so I have brought up the squad 
 to prove an alibi P'' 
 
 The corporal, altogether serious, was sent back to the 
 barracks with his squad, but without any very severe 
 reprimand ; and even the mortification of the crestfallen 
 colonel was mitigated by this misdirected loyalty. 
 
 In August, 1845, the regiment left New Orleans by 
 steamer. With the rest of the army it encamped at Corpus 
 Christi, Texas, an old ranch, supported mainly by con- 
 traband traffic, for then, as now, the Mexicans could not 
 guard their long frontier against smugglers. Horses, mules, 
 blankets, and silver were brought to Corpus Christi and 
 exchanged for "notions," cloth, and tobacco. With true 
 border lawlessness. Colonel Kinney, keeper of the ranch, 
 used to buy off with gold pieces the Mexican soldiers who 
 came to suppress his trade, and fight off the Comanches, 
 who came to steal his goods. 
 
 Twenty adobe houses about the ranch constituted 
 Corj^us Christi. Here the army remained until the follow- 
 ing spring. It was encamped on a green slope covered with 
 mesquite shrubs and evergreen oaks, extending down to the 
 beach and along the water's edge for more than a mile, 
 Taylor s head-quarters were upon the beach, only a few 
 yards from Grant' s regiment. 
 
 The vicinity of the camp afforded excellent fishing. 
 Hunting deer, and occasionally panthers, shooting turkeys, 
 ducks, and snipe, gave the officers additional amusement. 
 A few miles from the coast thousands of deer roamed in 
 herds, but they were too wary to come within range of the 
 chaparral. Mexicans hunted them with a stalking-horse — 
 
//'//>t.; 
 BREVET SECOND LIEUTENANT GKANT. 
 
 ^^SS?^^^ 
 
18^6-] How Taylor obtained Mules. 83 
 
 the dried skin of tlie liead, neclv, and part of the body of a 
 horse, Avhich they pnslied before them as they crawled on 
 their breasts until within rifle-shot of the grazing host. 
 
 Ilerds of wild mustangs also abounded. One day Tay- 
 lor, flnding his transportation short twenty-five mules, after 
 swearing with his usual vehemence at the inefficiency of 
 the quartermasters, collected in fi'ont of his tent all the 
 Mexican traders and visitors in camp, and told them he 
 would give a fair price for fifty wild horses. Several 
 instantly started for the plains a hundred miles away, built 
 a corral with funnel entrance, drove in the wild little 
 beasts, and in ten days returned with the required num- 
 ber. Twenty-five were soon lassoed and broken to har- 
 ness, the rest sold to officers at from five to twenty dollars 
 apiece. Pony races at once became a popular amuse- 
 ment. 
 
 On the first of October, Grant received an appointment 
 as a full second lieutenant in the Seventh Infantry, but he 
 had become so attached to the Fourth, which had existed 
 for more than fifty years, and won a distinguished record, 
 that he asked permission to remain with it. Tlie Washing- 
 ton authorities acceded to his request, and in December 
 came his commission as full second lieutenant in the Fourth. 
 The regiment was commanded by Colonel Whistler, who 
 had been in the service for forty years — longer than any 
 other officer except Scott. 
 
 Two of Grant's brother lieutenants were killed by a 
 steamer explosion, and buried just after sunset on the 
 beautiful blufi" back of tlie camp at Corpus Christi. By the 
 light of a single lamp, the church service was read over 
 their graves, three volleys were fired, and the escort wheeled 
 into line and marched away to fife and drum. 
 
 A theater, holding eight hundred persons, was finished 
 in January, and a clever company whiled away many win- 
 ter nights. The scener};" was painted by amateurs among 
 the officers. Corpus Christi had already become a village 
 of one thousand civilians, chiefiy camp followers. Many 
 of the houses were permanent, though some were covered 
 only with cotton cloth. 
 
84 The Army Marches for Mexico, [is^^. 
 
 Tlie annexation of Texas was simply an act of aggression 
 on the part of a strong power against a weak one. No pro- 
 vision had been made for increasing tlie army of the United 
 States, which was smaller than it had been for forty years. 
 Both Congress and President Polk fancied that a little show 
 of force would awe Mexico into submitting without resist- 
 ance. The Government of Mexico loas craven, but her peo- 
 ple, alwaj^s patriotic in spite of their ignorance, were eager 
 to fight for the integrity of her territory. President Polk 
 feared to take the responsibility of a war, and hints were 
 given Taylor to invade Mexico without orders. But ' ' Old 
 Rough and Ready.'' as his soldiers called him, was a Whig, 
 and not inclined to walk into such a trap. 
 
 Finally, he was imperatively instructed to advance ; and 
 on the eleventh of March, 1846, Whistler s brigade, to which 
 Grant was attached, started for the Rio Grande. A battery 
 which accijmpanied was commanded by Captain Braxton 
 Bragg, destined, years later, to come to grief as a Rebel gen- 
 eral at the hands of Lieutenant Grant. The army on the 
 march formed a picturesque caravan. The undress uniform 
 was then light blue, like our present cavalry pantaloons, 
 not dark blue like our blouses. The regular uniform was a 
 heavy frock coat, and a "stove-pipe" felt hat. Most pic- 
 tures of battles in the Mexican war represent our soldiers 
 as appareled in tliis comfortless coat and preposterous hat, 
 but in the field and on marches they really wore light jack- 
 ets and little flat caps or straw hats. 
 
 The long procession of blue, relieved by snow-white 
 bao-o-ao-e-wao-ons and thousands of gleaming bavonets, 
 marched over vast stretches of barren sand hills, where 
 countless herds of dappled mustangs and spotted antelopes 
 grazed, and gorgeous flowers of yellov\% scarlet, and purple 
 somehow found sustt^nance in the unpromising soil. Against 
 the clear sky a magnificent mirage painted purple moun- 
 tains, cool lakes, and green groves which at first it was 
 difficult to believe unreal. M«^n and horses were frequently 
 l^itten by rattlesnakes, but seldom with fiital results. 
 
 On the fourteenth day from Corpus Cliristi, the soldiers 
 left the desert, where they had traveled without seeing a 
 
1846.] And Excaxps opposite Matamoras. 85 
 
 human liabitatioii, and entered picturesque settlements on 
 the east bank of the Rio Grande, among lovely wheat fields, 
 orchards, and vineyards, where rills for irrigation ran in 
 threads of silver through every field and beside every door. 
 
 At the mouth of the river. Taylor took possession of 
 Point Isabel, which he made his depot of supplies, leaving a 
 small force to guard it. Tlie army marched twenty-seven 
 miles farther up stream, and encamped beside the Rio 
 Grande, there one hundred and twenty-five yards wide. 
 Just across it rose the fair city of Matamoras -flags of the 
 Mexican Rej)ublic tiying, housetops covered with dusky 
 faces, streets filled with native soldiery, and two hundred 
 men and women upon the bank, gazing curiously at the 
 new-comers. 
 
 The army, which had marched one hundred and sixty 
 miles from Corpus Christi, encamped in a field of green 
 corn within full range of the Matamoras guns. A month 
 was spent in building a fortification. Mam' soldiers, chiefly 
 English, Irish, and German, deserted to the Mexicans, and 
 a number were shot while swimming the river. The slaves 
 of our Southern officers also ran away by the dozen, to the 
 inflnite disgust of their '' owners.*" 
 
 Grant's regiment had nothing to do but to hunt wild 
 boars, and go out occasionally to escort trains of supplies 
 from Point Isabel. The colonel, by more than usual dissi- 
 pation, tried the patience of his brusque commanding gen- 
 eral beyond bearing, and Taylor said to him : — 
 
 ^ You have my permission to resign." 
 
 " It is impossible," replied the old officer. '• I have spent 
 all my property, and have no other means to live by. 
 Military life is the only one I am acquainted with, and I 
 am too old to learn any other." 
 
 The colonel Avas court-martialed and dismissed the ser- 
 vice, but, in vieAv of his long services, afterward reinstated 
 by President Polk. He remained in command of the Fourth 
 till 1861, and died in 1863. 
 
 The twenty-sixth of April brought wild excitement to 
 the little camp. The first blood was shed ! Sixty-three 
 dragoons, scouting under Captain Thornton, had been at- 
 
86 Geant Fights his First Battle, [isag. 
 
 tacked, sixteen killed or wounded, and tlie rest captured. 
 The desire of the Government was gratified ; war had begun, 
 and the Mexicans had tired the first shot. 
 
 On the tirst of May Taylor started for Point Isabel, 
 which was threatened by the enemy. When the troops 
 marched away, joy bells were rung in Matamoras, where it 
 was believed that the Americans were leaving the country. 
 But the Mexican officers knew what the movement meant. 
 They had threatened Point Isabel, to induce the uncovering 
 of the new fort our troops were building opposite Matamoras, 
 and the moment our army left they attacked it. So on the 
 seventh, Taylor, having fortified and re-enforced the Point, 
 started back to relieve the fort. 
 
 About noon the next day, his troops met the enemy on 
 a prairie, three miles from Palo Alto (tall timber). The 
 weather was intensely hot, and a halt was made of a couple 
 of hours to park the wagons, and let the men lunch and 
 drink from a cool, clear spring. As they started again, the 
 Mexicans opened fire upon them, and a lively skirmish fol- 
 lowed. Grant's regiment, on the extreme right, was in a 
 hot place, supporting artillery, and pouring in a heavy fire. 
 The Mexican lancers charged again and again with a good 
 deal of gallantry, but were successfully repulsed. 
 
 The long, dry grass of the prairie was fired by the burn- 
 ing wads of the cannon, and great clouds of smoke presently 
 hid the contending forces from each other. For half an 
 hour, till the flames subsided, the action was suspended. 
 Then, under cover of the smoke, the brigade in ^rhich were 
 Grant's regiment and Ringgold's battery, made a detour, 
 flanked the enemy on his left, and compelled him to change 
 his line of battle — but not till Ringgold had been killed. 
 Grant was with his compau}', which was commanded by 
 Caj)tain George A. McCall. Captain Page fell a few yards 
 from him, his lower jaw shot away by a cannon-ball. Al- 
 most simultaneousl}' a ball took off a soldier' s head, scat- 
 tering h.is brains and blood in the faces of his comrades. 
 In another part of the field. Colonel ]\rcIntosli. of the Fifth, 
 riding through the chaparral, was attacked by several Mexi- 
 cans, wounded by a bayonet thrust through his neck, en- 
 
1846.] Als'D THE XEXT DaY HIS SeCOXD. 87 
 
 tering at the month and coming out at the back. He was left 
 for dead on the field, but recovered in a few da^'s. 
 
 At the same moment with the movement of the Fourth, 
 another was made on our left, so that the Mexicans were 
 almost surrounded. Their line broke and fell back, and 
 the ground was occupied by our troops. 
 
 The fight, which lasted for five hours, was chiefly with 
 artillery, though there was some skirmishing at close quar- 
 ters. The American force was about two thousand three 
 hundred men ; the Mexican much larger. Our loss was 
 only fifteen in killed and mortally wounded. But it was the 
 first encounter of the United States troops with a civilized 
 enemy for thirty years, and was magnified accordingly. It 
 was also Grant's first battle, and he was in the thickest 
 of it. 
 
 Tliat night the troops slept on the field, undisturbed save 
 by the groans of their wounded comrades and enemies in 
 the hands of the surgeons. Chloroform — blessed alleviator 
 of pain — had not yet come into use. 
 
 In the morning they advanced again in line of battle, 
 expecting an immediate encounter, but no enemy appeared. 
 Feeling their way for two hours, they came upon the Mexi- 
 cans posted at Resaca de la Palma (grove of palms), a 
 deep, densely wooded valley crossing the road three miles 
 from the Rio Grande. Captain McCall, with Grant and a 
 hundred picked men, first encountered the enemy. There 
 was a little skirmishing, and presently the two forces joined 
 battle. It was in a thick chaparral, almost as dense as the 
 woods at Sliiloh, or the Wilderness. The artillery could do 
 little good, but bayonets were crossed, and there was hot 
 infantry fighting. The Fourth, though it had changed 
 places, and was on our extreme left, chanced again to be in 
 the sharpest of the fight. Taylor himself was under hot 
 fii-e, and an officer proposed that he retire for safety. He 
 replied : — 
 
 " No, we won't go back ; but let us ride a little forward^ 
 where the halls lo ill fall heliind us.'' 
 
 After several futile attempts to charge, the Mexicans 
 gave way in confusion. The Americans followed in hot 
 
88 War "upon our own Soil." [is^s. 
 
 pursuit, and, just beyond the ravine, came upon the enemy' s 
 camp, where beeves killed, fires lighted, meals cooked, 
 and the silver dinner-service of a Mexican general left ex- 
 posed, showed that the foe had fancied his position im. 
 pregnable. 
 
 Without stopping to plunder, our troops pressed on, 
 driving the fugitives pell-mell toward the river. Some were 
 killed while retreating, some overtaken and captured, and 
 many drowned in the rush at the Rio Grande. 
 
 The American loss* was larger than on the previous day, 
 but still insignificant. Lieutenant Cochrane, of Grant's 
 regiment, was among the killed. Our forces captured eight 
 pieces of artillery, two thousand stands of arms, three 
 standards, and a great deal of camp equipage. The Mexi- 
 cans showed, in. these two battles, better fighting qualities 
 than at any subsequent period of the war ; but they lost 
 forever all that vast region east of the Rio Grande, which 
 their republic had hitherto ruled. The campaign, on soil 
 which our Government even claimed, was ended, and the 
 army, which had been first one of " Observation" and then 
 of "Occupation," now became "the Army of Invasion." 
 
 Taylor reached the river bank opposite Matamoras, in 
 time to relieve the new fort. It had been under bombard- 
 ment for six days, but though containing two artillery 
 companies, a detachment of infantry, and all the women 
 attached to the camp, only two persons were killed, and 
 but ten wounded. Major Jacob Brown, of the Tenth in- 
 fantry, who commanded the post, was one of the killed. 
 The unfinished work was consequently named " Fort 
 Brown." Brownsville, Texas, on the same spot, still com- 
 memorates him. 
 
 Intelligence of hostilities actually created wonder at 
 Washington. Capt. Thornton's party had been attacked 
 on soil to which Mexico had certainly more claim than 
 Texas ; but when the news reached President Polk, he de- 
 clared, in an extraordinary message, that the Mexican 
 Government had invaded our territory, and shot several of 
 our fellow-citizens ^''upoii our oion soi'V Congress re- 
 
 * Killed and mortally wounded, forty-four. 
 
1846.] Scott's "Fire in the Rear." 89 
 
 sponded by resolutions of similar j)i^rport, and by author- 
 izing tlie President to call out fifty thousand volunteers. 
 
 General Scott, the ranking officer of the army, was placed 
 in charge, and requested to proceed to Mexico. But he was 
 a Whig, and Democrats were intriguing for the appoint- 
 ment of a junior or political general over his head. So, in 
 a note to Marcy, the Secretary of War, he wrote ; — 
 
 " I do not desire to place myself in that most perilous of positions — a 
 fire in the rear from Washington, and a tire in my front from the Mexicans." 
 
 Tile italicized expression was made the theme of merci- 
 less ridicule by Democratic newspapers, and for a while it 
 kept Scott in disgrace ^vith the administration. 
 
 ^Xine days after the battle of Eesaca, Taylor crossed the 
 Rio Grande and entered Matamoras, which the Mexicans had 
 evacuated, a pleasant old Mexican city of stone and adobe 
 houses, surrounding a noble plaza shaded with beautiful 
 trees. Among other public property, an immense quantity 
 of cigars and tobacco was found, which Taylor distributed 
 among his troops, to their supreme satisfaction. 
 
 The hospitals, in a horrid condition, were filled with 
 Mexican soldiers from the recent battles, their wives or 
 daughters sittmg beside their couches to keep ofl* the 
 abounding flies. Most of the people were filthy and 
 covered with vermin, but some women were attractive, and 
 evinced the usual native predilection for Americans. All 
 day would they sit on the cool brick floors of their 
 houses, ^^dtll their rich hair neatly dressed, but wearing no 
 clothing except a single robe. They were alwiiys ready to 
 converse through their lattices, and at evening, above the 
 city, large numbers bathed publicly in the river. 
 
 There was a strong desire to conciliate the Mexicans ; so 
 plundering w^as not only forbidden, but actualh^ prevented. 
 Buildings occupied by quartermasters and commissaries 
 were also regularly hii-ed and jDaid for. 
 
 The army was only four or five thousand strong. All 
 the regular officers knew each other ; for with nothing to do 
 but drill there was abundant leisure. Soldiers mingled 
 with the natives, learning to speak Spanish, and spending a 
 
90 Pillow's Ditch at^d Beeastwoek. [i846. 
 
 good deal of time at fandangoes. The imen occupied A 
 tents, the officers, wall tents. G-rant' s regiment was camped 
 on the river bank, where malignant fever prevailed. His 
 own company sutfered much, and two others were qnite 
 broken np. 
 
 Early in August the command marched for Camargo. 
 The heat was so intense that the soldiers could not travel in 
 mid-day, so they started at midnight, and went into camp 
 by nine in the morning. Along the road they purchased 
 abundant supplies of apples, pears, pomegranates, quinces, 
 and grapes, and passed pleasant ranches, with great herds 
 of goats and cattle near them. 
 
 After marching one hundred and twenty-seven miles in 
 eight days, they reached Camargo, one hundred and eighty 
 miles above the mouth of the Eio Grande, an isolated old 
 settlement with a grand plaza, spacious cathedral, and lime- 
 stone houses with flat roofs. Here Taylor established his 
 base of supplies and concentrated his growing avmj, while 
 volunteers, wagons, horses, and provisions were constantly 
 arriving from the United States. 
 
 Temporary fortifications were thrown up. G-ideon J. 
 Pillow, civilian major-general from Tennessee, dug his ditch 
 on the wrong side of his breastwork, and gained thereby 
 the ludicrous notoriety, which has never deserted him. 
 Here Grant was made acting assistant quartermaster, and 
 placed in charge of the property of his regiment — a much 
 more active and responsible position than that of a second 
 lieutenant in the line, and one which requires excellent 
 business capacity. 
 
 Before the end of August Taylor started for Monterey 
 with six thousand effectives, half of whom were volunteers. 
 Transportation was scarce, and many officers bought pack 
 mules for their personal comforts. On the march the soldiers 
 attended fandangoes almost every night ; for the Mexicans, 
 though ready enough to fight on the field, were equally 
 ready to dance with the invaders of their country. 
 
 Monterey, with seventeen thousand people, is the most 
 important city of northern ]\Iexico. It is built of limestone, 
 the streets paved and clean, and fringed with beautiful gar- 
 
1846.] The Battle of Moistteeey. 91 
 
 dens, orcliards, and vineA^ards. The town is two or three 
 miles long, and its natural position very strong. When 
 our army approached, it was well fortified, and held by ten 
 thousand Mexican troops. 
 
 After ten daj's of reconnoitering, Taylor attacked it on 
 the twenty-first of September. Grant's regiment was in 
 Garland's brigade of regulars, on the extreme left of our 
 line. The troops assaulted the city vigorously, and were 
 vigorously opposed from forts, intrenched streets, and barri- 
 caded houses. One detachment reached the roof of a house 
 near a Mexican redoubt, but was driven out. Two com- 
 panies of the Fourth advanced to storm a fortification, and 
 had a severe fight, in which Grant's friends and messmates, 
 Hoskins and Wood, both fell mortally Avounded while 
 cheering on their men. More than one-third of the com- 
 mand was disabled, and it was finally driven back. Another 
 party of the Fourth had a lively fight in the streets — load- 
 ing behind buildings, stepping out to fire, and then hiding 
 again. Once they lay upon the ground under a hot fire 
 for half an hour, watching the shells which flew over them 
 from AYorth' s command on the other side of the town. Be- 
 fore night they had lost very heavily. 
 
 It was said that during this fight the daughter of a 
 former Mexican governor, her whole soul aroused at the 
 invasion of her native soil, led a company of lancers in three 
 successful charges. After the battle, the native Joan of Arc 
 retired from the army and the town, and was seen no more. 
 
 During the day, a private of the Third Infantry, mor- 
 tally wounded, said to a passing sergeant : — 
 
 "I am dying. I wish you would take this musket back 
 to my captain. I have had it ever since I enlisted, and / 
 loant to leciTe it to the old regiment.''^ 
 
 Another, struck in the thigh by a bullet, exclaimed : — 
 "I have got my ticket," and limped gayly off to camp 
 on his uninjured leg. In similar phrase, dming the Rebel- 
 lion, would our soldiers sometimes say of a dead comrade, 
 "He has handed in his checks." 
 
 In the rear. Worth' s division had carried several impor- 
 tant points, but the attack in front was a failure. Our 
 6r 
 
92 Theee Days of Haed Fighting. [i846. 
 
 forces were driven back, but held one important redoubt 
 whicli they had gained. Tlie Fourth remained to guard this, 
 the men lying in the mud and rain through the cold night, 
 though they had eaten nothing for twenty-four hours 
 
 Just at dawn, the next morning. Worth' s men stormed 
 and captured, at the point of the bayonet, a height com- 
 manding the Citadel and the Bishop* s Palace, and thus got 
 the key of the city. The Mexican general then concentra- 
 ted his troops in the streets, which so changed positions 
 that there was little fighting during the day. The shat- 
 tered Fourth was relieved by volunteers, and sent back to 
 camp. 
 
 On the third and last day there was hard fighting from 
 morning until night. Hand to hand and face to face, the 
 Mexicans defended their homes with great obstinacy, from 
 house-tops and narrow streets and around the grand plaza. 
 Our artillerists sent grape and canister plowing through 
 the town, and, in return, musket-balls rattled about them 
 like hickory-nuts. As Taylor was standing recklessly in a 
 very hot place, a lieutenant begged him not to expose him- 
 self so much. His only reply was : — 
 
 " Take this ax, and knock down that door.'* 
 
 Everywhere our men were breaking into buildings, 
 while terrified Avomen and children fell on their knees and 
 begged for mercy. But the troops w^ere well disciplined, 
 and behaved admirably, while digging their way persist- 
 ently from house to house. 
 
 Toward night, as very hard fighting was going on 
 near the plaza, it was suddenly discovered that the detach- 
 ment engaged was almost out of ammunition. The men 
 were under a hot fire, and could not hold their ground for a 
 moment without cartridges. Taylor* s headquarters were a 
 mile back, outside of the town, at '' Fort Number One," a 
 captured redoubt. Grant, who had been with his regiment 
 from tlie firing of the first musket, volunteered to go and 
 find him or Twiggs, and order up ammunition. 
 
 He prepared for his ride behind a house, and then dashed 
 out. The moment he emerged from cover he was under a 
 sweeping artillery and musketry fire from forts and houses. 
 
1S46.] Grant Ku^^s a Gaxtlet of Death. 95 
 
 But lie was probably the best horseman in the army, and 
 liis skill did him good service. Before running the hot 
 gantlet, he had adopted the posture of the Comanche In- 
 dians in similar peril — lying against the side of his horse, 
 with one foot thrown over the saddle and his hand clutched 
 in the mane. Being on the opposite side from the enemy, 
 any shots to harm him must first pass through the steed. 
 
 His horse was well trained, and ^vith Grant clinging to him 
 in that awkward position, and ''bobbing" up and down 
 with his motion, he started at a quick run. On the way he 
 had to jump an earth wall nearly four feet high. He made 
 the leap splendidh', and though balls whistled and shells 
 exploded all around him, Grant had the good fortune to 
 reach the fort safely. He found Twiggs who gave the order 
 to forward the ammunition, but before it could start our 
 troops came pouring back. AVith great, but fruitless, gal- 
 lantry they had got into a place in which they could not 
 stay. As Grant himself afterward described it, they were 
 like the man who caught a wild boar. When friends came 
 up with congratulations, he replied : — 
 
 "Yes, I did pretty well in catching him, but now I wish 
 somebody would come and help me let him go !" 
 
 That night ended the fighting. The Fourth had lost five 
 officers and many men. Grant' s duties as quartermaster of 
 course excused him from going into battle, but he was not 
 the man to avail himself of any such privilege. His 
 gallantry and skill in riding for the ammunition were the 
 theme of general admiration throughout the avmy. 
 
 Adjutant Hoskins being killed, Grant was now made 
 adjutant of the Fourth, and afterward performed the duties 
 of that position in addition to those of quartermaster. 
 
 The white flag was raised and commissioners appointed 
 —Jefferson Davis, colonel of the First Mississippi Rifles be- 
 ing one— to arrange terms of capitulation. The Mexicans 
 were allowed to retain their small-arms, accouterments, and 
 one battery, but they were to retire within seven days. An 
 armistice Avas agreed to for eight weeks, or until either 
 Government should order it to cease. 
 
 The American loss was one hundred and twenty killed 
 
96 "Greex" ren-dered into Spanish. [i846. 
 
 and three Imndred and sixty-eiglit wounded, chiefly from 
 ill-advised attacks upon strong positions during the first 
 day. 
 
 Our troops found Monterey a pleasant city. It had a 
 great cathedral mth the usual chime of bells and lurid 
 paintings, but just then filled with Mexican ammunition. 
 
 Some weeks earlier the Mexican general commanding 
 had issued a proclamation advising our men to desert. He 
 afterward asked an American prisoner if our soldiers 
 had not been tempted to do so. The captive replied :— 
 
 " Oh, no, they were not so green as that." 
 
 This was too much for the Mexican's English ; so an 
 American interpreter was called to render "green" into 
 Spanish. He gave it thus : — 
 
 " The soldier says they were not such d— d fools !*' 
 
 On the day after the battle, Grant encountered an old 
 Georgetown friend and playmate, later captain in the Ohio 
 volunteers, with whom he exchanged confidences. The 
 friend related that he was soon to be married ; and Grant 
 confided to him his own engagement, and that his prospect- 
 ive father-in-law, Colonel Dent, had fallen into pecuniary 
 difficulties, the result of a lawsuit of twenty years. On this 
 account Julia had off'ered to release him, but, of course, 
 he should accept no such freedom, xls young men are 
 wont, the two friends promised to name their boys for 
 each other, and in pursuance of this agreement the first 
 born of the Ohio captain, who became a cadet at West 
 Point, bears tlie name of Ulysses Grant Wliite. 
 
 Taylor, on receiving orders to resume hostilities, marched 
 his army to Saltillo, west of Monterey, but he left Grant's 
 regiment behind, and conveniently shelved Colonel Whistler 
 — now back in the army, through the kindness of President 
 Polk— by keeping him in command of the city. Here died 
 of disease Grant' s early friend who secured his appointment 
 to the Military Academy, Thomas L. Hamer, of Ohio. He 
 was sincerely mourned by his own State, and by many 
 political friends throughout the Union. 
 
1847.1 Taylor is Attacked at Buetsta Yista. 97 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 MEXICAX AVAU AVITH SCOTT. 
 
 Ox the fourteentli of January, 1847, the regiment started 
 for "Scott's line." From Camargo, it took steamer to the 
 mouth of the Rio Grande, and from there to Vera Cruz. 
 Only five thousand men were left with Taylor, so his cam- 
 jiaign in northern Mexico was supposed to be ended. He 
 was eminently a fighting man, but he found his main ob- 
 stacle that which has been the chief embarrassment of 
 all arni}^ commanders, from the days when Julius Csesar 
 in Gaul, was compelled so often to halt his army and gather 
 supplies of corn. Taylor wrote to the Government : ' ' Fight- 
 ing and whipping the enemy is among the least difficulties 
 we encounter ; the great question of supplies necessarily 
 controls all operations." 
 
 Scott, on reaching the Rio Grande, dispatched to Taylor 
 his plan of operations. But his courier was captured and 
 killed, so his letter went straiglit to Santa Anna, who thus 
 learned that Scott proposed to capture Vera Cruz and 
 strike for the city of Mexico, and that he had already 
 stripped Taylor of all his troops except five thousand, of 
 whom less than one-tenth were resiulars. 
 
 Upon obtaining this valuable information, the Mexican 
 chief determined to strike his enemies in detail. So in 
 February, with nearly twenty thousand men, he marched 
 upon Taylor, who had taken a very strong position in a 
 mountain pass at Buena Yista, eleven miles from Saltillo. 
 Santa Anna gave him one hour to consider a proposition for 
 immediate surrender. Taylor would not accept the hour, 
 but instantly refused. At dawn, next morning, the Mexi- 
 cans pushed forward, and the fight soon grew desperate. 
 Jefferson Davis, at the head of his Mississippi Rifies, was 
 badly wounded, but remained on the field and greatly dis- 
 
98 And Wins a Splendid Yictoky. [i847. 
 
 tinguished himself. Some of the raw recruits broke badly, 
 particularly an Indiana regiment. In the midst of the 
 action, when the result seemed extremely doubtful, while 
 Taylor was standing beside the batter}^ of Braxton Bragg, 
 the enemy suddenly poured down upon it. Instantly, by 
 order of the cliief, Bragg charged his guns with graj)e and 
 2D0ured it into the Mexicans, who were almost at the 
 muzzles. While the assailants cowered under this terrible 
 liail, Taylor was reported to have shouted : — 
 
 " A little more grape. Captain Bragg." 
 
 There was nothing particularly marked in the phrase, 
 but who can tell what mysterious chord the most common- 
 place words may strike if spoken at the right moment < The 
 order tickled the public ear. and went from mouth to 
 mouth and newspaper to newspaper, as indicating the pluck 
 and coolness of " Old Rough and Ready." 
 
 Captain Bragg' s grape saved the day. On his front 
 the enemy broke and fled, though elsewhere fighting con- 
 tinued until dark. The Americans slejit on their arms, 
 expecting a renewal next morning, but when the sun rose 
 Santa Anna had retired. The Americans lost nine hundred 
 and forty- six in killed and wounded, almost one-fifth of the 
 number engaged ; the Mexicans about two thousand. Tay- 
 lor' s fight with his small force of raw recruits was the 
 most gallant of the war, and made him its popular hero. 
 
 During these campaigns, one force under Stephen Watts 
 Kearny, with Colonel Sterling Price of Missouri and Major 
 EdA\in Y. Sumner of tlie regular army as subordinates, 
 captured Santa Fe, New Mexico. Another, under General 
 AVool, made a long campaign through northern Mexico, 
 and joined Taylor at Saltillo. Meanwhile, Lieutenant John 
 C. Fremont, with a little surveying party, and without 
 knowing that hostilities had begun east of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains, raised the American flag in California, and, with none 
 to molest or make him afraid, annexed that great province 
 to our national possessions. 
 
 Scott landed his force, twelve thousand strong, at Vera 
 Cruz. Like that of Cortez, three hundred years before, it 
 was a mere handful, in view of the numbers and resources 
 
1847.] "Geneeals Made Out of Axy Thing." 99 
 
 of the enemy. He planted lines live miles long around the 
 the ancient cit}' , and began the siege. Nearly all the fight- 
 ing was with artillery. Here George B. McClellan, a lien- 
 tenant of engineers, began his career. He was in charge of 
 a Avorking part}'^ in the trenches, while Captain C. F. Smith 
 commanded the outpost guard on their front. Once as 
 McClellan' s detachment was being relieved, Smith's line 
 became involved in a sharp skirmish. McClellan did not 
 go to his help, but marched off" his command at a double 
 quick, leaving Smith to take care of himself. 
 
 Ordinarily Scott was not a favorite among his men, but 
 his grievances at Washington excited their sympathy, and 
 even stimulated him into something like wit. Once, as he 
 was walking the trenches, the soldiers rose up and stared 
 over the parapet at his towering form. He cried :— 
 "Down, down, men ; don't expose yourselves." 
 "But, General," replied one, ";2/m/. expose yourself." 
 "Oh, well," answered Scott, " generals can be made out 
 of any thing now-a-days, but men can't!" 
 
 It was much in the strain of President Lincoln" s witti- 
 cism in 1863. When friends condoled with him about the 
 capture of a general at Fairfax Court-House, he replied:— 
 
 " Oh, I can make a new brigadier any day, but all those 
 horses that the Rebels got cost us a hundred and fifty 
 dollars apiece." 
 
 On the twenty-sixth of March, having bombarded Vera 
 Cruz for five days, with the loss on our side of less than 
 forty men, Scott was about to assault, when the place sur- 
 rendered. Five thousand prisoners and five hundred pieces 
 of artillery were captured. Our troops found the old city, 
 established by the Spaniards nearly three hundred years 
 ago, pleasantly built, with fiat-roofed houses of limestone 
 three stories high, and streets clean and regular. 
 
 An active offensive campaign was now prepared for. 
 Congress had provided by law for the appointment of regi- 
 mental quartermasters, and Grant was selected for that post 
 by the colonel of the Fourth. The position brings some 
 additional pay, and is usually offered, not to a brilliant, but 
 to an energetic, painstaking officer. 
 
100 The Battle of Cereo Gordo. [i84T 
 
 Scott permitted no grass to grow under his feet. Ten 
 days after the capitulation of Vera Cruz, his army, now only 
 eight tliousand strong, started for the heart of the Mexican 
 republic. Three days later it reached the foot of snow-clad 
 mountains. Santa Anna, who, after his bad luck with 
 Taylor, had marched across the countrj^ to intercept Scott, 
 held one of the first summits, known as Cerro Gordo [big 
 hill], with fifteen thousand men and formidable batteries 
 and intrenchments. 
 
 The next few days were spent in reconnoitering and cut- 
 ting a winding road around the base of the hill. Then 
 Twiggs carried a part of it by storm ; and on the seven- 
 teenth of April, Scott issuod an order for the next day's 
 battle, which proved one of the most remarkable mili- 
 tary papers in history. With minute detail and prophetic 
 accuracy, it gave the programme for the successive move- 
 ments, telling the time when each work should be carried, 
 and what must be done next. That preliminary order reads 
 almost exactly like a report of the battle. 
 
 That night Twiggs' s men dragged howitzers straight up 
 the hill by hand. It was like climbing the roof of a house ; 
 but before daylight the}^ had their guns planted to command 
 every thing except the crest itself. At dawn the Mexicans, 
 astounded to find them there, opened a heavy fire with 
 artillery. Right in the teeth of grape and canister, the 
 troops, led by Harney, charged up the rough, almost per- 
 pendicular hill-side, carried the enemy's first battery, drove 
 him out in a hand-to-hand fight, followed straight up to the 
 second breastwork, and there, after a fierce bayonet charge, 
 the Mexican eagles came down, and the Stars and Stripes 
 went up amid tremendous cheers. 
 
 Harney had carried the key to the position, while Pillow 
 was attacking on one side and Shields in the rear. There 
 was no alternative, so the white flag was raised. Three 
 thousand Mexicans surrendered, with forty-three pieces of 
 artillery ; seven thousand escaped, including Santa Anna. 
 His carriage and personal baggage fell into the hands of 
 Scott, who returned them to him. 
 
 The battle was extremely Avell contested, and, except 
 
isiT-] A Solitary Relic of the Aztecs. 101 
 
 Buena Yista, the toughest of the war. Our loss was four 
 hundred and thirty-one men, of whom sixty-three Avere 
 killed. Grant was in the entire tight, but his regiment was 
 not closely engaged, and its loss was slight. 
 
 Scott pressed on impetuously, and on the fifteenth of 
 Ma}' reached Puebla, ending a most l^rilliant campaign of 
 sixty days, in which he had captured several vital points, 
 ten tliousand prisoners and seven liundred cannon. 
 
 When his soldiers entered Puebla, many were suffering 
 from sickness, and the rest were weary, dusty, foot-sore, 
 and ragged. They piled their arms in the grand plaza and 
 lay down to sleep in perfect security. Though in the heart 
 of a hostile population, they felt that they were the ruling 
 race. The natives felt it also, and even in their official dis- 
 patches invariably mentioned the invaders as "Ameri- 
 cans'" — a title to which they have the same geographical 
 claim as we, and a stronger genealogical one. 
 
 Scott waited for nearly three months to rest and recruit 
 his troops, who were greatly cut down by low fevers and 
 dysentery, and also to see the result of pending negotiations 
 for peace. Most of their road from Vera Cruz had been 
 over barren mountains and plains, but at Puebla the desert 
 ends, and the soldiers found themselves among j)icturesque 
 vineyards and corn and Avheat fields. 
 
 Puebla de los Angeles (city of the angels), a town of 
 eighty thousand inhabitants, stands seven thousand feet 
 above the level of the sea, two hundred miles from Vera 
 Cruz, and ninety from the City of Mexico. It is near the 
 site of an old-time metropolis, in which Cortez found two 
 liundred thousand people with four hundred Aztec temples. 
 But all their monuments are obliterated, save one enormous 
 pyramid standing solitary on a desolate ^^lain. 
 
 When Scott resumed his march for the capital, seeing the 
 impossibility of preserving regular communiccition with Vera 
 Cruz, he cut loose from his base, and determined to live on 
 the country. His army, now increased to eleven thousand, 
 started in the rainy season, but there were only two tents 
 for each company, one for the sick and one for the arms. 
 The men slept upon the ground, iiud Avere drenched nightly. 
 
102 Grant's Regiment Seizes San Augustine. [1847. 
 
 On the iiintli of August, Grant's regiment left Puebla, 
 and, marcliing out through the envu'ons, saw the snowy 
 summit of blue Popocatapetl, eighteen thousand feet above 
 sea level, and, though thirty miles away, seeming in that 
 clear atmosphere within a stone' s throw. 
 
 Ascendins: barren mountains, cooled with icy lakes, on 
 the third day the men reached the highest summit on the 
 K'ational Road, eleven thousand feet above the sea. Just" be- 
 yond they looked down upon the grand basin of Mexico, with 
 its steeples and domes, and its broad grassy bed glittering 
 with lakes, like a mantle of velvet studded with stars. In the 
 midst of this basin, high among the mountains, nestled the 
 capital, with snow-white walls and shining temples. 
 
 The cit3% exposed to inundation from mountain streams, 
 is surrounded by dykes, and entered only by eight cause- 
 ways, each commanded by a small fort. The army found 
 the narrow one on the great National Road, which goes 
 in from the east, quite impassable. But a reconnoitering 
 party sent southward soon succeeded in finding an easier 
 approach. By passing along the shores of Lakes Chalco 
 and Xochimilco. and cutting a way across rocky mountain 
 spurs, Scott reached the Acapulco road, which enters from 
 the south, and wliicli the Mexicans thought it impossible 
 for him to gain. 
 
 On the seventeenth of August, the army. Grant" s regi- 
 ment being in the advance, seized San Augustine, nine miles 
 southwest of the city, after some skirmishing. 
 
 Beyond, toward tlir capital, tlie road was commanded by 
 heavy guns, both from tield- works and an old stone church, 
 which served as a fortress, at the crossing of the Churubusco 
 River. Four miles west of this point was Contreras, a forti- 
 fied hill. Both these works were strong and strongly gar- 
 risoned. Midway between th(-m. Avhere he could re-enforce 
 either, Santa Anna was stationed with his army. 
 
 A day or two of cutting roads and reconnoitering fol- 
 lowed. There were several skirmishes, in which the Mexican 
 hmcers, in yellow cloaks and white caps and jackets, and 
 the Mexican infantry, who wore pretty white and blue 
 uniforms, were easily repulsed. Finally, under cover of a 
 
1847.] Battles of Conteekas and (^uriiiTBUSCo. 103 
 
 cold, rainy niglit, our men were marclied forward tlirougli 
 chaparral and cactus to a new position. Tired and hungry, 
 they slept on the ground until the rain flooded them, and 
 then stood up until daylight. 
 
 Soon after dawn, Contreras was stormed. Our eager 
 troops rushed up the steep hill-side with a yell, sprang into 
 the intrenchments, and, after seventeen minutes of hand-to- 
 hand-flghting, secured the position. The Mexicans lost 
 twenty-two pieces of artillery, one thousand seven hundred 
 men killed and wounded, and eight hundred prisoners, of 
 whom one-tenth were officers. Before eight o'clock the 
 fighting here on our left was over. 
 
 Meanwhile our right ^vmg pressed forward, but met with 
 severe resistance. Grant's regiment in Garland's brigade 
 was with the advance, and liad a hot skirmish in the little 
 village of San Antonio. This was carried, and the column, 
 re-enforced by the left wing, Avliich came promptly up after 
 taking Contreras, pushed straight forward on Churubusco. 
 There it met with so stern a resistance that Scott, resorting 
 to his usual tactics, sent strong forces around to the Mexi- 
 can flank and rear. Just as these detachments attracted the 
 enemy's attention, aii irresistible charge was made on the 
 front. Our men clambered into the embrasures and carried 
 the formidable position by storm. They instantly turned all 
 the captured guns upon the stone church, and this trong 
 improvised fortress, after an obstinate fight, was also taKen. 
 Here Brigadier-General Franklin Pierce, of New Hampsliire, 
 injured two liours before at Cc)ntreras, by his horse falling 
 under him, fainted with pain — a ftict whicli, despite his gal- 
 lant behavior, of course made him the subject of bound- 
 less ridicule wlien he became a candidate for the Presi- 
 dency. 
 
 The Mexicans, harassed on the flanks by Pierce and 
 Shields, fled precipitately toward the city, followed in hot 
 chase over the long causeway by our dragoons. Captain 
 Philip Kearny, wlio, though only thirty years old, had seen 
 much of war, and in the French army had won the Cross of 
 the Legion of Honor, pursued almost alone to the San Antonio 
 
104 TiiK Attack on Moling di-:l Rky. ['SiT. 
 
 gat(.'. Tliere lir lost an ai'iu, but his gallantry AV^on liim the 
 tles(M-V('<l hivv(^t rank ol* lua/ior."'' 
 
 The victory was com})lete. Scott lost upward of a 
 thousand men in killed and wounded : the Mexicans far 
 moil', besides three thousand prisoners, thirty-seven i')ieces 
 of artillery, and many small-arms. 
 
 The next two weeks were occupied in unsuccessful nego- 
 tiations for peace. MeauAvhile Scott tried a large party of 
 deserters from our army who liad been captured Avhile fight- 
 ing in the enemy' s ranks. Twenty-nine were condemned and 
 hanged. Their captain could not be legally executed as lie 
 had run aAva}' before tli(^ war actually b(>gan, so he was only 
 lashed and branded. 
 
 On Scott's front, the rock of ('liepultepec, the seat of 
 the Mexican military acadt^ny, and crowned by a strong, 
 heavily armed castle, commanded the road to the city. At 
 its base, beliind a stone wall, Santa Anna had j)osted a 
 heavy force, with its left wing resting on .Molino del Key 
 (the mill of the king). This was an old stone powder- 
 mill, one stor}' high and several hundred Wd long, with 
 a well-garrisoned tower at each end of its thick Avails. 
 Tile Mexican right Aving rested on Oasa cle Mata, another 
 massive stone building four hundred yards from the mill. 
 The ground between Avas occupied by infantry and a iield- 
 battery. 
 
 When hostilities Avere resuuK'd. Worth, Avitli three thou- 
 sand men, Avas ordered to take and destroy these strong de- 
 fenses. After a heavy bombardment, on the morning of 
 Sej>tember eighth, he moved forward. The Fourth regiment 
 Avas again Avith the advance, which captured the field-bat- 
 teiy and compelled the enemy to retire. But in a feAV min- 
 utes the i\fexicans rallitMl and droA'^e our men back. Then 
 
 * No Aniorican was ovor iiioro a soldier lor the love of it than '• Pliil. ICoaniy." 
 Afcer thf Mfxioaii war, unable to endure the piping times of peace, he volunteered 
 in Italy, and at Solferiuo won from Louis Napoleon a second decoration of the Legion 
 of Honor. In vw war for thf Union he became a major-general, and won higli fame 
 by ills iin[)otU()us f^allanfry. He had lost his left arm, Major-General O. O. Howard, 
 of Maine, liis right; and it was a connuon jest helween the two thai tlu'V wcndd buy 
 their gloves together, and tlius nialvc one pair answer for both. Kearu}' waa 
 deeply mourned by the whole North, when he fell atChantilly, A^irginia, in 1862. 
 
1847.] Lively TniE> for Lieutenant Grant. 105 
 
 the fight grew furious as the assailants again advanced and 
 rushed up the hill in face of a tremendous fire. A large 
 number fell at tlie first voile}-, among tlieni eleven of the 
 fourteen officers wlio led the assaulting column. But the 
 brave fellows never faltered. Pouring over the breastworks, 
 they forcj^d tlie enemy" s center, isolating his wings, and then 
 charged on the mill itself. 
 
 Gi-aiit liad left his commissary wagons and was in the 
 thick of tlie fight. AVhile pursuing the Mexicans who were 
 crowding into the mill for refuge, he saw Robert Anderson — 
 afterward of Fort Sumter fame — fall, shot through the shoul- 
 der. A moment after he almost stumbled over his friend 
 Dent, who lay ui)on the ground bleeding from a wound in 
 the thigh. As he stooped to assure himself that his comrade 
 was neither dead nor dying, a Mexican rushed from behind 
 the mill and presented his musket to finish Dent, but startled 
 by Grant's proximity and s('<-ing Lieutenant Tliorne stand- 
 ing near, with back toward him, suddenly wheeled, and 
 with bayonet almost touching that unsuspecting officer, was 
 about to tire, when Grant shouted : — 
 
 " Look out, Thorne ! " 
 
 Just then the Mexican hearing a voice behind him turn- 
 ed round, and as he did so, Sergeant James M. Robinson 
 (now captain Second Artillery and brevet brigadier gen- 
 eral), sprang forward and ran his little sergeant's sn^ord 
 through his body, while Thorne, who had taken the alarm 
 at the same instant, turned and shot the luckless "Greaser" 
 through the head. 
 
 All this passed in a twinkling. Then Thorne, Grant, and 
 Robinson rushed into the mill, and chasing the fugitives 
 from room to room, came out at the back of it. The rout 
 had been so sudden that many of the enemy on the top of 
 the building were unable to escape. Grant, surmising this, 
 turned a cart up against the wall and climbed the shafts to 
 the roof. 
 
 There to his sui-prise, he found an Irish soldier with 
 musket on his shoulder, quietly pacing to and fro, keeping 
 guard over forty or fifty prisoners of his own capturing. 
 • They still bore their arms, which Grant demanded. 
 
106 Chepultepec Stoemed A:^^D Captured. [is47. 
 
 As he was breaking the surrendered muskets one by one 
 over the wall and throwing them to the ground, the guns of 
 Chepultepec, which had got the range at last, began to drop 
 shot thick and fast among our troojDs. The attacking force 
 was ordered to withdraw. Grant hustled his prisoners down 
 from the mill-roof, and the soldier marched them away. 
 
 Worth neither held Molino del Rey, nor destroyed it. 
 His attack, therefore, seemed a needless slaughter, and the 
 press severel}^ censured him. It was the bloodiest battle of 
 the war, and one -fourth of his command were either killed 
 or wounded. Many were captured also, and some were 
 barbarously shot after they had surrendered. 
 
 Dent, Anderson, and G-rant were all brevetted for their 
 gallant conduct in this battle. Grant, however, did not ac- 
 cept the brevet, as he received, a few days later, a full pro- 
 motion by the death of the first lieutenant of his company, 
 to whose rank he succeeded. 
 
 On the thirteenth of September, Scott made a feigned 
 movement against the capital. When he saw that the 
 Mexican general, thoroughly deceived, fancied it an attack 
 in force, Scott ordered a sudden and vigorous assault upon 
 Chepultepec, now weakened to meet the supposed move- 
 ment against the city. 
 
 At a signal, breaches were made in the stone wall at the 
 base of the hill, through which the assailants poured and 
 climbed the steep ascent in the face of showers of grape and 
 bullets. Reaching the redoubt, they drove the enemy from 
 his guns and gained the ditch surrounding his fortifications. 
 Filling this with their fascines, they rushed across, planted 
 their ladders against the walls, and promptly effected a 
 lodgment within the ramparts, though not without heavy 
 loss. 
 
 Almost before Santa Anna discovered that the movement 
 against the city was a feint, and this the real one, the Stars 
 and Stripes were floating triumphantly over the fortress 
 of Chepultepec. Many Mexicans escaped ; many were killed 
 in revenge for the slaughter of Americans a few days before, 
 and many more were captured. Among the latter were fifty 
 general officers, and a hundred cadets of the military 
 
1S47.] Lieutenant Grant Earns a Captaincy. 107 
 
 academy. These little fellows, from ten to sixteen years of 
 age, had fought hravely, and many had been killed. 
 
 In and after this battle also. Grant' s gallantry was con- 
 spicnous. The hot pursuit, in which he joined, toward the 
 San Cosmo Gate,* was stopped at a cross-road, which the 
 enemy defended from behind a breastwork and from the 
 roof of a house in the rear. While skirmishing was going 
 on in front, Grant, all alone, made a reconnoissauce on our 
 left. Then, believing the work could be turned, he took 
 half a dozen men, led them around on a run with their 
 muskets trailed, and so got to the rear of the building. 
 
 There he found Captain Horace Brooks, of the artillery, 
 with fifty men, who had come up from another direction. To 
 Grant's eager inquiry, whether he would join them. Brooks, 
 without the least idea of what Avas to be done, beyond the 
 fact that it was something against the eneni}^, promptly 
 acquiesced, and in three or four minutes his men and Grant's 
 had taken the enemy in the rear, were over the earth- work, 
 and driving the Mexicans at the point of the bayonet. 
 
 Farther along the road toward the city was a second 
 redoubt, but so close did Grant and Brooks keep to the 
 fugitives, that the occupants could not fire upon their 
 assailants without shooting their own friends ; so this 
 work also was abandoned, and its little garrison re- 
 treated. 
 
 The pursuing party, now within eight hundi'ed yards of 
 the city, dragged a small mountain homtzer up to the cupola 
 of a church near by, and began to drop shot into the next 
 breastwork, which was right in front of the gate itself. But 
 being without support, the little band was compelled at 
 length to abandon the unequal contest. 
 
 Grant received honorable mention in the reports. Cap- 
 tain Brooks gave him credit for helping to carry the strong 
 field-work, and turn the enemy" s right "after an obstinate 
 resistance ;" Major Lee, commanding the Fourth, for behav- 
 ing with ''distinguished gallantry,'' and Colonel Garland, 
 who led the brigade, for "acquitting himself most nobly on 
 
 * In the rear of the city, directly opposite the gate on the front at which Kearny 
 had been wounded a few davs before. 
 
108 End of the Mexican- Wae. [i84Y. 
 
 several occasions under my observation." He was after- 
 ward brevetted a captain, to date from that day. 
 
 Next morning the city surrendered, and the towering- 
 form of the American General entered, greeted by triumphant 
 huzzas from his troops. The war was over. Scott' s campaign, 
 tliough embracing no large operations, had been conducted 
 with a sagacity, promptness, and skill which increased his 
 well-earned reputation. At first, the peoj)le had been im- 
 patient about his slow progress, and denunciatory of West 
 Pointers generally. Now these clamors were hushed. All 
 officers who had won much reputation were graduates of 
 the Militarj^ Academy. Of the four hundred and fifty killed, 
 it was the Alma Mater of more than half. 
 
 The Mexican privates had fought with great gallantrj'. 
 They Avere sorry-looking soldiers, ragged, dirty, weariiig 
 sandals instead of shoes ; but they were braAvny, thick-set 
 fellows, who could subsist on little food, and were capable 
 of the highest discipline. Well officered, they would make 
 as good troops as any in the world, but their leaders were 
 sadly inefficient. Most of them, too, were badly armed 
 witli old flint-lock muskets ; but even in our own army not 
 many percussion locks were j'et in use. 
 
 Few officers, except the commander-in-chief, had gained 
 the bubble reputation, even at the cannon's mouth. Robert 
 E. Lee* had won, perhaps, more fame than any other regu- 
 lar, and Jefferson Davis as much as any other volunteer. 
 Grant's energy and coolness had given him a name some- 
 what above the average, but where all did so well none 
 had become distinguished. 
 
 The war was so essentially in the pro-slavery interest, 
 that a large Northern party opposed it bitterl3\ In the 
 Senate of the United States, in February, 1847, when a 
 member asserted that the Mexicans ought to welcome our 
 troops, Tom Corwin, the Ohio "wagon boy" replied : — 
 
 " If I were a Mexican as I am an American, I would 
 welcome them with bloody hands to hospitable graves !" 
 
 This remark, like the resolution of the Massachusetts 
 
 * Chief of Engineers on the staif of Scott, and his most able and trusted adviser. 
 
ft 
 
 184-]. What it Lost axd Gaixed Us. 109 
 
 Senate, thirty years before, which denounced the war of 
 1812 as '' unworthy of a moral and religious people,'' called 
 out sweeping maledictions. Corwin was unsiDaringly de- 
 nounced and as hotly defended. How strange seem these 
 fierce contests when the lurid glare of the hour has faded 
 into the calm, pale light of history! The "wagon boy" 
 sleeps now with that white Hand upon his lips which hushes 
 all passion, and n^akes successive partisans wonder at the 
 bitterness of pyery generation but their own. 
 
 The Avar had lasted twenty- six months. Our entire loss 
 of life was twenty-five thousand men. Battle slays its 
 thousands, but disease its tens of thousands. Com- 
 paratively few soldiers are killed by the bullet ; of all 
 these less than fifteen hundred died of wounds. The war 
 cost us one hundred and sixty millions of dollars, but it 
 added to our domain California and New Mexico, a region 
 large enough to make fifteen great States of the Union. 
 Yain were all attempts to prevent their incorporation into 
 our territory — ^just as vain as the attempt c^f Josiah Quincy 
 and other Federalists, fifty years before, to prevent the 
 Louisiana purchase. 
 
 How little the fathers dreamed of the territorial destiny 
 of the republic I Quincy declared that the annexation of 
 Louisiana would justify old States in seceding from the 
 Union, "amicably if they can. violently if they must."' He 
 had actually heard that this new region might be cut wp 
 into six or more States, and that even the mouth of the 
 Ohio would be east of the center of the contemplated 
 empire I It was not for "'these wild men on the Missouri nor 
 the Anglo-Hispano-Gallo- Americans who bask in the sands 
 on the mouth of the Mississippi," that our fathers had fought. 
 In 1845, John Quincy Adams fancied himself littering a 
 very extravagant jest, and caused general merriment in the 
 House by saying that, at the rate we were going, we should 
 yet see in Congress ""the member from the Pacific," and 
 "the member from the Xorth Pole.'" And, still later, one 
 chief argument Webster used against the annexation of 
 Texas was, that our territory was already quite as large as 
 wisdom or safety permitted. But not so did the people 
 7r 
 
110 Tayloe Nominated foPw the Presidency. [is48. 
 
 regard it. They acquiesced in expansion, as they always 
 will till Manifest Destiny is fulfilled, and the Republic 
 stretches from the frozen zone to the glowing isthmus. 
 
 As we have said, Taylor came out the hero of the war. 
 In vain did leading Whigs denounce him as ' ' an ignorant 
 frontier colonel.'' Their national convention at Philadel- 
 phia, in June, 1848, named him for President. It was 
 against the fiercest opposition. After the nomination, 
 Henry AVilson, a young delegate fresh from the anti- 
 slavery atmosphere of Massachusetts, sprang upon a bench 
 and exclaimed : — 
 
 ' ' So help me God, I will do all in my power to prevent 
 General Taylor s election I*' 
 
 Daniel Webster denounced the nomination as "not fit to 
 be made," and Horace Greeley, though acquiescing in it, 
 wrote of the platform, which was strongly pro- slavery : 
 "We scorn it; we spit upon it; we trample it under our 
 feet!" 
 
 Already tlie Whig party gave signs of being riven by 
 that Irrepressible Conflict which was to find final settlement 
 only through the last logic of kings. 
 
 During the first few months of peace the army remained 
 in Mexico. Grant was still busy with the duties of quarter- 
 master. In this .position he had impressed all with his 
 practical talent and efficiency. In the hardest of marches 
 he never failed to feed his regiment. Using his fast horse to 
 some purpose, he went ahead, and by the time the men came 
 up there was fresh beef awaiting them. He was careless 
 about his dress, wearing hair and whiskers long and rag- 
 ged. He always rose eaii}^ in the morning, smoked much, 
 chewed tobacco, but never drank to excess nor indulged in 
 the other profligacy so common in that country of loose 
 morals. Of his ruling passion, Coppee, who had been with 
 him at West Point, relates this anecdote : — 
 
 " He was an admirable liorseman, and had a very spirited horse. A Mexi- 
 can gentleman with whom he was on friendly terms, asked the loan of his 
 horse. Grant said afterward, ' I was afraid he could not ride him, and yet 
 I knew if I said a word to that eftect, the suspicious Spanish nature would 
 think I did not wisli to lend him.' The result was. that the Mexican mounted 
 him, was thrown before he had gone two blocks, and killed on the spot." 
 
1848.] QUARTEEMASTER GrAXT IS RoBBED. Ill 
 
 Another officer gives the following reminiscence : — 
 
 " One day he came to see Colonel Howard, who was in command of the 
 castle of Chepultepec. The colonel's quarters were inside of the fortress, 
 which was surrounded by a high, broad earth-work. Grant rode up the 
 slope outside, and, after riding around the castle two or three times, and see- 
 ing no post to hitch his horse to, deliberately spurred the animal down the 
 broad, but long and steep stone stairs that led into the fort. "When Colonel 
 Howard came out of the castle and saw Grant's horse tied at the door, 
 w^here, perhaps, a horse had never before been, he said, in astonishment, 
 ' Lieutenant, how in the world did you get your horse in here?' ' Rode him 
 in, sir,' quietly replied Grant. 'And how do you expect to get him out?' 
 'Ride him up the steps instead of down,' answered Grant; and, mounting 
 the animal, he rode him to the foot of the stairs, and, wath Grant on his 
 back, the intelligent brute climbed like a cat to the top, where Grant, waving 
 his hat to Colonel Howard below, disappeared like a flash over the breast- 
 works." 
 
 Before midsummer the treaty had been ratified "by both 
 governments, and the army started back to Yera Cruz. On 
 the way our lieutenant met with a misfortune. Every thing 
 was paid for in cash. Mexico dealt chiefly with England 
 and France, and while glad to cash drafts on London, would 
 only take those drawn on New York at a discount of twenty- 
 five or thirty per cent. The quartermaster must have 
 specie to buy with, and Lieutenant Grant had a thou- 
 sand dollars of Government silver for that purpose. The 
 lock of his own trunk being broken, he placed it in that 
 of Captain Gore. But one night Gore' s trunk was opened by 
 a thief, who stole all his valuables and this public money. 
 
 Grant made a report of the fact, supported by the affida- 
 vits of several brother officers, and asked the Government 
 that he might be relieved of responsibility for the loss. It 
 was brought before Congress, but in that circumlocution 
 office twelve years passed before any action was taken. Fi- 
 nally, in 1862, after Grant had become a major-general and 
 the hero of Donelson, a bill was passed which provided that 
 in the settlement of his accounts as commissary and regi- 
 mental quartermaster of the Fourth Infantry, one thousand 
 dollars should be allowed him. Even then, eight senators, 
 nearly all Republicans, voted against it. 
 
 Grant's regiment remained in Mississippi during July 
 
112 Retukns Home, and Defends Taylor. [is^^. 
 
 and August. Obtaining leave of absence, lie went to St. 
 Louis and paid a visit to Miss Dent, whose devotion liad 
 never wavered tliroiigli tliose j^ears of separation. Then he 
 visited his father s house in Bethel, Ohio, where he was greet- 
 ed with great rejoicings. He had often written home during 
 the war, but for six mouths before the capture of Mexico, 
 not one word had come to his parents. They had suffered 
 keenly, and anxiety turned his mother' s hair gray. How 
 many the hearts and homes which war makes desolate ! 
 
 Of course, our quartermaster brought home a Mexican 
 horse. He also brought as body-servant a young j)eon, 
 named Gregory, presented to him hy a Mexican gentleman. 
 The lieutenant had educated him in the common branches, 
 and now left him at his father' s. For some ^^ears the lad 
 remained with him, but finall}^ went back to Mexico. 
 
 Grant had returned in the midst of a hot Presidential 
 canvass. Democratic newspapers were publishing the affi- 
 davit of an Ohio volunteer that, at Camargo, Taylor had de- 
 nounced Ohio soldiers as a set "of d — d thieves, who would 
 run at the sight of an enemy." Grant happened to know 
 the exact amount of truth in the story — a much larger grain 
 than the delicious bits of biography which adorn our news- 
 papers during every Presidential canvass usually contain. 
 An Ohio soldier had seized a chicken in sight of Taylor, who 
 ordered him to drop it. In pretending to comply, the volun- 
 teer only passed the fated fowl to a comrade behind him. 
 The general saw this, also, and shouted : — 
 
 "Throw down that chicken. Any man who will steal 
 is a d — d coward and Avould run from the enemy." 
 
 Grant, who happened to be sitting on his horse beside 
 Taylor when this occurred, indignantly denied the story. 
 He urged that if it were persisted in, Taylor himself should 
 be written to, and that he would tell the truth though 
 it might defeat his election. A proposition most creditable 
 to his own simple integrity, but not indicating profound 
 familiarity with the by-ways of politics. Grant said that 
 he should vote for Taylor if he were in a doubtful State ; 
 but election day found him in Kentucky, and he did not 
 vote at all. 
 
1849.] Weddikg. Winter at Sackett's Haeboe. 113 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 MARKIES. 
 
 After remaining a few days at home, Grant returned to 
 St. Louis, where, on the twenty-second of August, 1848, he 
 was married, at the bride's residence, on the corner of 
 Fourth and Cerre Streets, to Miss Julia B. Dent. He had 
 saved her brother's life, in Mexico, and opposition to the 
 match had ceased. It was a merry wedding, as all wed- 
 dings should be. The dancing continued until midnight. 
 A Santa Fe traveler diverted the company with a lively and 
 graceful Spanish dance. Among the guests were many 
 friends of the Dent family, and many of Grant' s old com- 
 rades from the city and the barracks. 
 
 Soon after the wedding, the regiment was ordered to the 
 northern frontier, Avith head-quarters at Detroit, where com- 
 panies C and E were stationed. Though Grant' s place as 
 quartermaster was with head-quarters, a brother officer got 
 him ordered to the undesirable winter residence of Sackett's 
 Harbor, on Lake Ontario, where one company was, and the 
 rival secured the position of acting quartermaster. Grant 
 uncomplainingly olieyed, and, with his bride, spent the win- 
 ter at Sackett's Harbor. But his case was laid before Gen- 
 eral Scott, who promptly ordered him back to Detroit — 
 after the closing of navigation had rendered winter travel 
 impracticable. He returned there, however, early in the 
 following spring. With characteristic magnanimity, he 
 never revenged himself upon the officer who had caused 
 his banishment. On the contrary, he aided and befriended 
 him in after life. 
 
 At Detroit Grant spent more than two years, in the dull, 
 monotonous existence of a garrison officer in peace times, its 
 daily routine of idleness only enlivened by an occasional 
 "board of survey." The record of one of these exciting 
 
114 The Young Couple begin Housekeeping, [i849. 
 
 events now before me, shows that in May, 1849, a few tent- 
 poles, tents, knapsacks, and liaversacks, were examined 
 and thus condemned : — 
 
 " The Board are of the opinion that the above-enumerated articles have 
 been worn out in the service, and are not fit for further use. 
 
 " U. S. GRANT, First Lieutenant, Fourth Infantry, President." 
 
 The old barracks in the upper part of Detroit — not out- 
 side of it, where Fort Wayne stands — were tumble-down 
 affairs. They extended from Catharine Street to the Gratiot 
 Road, four or five blocks, and from Rivard Street to Russell, 
 one block. The buildings were of wood, and suh'ounded by a 
 board fence. The sutler's store, hospital, and officers' quar- 
 ters have been removed a short distance, and are now occu- 
 pied as dwellings or stores. The ground upon which they 
 formerly stood is covered with residences and business 
 blocks. Our German fellow-citizens have taken possession. 
 Just north of the old fort is one of the largest breweries in 
 the country, and on the corner where Grant's office was, 
 an immense lager-beer hall 
 
 The barracks were only used as quarters for the men. 
 The married officers lived in the town outside. 
 
 Lieutenant and Mrs. Grant immediately began house- 
 keeping, with the bravery of honest, self-respecting poverty 
 and the glowing confidence of young love, which sees only 
 rosy tints in the overarching heavens. Their first home was 
 near the garrison, in a little frame dwelling, with an arbor 
 in front. It stood on Fort Street East, between 
 Russell and Rivard — a block which has changed somewhat 
 since. Fort Street West was a fashionable 
 
 quarter, but Fort Street East was occupied by Germans and 
 other working people, and by some undesii'able residents. 
 When Grant took the house, it was suggested that he 
 might have disorderly neighbors. But his domesticity was 
 true, and he replied : — 
 
 "No matter; if home has a hell outside of it, it ought 
 to be a heaven within.'" 
 
 The dwelling belonged to George M. Rich, and was 
 hired for two hundred and fifty dollars a year. Old neigh- 
 
JS50.] And a Sois' IS Boen to Them. 115 
 
 bors long recalled pleasant iutercliange of evening visits, 
 with their games of dominoes, and stories of Mexico and of 
 pioneer life in Detroit. 
 
 In the spring of 1850 they left this house, Mrs. Grant 
 going to her father s, in St. Louis, where her first son was 
 "born, and her husband making his home with his friend 
 and comrade. Captain J. H. Gore, in a cottage rented from 
 Mr. ^y. A. Bacon, at two hundred and fifty dollars per year, 
 and situated on Jefferson Avenue, at the corner of Russell 
 Street. With the Gores they remained permanently after 
 Mrs. Grant's return. Jefferson was The Avenue of 
 Detroit,— as one egotistical thoroughfare in every city is 
 bent on being called. The pleasant cottage in which they 
 lived, itself unchanged, became surrounded by elegant resi- 
 dences. But then the country was very open. Immedi- 
 ately back of the house was a pasture. There were no 
 sidewalks and the soldiers had laid a single plank up to the 
 barracks, and dug a ditch beside it for a drain. 
 
 As their landlord had been for several years connected 
 with the army, his heart was warm toward officers. He was 
 by profession a teacher, and his little school-house stood 
 immediately^ack of the dwelling ; so he encountered both 
 tenants nearly every day. He found the elder one very 
 sociable, and had frequent chats with him. But Grant was 
 silent, and Bacon rather regarded him as the boy and Gore 
 as the man. Though seeing him dail}^ for twelve months, 
 Bacon remembered so little of him that, thirteen years later, 
 when the "Unconditional Surrender" letter was flashed 
 over the wires to a thrilled and exulting North, Bacon 
 pondered — "Grant, Grant : was not that a Lieutenant Grant 
 who lived in my house with Captain Gore ?" 
 
 Finally, remembermg that the lieutenant had one day 
 scratched his name with a diamond ring on a pane of glass 
 in an upper chamber, he went home and looked at the 
 autograph, before he was quite sure of his old tenant' s name. 
 
 Detroit was the head-quarters of a large department, of 
 which Major Sibley, from whom our Sibley tent is named, 
 was quartermaster. Grant was quartermaster and com- 
 missary only of the post. He spent little time in his own 
 
116 GtEaistt's Life i:s Detkoit. [i85o. 
 
 office at the barracks, leaving its light duties to his sergeant ; 
 but he was frequently at the office of the departmental quar- 
 termaster, where he ordered supplies for his regiment. The 
 present Quartermaster-General of Michigan, then Major Sib- 
 ley's clerk, recalls that after first meeting the post quarter- 
 master, asked of Grant's sergeant: — 
 
 " Why in the world have they put that lieutenant in as 
 quartermaster and commissary? Is it because he knows 
 less than any other officer in the regiment V 
 
 "He is the ablest and best officer in the old Fourth," 
 replied the sergeant indignantly. "He knows the duties 
 of a soldier better than any other man in the regiment." 
 
 Two doors below Woodward Street, on Jefferson Avenue, 
 in a building well known, was the large, well-filled sutler 
 store of the important post. One proprietor was a son of 
 General Brady, famous in the War of 1812, and in Grant's 
 da}^ spending his old age in Detroit. This store was the 
 favorite head-quarters both for retired officers and those 
 on duty. In the back room a barrel of whisky stood always 
 on tap, and each visitor helped himself. Grant not more 
 nor less frequently than the rest. 
 
 Frontier posts, in peace times, are fraught with the most 
 dangerous temptations for army officers. Active campaign- 
 ing has left in them that insatiable craving for excitement 
 which is kindled by all experiences full of novelty, of 
 hardship, and of peril. However conscientious, they have 
 practically nothing to do. In many cases, too, they are 
 without the restraining influence of wives and children. Is 
 it strange that so many fall deep into drunkenness and 
 other vices 'I 
 
 Grant, who never could endure absolute idleness, did 
 not seek relief in any excess of drinking. Horse-flesh was 
 7iis "particular vanity." Detroit contained only twenty- 
 five thousand people, and all the army officers were well 
 known. The old residents still remember Grant for this 
 trait. AVhenever asked for reminiscences, they immediately 
 tell stories of his gray horse, brought from Mexico, which 
 was finally raffled ofi"; or of his frequent gallops on the 
 hardy little French ponies, which ran wild on the marshes 
 
1850.] OUTDOOE A^B It^DOOE PLEASURES. HV 
 
 jast outside of town ; or of Ms running or riding races, 
 sometimes, to tlie consternation of the timid and the delight 
 of the gay, on Jefferson Avenue itself, Avhere his face was 
 exceedingl}^ familiar. Everj'body knew the appearance of 
 " Sam Grant*' in a cutter in winter or a buggy in summer, 
 flying along after his ''Cicotte mare." Then, as now, 
 driving was the favorite recreation of Detroit, and the 
 peoj^le decidedly approved both of him and the beautiful 
 jet-black little mare, for which, in the beginning. Grant 
 agreed to pay Cicotte, her owner, two hundred dollars, on 
 condition that she would pace a mile in two lifty-five, 
 drawing two men in a buggy. 
 
 The place chosen for this test was Jefferson Avenue, 
 where the spirited mare finished her mile inside of the pre- 
 scribed time, with Grant and Cicotte riding behind her. So 
 the quartermaster bought her, and kept her for several 
 years. Finally, he sent her to St. Louis, where she won a 
 race for a thousand dollars, and was afterward sold for 
 fourteen hundred. 
 
 Detroit had many attractions. A frontier city, and the 
 home of Cass and Brady and other retired army officers, 
 it was necessarily hospitable ; and containing many old 
 French families, it was fond of dancing and other gayeties. 
 During the winter there were weekly assemblies at the 
 leading hotel, the Exchange, where it is remembered that 
 Grant, though a constant attendant, very seldom danced, 
 but stood quietly looking on, with a pleasant Avord for 
 everybody, and ready to drink in moderation with his 
 more active comrades fresh from the cotillion. Mesdames 
 Grant and Gore were fond of society, so there were also 
 agreeable parties and masquerades at home, where candles, 
 standing on stags' antlers, did service for gas, and supper 
 was laid on the back piazza — the pleasant back piazza over- 
 looking the garden full of peach-trees, where Grant loved 
 to smoke his cigars in the golden twilight of summer 
 evenings. 
 
 Rarely was life disturbed by more exciting events. 
 Sometimes the military were called out to defend the 
 authorities, holding some wretched fugitive slave in cus- 
 
118 A Quarrel avith Zachary Chaj^dler. [is^i. 
 
 tody, against the aroused people ; but Grant, fortunately, 
 never had to render this revolting service. Horse-races and 
 dog-fights were more common. Two dogs of Thomas Lewis 
 and Horace Gray one day had a fierce contest on Grosse 
 Island, in Detroit River. Finally, Gray, who resided there, 
 exclaimed vehemently : — 
 
 " By heavens, Le^vis ! either your dog or I must leave 
 the island !" 
 
 Grant was among the amused spectators, but left before 
 the tenacious dogs could be separated. Twenty years after, 
 he met Gray again. He Avas commanding the Army of 
 the Tennessee, and Gray was major of the Fourth Michigan 
 Cavalry. As they shook hands, Grant asked : — 
 
 "Well, Gray, which dkl leave the island, you or the 
 dog V ' 
 
 Though the last man in the Avorld to quarrel, shortly be- 
 fore leaving Detroit, Grant got into a lively controversy 
 with Zachary Chandler, later a United States senator, 
 but then a rising young dry-goods merchant. Grant com- 
 plained of him for violating a city ordinance in not remov- 
 ing the snow and ice from the sideAA'alk in front of his 
 house. The neglect had caused much inconvenience to all 
 the officers, and a severe sprain to our quartermaster who 
 slipped and fell one night on his way home. The following 
 sworn complaint, made before the mayor, is yet preseived 
 in the Recorder's Court : — 
 
 State of Michigan, City of Detroit, ss. 
 
 U. S. Grant, being duly sv\'orn, deposes and sajs, tliat on or about the 
 10th day of January, 1851, and for twenty-five days previous thereto, within 
 the city of Detroit, Zachary Chandler did neglect to keep his sidewalk clear 
 and free from snow and ice on JeflFerson Avenue, in front of the house occu- 
 pied by him, and did then and there commit many other causes contrary to 
 the ordinances of said city. Further deponent sayeth not. 
 
 U. S. Grant. 
 
 When the trial came on. Chandler insisted upon his 
 right to a jury, and conducted his own case. The chief 
 witnesses against him Avere the young officers, and he as- 
 sailed them Avith a poAver of A^ituperation on which the 
 United States senator lias liardly improved, notAA'ithstanding 
 
1851]. Chandler Fined Six Cents and Costs. 119 
 
 Ms great success in that direction. He denounced them as 
 idle loafers, living on the communit}' ; and, turning to Grant, 
 Grore, and Sibley, said : — 
 
 " If you soldiers would keep sober, perhaps you would 
 not fall on people's pavements and hurt your legs." 
 
 The facts, however, were proved, and the jury was com- 
 pelled to find against him. But, whether because public 
 sympathy was with the civilian, or because the ordinance 
 was really a dead letter, the verdict assessed only costs of 
 court and a fine of six cents. The whole legal expenses to 
 Chandler were less than eight dollars, for which trival out- 
 lay he enjoyed the unspeakable luxury of indulging in a 
 great deal of abuse. 
 
 The trial was a nine-days" talk in the little city, and it 
 was generally expected that Grant or one of his comrades 
 would attack the vituperative civilian. Chandler, physi- 
 cally an enormous fellow, who '^traveled on his muscle," 
 was rather anxious to accept this appeal to another court, 
 but nothing came of it. Both he and Grant laughed hearti- 
 ly over the quarrel fifteen years later, when the senator 
 entertained the General of all our armies at his pleasant 
 home in Detroit. 
 
 In June, 1851, the head-quarters of the Fourth were re- 
 moved to Sackett's Harbor. New York, a village of a thou- 
 sand people. The spot was not far off where, a hundred 
 years before, in the old French war. Grant's grand-uncle, and 
 his great-grandfather, were killed. In the Avar of 1812, too, 
 Sackett' s was a point of great importance, and the rendez- 
 vous of the American fleet on the lake. Here Henry Eck- 
 ford made himself famous by building a man-of-war in 
 thirty-five days fi'oiu the time the first tree was cut for her 
 hull, and getting another hundred-gun frigate, one hund- 
 red and eighty-seven feet long, and thirty-two hundred 
 tons burden, almost ready for launching in thii-ty-six days. 
 On account of the unexpected declaration of peace nei- 
 ther of the vessels were launched. The former, the Chip- 
 pewa, was afterwards sold: while the latter, the New 
 Orleans was housed by the Government and for seventy 
 years stood as Eckf ord left her, a monument to his genius; 
 she was finally sold and pulled to pieces in 188-4; her mas. 
 
120 Grant at Sacket's Harbor, [issi. 
 
 si?e parts furuishing a large amount of valuable tim)3er 
 aud many interesting relics. 
 
 When Grant went to Sacket's Harbor it contained se- 
 veral old block-liouses, built in 1812, for Indian fighting. 
 One stood, doing duty as a stable, as late as 1879. For 
 some years Sacket's Harbor suffered: but of late, prosper- 
 ity seems to have returned to the place, the custom- 
 house has considerable to do, the imports of railroad iron 
 being quite large. The Black River R. R. has a terminal 
 there; while a fleet of about 30 vessels, owned by private 
 citizens, indicate a considerable commerce. 
 
 The Fourth was established in the pleasant Madison 
 Barracks, of stone, half a mile from the lake, which afforded 
 agreeable residences for the officers and their wives. 
 
 Grant, who still retained his capable and trustworthy 
 quartermaster-sergeant, had comparatively little to do 
 but sign his name to official documents and draw his pay. 
 An enthusiastic friend in the village, long had hanging in 
 his parlor, framed and glazed, a notice dated July second, 
 1851, inviting sealed j)roposals for supplying the garrison 
 for one 3-ear with fresh beef, " of good, wholesome quality, 
 necks and shanks to be excluded," and signed, " U. S. 
 Grant, Brevet-Captain, and A. A. C. S., Fourth Infantry," 
 
 In this quiet hamlet the quartermaster won his usual 
 reputation. 
 
 ^' I can't see," said the collector of customs to one of 
 his clerks, who had become much attached to Grant, ' ' what 
 you find in that man to be so fond of his company." 
 
 The friend insisted that there was a great deal more in 
 "that man'' than he had credit for; that he was full of 
 knowledge, not only of affairs, but even of mechanics, and 
 could give much curious information about machinery. 
 
 He always seemed careless and at leisure, but close ob- 
 servers noticed that his eye took in much of which his tongue 
 gave no report. Then, as now, he would quietly scrutinize 
 
1852.] Odd Fellow a^^d Son of Temperance. 121 
 
 a new visitor from head to foot, as if to read his character 
 through and through. Though by inclination a worshiper 
 with the Methodists, here he was a frequent, and his wife a 
 regular, attendant at the Episcoj^al church, and when money 
 was raised to erect a new house he joined in a subscription 
 paper, still preserved because it bears his autograph. 
 
 Having seen the evil effects of liquor on brother officers 
 in peace times, he became a Son of Temperance soon after 
 reaching Sackett's, and drank no spirits whatever during 
 his residence there. He also joined the Odd-Fellows, attend- 
 ing all their weekly meetings, though not taking any active 
 part. But once chancing to be put upon a committee, he 
 dissented from the majority report which was made by 
 Messrs. Ford and Dana, one a lawyer, the other a bank 
 cashier, and both leading citizens. At first it was thought 
 a little presuming that a minority report, signed simply 
 "U. S. Grant," should undertake to combat the views of 
 men of such prominence and capacity. But the document 
 proved so able as to kindle a suspicion that after all the 
 quartermaster was quite competent to say his say when 
 occasion demanded. 
 
 A citizen of Sackett' s Harbor, relates that one quarrel ex- 
 cited a mild approach to profanity. "I tell the tale as it 
 was told to me." Naturally, a horse was at the bottom of 
 it. Two acquaintances, Phillips and De Wolf, were on the 
 ice of the lake to ' ' time ' ' a horse they had just bought. The 
 first half-mile was done in one-twelve. De Wolf shouted to 
 urge the racer to higher speed, at which the animal showed 
 a little restiveness. Phillips, expecting that the next thing 
 would be his heels through the dasher, incontinently rolled 
 out on the ice, taking the reins with him. De Wolf dropped 
 to the bottom of the sleigh, and onl}^ recovered the lines 
 after the frightened horse had run two miles, at the immi- 
 nent risk of his own and his driver' s neck. Grant saw the 
 the whole scene and bitterly upbraided Phillips for desert- 
 ing his friend ; but Phillips alleged that it was involuntary, 
 as he had been thrown from the sleigh. Grant hotly re- 
 plied : — 
 
 " It's a d— d lie ! How could he fling you out and not 
 
122 A VERY Uneventful Life. [1802. 
 
 De Wolf ^ You are a coward. Never speak to me again ! 
 If yon do I'll kick you.'' 
 
 Petty races, and even contests between a soldiers' fire 
 company and a citizens' fire company interested the ofiicers. 
 In sooth these military heroes, deprived of the spirit-stirring 
 drum, the ear-piercing fife, and other fascinations of the big 
 wars, that make ambition virtue, found themselves also de- 
 prived of the tranquil mind. They were sadly at a loss for 
 amusement and caught at any thing. One writes 
 
 " Grant's life as an army officer was a very quiet, uneventful one. I was 
 in the regiment with him during a portion of the Mexican war, and after- 
 ward on the frontier, but really can ^ay nothing of his sayings or doings 
 worth mentioning. He went about a good deal with horse-fanciers, took his 
 drinks, smoked his pipe incessantly, played loo, and at length, after going to 
 Sackett's Harbor, joined the "Sons," all in a very prosy, common-place sort 
 of fasliion. He read little, though I remember his expressing some liking 
 for Reynolds's writings. 
 
 "During his whole connection with tlie regiment he would have been con- 
 sidered, both by his brother officers and himself, about as likely to reach the 
 position of Pope of Rome, as General-in-Chief, or President of the United 
 States. He was regarded as a restless, energetic man, who must have occu- 
 pation, and plenty of it, for his own good, but as sincere and true, an amiable 
 good fellow. He was modest, and unambitious — such a man as in our land 
 of pretension and bluster could not be expected to go far. 
 
 " It required just such opportunities, events, and good luck to bring out the 
 strong qualities and soldierly merits of Grant's character. Had he remained 
 in the regular service, I think he would have jogged on quietly, doing duty 
 with his regiment. But if circumstances had placed him in the cavalry, I 
 believe he would have made his mark as a cavalry leader. He had all the 
 requisite qualities, the physique and the morale.''^ 
 
 Twenty-nine years old, and his hour had not struck ! 
 He was yet to be for many years "a brave man struggling 
 with the storms of fate." 
 
1852.] Ordered to the Pacific Coast. x23 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 BESIGXS. 
 \ 
 
 Ix June, 1852, the Fourth Infantry was ordered to the 
 Pacific Coast. Mrs. Grant's health would not permit her to 
 undertake the long journey, so with sore regret her hus- 
 band left her behind, and she accepted an invitation from 
 his father and mother, to visit them. 
 
 The first son, already two years old, bore the name of his 
 grandfather Dent. During Mrs. Grant's stay at Bethel a 
 second was born, and named Ulysses. This young gentle- 
 man made his advent while Jesse was at Columbus attend- 
 ing the last Whig State Convention ever held in Ohio, and 
 writing the platform which the expiring party adopted. 
 
 A few weeks after the birth of the J^oung Ulysses, Mrs. 
 Grant went to her father's, where she remained during her 
 husband' s entire absence. The boy was called ' ' Buckeye, ' ' 
 by Colonel Dent's negroes, because born in the Buckej^e 
 State. That was soon shortened to ''Buck," a nickname 
 which he still bears.* 
 
 The Fourth Infantry, coming from various points on the 
 northern lakes, concentrated on Governor's Island, New 
 York Bay. On the fifth of July, eight companies, com- 
 manded by Lieutenant-Colonel Bonneville, embarked for 
 California, on the steamship OJiio. 
 
 Quartermaster Grant went with the force, which num- 
 bered over seven hundred, including eighty camp followers. 
 Five officers took their wives and children. The OJu'o had 
 her proper complement of passengers before passage was 
 engaged for the troops, and was, therefore, excessively 
 crowded. Temporary berths for the soldiers were erected 
 
 * The foUowing are General Grant's children in 1868: — I. Fred, born in St. 
 Louis. May, 1850. II. Ulysses ("Buck"), at Bethel, Ohio, July, 1852. III. Nellie, 
 on the Dent farm, August, 1855. IV. Jesse Root, Dent farm, February, 1858. 
 
124 How THE Ladies Crossed the Isthmus. [i852. 
 
 on deck several tiers high. The close iiucomfortable 
 quarters occasioned so much discontent and murmuring, 
 that a strong guard Avas posted to prevent insubordination. 
 Grant was constantly on duty, and as always popular 
 among officers and men. 
 
 The weather was fair, and on the eleventh day the regi- 
 ment reached Aspinwall. At that swampy, mushroom vil- 
 lage, born of the California migration, all was excitement 
 and confusion. Civilians were running hither and thither 
 to obtain transportation across the Isthmus, and officers 
 were busy in arranging plans to get their men over. Under 
 the laws of Xew Granada, soldiers could not traverse the 
 country with arms in their hands ; so provision was made 
 for transporting the guns separately. 
 
 . The steamship company at New York had contracted to 
 take the command across the fever-breeding Isthmus. The 
 Panama Railway was completed only twentj^ miles, to the 
 Chagres River. After a night in Aspinwall the party started 
 by rail and soon reached the Chagres, where the ladies em- 
 barked for Cruces, eleven miles farther up the stream. They 
 went upon open scows — the largest holding twenty persons 
 — propelled b}' natives, six or eight of whom walked the 
 planks upon the sides of each, plying their poles. As the 
 current was very rapid, and the Chagres abounds in ob- 
 structions, the progress was about one mile an hour. The 
 fleet set off late in the afternoon, and darkness overtook it 
 three miles from its destination. The boatmen declared it 
 unsafe to go on ; so the passengers remained without food 
 or water on the noxious river through the chilly night. 
 
 Next morning the slow flotilla reached Cruces. 
 Tlience the party continued overland, the men walking, 
 and most of the ladies riding mules, procured Avitli great 
 difficult}^ through the energy of Grant. The traveling was so 
 bad that most of the women donned pantaloons, and rode 
 astride in sensible, masculine fashion. Several Sisters of 
 Charity went in hammocks suspended from poles borne on 
 the shoulders of natives, while tlie delighted children perclied 
 on the backs of nude, dark-skinned denizens of the Isthmus. 
 
 It was the rainy season, and the road mostly a narrow 
 
1852.] GkANT's EjSTEEGY ATs'D RESOtrRCES DISPLAYED. 127 
 
 defile, tlirougli dense cliaparral, and deep gorges. The black 
 mud was more than a foot deep. The mules waded it when 
 they must, but x)lunged into thorny thickets and scaled 
 sharp rocks to avoid it when they could. 
 
 After crossing precipitous mountains, and suffering al- 
 ternately from broiling sun and drenching rain, the travel- 
 ers reached Panama. There, through narrow streets, crowd- 
 ed with dusky men and women, and with native soldiers 
 riding mules, armed ^vith cutlasses, and swearing vengeance 
 upon the invading Yankees, they wended their tortuous way 
 to the Louisiana Hotel. 
 
 On the second morning was heard the welcome whistle of 
 the steamer Golden Gate, from San Francisco, and the ladies 
 were received on board. Several days passed before the 
 soldiers came up after a long march by the way of Gor- 
 gona. Grant's duties kept him with the men and pro}?- 
 erty of the regiment. He found it "a hard road to travel," 
 particularly for the poor women and children. To the 
 drum-major he gave twenty -five dollars to buy a mule for 
 his wife. But it was impossible to get one, so she trudged 
 through the mud and thickets with her lord. As skirts were 
 impracticable. Grant gave her a citizen's coat, and her hus- 
 band furnished her Avith pantaloons. During the march, 
 malignant cholera broke out. Many soldiers were seized 
 with it, and after excruciating tortures, closed their eyes, 
 and were laid tenderly away under the endless tangle of 
 shining vines, the bright floAvers, and the gay birds of that 
 tropical region. 
 
 The utter failure of the contractors brought out Grant' s 
 resources and energy. By aid of the alcalde at Cruces, he 
 succeeded in procuring some transportation ; and his great 
 activity and efficiency were generally recognized. Consid- 
 erable property was necessarily destroyed, for reasons 
 which he afterward reported to a board of survey : — 
 
 " Camp, near Benicia, California, 
 
 September 8, 1852. 
 
 " Gextlemex : I respectfully submit the following statement relative to 
 
 the loss of public property while crossing the Isthmus of Panama. The 
 
 8r 
 
128 Ravages of Cholera in his Regimext. [is52. 
 
 regiment sailed from New York on the 5th of July last, under a contract 
 ■which was to cover all expenses of transportation on land and water. 
 
 "Upon arriving at iN'avy Bay, it was decided by the contractors or their 
 agents to send the troops by the Grorgona route, and the baggage by the 
 Graces road. 
 
 " Upon arriving at Cruces I found that the agent of the contracting par- 
 ties had entered into a contract with Mr. Duckworth for the transportation 
 of baggage, etc., from there to Panama. After waiting three days for Mr. 
 Duckworth to furnish transportation I found that at the terms he had agreed 
 upon, he was entirely unable to comply with his engagement. I was obliged, 
 therefore, to enter into contract myself for the transportation of our baggage. 
 This detained me two days more in Cruces, waiting to see the regimental 
 baggage packed or safely stored. During this detention, the cholera broke 
 out, among the few troops left with me as a guard, so badly that I was 
 obliged, under recommendation of Surgeon Tripler, to put them under 
 cover. 
 
 '• The baggage, being protected only by tents, was, of course, liable to 
 the depredations of the inhabitants, until it could be got under cover. 
 Buildings were procured immediately to put the property in. All the na- 
 tives that could be induced to work (about ten in number) were employed 
 to pack the property and store it. But there being a large amount in bulk 
 and weight, it could not be removed in one day, neither could the natives be 
 employed at night ; hence, a portion of the property was left over night un- 
 protected. 
 
 " Had transportation been furnished promptly at Cruces, as it should have 
 been under tlie contract, it is my opinion that little or no loss would have 
 been sustained. 
 
 " I am, gentlemen, yours very respectfully, 
 U. S. Grant, Brevet Capt. 4th Inft., Quartermaster 4th Regiment." 
 
 Grant's duties kept him on the Isthmus after most of the 
 troops had embarked. Already the regiment had lost one 
 hundred and fifty men, women, and children by cholera. 
 Among other victims a sergeant and his wife died, leaving 
 five children, one a baby at the breast. 
 
 When the command was all on the Golden Gate, the 
 pestilence again broke out virulently. Quarantine regula- 
 tions were strictly enforced, so the infected ship could not 
 land, but was compelled to lie at anchor in Panama Bay 
 or beat about in the open sea. There was dire consterna- 
 tion among the passengers. Veteran soldiers who had faced 
 death in many battles, gave way utterly before this appall- 
 
1852.] His Kixdxess to the Suffering Men. 129 
 
 ing foe. Xeaiiy a hundred were buried in ocean graves. 
 Only one officer fell, Grant's old and loved friend, Major 
 John H. Gore, a gentleman of unusual ability and promise, 
 and warmly loved by his comrades. He was buried on an 
 island in the Bay of Panama. 
 
 Quartermaster Grant at once detailed Lieutenant McFee- 
 ley to escort the bereaved wife to her father' s house m Cov- 
 ington, Kentucky. She was transported back to Aspinwall 
 in a hammock carried by two natives, while a third carried 
 her little son upon his shoulders, and others bore five more 
 hammocks containing her baggage and nurse. On the 
 road, these thieves to the manner born stole her silver, 
 jewelry, and even her clothing, until she and her child were 
 left with only one suit apiece. 
 
 Meanwhile, upon the Golden Gate, Grant, ever forgetful 
 of himself, mingled constantly with the suffering men, nurs- 
 ing them tenderly, and inspiring them with something of his 
 own cheerfulness and fortitude. After some weeks of the 
 epidemic, the regimental surgeon insisted upon a complete 
 fumigation of the vessel. So rafts were procured, and the 
 little command transported to the neighboring island of 
 Flamingo. The authorities of Panama, from the main-land, 
 ■witnessed this movement through their telescopes, and at 
 once concluded that the Great Republic, of whose voracity 
 Spanish- Americans ever stand in excusable fear, was land- 
 ing an army of filibusters. Thereupon the governor of 
 the city steamed over to the ship in the little tug Toboga^ 
 and demanded an explanation. 
 
 Quartermaster Grant and his brother officers, heartily 
 amused at the mistake of his excellency, disclaimed any 
 intention of appropriating his fair possessions. They even 
 assured him that the keenest desire of their hearts was to 
 get out of his dominions just as quick as steam could carry 
 them. The ship was thoroughly fumigated and large quanti- 
 ties of infected clothing, tents and knapsacks were destroyed. 
 Finally, after a detention of eleven days, the Golden Gate 
 sailed for San Francisco, and arrived there about the last of 
 August. 
 
 The young city then consisted chiefly of adobe houses, 
 
130 Statio^'ed on the Columbia River. [i853. 
 
 around the Plaza. Even Montgomery Street boasted only 
 one or two brick and stone blocks. Times were flush, and 
 immigrants from every nation thronged the streets. White 
 sand-hills loomed up everywhere, their dust blinding the 
 eyes. The regiment was placed in Benicia Barracks, a few 
 hours' sail from San Francisco, where it was again detained 
 four weeks by sickness. Panama fever had taken the place 
 of cholera, and many more deaths occurred. 
 
 On the sixteenth of September, the head-quarters, band, 
 and five companies left Benicia by steamer. Six days later 
 they reached Columbia Barracks, now Fort Vancouver, on 
 the Columbia River, in Washington Territory — one of the 
 loveliest sjiots in the world, among sjmimetric pines, 
 spruces, and firs, whose trunks and branches are gorgeous 
 with yellow moss. The fort stands on a pleasant bluft' 
 half a mile back from the most beautiful river of our 
 continent. In front Mount Hood towers grandl}\ The 
 bold mountain and the fair landscape at its feet are always 
 enchanting, but especially so in the sparkling freshness of 
 May or June. 
 
 The buildings of the post erected by Quartermaster 
 Rufus Ingalls, consisted of two-story barracks of lumber 
 for the soldiers, and one-story log quarters, with balconies 
 looking out upon the river, for the officers. 
 
 The nearest civilization was a few miles away at Port- 
 land, Oregon, then a little settlement in the woods with a 
 single street of one-story frame houses. Thither went our 
 martial heroes for dancing parties and other amusements, 
 though through the winter they had clever theatricals at 
 the garrison, which Grant keenly enjoyed. 
 
 The neighboring land afforded excellent hunting of deer, 
 elk, bears, and blue grouse, and the clear lakes abounded 
 in ducks, geese, swans, and delicious trout. These luxuries, 
 and the finest salmon in the world, caught in the Columbia, 
 enabled the officers to fare sumptuously every day. 
 
 Some parties were sent out against the Indians, but 
 Grant's duties as regimental and post quartermaster, to 
 which latter position he was appointed in the spring of 
 1853, kept him at the fort. It was the depot of stores for 
 
1853.] EVTEIITAIXS GeORGE B. McClELLAN. 131 
 
 interior and remote posts, and also for fitting out expe- 
 ditions, and bis work was mncli more absorbing tlian at 
 any time since the Mexican war. 
 
 As he had to receive and ship supplies, his residence 
 was on the bank of the river, in a large two- story dwelling. 
 It was sawed and framed in Boston, and carried around 
 the Horn to California ; but in 1850 Imnber grew so cheap in 
 San Francisco that Quartermaster Robert Allen bought 
 it for one thousand dollars, and shipped it to Ingalls. 
 After paying for its transportation it was the cheapest, as it 
 was the best house at the post. It was known as " Quar- 
 termaster s Ranch . ' ' 
 
 Here in April, 1853, ari-ived Lieutenant George B. 
 McClellan, of the engineers, to survey the west end of a 
 proposed Northern Pacific Raihvay. Grant was kept busy 
 for some weeks in fitting out the expedition, and McClellan 
 was his guest. The two young officers, who had known 
 each other in Mexico, were thrown much together, eating at 
 the same table, and sleeping under the same roof, for nearly 
 three months. Did any suspicion ever stir their hearts of 
 the high place which one was just to miss, and the other 
 easily to gain ? 
 
 The former drum-major of the Fourth relates that he was 
 indebted to Grant for the unromantic but utilitarian gift of 
 a sow. Pigs Avere pigs in that market, thanks to the 
 wonderful development of California, and the recipient soon 
 found himself the possessor of a small fortune obtained by 
 selling a dozen at forty dollars apiece. An officer states 
 that he and the quartermaster shipped potatoes and other 
 produce to San Francisco, and sometimes obtained rich re- 
 turns. 
 
 Grant cared nothing for dancing, and very little for 
 hunting. But he bought one of the finest horses in the 
 Territory, and found his daily recreation in galloping 
 through the beautiful woods. A brother officer writes : — 
 
 " One morning while sitting with some comrades in front of the officers' 
 quarters, we observed Grant riding on his fine horse toward Major Hatha- 
 way's battery, which was in park about two hundred and fifty yards distant. 
 As Grant drew near the guns, and we were observing the motions of his 
 
132 "How Cleak-Headed Sam Grant is." [isss. 
 
 fine animal, we saw liim gather the reins, take a tighter grip on his cigar, 
 pull down his hat firmly on his head, and seat himself securely in the saddle. 
 ' Grant is going to leap the battery,' cried two or three of the oflicers, and 
 we all stood up to see him do it. He ran his horse at the pieces, and put him 
 over the four guns one after another as easily and gracefully as a circus rider." 
 
 He remained at Fort Vancouver for more than a year, 
 widely known and liked. His quarters were the temporary 
 home of all visitors. He was an admirable host, and made 
 his guests thoroughly welcome. There was always quiet 
 enjoyment, and sometimes boisterous hilarity at the quarter- 
 master' s hearth, when old army friends, or favorite civilians, 
 were there for a night. His comrades did not fail to notice 
 the singular vividness and comprehensiveness with which 
 he narrated the stirring engagements of the war, and how 
 accurately his memory like an open book reproduced not 
 detached incidents, but the action of the whole ami}' as a 
 unit — what it tried to do, what it accomplished or failed 
 in, and what errors weakened its plan. After one of these 
 talks, they would remark : — 
 
 ' ' How clear-headed Sam Grant is in describing a battle ! 
 He seems to have the whole thing in his head." 
 
 In August, 1853, he was promoted from a brevet captain 
 to a full captain in his regiment, to fill a vacancy caused 
 by the death of Captain Bliss, famous as Taylor s adjutant- 
 general during the Mexican war. Early in October he 
 started for Fort Humboldt, California, to take command of 
 his company, F. Shortly after, during a visit to San Fran- 
 cisco, in conjunction with three other officers, he leased the 
 Union Hotel, on Kearny Street — later a part of tlie City 
 Hotel — for a sort of club billiard-room, at live hundred 
 dollars per month. Subscriptions were obtained, and the 
 enterprise might have been successful had the officers been 
 better business men. Grant could not give it his personal 
 attention ; agents were derelict or dishonest, and the rents 
 did not come in. After advancing a good deal of money, 
 he suffered as usual for believing other men as just and 
 honest as himself, and the house was given up. The old 
 lease is still preserved as one of the curiosities of San 
 Francisco. 
 
1853.] A Captain at Fort Humboldt, California 133 
 
 Grant spent several months commanding his company at 
 Humboldt, a post two hundred and forty miles north of 
 San Francisco, and seventy south of the Oregon line, built 
 for protection against the Indians. The barracks and offi- 
 cers' quarters were of hewn timber, plastered \^'ithin, and 
 adorned with outside chimneys of stone. They stood on a 
 plateau surrounded by pleasant prairies and dark woods 
 of spruce and pine, and affording a sj)lendid view of Hum- 
 boldt Bay. 
 
 The only town in the vicinity was Eureka, three miles 
 from the fort. It was originally and accurately surveyed 
 by James T. Ryan, with an instrument improvised of two 
 vials and a bit of wood. Ryan had all the versatility which 
 new countries bring to the surface. He wanted to build a 
 saw-mill, but labor was high, and machinery scarce. So 
 he bought the old steamer Santa Clara, and took her up the 
 dangerous coast to the new city of Eureka. Just before 
 starting his compass was stolen. He found a little river- 
 compass, with the glass broken, and taking a pane from liis 
 pilot-house window, cut out a circular piece with a pair of 
 scissors while holding it under water, and fitted it into the 
 top of his instrument, by the aid of which he ran his steamer 
 safely into Humboldt Bay. Then raising her uj)on the 
 ground without moving the machinery, he used her power to 
 drive a saw-mill beside her, in which he employed sixty men 
 and cut out eighty thousand feet of lumber per day. This 
 ingenious and typical pioneer was afterward elected a briga- 
 dier-general of militia, and a member of the California Senate. 
 In 1861 Senator McDougall thus introduced him to Abra- 
 ham Lincoln : — 
 
 "Mr. President, this is General Ryan, a loyal neigh- 
 bor of mine, who can build a cathedral and preach in it, a 
 ship and sail it, or an engine and run it.'' 
 
 When Grant was at Fort Humboldt, Eureka consisted of 
 Ryan' s mill and twenty houses. It was a pleasant situa- 
 tion, and its hospitalit}^ made it a favorite resort for the 
 officers. Rj^an kept a barrel of whisky always on tap, and 
 his well-furnished table was supplied with venison, ducks, 
 geese, snipe, grouse, chicken, sweet milk, and biscuits of" 
 
134 Living o'n the Fat of the Land. [is53. 
 
 Genesee tiour ; for in those days California obtained wheat 
 from New York instead of shipping her own to Gotham and 
 even to London, China, and Japan. 
 
 Commnnication with San Francisco was solely by water, 
 and ships were from ten days to six weeks on the way. 
 They brought mails without the least regularity. The offi- 
 cers looked out anxiousl}^ every morning for a sail, and Avhen 
 one appeared, galloped down to Eureka for their letters or 
 a stray newspaper. A number of Indians employed about 
 the mill gave picturesc[ueness to the little town. Sometimes 
 an evening was enlivened with a dance, when the few 
 women of the neighborhood were in great demand. 
 
 Among Ryan s possessions was a horse called Eclipse, 
 for which our captain had a special admiration. Twelve 
 3^ears later, when Grant was at City Point, just before his 
 final campaign, Ryan called on him, and found him with 
 Sheridan and Sherman, their heads bent over a map. 
 Grant, who never forgets an old acquaintance, instantly 
 recognized him, inquired for his family, for the old saw-mill, 
 and particularly for Eclipse, saying : — 
 
 " He was the finest horse I ever saw west of the Rocky 
 Mountains."' 
 
 An officer remembers that, asked how he liked the clams 
 which abound there, Grant pronounced them "a first-rate 
 substitute for gutta-percha oysters." 
 
 He frequentl}^ visited his brother-in-law, Lewis Dent, 
 who was running a ferry-boat at Knight's Ferry, on the 
 Stanislaus River, and was at one time interested in that en- 
 terprise. There are traditions in the neighborhood of Grant' s 
 liel]3ing to run the boat, and once, when in a peculiarly 
 jovial mood, of his appearing on the road driving three 
 horses tandem at a spanking pace, with three buggies in long- 
 procession whirling after, to the amazement of the villagers. 
 In truth, some relief seemed necessary, for life at Hum- 
 boldt was insufi'erably dull. The line captain's duties were 
 fewer and less onerous than the quartermaster' s had been, 
 and the discipline was far more rigid and ii^ksome. No 
 greater misfortune could have happened to him than 
 this enforced idleness. He had little work, no family with 
 
1854.J Resig:n"S and Returns Home. 135 
 
 him, took no pleasure in the amusements of his brother offi- 
 cers — dancing, billiards, hunting, fishing, and the like — and 
 riding alone, however inspiriting, may grow monotonous 
 after several months of it ! Tlie result was a common one — 
 he took to liquor. Xot by any nie'ans in enormous quanti- 
 ties, for he drank fiir less than other officers, whose reputa- 
 tion for temj^erance was unsullied ; but with his peculiar 
 organization a little did the fatal work of a great deal. 
 Like Cassio, he had very ^loor brains for drinking. The 
 weakness did not legitimately belong to his character, for 
 in all other respects he was a man of unusual self-control, 
 and thoroughly master of his appetites. AVho can tell 
 whether subtle Xature grafts upon us a new trait, or trans- 
 mits an old one from the fathers to the children to the third 
 and fourth generation ? Who can tell how far this had 
 been acquired from the influences of boyhood and army 
 life, and how far inherited from an ancestor, generations 
 back? Our captain had not yet learned the truth which 
 enabled him afterward to bring this propensity under abso- 
 lute control — that total abstinence was the only safety for 
 an organization like his. 
 
 He was guilty of no gross indecorum or misdeed ; but 
 he fell so far under the influence of this insidious foe, that 
 an intimation reached him that official notice would be taken 
 of it, if he did not place his resignation in the hands of the 
 commandant to be ■ forwarded to Washington, at the first 
 repetition of the offense. Grant received this information 
 with his usual serenity. He was anxious to be once more 
 with his family, jind he peremptorily and instantly declined 
 to hold his commission by anybody's favor. He sent in 
 his resignation to take effect July thirty -first, 1854, remark- 
 ing to a friend : — "'Whoever hears of me in ten years, will 
 hear of a well-to-do old Missouri farmer." 
 
 He returned to !New York, where he arrived forlorn and 
 poor. Some brother officers at Governor' s Island were glad 
 to lend a little money to their old comrade in his ill fortune. 
 He then went to Sacketf s Harbor to find the former sutler 
 of his regiment, who had received from him many personal 
 and official favors, but whr) liad suddenly sold out at Fort 
 
136 His Foetuses at a Low Ebb. [i854. 
 
 Taiicoiiver and gone lionie, during Grant's temporary ab- 
 sence, owing liim sixteen linndred dollars of borrowed 
 money. He found this person, but neither then nor after- 
 ward recovered a cent of the debt. It wounded him ver}' 
 deeply — the treachery- far more than the loss. Tlie scurvy 
 debtor was afterward an army officer, and in some sense at 
 the mere}" of Grant, whose indignation he feared. But the 
 General was too large to wreak personal revenges, and never 
 showed him s^iecial disfavor. 
 
 The tide in the affiiirs of Captain Grant now seemed to 
 have passed the flood whicli leads on to fortune, and to 
 threaten that liis future vovage should be 
 
 "Bound in shallows and in miseries." 
 
 It had certainly fallen to its lowest ebb. He returned to 
 Xew York moneyless and dislieartened. But he had 
 written to his father, who innnediately sent Simpson, tlie 
 younger brother, to relieve his embarrassments. He reached 
 home to find heartiest welcome. After several weeks in 
 St. Louis, he and Mrs. Grant paid a visit to his father's at 
 Covington, which lasted from September until the middle 
 of November, and then they returned to Missouri. 
 
 He was thirt}'-two years old, with a family to support 
 and without any means except sound health, the stimulant 
 of warm afiection, and that indomitable and ''equal mind" 
 which dares Fortune to do her worst. 
 
CAI'T. grant's KESIDENCE IN AND ABOUT ST. LOflS. 
 
1854.] FouK Years' Residence at Gravois. 139 
 
 CHAPTER IX 
 
 FARMER. 
 
 The autumn of 1854 Captain Grant passed with the 
 Dents, then living on Walnut Street, St. Louis. The 
 colonel, however, remained in charge of his farm and ne- 
 groes at Gravois, where, before winter, his family and his 
 son-in-law joined him. Here Grant remained four years, 
 residing alternately in "Whitehaven," the old family man- 
 sion, at " Wishtonwish," a pleasant little cottage erected by 
 his brother-in-law Lewis Dent, and at " Hardscrabble," a log 
 house which he himself had built. The Whitehaven farm 
 is cut in twain by Gravois (rocky bed) Creek, from which 
 the neighborhood takes its name. The long, low, spacious 
 homestead, with its great stone chimneys at either end, its 
 wide and hospitable porch, its whitewashed negro-quarters 
 in 'he rear, and its barns of logs and stone, looks out from 
 among tall locust and spruce trees upon broad, green mead- 
 ows, sunny orchards, and sober woods. Three-quarters of 
 a mile south stands Wishtonwish (Indian, whip-poor-will), 
 a picturesque cottage, in a park of noble oaks ; and one 
 mile northwest, Hardscrabble. where Grant made himself a 
 home, and, carrying out his purpose, became "a steady- 
 going farmer." Our views of the three places, all substan- 
 tially the same when Grant lived upon them, are carefully 
 copied from photographs. The others on the same page, 
 showing the St. Louis residences, are also from photographs, 
 except the house on the corner of Seventh and Lynch, 
 which is from a sketch. 
 
 Colonel Dent had given sixty acres of the Whitehaven 
 tract to Julia and her husband. Here, hi a pleasant grove 
 of young oaks, the captain chose an elevated spot a hun- 
 dred feet back from the road, as the site of his log dwelling, 
 and here he reared his air-castle. Not very imposing archi- 
 
140 Builds a House and Hauls Wood. [^s56. 
 
 lecture the latter — only a pleasant home, the loves that hal- 
 low it, and the competence that provides for it. He hauled 
 the stones for the cellar of his material habitation, the logs 
 for its walls, and the shingles, which he had split with his 
 own hands, for its roof, xlt the "raising," all the neigh- 
 bors came with their negroes to assist, after the helpful 
 custom of the new country. Grant had three or four 
 slaves, given to his wife by her father, but the}' were more 
 trouble than help to him. He was too kind-hearted to en- 
 force unpaid and reluctant labor with severity. So he took 
 the brunt of the work until his excellent constitution suf- 
 fered seriousl}'. 
 
 The life of a farmer was not all his fancy had painted it — 
 by no means so comfortable as riding after the Cicotte mare, 
 or ordering provisions for a little garrison. Though he 
 raised two hundred bushels of potatoes to the acre, and pro- 
 duced much wheat, which then commanded a high price, 
 with quiet humor he named the little place " Hardscrabble " 
 as an accurate description of his struggle to wrest a living 
 from it. It was Avell stocked with fire- wood, which the ne- 
 groes cut and loaded, while he hauled large quantities to St. 
 Louis. 
 
 Of course, he drove the best of horses ; and as one who 
 knows a good beast is always merciful to it, he never rode on 
 the loaded wagon, but trudged Ten miles to market. ''The 
 horses," he would sa}', "have enough to draw without car- 
 rying a lazy rider." His pet pair, a bay and a gray, 
 he permitted nobod}' but liimself to drive, and with them he 
 would take seventy- bushels of wheat to St. Louis. His 
 boast was, that they could draw a heavier load than any 
 other horses in the neighborhood. At first the adjacent 
 farmers supposed it only a boast, but after working side 
 by side with him they found that the captain was authority 
 on horses. On the road, with invariable good-nature, he 
 would frequently unhitch his own strong team to help 
 neighbors or strangers out of the mud. Many leading St. 
 Louis families bought their Avood of Grant, and yet remem- 
 ber how he threw off the loads at their doors, pocketed 
 his money, mounted his wagon, and rattled briskly home- 
 
3856.] His Heart Warm toward Old Comrades. 141 
 
 ward. Sometimes lie would discharge such a cargo at Jef- 
 ferson Barracks — where he had been on duty for a year as 
 second lieutenant — and have a chat, a cigar, and a glass of 
 wine with the officers when his work was finished. 
 
 Hauling wood ten miles at four dollars a cord was not 
 very remunerative, but it was Grant" s easiest mode of making 
 money. 
 
 In the blue army overalls of a private soldier, a slouched 
 hat, which had a tendency to turn up before and down be- 
 hind, and heavy boots with pantaloons tucked into them, he 
 was any thing but a fop, and guests at the Planters" House 
 "used to stare a little when he went in to dine with his 
 friends. 
 
 Toward old army comrades his heart warmed always. 
 In general he was strictly temperate, though there are tradi- 
 tions that once or twice meeting a brother officer of the 
 Mexican war he sent his team home by the first negro he 
 could find, and the two, making a night of it, went over their 
 old conflicts, till each 
 
 " Grew vain ; 
 Fought all his battles o'er again ; 
 And thrice he routed all his foes, and thrice he slew his slain." 
 
 But these were rare exceptions. Coppee, a fellow-stn- 
 dent at the Military Academy, relates one of the ordi- 
 nary instances : — 
 
 " Grant, with his whip in hand, once came to see me at the hotel where 
 were Joseph J. Reynolds, then a Professor at West Point, D. C. Buell, and 
 other officers. I remember that to our invitation to join us at the bar, he 
 said: — " I will go and look at you ; but I never drink any thing myself" 
 
 Officers frequently rode out to Hardscrabble to see him, 
 and sometimes on the way down would meet him coming 
 to town with a load of potatoes. Then he would turn back 
 for a few pleasant hours at the farm with his old compan- 
 ions in arms. 
 
 In 1856, Mrs. Dent, the mother of his wife, died. Like 
 all her family, she had become greatly attached to her son- 
 in-law, and she often spoke of an impressive dream which 
 
14:2 Visits his Bkothees at Galena. [isse. 
 
 she interpreted as indicating that he would one day rise to 
 some very high position. 
 
 During the same summer the tedium of the farmer' s life 
 was broken Iby a visit to Galena, where his brothers now 
 carried on the tanning and leather business of their father. 
 For several years before they succeeded to it, Jesse Grant 
 and E. A. Collins had conducted it jointly, there and 
 at Cincinnati. The dissolution of the old firm kindled 
 anew Jesse's rhyming propensities, and he appended the 
 following to the regular legal notice in the Galena papers : — 
 
 "In Eighteen Hundred Forty- one 
 Our partnership was first begun ; 
 We two then became as one 
 
 To deal in leather. 
 Some little business we have done 
 
 While together. 
 
 " For a dozen years we've toiled together 
 In making and in vending leather ; 
 Suited to every stage of weather, 
 
 E'en dry or rain ; 
 But now a time has come to sever, 
 And we are twain. 
 
 "E. A. Collins is still on hand, 
 And occupies his former stand, 
 In which he alway held command, 
 
 To buy or sell. 
 As matters now are being planned 
 
 May he do well. 
 
 " J. R. Grant the old off-wheel, 
 As quick and true as smitten steel, 
 Doth still a strong desire feel 
 
 To do some more. 
 Expect then soon within the field 
 
 A bran new store. 
 
 "Our hearty thanks we humbly send 
 To every customer and friend 
 Who has stood by us to the end 
 
 With free good will, 
 And add, ' In future we intend 
 
 To serve you well.' 
 
1856.] A Black Ski^st, but a Teue Heart. 143 
 
 " Now, one thing more we have to say 
 To those who owe — ' We want our pay!' 
 Then send it ou without delay — 
 
 The full amount; 
 For still we have some debts to pay 
 
 Ou inrm account." 
 
 Jesse, carrying out his boyish resolution, had retired from 
 active "business at sixty, leaving the aflfairs of the new store 
 to Simpson and Orvil, with whom their brother now enjoyed 
 a pleasant visit. 
 
 After the captain's return from Galena a second brother 
 of Mrs. Granf s j)roposed to make the long, perilous over- 
 land journey to the Pacific, One of the colonel's negroes 
 begged that he might be sent as a protector to ' ' Young 
 Mass'r John." Consent was given. Grant provided the 
 outfit, and when a neighbor suggested that on reaching a 
 free State George might leave '' Mass' r John " to shift for 
 himself, he replied : — 
 
 ' ' I don' t know why a black skin may not cover a true 
 heart as well as a white one. Besides, I have long ago 
 tested George's intelligence and honesty, and I trust him 
 thoroughly." 
 
 George made the trip — a friend more than a servant — 
 and in time was fully installed in charge of the business at 
 Knight' s Ferry, in California, where he built him a cabin, 
 married a squaw, and rapidly accumulated children and 
 property. 
 
 But the ca^Dtain was not always so confident. One 
 day, near a grocery, a neighbor's negro beset him for "a 
 quarter." 
 
 ''For what?" 
 
 " To buy me a paper of tobacco." 
 
 Grant stepped in and bought the tobacco for the Afri- 
 can. When asked why he had not given the money, he 
 replied : — 
 
 " Oh, Tony would have spent that for whisky." 
 
 On the day of tlie Presidential election in 1856, return- 
 ing from St. Louis, where he had taken a load of corn, he 
 passed, in his abstracted way, the polling-booth of his dis- 
 
144 Graxt Casts his Fiest Vote. [i856. 
 
 trict ; but remembering presently what day it was, he re- 
 flected a moment. For Buchanan he had no admiration ; 
 but then he was not altogether free from the army and slave- 
 holding prejudice against abolitionists and against the 
 Pathfinder, whose name just then was so stirring the hearts 
 of the 3"oung men of the North. 
 
 "I will go back," said he, "and vote against Fre- 
 mont. ' ' 
 
 So he tied his horses to a tree, walked back to the polls, 
 and put in his ballot for the democratic ticket^ — the first 
 rote of his life, and one of which he lived to be heartily 
 ashamed. 
 
 An old citizen declares, that in those days he could not 
 have borrowed a hundred dollars in that country neighbor- 
 hood. This may be an exaggeration of the fact that he was 
 sorely straitened for money ; but he was neither penurious 
 nor wanting in public spirit. For a poor widow in a neigh- 
 boring county, who had been burned out and her children 
 left without shelter, he raised, by personal effort, a sum 
 sufiicient to relieve her. And when asked to contribute for 
 the building of a new church, he replied : — 
 
 ' ' I am very glad to ; we ought to have a comfortable 
 place for preaching. I don't attend as much as I should, 
 but Julia and the children do. We ought also to have a 
 Sabbath-school in the neighborhood." 
 
 While living at Wishtonwish one winter, he discov- 
 ered that some interloper was cutting and carrying away 
 wood from the Hardscrabble tract, two miles distant. On 
 a bright moonlio-ht night he started to catch the thief. 
 While sitting upon a stump, he heard a team coming, and 
 hid liimself. A burly fellow, who rented a neighboring 
 farm, stopped his horses within fifty feet of him, chopped a 
 tree, cut it up, loaded it, and then started for the main road. 
 Grant took a short cut. intercepted him, and accosted him 
 with an air of stirprise : — 
 
 "Halloo. Bill! going to St. Louis with your wood, I 
 suppose r' 
 
 "Y— es."' 
 
 " How much do you ask for it ?" 
 
1858.] An Adventure with a Wood Thief. 147 
 
 " About four dollars." 
 
 " Well, I'll take it. Bring it over to my house." 
 
 " No ; I have promised it to a man in town." 
 
 "But I must have it. Now there's no use in hesi- 
 tating ; you must haul this load to my house, and pay 
 me twenty dollars for what you have cut and carried 
 away before. That won't be more than half price, you 
 know. ' ' 
 
 " If I don't, I suppose you'll sue me before the squire V 
 
 " No, we won't trouble the squire or the public, l:)ut will 
 settle the matter right here and now. ' ' 
 
 And the captain, his sense of humor giving Avay to his 
 indignation, sprang forward and seized by the collar the 
 huge trespasser, who instantly cried : — 
 
 "Hold on I ril do it; but don't say a word to any- 
 body." 
 
 The wood was delivered, the money paid, and the thiev- 
 ing discontinued. 
 
 Grant' s neighbors found him, though very sociable, silent 
 about persons of whom he could not speak well. Often he 
 kept his hearers sitting up until midnight around the wide- 
 mouthed cheerful tirej)lace at Hardscrabble or Whitehaven, 
 listening intently to his vivid narrations of army expe- 
 riences. Though exceedingly amiable, and ready to give 
 or take a joke, he was possessed of a certain dignity wliich 
 made it impossible to impose upon or be too familiar with 
 him. 
 
 He was called the most industrious farmer in the whole 
 country. His hands had grown hard and horny, and his 
 frame rheumatic and bent, as if from pi-emature old age. 
 Yet in these four years he had been unable to " make both 
 ends meet," and his father liad advanced him some two 
 thousand dollars. Farming was a failure, and it was time to 
 find some other employment. 
 
 Hany Boggs, an intimate friend who, witli his wife, 
 a niece of Colonel Dent's, had been present at Grant's 
 wedding, was in business in St. Louis as a real estate agent 
 and collector. One day in the autumn of 1858, Grant, 
 while in the city with a load of corn, met Boggs and said :— 
 9e 
 
148 Geai^t a]S'd Boggs form a PART:^fEESHIP. [JJ^ss, 
 
 " The old gentleman is trying to persuade me to go into 
 business with some one, and he speaks of you. He thinks 
 I could soon learn the details, and that my large acquaint- 
 ance among army officers would hring enough additional 
 customers to make it support both our families." 
 
 "I have worked hard to build it up," replied Boggs, 
 ' ' and I do not want a partner unless he can increase it, 
 but I think you can. Come and see me the next time you 
 are in town." 
 
 Then, like a wise man, Boggs consulted his wife. She 
 favored the project, thinking that from the large circle of 
 Grant's and her uncle's friends the patrons would be 
 largely re-enforced. So Grant and Boggs agreed upon a 
 partnership. 
 
1859.] GrRANT LiVES IN CaMP StYLE. 149 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 EEAl, ESTATE AGE2fT. 
 
 On the first of January, 1859, the new firm began. The 
 partners knew each other so well that no written agreement 
 was necessary. Xo change was made in the office, but 
 the little sign at the door was changed to correspond to the 
 new style, and this business card was issued : — 
 
 H. SOeCS. V. B. GE&ST. 
 
 COHECT BENTS. MGOTIATE LOANS. BUY AND SELL EEAE 
 ESTATE, ETC., ETC. 
 
 Setveeu Second asd TMid, 
 
 SAINT X,OUXS, MO. 
 
 At first, Grant left his family at Hardscrabble. He 
 could not afford quarters at a hotel or even at a boarding- 
 house, but Boggs, who lived at two hundred and nine South 
 Fifteenth Street, had an unfurnished room which he was in- 
 vited to occupy. He lived in it in genuine camp style. There 
 was no carpet, and a bedstead with one mattress and a 
 wash-bowl standing upon a chau' were the only furniture. 
 Here Grant remained for two months, taking his breakfasts 
 and suppers at the house, and on Saturday nights walking 
 
150 Conducts Business in Boggs's Absence. [i859- 
 
 out to Hard scrabble. He was always at liis city home of 
 an evening, and was ver}' quiet and companionable. 
 
 Early in the spring he sold at auction his farming 
 tools and stock and rented Hardscrabble. Then he re- 
 moved to St. Louis, and took up his i-esidence in a little 
 frame house on the corner of Seventh and Lynch Streets. 
 It was near the river, not altogether a pleasant neighbor- 
 hood, but the rent was only twenty-five dollars per month. 
 
 The old office of Boo-o-s and Grant stood — thouo-h in 
 the chano'ed nunilierino; it was desio;uated as two hundred 
 and nineteen— in Pine Street, one of the narrow St. Louis 
 thoroughfares which unfortunately have never been burned 
 out and widened since the old French rule. Tlie law-firm oc- 
 cupied the entire lower floor of the ancient brick dwelling, 
 of which we present an accurate view. It consisted of two 
 large rooms, connected by folding doors. Beside a front 
 window looking out on the street, stood the desk of Boggs & 
 Grant. Here, talking through the open window with cus- 
 tomers on the side- walk, Boggs negotiated man}' a loan 
 and heard the gossip of many a summer afternoon. The 
 projecting sign bore the words: "Boggs & Grant. Real 
 Estate Agents. Money loaned on Real Estate security.'* 
 
 Boggs, who had a good man}^ houses to rent, and a good 
 many tenants to collect of. inducted his new partner into the 
 business by taking him about town and introducing him 
 to all the leading customers. Then, at the suggestion of 
 Colonel Dent, he left Grant to look after the business while 
 he visited Philadelphia, where, as a young man, he had 
 resided for many years and formed acquaintances among 
 wealthy citizens. Money in Philadelphia was worth but 
 five or six per cent., while in St. Louis ten per cent, was 
 legal interest and fifteen often the current rate. 
 
 He succeeded in effecting an arrangement with one capi- 
 talist in Philadelphia and another in New York to let the firm 
 have four hundred thousand dollars at eight per cent., to 
 loan out in small sums secured on real estate. Returning to 
 St. Louis early in March, in excellent spirits, he advertised 
 that Boggs & Grant were ready to advance money on real 
 estate at ten per cent., the borrower paying the tAvo per 
 
i 
 
1859.] St'ffeks fkom Ague a^'d Riieumatism. 153 
 
 cent, additional to cover exj)enses of examining titles and 
 negotiating the loan. 
 
 Like all advertisements "which offer money instead of 
 asking it, tliis brought hundreds of applicants, but the 
 firm rejected some as unsafe, and the attorneys of the East- 
 ern capitalists — who, it was agreed, must be satisfied with 
 the securities — refused to accept others. The end of the 
 promising scheme was that Boggs & Grant made about 
 enough out of it to pay the expenses of the senior partner' s 
 eastern trip. 
 
 The captain engaged in the new business "with all his 
 energy, though incapacitated somewhat for the first four 
 months by ague and rheumatism which he brought from 
 Hardscrabble. Often, during the spring afternoons, his 
 "chill" would come on, and so weaken him that McClellan 
 or Hilly er had to support him to the Third Street omnibus, 
 b}^ which he rode homeward. 
 
 Boggs, on his return, found that Grant had diligently 
 collected the rents, and let all the vacant houses to good 
 tenants, except one, in which a plausible but undesirable 
 woman had established herself. She was afterward got rid 
 of only by the combined and persistent efforts of the land- 
 lord and the two agents. 
 
 If Grant ever neglected his duties, it was when lie called 
 upon some army officer mth a bill for rent. Then he some- 
 times would light his cigar, discuss for an afternoon the old 
 campaigns, and quite forget that he was junior partner in 
 the firm of Boggs & Grant, real estate agents, %vitli an un- 
 receipted bill for rent in his pocket. 
 
 His quickness at figures was of great service to Boggs 
 when a customer stopped at the window to get a note dis- 
 counted at a trifle higher than the legal rate. Nevertheless, 
 the senior partner, from the serene heights of long business 
 experience, ratlier looked down upon the junior, who care- 
 fully performed a clerk's duties, and meekly accepted a 
 round scolding when of a morning, as sometimes happened, 
 he was late at the office. Occasionally it would be ten or 
 eleven o'clock before he took his place at the desk, pleading 
 in extenuation that Mrs. Grant, who had several children to 
 
154 Trades Off Haedsceabble. [i^^g. 
 
 care for, was late with tlie breakfast. The "scrabble" in 
 town was quite as hard as it had been in the country. A 
 lady, whose husband had requested her to call on Mrs. 
 Grant, asked on her return : — 
 
 ' ' Why did you send me there ^ The house is shabbily 
 furnished, and they must be very poor." 
 
 The husband replied that Grant was a most estimable 
 gentleman, though with little business capacity. On fur- 
 ther acquaintance she became devotedly attached to Mrs. 
 Grant, and formed a friendshij) which long continued. 
 
 Grant traded Hardscrabble with an attache of the Court- 
 House for a frame cottage on the corner of Ninth and Barton 
 Streets, with a high roof and pleasant overhanging shade- 
 trees. To this dwelling, then quite in the outskirts of the 
 town, he removed in July, 1859, and occupied it during the 
 remainder of his residence in St. Louis. 
 
 When Grant took the house, there was a mortgage upon 
 it for fifteen hundred dollars, which the former owner as- 
 sumed, giving as security a deed of trust on Hardscrabble. 
 A year or two later, when the deed fell due, he failed to pay 
 it ; so Grant was compelled to sue for the recovery of Hard- 
 scrabble, and several years of litigation followed. After 
 Donelson and Yicksburg, when the case was in court in 
 St. Louis, an old woman who had lived near by was on the 
 witness stand. In reply to questions, she stated in detail 
 who had lived in this house. One year it was Jones, the 
 next Smith, and so on.' 
 
 " Who lived in it in 1859 V' asked the lawyer : — 
 
 " Some man by the name of Grant," she replied. 
 
 " Do you know where he is now V 
 
 " I think he is somewhere in the war. It seems to me I 
 have lieard of him there y 
 
 So great was the law's delay, that onl}" in 1867 did 
 Grant recover Hardscrabble. He now owns it, and has 
 also bought Wishtonwish and the Whitehaven house, with 
 six hundred acres of the old place. 
 
 The earnest captain tried hard for success in business. 
 He dressed plainly, and Avalked in and out of the busy 
 office without attracting any attention. The three attorneys 
 
1859] How HIS Friends Regaeded Him. 155 
 
 tliouglit liim laboring under some special depression of 
 spirits. His eyes, always sad, were then unusually so. 
 His favorite theme was still the battles he had fought, but 
 he related them in a matter-of-fact wa}^, Avithout the least 
 halo of imagination or romance. He was minutely ac- 
 quainted with the Italian war then in 2)rogress. He studied 
 newspapers, pored over maps, and frequently said : — 
 
 "This movement was a mistake. If I commanded the 
 army, I would do thus and so." 
 
 The attorneys would smile, and think it of very little 
 consequence what their humble acquaintance would do 
 under such impossible circumstances. They did not believe 
 much in village Hampdens, or mute inglorious Miltons, but 
 they enjoyed his chat. When night came, he would not go 
 home as long as an}' one remained to talk or listen. 
 
 Hilly er and he discussed politics a good deal, for an 
 anti-slavery controversy was raging in the slave State of 
 Missouri. Hilly er's sympathies were republican, Grant's 
 democratic. Hillyer, quick and fluent, would lead his op- 
 ponent off to side issues, but Grant, following slowly, 
 always brought him back to the main question, and held 
 him to it tenaciousl}'. 
 
 The firm did not make enough to support two families. 
 Grant' s friends were glad to lend him money, for his gen- 
 uineness and uprightness had won greatly upon them ; but 
 still they looked upon him in that patronizing wa}' with 
 which egotistic Success is wont to regard modest and be- 
 wildered Unpracticality. The}' thouglit him a little out of 
 place on this bustling sphere — one of the "people such as 
 hang on the world' s sku'ts rather than actually belong to 
 it." Still they were a good deal drawn to him, and ear- 
 nestly hoped — the most ambitious hoj)e they had for him — 
 that some day he might succeed in earning a good liveli- 
 hood. 
 
 The partners had many conferences upon their affairs, 
 and Grant saw the necessity for some change. Just then 
 the county engineership of St. Louis became vacant. It was 
 a post worth nineteen hundred dollars a year, and one for 
 which Grant's West Point education rendered him thor- 
 
156 Applies for the County Engineeeship. [i859. 
 
 ouglily competent. Therefore lie determined to get it, and 
 thus increase the revenues of the firm. The appointment 
 rested with the county commissioners, to whom he wrote 
 the following business-like application :— 
 
1S59.] IXDOESEMENTS 01^ THE APPLICATIOX. 157 
 
 
 V^ -^^..^ 
 
 There was another applicant, C. E. Salomon, a lorother 
 of Governor Salomon of Wisconsin. He was a German, 
 known to be a good surve^^or, and frequently seen at 
 his professional work. His superior activity was an advan- 
 tage, and he was also strongly ^Dressed by the German 
 citizens Avho cast more than half the entire vote of the 
 county. Grant stood second in the estimation of the com- 
 missioners, though there were many other a^Dplicants. But 
 Salomon quite overshadowed him, and the record shows 
 the result : — 
 
 "September 22, 1S59. Ordered by the board, that C. E. Salomon be, 
 and he is hereby appointed County Engineer: to hold until otherwise 
 ordered by this board, at a salary of one hundred and sixty dollars per 
 month." 
 
 The vote stood three for Salomon, two for Grant. During 
 the war Salomon became colonel of one of the German reg- 
 iments, and fought under Lyon at Springfield. He long 
 
158 BoGGS AND Graxt Dissolve Paetxeesiiip. [is59. 
 
 held tlie count}' engineersliip. Grant believes tliat Ills 
 failure to get it was most fortunate ; tliat if lie had obtained 
 it, he might, perhaps, have plodded along until now, in 
 the St. Louis court-house. But his disappointment was 
 bitter. Nineteen hundred dollars per annum was the purse 
 of Fortunatus to the modest captain, and, with unusual 
 earnestness, he longed for the position. The obtaining of it 
 would have gladdened his heart far more than the General- 
 ship or the Presidency in later years. It was not a ques- 
 tion of personal feeling, but of making sure provision for 
 the loved ones at home. 
 
 This project failing, in September, after a life of less than 
 nine months, the iirm of Bogss & Grant, real estate ao'ents 
 and money lenders, came to an untimely end. 
 
1860. J The Captain Disappointed Again. 159 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 THE LEATHER STORE. 
 
 Captain Grant next obtained a temporary position in 
 the St, Louis custom-house, l)ut in less than a month the 
 collector died, and he was again out of employment. 
 Througli the fall and winter he sought work in many 
 places, but found it nowhere. These were dark days, but 
 he bore them calmly and jDatiently. Early in the new year, 
 he sent in this second application for the engineership, 
 based on a current rumor : — 
 
 " St. Louis, February 13, 1860. 
 "President County Coiumissioners : — 
 
 '• Sir : Should the office of county engineer be vacated by the will of your 
 honorable body. I would respectfully renew the application made by me in 
 August last for tliat appointment. I would also beg leave to refer you to 
 the application and recommendations then submitted, and on file with your 
 board. 
 
 "1 am, sir, respectfully, your obedient servant, U. S. Grant." 
 
 But the vacancy did not occur, and he was destined to 
 live no longer in St. Louis. 'Now, his old acquaintances 
 are fond of talkmg of the shy, unpractical man, ^^hose 
 future they so little suspected, but whose slightest words 
 they recall vnth. keen interest. One lady remembers his 
 almost gii'lish fondness for her flower-garden, a taste which 
 he has manifested through his entire life. 
 
 He never told coarse stories and was never j)rofane. 
 His stroirgest language was the pointless Western impre- 
 cation, ''Dog on it," or the mild oath, "By lightning." 
 The restraining influence of his mothers teachings, oper- 
 ated so powerfully that he has never uttered an oath in 
 his life. At least his nearest friends assert this with so 
 much emphasis and unanimity that I think the solitary 
 exception already related must be fabulous. He said :— " I 
 
160 Visits his Fatiiek at Covixgtox. [iseo. 
 
 always disliked to hear anybody swear except Rawdins." 
 Old army comrades wlio remember the peculiarly vigorous 
 and eloquent anathemas of the chief of staff will under- 
 stand the exception. 
 
 In one i-es2:)ect had Grant been specially fortunate. Dur- 
 ing all these years of poverty and struggle, his wife brought 
 to him that utter devotion, sympathy, faith, and love of a 
 sweet, true-hearted woman, which has buoyed up so many 
 a sufferer Aveighed down by heavy burdens. Her tender- 
 ness and fidelity were so warmly returned, that she looks 
 back on their life in St. Louis as one of exceeding happi- 
 ness. 
 
 They had now four little mouths to feed ; so, in the 
 spring of 1860, Grant paid a visit to liis father, at Coving- 
 ton. Kentucky, to discuss his future. For six years Jesse 
 had left the chief conduct of his Galena business in the 
 hands of Simpson and Orvil, though he still owned it, 
 and tlie name of the house stood ''J. R. Grant." To the 
 brothers the father referred the case of Ulysses. They offered 
 him a place in the store at an annual salary of six hundred 
 dollars for the present. If he liked and proved useful, 
 Jesse intended to give him an interest, but not so large 
 a one as to his brothers, who liad assisted in building up 
 the concern. 
 
 The father had already gratified his ambition for a com- 
 petency. Six years later he found himself worth one hun- 
 dred thousand dollars, and determined to make over his 
 property to his children. Ulysses desired none of it, in- 
 sisting that he had done nothing toward accumulating it, 
 and that the Government had provided amply for him. So 
 Jesse only gave one thousand dollars each to the children of 
 Ulysses, to aid in educating them, and divided the remam- 
 der between his other surviving sons and daughters. 
 
 In his seventy -fifth year, he still resided in Covington, 
 where he was postmaster of the city, and gave daily per- 
 sonal attention to the duties of his office. He weighed a 
 hundred and ninety pounds was broad-shouldered and 
 erect, had straight brown hair, shaggy eyebrows, full over- 
 hano-ing: forehead, and a frino-e of silverv-brown whiskers. 
 
1860.) Settles in Galeka, Illinois. 161 
 
 He was a little deaf in one ear, and his eyesight was, fail- 
 ing, but he was singularl}' clearheaded, and remeinl)ered 
 dates with ^^erfect minuteness. With good opportunities 
 in boyhood, he would have beceme prominent and influ- 
 ential in public affairs. 
 
 March, 1860, Ulysses removed to Galena, Illinois, on 
 the Galena Eiver, four miles above its junction with the 
 Mississippi. The little city of six or seven thousand people 
 had a curious Swiss look. The river cut it in twain, and 
 the narrow and cro^\'ded main street threaded the valley 
 while on the north side a bluff rose like a I'oof for t^vo 
 hundred feet. 
 
 Upon the summit, and in terraces along the side perched 
 most of the residence s. One ascended to them by wooden 
 steps, leaving the top of the tallest sj^ire far below. 
 
 Galena, in the midst of the richest lead region in the 
 world, underlying half a dozen counties of Illinois, Iowa 
 and Wisconsin, had fourteen thousand inhabitants a num- 
 ber of years ago. Then all the lead was brought to the 
 city to be shipped ; people and wagons crowded the nar- 
 row streets, and a Tower of Babel went up in the form of 
 an enormous brick hotel, containing two hundred rooms. 
 Its owners, who named it the De Soto House, builded rasher 
 than they knew. If the ghostly form of De Soto stalks 
 through its deserted halls, they must remind him of the pri- 
 meval quiet which he found on reaching the Mississipi^i. The 
 intrusive railway, giving to half a dozen little stations equal 
 facilities for shipping lead, has cut down the magnificent 
 expectations of Galena, and left her far behind Dubuque, 
 Iowa, nineteen miles distant, and on the other side of the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Near Galena, in early days, Winfield Scott, Jefferson 
 Davis, Albert Sidney Johnston, David E. Twiggs, and 
 other well-known army officers, were frequently stationed. 
 E. D. Baker, the Oregon senator, who was killed at the head 
 of his regiment at BalFs Bluff' in 1861, and William H. 
 Hooper, Congressional delegate from Utah, were both old 
 residents of the vicinity. At Hazel Green, Wisconsin, ten 
 miles north, sleeps James G. Percival, the modest and lov- 
 able poet, the accomplished linguist and savant. 
 
162 A Clerk ij^ the Leather Store. [is^o. 
 
 G-ranf s father-in-law, Colonel Dent, was likewise famil- 
 iar witli Galena in early days, and erected one of the very 
 first buildings. He traded with the miners, supplied the 
 military posts above with provisions, and ascended to the 
 Falls of St. Anthony on the first steamer which ever ven- 
 tured up to that point. Indian warriors, squaws, papooses, 
 and dogs, on the approach of the boat, fied to the nearest 
 American fort, and reported that an evil sj)irit, belching fire 
 and smoke, was coming to destroy them. 
 
 Grant took the little dwelling shown in our picture. It 
 was on the top of a picturesque bluff, and he had to climb 
 stairs two hundred feet high every time he went home from 
 the store. The leather-house had a capital of one hundred 
 thousand dollars, and its annual business reached the same 
 amount. It dealt in shoe-findings, saddlery hardware, 
 French calf, fancy linings, and morocco, all bought in 
 the East, and in domestic leather tanned in the chestnut- 
 oak woods of Ohio, from hides purchased in Galena. 
 
 The captain cheerfully began his new duties. He Avore 
 a rough working dress and his favorite slouched hat, and 
 smoked a clay pipe incessantly. He was temperate in 
 every thing else, for he had totally abstained from drink for 
 several years. He was courteous and popular with all 
 who met him on business, but never sought acquaintances. 
 He was a very poor salesman, could not chaffer, and did 
 not always know the price of an article. So, whenever a 
 difficult or an important customer was to be dealt with, 
 Orvil, Simpson, or one of the clerks took him in charge. 
 
 He weighed leather for filling orders, and bought hides, 
 which he frequently unloaded and carried into the store 
 on his shoulders. One day Rowley, clerk of the Circuit 
 Court, sent down for leather to cover a desk in his office. 
 The captain walked up to the court-house with the leather 
 on his back, measured it, cut it, and tacked it on. A year 
 and a half later. Grant was a major-general in the field, 
 and Rowley a captain on his staff". 
 
 During one of the periodic depressions of western cur- 
 rencj^, the house bought pork and shipped it to Xew York 
 to pay Eastern bills, and saved the enormous price of ex- 
 

 "J ^p p^-^apKHfl^"^^ 
 
 
 RESIDENCE c LC JA ii,60 i 
 
 C UT (,H\Nr IN ( ULN\ 1^00 f)l 
 
1860.J A Hard Struggle for a Livixg. 
 
 165 
 
 change. One day some farmers, who had brought a load of 
 pork, asked for gold instead of notes, to pay their taxes. 
 The clerk offered it at a rate which Grant thought exorbi- 
 tant, so he suggested that they go to the bank and learn 
 the current premium. The result was that they saved 
 twelve dollars. Could such a man be expected to succeed 
 in trade i 
 
 In truth, Grant felt out of place. The life was distaste- 
 ful to him. Jesse spent a few weeks in Galena every year, 
 but the business was mainly in the hands of Orvil, thirteen 
 years the younger, a fact whicli could not have been 
 pleasant to the elder brother. An old neighbor remarks : — 
 
 '•Though ver}^ unnoticeable he attended to business faith- 
 fully and talked a great deal, but always about places that 
 he had seen — never of what he had read. His conversation 
 was entertaining, but fact, and not fancy, interested him." 
 
 '•I first encountered him," says another, "coming down 
 the hill toward the store with Orvil. He wore a blue over- 
 coat and old slouched hat, and looked like a private soldier. 
 He had not more than three intimates in the whole town." 
 
 The bread and butter question was still a serious one. 
 The rent of the dwelling was only one hundred and twenty- 
 five dollars per annum. Much of the time Mrs. Grant had 
 no servant, but took the whole care of her house and the 
 four children. Her husband had no extravagant habits ; 
 though not naturall}^ frugal, he was now so perforce. 
 Still, the six hundred dollars a year proved utterly in- 
 adequate to support him. It was raised to eight hundi-ed, 
 but even upon this- he was unable to live. The want 
 of money hampered him, and he went to the war con- 
 siderably in debt, but paid every dollar from his earliest 
 earnings in the army. 
 
 Who will ever forget the autumn of 1S60 — the Presiden- 
 tial campaign which stii-red every county in the Union and 
 proved the last before the great rebellion. The Lead Re- 
 gion was thoroughly alive. Galena, — a democratic city, — 
 was in the strongest republican Congressional district of 
 the United States. Elihu B. Washburne, a leading public 
 man of the Xorthwest had been its representative for 
 
166 Graxt is a Douglas Democrat, [iseo. 
 
 tliree years, "but Captain Grant liis townsman, was so incon- 
 spicuous a citizen that Wasliburne did not even know 
 liini. 
 
 Two of tlie four Presidential candidates being popular 
 Illinoisans, there were practically but two parties in that 
 State — the Lincoln and the Douglas party. Each little town 
 had its Douglas club, audits "• Wide- Awake " or republi- 
 can club. The Galena "Wide-Awakes selected for their 
 captain, John E. Smith, an old militia officer. 
 
 The Douglas club, delighted that Grant's s;y^n2mtllies 
 were democratic, while his father and brother were both 
 radical republicans, and also desiring the benetit of his pro- 
 fessional training, elected Ttim captain, but he absolutely 
 declined to serve, alleging that he had not been long enough 
 in Illinois to vote, and also that he wished to attend to 
 business, and not meddle in politics. 
 
 One evening, chancing to be in the hall where the Wide 
 Awakes were drilling, he instructed them for a few minutes 
 on the invitation of their captain. This was the only 
 active part he took in the canvass, but his proclivities Avere 
 decidedly for Douglas. Before the end of the campaign, 
 that candidate made a speech in Dubuque, and Grant went 
 to hear him. After returning, he was silent, until asked : — 
 
 " How did you like Judge Douglas ?" 
 
 " He is a very able, at least a very smart man." replied 
 Grant, "but I can't say I like his ideas. If I had the legal 
 right to vote I should be more undecided than ever." 
 
 His friends inferred that he thought he detected some un- 
 fairness or demagoguer}-. At all events, after this his sym- 
 pathies tended toward republicanism. Rowley tried to 
 convince him tbat he was a legal voter, as, comi^uting his 
 residence from the day he arrived alone from St. Louis, he 
 had been in Illinois a year ; but dating from his arrival 
 with his family, it was less. Orvil interrupted : — 
 
 " Now you had better let Ulysses alone. If he were to 
 vote he wouldn't vote our ticket.'' 
 
 "I don't know about that.'' replied the captain: "I 
 don't quite like the position of either party. I never voted 
 but once, and that was aa'ainst Fremont.'' 
 
I860.] But is Convekted to Republic anism. 167 
 
 "You ought to be ashamed of having voted for Bu- 
 chanan." 
 
 "I didn't ; I voted against Fremont. I thought it would 
 be a misfortune for the country if he should be elected. 
 Otherwise I have never meddled with politics." 
 
 The election came. A party of young republicans sat 
 up to receive the returns by telegraph, and before midnight 
 learned that Abraham Lincoln had been chosen President. 
 Then tliey had a jollification at the leather store. The 
 captain assisted his brothers to play the host, dispensing 
 oysters and liquors, of which all except him partook. He 
 seemed as much gratified as any one at the result, and from 
 that time was regarded by his friends as a moderate re- 
 publican. 
 
 Through the exciting winter which followed the election, 
 Grant manifested far more interest in public afiairs than ever 
 before, and was positive in his condemnation jf the inde- 
 cision and imbecility of President Buchanan. In Decem- 
 ber, he wrote a letter, of course not designed ever to be 
 made public, but from which I can not resist the temptation 
 to take two or three extracts, as showing his personal hopes 
 and his views on public affairs, expressed in the full frank- 
 ness of intimate friendship : — 
 
 "In my new employment I have become pretty conversant, aaJ am 
 much pleased with it. I hope to be a partner soon, and am sanguine thdt a 
 competency at least can be made out oftlie business. 
 
 "How do you all feel on the subject of Secession in St. Louis? The 
 present troubles must affect business in youi* trade greatly. With us the 
 the only difference experienced as yet is the difficulty of obtaining Southern 
 exchange. 
 
 "It is hard to realize that a State or States should commit so suicidal an 
 act as to secede from the Union, tliough from all the reports, I have no doubt 
 but that at least five of them will do it. And then, with the present granny 
 of an executive, some foolish policy will doubtless be pursued which will 
 give the seceding States the support and sympathy of the Southern States 
 that don't go out. The farce now going on in southern Kansas is, I presume, 
 about at an end, and the St. Louis volunteer General Frost at their head, 
 covered all over with glory. You will now have seven hundred men more 
 in your midst, who will think themselves entitled to live on the piildio 
 for all future time. You must provide office for them, or some of them may 
 declare Missouri out of the Union. It does seem as if just a few men have 
 IOr 
 
168 Disturbed about Public Affairs. [isgo. 
 
 prodneed all the present difficulty. I don't see M-by by the same rule a few 
 hundred men could not carry Missouri out of the Union." 
 
 Business was dull. In the daytime, friends lounged in 
 the store, and during the long winter evenings there were 
 euchre parties, at which Grant smoked his pipe, but not 
 with his usual serenity. The national troubles weighed 
 upon his mind, and he expressed gravest apprehensions for 
 the future. A friend suggested : — 
 
 "There's a great deal of bluster about the Southerners, 
 but I don't think there's much fight in them." 
 
 • ' Rowley, ' ' replied Grant, earnestl}', ' ' you are mis- 
 taken ; there fs a good deal of bluster ; that' s the result of 
 their education ; but if they once get at it they Avill make a 
 strong fight. You are a good deal like them in one respect 
 — each side under-estimates the other and over-estimates 
 itself." 
 
 Few in either section believed that there was serious 
 business at hand. The Xorth thought the South would not 
 fight, because it blustered so much ; the South thought the 
 North would not, because it blustered so little. Our san- 
 guine theorists believed that the diff'usion of civilization and 
 Christianity had turned the swords into plowshares — that 
 hereafter diplomacy, and not war, was to be the final arbiter 
 in great disputes. Our republicans laughed at conserva- 
 tives, who had long been crying ' ' Wolf, wolf ! ' ' and made 
 "Union-saving"" — because always synonjnnous with some 
 dishonorable concession to slavery — a term of reproach. 
 Conservcitives replied with a feebleness which seemed to 
 indicate that even tliey did not believe much in their own 
 fears. There was a portentous hush and expectancy. It 
 was the quiet that presages the earthquake. 
 
1861.] Fort Sumter is Fired on^. 169 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 THE LONG ROLL. 
 
 The em"bers so long smoldering blazed at last. On 
 Friday, April twelfth, 1861, came news that South Carolina 
 rebels had attacked Fori Sumter. Then, with clinched lips 
 and flashing eyes, Galena, like the rest of the iS'orth, waited 
 the issue for two days. 
 
 Monday, the fifteenth, brought intelligence of the cap- 
 ture of the little fortress. The "wolf" had come, and side 
 by side old fearers and old scoffers sprang up to drive 
 him away. The prairies were on fire. In Galena business 
 was suspended. At the leather store, thronging visitors 
 from town and country all talked of the one theme. The 
 quiet captain had never been so excited. His conversation 
 was no longer of horses, or adventures in the Mexican war. 
 He said : — 
 
 "I thought I had done with soldiering. I never ex- 
 pected to be in military life again. But I was educated by 
 the Government ; and if my knowledge and experience can 
 be of any service, I think I ought to offer them." 
 
 The next evening a meeting was called at the large stone 
 court-house. Before the gathering, the town was paraded by 
 a band of musicians, bearing the Stars and Stripes. Every- 
 where they were received with enthusiastic cheers ; for it 
 had just dawned upon the people that the American flag 
 was something more than a pretty plaything — that it was 
 the symbol of national unity and free government — of 
 the fruition of all that the fathers hoped, struggled, and 
 died for. 
 
 Among others on the way to the meeting was John A. 
 Rawlins, a young Galena lawyer, of humble birth and self- 
 education. Though recently admitted to the bar, he had 
 already gained a large practice, and was the most popular 
 
170 Meeting in the Galena Court-House. [is^i. 
 
 man in his Congressional district. In the Presidential cam- 
 paign, jnst ended, he had been the Douglas candidate for 
 elector; and in "stumping" Avith his republican competi- 
 tor, he had won high reputation as a popular orator. 
 
 Douglas was the leader, the very soul of the Xorth- 
 western democracy, and as yet Douglas had not been heard 
 from. Friends said to Eawlins : — 
 
 " It is an abolition light ; do not mix in ; if you do, }^ou 
 will injure our party.'' 
 
 " I don't know anything about party now," he replied. 
 "All I know is, traitors have fired on our flag." 
 
 The hall was filled to overflowing. Mayor Brand, a 
 democrat, was called to the chair. In taking it he intima- 
 ted that the republicans had bi'ought on the threatened 
 national convulsion. He favored some "honorable com- 
 promise," and opposed making war upon any portion of 
 our common country. 
 
 His weak-kneed honor sat down. Eliliu B. AVash- 
 burne, the sturdy rejDresentative of the district in Congress, 
 sprang to his feet and began fervidly : — 
 
 " Mr. Chairman, any man who will try to stir party pre- 
 judices at such a time as this, is a traitor I" 
 
 Shouts of applause followed. Then Washburne offered 
 a series of resolutions, pledging the people to support the 
 Grovernment in maintaining the integrity of the Union and 
 the supremacy of the flag, recommending the immediate 
 formation of military companies, ready for any call, and, 
 concluding : — 
 
 " Finally, we solemnly resolve, that having lived under the Stars and 
 Stripes, by the blessing of God we propose to die under them !" 
 
 Amid loud cheering Washburne took his seat. Then on 
 every side rose the cry, " Rawlins !" " Rawlins !" 
 
 The slender, erect, young lawyer, elbowed his way 
 through the dense throng, up to the little open space on the 
 platform, where his pale face, coal-black hair, and flashing 
 eyes, could be seen by the entire audience. He was still 
 thoroughly angr}' at the advice of his political friends. He 
 spoke in a deep, rich voice, whicli would have filled a hall 
 
 i 
 
1861.] A Grand Speech fiiox Rawlins. 171 
 
 teu times as large. For three-quarters of an hour, amid 
 profoundest silence, he reviewed the past ; the real or fan- 
 cied wrongs of the slave-holders ; the good faith in which 
 the northern democracj^ had fought their battles under the 
 constitution ; the "blood and toil expended in the founding 
 and defending of tlie Republic ; the cheerfulness with 
 which minorities, hitherto out-voted, had submitted to the 
 will of the majority — as on the Missouri Compromise, the 
 Mexican war, and the Kansas-Xebraska bill. That was 
 the American wa}' — to trust the future, the good sense, 
 justice, and sober second thought of the people. Warming 
 with his subject, he made a most cogent and stirring argu. 
 ment. Finally, his voice filling every corner of the old 
 court-house, and ringing out like a trumpet over narrow, 
 winding streets, and sharp hills, he rose to his climax : — 
 
 " I have been a democrat all my life ; but this is no lon- 
 ger a question of politics. It is simply country or no 
 country. I have favored every honorable compromise ; 
 but the day for compromise is passed. Only one course is 
 left for us. We will stand by the flag of our country, 
 
 AND APPEAL TO THE GOD OF BaTTLES ! " 
 
 The effect was electric. The audience sprang to their feet, 
 and gave cheer after cheer for the old flag, for Major Ander- 
 son, and for the maintenance of the Union at whatever cost. 
 
 Captain Grant was present. Though he had known 
 Rawlins as the attorney for the leather-house, he had no 
 intimate acquaintance with him, but this speech so 
 thoroughly expressed his own feelings, that, from that 
 hour, his heart went out to the young orator. As they 
 walked homeward, he said to Orvil : — 
 
 " I think I ought to go into the service." 
 
 "I think so too," replied his brother. "Go, if you 
 like, and I will stay at home and attend to the store." 
 
 Two evenings later (Thursday), witnessed another meet- 
 ing for raising volunteers, and again the court-house was 
 crowded. At the hour, John E. Smith, the militia captain, 
 arose, thumped on a seat, and said: — "The meeting will 
 come to order. I nominate for chairman Captain Ulysses S, 
 Grant. ' ' 
 
172 Grant PpwEsides at another Meeting. [isgi. 
 
 The motion was carried. Many citizens were familiar 
 with Grant's name since his election as president of the 
 Douglas clnb, but not a hundred persons in Galena knew 
 him by sight. The audience looked on Avith curiosity, 
 while a small stooping gentleman, in an old blue army over- 
 coat, with a rusty black hat in his hand and his head thrown 
 a little awkwardly on one side, passed tlu'ough the crowd up 
 to the platform. 
 
 He took the chair with a few remarks, during which all 
 were struck by his composure and fluency of speech — qual- 
 ities which he has never exhibited since when called before 
 the public. But then, like every one else, he was nerved 
 up by the great occasion. He stated that the object of the 
 meeting was to raise and equip a company, and in reply 
 to a question about military organization — of which nine- 
 teen-twentieths of the people were entirely ignorant — he 
 explained the number of men and officers in a company 
 and regiment, and the duties and i~)ay of each. 
 
 Rolls were immediately opened for volunteers. A. L. 
 Chetlain— afterward brigadier-general — and nine or ten 
 others, recorded their names. Rawlins suggested that the 
 original list be carefully preserved, as autographs of the 
 men who first enlisted might one day be valuable. 
 
 In twenty-four hours there were fifty-one volunteers, 
 and within a week the roll was full, and two hundred had 
 been rejected. The comjDany joined the Twelfth Illinois 
 regiment of three months' men. 
 
 On Saturday morning, Rowley, entering Grant's store, 
 said : — 
 
 " Captain, there's to be a meeting for raising volunteers 
 at Hanover to-night, and Rawlins and I are going. Suppose 
 you go with us. 
 
 ''I think I will. Come down after dinner, and Orvil 
 and I will take the ponies and drive 3"ou over.'' 
 
 The meeting was held in a school-house, and Grant 
 presided. After excellent speeches by Rawlins and 
 others, the captain, for the first time in his life, was 
 asked to address an audience. He replied in his matter- 
 of-fact way : — 
 
1861.] He makes his First Speech. 173 
 
 " I don't know any thing about making sj)eeelies ; that 
 is not in my line ; "but we are forming a company in Galena, 
 and mean to do what we can for putting down the rebellion. 
 If any of you feel like enlisting, I will give you all the in- 
 formation and help I can." 
 
 Man}- names were enrolled. At eleven o'clock the meet- 
 ing closed. On the way home the young men talked about 
 military life and the rebellion. 
 
 Rowley. — "I guess the seventy-five thousand troops 
 the President has called for will stop all the row.'" 
 
 Graxt. — " I think this is a bigger thing than you sup- 
 pose. Those fellows mean fight, and Uncle Sam has a heavy 
 job on his hands. If I am needed I shall go." 
 
 Rawlins (jestingly). — "Captain Grant, supj^ose we get 
 up a company for the war ; you shall be captain, and Row- 
 le}^ and I "v^ill toss up to see which shall be first lieutenant 
 and which second." 
 
 Grant replied that he thought himself competent to com- 
 mand a company. 'No one could tell how long the war 
 might last, as the rebels were brave and desperate. Many 
 West-Pointers who sympathized with them liad good natural 
 talents, in addition to the very great advantage of a military 
 education, and would make excellent officers. 
 
 The Galena recruits, ignorant of military outfit and du- 
 ties, constantly consulted Grant, who gave all the desired 
 information, and devoted four days to drilling them. He 
 was their first choice for captain, but he declined to run ; 
 so Chetlain, who aspired to the position, was elected. Wash- 
 burne, busy about many things, as yet knew little of Grant ; 
 but one day, Collins, Jesse's old partner — a peace democrat 
 — accosted him on the street : — 
 
 ' ' A pretty set of fellows your soldiers are, to elect Chet- 
 lain for captain !" 
 
 "Why not r' 
 
 "Oh, Chetlain is well enough, but he hasn't had any 
 experience. They were foolish to take him when they could 
 get such a man as Grant." 
 
 " What's Grant's history?" 
 
 " 'Whv, he is old man Grant's son, was educated at West 
 
174 Goes with Washburne to Springfield. [isei. 
 
 Point, served in the army eleven years, and came out with 
 the very best reputation.'' 
 
 Washbnrne called upon the ex-officer, and they had a 
 talk. Grant said : — 
 
 "I left the army, expecting never to return. I am no 
 seeker for position, biTt the country, which educated me, 
 is in sore peril, and, as a man of honor, I feel bound to 
 offer my services for whatever they are worth." 
 
 "Captain," replied Washbnrne, "we need just such 
 men as you— men of military education and experience. 
 The Legislature meets next Tuesday f several of us are 
 going to Springfield ; come along— you will surely be 
 wanted." 
 
 " I guess you "svill have to get along without me hereaf- 
 ter," Grant said to his brothers. " Uncle Sam educated me 
 for the army, and, though I have served through one war, I 
 am still indebted to him. Xow he is likely to want all the 
 help he can get." 
 
 To Springfield the captain went with Washbnrne, Rus- 
 sell Jones, and another leading republican, all particularly 
 glad to secure him, because he had sympathized with the 
 democracy. 
 
 The Legislature met. Grant took quarters at the Cheney 
 House, and waited for events. All was confusion. Officers 
 in uniform rushed hither and thither, sending off" telegrams, 
 and giving orders excitedly, without system or organization. 
 The military hero of the hour and the State, Captain John 
 Pope, could bring no order out of this chaos. 
 
 Washburne and his friends urged Governor Yates to 
 give Grant a position ; but other men had political claims, 
 and in the bewildering scramble there was much delay. 
 Grant, simple-hearted and unselfish, was shocked and dis- 
 gusted at the self-seeking all around. He said, vehemently : 
 ' ' This is no place for me. I will go home to Galena. I will 
 not be an office-seeker, and I can't afford to stay here idle." 
 "Hold on a little, captain,'" replied Washburne ; "every 
 thing can't be done in a moment. Have patience." 
 
 * April 23d. 
 
1861.] A ClEEK IX THE GoVEllNoRS OFFICE.. 275 
 
 Thus, day after day, Grant's restlessness was soothed. 
 The prospect loa-s discouraging. Already he had tendered 
 his services to the C-fovernment at Washington, and the 
 adjutant-general had not even the grace to answer his let- 
 ter. His name had l)een mentioned to the governor of his 
 native Ohio, but no commission had been offered. Xow, 
 in his adopted Illinois, there seemed to be no place for him. 
 
 His Galena friends ke^^t him in Springlield with the 
 greatest difficulty. Finally, about the first of May. Gov- 
 ernor Yates, after asking him if he could tell liow many 
 men and officers there were in a company .and in a regi- 
 ment — which was more than his excellency yet knew — took 
 Grant into his office as clerk and military adviser to him- 
 self and his adjutant-general. The latter had no printed 
 fonns for transacting the important business of his office. 
 Grant ruled sheets of paper until blanks could be printed, 
 systematized the whole business, and turned it off with the 
 greatest ease. He consulted no books, having at his iinger- 
 ends all needed information ; yet he did his work so un- 
 demonstratively that neither governor nor adjutant-general 
 was particularly impressed with his capacity. 
 
 The office work once reduced to mere clerical routine, 
 Grant assumed more imj^ortant duties. On the fourth of May 
 he was put in command of Camp Yates, during the tempo- 
 rary absence of Captain Pope. Xext he mustered in several 
 new regiments, including the Twenty-iirst, at Mattoon. 
 He was called "captain." but he had neither uniform nor 
 commission. 
 
 T7ie VicJisburg Sun, of May thirteenth, commented with 
 glee upon a report of "one Captain U. S. Grant," to the 
 governor, that Illinois boasted just nine hundred muskets, 
 of which C)nly sixty were in serviceable condition. It drew 
 a ludicrous picture of the Prairie State and her ex-captain, 
 with three-score rusty guns, coming to conquer the South. 
 They learned something more in Vicksburg. l:)y and by, of 
 "one Captain U. S. Grant"" and of Illinois soldiers. 
 
 Toward the close of May, he went home on a brief visit. 
 On his way back to Springfield, a friend asked : — 
 
 ''Why don't you put in for one of these Illinois regi- 
 
176 Made Coloxel of the Twenty-fiest. [isei. 
 
 ments I As things are going, I don' t kno^v why you are 
 not as much entitled to a colonelcy as any one/' 
 
 "To tell yon the truth, "' replied Grant, after a moment's 
 hesitation, " I would rather like a regiment, pel 17/ ere are 
 few men realli/ competent to command a thousand soldiers, 
 and I doid)t whether I am one of them y 
 
 By the tenth of June all the regiments had been muster- 
 ed in, and Grant went on a visit to his father, in Covington. 
 His old friend McClellan, was in command at Cincinnati, 
 just across the river, and Grant called upon him twice. 
 He did not propose to ask for an appointment, but thought 
 that McClellan might invite him to come on his stafl'. For- 
 tunately, he did not find that general at his office on either 
 occasion. 
 
 Meanwhile there was trouble in the Twenty-first Illinois 
 Infantry, at Camj) Yates. Colonel Goode, its commander, 
 a large, fine-looking man, a Kentuckian by birth, had been 
 in the Mexican war, the Lopez expedition against Cuba, and 
 the Kansas border troubles. At the out]^reak of- the re- 
 bellion he was city clerk at Decatur, Illinois. He raised a 
 companj', and finally rose to the colonelcy of the Twenty- 
 first. But wliat experience ever taught one, not l:>orn to it, to 
 control men '. 
 
 The troops became insubordinate ; many deserted ; and 
 it became evident that tlie colonel was utterly incompetent. 
 The govei'noi", therefore, refused to coninrission liim,"^- and 
 about this time, meeting a book-keeper from tlie Galena 
 store, asked : — 
 
 " What kind of a man is this Captain Grant ^ Though 
 anxious to serve, he seems reluctant to take any high posi- 
 tion. He even declined mj' ofier to recommend him to 
 AVashington for a brigadier-generalship, siij'ing he didn't 
 want office till he had earned it. What does he want ?" 
 
 "The way to deal with him," replied the book-keeper, 
 "is to ask him no questions, but simply order him to duty. 
 He will obey promptly." 
 
 * Goode afterward sought to re-enter the regunent as a private, but was refused. 
 He then became a Peace Democrat, and in 1868 met his death in a personal rencoun- 
 ter in Missouri. 
 
1861.] Hi- Mex Like Falstaff"> Soldiers. 177 
 
 Thereupon the governor dispatched to Grant : — 
 
 "Yon are this day appointed colonel of the Twenty-first 
 Illinois Volunteers, and requested to take command at once." 
 
 This was on Saturday. Before the telegram reached Cov- 
 ington, Grant had started on his return. Spending Sunday 
 with his old classmate, J. J. Reynolds, at Terre Haute, In- 
 diana, he was again in Sj)ringfield on Monday morning, and 
 immediately iDegan the duties of his new position. Of his 
 commission, dated on the sixteenth of June, Yates declared: 
 
 "It was the most glorious day of my life when I 
 signed it." 
 
 Colonel Grant found his new regiment in the Avorst pos- 
 sible condition. The men mosth^ without tents, without 
 uniforms, and as ragged as Falstaff's recruits, wore their 
 oldest clothes, after the manner of volunteers about to get, 
 new suits from the Government. They were chiefly fanners' 
 sons, of fine physique — the best raw material for good sol- 
 diers, but utterly demoralized by want of discipline. Gen- 
 eral John E. Smith* says of the colonel' s first visit to his 
 command — 
 
 "I went with him to camp, and shall never forget the scene when his 
 men first saw him. Grant was dressed in citizen's clothes, au okl coat worn 
 out at the elbows, and a badly damaged hat. His men, though ragged and 
 barefooted tlieinselves. had formed a high estimate of what a colonel should 
 be, and when Grant walked in among them, they began making fun of him. 
 They cried in derision, 'What a colonel." 'D — n such a colonel,' and made 
 all sorts of fu!i of him. And one of them, to show off to the others, got 
 behind his back and commenced sparring at him, and wliile he was doing 
 this another gave him such a push that he hit Grant between the shoulders." 
 
 The soldiers soon learned that their quiet commander 
 was not to be trifled with. One of the first morning roll-calls 
 was an hour late. Grant observing it, simply sent them 
 back to their quarters. There being no morning report, no 
 rations came in that day ; so they begged, borrowed, and 
 bought food wherever they could find it. At the first dress 
 parade several ofiicers appeared -without coats. Said Grant, 
 sharply : — 
 
 * Pepper's Personal Recollections of Sherman's Campaigns. 
 
178 Begiistning of Washbueiste' s Feiendship. i"1861. 
 
 "This is a dress parade. Officers are expected to wear 
 their clothes. Dismiss the men to quarters." 
 
 He turned and walked awav without another word. A 
 few of these sharp penalties and admonitions brought men 
 and officers to their duty In ten days there was tolerably 
 good discipline, and ultimately the regiment became one of 
 the best in the service. iN"otwithstanding his severity, the 
 men grew attached to him, as soldiers always do to officers 
 who are just, self-controlled, and "know their business." 
 
 Before taking the field. Grant paid another flying visit to 
 Galena. He must have an outfit, and no gifts of swords, horses, 
 or money, poured in during these days of obscurity. With 
 genuine human nature, instead of applying to his kindred, 
 he procured the indorsement of Collins, his father's old 
 partner, to his note for three hundred dollars, and with the 
 proceeds bought horse and uniform. 
 
 One Sunday afternoon, during this visit, he rode over to 
 Washburne's, in whose library the two talked for several 
 hours, about the rebellion and the means necessary to crush 
 it. Grant's intelligence, self-abnegation, and clear-headed- 
 ness were so palpable, that they won for him a powerful 
 and enthusiastic friendship, which was never to be shaken 
 in dark days yet to come. 
 
 The regiment had been mustered in for only thirty days, 
 but it re-enlisted for the war. Soon after Missouri called 
 for aid. Governor Yates said : — 
 
 " I Avould send another regiment, if I had transporta- 
 tion."' 
 
 "Order mine," replied Grant ; "I will find transporta- 
 tion." 
 
 Yates did order it to Mexico, in northern Missouri, and 
 Grant marched his men across the country, as the shortest 
 and best way to make soldiers of them. They started in 
 high feather, a good deal more troublesome to their friends 
 than they seemed likely ever to be to their enemies. But 
 the colonel soon put a stop to depredations. The first 
 night he had a number of men tied wp by the thumbs, 
 and in a few days they were as disciplined and orderly on 
 the march as of late they had been in camp. 
 
1861.] His Heart Tender ain'D Leis^ient. 179 
 
 In a week they reached their destination. Pope was in 
 command of north Missouri. Grant, thongli a junior colo- 
 nel, was placed in charge of a brigade. His men had noth- 
 ing to do but guard railway trains and bridges, and occa- 
 sionally make short marches in pursuit of the SAvarming 
 bushAvhackers. On one excursion, several soldiers obtained 
 Avhisky, and soon began to stagger. Grant immediately 
 halted the regiment, went through the ranks, examined 
 each canteen and emptied out liquor Avherever he found it. 
 He had the men tied behind baggage wagons till they grew 
 sober, and sharply reprimanded the officers for permitting 
 such a gross abuse. 
 
 While in civil life, he once said to a friend : — 
 
 "If a man wants promotion in the army, he should re- 
 sign and take advantage of the first war to go in for 
 promotion. He is morally sure of a higher position." 
 
 Now, encountering Grant in the field, this friend asked : — 
 
 " Well, are you going in for promotion now V 
 
 "No, I am nicely fixed at Galena. To tell you the 
 truth, I would not go back to the regular army short of a 
 colonelcy, and I know very well that I could not get that." ■ 
 
 NotAvith standing his love of discipline, his heart was 
 tender and lenient. A colonel asked his counsel as to 
 hoAV he should deal with a boyish volunteer who had left 
 an excellent home, but Avas noAV falling into bad company, 
 gambling, and neglect of dutj'. Grant replied : — 
 
 " The army is a hard jDlace. It Avill ruin a great many 
 young men. Talk to him and try to teach him" more self- 
 control. Do every thing to counteract the evil influences 
 of camp-life, but don't punish him, unless you find it ab- 
 solutely necessary, for that brings a sense of degradation." 
 
 The regimental chaplain Avas in the head-quarters mess.- 
 Shortly after he joined the regiment, Grant said to him :— 
 
 "Chaplain, Avhen I AA^as at home, and ministers stopped 
 at my house, I ahvays invited tliem to ask a blessing at the 
 table. I suppose it is quite as much needed here as there, 
 and I shall be glad to have you do it Avhenever Ave sit doAvn 
 to a meal." 
 
 In July began a special session of Congress. Illinois 
 
180 Made Brigadiek-General. [^sei. 
 
 had thirty- six regiments in the field. President Lincoln 
 sent a printed notice to each of her senators and represent- 
 atives, requesting them to recommend four soldiers for briga- 
 diers, in the desired order of rank. 
 
 The delegation met at the parlor of Senator Trumbull, in 
 Eighth Street. Washburne, urging that the northwest cor- 
 ner of the State had sent many troops, and was entitled to 
 a brigadier, placed Grant in nomination. Then the delega- 
 tion voted for each candidate separately. Grant was the 
 only one who received every vote, therefore he stood at the 
 top of the list. Hurlbut, Prentiss, and McClernand fol- 
 lowed in the order named. 
 
 Nearly forty other appointments were made the same day, 
 the seventh of August, but the commissions dated back to 
 the seventeenth of May. Grant stood number seventeen 
 on the list. Above him were Franklin, Sherman, Buell, 
 Pope, Hooker, Kearny, and Fitz John Porter. He knew 
 nothing of his good fortune until one morning the chaplain, 
 brought him a morning paper from St. Louis, saying : — 
 
 "Colonel, I have some news here that will interest 
 you." 
 
 "What is it?" 
 
 " You are made brigadier-general." 
 
 Grant read the announcement and replied : — 
 
 "I had no suspicion of it. It never came from any re- 
 quest of mine. It must be some of Washburne' s work." 
 
 Thus, after two months of command, Grant' s connection 
 with the Twenty -first regiment ended. An account of it 
 from his own hand, concludes : — 
 
 "We did make one march, however, ^om Salt River, Mo., to Flor- 
 ida, Mo., and return, in search of Tom Harris, who was reported in 
 that neighborhood with a handful of rebels. It was impossible to get 
 nearer than a day's march of him. From Salt River the regiment 
 went to Mexico, Mo., where it remained for two weeks, thence to Ironton, 
 passing through St. Louis on the seventh of August, where I was as- 
 signed to duty as a brigadier-general, and turned over the command of 
 the regiment to that gallant and Christian officer, Colonel Alexander, who 
 afterward yielded up his life while nobly leading it in the battle of Chicka- 
 mauga." 
 
1861.] Hillyee's Enthusiastic Client. 181 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 BRIGADIEE-GENERAL. 
 
 Feemont commanded the department, and to Mm the 
 new brigadier reported. The forces near Pilot Knob were 
 expecting to be attacked ; so Grant was placed in charge, 
 and built fortifications. After remaining ten days, and see- 
 ing nothing of the enemy, he was suddenly ordered to Jef- 
 ferson, the State capital, which was also threatened. 
 
 His old friend Hillyer was still in the St. Louis law office. 
 During one of the hottest of dog days in that hottest of cities, 
 while he was lounging at his desk, in rushed William 
 Truesdail,* an old client of the lirm, a man of tremendous 
 energy, who had been every thing ever}' where — merchant, 
 sheriff, real estate speculator, bank-teller, and contractor on 
 New York, Panama, and Texan railways. 
 
 " Ah ! Hillyer," exclaimed the breathless visitor, " glad 
 to see you — been looking everywhere for you — remember 
 Grant i — used to be clerk in your office, you know — briga- 
 dier-general now — commanding at Jefferson City — been 
 there to see him^got a big contract for you and me — told 
 him we were in partnership — he said, ' I' 11 do any thing I 
 can for Hillyer ;' and gave me letter to Hunterschott, the com- 
 missary ; so, I've got a splendid contract — papers all ready — 
 come out and sign them with me. By the way. Grant said 
 he wanted to see you," 
 
 Hillyer looked into the contract, signed it, and a day or 
 two after received a telegraphic request from the General, to 
 accept a place on his staff. Without the least idea of 
 entering the army, but desirous of seeing his old friend, 
 he took a train for Jefferson. But Grant had been 
 
 * Afterward widely known as chief of secret service in the Army of the Cum- 
 berland. 
 
182 A Trap for Jeff TnoMPSOisr. U^ei. 
 
 suiiiiiioned back to St. Louis, and had left word for liini to 
 follow immediately. He did so, aud at the Planter's House 
 found the General, who, seemingly infected by the bustling 
 Truesdail, accosted him : — 
 
 "Come, Hillyer, here's your horse all ready. I have 
 kept a steamer waiting for you three hours. I am going 
 to Cape Girardeau, and want you to go with me on my 
 staff." 
 
 " Why, I haven't enlisted !" 
 
 " No matter for that ; you can enlist on the way." 
 
 "But I've got no clothes, and no money; my wife ex- 
 pects me home to tea, and my business needs attending to." 
 
 " Well, I owe you fifty dollars, and here it is— that will 
 do for money. As for clothes, I guess we have enough 
 among us to supply you. We're ordered to the field, and 
 expect a fight with Jeff Thompson. If you survive it, I'll 
 give you leave of absence to come home and settle your 
 business." 
 
 "But I've just taken a beef contract. I can't keep 
 that and be on your staff." 
 
 " That's a fact ; so you had better give it up and come 
 along." 
 
 Hillyer turned over the contract to a friend, and started 
 down the river. 
 
 "By the way, General,"' he asked, after they had em- 
 barked, " what's to be my rank — and have you got a com- 
 mission for me C 
 
 "AVell, not exactly; but Fremont, who has authority 
 from the Government, promises me he will appoint you. 
 Of course I shall get you the best rank I can. For the 
 present we will call you captain." 
 
 In the evening the two studied minutely the elaborate 
 instructions which had been given to Grant. Jeff Thomp- 
 son's camp was to be surrounded, McClernand coming up 
 from one dkection, Prentiss from another, a third Union 
 column from another, and Grant from Cape Girardeau. 
 
 " A¥ell," said the General, laughing heartily, " this plan 
 will work, except in one contingency. If Jeff Thompson 
 stays where he is, we shall close in upon him beautifully ; 
 
1861.] First Newspaper Description of Gran^t. 1S£ 
 
 but if he happens to move ten or twelve miles, we haven't 
 the least chance of catching him." 
 
 On the steamer was a young journalist, Thomas W. 
 Knox, of the Neio York Herald^ who had just begun his 
 campaigning. Most correspondents, fearing that the war 
 Vv'ould be over before they could witness actual conflict, 
 envied Knox, who had had the good luck to be present 
 at Booneville and AVilson Creek, the first skirmish and the 
 first battle of the West. Now exp)ecting a fight at Cape Gi- 
 rardeau, he meant to be "there to see."' In the evening, 
 he wrote to his journal some account of Grant's personal 
 appearance — the first newspaper descrij)tion of him which 
 ever appeared— closing with an apology for saying so, much 
 about an unknown brigadier : — 
 
 " The General is decidedly uninartial in appearance, and would be the 
 last man among the twenty occupants of the cabin who would be selected 
 as superior officer of all. He is about forty-five years of age, not more than 
 five feet eight inches in height, and of ordinary frame, with a slight tendency 
 to corpulency. The expression of his face is pleasant, and a smile is almost 
 continually playing around his eyes. * * * Thus much I have said, con- 
 cerning him^ as it is possible he may figure prominently in action iefore 
 many weeks.'''' 
 
 On the night after Grant reached Girardeau, a German 
 regiment came with its band, and gave him his first serenade. 
 Hillyer, requested by his chief to acknowledge the courtes}', 
 responded in genuine American rhetoric, telling his martial 
 hearers, Yery few of whom comprehended English at all, 
 that it was the time for deeds, not words. He ajDpealed to 
 their patriotism, and pointed his climax with the lines : — 
 
 " Strike fur your altars and your fires. 
 Strike for tlie green graves of your sires, 
 God and your native land .'^^ 
 
 Probably not one man in the regiment was born in the 
 United States, so Hillyer s quotation caused much merri- 
 ment, which he enjoyed quite as much as anybody. 
 
 On Grant's approach the wily Jeff slipped away, and in 
 two or three days the General went to Cairo, head-quarters 
 
 llR 
 
184 Occupies Paducah Without Orders. I'^sei. 
 
 of tlie district wliicli had been placed under liim. It 
 included Southern Illinois, Western Kentucky and Ten- 
 nessee, and the mouths of three important rivers, the Ohio, 
 the Tennessee, and the Cumberland. 
 
 When Grant assumed command on the fourth of Septem- 
 ber, lie superseded Brigadier-General B. M. Prentiss. Their 
 commissions bore the same date, but Grant stood first on the 
 list, and had been a captain in the regular army. Prentiss, 
 however, claimed seniority on the novel ground that he had 
 been a brigadier -general of militia. I remember meeting 
 him in St. Louis one day, and expressing my surprise that 
 he had come away from Cairo. He replied, bitterly : — 
 
 "Yes, T have left. I will not serve under a drunkard." 
 
 Of course, the question of rank was decided against him, 
 and he was sent to another field. Grant had eight tliousand 
 soldiers in his district, three little wooden gun-boats patrol- 
 ling the river, and several iron-clads building at Mound 
 City, six miles above Cairo. Fortiiications were begun at 
 the latter ague-stricken city, at Bird's Point opposite, 
 on the Missouri shore, and at Fort Holt, on the Ken- 
 tucky shore. The rebel commander in that region was 
 Polk, a bishop of the Episcopal Church, who had exchanged 
 the crozier for the sword. Grant soon learned that Polk Avas 
 marching a force upon Paducah, Kentucky, a few miles 
 above Cairo, and a most important point, because at the 
 mouth of the Tennessee. He instantly telegraphed Fremont, 
 asking permission to seize the town. As there was no time 
 to waste, he fitted up an exjDedition, and, failing to get an 
 answer, dispatched a second time to Fremont: — "I am 
 nearly ready to go to Paducah, and shall start should not 
 a telegram arrive preventing the movement.'"' Still no an- 
 swer. Grant lingered impatiently until ten that night, and 
 then said to his stafi' : — 
 
 ' ' Come on ; I can wait no longer. I will go if it costs 
 me my commission." 
 
 His forces, three regiments and a light battery, steamed 
 up the river, and early next morning took possession of 
 Paducah without firing a gun. AVhile they were landing, 
 the rebel General Tilghman and staff", with a company of 
 
1861.] Eawlixs Joixs his Staff. 185 
 
 recruits, liumed out of town by railway. A force of the 
 enemy four thousand strong, approacliing from the south, 
 and within three hours of the city, turned back on learning 
 of Grant's arrival. Rebel flags were flying from several 
 houses. The moment the troops entered, loyal citizens be- 
 gan to tear these down and to run up the Stars and Stripes. 
 The General captured a great quantity of bacon, leather, and 
 other Confederate stores ; and issued an order encouraging 
 the citizens to pursue their usual avocations without fear, 
 and adding, "/ Tiave nothing to do with ojnnions, and 
 shall deal only with armed rebellion^ and its aiders and 
 abettors.^'' 
 
 Grant, remaining but a few hours, left a garrison and 
 returned to Cairo. There he found a dispatch from Fre- 
 mont, ''Take Paducah if you are strong enough." His 
 prompt action without orders was of great importance. 
 TAvelve hours' delay would have given the rebels the 
 mouths of the Tennessee and the Cumberland, points which 
 we could never have wrested away without hard fighting. 
 
 On the fifteenth of September, his Galena friend, Raw- 
 lins, reported for staff* duty at Cairo as assistant adjutant- 
 general, with the rank of captain. From the evening of 
 Rawlins' speech, in April, the General had been pressing 
 him to enter the service in some such capacity, and had fre- 
 quently assured him that he thought he would make a 
 good regimental adjutant ! The securing of Rawlins on his 
 own staff" proved most happy. To great promptness and 
 singularly clear judgment, he added unselfish patriotism 
 and heartiest loyalty to his cliief. Of all the able and devo- 
 ted soldiers, whom Grant's sagacious knowledge of men 
 has called to responsible and difficult positions, few have 
 done the country" such signal service as John A. Rawlins. 
 
 Grant' s peculiar aptitude for military life, soon made it- 
 self felt at Cairo. Xew-fledged colonels and captains, bril- 
 liant in gold and feathers and fresh uniforms, were, at first, 
 merry about the shabby civilian suit and rusty stove-pipe 
 
186 How THE General Transacted Business, [i^ei. 
 
 hat in wliicli the General appeared when not on parade, but 
 soon saw that he was a thoroughly practical and accomplished 
 soldier. Two qualities were strongly marked : (1.) What- 
 ever he did was done on his own judgment. He showed 
 unusual modesty of opinion and unusual confidence of action. 
 He heard all friendly suggestions with unvarying politeness, 
 and then did — exactly as he saw fit. (2.) He trusted sub- 
 ordinates thoroughly, giving only general directions, not 
 hampering them with petty instructions. 
 
 He never consulted authorities, but, seeming to have the 
 Army Regulations at his tongue's end, disposed instantly and 
 methodically of every question. No papers accumulated. 
 The moment one came in, it was indorsed and referred to 
 the proper subordinate, or, if valueless, torn in pieces and 
 thrown on the fioor. 
 
 Though keeping no books, he was thoroughly acc[uaint- 
 ed with the minutest afiairs of his entire command, and 
 surprised both old and new friends by the ease, precision, 
 rapidit}^, and efiiciency with Avhich he turned off" business. 
 His friend Washburne paid him a visit in October, and was 
 deeply impressed with his promptness and ability. From 
 that hour, Washburne maintained so earnestl}^ that our 
 General was the ' ' coming man * ' of the war, that even his 
 friends used laughingly to accuse him of having " Grant 
 on the brain," and being a little out of his mts. 
 
 He was not alone in his estimate. The rebel officers con- 
 gratulated themselves that they had on their side the flower 
 of the old army. But once, in discussing the matter at Rich- 
 mond, Ewell said : — 
 
 ''There is one AVest Pointer, I think in Missouri, little 
 known, and whom 1 hope the Northern people will not find 
 out. I mean Sam Grant. I knew him well at the Academy 
 and in Mexico. I should fear him more than any of their 
 officers I have yet heard of. He is not a man of genius, but 
 he is clear-headed, quick, and daring. 
 
 Colonel Richard J. Ogiesby* was commanding at Bu-d's 
 
 * Afterward major-general, wounded in the battle of Corinth, and governor of 
 Illinois from 1864 to 1S68. 
 
1861.] A Stoky of '-Samakitax Oglesby.*' 187 
 
 Point. So easy was lie in giving passes to the people about 
 liim to cross to Cairo and purchase goods, that his soldiers 
 called him -'Samaritan Oglesby."" Cirant was finally com- 
 pelled to issue an order that no one should cross from Ken- 
 tuck}' or Missouri, without a pass from himself, as sup- 
 plies could be freely purchased in Cairo, and many went 
 directly to the rebel army. But the applicants, like Rich- 
 ard, had "A tongue that could wheedle with the devil," and 
 their importunities were so pressing that the colonel was con- 
 stantly seconding their appeals, each one of which seemed 
 to him a "peculiar case."' One afternoon, however, Oglesby 
 appeared at head-quarters, and said vehemently : — 
 
 ''General, you have no idea how these people annoy me ; 
 they throng my office in a perfect mob ; they keep me em- 
 ployed from morning till night. Wh}^, I don't even get 
 time to talk !" 
 
 "Really, colonel," replied Gfrant, with a smile, "that 
 must be a severe restriction upon you.'' 
 
 However, the order did not accomplish its purpose, so 
 it was soon revoked. 
 
 Grant's troops were learning his worth. Chetlain, serv- 
 ing under him as lieutenant-colonel, wrote back to his Galena 
 friends, "This man is the pure gold." Still he was not 
 exempt from scandal. He abstained wholly from liquor, 
 save for a few days after an attack of ague, when he took it 
 by order of his surgeon. But a ring of contractors, whose 
 hostilit}' he had provoked, made this the excuse for reviving 
 the old story of drunkenness. AVashburne, reading it in the 
 newspapers, and altogether ignorant of Grant's personal 
 habits, inquired of Rawlins by letter whether there were 
 any grains of truth in the stoiy. The aide replied, explain- 
 ing the only fact that had given color to it, and adding, that 
 as much as he loved Grant, he loved the country more, and 
 if, at any time, from any cause, he should see his chief unfit 
 for the position he occupied, he should deem it his duty to 
 report the fact at once. Before mailing the letter, he 
 handed it to Grant. The General, who had suffered keenly 
 from these reports, read it with much feeling, and said, em- 
 phatically : — 
 
188 Grant has Independence and Opportunity, [isei. 
 
 "Yes, tliat's right; exactly right. Send it by all 
 means." 
 
 The staif telegraphed to Washburne that Pope' s friends 
 were urging his promotion to a major-generalship, where- 
 npon assurances were obtained from the Pi-esident that no 
 major-general would be appointed from Illinois until some 
 brigadier earned promotion in the field. 
 
 •' Of course," replied Washburne, "that's all we want." 
 
 On the thirteenth of October, in a flag of truce letter, 
 Polk j^roposed an exchange of the prisoners held by the 
 Southern Confederacy. Grant replied : — 
 
 " I have not the power to make any exchange of prisoners. I recognize 
 no Sontliern Confederacy myself, but will communicate with the higher 
 authorities for their views." 
 
 Fortune had been kind in giving the General a detached, 
 and therefore a comparatively independent command, and 
 in placing that command at a most important strategic point. 
 The East does not at all comprehend the passionate enthu- 
 siasm of the people of the Northwest for the Mississippi. 
 If they do not wed it annually with ring and stately cere- 
 monial, they still love the muddy river as old Venetians did 
 the shining Adriatic. Even before the purchase of Louisi- 
 ana, when France, who owned that province, placed some 
 obstructions on commerce at the river mouth, the whole West 
 was ready to fight for it. At the outset of our war, the one 
 great cry west of the Alleghanies was, ' ' We must have the 
 Mississippi. Neither its mouth nor its banks must ever be 
 under the jurisdiction of any other Government than our 
 own." Even the banners of recruits bore the inscription : — 
 " The rebels have closed the Mississippi. We must cut our 
 way to the Gulf with our swords." 
 
 So accident had given Grant the two great keys to suc- 
 cess — independence and opportunity. Did he possess the 
 third, without which all others are worthless \ 
 
1861.] Ordered to Move at Last. 189 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 BELMONT. 
 
 The rebels lield the Great River from the Gulf almost 
 to Cairo. They had strongly fortified Columbus, Kentucky, 
 only twenty miles below Grant' s head-quarters, an extremely 
 defensible position on the east bank, with blulfs two hun- 
 dred feet high. The General, restive at having the enemy so 
 near him, had several times earnestly asked for permission 
 to attack, but it was refused. 
 
 His long-coveted opportunity for action came at last. 
 On the first of November, Fremont, who was in southwest 
 Missouri expecting daily an attack from Price's army, 
 ordered him to make demonstrations below Cairo, on both 
 sides of the Mississippi, that Polk might not send Price 
 re-enforcements. 
 
 Grant immediately started one command under Oglesby 
 down the Missouri shore, and another under Charles F. 
 Smith along the Kentucky shore to the rear of Columbus. 
 At ten o'clock on the night of the sixth he started in 
 person down the river, with three thousand men, upon five 
 transports jjrotected by two wooden gun-boats. The troops 
 were entirely raw ; several hundred liad not received their 
 muskets until two days before. Probably not a dozen 
 officers and men all told had ever heard a hostile gun fired. 
 
 Nine miles below Cairo the boats tied up for the night at 
 the Kentucky shore. The head-quarters steamer was so 
 crowded with men, that there was no opportunity for lying- 
 down, so the General and staff slept in their chairs in the 
 cabin. About midniglit came a note from W. H. L. Wal- 
 lace, in Charleston, Missouri, announcing that the rebels 
 were crossing from Columbus, and had already thrown sev- 
 eral regiments into Belmont, apparently to intercept Oglesby 
 and re-enforce Price. Grant immediately said :^ 
 
190 
 
 Deteemines to Attack the Ei^emy. 
 
 [1861. 
 
 ''The only way now to make this expedition of any 
 value is, to attack. Besides a skirmish will give our men 
 confidence. They enlisted to fight ; if Ave iDring them back 
 without an engagement, they will think we are afraid to pit 
 them against the enemy. The rebels will think so too, for 
 in all our flag-of-truce meetings they have been a little 
 supercilious. It is time for them to find out whether we fear 
 them." 
 
 IRQNTON 
 P/LOTKNDB 
 
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 NASHVLLL^H 
 
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 |MEMPHIS <> IsHiLoHVprnSBURG LANDING 
 
 ^^l LAGRANGE """"*-„,,^ | hameubC^ 
 
 Belmont, Fort Hexrt, Doxelsox. Shiloh. Corinth, ant) Iuka. 
 
 Early next morning. Grant landed his little force in Mis- 
 souri, four miles above Belmont, and at the lowest point out 
 of reach of the Columbus batteries. Hauling the cannon up 
 the steep bank, and leaving the transports under guard of 
 the gun-boats and a battalion of infantry, our troops moved 
 forward a mile and formed in line of battle. 
 
1861.] The Battle of Belmont Begixs. 191 
 
 Soon after nine. a. m., a mile and a half above Belmont, 
 the fight began, in a swampy forest. The soldiers, never 
 iindei'fire before, got behind trees and blazed away quite at 
 random. Init Grant, with his staff and Logan, rode along the 
 front, encouraging them and rallying them from their hiding- 
 places, but never roughly, remembering that habit alone 
 can bring discipline. Wlien the enemy had fallen back, 
 Grant cried out to his adjutant : — 
 
 " Stop the men. they are wasting ammunition." 
 
 Rawlins had a stentorian voice ; but as he tried to repeat 
 this order to the colonels, it was lost in ''the thunder of the 
 captains and the shouting." Grant, likewise, bending down 
 from his horse to bring his mouth as near as possible to the 
 ears of his men, screamed : — 
 
 ••Don't fire till you see somebody, and then take good 
 aim." 
 
 As they pressed forward, rebel bullets began to hum 
 again like the noise of a cotton factory. A shot in the stifle- 
 joint disabled Grant's horse. Hilly er immediately gave the 
 General his own and took Grant" s pony, which his negro 
 servant. Bob, was riding for a reserve ; but the pony was 
 ridiculously small for a war-horse, so Hillyer soon returned 
 him to Bob, and obtained another steed. 
 
 Two of our soldiers in the woods got in the rear of a long, 
 lank, loose-jointed rebel, who had become so interested in 
 shooting as to remain behind a tree until cut off from his 
 command. The frightened prisoner said he belonged to the 
 Second Tennessee regiment. Grant asked : — 
 
 ■' How large is the force fighting against us V 
 
 " To God, stranger," exclaimed the terrified Tennessean, 
 lifting both his hands above his head, " I can t tell. This 
 yer ground was just kivered with men this morning. Swar 
 me in, stranger: I'll fight for you: swar me in, hut doJi't 
 kill me." 
 
 The conflict waxed hot. Our green soldiers gained confi- 
 dence, and drove back the enemy from tree to tree. At 
 noon Grant said to his staff: — 
 
 •'There has been just about fighting enough to do the 
 troops good and inspire them with confidence. I should be 
 
192 Enemy Driven and his Camp Captured. Lisei. 
 
 glad to witlidra^y now, but that's out of the question, and 
 we must press on." 
 
 Press on they did for four hours, until they charged 
 through the abatis right into the enemy' s camp at Belmont, 
 capturing six pieces of artillery, several hundred prisoners, 
 and the tents and personal baggage of two thousand men. 
 Hundreds of muskets were lying on the ground, and scores 
 of horses running about. The rebels had fled in all direc- 
 tions, but chiefly down behind the river bank. 
 
 Grant's little force had fought splendidly, but victory 
 proved too much for it. Bands played the national airs, 
 the pursuit of the enemy ceased, and the boys devoted them- 
 selves to giving cheers for the Union, and to plundering. 
 One succeeded in lifting an enormous canvas-covered trunk 
 on the back of a captured horse, and riding oft' with it, — a 
 feat worthy of Blondin. Rawlins said to a sergeant, who 
 was rolling up a bundle of clothing at the door of a tent : — 
 
 " Collect 3'our men at once ; we must get out of this.'' 
 
 "What," asked the surj)rised sergeant, " and give up 
 the position V ' 
 
 All the troops supposed that Grant was to hold Belmont ; 
 but he had no such intention, as it was completely com- 
 manded by the Columbus batteries on the opposite shore, 
 and infantry could cross at any moment from Polk's large 
 army. 
 
 Belmont is half a mile back from a sharp bend of the 
 river. Toward the hollow of this bend, through heavy 
 timber, most of the rebels had retreated. Colonel Dougherty 
 suggested that they had not crossed to Columbus, but were 
 probably hidden under the steep bank. 
 
 ' ' iSTo doubt they are, ' ' replied Grant. ' ' We have accom- 
 plished all we want, and we must get away just as soon as we 
 can." 
 
 On the Columbus bank, in full view, long lines of troops 
 in gray were marching toward the rebel transports, to be 
 ferried over, while it was impossible to tell how many had 
 crossed already. This made Grant extremely anxious, and 
 he did not join in the general jubilation. In vain did he 
 order his men awav. Some were busily rifling trunks, cap- 
 
isGL] '"We'll Cut Our Way Out." I93 
 
 turing horses, and clianging their guns for those left by the 
 flying enemy, while McClernand. from his saddle, was mak- 
 ing a spread-eagle speech to the rest. Finally, iDy order 
 of his chief, an aide set the camp on lire. As the tents 
 blazed up, the shells from Columbus, which had been all the 
 while shrieking far overhead, dropped nearer and nearer, 
 for the rebel gunners had almost obtained the range. 
 
 The father of Frederick the Great had a pleasant habit 
 of kicking subordinates out of his tent, when he could not 
 refute their logic. One day an officer steadfastly refused to 
 be drawn into a controversy. The king asked why, and 
 the officer replied : — 
 
 " Sire, your arguments are too convincing."' 
 
 So our hitherto immovable soldiers yielded promptly 
 to the incontrovertible logic of these shells, and the General 
 soon had the men marching briskly, though without much 
 order, toward their boats. 
 
 But before the}' had gone far, rebel troops, in line of 
 battle and ^vith flags flying defiantly, appeared on Grant' s 
 right flank, marching from the river to intercept hun. Al- 
 most at the same moment another confederate column 
 emerged from the woods and appeared on his left. Dire 
 confusion and sharp fighting followed. One of the staff, 
 who had never been under fire before, exclaimed : — 
 
 "AYhy, General, we're entirely lost? They have sui'- 
 rounded us." 
 
 '•Well, then," replied Grant, with unmoved serenity, 
 "we Avill ctit our way otit. We have whi]3ped them once 
 to-day, and I think we can again." 
 
 Subjected to the most appalling form of attack — an enemy 
 hanging on both flanks — the troops behaved admirably, and 
 finally reached the boats. When they were on board, the 
 entire rebel force, having concentrated back from the river, 
 appeared in line of battle, in a corn-field, within a hundred 
 yards of Grant. He said, earnestly : — 
 
 " One good fire would disperse those fellows. If I had 
 a hundred and fifty men at command I could whip them. 
 Logan, can' t you get your regiment off the boat V ' 
 
 "I could," replied Logan, "but the men are so demoral- 
 
194 Grant has a Xakrow Escape. '' [^sei. 
 
 ized already that I fear we might not get them on again. I 
 think we had better let them alone." 
 
 Gfrant reluctantly assented, and he and Rawlins rode 
 down the bank a quarter of a mile to bring up a battalion 
 left to guard the boats. But it had withdrawn without 
 orders ; so the chief and his adjutant-general found them- 
 selves quite outside of the Union lines. As they rode 
 leisurely back, on rounding a bend of the river they came 
 in full view of the rebel force, within fifty yards of them. 
 Grant walked his horse, that he might not show alarm. He 
 wore no mark of rank except his sash, which was concealed 
 by the blue overcoat of a private, so he was not recognized 
 as an officer. General Polk, vrith the enemy's advance, 
 noticed him, and said to his sharp-shooters : — 
 
 ''There's a Yankee, if you want to try your aim." 
 
 But the men were all firing at the crowded Union trans- 
 ports, and nobody thought the single soldier worthy of 
 notice. 
 
 It was no time for loitering, and the two put their horses 
 on a run for the boat. Rawlins' happened to be faster than 
 Grant's, so he left the General behind. In the midst of that 
 close race for life, along came black Bob, not on Grant's 
 pony, which he had lost, but on another which he had cap- 
 tured. His hat fiew from his head, and the Intelligent Con- 
 traband, with shells bursting all around him, was frightened 
 almost to death. 
 
 Gilpin-like he ran a race, and Gilpin-like he won it, too, 
 for he passed both Rawlins and Grant, and first reached the 
 head -quarters boat. Rawlins rode on next, and, in the con- 
 fusion, under that hot fire, the plank was drawn in and the 
 steamer started. Just then Grant appeared on the bank. 
 The captain of the steamer did not know the quiet, rough- 
 looking soldier, apparently a private, w^ho stood there amid 
 whistling bullets, but an aide explained that it was the Gen- 
 eral commanding. So the plank was again run out, Grant 
 rode his horse up it, and the transport pushed off. 
 
 The rebels were now so near that our gun-boats opened 
 upon them with grape and canister, cutting gi-eat gaps in 
 their columns. But from the best cover they could find, 
 
1861.] "NiCxGER WUF MORE TO Me.'' 107 
 
 they poured a vicious musketry fire into our crowded trans- 
 ports. 
 
 The next day their Columbus j)apers stated that our 
 men were slaughtered until streams of blood poured from 
 the transports and crimsoned the Mississippi, and Polk 
 ordered the firing stopped, declaring that this was too much 
 shedding of blood, even though it flowed from the invaders 
 of their soil ! Actually, not a man was killed, and only 
 two soldiers and one deck-hand wounded. The reason — 
 over-shooting — was a common one, as the assailants were 
 on higher ground than the steamers. 
 
 It was five o'clock when the little Union fleet got off". 
 On the head-quarters boat, Hillyer was missed, and it was 
 feared he was killed ; hut he turned up uninjured. The 
 next question was, AVhat had been done with the General' s 
 horse ? While it was being discussed, and Bob kept him- 
 self safely out of sight, a quartermaster invited Grant to the 
 lower deck, saying : — 
 
 "Come, General, and see what a pretty rebel pony I 
 have captured." 
 
 Grant, upon viewing it, seemed greatly surprised, and 
 then said, smilingly : — 
 
 ' ' Why, captain, this is my pony ; I am very glad you 
 saved him for me." 
 
 Just then Bob came up with a most sheepish expression. 
 
 "You rascal," asked Rawlins, sternly, "why didn't 
 you take better care of the General' s pony ?' ' 
 
 The darkey, who stammered badly, replied as quick as 
 he could get the unwilling words out : — 
 
 " I reckon General Grant thinks a horse wuf more'n a 
 nigger, hut a nigger' s louf more to meP'' 
 
 Next day Grant sent a flag of truce party to look after his 
 wounded. It w^as accompanied by the wife of a lieutenant- 
 colonel who had failed to return with his regiment. She 
 suddenly came upon his dead body on the field, gazed a mo- 
 ment, then exclaimed agonizingly, "Poor, poor soul! is it 
 gone ?" and fell prostrate uj)on it, while every looker-on, 
 friend and foe, was moved to tears. 
 
 Grant' s total loss was four hundred and eighty-five men, 
 
198 Gkat^t Delighted avitii his Troops. [i86!w 
 
 only eighty -four of tliem killed. He brought away two 
 captured tield-pieces and one hundred and seventy-five 
 prisoners, and destroyed the entire camp equipage of the en- 
 emy. The relDel general reported his loss at six hundred 
 and forty-two. Of course, both parties claimed the victory, 
 the foe with the more reason, as he held the ground at the 
 close of the engagement. Polk said in his report : 
 
 " The enemy were thoroughly routed. We pursued them to their boats 
 seven miles, then drove their boats before us. The road was stretvn with 
 their dead and wounded, guns, ammunition, and equipments. Our loss con- 
 siderable ; theirs heavy." 
 
 Still Grant was content with the result, and delighted 
 at the conduct of his soldiers. In a congratulatory order 
 he said that, during all the battles of the Mexican war, he 
 ' • never saw one more hotly contested, or where troops be- 
 haved with greater gallantry, ' ' and he wrote to his father, 
 " I feel proud to command such men." 
 
 Never before had he taken into battle a force larger 
 than one company. ISow he had handled successfully three 
 thousand men in a diflficult position. Both he and they had 
 gained confidence. Theu- conduct had strengthened him in 
 the belief that our true policy was to move at once and 
 everywhere on the enemy, and not wait to drill and disci- 
 pline troops, as the rebels could profit by that delay quite 
 as much as we. 
 
 The battle made his name a little known to the country. 
 In Virginia it would have excited universal attention and 
 newspaper comment, but as it was fought in remote Mis- 
 souri, the people knew little about it. They had the general 
 impression that it was a decided defeat, yet they were so 
 utterly weaiy of Buell' s and McClellan' s delays that they 
 were delighted to hear of one unknown Western general 
 who thought that war meant fighting, and had availed him- 
 self of his earliest opportunity to stir up the enemy. 
 
1861.] Halleck's "Order Number Three." 199 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 FORT HENRY. 
 
 The battle of Belmont resulted from a demonstration 
 ordered by Fremont, but before it was fought he had been 
 removed. Halleck, who succeeded him, had some reputation 
 as a writer on military science, an army engineer, and a 
 successful California politician and lawyer. Grant, with the 
 exaggerated respect of a man not facile with the pen for 
 one who writes ' ' like a book, ' ' over-estimated his ability, 
 and long before his appointment, said : — 
 
 " McClellan is in his right place in the East, and I hope 
 they will order Halleck here. He is the best man for the 
 West." 
 
 Halleck proved a soldier with some strong points, but 
 excessively dogmatic and rude to visitors. A good military 
 theorist, but so timid that he would never attack without 
 a "sure thing;" the truth, "nothing risk, nothing win," 
 had never da^Tied upon his opaque brain. He did not even 
 seem to know what the war was about. 
 
 '' Oars not to reason why, 
 Ours but to do or die," 
 
 is a good principle for the private soldier, but no general 
 could succeed as commander-in-chief, who had not one glow 
 of sympathy with the hopes and fears of the loyal people. 
 
 The lower branch of Congress had already, ^'■Resolved, 
 That in the judgment of this House, it is no part of the 
 duty of soldiers to capture and restore fugitive slaves." 
 
 Notwithstanding this, one of Halleck' s earliest official 
 acts, was to issue his infamous "General Order Number 
 Three," alleging that fugitive slaves harbored in our 
 
200 Grant Avoids the Appearance of Evil. [isei. 
 
 camps carried military information to the enemy, and direct- 
 lug their expulsion and absolute exclusion from our lines. 
 
 In this, as in all other cases, want of decency was want 
 of sense. The charge, utterly false, returned to plague its 
 inventor. Though serving the country faithfully and effi- j 
 ciently afterward, he never recovered from the damage it I 
 inflicted upon his reputation for truthfulness. I 
 
 On the principle of letting well enough alone, Halleck 
 retained our General in command at Cairo. A friend soon 
 WTote Grant that President Lincoln was willing to make 
 him a major-general. He replied : — 
 
 " No ; I do not want promotion till I have earned it." 
 
 During their years of struggle, his wife had more than 
 once brought a smile to the faces of her friends by the re- 
 mark : — "Mr. Grant has great natural ability. He would 
 fill any public position well if he once had a chance." 
 
 Now that his promotion was talked of, one of his own 
 relatives said to her : — 
 
 " Ulysses may get along as a brigadier, but he had better 
 be satisfied with that, and not seek to rise higher ' 
 
 " There is no danger of his reaching a position above his 
 capacit}^," she replied indignantly. "He is equal to a much 
 higher one than this, and will certainly win it if he lives." 
 
 Unlike some of our prominent generals, he avoided even 
 the appearance of evil. "When a near relative asked that a 
 contract for supplying the District of Cairo with harness and 
 leather might be given to him, Grant indorsed upon the 
 petition a request that it might not be granted, as the 
 applicant was his kinsman. 
 
 Colonel Ross, commanding at Cape Girardeau, asked 
 permission to suppress The Eagle newspaper, which, not 
 daring to publish original treason, copied columns of articles 
 hostile to the Government from " coj^perhead" journals of 
 Cincinnati and Chicago. But Grant refused, on the ground , 
 
 that, however objectionable these might be, whatever could \ 
 be published in Ohio or Illinois must also be permitted in 
 Missouri. 
 
 During his entire cadetship at West Point, Charles F. 
 Smith had been one of his instructors. Smith was then an 
 
1861.] His Loyalty to His Old I]S"steuctoe. oQl 
 
 ideal soldier — one of the finest-looking men in our whole 
 army. Officers respected him, cadets idolized him. Grant 
 esteemed him, next to Scott, the greatest man in all the 
 world. In the Mexican war, afterward, his brilliant ex- 
 23loits fired anew the enthusiasm of his former pupil. 
 
 Smith was now a brigadier-general of volunteers, in com- 
 mand at Paducah. On the way thither he had reported 
 to Grant. He was still a soldier of striking appearance — 
 erect and graceful, with a fine face, and hair and beard white 
 as snow. Grant received him with entliusiastic affection. 
 though with great embarrassment at finding their positions 
 reversed. It seemed almost imiDossible for him to give an 
 order to his old instructor, and he could no more have 
 reprimanded him tlian an affectionate son could rebuke his 
 father. 
 
 During the autumn, in a visit to Paducah, Grant's 
 deference was so obvious and painful, that Smith said : — 
 
 " General, I am now a subordinate. I know a soldier s 
 dut}'. Pray, feel no awkwardness whatever about our new 
 relations. ' ' 
 
 Smith had come from the East in disgrace. While he 
 was serving in Virginia, his loyalty had been most un- 
 justly questioned. In those earl}^ days every flying rumor 
 against the character of our ofliicers was repeated in Con- 
 gress with a recklessness and impatience which almost 
 justified the declaration of Richardson of Illinois :— 
 
 " I feel tins day that our armies would do better, and gain more and 
 greater victories, if the riot act could be read, and botli houses of Congress 
 dispersed to their homes at the earliest possible moment." 
 
 Smith had somehow incurred the hostility of Scott. But 
 for this he would probably have been general-in- chief in- 
 stead of McClellan, and not serving as a subordinate under 
 his former pupil. 
 
 Grant, always indulgent to his friends, and ready to 
 forgive seventy times seven offenses, was only the more 
 zealous in his attachment now the veteran was in trouble. 
 The stories of Smith' s disloyalty probably arose from the 
 "conservative"' tendencies which he had in common with 
 12r 
 
202 His Narrow Escape from Guerrillas. [isgi. 
 
 all our old regular officers. Dispatches from Cairo to the 
 Northern press charged liim with neglecting his duty in 
 Paducah, and also with returning fugitive slaves. Grant 
 instructed Rawlins, who supervised all newspaper tele- 
 grams, to expunge every thing derogatory to him. Raw- 
 lins reported that though he could stop these rumors from 
 going over the wires, he could not prevent their being sent 
 l")y mail. 
 
 "Never mind," replied Grant, "any report against 
 Smith must be a lie. Stop it anyhow ; that will make it 
 twenty-four hours later in seeing the light." 
 
 The steamers between St. Louis and Cairo gave aid and 
 comfort to the rebels. One day at Commerce, Missouri, the 
 Platte Valley was stopped by Jeff Thompson with a six- 
 pounder. The guerrillas rushed on board, asking : — 
 
 " Where is Grant ? Where is the paymaster V 
 
 Grant had intended to go up to Cape Girardeau that 
 day with a paymaster, but they were prevented by some 
 pressing business. It was suspected that the captain of 
 the boat had given information. The guerrillas captured 
 eight or ten Union officers on board, but were sorely dis- 
 appointed at not bagging more important game. Several 
 occurrences of this nature induced Grant in November 
 to recommend to Halleck that the carrying trade be- 
 tween Cairo and St. Louis "be performed by Government, 
 charging uniform rates, ' ' and commerce ' ' be cut otf from 
 all points south of Cape Girardeau." The letter con- 
 cluded : — 
 
 '' There is not a sufficiency of Union sentiment in this portion of the 
 State to save Sodora. 
 
 "This is' shown from the fact that Jeff Thompson, or any of the rebels, 
 can go into Charleston and spend hours, or encamp for the night, on their 
 way north to depredate upon Union men, and not one loyalist is found to 
 report the fact to our picket, stationed but one and a half miles off." 
 
 The suggestion was promptly carried out. 
 
 The next cause of serious embarrassment was Halleck' s 
 order to expel fugitive slaves. Rawlins often found in the 
 newspaper dispatches submitted to him for revision, informa- 
 tion which had not yet reached head-quarters. His rule 
 
1S61.] A Little IN'ewspapee Rivalry. 203 
 
 was, to strike out nothing that was true, unless it would in- 
 terfere with early military movements. On one occasion, 
 the Chicago Tribune' s dispatch alleged that tliree negroes 
 who sought protection in our lines at Bird's Point, had 
 been sent out by Colonel Oglesby, in accordance Avith Hal- 
 leck's order. Rawlins, not having heard of the occurrence, 
 expunged the statement. A few minutes later in came the 
 representative of the Chicago Times with a dispatch repeat- 
 ing the allegation. Rawlins erased it again. The correspond- 
 ent said : — 
 
 " I know it's true ; I saw it done myself." 
 
 " That may be," replied the aide, " but T can't let it go 
 until toe receive information of it. ' ' 
 
 Grant, who from the next room had overheard the con- 
 versation, stepped out, and asked : — 
 
 '' Whatisitf' 
 
 Rawlins explained, and the General inquired : — 
 
 "Is the story true?" 
 
 "Yes," replied the correspondent, "I am sure of it." 
 
 "Yery well, let it go." 
 
 The journalist promised to notify his fellow quill-driver 
 that both papers might be fairly treated. But through some 
 mistake, which persons familiar with journalistic rivalry 
 may possibly comprehend, the Tribune man was not in- 
 formed, and his journal did not receive the dispatch until 
 one day later. Thereupon that emphatic newspaper de- 
 nounced Grant bitterly for suppressing news and carrying 
 out Halleck's infamous order. 
 
 The truth was, the three negroes had brought valuable 
 information about Jeff Thompson' s movements and strength. 
 After receiving it, Oglesby obeyed technically' Halleck's 
 order and sent them away, but he understood very well 
 that just outside of camp some of his officers w^ere wait- 
 ing for them. The fugitives were ferried over the river into 
 Illinois, and, before the Tribune's publication, were safe in 
 Ohio. 
 
 Kentucky, West A^irginia, and Missouri, were all ranged 
 on the Union side, and had many slave-holders fighting in 
 the national army. Therefore, all along the border fugitive- 
 
204 Deals with Fugitive-Slave Cases. [isei. 
 
 slave cases brought countless annoyances. Grant, the most 
 subordinate and law-abiding of men, was sometimes puzzled 
 to know liow to deal with them. An old Kentuckian, who 
 had often given valuable information about rebel move- 
 ments, and had endured imprisonment at Columbus for 
 being a Unionist, lost several negroes. On endeavoring to 
 reclaim them from our camp opposite Cairo, he was arrested 
 as a spy. Grant, December twenty-fifth, instructed Colo- 
 nel Cook, commanding at Fort Holt : — 
 
 " Your communication in rehition to Mr. Mercer is received. I will see 
 that he does not trouble your camp in future so frequently as formerly. I 
 am satisfied, however, from other evidence than his own, of his loyalty, and 
 regret that he should have come so much under your suspicion. 
 
 " While we wish to keep every thing from the enemy, it is our duty to 
 alleviate the hardships — consequent upon a state of war — of our Uniou 
 friends in the border States as far as practicable. I gave permission for a 
 man to go into your camp for the purpose of recovering his fugitive slaves. 
 If General Order Number Three, from head-quarters Department of the Mis- 
 souri, had been complied with, this would not have been necessary. Mr. 
 Mercer now reports to me that these negroes were found concealed in one 
 of the huts at Fort Holt, and that the owner was forcibly prevented from 
 recovering his property. 
 
 "If true, this is treating law, the orders of the commander of the 
 department, and my orders, with contempt. Mr, Mercer does not charge 
 that this was by your order ; but after your attention was called to the fact 
 that fugitive slaves were in your camp, as the pass over my signature in- 
 formed you was probably the fact, an investigation should have been had, 
 and the negroes driven out. I do not want the army used as a negro-catcher ; 
 but still less do I wish to see it used as a cloak to cover their escape. No 
 matter what our private views may be, there are in this department positive 
 orders on the subject, and these orders must be obeyed. 
 
 "I direct, therefore, that you have a search made; and if you find these 
 or any other fugitive slaves in camp at Fort Holt, you have them expelled 
 from camp ; and if, hereafter, you find any have been concealed, or de- 
 tained, you bring the party so detaining them to punishment." 
 
 But the loj^alty of the negroes was uniform and zealous, 
 and it was impossible to expel from the camps the only 
 class in the South friendly to our cause. 
 
 With the country in general, Grant was advancing. Less 
 than two weeks after writing the above, he made another 
 decision, which showed whither his sympathies were tend- 
 
1862.] Bitter Hostility to Cojnttractoes. 205 
 
 ing. The agent of one Doctor Henderson, applied to Ross, 
 the Union commandant at Cape Girardeau, to have Hen- 
 derson' s errant negro returned. The law only required that 
 slaves who had worked upon fortifications, or otherwise in 
 direct connection with rebel armies, should be retained and 
 treated as freemen. But Eoss declined to return this one, 
 because, though remaining at home, he had been working 
 for his master, who was in the rebel army. To his report 
 of the case. Grant* dictated a reply sustaining him, and 
 taking ground quite in advance of legislation up to that 
 time. It concluded : — 
 
 "While it is not the pohcj of the military arm of the Government to 
 ignore or in any manner interfere Avith the constitutional rights of loyal 
 citizens, except when a military necessity makes individuals subservient to 
 the public interests, it certainly is not the policy of our army in any manner 
 to aid those who in any manner aid the rebellion. If such a master has a 
 civil right to reclaim such property, he must resort to the civil authorities to 
 enforce that right. The General commanding does not feel it his duty to 
 feed the foe, or in any manner contribute to their comfort. If Dr. Hender- 
 son has given aid and comfort to the enemy, neither he nor his agents have 
 any right to come within our lines, much less to invoke our aid and assist- 
 ance for any purpose whatever." 
 
 The hostility of speculators still continued, because 
 Grant' s long experience as quartermaster, and his inilexible 
 integrity caused the exposure and defeat of several ingeni- 
 ous devices to cheat the Government. On his suggestion it 
 was finally ordered that the quartermaster at Cairo should 
 buy hay and grain, as Avas needed, direct from the neigh- 
 boring farmers without an}' intervention whatever by middle 
 men. The enraged contractors traduced Grant, and reiterated 
 formally the old charges of drunkenness. 
 
 Meanwhile he suggested ofiicially to Halleck the neces- 
 sity of a law, providing that ''aUfrcmdulent contractors 
 he impressed into tlie ranks, or, still better, into the gun- 
 boat service, 'where tliey could hare no chance of deserting.'' 
 Such a general could not fail to make bitter and unscru- 
 pulous enemies. 
 
 Buckner commanded the rebel army near Bowling 
 
 * January fifth. 
 
206 An Expedition into KENTrcKY. [1^62. 
 
 Green, and Buell expected a figlit with liim. Tliere Avere 
 fears that Polk might send Buckner additional troops, so 
 in January Halleck directed Grant to begin threatening 
 demonstrations in western Kentucky, sufficient to keep the 
 Columbus rebels at home. He added : — 
 
 " Make a great fuss about moving all your forces toward Nashville, and 
 let it be so reported iu the newspapers. Let no one, not even a member of 
 j-our staff, know the real object. Let it be understood that twentv thousand 
 or thirty thousand men are expected from Missouri — that your force is 
 merely the advance guard. The object is to prevent re-enforcements being 
 sent to Buckner. Having accomolished this, slowly retire to your former 
 position." 
 
 These instructions were obeyed to the letter. Hundreds 
 of visitors, and a score of correspondents, flocked to Cairo 
 to accompany the important movement. Horses could not 
 be bought or liired, so the members of the press modestly 
 insisted that army horses should be detailed for their use. 
 But steeds were scarce even at head-quarters, and these 
 pressing requests finally exhausted the patience of Rawlins, 
 who said : — 
 
 "You can't get horses here, that's all there is about it. 
 General Grant doesn' t keep a livery stable. ' ' 
 
 The journalists were nothing if they were not cynical, 
 and as they walked away one murmured the retort : — 
 
 "Well, he might well enough, from the number of asses 
 about his head-quarters !" 
 
 Of course the secret of the real nature of the expedition 
 could not be kept from all the correspondents. Having the 
 good fortune to be told confidentiall}' but authoritatively 
 that the movement was only a feint, I returned to St. 
 Louis, and so avoided the comfortless winter journey. 
 
 On the thirteenth of January the force, six thousand 
 strong, started through the Kentuckv mud. Discipline was 
 very strict. Straggling was forbidden ; and a stringent order 
 directed that any soldier taking or destroying private ]3ro- 
 perty should suffer severest punishment, and any officer 
 aiding or countenancing it be deprived of his sword and 
 expelled from the army. 
 
 One morning; the good woman of a house where the General 
 
1S62.] "Who Stole the Honey?" 207 
 
 and liis staff had spent the night, complained that the 
 Twenty-second Illinois Volunteers had stolen the honey- 
 comb from her bee-hives, and Grant indignantly ordered 
 that they "be punished. The regiment was drawn up in a 
 hollow square, and Hillyer in a speech of proper rhetoric 
 told the men that the General, who had admired their 
 bravery at Belmont, was deeply grieved at their present 
 misconduct. A fine of five dollars was imposed upon each 
 officer, and one dollar upon each private. 
 
 AVhen the march was renewed. Grant rode along to the 
 front and was greeted with cheers by regiment after regi- 
 ment. But the Twenty-second received him with ominous 
 silence, and when he had passed on gave an illustration 
 of the democratic spirit of volunteers. The men shouted :— 
 " Who stole the honey V 
 Then they answered in deep tones : — 
 " General Grant's body-guard.*' 
 "Who ate it?" 
 "General Grant's staff." 
 "Who paid for it V 
 
 " Tlie Twenty-second Illinois." (Groajis.) 
 Months afterward it was discovered that the body-guard 
 were the real culprits, and the order was revoked. 
 
 The command remained out for a week. Its object was 
 accomplished. Xo re-enforcements were sent to Buckner, 
 and though Buell himself was not drawn into fighting, his 
 subordinate, George H. Thomas, won the battle of Mill 
 Spring, the first of his many soldierly achievements. 
 
 Tlie Tennessee and Cumberland rivers, great highways 
 to the heart of the South, enter the Ohio at Smithland and 
 Paducah, a few miles above Cairo. On the Tennessee, 
 sixty-five miles above its mouth, was the rebel post, called 
 Fort Henry, of which little was known. A few miles east, 
 on the Cumberland, was Fort Donelson.^ The project of 
 attacking Henry, had long been talked of East and West. 
 Grant had asked Halleck's permission repeatedly but un- 
 availingly, and Commodore Foote, commanding our gun-boat 
 
 * Map, page 198. 
 
208 Grais^t has Peemissiox to Move. [1862. 
 
 fleet, was equally eager. On the twenty-tliird of January 
 the General went to St. Louis to gain Halleck's consent, 
 l3ut received instead a rebuke for meddling, and an order 
 to return to Cairo. 
 
 He took time, however, to visit his aged father-in-law. 
 At the outset of the war Colonel Dent was a rebel sympa- 
 thizer, and when Grant spoke of entering the service, he 
 replied : — 
 
 • ' Yes, you were educated for the army, and it' s your 
 most natural way to support your family. Go into it and 
 rise as high as you can, but if your troops ever come on 
 this side of the river I would shoot them.'" 
 
 This, however, was only vehemence of expression from 
 an old planter, whose interests and associations had al- 
 ways been with the slave-holders. !N'ow Grant rode out to 
 Gravois, and found the colonel delighted to see him. 
 Negroes were growing scarce on the family estate ; most 
 had already gone, in anticipation of the coming millennium. 
 Those who remained were ordered to kill a turkey, and get 
 the best dinner possible for the General. Dent asked about 
 the fight at Belmont, and listened to an account of it \vith 
 hearty satisfaction. 
 
 In spite of Halleck' s rebuif Grant clung tenaciously to 
 his purpose, and on the last of January he and Foote both 
 earnestly urged again that they be permitted to go on the 
 expedition. Grant wrote that it would have an admirable 
 effect upon the troops, besides establishing a good point for 
 operations against Memphis, Columbus, and Nashville. 
 His chief- of- staff said : — 
 
 ■' I think the capture of Fort Henry much more import- 
 ant than it seemed to me at first." 
 
 "Yes," replied the General, " I think so too. "We will 
 get ready at once to move against it." 
 
 On the first of February jDermissiou came. Grant and 
 Foote were already nearly prepared. XeAvspaper telegrams 
 w^ere no longer supervised by Rawlms, but by Colonel 
 Riggin, aA'olunteeraide, who reversed Rawlins' practice and 
 allowed every thing untrue to pass, on the ground that it 
 could only mislead the enemy. Halleck was so anxious to 
 
1862.] A Xew Rule for the Correspondents. 209 
 
 keep this expedition secret that he had instructed Grant not 
 to let even his own staff know of it. Only those who aided 
 in the preparations were informed, and Riggin was still in 
 the bonds of ignorance. 
 
 Late on a dark Sunday night, a Chicago correspondent 
 chanced to see two gun-boats back out from the landing 
 and move noiselessly up the river. This was enough for 
 the imaginative reporter. As Agassiz can describe a fish 
 from one tin, so this professor of the quill knew all 
 about the expedition from two gun-boats. He instantly 
 telegraphed to his journal that a great movement was on 
 foot, which would startle the enemy and electrify the loyal 
 country. 
 
 Riggin, supposing it a canard, permitted the dispatch to 
 go. It was widely published, and came back to Cairo be- 
 fore the main expedition started. Grant, seeing that such 
 blunders were inevitable, then made a new rule for news- 
 paper correspondents, which he always followed afterward. 
 He simply instructed each : — 
 
 " You yourself must determine what it is proper to send. 
 I trust your discretion and your honor to give no informa- 
 tion of value to the enemy.'' 
 
 This worked admirably ; the confidence he reposed in 
 the journalists was never broken, save in one single in- 
 stance. 
 
 The correspondents at Cairo learned of the movement, but 
 gave no publicity to it. I chanced to be in St. Louis when 
 one telegraphed me : — " You can not come too soon — take 
 the first train." I arrived just after the expedition had 
 started, and, overtaking it at Smithland, was received on 
 the head-quarters' boat, where for several days I saw much 
 of the General and his staff". 
 
 Commodore Foote was an officer of great simplicity of 
 character, and earnest, unaffected piety. He always asked 
 a blessing upon meals in his cabin, and when lying in port 
 was prominent at church and Sunday-school. His gun- 
 boats, new in warfare, had just been completed. They were 
 low, sheathed with iron, looked like enormous turtles, and 
 were manned chiefly by men hitherto employed on river 
 
210 The Gun-boats Captlt^e Foet Henky. [is^-i. 
 
 transports. Tliey had never been tested, and their first 
 trial was looked upon with great anxiety. 
 
 Our land forces, debarking- three miles below Fort Henry, 
 were the first Union soldiers, coming from the Xorth, who 
 had penetrated a Cotton State. At noon, on the sixth of 
 Februar}', after safeh^ removing the torpedoes, with which, 
 as our scouts learned from a loquacious rebel woman, the 
 enemy had planted the river, Foote moved out with his 
 steamers, and opened fire on the fort. Grant dared delay 
 the attack no longer, as he knew that heavy rebel re-en- 
 forcements were approaching. 
 
 The iron-clads worked to a charm, turning off* the ene- 
 my's shots as a roof turns oft' hail, and firing with great pre- 
 cision, while they steamed forward within three hundred 
 yards of the work. In one hour and fifteen minutes after 
 Foote fired his first shot, the fort struck its flag. 
 
 Granf s troops, sent to invest it in the rear, were so de- 
 layed by mud and swollen streams, that they did not get up 
 until after its surrender : hence the rebel infantry escaped 
 to Donelson. General Lloyd Tilghman, his staff", sixty ar- 
 tillerists, and fifteen guns, were captured with the fort. The 
 fight being only with artillery, the killed and wounded on 
 both sides were less than a hundred. 
 
 The garrison had left in such haste that camp fires were 
 blazing, meat boiling, bread half mixed, and letters, and 
 packs of cards from games interrupted, were lying upon the 
 tables. Our delighted troops donned rebel pantaloons and 
 coats, hats and shirts, and some even grew demonstrative on 
 rebel whisky. 
 
 Among our j)risoners was a lieutenant of artillery, born 
 and reared m the North. The night after the capture, while 
 enjoying the hospitalities of the Greneral and statf on 
 the head-quarters' steamer, he talked so insolently about 
 the "Vandal horde" and " invading our country."" that 
 Grant, ever lenient to Southern rebels, but ])itter upon their 
 iN'orthern sympathizers, confined him in the hold. 
 
1862.] Grant Starts for Donelson. 211 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 DOXELSOJf. 
 
 BeinCx suddenly called to New York, after the capture 
 of Fort Hemy, I stepped into the General's ofBce on the 
 steamer to say " good-bye."' He replied :— 
 
 " You had better wait a day or two." 
 
 "Why?" 
 
 "I am going over to attack Fort Donelson to-morrow." 
 
 Feeling that this gave me some liberty of questioning, I 
 asked : — 
 
 " Do you know how strong it is ?" 
 
 " Not exactly ; but I think we can take it ; at all events, 
 we can try." 
 
 The next day and other days passed, but the command 
 was powerless. The country was under water, inftmtry 
 could hardly march, and it was impossible to move artillery. 
 Grant chafed sadly. Halleck telegraphed :— 
 
 "Hold on to Fort Henry at all hazards. Picks and 
 shovels are sent, and large re-enforcements will be sent 
 immediately^." 
 
 This was thoroughly characteristic of the two men. 
 While Halleck was talking about spades and re-enforce- 
 ments. Grant seriously contemplated moving upon a strong 
 fort which he knew next to nothing about, with infantry 
 and cavalry, and without a single field-piece. 
 
 Finally the roads becoming barely passable for artillery, 
 on Wednesday, February twelfth, he started mth eight 
 light batteries, and fifteen thousand troops— without tents 
 or baggage— for Donelson, on the Cumberland, twelve miles 
 across from Fort Henry. It was named in honor of a 
 nephew of Andrew Jackson— a rebel, though his uncle had 
 "bequeathed a sword to him with the injunction, 
 
212 Invests it With an Inferior Force. [i862. 
 
 " That he fail not to use it when necessary in support and protection of 
 our glorious Union, and for the protection of the constitutional rights of 
 our beloved country, let them be assailed by foreign enemies or domestic 
 traitors.'''' 
 
 Before noon our troops drove in tlie rebel pickets. The 
 fort proper covered about a liundred acres, its outworks 
 spread over several miles. The approaches were over 
 rocky hills, obstructed by fallen trees. Grant's men ad- 
 vanced cautiously through thick woods, and after con- 
 siderable skirmishing invested the post on all its land sides 
 before dark. Their arched line from the river above nearly 
 to the river below, was like an over-bent bow, the stream 
 answering for the string. At the lower end, on our left, were 
 Foote' s gun-boats and Granf s transports, which had come 
 ujD the Cumberland with rations. At the upper end in front 
 of our right, but within the rebel lines, was the little town 
 of Dover. 
 
 Only the promptitude of Grant" s movements made them 
 successful. The rebels had already determined to evacuate 
 Columbus, and hold the Tennessee and Cumberland at all 
 hazards. Beauregard was bringing up troops from Colum- 
 bus when he learned that Fort Henry had fallen. Albert 
 Sidney Johnston, commanding all the confederate troops 
 in the West, said, on hearing the news : — 
 
 " Then I will defend Xashville at Donelson." 
 
 He strengthened the fort, until twenty-one thousand men, 
 with sixty-five pieces of artiller}-, garrisoned it. Grant was 
 attacking an army one-third larger than his own, and pro- 
 tected by formidable works ! 
 
 Thursday was spent in reconnoitering, and pushing for- 
 ward our lines. There were sharp skirmishes over the yel- 
 low earth of many fresli works. The rebels were digging like 
 beavers, but the spade was of little use now. Their fatal 
 mistake had been in not resisting Grant as he ap23roached 
 over the difficult roads from Fort Henry. 
 
 By sundown we had lost four hundred men. The night 
 was terrible. The mercury was only ten degrees above 
 zero. With the improvidence of raw soldiers, many of our 
 troops had thrown away blankets and overcoats on the 
 
1862.] Our Gfx-boats DA:\rAGED AXD Repulsed. 213 
 
 inarch. Xow they suffered intensely from cold, having no 
 tents or protection of any kind, and being unable to build 
 fires, within musket range of the enemy. Before morning, 
 a driving snow-storm began. Many were frozen. The 
 wounded, shivering on the ground between the two lines, 
 cried agonizingly for water. Many were delirious. Some 
 had arms or legs torn off, and in the ghastly liglit of 
 the snow one old, white-haired man in gray liomespun, 
 was seen lying against a tree with his scalp torn off b}' a 
 shot, and hanging over his face. The snow was crimsoned 
 with blood, and during the night angry picket-firing was 
 kept up. 
 
 Friday morning brought re-enforcements under Lew 
 Wallace, which made Grant* s force nearly as large as that 
 of the enemy. The weather continued horrible for cam- 
 paigning. Guns, caissons, and wagons were frozen in the 
 earth, the men were so stiff that they could hardly walk, and 
 many suffered from hunger, as bad roads and frequent 
 changes in position had interfered with the distribution of 
 rations. Tliere was steady cannonading, aggravated by the 
 horrors of sharp-shooting. Our riflemen kept several of the 
 enemy's batteries quite unmanned. Xow and then the 
 rebels would deceive them by sticking up a cap, or a dum- 
 my, to draw their fire, and then, seeing their whereabouts, 
 would send back a volley. 
 
 The gun-boats had arrived. Grant, who had great confi- 
 dence in them, suggested that Commodore Foote run past 
 the fort to get above it, and compel its evacuation. But we 
 had not then learned how safely armored vessels can 
 run the heaviest batteries, and Foote declined the risk. 
 Had he assumed it, he, not Grant, would have been the 
 hero of Donelson. But the commodore was eager enough 
 for an old-fashioned fight. That afternoon his fleet attacked 
 at only forty yards. Fort Henry, very low, had been easily 
 raked hy his guns, but it was hard to damage the Donelson 
 batteries, thirty feet above the water. Our soldiers on shore 
 listened ■^^^.th keen interest to the shots rattling against 
 the ringing iron of the boats, and were ready to assault 
 all alona* the line if Foote should succeed. But the g-allant 
 
214 A Narrow Escape frox Defeat. [i862. 
 
 commodore failed. After being under fire an lionr and a 
 half, lie liad only twelve practicable guns left in liis whole 
 fleet, and had lost fifty-four men, chiefly wounded. His 
 flagship had been struck fifty-nine times, and his other boats 
 had received twenty-five or thirty shots apiece. He turned 
 sadly away, and his disabled boats drifted down stream. 
 
 Grant was extremely anxious. He feared he might have 
 to fortify, and capture the place by a regular siege. The 
 severity of the weather still increased. During the snowy, 
 sleeting, intensely cold night, several of the wounded froze 
 to death, and many soldiers were tortured with hunger, but 
 exhibited unshaken fortitude. 
 
 Before daylight on Saturday, came a note from Foote, 
 written on his flagship, and asking of Grant : — 
 
 " Will you do me the favor to come on board at your earliest convenience, 
 as I am disabled from walking by a contusion, and I can not possibly get to 
 see you about the disposition of these vessels, all of which are more or less 
 disabled." 
 
 At dawn the General rode down two miles to the land- 
 ing, and held a long conference with Foote. It convinced 
 him that the fleet must go back to Cairo for repairs. 
 
 While he was on the flagship, lively work began on the 
 field. Our lines stood : — 
 
 LEFT. CENTER. RIGHT. 
 
 0. F. Smith. Lew Wallace. McOlernand. 
 
 The rebels tried to do what they might have done suc- 
 cessfully two days before. They massed heavily on our 
 right, and attacked furiously at daylight. They expected 
 their charge to be a surprise, but McClernand' s men received 
 it with prompt and hot resistance. Though the enemy's 
 force at that point was three times as large as ours, the 
 troops held their ground admirably through four hours' 
 hard fighting with artillery and musketry. But the odds 
 were too great, and our whole right wing and right center 
 were driven far back, and almost rolled up. At that mo- 
 ment the rebels, who were trying to cut their way out, 
 might have escaped but for Dickey' s Illinois cavalry, which, 
 
1862.] "Are Their Haversacks Full?" 0^5 
 
 by the merest chance, was drawn up across the road "before 
 them. Supposing it as strong on each side, in the woods, 
 as across tliat narrow road, the enemy, wearied by hard 
 fighting, came to a halt. 
 
 Never was man wanted more sorely than Grant. He 
 had heard the guns, and was galloping up when he met an 
 aide, who told him the situation. At nine o'clock he 
 reached our left. The battle was then suspended. Both, 
 sides were hesitating, and the enemy had one of our bat- 
 teries. Smith explained that the fighting had been exclu- 
 sively on our right. Grant instantly replied : — 
 
 ' ' If the enemy has massed so heavily on our right, he 
 must have weakened his front, here on our left. Hold your- 
 self in readiness to attack with yoiiv whole command. Look 
 out for a place to make the assault, while I go over and see 
 McClernand and Wallace." 
 
 "I will be ready to advance," replied Smith, "when- 
 ever you give the order." 
 
 Grant rode on to the right. He found our troops dis- 
 ordered and desponding. They had fought splendidly, but 
 imagined the enemy in overwhelming force. A slight alarm 
 might have driven the whole line back in panic. While 
 the General was conversing with McClernand he heard a 
 soldier say : — 
 
 " The rebels have come out to fight several days. They 
 have their knapsacks on, and their haversacks are full of 
 'grub.' " 
 
 "Are their haversacks full?" asked Grant eagerly, on 
 catching this casual remark. 
 
 Hard by was a little group of rebel prisoners in gray. 
 Two or three officers examined their haversacks, and 
 brought one to the General. It contained three days' rations. 
 The enemy's j)urpose and condition flashed upon him. He 
 said hurriedly : — 
 
 "Men defending a fort don't carry three days' rations, 
 especially when making a charge, unless they are trying to get 
 away. The rebels have been endeavoring to cut their way 
 out, and wouldn't hesitate now if they were not badly 
 damaged. Whichever party attacks now will whip." 
 
216 "Tell Gei^eral Grant Tll Do It." [i862. 
 
 The "sight of the master" detected that this was the 
 supreme moment. In brief, earnest words he ordered 
 McClernand and Wallace to be ready to assault the moment 
 they should hear Smith' s guns on the left, and he sent a re- 
 quest to Foote to come up with his gun-boats and make a show 
 of attacking to add to the enemy' s fears. Then he put spurs 
 to his horse and galloped back to the left with the staff, 
 pausing at each knot of straggling soldiers, to say : — 
 
 " PrejDare to attack. Get ready to go in at once. The 
 enemy is growing desperate and trying to retreat. If we 
 push him the victory is ours." 
 
 Tlie men did not believe much in the enemy's retreat- 
 ing : still, with freshened courage, they hurried toward the 
 front. On reaching the left Grant found Smith, to whom 
 Rawlins said : — 
 
 " McClernand wants re-enforcements ; can't you send him 
 some more troops ? " 
 
 "He has been wanting them all day, and I've just sent 
 him three regiments, which are as many as he needs," re- 
 plied the old regular, in a tone indicative of no deep respect. 
 
 AVellington, once asked if he gave the famous order at 
 Waterloo, "Up, Guards, and at them," rej)lied : — "No. 
 I don't remember what I said : but I made no such foolish 
 speech as that. I suppose I sim2:)ly directed: — 'Advance 
 the line.' '' So Grant and Smith now conversed on a move- 
 ment which was to be historic, not in high heroics, but like 
 two men talking over any business matter. 
 
 "I think you had better make the main assault here," 
 said the one. 
 
 " I will try, sir,'' re^^lied the other. 
 
 By four o' clock all was ready. Two gun-boats had run 
 up and were throwing shells at long range. Grant, who 
 had now ridden toward the center, sent word to Smith 
 to attack. He replied sententiouslv : — 
 
 " Tell General Grant I'll do it."' 
 
 Then the veteran turned to his men, and briefly gave 
 thein orders. The Second Iowa was to lead. Smith formed 
 it in two lines, thirty paces apart, took his place between 
 them, and gave the word. " Forward ! " 
 
18G2.] The Stars axd Stripes Gro Up. 217 
 
 They went with a dash. AYhile the artillery was pour- 
 ing a hot fire into the rebel works, they rushed up, like 
 school-hoys on a race, over the roughest ground. Smith' s 
 eyes flashed with deliglit. This was the work he loved. 
 In the teeth of a pattering shower of bullets, which soon grew 
 to a terrible storm of grape and canister — through dense 
 underbrush — up a steep liill — climbing fallen timber, slip- 
 ping back on the snow, scrambling over slippery rocks, the 
 column pushed forward. The flag- staff was almost shot off" ; 
 the flag itself was cut with fourteen bullets, and five succes- 
 sive color-bearers dropped, one after another ; but a sixth 
 bore forward the undying banner, and the men never 
 wavered. Right behind the advance rode Smith, hat in 
 hand, his white hair and beard streaming in the wind, as 
 he shouted words of encouragement. 
 
 The rebels would fain have strengthened their right 
 again, but Grant's assault was so severe along the entire 
 line, that they could not spare a man for the weakened 
 point. 
 
 Smith' s men needed no encouragement. \Yithout firing 
 a single musket, they reached the ditch, poured down into 
 it, then up the side and over the parapet, first by twos and 
 threes, and then in squads. For brief minutes there was 
 sharp hand to hand fighting, then the last Gray-coats, who 
 were not captured, had fled, and the Blue-coats rent the 
 heavens with their wild cheers, as the Stars and Stripes 
 flew up. 
 
 The moment the work was ours, its reversed guns, and our 
 own pieces, which had dashed in behind steaming horses 
 on a full run, were throwing shells among the retreating 
 rebels, whom they compelled to fall back almost a mile, into 
 the outAVorks of the fort itself. Darkness ended the fight. 
 Smith had gained a position not absolutely commanding 
 the fort, but holding the key to it, and enabling our artil- 
 lerists to take nearly all the enemy's works in reverse. 
 Meanwhile, on our riglit and center, McClernand and Wal- 
 lace had recovered the ground and guns lost in the morning. 
 
 That night. Grant and staff slept in a negro shanty on 
 the left of our lines. They said, gleefully : — 
 13r 
 
218 CONSTEEISTATIOIS" IIN" THE R.EBEL CaMP. [1862, 
 
 "We may liave to fight a couple of hours or so to-mor- 
 row, but that will be all." 
 
 They were confident of getting a position early in the 
 morning where they would have a plunging fire on the fort 
 itself. After dark. Smith came into the little hut and gave 
 an account of liis charge. With the habit of our army in 
 Flanders and elsewhere, he was always full of strange oaths. 
 Now flushed with success, his narration was unusually rich 
 in expletives. He said : — 
 
 " I took the first regiment I came to, the Second Iowa, 
 and divided it into two lines, ready to charge. Then I 
 preached to the men. I made them a speech — the first I 
 ever made in my life. I cheered with them ; I swore at 
 them ; and, by — , I would have prayed with them if neces- 
 sary. I told them, ' Fighting is my business ; I am here to do 
 it, because the Government sent me. But you have volun- 
 teered. You are here because you chose to be ; and now I 
 expect you to go in and do your duty.' And, by — , they 
 did go in, and they did just as well as any regulars I ever 
 saw in my life." 
 
 The night witnessed consternation in the rebel camp. 
 John B. Floyd, of Yii-ginia, was in command. As Secretary 
 of War under Buchanan he had atrociously betrayed his 
 trust, by storing large quantities of Government arms in the 
 South, that the rebels, in whose counsels he Avas, might 
 seize them when ready to begin the war. Floyd had ar- 
 rived but two days before and knew little of the fort. The 
 second officer in rank was Gideon J. Pillow, a weak and 
 bombastic Tennessean, Avhom Floyd had superseded, and 
 who had been there o\Aj five days. The third was Simeon 
 B. Buckner, a Kentuckian, who had commanded the post 
 before Pillow or Floyd, and was a far better soldier than 
 either. 
 
 The rebel leaders saw that the place must surrender. 
 Floyd with the imagination which always haunts the guilty 
 mind, alluding delicately to his past peculations, said : — 
 
 '• My peculiar relations with the Federal Government 
 will not permit me to surrender. I turn the command over 
 to General Pillow." 
 
1862] A^^ I^TTELLIGENT CoXTKABAND's iNFORiTATION. 219 
 
 Pillow, who seemed to fancy he was playing euchre, 
 replied : — 
 
 ' ' I j)ass it. There are no two men in the Confederacy 
 whom the Yankees would rather have than us." 
 
 Thus the command devolved upon Buckner, who was a 
 graduate of West Point, and with a soldier* s sense of honor 
 would not desert his men. Floyd seized two steamers, 
 and with three thousand men escaped up the river. Pillow 
 found his way out on a flatboat, and Forrest of Tennessee 
 fled with a thousand cavalry, wading a stream south of the 
 the fort. 
 
 Of course, Grant did not know what was going on in 
 the rebel camp, but he had more than a suspicion of it. 
 Before daylight on that memorable Sunday morning. Smith, 
 whose lines were nearest the enemy, sent to head-quarters 
 the colored servant of a rebel officer. The negro, who had 
 just deserted from Fort Donelson, seemed trustworthy, and 
 declared that the enemy had been evacuating all night. 
 Grant and the staff warned him that many lives might be 
 risked on his information. They said : — 
 
 "We shall depend on you, and if you deceive us we 
 shall hang you." 
 
 "All right, mass'r," replied the zealous African ; "you 
 may if I'se deceiving you. I'se just come from de fort; 
 dey's been a-goin' all night." 
 
 Grant believed the statement, and immediately asked : — 
 
 "Who will go over with orders to McClernand and 
 Wallace?" 
 
 It was cheerless in the little cabin, for the fire had 
 died out, the morning was cold, and it was still snowing. 
 But the ever-ready Rawlins volunteered ; and just before 
 daAvn, rode over with orders that the two generals should 
 attack vigorously along the entire line the moment they 
 heard the first gun from Smith who was to begin the assault. 
 
 A few minutes after Rawlins had gone, and just as the 
 sleepers were becoming unconscious again, in walked Smitli. 
 On his front a bugler, accomimnied hj an officer with a 
 white flag, had sounded a parley. The pickets saw liim 
 dimly in the twilight, and called him in. He bore a letter 
 
220 Grant and Bucknee Correspond. [i^^^- 
 
 from Buckner, which Smith now delivered. Grant, shiver- 
 ing on an inverted cracker-box, found light enough in tlie 
 gray dawn to read the following : — 
 
 '• Head-quartep.3, Fort Donelson, February 16, 1862. 
 "Sir: — In consideration of all the circumstances governing the present 
 situation of affairs at tliis station, I propose to the commanding officer of the 
 Federal forces the appointment of commissioners to agree upon terms of 
 capitulation of the forces and post under my command; and, in that view, 
 suggest an armistice until twelve o'clock to-day. 
 
 " I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 "S. B. BucKXEE, Brig.-Gen., C. S. A. 
 
 " To Brigadier-General U. S. Geant, commanding United States forces 
 "near Fort Donelson." 
 
 The General read this without a word. Then he handed 
 
 it to Smith, who read it also. 
 
 Grant, — "Well, what do jou think?" 
 
 Smith. — "I think, no terms with traitors, by !" 
 
 The chief sat down, wrote this answer as fast as his pen 
 
 could move, and passed it to Smith : — 
 
 " Hd.-qrs. Army in thk Field. | 
 Camp near Donelson, February 16, 1862. ) 
 
 " General S. B. Buoknee, Confedera'^e Army : — 
 
 " Yours of this date proposing, armistice, and appointment of commis- 
 sioners to settle terms of capitulation, is just received. N'o terms except an 
 unconditional and immediate surrender can he accepted. I propose to move 
 immediately upon your works. 
 
 " I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 "U. S. Grant, Brig.-Gen." 
 
 The gray-haired veteran read it, and exclaimed emphati- 
 cally : — 
 
 " By , it couldn't be better !" 
 
 Then he went away with the dispatch. Not another 
 word passed between them, and Smith did not remain in the 
 cabin more than ten minutes. The phrase, afterward so 
 famous, "I propose to move immediately upon your 
 works," was not in the least "buncombe," but literally 
 exj)ressed Grant's intentions. The moment Smith left, 
 he dispatched Riggin to McClernand and Wallace, with in- 
 structions to press forward right into the enemy* s works 
 
-^-•] Fort Doxelson Suerexders. 221 
 
 as soon as the signal slionlcl be given. But Buckner made 
 haste to reply : — 
 
 " Head-quarters. Dove-^, Tex.v., February 16. 1S62. 
 
 " To Brig.-Gen. U. S. Grant, U. S. Army : — 
 
 " Sir: — The distribution of the forces under my command, incident to an 
 unexpected change of commanders, and the overwhehning force under your 
 command, compel me, notwithstanding tlie brilliant success of the Confed- 
 erate arms yesterday, to accept the ungenerous and unchivalrous terms 
 which you propose. 
 
 '* I am, sir, your very obedient servant, 
 
 •'S. B. Buckner, Brig.-Gen., C. S. A." 
 
 Grant received this Tvitli liis usual serenity, ordered his 
 horse, and with his staff rode over to Buckner, whom he 
 had known at the Military Academy, Buckner invited his 
 guests to breakfast, and gave them some vile confederate 
 coffee. Then the two enemies of an hour before, smokins: 
 pacifically, discussed the surrender. Buckner asked sub- 
 sistence for his men, and kindnesses for some wounded offi- 
 cers. Grant acceded to these requests. He decided, also, 
 that officers might retain their side-arms and personal bag- 
 gage, but that horses and all public property must be given 
 up. Buckner was annoyed that Grant had been able to 
 invest Donelson with so small a force. 
 
 " If I had been in command," said he, " you would not 
 have reached the fort so easily." 
 
 "Kyou had," replied Grant, ''I should have waited 
 for re-enforcements. But I knew Pillow would never come 
 out of his works to fight." 
 
 Smith soon arrived. Buckner, being an old army officer, 
 had known him Avell, and as they shook hands he said : — 
 
 " That charge of j^ours last night, was a splendid affair." 
 
 '' Yes, yes," replied the veteran ; " the men did well — 
 they did well ; but it was no aftair of mine ; I simply 
 obeyed General Grant's orders." 
 
 Grant permitted the Second Iowa, in recognition of its 
 gallantry, to raise its flag over the captured fort. Before 
 noon our troops, in bright blue, marched in from three 
 points, with streaming banners, gleaming muskets, bands 
 playing, men singing and cheering, and the gun-boats firing 
 a salute. 
 
222 
 
 "I Propose to Move 
 
 [1862. 
 
1862.] Immediately Upon yotjr Works.' 
 
 223 
 
224 
 
 " — Compel me to Accept the 
 
 [1862 
 
 r 
 
 "^ 
 
 
 i„^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
1862.J Ungenerous and Unchivalrous Teems." 225 
 
22G WON-DER OF THE CONFEDERATE TrOOPS. [18G2. 
 
 The rebels, in faded gray, stood mournfully beside tlieir 
 great piles of muskets and sliot-guns, wondering at tlie 
 "Northern horde."' Many, from the mountains of Tennes- 
 see and Kentuck}-, were Union men at heart. Their garb 
 was motle}^ Some had blankets wrapped around them; 
 others, old pieces of carpet, quilts, and buifalo robes. 
 Their arms consisted of single and double barreled shot- 
 guns, old Kentucky rifles, and flint-lock muskets, with here 
 and there a modern piece. 
 
 All the flghting had been in the woods. There were some 
 leaves still on the trees, and the confederates in gray were 
 so near the color of the landscape that it was difiicult 
 to detect them. Our men came unsuspectingly right upon 
 them, to meet deadly reception from their double-barreled 
 shot-guns, the most efiective weapons in a close contest. 
 
 The rebel water-battery was very strong, but the fort 
 itself was a wilderness of zigzags and abatis spreading over 
 a, large area, formidable to the eye but really weak, and not 
 bearing any logical relation to each other. 
 
 The hills and ravines, so lately torn and crimsoned by 
 fierce fighting, are now smoothed by rains and overgrown 
 with shrubs and vines. The tremendous fortifications can 
 hardly be seen, and ere long it will be impossible to trace 
 their outlines. The thick mounds, too, have almost disap- 
 peared. Where they sleep who died for us. kindly Nature 
 strews her waving grass and her springing flowers, just as 
 she covers the scars and wounds in our hearts with her 
 fragrant lilies of resignation and her tender willows of 
 memory. 
 
1862.] An E.MPHATIC ReBUKE TO BUCKNER. 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 CURBED. 
 
 Buck:n-er was a good-looking, stout gentleman, of middle 
 age, with low forehead, and thin iron-gray hair, mustaches, 
 and whiskers. He wore an overcoat of light blue with an 
 enormous cape and sleeves laced with gold, and a black 
 hat with a tall plume. Xotwitlistanding his martial cos- 
 tume, his manner and tone were those of a Methodist 
 exhorter rather than a soldier. 
 
 The prisoners were treated with great kindness. A 
 steamer was assigned to Buckner and his staff, and supplies 
 issued to his men on his own requisition. But Grant ordered 
 that they should only be allowed one blanket apiece. The 
 extra ones, chiefly captured in our camps when Pillow was 
 trying to cut liis way out, were distributed among Union 
 soldiers, many of whom were without any. Grant also 
 ordered tlie side-arms, which some of the prisoners had 
 misused, to be taken from them and kept until they should 
 reach Cairo. The next evening Buckner entered head-quar- 
 ters, dropped into a chair, and began this conversation :— 
 
 Buckner. — " Put me in irons. General ; put me in 
 irons !" 
 
 Grant. — "What do j^ou mean 1 " 
 
 Buckner. — -'Your troops are simply robbing my men. 
 They are stripping them of every thing. They are taking 
 the officers' arms, which, by your agreement, they were to 
 retain. They are even stealing their blankets, and declare 
 that it is by your orders."" 
 
 Grant.—" This compels me to say things which I hoped 
 to avoid speaking of, because I wanted to save your feelings. 
 Your men have committed the grossest outrages. I know 
 you can not approve of them, and I suppose you could 
 
228 A Great Panic m Nashville. [1862. 
 
 scarcely prevent them. But on the morning of the surren- 
 der, one of your officers, growing angry in discussion, shot 
 Major Mudd, of tlie Second Illinois Cavalry, in the back. 
 Your soldiers have stripped my dead, and left them naked on 
 the held, while it was in your possession. They have taken 
 every blanket from prisoners, and been guilty of many 
 other things which I do not feel like detailing. The weather 
 is cold, and my troops need these blankets. By the laws of 
 Avar they are entitled to them ; for in an unconditional 
 surrender, every thing belongs to the victors. They are 
 to remain in the field. Your men are going to Cairo, 
 where the Government has plenty of supplies, and will 
 see them properly cared for. Our soldiers, falling into 
 Confederate hands, have been almost starved, and are kept 
 in the foulest prisons. Y'ours receive here the same 
 accommodations and fare as my own. I have simply 
 disarmed them, because I don't want my officers assassin- 
 ated. They can get their side-arms again by applying for 
 them at Cairo." 
 
 Grant' s staff had never heard him speak so vehemently 
 on any subject. Buckner was completely silenced. He 
 sat a few minutes without a word, then got up, said 
 '"good evening," returned to his quarters, and made no fur- 
 ther complaints. 
 
 The capture of Fort Donelson carried consternation 
 through the South. At first, a rebel victory was reported. 
 Nashville, being most deeply interested, fu'st comprehended 
 the disaster. Its papers, on Sunday morning, headed their 
 news : — 
 
 '"Enemy Retreating — Glorious Result — Our Boys Fol- 
 lowing and Peppering their Rear — A Complete Victory." 
 
 But just as the worshipers were going to church, exult- 
 ant with these tidings, came word that there was a dread- 
 ful mistake, and that the fort had fallen. The prayer- 
 bells were changed to alarm-bells, for Donelson was the 
 door to Nashville. Our gun-boats were expected at once, 
 and wild panic prevailed. Public stores were thrown open, 
 and everybody allowed to carry off provisions and cloth- 
 ing. At the churches where service had begun, cougrega- 
 
1862.] Halleck Guilty of a Joke. 229 
 
 tions broke np in dismay. Women and children rushed 
 through the streets, trunks were thrown from windows, 
 bank officers started South with their specie, citizens 
 thronged the railways, and left in vehicles by all the roads, 
 and hack hire rose to twenty-five dollars an hour. ISTasli- 
 ville soon fell into Union hands, never to be recovered l)y 
 the enemy. 
 
 The North was correspondingly elate. In the Senate, 
 Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, who, notwithstanding his 
 later defection, was then one of the boldest and most earnest 
 of Union leaders, interrupted business to say : — 
 
 ' ' I have a little announcement here, which I wish made 
 by way of episode. It is so seldom we get any thing of 
 the kind that I think there can not be any objection to it. 
 I merely ^vish to have the Senate see that the Union is going 
 along." 
 
 Thereupon the clerk read Foote's report that Fort 
 Henry was captured. A few days later the news of Donel- 
 son came. The dispatch called out tremendous enthusiasm. 
 Grave senators threw up their hats and canes, and shouted 
 with gratification, and the galleries were still more boister- 
 ous. In the House, Schuyler Colfax' s announcement of tlie 
 victory was followed by tumultuous applause from the floor 
 and the galleries, which broke into deafening cheers for the 
 General when Washburne stated that ' ' our land forces 
 were commanded by U. S. Grant, of Illinois, and of Galena 
 at that.'' 
 
 Even the stolid soul of Halleck was a little stii-red. 
 He wrote an account of the victory, and posted it on the 
 hotel bulletin with his own hand. An excited crowd 
 instantly gathered, to whom, with unusual humor, he 
 growled : — 
 
 ' ' Humph ! If Grant' s a drunkard and can win such 
 victories, I shall issue an order that any man found sober 
 in St. Louis to-night, be punished by fine and imprison- 
 ment." 
 
 The newsj)apers sounded the national jubilation. 
 Here is the substance of the earliest telegraphic dis- 
 patches : — 
 
230 The North Wild with Delight. [1^62 
 
 Cincinnati. — Great enthusiasm on 'Change. Steamer Icaws to-night 
 with twelve surgeons and one hundred boxes of supplies for Douelson ; three 
 thousand dollars subscribed for wounded ; national salutes, general illumina- 
 tion, bonfires, and fireworks. 
 
 Indianapolis. — Great excitement ; firing of one hundred guns. Special 
 train for Donelson, full of hospital physicians and volunteer nurses. Citi- 
 zens' meeting in the court-house to make arrangements for the wounded to 
 be sent home. 
 
 CniCAGO. — Universal rejoicing; business suspended; Board of Trade ad- 
 journed ; bells ringing ; schools dismissed ; men embracing each other on 
 the streets; strangers stopping to cheer together; nurses, supplies, and 
 surgeons starting, and large subscriptions for tlie wounded. 
 
 Boston. — A furore of jubilation, never equaled within the memory of 
 living men. 
 
 Detroit, CoLUMurs, Buffalo, Baltimore, etc. — Bells ringing, steam- 
 whistles blowing, flags flying ; bonfires, illuminations, and immense im- 
 promptu meetings. 
 
 Neither Donelson nor Henry was well situated or 
 well defended. Both would have been strongly garrisoned 
 and commanded by able officers, had the General waited 
 one week longer before attacking. It was his characteristic 
 promptness which made victory so easy— indeed, which 
 gave us victory at all. 
 
 Grant's official report consisted of only nine hundred 
 words.* Like Byron, he awoke to find himself famous. 
 His name was on every tongue. Four days after the surren- 
 der the President made and the Senate confirmed him a major- 
 general of volunteers. Never did soldier earn promotion 
 better. He had brought all Kentucky and nearly all Ten- 
 nessee into our hands, necessitated the evacuation of Colum- 
 bus and Nashville, and carried the Union lines hundreds of 
 miles farther south. 
 
 He had delivered at Cairo fourteen thousand six hun- 
 dred and twenty prisoners— a number almost as large as the 
 force with which he first invested the fort. He had taken 
 many more guns than those he attacked with. No such 
 victory had ever been seen on this continent. No future 
 
 * Stanton, late Secretary of War, asserts that he never received an official letter 
 from Grant which covered more than one page of letter-paper. 
 
1862.] Grant s Praise on all Tongues. 231 
 
 triumphs in the war were to be of equal importance, except 
 those won by Grant himself. This, too, coming at a period 
 of darkness and discouragement, excited a delight which 
 successes failed to kindle after they became a habit. One 
 of the many exultant poems of the hour ran : — 
 
 " O gales that dash the Atlantic's swell 
 Along our rocky shores, 
 Wliose thunders diapason well 
 New England's loud hurrahs; 
 
 " Bear to the prairies of the West 
 The echoes of our joy. 
 The prayer that springs in every breast — 
 'God bless thee, Illinois!' " 
 
 The campaign had brought Grant into contact with two 
 men who afterward won world-wide renown as his lieu- 
 tenants and fiiends. One was William T. Sherman, who 
 had been superintendent of the Military Academy of Lou- 
 isiana. When tliat State began her secession movement, he 
 instantly asked to be relieved, declaring, in a manly letter, 
 "On no earthly account will I do any act or think any 
 thought hostile to the old Government of the United States." 
 
 The outbreak of the war found him president of a Cin- 
 cinnati street railway company. He promptly re-entered 
 the service, and was a colonel at Bull Run, where his cool- 
 ness and efficiency surprised friends familiar with his ex- 
 citable temperament. At that early day he was one of the 
 very few who comprehended the magnitude of the rebel- 
 lion. When President Lincoln called out seventy- five 
 thousand men for three months, he said : — 
 
 " You might as well attempt to put out the flames of a 
 burning house with a squirt-gun. You ought to organize 
 the loTiole military xyomer of the North at once for a des- 
 perate struggle." 
 
 He was afterward made a brigadier-general of volunteers, 
 and jDlaced in command of Kentucky. He was never timid 
 about stating his opinions, and now asserted, that to deal ef- 
 fectively witli the rebels in the West he wanted two hundred 
 thousand men — ten times the enemy's force on his front. 
 
232 Encof^'ters Sherman" and McPherson. [1862. 
 
 SnlDsequent experience proved liim right. But then we were 
 all looking for ''peace in sixty days," and Shermans de- 
 mand appeared midsummer madness. Coupled with eccen- 
 tric acts, it provoked the newspapers into declaring him 
 insane, and the Government into shelving him at St. Louis. 
 
 But when Grant started for Donelson, Halleck sent 
 him to Cairo to forward supj)lies and re-enforcements. He 
 did this with the utmost zeal, and, though ranking both 
 Grant and Smith, offered to take the field and serve under 
 them. This unusual readiness to waive rank for the good 
 of the country quite won Grant' s heart, and was the begin- 
 ning of a friendship like that of David and Jonathan. 
 Under any superior, Sherman would have deserved well of 
 the Republic ; but it needed a nature like Grant' s — large, 
 generous, incapable of being disturbed by little ebulli- 
 tions of impatience and arrogance — to make his pure patri- 
 otism and his splendid military genius known and seen of 
 all men. 
 
 The other was James B. McPherson, a young lieutenant- 
 colonel of engineers, whom Halleck sent from his own staff. 
 Grant soon put a high estimate upon his niilitaiy qualifica- 
 tions, and regarded him with even warmer personal affec- 
 tion than he gave to Sherman. 
 
 To his former Galena friend, who had now joined the 
 army and called to pay his resxDCcts, the General said : — 
 
 '•Well, Rowley, our speculations have come true. 
 Rawlins and you and I are all in the service.'' 
 
 After Donelson, Rowley accepted a position as aide, with 
 the rank of captain. He idtimately became a brigadier- 
 general, and proved a loyal and valuable subordinate until 
 after the Wilderness campaign, when ill health com2)elled 
 him to resign. 
 
 Mrs. Grant and the childi'en spent a few days with the 
 General, and then went to his father' s. The negro coach- 
 man, who took them across from Cincinnati to Covington, 
 was lodged in jail for entering Kentucky without a permit. 
 A grand jury indicted him for the heinous crime, and he 
 wisely forfeited his bail — one liundred dollars— rather than 
 trust himself to the tender mercies of neutral Kentucky. 
 
1S62.] Shabby Treatment from Halleck. 233 
 
 Grant was now in command of the undefined "Dis- 
 trict of West Tennessee." On the twenty-seventh of Feb- 
 ruary he visited Xashville, to confer with Buell. There, 
 in company with McClernand and W. H. L. 'Wallace, he 
 called upon the widow of Pi-esident Polk. She received 
 the officers with frigid courtesy, hoped her husband's 
 tomb would protect her home against depredations, but 
 showed liearty sympathy with the enemies of the country 
 which had done him honor. 
 
 If Grant's district had any boundaries, he was kept in 
 utter ignorance of them. He went to Nashville solely in 
 pursuance of his official duty, spent only one day there, and 
 promptly reported his visit and return. Nevertheless, Hal- 
 leck sent bitter complaints of him to Washington, for 
 "leaving his district without authority," and, though Grant 
 had written him almost every day, he asserted : — 
 
 "I can get no returns, no reports, no information of anj kind from him. 
 Satisfied with his victory, he sits down and enjoys it, witliout any regard to 
 the future. I am worn out and tired by this neglect and inefficiency." 
 
 As the climax to this shabby treatment, he sent a junior 
 officer, C. F. Smith, in command of an important expedition 
 up the Tennessee, and kept Grant at Fort Henry, in disgrace. ' 
 After several unmerited rebukes, which he bore with great 
 patience, Grant asked to be relieved from duty in the de- 
 partment, on the ground that enemies must be making 
 trouble between them. But at last Halleck' s fit of bile 
 passed away, and he restored the General to the command 
 of his army. 
 
 Smith's expedition had started to attack Corinth, an 
 important railway-crossing, twenty-five miles south of the 
 river. Grant joined it on the seventeenth of March. Smith 
 promptly congratulated him upon being restored to the 
 position "from which you were so unceremoniously and, as 
 I think, so unjustly stricken down." 
 
 The troops had not been able to march, as the whole 
 
 country was overflowed. Smith, now over sixty, was very 
 
 ill fi'om the eflfects of exposure at Fort Donelson, where he 
 
 lay all night upon the snow, and from a recent fall over the 
 
 14r 
 
234 Commands a new Expedition. [^862. 
 
 side of a steamer into a boat alongside, in which the corner 
 of a plank cut his leg to the hone. His head-quarters were 
 at Savanna.''^ His soldiers were at Pittsburg, nine miles 
 above, the landing-place of freight for Corinth. Pittsburg 
 consisted of a store-house at the water' s edge, and a log 
 dwelling at the top of the steep bluff, a hundred yards 
 back. 
 
 Beauregard was concentrating an army at Corinth. Grant 
 was extremely anxious to disperse it, but Halleck replied f 
 to his application, "Remain where you are until you are 
 fortified and get re-enforcements.'' 
 
 Chafing at his compelled inaction, he conferred with 
 Smith— who had moved up to Pittsburg— upon the advis- 
 ability of fortifying. The veteran stoutly opposed it, de- 
 claring : — 
 
 ^ ' By , I want nothing better than to have the rebels 
 
 come out and attack us. We can whip them all to . 
 
 Our men suppose we have come here to fight, and if we 
 begin to spade, it will make them think we fear the enemy." 
 
 Bueir s army, forty thousand strong, was marching south- 
 ward through Tennessee to join Grant. The latter, eager 
 to attack while Beauregard's force was still weak, sent 
 Hillyer to St. Louis to explain matters orally to Halleck. 
 The department commander received the aide with custom- 
 ary frigidity. Hillyer explained at length tlie position and 
 desire of his chief. Halleck heard him without a nod of 
 acquiescence or a single demur, but with a dead calm rest- 
 ing on his stolid face, and when Hillyer concluded, asked : — 
 
 ' ' Where are you stopping, captain ? ' ' 
 
 "■At the Planters* House.'' 
 
 " Yer}^ well ; your disimtches will be sent there in two 
 hours. Return immediately with them to General Grant. 
 If there is no steamer going up to-day, apj)ly to the quarter- 
 master, and he will furnish you with one. Good morning." 
 
 The dispatches contained only a repetition of Halleck' s 
 peremptory orders to avoid a general engagement. 
 
 Toward the last of March, a question about rank arose 
 
 * Map, page 198. f March twentieth. 
 
1S62.] A Bad Fall from His Hoese. 235 
 
 between McClernand and Smitli. Grant, perhaps fearing 
 that Halleck might decide in McClernand's favor, settled 
 the matter by removing liis own head-quarters to Pittsburg, 
 taking general command and leaving Smith in charge of his 
 division. Each day Grant ran up on his steamer the Tigress, 
 reviewed troops, conferred with division commanders, and 
 in the evening returned to Savanna where Rawlins still 
 kept an office to forward arriving troops to their proper 
 destinations. 
 
 After the second of April there was daily skirmishing. 
 The General was constantly on the alert, and instructed his 
 subordinates to be prompt and vigilant. 
 
 After dark on the evening of the fourth he heard artil- 
 lery firing at the front, for Pittsburg, though nine miles from 
 Savanna by river, is only six in a direct line. It was rain- 
 ing hard, but he and the staff repaired by steamer to the 
 Landing and rode two miles out, where they met W. H. 
 L. Wallace, who told them that Sherman's pickets on the 
 Corinth road had been attacked, but that the enemy was 
 easily repulsed. 
 
 The night was ver}^ dark and on the return Grant's horse 
 slipped on a smooth log, and fell, nearly breaking the ankle 
 of his rider. The General suffered excruciating pain, and 
 was lamed for several weeks. 
 
 On Saturday, the fifth, Grant received a dispatch from 
 Buell : — "I shall be in Savanna myself to-morrow with 
 one, perhaps two, divisions. Can I meet you there ?" He 
 replied : — "I will be here to meet 3'ou to-morrow. Enemy 
 at or near Corinth ; from sixty thousand to eighty thousand ; 
 information not reliable." 
 
 Feeling uneasy about Beauregard, he sent Sherman a 
 note by McPherson, asking the condition of things, and 
 whether it was safe for him to remain and see Buell the next 
 morning. Sherman replied : — 
 
 " The enemv has cavalry in our front, and I think two regiments of in- 
 fantry and one battery of artillery six miles out. * * * I do not appre- 
 hend any thing like an attack on our position.'''' 
 
 In the afternoon Nelson, commanding Buell' s first divi- 
 sion, reached Savanna, and dined with our General and staff, 
 
236 Buell's Army Approaching in the Rear. [i862. 
 
 who took their meals in the brick house of a Union man 
 named Cherry, on the bank of the river. In the evening 
 Grant wrote Halleck : — ''I have scarcely the faintest idea 
 of an attack (general one) being made upon us, but will be 
 prepared should such a thing take place." 
 
 Buell, who moved with each of his divisions like clock- 
 work, just so far apart, and traveled himself between the 
 first and second, encamped within three miles of Savanna, 
 but Grant did not know that he was so near. 
 
 So on that dark Saturday night, Grant was at Savanna ; 
 Lew AYallace's division of five thousand effectives was at 
 Crump' s, five miles above ; and the rest of the army, consist- 
 ing of thirty-three thousand effectives, in five divisions, was 
 encamped on the south bank of the Tennessee, four miles 
 farther. Sherman held the front, three miles from the 
 river, and near a Methodist log-chapel, known as Shiloh 
 Meeting-House. 
 
i362.j A Rebel Council in the Woods. '237 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 SHILOH. 
 
 For three days a rebel army from Corinth, forty thou- 
 sand strong, had been floundering through the mud with 
 superhuman energy, expecting to attack Grant before Buell 
 could possibly arrive. It was led by Albert Sidney John- 
 ston, a popular and able general, with Beauregard second 
 in command. 
 
 It was almost impossible to move artillery, and it took 
 Johnston' s troops two days to march fifteen miles. They 
 had hoped to attack on Friday, but not until Saturday 
 after dark did they encamp noiselessly, within three- 
 quarters of a mile of Grant's pickets. In front they built 
 no fires, but lay comfortless upon logs or the drenched 
 ground, speaking only in low tones. A mile farther back 
 their generals held a council of war. Several famous rebel 
 leaders Avere there. 
 
 Johnston, now sixty, had been a soldier for forty years. 
 He was tall, erect, with high forehead, bald crown, and 
 below it straight locks of iron-gray hair, and heavy curled 
 mustache. His face was modest and rather French in aspect. 
 
 Beauregard, light and slender, with twinkling eyes, 
 pointed beard, and French accent, enjoyed a high military 
 reputation among the soldiers whom he had collected with 
 great care and energy. To-night he promised that twenty- 
 four hours later they should sleep in the Union tents, and 
 he was said to declare that the next day he would water his 
 horse in the Tennessee or in hell. He was in good spirits, 
 for his scouts reported Buell yet more than a day's march 
 from the river. 
 
 Hardee, tall, broad-shouldered, with low forehead, heavy 
 mustache, beard on his chin, and stolid, good-humored 
 face, had compiled our Infantry Tactics, and been in com- 
 
238 Sunday Morxiis^g Dawjsts. [1862. 
 
 mand of cadets at West Point, and was esteemed a good 
 soldier. 
 
 Bragg was of liot temper and stooping in figure, with 
 haggard, thoughtful face, wide at the forehead and narrow 
 at the chin, bushy eyebrows, iron-gray beard, and wavy 
 hair. 
 
 Polk was portly and broad-chested, witli a countenance 
 suggesting love of the good things of this life rather than the 
 sacred calling he had left. 
 
 Breckinridge, with strong, prominent features, and erect, 
 manly form, was more a politician than a soldier ; but he 
 had been Vice-President of the United States, and was the 
 idol of the rebel troops from his native Kentucky. 
 
 Standing bef(<]<;^ a glowing log-fire in the silent woods 
 under dripping trees, these captains arranged details for at- 
 tacking at daylight. They were disapjDointed at arriving one 
 day late, but confident of easy success At ten o'clock the 
 council* broke up. 
 
 At the same hour the lame Union General at Savanna 
 bade his staflT good-nio-]it, saving : — 
 
 " We will move our quarters to Pittsburg to-morrow. 
 We must breakfast early, and while our traps are being got 
 on board, ride out and have a talk with Buell before we go 
 Up the river." 
 
 The morrow dawned — a fair April Sunday. Grant, out 
 of bed before dajdight, sent his usual daily disi^atch by 
 steamer down to Fort Henry — the nearest telegraph station 
 — to be forwarded to Halleck. 
 
 Just afterward he learned that rebel prisoners, captured 
 two days before, were unusually defiant, and, in reply to 
 bantering from our men, muttered ominously, "Never mind, 
 you Yankees will catch in a day or two." 
 
 This incident, coupled with the recent activity on his 
 front, put an end to his skepticism, and convinced him that 
 a battle was imminent. 
 
 The boats got up steam, the horses Avere saddled, and 
 about six o' clock the General and staff sat down to breakfast. 
 
 * Described from Swintou's "Decisive Battles of the War," and other authorities. 
 
1862.] The Roar of Battle Begins. 239 
 
 Before tliey weve half tlirough a faint rumbling was lieard, 
 and Webster said : — 
 
 "That's firing." 
 
 " Yes," replied Grant, " it sounds very much like it." 
 
 The favorite orderly, a sad-faced, mustached Frenchman, 
 called Is'apoleon, came in, and raising his hand in military 
 salute, exclaimed : — 
 
 " General, there's terrific firing up the river." 
 
 All stepped out of doors. B}' this time the earth shook 
 as with rolling thunder. AYebster asked : — 
 
 " Where is it, at Crump's, or Pittsburg Landing ?" 
 
 "I am trying to determine," answered Grant. "Very 
 heavy, isn't it? I think it's at Pittsburg. Orderly, take 
 these horses right on the boat, and tell the captain to make 
 ready for starting at once. Come, gentlemen, 'tis time to be 
 moving. ' ' 
 
 Hurriedly buckling on his sword, and leaning upon 
 Webster, he hobbled down the bank and on board. There 
 he wrote to Buell, that cannonading up the river, indicating 
 a battle, made it impossible to wait for him, adding:— "I 
 have been looking for this, but did not believe the attack 
 would be made before Monday or Tuesday." 
 
 Simultaneously he dictated, through Rawlins, an order 
 to Nelson to move his division promptly up opposite Pitts- 
 burg. Handing the dispatch to Hilly er, he remarked :— 
 
 " Have him hurry. Perhaps Squire Walker here can 
 find him guides." 
 
 Walker replied that he could. 
 
 "Very well, take two guides to Xelson, and then ride to 
 Buell and get him to march up the rest of his forces as quick 
 as possible." 
 
 The General and staff steamed up the river. The roar 
 grew deafening. At Crump's, Lew Wallace was standing 
 upon the guard of his head-quarters' steamer, and while the 
 Tigress slackened, Grant said to him : 
 
 " General, have your baggage and camp equipage moved 
 right down to the bank, and your men ready to march at a 
 moment's notice." 
 
 "They are already under arms," replied Wallace. 
 
240 
 
 Gean^t Reaches the Field. 
 
 [1862. 
 
 Grant gave hasty directions for changing their positions 
 in anticipation of a possible attack, and went on. At Pitts- 
 burg he debarked, was helped upon his horse, and gal- 
 loped with the rest toward the front. 
 
 For several miles from the Landing the ground is rocky, 
 densely wooded, and full of ravines. There was not a 
 breastwork in front of our men, who were mostly raw re- 
 cruits and thousands of whom had not yet learned to han- 
 dle their muskets efficiently. But their position was natu- 
 rally very strong. Behind, was the Tennessee. Their right 
 rested on Owl Creek, and their left on Lick Creek, three 
 miles apart, and both unfordable. Then directly on their 
 right-front was Owl Creek, which flows into Snake. The 
 line marked "1" in this diagram* shows their position at 
 the beginning of the contest : — 
 
 THE FIELD AND THE UXIOX LIXES AT SHILOII. 
 
 Sherman a little in advance, with W. H. L. Wallace as 
 reserve, held our right; Stuart the left, with McClernand 
 and Prentiss between him and Sherman. Hurlbut as re- 
 serve, massed behind Prentiss. 
 
 It was now half-past eight. In the dense forests on the 
 front, fighting was already tierce, and the wounded. 
 
 *Badeau's " Millitary History of Grant." 
 
1862.J Vigor of the Rebel Assault. 2-il 
 
 and fugitives began to throng back toward the river. Grant, 
 expecting IN'elson' s division to come up within two hours^ 
 was altogether at ease. Every aide being busy, he said to 
 Captain Baxter, his quartermaster : — 
 
 " You will have to do staff duty. Go down to Crump's, 
 and tell LeAv Wallace to move up at once by the river road, 
 leaving only guard enough for his boats and baggage." 
 
 At Baxter' s request this order was put in writing. 
 
 Smith had posted our army, with the river and the creeks 
 so protecting its rear and lianks, that it was vulnerable 
 only on the front. There the rebels assaulted with great vigor, 
 first encountering Prentiss' rawest regiments. At dawn 
 an officer of the da}^, detecting rebel cavalry near our pickets, 
 sent out two infantr}' companies to disperse it. In five min- 
 irtes the men came back pell-mell, pursued by the enemy. 
 
 Many of our troops were yet asleep, but officers were 
 alert ; the long roll was beaten ; and all along the line were 
 heard the shouts " Turn out ! Fall in !" 
 
 The troops of Prentiss, Sherman, and McClernand took 
 their places with exceeding promptness, but an over- 
 whelming force swept them away. Sherman held the key 
 ]3oint at Shiloh meeting-house. To that he clung with the 
 grip of e^eath, and upon it, as upon a pivot the rest of our 
 line swuno; far back until almost at rio-ht ano-les with its 
 original position. 
 
 Grant was all along the front, encouraging his division 
 generals, but hampering them with few instructions. At 
 ten o'clock he rode to Sherman, whose gallantry and cool- 
 ness deserved and received his enthusiastic praise. 
 
 " I fear we shall run out of cartridges," said Sherman. 
 
 " Oh !" replied the chief, " I have provided for that." 
 
 Failure in this would have been failure in every thing ; 
 but all day, over the narrow, crowded roads from the river, 
 ammunition wagons, under Pride, of the staff, came promptly 
 forward. 
 
 Grant rode over to the left. About eleven o' clock, Row- 
 ley, returning to Sherman, found him standing among his 
 troops witli his left hand resting on a tree, while he gazed 
 eagerly forward toward the skii"mishers. 
 
242 Sher:max Wixs Greex Laurels. [i3G2. 
 
 Rowley. — *' General Grant sent me to see liow yow are 
 getting along." 
 
 SiiERMAX, — '' Tell liim, if lie lias any men to spare I can 
 use tlieni ; if not, I will do the best I can. We are holding 
 them pretty well just now — pretty well — but it's as hot 
 as .'* 
 
 Rowley, noticing a white handkerchief wrapped about 
 Sherman's hand, asked: — 
 
 " Why, general, are you wounded T' 
 
 Sherman looked down wonderingly as if he had just dis- 
 covered it, and answered : — 
 
 " Well, yes ; but that don't begin to hurt like this d — d 
 thing on my shoulder, which I suppose hasn't left any mark 
 whatever. 
 
 A spent ball had struck his slionlder-strap. His horse, 
 too, had been shot under him, but he was the animating 
 spirit of the entire right-front and center.* If he was 
 insane, it was with the inspired madness of heroes and 
 martyrs. All around him were excited orderlies and officers, 
 but, though his face was besmeared with powder and blood, 
 battle seemed to have cooled his usually hot nerves. 
 
 Our line was steadily giving way. After returning to 
 Grant, Rowley said : — 
 
 " General, this thing looks pretty squally, don't itT' 
 " "Well, not so veiy bad. AVe've got to tight against 
 time now. Wallace must be here very soon." 
 
 Firing grew sharp upon the left, where our troops were 
 breaking badly. The chief and his staft' galloped to a little 
 open field in front of a deserted cabin. Across the held was 
 a rebel batteiy, whicli instantly opened on them. The first 
 shell struck just in front of the General. 
 
 Graxt (spurring up). — ''We must ride fast here."" 
 
 As he spoke, " zip '•' came another shell passing under his 
 steed. 
 
 Grant. — •• Pretty loud call that for mj- horse's legs." 
 
 Rowley. — "I think it's a pretty loud call for your 
 leo's." 
 
 * He was promptly made a major-general, his commission dating on that day. 
 
1862.] «' I Haven't Despaieed of Whipping Them." 248 
 
 The party rode behind the house a moment, but shells 
 crashed through the roof covering them with shingles. 
 
 Geant — " The old building don t seem to be very good 
 shelter ; suppose we move on." 
 
 As they did so, a bullet struck the General' s scabbard 
 and threw it up into the air. The sword dropped out and 
 was never recovered. 
 
 Beyond the field in the edge of a wood they found our 
 troops. Men fought from tree to tree only a feAV yards 
 apart, the rebels shouting: "How about Bull Run?" 
 and our men retorting : " How about Fort Donelson f 
 
 Our lines steadily contracted. Organizations were utterly 
 shattered. The destruction of life had been enormous. 
 That fiery front witnessed moi'e sturdy and obstinate fight- 
 ing than any other battle of the war. But the rear saw dis- 
 graceful scenes. Panic-stricken fugitives, shut in between 
 the creeks and the river, swarmed to the Landing by tliou- 
 sands. Grant sent back Rowley with orders to try and per- 
 suade them forward, and then return to his chief. 
 Rowley. — "Where shall I find you V 
 Grant. — "Probably at head-quarters.^ If you don't, 
 come to the front wlierei)er you liear the li.eai)iest firing.''' 
 
 It was now past noon. Where were the re-enforcements % 
 Nelson had not been heard from, and a second messenger 
 who had been sent several hours later than Baxter, re- 
 turned and reported that Lew. Wallace — owing to some 
 inexplicable misunderstanding about his orders — had not 
 yet left Crump's. Grant replied sharply that a division 
 general ought to take his troops wherever the firing was, 
 even without orders, and dispatched first Rowley, and then 
 Rawlins and McPherson to hurry him forward, bidding 
 them not to spare their horses. 
 
 At two, p. M. , hearing that Buell had arrived. Grant rode 
 down and found him upon the Tigress. After hurried greet- 
 ings the two generals forced their way through the sicken- 
 ing crowd up the river bank. In vain did they beg the 
 stragglers to go to the front, and assure them of victory. 
 
 * The little loar-buildinK near the river. 
 
244 Death of Albert Sid:n^ey Johis'STon. [is«2. 
 
 The officers liid, but the men faced their shame. Buell 
 asked : — 
 
 " What i^reparations have you made for retreating — " 
 
 "Why,"' interrupted Grant eagerly, "I haven't de- 
 spaired of whipping them yet." 
 
 ' ' Of course ; but in case of defeat ? ' ' 
 
 "Well, we could make a bridge across the river with 
 these boats and protect it with artillery. But if we do have 
 to retreat, there won't be many men left to cross." 
 
 Buell glanced at the field, then rode back to hurry up his 
 own troops ; and through the battle gave to Grant zealous 
 and soldierly co-operation. 
 
 At three o'clock the rebels met with a sore misfortune. 
 While directing a desperate charge on our left, Johnston, 
 their commander, sitting upon his horse near McClernand's 
 captured quarters, was struck in the thigh by a piece of 
 shell, which cut a deep gash. He paid no attention to it, 
 but continued to give orders until he turned pale and reeled 
 in the saddle. 
 
 ' ' Are you hurt V ' asked an aide and relative. 
 
 ' ' Yes, I fear mortally. ' ' 
 
 A moment after he fell from his horse, and died in the 
 arms of his friend. 
 
 Beauregard succeeded to the command. Our troops re- 
 coiled before the charge, which was still pressed, though with 
 less vigor. In that dense wood, Prentiss' division, failing 
 to learn that the rest of the line had fallen back, was sur- 
 rounded, and the general and twenty-two hundred men — all 
 that were left — captured. At the same time, W. H. L. Wal- 
 lace, one of our ablest officers, fell mortally wounded, on 
 the front of his bleeding and shattered division. 
 
 This was the gloomiest moment of the day. All Grant' s 
 subordinates were depressed and anxious. On the right, 
 Sherman now clung to Snake Creek, though farther back 
 than in the morning, but the rest of the line, shortened 
 more than one-lialf, had swung around until its left rested 
 on the river, two miles in the rear of its first position. Just 
 in front a ravine now afforded admirable ground for de- 
 fense, and here Webster had opportunely planted sixty field- 
 
1862.] Uts'ion Troops make a Fixal Staxd. 247 
 
 pieces and siege guns. The enemy, flushed Tvith ■victory, 
 came charging forward. But lie had now approached 
 within easy range of the gun-boats, and they opened furi- 
 ously upon him. Our infantry, also, made vigorous resist- 
 ance, and AYebster, riding along behind the artillery, 
 shouted encouragingly : — 
 
 " Stand flrni, boys ; they can never carry this line in the 
 world.'' 
 
 The boys did stand firm, and though neither the land nor 
 gun-boat cannons did much damage, the worn-out rebels hesi- 
 tated. This was extremely significant, and the chief, hitherto 
 unmoved, showed his satisfaction by a sigh of relief and a 
 faint smile. Then he went over to the cheerful Sherman, 
 to whom he said : — 
 
 "We will hold on for the rest of the day, and Buell will 
 be up very soon.'' 
 
 Both agreed that the enemy had expended his fury ; and 
 Grant remarked that during a similar period of hesitancy on 
 both sides, at Donelson, he had ordered Smith' s charge and 
 won the victory. 
 
 At five o'clock, he was standing among the wounded 
 and dying, just behind the batteries, and conversing with 
 an ofiicer, when Carson, his scout, reported to him, and then 
 fell back a few feet. A moment after, a shot knocked off 
 the scout's head, bespattering the clothing of the serene 
 General with blood. 
 
 Misapprehensions on the part of two subordinates — both 
 excellent and patriotic soldiers — had proved serious and 
 well nigh fatal. Nelson did not leave Savanna until an hour 
 after noon, but now he arrived with his splendid troops. 
 
 "Here we are, General," he said, with the military 
 salute, "we don't know many fine points or nice evolu- 
 tions, but if you want stupidity and hard fighting, I reckon 
 we are the men for you."* 
 
 * Nelson, a Kentuckian, formerly of the navy, was an able general, but extremely 
 irascible and violent. Sis months after this battle, in the G-alt House, Louisville, he 
 was grossly abusive to a subordinate, General Jeff. C. Davis, and finally struck him 
 in the face. Davis procured a revolver in the next room and shot Nelson dead ; and 
 a court-martial acquitted him. 
 
248 The Xigiit After the Battle. is62.] 
 
 They were placed in position, "but only fired a few shots 
 that night. After dark, Lew. Wallace— who had got on a 
 wrong road— also reached the field. Had he and Nelson 
 been present earlier, precious lives would have been saved, 
 and a narro-w escape converted into an overwhelming 
 triumph. 
 
 The firing died away. The long April Sunday was 
 ended. The fight had continued for eleven hours. "The 
 enemy drove us all day, but it took him all day to drive us." 
 
 Beauregard fulfilled his promise — his men did sleep 
 in our camps. They had taken many prisoners and field- 
 pieces, and driven our lines back to the river. But they 
 had also lost thousands of comrades, besides their general, 
 — Avho was a host in himself, — and had made two fatal 
 mistakes : — 1. The rich plunder of our camps scattered and 
 demoralized them, and took away half their efficiency. 2. 
 They faltered at the supreme moment. Their assault after 
 Johnston' s death was feeble. Had they pressed that attack 
 with the vigor of their morning onset, they might have 
 changed the fortunes of the day, and perhaps of the 
 nation. 
 
 " It is always a great advantage," said Grant, after night- 
 fall, •' to be the attacking party. We must fire the first gun 
 to-morrow morning." 
 
 Though still in excessive pain, and unable to mount alone, 
 he rode to every division commander, and urged the ut- 
 most promptness. After midnight he returned to the 
 old cabin which had been turned into a hospital; but un- 
 able to endure the sight of the suffering wounded, he re- 
 paired to a neigboring tree and spent the remainder of 
 the night. 
 
 After a great battle comes a great rain ; and during the 
 night welcome torrents began to pour. They quenched 
 the fires raging in the woods, which had already burned 
 many wounded men to death. Both armies lay on their 
 arms, near enough to each other to hear ordinary conver- 
 sation, during lulls of the cannonade. But the thunder of 
 the gun-boats and groans of the wounded forbade much 
 sleeping. 
 
1862.] Second Da\— "The Last of Them."" 249 
 
 Before daylight on Monday, the lame General, who had 
 iDeen lifted into his saddle, directed his staff: — 
 
 " Ride along the line, and see that every division moves 
 np to attack and press the enemy hard, the minute it is 
 light enough," 
 
 At dawn, the guns hegan to crack. Our men were in 
 excellent spmts, for the arrival of Wallace and Buell had 
 almost doubled their numbers. Of the enemy's side, Brax- 
 ton Bragg" s oflS^cial report says, : — 
 
 "Our troops, exhausted by days of excessive fatigue and want of rest, 
 with ranks thinned by killed, wounded, and stragglers, amounting in (he 
 whole to nearly half our force, fought bravely, but with the want of that 
 animation and spirit which characterized them on the preceding day." 
 
 This is, doubtless, an over- statement. The rebels still 
 confronted us with more than half their original force. 
 During the night they had fallen back a little, but now they 
 disputed the ground, inch by inch, with dogged obstinacy. 
 
 Still, our soldiers pressed steadily forward. Grant was 
 first with Lew. Wallace, on the extreme right, directing a 
 column which took the confederates on the flank and cut 
 them down as with a scythe. Then he rode over to the left, 
 where Buell was handling his men with great effect. For 
 several minutes the two generals conferred, sitting upon 
 their horses, a few feet from the front line, as much exposed 
 as the privates who were falling all around them. 
 
 At one, p. M., the rebels made a desperate stand, near 
 Shiloh Chapel, which soon drew Grant to that point. 
 Encountering two regiments, on their way to re-enforce a 
 wavering brigade, but themselves hesitating before the hot 
 &e, he shoiited to the men, "Come on," placed himself at 
 their head, and led them up to the battle line, where they 
 charged vigorously, while he fell back. 
 
 In front of the church were several Parrott guns. To 
 the sergeant in charge of them Sherman shouted : — 
 
 "Drop your shots right over there."' 
 
 His shells began to fall among the gray mass of rebels 
 on the opposite crest, and they disappeared in confusion. 
 
 " That' s the last of them," said Grant. "They wHl not 
 make another stand." 
 
250 Beauregard's Bitter Bisappoits^^tment. [i862. 
 
 Then he rode over to the left, and found McCook, Nelson, 
 and Crittenden, who commanded three of Buell's admirable 
 divisions. 
 
 Grant. — "Those fellows are completel}" demoralized. 
 Take vour divisions and pursue. We can cut them all to 
 ])ieces and capture a great many." 
 
 The three replied that their men liad been marching 
 all Saturda}^ and Sunday, and fighting ever since morning, 
 and were completely used up. They were barely able to 
 move, and the roads were so heav}^ that they could hardly 
 hope to overtake the main body of the enemy. 
 
 Xight approached, and it was raining and growing cold. 
 Grant" s own men were much more worn than BuelF s, so lie 
 reluctantly gave up his hope of pursuing before moi'ning, and 
 rode back to the Tigress. There he found an order from Hal- 
 leck, dated on the fifth, instructing him to remain where he 
 was, and not fight under any circumstances, unless attacked. 
 
 The General, giving himself no rest, through the two days 
 of battle had suffered intensely from his sprained ankle, 
 Now, the excitement being over, he was greatly wearied 
 and depressed, and felt that this order was peculiarly cruel. 
 After dark, during a terrific thunder-storm, Sherman was 
 in his tent, lying upon the ground, with his caudle stuck in 
 the mud and his head on a saddle, reading a Corinth paper, 
 and documents left behind by Breckinridge during his oc- 
 cupancy twenty-four hours before. One of Granf s aides 
 called to tell him that the adjoining division-commander re- 
 ported the rebels strong and threatening upon his front. 
 He replied : — 
 
 "Tut, tut; they won't trouble us if we don't trouble 
 them ; they have had fighting enough for the last two days," 
 
 Sore and bitter must have been the disappointment of 
 Beauregard as he turned his shattered army back toward 
 Corinth, But, true to his Gascon blood, he telegrajDhed to 
 Richmond : — 
 
 " We have gained a great and glorious victory, eight to ten thousand 
 prisoners, and thirty-six pieces of cannon. Buell re-enforced Grant, and we 
 retired to our intrenchmeuts at Corinth, which we can hold. Loss heavy 
 on both sides."" 
 
[i8o2. The Summing up of Shiloh. 251 
 
 The same day, in a letter to Grant asking permission to 
 send a flag-of-truce party on the field to bury his dead, he 
 prefaced his request : — 
 
 " x\t the close of tlie conflict yesterday, my forces being exliausted by 
 the extraordinary length of the time during which they were engaged with 
 yours on that and the preceding day, and it being apparent that yon had re- 
 ceived, and were still receiving, re-enforcements, I felt it my duty to with 
 draw my troops from the immediate scene of the confict^ 
 
 Grant laughed heartily at such a communication from a 
 foe, and was half inclined to reply that no apologies were 
 necessary. But he responded that the dead were already 
 buried ; otherwise he should have been glad to extend "this 
 or any courtesy consistent with duty and dictated by hu- 
 manity. ' ' 
 
 During the battle C. F. Smith was \y'n\g prostrate at Sa- 
 vanna. A few days hiter he died, and his remains were 
 taken to Philadelphia, where they Avere followed to the 
 grave by thousands of admirers and friends. 
 
 Grant's and Beauregard's official reports exhibited their 
 losses as follows : — 
 
 Killed. Wounded. Missing. Total. 
 
 Grant 1700 .. 7495 .. 3022 .. 12217 
 
 Beauregard 1728 .. 8012 .. 957 . . 10699 
 
 Military critics will always differ about the battle of 
 Shiloh, but the general verdict of history will probably be 
 — (1.) that the ground was admirably defensible ; (2.) that 
 within twenty-five miles of a concentrating enemy our troops 
 ought to have been intrenched ; (3.) that Grant conducted the 
 battle with skill, and inspired the whole army with his in- 
 domitable faith in success, and (4.) that his army, despite 
 the stragglers, did the most creditable fighting of any Union 
 troops during the war. 
 
 For two days, without intrenchments on either side, two 
 armies faced each other in stubborn stand-up fighting, 
 the only instance during our conflict. "It was the first 
 hurling together of the two peoples upon a large scale in a 
 hand to- hand fight, and when the enemy retreated from that 
 15r 
 
252 Hue and Cry Against Grant. [isea, 
 
 Ibroken and gory field, lie retreated with his arrogance 
 tamed, and his dream of invincibility dispelled forever. ' ' * 
 
 In preparation for it the enemy had stripped the entire 
 Southwest. Its momentous consequences were soon ap- 
 parent. It threw New Orleans into our hands ; it oj)ened 
 the Mississippi to Memphis ; it was sucli a deadly blow that 
 never again in the West did the rebels take the offensive 
 with their old vigor. 
 
 At first, news of the victory caused great rejoicing in 
 the North ; the President appointed a day of thanks- 
 giving, and new luster was added to the fame Grant had 
 earned at Donelson. But a storm of injurious reports fol- 
 lowed, caused by the jealousy of officers sore at being over- 
 topped by him ; the old hatred of the contractors, and the 
 rivalry of Buell's troops, who, seeing all the array of strag- 
 glers, and thinking that tliey had saved the day, were 
 aggrieved that Grant did not give them the chief credit 
 in his dispatches. 
 
 These slanders, repeated by the press and in both branches 
 of Congress, asserted that Grant was drunk, and did not 
 reach the field until the battle was nearly over ; that Pren- 
 tiss was captured in his shirt early in the morning; that thous- 
 ands of our men were bayoneted in their tents, and that if 
 Buell had not arrived Grant' s whole army must have sur- 
 rendered. With no less injustice, also, it was related that 
 Buell had remained behind purposely that a rival general 
 might be ruined. 
 
 Grant took no public notice of the hue and cry against 
 him, but in a letter to his father he explained how grossly 
 the facts were misrepresented, and added : — 
 
 "I will go on and do my duty to the very best of my ability, and do all 
 I can to bring this war to a speedy close. I am not an aspirant for any 
 thing at the close of the war. * * * One thing I am well assured of — I have 
 the confidence of every man in my command." 
 
 The letter was published, and also some from one of 
 the staff. As soon as Grant saw them in the papers he 
 telegraphed instructions that no more be allowed to go into 
 print. 
 
 * Henry C. Deming. 
 
ib62.] Halleck Removes Him Feom Command. 253 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 SHACKLED. 
 
 Halleck soon came to tlie field and took command in 
 person. Grant seemed quite as much in disfavor -with liim 
 as in Congress and the newspapers, and it was currently re- 
 ported that the department commander had placed him un- 
 der arrest. This was untrue ; but he did shelve him by a 
 bit of pettifogging worthy of a little soul. After profound 
 study Halleck issued an order * placing Thomas in com- 
 mand of the right wing of the army, keeping Buell in 
 command of the center, and Pope of the left, and putting 
 the reserves under McClernand. It concluded : — 
 
 "Major-General Grant will retain the general command of the District 
 of West Tennessee, including the Army Corps of the Tennessee, and reports 
 will be made to him as heretofore, but in the present movement he will act 
 as second in command under the major-general commanding the depart- 
 ment." 
 
 Halleck assumed to Grant that this was a promotion, 
 — that it was necessary to have a second in command, 
 who, if the general-in-chief should be killed or disabled, 
 would be ready to succeed him. Halleck took such excel- 
 lent care of his precious person that there seemed little 
 danger of such a contingency. Grant, himself frank, was 
 slow to suspect duplicity, but he was sore and disappointed, 
 though the smooth-tongued lawyer sometimes talked him 
 into a good humor. 
 
 For four or five weeks after Shiloh, my friend Thomas 
 W. Knox and myself, messed at Grant' s head-quarters with 
 the chief of staff. Our tent was always near the General' s. 
 Each evening he reclined on the logs, or stood before the 
 
 * April thirtieth. 
 
254 The Jourin-alists in the Field. [1862. 
 
 camp fire, smoking and tallying of tlie Mexican war, or of 
 Shiloli ; or sat for hours in the tent beside us, while we 
 pla3^ed whist or "twenty-one."' offering an occasional sug- 
 gestion about the game, but never touching a card or a glass 
 of liquor. 
 
 These were dark days. Halleck issued orders to sub- 
 ordinates directly over Grant' s head. Chicago and Cincin- 
 nati papers assailed him bitterly. I never but once knew 
 him to allude to these unjust attacks. Then he said to a 
 friend of his, a journalist : — 
 
 ' ' After we have all done our best, to have such a torrent 
 of obloquy and falsehood poured among my own troops is 
 too much. I am not going to lay off my shoulder-straps 
 until the close of the war, but I should like to go to New 
 Mexico, or some other remote place, and have a small com- 
 mand out of the reach of the newspapers." 
 
 There Avere now twenty or thirty correspondents in the 
 field. They hunted in couples. When in riding about the 
 camps — tlieu' custom always of an afternoon — one pair met 
 another, the four would dismount, tie their horses, and sit 
 upon logs or lie under the trees and discuss the situation. 
 The group would soon be swelled by other passing journal- 
 ists and officers. Whatever the conversation began about, 
 it soon drifted to Grant, concerning whose recent battle, 
 though enjoying every facility for learning the facts, they 
 were about equall}^ divided. 
 
 Halleck gathered a hundred and twenty thousand men, 
 the largest army ever seen in the West, and three times 
 greater than Beauregard' s on his front. As has been aptly 
 said, " Napoleon might as well have intrenched on the field 
 of Austerlitz, or Wellington on the eve of Waterloo." But 
 the battle of Shiloli had developed the natural caution of a 
 military theorist into incredible timidity, and our army with 
 a front ten miles long, crept toward Corinth at a snail' s pace. 
 
 Grant had not lost his keen sense of the ludicrous. Raw- 
 lins was proud of a splendid bay horse, presented to him by 
 Galena friends, and took special pleasure in contemplating 
 its long showy tail. But one morning he found this reduced 
 to the semblance of an old blackino-- brush. Not a single 
 
'""""■l A Couple of Horse Stories. 255 
 
 hair was left more than two iuches long. He conld hardly 
 recognize the noble charger thus shorn of his aiory. Swear- 
 ing that some enemy had done this, he vowed to shoot the 
 offender if he should ever discover him. 
 
 Grant, standing in his favorite position, with hands in 
 pockets and smoking his after-breakfast cigar, happened to 
 be looking on. Learned in the ways of horses and their 
 kind, he comprehended that not the shears of an angry sol- 
 dier, but the teeth of some vagrant mule, had taken this 
 liberty with the flowing appendage. Rawlins' consterna- 
 tion and indignation were irresistibly droll, and the chief 
 roared with laughter. This was too much, and the adju- 
 tant, remembering Grant's favorite cream-colored steed, 
 retorted : — 
 
 " Well, General, I hope that some night a mule will eat 
 off the tail of your old j'ellow horse — and then see how 
 you'll like it." 
 
 For months afterward, whenever the aide rode in ad- 
 vance, the ill-treated tail provoked the General to new 
 cachinations. But he came near being served with poetic 
 justice. Meeting, one day, his old Twenty-first regiment, 
 the men greeted him with cheer after cheer, and, lk)cking 
 about him, each cut, not ''a hair," but a lock '' for memory" 
 from his horse's tail and mane. Rawlins' wicked wish 
 would soon have been gratified, had not Grant made haste 
 to esca]De from the sentimental soldiers. 
 
 ''Love me, love my horse," was his maxim. Jocose 
 friends used to saj^, that to disparage his charger or to ride a 
 better one was a sure way to lose favor. A boj^, who had 
 been a great favorite, once struck the cream-colored steed, 
 and its master never forgave him. 
 
 The pleasant spring days among snowy tents in those 
 deep old woods— how long ago they seem ! How defiant 
 were the rebels, and how dark the prospect of subduing 
 them ! But one ray of light came. Knox and myself were 
 riding through the forest when a friend met us and shouted : 
 
 "Hurrah! Butler has taken IS'ew Orleans! Oh, 3-ou 
 needn't look incredulous ; there's no doubt about it. I 
 have just read it in a rebel newspaper." 
 
256 
 
 Halleck's Snail-like Moyemext. [i862. 
 
 New Orleans, the great city of the Confederacy, gave 
 us the mouth of the Mississippi, and it appeared compara- 
 tively easy to get the rest. 
 
 "After the war is over," said Grant, in one of his late 
 evening talks — "and I wish it might be over soon — I want 
 to go back to Galena and live. I am saving money from 
 my pay now, and shall be able to educate my children." 
 
 But he did not believe the conflict was to be short. The 
 rebels seemed little disheartened notwithstanding enormous 
 losses of territory and life. Hitherto lie had fancied that a 
 few great battles would end the war, but now he was 
 satisfled that no maneuvering, no capturing of their cities- 
 nothing but the absolute destruction of their armies, would 
 finish the contest. Therefore he believed that wise policy 
 required us to push forward and strike heavy blows 
 wherever an enemy could be found. 
 
 But Halleck, apostle of the spade, made his great army 
 an army of ditchers. He beheld Beauregard as a lion in his 
 path. That wary general, knowing thoroughly the man he 
 dealt with, made a great flourish of trumpets, and issued an 
 order* to his soldiers, which began : — 
 
 '• We are about to meet once more, in the sliock of battle, the invaders 
 of our soil, the despoilers of our homes, the disturbers of our family ties, 
 face to face, hand to hand."* 
 
 Its only purpose seems to have been to frighten Halleck, 
 and it accomplished that. So creeping up through pleasant 
 woods, and apple and cherry orchards fragrant with blos- 
 soms, our men dug like beavers, and had daily skirmishes, 
 which cost fifty or a hundred lives. All idle armies suffer 
 from sickness. The spade is more destructive than the mus- 
 ket, for turning up the soil loads the air with miasma. Thou- 
 sands upon thousands died from dysentery and fevers. 
 
 Halleck believed that our left was the place for attack- 
 ing, if we attacked at all. Grant, familiar with the ground, 
 was confident that an advance on our right would easily 
 drive the enemy back. Sherman and McPherson agreed 
 with him. Returning once from head-quarters, in evident 
 
 * Mav eighth. 
 
1862.] DiVTJLGIlS'a MILITARY INFORMATION". 257 
 
 agitation, lie answered an inquiring look from his cliief-of- 
 staff, wliile his lip quivered with emotion : — 
 
 "You know what we have always talked about — that 
 the way to attack Corinth is on the right V 
 
 "Yes, by this road." 
 
 " Well, I suggested it to Halleck, and he treated it with 
 contempt. He pooh-poohed it, and left me to understand 
 that he wanted no suggestions from me." 
 
 One day, in an unusually gracious mood, Halleck con- 
 ferred with Grant about a proposed movement. Shortly 
 after, a letter in the Chicago Ti??ies related the subject of 
 their conversation with considerable accuracy, and the chief 
 comi)lained that some of the subordinate' s aides must be 
 disclosing military secrets. Grant immediately summoned 
 the staff to his tent, and asked : — 
 
 " Now, gentlemen, has any one of you given this infor- 
 mation V ' 
 
 All indignantly replied that they had not. While 
 they were talking. Grant noticed that the date of the paper 
 rendered it impossible for an account of the conversation 
 with Halleck to have reached Chicago before it was issued. 
 So he called Halleck' s attention to this fact, and the chief, 
 who was nothing if he was not mathematical, promptly ad- 
 mitted his mistake. Probably one of his own aides or some 
 general officer, had incidentally mentioned that such a 
 movement was in contemplation, and the imaginative jour- 
 nalist, drawing his bow at a venture, had happened to hit the 
 exact truth about the conference. 
 
 Though deeply depressed, Grant held his peace. At 
 his head- quarters not a syllable was heard in crimination of 
 other generals, or of the chief. Doubtless his reticence and 
 patience at this most trying moment saved him from ruin. 
 The pressure against him Avas already so strong that a little 
 additional hostility might have turned the scale. 
 
 On the eleventh of May, he wrote a letter to his chief so 
 personal in its character, that he sent it direct to Halleck, 
 and not through the adjutant-general. It stated, that ever 
 since the publication of the order relieving him from com- 
 mand of the Army of the Tennessee, he had been deter- 
 
258 Grant Deisiands a Defiin-ed Position. [1862. 
 
 mined to have liis anomalous position corrected the moment 
 they should be no longer ''in the face of the enemy." But 
 as it was now understood through the army, that his j)osition 
 was " but little diiferent from being under arrest," he sug- 
 gested that enemies must be working against him with 
 Halleck, or that Halleck "must be acting under higher 
 authority," and respectfully asked to be altogether relieved 
 from duty in the department, or to have his position defined. 
 
 Halleck replied the next day, in a soothing note, alleg- 
 ing that he had placed Grant in the highest position next 
 his own, as Beauregard had been second under Albert Sid- 
 ney Johnston ; and had sent orders direct to corps com- 
 manders, — as was his right, — out of no disrespect to him, 
 but to facilitate business. 
 
 Soon after, moved to anger at some comments upon his 
 military conduct, Halleck expelled the correspondents from 
 his army. He lacked the sense to see how much the press — 
 always far more important in our own country than in any 
 other — had grown since the beginning of the confiict, and 
 how universally the people at home regarded it as their 
 most trustworthy source of information about their soldier 
 sons and brothers. The five hundred correspondents with 
 our various national armies came from every calling. Many 
 were unfit for their work, and all had to be educated to it. 
 Gradually the unworthy were weeded out, and the others 
 learned something of the precision, candor, and moderation 
 needed. The thirty in Halleck' s command, with proper 
 pride in their own profession, and believing that they were 
 there as legitimately as the general himself, declined to hide 
 in his camps like criminals and fugitives, but withdrew in a 
 body, and waited for events. 
 
 Halleck having accomplished just fifteen miles in six 
 weeks was now aj^proaching Corinth. Yery many of his 
 oflicers believed that the rebels had evacuated it. Pope, 
 endeavored repeatedly to bring on a general engagement, 
 but was kept too tightly curbed. ]N"o man was more dis- 
 satisfied than Grant. He said : — 
 
 "If I were in command, T would jDush in and win or 
 lose. I may be rasli, but I would not wait here always." 
 
]stD2.] "You Fought the Battle of Corinth." 259 
 
 On tlie twenty-ninth of May, a tremendous explosion 
 was heard from the town. The rebels were blowing up their 
 works. Halleck, either to hide his blunder, or through 
 sheer stu])idity, issued an order alleging that there was 
 every indication that the enemy would attack in force the 
 next morning. The army was drawn up in line of battle to 
 receive an assault. At that yevy moment the rebel rear- 
 guard was marching out, after an evacuation so clean tliat 
 hardly a canteen or a knapsack was left behind ! Beaure- 
 gard' s preparations had been going on for weeks, during 
 which he had befooled Halleck. 
 
 Early on tlie morning of the thirtieth, Logan was ordered 
 to advance and intrench, tliough he reported that no rebels 
 confronted his division. So his Illinois soldiers being a little 
 off the main road, and no notice being sent them, spaded 
 for hours after the rest of our army had entered Corinth. 
 When Logan learned how he liad been served he grew 
 furious. That night a number of young officers grew hilari- 
 ous over the discomfiture of Halleck ; and Logan was with 
 difficulty restrained from telling that stolid chief, that his 
 division should never dig another ditch, unless it were one 
 to bury 7i im in ! 
 
 Halleck, at last forced into giving his ill-used subordi- 
 nate some credit, said to Grant : — 
 
 "After all, you fought the battle of Corinth at Pittsburg 
 Landing." 
 
 The journalists were revenged. AVord was sent to Cairo 
 that they might come to the front. Some, not waiting for 
 23ermission, had gone into the deserted town with the 
 advance, and they reported its condition, without covering 
 up tenderly the great blunder. 
 
 Halleck sent Buell and Pope in feeble pursuit, still leav- 
 ing Grant in camp. In a cavalry raid to the enemy's rear, 
 an unknown young quartennaster from the regular army, 
 appointed colonel of the Second Michigan Cavalry only five 
 days before, made a magnificent dash upon five thousand 
 rebel horse, whom he followed twenty miles Avitli only two 
 thousand of his own troopers, capturing many prisoners. 
 The exploit brought him to Grant' s notice, and made huu a 
 
260 The Guerrillas After Grant. [1862. 
 
 brigadier-general of volunteers. His name was Phil. Slier- 
 idan. 
 
 The evacuation of Corinth uncovered Memphis, and, six 
 days later, it was captured by our gun-boats after the most 
 stirring river battle of the war, fought just after sunrise in 
 front of the city, and witnessed by ten thousand spectators 
 from the shore. On the rebel side, every boat, save one, 
 was sunk, blown up, or captured, and many lives were lost, 
 but on our fleet only one man was injured. 
 
 So Grant' s victory at Shiloh had thrown the second city 
 of the South into our hands, and, thanks to him, the Union 
 was still "going along." 
 
 A letter from Corinth, written by one of the staff to a 
 comrade at home, depicts the general feeling of the army : — 
 
 " Immediately after the evacuation of Corinth, General Grant made ap- 
 jilication for leave of absence for twenty days, for himself and statf. It was 
 granted, but he was requested to wait a few days to see what would turn 
 up. We were all packed, and waiting to be off every day for a week, when 
 the General was informed that he could not be spared. 
 
 " Since you left, the great battle of Corinth has been fought. How terri- 
 bly 'Old Brains' was sold, you can not tell until you return. * * * 
 When we entered in the morning, Corinth was completely deserted. The 
 last soldier was gone. Twenty houses were on fire, and the long platform 
 of the railway was burning. Beans and rice were in the street and beef 
 barrels cut open and exposed to the sun and flies. 
 
 " The buildings on fire were consumed, but the flames spread no farther. 
 The railway track was not destroyed, and McPherson, with a party of men, 
 went hunting and repairing locomotives. Six or seven are now running, 
 and trains pass our camp, going down the ^lemphis branch forty-five miles. 
 AYe are domiciled in this pleasant town, which has houses enough for 
 eighteen hundred inhabitants. The weather is delightful, the nights being 
 so cool that we sleep under blankets." 
 
 Buell was sent to Chattanooga. Halleck remained in 
 command of the department, and Grant was placed in charge 
 of the District of West Tennessee. On the morning of 
 the twenty-third of June, after spending two days with 
 Sherman, he left Moscow, on horseback, for Memphis, thirty- 
 nine miles distant, accompanied by only three officers and 
 ten cavalry-men. The country swarmed with guerrillas. 
 One rebel party of fifteen, learning who the travelers were, 
 
1862.J The Fourth of July Diicnek ix Memphis. 261 
 
 rode liard, and five miles from tlie city came in by a side 
 road, expecting to intercept them. Fortunately, the General 
 had passed a few minntes before. They pursued no farther, 
 as there was nothing to gain by attacking in the rear ; and 
 Grant's habitual exposure of himself received no punish- 
 ment. 
 
 Keaching Memphis, he superseded Lew. Wallace, who 
 was commanding the town. Wallace had placed Knox and 
 myself in charge of the Argus, a most oifensive rebel paper. 
 We had been running it for two weeks, making sure that 
 its patrons should read sound Union doctrine for once. 
 The former editors waited upon Grant, and begged tliat they 
 might be allowed to resume control. He promptly acqui- 
 esced. They asked : — 
 
 "Will any censorship be established over us?" 
 
 " Oh, no ; manage your paper as you please ; but the 
 very first morning that any thing disloyal appears I shall 
 stop it and place you under arrest." 
 
 They were careful for the future. Another fire-eating 
 journal, the Avalanclie, was apparently seeking to pro- 
 voke a riot, and Grant suppressed it, but finally permitted 
 it to resume, on the withdrawal of the obnoxious editor. It 
 immediately changed its tune to a zealous advocacy of the 
 Union cause. 
 
 The Fourth of July was celebrated with due pomp and 
 circumstance, Brigadier- General John M. Thayer giving a 
 bountiful entertainment in th.e garden of his head-quarters, a 
 deserted rebel residence. Charles A. Dana spoke fervently 
 in praise of "Honest Abraham Lincoln." Thayer compli- 
 mented Grant as the liero of Donelson, who had broken the 
 back of the rebellion,' and the band struck up, " See, the 
 Conquering Hero Comes." The General only bowed his 
 acknowledgments, and remarked that in speech making his 
 early education had been neglected. To the toast "The 
 Press," I responded in earnest praise of Grant, more 
 deserved than appropriate to my theme, as many news- 
 papers stni persisted in abusing him. So we made the most 
 
262 Halleck Leaves Geaxt ix Command. [1862 
 
 of tlie occasion, and crowned our hero with his well-earned 
 laurels. 
 
 On the eleventh of June, Grant returned to Corinth, where 
 his chief, with unusual kindness, said to him : — 
 
 "I supjDOse I shall have to give the job of capturing 
 Yicksburg to you." 
 
 A few days later, Halleck, ordered East, offered the com- 
 mand of his troojjs to a quartermaster, Colonel Robert 
 Allen, who declined it. Then he telegraphed to the Secre- 
 tary of War: — ''Will you designate a commander to this 
 army, or shall I turn it over to the next in rankf 
 
 Ordered in reply, to turn it over to the next in rank, 
 he left Grant in charge, and started for Washington, where 
 he was made general-in-chief of all the land forces of the 
 United States. 
 
 Grant still fancying that his captious superior might 
 assign some one to duty over him, said : — 
 
 " There are two men in this army whom I would just as 
 soon serve under as to have them serve under me. One is 
 Sherman, the other is 'Rosy.' " 
 
 He always spoke of Rosecrans by this familiar name, 
 and continued to esteem him highly for months afterward. 
 Rosecrans, he said admiringly, could sit down and write a 
 lecture, or even a book, upon any desired topic. 
 
 The practical world shouts always for the man of deeds ; 
 yet how often does the actor slow of speech envy the lluent 
 writer or orator ! Wolfe, reconnoitering in a skiff, with 
 muffled oars, the night before he won immortality on the 
 Heights of Abraham, recited a stanza from Graj-'s Elegy, 
 to his companions, and added : "I would rather have writ- 
 ten that poem than beat the French to-morrow." But 
 grudging Xature, who denies brilliant plumage to her 
 sweetest song-birds, decrees that the great of deed shall not 
 be great in word. Whom did she ever endow as soldier, 
 orator, and writer, all in one and foremost in all, save Julius 
 Csesar, her petted darling ? And then to what end, beyond 
 
 " a name at -which the world grew pale, 
 
 To point a moral or adorn a tale?" 
 
is^2.] j^;j^ Order About Contrabands. 953 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 IIKA AX]) (.OKI NTH. 
 
 Corinth was tlie strategic point in Grant's department. 
 The Tennessee River being too low for steamers in summer, 
 he drew liis supplies from Columbus, Kentucky, which 
 compelled him to keep open one hundred and fifty miles of 
 railway through a guerrilla-infested region. 
 
 Garrisoning Corinth, Bolivar, and Jackson, all impor- 
 tant points, his force was too small to defeiid easily his 
 great department, much less to take the ofiensive. Bragg, 
 with a large army, was now moving toward Kentucky, so 
 every man that could be spared was taken from Grant, 
 while Van Dorn and Price constantly threatened him. He 
 was sadly hampered and harassed, but watched the enemy 
 vigilantly, and remodeled and strengthened the Corinth for- 
 tifications — a fact soon to prove of vital importance. 
 
 Slaves still flocked to our camps. Congress had prohib- 
 ited officers or soldiers from returning them to their masters, 
 under pain of dismissal from the service. Per contra^ Hal- 
 leck's Order dumber Three was still in force. Of course, 
 it was impossible to harmonize instructions which conflicted 
 so positively ; but Grant, with characteristic subordination, 
 attempted it, and issued the following : — * 
 
 " Eecent acts of Congress prohibit the army from returning fugitives 
 from labor to tlieir claimants, and authorize the employment of such persons 
 in the service of the Government. The following orders are therefore pub- 
 lished for the guidance of the army in this military district in this matter : — 
 
 " I. — All fugitives thus employed must be registered, the names of the 
 fugitive and claimants given, and must be borne upon the morning reports of 
 the command in which they are kept, showing how they are employed. 
 
 "II. — Fugitive slaves may be employed as laborers in the quartermaster's, 
 subsistence, and engineer departments, and whenever by such employment 
 a soldier may be saved to the ranks. Tliey may be employed as teamsters, 
 
 * August eleventh. 
 
264 The Battle of Iuka. [1^62 
 
 as company cooks (not exceeding four to a company), or as hospital attend- 
 ants and nurses. Officers may employ them as private servants, in which 
 latter case the fugitive will not be paid or rationed by the Government. 
 Kegroes not thus employed will be deemed "unauthorized persons," and 
 must be excluded from the camps. 
 
 " III. Officers and soldiers are positively prohibited from enticing slaves to 
 leave their masters. When it becomes necessary to employ this kind of 
 labor, commanding officers of posts or troops must send details (always 
 under the charge of a suitable commissioned officer), to press into service 
 the slaves of disloyal persons to the number required." 
 
 Headquarters were at Corinth, the depot of national 
 supplies and munitions. One day Grant and staff, riding- 
 down to drink from a sulphur spring a mile south, heard a 
 musket shot from a log house near by. A mother and her 
 daughter came rushing out, pursued by a Union soldier who 
 had fired his gun to terrifj^ them, and then attempted 
 violence. Quick as thought the General sprang from his 
 horse, wrenched away the musket, and with the butt of it 
 felled the brute to the earth, where he lay with no sign of 
 life except a little quivering of the foot. 
 
 Rawlixs. — " I guess you have killed him General." 
 
 Geaistt. — " If I have, it has only served him right." 
 
 But the miscreant recovered and was taken back to his 
 quarters. 
 
 September opened gloomily. In Virginia, Pope had 
 been badly defeated. In Kentucky, Bragg had penetrated 
 northward till he boldly threatened the free State of Ohio. 
 
 Sterling Price, seized Iuka. [Map, page 198.] Grant 
 determining to destroy him before Van Dorn — approaching 
 from the southwest with another force — could join him, sent 
 Rosecrans and Ord, to attack Price. 
 
 On the nineteenth of September, Rosecrans encountered 
 him two miles south of Iuka. Fighting continued from 
 four o'clock until ten, Rosecrans losing seven hundred in 
 killed and wounded. The next morning, Ord, approaching 
 from the north, pushed into Iuka, but the rebels had fled. 
 
 The indecisive battle only crippled the enemy. Price 
 joined Van Dorn, which rendered Grant's position very pre- 
 carious. On the twenty-third, leaving Rosecrans in com- 
 mand at Corinth, and Ord at Bolivar, he removed his own 
 
1S62.] The Battle of Corinth. 267 
 
 liead-quarters to Jackson, Tennessee, a better point for over- 
 looking his whole department. 
 
 It was difficiilt to surmise where the enemy would strike, 
 and he was harassed and absorbed. Several Galena gen- 
 tlemen now spent a few days with him. One morning 
 Washburne, rising very early, found Grant at his desk : — 
 
 "You are up early. General V 
 
 "Yes ; I got up at two o'clock, and have been working 
 ever since, trying to study out the plans of old Pap 
 Price." * 
 
 Price retreating southward, formed a junction with Van 
 Dorn. Indications soon pointed to Corinth as the place 
 aimed at by their united armies, and Grant ordered Eose- 
 crans to call in his outlying forces, and sent Ord and 
 Hurlbut to strike the rebels in flank or rear. 
 
 Rosecrans had nineteen thousand men. On the third of 
 October, Van Dorn, commanding his own and Price' s troops, 
 reported at eighteen thousand in all, approached Corinth 
 from the north. Five miles out he met Rosecrans. A 
 fierce battle followed, and before night Rosecrans was 
 driven back into his fortifications. 
 
 The elated rebels slept on their arms, within a hundred 
 yards of our works, and early next morning made a des- 
 perate assault. But they were doing exactly what we had 
 done so often — rushing upon strong, well-defended works. 
 They fought with extreme gallantry, closing up the great 
 gaps which our artillery cut in their ranks, averting their 
 faces at the pelting bullets, and charging magnificently 
 across very difficult ground. They even obtained posses- 
 sion of one of our forts, for a moment, but Rosecrans rallied 
 his men in person and drove them back. 
 
 From dawn until noon their assaults continued. Some 
 even got into the town, but were soon captured or driven 
 out. Finally, at noon the wearied and shattered enemy 
 paused, and Rosecrans gave the order to charge. His 
 troops sallied out and chased the swarming fugitives into 
 the woods, capturing many prisoners and arms. 
 
 * A name originally given by Price's soldiers on account of his gravity and 
 paternal kindness. 
 
268 The Historic Wisconsin Eagle. [1862. 
 
 Early the next morning, ten miles south of Corinth, in 
 pursuance of Grant's far-seeing plan, Hurlbut and Orel 
 struck the retreating rebels on the flank as they were cross- 
 ing a river, and captured a battery and hundreds of prison- 
 ers. Ord was badly wounded, otherwise the enemy would 
 have been utterly destroyed. 
 
 The Union loss in this battle and pursuit, was three hun- 
 dred killed, eighteen hundred wounded, and two hundred 
 missing. The rebels lost two thousand two hundred prison- 
 ers, and far more killed and wounded than we, as they were 
 fairly mown down while charging impregnable positions. 
 President Lincoln telegraphed, congratulating Grant, and 
 asking : — 
 
 ' ' How does it all sum up V ' 
 
 The way it summed up was, that West Tennessee was 
 relieved from immediate danger, and the country reassured. 
 
 The enemy's attacking upon the north side was probably 
 caused by a letter from a feminine spy in Corinth, who 
 wrote to Van Dorn that our fortiiications on that side were 
 weak and poorly manned. Ord intercepted and read the 
 missive, and then sent it forward to the unsuspecting rebel 
 general, but promptly completed and strengthened the 
 north works. 
 
 During the battle an enormous black eagle, "^ borne upon 
 a standard by the Eighth AVisconsin Volunteers, excited 
 admiration and delight. He had been caught in Northern 
 Wisconsin, by an Indian, and presented to the regiment. 
 Through every subsequent battle of the war the men bore 
 
 * "Red as blood o'er the town 
 The angry sua went down, 
 
 Firing flag-staff and vane. 
 And our eagle — as for him 
 There all ruffled and grim 
 
 He sat o'er-looking the slain. 
 
 " No mother to mourn or search, 
 No priest to bless or pray, 
 We buried them where they lay 
 Without the rite of the church. 
 
 But our eagle all that day 
 Stood solemn and still on his perch." 
 
 E. H. Brownell. 
 
1862.] G-RANT OCCUPIES La GrANGE. 269 
 
 him beside tlieir colors. They said that whenever the band 
 began to play or the guns to pound, he would screech with 
 delight. Despite his martial tastes, he had the good fortune 
 never to be wounded. In quiet times he would frolic in the 
 water, run races with little darkies, lounge about the sutler's 
 tent, and pick up chickens from rebel barn-yards. 
 
 At this period. Grant frequently remarked that he dis- 
 liked to hold slaves, but would not sell a negro. Mrs. Grant 
 visited him at Jackson, and during her stay, ' ' Black Julia" 
 removed his perplexity by running away. The General was 
 delighted, and forbade any attempt to bring her back, ex- 
 pressing the wish that he could get rid of his two other 
 "chattels"' in the same way. 
 
 Xothing pleased him more than to have some one play 
 upon the piano at head-quarters, while the staff and visitors 
 sang "The Star Spangled Banner," or "Rally Round the 
 Flag, Boys." Sometimes he ventured to join in, but always 
 sotto voce. He certainly could never have imposed himself 
 upon the enemy as a minstrel, like ''good King Alfred." 
 
 While Halleck, with characteristic timidity, was counsel- 
 ing Grant to prepare for an attack, liis army, thirty thou- 
 sand strong, the right wing commanded by McPherson and 
 the left by C, S. Hamilton, started southward from Jack- 
 son, Tennessee, and took possession of La Grange.* 
 
 The General, riding his favorite cream-colored "Jack," 
 and delighted to be ascain moving on the enemv's works, 
 relieved the tedium of the road with reminiscences of the 
 Mexican war and garrison life in peace times. 
 
 The country was parched for want of autumn rains, and 
 from little army fires the flames, catching at the dried 
 grass, spread for miles over fences, forests, and sometimes 
 houses. Caissons and ammunition wagons were compelled 
 to go ten miles out of the direct road to avoid the conflagra- 
 tion. Grant was sorely annoyed. Fires were strictly for- 
 bidden, and disobedience punished by arrest when the 
 offenders could be caught, but the flames marched with the 
 troops, for the thoughtless soldier cared more for his pot of 
 coftee than for the property of the enemy. 
 
 ^r> * November fourth. 
 
 IDR 
 
270 Depredations by the Soldiers. [is62. 
 
 In portions of the command, not under the General' s eye, 
 there was worse than thoughtlessness. At Jackson, the 
 Twenty-fourth Illinois had robbed a store, destroying and 
 carrying off much property. Tlie guilty individuals Avert' 
 undiscovered ; so Grant assessed the loss — twelve hundred 
 and forty-two dollars — upon the whole regiment, and sum- 
 marily dismissed two captains from the service for willful 
 neglect of duty. On another line, lawless soldiers burnt a 
 church and dwellings, and even sacked the cabin of a poor 
 woman, and brought away upon the points of then- bayonets 
 the clothing prepared for her unborn child. Details of 
 these outrages were given in the correspondence of a Chicago 
 newspaper. Grant, soon after, met its Avriter at head-quar- 
 ters, and inviting him into his room, said, while hunting 
 about the mantel-piece for a match to light his cigar : — 
 
 " Did you write this letter to the Times .?" 
 
 "Yes." 
 
 "Well — sit down. I simply want to say that if you 
 always stick as close to the truth as you have here, we shall 
 never quarrel. The troops did behave shamefully. I have 
 issued the most stringent orders, but subordinate com- 
 manders will not enforce them. If I could identify any 
 man committing one of these outrages, my impulse would 
 be to shoot him. I don't suppose I should, but I would 
 punish him severely. I am as bitterly opposed to depreda- 
 tions as you, or any one else, can be." 
 
 Before the battle of Corinth, McPherson, very anxious 
 to participate, had been sent to Rosecrans with a hastily- 
 formed brigade. Though making a skillful and rapid march, 
 he did not reach the held until the enemy was retreating. 
 But Grant, knowing that several major-generalships would 
 be conferred for that battle, and having the utmost faith in 
 his friend's soldierly ability, asked that he might take 
 the precedence. The President, on Halleck' s recommenda- 
 tion, granted the request ; so McPherson was now a major- 
 general, his commission dating earlier than any of the others. 
 
 The generous and lovable young officer, in turn, wrote to 
 Halleck, with Avhom he was a special favorite, urging that 
 Grant be appointed a brigadier in the regular army, and 
 
1SG2.J The Humors of Cipiiek-Telegrapiiing. 271 
 
 the general-in-cliief replied that he would press his claims 
 the moment a vacancy occurred. It is pleasant to record 
 liere that always after going to Washington — as if in atone- 
 ment for his former ungraciousness— Haileck gave to Grant 
 entire and hearty support, and worked earnestly and unre- 
 mittingly for the good of the service. 
 
 Grant felt keenly the newspaper denunciation of which 
 he had been the victim, hut very seldom alluded to it. 
 Once he said to a Cincinnati correspondent : — 
 
 ' ' Your paper has made many false statements about me, 
 and I presume will continue to do so. Go on in that way 
 if you like, but it is hard treatment for a man trying to do 
 his duty in the field. I am willing to be judged by my acts, 
 but not to have them misrepresented or falsified.'' 
 
 At La Grange he remained for a month waiting repairs 
 upon the railway on his front. The rebel forces he thought 
 as strong as his own, but he telegraphed to Washington that 
 he could "handle them without gloves." 
 
 This telegraphing led sometimes to serious results, and 
 sometimes to ludicrous blunders. While Haileck com- 
 manded at Corinth, the wire to Memphis ran through the 
 country of the rebels. They tapped it, and took off impor- 
 tant messages about the number and disposition of troops. 
 To prevent this, ciphers were resorted to and usually with 
 success. One day Grant, explaining the system to an old 
 classmate, C. S. Hamilton, whose head- quarters, two miles 
 off", were connected with his by a wire, proposed that they 
 should have a cipher of their own : and he prepared one 
 at once. 
 
 A day or two later Hamilton telegraphed the result of a 
 reconnoissance to him in the new cipher, and asked for fur- 
 ther orders. During the night a long dispatch came in reply, 
 which Hamilton got out of bed to read. For two hours 
 he puzzled over it in vain, when he became suddenly 
 conscious of being nearly frozen, as the Aveather was 
 excessively cold, and he had nothing on but his night-shirt. 
 He gave it up, telegraphed back to Grant that the dispatch 
 was unintelligible, and asked for his mother-tongue. Grant 
 . in vain tried to decipher his own message, getting out of 
 
272 The Coun'try Slow to Appreciate Grant. i362.j 
 
 bed for that purpose, and in turn lie also became almost 
 frozen over tlie perplexing conundrum. The next day it 
 was discovered that one polysyllabled word of the cipher, 
 divided at the end of a line, had been rendered as two 
 words, making nonsense of the whole message. 
 
 It was now mid-winter. The summer and fall campaigns 
 had been of service to Grant. His men, no longer demoral- 
 ized by injurious reports, had full confidence in him. Un- 
 der difficult circumstances he had protected his large depart- 
 ment, and fought two of the most creditable battles of his life. 
 
 Still, neither the country nor the Government thoroughly 
 appreciated him. Our dramatic j^eople were slow to com- 
 prehend that a man who was called "common-place," and 
 had no rhetoric to tickle their ears, could be one of the 
 world's great generals. The}' were prone to think rather 
 that, though possessing energy and patriotism, he had won 
 great successes through great good fortune. 
 
 In a few minor points the career of our unpretend- 
 ing General resembled Napoleon' s, who likewise began as 
 a second-lieutenant, wore a rough coat and clumsy boots, 
 was called "the Spartan" by his classmates, and "Father 
 Thoughtful" by his soldiers, accepted every promotion as a 
 matter of course, and had absolute confidence in his destiny 
 to succeed. Grant had not run away from his first battle, 
 like Frederic, nor was he corrupt, like Marlborough, nor 
 boastful, like Alexander and Xerxes. He had given us 
 almost every great success yet gained in the war. But he 
 was unimaginative and unrhetorical, and Americans instinct- 
 ively infer that these qualities come from stupidity. Once 
 the impatient and vain John Adams pointed at Washing- 
 ton's portrait, exclaiming, "No one will ever know how 
 often that old wooden head obtained credit for wisdom by 
 simply holding his tongue when he had nothing to say." 
 
 Every school-boy could have named heroes and states- 
 men from Cato to Jefferson, who were not glib of tongue. 
 But the lessons of history are unheeded until each genera- 
 tion learns them yet anew. So there were sharp trials and 
 imminent perils yet in store for our General before the na- 
 tion should comprehend his virtues or his genius. 
 
186: 
 
 •] Graxt Sets the Coxtrabaxds to Work. 273 
 
 Giant was now fairly in the cotton country. Cotton 
 buyers swarmed in liis department. He was bitterly op- 
 posed to them, as to everybody else trying to make money 
 out of the misfortunes of the country. They demoralized 
 the army. Cotton Avas worth a dollar a pound in the 
 North, a price which brought large profits — ]3articularly 
 when the seller had stolen it to begin with. Specula- 
 tors could pay liberally for expeditions into the rebel 
 lines to bring out this crop. Some officers — chiefly vol- 
 unteers, as regulars had soldierly ideas on this sub- 
 ject* — accumulated many thousands of dollars. They de- 
 fended themselves, saying :—'' Why should not we take 
 this profit, who are periling our lives for the country, rather 
 than speculators, who are here solelj^ from mercenary con- 
 siderations V ' 
 
 Grant disapproved the whole system, and thought that 
 all cotton should be confiscated by Government, or else 
 that the profit on it should go to the producer, and not to the 
 middle-men. He put all possible hinderances in the way 
 of speculators, and would have kept them wholly out of the 
 army if he could. Eveiy officer whom he suspected of 
 dabbling in cotton was looked upon with disapprobation, 
 and the surest passport to his esteem was to be proof against 
 cotton-buyers and trade-permits from Washington. When 
 asked to name honest and discreet Tnion men, to sell o-oods 
 to the inhabitants in his dejiartment for their immediate 
 needs and at a fair price, he rej^lied : — 
 
 '' I will do no such thing. If I did, it would be charged 
 in less than a week that I was a partner of every one of the 
 persons trading under my authority." 
 
 When Betsey Trotwood asked what she should do with 
 her nephew, David Copperfield, unexpectedly thrown upon 
 her hands, the worthy Mr. Dick replied: — ''Wash him." 
 Grant dealt with the fugitives who swarmed to his camp in 
 an equally practical way. Through the large region w^hich 
 his southward march had thrown into the Union lines, the 
 
 * At Nashville, in 1864. it \\as said that one general of the old army, though a 
 poor man. refused ao offer of a liundred thousau i dollars, simply to load with cotton 
 one of his empty trains as it returned from taking supplies to the front. 
 
274 History of the Jew Order. U^^'^- 
 
 staple crop of the South was yet standing in the fields. He 
 issued an order, * directing that the contrabands be properly 
 cared for, organized, and 
 
 " Set to work picking, ginning, and baling the cotton now ungathered. 
 * * * Suitable guards will be detailed to protect them from molestation. For 
 further instructions, the officers in charge of these laborers will call at these 
 head-quarters." 
 
 The rebel General Pemberton, commanding the region 
 upon his front, was compelled to fall back by a Union 
 cavalry raid, which crossed the Mississippi from Helena, 
 Arkansas, and cut the railway in his rear. Grant, pursu- 
 ing, had sharp skirmishing, in which several hundred pris- 
 oners were captured, and his cavalry drove the enemy to 
 Grenada. 
 
 As our lines advanced southward the regulation of trade 
 grew more perplexing. At Corinth, t Grant had issued an 
 order prohibiting the carrjang of coin south of Cairo or 
 Columbus, except for Government purposes. It was at 
 first countermanded bj^ the Treasury Department, A few 
 weeks later, however, that repentant authority not only 
 confirmed it, but extended it over all the rebel territory 
 which had fallen into our hands. To enforce it, and also to 
 keep information from the enemy, as military movements 
 of the utmost importance were beginning. Grant ordered 
 that persons going south from Columbus and Memphis, 
 should be satisfactorily vouched for and their persons 
 searched. 
 
 At both places, traders were detected trying to get 
 through with gold, and also to smuggle quinine, groceries, 
 clothing, and boots and shoes. These offenders and most 
 of the cotton-buyers were Jews. The department swarmed 
 Avith them. The long clining-hall of the principal hotel at 
 MemjDhis, looked at meal-times like a Feast of the Pass- 
 over. 
 
 Head-quarters were at Oxford. Colonel Dubois, com- 
 manding at Holly Springs, twenty-five miles north, found 
 these people so troublesome that he issued an order expel- 
 
 * November thirteenth. f August sixth. 
 
;s62.] The President Countermands It. 275 
 
 ling " vagrants and Je-ws " from his district. AYhen Grant 
 received it lie said : — 
 
 "This is manifestly unjust. We can not exclude anj^ 
 whole class, or any religious denomination as such." 
 
 Thereupon he countermanded the order. But a few 
 days later^ one of his relatives arrived, having first tele- 
 graphed him from Holly Springs, and secured passes to the 
 front for himself and " a friend." The friend proved to be 
 a cotton buyer of Israel. Grant was excessively angered, 
 especially as that day's mail brought a batch of letters, 
 some anonjnnous and others signed by the writers, which 
 Halleck had referred to him, and which represented that 
 Jew speculators had full sway in the department. Grant 
 instantly issued this order : — 
 
 " The Jews, as a class, violating every regulation of trade established by 
 the Treasury Department, also department orders, are hereby expelled from 
 the department within twenty-four hours from the receipt of this order by 
 post commanders. They will see that all this class of peojile are furnished 
 with passes and required to leave, and any one returning after such notifica- 
 tion will be arrested and held in confinement until an opportunity occurs of 
 sending tliem out as prisoners, unless furnished with permits from these 
 head-quarters. No passes will be given these people to visit head-quarters 
 for the purpose of making personal application for trade-permits." 
 
 When he handed it to his adjutant-general for promul- 
 gation, that subordinate said : — 
 
 " You countermanded such an order two weeks ago." 
 
 "Well," he replied, -'they can countermand this 
 from Washington if they like, but we will issue it any 
 how." 
 
 The purpose was not to expel Jews residing within our 
 lines. Those, engaged in legitimate business were generally 
 loyal and patriotic ; many had helped the Union cause with 
 their money, and some with their muskets. Biit the Gen- 
 eral determined to cut off the speculators and smugglers by 
 a rule so stringent that it could not possibly be evaded, and 
 to make exceptions of all individuals who could bring satis- 
 factory proof that they were in any honest pursuit, and 
 could be relied upon not to give aid and comfort to the 
 
 * December seventeenth. 
 
276 A Grievaistce for Peace Democrats. [1862. 
 
 enemy. The order was sent to Columbus and Corinth, but 
 to no other posts. 
 
 So many rej)resentations of its injustice poured in that 
 Grant was about to withdraw it, when the President coun- 
 termanded it. 
 
 But it furnished northern peace democrats with a griev- 
 ance. In Congress George H. Pendleton, of Ohio, intro- 
 duced a resolution pronouncing it "illegal, unjust, and 
 deserving the sternest condemnation,'' and declaring its 
 execution "tyrannical and cruel.'' The House, however, 
 made short work of it. Washburne said : — 
 
 "This resolution censures one of our best generals 
 without a hearing, and I move that it be laid on the table." 
 
 This was done by a vote of sixty-three to fifty-six. 
 
 In the Senate, Powell, of Kentucky, a half-hearted Union 
 man, introduced a similar resolution, with a preamble set- 
 ting forth that loyal citizens of Paducah, including two who 
 had served in the army, were expelled from their homes. 
 Before it came up for consideration the President had coun- 
 termanded the order, but Powell still pressed his resolu- 
 tion, insisting that though Grant was " a most brave and 
 gallant soldier/' the Senate ought to put its condemnation 
 upon "this most atrocious, illegal, inhuman, and monstrous 
 order." A long debate followed. Clark, of ]S"ew Hamp- 
 shire urged : — 
 
 " I do not believe it would be wise to condemn the brave General Grant 
 unheard * * '* when he and his soldiers are struggling in the field to put 
 this rebellion down." 
 
 Wilson, of Massachusetts, added : — 
 
 " I dare say that the rules and regulations of the army were interfered 
 with in General Grant's department by persons calling themselves Jews, who 
 ought to have been excluded ; but I think the order excluding a whole class 
 of men is utterly indefensible. It was at once and promptly revoked by the 
 commander-in-chief of the army, to the satisfaction of the whole people of 
 the country, and there, it seems to me, the matter may rest." 
 
 And the Senate, thirty to seven, tabled the resolution. 
 
1SG2.] Purpose of Geant s Movement. 277 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 yiCKSBURG SEVEX ATTEMPTS. 
 
 The General looked witli longing eyes at Vicksburg. 
 It was the only point, except Port Hudson, two hundred 
 and forty miles below, where the rebels now commanded 
 the Mississippi ; and, when it fell. Port Hudson would fall 
 with it. As Sherman said, the possession of Vicksburg 
 was the possession of America. 
 
 So long as the rebels held it they could keep a long 
 section of the river free from our gun-boats, and secure open 
 communication with the rich pasture lands of Texas. Fully 
 alive to its vital importance, they had been strengthening 
 its fortifications and increasing its garrison all summer. 
 
 I. — Holly Springs. 
 
 Ever since the fall of Sumter, the iN'orthwest had be- 
 lieved that when the Mississippi was opened the war would 
 be ended. Grant, therefore, looked uj^on it both with the 
 desire of a soldier and the enthusiasm of a Western man. 
 His original purpose in this campaign had been to move down 
 by land to the rear of Vicksburg, and compel its evacuation. 
 
 He still drew his supplies by rail from Columbus, Ken- 
 tucky, two hundred miles in his rear ; and the difficulty of 
 keeping this long line open had already confirmed him in 
 the soundness of an opinion he originally held, that the 
 proper line of advance upon Vicksburg was by the Missis- 
 sippi River. Determined to adopt it, first by a detachment, 
 and if that failed, with his entire army, he had telegraphed 
 Halleck^- :~ 
 
 " How far South would you like me to go ? * * * With our present force 
 it would not be prudent to go beyond Grenada, and to continue to hold our 
 present line of communication." 
 
 * December ilurd. 
 
278 
 
 YlCKSBURG AND ITS ApPEOACHES. 
 
 [1862 
 
 CAIRO^W PADUC/IH 
 
 Q^fyO 3 
 
 WE. 
 
 "^)]EE3HF„ 
 
 '''/■.'■P/ttOA'\ 
 
 JACKSON 
 
 C 
 
 f4t$4i =* -•OXFORD \ .' 
 
 napoleon\ 
 
 -•OXFORD 
 / •PONTOTOC ! 
 
 ^' I COLUMBUS 
 
 I 
 
 / 
 
 I '""'Ci W/^ lOf^/^ -^v 
 
 2, (<; .„.'.^,',;'!;s,'!/;^«V!CKSBURG ....^^^^ .^m.-"-*-- '• 
 
 \ I HARD TlMtS^~y,„,»rl<"'i,' •RAYMOND 1 | \ 
 
 ^NATCHEZ ' " 
 
 a ■ 
 
 K 
 
 ■'5!>l 
 
 l\ 
 
 
 MOBILE* if 
 
 ;NEW ORLEANS 
 
 mx/co. 
 
 The Sevex Campaig>'S against Vicksburg. 
 
1S62.] 
 
 Sherman Ordered to Take It. 
 
 2 1 
 
 COLUMBUS, KENTrCKY, TO 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Jackson, Tenn 86 
 
 La Grange 136 
 
 Corinth, Miss 143 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Holly Springs 158 
 
 Oxford 187 
 
 Grenada 235 
 
 FROM VICKSBURG UP, BY EIVER. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Young's Point, moutli of Yazoo 11 
 
 Milliken's Bend 25 
 
 Lake Providence 70 
 
 Moon Lake 320 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Memphis 410 
 
 Cairo 660 
 
 St. Louis 860 
 
 St. Paul 1651 
 
 FROM VICKSBrRG POWX, BY RIVER. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 "Warrenton 10 
 
 New Carthage 35 
 
 HardTimes, mouth of Big Black 50 
 
 Grand Gulf 55 
 
 De Shroon's 58 
 
 Bruinsbure 70 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Rodney 83 
 
 Mouth of Red River 190 
 
 Port Hudson 240 
 
 Baton Rouge 260 
 
 i^evs- Orleans ,... 390 
 
 Gulf of Mexico 490 
 
 FROM VICKSBURG, BY LAND. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Port Gibson (southeast) 30 
 
 Hankinson's Ferry (south) 20 
 
 Crossing of Big Black (east). . . 10 
 
 Edwards Station 18 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Champion's Hill 28 
 
 Bolton 28 
 
 Clinton 35 
 
 Jackson, Miss 45 
 
 Always -willing to forego personal glory, after first ob- 
 taining permission from Halleck, lie had instructed Sherman^ 
 to proceed with thirty thousand men, drawn from Memphis 
 and Helena, and aided by the gun-boat fleet, 
 
 '•to the redaction of Vicksburg, in such a manner as circumstances and 
 your own judgment may dictate. * * * I will hold the forces here in 
 readiness to co-operate with you in such a manner as the movements of the 
 enemy may make necessary." 
 
 But while thus holding his forces and keeping garrisons 
 at Columbus, Jackson (Tennessee), Bolivar, Corinth, Holly 
 
 * December eighth. 
 
280 The Rebels Threaten Grant, [is62 
 
 Springs, and other points along the line in his rear, he met 
 with serious disaster. Colonel Dickej, sent from Oxford 
 on a cavalry raid against the Mobile and Ohio Railway, re- 
 turned one afternoon* and reported that he had effectually 
 destroyed many miles of the road. He had torn up the 
 track between several stations, burned such and such 
 bridges and marched thus and thus. 
 
 Grant listened courteously, but with little seeming in- 
 terest, until Dickey related, that near Pontotoc he had 
 crossed the rear of a rebel column, variously reported by 
 negroes at from five to fifteen thousand strong, and rapidly 
 moving northward. At this the General's indifference in- 
 stantly disappeared. Leaving the travel- stained colonel in 
 the middle of a sentence, he sprang up, hurried to the tele- 
 graph office half a mile away, and, seating himself beside 
 the operator, wrote sheet after sheet with exceeding rapidit}', 
 directing all commanders northward to Ccill in their detach- 
 ments which were out guarding bridges and railways, and 
 to patrol roads, exercise the utmost vigilance, and hold their 
 posts at whatever cost. 
 
 Colonel Murphy, of AVisconsin, commanding at Holly 
 Springs, received these orders while at dinner. He ac- 
 knowledged them, and gave directions to have them carried 
 out — the next morning. 
 
 How often is the difference between this moment and to- 
 morrow morning the difference between easy escape and 
 irretrievable ruin! That very evening, Bowers, of Grant's 
 staff, on special duty at Hollj^ Springs, said to a friend : — 
 
 "I don't like the condition of things here. Murphy is 
 utterly unfit to command. Everything is at loose ends ; and 
 if the rebels were to come, they could easily capture us.'' 
 
 Bowers was making a tabular roll of the strength, sup- 
 plies, and head-quarters of every command in Grant's de- 
 ^lartment. After midnight he finished the document, j^laced 
 it on his mantel, and went to bed. 
 
 Early next morning he was awakened by an altercation 
 going on in front of his office. Stepping to the door in his 
 
 * December nineteenth. 
 
1862.] AxD Capture Holly Springs. 281 
 
 drawers, lie asked sliari^ly of two men, apjDarently threaten- 
 ing the sentry : — 
 
 "AYhat the devil are you interfering with that guard 
 for?" 
 
 "Come out here, you Yankee . and we'll 
 
 show you !'' 
 
 The rebels held the town ! Bowers sprang back, threw 
 the precious roll upon the embers on his hearth, and re- 
 turned to parley with the rebels, who now swarmed in his 
 room — all the while waiting, waiting, waiting for the paper 
 to burn. But the coals were almost dead. Hiding his in- 
 tense anxiety, he kept up a lively conversation with his cap- 
 tors, until at last, thank Heaven ! the paper flashed into a 
 blaze. The confederates, now noticing it, tried to save it, 
 but were too late. 
 
 Bowers was taken before Van Dorn, whom he found 
 reading, from a captured letter-book. Grant's dispatches 
 directing the battles of luka and Corinth. As Van Born 
 had commanded the rebels in both, this literature in- 
 terested him, and on leaving he carried the book away. 
 He was killed a few months later, and it has never been 
 recovered. Unfortunately there was no copy, so Grant's 
 orders about one of his most brilliant campaigns are lost to 
 history. 
 
 Van Dorn looked up from his book when Bowers was 
 brought before him, and ordered the prisoner taken out and 
 paroled. But the aide, confident that the enemy must soon 
 give up the place and their captives, declined to take the 
 obligation. Thereupon the officer who had him in charge 
 threatened to take him away at the heels of his horse. 
 
 "Very well,'' said Bowers, "we can stand that kind of 
 treatment to prisoners if 3'ou can. It is your turn to-day, 
 but it will be ours to-morrow.'' 
 
 The captured garrison contained fifteen hundred men. 
 Many refused to be paroled, and shortly, our forces ap- 
 proaching, the rebels fled and left them behind. 
 
 Bowers had edited a democratic paper, and was still 
 ' ' conservative, ' ' but various indignities which he saw of- 
 fered to fellow-prisoners made him thenceforth a ' ' radical. ' ' 
 
282 He Subsists on the Country. [1862. 
 
 The General, greatly pleased with his conduct, presented 
 him with an elegant sword, bearing an inscription which 
 betokened his approbation. 
 
 Holly Springs was Grant's secondary base of supplies, 
 and a thousand bales of cotton, beside a million dollars' 
 worth of ordnance, commissary, and medical stores, were 
 destroyed. Never in his military career did he meet with 
 any disaster which he took so much to heart, and he indig- 
 nantly dismissed the weak and inca^Dable Murphy from the 
 service of the United States. 
 
 At all points south of Jackson, Tennessee, the rebel at- 
 tacks were repulsed. But, between Jackson, and Columbus, 
 Kentucky, Forrest's cavalry cut the railroad in many places, 
 severing Grant's communications, not only with the North 
 but with many portions of his own department. 
 
 He Avas two hundred miles in the enemy' s country, and 
 winter rains were setting in. The neighboring citizens were 
 delighted at his misfortune, but their glee was short-lived. 
 Military traditions required that he should surrender his 
 army. But he was never a stickler for the proprieties, and 
 now, as always, emergency brought out his wonderful 
 resources. He subsisted his troops upon the grain and 
 cattle of the rebel farmers for two weeks, until communica- 
 tion was re-opened. It was his first experience in living 
 entirely upon the enemy — a resource of which he availed 
 himself subsequently, with the happiest results.* 
 
 His army fell back to Holly Springs, and about Christ- 
 mas started across the country toward Memphis. Cadwalla- 
 der, correspondent of the Chicago Tiiiies^ pressed ahead to 
 get his dispatches about the disaster through to the North, 
 in advance of all other information. Guerrillas frequently 
 shot at, and finally captured him ; but on learning his 
 
 * Grant has told me, when discussing this campaign, that had he known then, 
 what he soon afterward learned, the possibility of subsisting an army of thirty thou- 
 sand men without supplies other than those drawn from the enemy's country, he could 
 at that time have pushed on to the rear of Ticksburg, and probably have succeeded 
 in capturing the place. But no experience of former wars, nor of the war of the 
 rebellion, warranted him in supposing that he could feed his army exclusively from 
 the country. — Badeau. 
 
1862.] Sherman's Repulse at Chickasaw Bayou. 283 
 
 vocation and what journal he served, they released him, not 
 even taking his horse. So his reports were the earliest, 
 and proved a tall feather for his caj^. 
 
 II. — Chickasaw Bayou. 
 
 Sherman's attempt upon Yicksburg had been a disas- 
 trous failure. Neither he nor Grant expected it to succeed 
 unless the latter could keep Pemberton' s army in the inte- 
 rior while the former surprised Vicksburg. But Pember- 
 ton, with great celerity, led to Yicksburg the troops with 
 which he had been confronting Grant ; while, by some inex- 
 plicable mystery, Sherman heard nothing of the capture of 
 Holly Springs. 
 
 Nine days after the rebels occupied that place and cut 
 Grant's communications, Sherman made an attack* at 
 Chickasaw Bayou, a few miles up the Yazoo. Taking his 
 command through a most difficult and swampy region, f he 
 charged up the steep bluffs, feeling sure he could find a 
 weak place somewhere in the long line. His troops be- 
 haved with the utmost gallantry ; but they were repulsed 
 with great slaughter, losing over eighteen hundred men — 
 nine times more than the enemy. They buried their dead 
 and carried off their wounded under a flag of truce. 
 
 This second disaster excited loud complaint throughout 
 the North, and both generals were denounced as utterly 
 unfit to be intrusted with the lives of soldiers. Grant, 
 though grieved at the repulse, defended his subordinate. 
 
 " Was not Shei-man to blame V asked a friend. 
 
 " Not at all," was his prompt reply. " He did exactly 
 what he was told to do, and no man could have done it 
 better." 
 
 " He was badly defeated." 
 
 " True ; but that was not his fault nor mine ; it was one 
 of the inevitable accidents of war." 
 
 McClernand, an old Illinois politician, and a personal 
 
 * December twenty-ninth. 
 
 f "Agreeably (to alligators) diversified by swamps, sloughs, lagoons, and 
 bayous — a mire upon quicksands." — Greeley's American Conflict. 
 
284 Grant Takes Command of the Front. [is63. 
 
 frieud of Lincoln, declared himself "tired of furnishing 
 brains for the Army of the Tennessee," and induced the 
 amiable President, against Halleck' s earnest protest, to give 
 hun charge of an independent expedition against "\^icks- 
 burg. He arrived at Young's Point just after Sherman's 
 repulse, and that patriotic soldier promptly turned over the 
 command to him. 
 
 Grant had no confidence in McClernand, and would fain 
 have given Sherman a chance to retrieve his injured reputa- 
 tion ; but the seniority of McClernand rendered it impossi- 
 ble. So Grant, who ranked every other general in the 
 West, went to Young's Point, assumed command in per- 
 son*, and put the protesting McClernand at the head of 
 the Twelfth Corps. 
 
 Our General at length commanded resources practi- 
 cally unlimited for the capture of Yicksburg. His expedi- 
 tion consisted of fifty thousand men, encamped at Young's 
 Point and at Milliken's Bend ; and Admiral Porter's co-ope- 
 rating fleet of sixty steam-vessels, carrj^ing eight hundred 
 men and two hundred and eiglity guns. 
 
 For several hundred miles above the mouth of the Mis- 
 sissippi the cotton and sugar plantations and their build- 
 ings are lower than the surface of the river, which is only 
 kept in its bed by levees on each bank from four to ten feet 
 wdde and from ten to fifteen high. Our forces were en- 
 camped upon the levee, on the west side. Head-quarters 
 were on the Magnolia ; and the quartermaster and com- 
 missary officers also occupied steamers. 
 
 Small- pox prevailed, and at one time a third of the army 
 was on the sick-list. The season had been so unusually wet 
 that there was no dry land except upon the levee, and that 
 was full of graves. The road for supplies ran along at the 
 water's edge, and the river, steadil}^ rising, encroached more 
 and more upon these resting-places of the sleepers. "Wagon- 
 wheels would sometimes cut off the end of a coffin, or throw 
 it altogether out of its shallow bed — a ghastly spectacle. 
 
 The empty coffin of a small-pox patient, whose body had 
 
 * January thirtieth. 
 
1863.] A Sew Bed foe the Mississippi. 285 
 
 been sent north, was found In- a liead-quartprs negro, and lie 
 not knowing its original use, and apparently unacquainted 
 with such a luxury for the dead, made his bed in it for 
 several nights, to the horror of the staff when they learned 
 of it. The unfastidious African never recovered his popu- 
 larity after bringing the walls of that undesirable bed- 
 chambei' betwixt the wind and his nobility. 
 
 How should Vicksburg be taken ? Its front was very 
 strongly defended, so the first step must be to effect a lodg- 
 ment in the rear. This might be done (1), by going up the 
 Yazoo, and marching behind the city from the north ; or. 
 (2), b}^ going down the Mississippi, and coming up from the 
 south. 
 
 And the two ways had their two difficulties. To ascend 
 the Yazoo, Haine' s Bluff, ten miles from the mouth, and 
 thoroughly fortified, must be captured or turned. To go 
 down tlie Mississippi, the formidable batteries of the main 
 stronghold must be passed. 
 
 Three months were spent in endeavors to get behind the 
 town. These attempts shall be described separately, though 
 two or three of them were being made simultaneously. 
 
 III. — Williams' Canal, or Cut-off. 
 
 Yicksburg is at the extreme point or toe of a long, nar- 
 row peninsula, shaped like a foot, around which the Mis- 
 sissippi bends. It was proposed to cut a canal across the 
 land at the heel of this foot, with sufficient de^Dth of water 
 for steamers to run through it to the river below, passing- 
 three miles and a half west of the Yicksburg batteries, and 
 just out of range. 
 
 The plan seemed feasible. The crooked lower Missis- 
 sippi frequently breaks its banks, and makes a cut-off of ten 
 or twenty miles across the country, quite abandoning the 
 old bed. AYas Nature a better engineer than West Point 
 could turn out ? Were not her forces, directed by skilled 
 human intelligence, stronger than her forces acting blindly ? 
 
 General Williams, coming up from New Orleans, had 
 already begun this cut-off, ten feet wide and six deep, which 
 ITr 
 
286 The Mississippi Declines It. [i863. 
 
 was to be scooped out by the entering current into a new 
 bed for the river, leaving Yicksburg high and dry three 
 miles and a half from everywhere. 
 
 President Lincoln believed in it. The Father of Waters, 
 however, did not, for he onl}- sent a tantalizing rill trickling 
 through the ditch. The engineers had not hit upon the 
 23roper relation of angles between the canal and the stream. 
 
 On Grant's arrival, he visited the ditch with his staif. 
 The aides laughed at it, the older engineers significantly 
 shrugged their shoulders, and the General reported to Hal- 
 leck that it was not likely to succeed. But work kept the 
 soldiers out of mischief, and no possibility must be neglect- 
 ed. So four thousand men were employed to enlarge it, and 
 cut a new mouth to catch the current at the right angle. 
 
 It did '' catch it.*' The waters rose rapidly until* they 
 burst through the dam at the upper end, filled the canal so 
 that no further work could be done upon it, overflowed the 
 peninsula, drowned many horses, and swept away tools and 
 tents, the men saving their lives with difficult}'. Attempts 
 to repair the dam were fruitless, and the "big ditch" was 
 abandoned, to the -great relief of the rebels. 
 
 TV. — Lake Provideis^ce. 
 
 On the west, or Louisiana, side of the Mississippi, seventy 
 miles above Yicksburg, is Lake Providence, six miles long. 
 South of it, for six hundred miles to the Gulf, stretches a 
 labyrinthine net-work of little bayous or creeks, which have 
 been the beds of large streams in times past, and in that 
 shifting alluAdum frequently become so again. The lake 
 itself is but a fragment of the old bed of the Great River. 
 
 From its west end the bayous communicate with head- 
 waters of the Red River. If a channel were cut one mile 
 from the Mississippi to the lake, could not steamers pass 
 down the Red, and thence into the Mississippi two hundred 
 miles below Yicksburg ? This would enable troops to come 
 up and attack the town from the south. The gaining of 
 twenty miles down the river would involve seven hundred 
 
 * March eitrbth. 
 
isus] Toiling among the Swamps. 287 
 
 miles of roundabout navigation, but steamboat transporta- 
 tion was cheap, and the prize tempting. 
 
 The canal was cut and boats passed into Lake Provi- 
 dence. Lo ! the bayous below were choked with obstinate 
 cypresses. For two weeks McPherson's men toiled like 
 beavers, but were unable to open them far, though little 
 steamers did thread them for a short distance. 
 
 The rebels feared that the whole river might be turned 
 into the Red, and thence into the Atchafalaya, opening a 
 new channel to the Gulf, and leaving Vicksburg, jN'atchez, 
 Baton Rouge, and New Orleans, insignificant inland towns. 
 But Grant never had much faith in the project, which 
 proved a dead failure.* 
 
 V. — Yazoo Pass. 
 
 Three hundred and twenty miles above Vicksburg, and 
 a few miles east of the Mississippi — with which a tortuous 
 channel connects it — is Moon Lake, also a former bed of the 
 river. A bayou leads from it into the Cold water, and thence 
 into the Tallahatchee, which empties into the Yazoo. Could 
 this channel be opened our boats might reach the Yazoo, 
 and go down that river to establish a base above Haine's 
 Bluff, from which Vicksburg could be taken in the rear. 
 
 This route seemed to Grant more feasible than any of 
 the others, for in former years, trading boats from the Mis- 
 sissippi had frequently navigated the lake and bayous, 
 which were therefore named "the Yazoo Pass." 
 
 The levee was cut and steamers passed into Moon Lake.f 
 Thence to the Coldwater fifteen miles, the bayou required 
 clearing out. This would have been easy had a force gone 
 forward instantly to take possession of its eastern end. 
 But that precaution was neglected, and the vigilant rebels, 
 impressing hundreds of negroes into the service, instantly 
 began to fill its bed with enormous trees. 
 
 The stream proved as crooked as a worm fence, and the 
 region impenetrable as an Indian jungle or the Dismal 
 Swamp of Virginia. Constant rains flooded the country, 
 
 * March twenty-seyentb. f February fourth. 
 
288 Repulsed at Fort Pemberton. [i863. 
 
 but the Union soldiers worked cheerily in water up to their 
 necks, clearing out obstructions which the rebels a mile or 
 two in advance were putting in witli equal zeal. 
 
 Finally the channel was opened, and after a vexatious 
 delay in procuring light transports and gun-boats. General 
 Ross with forty-five hundred men reached the Coldwater. 
 Thence through dense forests the expedition moved cau- 
 tiously down the river for two hundred and fifty miles, 
 protected from guerrilhis b}' floods which inundated the 
 country- for miles from the shore. In ten days it reached 
 the Tallahatchee. 
 
 So far so good, xlt last the way seemed clear, and Grant 
 gave orders for forwarding his whole army. But while it 
 was delayed for steamers of draft light enough to navi- 
 gate the shallow waters, the rebels improved the precious 
 minutes in strengthening Fort Peml)f rton, where the Talla- 
 hatchie and the Yallabusha unite to form the Yazoo. This 
 work had only two guns, but they commanded both i-ivers 
 completely. The ground on its entire front was under 
 water, and the post utterly unapproachable for infantry. 
 Fort Pemberton must be captured by the navy or not at all. 
 
 Our gun-boats bombarded it* until one was disabled, 
 and six men were killed and twenty-five wounded, with- 
 out any perceptible effect upon the enemy. The case ap- 
 peared hopeless, and the fleet withdrew. 
 
 Had the attack continued but one hour longer the post 
 would have surrendered, as the rebels were almost out, of 
 ammunition. But it was a fortunate failure, for success 
 would have insured only the evacuation of Yicksburg, not 
 the destruction of Pemberton' s army. 
 
 VI. — Steele's Bayou. 
 
 Meanwhile, the sleepless foe, over his interior line from 
 Vicksburg, threw heavy re-enforcements toward Fort Pem- 
 berton, until Grant had grave apprehensions that Ross's 
 force would be cut oft* among those dense forests and in- 
 tricate bayous. 
 
 * March eleventh and thirteenth. 
 
1863.] The Pleasures of Bayou Nayigatiox. 289 
 
 He adopted another plan, with the twofold purpose of 
 making a diYersion to assure the escape of Ross, and — the 
 end liis stead}' eye never lost sight of — reaching the rear of 
 Vicksburg. Seven miles up the Yazoo, and just below 
 Haine's Bluff, is the mouth of Steele's Bayou, which, con- 
 necting with Black Bayou and Deer Creek, forms part of a 
 continuous route into the Sunflower. Could our iron-clads 
 and transports reach the latter, they might float down to the 
 Yazoo, cutting off re-enforcements for Fort Pemberton, per- 
 mitting Ross to fall back or advance at pleasure, and getting 
 behind the much-coveted city. By this route the whole 
 distance would be but one hundred and fifty miles. 
 
 Admiral Porter, supported by Sherman, starting up 
 Steele's Bayou with little steamers and gun-boats, found it 
 almost impossible to penetrate through the drift-wood and 
 overhanging trees. Low branches overhead tore off chim- 
 neys, guards, and pilot-houses, and growing cypresses and 
 willows obstructed the bed of the stream. The men toiled 
 as if tlieir salvation depended upon it, sawing off stumps 
 under water, and pulling up trees by the roots. 
 
 But the rebels repeated their old game, felling trees and 
 filling up the bed of the stream with bricks. Deer Creek is 
 very narrow. OverlapjDing branches formed a complete 
 roof above the steamers, while on both sides parts of trunks 
 had to be sawed off to let them squeeze through. From the 
 guards of transports one could step directlj^ ashore, and the 
 gun-boats had to be worked around sharp bends by hand. 
 
 The confederates not only harassed the expedition with 
 musketry, artillery, and fallen trees on Porter' s front, but 
 also began to fell trees in liis rear, making it as impossible 
 to return as to go forward. Sherman' s infantry, however, 
 came up and drove them away, and the boats backed 
 slowly down, there being no room to turn. This expedi- 
 tion also Avas a failure. 
 
 Cadwallader, the vigilant, did not wait for the steamers, 
 but induced two negroes to steal a skiff, upon which the 
 three floated seventy-five miles down the river through the 
 enemy's country, enabling the journalist to get off his dis- 
 patclies two days in advance of all rivals. 
 
290 "I Rather Like the Man." [ises. 
 
 Grant returned to Milliken s Bend* keenly disappointed 
 at the failure of tlie Yazoo Pass and Steele Bayou move- 
 ments. These attempts had proved the wonderful vigilance 
 of the rebels. Whenever he penetrated into their remotest 
 swamps and forests, he was sure to find them at the vital 
 point, offering vigorous and effective resistance. They 
 showed how earnestness can make an idle, uninventive, un- 
 enterprizing people watchful, ingenious, and tireless. 
 
 VII. — Milliken' s Bend and ]^ew Carthage Cut-off. 
 
 Bayous connect New Carthage — thirty -five miles below 
 Vicksburg — with Milliken' s Bend, twentj^-five miles above. 
 Grant had now determined in some wa}^ to throw his force 
 below, and cross the Mississippi. 
 
 He cut a short canal, cleared out the bayous with dredg- 
 ing machines, and marched his advance to New Carthage, f 
 The entire army was about to follow, when a rise in the 
 river broke through the levee, deluged the country, and 
 left New Carthage an island. But our troops, accustomed 
 to every sort of obstacle, laid four bridges, two of them six 
 hundred feet long, across the waters, for infantry to march 
 upon ; and one steamei' had already passed through the 
 bayous and canal, when the erratic river suddenly fell again, 
 and quite destroyed the value of this cut-oft'. 
 
 So ended the seventh attempt. Had any one of them 
 succeeded, the world would have called it sagacious and 
 dazzling ; but now exultant Southern rebels and carping 
 Northern peace men declared them all impracticable, and 
 worthy only of an incompetent and drunken general. 
 
 Again the country grew clamorous. Strenuous efforts 
 Avere made to induce the President to remove Grant, and 
 the newspapers named half a dozen successors for him. 
 But, though soreh' impatient at heart, he replied : — 
 
 " No, I rather like the man, and I think I will try him 
 a little longer." 
 
 Was ever trust more deserved? Was ever patience 
 more wise ? 
 
 * March twenty-seventh. f April sixth. 
 
1863.] Grant Favoring Negro Regiments. 291 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 ALL OR NOTHING. 
 
 Adjutant-General Lorenzo Thomas now came from 
 Washington to organize negro regiments. Grant liad 
 already paved the way for this, in obedience to the Presi- 
 dent' s wish that commanders should help remove the pre- 
 judices of our white troops against them. He had issued 
 an order* adding three hundred contrabands to the pioneer 
 corps of each division. They were paid ten dollars a month, 
 with the same rations and clothing as enlisted men, and 
 were "used for the purpose of saving every soldier, as far 
 as possible, for the ranks.'' 
 
 The plan had worked to a charm. The blacks proved 
 unexpectedly faithful, zealous, and tractable ; the whites, 
 already quite willing to arm them with the spade, were los- 
 ing their old antipathy against arming them with the musket. 
 
 Thomas enlisted all these pioneers in his negro regiments 
 except those of the vehement Logan, who swore that he 
 would not give his up— and did not. Grant did nothing in 
 a half-hearted way. but entered zealously into the move- 
 ment, and reported to Halleck : — f 
 
 " At least three of my corps commanders take hold of the new policy of 
 arming the negroes, and using them against the enemy, with a will. They 
 at least are so much of soldiers as to feel themselves under obligations to 
 carry out a policy which they would not inaugurate, in the same good faith 
 and with tlie same zeal as if it were of their own choosing. You may rely 
 on my carrying out any policy ordered ly projyer authority to the hest of my 
 ability.'' 
 
 The General, conscious tliat he might be removed any 
 day, was also thoroughly confident of ultimate success if 
 "let alone." He wrote to his father;— "The Government 
 asks a good deal of me, but not more than I feel fully able 
 to perform." 
 
 * March seventh t ^W^ nineteenth. 
 
292 His Anxiety About Vicksburg. [iSGi. 
 
 A friend calling one evening, found Grant alone in his 
 office, the ladies' cal:)in of the Magnolia. He said : — 
 
 "The problem is a difficult one, but I shall certainly 
 solve it, Yicksburg can be taken. I shall give my days 
 and nights to it, and shall surely take it." 
 
 He made the remark with peculiar earnestness, and in his 
 half-abstracted way, as if answering impatient criticisms or 
 his own misgivings, rather than those of his visitor. But 
 his doubts were never traitors to make him lose the good 
 he else might win by fearing to attempt. 
 
 At this period a letter-writer thus pictured him : — 
 
 •'Grant is more approachable and liable to interruption than a merchant 
 would allow himself to be in his store. Citizens come in, introduce them- 
 selves, and sav, as I heard one man : — ' I have no business with you, General, 
 but just wanted to have a little talk with you, because folks at home will 
 ask me if I did.' He is one of the most engaging men I ever saw — quiet, 
 gentle, extremely, even uncomfortably modest ; but confiding, and of an 
 exceedingly kind disposition. He gives the impression of a man of strong 
 will and capacity underlying these feminine traits." 
 
 Hurlbut commanding the district of Memphis, through 
 which mails passed to the army, had forbidden the Chicago 
 Times to be brought into it, and thus the paper was kept 
 out of our camps. The Times was nearer being an out-and- 
 out rebel advocate than any other Xorthern journal pub- 
 lished outside of New York. But Illinois democratic 
 soldiers who had no symj^athy with its extreme views, 
 desired to read it. 
 
 Grant, though bitterly hostile to that class of journals, 
 countermanded Hurlbut' s order, on the grounds that any 
 paper which the AYar Department tolerated in the North 
 should also be allowed to circulate in the army ; and that 
 even if to be suppressed, it must be done by department, 
 and not district commanders. 
 
 Notwithstanding the depression caused by the imminent 
 danger of their chief s removal, there was merriment enough 
 among the staff. Logan, Steele, and several other generals 
 visited head-quarters one night, and remained until it grew 
 late. Grant urged them to stay, but Steele only accepted. 
 
is<33.] '-You WILL Sleep here, Steele." 293 
 
 Colonel Riggin was absent, and when bedtime came, Grant 
 conducted Steele to Riggin's state-room, expecting to offer 
 him choicest quarters, for tlie aide was of fastidious and 
 luxurious tiistes. The host opened the door, saying : — 
 
 ''You will sleep here, Steele." 
 
 But there, ensconced between Riggin's fine white sheets, 
 lay his huge, black, not over-clean, body-servant I This was 
 too mucli for an equanimity which had proved equal to sorest 
 trials. The angry General stirred up the darky, and peremp- 
 torily ordered him to leave the boat and never to return. 
 Next morning the order was not enforced, but one aide, at 
 least, enjoyed his chiefs vexation quite as much as, a year 
 earlier, tlie chief had enjoyed the clipping of the tail of 
 Rawlins's war-horse. 
 
 A ladj^ connected with the Sanitary Commission, who 
 spent much time at the front during these months, writes : — 
 
 " At a celebration on the twenty-second of February, while all around 
 were drinking toasts in sparkling champagne, I saw Grant push aside a glass 
 of wine, and, taking up a glass of Mississippi water, with the remark, ' This 
 suits the matter in hand,' drink to the toast, 'God gave us Lincoln and 
 Liberty ; let us tight for both/ 
 
 * * * " On board the head-quarters boat at Milliken's Bend, a lively 
 gathering of officers and ladies had assembled. Cards and music were the 
 order of the evening. Grant sat in the ladies' cabin, leaning upon a table 
 covered with innumerable maps and routes to Yicksburg, wholly absorbed 
 in contemplation of the great work before him. He paid no attention to 
 what was going on around, neither did any one dare to interrupt him. For 
 hours he sat thus, until the loved and lamented McPherson stepped up to 
 him with a glass of liquor in his hand, and said, 'General, this won't do; 
 you are injuring yourself; join with us in a few toasts, and throw this burden 
 off your mind.' Looking up and smiling, he replied: 'Mac, you know your 
 whisky won't help me to think ; give me a dozen of the best cigars you can 
 find, and, if the ladies will excuse me for smoking, I think by the time I have 
 finistied them I shall have this job pretty nearly planned.' Thus he sat; and 
 when the company retired we left him there, still smoking and thinking." 
 
 The repeated disappointments of the past only stimulated 
 him to a new endeavor. jN'o previous project had seemed 
 so impracticable, none had been so daring. It was in the 
 old heroic spirit : — 
 
294 A New and Daeing Plan. L^sss. 
 
 " He either fears liis fate too much 
 Or his deserts are small, 
 Who dares not put it to tlie touch, 
 To wiu or lose it all." 
 
 He staked every thing upon it ; and relenting Fortune, tired 
 of battling against one whom no disappointment could 
 check, crowned it with her approving smiles. 
 
 It was no sudden inspiration. For months the General 
 had thought of it as a last resort. When he and the staif, 
 three months earlier, first visited the Williams Cut-off, Raw- 
 lins, after contemplating the tiny rill which trickled through 
 it, exclaimed : — 
 
 " What's the use of a canal unh^ss it can be dug at least 
 fifty feet deeper? This ditch will never wash out large 
 enough in all the ages to admit our steamboats." 
 
 Two days later, at head-quarters, when several generals 
 and engineers were considering plans, the staff officer again 
 remarked : — 
 
 "Wilson and I have a project of our own, for taking 
 Yicksburg." 
 
 " What is it ?" asked Sherman. 
 
 "Why, not to dig a ditch, but to use the great one 
 already dug by Nature — the Mississippi River ; protect our 
 transports witli cotton-bales, run them by the batteries at 
 night, and march the men down the Louisiana shore, ready 
 to be ferried across. 
 
 "What !" replied Sherman ; "these boats 'i these trans- 
 ports? these mere shells? They wouldn't live a minute in 
 the face of the enemy's guns." 
 
 Grant, though listening intently, said never a word. But, 
 subsequently, while the expeditions already described were 
 going on, the plan was often discussed. Some river-men 
 insisted that running the batteries was feasible, even for the 
 frail transports. The General asked many practical ques- 
 tions, but kept his thoughts to himself. 
 
 Porter, who commanded the co-operating naval force, 
 gave to every movement his enthusiastic support. He is the 
 son of Commodore David Porter, who died in 1843, after the 
 most brilliant naval career in American history, and he 
 
186:;.] The Rebels Frightened by a Barge. 295 
 
 inherits in full Ms father' s professional skill and indomitable 
 bravery. Our great conflict developed no other marked 
 instance of hereditarj^ military or naval capacity on either 
 side, except in the case of Robert E. Lee. How rarely is any 
 shining gift transmitted to the next generation ! "Helen's 
 daughter shall not be more fair, nor Solomon's son more 
 wise." Leveling Nature makes the poet's heir a commis- 
 sioner of statistics, the flat-boatman's boy a statesman, and 
 the statesman's — a simpleton. 
 
 Before the tragedy of the campaign, Porter diverted the 
 army Avitli a little comedy. He rigged up an old coal barge 
 into the semblance of a steam monitor, Avith smoke-stack 
 made of pork barrels and furnaces of mud. One dark night 
 she Avas towed within two miles of the Vicksburg batteries, 
 and then left to float. The rebels opened on her Avith 
 their heavy guns, and one of their rams fled in Avild alarm 
 at her approach. Our powerful iron-clad Indianola^ after 
 running their batteries successfully, had latel}^ been cap- 
 tured by them, and Avas now tied up for repairs at Warrenton. 
 To prevent her from being retaken by this direful monster, 
 they blew her up. Next morning, discovering how effectu- 
 ally a Avorn-out scow haci avenged their wooden guns at 
 Manassas, their disgust and rage kneAV no bounds. 
 
 Already Ellet's little wooden ram. Queen of the West, 
 had run the gantlet. One morning, just as the rising sun 
 was driving the darkness before it down the river, the 
 Queen^ with no sign of life on board except the columns of 
 black smoke that rolled from her chimneys, steamed silently 
 toAvard Vicksburg. The moment she approached Avithin 
 range the upper batteries opened on her, but, though one 
 hundred guns were almost instantly directed against her 
 from every point of defense, only four shots struck her be- 
 fore she was opposite the town. 
 
 There she suddenly turned toAvard the rebel gun-boat 
 City of VicJishurg, Avhich Avas tied up at the bank. The 
 enemy's artillerists and infantry, thinking her disabled and 
 about to surrender, sent up a tremendous shout. But. to 
 their consternation, she dashed right into their iron-clad, 
 damaging it severely, and firing shots from all her guns. 
 
296 The "Queen" Passes their Batteries. [ises. 
 
 The cotton bales protecting lier boiler now took fire and 
 a dozen shots penetrated her, but she got out of range with 
 little injury, and afterward played havoc with rebel trans- 
 ports and supplies on Red River and the lower Mississippi. 
 She was finally stranded and captured, but not nntil her 
 captain and three enterprising journalists had succeeded in 
 escaping. After Ellet's gallant feat, the river-men about 
 head-quarters were wont to say : — 
 
 ■"Any of these boats could run by just as well as the 
 Queen.^' 
 
 Still, Grant pondered and asked questions, mentally 
 sticking a pin in the two facts, that fragile steamers could 
 l^ass the batteries on the front of Yicksburg, and that a large 
 arm}' could subsist upon the country in its rear. 
 
 He was evolving a plan in which, though listening cour- 
 teously to suggestions from many, lie asked counsel of none. 
 After maturing it, he heard patiently the adverse arguments 
 of his most trusted lieutenant, but they did not swerve him 
 a hair's breadth. Sherman, seeing only ruin in the new 
 method, and firmly believing that Yicksburg should be 
 attacked in the rear by an army marching overland from 
 Memphis, said : — 
 
 " Of course, I shall give the movement my heartiest sup- 
 port, but I feel it my duty to protest in writing." 
 
 "Very well," replied the General, "send along your 
 protest." 
 
 Next day,* Sherman addressed Rawlins, the adjutant- 
 general, earnestly suggesting that Grant call on his corps 
 commanders — McClernand, McPherson, and himself — for 
 their opinions, and adding : — 
 
 " Unless this be done, there are men who will, in any result falling below 
 the popular standard, claim that their advice was unheeded, and that fatal 
 consequences resulted therefrom. ='•'**! make these suggestions with the 
 request that General Grant simply read them, and give them, as I know he 
 will, a share of his thoughts. I would prefer he should not answer, but 
 merely give them as much or as little weight as they deserve. "* * * What- 
 ever plan of action he may adopt, will receive from me the same zealous 
 co-operation and energetic support as though conceived by myself." 
 
 April eighth. 
 
186?..] Yaiiied Capacity of each IIegi:mext. 297 
 
 Grant read Slierman's letter, and, without a word to any- 
 "body, put it in his pocket. jNIontlis later, after Yiclsisburg 
 was captured, happening to tind it one day, he handed it 
 back to its author, remarking : — 
 
 "By the way, Sherman, liere is something which Avill 
 interest you." 
 
 Other trusted subordinates earnestly opposed the plan, 
 hut the captious McClernand, the sanguine McPherson, the 
 energetic Logan, and the clear-headed Rawlins, gave it 
 hearty support. 
 
 After marching his army down the west bank below 
 Vicksburg, Grant would need there (1) gun-boats to cap- 
 ture the batteries on the east bank, (2) supplies to feed 
 his men, and (3) steamers to ferry them across the river. 
 
 The troops reached New Carthage. Transports — their 
 hollers protected by hay and cotton-bales — loaded with 
 rations and forage, and towing barges which also carried 
 supplies, were sent by night past the batteries, under cover 
 of Porter' s iron-clads. 
 
 The officers and crews of all the transports but two, 
 working only on wages, and not sworn into the service, de- 
 clined so hazardous an enterprize. But volunteers were not 
 wanting ; when were they in our conflict, however fool- 
 hardy the venture ? Ten times as many offered as were 
 needed, and to those who were so fortunate as to be selected, 
 others offered ten dollars for the privilege of risking their 
 lives in this midnight gantlet. 
 
 President Lincoln once asserted that there was prob- 
 ably no regiment in the Union armies which did not 
 contain men capable of carrying on successfully all the 
 departments of our Government — executive, legislative, ju- 
 dicial. Every regiment, at least, had inventors and arti- 
 sans who could do any thing, and Grant now found in 
 his ranks pilots, engineers, and captains, thoroughly fa- 
 miliar with steamers and machinery, and the river's chan- 
 nel. 
 
 On a dark night, "^ the first expedition started to run the 
 
 * April sixteenth. 
 
298 Seven Transports Run the Gantlet. [ises. 
 
 rebel batteries. Before midnight, Porter's tiag-ship, the 
 Benton., which led, was discovered by the enemy. Instantly 
 an alarm-rocket shot up, the guns opened, and for miles up 
 and down the river, the Mississippi bank was ablaze. Our 
 iron-clads promptly replied, while the transports ran by, 
 husra'ing the Louisiana shore. 
 
 The rebels burned houses, making the night as light as 
 day. Again and again the transports were struck. The 
 Henry Clay was fired by an exploding shell ; but her crew 
 took to their yawls and were saved. Through the other 
 fragile steamers, whose sides were like pasteboard, shots 
 crashed and tore, but the men stood gallantly at their posts, 
 and in two hours and a half the last vessel passed out of range. 
 
 On the gun-boats not a man was killed, and only eight 
 were wounded. On the steamers and barges nobody was 
 even hit. Before daylight the fleet was received at New 
 Carthage by Granfs infantry with shouts of delight. To 
 the soldiers who had run the steamers on this daring race,, 
 the General promptly gave furloughs for forty days, and 
 transportation to and from home. 
 
 A second midnight expedition of six transports and 
 twelve barges passed the batteries six days later, with the 
 loss of one steamer and six barges sunk, one man killed 
 and half a dozen wounded. It was a gallant exploit. Colo- 
 nel C. B. Lagow of the staff was in command of the trans- 
 ports. His own boat, the Tigress., was destroyed ; but he 
 and the crew escaped in a yawl. 
 
 The people of the East, knowing about as much of the 
 geography of the region of Grant' s meanderings as they did 
 of Japan, were utterly bewildered by the fragmentary and, 
 '•mixed-up" newspaper telegrams about Lake Providence, 
 Moon Lake, Steele's Bayou, Williams' Cut-off, the Ya- 
 zoo, the Yallabusha, the Tallahatchie, and the Atchafalaya. 
 They only knew that months dragged wearily by ; that 
 there had been disaster at Holly Springs, and bloody re- 
 pulse at Chickasaw Bayou ; that several later attempts had 
 failed ; that the soldiers were reported dying from disease, 
 and that the country was heart-sick for victory. Our 
 General, alternately the public idol and the public scape- 
 
1863.] " Where Does He Get His Whisky ?" 299 
 
 goat, was still in deep disfavor. His canal and bayou 
 projects were mercilessly ridiculed. The ever-convenient 
 charges of drunkenness were revived. When one persist- 
 ent grumbler demanded his removal, President Lincohi 
 asked : — 
 
 " For what reason ?" 
 
 " Because he drinks so much whisky." 
 
 "Ah! yes;" (thoughtfully) "by the way can you tell 
 me where he gets his whisky ? He has given us about all 
 our successes, and if his whisky does it, I should like to send 
 a barrel of the same brand to every general in the field."* 
 
 Grant never wasted energy. When there was nothing 
 important to do, he appeared indolent. To subordinates he 
 merely said, " Do this," leaving them to obey in their own 
 manner. But now, no details were too minute for him, no 
 trouble too great. While so ill from boils that he could 
 hardly sit in the saddle, he rode forty miles one sweltering- 
 day, to give oral instructions to McClernand at New 
 Carthage, 
 
 On the east bank, the few points where good roads leave 
 the river, were all defended by heavy guns. How could he 
 gain a foot-hold ? He determined to capture Grand Gulf, a 
 bold promontory, below Yicksburg. Porter was to silence 
 the batteries, then infantry were to storm the works. 
 
 Ten thousand of McClernand' s men being embarked on 
 transports and barges ready for landing, Porter, with seven 
 iron-clads and a wooden gun-boat, started on the morning of 
 April twenty-ninth, leading personally with his flag-ship. 
 
 At the appointed moment, eight o'clock, he fired his first 
 gun, AVith equal promptitude the enemy replied, and for five 
 hours battle raged, the gun-boats running round in a circle, 
 
 * On a very few occasions after re-entering; the service, the General was percep- 
 tibly under the influence of liquor — solely from his extreme susceptibility to it ; for 
 ordinarily he did not touch it ; and during the entire conflict he probably consumed 
 less than any other officer who tasted it at all. He was never under its sway to the 
 direct or indirect detriment of the service for a single moment. And his development 
 was as unique in this as in any other respect. He exhibited the remarkable specta- 
 cle of a man in middle life, steadily gaining in self-control till apropensity once too 
 strong wafa absolutely mastered. 
 
300 Porter's Repulse at Grakd Gulf. [^863. 
 
 and pouring in their broadsides successively, at pistol-shot 
 distance from the rebel cannon at the water s edge. 
 
 The effort was useless. Porter easily silenced the lower 
 or water batteries, but the works upon Grand Gulf proper 
 were so high that he could make no impression. He did 
 not disable a single gun. Every vessel of his fleet was fre- 
 quently struck — one fifty times — and his loss was eighteen 
 killed and fifty-six wounded. His flag-ship turned sullenly 
 up the river, and the other iron-clads dropped below. 
 
 The Benton was badly cut up ; strips of her iron armor 
 were torn off, her deck was covered with splinters and red 
 with blood, and her cabin full of dead and wounded. 
 
 Grant, who had watched the fight from a little tug, now 
 boarded the admiral,' s vessel with his staff, and Washburne, 
 who had come down on his invitation to accomiDany the 
 movement. Porter said : — 
 
 " It's of no use. General. The thing has failed. It's im- 
 possible to take that battery with our boats." 
 
 With that quickness of resource which is Grant' s great 
 strength, he had a second plan ready the moment the first 
 failed. H^e answered : — 
 
 " Very well. You may attack again after dark to-night. 
 Under the noise of your firing, the transports can run by. 
 I will march the soldiers down opposite Rodney, or to some 
 other convenient point where we can cross and take Grand 
 Gulf in the rear," 
 
 Half an hour after Porter had fired his last gun, a steamer 
 ran her plank out to land the first detachment of troops at 
 Hard Times, on the Louisiana side, above Grand Gulf. 
 
 Hard Times, so called from its forlorn appearance, was 
 only a cluster of tumble-down cabins. I^ot a white person 
 was left, but twenty or thirty delighted negroes welcomed 
 the troops. The first man to step ashore Avas Colonel Slack, 
 of an Indiana regiments — a boisterous, good fellow but a life- 
 long democrat, known to nearly all the army for his violent 
 antipathy to negroes and abolitionists. Nevertheless, Slack 
 was thoroughly devoted to the flag he fought for. As he 
 set foot on shore, a bouncing negress, with her head wrap- 
 ped in a flaming kerchief, seized his hand with both her 
 
1863.] Thorough Loyalty of the Xegroes. 303 
 
 own, and shook it long and vigorously in liearty welcome, 
 while she shouted : — 
 
 " Bress de Lord 1 Bress de Lord !'" 
 
 The troops from a dozen transports witnessed the colo- 
 nel' s novel and rather embarrassing situation, and cheered 
 and yelled with delight. Slack, looking extremely sheep- 
 ish, accepted his blushing honors as gracefully as he could, 
 and I never heard of his denouncins; neo-roes afterward. 
 
 Grant ordered the troops to march down the levt^e to 
 De Shroon' s, also on the west bank, and three miles below 
 Grand Gulf. He remained at Hard Times to superintend 
 the debarkation, while AVashburne, who had borrowed a 
 horse from some negroes, rode on ahead. De Shroon' s Land- 
 ing had one pleasant balconied white house, shaded by glossy 
 magnolias. It belonged to a French planter, who had de- 
 camped with all his slaves, except one gray-haired, tottering 
 negro and his ^^iLfe. AVashburne, who found the old couple 
 in their little cabin back of the house, was the first Yankee 
 they had ever seen, and they plied him with endless ques- 
 tions about the North, "Mass'r Linkum's troops," and 
 "Mass'r Linkum's flag.'' 
 
 " The Congressman, once on his talking legs, 
 Stirs up his knowledge to its thickest dregs ;" 
 
 but this one, instead of drawing upon his own lore, cheered 
 their faithful hearts by good tidings about the war. In 
 the midst of their earnest inquiries. Grant' s advance came 
 in sight, — a long line of blue, crowned with gleaming mus- 
 kets, and bearing the Starry Flag. The old negress threw 
 up her hands, and jumped up and down, shouting, while 
 tears streamed down her wrinkled cheeks : — 
 
 ' ' Dar come Mass' r Linkum' s sogers ! Dar comes Mass' r 
 Linkum' s flag. My God ! I neber spected to lib to see dat !" 
 
 Grant ordered explorations on the eastern shore, sending 
 out a lieutenant to find somebody who could give minute 
 information. In the course of the night the officer returned, 
 bringing an intelligent mulatto — a native of the vicinity— 
 who had been that day in the confederate camp at Grand 
 Gulf selling home-made beer. He said that at Bruinsburg, 
 18r 
 
304 The Rivek Ckossed at Last. [isss. 
 
 six miles below, on the east bank, there was a capital landing, 
 and thence to Port Gibson — toward the rear of Grand Gulf 
 and Vicksburg— an excellent road obstructed by no swamps. 
 
 This corroborated previous information ; and he seemed 
 so clear-headed and truthful, that Grant and Porter steamed 
 down to Bruinsburg, where they found a good landing and 
 a capital thoroughfare. There the General determined to 
 land, instead of going to Rodney, fifteen miles below. 
 
 That night, under cover of a fierce artillery attack from 
 Porter, our transports, one by one, ran the Grand Gulf bat- 
 teries. The troops, who were bivouacked in the broad, fair 
 fields back of De Shroon' s house, could hear the cannonade, 
 and anxiously waited the issue. When the first steamer 
 came in sight, those nearest the river greeted her with a 
 ringing cheer, which was carried back through all the lines. 
 Each succeeding vessel was received with shouts, till all 
 had arrived in safety. 
 
 The beginning was auspicious ; but it was of the utmost 
 importance that Grant should cross to the east bank of the 
 Mississippi before the enemy comprehended his movement. 
 Early next morning,* therefore, his troops embarked in the 
 lightest marching order, and supplied with only three days' 
 rations. The gun-boats of the zealous Porter assisted the 
 transports in ferrying them over. 
 
 Villages are few in that region, and Bruinsburg was 
 only a landing at another deserted plantation. The General, 
 the first man to step ashore, was welcomed by an aged negro 
 Avith wide, wondering eyes, and his "heart in his voice," 
 Avho confirmed the statement that the road to Port Gibson 
 was high, dry, and good. So the advance marched forward 
 a few miles and encamped, while the troops still arriving 
 bivouacked at the landing for the rest of the day. 
 
 Rhetoric followed the flag. On that pleasant summer 
 night the army formed around a hollow square, while Wash- 
 burne, Logan, Governor Yates, and others, standing upon 
 a cart, regaled it with patriotic eloquence. 
 
 * April thirtieth. 
 
1863.] Gkais^t's Baggage for the Campaign. 305 
 
 CHAPTER XXIIl. 
 
 THE DOGS OF AVAR. 
 
 Eight miles out McClernand, who had the advance, 
 encountered the enemy about midnight. Skirmishing was 
 kept up until dawn, * when it developed into a battle. Grant 
 hearing the guns, directed Hillyer : — 
 
 "Remain here at the landing and superintend the cross- 
 ing of the rest of the troops, issuing in my name whatever 
 orders you may find necessary. When all have got over, 
 come to my head-quarters." 
 
 "Where will they be? Shall you go on to Jackson, or 
 move immediately across the Big Black and then turn to- 
 ward Vicksburg V ' 
 
 "Well, I don't exactly know till I've consulted Pem- 
 berton !" j 
 
 Grant, stripping his army for the race, had required the 
 men to leave behind every possible ounce of weight, except 
 their clothing, arms, and ammunition, and would not even 
 permit general officers to take a horse or a tent, lest they 
 should retard the crossing. He was not one of those un- 
 gracious leaders who show "the steep and thorny way," 
 but tread themselves ' ' the primrose path of dalliance. ' ' He 
 took no horse, tent, orderly, valise, or change of clothing. 
 A brier- wood pipe, a pouch of tobacco, and a tooth-brush, 
 formed the sum total of his personal baggage. N"ow he had 
 to borrow a steed to carry him to the front. 
 
 His eighteen thousand men were greatly embarrassed 
 by the rising sun, which glared pitilessly in their faces, but 
 he Avrote back to McPherson : — "We are whipping them 
 beautifully ; hurry up the troops." 
 
 The rebels, numbering eleven thousand, obstinately con- 
 tested their wooded, rough, and admirably defensible 
 
 * M;iv t-r--t. 
 
306 McPherson Charges the Rebel Rear. [ises. 
 
 ground. Grant was everywhere on the front, directing 
 subordinates and pushing in divisions. Tlioroughly ab- 
 sorbed by the battle, he quite forgot himself. While sitting 
 upon his horse beside Yates, the shells and bullets flew so 
 thick that a regiment close by was ordered into a ravine for 
 shelter. Still the General, smoking his pipe and intently 
 watching a charge, never budged, but said, jocosely: — 
 
 "Governor, it's too late to dodge after the ball has 
 passed." 
 
 Soon after, to the relief of the staff, lie remarked : — 
 
 "Now we will go and order Logan up." 
 
 At noon, on our right and center, the rebels were thor- 
 oughly whijDped ; but on the left, seven hours of hard fight- 
 ing had failed to dislodge them from a little valley, which 
 completely hid them from view. Grant, therefore, ordered 
 a new movement, led by the gallant McPherson. 
 
 In repose, this favorite young officer was homely in 
 face and figure, but now, with his plain features lighted 
 up and his tall form erect, he looked the very ideal of 
 a military hero. He dashed away at the head of his 
 staff on his splendid black charger, touching his hat smil- 
 ingly to a friend while they passed under fire, and remark 
 ing :— 
 
 "You'll hear from us shortly. We are going to take 
 those fellows in the rear. ' ' 
 
 The General returned to his temporary head-quarters, an 
 old plantation house, where the wounded and surgeons 
 already thronged every room and both porches. He wished 
 to send an order to McClernand, but he had no aide, no 
 secretary, no pen, ink, or j)aper. AYashburne, however, 
 fished up a pencil from his pocket, and tore off the blank 
 sheet of a letter, and Grant, sitting upon a log, began to 
 write, using his slouched hat for a desk, when a tremendous 
 yell was heard on the front. 
 
 Grant. — "That's Mac and his men. They are routing 
 the rebels out of that ravine." 
 
 Washburne. — " Then it's a good time to go and look at 
 them." 
 
 They borrowed a pair of broken-down wagon horses, 
 
'^sc,?,.] A Victory axd a Speech. 307 
 
 with rope bridles, from two vrandering " ^Ye-uns," natives 
 of the neighborhood, who had come out to see the show, and 
 jogged forward. McPherson reached the rebel rear un- 
 discovered, and the enemy, utterly routed, had now fallen 
 back. Five or six hundred Gray-coats, captured after a 
 breathless race, were huddled together under guard, with 
 countenances expressing the deep conviction that this is 
 rather a weary world. Our exultant soldiers crowded 
 around Grant's sorry nag, cheering lustily, and clamor- 
 ing:— 
 
 "A speech ! a speech ! a speech !" 
 
 " Soldiers, I thank you," he replied. "That is all I can 
 say. You have done a good day' s work to-day, but you 
 must do a better one to-morrow." 
 
 Of course they responded with vociferous cheers. The 
 words were pithy and approj)riate, but in that mood they 
 would have applauded a stanza from Mother Goose. 
 
 The retreating rebels soon re-formed their lines, and 
 made vigorous resistance at every defensible point. Before 
 night they were Avithin two miles of Port Gibson, and Grant, 
 knowing little of the country, stopped the pursuit. Our 
 loss during the day had reached about one thousand in 
 killed and Avounded. 
 
 During this battle the party of visitors at head-quarters 
 was joined by Charles A. Dana, subsequently Assistant 
 Secretary of War, but at this time representing informally 
 the War Department. He went through the rest of the cam- 
 paign, making himself useful in every possible way, and 
 became one of tlie General's most steadfast and helpful 
 official friends. 
 
 The Aveary men slept on their arms ; Grant and his staft' 
 in an elegantly furnished house, deserted by its owners and 
 left to the negro servants. With that unaccountable moral 
 obtuseness and flagrant treachery to his "best friends," 
 with which the African has Avrung the hearts of so many 
 wise statesmen and pious divines, these ex-slaves invited 
 their guests to partake of a cajDital supper and breakfast, to 
 sleep on the softest of beds, and even to smoke their even- 
 ing cigars in the luxurious library of the planter, whose 
 
308 Grant Exters Port Gibson. [i863. 
 
 high commission as man-owner now gave him only a du- 
 bious brevet rank. 
 
 The General had his son Fred, already thirteen, along on 
 the campaign, thinking him unlikel}^ ever to enjoy anotlier 
 opportunity so favorable for witnessing military operations. 
 This morning* two large white carriage- horses, spoils of the 
 Egyptians, were delivered at head-quarters. A. J. Smith 
 had already supplied Grant with a spirited bay, so he turned 
 these over to Dana and Fred. A friendly negro found for 
 the former an old coach bridle with blinders, and an ancient 
 saddle, and furnished him with a costly rug from the parlor 
 floor, which he used as a saddle-cloth for weeks afterward. 
 
 At eight o' clock the General and staff reached Port Gib- 
 son, and rode down to the South Fork, which runs beside 
 the town. The rebels had destroyed the bridge. 
 
 Grant. — "This bridge must be re^jlaced immediately, 
 so that we can continue the pursuit." 
 
 McClernand. — "I have given orders to have it rebuilt 
 at once." 
 
 Port Gibson, before the war, had two thousand inhabi- 
 tants, and was the pleasantest town in the South. But now 
 it contained few people except the delighted blacks, as the 
 " superior race" had l^uried its valuables and fled. 
 
 At the telegrajDh office Grant found a dispatch from 
 Bowen, urging Pemberton to hurry forward re-enforce- 
 ments and ammunition. A few minutes later a flag of truce 
 brought a letter from Bowen to himself, asking for an 
 armistice and permission to enter our lines for burying 
 his dead and looking after his wounded. In reply. Grant 
 assured the rebel general of his distinguished consideration, 
 but mentioning the captured dispatch, and more than hint- 
 ing that this was a pretext to gain time, respectfully 
 declined. 
 
 At noon, riding down to the bayou, he was surprised to 
 find that not a blow had been struck, and indignantly 
 asked the reason. McClernand, who was suffering from 
 one of his frequently-recurring attacks of bad humor, replied 
 
 * May second. 
 
1863.] A Bridge Built ix Fot-r Hours. 309 
 
 that liis men were too much worn out. The chief bit his 
 lip, rode silently away and told Rawlins and Wilson 
 to build the bridge. They went to work with a will, em- 
 ploying thousands of soldiers to assist them, sending out 
 details for axes and nails, and tearing down the most con- 
 venient buildings for planks and timbers. At four p. m. 
 our infantry and cavalry were crossing the new bridge, 
 which was one hundred and twenty feet long. 
 
 It was a delightful moonlight night. The troops moved 
 slowly, with skirmishers well out on front and flank, as 
 they were ignorant of the country and the roads. 
 
 At nine p. m. they reached the Xorth Fork, seven miles 
 out. Here the rebels had fired the suspension bridge, and 
 about one-third of the planks were consumed, when the 
 flames were extinguished by a negro living in the neighbor- 
 hood. He now welcomed the Union soldiers, and showed 
 them a pile of worn planks large enough to replace it. 
 
 The water was only two feet deep, but ran over quick- 
 sands. Infantry might cross, but not artillery ; and Grant 
 expecting resistance on the north bank, declined to let the 
 men go forward without support. So "Wilson, Rawlins, 
 and Boomer began with heavy details to repair the bridge. 
 
 At midnight the weary chief said :— 
 
 "Let's go to bed.'' 
 
 Daxa. — "Where are yon going to sleep?" 
 
 Graxt. — " I guess this is as good a j^lace as any." 
 
 It was an open spot in front of an old negro cabin. 
 The troops were slumbering all around, and he stretched 
 himself upon the damp grass. 
 
 Daxa. — " I have an overcoat here ; let me put it under 
 you."' 
 
 Graxt.—" I'm too sleepy ; don't disturb me." 
 
 The General, lying on one side, with his head upon a 
 saddle, his knees drawn up, and his hands clasped between 
 them, was instantly asleep ; but before daylight, McPher- 
 son, having secured a tent, took him under that shelter. 
 
 At five a. X.* the troops began to cross, and the worn 
 
 * May third. 
 
310 The Requests of a Rebel Prisoner. [ises. 
 
 aides, who liad worked all niglit, stretched themselves out 
 for a little slumber. 
 
 Graxt. — "The staif are all used uj), and I have no one 
 to take their place.'' 
 
 Dana. — "I will do staff duty until they are ready to go 
 to work again." 
 
 GrRANT, — "That's right; that's first rate. Ride out to 
 the front and tell McPherson to move cautiously, and report 
 whether he sees any enemy. ' ' 
 
 A young rebel officer, an aide of Bowen' s, was brought 
 in, prisoner. He rode a beautiful horse, with a quilted 
 saddle and costly trappings. He answered a few questions, 
 and then manifested the assurance of his class : — 
 
 Prisoner. — " Cleneral Grant, this horse and saddle don't 
 belong to the confederate government, but are my private 
 property, presented by my father. I should be glad if I 
 might retain them." 
 
 Grant. — "I have got three or four horses, which are 
 also my private property, meandering about the confeder- 
 acy. I'll make an exchange with 3-ou. We'll keep yours, 
 and when you find one of mine, just take it in his place !'' 
 
 The captive, a little chap-fallen, next asked permission to 
 visit his parents, who resided at Port Gibson ; but Grant, 
 mindful of the enemy' s harsh treatment to Union prisoners, 
 refused it, and sent him back to the rear with the rest. 
 
 All day our troops pursued. At various points in ra- 
 vines and woods, the rebels made feeble stands, but — as 
 during the entire campaign — surjDrised the General by their 
 lack of promptness and enterprise. At niglit our advance 
 reached Hankinson's Ferry, on the Big Black, fifteen miles 
 north of Port Gibson, and had sent several hundred prison- 
 ers to the rear. 
 
 For five days and nights Grant had not changed a gar- 
 ment, or, indeed, taken off his clothing. Xow, after dark, 
 with a small escort, he galloped twenty miles into Grand 
 Gulf, which the rebels had evacuated ; Avent down the river, 
 conferred with Porter, returned and wrote letters and dis- 
 patches to Washington until midnight, and then treated him- 
 self to a borrowed shirt and a few hours of slumber. 
 
1S63.] GrRIERSOX's DaRIXG CaVALEY RaID. 311 
 
 On this Sunday niglit, two friends and myself, anxious to 
 get to the front, left Young's Point upon a tug towing two 
 barges of forage and provisions, which Grant had ordered to 
 run the batteries. After we had been under fire from the 
 Yicksburg guns for three-quarters of an hour, and were 
 almost out of range, a shot exjDloded and sunk our tug and 
 fired our barges. Sixteen of us — out of the thirty-five on 
 board — had the good fortune to be picked up in the river 
 by the enemy, and one comrade and myself had the ill for- 
 tune, for nearly two years thereafter, to study the war and 
 rejoice in Grant" s victories from successive Southern prisons. 
 After the prisons reached the magic number of seven, we 
 luckily escaped. 
 
 On our abrupt advent into Vicksburg, the rebel officers 
 cheerfully assured us that they expected to see Grant a 
 prisoner there within a few days. We replied that they 
 would undoubtedly see him, but not exactly in the capacity 
 of a captive. 
 
 Colonel Grierson, who had left La Grange, Tennessee, 
 with seventeen hundred cavalry, after traversing Missis- 
 sippi lengthwise, destroying stores, and arms, tearing up 
 railways, burning bridges, capturing militia, and carrying 
 consternation through the entire State, reached our lines at 
 Baton Rouge, * having traveled six hundred miles in fifteen 
 days, and lost less than thirty men in sick, wounded, and 
 missing. Nowhere did he meet with any serious resistance, 
 and his daring raid convinced Grant that the confederacy 
 had become "a mere shell with all its resisting ^Dower on 
 the outer edge." 
 
 The General, now at the Big Black, and facing northward, 
 was between two wings of the enemy. On his left Pem- 
 berton held Yicksburg and vicinity with fifty thousand 
 men. On the right rebel re-enforcements were approaching 
 in unknown numbers. To annihilate this force before it 
 could join Pemberton, and still be able to cope with the 
 latter, would require rapid marching and more men than he 
 had, if he should attempt to keep open communication with 
 Grand Gulf, his present depot of supplies. 
 
 * May second. 
 
312 The Battle of Raymond. [ises. 
 
 Bearing in mind Scott' s brilliant campaign from Puebla 
 to Mexico, sixteen years before — a campaign which taught 
 him the most valuable lessons he ever learned in the art of 
 war, except those from his own experience — he determined 
 to abandon his base, and taking as many rations as his men 
 could conveniently carr}', destro}^ the approaching i-e-en- 
 forcements, and then turn to invest Yicksburg. 
 
 Nothing but good combinations and rapid movements 
 could insure success to this daring pLin. He cut loose 
 altogether, writing to the general-in-chief : — - 
 
 " I sliall coiniimnicate with Grand Gulf n<j more, except as it becomes 
 necessary to send a train under heavy escort. You may not hear from me 
 for several days."' 
 
 The course of the Big Black is southwest. From Han- 
 kinson's Ferry, twenty miles due south of Yicksburg, Grant 
 marched up on the east side of the river, which, running be- 
 tween him and Pemberton, protected his left flank. He 
 made jDerplexing feints in all directions, which it Avas impos- 
 sible for his weak adversar}' to distinguish from the real 
 movement. His first object was to stop supplies from pour- 
 ing into Vicksburg, by cutting the railway whicli runs west 
 from Jackson, the capital of the State. 
 
 Early in the morning, f McPherson, who held tlie extreme 
 right, approaching the little town of Raymond, encountered 
 five thousand rebels under Gregg, very strongly posted. 
 The Union force was much the larger, but not until after 
 three hours of stubborn fighting was the enemv driven 
 l")ack with a loss of three hundred killed and wounded, and 
 many prisoners. 
 
 Grant, concentrating his main force to meet Pemberton' s 
 arm 3^ at Edwards Depot and Bolton north of him, had 
 designed sending only a little expedition eastward into Jack- 
 son to destroy confederate stores. But now Rawlins and 
 Wilson rode back to inform him that the enemy on McPher- 
 son' s front had retreated, not upon Vicksburg, but toward 
 Jackson. He instantly surmised that re-enforcements 
 enough to swell Gregg's command to twelve or fourteen 
 
 * May eleventh f May twelfth. 
 
1863.] Grant Cuts Loose from His Base. 313 
 
 tliousand must be concentrating in that direction. Even if 
 lie should -whip Pemberton it would never do to turn toward 
 Yicksburg, leaving this enemy in the rear. 
 
 Simply asking one or two questions, and without rising 
 from his chair, he Avrote orders to turn tlie entire army 
 toward Jackson. This readiness to modify an old plan, or 
 substitute a new one on the instant when emergencies re- 
 quired it, was one of his strongest and most characteristic 
 points. On cutting loose from Grand Gulf, he said : — 
 
 " I think we can reduce Jackson, and re-open communi- 
 cations with the fleet above Vicksburg hi about fif^e daysy 
 
 It was like Cortez burning his ships. Grant sent out 
 expeditions on every side for food and forage, and ordering 
 no more supplies brought to his rear, turned back his extra 
 wagons, and left his field hospitals at Port Gibson and Ray- 
 mond in charge of Federal surgeons with flags of truce. 
 
 He found in the country enough of provisions and forage, 
 abundance of horse and mule teams, and no end of negroes 
 delighted to drive them ; and thenceforth multitudes of 
 cattle, sheep, turkeys, chickens, and pigs, indiscriminately 
 mingled, followed in the wake of his army, 
 
 McPherson struck the railroad at Clinton, tore up the 
 track, burned bridges, and captured dispatches showing 
 that Pemberton was still at Edwards Station, eighteen miles 
 east of Yicksburg, expecting an attack. 
 
 Sherman, after making a feint at Hame' s Bluff to deceive 
 Pemberton, and then moving rapidlj^ along the circuitous 
 land and river route upon which the rest of the army pre- 
 ceded him, had now arrived with his fine corps eager for 
 work. He and McPherson were ordered to reduce Jackson. 
 
 On the morning of May fourteenth both were marching 
 upon the town, McPherson along the railway from Clinton, 
 ten miles west, and Sherman across the country from a 
 point fourteen miles southwest. They expected to arrive 
 at the same moment, but Sherman's roads were so mudd}' 
 that it was almost impossible to move artillery. His 
 men, however, throwing away their boots and shoes, and 
 floundering through the mud up to their knees, shouted, 
 laughed, and sang, in the most exuberant spirits. 
 
314 The Battle of Jacksox. [ises. 
 
 An hour before noon, in tlie midst of a driving rain, 
 they apiDroached the city from the sonth, and were stopped 
 hy a battery of six pounders in a strip of woods, two miles 
 out. Artillery skirmishing followed. Among the troops 
 lying in a field a shell exj^loded now and then, and with 
 natural scruples about keeping quiet to be murdered many 
 Jumped up and ran to the rear. Grant and staff, sitting 
 twenty paces behind them, under some spreading trees for 
 protection from the rain, persuaded them to return, until the 
 storm of water grew so much more uncomfortable than the 
 storm of shot, that they sought shelter in some old shanties 
 a hundred yards away. 
 
 What virtue in a general is equal to promptness i What 
 general ever had it in a liigher degree than Grant ? Only the 
 niglit before, Joseph E. Johnston, a most able rebel com- 
 mander, had arrived on his front. Very soon Johnston 
 Avoukl have concentrated the scattered confederates, and 
 struck Grant on the flank before uniting with Peraberton, 
 for wliom he was amply competent to furnish brains. 
 But our General falling upon him so unexpectedly quite 
 spoiled his game. McPherson, after three liours' fighting on 
 the west side, had already driven in the enemy, and Sher- 
 man soon swept forward. The rebel cannoneers stood tlieir 
 ground until his infantry were within six feet of them. 
 Then they flung down their rammers and surrendered, both 
 the}^ and their captors, including Grant, laughing heartily 
 at their dare-devil tenacity. Soldiers soon get on familiar, 
 terms witli death, and tlie tragedy of war has frequent 
 interludes of comedy. 
 
 Though squads of rebel cavalry were still in siglit, and 
 though the staflP expostulated, the cliief, remarking that he 
 guessed there was no danger, galloped forward into the 
 cit}'. Fred rode with the party, and entered Jackson at 
 the head of it. The streets were full of gleeful negroes, 
 while from windows and half-open doors peered some anx- 
 ious, paUid faces. But snowy flags flew from the houses, 
 and many white families seemed overjoyed, for tliere was a 
 good deal of Union sentiment. 
 
 Grant and staff rode to the leading hotel — a large build- 
 
1863.] Grant ix the Capital of Mississippi. 315 
 
 ing, near tlie capitol, where Johnston had slept the night 
 before. They fancied themselves the first Yankees in Jack- 
 son, but private enterprise had outrun official routine, and 
 the muskets were ahead of the shoukier-straps. Three of 
 McPherson's cavalrymen were already raising the Stars and 
 Stripes upon the State-House. The people flocked about 
 the light-bearded, mud-stained General — who bore no mark 
 of his rank — with all sorts of petitions, in response to one 
 of which he instantly stationed guards to protect the inmates 
 of the large Catholic convent. 
 
 The public stores had been left open, and the ransomed 
 black sinners, confident that their year of jubilee had come, 
 were making a haul of clothing and provisions. One, stag- 
 gering under an enormous burden of garments, was accosted 
 by a staff officer : — 
 
 "Hallo, uncle; haven't you got more than your share 
 of coats V 
 
 "Dunno, mass'r ; if 3'ou likes one, take it." 
 Tlie next morning details were sent out to destroy all 
 railway's, machine shops, manufactories, and jDublic stores. 
 A large cotton factory was reported filled with duck. The 
 owner piteously begged the General to spare it. 
 Grant. — " Whom are you making duck for T' 
 The proprietor answered, in evident embarrassment, that 
 his customers were many. 
 
 Grant. — "Wilson, did you see any mark on that duck?" 
 Wilson. — "Yes; it bears the stamp 'C. S. A.' '' 
 Grant. — "Then, sir, I guess your factory must be 
 burned with the rest." 
 
 Many alarmed citizens begged the General not to destroy 
 the town. He replied, that while every thing belonging to 
 the confederacy and all stores which could help it must be 
 burned, he would do all in his power to protect private 
 property. But he could not save it altogether. Our troops, 
 for once, deserved the favorite epithet of the rebels, " North- 
 ernVandals," for they pillaged houses and fired a hotel and a 
 church. It has been urged in extenuation, that several had 
 previously suffered gross indignities while prisoners in 
 Jackson. 
 
316 Why the Rebels Bukxed a Hotel. [is63. 
 
 "What's our bill?" asked Dana, as the chief and his 
 party were leaving. 
 
 "Mnety dollars," replied the landlord. 
 
 A hnndred-dollar confederate note being proffered, Boni- 
 face said, hesitatingly : — 
 
 " I didn't know you were going to pa}^ in that money, 
 or I should have charged more." 
 
 ' ' Very well ; charge whatever you like. We do pro- 
 pose to pay in this money." 
 
 Confederate currency was cheap, for our forces had cap- 
 tured a large quantity at Port Gibson. The bill was settled 
 for two hundred confederate dollars. When the rebels re- 
 entered the town they actually burned the hotel because its 
 lesisee had refused to take the Southern currency from 
 Grant' s party at the same rate as greenbacks ! They were 
 as wise as some other political economists of more expe- 
 rience and higher pretensions ! 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
1863.] GrRANT InTEECEPTS A ReBEL DiSPATCH. 317 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 THE GAME AT BAY. 
 
 MoTTTHS before, Hniibut, with great ado and sliow of 
 disgrace, had drummed a man out of Memphis on the alle- 
 gation that he was a rebel. Actually he was a Union spy, 
 and this expulsion secured him the confidence of leading 
 confederates. Now he brought to Grant a dispatch which 
 Johnston had intrusted to him, instructing Pemberton to 
 attack Sherman, who was at Clinton.* 
 
 From the feeble Pemberton there was not much to fear, 
 but Johnston had retreated northward, and Grant was 
 anxious lest he might form a junction with Pemberton, or 
 the latter might escape. ]S ot Vicksburg, but the main rebel 
 army, was now the prize he sought. 
 
 Neither Johnston nor Pemberton suspected that the 
 General had cut loose from his base, and Pemberton was 
 making a fruitless attempt to sever his communications ! 
 Though repeatedly ordered by Johnston to evacuate Vicks- 
 burg lest he should be shut up in it, Pemberton had as 
 often disobeyed. At last, when it was too late, he saw his 
 danger, and determined to get north of the railroad and 
 escape. But two of his men deserted to oar lines with the 
 information, whereupon Grant sent emphatic orders to his 
 corps commanders to concentrate instantly on the rebel 
 front. 
 
 From all quarters our hard-worked men, now thor- 
 oughly enthusiastic, came marching forward with ringing 
 cheers. About three in the morning, f as Pemberton was be- 
 ginning to move, our advance encountered him at Champion 
 Hill, on the railway, half way between Jackson and Vicks- 
 burg. The rebel general, utterly unsuspicious that Grant's 
 
 * Map, page 280. f May sixteenth. 
 
318 The Battle of Champion Hill. [is63. 
 
 army was in tlie neigliborliood, thoiiglit he had encountered 
 only a small detachment. His position, on a ridge several 
 hundred feet high, gashed with ravines and covered with 
 dense undergrowth, was exceedingly strong. 
 
 Through tlie morning there was hot skirmishing. Grant, 
 with his staff and son, was under fire, though a little pro- 
 tected by a hill. On its farther side, Hovey, commanding 
 our advance, was driven back across a ravine and up 
 toward the crest. An ubiquitous correspondent witnessing 
 this, rode back to get out of a hot place and to inform Grant. 
 On the way he passed a detachment of Union soldiers with 
 two guns, which they had just captured, pouring shells into 
 the enemy, while a few hundred yards away, the rebels 
 were replying with the four remaining pieces of the battery. 
 The General was told that Hovey was repulsed. 
 
 Grant.—" I guess not.'' 
 
 JouiiNALLST. — '■'He is — pouring back pell-mell." 
 
 Grant. — '- Did you see it f 
 
 Journalist. — " Yes." 
 
 Grant (to McPherson, who had just come up). — "Cad- 
 wallader reports that Hovey is being driven back." 
 
 McPherson.— "Yes, I understand so." 
 
 Grant (speaking with great quickness and precision). — 
 "Then I think I would move Quinby right up. Form a 
 line here. Just put a battery in there and another over 
 there." 
 
 These dispositions were completed just as Hovey' s 
 stampeding men poured over the crest. The two batteries 
 opened on the pursuing rebels, staggered them, and shortly 
 drove them back, our men yelling and chasing in turn, 
 over heaps of dead and wounded. 
 
 Grant had delayed the battle as long as possible, that 
 McClernand might come up. While it raged he was con- 
 stantly sending messages to that commander — a few miles 
 southward, and detained by a small rebel force — to press 
 forward at all hazards. The General directed operations on 
 the front, through hours of fierce fighting, hardly equaled 
 during the war. except at Shiloh and Spottsylvania. Hovey, 
 Logan, and Crocker took the brunt of it. The ground was 
 
1863] Grant Reaches the Big Black. 319 
 
 so covered with torn and blackened corpses that our soldiers 
 called it the " Hill of Death." 
 
 At four p. 31. Logan* s division, by a skillful movement 
 on our riglit, got almost in the rear of the wearj confeder- 
 ates, causing an alarm which, increased by a vigorous charge 
 in front, sent them flying westward — toward the railway- 
 crossing of the Big Black, ten miles out of Yicksburg. — for 
 it was impossible for them to move north. 
 
 Out of fifteen thousand men engaged, the Union army 
 had twenty-three hundred killed and wounded, but only 
 two hundred missing. The rebels lost as many from 
 wounds, besides three thousand prisoners and many field- 
 pieces. General Lloyd Tilghman, whom Grant had cap- 
 tured at Fort Henry two years before, was among their 
 killed. 
 
 Just after the last gun was fired, McClernand's corps 
 reached the field. Its delay was owing solely to its com- 
 mander, for onl}^ a handful of men had been lost. 
 
 Loring, a one-armed rebel general, imitating the insubor- 
 dination of his chief, disobeyed Pemberton's order to fall 
 back toward Yicksburg. He led his division southward, 
 around our forces, and after ten days of hard and costly 
 marching, succeeded in reaching Johnston' s army. 
 
 Grant, leaving a detail to bury his dead, followed the 
 shattered enemy in close chase, securing twelve heavy guns, 
 many small-arms, and hundreds of stragglers, who surren- 
 dered themselves voluntarily^ 
 
 After dark the enemy halted at the Big Black, and head- 
 quarters were established at a farm-house, half a mile in the 
 rear. It was still occupied by wounded rebels, one of whom 
 walked raving about with his brains protruding through a 
 bullet-liole. 
 
 Grant had carried out his hazardous plan of cutting loose 
 from his base of supplies without consulting the Washing- 
 ton authorities. Confident that they would not approve it, 
 he bad not telegraphed the general-in-chief until just before 
 starting. Cairo was the nearest station, so lie could not 
 receive a countermanding order under ten days. To-night 
 came a dispatch, from Halleck, written on learning of his 
 19r 
 
320 Lawlee makes a Brilliant Charge. [is^s. 
 
 plan, and counseling him to effect a junction with Banks be- 
 fore moving on Yicksburg. He read it with a smile, doubt- 
 less wondering what the military theorist would think on 
 learning of this bit of military practice by a once despised 
 subordinate. 
 
 The General and staff slept on their blankets, under the 
 porch, as well as the groans of the sufferers within would 
 permit. 
 
 Sunday morning* found the rebel army west of the 
 river. But two brigades were left upon a sort of island, 
 on the east side, to protect the bridge-head for Loring's 
 division, which was still expected. Between our front and 
 this island ran a broad muddy bayou full of reeds, and 
 seemingly impassable. Just beyond were the well-manned 
 rifle-pits of the enemy. 
 
 Our line here was held by the brigade of "Mike Law- 
 ler," an impetuous Illinois brigadier. Months earlier at 
 Cairo, Lawler had summarily court-martialed and hanged 
 one of his men for an outrage upon a woman. The punish- 
 ment was utterly beyond his authority, but the victim being 
 undoubtedly guilty, Grant let off his subordinate with a 
 sharp reprimand. Lawler, full of energy and pluck, liad 
 exceeded his authority on two or three later occasions, and 
 was still in disfavor. But now his zeal proved opportune. 
 Glancing over the cotton field and the reedy iDayou at the 
 rebel work, he said : — 
 
 " Boys, here's a chance to go in." 
 
 Starting at the word they charged yelling across the 
 cleared land, and through the water up to the arm-pits, 
 pushing away obstructions, and many losing their muskets. 
 Unchecked by the brief shower of bullets they reached the 
 opposite shore, went down into the trenches, then over the 
 breastworks, and the camp was theirs ! Had not the enemy 
 been utterly demoralized he would have eaten them up, but 
 they lost only two hundred and fifty men. 
 
 The flying confederates crowded upon the bridge, until 
 their comrades on the other side, panic-stricken lest our men 
 
 * May seventeenth. 
 
1863.] The Game Entering the Tkap. 321 
 
 should pursue, set it on fire. Many jumping into the water 
 were drowned, and the rest instantly surrendered. 
 
 Lawler had captured almost eighteen hundred men — a 
 force larger than his own — with their equipage and artil- 
 lery. The moment Grant heard of the most gallant exploit 
 he rode forward with his stafi*. The day was excessively 
 hot, and Lawler, who weighed three hundred pounds was 
 stooping in a fence corner beside his orderly and cook, with 
 his coat and waistcoat off, and his shirt thrown open at the 
 neck, trying to build a fire to boil his pot of coffee. His 
 wounded were just passing back on stretchers and blankets. 
 The General, thanking him in the most emphatic terms, went 
 all over the ground asking many questions ; and from that 
 hour looked upon Lawler with warm and unvarying favor. 
 
 After dark three bridges were built, one of cotton bales 
 tied together, one of timbers and planks, and a third of 
 Sherman's pontoons. The army was ordered to cross at 
 daylight in the teeth of the enemy. 
 
 But the enemy's teeth were drawn. On that Sunday 
 night, Pemberton's shattered command poured back into 
 the strong defenses of Vicksburg. The game was entering 
 the trap ! 
 
 On Monday, Grant pushed forward. During the cam- 
 paign thus far Sherman had expressed his incredulity 
 freely, though co-operating with the utmost zeal. Many 
 another general would have talked less without working 
 half so well. Now from an elevation above Vicksburg, in 
 full view of the scene of his own failure, four months 
 earlier, he said abruptly to his chief : — 
 
 " Until this moment I never thought that your expedition 
 would be a success ; I never could see the end clearly ; but 
 fhis is a campaign, — this is a success if we never take the 
 town."* 
 
 The party had just passed a rude cabin, when a woman 
 came out swinging her tattered bonnet. 
 
 "Go back and see what she Avants," said the General. 
 
 "She and her husband," reported the returning aide, 
 
 * Badeau. 
 
322 YiCKSBFRG Invested. [ises. 
 
 " came here from Cairo, just before the war. He was im- 
 j)ressed into the rebel service, but his health breaking 
 down, he has been confined to the house for more than a 
 year, and is very poor. They are Union people, and she 
 only wanted to welcome our army, and get a look at 
 you." 
 
 After cross questioning her a little Grant rode on for five 
 minutes, when he suddenly directed :— 
 
 ' ' Captain, leave a guard at that house to protect those 
 poor people." 
 
 The order was obeyed. 
 
 Going a little farther in silence, he again said, abruptly, 
 as if a fresh thought had struck him :— 
 
 " Send back a surgeon to that sick man, with instruc- 
 tions to report his condition to me." 
 
 This, also, was done. The cavalcade went on a few min- 
 utes longer, when the General gave a third order : — 
 
 "Have the commissary leave a few rations, that the 
 woman and her husband need not suffer." 
 
 The family was protected and fed. In due time the inva- 
 lid was cured, and Grant furnished them with free trans- 
 portation to the iSTorth. 
 
 That niglit"^ our investing lines in the rear of Yicksburg 
 were formed, in a half circle, from the river above almost to 
 the river below, Sherman holding the right, McPherson the 
 center, and McClernand the left. Haiue's Bluff was already 
 evacuated, and our gun-boats and transports from Young's 
 Point steamed up the Yazoo. Before midnight, wagon loads 
 of provision and forage reached Grant' s hungry army. His 
 anticipations had been fulfilled to the letter. This was the 
 fifth night. 
 
 After riding the lines until midnight, he and the staff 
 slept at a house where the negroes in possession supped 
 them upon the onlj^ turkey which the desolation of war had 
 spared. There was no salt, bread, nor vegetables, but 
 the party ate eagerly, for they had fasted since daylight. 
 It was nearly dawn when they went to bed with light 
 hearts. 
 
 * May eighteenth. 
 
1S63.] Two Unsuccessful Assaults. 323 
 
 Grant's operations since leaving New Carthage, liad 
 rarely been equaled by the most illustrious captains of his- 
 tory. In twenty days he had marched two hundred miles, 
 and fought five battles, taking ninety guns, capturing six 
 thousand of the enemy, and killing and wounding many 
 more. He had destroyed Pemberton's communications, 
 stopped him from escaping, and finally driven him to the 
 wall. And his total loss in killed, wounded, and missing, 
 footed up only four thousand. 
 
 In three or four days the investment was complete. Our 
 semicircular line, inclosing the city and defenses — about four 
 hundred yards from that of the rebels — Avas eight miles long. 
 In the enormous ravines protecting Yicksburg in the rear, 
 our troops found shelter, but the moment they ventured 
 forward on a crest, vigilant sharp-shooters picked them off. 
 
 Grant established his head-quarters just out of range, on 
 Sherman' s left. His two favorite lieutenants, both near by, 
 spent much time with their chief. McPherson — tall and 
 slender, with dark hair, beard, and eyes, but a very fair 
 complexion — lounged every day at head-quarters, where he 
 was a universal favorite. 
 
 Supposing the rebel force much smaller than it really 
 was, the chief ordered a general assault,* and at two p. m., 
 three artillery volleys being fired as a signal, our troo23s, all 
 along the line, streamed over the crests, and succeeded in 
 capturing two or three outworks and some prisoners. But 
 they were repelled, with a loss of five hundred. 
 
 The men, however, were confident that they could 
 carry the place by storm, and Grant feared that Johnston 
 might collect a force large enouo-h to attack him in the rear. 
 So, after his siege-pieces and Porter s gun-boats and mortars 
 from the river had dropped shells into the town through an 
 entire night, the troops made another more vigorous as- 
 sault, f Starting at ten a. m,, they swept gallantly over 
 fallen timbers and gullied hills, until checked by a deadly 
 fire of musketry and artillery. The day saw desperate 
 hand-to-hand fighting and many deeds of valor. Field- 
 
 * May nineteenth. f May twenty-second. 
 
324 A Truce foe Bueying the Dead. [ises. 
 
 pieces were dragged by the men themselves to points 
 where horses could not live for a moment, and ammunition 
 was carried forward in haversacks. Grifhth, an Iowa ser- 
 geant of nineteen, getting into an outwork of the enemy 
 after all his comrades had been shot down, found a rebel 
 lieutenant and fifteen soldiers exjDOsed to the fire from both 
 sides. He shouted : — 
 
 ' ' This place is too hot for any man to stay in. Come 
 with me." 
 
 The whole sixteen obeyed ; but he brought in only 
 twelve, the rest being killed by the enemy's shots while 
 climbing over the parapet. Grifiith was made a lieutenant, 
 and afterward appointed a cadet at West Point. 
 
 McClernand, reporting in several dispatches that he had 
 carried portions of two forts, begged for re-enforcements, 
 and for a vigorous assault along the entire line, to weaken 
 the resistance on his front. Grant finally sent him troops, 
 and ordered the assault, but it was bloodily repulsed. 
 McClernand' s enthusiasm was caused by the fact that 
 twenty or thirty of his men had got into a ditch and planted 
 their colors on the outer face of the parapet. They were 
 unable to retreat until after dark, and then left two or three 
 fiags. At night, when the battle ended, our amiy had lost 
 three thousand men. 
 
 After desultor}^ fighting for two days longer, the air 
 grew so foul from the wounded and corpses, that Pemberton 
 granted the General an armistice for two hours and a half, to 
 bring away his dead and the few living who were yet un- 
 cared for. Simultaneously the rebels removed the putref}'- 
 ing horses, which greatly affected their health and comfort. 
 During this truce both armies fraternized, perhaps softened 
 by the peaceful sleep of friend and foe side by side on that 
 bloody field. Beardless boys lay among the confederate 
 dead, and a rebel and a Union man, lying stark, were 
 found grasping a rifle which they had been contending for 
 when one sliot killed them both. 
 
 The spade noAV took the place of the musket. Slowly 
 our lines contracted as the soldiers dug forward. Sharp- 
 shooting grew deadly on both sides. No artillerists loaded 
 
1863.] The Opposing Pickets Coxverse. 325 
 
 their pieces so quick, but that the "bullets would "ping, 
 ping," about their ears before they could spring back 
 to their bomb-proofs. The ditches were so near that con- 
 versations between the pickets were familiar, and sometimes 
 witty. This is an authentic example : — 
 
 Rebel Picket. — "What are you uns doing out there?" 
 Uniox Picket. — " Guarding thirty thousand of you 
 prisoners, and making you board yourselves !'" 
 
 Rebel.— ••AVhy don't you come and take Yicksburg?" 
 Uxiox. — "Oh, we're in no hurry! Grant hasn't got 
 transportation yet to send ^-ou up Xorth." 
 
 Rebel. — "We have a lot of your d d old flags in 
 
 here." 
 
 Uxiox. — " Make shirts of them : they'll look better than 
 that butternut !" 
 
 Rebel. — " Will you trade some coffee for corn meal ?" 
 Uniox. — "Yes, just to oblige you ; fling it over here." 
 Though Pemberton was heart and soul with the rebels, 
 they ungenerously questioned his fidelity because of his 
 Northern birth. According to their newspapers, he replied, 
 in a fire-eating speech, to his men : — 
 
 • • You have heard that I was incompetent and a traitor, 
 and that it was my intention to sell Yicksburg. When the 
 last pound of beef, bacon, and flour ; the last grain of corn ; 
 the last cow, and hog, and horse, and dog shall have been 
 consumed, and the last man shall have perished in the 
 trenches, then, and only then, will I sell Yicksburg I" 
 
 McClernand had some good and soldierly qualities ; but 
 his insubordination at last culminated in innuendos against 
 the ability of his chief, circulated in a congratulator}' order 
 to his corps. Grant promptly removed him,* and appointed 
 the faithful Ord in his stead. 
 
 Famine proved a powerful coadjutor of the Union army. 
 The soldiers and citizens of Yicksburg were on less than 
 half rations. Flour commanded a thousand dollars per 
 barrel, and meat two hundred and fifty dollars per pound, 
 in rebel currency. Fatal dysentery and fevers, caused by 
 
 * June eighteenth. 
 
326 "A Good Moral Dkixk." [ises. 
 
 hunger and fatigue, sharpened the horrors of the besieged 
 city. Women and children in their houses, and soldiers in 
 the hospitals, were killed by our shells ; and the hapless 
 citizens, bond and free, called on the rocks to fall upon 
 them and the mountains to cover them. Caves dug in the 
 blutfs, through which the streets are cut, afforded the best 
 shelter ; but even these were sometimes penetrated ; and in 
 one a babe, sleeping peacefully b}^ its mother, was torn to 
 fragments. 
 
 On the Union side, during long summer evenings, the 
 chief chatted of every thing, though great military opera- 
 tions were his favorite theme. He never wearied of ex- 
 plaining where he ought to have done better, where For- 
 tune had happily served him, and where, affronted by mis- 
 takes of his own or of others, the fickle goddess had balfled 
 him. 
 
 AVith liis usual flow of spirits he always had his jest, 
 continually bantering some one of the staff, and taking his 
 pay in the same coin with invariable good-humor. But 
 his familiarity never bred contemiDt. Xo one presumed on 
 him. The abrupt Sherman and the more stately and formal 
 Thomas called him "Grant," but no other subordinate ever 
 addressed him except by his title. 
 
 The plantation of the rebel president, near New Carthage, 
 fell into our hands, and a black i3ony brought from it was 
 presented to Grant. " Jeff. Davis," as he named the steed, 
 soon showed extraordinary speed and endurance. The 
 General rode him through the rest of the war, and long kept 
 the favorite horse. 
 
 Our troops suffered from diarrhea and dysentery, caused 
 by the unwholesome lime-water springs of the hills. Some 
 of the head-quarters officers were sick nearly all the time. 
 An old negro to the manner born, who sold them black- 
 berries, one day brouglit a quantity of roots and herbs, 
 which he offered as specifics. One known as dittany he 
 recommended enthusiastically : — 
 
 •'I)is makes a good moral drink. It always cures de 
 misery in de bowels I" 
 
 The 23lant. largely used for tea through portions of the 
 
1863.] Mi^^E Explosion under Fokt Hill. 327 
 
 South, proved a welcome medicinal agent, if not an infallible 
 panacea. 
 
 Grant, tliougli exceedingly active, and riding the lines 
 daily, displayed his extraordinary faculty of delegating 
 labor. He was never hurried or ''fussy,"" and gave few 
 directions ; but he knew his men, and the work was always 
 done. 
 
 Ditching being the order of the day, he employed every 
 West Pointer in his army below the rank of general on 
 engineering duty. One made an ingenious and exceedingly 
 safe reconnoissance of the interior of a rebel work, by eleva- 
 ting a mirror upon a j)ole, and inclining the top forward. 
 
 One day our men, preparing the ground for a new bat- 
 tery in front of Logan' s division, were sorely harassed by 
 sharp-shooters. They dodged at every discharge, and 
 seemed inclined to run. Grant, therefore, sat down upon a 
 pile of rails coolly giving orders, and whittling a stick for ten 
 minutes, while bullets whistled about his ears. His ex- 
 ample restored courage, and the work was completed. 
 
 Having now two hundred heavy guns in position, and 
 twelve miles of trenches dug, he prepared a mine under 
 Fort Hill, an important rebel work. In subterranean gal- 
 leries as large as a railway car, fifteen hundred pounds of 
 powder — in kegs with the heads knocked out and with loose 
 powder scattered about them — was deposited, and the earth 
 strengthened by timbers, and sand-bags firmly rammed in. 
 
 Under a tremendous artillery fire the fuse was lighted. 
 As usual only a small portion of the powder burned, and 
 the slight noise of the explosion was not heard half a mile 
 away. First a boundless mass of snow-white smoke pufied 
 up. Vast clouds of brown smoke mingled with dust, and 
 rapidly turning to jet black, followed, spreading in all 
 directions like spray from a Titanic fountain. The whole 
 heavens were darkened with enormous rocks and timbers, 
 which began to drop in both lines with ruthless disregard 
 for the safety of the individual. 
 
 A part of the fort was blown up, but the debris falling 
 around the crater, made entering difficnlt. The rebels, 
 though recoiling in terror for a moment, were again in posi- 
 
328 "The Loud a:sd Joe Johnstox." [isgs. 
 
 tiou tliree minutes later, as our troops swarmed in through 
 the gap which was twenty feet wide. Then followed close 
 fighting with bayonets, clubbed muskets, and stones. The 
 enemy dragged up a six-pounder, and fired right into the 
 assailants, but our soldiers instead of retiring shoveled up a 
 little breastwork. 
 
 Hand-grenades were thrown over on both sides as long 
 as they lasted. Then the men cut oif and lighted the fuses 
 of bomb-shells, and at the right moment pitched them, with 
 their hands, among the rebels. Frequently a Union soldier 
 threw one of those ugly missiles a few seconds too soon ; 
 then the confederates fiung it back, and it would ^^ass to 
 and fro several times before exploding. Many were torn to 
 atoms. Greek had met Greek. Our soldiers remained 
 through the night and part of the next day, but then fell 
 back. They named the crater the "Death Hole." Six 
 mines were sprung afterward during the siege, but Avithout 
 important results. 
 
 The days dragged on. A rebel woman tauntingly asked 
 Grant : — 
 
 ' ' When do you expect to get Yicksburg V ' 
 
 " I can't tell exactly," he replied, " but I shall stay until 
 I do, if it takes thirty years." 
 
 Captured dispatches between Pemberton and Johnston, 
 showed that the latter was hoping to get up in our rear. 
 But though the General had received many re-enforcements, 
 he would not detach a man while the stronghold continued 
 to defy him. A rebel inside wrote in a letter to his wife 
 Avhich our ofiicers intercepted: — "We put our trust in the 
 Lord. * ^ * "\Ye expect Joe Johnston to come to our 
 relief." 
 
 Grant, ordering Sherman to be ready to march the mo- 
 ment the siege should end, observed ; — 
 
 ' ' They seem to put a good deal of faith in the Lord and 
 Joe Johnston, but you must whip Johnston at least fifteen 
 miles from here." 
 
1863.] PeMBERTON PROPOSES TO CAPITULATE. 329 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 lO TRIUMPHS ! 
 
 July came. The army was growing weary. Our lines 
 were close np to those of the enemy, but we had made no 
 perceptible impression upon his main works. Johnston's 
 force, already twenty-five thousand strong, might attack 
 soon, so Grant determined to make another vigorous assault 
 on Indej)endence Day. 
 
 Pemberton rendered it unnecessary. On the morning of 
 the third a white flag appeared on the confederate works. 
 Firing ceased at that point, and the rebel General Bowen 
 advanced to the national lines. He was blindfolded and 
 brought to A. J. Smith. He requested an interview with 
 Grant, but, this being denied, delivered the following : — 
 
 " HEAD-QtTARTEKS, ViCKSBURG, July 8, 1863. 
 
 " Major-General Grant, commanding United States forces: — 
 
 " General — I have the honor to propose to you an armistice of — 
 hours, with a view to arranging terms for the capitulation of A^icksburg. To 
 this end, if agreeable to you, I will appoint tliree commissioners, to meet a 
 like number to be named by yourself, at such place and hour as you may 
 find convenient. I make this proposition to save the further etfusion of 
 blood, which must otherwise be shed to a frightful extent, feeling myself 
 fully able to maintain my position for a yet indefinite period. This commu- 
 nication will be handed you, under a flag of truce, by Major-General John S. 
 Bowen. 
 
 " Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 " J. C. Pemberton." 
 
 The General expressed orally his willingness to meet 
 Pemberton between the lines, and responded in writing : — 
 
 '• Head-quarters, Department of Tenktlssee, I 
 
 I>- the Field, near Vicksburg, July 3, 1S63. f 
 
 "Lieutenant-General J. C. Pemberton, commanding confederate forces. «&c. -. 
 " General — Your note of this date, is just received, proposing an armis- 
 tice for several hours, for the purpose of arranging terms of capitulation 
 through commissioners to be appointed, &c. The useless efi'usion of blood 
 
330 Geant Meets Hix betweeis" the Lines. [ises. 
 
 yon propose stopping by this course, can be ended at any time you may 
 choose, by the unconditional surrender of the city and garrison. Men who 
 have shown so much endurance and courage as those now in Vicksburg, will 
 always challenge the respect of an adversary, and, I can assure you, will be 
 treated with all the respect due prisoners of war. I do not favor the prop- 
 osition of appointing commissioners to arrange the terms of capitulation, be- 
 cause I have no terms other than those indicated above. 
 
 " I am, general, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 "U. S. Grant, Major-General." 
 
 At three p. m., while eager-faced soldiers peered over 
 the parapets on both sides, Grant, Rawlins, Logan, McPher- 
 son, Ord, and A. J. Smith, rode forward from our trenches, 
 dismounted, and sat down upon the greensward under a 
 live oak. In ten minutes the rebel commander appeared, 
 accompanied by Bowen and a staflf officer. Grant, who 
 had known Pemberton in Mexico, and Bowen in St. Louis, . 
 shook hands with both, and Bowen introduced the other 
 Union officers to his chief. 
 
 The latter, tall, Avell built, with swarthy fiice rather sin • 
 ister in expression, black hair and eyes, and close-cut chin 
 wliiskers, was carefully dressed in dark-blue pantaloons and 
 gray military coat. He began a little haughtily : — 
 
 Pemberton. — ' ' I have come to see if we can arrange terms 
 for the capitulation of Vicksburg. What do you demand V ' 
 
 Grant. — ''All the terms I have are stated in my letter 
 of this morning," 
 
 Pemberton (drawing himself up stiffly). — "If that is so, 
 the conference may terminate and hostilities be resumed." 
 
 Grant. — " Very well. M}" army was never in better 
 condition to prosecute the siege." 
 
 The subordinates on both sides — all tired of fighting, 
 since the result was a foregone conclusion — were disturbed 
 at this, and Bowen urged a further conference. 
 
 Grant. — " Suppose we do talk the matter over?" 
 
 He and the confederate chief sat down aside from the 
 rest. Grant serenely smoking, and Pemberton nervously 
 pulling up and scattering blades of grass. After they had 
 conversed a few minutes. Grant called up McPherson and 
 A. J. Smith, while Pemberton summoned Bowen, and the 
 three likewise went aside to confer. 
 
^863.] Result of the Interview. 331 
 
 Pemberton, iirgiag that the place and armament ought to 
 satisfy the Union commander, asked that his men might be 
 allowed to march out with their arms and acconterments. 
 Grant refused, but finally, Bowen, McPlierson, and Smith 
 joining in tlie discussion, the conditions were settled. After 
 the five rejoined the rest under the tree, there was some 
 further general conversation, and then a little colloquy :- 
 
 Grant. — "I'll go home and write out the terms agreed 
 upon. General, you can have rations for your men if you 
 desire them." 
 
 Pemberton. — "Oh, no, we will use our own ; we have 
 plent}^" 
 
 This was a bit of boasting. The rebels had barely the 
 scantiest supplies for three days. 
 
 During the interview both armies had been quiet, but 
 the gun-boats now opened in one of the fiercest bombard- 
 ments of the siege. 
 
 Grant. — "This is a mistake. I ^\ill send to Admiral 
 Porter, and have the firing stopped.'' 
 
 Pemberton. — " I^ever mind, let it go on. It won't hurt 
 anybody ; the gun- boats never hurt anybody !" 
 
 If the confederate leader meant this in jest, it was good, 
 but if in braggadocia the scenes witnessed after our troops 
 entered the city proved it a sorry attempt. 
 
 The two commanders returned to their respective lines. 
 Grant conferred with most of his corps and division gen- 
 erab. All except Steele thought his proposed terms quite 
 too lenient, but he sent them forward : — 
 
 ' Head-Quarters Department of Tennessee, i 
 Neap, ^'icksburg, July 3, 1S63. ) 
 
 "Lieutenant-General J. C. Pemberton, 
 
 Commanding confederate forces, Vicksburg, Miss. : — 
 " General — In conformity with agreement of this afternoon, I will sub- 
 mit the following proposition for the surrender of the city of Vicksburg, 
 public stores, etc. On your accepting the terms proposed, I will march in 
 one division as a guard, and take possession at eight a. m. to-morrow. As 
 soon as rolls can be made out and paroles signed by officers and men, you will 
 be allowed to march out of our lines, the officers taking with them tlieir side- 
 arms and clothing, and the field, staff", and cavalry officers one horse each. 
 The rank and file will be allowed all their clothing, but no other property. 
 
332 Grant's Instructions to his Pickets. [isqs. 
 
 " If these conditions are accepted, any amount of rations you may deem 
 necessary can be taken from the stores you now have, and also the necessary 
 cooking utensils for preparing them. Thirty wagons also, counting two two- 
 horse or mule teams as one, will be allowed to transport such articles as can 
 not be carried along. The same conditions will be allowed to all sick and 
 wounded officers and soldiers, as fast as they become able to travel. The 
 paroles for these latter must be signed, however, whilst officers are present, 
 authorized to sign the roll of prisoners. 
 
 " I am, general, very respectfully, 
 
 "Your obedient servant, 
 
 "U. S. Geant, Major-General." 
 
 Witli characteristic promptness, Grant now directed 
 Sherman to march upon Johnston and destroy him, the 
 moment the surrender should be consummated. And, de- 
 termined to render it impossible for Pemberton to decline 
 his terms, he instructed corps commanders to put intelli- 
 gent and discreet men on picket with instructions to assure 
 the rebels on their front, that in case of capitulation officers 
 and men would be paroled, and allowed to return to their 
 homes. Of course this news spread like wild-fire through 
 the confederate ranks. But the precaution was not needed. 
 During the night came Pemberton' s response : — 
 
 " Head-Quarteks, Vicksburg, J'uly 8, 1S68. 
 
 "Major-General Grant, 
 
 " Commanding United States forces : — 
 " General — I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your com- 
 munication of this date, proposing terms of capitulation for this garrison 
 and post. In the main, your terms are accepted ; but in justice both to the 
 honor and spirit of my troops, manifested in the defense of Vicksburg, I 
 have to submit the following amendments, winch, if acceded to by you, will 
 perfect the agreement between us. At ten o'clock, a. m., to-morrow I pro- 
 pose to evacuate the works in and around Vicksburg, and to surrender the 
 city and garrison under my command by marching out with my colors and 
 arms, stacking them in front of my present lines, after which you will take 
 possession ; officers to retain their side-arras and personal property, and the 
 rights and property of citizens to be respected. 
 
 " I am, general, yours, very respectfully, 
 
 "J. C. Pemberton, Lieutenant-General." 
 
 Grant replied soon after sunrise : — 
 
 " HEAD-QrARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF TENNESSEE, ) 
 
 Before Yicksbtjrg, Juli/ 4. 1S63. ' 
 
 " Lieutenant-General Pemberton, commanding forces in Vicksburg : — 
 
1863.] The Uniox Army eis^tees Yicksburg. 333 
 
 '* General — I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your com- 
 munication of 3d July. The amendment proposed by you can not be 
 acceded to in full. It "will be necessary to furnisli every officer and man with 
 a parole signed by himself, which, with the completion of the roll of pris- 
 oners, will necessarily take some time. Again, I can make no stipulations 
 with regard to the treatment of citizens and their private property. While 
 I do not propose to cause them any undue annoyance or loss, I can not con- 
 sent to leave myself under any restraint by stipulations. The property which 
 officers will be allowed to take with them will be as stated in my proposi- 
 tion of last evening — that is, officers will be allowed their private bag- 
 gage and side-arms, and mounted officers one horse each. If you mean by 
 your proposition for each brigade to march to the front of the lines now 
 occupied by it, and stack arms at ten o'clock, a. m., and then return to the 
 inside and there remain as prisoners until properly paroled, I will make no 
 objection to it. Should no notification be received of your acceptance of 
 my terms by nine o'clock, a. m., I shall regard them as having been rejected, 
 and shall act accordingly. Should these terms be accepted, white "flags 
 should be displayed along your lines to prevent such of my troops as may 
 not have been notified from firing upon your men. 
 "I am, general, very respectfully, 
 
 '■ Your obedient servant, 
 
 " U. S. Grant, Major-General TJ. S. A." 
 
 At ten o'clock on the morning of our National Anni- 
 versary, the ragged, attenuated rebels who had defended 
 Yicksburg so stanchly, marched out of their intrencli- 
 ments. TVith sad faces the men of each regiment stacked 
 their arms, threw down upon them knapsacks, belts, cart- 
 ridge-boxes, and cap-pouches, and then tenderly crowned 
 the piles with their faded and riddled colors. For two 
 hours long files in gray performed this duty in mournful 
 silence, while their captors in blue looked on with soldierly 
 sympathy, never uttering a taunt. 
 
 Logan' s division, in recognition of its gallantry, occupied 
 the post of honor on our advance, and raised the flag upon 
 the court-house. When the army saw its triumphant ban- 
 ner planted at last, regiment after regiment made the gashed 
 streets ring witii the favorite chorus of the national troops : — 
 
 " Yes, we'll rally round the flag, boys, we'll rally once again, 
 Shouting the battle-cry of freedom ; 
 We'll rally from the hill-side, we'll gather from the plain, 
 Shouting the battle-cry of freedom." 
 
334 Humors of the half-staeved Eebels. lisss. 
 
 ' Grrant courteously went with his stafi* to call on his dis- 
 comfited opponent. In the streets the party found con- 
 federates and Yankees mingling indiscriminately, sharing 
 rations, playing euchre, and discussing the war, generally 
 in entire friendliness. Pemberton and his subordinates re- 
 ceived their visitors with marked rudeness. All were sit- 
 ting upon the porch of the late rebel head-quarters, and 
 not one arose to ofier Grant a seat until they had divided 
 into knots of two and four, and conversed stiffly for fifteen 
 minutes. Soon after, the General, thirsty from his hot ride, 
 asked for a drink of water. Pemberton pointed silently to 
 the rear of the house, where, on stepping out, he discovered 
 some negroes at the well. No coldness among iliem^ but 
 eager rivalry in serving him. 
 
 Returning to the group, he found his chair occupied 
 again, and remained standing. AYhen the party left, the 
 stafi" gave vent to their anger ; but Grant said, laughingly : — 
 
 "Well, if Pemberton can stand it, under the circum- 
 stances, I can.^' 
 
 During the dreary siege the half-starved rebel soldiers 
 had shown the genuine national humor. These extracts are 
 from a document found in one of their camps : — 
 
 HOTEL DE YICKSBURG. 
 
 BILL OF FARE FOR JULY, 1863. 
 SOUP. 
 
 Mule tail. 
 
 BOILED. 
 
 Mule bacon with poke greeus. Mule ham canvassed. 
 
 ROAST. 
 
 Mule sirloin. 
 
 DESSERT. 
 
 White-oak acorns. Blackberry-leaf tea. 
 
 Beech-nuts. Genuine confederate coffee. 
 
 Parties arriving by the river, or Grant's Inland Route, will find Grape, 
 Canister & Company's carriages at the landing, or any depot on the line of 
 intrenchments. 
 
 One daily paper had continued publication, though re- 
 duced to sore shifts. Toward the end, its fair proportions 
 were reduced to a foot square. All the printing, writing, 
 
1863.] The Greatest Capture ever Made. 385 
 
 and wrapping paper of the town was exhausted, so it was 
 worked off upon the blank side of wall-paper. When Peni- 
 "berton surrendered, the form, all ready for the press, con- 
 tained the paragraph : — 
 
 " On Dit. — That the great Ulysses — the Yankee Generalissimo, surnamed 
 Grant — has expi-essed his intention of dining in Yicksburg on Saturday next, 
 and celebrating the Fourtli of July by a grand dinner, and so f )i-tli. When 
 asked if he would invite General Jo. -Johnston to join, he said. ' Xo I for fear 
 there \vill be a row at the table.' Ulysses must get into the city before he 
 dines in it. The way to cook a rabl:)it is. ' first catch the rabbit.' " 
 
 The Union typos promptly issued the paper, after add- 
 ing, in a postscript of four lines, that the rabbit was caught, 
 and that "the Yankee G-eneralissimo" did take his Fourth- 
 of-Juh' dinner in Yicksburg. 
 
 The adjacent country was so stripped of eatables, that the 
 General issued to the people ten days' rations for adults and 
 half rations for children. Hundreds came miles for the pro- 
 visions, including "first families" in their carriages. 
 
 In the capitulation. Grant received fifteen generals, thirty- 
 one thousand six hundred soldiers, and one hundred and 
 seventy-two cannon — the greatest capture of men and arma- 
 ment ever made at one time since the invention of gunpow- 
 der, if not since the creation. Adding prisoners previously ' 
 taken, his captures since the first of May were swelled to 
 forty-two thousand and fifty-nine men." Tliat one who 
 could speak in such deeds should envy any mere talking or 
 writing fluency, is only a fresh proof for Mrs. Stowe's hero, 
 that "as long as folks is folks they will be folksy.'' 
 
 The country, though electrified by this unparalleled suc- 
 cess, feared that the rebels might be put in the ranks again 
 
 * As Grant lost in that time nearly nine thousand men iu killed and wounded, 
 it is fair to suppose that Pemberton and Johnston, so repealedLy and disastrously 
 beaten, lost twelve thousand. Any one wlio has seen war is aware how small an 
 estimate six thousand is for tlie stragglers in an unsuccessful campaign. The calcu- 
 lation is simple : — 
 
 Prisoners 42,000 
 
 Killed and wounded 12,000 
 
 Stragglers 6,000 
 
 Total rebel loss in the campaign 60,000 
 
 20r 
 
336 Shee:\iax dispeeses Johnston's Army. [ises. 
 
 l)efore tlieir exchange, and at first shared the feeling of a 
 gentleman who said to Abraham Lincoln : — 
 
 ' ' I don' t like Grant' s paroling these prisoners. We had 
 better feed them than fight them." 
 
 "Well," replied the President, ''he has accomplished 
 so much that we won't quarrel with him about this matter." 
 
 But the General did not mean to have his captives do 
 the enemy much good in future. To the indignation of 
 Pemberton, who declared it all a Yankee trick, he would 
 not deliver them within the rebel lines, or furnish arms that 
 the faithful might keep the unfaithful from deserting on 
 the way thither ; but he simply turned them loose at Vicks- 
 burg, permitting all who desired to go North under guard. 
 Many did desert, others remained at their homes within our 
 lines, and only a few of the whole ever again carried mus- 
 kets for the confederacy. 
 
 Sherman's troops, not even waiting to enter the city 
 which they had so zealously helped to capture, turned their 
 faces toward the interior, destrojdng bridges and railways, 
 and dispersing Johnston' s army to the four winds. 
 
 Grant' s brilliant cam j)aign — made easier by Pemberton' s 
 glaring weakness — had opened the Great River from the 
 Palls of St. Anthony to the southern sea ! When the result 
 became known, the Northwest was wild with delight. Yet 
 the tidings traveled slowly. In Washington, before they 
 arrived, there was grave anxiety. But one evening, Joseph 
 A. Ware, editor of Forney' s Chronicle, went to the White 
 House, and was ushered in. 
 
 Journalist. — *'Mr. President, have 3'ou any news to 
 give me to-night V ' 
 
 President. — " Yes, great news ; but you must hurry up, 
 for I have company do^vn-stairs, and can't wait long. Grant 
 has taken Yicksburg ! Here are two dispatches, one from 
 ilawlins, the other from Huiibut. Don't stop to read them, 
 but I'll copy the short one while you copy the long one, as 
 you can write faster than I." 
 
 JouRNALiST(after the copying). — "Mr. Lincoln, this must 
 be most gratifying to you, after standing by Grant so stead- 
 fastly." 
 
1863.] ABEAHA3I LiXCOLN's LeTTER TO GrRANT. 337 
 
 President. — " Yes, it is. ^o man will ever know how 
 mucli tronble I have had to carry my point about him. The 
 opposition from several of our best republicans has been so 
 bitter that I could hardly resist it." 
 
 Journalist. — "The newspapers assailed him outrage- 
 ously." 
 
 President. — "True, but that wasn't half the trouble. 
 Why, after Shiloh, a republican senator from Iowa de- 
 nounced him to me as bloodthirsty, reckless of human life, 
 and utterly unfit to lead troops ; and because I wouldn't sit 
 down and dismiss him at once, went out in a rage, slamming 
 the door after Mm. Even within the last two days, senators 
 have demanded his immediate removal." 
 
 The Chief Magistrate, who never did things by halves, 
 promptly sent tliis remarkable autograph letter :— 
 
 "Executive Mansion, Washington, J^uly 16, 1S63. 
 
 " To Major-General Grant: 
 
 " My Dear General : — I do not remember that you and I ever met per- 
 sonally. I write this now as a grateful acknowledgment for the almost ines- 
 timable service you have done the country. I wish to say a word further. 
 When you first reached the vicinity of Vicksburg, I thought you should do 
 what you finally did — march the troops across the neck, run the batteries 
 with the transports, and thus go below ; and I never had any faith, except a 
 general hope that you knew better than I, that the Yazoo Pass expedition 
 and the like could succeed. When you got below and took Port Gibson, 
 Grand Gulf, and vicinity, I thought you should go down the river and join 
 General Banks; and when you turned northward east of the Big Black, 
 I feared it was a mistake. I now wish to make the personal acknowledg- 
 ment that you were right and I was wrong. 
 
 " Yours very truly, A. Lincoln." 
 
 Halleck, stirred to unwonted enthusiasm, also wrote : — 
 
 " In boldness of plan, rapidity of execution, and brilliancy of routes, these 
 operations will compare most favorably with those of Napoleon about TJlm. 
 You and your army have well deserved the gratitude of your country, and it 
 will be the boast of your children, that their fathers were the heroic array 
 which reopened the Mississippi River." 
 
 Southern newspapers seemed panic-stricken and ap- 
 palled. Northern journals abounded in eftusions, of which 
 these lines by Alfred B. Street, afford a specimen •• — 
 
338 
 
 " A Grateful Acknowledgment." [ises. 
 
 !^-'5lli!? 
 
1863.] ''You WERE RiGHT Al^D I WAS WeOJ^-G." 339 
 
340 Monument in Memory of the Surrendee. [is^s. 
 
 Vicksburg is ours! 
 
 Hurrah ! 
 
 Treachery cowers ! 
 
 Hurrah ! 
 
 Down reels the rebel rag! 
 
 Up shoots the starry flag! 
 
 :i: :^ :^ :^ :^ 
 
 Vicksburg is ours' 
 
 Hurrah ! 
 Arch the green bowers! 
 
 Hurrah ! 
 Arch o'er the hero, who 
 Nearer and nearer drew, 
 Letting wise patience sway, 
 Till, from his brave delay, 
 Swift as the lightning's ray, 
 Bounded he to the fray, 
 Full on his fated prey; 
 
 Till the dread work was done, 
 Till the grand wreath was won. 
 Triumph is ours ! 
 Hurrah ! 
 
 Ere many months, curiosity-seekers had carried away 
 every fragment of the trunk and branches of the live oak 
 overspreading the site of Grant and Pemberton's historic 
 interview, and had even removed the roots for ten feet be- 
 low the surface. An obelisk of white marble, twelve feet 
 high, and surmounted by a globe, was afterward reared on 
 the spot. It bore the inscription : — 
 
 "To the memory of the surrender of Vicksburg by Lieutenant-General 
 J. C. Pemberton, to Major-General U. S. Grant, United States Army, on the 
 fourth of July, 1863." 
 
 Two years later, unreconstructed Southrons and traveling 
 N'orthern Vandals had obliterated the words and taken awa}^ 
 a large portion of the monument itself It has therefore 
 been replaced by an immense cannon standing upright, with 
 a huge shell on top — fitting memento of a day forever mem- 
 orable in the history of military science, of popular govern- 
 ment, and of a race "redeemed, regenerated, disenthralled, 
 by the irresistible genius of universal Emancipation." 
 
1863.] MaJOE-GeNEKAL IIST THE REGULAR ARMY. 341 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 PROMOTED. 
 
 Weeks earlier the general-in-chief had advised Grant of 
 the President's determination to confer the vacant major- 
 generalship in the regular army npon the first commander 
 who should win a great success. The General was just in 
 time ; a few days later Meade would have gained it, for only 
 one day after the surrender of Yicksburg, news of the vic- 
 tory of Gettysburg fanned Northern exultation into a con- 
 tinental bonfire from Maine to California. 
 
 After each of Grant's previous successes, the air had 
 been filled with clamorous slanders ; but this crowning tri- 
 umph silenced them forever. Nobody could make "plain 
 people" believe that the captor of Yicksburg was either a 
 drunken or an incapable soldier, and East vied with West 
 in lauding the man whose name, inseparably coupled with 
 victory, had become a household word. Sunday-school 
 medals, swords, horses, degrees from universities, and hon- 
 orary memberships in all sorts of societies, were showered 
 upon him. His wife, in St. Louis, was serenaded by an im- 
 mense throng, and when she appeared on the hotel balcony, 
 leaning upon the arm of General Strong, was greeted with 
 rousing cheers. 
 
 As he had borne injustice and misrepresentation with- 
 out a murmur, he bore this success, which would have 
 turned most heads, with serene and unaffected modesty. 
 He did not chime in with those writers and talkers who — 
 crammed with a little military learning — can not describe 
 two soldiers crossing a street or going around a corner ex- 
 cept as "moving by the flank" or "turning the enem^y's 
 line." To a visitor who spoke pretentiously of "grand 
 logistics" and his " brilliant strategy," he replied : — 
 
342 A Lessox for Steamboat Men. [ises. 
 
 "' Oil, I don't know miicli about tliat. I had as many 
 men as I wanted, and simply pounded away till I ]30unded 
 the place down I" 
 
 In less than a year a President was to be nominated, and 
 newspapers suggested his name. Politicians, too, began to 
 tender their " influence." But the Creneral, refusing to talk 
 at all on the subject, continued quietly doing his duty. 
 
 He was ever mindful of the welfare of his men. Raw- 
 lins, on his way to Wasliington with the official report of 
 the capture of Yicksburg, found that Mississippi Rivei' 
 steamers were exacting enormoi^s prices for the transporta- 
 tion of soldiers going home on furlough. He reported the 
 facts to his chief, who thereupon issued an order, restrict- 
 ing charges to the rate per mile which the Government 
 |)aid for transporting troojDS. This cut them down more 
 than two-thirds. 
 
 Shortly afterward, the Hope, about leaving Yicksburg 
 for Cairo, took on board twelve hundred officers and men, 
 charging them eacli from ten to twenty-tive dollars passage 
 money. Down came an order, enforced by a file of soldiers, 
 requiring her captain to refund to every enlisted man the 
 excess he had paid above live dollars, and to each officer 
 the excess above seven dollars. The passengers cheered 
 until they were hoarse, and Grant did not permit the boat 
 to leave until the last dollar Avas paid back. 
 
 '• I will teach these steamboat men," he said, '' that sol- 
 diers who have periled their lives to open the Mississippi 
 for their benefit must not be imposed upon." 
 
 Charges by the mile proved a little confusing, so he sub- 
 sequently established the rates : — From St. Louis to Cairo, 
 four dollars ; to Memphis, ten dollars ; to Yicksburg, six- 
 teen dollars ; to Port Hudson, twenty dollars. 
 
 Chase, Secretary of the Treasury, favored the immediate 
 resumption of trade with the conquered regions. Grant 
 opposed it, in a letter to the Government, on the ground 
 that it was premature, and would demoralize our army, and 
 help the rebels. He added : — 
 
 ''■But no theory of my oica icill ever stand in the way of my executing 
 in good faith any order I may receive from those in authority over we." 
 
iS'33.] Gkaxt Deals with a Cottox-Buyer. 343 
 
 One day a stranger presented himself with a recommenda- 
 tion, signed by several members of Congress, and other North- 
 ern politicians. Glancing at it. the General — -who -was wont 
 to declar^' that he liad not yet found one honest man follow- 
 ing the army as a trader — asked impatiently : — 
 
 '" This is for a permit to buy cotton, is it not f 
 
 "Yes/' 
 
 "'Well, 3'ou can take it, and leave these head-quarters 
 at once. If I find you here again, I'll have j'ou arrested. 
 Men of your class are doing more to corrupt tliis army than 
 all other kinds of rascality put together." 
 
 The speculator ingloriously decamped. The enormous 
 fortunes made by this dubious traffic naturalh' excited the 
 bitterness of conscientious officers working hard for slender 
 remuneration and the j)riyilege of being shot at. One 
 evening, the staff sat idly in front of head-quarters. 
 
 Bowers (vehemently). — "-rm a fool. I have mistaken 
 my vocation. I think I'll go into cotton-stealing, as the 
 only way to prosper." 
 
 Graxt (laughing). — '*I don't know about that. I don't 
 believe it does prosper generally, though there are streaks 
 of success in roguery, as in ever^- thing else."' 
 
 Bowers. — "AVell, I think I'll resign and go into cotton. 
 At least I would if I had the money. You know when I 
 drew my piiy last ; here is all I have left." 
 
 And from the depths of his pocket the aide produced a 
 solitary penny. The General, fumbling in his own pocket, 
 seemed, likewise, unable to find any memento of pay-day ; 
 but at last he brouglit to the surface a silver half-dollar, and 
 tossing it to his young friend, said : — 
 
 " Here. Joe, take this for a "stake.' " 
 
 Bowers had these words engraved upon the coin, and 
 always carried it. After his tragic death it was found in 
 his pocket. 
 
 Grant recommended several colonels and brigadiers for 
 promotion, and the Government, now very gracious, acceded 
 in every case. Among them Avas the zealous and able Kaw- 
 lins. Never had commander a more loyal and efficient 
 helper, or one more heartily appreciated and loved. 
 
344 Soldiers to Tote as they Pleased. i^^^^- 
 
 In no form was tlie General' s genius more conspicuous 
 than in his quick recognition of any special capacity, and 
 his knowing exactly where to put it. E. S. Parker — an- 
 other strong man, of unusual cultui*e and accomplishments, 
 though of unmixed Indian blood — soon afterward joined 
 the staff, and thereafter continued a leading and valuable 
 member. * 
 
 The President desired to organize one hundred thousand 
 negro soldiers in the Mississippi Valley. Grant zealously 
 co-operated, stating, as the result of his observation, that 
 negroes were more easily disciplined than white troops, and 
 asking that as many as possible might be placed under him. 
 At every post he established a camp for contrabands out of 
 employment, and allowed them to work for planters who 
 could give satisfactory bonds for their pay and kind treat- 
 ment. 
 
 Most Northern States passed laws allowing their soldiers 
 in the held to vote. Grant respondedf to an inquiry : — 
 
 " Your letter, asking if citizens of the State of Iowa will be allowed to 
 visit this ai-my and distribute tickets when the election is held for soldiers to 
 vote, is just received. In reply I will state that loyal citizens of Northern 
 States will be allowed to visit the troops from their States at any time. 
 Electioneering, or any course calculated to arouse discordant feelings, will be 
 prohibited. The volunteer soldiers of the army will be allowed to hold an 
 election, if the law gives them the right to vote, and no power shall x>revent 
 them from voting the ticTcet of their choice.^'' 
 
 * Brigadier-General Parker descended from that portion of the Indian race 
 IvDOwn as the Iroquois, or Six Xations, originally the most powerful confederacy of 
 Indian tribes on our continent. Indeed, speculative writers have claimed that the 
 alliance under which the American colonies fought the war for Independence, and 
 which afterward ripened into the United States, was based upon it. Since the Revo- 
 lution, the Six Xations have declined in numbers and power, though they still main- 
 tain a quasi national existence. 
 
 General Parker spent his early days with them in their wild life, not beginning 
 his English education until he had nearly reached manhood. After spending three 
 years at school and two in studying law, he practiced civil engineering, first in the 
 service of the State of Xew York, and afterward under the National Government. 
 In the fall of 186:i. he was ordere.l to duty on Grant's staff, with the rank of captain 
 and assistant-adjutant-general. lie was in the Chattanooga campaign, and the 
 Virginia battles of 1864-5. He had several honorable commissions to treat 
 
 with refractory Indian tribes, and performed other valuable public services. 
 f August fourth. 
 
1863.] His Yiett ox the Slayeey Question. 345 
 
 But wliile determined that troops should vote as they 
 pleased, his own views were very emphatic. To Lo- 
 gan, at home — "stumping" for the Union candidates — he 
 wrote : — 
 
 "I send you ten days' extension of leave, and will give you as many more 
 as you require. I have read your speeches in Illinois, and feel that you are 
 really doing more good there than you could possibly here, while your com- 
 mand is lying idle.'" 
 
 Senator Henry Wilson, in a letter to Washburne, alluded 
 to rumors that the General would be called East, and also 
 expressed the hope that his large influence would be thrown 
 against the prime cause and strength of the rebellion. The 
 note was forwarded to him, and he replied : — * 
 
 "I fully appreciate all Senator Wilson says. Had it not been for General 
 Halleck, and Dana, I think it altogether likely I would have been ordered to 
 the Potomac. My going could do no possible good. They have there able 
 officers who have been brought up with that army ; and to import a com- 
 mander to place over them, certainly could produce no good. 
 
 '' Whilst I would not positively disobey an order, I would have objected 
 most vehemently to taking that command, or any other, except the one I 
 have. I can do more with this army than it would be possible for me to do 
 with any other, without time to make the same acquaintance with others I 
 have with this. I know that the soldiers of the Army of the Tennessee can 
 be relied on to the fullest extent. I believe I know the exact capacity of 
 every general in my command to command troops, and just where to place 
 them, to get from them their best services. This is a matter of no synall 
 consequence. 
 
 * * * '" The people of the North need not quarrel over the institution 
 of slavery. What Vice-President Stephens acknowledges as the corner- 
 stone of the confederacy is already knocked out. Slavery is already dead, 
 and can not be resurrected. It would take a standing army to maintain 
 slavery in the South if we were to make peace to-day guaranteeing to the 
 South all their former constitutional privileges. 
 
 "I never was an abolitionist — not even what could be called anti-slavery 
 — but I try to judge fairly and honestly; and it became patent to my mind 
 early in the rebellion, that the North and South could never live in peace 
 with each other except as one nation. As anxious as I am to see jjeace, and 
 that without slavery, re-established, I would not there/ore be willing to see 
 any settlement until this question is forever settled. 
 
 * August thirtieth. 
 
346 A Yeey Moderate Ambition. [isgs. 
 
 " Rawlins and Maltbv have been appointed brigadier-generals. These are 
 richly deserved promotions. Rawlins especially is no ordinary man. The 
 fact is. had he started in this war in the line instead of in the staffs there is 
 every pi'obahiliti/ he would be to-day one of our shining lights. As it is, he 
 is better and more favorably known than probably any other officer in the 
 army, who has filled only staff" appointments. Some men — too many of them 
 — are only made by their staff" appointments, whilst others give respecta- 
 bility to the position. Rawlins is of the latter class. My kind regards to 
 the citizens of Galena." 
 
 Gfrant, always chafing at inactivity, repeatedly asked 
 permission to capture Mobile, uo^Y feelbly defended. But, 
 in view of the flagrant intervention of France and Great 
 Britain in the affairs of Mexico, the President wished to 
 send a force to the Rio Grande, and stripped him of troops 
 to supply Banks and other Western commanders. 
 
 Sherman, under his chief s instructions to conciliate the 
 people, supplied sick and wounded rebels — soldiers and 
 civilians — in the interior of Mississippi, with medicines and 
 provisions. This kindness helped to dispel the illusion of 
 the ignorant about the harshness of the nation toward its 
 conquered foes, and largely increased the already frequent 
 desertions from the confederate service. 
 
 During these idle days, an old acquaintance asked the 
 General : — 
 
 " AVhat do you think now about going back to Galena 
 and to civil life?" 
 
 ••Well, my ]30sition in the army seems to be assured, 
 and I shall be quite satisfied if I can educate my children 
 properly,'^ and keep a saddle-horse for myself, and a pair 
 of carriage-horses for my wife." 
 
 •' You are liable to be ordered from place to place, which 
 is unpleasant and inconvenient." 
 
 •'True; but hereafter the Government will hardly be 
 likely to send me where I don't wish to go." 
 
 During a brief trip to Memphis, t a banquet was offered 
 him by the Board of Trade, and another by the municipal 
 
 * He had already invested in Chicago three thousand dollars, saved since the 
 'oeginning of the war. 
 f August twenty-third. 
 
GEN. JOHN A. KAWLINS, CHIEF ()F STAFF, AKMT OF V. 3. 
 
1863.] Graxt Feted ix Memphis. 349 
 
 anthorities. Such displays were not at all to Ills taste, but 
 lie accepted botli, in recognition of the first exhibition of 
 loyalty in that city. 
 
 Tliough ahyays writing his own official papers, civil and 
 militaiy, with great clearness and rapidity, seldom changing 
 a word from the first draft, aii}^ merely formal note or speech 
 confounded him. On receiving the proffer of the first ban- 
 quet, he remarked to a friend : — 
 
 "I don't see how I can find time to write an answer to 
 this invitation.*' 
 
 "Shall I write it?" 
 
 ''I wish you would." 
 
 When it was prepared, he approved and signed it. 
 
 After submitting to an hour of hand- shaking, he sat 
 down with the company at the Gayoso House. When he 
 was toasted, a member of his staff replied for him in words 
 fit but few : — 
 
 " General Grant believes that he has no more than done 
 his duty — for Avhicli no particular honor is due." 
 
 At the second banquet, the cuj) which cheers and also 
 inebriates, inspired new-born cordiality in the city fathers 
 and the mayor. The latter functionary, in zealous but un- 
 manageable hospitality, first emptied a plate of soup into 
 the lap of Adjutant-General Lorenzo Thomas, and then 
 showered a bottle of champagne upon his venerable crown. 
 This latter blessing in disguise kindled such unwonted wrath 
 in the amiable old gentleman, that his honor's retirement 
 from the festive scene was accelerated by a well-grounded 
 fear of having " his head punched." 
 
 On the way back to Yicksburg, the persistent j^ersuasion 
 of a young lady — also a passenger on the boat — induced the 
 General, for the first time since re-entering the service, to 
 join in a game of cards. Her supplementary pleadings that 
 he Avould appoint her father — a surgeon — to the charge of a 
 Memphis hospital, he steadfastly resisted, saying : — 
 
 " In such a matter I loill not interfere with my medical 
 director." 
 
 During the last days of August, Grant visited Xew 
 Orleans for a military conference with Banks. Hundreds of 
 
350 Visits New Oeleat^s. [ises. 
 
 citizens and soldiers flocked to see liim at the St. Charles 
 Hotel, and, when the shades of night were falling fast, gave 
 him a serenade, and clamored for a speech. At his request, 
 a friend responded in remarks occupying a quarter of a 
 minute : — 
 
 " Gentlemen: Greneral Grant never speaks in public, but 
 he desires me to thank you for your beautiful serenade, and 
 to congratulate 3'ou that communication is at last open 
 between Cairo and New Orleans/' 
 
 How many another general would have devoted an hour 
 to the vindicating of himself from past charges and the ex- 
 pounding of his military and civil ''policy !'' 
 
 The next morning Banks called to invite him to a ride, 
 but found that he had already procured a team. Taking 
 Banks in the vehicle with him, and holding the lines for the 
 first time since leaving Galena, he put the two spanking bays 
 upon their mettle, and left every thing else behind on ''the 
 shell road.'' 
 
 When the bays were sent back to the livery stable their 
 owner exclaimed : — 
 
 ' ' That General Grant must be a terrible driver ; these 
 horses steam like a locomotive." 
 
 The next day the generals attended a grand review at the 
 suburb of Carrollton. 
 
 " The street was crowded to witness the departure of these officers, all 
 present being desirous of seeing Grant. He was in undress uniform, without 
 sword, sash, or belt; coat unbuttoned, a low-crowned black felt hat, without 
 any mark upon it of military rank ; a pair of kid gloves, and a cigar in his 
 mouth." 
 
 The display was magnificent, and the Thirteenth Corps, 
 whose colors had been on the front at Belmont, Donelson, 
 Shiloh, and Vicksburg, passing their old chief who sat 
 upon his horse, shielded by a live oak from the broiling sun, 
 greeted him with thundering cheers. 
 
 In compliment to Grant's equestrian skill. Banks had 
 provided him with a very large and spirited horse which he 
 could hardlj' restrain while galloping along the lines. On 
 starting back to the city, the charger grew quite unmanage- 
 able, and flew like the wind, leaving the cavalcade far be 
 
^S63.] Lamed foe Two Months. 351 
 
 hind. Near the Carrollton Hotel, taking fright at a steam 
 whistle, he dashed against a carriage, and fell heavily with 
 his whole weight upon Grant' s leg and hip. 
 
 The General was carried on a litter hack to the St. 
 Charles, and propped np in bed with j)illows. For two 
 weeks he lay there with characteristic serenity, uttering no 
 impatient word, but amusing himself with conversation, and 
 with that drollest of American books, " Phoenixana." He 
 was kept in bed for twenty days, and used crutches for 
 two months. But he continued to make the best of it, and 
 described the accident to a friend as an attempt by his steed 
 to run through a heavy coach, which failed because the 
 horse proved "the weaker vessel." 
 
 He returned to Yicksburg, where Mrs. Grant and the 
 childi'en"^ now spent some weeks with him at head-quarters, 
 a pleasant residence on the bluff, with a grassy yard full of 
 shading trees and snowy tents, and commanding a splen- 
 did view for miles up the river. 
 
 Grant' s administration in the far West was now at an 
 end. He had been the most successful, the most economical, 
 and the most humane of our generals. 
 
 His army had written Donelson, Shiloli, Corinth, and 
 Vicksburg upon its banners in letters that no coming time 
 could efface. 
 
 It had cost the Government far less for food and trans- 
 portation than any other equal number of troops. 
 
 It had not seen a single man hanged or shot by the 
 orders of its commander. At an early day deserters, guer- 
 rillas, and spies were sentenced to death, but the law then 
 prohibited the execution of any military criminal until the 
 President should order it, after first examining the case. 
 At Grant' s head-quarters all capital sentences were revoked 
 if any error or informality could be found in the trial. 
 When those in which no flaw could be picked were sent to 
 Washington, the aides used to remark : — 
 
 * Alter he entered the service in 1861 they remained for a year in Galena, and 
 afterward with her family in St. Louis, and with his father in Covin.arton. until the 
 spring of 1864. When the General was ordered East he established them in a 
 pleasant village near Philadelphia, that he might be able to see them often. 
 
352 Inflicts no Death Penalties. [isgs. 
 
 "These fellows are safe enougli. Uncle Abe is never 
 going to shoot them." 
 
 He never did. Finally, Congress believing his soft- 
 heartedness injurious to discipline, changed the law, and 
 authorized army commanders to inflict the death penalty. 
 Then fort}* or fifty capital sentences which had not been 
 acted upon were sent back for execution. Some of them 
 were already eight months old, and the General suspended 
 them until Rawlins could submit to the Government the 
 legal doubt whether he had any right to hang or shoot 
 these men, when the law existing at the time of their trial 
 required the President's approval of their condemnation. 
 As no answer ever came, the culprits went scot free. 
 
 A few soldiers deserted, because they could not obtain 
 furloughs, or disliked their officers, or disapproved of the 
 emancipation policy. But Grant gave leaves of absence 
 freely, his army was always successful, which kept its tone 
 excellent, and there were less desertions proportionately 
 than from any other command in the Union. It is equally 
 true of soldier as of civilian, that the worst possible use 
 society can put a man to is to hang him. 
 
1863.] The Peril in Tennessee. 353 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII, 
 
 A XEAV FIELD. 
 
 In Tennessee there was trouble and jDeril. Rosecrans, by 
 skillful movements, had driven Bragg south of the Tennes- 
 see River, but the rebel general, being re-enforced, re'sunied 
 the oftensive, arid about the middle of September brought 
 on the great battle of Chickamauga.* Rosecrans, who went 
 into it with overweening confidence, lost sixteen thousand 
 men and fifty-five guns, and Avas only saved from annihi- 
 lation by the pluck and generalship of Thomas, who held 
 his little force so firmly against the whole rebel onset, that 
 our soldiers named him "The Rock of Chickamauga." 
 
 Bragg seized all Rosecrans' communications except one 
 difficult mountain wagon-road, and kept him, practically be- 
 sieged and in imminent danger of starvation, in Chatta- 
 nooga, the only point he lield south of the Tennessee, 
 except the head of his pontoon-bridge at Bridgeport, twenty- ' 
 eight miles below. 
 
 Sherman's corps was ordered to march from Mempliis to 
 co-operate with Rosecrans. Just l^efore it started, Sher- 
 man's little boy died. The bereaved father wrote : 
 
 " Consistent with a sense of duty to my profession and office, I could not 
 leave my post, and so I sent to my family to come to me in that fatal cli- 
 mate and in that sickly period of the year, and beliold the result! The 
 child that bore my name, and in whose future I reposed- with more confi- 
 dence than I did in my own plans uf life, now floats a mere corpse, seeking 
 a grave in a distant land. =*= * * God only knows wliy he should die thus 
 young!"' 
 
 At mid-day on the tenth of October, the captor of Mcks- 
 burg, barely able to hobble on crutches, received a dis- 
 patch from Halleck : — 
 
 * Indian, '•stagnant stream," or "bad water;" — poetically translated by our 
 writers: "The River of Death." 
 2lR 
 
354 The Whole West under GRA]!fT. [isss. 
 
 "It is the wish of the Secretary of War that as soon as General Grant 
 is able to take the field he will go to Cairo and report by telegraph." 
 
 He started the same uight, and arriving at Cairo,* found 
 a second order : — 
 
 " Proceed, by the way of Indianapolis, to the Gait House, Louisville, 
 Kentucky, where you will meet an officer of the War Department with 
 your orders and instructions. You will take with you your statf for imme- 
 diate operations in the field." 
 
 At Indianapolis, Stanton, Secretary of War, met tlie 
 party, aud accompanied it to Louisyille, where he spent 
 twenty-four hours with the General. His visit was partly 
 from curiosity and partl}^ for conference. The West con- 
 tained the departments of the Ohio under Burnside, the Ten- 
 nessee under Grant, and the Cumberland under Rosecrans. 
 The Government, after many representations from various 
 sources, had been stimulated into making a change at Chat- 
 tanooga, by a letter from Gariield, Rosecrans' chief of staff, 
 to Secretary Chase, setting forth the desperate situation. 
 
 Stanton brought an order from the President consolida- 
 ting the three departments into the Grand Military Division 
 of the Mississippi, to be under Grant, mth head-quarters in 
 the field. He offered the General his choice between two 
 further orders, one continuing Rosecrans in command, and 
 the other substituting Thomas. Grant, who had lost faith 
 in Rosecrans since his dilatoriness in pursuing, after Cor- 
 inth, and had also been hurt by his intemperate criticisms, 
 chose the latter. Stanton offered to issue the order, but 
 he took the responsibility. 
 
 There were fears that Rosecrans would abandon the posi- 
 tion, though it would have been impossible for his reduced 
 and weakened animals to remove all his wagons and artil- 
 lery, sick and Avounded. Grant telegraphed to Thomas, 
 informing him of the change, and adding : — "Hold Chatta- 
 nooga at all hazards. I will be there as soon as possible. ' ' 
 
 The stanch subordinate replied: — "We will hold the 
 town until we starve." 
 
 * October sixteenth. 
 
1863.] Hard Journey to Chattanooga. 355 
 
 Southern journals, assuming a sanguineness though they 
 had it not, declared that Lincoln had supplanted one hero — 
 Rosecrans — with two fools — Grant and Thomas. The Presi- 
 dent, seeing the paragraph, said, laughingly : — 
 
 ' ' With one more fool like Grant we should make short 
 work of them ! ' ' 
 
 The General was thoroughly aroused for his new work. 
 Reaching N'ashville at midnight, * he sent dispatches to Burn- 
 side, to Admiral Porter, and to Thomas, ordering prepara- 
 tions for movements he already contemplated. At the 
 same place he encountered Charles A. Dana, Avho had been 
 at Chattanooga representing the War Department, and whom 
 he induced to return, that he might avail himself of Dana' s 
 knowledge of affairs. 
 
 At Stevenson, the next day, he met Rosecrans on his 
 way north. The retiring general greeted his successor: — 
 
 ' ' How are you, Sam X ' 
 
 Then the two talked for a few minutes, Rosecrans, with 
 hearty patriotism, giving all the information in his power. 
 
 Hooker was with the Eleventh Corps, under Howard,, 
 and the Twelfth, under Slocum, at Stevenson and Bridge- 
 port. He had come to re-enforce Rosecrans, but kept his. 
 troops along the railway, that they might not share and 
 aggravate the suffering at Chattanooga. Hooker came on 
 board the train, and the two officers, who had not met since 
 they were stationed in California, conversed for a few min- 
 utes, though one obviously felt that the wrong relatiou 
 existed between them. 
 
 The next day was very rainy, but the General and staff 
 rode from Bridgeport to Chattanooga, sixty miles as their 
 road meandered. They found it crowded with wagons and 
 strewn with dead mules. Tlie chief, still so lame that any 
 unusual exercise tortured him, declined an ambulance, but 
 took to his favorite horse. Soldiers bore him in their arms 
 over the roughest places. At every telegraph station he 
 dispatched instructions to distant subordinates. Compre- 
 hending, as if by intuition the condition and needs of his 
 
 * October twentieth. 
 
356 Phil. Sheridan becoming Known. [ises. 
 
 scattered forces, he inspired everj^ subordinate witli some- 
 thing of his own zeal and vigor. 
 
 . Just before reaching Chattanooga, for the first time since 
 his injury, he walked alone for a few yards, and even 
 remounted without assistance. But a moment after, his 
 horse stumbled, and fell upon his unfortunate hip, causing 
 intense pain, but, happily, no permanent harm. After dark 
 the party entered the town, chilled, hungry, and utterly 
 exhausted. 
 
 Dana and Wilson, who had taken a short cut and ridden 
 hard, were already there. The former called to congratu- 
 late Thomas. A month before, under instructions from 
 Washington, he had expressed to that admirable officer the 
 Government's appreciation of his important services at 
 Chickamauga and Stone River, and assured him that an 
 independent command would be tendered him at the earliest 
 favorable opportunity. Thomas replied : — 
 
 " I should be glad of one, if I could organize and disci- 
 pline the army for myself ; but I should not like to take a 
 command, already having a distmctive character acquired in 
 active service." 
 
 Now, Thomas protested laughingly that his wishes had 
 not been regarded. Dana answered : — 
 
 " The Government seems to have thought, very properly, 
 that you were not to be consulted in this change." 
 
 Sheridan was becoming a little known, from his conspic- 
 uous gallantry at Stone River, Avhere he commanded a divi- 
 sion in a cedar thicket. " I thought it was infernally hot 
 there before I got in," said Rousseau; "but I knew it 
 when I saw Phil. Sheridan, with hat in one hand and sword 
 in the other, fighting as if he were a devil incarnate." 
 
 Quartermaster service was the sorest need now, and 
 Halleck* telegraphed : — 
 
 " Sheridan is one of the best officers in the army to regulate transporta- 
 tion and supplies. He fully supplied Curtis's army in mid-winter over the 
 most horrible roads." 
 
 The General and his aides took their first meals with 
 
 * October twenty-second. 
 
1S63.] The Akmy almost Starving. 357 
 
 Thomas. He welcomed tliem cordiall}*, tlioiigli liis staff- 
 officers were a little sore at seeing a superior placed over 
 their chief. In two or three days the servants came up, and 
 Grant estal)lished head-quarters in a pleasant dwelling on 
 a little bluff overlooking the river and the main street. 
 
 Forage was so scarce that all the horses, except two or 
 three for orderlies, were sent back to Stevenson. For ten 
 da3's the party lived on coffee, "hard tack,*' and dessicated 
 vegetables, with two or three meals of salt meat. The army 
 was starving. Some fortunate brigades received a little 
 fresh beef, and corn, counted out by the ear. Hungr}^ sol- 
 diers eagerly collected and ate kernels of corn which the 
 mules had left while it was yet plentiful. 
 
 Chattanooga,* an important railway junction in Tennes- 
 see, near the corners of Georgia and Alabama, nestles high 
 in a mountain pass, tlie counterpart of 
 
 '• Many a lonely hamlet, 
 Which, hid by beech and pine, 
 Like an eagle's nest, hangs on the crest 
 Of purple Apennine."' 
 
 Two miles east passes ^Missionary Ridge, four hundred 
 feet high — the site of schools and churches established years 
 ago by Catholic missionaries among the Cherokee Indians. 
 
 Three miles southwest is Lookout Mountain, f two thou- 
 sand feet above sea level, and fourteen hundred above the 
 Tennessee, which washes its base. The summit affords a 
 grand view of portions of Alabama, Tennessee, Georgia, 
 Xorth Carolina. Kentucky, and Virginia, and thirty miles 
 of the silvery Tennessee, ^vinding through a cool, green 
 landscape. The north side counterfeits a human face, with 
 a pointed ledge for the nose. Surmounting palisades of 
 
 * Indian, " Crow's nest," dignified by writers into '• Eagle's nest." 
 f Lookout Mountain is properly a continuation of the range of mountains which, 
 beginning in Pennsylvania, extends in a southwesterly direction through Virginia, 
 Tennessee. Georgia, and Alabama : and which is known in tlie East as the Allegha- 
 nies, in the West as the Cumberland, and in the South as Lookout Mountain. The 
 range would be an unbroken chain from the Susquehanna to the Coosa, from the 
 iron and coal fields of Pennsylvania to the gold region of Georgia, if it were not for 
 the existence of the Tennessee River. — William F. G. Shanks. 
 
358 
 
 The Town Invested by Bragg. 
 
 [1863. 
 
 gray rock encircle the brow like a crown, and at times soft, 
 fleecy clouds envelop it like the snowy locks of age. 
 
 
 COIHJMBIA 
 
 KHoxvair 
 
 THE CHATTANOOGA CAMPAIGN. 
 
 Chattanooga was too strongly fortified for Bragg to carry 
 it by storm, but his arching line, from the river above to 
 the river below, completel}' invested the southeast side, and 
 inclosed Missionary Ridge and Lookout, whose batteries 
 dropped shells into the city every day. Streets and yards 
 were gashed with rifle pits, and so much fresh dirt was 
 spaded up among the board huts of the soldiers, that Chat- 
 tanooga seemed like some enormous prairie-dog town. 
 
 Our army was on quarter rations. Three thousand sick 
 and wounded soldiers suffered for the common necessities 
 of life. The animals were utterly worn out, the artillery 
 horses were back at the railroad, and there were believed 
 to be ten thousand dead mules on the road to Bridgeport. 
 Ammunition was almost expended, and the troops were 
 short of clothing. But they toiled away, and, trying to 
 keep jolly under adverse circumstances, named the solid 
 squares of hard bread, which were their chief subsistence, 
 " Lincoln platform.''' 
 
 Jefferson Davis, visiting Bragg' s army, ascended Look- 
 out, and made a reassuring speech to his soldiers, from a 
 ledge known as Pulpit Rock, but called by our men the 
 "Devil's Pulpit,'* after his visit. 
 
1863.] GrRANT SEIZES LoOKOUT YaLLEY. 359 
 
 The Uniou position was difficult and perilous. Tlie rail- 
 way brought suj)plies to Bridge^wrt. Thence up to Chat- 
 tanooga the river is navigable, but the eneni}^ held it. 
 Rosecrans' original wagon road from Bridgeport to Chatta- 
 nooga hugged the south bank of the river for several miles 
 near Lookout Mountain, and the rebels soon captured it. 
 Then he used the road north of the Tennessee, sixty miles 
 long, and also touching the stream in several places. Sharji- 
 shooters on the south bank made these exposed points im^ 
 practicable. So a route still longer and farther north was 
 opened ; and even this suifered from the enemy's cavalry. 
 
 It was necessary to send heavy guards with every train 
 to protect it. The road, washed by unusual rains, and 
 compelled to find new tracks, stretched at last to seventy 
 miles. The trip to Bridgeport and back sometimes occupied 
 four weeks. Trains returned empty, all the food and forage 
 they started with having been eaten by the guards and the 
 weakened animals. Others were so long exposed to the rain 
 that when they reached Chattanooga the provisions were 
 spoiled and had to be thrown away in sight of the starving 
 soldiers. 
 
 Rosecrans, and afterward Thomas, had been hauling sup- 
 plies for fifty thousand men over this route, at some points 
 through fathomless mire, and at others along mountain 
 shelves so narrow that if a single wagon broke down, all 
 behind it must stop and wait. 
 
 Bragg' s possession of Lookout Valley rendered it impos- 
 sible to shorten this tortuous road. Rosecrans, and W. F. 
 Smith, his chief engineer, had already originated a plan 
 for driving him out, but without taking any active steps. 
 Thomas, however, issued orders for executing it before 
 Grant's arrival. These orders the General promj)tly con- 
 firmed. 
 
 In pursuance of them, Hooker crossed at Bridgeport 
 and started through the mountains to get into Lookout 
 A^alley. A few hours later, at three o'clock, on a very dark 
 morning,"^ pontoon boats, each containing thirt}^ soldiers 
 
 * October twenty-sLsth. 
 
360 The Chaege oe the Mule Brigade. [ises. 
 
 of Smith's command, pushed off from Chattanooga, floated 
 silently down for six miles, passing the rebel sentinels 
 unobserved, and landed on the south bank, at the mouth of 
 the valley, capturing the enemy' s pickets. Before morning. 
 Smith' s men had cut the timber from the hills commanding 
 Lookout Valley on the west, planted artillery, and intrench- 
 ed themselves. They immediately built a pontoon bridge 
 from the north bank, which would enable Grant, in case of 
 battle, to re-enforce them from Chattanooga, quicker than 
 Bragg could re-enforce Lookout Mountain from INIissionary 
 Ridge. 
 
 The next evening, from the overlooking summit, Long- 
 street saw the fires of Geary, one of Hooker's corps com- 
 manders, encamped in the valley near Wauhatchie. A 
 glance showed him that this movement, if not prevented, 
 would end the siege of Chattanooga, and he sent his troops 
 to dislodge Geary at all hazards. 
 
 At midnight they fell upon him. It was so dark that the 
 Union soldiers could hardly distinguish each other from the 
 rebels. For three hours there was fierce fighting. A large 
 number of mules added to the confusion by breaking from 
 their wagons and running in wild stampede toward the 
 enemy, who, fancying it a cavalry charge, fled in panic. 
 The droll incident provoked the parody : — 
 
 "Mules to the right of them, 
 Mules to the left of them, 
 Mules in frout of them, 
 Pawed, brayed, and thundered. 
 Breaking their own confines, 
 Breaking through Longstreet's lines, 
 Into the Georgia troops. 
 
 Stormed the two hundred. 
 Wild all their eyes did glare, 
 Whisked all their tails in air, 
 Scattering the ' Chivalry' there, 
 
 All the world wondered!" 
 
 Longstreet's force was much tlie larger, but he directed 
 its movements by torches from the mountain, and our 
 officers, who had fortunately learned his signal code, read 
 each successive order and repeated it to Geary, enabling 
 
1863.] The Question of Supplies Settled. ^^^ 
 
 the Union general to anticij)ate and repulse every attack. 
 Before daylight the discomfited rebels fell back. 
 
 Xo more starvation for the Union troops ! Supplies 
 could come up from Bridgeport on scows and a little 
 steamer, which the soldiers had built, to Kelly's Ferry, 
 and thence by wagon to Chattanooga, or by wagon all the 
 way. AYithin one week Grant had raised the siege. 
 
 He gave his subordinate full credit, telegraphing to 
 Halleck :— ^ 
 
 " Oeneral Thomas'' plan for securing the river and south-side road to 
 Bridgeport has proven eminently successful. The question of supplies may 
 now be regarded as settled." 
 
 Grant' s military division — the largest ever yet given to 
 an American general — stretched from the lower Mississippi 
 to the east line of Tennessee, and was guarded by two hun- 
 dred thousand soldiers. 
 
 Sherman, who had succeeded to the command of the 
 Department of the Tennessee, was making for Chattanooga 
 as fast as building bridges, repairing railways, and driving 
 the enemy from his front permitted ; and Grant was waiting 
 his arrival, that he might attack the rebel army udth cer- 
 tainty of success. 
 
 Burnside was at Knoxville, a hundred miles northeast 
 of Chattanooga, with twenty-tive thousand hungry soldiers, 
 compelled to haul their supplies one hundred miles, after 
 little steamers had carried them up the Cumberland for five 
 hundred. 
 
 Bragg, never imagining that he could be dislodged from 
 his mountain positions, detached Longstreet's corps, f and 
 afterward Buckner's division, to destroy Burnside. Grant, 
 learning of it from deserters — unusually numerous and 
 friendly, being Union mountaineers whom the rebels had 
 impressed — pronounced it the weakest act he had ever 
 known in a military leader. Bragg was jeopardizing his 
 main army for the chance of a trivial and partial success. 
 
 But the defeat of Burnside would involve the loss of all 
 
 * October ninth. f November third. 
 
362 
 
 GrEANT Prepares for Battle. C^^^^^. 
 
 East Tennessee. So Grant instructed Thomas to attack 
 Missionary Ridge vigorously, for the purpose of calling 
 Longstreet back. He wrote : — 
 
 '■Where there are not horses to move the artillery, mules must be takeu 
 from the trains or horses from ambulances, or, if necessarij, officers dis- 
 mounted and their horses taken. * * * The movement sliould not be 
 made a moment later than to-morrow morning." 
 
 Lack of horses rendered it utterly impossible for Thomas 
 to move, and the General telegraphed Burnside :— 
 
 "It is of the utmost importance that East Tennessee should be held. 
 * * * I can hardly conceive the necessity of retreating. If I did so at 
 all, it would be after losing most of the army.'^' 
 
 The welcome form of Sherman soon appeared at head- 
 quarters. He came in ^\'itli restored cheerfulness, and, after 
 tlie usual off-hand greetings, Grant gave him the only chair 
 which his office afforded. The two chatted a little as to 
 which was the older man, and, therefore, entitled to the 
 seat ; then fell into grave military discussion. The next 
 day* Grant issued orders for battle, f 
 
 On our right was Hooker, extending to the west side of 
 Lookout Mountain; in the center, Thomas, facing Missionary 
 Ridge and covering the city. Bragg supposed our main 
 attack would be on Lookout, and Grant encouraged this be- 
 lief by fictitious camp-fin^s and displays of troops, and ad- 
 vancing his line up the western slope. At the same time, 
 Sherman s force was on the north side of the river, behind 
 a range of hills, creeping toward Missionary Ridge, and 
 kindling no fires, lest the smoke should betray it to the 
 enemy. Sherman was to hold our extreme left, Avith How- 
 ard's corps filling the gap between him and Thomas. The 
 army faced southwest. 
 
 * November sixteenth. 
 
 f All of Grant's letters of instructions to his commanders have been noticeable 
 for their completeness, their quiet, conversational tone, and the absence of any rhe- 
 torical display in style or boasting in matter. I particularly remember the easy and 
 familiar style of his secret instructions for the battle of Chattanooga; they read more 
 like a pleasant letter from one frie A to another, discussing domestic affairs, rather 
 than the commander-m-ehief's circular, ordering the grand movements of an impor- 
 tant battle. — William F. G. Shanks 
 
1863.] The Blue-Coats Mislead Grant. 363 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 CHATTANOOGA, 
 
 For several days Grant chafed under delays caused by 
 heavy rains. A brief dispatch came from Bragg : — * 
 
 " As there may be some non-combatants in Chattanooga. I deem it proper 
 to notify you that prudence would dictate their early witlidrawal." 
 
 This threat was only made to cover weakness ; and 
 Bragg found, ere long, that prudence dictated the "early 
 withdrawal'" of somebody else beside non-combatants from 
 the vicinity. 
 
 From the river to the foot of Missionary Ridge, two miles 
 and a half, are level farms and swamps. Thomas's picket 
 lines were so near Bragg' s, that the opposing soldiers talked 
 familiarly, and at one point were only separated by the nar- 
 row bed of Chattanooga Creek. One morning, as Grant sat 
 upon his horse on the bank, a party of rebels in blue came 
 down on the other side to draw water. Supposing them to 
 be his own men, the General asked : — 
 
 "What corps do you belong to V^ 
 
 " Longstreet's." 
 
 "What are you doing in these coats, then?" 
 
 " Oh ! all our corps wear blue." 
 
 The fact had escaped his memory ; but having the good 
 fortune not to be recognized, he rode away. 
 
 At last all things were ready. On the bright afternoon 
 of November twenty-third, Gordon Grangers corps of 
 Thomas's army pushed forward toward the Ridge in such 
 perfect order, that the rebel pickets, supposing it a review, 
 stood leaning upon their muskets in soldierly admiration. 
 
 * November twentieth. 
 
364 First azstd Secozs^d Days' Fighting. [ises. 
 
 Whistling bullets soon dispelling this delusion, they fell 
 back through a strip of cottonwoods to their first rifle- 
 pits. 
 
 Sharp fighting followed. At Fort Wood, the highest 
 ground in the vicinity, and near the center of Thomas's line, 
 Grant sat upon the guns, overlooking the conflict, chatting 
 quietly, and sending out orders with less display than many 
 a sergeant makes in posting his men. 
 
 Among the division generals was Phil. Sheridan, flghting, 
 for the first time, under the eye of his chi.ef. Our forces 
 swept forward, capturing two liuudred prisoners, and a mile 
 in advance of Fort Wood, occupying a high mound, which 
 they named Orchard Knoll, from its scattered scrub oaks, 
 resembling apple-trees. 
 
 Before night our lines had advanced a mile, or two-thirds 
 of the way to the Ridge, pressing back the enemy, with a 
 loss of about one hundred in killed and wounded on each 
 side. Brao:g's resistance satisfied Grant that he was not re- 
 treating, as deserters had reported. Our men slept upon 
 their arms, and the General and staff" returned to their quar- 
 ters in the town. 
 
 After dark, Sherman's advance reaching the north bank, 
 four miles above Chattanooga, floated silently down on pon- 
 toons, undetected b}-^ the rebel pickets, and at daylight eight 
 tiiousand held a strong position on the south bank, having 
 surprised and driven back the enemy. 
 
 Before noon a bridge was built, and Sherman's entire 
 force was in position. There was some sharp figliting as he 
 pushed forward his left toward the summit of Missionary 
 Ridge — gaining and fortifying two high points. Thomas 
 also advanced his lines, and there was heav}' cannonading 
 from morning until night. 
 
 Our front, from Sherman's left to Hooker's right, was 
 six miles long. Two days before, seeing Hooker's corps 
 moving in, Bragg had said : — 
 
 ' ' Xo w we shall have a grand Potomac review. ' ' 
 
 He did have it. and something more. The flat summit 
 of Lookout often two thousand feet Avide, extends back 
 seventy-five miles. From the bottom of the palisade rocks 
 
1863.] Hooker Carries Lookout Mountain. 8(35 
 
 which encircle its crest, wooded hills slope to the creek 
 and the river. On this foggy morning, while the rest of 
 the army was waiting. Hooker made an imposing display 
 on the rebel front, marching columns of troops, and open- 
 ing with artillery, as if that were to be his point of attack. 
 Meanwliile, he sent far l:)ack five brigades, which forded the 
 creek, ascended the mountain as far as the palisades, and 
 then swept down through the woods in ecJielon. Their 
 right, which hugged tlie palisades, was in advance of their 
 left, so the wedge-shaped column, completely raking the 
 whole slope, took the rebels in the rear, capturing many 
 and compelling the rest to abandon their works, and liy 
 around the "nose" of the mountain. 
 
 Bragg, seeing that it was impossible to hold Lookout, 
 and desiring to withdraw his artillery by the road leading 
 into the Chattanooga Valley, a mile back from the river, 
 attacked Hooker in the evening to cover his retreat, and 
 there was skirmishing for several hours. Clouds of fog 
 which covered the mountain side, and columns of smoke 
 from the artillery and musketry, hid the battle from persons 
 in the valley below. They could only see the flashes of 
 fire, except when strong winds momentarily lifted tlie veil. 
 This skirmish the imaginative Cxeneral Meigs named Hooker' s 
 "battle above the clouds." 
 
 Grant had spent the dull, drizzling day on Orchard 
 Knoll. When he received the welcome intelligence that 
 Hooker had carried Lookout, a journalist, just from the 
 mountain, reported that the loss did not exceed one hun- 
 dred in killed. The General remarked : — 
 
 "He must be mistaken. I am afraid he is a better news- 
 paper man than soldier. ' ' 
 
 Shortly after came a dispatch from Hooker, stating that 
 his casualties were very light. 
 
 ' ' Then, ' ' said Grant, ' ' the mountain could not have been 
 defended by many troops. Bragg must liave surmised my 
 plan and strengthened his riglit in front of Sherman.'' 
 
 These had been two days of preliminary skirmishing. 
 The third morningV' opening brightly, showed Bragg' s 
 
 * Wednesday, November twenty-fifth. 
 
366 Thied Day — Sherman Fights Stubbornly, [ises. 
 
 forces all drawn in upon Missionary Ridge. Hooker' s men, 
 climbing to the summit of Lookout, found it deserted, and 
 planted tlie Hag there. 
 
 Their general, finding no enemy in his front, moved 
 down the east side of Lookout to cross Chattanooga Valley, 
 being ordered to reach Rossville Gap, in Missionary Ridge, 
 four miles in Bragg' s rear. The rest of the army was to 
 delay attacking until he could get into position there. 
 
 'A cloud of witnesses" saw the day's operations from 
 the housetops of Chattanooga, the level ground of Thomas 
 and Howard, and the hills held by Sherman. From Grant's 
 stand- point. Orchard Knoll, the whole field spread out like a 
 map; and Bragg' s head-quarters, on the summit of Mis- 
 sionary Ridge, were distinctly visible The two command- 
 ers faced each other, and looked doAvn upon the intervening 
 valley, where deadly conflict was to harm irreparably the 
 cause of one or the other. 
 
 Sherman was to capture the north end of the Ridge. 
 Though lighting stubbornly for hours he was unable to 
 carry it. But he threatened Bragg' s depot of supplies at 
 Chickamauga Station so seriously, that the rebel commander 
 weakened his center to save his right flank and rear. 
 
 The day dragged. Sherman was not making the hoped- 
 for progress, nor a word heard from Hooker, who was de- 
 layed to build bridges aci'oss the Chattanooga, broken by 
 the retreating enemy. Grant awaited impatiently the op- 
 portune moment for ordering Thomas to charge in the cen- 
 ter. 
 
 At last it came. At four p. m. signal- officers from their 
 station in the rear reported heavy columns of troops from 
 Bragg' s center moving over to his right in front of Sherman. 
 Obviously the rebel general had weakened his stronghold ! 
 Grant instantly directed an assault upon the Ridge. Corps 
 and division generals were standing near him on the knoll, 
 but he gave the order only to Thomas, who commanded 
 them all. 
 
 Then the chief and his staff" turned their glasses toward 
 the advancing columns on our extreme left. In an open 
 field these suddenly encountered the fire of thousands of 
 
1863.] The Rebels Roll Down Rocks. 3(37 
 
 rebel muskets, from a fringe of woods "beyond — hesitated, 
 and fell back in confusion. The General and his compan- 
 ions simultaneously dropped their glasses. 
 
 Grant. — " They seem to be driving our boys." 
 
 Officer. — " Yes." 
 
 Grant. — " Driving them pretty badly." 
 
 Officer. — ' ' Yes. ' ' 
 
 The columns rallied, charged, and were again repulsed. 
 
 Grant. — " They are driven again ; but it's all right now. 
 You see that signal flag V ' 
 
 Officer. — " Yes." 
 
 Grant. — " Well, that's Sherman. Sherman is there and 
 he'll make it all right." 
 
 A few minutes later Sherman swept forward, charging up 
 a steep hill toward a confederate work called Fort Breck- 
 inridge. He was soon so near that the enemy could not 
 depress his guns enough to reach him. Then the rebels 
 began to fling bowlders and roll down huge rocks. 
 
 Granger, commanded the Fourth Corps. He was at the 
 battery on Orchard Knoll, in the zeal of an old artillerist, for- 
 getting his soldiers, but sighting the guns, and shouting with 
 delight when they did good execution. For hours our in- 
 fantry had been lying in line just in the rear of their breast- 
 works, ready for the expected assault, and Granger's men 
 were still waiting. 
 
 Rawlins. — "Why are not those men moving up to 
 the rifle-pits? I don't believe they have been ordered 
 forward." 
 
 Grant. — "Oh yes, I guess the order has been given. 
 General Wood, why is not your division moving up?" 
 
 Wood. — " We have had no orders to." 
 
 Grant. — "General Thomas, why are not those troops 
 advancing V ' 
 
 Thomas, — "I don't know. General Granger has been 
 directed to move them forward." 
 
 Grant.— ' ' General Granger, why are your men wait- 
 ing ?" 
 
 Granger. — " I have had no orders to advance." 
 
 Grant (sharply). — " If you will leave that battery to its 
 
368 The G-ra^'d Charge Begiis-s. [isss. 
 
 captain, and take command of your corps, it will be a great 
 deal better for all of us." 
 
 Granger, never lacking enthusiasm if there was fighting 
 to be done, obeyed promptlj^, and six cannon-shots, fired 
 at intervals of two seconds, gave the preconcerted signal for 
 the Union soldiers to advance. Sherman had been unable 
 to carry the hill ; but he had done exactly what was wanted 
 — compelled Bragg to weaken his force on the Ridge. 
 
 Thomas's men. three lines deep, rose up from their 
 trenches, their long arra}' stretching for miles on each side 
 in splendid pageant. It looked like a dress parade, and as 
 if one might walk on the solid lines of bayonets. Rebel 
 jDrisoners afterAvard stated that they thought the movement 
 only a review. It was "a surprise in open daylight." 
 
 Bands were playing, flags flying, and the soldiers in 
 blue cheering and yelling, as the}' streamed out of their 
 works. They poured through the timber, reached the rebel 
 skirmishers, then quickening their pace to a run under a 
 pelting fire l^rushed them right back into their rifle-pits at 
 the foot of the Ridge, and, almost before the enemy knew 
 it, liad the stars and stripes floating above the caj)tured 
 trenches ! Every part of our long line reached them almost 
 at the same moment. Tlie orders had been to carry these 
 rifle-pits at all hazards, and then halt for further direc- 
 tions. 
 
 Among long, low, flat-roofed log-cabins the level ground 
 ended, and the steep Ridge rose up for flve hundred yards, 
 its face torn and gullied by the waters and melting snows of 
 many an April. 
 
 Just before the charge begjin, Phil. Sheridan, reconnoiter- 
 ing in front of liis division, saw that the trenches could not 
 be held against a reverse liie, and sent back an aide to 
 Granger asking what the orders were. In the midst of the 
 charge the answer came back : — " Only the front line of rifle- 
 pits to be carried." 
 
 But, before it was received our men were already sweep- 
 ing up the hill without orders. A glance showing tliat it 
 was impossible to stoj^ them. Granger's aides again dashed 
 forward, shouting : — "Take the Ridge if you can; take 
 
1863.] The Troops Caeey the Rifle-pits, 369 
 
 the Ridge if you can." One who was there writes of 
 " Little PhiL'':— 
 
 "An aide rides up with the order. 'Avery, that tiask,' says the general. 
 Quietly filling the pewter cup, Slieridan looks up at the battery that frowns 
 above him, by Bragg's head-quarters, shakes his cap amid that storm of every 
 thing that kills, when you could hardly hold out your hand without catch- 
 ing a bullet in it, and. with a ' How-are-you?' tosses oft" the cup. The blue 
 battle-tlag of the rebels fluttered a response to the cool salute, and the next 
 instant the battery let fly its six guns, showering Sheridan with earth. 
 Alluding to that compliment with any tiling but a blank cartridge, the 
 general said to me, in his quiet way. "I thought it unirenerous !' "' 
 
 Then, putting his horse upon the full run. Sheridan was 
 again among his men, cheering them forward in the face of 
 an appalling lire. 
 
 The rebels were utterly surprised at the irresistible 
 charge. A thousand of them fell prostrate, and the na- 
 tional troops i^assed riglit over them. Others scampered 
 up the hill-side, dropjDing guns and knapsacks, and our 
 men chased with ringing yells. They were in no mood to 
 stop, while they had the enemy running, though a stagger- 
 ing tire of grape and musketry poured from the summit. 
 
 Seen from Orchard Knoll, a mile and a half in the rear, 
 the advancing line of blue wavered, grew ragged, and 
 seemed to melt. Grant's stanchest subordinates were 
 alarmed. 
 
 Wilson.—" Those fellows will be all cut to pieces. 
 They will never get to the top in the world." 
 
 Grant. — "Let us see what the boys will do. They are 
 not so badly scattered as you think. You see a good deal 
 more bare ground between them on that liill-side than 
 you would if it were level. We will see directly. The 
 boys feel pretty good ; just let them alone." 
 
 Now those in the advance, lay upon their faces by 
 thousands, waiting a little for the rest of the line to come 
 up. The signal was instantly sent out to right and left 
 that the first rifle-pits were taken, and the crest must be 
 carried. 
 
 When they started again, Grant unable to remain longer 
 in the rear exclaimed : — 
 22r 
 
370 And go up Missionaky Ridge. [ises. 
 
 " I am going up there." 
 
 As lie and the staff rode forward he directed Rowley :— 
 
 " Major, go back to that signal station, and signal over 
 to Sherman that we have taken the lower line of works, and 
 are going to take the hill. He must press them quick and 
 hard, and keep them from re-enforcing on our front.'' 
 
 Our soldiers reached the second ritie-pits, clubbed their 
 muskets and drove out the remaining rebels in a twinkling. 
 
 The sharp ascent beyond was now ablaze. Benjamin F. 
 Taylor, the poet-journalist, pictures the scene : — 
 
 " They dash out a little way and then slacken ; they creep up, hand over 
 hand, loading and firing, and wavering and halting, from the first line of 
 works to the second. 
 
 " They burst into a charge with a cheer and go over it. Sheets of flame 
 baptize them ; plunging shot tear away comrades on right and left. It 
 is no longer shoulder to shoulder ; it is God for us all. 
 
 "Under tree trunks, among rocks, stumbling over the dead, struggling 
 with the living, feeing the steady fire of eight thousand infantry poured 
 down upon their heads as if it were the old historic curse from heaven, 
 they wrestle with the Ridge. Ten, fifteen, twenty minutes go by like a reluc- 
 tant century. The hill sways up like a wall before them, at an angle of 
 forty-five degrees: but our brave mountaineers are clambering steadily on. 
 They seem to be spurning the dull earth under their feet, and going up to do 
 Homeric battle with the greater gods. 
 
 "If you look you shall see, too, that these thirteen thousand are not a 
 rushing herd of human creatures ; that along the Gothic ridge a row of in- 
 verted V's is slowly moving up almost in line. At the angles is something 
 that glitters like a wing— tlie regimental flag ; and glancing along the front 
 you count fifteen of those colors, that were borne at Pea Ridge, waved at 
 Pittsburg Landing, glorified at Stone River, riddled at Chickamauga. 
 
 "Up move the banners, now fluttering like a wounded bird, now falter- 
 ing, now sinking out of sight. Thr-e times the flag of one regiment goes 
 down. Do you know why? .Just there lie three dead color-sergeants. But the 
 flag, thank God ! is immortal, and up it comes again, and the V's move on. 
 
 " The sun is not more than a hand's breadth from the edge of the mount- 
 ain. Its level rays bridge the vaiiey from Chattanooga to the Ridge with 
 beams of gold. It shines in the rebel laces ; it brings out the national blue ; 
 it touches up the flags. Oh, for the voice that could bid that sun to stand 
 still ! 
 
 " Swarms of bullets sweep the hill. You can count twenty-eight bullets 
 in one little tree. The rebels tumble rooks upon the rising line. They light 
 the fuses and roll shells down the steep. They load the guns with handfuls 
 of cartridges in their haste. 
 

 :^ ^'^ >/ 
 
1863.] "How DO YOU DO, SOUTHEEN CO]SrrEDEEACY." 373 
 
 "Just as the sun, weary of the scene, was sinking out of sight, the ad- 
 vance surged over the crest with magnificent bursts all along the line, exactly 
 as you have seen the crested waves leap up at the breakwater. In a minute 
 those flags fluttered along the fringe where fifty rebel guns were kenneled. 
 What colors were the first on the mountain battlement one dare not try to 
 say. Bright Honor itself might be proud to bear, nay, to follow the hind- 
 most. Foot by foot they had fought up the steep, slippery with much blood ; 
 let them go to glory togetlierl'' 
 
 Tlie enemy had barely time to explode three or four of 
 his caissons before national flags fluttered upon the crest, 
 and national troops were bayoneting his men in their rifle- 
 pits. Sheridan, with the advance, was suddenly flung to 
 the ground ; his horse had been shot under him. He sprang 
 upon a captured gun, to catch the attention of the crazy 
 throng, and ordered immediate pursuit. The rebels had fan- 
 cied us in a trap the moment we occupied their lower rifle- 
 pits. Xow, utterly bewildered, most of them fled, the Union 
 soldiers driving them with unceasing yells. One astounded 
 confederate, after seeing his comrades swept from the crest, 
 and being run over himself by the pursuing throng, rose, 
 brushed off the dust, mounted a high rock, and regarding the 
 vanishing crowd, asked : — 
 
 '•'• Hoio do you do, Southern Confederacy f^ 
 
 The health of the "so-called" was in a condition to 
 cause anxiety. 
 
 On the summit, Quartermaster-General Meigs was load- 
 ing and firing upon the retreating foe two Parrott guns 
 which the rebels had named "Lady Davis" and "Lady 
 Breckinridge," while Rawlins, apostrophized the captured 
 pieces : — 
 
 "Turning upon your friends, are you ? Well, give them 
 
 ! You are doing more good than you ever did in your 
 
 lives before." 
 
 Grant was known persouiilly to few of these troops. 
 But just now, riding to post a division, he was recognized 
 by one or two men, who passed the word, and in three 
 minutes hundreds of soldiers thronged around him, grasping 
 his hands, embracing his legs, and shouting : " Now we have 
 a general ! We have paid them up for Chickamauga." 
 
374 End of the Wonderful B.^ttle. [^^es. 
 
 In fifty-five minutes after starting on theii' first cliarge 
 they had swept the crest clean of every rebel, except the 
 prisoners. Nobody was more astounded than Bragg. In 
 vain did he attempt to form a new line. The rout was so 
 wild* that he himself narrowly escaped capture. 
 
 W. H. Towner of the stafi" was badly wounded, but the 
 General who had been under fire iill day was unharmed. 
 Directing every thing in person, he had fought a wonderful 
 battle. It was a game of chess — every movement made at 
 the right moment, Grant comx^elling the enemy to do what 
 he wished almost as invariably as if the rebel army had 
 been under his command. It was a conflict of brains, and 
 he completely out-generaled Bragg. But never was com- 
 mander so well aided by his soldiers. The campaign Avas 
 his; the charge on Missionary Ridge was ''the Privates' 
 Victory." 
 
 Sheridan's division had lost in killed and wounded one- 
 fifth of its six thousand men, before reaching the crest. But 
 Sheridan pushed forward alone and without orders, fighting 
 until two in the morning, and capturing hundreds of prison- 
 ers. This proved him an officer after Grant' s own heart, and 
 was rewarded hy an early opportunity to serve the country 
 and win a name as the greatest cavalry general of the age. 
 
 Grant modestly telegraphed to Halleck : — 
 
 ^'Although tliP battle lasted from early dawn till dark this evening, / 
 helieve I am not x>remature in announcing a complete victory over Bragg.'" 
 
 Bragg retreated to Chickamauga Station, burning wag- 
 ons, caissons, pontoons, and enormous quantities of corn. 
 He telegraphed to Richmond this mild statement of his ill- 
 fortune : — 
 
 * " Though greatly outnumbered, such was the strength of our position that no 
 doubt was entertained of our ability to hold it. * * * A panic, which I had never 
 before witnessed, seemed to have seized upon officers and men, and each seemed to 
 be struggling for his personal safety, regardless of his duty or his cliaracter. * * * 
 No satisfactory excuse can possibly Ije giveu for the shameful conduct of our 
 troops. * * * * Those [Union soldiers] who reached the ridge did so in a condition 
 of exhaustion, from the great physical exertion in climbing, which rendered them 
 powerless, and the slightest effort would have destroyed them." — Bragg's Official 
 Repoht. 
 
1863.] Bkagg Retreats into Georgia. 375 
 
 "After several imsuccessful assaults on our Hues to-day, the enemy car- 
 ried the left center about four o'clock. The whole left soon gave way in 
 considerahle dhorder. The right maintained its ground, and repelled every 
 attack. I am withdrawing all to this point." 
 
 After Ilea ry skirniisliing with Hooker he soon fell back 
 into Georgia. 
 
 The respective official reports thus summed up the 
 losses : — 
 
 KILLED. 
 
 WOUNDED. 
 
 MISSING. 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 Grant — 757 
 
 4529 
 
 330 
 
 5616 
 
 Bragg — 3(31 
 
 2180 
 
 4146 
 
 6687 
 
 Bragg' s fortifications and strongholds made his killed 
 and wounded less than ours. He greatly understated his 
 missing, for Grant was compelled to issue rations for up- 
 ward of six thousand prisoners. 
 
 The entire Union force was a little more than sixty thou- 
 sand ; that of the rebels about forty-five thousand, with in- 
 comparable advantages of ]3osition. The charge on Mission- 
 ary Ridge was less perilous than it seemed. Bragg had left 
 only a weak force there, and even that was a good deal de- 
 moralized. Still, few generals would liave had the temerity 
 to order the daring assault. Fewer would have managed 
 by such skillful dispositions to Aveaken the seemingly invul- 
 nerable center of the foe, and then detected the moment for 
 profiting by it Avith unerring accuracy. 
 
 A brave young Irish colonel. avIio during Van Dorn's 
 raid, a year earlier, had defended his post north of Holly 
 Springs Avith such marked and successful valor that Grant 
 publicly thanked him, was among the killed. The General 
 on hearing of it rode down to the landing and had the coffin 
 opened that he might take a final look at the remains of 
 the faithful soldier. 
 
 Sherman was noAV ordered to the relief of Knoxville, 
 and Grant addressed a dispatch to Burnside in duplicate : — 
 
 " Do not he forced into a surrender by short rations. Take all the citi- 
 zens have to enable you to hold out a few days longer. * * * There 
 are now three columns in motion for your relief. * * * These 
 will be able to crush Longstreet's force, or drive them from the valley, and 
 must be within tweuty-four hours' march of you, by the time this reaches 
 you." 
 
376 LONGSTREET IS DEFEATED AT Kn^OXYILLE. [1863. 
 
 He directed that one copy be forwarded to Biiriiside at 
 the earliest possible moment, and the other allowed to fall 
 into the hands of the rebels, as the truth just then was ex- 
 actly what he wished them to know. 
 
 Longstreet, hearing of Bragg' s defeat, finally attacked 
 the Knoxville fortifications,* his infantry charging at a full 
 run. It reached the ditch, but was checked with great 
 slaughter while climbing the first parapet. Only one con- 
 federate got over alive, and five hundred, unable to retreat, 
 surrendered themselves. The garrison lost only thirteen 
 men, the assailants about one thousand. 
 
 Burnside, Avho had borne himself in his difficult position 
 with great sagacity and pluck, received Grant's dispatch 
 by a scout, who brought it inserted in a hollow half eagle. 
 Before the prompt Slierman could arrive, Longstreet had 
 retreated toward Virginia. 
 
 President Lincoln, on learning the result of the brilliant 
 campaign, recommended a national thanksgiving, and tele- 
 graphed to Grant with unusual warmth : — 
 
 " Understauding that your lodgment at Chattanooga and at Knoxville is 
 now secure, I wish to tender you-, and all under your command, my more 
 than thanks — my profoundest gratitude — for the skill, courage, and perse- 
 verance with which you and they, over so great difficulties, have effected 
 that important object! God bless you all!" 
 
 Halleck pronounced Chattanooga " the most remarkable 
 battle of history." Grant wrote of it to a friend : — 
 
 " I presume a battle never took place on so large a scale where so much 
 of it could be seen, or where every move proved so successful." 
 
 The army and the country were more than satisfied, and 
 named our General, as the Mamalukes named Napoleon, 
 " The Favorite of Victory." 
 
 * November twenty-ninth. 
 
1864.] A Mountain Eide in Winter. 
 
 i ( 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 LIEUTE]?^ ANT-GENERAL. 
 
 Grant made a new request for permission to undertake 
 the capture of Mobile, and met watli a new denial. He then 
 established his head-quarters at jSTashville, in a large brick 
 dwelling whose rebel owner had fled southward. 
 
 He visited Knoxville to look after the little Union army 
 there, and afterward, though it was mid-winter, rode on 
 horseback through Cumberland Gap, which had been re- 
 peatedly lost and won during the war, and through which 
 supplies were now hauled for our troops in East Tennessee. 
 The thermometer indicated ten degrees below zero ; and 
 though he was still exceedingly lame, deep snows, and 
 long stretches of ice on steep hill-sides compelled him 
 to walk and lead his horse for many miles of the severe 
 journey. 
 
 After emerging from the mountains, he was received 
 with enthusiasm by the Union people of Lexington and 
 Louisville, and he reached Nashville again on the thirteenth 
 of January. McPherson and Sherman were playing havoc 
 with the enemy's communications and supplies in Missis- 
 sippi, and through the greater part of Grant' s military divi- 
 sion a national officer in uniform could ride alone with 
 safety. 
 
 Politicians beset him more than ever, but found him an 
 unpromising subject. He said : — 
 
 " I never aspired to but one office in my life. I should 
 like to be mayor of Galena— to build a new sidewalk from 
 my house to the depot." 
 
 But Avhen Isaac N. Morris, of Illinois— son of the Ohio 
 senator who had caused liis appointment to the Military 
 Academy a quarter of a century before — inquii'ed whether 
 
378 ^ Letter about the Presidency. [1864. 
 
 lie would permit the use of liis name for the Presidency, 
 under any circumstances, he responded : — * 
 
 " Your letter of the twenty-ninth of December I did not see until two days 
 ago. I receive many such, but do not answer. Yours, however, is written 
 in such a kindly spirit, and as you ask for an answer confidentially, I will 
 not withhold it. 
 
 " Allow me to say, however, that I am not a politician, never was, and I 
 hope never to be, and could not write a political letter. My only desire is to 
 serve the country in her present trials. To do this efiiciently it is necessary 
 to have the confidence of the army and the people. I know no way to better 
 secure this end tliau by a faithful performance of my duties. 
 
 " So long as I hold my present position, I do not believe I have the right 
 to criticise the policy or orders of those above me, or to give utterance to 
 views of my own, except to the authorities at Washington, and the general- 
 in-chief of the army. In this respect I know I have proven myself a good 
 soldier. 
 
 " In your letter you say that I have it in my power to be the nest Presi- 
 dent. This is the last thing in the world I desire. I would regard such a 
 consummation, as highly unfortunate for myself, if not for the country. 
 Through Providence I have attained to more than I ever hoped, and, with 
 the position I now hold in the regular army, if allowed to retain it. will be 
 more than satisfied. 
 
 "I certainly shall never state a sentiment, or the expression of a thought 
 with the view to being a candidate for oflice. I scarcely know the induce- 
 ment that could be held out to me to accept oflBce, and unhesitatingly say 
 that I infinitely prefer my present position to that of any civil otfice within 
 the gift of tlie people. 
 
 " This is a private letter to you, and not intended for others to see, or 
 read, because I want to avoid being heard from by the public except through 
 my acts, in the performance of my legitimate duties." 
 
 Sherman, always a little haunted by regrets that Grant 
 was not a book-soldier, observed to some acquaintances : — 
 
 "The General is not a man of remar'kable learning^ but 
 he is one of the bravest I ever saw. I do not say he is a 
 hero — I do not believe in heroes ; but I know he is a gentle- 
 man, and a good man." 
 
 On the other hand Grant remarked of his friend : — 
 
 "I always find it the best way to turn Sherman out 
 like a young colt, and let him kick up his heels. I 
 have great confidence that he will come in all right in due 
 time.'' 
 
 * January twentieth. 
 
1861.] The General Visits St. Louis. 379 
 
 The General' s military wishes were now treated as law 
 by the Government and the country. "Golden Honor 
 showered all her stars." The legislatures of the great 
 States of Xew York and Oiiio voted him their enthu- 
 siastic thanks ; and Congress complimented liim witli a 
 gold medal in the name of the people of the United States. 
 One side l)ore his laureled profile ; the other, a figure of 
 Fame, bearing a scroll inscribed with a list of his victories, 
 and the motto: — " Proclaim liberty throughout the land." 
 Gifts poured in from all quarters, but the one he seemed to 
 prize most was a brier- wood cigar-case from a Lookout 
 Mountain tree whittled out and presented by a soldier with- 
 out hope or desire of any return. 
 
 Fred, was with the family of Grant' s old partner, prostrate 
 from lingering pneumonia and dysentery, contracted in the 
 Yicksburg campaign. On receiving a dispatch that his 
 condition was alarming, the father — first obtaining leave 
 from "Washington — visited St. Louis, but happily found him 
 out of danger. • 
 
 The next evening, with his family and Mrs. Boggs, Grant 
 witnessed a representation of "Richelieu," at the St. Louis 
 Theater, the j)arty riding down town in a democratic street 
 car. They occupied a private box, the General sitting back 
 out of sight. At the close of the first act the audience 
 shouted : — " Grant ! Grant ! Get up." 
 
 He came forward, bowed uneasily, and abruptly re- 
 turned to his seat. This only provoked new cries, which 
 would not be silenced until he moved his chair to the front 
 of the box. Then there were lusty cheers and vain calls 
 for a speech. 
 
 Leading citizens and soldiers gave him a public din- 
 ner, "to meet old acquaintances and form new ones." The 
 spacious dining-hall of the Lindell House was crowded with 
 gentlemen eager to honor the soldier whom, a few years 
 before, many had known as a farmer hauling wood, or an 
 agent collecting rents. Rosecrans, Schofield, Fisk, and otlier 
 generals, and also his white-haired father-in-law, sat near 
 
380 Declines to Make any Speeches. [i864. 
 
 him. At the toast "To our distinguished guest," the "band 
 played "Hail to the Chief!" There were enthusiastic 
 huzzas as Grant arose and said : — 
 
 '^Gentlemen: In response, it will be impossible forme 
 to do more than thank you." 
 
 The festivity passed oif pleasantly, though the ladies, in 
 brilliant array, looking on from an adjoining parlor, were 
 with it, but not of it ; for even Americans are not yet civil- 
 ized enough to admit women to public dinners. 
 
 At its close, the neighboring streets, bright with bonfires 
 and rockets, were densely thronged ; and notwithstanding 
 persistent denials, the crowd continued to beg for oratory. 
 
 A Bystander.— " General, do make them a little speech." 
 
 Grant. — " I can't." 
 
 Bystander. — " Then tell them you can t." 
 
 Grant.—" Oh ! they know that already." 
 
 But still they shouted until he appeared on the hotel 
 balcony, cigar in hand, and replied : — 
 
 "Gentlemen: Making speeches is not my business. T 
 never did it in my life, and never will. I thank you, how- 
 ever, for your attendance here." 
 
 The city council— in amusing contrast to the action of 
 the county commissioners five years before— thanked him, 
 in a series of resolutions, for his "mighty successes in be- 
 half of the Government." 
 
 He remained at the residence of his former partner two or 
 three weeks, visited by many friends and strangers, whom 
 he received with old-time modesty and cordiality. 
 
 " T used to have a good deal of Southern feeling against 
 the Republicans," he said, in reply to a question, "but 
 now I know of only two parties, and I am for the party of 
 the Union." 
 
 One day, after his arrival at Chattanooga, his chief-of- 
 engineers was walking to and fro at head -quarters, absorbed 
 in thought : — 
 
 Meigs. — " Baldy Smith seems to be studying strat- 
 egy-" 
 
 Grant. — "I don't believe in strategy, in the popular 
 
 understanding of the term. I believe in getting up just as 
 
1864.] His Yiews on Strategy. 3S1 
 
 close to the enemy, and with just as little loss of life, as 
 possible." 
 
 Meigs.—" What then ?" 
 
 Geant. — "Whj then, 'Up guards, and at them.' " 
 
 Nearly all our other generals, in theu' campaigns, had 
 exhibited some glaring weakness of their own. Grant had 
 invariably found and profited by some glaring weakness of 
 his adversary. While he had practically ended the war iri 
 the West, the Army of the Potomac — the largest and most 
 important of our armies — had encountered little but failure 
 and disaster. After three years of terrible conflict, rebel 
 banners still floated defiantly almost at the gates of the 
 national capital. 
 
 The Northern people were utterly absorbed in the war. 
 They cared nothing for antecedents. Men hitherto unpopu- 
 lar, were now trusted and honored. Standing firm by the 
 Union was sufficient to condone all old oifenses, political or 
 moral. Those, even, who had committed crimes were for- 
 given, and afforded opportunity to Avin honorable distinc- 
 tion in leading regiments and brigades, divisions and army 
 corps. There was no pa-st which the country would not 
 pardon to all who were true in its present sore need. 
 
 It presented the strange spectacle of patriots twice as 
 numerous and twice as rich as their foes, waiting, dying for 
 a leader — ready to lay all their magnificent resources, their 
 treasures of life and of property, at the feet of any man who 
 could so use them as to bring decisive victory. 
 
 All eyes were looking toward our General. In the 
 Senate, Howe, of Wisconsin, had already offered an im- 
 practicable but significant resolution, instructing the Presi- 
 dent to call out a million of new volunteers, for a few 
 months, and place Grant in command of all the Union 
 armies, with power to choose his own subordinates. In the 
 House, Washburne introduced a bill reviving the grade of 
 lieutenant-general, and authorizing the Executive to confer 
 it upon some officer 
 
 " not below the grade of major-general, most distinguished for courage, skill, 
 and ability ; and who * * * shall be authorized, under the directiou of the 
 President, to command the armies of the United States." 
 
382 The Grade of Lieutenant-General. ['^^64. 
 
 This high rank was originally created for Washington, 
 in 1798. in anticipation of a war with France. AVlien he died, 
 it was discontinued. Several years after the close of the 
 Mexican Avar it was conferred by brevet on Winfield Scott. 
 ISTo other Americans had ever held it. 
 
 Long discussions followed, a few members urging post- 
 ponement until the close of the conflict, on the grounds that 
 the war might yet develop some new general who would 
 deserve the rank more than Grant, and that it would also 
 be hazardous to call him from the field to office duty. But 
 many more supported the measure. Washburne said : — 
 
 •• I am not here to speak for General Grant. Xo man, with his consent, 
 has ever mentioned his name in connection with any position. * * * Every 
 promotion he has received since he first entered the service to put down this 
 rebellion, was moved without his knowledge or consent; and in regard to 
 this very matter of lieutenant-general, after the bill was introduced and his 
 name mentioned in connection therewith, he wrote me and admonished me that 
 he had been highly honored already by the Government, and did not ask or 
 deserve any thing more in the shape of honors or promotion ; and that a 
 success over the enemy was wliat he craved above every thing else.'' 
 
 With j)^^i'donable pride he alluded to his early and 
 almost solitary support of tlie Coming Man : — 
 
 "I now appeal to history for my justification, and ask if Grant has not 
 far transcended every thing that I claimed for him. * * * Why necessary 
 to recount that long list of victories from Belmont to Lookout Mountain? 
 Look at what this man has done for his country, for humanity and civiliza- 
 sion — this modest and unpretending general whom gentlemen appear to be 
 so much afraid of. He has fought more battles and won more victories than 
 any man living; he has captured more prisoners and taken more guns than 
 any general of modern times." 
 
 The House passed the bill, ninety-six to forty-one. In 
 the upper branch of Congress there was still more debate. 
 Several senators expressed fears that the President might 
 appoint some one else beside Grant. Saulsbury, of Dela- 
 ware, alleged that his opposition to the measure was 
 
 '• For this simple reason, that in my capacity as a senator I will have 
 nothing to do with President-making."' 
 
 Howard, of Michigan. — "'Give us, sir, a live general; give us some man 
 who has talent, who has character and force enough within him to give a 
 
1864.] VlETTS OF LeADIIS'G SE]!^AT0ES. 383 
 
 successful direction to the enthusiasm of the armies of the United States, and 
 who will, if properly supported here, give us victory even upon the Rappa- 
 hannock, and not let us be draggling along under the influences such as have 
 presided over the Army oj" the Potomac for these la^st many tedious and rneary 
 months— an army oscillating alternately between the Rappahannock and the 
 Potomac, defeated to-day and hardly successful to-morrow, with its comman- 
 ders changed almost as frequently as the moon changes its face. Sir, for one 
 I am tired of this ; aud I tell you, and I tell senators here, that the country 
 is getting weary of it." 
 
 DooLiTTLE, of Wisconsin.- — " Grant has won seventeen battles, he has cap- 
 tured one hundred thousand prisoners, he has taken five hundred pieces of 
 artillery, and innumerable thousands of small-arms on all these fields. He 
 has organized victory from the beginning, and I want him in a position 
 where he can organize final victory and bring it to our armies aud put an end 
 to this rebellion." 
 
 Grimes, of Iowa. — "I am the last man wlio would pluck a single leaf from 
 the victor's chaplet that adorns General Grant's brow. But if I comprehend 
 the character of that man, he is a man for action, for field service, for active 
 duty, and not a man for the council chamber. * * =^ j .^jj^ very well sat- 
 isfied that a man can pertVrm the duties of commanding an army just as well 
 with the rank of major-general as with the rank of lieutenant-general. I be- 
 lieve that the pay of six thousand dollars, which General Grant now receives, 
 is adequate to the rank and to the position which he holds, and that it is not 
 necessary for me to assist in running the hands of Congress into the national 
 treasury, for the purpose of giving him between thirteen and fourteen thou- 
 sand dollars a year." 
 
 Sherman, of Ohio. — '^ I only knoic that the Army of the Potomac is now 
 where it icas two years ago : not through any lack of courage in the brave 
 men who are fighting in that army; but for some reason, they have not won 
 the honors of this war. But General Grant and the armies under his com- 
 mand liave won those honors; and I think we should all, frankly and gen- 
 erously, by a unanimous vote, tender them." 
 
 Hale, of New Hampshire. — " Let the people get a suspicion that, from 
 any motives, the due tribute to the gallantry and self-sacrifice, and the great 
 victories which General Grant has won is withheld, that there has been a 
 feeling in favor of withholding from him the due reward of his merit and the 
 prompt and generous acknowledgment of it — let that go abroad, and I tell 
 you, sir, the people will put it right; they will rally, and they will not stop 
 until, over the Senate, and over Congress, they have rendered the highest 
 honors in their power to General Grant. * * * What made General 
 Jackson President of the United States? "What made General Taylor Presi- 
 dent of the United States ?" 
 
 Wilson, of Massachusetts. — " Has not General Grant rendered tran- 
 scendent services to the country ? He has fought seventeen battles 
 for the republic, and won them all ; he has taken more prisoners and 
 
3S-i Lincoln Sends for Grant's Friend. [is64. 
 
 more cannon than ever "Washington or Scott saw on all their battle- 
 fields." 
 
 Fessendex, of Maine. — " I believe that he is a man of high moral quali- 
 ties ; that he not only has physical courage, but moral courage ; that if he 
 had heen at Antietam he would have folloiced the retreativg army at once and 
 demolished it; that if he had been at Gettysburg^ the army of Lee never would 
 have crossed the river, because he would not have consulted those about him, 
 and agreed with them contrary to his own opinion ; he would liave acted, he 
 would have taken the responsibility." 
 
 Garret Davis, of Kentucky. — " General Grant has not achieved his 
 whole work. He is about to enter upon a field of operations comparatively 
 new to him, and what will be the amount and measure of his success nobody 
 can conjecture. I believe that it will be attended with success, and probably 
 with signal success ; but I do not feel enough assurance of those results to 
 create for him the high office of lieutenant-general, which, in my judgment, 
 ought to be instituted only after the war is over, and then as a reward to 
 crown the services and the genius of the best general tliat has appeared in 
 the course of the war." 
 
 The Senate passed the bill, lyith only six dissenting 
 voices. The President used no influence either for or 
 against it ; but, when it was a foregone conclusion, 
 said : — 
 
 ' ' I have never seen Grant. Before I appoint him to the 
 command of the armies, I want to learn all about him. 
 Who of his friends knows him best?" 
 
 Washburne suggested Russell Jones, United States mar- 
 shal for Illinois, and an acquaintance of Lincoln. Jones 
 was thereupon summoned to the capital. A few weeks 
 earlier he had ^vlitten Grant, asking his views about the 
 Presidency, for which many journals were urging him. On 
 his way to the station, he called at the Chicago post-office 
 for his mail, and received a letter in reply. Reaching Wash- 
 ington, he reported himself at the White House, and the 
 chief magistrate asked him many questions. 
 
 Jones. — "Mr. President, perhaps j^ou would like to 
 know whether Grant is going to be a candidate for the 
 Presidency." 
 
 Lincoln. — "I confess I have a little curiosity on that 
 point." 
 
 Jones.— "Well, I have just received a reply from him 
 to my questions on the subject. It is a private letter, but I 
 
1864.] "This Presidential Grub." 385 
 
 see no impropriety in showing it to you, and it will be 
 more satisfactory than any thing I could tell yon." 
 
 The President read the letter. In it Grant said, that 
 nothing was further from his wishes than that high office ; 
 and that, even if he had been ambitious for it, he would 
 not then permit his name to be used, but was for Abraham 
 Lincoln above all men, and under all circumstances. The 
 Commander-in-Chief was much gratified. He said : — 
 
 " I wanted to know; for when this Presidential griib 
 once gets to gnaioing at a man, nobody can tell how far 
 in it has got. It is generally a good deal deeper than he 
 himself supposes." 
 
 Jones left the letter with Lincoln. It is believed to be 
 still among his papers, sealed up in a vault, at Blooming- 
 ton, Illinois. 
 
 The bill being passed, and Grant appointed and con- 
 firmed lieutenant-general, Halleck telegraphed, requesting 
 him to report to the War Department in person. 
 
 Two months earlier Sherman had said in a letter to 
 Grant : — n 
 
 " You occupy a position of more power than Halleck or the President. 
 * * * Do as you have heretofore done, preserve a plain military character, 
 and, let others maneuver as they will, you will beat them not only in fame, 
 but in doing good in the closing scenes of this war, when somebody must 
 heal and mend up the breaches made by the war." 
 
 Now, on the evening before starting for Washington, 
 the General WT:'ote* to Sherman and McPherson — addressing 
 it to the former — a peculiarly warm and generous letter : — 
 
 " Dear General : — The bill reviving the grade of lieutenant-general in 
 the army has become a law, and my name has been sent to the Senate for 
 the place. I now receive orders to report to Washington immediately in 
 person, which indicates a confirmation, or a likelihood of confirmation. I 
 start in the morning to comply with the order. 
 
 " Whilst I have been eminently successful in this war, in at least gaining 
 the confidence of the public, no one feels more than I how much of this 
 success is due to the energy, skill, and the harmonious putting forth of that 
 energy and skill, of those whom it has been my good fortune to have occupy- 
 ing subordinate positions under me. 
 
 * March fifth. 
 
386 Lettee to Sherman and McPheeson. [i864. 
 
 " There are many officers to whom these remarks are applicable, to a 
 greater or less degree proportionate to their ability as soldiers ; but what I 
 want, is, to express my thanks to you and McPherson, as the men to whom 
 above all others I feel indebted for whatever I have had of success. How 
 far your advice and assistance have been of help to me you know. How far 
 your execution of whatever has been given to you to do, entitles you to the 
 reward I am receiving, you can not know as well as I. 
 
 " I feel all the gratitude this letter would express, giving it the most 
 flattering construction. The word yo^t I use in the plural, intending it for 
 McPherson also. I should write to him, and will some day. But starting 
 in the morning, I do not know that I will find time just now." 
 
 Sherman replied from near Memphis : — ^ 
 
 " Dear General : — I have your more than kind and characteristic letter 
 of the fourth instant. I will send a copy to General McPherson at once. 
 
 •* You do yourself injustice, and us too much honor, in assigning to us 
 too large a share of merits which have led to your high advancement. I 
 know you approved the friendship I have ever professed to you, and will 
 permit me to continue as heretofore to manifest it on all proper occasions. 
 
 "You are now Washington's legitimate successor, and occupy a position 
 of almost dangerous elevation. But if you can continue, as heretofore, to 
 be yourself — simple, honest, and unpretending — you will enjoy through life the 
 respect and love of friends, and the homage of millions of human beings, 
 that will award you a large share in securing to them and their descendants 
 a government of law and stability. 
 
 '• I repeat, you do General McPherson and myself too much honor. At 
 Belmont you manifested your traits neither of us being near. At Donelson 
 also you illustrated your whole character. I was not near, and General 
 McPherson in too subordinate a capacity to influence you. 
 
 " Until you had won Donelson, I confess I was almost cowed by the 
 terrible array of anarchical elements that presented themselves at every 
 point; but that admitted a ray of light I have followed since. 
 
 " I believe you are as brave, patriotic, and just, as the great prototype, 
 Wasliington — as unselfish, kind-liearted, and honest, as a man should be. But 
 the chief characteristic is the simple faith in success you have always mani- 
 fested, which I can Uken to nothing else than the faith of a Christian has 
 in the Saviour. 
 
 " This faith gave you victory at Shiloh, and Vicksburg also. When you 
 have completed your best preparations you go into battle without hesitation 
 as at Chattanooga — no doubts, no reserves ; and I tell you it was this that 
 made us act with confidence. I knew wherever I was that you thought of 
 me, and if I got in a tight place you would help me out of it alive. 
 
 "My only point of doubt was, in your knowledge of grand strategy, and 
 
 * March sixteenth. 
 
^^64.] Sherman Sends a Rf:PLY. 
 
 387 
 
 of books of science and history ; but I confess your common sense seems to 
 have supplied all these. 
 
 " Now, as to the future. Don't stay in Washington. Come West. Take 
 to yourself the whole Mississippi valley. Let us make it dead sure. — and I 
 tell you the Atlantic slopes and Pacific shores will follow its destiny, as sure 
 as the limbs of a tree live or die with the main trunk. We have done much ; 
 but still much remains ; and time's influences are with us, we could almost 
 afford to sit still and let these influences work. 
 
 " Here lies the seat of the coming empire, and from the west, when our 
 task is done, we will make short work of Charleston and Richmond, and 
 the impoverished coast of the Atlantic." 
 
 Grant started eastward, accompanied by Rawlins and 
 Com stock of the staff. He traveled by special trains, but 
 tlie people learning of his approach thronged to the stations. 
 At Baltimore, a dense crowd gave him welcome. He shook 
 hands with all whom he could not escape, but said to some 
 who began to talk of politics : — 
 
 " Beyond all things I am determined to avoid politiral 
 demonstrations. My business is with war while it exists. 
 When the rebellion is put down, as it shortly will be, it 
 may be a time for partisanship.'" 
 
 At five p. M., on the eighth of March, he reached Wash- 
 ington, where he had never before spent more than a single 
 day. After a hasty toilet, he entered the long dining-hall 
 at Willard's, and sat down to dinner. A gentleman near 
 by asked his neighbor : — 
 
 "Who is that major-general V 
 
 "Why that is Linutenant-General Grant." 
 
 The news flew from table to table. Up-sprangand out- 
 spoke a Pennsylvania member of Congress : — 
 
 " Ladies and Gentlemen : Tlie hero of Donelson, of 
 Yicksburg, and of Chattanooga is among us. I propose the 
 health of Lieutenant-General Grant." 
 
 Five hundred guests of both sexes were instantly on 
 their feet, cheering, huzzaing, waving handkerchiefs and 
 napkins, and a few enthusiasts dancing wildl3% in reckless 
 disregard of chairs, toes, and crockery. With evident em- 
 barrassment Gi'ant bowed, shook hands with those who 
 crowded around him, and then attempted to return to his 
 muttons. But in vain. He could not take his meal in peace, 
 23e 
 
388 Grant's Reception in Washington. [i864. 
 
 and finally retired abashed before the crowd of loquacious 
 men, and showily-dressed women. 
 
 Late that evening he attended the President' s reception. 
 Lincoln. Seward, and Senator Wilson were standing in the 
 Blue Room, surrounded by guests, when Cameron brought 
 in Grant. The two men who had come from humble life in 
 the West, one to lead the nation and the other the army, 
 scanned each other curiously as they shook hands for the 
 first time. 
 
 After a little conversation the party repaired to the great 
 East Room. There the throng of curious visitors made a 
 rush for the General, fairly driving him to the wall. Seward 
 pulled him upon a sofa, where he bowed his blushing ac- 
 knowledgments. He afterward characterized this recep- 
 tion as the hottest campaign he ever fought. He made the 
 tour of the room with Mrs. Lincoln, and at an early hour 
 returned to his hotel. 
 
 Tlie next day the President, attended by his private sec- 
 retaries and cabinet, and Halleck and Owen Lovejoy, re- 
 ceived him formally. Grant was accompanied only by 
 Rawlins and Comstock of his staff, and his little son Fred. 
 Lincoln greeted him cordially, presented him to the by- 
 standers, and then read the following : — 
 
 " General Grant — The nation's appreciation of what you have done» 
 and its reliance upon you for what remains to be done in tlie existing great 
 struggle, are now presented with this commission, constituting you Lieu- 
 tenant-General in the Army of the United States. With this high honor 
 devolves upon you also a corresponding responsibility. As the country 
 herein trusts you. so, under God, it will sustain you. I scarcely need to add, 
 that with wliat I liere speak for the nation, goes my own hearty personal con- 
 currence."' 
 
 Grant also read his reply, written the evening before, in 
 a public room of the hotel : — 
 
 " Mr. President — I accept the commission, with gratitude for the high 
 honor conferred. With the aid of the noble armies that have fought on so 
 many fields for our common country, it will be my earnest endeavor not to 
 disappoint your expectations. I feel the full weight of the responsibilities 
 now devolving on me ; and I know that if they are met, it will be due to 
 those armies, and, above all, to the favor of that Providence which leads 
 both nations and men." 
 
1864.] Visits the Aemy or the Potomac. 389 
 
 Half an hour' s conversation ended the simple interview. 
 
 Tlie General next visited the army of the Potomac, where 
 Meade, glad to have the weighty responsibility removed 
 from his own shoulders, welcomed him heartily. The corps 
 and division generals calling to pay their respects, also 
 greeted cordially the modest Western commander. 
 
 Before coming East, Grant had urged strenuously upon 
 the Government the adoption of a new policy — perfect co- 
 operation in time and purpose between all our armies, from 
 the coast to the Rocky Mountains, and the striking of heavy 
 blows simultaneously along the entire line, that the enemy 
 might not be able to weaken one point to strengthen an- 
 other. He had recommended the appointment of Sherman 
 or W. F. Smith to the command of the Army of the Poto- 
 mac, and had started for Washington, intending to keep 
 his own head-quarters in the West, and return there shortly 
 to lead a column from Chattanooga to the Atlantic. 
 
 But now, on seeing the Eastern army for himself, he 
 found that there was some prejudice against Smith, and 
 that the appointment of a purel}'- Western general like 
 Sherman would excite sectional jealousy. The same objection 
 existed to his assuming command. Meade, a native of Spain, 
 but educated at AYest Point, was in most respects an excel- 
 lent soldier, and enjoyed a good degree of popularity ; so 
 Grant decided to retain him under his own general direc- 
 tion. In view of tlie old bitter jealousies of that gallant 
 but unfortunate army, this was undoubtedly the wiser 
 mode ; it left the General actuall}^, but not nominally, in 
 charge. Here was to be the crucial test. Here was a post 
 which had proved the grave of many promising military 
 reputations. Said Grant to a friend : — 
 
 "If I had taken command of this army two years ago, 
 I should have been very likely to fail ; but now I have had 
 so much experience as colonel, brigadier-general, and major- 
 general, that I feel entire confidence in myself. McClellan's 
 lack of that was a great cause of his failure ; and any man 
 would have lacked it under the circumstances." 
 
 On the evening of March eleventh, after a consultation 
 with the President and Secretary of War, Grant was ready 
 
390 Enough of the Show Business." [i864. 
 
 to start AVest, wlieii lie received an invitation from Mrs. 
 Lincoln to a military dinner at the White House, given in 
 his honor. Twelve other prominent generals were also to 
 be present. He replied that he trusted she would excuse 
 him, as he must return immediately to Xashville. 
 
 LiNCoLX. — "I don't see how we can excuse you. It 
 would be Hamlet with the Prince left out.'' 
 
 Gkant. — "I appreciate fully the honor Mrs. Lincoln 
 would dome ; but time is precious : and— really — Mr. Pres- 
 ident, I Jiav.e had enougli of tlie sliow business." 
 
 The dinner was sriven, but the Lieutenant-General did 
 not wait for it. He reached Cincinnati on a Sunday morn- 
 ing. His father had sent a carriage to the station for him, 
 and stood waiting at his gate for its return, when up walked 
 the Generiil, carpet-sack in hand, and wearing a plain army 
 overcoat. The driver had failed to lind him. 
 
 On Monday morning he started for Nashville, where he 
 found an order from the War Department, formally assign- 
 ing him to the command of all the forces of the United States, 
 with head-quarters in the field. Halleck was to continue 
 at AVashington as chief of staff of the armies under him ; 
 Sherman to succeed him in command of the ^lilitary Divi- 
 sion of the Mississippi, and McPherson to take Sherman's 
 place at the head of the Army and tlie Department of the 
 Tennessee. Grant had lifted up his lieutenants with him. 
 
 On the way East again. Sherman, summoned by tele- 
 graph, accompanied him from Xashville to Cincinnati for 
 conference. He spent part of another day at his father s, 
 where there were several visitors. Something being said 
 about generals who had ••failed," one of those little 
 pitchers which have long ears, asked : — 
 
 "What is it to fail f 
 
 "Well, my son," replied the Lieutenant-General, "when 
 you try to get a boy down, and camt— that's to fail." 
 
 "I suppose now," said Jesse, " it's ; on to Richmond.' " 
 
 " No ; on to Lee's army." 
 
 " But how r' 
 
 A puff from the cigar and a shrug of the shoulders were 
 the only answer. 
 
1864.] The General begins his Task. 393 
 
 CHAPTER XXX. 
 
 WILDERNESS. 
 
 On the twenty-third of March Grant reached Washing- 
 ton, accompanied by Rawlins, Bowers, Duff, Rowley, Leet, 
 Parker, Badean, Hudson, and Dunn. Dent, Babcock, and 
 Porter, recently-appointed aides, soon joined him. 
 
 The next day he began to reorganize the army for the 
 summer campaign. It was a long task, but, fortunately, 
 he had not risen to the chief command until after sorest 
 trials had educated the country into patient trust in its 
 leaders. Few other generals had so fully deserved this 
 trust. Grant never complained, he never once asked for 
 re-enforcements, but always did cheerfully the best he could 
 with whatever the Government saw fit to give him. 
 
 Some Western soldiers, proud of their unvarying suc- 
 cesses, claimed superiority over their Eastern brethren. The 
 latter were wont to reply : — 
 
 "The Western armies have never fought against the 
 best rebel troops or the ablest generals. Let them face 
 Lee a while and they would sing another song." 
 
 The General himself said : — 
 
 "The Army of the Potomac is a very fine one, and has 
 shown the highest courage. Still, I think it has never 
 fought its battles through." 
 
 He did not mean to have it continue open to that criti- 
 cism. He was preparing it for work. He suppressed three 
 depleted corps, consolidating them with larger ones ; and 
 sent away to other fields half a dozen subordinate generals, 
 in whom Meade lacked confidence — a proceeding which 
 Stanton termed "the slaughter of the innocents." 
 
 A party of ladies asked Mrs. Grant' s opinion of her hus- 
 band' s new responsibilities and prospects. 
 
304 "Mr. Grant ax Obstinate Man." [is64. 
 
 "Mr, Grant has succeeded, tlius far," slie answered, 
 ' ' wherever the Government has placed him ; and he will do 
 the best he can.'' 
 
 "Do yon think he will capture Richmond ?" 
 
 "Yes, before he gets through. 2Ir. Grant always loas 
 a very obstinate man.'' 
 
 To take the rebel capital — that had been the supreme 
 desire of three blood-stained years. A gentleman, wishing 
 to enter the enemy' s lines on business, asked the President 
 for a pass to Richmond. 
 
 " I should be glad to oblige you," replied Father Abra- 
 ham, ' ' but my permits are not respected. I have given a 
 quarter of a million of men passes to Richmond, and not 
 one has ever got there, except as a prisoner of war." 
 
 In a letter * to Senator Henry Wilson, asking the confir- 
 mation of his chief-of-staft' as a brigadier-general, Grant 
 said :— 
 
 " General Rawlins has served with me from the beginning of the rebel- 
 lion. I know he has most richly earned his present position. He comes 
 the nearest being indispensable to me of any otficer in the service. But if 
 his contirmation is dependent on his commanding troops, he shall command 
 troops at once. There is no department commander, near where he has 
 nerved, that would not most ghidly give him the very largest and most re- 
 sponsible command his rank would entitle him to. * * * If he fails to 
 be confirmed, beside the loss it will be to the service and to me personally, 
 I shall feel that, by keeping with me a valuable officer, because he made 
 himself valuable, I have worked liim an injury." 
 
 He wrote to Sherman the same day : — 
 
 " You I propose to move against Johnston's array, to break it up, and go 
 into the interior of the enemy's country as far as you can, inflicting all the 
 damage you can against their war resources. / don't propose to lay doionfor 
 yon a plan of the campaign^ but simply to lay down the routes desirable, 
 and to leave you free to execute in your own way. Submit to me, however, 
 as early as you can, your plan of operations."" 
 
 He visited Butler, who was at Fortress Monroe, com- 
 manding the Army of the James. It was their first meet- 
 ing. Grant, who had kept his plan a secret, began to de- 
 tail it, when Butler interrupted : — 
 
 * April fourth- 
 
1864.] Norther:?^ Peace Party Cxrowing. 395 
 
 " Stop, General, please, and let me tell you what /"think 
 you are going to do." 
 
 Referring to a map upon the wall, he pointed out with 
 minuteness, and, as it afterwards proved, with great accu- 
 racy, what he surmised the movements would be. Grant 
 returned to AVashington with a good deal of respect for 
 Butler's clear-headedness and capacity-. 
 
 Success had become a necessity. The anti-war senti- 
 ment in the Xorth, no longer awed into silence, was grow- 
 ing outspoken and defiant. In Congress, Alexander Long, 
 a representative from Ohio, advocated the recognition of the 
 Southern confederacy in an elaborate argument.* Speaker 
 Colfax moved his expulsion, on the charge of having vio- 
 lated his official oath, and given aid and comfort to the 
 enemy. Several democratic meml^ers partially defended 
 Long, and Harris, of Marj^land, said : — 
 
 "I am a peace man, — for peace, by the recognition of 
 the Southern confederac}'. Laugh as you may, you have 
 got to come to that I" 
 
 The House censured both Long and Harris as "un- 
 worthy members,*' but could not muster a two-thirds vote 
 to expel them. Southern newspapers heralded this as 
 evidence that the North was weary of the conflict. 
 
 But as a counterpoise, five noble Northwestern States — 
 Ohio, Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Indiana — true to the 
 Ordinance of Eighty-seven which secured them to freedom — 
 voluntarily furnished the Government with eighty-five thou- 
 sand men without bounties. They did garrison duty for 
 ninety days, enabling all the veterans to go to the front. 
 Many leading and wealthy citizens carried muskets in this 
 honorable service. 
 
 One da}" the President asked the General : — 
 
 " What do you think of our prospects f 
 
 Grant began to explain his plans, but Lincoln, raising 
 his hand, interrupted : — 
 
 "No, no; don't tell me. Everybody will ask me, 
 and I want to reply that I don't know what your in- 
 
 * April eighth. 
 
396 Lincoln and Graxt Corkespond. [i864. 
 
 tentions are. I oul}^ wish to know 3^0111- opinion of tlie 
 prospects.-' 
 
 Grant modestly replied that he thought them good. He 
 said his two chief purposes were to keep all the troops 
 active, East and West, and, instead of guarcling long lines of 
 communication, to concentrate his supplies near the front, 
 where our soldiers protecting them could be destroying the 
 rebel countrj', and yet free from attack, unless the foe 
 weakened his main army to harass them. After his return 
 to the front, the President wrote him'^ an assuring letter : — 
 
 '' Xot expecting ta see you before the spring campaign opens, I wish 
 to express in this way my entire satisfaction with what you have done 
 up to this time, so far as I understand it. The particulars of your plans I 
 neither know nor seek to know. Tou are vigilant and self-reliant, and, 
 pleased with tliis, I Avish nut to obtrude any restraints or constraints upon 
 you. While I am very anxious that any great disaster or capture of our men 
 in great numbers shall be avoided, I know that these points are less likely 
 to escape your attention than they would mine. If there be any tiling 
 wanting which is within my power to gi\e, do not fail to let me know it. 
 And now, with a brave army and a just cause, may God sustain you !'' 
 
 Grant replied : — 
 
 "' 1 our very kind letter of yesterday is just received. The confidence you 
 exi)res.s fur tlie future, and satisfaction for the past, in my military adminis- 
 tration, is acknowledged with pride. It shall be my earnest endeavor that 
 you and the country shall not be disappointed. From my first entrance 
 into the volunteer service of the country to the present day, I have never 
 had cause of complaint — have never expressed or implied a complaint against 
 the Administration or tlie Secretary of War, for throwing any embarrassment 
 in the way of my vigorously prosecuting what appeared to be my duty. In- 
 deed, since the promotion which placed me in command of all the armies, 
 and in view of the great responsibility and impurtance of success, I have been 
 astonished at the readiness with which every thing asked for has been yielded, 
 without even an explanation being asked. Should my success be less than I 
 desire and expect, the least I can say is. the fault is not with you." 
 
 The three corps constituting the Army of the Potomac 
 were commanded by Hancock, Sedgwick, and Warren. 
 Sheridan, whom Grant had brought from the West, was in 
 
 * April thirtieth. 
 
1864.] What the Gejn'eral deteemixed to do. 397 
 
 charge of all the cavalry. Burnside's splendid Ninth Corps 
 — noAV containing several negro regiments — was brought 
 from Annapolis to participate in the movement. Passing 
 tlirongli Washington, it was reviewed by Lincoln from 
 the balcony of Willard's. The black soldiers greeted the 
 Chief Magistrate A^dtli great enthusiasm, flinging up their 
 caps, shouting and cheering. A shower came up, and by- 
 standers urged the President, who wore a brown linen 
 blouse, to go mthin, that he might not get wet. He replied : 
 
 ''If they can stand it, I guess I can." 
 
 Hitherto — in the words of Grant's final report — our scat- 
 tered armies 
 
 " had acted independently and without concert, like a balky team, no two ever 
 pulling together, enabling the enemy to use to great advantage his interior 
 lines of communication for transporting troops from East to West, re- enfor- 
 cing the army most vigorously pressed, and to furlough large numbers, during 
 seasons of inactivity on our part, to go to their homes and do the work of 
 producing, for the support of their armies. It was a question whether our 
 numerical strength and resources were not more than balanced by these dis- 
 advantages and the enemy's superior position. 
 
 "I therefore determined, first, to use the greatest number of troops pi-ac- 
 ticable against the armed foi-ce of the enemy, preventing him from using the 
 same force at difterent seasons, against first one and then another of our ar- 
 mies, and the possibility of repose for refitting and producing necessary sup- 
 plies for carrying on resistance; second, to hammer continuously against 
 the armed force of the enemy and his resources, until by mei-e attrition, if in 
 no other way, there should be nothing left to him but an equal submission 
 with the loyal section of our common country to the constitution and laws.'* 
 
 Along the whole line for twelve hundred miles, from 
 the Atlantic to the Rio Grande, our forces were to advance 
 simultaneously— Butler up the James, Grant and Meade 
 across the Rapidan, Sigel up the Shenandoah, Averill in 
 West Virginia, Sherman and Thomas from Chattanooga, and 
 Banks wj) the Red River toward Texas. Every column was 
 to be hurled simultaneously upon the foe. 
 
 The heaviest movement, however, must be made against 
 Lee, who had thus far withstood like a rock every assault 
 from the Arnij^ of the Potomac. Grant said to Meade : — 
 
 "Lee's army will be my objective point. Wherever he 
 goes I will go also." 
 
398 "Why He Chose the Overland Route. [isei. 
 
 The rebel chief was at Orange Court-House, a few miles 
 south of Grant. The two armies had not met in battle for 
 nine months. Lee had interior lines and an admirably defen- 
 sible countr}^ with which he was personally familiar. In it 
 his father — "Light-Horse Harry," of the Revolution — had 
 spent the closing years of his checkered life, and Lee him- 
 self had defeated the Union army in two campaigns. His 
 troops had the confidence in themselves born of habitual 
 victory and a Avell-grounded faith in him which the Union 
 Army could not feel in its untried commander. 
 
 Grant was at Culpepper Court-llouse, just north of tht- 
 the scene of Hooker s disastrous failure at Chancellorville, 
 and a few miles from the ground of Burnside's bloody re- 
 pulse at Fredericksburg. His army Avas much larger than 
 Lee's, but it was an army so accustomed to defeat that it 
 fought with the mechanical sturdiness of manhood and mili- 
 tary drill rather than the fiery zeal of predestined victory. 
 
 H(i had determined to move toward Richmond — seventy 
 miles, by the direct or land route — across a heavily- tim- 
 bered countr}', broken by many streams running at right 
 angles with his line of march, and easily held against a su- 
 perior force. Every mile of progress, too, would make the 
 obtaining of supplies harder for him and easier for Lee, 
 
 The line of the James River was in many respects more 
 favorable, but President Lincoln had always believed this 
 the better route, and Grant adopted it because it would en- 
 able him to cover Washirigton, and was the more direct and 
 convenient from the point where he found the arm}'. Had 
 he abandoned Culpepper and gone around to the mouth of 
 the James, it would have left the capital open to Lee for a 
 month, and even if no disaster had followed, the seeming- 
 retreat could not have failed to dispirit his troops. Still, 
 he was not altogetlier sanguine of success, and told his 
 staff and Meade and Butler that in case of failure he should 
 ultimately cross the James and attack Richmond from the 
 south. 
 
 On the evening of Tuesday-, May third, Meade issued or- 
 ders to strike tents, and sent forward the pontoon trains to 
 lay bridges at Ely's Ford and Germania Ford. While 
 
1864.] 
 
 The Army once more ix Motion. 
 
 399 
 
 Culpepper was noisy with rumbling wheels, clattering hoofs, 
 and tramping feet, Grant, Rawlins, and Washburne sat in 
 the head-quarters tent until two in the morning, talking of 
 history, literature, and politics. Then they rolled them- 
 selves in their blankets. The troops started at midnight, 
 marching silently by the light of the stars. 
 
 Next morning, the citizens were surprised to find the 
 
 THE VIRGINIA CAMPAIGN OF 1864. 
 
 arm}^ gone. The General and his staff breakfasted, and gal- 
 loped away from the deserted village. At Germania tliey 
 found the splendid soldiers of Warren and Sedgwick 
 streaming over the Rapidan, in long lines of blue, tipped 
 with shining bayonets and garlanded with starry flags. At 
 Ely's, Hancock's men were crossing, followed by the enor- 
 mous .supply train of four thousand wagons. Before night 
 
400 Battle of the Wilderness Begins. [i864. 
 
 tlie army was south of the river, encamped on the historic 
 tiekl of Chancelloi'ville and around the house to which 
 Stonewall Jackson was borne, mortally wounded. 
 
 At nine o'clock, all lights were put out. Grant, who had 
 feared that the enemy might dispute his passage or fall upon 
 his train, regarded the safe crossing as a great success, and 
 now hoped to find a clear road. His immediate design was 
 to get between the rebel capital and the rebel army, and he 
 had hopes even of crushing that army in one decisive battle. 
 "It was my intention,'' sa3^s his final report, "to fight Lee 
 between Culpepper and Richmond if lie loould stand.'''' 
 
 Lee not only stood but he came. Early on Wednesday, 
 from a high mountain station, his signal officers had notified 
 him that the Union columns were moving. He started 
 on the instant to strike their line of march at a right angle. 
 Grant was facing south ; at dark Lee coming in from the 
 westward, was close upon the national camps in the 
 Wilderness — a great desolate region of worn-out and aban- 
 doned tobacco fields — broken table- land, covered with 
 scraggy oak, sassafras, hazel, and pine. It is intersected 
 by narrow roads and deep ravines, and covered with under- 
 growth so dense that a man on foot penetrates it with diffi- 
 culty, and can see only a few. feet before him. 
 
 Grant did not mean to fight ia this "darkling wood," 
 but early on Thursday morning"^ an orderly came back with 
 intelligence that Warren had encountered the enemy. 
 
 Meade. — " Then the rebels have left a division here to 
 fool us while they concentrate toward the North Anna.*' 
 
 Shortly after came a dispatch from Sheridan's cavalry 
 who were scouring the front. 
 
 Meade. — "They think Lee intends to fight us here." 
 
 Graxt. — "Yery well; let him be attacked vigorously 
 wherever he appears." 
 
 The struggle was soon "vigorous" enough. Artillery 
 could hardly be used in that tangled forest, and infantry 
 had to move in by the compass, but it was soon engaged in 
 the deadliest fighting. 
 
 * May fifth. 
 
1864.] Terrible but Ixdecisive Conflict. 40 1 
 
 Meade planted his head-quarters flag just out of range 
 upon a knoll covered with dry pines, and pitched his tents 
 back in a little open space overlooking an old quartz mill at 
 the foot of a hill. 
 
 The day was intensely hot. In close, stifling ravines, in 
 j ungies of interlacing branches and vines. Death held high 
 carnival. Every advance was into an ambush, where our 
 soldiers found the rebels on their knees, awaiting them. 
 Many received only trivial wounds from flattened bullets, 
 which glanced from the trees ; but thousands were struck in 
 Aungs or stomach, and out of the dark forest began to flow 
 interminable processions, bearing bleeding forms, upon 
 blankets and stretchers. 
 
 By 2 P. M. the entire army was engaged. Under a tree 
 upon the knoll sat Grant, smoking, whittling, and talking 
 quietly. Near him, stood Meade'-— tall, slender, and stoop- 
 ing, wearing spectacles, and looking more the scholar than 
 the soldier — answering dispatches and issuing orders. A 
 rumor came back that the skillful and gallant Hancock was 
 repulsed, and our entire left wing giving way. , 
 
 "I don't believe it," insisted Grant, cutting at a root 
 with his knife. "There must be some mistake about it." 
 
 But finding it impossible to stay in the rear, the chief 
 galloped forAvard to where the battle raged, and rode to and 
 fro, consulting with officers, but giving no orders except 
 general ones to Meade. 
 
 Darkness closed upon an .unfinished battle. Both armies 
 had shown the utmost determination ; both had lost and won 
 much ground over and over again. Lee telegraphed to 
 Richmond, in his usual moderate vein : — 
 
 "By the blessing of God we maintained our position against every 
 eflfbrt, until night, when the conflict closed. We have to mourn the loss 
 of many brave oflScers and men." 
 
 Grant sent no dispatches, but ordered a general attack 
 at half-past three the next morning. At midnight in his 
 
 * In the pages following I speak of the Army of the Potomac sometimes as 
 "Meade's" and sometimes as "Grant's." 
 
402 Second Day — Lee's Narrow Escape. [i864. 
 
 guarded tent lie was awakened by an orderl}^ witli a dis- 
 patch from Meade, saying that at lialf-past three our men 
 could not distinguish each other from the rebels, and sug- 
 gesting six o'clock as a better hour. 
 
 Grant (drowsily). — " Very well, let it be at six.'' 
 
 A Staff Officer. — " Wh}^, General, the sun is an hour 
 and a half high at six o'clock !" 
 
 Grant (rising and walking to get awake), — "True, that 
 will be too late. Instruct Meade to delay the attack until a 
 q[uarter-past four — not a minute later. It is of great impor- 
 tance that loe should begin the battle.'' 
 
 Friday* dawned. Lee, with the same desire to secure 
 for his soldiers the moral effect of the offensive, had likewise 
 ordered a general assault the moment it should be light 
 enough. The result was that Union troops fired the first gun 
 on our left and center, and rebels the first on our right. 
 
 The cloudless da}^ was excessively hot. Both armies 
 had intrenched. Grant's line faced westward, Sedgwick 
 holding the right, Warren the center, and Hancock the left. 
 
 Before nine a. m., Hancock impetuously drove the ene- 
 my for two miles, almost overrunning Lee' s head-quarters. 
 Had he pressed right on he would inevitably have cut the 
 rebel army in twain, and ended the campaign then and there. 
 But in that dense forest he was out of reach of his supports, 
 his flanks were in danger, and he paused to readjust his line. 
 
 Lee, seeing that he faltered, placed himself at the head 
 of a Texan division, to lead a charge and retrieve his des- 
 perate fortunes. The rebels refused to budge a step with 
 their favorite chief thus periling his life, but after he had 
 taken his proper place in the rear, they pushed forward 
 with new-born energy, and drove back the Union column. 
 
 Already, James S. Wadsworth, a leading citizen of New 
 York and a most gallant major-general of volunteers, had 
 had two horses killed under him ; and now he fell, shot 
 through the head. Burnside's corps arrived, after a rapid 
 march, and took a position between Warren and Hancock. 
 The rebels, also, were strengthened by Longstreet's corps, 
 
 ♦ May sixth. 
 
-•^■i] Grant AYiiittles and Smokes. 403 
 
 the advance reaching the ground in season to help drive 
 Hancock back, and the rest during the forenoon. 
 
 There was desperate fighting from morning until niglit. 
 "It was the longest day I ever passed," says one of the 
 spectators. Grant, who was in military undress, without 
 sash or sword, spent it chiefly at Meade' s head- quarters on the 
 knoll, sitting quietly at the foot of a stunted tree, still whit- 
 tling, but when the prospect grew darkest, letting the lire 
 go out and chewing his cigar instead of smoking. There 
 was grave cause for anxiety, but as each new rumor of dis- 
 aster came, he invariably declared that he did not believe 
 it. He said to a journalist : — 
 
 ' ' It has been my experience that though the Southerners 
 fight desperately at first, yet when we hang on for a day or 
 two we whip them awfully." 
 
 In the afternoon the rebels concentrated, and began a 
 vigorous charge to overwhelm Hancock. But at that mo- 
 ment Longstreet and his staff, who had just reached the 
 field, galloped down the road. The confederates, taking 
 them for Union cavalry, fired ux^on them. Longstreet re- 
 ceived a wound in the neck and shoulder, which kept him 
 out of the field for nearly a year. The confusion caused b}- 
 his fall delayed the attack until the Union line was strength- 
 ened, and easily checked it. Hancock' s escape was almost 
 as narrow as Lee' s had been in the morning. 
 
 Warren, Burnside, and Sedgwick likewise did superb 
 fighting through the day, with alternate good and ill for- 
 tune. One regiment rushed out of the woods toward head- 
 quarters, in du'e confusion. Grant sjjrang upon his horse 
 and dashed forward to see what was the matter. It proved 
 that a sudden panic had seized them, and they had become 
 separated from their brigade. 
 
 ' The General directed an aide to have the bridge upon 
 which Burnside' s corps had crossed the Rapidan taken up 
 and brought forward. To a suggestion that it might 3^et be 
 needed, he answered : — 
 
 ' ' One bridge and the ford will be amply sufficient to 
 cross all the men left, if we should have to fall back !" 
 
 At four p. M., during another fierce assault upon our 
 
404 -^ Talk before the Camp Fire. [is64. 
 
 intrenched lines, tlie woods took fire. The smoke and 
 fiames blowing in the faces of our men, compelled them to 
 fall back, and the rebels rushed forward and occupied their 
 -works. After the smoke subsided, our troops retook them, 
 capturing many prisoners. 
 
 Even darkness did not bring quiet. The confederate 
 General Gordon, flinging his division upon our right flank, 
 captured two brigades, and created a panic hitherto un- 
 ■equaled. Surgeons fled from their hospitals in the old 
 quartz mill, and soldiers came running back to head-quar- 
 ters, declaring that all was lost. It was the most alarming 
 moment of the campaign ; but Sedgwick checked the onset, 
 and restored the line. 
 
 Before midnight came yet another alarm, caused by mus- 
 ketry and terrific yells from thousands of throats. Quarter- 
 masters began to strike tents. The General said : — 
 
 "They have broken through Warren's line. I don't 
 know but we shall have to get out of this." 
 
 It proved a voice and nothing more. Gordon, expect- 
 ing an attack where his line was extremely weak, had 
 ordered the yells, to give an exaggerated idea of its 
 strength. 
 
 After midnight, a correspondent who accompanied head- 
 quarters sat by the camp fire, unable to sleep, and wonder- 
 ing sadly if he had followed the chief to the Army of the 
 Potomac only to chronicle his ruin. Looking up, he saw 
 Grant, sitting on the other side of the blaze, his hat slouch- 
 ing so low, and the collar of liis blue overcoat standing so 
 high, that most of his face was hidden. He, too, was 
 buried in thought. Through the long, trying day his 
 serenity had appeared unshaken, but, now that he was 
 alone, nervous shiftings of one leg over the other, and 
 worn, haggard looks, showed how deeply he was moved at 
 the dreadful and seemingly fruitless shedding of blood. 
 
 Still he would not admit, in the profoundest recesses of 
 his heart, that there was any danger of failure. He ex- 
 pressed regrets to his friend at the appalling loss of life, 
 but said that as Lee could choose his own ground, we 
 must fight him wherever we found him — often at great 
 
1^6^] A Leader fouxd at La^t. 
 
 405 
 
 disadvantage, but with absolute certainty of destroying liini 
 at last. After talking until two o'clock, lie went to his cot. 
 The battle of the Wilderness was over, and we had 
 barel}^ held our own. Careless lookers-on doubted whether 
 there Avere more men in the hosi^itals or on the ti^^ld. But, 
 the Union casualties actually footed uj:) far less tlian it was 
 at first expected. The rebels had fought with dauntless 
 courage and tenacity. But in vain was their valor, in vain 
 the skill of their chief. They might, indeed, check tlie Army 
 of tlie Potomac, but never more were they to drive it back. 
 It had found a leader at last I 
 
 During these anxious days, Frank B. Carpenter, the 
 artist, painting "the Signing of the Proclamation." at the 
 White House, asked the Chief Magistrate : — 
 
 "How does Grant impress you as compared with other 
 leading generals T' 
 
 " The great thing about him," answered the President, 
 "is cool 23ersistency of purpose. He is not easily excited, 
 and he has the grip of a bull dog. W//e)i he once gets his 
 teeth in, nothing can shaA-e him o/T." 
 
 Lincoln afterward said that any previous commander 
 of the Army of the Potomac would have fallen back across 
 the Rapidan, at the end of such a contlict. 
 
 At Washington on tliat Frida}' night there was gravest 
 apprehension. The Government having no dispatches from 
 the General, was in complete ignorance of the result of the 
 battle, and even of the Avhereabouts of tlie army. Among 
 other rumors it was reported that the rebel trooper, Stuart, 
 w-as making a raid, cutting off Grant" s communications. At 
 the request of Lincoln and Stanton, Dana, the Assistant 
 Secretary of War, started for the front at midnight by a 
 special train, to report the situation. After he reached 
 Alexandria, a telegram called him back to tlie War Office, 
 where he found the worn President and secretaiy still sitting. 
 
 Lincoln. — "We are afraid to have you go to-night. 
 The danger of your capture is too great." 
 
 Dana.— "Then Fll go home to bed. Good night." 
 
 Lincoln (hesitatingly).— "Are you afraid to make the 
 journey?" 
 24r 
 
406 A Correspondent comes to Grief. [i864. 
 
 Dana. — ''Oh, no. I have a good escort, and two of 
 Sedgwick' s officers, who know every ford of the Rapidan, 
 and every foot of the countr}'." 
 
 Lincoln (to Stanton).— "Then, I guess, we'd better let 
 him go." 
 
 Dana j)ushed forward, and though encountering swarms 
 of strago-lers, and all sorts of rumors, rode up to head- 
 quarters at noon on Saturday, and found Grant and ]\Ieade, 
 not only safe, but at their mid-day lunch of sandwiches. 
 He remained at the front until the end of the campaign. 
 
 Our old friend Cadwallader yearned to supply the 
 K'orth with news, and to make a hit for the New York 
 Herald, which he now served. So he started across the 
 country, carrying two huge sacks of letters from head- 
 quarters, and his own dispatches which contained the 
 names of many thousands of wounded copied from the 
 hospital lists. At midniglit, riding through the forest south 
 of the Rappahannock, unaware of any enemy within miles 
 of him, he was suddenly hit upon the head by the butt-end 
 of a musket and knocked off his steed. The guerriUas 
 had him ! ]S ext morning, however, they encountered a little 
 Union force near Fredericksburg. During the skirmish, by 
 the gift of horse, saddle, bridle, and two hundred dollars in 
 greenbacks, Cadwallader induced the sergeant who had him 
 in charge to look one way while he walked off the other. 
 
 After a day of starvation in the. woods, and a voyage 
 on the Potomac upon an improvised raft, he was picked up 
 by a Union gun-boat, and reached Washington on Sunday 
 night. He had given unwitting comfort to the enemy. 
 The Richmond papers published copious extracts from his 
 lists of killed and wounded, to show how " Grant the But- 
 cher" was slaughtering his own soldiers. 
 
1864] "Not a Retreating Man." 407 
 
 CHAPTER XXXI. 
 
 SPOTTSYLVANIA TO COLU HARBOR. 
 
 During all Saturday the two armies confronted each 
 other, both too much bruised and shattered to attack. They 
 spent the da}^ in removing the suffering and burying the 
 peaceful sleepers, who lay in masses of mingled gray and 
 blue. The soldiers on both sides were sobered, and the 
 most profane forgot their oaths. 
 
 Grant was sending back his wounded to Fredericksburg, 
 and opening roads on his front. The smoke of his cigar was 
 seen on every part of the field, but the smoker was more 
 tacituin than usual. 
 
 In the rebel lines it was believed that our army was fall- 
 ing back. Gordon said to Lee : — 
 
 " I think there is no doubt but that Grant is retreating." 
 
 "You are mistaken," replied the confederate chief, 
 earnestly, "quite mistaken. Grant is not retreating: he 
 is not a retreating man.'''' 
 
 Forward, not back, was the word ! After dark, the tents 
 were struck, and Grant and Meade, with their staffs and es- 
 corts, started along a narrow road, lined with thousands of 
 Hancock's sleeping men. At the sound of tramping hoofs, 
 drowsy soldiers rubbed their eyes and asked : — 
 
 "What's that?" 
 
 Others, recognizing the chief, answered : — 
 
 ' ' That' s Grant ' on to Richmond. ' " 
 
 This waked up the troops. They were not to fall back 
 this time, but actually to go on ! The welcome news was 
 received with a chorus of cheers which, passing from regi- 
 ment to regiment, accompanied the cavalcade for a mile and 
 a half, till the ears of all the riders ached. 
 
 Grant. — " Well, we are at least revenging ourselves on 
 the rebels for their yells of last night." 
 
408 ■ Sheridan Ordered to March. [1864. 
 
 Through the darkness he rode at a brisk gallop, and 
 twice his party ran into hostile pickets, and shots were ex- 
 changed. During a halt our pickets asked one of the head- 
 quarters' party : — 
 
 ' ' Where are you going V ' 
 
 "To Spottsylvania." 
 
 " Then you will have a skrimmage." 
 
 "Why?" 
 
 "Well, nothing, except that there are fifty thousand 
 rebels in front of you. as Sheridan has found out." 
 
 Reaching Todd's tavern, a dilapidated cross-road hos- 
 tlery in the Wilderness, two hours after midnight, the Gen- 
 eral and staff rolled themselves in their blankets and slept 
 on the bar-room floor until daylight."* Then they again 
 moved forward and established head-quarters near Meade 
 at " Piney Branch Church," in a pleasant grove. While 
 they breakfasted under a tree, up rode Sheridan. Grant 
 directed him to start on a raid against Lee's communica- 
 tions with Richmond. He received his orders, touched his 
 hat with a bright smile, leaped upon his horse, and galloped 
 gayly away. 
 
 The Genei'al had ordei-ed the whole ami}* forward. Had 
 it moved promptl}^ it would have reached Spottsylvania be- 
 fore Lee, and interposed between him and Richmond, forcing 
 him to fight for his communications. It had to march only 
 twelve miles, but was delayed by various causes to the sore 
 disappointment of the chief. 
 
 Meanwhile Lee, divining Grant's plan, had already sent 
 his engineers to open roads and prepare fortifications ; and 
 while the Union rear-guard was firing its last gun at the 
 Wilderness, its advance came upon Lee' s troops in front 
 of his new works, three miles from Spottsylvania. 
 
 Fighting began at nine a. m., and lasted through the 
 day. The enemy was driven back, but not until the delay 
 had enabled him to complete his strong works. 
 
 Monday was devoted chiefly to maneuvering, though 
 there was some heavy fighting. Sedgwick on the front of 
 
 * Sunday, May eighth. 
 
1864.] Sedgwick is Killed. 409 
 
 Ms corps, seeing his men dodge at occasional bullets from 
 sharp-shooters, said laughingly : — 
 
 •'Pooh, men. don't duck; they couldn't hit an elephant 
 at that distance." 
 
 As he spoke a bullet pierced his brain, and the veteran 
 fell dead, wearing his usual calm smile. He was perhaps 
 the best soldier in the Arni}^ of the Potomac. Grant re- 
 garded his loss greater in a mere military view than the 
 destruction of an entire division would have been. 
 
 Hundreds of fugitives were pouring into Washington. 
 Four runaway colonels even were taken to the War Depart- 
 ment in irons, and the air was thick with rumors that 
 Grant Avas in full retreat. This afternoon, however, receiv- 
 ing a dispatch from Meade, the President issued the fol- 
 lowing : — 
 
 " To THE Friends of UniojST and Liberty : — 
 
 "Enough is known of the army operations within the last five days to 
 claim our especial gratitude to God. While what remains undone demands 
 our most sincere prayers to and reliance upon Him (without whom all human 
 effort is vain), I recommend that all patriots, at their homes, in their places 
 of public worship, and wherever they may be, unite in common thanksgiving 
 and prayer to Almighty God." 
 
 On Tuesday morning * Meade's line was six miles long. 
 The day saw hard fighting in deep ravines, in dense pine 
 forests, and in pleasant sun-bathed fields. Once the woods 
 took fire, and a number of wounded Avere burned to death. 
 
 Just before dark under a thundering cannonade a charge 
 was made by our entire line. Several rebel works were 
 carried. A Vermont brigade captured an important one, 
 but found itself without supports. The moment Grant 
 heard of it he directed : — 
 
 " Pile in the men and hold the work." 
 
 But before this could be done the brigade had been 
 withdrawn. 
 
 Our forces failed to break the enemy' s main line, but 
 brought back more than a thousand prisoners. Little by 
 little the Union troops were gaining upon the rebels. Grant 
 
 * May tenth. 
 
410 "Fight it Out o^ this Lin"e." [^864. 
 
 kept witli Mm liis lieavy siege trains for attacking Ricli- 
 mond, and replied to all desponding questions: — "We are 
 going through ; there is no douht about it." 
 
 On Wednesday morning,* after an earlj^ breakfast, 
 Washburne, about starting for Washington, stood with the 
 General and staff while his escort was getting ready. 
 
 Washburne. — " What word have you to send f 
 
 Grant.—" None I think, except that we are fighting 
 away here." 
 
 Washburne. — " Hadn't 3-ou better send Stanton just a 
 scratch of the pen V ' 
 
 Grant. — "Perhaps so." 
 
 He stepped into his tent, and, witliout a moment's re- 
 flection, dashed off a note, apparently not even reading it 
 after it was written : — 
 
 " We have now ended the sixth day of very hard fighting. The result, 
 to this time, is much in our favor. Our losses have been heavy, as well as 
 those of the enemy. I think the loss of the enemy must be greater. We 
 have taken over five thousand prisoners in battle, while he has taken from 
 us but few, except stragglers. 1 2))'02)ose tojight it out on this line, if it tal'es 
 all summer.'''' 
 
 At ten that night Washburne delivered tlie note. Stan- 
 ton forwarded it to Dix. " wliose duty it was to deal infor- 
 mation wliich the War Department cut for him," and Dix 
 sent it to the press of the countr}'. It relieved tlie general 
 suspense, and the italicized sentence was received with great 
 enthusiasm. It gave expression to tlie j)opular desire to 
 fight right through to victory, regardless of the cost. 
 
 Wednesday was spent in skirmishing and maneuvering. 
 Thursdaj^* brought a long and desperate battle. Late on 
 the previous night, which was very dark and stormy, Han- 
 cock had massed his corps near the rebel left. At dawn he 
 made a charge in the dense woods. On coming in sight of 
 the enemy's works his troops burst into ringing cheers and 
 broke into a run. They rushed over the abatis and into the 
 breastworks, surprising the rebels at breakfast. 
 
 After brief fighting with bayonets and clubbed muskets, 
 
 * May eleventh. f May twelfth. 
 
^s<54.] Haxcock's splexdid Chaege. 411 
 
 they sent back thirty stands of colors and over three thou- 
 sand prisoners, including two generals — Edward Johnson 
 and George H. Stewart. Hancock had known both in the 
 old army, and he shook hands courteously with Johnson, 
 who said, with tears in his eyes, that he wished death had 
 met him rather than such disaster. His fellow-captive was 
 not in the melting mood. 
 
 HA:^rcocK. — "How are you, Stewart?'' 
 
 Stewart. — ''Sir, I am General Stewart, of the confed- 
 erate army, and. under present circumstances. I decline to 
 take your hand. ' " 
 
 Hais^cock. — " Under any other circumstances, general, I 
 should not have offered it !'' 
 
 To Grant, Hancock wrote : — " I have finished up John- 
 son, and am now going into Early.'' Suiting the action to 
 the word, he pushed forward, and. in the face of sharp re- 
 sistance, captured Early's rifie-pits. 
 
 His corps was now a wedge, inserted between Lee's 
 right and center. If tlie wedge had only been driven home ! 
 This would have made short work of the rebellion. But, 
 unfortunately, Hancock was unsupported, and the enemy 
 rallied and checked him. 
 
 Though heavy rain set in at mid-da3% fierce fighting con- 
 tinued until dark. In five vehement but unsuccessful 
 charges Lee tried to regain his lost ground. Again and 
 again, too, Meade made fruitless attempts to advance. Union 
 and confederate colors were often planted on different sides 
 of the same breastwork. 
 
 At midnight, after twenty hours of obstinate combat, 
 Lee drew back his bleeding columns to his second line of 
 intrenchments. The field, the bloodiest of the war, was 
 literally covered with dead, and showed other evidences of 
 the hardest fighting. The trunk of one tree, eighteen inches 
 in diameter, was entirely cut off by bullets. Grant had lost 
 eight thousand men ; but his army was beginning to acquire 
 a habit of driving the enemy instead of being driven. After 
 dark, he dispatched to Washington : — 
 
 '• The eighth day of battle chases, leaving between three and four thou- 
 sand prisoners in our hands for the day's work, including two general officers. 
 
412 Orders from Meade axd Lee. [isgs. 
 
 ***** -pjjg enemy are obstinate, and seem to have found the last 
 ditch." 
 
 Next morning,* the ni^iin force of the enemy had ftillen 
 back, but there was frequent skirmishing. Once the rebels 
 suddenly poured out of the woods, and almost surrounded 
 a house occupied by Meade. An engineer, familiar with the 
 ground, took him out by a back door, and he safely reached 
 the Lieutenant-General's head-quarters, from which his 
 narrow escape had been seen. 
 
 Graxt (laughing). — '' What's the fuss over there ?" 
 
 Meade. — "Nothing — only they came pretty near catch- 
 ing the commander of the Army of the Potomac." 
 
 The same day Meade issued a congratulatory order to his 
 troops : — 
 
 "For eight days and nights, without almost any intermission, through 
 rain and sunshine, you have been fighting a desperate foe, in positions 
 naturally strong, and rendered doubly so by intrenchments. * * * Now 
 he has abandoned the last intrenched position, so tenaciously held, suffering 
 in all a loss of eighteen guns, twenty-two colors, eight thousand prisoners, 
 including two general officers. * * * Let us return thanks to God for 
 the mercy thus shown us, earnestly ask for its continuance. * * * The 
 enemy must be pursued, and, if possible, overcome. * * * We shall soon 
 receive re-enforcements, which he can not expect." 
 
 The next day, in an order to his soldiers, Lee related that 
 detachments of our army along the Shenandoah, on the Vir- 
 ginia and Tennessee Railway, in Western Louisiana under 
 Banks, at the northern defenses of Richmond under Sheri- 
 dan, and on the south side of the James under Butler, had 
 all been successfully repelled, with the loss of many prison- 
 ers. He concluded : — 
 
 " The heroic valor of this army, with the blessing of Almighty God, has 
 thus far checked the principal army of the enemy, and inflicted upon it heavy 
 losses. * * * Encouraged by tlie success that has been vouchsafed to us, 
 and stimulated by the great interests that depend upon us, let every man re- 
 solve to endure all and brave all ; until, by the assistance of a just and merci- 
 ful God. the enemy shall be driven back, and peace secured to our country. 
 Continue to emulate the valor of your comrades who have fallen, and remem- 
 ber that it depends upon you whetlier they shall have died in vain. It is in 
 
 * Friday, May thirteenth. 
 
1SG3.] How Gkaxt Received a Stranger. 4x3 
 
 your power, under God, to defeat the last great effort of the enemy, establij^h 
 the independence of your native land, and earn the lasting love and gratitude 
 of your countrymen, and the admiration of mankind." 
 
 For several days the armies remaiued quiet, sending 
 back their dead and wounded, and bringing up commissary 
 stores. Grant, too, was receiving re-enforcements. 
 
 A Maine gentleman, present to look after the sick and 
 wounded, found head-quarters in a beautiful open grove. 
 He thus describes his call : — 
 
 " Dismounting and tying mj horse to a sapling, I asked of the guard 
 where I could find an officer who -would introduce me to the General. He 
 replied : — ' No need of any introduction ; just walk in.' I approached the 
 open tent, made the best military salutation at my command — doubtless 
 awkward enough — and asked: 'Is General Grant in ?" • That is my name,' 
 answered a quiet officer sitting on his camp chair, and withdrawing his cigar 
 from his mouth. ' I am all the way from Maine, General, and want to shake 
 hands with you.' ' Well, well, come in — have a seat.' 
 
 " I accepted his invitation only upon his assurance that there was time 
 enough; and sat and talked with him a few minutes, exceedingly gratified at 
 his kindly manner toward a stranger in citizen's dress who came to him 
 without pass or invitation." 
 
 During one of these May evenings, Isaac X. Arnold, of 
 Illinois, was at the White House, when allusion was made 
 to pending attempts to make Grant a candidate for the 
 Presidency. The Union jyeople were for Lincoln ; but 
 many politicians were not. He said to his visitor : — 
 
 "If Grant could be more useful than I in putting down the 
 rebellion, I would be quite content. He is fulh' committed 
 to the policy of emancipation and employing negro soldiers ; 
 and ^vith this policy faithfully carried out, it will not make 
 much difference who is President." 
 
 Meade suggested that Hancock's corps, by attacking 
 again on our right, might break the enemy's line. The 
 General — who never discouraged any promising project — - 
 replied : — 
 
 ' ' Very well ; let him trj'. ' ' 
 
 At dawn, on tlie eighteenth, the attempt was made. Han- 
 cock' s men did all that men could do ; but Avere compelled 
 to retire with a loss of twelve hundred. Grant — exceedingly 
 
414 The Feelixg ix Meade's Army. [is64. 
 
 tender hearted in spite of the favorite epitliet of the enemy 
 — was deeply grieved at the sacrifice ; but Meade said, truth- 
 fully :- 
 
 " AVe can't do these things without risks — without heavj^ 
 losses." 
 
 The chief fully comprehended this, and his faith in the 
 final result never faltered. Many men and some officers, 
 approving of his fighting policy, said triumphantly : — 
 
 •• Lee no longer commands this army. It is under a gen- 
 eral now who don't take orders from him." 
 
 But there were others who declared : — 
 
 " Grant finds his match at last. He encounters different 
 troops and a difterent commander from those he met in the 
 West." 
 
 The Army of the Potomac fought splendidly and un- 
 fiinchingiy. There was no conspicuous disloyalty ; and yet 
 something of the old feeling yet lingered— the feeling that 
 Grant was only a lucky general, who had climbed up by 
 the shoulders of Sherman and McPherson ; and that Lee was 
 a great chieftain, certain to accomplish what he attempted. 
 
 Through this entire campaign, our arm}^ faced the West 
 M'ith its right toward AVashington, and its left toward Rich- 
 mond. On the afternoon of the nineteenth Lee tried the 
 flanking game. Ewell' s corps got in the rear of the Union 
 right, and assaulted vigorously, but Avas repulsed with 
 heavy loss. The hammer was beginning to tell. Xever 
 afterward did tlie enemy leave his breastworks to attack, 
 except in one or two desperate cases. 
 
 On the night of May twenty-first, the national army left 
 Spottsylvania and continued the movement toward onr left, 
 reaching the Xorth Anna on the afternoon of the twenty- 
 third.* The vigilant Lee, anticipating this, had pushed for- 
 ward upon his shorter line, and a.gain confronted it. 
 
 Grant threw his troops across the river, Warren's men 
 building a bridge of boards and timbers which they had cut 
 
 * That night Stanton telegraphed to the Xortheru press that hea%-y re-enforce- 
 ments had been forwarded to Grant: twenty thousand sick and wounded from the 
 fields received at the Washington hospitals: over eight thoasand rebels at the 
 prison depots, and much captured artiUerv at the seat of Government. 
 
1864.] ShERIDAIS' WITHIN THE EnEMY'S Li^'ES. 4-15 
 
 out in a captured rebel saw-mill. A thousand prisoners 
 were captured, but Lee held a salient extending down to 
 the stream in the form of a letter V, and could not be 
 dislodged from it without great sacrifice of life. Grant fell 
 back, therefore, to the north bank, and a little quiet fol- 
 lowed. 
 
 On the twenty-fifth Sheridan rejoined the arm}^ after 
 sixteen days spent in "smashing things" within the ene- 
 my's lines. From the beginning, the cavalry of the Army 
 of the Potomac had been notoriously inefiicient. The in- 
 fantry jeered at it, and Hooker offered twenty-five dollars for 
 the body of any trooper killed in a fight. When Sheridan 
 took charge, he found it improved, but still engaged chiefly 
 in picket and guard duty. He very soon gave it new char- 
 acter. He kept it protecting the flanks and scouring the 
 front of our army and harassing the enemy. 
 
 On cutting loose from Spottsylvania, he was in his ele- 
 ment. He loved work, and the noise of flghting kindled in 
 his face the expression of enjoyment which most counte- 
 nances wear on hearing a good story. He captured supply 
 trains, tore up railways, released four hundred Union 
 prisoners, and at Yellow Tavern, within six miles of Rich- 
 mond, * defeated a large cavalry force, and mortally wounded 
 J. E. B. Stuart, Lee' s ablest and most daring cavalry leader, 
 and an eye-sore to the Army of the Potomac. 
 
 Sheridan pursued the routed rebels into the defenses of 
 Richmond, capturing a section of artillery and a hundred 
 prisoners. His ofiicial report adds : — 
 
 " For the balance of the day we collected our wounded, buried our dead, 
 grazed our horses, and read the Richmond papers : two small news-boys 
 having, with commendable energy, entered our lines and sold them to tlie 
 officers and men." 
 
 Moving with great skill and daring — destroying bridges 
 behind him and building them in front — he reached 
 Haxall's, on the James ; communicated with Butler, rested 
 for several days, and started back. After amusing himself 
 on the road by destroying another long stretch of railway 
 
 * May eleventh. 
 
416 Grant withdraws from North Ai^na. lIsgi. 
 
 near Hanover, here lie was again. He had kept Lee's 
 cavahy utterly unable to molest onr supply trains, made 
 his arm of the service, for the first time, a terror to the 
 enemy, and cleared the road for a new advance. 
 
 Grant withdrew at night * from North Anna, and moved 
 forward, flanking again. Sheridan was not allowed a day' s 
 rest. At noon, on the twenty-seventh, he held the crossing 
 of the Pamunkey at Hanovertown, fifteen miles north of 
 Richmond, and built a pontoon bridge, upon which the 
 army crossed during that day and the next. In anticipation 
 of this, supplies had already come up by steamers to White 
 House, on the Pamunkey. 
 
 On Sunday, the twenty-ninth, our army again found 
 Lee upon its front ; and there was heavy skirmishing that 
 day and the next, as he slowly fell back. 
 
 On the thirtj'-first. Sheridan, on the advance, encountered 
 stubborn resistance near Cold Harbor. Grant, receiving- 
 word that he was very hard pressed, directed him to hold 
 the position at all hazards. So he threw up intrenchments, 
 and fought sturdily until the next morning, when the 
 infantry arrived to relieve him. 
 
 Head-quarters were established at Cold Harborf — an old 
 tavern, under a spreading catalpa — at the crossing of two 
 roads, twelve miles from Richmond, and near the ground 
 where McClellan and Lee had fought at Gaines's Mill, two 
 years before. 
 
 Grant attacked Lee:}: to drive him south of the Chicka- 
 hominy. The troops charged gallantly across an open field 
 and through a strip of woods, taking a line of rifle-pits and 
 several hundred prisoners. Further to our right they also 
 effected a lodgment, but the pitiless fire from a redoubt on 
 the enemy's second line, compelled them to abandon it. Hot 
 work continued during the afternoon and night. Grant lost 
 two thousand men ; Lee fewer, as breastworks protected him. 
 
 * May twenty-sLxth. 
 
 f Often written -'Coal Harbor,'' and "Cool Arbor." But in England, cold har- 
 bor was once a common name for a place by the roadside afifording shelter, but no 
 fire. 
 
 :]: June first. 
 
1864] Terrible Fighting at Cold Harbor. 417 
 
 The next day was spent in posting troops and performing- 
 sad duties for the dead and wounded. At dawn on the 
 third Grant assaulted again along the entire front. At many 
 points our men pushed the enem}^ out of his first works ; 
 but he rallied and drove them back, capturing prisoners 
 and colors. The hot portions of the battle lasted only a few 
 minutes, but proved terribly destructive. Lee, fighting be- 
 hind breastworks, possessed great advantages. It was the 
 most discouraging conflict of the year. Grant had merely 
 ordered the assault, leaving details to Meade. There seems 
 to have been no proper study of the ground or arrange- 
 ment for supports— only the blind hurling of one corps at 
 a time against the enemy. One of Hancock's divisions 
 broke the rebel line, but finding itself without supports, 
 had to withdraw. Ten thousand men to help follow up 
 the advantage, Avould have brought victory instead of defeat. 
 
 At a later hour, Meade ordered each corps commander 
 to renew the attack, without reference to the troops on his 
 right or left. But the men, willing to fight Avhen fighting 
 could avail, did not mean to give their lives for nothing, and 
 when the hour came they did not move. 
 
 Grant, in his final report, says of the day s battle :— 
 
 "Our loss was heavy, while that of the enemy, I have reason to believe, 
 was comparatively light. It was the only general attack made, from the 
 Rapidan to the James, which did not inflict upon the enemy losses to com- 
 pensate for our own. I would not be understood as saying that all previous 
 attacks resulted in victories to our arms and accomplished as much as I liad 
 hoped, but they inflicted upon the enemy severe losses, which tended in the 
 end to the complete overthrow of the rebels." 
 
 The army intrenched, in the face of the defiant foe, and 
 days of desultory skirmishing ensued. The confederates 
 made two night attacks, but both were repulsed. Once there 
 was an armistice of two hours, to bury the dead and remove 
 the wounded from the bullet-swept space between the lines. 
 
 A few days ended the fighting of the "overland cam- 
 paign." An official abstract of Meade' s morning reports.for 
 April, 1864, made up in the Adjutant-GeneraFs office, 
 shows that his aggregate force "present" at the outset 
 numbered one hundred and twenty-two thousand four 
 
418 Relative Strength of Grant and Lee. [i864. 
 
 hundred and eighty-six. Deducting those on special service, 
 sick, and under arrest, the officers and men, "present for 
 duty, equipped,*' were eighty-nine tliousand seven hundred 
 and thirty-seven. The return of Burnside's Xinth Coi-ps, 
 for the same month, shows its numbers ' ' present ' ' to have 
 heen twenty thousand four hundred and forty-four, but does 
 not state how many of these were "present for duty, equip- 
 ped." If his proportion of men unavailable for battle was 
 the same as Meade's, he had fourteen thousand nine hun- 
 dred and seventy-eight bearing muskets. One division of 
 these, numbering about four thousand, was with the wagon 
 train until the army reached tlie James. Grant's eflfective 
 force, tlierefore, after Burnside came up, in the Wilderness, 
 did not A^ary more than a few hundred either way from one 
 hundred and two thousand men. 
 
 Lee's official field return, dated April twentieth, 1864, 
 shows that his aggregate numbers ' ' present ' ' — exclusive of 
 Longstreet's corps and Hoke's division, and two of Ewell's 
 regiments, all detached and not reported — were sixty-two 
 thousand eight hundred and twenty-five. Deducting those 
 on special service, sick, and under arrest, the officers and 
 men present and available for battle were fifty-four thou- 
 sand two hundred and fifty -six. 
 
 It is believed that this force was materially increased 
 before Grant crossed the Rapidan ; but I find no official 
 statement showing how much. Longstreet came up in the 
 Wilderness with nineteen thousand effectives. Lee's army 
 to Grant's, therefore — without estimating other re-enforce- 
 ments — was as seventy- three to a hundred and two. 
 Whether this dis23arity, in view of Lee' s thorough familiar- 
 ity with the country, and his fighting generally on the 
 defensive and often in strong intrenchments, gave Grant 
 any advantage over him, is a question which every reader 
 must answer for himself. 
 
 The sweet spring days had been days of harvest for the 
 great Reaper. Still the frowning walls of the confederacy 
 showed no rent nor seam ; and still the tireless arm was 
 "hammering away." Which would break first, the granite 
 or the hammer ? 
 
1864] Lincoln's View of the Situation. 4x9 
 
 CHAPTER XXXII. 
 
 BEFOEE PETERSBURG. 
 
 During the long June days, while Grant confronted Lee 
 at Cold Harbor, Meade had the misfortune to excite the ire 
 of the journalists. A Philadeljihia correspondent wrote, 
 that on the second night of the Wilderness battle he would 
 have retreated had not Grant prevented it. Meade, with 
 natural anger at this injurious statement, arrested its author, 
 and, after compelling him to ride through the camps bearing 
 the placard, "J. Libeler of the Press,'' ^ expelled him from 
 the army. 
 
 Other journalists, though not at all excusing the offender, 
 were so indignant at this degrading penalty, that by common 
 impulse, both those in the field and those at AVashington 
 omitted Meade's name for months from all their dispatches. 
 If he issued an order, they spoke of it merely as " from 
 head-quarters." If he directed a movement, they gave 
 credit to the officer commanding in person. A stranger 
 reading the papers would have been almost ignorant of 
 Meade's existence. 
 
 One day the Lieutenant- General told the President that 
 he proposed to keep Lee in the vicinity of Richmond, while 
 Sherman marched, destroj'ing the confederacy. 
 
 Lincoln. — "I don't know much about military techni- 
 calities, but, as near as I can understand, you propose to 
 hold the leg, while Sherman takes off the skin !" 
 
 Grant. — "Yes, that's exactly what I mean." 
 
 A national convention of the Union republican party 
 met at Baltimore to select a Presidential candidate. In vain 
 did the politicians labor for Chase, and other eminent lead- 
 ers ; the people loould have their favorite. When the roll 
 was called, every State but one cast its entire vote for Abra- 
 ham Lincoln. The Missouri delegation — under instructions 
 
420 Graxt Cha:n'ges his Ba8e to the James [^ss4. 
 
 from their radical constituents, who fancied that the Presi- 
 dent had not supported them zealously against the conser- 
 vatives of the same party ^gave their votes for Grant ; but 
 afterward changed them, making Lincoln's nomination 
 unanimous. 
 
 A rumor was mentioned to the General that McClellan 
 would be ordered to duty under him. He replied :— 
 
 •' I would as soon have him for a corps commander as 
 any officer I know." 
 
 Grant's final report says : — 
 
 " My idea from the start had been to beat Lee's army north of Richmond, 
 if possible ; then, after destroying communications north of the James River, 
 to transport the army to the south side and besiege Lee in Richmond, or fol- 
 low him soutli if he should retreat." 
 
 It had not proved ''possible;" so, leaving Warren to 
 hold Lee by a vigorous show of attacking, on the night of 
 Sunday. June twelfth, Meade' s troops moved swiftly across 
 the Chickahominy, and over ground familiar to the sur- 
 viving veterans of McClellan' s sanguinary battles. 
 
 This most skillful and difficult of all the flanking move- 
 ments completely surprised Lee. At lirst he supposed it a 
 blow against Richmond from the north side. The moment 
 he discovered that it was not, he fell back into the city. 
 
 After a marcli of fifty-live miles, Avliich occupied two 
 days, our troops were across the peninsula, and struck the 
 James near Charles City Court-House. The pontoons were 
 laid, and Grant directed Meade to push Hancock forward 
 to aid Butler's army in surprising and capturing Peters- 
 burg — an important point at the head of navigation on the 
 Appomattox, twenty-two miles from Richmond, and the 
 focus of all the railways entering it from the south. He 
 telegraphed to Halleck on the fourteenth : — 
 
 " Our forces will commence crossing the James to-day. The enemy shows 
 no signs of yet having brought troops to the south side of Richmond. I will 
 have Petersburg secured, if possible, before they get there in much force. 
 Our movement from Cold Harbor to the James River has been made with 
 great celerity, and, so far, without loss or accident." 
 
 Abraham Lincoln replied with his own hand : — 
 
1864.] Smith's Failure at Petersburg. 421 
 
 " I have just received your dispatch of one p. m. yesterday. / hegin to 
 see it. You will succeed. God bless vou all !" 
 
 Butler's orders were, to take Petersburg immediately. 
 At seven p. m., on the fifteenth, W. F. Smith attacked the 
 northeast defenses, capturing a line of rifle-pits and several 
 field-pieces, and dashing into the main works, where he 
 secured three ]iundred prisoners and sixteen guns, 
 
 Smitli, spending a large portion of the day in reconnoiter-' 
 ing the enemy's position, had deferred his attack until that 
 late hour. Hancock also was seriously delayed on the 
 south bank of the James Rirer. awaiting rations for his 
 hungry men, but when once he started he moved rapidly 
 and was soon at the front. Being unacquainted with the 
 region, he waived rank, and placed his corps under Smith's 
 orders. It was bright moonlight, but Smith was ignorant 
 of what lay beyond the captured works, and with a lack 
 of continuous enterprise marvellous in so brilliant a soldier, 
 he halted. He might have gone straight into Petersburg ! 
 
 Not only did he spend the night there, but the next 
 morning he even waited for his men to breakfast. Th(m it 
 was too late. Lee, learning by telegraph of his assault, 
 instantly put every car to be found in Richmond upon the 
 railway, and spent the night in throwing forward his troops 
 to Petersburg. The next morning, from the strong fortifica- 
 tions, his veterans made our second attempt an utter failure. 
 
 At six that evening, Grant having returned from the 
 Army of the Potomac, which he had gone back to hurry 
 up, Meade attacked again with two corps. Fighting con- 
 tinued through the night, with the capture of a few rebel 
 works, some artillery, and four hundred prisoners, but 
 without any decisive result. The remainder of the army 
 coming up, the attempt was renewed on the seventeenth 
 and eighteenth : but it proved impossible to dislodge Lee, 
 and our bafiled army sat down before Petersburg. 
 
 Grant was sorely disappointed. Butler — a volunteer 
 
 officer — on first approaching the Qiiy, had given up his own 
 
 project for attacking on the nortli side, in deference to the 
 
 earnest counsel of two West Point subordinates. Actuallj", 
 
 25k 
 
422 BuTLEE "i^^ A Bottle, strongly Corked." [i864. 
 
 only two rebel regiments defended the town on that side, 
 and it could have been carried easily. Shortly afterward 
 the rallying enemy drove Butler back into his works, within 
 the triangle betAveen the James and the Appomattox, and 
 intrenched strongly upon his front, protecting the railway 
 and the city. Of his position, thus cribbed, coffined, and 
 confined. Grant's final report says : — 
 
 '' His army, therefore, though in a position of great security, was as com- 
 pletely shut off from further operations directly against Richmond, as if he 
 had been in a bottle strongly corked. It required comparatively a small 
 force of the enemy to hold him there." 
 
 The expression ' ' bottled up ' ' had been frequently ap- 
 plied to Butlers condition. It did not originate with the 
 chief, but he used it as the most fitting. 
 
 Just after the Lieutenant- General arrived, Lee withdrew 
 a part of his troops from Butler's front to help defend 
 Petersburg. The rebel regiments which were to replace 
 them did not get in promptly, and Butler pushed for- 
 ward, tearing up half a mile of railway. Grant directed 
 him to hold the position at whatever cost, and gave orders 
 to throw in the whole army if necessary. But on the after- 
 noon of the seventeenth the rebels rallied and recaptured 
 their works. We never again broke their line between 
 Petersburg and Richmond, until just before the final sur- 
 render. 
 
 Since starting from Culpepper Court-House, Grant's 
 losses had been heavy, but he had inflicted incalculable 
 injury upon the enemy in killed and wounded, besides 
 capturing thirteen thousand prisoners. Rebel journal- 
 ists, whistling to keep their courage up, exaggerated enor- 
 mously the number of his casualties, but regarded him in 
 their hearts as a relentless Fate, whose brooding shadow 
 covered, inch by inch, more and more of their political 
 firmament. 
 
 Northern peace editors echoed their statements, and de- 
 clared the change of base to the James a confession of the 
 failure of Grant's plan, and the wisdom of McClellan's, at- 
 tempted two years" earlier. But friend and foe alike 
 
1864.] HeAD-QuAETEES AT CiTY PoiXT. 423 
 
 conceded that lie had conducted his marching and flanking 
 movements with rare skill. During much of the time, he 
 supplied more than a hundred thousand soldiers over roads 
 so narrow that one wagon could not pass another, yet his 
 men never suffered for food, nor did he lose a single wagon. 
 
 He now established his head-quarters on the promontory, 
 at the junction of the Appomattox and the James, known 
 as City Point. There they were to remain nine months. 
 AVharves and storehouses were built, and fleets of trans- 
 j)orts brought up supplies, ammunition, and bountiful stores 
 from the Sanitary and Christian commissions. 
 
 For a few days there was active work. The rebels at- 
 tacked north and south of the James, but were easily re- 
 pulsed. They fell upon Sheridan — on his return from tearing 
 up railways near Gordonsville, and fighting Wade Hamp- 
 ton' s cavalry — but, as usual, found him an ugly customer, 
 and were glad to withdraw after losing five hundred prison- 
 ers. They attacked another cavalry general — J. H. Wil- 
 son — who had been destroying the Weldon, Southside, and 
 Danville raih'oads, with better fortune. They captured his 
 artillery and supply wagons, many prisoners, and a large 
 number of negroes who were following him — but not until 
 he had punished them severely, and had so broken their 
 railways that it took two months to re-open them. 
 
 An infantry movement by Meade to grasp and hold the 
 Weldon road was repulsed, after hard fighting. The enemy, 
 getting into a gap between two corps of the Union army, 
 captured standards and guns, and twenty-five hundred pris- 
 oners, compelling the contraction of our left, and placing us 
 on the defensive there for several weeks. 
 
 A lull followed. After two months of terrible work the 
 old troops wanted rest, and the re-enforcements required 
 disciplining. On Grant's right, near Petersburg, he had 
 already begun siege operations, and it was understood about 
 head-quarters that no more general assaults would be made 
 until the strength of the army should be greatly augmented. 
 An officer writes of the early days of July : — 
 
 "Captains were sometimes commanding regiments, and majors brigades. 
 
424 A Letter from Winfield Scott. [i864. 
 
 The men, missing the familiar forms and voices tliat had led them to the 
 charge, would complain that thev had not their old officers to follow. More 
 than one leader of a storming party was forced to say, as he came back from 
 an unsuccessful attempt against the outworks of Petersburg, "My men do 
 not charge as they did thirty days ago." 
 
 The enemy meant to fight in future only behind strong 
 intrenchments, and Grant said: — "To take such is a work 
 of time, or else involves terrible destruction of human life." 
 He reminded Northern friends that nearly all the rebel 
 forces were now in two grand armies, both besieged, and 
 neither daring to risk a battle outside of their fortifications ; 
 that the enemy had put his last man in the field— that 
 every day his troops were deserting, dying of disease and of 
 wounds, and being captured, and that their loss could never 
 be replaced. He added :— 
 
 " If the rebellion is not perfectly and thoroughly crushed, 
 it will be the fault and through the weakness of the people 
 of the North. Be of good cheer, and rest assured that all 
 will come right." 
 
 The veteran Winfield Scott, who still held the brevet 
 rank of lieutenant-general, knew from experience in his 
 younger days the embarrassments of an officer in the field, 
 and would not be used to increase them. In July he wrote 
 from West Point to Washburne : — 
 
 " I heard, a short time ago, that some one had informed Lieutenant-Gen- 
 eral Grant that I had spoken sliglitly of him as an officer. As it is probable 
 that your frank may enable tliis letter to reach him, I beg leave to say 
 through you, that I have never uttered an unkind word about him. 
 
 " The inquiry has frequently been addressed to me, ' Do you know Gen- 
 eral Grant?' I have answered that he made the campaign of Mexico with 
 me, and was considered by me, and I suppose by all his brothers in commis- 
 sion, a good officer, and one who attained special distinction at MoHno del 
 Rey. Of his more recent services, I have uniformly spoken in terras of the 
 highest admiration, and added that, in my opinion, he had richly earned his 
 present rank. I hope he may speedily put down the rebellion." 
 
 Lee always had an itching to invade the North. In des- 
 perate straits hitherto, he had forced the Army of the Poto- 
 mac to fall back and cover Washington whenever he 
 threatened it. Longstreet states that he frequently spoke of 
 
1864.] Eakly Ixvades Maeylaxd. 425 
 
 "swapping queens"" witli Grant — capturing the national 
 capital and uncovering Richmond to his adversary ; but 
 that Jefferson Davis would never permit it. 
 
 XoAv he improved the lull by detaching Early, who, 
 passing down the Shenandoah Yallej^, entered Maryland, 
 cutting railways; capturing trains between Baltimore and 
 Philadelphia ; compelling Hagerstown to pay tribute to 
 him ; and defeating a Union force on the Monocacy nine 
 thousand strong. He threatened Baltimore ; burned houses 
 five miles from AVashington, and even had a skirmish at the 
 outer fortifications of the capital. Had he dashed in promptly 
 Avith his Avhole force, he might have held the seat of Govern- 
 ment for a few hours, and secured immense prestige for the 
 rebels with foreign nations. 
 
 The panic he caused brought a strong 23ressure wpoii 
 Grant to induce him to move his army at once to Washing- 
 ton. But Lee was dealing with a new man. The Lieutenant- 
 General detached one of Meade's corps, and ordered another 
 Avhich had just reached Fortress Monroe from Xew Orleans, 
 to the defense of the capital, but he did not budge from 
 City Point. A corresj)ondent visiting head-quarters, found 
 him strolling among the tents, his thumbs in the arm-holes 
 of his waistcoat, and his face serene as ever. 
 
 Ax Aide. — •• They are having a little scare in the North. 
 It will do them good." 
 
 JouKXALiST. — ''How large a force have the rebels in 
 Maryland f' 
 
 Aide. — '"Twenty-five to thirty thousand — raked and 
 scraped from all their troops outside of Richmond. They 
 will not affect operations here. Lee expected to send 
 Grant post-haste to Washington, but this siege will go 
 on.'" 
 
 Early, finding himself in danger, and unable to move the 
 obstinate Lieutenant-General, returned to Virginia Avitli an 
 immense train of horses, cattle, hogs, sheep, and wagons 
 loaded with grain, groceries, and clothing. He also carried 
 away two hundred thousand dollars — a forced contribution 
 from the people of Fredericksburg, Maryland, to save their 
 town from the torch. But our troops fell upon his rear at 
 
426 GetvTEeal McPherson is Killed. [^864. 
 
 Winchester, and after a sliarp figlit, captured four pieces 
 of artillery and several hundred prisoners. 
 
 Sir Charles Napier once "wrote, on the eve of iDattle : — "If 
 I survive I shall soon be with those I love ; if I fall, I shall be 
 with those I have loved." A prized and trusted lieutenant 
 of the General now joined those he liad loved. McPherson 
 was always upon the front when battle raged ; again and 
 again his large form and his splendid black charger had 
 made him the mark of sharp-shooters. On the twenty-third 
 of July, fighting under Sherman near Atlanta. Georgia, 
 Avhile riding alone in the woods he suddenly came upon a 
 party of rebels. Turning his steed and striking in the spurs, 
 he smilingly touched his hat to the enemy. A dozen ritles 
 replied, one minie-ball passiug through him near the heart. 
 He hardly spoke afterward, and in less than an hour he was 
 dead. Sherman burst into tears at the sight of his lifeless 
 form. Grant, learning of his death, exclaimed : — 
 
 " The country has lost one of its best soldiers, and" (his 
 voice breaking and his eyes filling) " I have lost my best 
 friend." 
 
 McPherson, only thirty-five, had won the hearty love of 
 the army and the country. He was a member of the Meth- 
 odist church, and brought no discredit upon his profession. 
 He was the most courteous and gentle of men, never pro- 
 fane, never countenancing plunder or lawlessness. Tliree 
 months before his death, he was to have married a young 
 lady in Baltimore, but dut}^ had kept him in the field. 
 
 The General received a touching letter, written from 
 Clyde, Ohio, on the third of August : — 
 
 " I hope you will pardon me for troubling you with the perusal of these 
 few lines from the trembling hand of the aged grandmother of our beloved 
 General James B. McPherson, who fell in battle. When it was announced 
 at his funeral, from the public prints, that wlien General Grant heard of his 
 death he went into his tent and wept like a child, my heart went out in 
 thanks to you for the interest you manifested in him while he was with 
 you. 
 
 " I have watched his progress froni infancy up. In childhood he was 
 obedient and kind ; in manhood interesting, noble, and persevering, looking 
 to the wants of others. Since he entered the war, others can appreciate his 
 worth better than I can. 
 
1864.] Letter from His Aged Grandmother. 427 
 
 "When it was announced to us by telegraph that our hived one had 
 fallen, our hearts were almost rent asunder ; but when we heard the com- 
 mander-in-chief could weep with us too, we felt, sir. that you have been as 
 a father to him ; and this whole nation is mourning his early death. I wish 
 to inform you that his remains were conducted by a kind guard to the very 
 parlor where he spent a cheerful evening in 1861, with his widowed mother, 
 two brothers, only sister, and his aged grandma', wlio is now trying to write. 
 In the morning he took his leave at six o'clock, little dreaming he should fall 
 by a ball from the enemy. 
 
 " His funeral services were attended in his mother's orchard, where his 
 youthful feet had often pressed the soil to gather fruit, and his remains are 
 resting in the silent grave, scarce half a mile from the place of his birth. His 
 grave is on an eminence but a few rods from where tlie funeral services were 
 attended, and near the grave of his father. The grave, no doubt, will be 
 marked, so that passers-by will often pause to drop a tear over the dear de- 
 parted. 
 
 "And now, dear friend, a few lines from you would be gratefully received 
 by the afflicted friends. I pray that the God of battles may be with you, 
 and go forth with your armies till the rebellion shall cease, the Union be re- 
 stored, and the old flag wave over our entire land. 
 
 " With much respect, I remain your friend. 
 
 •' Lydia Slocoi. 
 " Ased eighty-seven years and four months." 
 
 He replied, on the tenth of August : — 
 
 " Dear Madam : — Your very welcome letter of the third instant has 
 reached me. I am glad to know the relatives of the lamented Major-General 
 McPherson are aware of the more than friendship existing between him and 
 myself. A nation grieves at the loss of one so dear to our nation's cause. It 
 is a selfish grief, because the nation had more to expect from him than from 
 almost any one living. I join in this selfish grief, and add the grief of per- 
 sonal love for the departed. He formed for some time one of my military 
 family. I knew him well, and to know him was but to love him. 
 
 " It may be some consolation to you, his aged grandmother, to know that 
 every ofticer and every soldier who served under your grandson felt the 
 highest reverence for his patriotism, his zeal, his great, almost unequaled 
 ability, his amiability, and all the manly virtues that can adorn a com- 
 mander. Your bereavement is great, but can not exceed mine." 
 
 The summer days wore on. Our men rested in their in- 
 trenched camps, or in bivouac among stretches of cool green- 
 sward, and shaded Virginia farm-houses. There was quiet 
 at head-quarters. At night the General, always the last man 
 to go to bed, entertained callers as long as they would stay. 
 and then sauntering along the snowy tents to the quarters of 
 
•428 "You Must Throw Away that Cigar." [i^w. 
 
 Bowers and Rawlins, greeted them : — "Ah, at work still V 
 Then he would often chat until three in the morning, upon 
 all sorts of subjects, army matters usually being the last. 
 
 In one of his daily strolls about the camps and defenses, 
 he approached a commissar}' warehouse, guarded b^' negroes. 
 He was suddenly stopped by one of the sable guardians : — 
 
 Sextry. — "You must throw away that cigar, sir." 
 
 Grant.— "Why r' 
 
 Sextry. — '' My instructions are, not to let any man pass 
 my beat, who is smoking. If you want to go by you must 
 throw away that cigar." 
 
 The amused General obeyed and continued his walk. 
 
 Upon another afternoon a long, gaunt civilian wearing 
 garments of rusty black, and a stove-pipe hat, walking up 
 in the i-ear of head -quarters, was accosted by a hostler. 
 
 Hostler (gruffly i. — " Keep out of here." 
 
 Visitor. — " Isn't this General Grant's tent V 
 
 Hostler. — " Yes." 
 
 Visitor (striding forward). — " Well, I reckon he will let 
 me inside." 
 
 Hostler. — " You will soon find out !" 
 
 The a2;ents of the Sanitary and Christian commissions, 
 though of incalculable service in relieving the suiferings of 
 soldiers, vrere unpopular at all head-quarters, perhaps, be- 
 cause they found fault with every real or fancied abuse. 
 As the stranger iieared the tent, a guard mistook him for 
 one of these grumblers : — 
 
 Guard. — " No Sanitary folks allowed inside !" 
 
 Visitor. — " I guess General Grant will see me." 
 
 Guard. — " I can't let 3-ou pass, but I'll send him your 
 name. What is it T' 
 
 Visitor. — " Abraham Lincoln. 
 
 The veteran almost dropping his musket in surprise, 
 gave the military salute, and with wide-staring eyes mo- 
 tioned the Commander-in-Chief to pass on. The President 
 — visiting the army with his son "Tad" and a party of 
 friends. — was warmly received within, where he related 
 ■with keen enjoyment liis unexpected adventure, and the 
 " little stories " of which it reminded him. 
 
ist)4.] A Mine is Exploded. 431 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIII. 
 
 SHEEIDAX'S EIDE. 
 
 Grant's great object in going south of the James had 
 been to cut his adversary' s communications, and isohite the 
 rebel capital from the rest of the confederacy. The move- 
 ment uncovered Washington ; but the Union army was so 
 near Richmond that the enemy's forces were kejDt busy 
 at home. 
 
 There was little rest for Lee. Sheridan, with a large 
 force, cut the railways north of Richmond, and so alarmed 
 him for the safety of Early, in the Shenandoah valley, that 
 he detached many troops to look after the troublesome 
 general of cavalry, and so weakened his Petersburg front. 
 
 This was exactly what Grant wanted. A month earlier, 
 he had begun a mine, suggested by Colonel Pleasance, of a 
 Pennsylvania mining-region regiment. He pushed it forward 
 from a ravine in front of Burnside's corps for live hundred 
 feet, until it was under a formidable rebel fort upon " Cem- 
 etery Ridge," which proved to be a singularly appropriate 
 name. The tunnel — four and a half feet high, four feet wide 
 at the bottom and narrowing toward the top — was twenty 
 feet under ground when it reached the enemy's work. 
 Wings were cut to the right and left, forming chambers, 
 which were charged with four tons of gunpowder, heavily 
 tamped with wood and sand-bags. 
 
 Meade, whose lines here were only a hundred and fifty 
 yards from Lee' s, prepared to open a cannonade with every 
 gun on our front, the moment the mine should be fired, 
 and also to throw a storming party tlirough the gap to 
 carry a strong crest in tlie rear of the fort, commanding 
 Petersburg. 
 
 At half-past three, on the morning of July thirtieth, the 
 fuse was lighted, and the fire disappeared, hissing in the 
 
432 Horrible Scexes in the Crater. [1864, 
 
 eartli. But tlie entrance was long and clamp, and the army 
 waited in vain. Finally, two brave soldiers went a hundred 
 feet into the gallery and relit the fuse, Avhicli had gone out 
 at a splicing. 
 
 Still the fire crejDt forward but slowly. Five o'clock, 
 however, brougiit a tremendous thud, like the rumbling of 
 an earthquake, re^^eated again and again, as successive 
 chambers exploded. Instantaneousl}^ the air Avas darkened 
 with human bodies, guns, caissons, and timbers, which rose 
 mountain-high like an enormous inverted cone ; seemed 
 poised in the heavens for a moment ; and then fell all around, 
 like the spray of a vast infernal fountain. Portions of sev- 
 eral South Carolina regiments guarding the fort, were blown 
 to atoms. 
 
 Our guns opened, and, during the heaviest artillery thun- 
 der ever heard on the continent, a Union column rushed in- 
 to the crater, which was six hundred feet long, sixty wide, 
 and tliirt}' deej^. But the division charged with this impor- 
 tant duty — unfortunately selected by lot — proved the very 
 worst in Burnside" s entire corps. It captured two hundred 
 living prisoners; but, by some terrible mistake, halted in 
 the pit instead of rushing forward upon the ridge. 
 
 The rebels, lallying almost instantly, poured a terrible 
 fire into the crater. A second (negro) division, ordered ouf 
 to support the first, had reached it, and our troops -were 
 huddled together, among their dead and dying foes. A third 
 division, also, was tiung into the imminent deadly breach, 
 and a vain attempt made to carry the crest. But a cross- 
 fire from works upon both fianks. raked the intervening- 
 ground, and also tlie strip of land in the rear, between the 
 blown-up fort and our intrenchments. 
 
 The crater proved a slaughter-pen for both sides. Half- 
 buried rebels cried out to the negroes, ' ' Help ! for God' s 
 sake, help !'' Hundreds of wounded begged piteously for 
 water, and many were torn in pieces by confederate and 
 Union guns. 
 
 About noon a retreat was ordered, and those who were 
 fortunate enough to outlive the storm of flying missiles, got 
 back to our line. The wounded lay exposed for thirty- 
 
1864.] ShERIDAX sent TO THE ShEIN-ANDOAII. 43o 
 
 six hours, while Burnside's request for a cessation of hos- 
 tilities to relieve them was referred to Richmond. The 
 rebels, meanwhile, had recaptured the fort ; and before le- 
 ceiving an answer they permitted our officers to give a drink 
 of brandy and water to each sufferer, in the blazing sun be- 
 tween the lines. They refused to let our men approach the 
 crater, lest they should see exactly what damage had been 
 done, and administered themselves to the wounded, white 
 and black, wlio were lying there. 
 
 The next day a truce of four hours was granted. But 
 few survivors remained to be succored. The negroes had 
 behaved with conspicuous gallantry, and lost four times as 
 many as the whites. Ten minutes after the last dead were 
 buried the firing re-opened. 
 
 The General and the Government were deeply grieved at 
 this bloody failure of the most promising attempt of the 
 year. An investigating board of officers, reported as the 
 chief causes : that the assaulting columns were not properly 
 selected, nor all properly led ; that there was no competent 
 directing head on the spot ; and that the advance halted in 
 the crater, when it sliould have hurried forward to carry 
 the crest. 
 
 xlgain there was trouble from the Shenandoah. Again. 
 Early marching down the valley crossed the Potomac. His 
 cavalry occupied the undefended town of Chambersburg, 
 Pennsylvania, and demanded a ransom of half a million of 
 dollars. The people were unwilling or unable to pay, and 
 the place was burned, in retaliation for alleged outrages 
 in Virginia, by Union troops. 
 
 As telegraphic communication between City Point and 
 Washington was frequently broken, it became of vital im- 
 portance to place an able general in charge of all the troops 
 guarding the capital, and the great southern highway to 
 the Potomac. By this time Sheridan had left little rebel 
 cavalry worthy of the name, and his fighting and raiding 
 had won wide- spread fame. Grant sent him to command 
 the forces watching Early. During August, and the early 
 days of September, he remained near Winchester, across 
 the path of the enterprising rebel. By biding his time for 
 
4o-i Geeat Explo6Iu:n at City Point. [i864. 
 
 weeks, until the opportunity came for a telling blow, lie 
 proved his discretion as he had already proved his valor. 
 
 The General' s old regiment, the Fourth regular infantry, 
 wliicli liad been terribly cut up during the Wilderness cam- 
 paign, was now detailed as his body-guard. It did not con- 
 tain a single man who had belonged to it in the days when 
 he was lieutenant and captain, but all were zealous in serv- 
 ing him, and plumed themselves not a little that he began 
 his career as a soldier in the " Old Fourth." 
 
 In August, as an ordnance boat at the City Point wharves 
 was discharging ammunition, one case fell to the ground and 
 the whole cargo exploded, killing many men, and destroy- 
 ing several steamers, and two millions of dollars' worth of 
 property. 
 
 The thundering reports shook the earth for miles, and 
 planks, fragments of human bodies, and clouds of other 
 missiles dropped about head-quarters like rain. Terror- 
 stricken officers and men ran wildly to and fro, wondering 
 if the general destruction of the universe had come. Grant 
 only stepped out of his tent, took his cigar from his mouth, 
 glanced calmly around, and seeing that he could do no 
 good, returned quietly to his camp chair. 
 
 A few days later he wrote to Washburne : — 
 
 " We are progressing here slowly. The weather has been intolerably 
 warm, so much so that marching troops is nearly death. I state to all citi- 
 zens who visit me, that all we want now to insure an early restoration of 
 the Union, is a determined unity of sentiment Nortii. The rebels have now 
 in tlieir ranks their last man. The little boys and old men are guarding 
 prisoners, and railroad bridges, and forming a good part of their garrisons 
 for intrenched positions. 
 
 " A man lost ly them can not he replaced. They have robbed the cradle 
 and the grave equally to get their present force. Besides what they lose in 
 frequent skirmishes and battles., they are now losing from desertions and other 
 causes., at least one regiment per day. 
 
 •• With this drain upon them, the end is visible, if we be but true to 
 ourselves. Their only hope now is in a divided North. This might give 
 them re-enforcements from Tennessee, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri, 
 while it would weaken us. With the draft quietly enforced the enemy 
 would become despondent, and would make but little resistance. 
 
 •• I have no doubt the enemy are exceedingly anxious to hold out until 
 after the Presidential election. They have many hopes from its effects. 
 
,('(!// ^ i ]i 
 
1864.] Fighting ox the Weldox Railway. 437 
 
 They hope for a counter-revolution ; they hope for the election of the peace 
 candidate; in fact, like Micawber, they hope for something to turn up. 
 
 " Our peace friends if they expect peace from separation, are much mis- 
 taken. It would be but the beginning of war, with thousands of Northern 
 men joining tlie Soutli, because of our disgrace in allowing separation. To 
 have 'peace on any terms,' the South would demand a restoration of their 
 slaves already freed. They would demand indemnity for losses sustained, 
 and they would demand a treaty which would make the North slave-hunters 
 for the South. They would demand pay or the restoration of every slave 
 escaping to the North." 
 
 There were still fears that Lee had sent Early troops 
 enough to endanger Sheridan and the capital, but the 
 General announced his determination not to be seduced 
 away from the front of Petersburg. The President re- 
 plied : — * 
 
 " I have seen your dispatch expressing your unwillingness to break your 
 hold where you are. Neither am I willing. Hold on with a bull-dog grip, 
 and chew and choke as much as possible." 
 
 Grant did, however, send a force north of the James, 
 which, though it failed to break the rebel lines, captured 
 several hundred prisoners, and kept Lee from forwarding 
 any more troops to Early. The heavy force, too, which Lee 
 was compelled to throw out to meet it weakened his line, 
 and made another opportunity on the south side. He could 
 not be dislodged while holding his railway communications 
 south of Petersburg, so on the eighteenth Grant sent War- 
 ren' s corps to get possession of the Weldon road. Warren 
 seized it, and the enemy made desperate but fruitless attempts 
 to drive him away. On the twenty-fifth Hancock reached 
 the railway at Reams Station, still farther soutli, but the 
 vigilant enemy taking him in the flank, and capturing many 
 prisoners compelled him to withdraw. Our entire losses 
 reached four thousand. 
 
 Still Grant obtained a firm grip on the road, forcing the 
 rebels back until they were only three miles from Peters- 
 burg, and advancing his own lines within half a mile of 
 them. The advantage had cost heavily, but it was of great 
 value. From this time to the end of the war, the most 
 
 * August seventeenth. 
 
43 S Sherman Captures xItlanta. [iss*- 
 
 desperate figliting was over Lee' s communications. Where 
 tides of peaceful travel now flow, the railways were fringed 
 with graves. 
 
 In August a democratic national convention at Chicago 
 resolved that the war was a failure, and as a logical sequence 
 nominated George B. McClellan for the Presidency. The 
 JSTorth was a good deal discouraged. Leading republicans, 
 even, who had been very sanguine at the outset, half feared 
 that the war loas a failure. 
 
 But the skies began to brighten. The first ray came all 
 the way from Georgia. Sherman starting in May simul- 
 taneously with Grant, had fought several brilliant battles, 
 in one of which the rebel bishop-general, Leonidas Polk, was 
 killed. Sherman drove Johnston to the defenses of Atlanta, 
 and on the first of September captured that city— next to 
 Richmond the most important in the South. His army at 
 the beginning was a hundred thousand strong. His losses 
 during the campaign reached about thirty thousand. 
 
 News of the fall of Atlanta excited universal joy in the 
 North. The President in a public order tendered the thanks 
 of a grateful nation to Sherman and his soldiers. By Grant' s 
 order, at midnight in front of Petersburg, thirty-six shotted 
 guns from each battery did the double duty of a salute and 
 a bombardment, while the bands in the rear played " Hail 
 Columbia," "The Star- Spangled Banner," and " The Red, 
 White, and Blue," — all to the great wonder of the enemy. 
 
 A draft was going on to till up our reduced armies. 
 Grant wrote * to Stanton : — 
 
 " We ought to have the whole number of men called for by the President 
 in the shortest possible time. Prompt action in filling our armies will have 
 more etfect upon the enemy than a victory over them. They profess to 
 believe, and make their men helieve, there is such a party North in favor of 
 recognizing Southern independence that the draft can not be enforced. Let 
 them be undeceived. Deserters come into our lines daily, who tell us that 
 the men are nearly universally tired of war, and that desertions would be 
 much more frequent, hut that they believe peace tcill be negotiated after the 
 fall elections. The enforcement of the draft, and the prompt filling up of 
 our armies, will save the sheddmg of blood to an immense degree." 
 
 * September thirteenth. 
 
1S64.] Sheridan is in'Strl'cted to "Go ix." 439 
 
 Three days later tlie rebel cavalry getting into Meade" s 
 rear, at Reams' Station, captured and drove back into their 
 lines twenty-five hundred beeves, which grazed waiting 
 for the butchers. It was a grand haul of supplies for the 
 confederates, and many Northerners relished the joke. 
 
 Early' s raids from the Shenandoah still obstructed the 
 Baltimore and Ohio Railway, and threatened Maryland and 
 Pennsylvania. G-rant knowing Sheridan's fondness for 
 battle feared to order an attack without further knowledge. 
 So he visited Sheridan, * and examined the ground for him- 
 self. 
 
 The General' s final report says : — 
 
 " I met him at Charleston, and he pointed out so distinctly how each 
 army lay ; what he could do the moment he was authorized ; and expressed 
 such confidence of success, that I saw there were but two words of instruc- 
 tion neceesary — • Go in!' " 
 
 This was as laconic as AVellington' s "Sail or sell" 
 to an officer who begged leave of absence on being ordered 
 to India, or Napier's '' PeccavV —'' I have Sclnde.'^ 
 
 Sheridan did go in, and attacked vigorously, f Early, 
 concentrating upon his center, attempted to cut his army in 
 tAvain, and capture a ridge in his rear. Sheridan let him 
 break the line, but it proved a deadly ambush. Early 
 penetrated almost to the ridge, when waiting brigades sud- 
 denly fell upon his flanks, capturing whole regiments, and 
 the rebel army was soon flying. A soldier on the ground 
 pictures the cavalry general : — 
 
 '* A mounted officer, followed by a single orderly, galloped up to us. As 
 he reined m his horse, a rebel shell — one of the many which were now tear- 
 ing through the right — burst within a few feet of him, actually seeming to 
 crown his head with its deadly halo of smoke and burning fragments. 
 ' That's all right, boys,' he said, with a careless laugh ; * no matter, we can 
 lick them.' The men laughed; a whisper ran along the ranks that it was 
 Sheridan, and they burst mto a spontaneous cheer. ' What regiment is that?' 
 he asked, and dashed off toward the firing." 
 
 He wrote as vehemently as he fought, telegraphing 
 from the field to Washington : — 
 
 * September sixieenlh. * September nineteenth. 
 
440 He sends Early " a^^hirling " Southward. [i864 
 
 "TTe have just sent the enemy whirling through Winchester, and are after 
 them to-morrow. This army behaved splendidly. We captured two thousand 
 five hundred to three thousand prisoners, five pieces of artillery, nine battle- 
 fiags, and all the rebel dead and wounded. Their wounded in Winchester 
 amount to some three thousand." 
 
 Mglit onl}' had saved the enemy from annihilation. 
 The next day our pursuing army overtook Early, captured 
 many of his men, and drove him through the gaps of the 
 Blue Ridge. 
 
 The Shenandoah Valley seemed to be clear again, so 
 most of Sheridan's troops returned to the Army of the 
 Potomac. Several of his staff had been killed by guerrillas. 
 His cavalry, which ratlier enjoyed the rebel epithet of 
 '' Sheridan s robbers," destroyed thousands of barns filled 
 with wheat, hay, and farming implements, burned mills, 
 drove out all the cattle and sheep they could find, and made 
 the rich valley no longer capable of sustaining rebel armies 
 lying in wait to spring upon the capital. 
 
 As the general was falling back toward the Potomac, 
 however, a detachment of rebel liorse harassed his rear. He 
 lialted for a single day, and. in his own language,* " drove 
 it back on a jump" for twenty-six miles. 
 
 The War Department formally thanked liim ; the Presi- 
 dent made him a brigadier in the regular arm}- ; Grant fired 
 a salute of one hundred guns in his honor ; and under en- 
 thusiasm inspired by this victory, the Union party conduct- 
 ed its campaign Avith new confidence and vigor. 
 
 Grant heartily approved of the laws conferring the right 
 of suffrage upon soldiers, but determined to keep the army 
 free from a heated political canvass. He wrote to Stanton 
 on the twenty-seventh of September : — 
 
 " The exercise of the right of suffrage by the oflacers and soldiers of 
 armies in the field, is a novel thing ; it has, I believe, generally been consid- 
 ered dangerous to constitutional liberty and subversive of military disciplme. 
 But our circumstances are novel and exceptional. A very large proportion 
 of the legal voters of the United States are now either under arras in tlie 
 
 * Sheridan had as little patience as Grant with high-sou ndiug military phrases. 
 To a compliment upon his " superb strategy.' he replied :— " Oh, all a man wants to 
 do, is to know his ground and fight his men." 
 
18G4.J Grant's Views on Soldiers Voting. 441 
 
 field, or in hospitals, or otherwise engaged in the rajlitary service of the Uni- 
 ted States. Most of these men are not regular soldiers in the strict sense of 
 that term ; still less are they mercenaries, who give their services to the Gov- 
 ernment simply for its pay, having little understanding of political questions, 
 and feeling little or no interest in them. On the contrarj^ they are Ameri- 
 can citizens, having still their homes and social and political ties binding 
 them to the States and districts from which they came, and to whicli they 
 expect to return. They have left their homes temporarily, to sustain the 
 cause of their country in the hour of its trial. In performing this sacred duty, 
 they should not be deprived of a most precious privilege. They have as much 
 right to demand that their votes shall be counted in the choice of their 
 rulers, as tho.^e citizens wlio remain at home. Nay more, for they have sac- 
 rificed more for their country. 
 
 " I state these reasons in full, for the unusual thing of allowing armies in 
 the field to vote, that I may urge on the other hand, that nothing more than 
 the fullest exercise of this right should be allowed; for any thing not abso- 
 lutely necessary to this exercise, can not but be dangerous to the liberties of 
 the country. The officers and soldiers liave every means of understanding 
 the questions before the country. The newspapers are freely circulated, and 
 so, I believe, are the documents prepared by both parties to set forth the mer- 
 its and claims of their candidates. 
 
 "Beyond this, nothing whatever should be allowed. No political meet- 
 ings, no harangues, from soldier or citizen, and no canvassing of camps or 
 regiments for votes. 
 
 " I see not why a single individual, not belonging to the armies, should 
 be admitted into their lines to deliver tickets. In ray opinion, the tickets 
 should be furnished by the chief provost-marshal of each army ; by them to 
 the provost-marshal (or some other appointed officer) of each brigade or regi- 
 ment, who shall, on the day of the election, deliver tickets, irrespective of 
 party, to whoever may call for them. If, however, it shall be deemed expedient 
 to admit citizens to deliver tickets, tlien it should be most positively prohib- 
 ited that such citizens should electioneer, harangue, or canvass the regiments 
 in any way. Their business should be, and only be, to distribute on a cer- 
 tain fixed day, tickets to whoever may call for them. 
 
 " In the case of those States whose soldiers vote by proxy, proper State 
 authority could be given to officers belonging to regiments so voting to 
 receive and forward votes. 
 
 "As it is intended that all soldiers entitled to vote shall exercise that 
 privilege according to their own convictions of right, unmolested and unre- 
 stricted, there will be no objection to each party sending to armies, easy of 
 access, a number of respectable gentlemen to see that these views are fully 
 carried out. To the army at Atlanta, and those armies on the sea-coast from 
 Newbern to iSTew Orleans, not to exceed three citizens of each party should 
 be admitted." 
 
 In September, a railway was completed from City Point 
 26r 
 
442 His Operations in September. [is^-- 
 
 to Grant' s front, giving him admirable facilities for supply- 
 ing tlie army during the rainy season. It ran over a route 
 of nature's grading, crossing deep ravines and ascending 
 sharp hills. 
 
 His lines were twenty miles long. He was continually 
 feeling the enemj^. Late in September, on his right, Butler 
 threatened Richmond from the north, while on his left Ord 
 attacked the works south of Petersburg. Ord's negro sol- 
 diers charged with great gallantry through the ditch and up 
 into a fort, climbing over each other's shoulders. From 
 the strong positions captured by both these advances, Lee 
 desperately but vainly attempted to dislodge our troops. 
 He retaliated* upon Grant's extreme right, driving back 
 Kautz's cavalry, capturing artillery and prisoners ; but the 
 infantry stopped him like a wall. 
 
 Artillery firing was kept up along the entire line, though 
 hottest in front of Petersburg, at Fort Sedgwick, which some 
 soldiers named the "Sore Point,'' and others "Fort Hell." 
 Various exj)editions were sent out, Avhich kept the enemy 
 anxious and harassed. 
 
 The Shenandoah Valley witnessed more important opera- 
 tions. For the last time, Early moved forward to a new 
 position at Fisher's Hill, and Longstreet went to re-enforce 
 him. In obedience to a telegram from the War Depart- 
 ment, Sheridan started to Washington for a consultation. 
 On the way, he received a dispatch from Wright, whom 
 he had left in command, announcing that our officers had 
 read this message going from Longstreet to Early on rebel 
 signal fiags : — 
 
 '' Be ready to move as soon as my force joins you, and we will crush 
 Sheridan." 
 
 Sheridan, though still incredulous, ordered back his 
 cavalry — on the way to the Army of the Potomac — and 
 instructed Wright to be very vigilant. He spent only six 
 hours in Washington, and then started back. 
 
 Early on the foggy morning of October nineteenth, the 
 
 * October seventh. 
 
1864.] Early Attacks Sheridan's Armt. -liS 
 
 rebels, wlio had crept up and spent the night within six 
 hundred yards of Wrighf s unguarded front, charged, yell- 
 ing, forward with impetuous vigor. These were not 
 Early's demoralized men, but Longstreet's splendid sol- 
 diers. They doubled up the Union line, swarmed into the 
 trenches, captured the camps, with twenty-four pieces of 
 artillery, and sent the Union troops flying down the valley 
 for five miles. 
 
 A re-enforcement was coming — a re-enforcement of one 
 man ! Sheridan, who had slept at Winchester, twenty miles 
 from his camp, breakfasted early, mounted his showy horse, 
 and started leisurely for the front. Half a mile out he began 
 to meet frightened stragglers. Telling the twenty troopers 
 who escorted him to keep up if they could, he dashed the 
 spurs into his coal-black steed, and flew over the ground. 
 
 Larger and larger grew the sickening crowd. Without 
 a word of anger or profanity, and without checking his 
 charger, he swung his hat, exclaiming : — 
 
 ' ' Face the other way, boys ; face the other way. We' re 
 going back to our camps ; we're going to lick them out of 
 their boots !" 
 
 They turned back, with child-like confidence in the gen- 
 eral, and when his foaming horse dashed into the new line 
 which Wright had established, the troops, with one accord, 
 gave him roaring cheers of welcome. He galloped along 
 the front, rectifying the formation, and assuring the men : — 
 
 "We're going back to our camps ; we're going to get a 
 twist on them — the tightest twist you ever saw. We must 
 have all those camps and guns back again." 
 
 Just as the line was adjusted the pursuing enemy came 
 up again, but was met and instantly checked by a solid line 
 of infantry. 
 
 "Thank God for that!" exclaimed Sheridan. "We'll 
 get a tight twist on them pretty soon — the tightest twist they 
 ever saw." 
 
 This was at 3 p. m. An hour later our army moved for- 
 ward. Early enveloped its right to strike its flank. Sheri- 
 dan instantly ordered a charge against the open angle, which 
 dashed right through the enemy's line, cutting off" and 
 
444 Sherida]S' Arrives and Routs Him. [i864. 
 
 capturing tlie flanking force, while a general advance swept 
 back the whole rebel army, not only regaining our lost guns, 
 but taking Early's camps, caissons, artillery, ambulances, 
 and thousands of prisoners. 
 
 The country was stirred to the heart. Grant telegraphed 
 to the Secretary of War : — 
 
 " I had a salute of one hundred guns fired from each of the armies here. 
 * * * * Turning what bid fair to be a disaster into a glorious victory, 
 stamps Sheridan, what I have always thought him, one of the ablest of 
 generalsy 
 
 Lincoln promptly promoted him to a major-generalship 
 in the regular army, made vacant by McClellan's resigna- 
 tion, and publicly thanked him for ''organizing his routed 
 army, averting a great national disaster, and achieving a 
 brilliant victory, for the third time within thirty days." His 
 forces never exceeded thirty thousand effectives ; but he had 
 captured thirteen thousand prisoners during his most bril- 
 liant campaign, with a loss of less than seventeen thousand 
 in killed, wounded, and missing. Early's aggregate losses 
 probably reached twenty-seven thousand men, besides one 
 hundred pieces of artillery, many colors, a great amount of 
 camp equipage, and thousands of small-arms. 
 
 From that hour, in any public meeting in the North, 
 Sheridan's name elicited heart}^ cheers. The victory made 
 Lincoln's re-election a foregone conclusion, and checked 
 the denunciations and slanders which had poured upon 
 him — a torrent never equaled in American history, ex- 
 cept by the obloquy which assailed Washington during his 
 second term. Mrs. Grant afterward related, that though 
 she knew Mr. Grant to be "a very firm man," and likely to 
 fight the war through successfully, these newspaper charges 
 against the President sorely disturbed her, until she told 
 her husband something of her fears. He replied emphati- 
 cally : — 
 
 "Lincoln is just the man of all others whom the country 
 needs, and his defeat would be a great national calamity." 
 
 "After that," said she, "I knew that it must be all 
 right, and that my fears were groundless. I suppose the 
 
1864.] ''Up from the South — 445 
 
 trouble was that I had been reading the wrong newspa- 
 pers I'' 
 
 Early Avas used np. Grant was able to draw back 
 nearly all Sheridan' s troops to the Army of the Potomac. 
 The cavalry general had become the nation's hero, Bu- 
 chanan Reid sang his exploit, in a strain, now familiar to 
 ever}^ school-boy, wliich echoes the ring of the charger's 
 hoofs, and rolls forward at the rider" s dashing pace : — 
 
 Up from the south at break of day, 
 
 Bringing to Wincliester fresh dismay, 
 
 The affrighted air with a shudder bore, 
 Like a herald in haste, to the chieftain's door, 
 The terrible grumble, and rumble, and roar, 
 Telling the battle was on once more, 
 
 And Sheridan twenty miles away. 
 
 And wider still those billows of war 
 
 Thundered along the horizon's bar; 
 
 And louder yet into Winchester rolled 
 
 The roar of that red sea uncontrolled, 
 
 Making the blood of the listener cold, 
 
 As he thought of the stake in that fiery fray, 
 
 And Sheridan twenty miles away. 
 
 But there is a road from "Winchester town, 
 
 A good broad highway leading down ; 
 
 And there, through the flush of the morning light, 
 
 A steed as black as tlie steeds of night 
 
 Was seen to pass, as with eagle flight. 
 
 As if he knew the terrible need ; 
 
 He stretched away with his utmost speed; 
 
 Hills rose and fell: but his heart was gay. 
 
 With Sheridan fifteen miles away. 
 
 Still sprung from those swift hoofs, thundering south, 
 The dust, like smoke from the cannon's mouth; 
 Or the trail of a comet, sweeping faster and faster. 
 Foreboding to traitors the doom of disaster. 
 Tlie heart of the steed and the heart of the master 
 Were beating like prisoners assaulting their walls, 
 Impatient to be where the battle-field calls; 
 Every nerve of the charger was strained to full play, 
 With Sheridan only ten miles away. 
 
446 At Beeak of Day." [isei 
 
 Under his spurning feet the road 
 
 Like an arrowy Alpine river flowed, 
 
 And the landscape sped away behind 
 
 Like an ocean flying before the wind, 
 
 And the steed, like a bark fed with furnace ire, 
 
 Swept on, with his wild eye full of fire. 
 
 But lo ! he is nearing his heart's desire ; 
 
 He is snufling the smoke of the roaring fray, 
 
 "With Sheridan only five miles away. 
 
 The first that the general saw were the groups 
 
 Of stragglers, and then the retreating troops. 
 
 What was done? what to do? a glance told him both. 
 
 Then striking his spurs, with a terrible oath,. 
 
 He dashed down the line, 'mid a storm of huzzas, 
 
 And the wave of retreat checked its course there, becaus* 
 
 The sight of the master compelled it to pause. 
 
 With foam and with dust, the black charger was gray; 
 
 By the flash of his eye, and the red nostril's play. 
 
 He seemed to the whole great army to say, 
 
 "I have brought you Sheridan all the way 
 
 From Winchester down to save the day!" 
 
 Hurrah ! hurrah for Sheridan ! 
 
 Hurrah ! hurrah for horse and man ! 
 
 And when their statues are placed on high. 
 
 Under the dome of the Union sky. 
 
 The American soldiers' Temple of Fame; 
 
 There with the glorious general's name, 
 
 Be it said, in letters both bold and bright, 
 
 "Here is the steed that saved the day, 
 By carrying Sheridan into the fight, 
 
 From Winchester, twenty miles away!" 
 
1864] Geant refuses TO Argue WITH Lee. 441 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIV. 
 
 THE BEGINNING OF THE END. 
 
 The rebels had steadily denied our right to arm contra- 
 bands, and threatened to kill any who should fall into their 
 clutches. It required less courage to talk about such a two- 
 edged sword than to handle it ; but, capturing several of 
 Butler' s negro soldiers, who were digging a canal at Dutch 
 Gap to cut off a long stretch of the James River, they 
 refused them the treatment accorded to white prisoners, and 
 set them at work on fortifications under fire of the Union 
 guns. 
 
 Butler promptly retaliated by placing a number of cap- 
 tured officers upon his exposed works under rebel fire ; and 
 wrote Lee that he should keep them there until the negroes 
 were treated as prisoners of war. As these officers repre- 
 sented the slave interest, the aristocracy, the confederacy 
 itself, this made a sensation in Richmond, and the colored 
 captives were instantly taken from the dangerous position 
 and given the quarters and rations of white prisoners — poor 
 enough at best. Lee * explained in a letter to Grant that 
 they had been employed on the fortifications through a mis- 
 take, which was promptly corrected when discovered. He 
 also discoursed at length on slavery and State rights. Grant 
 preferred the sword to the pen, and, while quite -willing to 
 fight, declined to argue. He replied : — 
 
 " I shall always regret the necessity of retaliating for wrongs done our 
 soldiers, but regard it ray duty to protect all x>ersons received into the army 
 of the United States, regardless of color or nationality. When acknowl- 
 edged soldiers by the Government are captured, they must be treated as 
 prisoners of war, or such treatment as they receive will be inflicted upon an 
 equal number of prisoners held by us. 
 
 "I have nothing to do with the discussion of the slavery question; 
 
 * October nineteenth. 
 
44S End of the active Fall Campaign. [i864. 
 
 therefore decline answering tlie arguments adduced to show the right to 
 return to fonner OAvners such negroes as are captured from our armies." 
 
 A Kentucky cousin of the General, who had entered the 
 confederate service, and "was noAV prisoner of war, near 
 Baltimore, wrote to him asking to be jDaroled. But the 
 enemy held thirty thousand Northern soldiers and citizens, 
 and our Government was declining to exchange, on the 
 ground that the shortest way to end the war was to keep 
 as many rebel soldiers as possible out of the field. It was 
 a terrible polic}-; for Union prisoners in the South were 
 dying by thousands for lack of proper food and shelter. 
 But it 2cas the policy, and Grant refused to make an excep- 
 tion in favor of his relative. 
 
 During the last days of October Meade crossed Hatcher's 
 Run, and penetrated within six miles of the South-side 
 Railway, but Lee's fortifications proved too strong, and 
 compelled him to withdraw. On the return the enemy 
 struck his force in a little gap between two corps causing 
 severe loss. At the same time Butler making an attack on 
 the north, was also repulsed. Thenceforth, until spring, 
 our army did little but extend its lines, and send raids 
 against Lee's communications. 
 
 The campaign had taught both South and North some- 
 thing of the General' s sleepless energy and determination. 
 He had hammered away. East and West, wdierever a blow 
 could be put in, until the rebels were hoping against 
 hope. All their after resistance was a needless sacrifice of 
 life. It had this good efi'ect, however, that when Lee's 
 army was finally overcome peace was instantly established. 
 Had it surrendered earlier, guerrilla warfare might have 
 continued for years in mountain regions. 
 
 Says Greeley, in his "'American Conflict" : — 
 
 " Grant's conduct in this campaign was not satisfactory to the confederate 
 critics, who gave a decided preference to the strategy of McCle.llan." 
 
 It was equally unsatisfactory to Northern peace men, 
 who, though overwhelmingly beaten at the Presidential 
 election, continued to denounce the commander of our 
 
1864.] HUMOE OF THE SoLDIERS IX THE FlELD. 449 
 
 armies. But the masses looked hopefully forward, and 
 seemed more earnest than ever in their determination to 
 suppress the rebellion at whatever cost. 
 
 AVill the student of history, a millennium hence, compre- 
 hend why hundreds of thousands — ignorant and cultured, 
 rich and poor, adopted and native — with no personal in- 
 terest at stake, eagerly gave their lives that there might be 
 one, not two governments, and freedom, not slavery, on the 
 American continent? Or will he wonder, as we do, in 
 reading of wars long past, that men should find patriotism, 
 love of adventure, and regard for the predominant feelings 
 of the hour, so much dearer to them than love of life ? 
 
 In the Army of the Potomac there seemed to be a gay 
 recklessness among the young men, which was peculiarly 
 American, and which I never witnessed elsewhere. More 
 than once* I heard a young lieutenant who messed with me 
 say to his servant : — 
 
 "John, fill up the bath-tub to-night, and lay out my 
 finest under-clothing and my nicest shirt. There's likely to 
 be a fight to-morrow, John, and nothing in the world is 
 so shocking as a dirty or an ill -dressed corpse. 
 
 Still he was a generous, warm-hearted boy, with rev- 
 erence enough at bottom for patriotism, integrity, and affec- 
 tion. His broad jesting came only from the surface. A 
 little of the same tone seemed to pervade the entii'e army. 
 The following story passed from camp to camp with keen 
 relish: — Conundrums and "sells" were so common, that 
 soldiers were always looking out for them. A young pri- 
 vate, who supposed himself mortally wounded, was stretched 
 upon the field, when up rushed a chaplain in the plain 
 blouse and slouched hat of an enlisted man, and bearing no 
 sign of his sacred calling. 
 
 "My friend,'' he asked abruptly, "do 3*ou know who 
 died for you f- 
 
 "Look here, stranger," replied the boy, raising himself 
 up a little upon his elbow and speaking Avith great earnest- 
 ness, "this is no time to be asking conundrums !" 
 
 * 1863-4. 
 
4:50 Hood Proposes to Invade the North. [i^ssi 
 
 A London magazine, discussing the sense of humor among 
 different nations, declared that no well-regulated mind could 
 find the least amusement in the anecdote ; but our troops 
 laughed long and heartily over it. 
 
 Sherman was performing brilliant exploits. Jefferson 
 Davis had removed the able Joseph E. Johnston from the 
 command of the Western confederate army, and substituted 
 J. B. Hood, who got in Sherman's rear to cut his communi- 
 cations — a wonderful j)iece of strategy, as Sherman was just 
 abandoning them altogether. The rebel President said in a 
 speech at Macon, Georgia : — 
 
 "We must march into Tennessee. There we will draw 
 twenty thousand to thirty thousand troops to our standard, 
 and so strengthened we must X)"^^^^^ i^^^ enemy hack to tlie 
 Oliior 
 
 The moment Sherman suspected this j)lan he declared : — 
 
 "If Hood will only go north, I will furnish him with 
 rations for the trip." 
 
 Grant's final report saj'S of Davis : — 
 
 "He exhibited the weakness of supposing that an army that had been 
 been beaten and fearfully decimated in a vain attempt at the defensive could 
 successfully undertake the otfensive against the army that had so often de- 
 feated it." 
 
 And of Hood : — 
 
 " He continued his move northward, which seemed to me to be leading 
 to his certain doom. At all events, had I had the poioer to command both 
 armies, I should not have changed the orders under which he seemed to ie 
 actingy 
 
 Sherman sent Thomas noith to take care of this rebel 
 movement. He had already telegraphed Grant,* asking 
 permission to send back his wounded and worthless, and 
 with his effective army '' move through Georgia, smashing 
 things to the sea." Grant replied : — 
 
 '• If you are satisfied the trip to the sea-coast can be made, holding the 
 line of the Tennessee River firmly, you may make it." 
 
 * October eleventh. 
 
1864.] "How SlIERMAlSr MaRCHED DOWN TO THE SeA." 451 
 
 Hood left the whole South uncovered ; and Grant' s 
 lieutenant started* on the most daring and notable move- 
 ment of the war. Song and story will always delight to 
 tell "how Sherman marched down to the sea," cutting a 
 swath fifty miles wide through the confederacy. Said the 
 London Times : — 
 
 " Since the great Duke of Marlborough turned his back upon the Dutch, 
 and phinged heroically into Germany to fight the famous battle of Blenheim, 
 military history has recorded no stranger marvel than the mysterious expe- 
 dition of General Sherman, on an unknown route against an undiscoverable 
 enemy," 
 
 Another British paper declared :- 
 
 "He has done one of the most brilliant or foolish things ever performed 
 by a military leader. If successful, he will add a new chapter to the theory 
 and practice of modern warfare." 
 
 At Milledgeville, the capital of Georgia, he halted for 
 several days, sleeping in his blankets on the floor of the 
 executive mansion, from which the governor fled on 
 his approach. As the rebel legislature had followed the 
 governor, our jolly soldiei-s organized a mock legislature 
 in its deserted hall, passing bills and resolutions ; and 
 when a courier announced "The Yankees are coming!"' 
 springing up and tumbling over each other in a wild rush 
 for the door. 
 
 Sherman's army had a few skirmishes with militia, but 
 encountered no formidable force ; and, finally, in splendid 
 condition, and followed by a cloud of negroes who dark- 
 ened the landscape, it reached the sea-coast, after a march 
 of three hundred miles within the enemy' s lines. A few 
 days later its leader telegraphed the President : — 
 
 " I beg to present yon, as a Christmas gift, the city of Savannah, with 
 one hundred and fifty guns and plenty of ammunition, and about twenty- 
 five thousand bales of cotton." 
 
 On the last day of November, Hood, in pursuance of his 
 mad design to invade the North, fiercely attacked Schofield, 
 
 * November fourteenth. 
 
-ij'2 Thomas's Splendid Yictoky at Nashville. [is6i 
 
 who, with fifteen thousand men, held Thomas's front at 
 Franklin, eio'hteen miles south of Nashville. Throuorh the 
 afternoon, and for hours after dark, the rebels charged again 
 and again with fruitless gallantry. They lost six thousand 
 men ; the Union soldiers, who fought in intrenchments, only 
 twentj^-three hundred. But Hood's whole army con- 
 fronted Schofield' s little force, and he fell back during the 
 night. 
 
 The national army was intrenched three miles south of 
 Xashville. Hood established his line within two miles of it. 
 Days of skirmishing followed, causing intense excitement 
 in the city. Business was suspended, and citizens shoul- 
 dered muskets, or Avent to work with the spade. 
 
 It has been truly said of Thomas, that no friend ever had 
 to apologize for any of his official acts. Grant reposed the 
 utmost confidence in him ; but after orderinsr him several 
 times to move upon Hood, grew impatient lest the rebel 
 general should advance into Kentucky. Thomas, by nature 
 a defensive rather than an offensive general, had great diffi- 
 culties to contend with wliich could not be comprehended 
 at a distance. Finally, when about to attack, he was stopped 
 by an intensely cold storm, which covered the country with 
 glare ice. All his corps commanders held the opinion that 
 moving before the weather moderated would involve im- 
 minent peril of defeat. 
 
 After long delays, Grant started for Washington to 
 relieve him and put another general in his place, or go 
 West himself and superintend affairs. At the capital, 
 however,* he found a dispatch, announcing that Thomas 
 had attacked. The battle, lasting two days, ended in the 
 utter destruction of the rebels. Hood had entered Ten- 
 nessee with a splendid army, fifty thousand strong ; he re- 
 tired southward with only half that number of demoralized 
 troops. Thomas captured thirteen thousand prisoners, and 
 seventy-two pieces of artillery, received two thousand de- 
 serters, and followed up his victory by a pursuit of unpre- 
 cedented vigor. Grant says, in his final report : — 
 
 ♦ December fifteenth. 
 
1864.] Butler's Failure at Fort Fi?iier. 453 
 
 " I was delighted. All in y fears atid apiirehensious were dispelled. I am 
 not yet satisfied but that General Thomas, immediately upon the appearance 
 of Hood before Nasliville. and before he had time to fortify, should have 
 moved out with his whole force and given him battle, instead of waiting to 
 remount his cavalry, which delayed him until the inclemency of the weather 
 made it impracticable to attack earlier than he did. But Ms final defeat of 
 Hood tens so coirqylete. that it icill le accejyted as a vindication of that dis- 
 tinguWied officer''s judgment.'"' 
 
 The magnificent victoiy did not electrify the North like 
 the dashing movements of Sherman and Sheridan, but it 
 won for the modest Thomas a major-generalship in the 
 regular army, and the steadfast affection of the people. 
 Friends in Cincinnati afterward proposed to present him with 
 a house ; but he declined the gift, on the ground that, while 
 only doing his duty, he had been amply paid and generously 
 rewarded by the Government. 
 
 "Wilmington, North Carolina, was the chief port left to 
 rebel blockade-runners for bringing in munitions and sup- 
 jilies, and taking out cotton. The nature of the ground at 
 the mouth of Cape Fear River rendered it impossible for tlie 
 navy to close its harbor. On the thirteenth of December, 
 under orders from the Lieutenant-General, Butler sent an 
 expedition against Fort Fisher, which protected it, the 
 navy co-operating under Porter. Grant directed that Weit- 
 zel — a professional soldier — should command the infantry, 
 and did not expect Butler, who was in charge of the 
 department, to go in person. He went, however, and his 
 attempt failed. He exploded a powder-boat witliin four 
 hundred j^ards of the rebel fort. Of its effects, Grant 
 reports : — 
 
 " It would seem, from the notice taken of it in the Southern papers, that 
 the enemy were never enlightened as to the object of the explosion, until 
 they were informed by the Northern press!" 
 
 During a bombardment from Porter. Butler landed his 
 troops, but after a reconnoissance declared that it would be 
 butchery to assault, and soon withdrew to the James. 
 
 The General was bitterly disappointed, and — obtain- 
 ing permission from the Government — removed Butler and 
 placed Ord at the head of the department. A few days 
 
454 Gra^^t IX Washingtux and New Yoek. [isss. 
 
 later, * a land force under General Terry gallantly assaulted 
 and ca^Dtured the fort, with a loss of only six hundred men. 
 On the last night of the eventful year. Grant sat until 
 nearly daylight in the tent of his friend Bowers, talking 
 upon various subjects, but chiefly on the past campaigns, 
 and prospects for 1865. He was in excellent spirits in those 
 days, and thought the confederates more despondent than 
 ever before. In a private letter, f he had laid great stress 
 upon the fact that they could no more recruit their army 
 without resort to the negro, and added : — 
 
 "Him they are afraid of, and they will never use him unless as a last 
 desperate alternative. * * * The immense majority whicli Mr. Lincoln has 
 received is Avorth more to us tlian a victory in the field, both in its etfects on 
 the rebels, and in its foreign intiuence." 
 
 Lincoln's overwhelming re-election was, indeed, the dead- 
 liest blow the enemy had yet received. 
 
 During the winter, the General paid a visit to the North. 
 Congress was in session, and one day he entered the hall 
 of the House. That body immediately took a recess of five 
 minutes, to enable members to pay their respects to him. 
 After Speaker Colfax called it to order again, Schenck of 
 Ohio said : — 
 
 " In order that the representatives of the people and all loyal persons 
 present may have a better opportunity of making the acquaintance, at least 
 by sight, of the Lieutenant-General, I move that he be invited for a moment 
 to the stand." 
 
 The report of the Congressional Globe continues : — 
 
 " Lieutenant-General Grant was conducted to the speaker's desk, amid 
 general applause, and took the stand on the left of the speaker. 
 
 " The Speakke. — Gentlemen of the House of Representatives : I have the 
 honor of introducing to you this day our heroic defender in the field, the 
 Lieutenant-General of the armies of the United States, Ulysses S. Grant. 
 [Great applause on the floor and in the galleries.] 
 
 "The Lieutenant-General bowed to the House, and then withdrew." 
 
 In the Senate he was received with equal attention. His 
 plain manners and garb were remarked by the grave and 
 reverend seigniors, and one commented : — 
 
 * January fifteenth. f November thirteentL 
 
1865.] PlIILADELPHIANS PkESENT Hlil A HoUSE. 455 
 
 " Why, even a second lieutenant in my part of the coun- 
 try dresses a great deal "better, and puts on a great many 
 more airs !'' 
 
 He spent a few days in Xew York, which he had not 
 revisited since liis return from California, ten years earlier. 
 He was heset with callers, and overwhelmed with atten- 
 tions. He paid a visit to the veteran of the Mexican war, 
 who received him cordially, and gave him a copy of his 
 autobiography, just issued, first Malting upon a fly-leaf:— 
 
 " From the oldest to the ablest general in the ■woi-kl.'* 
 
 '' Wi jf FIELD Scott." 
 
 Citizens of Philadelphia, gratified at Grant' s purpose of 
 making his future home among them, presented to him a 
 completely furnished residence on Chestnut Street, between 
 Twentieth and Twenty -first. To their letter he replied :— 
 
 " It is with feelings of gratitude and pride that I accept this substantial 
 testimony of esteem from your loyal citizens; — gratitude, because it is an 
 evidence of deep-set determination on the part of a large number of citizens 
 that the war shall go on until the Union is restored; pride, that ray liumble 
 efforts in so great a cause should attract such a token from a city of strangers 
 to me. I will not predict a day when we shall have peace again with the 
 Union restored. But that this day will come, is as sure as the rising of to- 
 morrow's sun. I have never doubted this in the darkest day of this dark 
 and terrible rebellion. Until that happy day comes, my family will occupy 
 and enjoy your magnificent present. But until then, I do not expect nor 
 desire to see much of the enjoyments of a liome fireside." 
 
 Returning, he took with him Mrs. Grant and one of the 
 younger children, who remained at City Point until the 
 final surrender. During his absence his tent had been re- 
 placed by a rough log-cabin, which he occupied as head- 
 quarters "until the end of the conflict, sleeping on a plain 
 camp cot, and eating with his staflT at a rough table. 
 
 The new year opened. The confederacy, shorn of its 
 fair proportions, retained less than half its original territory. 
 Our line along the Mississippi cut it in twain, and Sherman 
 
 * Two frenerations before, Frederick the Great had sent a sword to George 
 Washington, inscribed :— •' From the oldest general in the world to the greatest." 
 
456 Three Rebel Peace Commissiot^ees [ises. 
 
 "had plowed a broad furro-vv from Chattanooga to the sea. 
 Mobile, Charleston, and Wilmington were its only remaining 
 seaports. 
 
 Still to a superficial observer it stood imposing and in- 
 destrnctible. The tone of its newspapers was never more 
 confident ; but the very vehemence of their daily reiterations 
 tliat they would never, never, never succumb, tended to 
 excite suspicion. The confederates had made a wonderful 
 fight. Of course, they found the money question the most 
 difficult one. Until November, 1861, their currency re- 
 mained at par ; afterward it steadily depreciated. The 
 amounts required to buy one dollar in gold, were : — 
 
 December, 1861, $ 1 20 
 
 1862, 3 00 
 
 " 1863, 19 00 
 
 186-i 50 00 
 
 March, 1865, 60 00 
 
 Jefferson Davis, in many resj)ects an able leader, was 
 also a very obstinate one. He had none of that humility 
 of opinion, that instinctive respect for the popular will 
 Avhich characterized Abraham Lincoln. Always in retain- 
 ing an inefficient cabinet, and generally in assigning officers 
 to high military commands, lie flew in the face of public 
 opinion. 
 
 But the party clamoring vaguely for ' ' an honorable 
 peace" — though by no means avowing its readiness to sub- 
 mit to the Union — had grown too large to be longer ignored. 
 So by Davis's appointment, Alexander H. Stephens, vice- 
 president of the confederacy, R. M. T. Hunter, and John A. 
 Campbell, proceeded to Hampton Roads, for a conference 
 with the Government authorities. They were particularly 
 anxious to meet the President in person, and Grant* tele- 
 graphed Stanton : — 
 
 " I will state confidentially — but not officially, to become a matter of 
 record — that I am convinced by conversing with Messrs, Stephens and Hunter 
 that their intentions are good, and their desires sincere to restore peace to 
 the Union. I have not felt myself at liberty, to express views of my own, 
 or even to account for my reticence. This has placed me in an awkward 
 
 * February first. 
 
1865.] CONFEE WITH LINCOLN AND SeWAED. 457 
 
 position. * * * * * I am sorry Mr. Lincoln can not have an inter- 
 view with the two named in this dispatch, if not all three, within our lines." 
 
 Thereupon the President — first instructing Grant not to 
 dela}^ or interrupt hostilities for a moment — joined the Secre- 
 tary of State, whom, he had abeady sent forward, and on 
 the tliird of February conversed for four hours with tlie rebel 
 commissioners. 
 
 It proved fruitless. Neither side abated a jot of its 
 original demand, the one insisting upon absolute indepen- 
 dence, and the other uj)on absolute submission. Lincoln 
 declared indispensable : (1.) The restoration of the national 
 authority through all the States ; (2.) No receding from the 
 Governmenf s position on slavery ; (3.) No cessation of hos- 
 tilities until the enemy should abandon the war. 
 
 To his statement that no conditions could be granted to 
 armed rebels, one of the Southerners reminded him that 
 Charles the First once treated with Irish insurgents while 
 they were yet fighting. 
 
 "I don't remember that," replied the President, with one 
 of his happiest repartees, ' ' but I do remember that Charles 
 the First lost his head !" 
 
 Lincoln and Seward returned to Washington. The lat- 
 ter wrote an account of the interview to the American 
 minister at London : — 
 
 " The conversation, although earnest and full, was calm and courteous, 
 and kind on both sides. *=*=** The several points at issue between the 
 Government and the insurgents were distinctly raised, and discussed fully 
 and intelligently and in an amicable spirit. What the insxirgent farty seemed, 
 chiefly to favor icas a postimnement of the question of separation^ wpon xchich 
 the war is waged, and a mutual direction of the efforts of the Government as 
 icell as those of the insurgents, to some extrinsic jwlicy or scheme for a season, 
 during which passions might he expected to subside and all the armies he 
 reduced, and trade and intercourse letween the p>eo2jle of both sections he 
 resumed. It was suggested by them, that through such postponement we 
 might now have made 7)eace with some not very certain prospect of an ttlti- 
 mate satisfactory adjustment of the political relations "between the Govern- 
 ment and the States, section, or people noio engaged in conflict with ity 
 
 The Southern commissioners represented to their au- 
 thorities that the President would make no substantial 
 concessions, and Jefferson Davis forwarded their report to 
 
 27r 
 
458 Lee Proposes a Peace Confeeeitce. T^ses. 
 
 tlie confederate congress as evidence tliat no course remained 
 "but to fight to the bitter end. 
 
 But the cause of the rebels was dying for want of men. 
 East of the Mississippi, seventy-two thousand deserted from 
 their armies between October, 1864, and February, 1865. 
 There seemed no alternative but to resort to that element 
 about Avhich they had taken up arms, and which proved 
 their fatal weakness. Benjamin, their secretary of war, had 
 long favored arming and freeing all negroes who would fight 
 in their ranks ; but the ]Droject was so revolutionary, so 
 dangerous, and, above all, so fatal to the end for which 
 they had inaugurated revolution, that the hostility to it was 
 very strong. 
 
 Lee was promoted from the command of the Army of 
 of Northern Virginia to that ' • of all the military forces of 
 the confederate States." 
 
 He was an advocate of the use of negro soldiers, and at 
 last the confederate congress— urged to it by the Virginia 
 legislature— authorized him to employ them. But the reso- 
 lution came too late. Had it been taken a year earlier it 
 is impossible to tell what the result might have been. It 
 was a problem so complicated that mere theorizing could 
 throw little light upon it. 
 
 During the month the Richmond congress "fired the 
 Southern heart" for the last time, vehemently urging the 
 people that yielding now would make them slaves to 
 their Northern enemies, and cause the distribution of their 
 property among their late bondmen. The addi'ess con- 
 cluded : — 
 
 " Success gives xis a country and a proud position among the nations of the 
 the earth ; faihire makes us the vassals of an arrogant people, secretly if not 
 openly hated by the most enlightened and elevated portion of mankind. Suc- 
 cess records us forever in letters of light upon one of the most glorious pages 
 of history ; failure Tvill compel us to drink the cup of humiliation, even to the 
 Utter dregs of having the history of our struggle written by N'ew England 
 historians. Success is within our reach." 
 
 But the Lieutenant- General regarded the conference at 
 Hampton Roads, and especially Lee's undisguised anxiety 
 for peace, as extremely significant. They were the begin- 
 ning of the end. 
 
1865.] Sherman in the Caeolinas. 459 
 
 CHAPTER XXXV. 
 
 ATTENTION MARCH ! 
 
 Sheeman' s splendid army, turning north from Savan- 
 nah, and meeting with little resistance, captured Columbia, 
 the capital of South Carolina, and compelled the evacuation 
 of Charleston,* The North was thrilled with delight when 
 the city where the rebellion began was subdued by the 
 strong arm. 
 
 Sherman, still in the heart of the enemy's country, 
 reached North Carolina, and for several days nothing was 
 heard from him. One morning. Senator Stewart of Nevada, 
 found the Lieutenant- General at head-quarters absorbed in 
 serious thought. After a few minutes of silence he rose to 
 leave. 
 
 Grant. — " Don't go." 
 
 Stewart. — "You seem to be busy; I won't disturb 
 you." 
 
 Grant. — "I am only thinking. I am troubled about 
 Sherman." 
 
 Stewart. — " You don't suppose he is whipped?" 
 
 Grant. — " Oh no ; they can't possibly whip Mm. They 
 can't bring force enough to whip Sherman ; but [in a voice 
 of great anxiety] I fear that he is out of supplies, and that 
 the boys are suffering." 
 
 The " frisky colt," however, after kicking up his 
 heels to his heart's content, reached Fayetteville, on 
 the Cape Fear River, on the twelfth of March. He 
 opened communication with Schofield, who, in co-opera- 
 tion with Admiral Porter, had alreadyf captured Wil- 
 mington. Driving his old enemy, Johnston, before 
 him, on the twenty-second of March Sherman reached 
 
 ♦February seventeenth. f February twenty-second. 
 
460 Sheridan Finishes tp Early. [ises. 
 
 Goldsboro, wliere he was within convenient distance of 
 Grant. 
 
 The General's first desire for the spring campaign was 
 to cut all Lee's communications. By his orders, Thomas 
 sent AYilson on a cavalry raid through Georgia and Ala- 
 bama, capturing towns, troops, and stores ; and Stoneman on 
 another through East Tennessee and Western North Caro- 
 lina. Grant also* directed Sheridan to move with his cav- 
 alry from tlie Shenandoah to Lynchburg, and "destroy the 
 railroad and canal in every direction, so as to be of no fur- 
 ther use to the rebellion." Then, if circumstances justified 
 it, he was to "strike south" and join Sherman. The dis- 
 patch asserted that this raid, with the others just starting 
 East and West, "and Sherman, with a large army, eating 
 out the vitals of South Carolina, is all that will be wanted 
 to leave nothing for the rebellion to stand uj)on."" Five 
 days later, Grant added : — 
 
 " If you reacli Lynchburg, you icill have to he guided in your after 
 movements by the information you obtain.'''' 
 
 Sheridan, with ten thousand cavalry and tliis roving 
 commission, drove the rebel pickets up the valley, crossed 
 a bridge over the Shenandoah before the}" could destroy it, 
 and, without even stopping to reconnoiter, carried by stormf 
 their intrenched camp at Wa^Tiesboro, and sent back to 
 Winchester sixteen hundred prisoners, eleven pieces of 
 artillery, and seventeen battle-flags. Early himself nar- 
 rowly escaped capture, and "this was his last appearance 
 on any stage during the war." 
 
 On went the iiTepressible cavalry leader, destroying 
 railways, and the Kanawha and James River Canal, a work 
 which originated with Washington, but was now used to 
 supply the army of Lee. The rebels burned bridges on his 
 front, and the James River was so swollen that his pon- 
 toons would not span it. He improved his enforced leisure 
 by tearing up more railways, and completing the utter 
 demolition of the canal. He would not turn back to Win- 
 chester ; he could not push on to Sherman. Completely 
 
 * February twentietb. t March second 
 
1865.] Abraham Lincoln at City Point. 461 
 
 bewildering the enemy about his designs, he crossed the 
 North and South Anna, destroying more railways and 
 bridges, and at last — fortunately for the country, for Grant, 
 and for himself — brought up safely at White House.* " By 
 choosing this course, he voluntarily forsook his large de- 
 partment, and put himself in the field at the head of two 
 cavalry divisions, head-quarters in the saddle, and, apply- 
 ing for a neAV situation, made no stipulations for himself, and 
 no objection to going into the country," f 
 
 Leaving his tired men to rest, he visited the Lieutenant- 
 General, 'to say with Hotspur:— "Fy upon this quiet life, 
 I want work." At head-quarters he found the President, 
 who had received a dispatch:}: from Grant : — 
 
 " Can yoii not visit Gity Point for a clay or two? I would like very 
 much to see you, and I think the rest will do you good." 
 
 Lincoln replied the same evening : — 
 
 "Your kind invitation received. Had already thought of going imme- 
 diately, after the nest train. Will go sooner if any reason for it. Mrs. 
 Lincoln and a few others will probably accompany me. Will notify you 
 when we fix a time, once it shall be fixed upon." 
 
 The next day he reached the front. He was greatly worn 
 by his load of care, and his tender eyes were sadder than ever. 
 He delighted in strolling alone among camps, hospitals, 
 and fatigue parties. One day, coming upon a squad cutting 
 timber for a cabin, he picked up an ax and chopped ofi" a 
 large log, the men crowding around, and cheering heartily 
 when he completed the feat. 
 
 Everywhere from the Atlantic to Texas, the Union col- 
 umns were ready to strike again. Grant had one hundred 
 thousand men present for duty. Lee's muster-rolls sliowed 
 even a larger number, but according to Southern writers, 
 heavy desertions and other causes had so reduced it that 
 
 * March nineteenth. 
 
 \ Colonel Newhall's " With Sheridan during the Last Six Weeks of his Cam- 
 paign," — one of the most spirited and admirable books called out by the war. 
 I March twentieth. 
 
462 Grant's Orders for the Final Campaign. [^865. 
 
 he had only fifty thousand effectives, and Johnston, wlio 
 confronted Sherman, about half as manj^ 
 
 On the twenty-fourth, Sheridan moved from White House 
 to join the Army of the Potomac, and Grant issued minute 
 instructions to him, to Meade, and to Ord for a general start 
 on the twenty-ninth. Our lines still faced westward, toward 
 Richmond and Petersburg. Sheridan was to lead the grand 
 movement on our left to seize the long-coveted Southside 
 and Danville railways. Parke Avould command the por- 
 tion of the Army of the Potomac remaining in front of Peters- 
 burg, and Weitzel that portion of the Army of the James 
 left before Richmond. On the march Meade was to hold 
 our right, with the Army of the Potomac, Ord our left, 
 with the Army of the James, and Sheridan the advance 
 v^tli the cavalry. The letter closed : — 
 
 " By these instructions a large part of the armies operating against 
 Richmond is left behind. The enemy, knowing this, may, as an only chance, 
 strip their lines to the merest skeleton, in the hope of advantage not being 
 taken of it, whilst they hurl every tiling against the moving column, and 
 return. It can not be impressed too strongly upon commanders of troops 
 left in the trenches not to allow this to occur without taking advantage of 
 it. The very fact of the enemy coming out to attack, if he does so, might 
 be regarded as almost conclusive evidence of such a weakening of his lines. 
 I would have it particularly enjoined upon corps commanders that^ in case of 
 an attach from the enemy^ those not attached are not to loait for orders from 
 the commanding officer of the army to lohich they belong, hut that they will 
 move promptly , and notify the commander of their action. I xnould also 
 enjoin the same action on the part of division commanders, iphen other parts 
 of their corps are engaged. In lihe manner, I xoould urge the importance 
 of following iqj a repulse of the enemy.'''' 
 
 The quick-sighted Lee strove to avert the gathering 
 storm. On the very morning after these orders were issued, 
 as if to show his pitiless adversary that he, too, could 
 "hammer" still, he made a violent assault on Fort Stead- 
 man, near Petersburg. His plan was bold. If it succeeded 
 he could cut our army in two, and destroy its supplies at 
 City Point. Even failing in this, he might so cripple it that 
 he could withdraw and join Johnston. 
 
 Fort Steadman was a strono; redoubt, containino; nine 
 
1865.] Lee's Repulse at Fort Steadman. 463 
 
 guns and covering about an acre. The rebels, starting from 
 their lines five hundred feet away, made a spirited dash, 
 seizing the guns and turning them upon the adjoining bat- 
 teries. Their success was but short-lived. Our soldiers, get- 
 ting on their flank, captured nineteen hundred prisoners, 
 retook and turned the cannons on their assailants, and sent 
 them flying back into their intrenchments. At the same 
 time, taking advantage of their weakness, Meade assaulted 
 vigorously, carrying and holding another part of their line, 
 and compelling them to ask an armistice to bury their dead. 
 
 The President, who saw the battle from a ridge in the 
 rear, pronounced it a good deal more satisfactory than a 
 mere review, which had been promised him. But he had 
 the review also, for several divisions, on their way to the 
 field, passing the height where he and the ladies of his party 
 stood, paused to salute the chief of the nation. 
 
 It was a splendid beginning for Grant. It cost the 
 enemy five thousand soldiers, and gave Grant twentj^-eight 
 hundred prisoners. It was the old story reversed — our 
 troops fighting within strong fortifications against a foe 
 assailing from without. The General said : — 
 
 " Lee had not the men to sjDare. His losses will tell in 
 the next battle. Our new recruits fought like veterans."' 
 
 It did not change or delay a moment his campaign. 
 On the evening of the twenty-seventh, Sherman arrived 
 at City Point. His great march — the latest sensation — 
 had made him the most popular leader of the hour. 
 By Porter s orders, naval flags and naval salutes gave 
 him welcome. Several general officers met him at the 
 Avharf and escorted him to head-quarters, where many more 
 awaited him. 
 
 Shermai^. — " How are you, Grant f 
 
 Grant. — "How are you, Sherman ?" 
 
 Sherman- (to the rest).—" I didn't expect to find aU you 
 fellows here. You don't travel as fast as we do." 
 
 No time was spent in compliments- Sherman sat down in 
 the cabin with the General and staff", and asked for a map. 
 He Avas given to poring over maps — unlike the chief, whose 
 assistants aver that they never saw him studying one, but 
 
464 
 
 Sheemai^ arrives for Conferen"ce. 
 
 [1865. 
 
 that lie seems by a mere glance to take in and remember 
 towns, roads, streams, and forests. 
 
 A large, minute map being brought, Sherman began 
 eagerly to point out what he proposed to do. His plan — 
 already mentioned in correspondence with the Lieutenant- 
 
 THE FINAL CAJIPAIGX AGAIXST LEE. 
 
 General — was to bring his army up to Weldon, where it 
 would be Avithin supporting distance, and could either join 
 Grant, or go west to Burke's Station to intercept Lee, The 
 chief feared to have him come so near, lest it should alarm 
 Lee in time for him to escape. When his lieutenant was 
 thi'ough, he quietly said : — 
 
 ''Well, Sherman, I am going to move up to Dinwiddle 
 on the twenty-ninth, and think that will force Lee out of his 
 lines to give me battle there [pointing to a spot on the map], 
 which Avill be all I want ; or weaken his lines so that I can 
 attack him." 
 
 Shermax. — '' A big banter ! a big banter ! But, Grant, 
 we can make things perfectly sure," 
 
 Grant. — "Well, if we don't succeed here, probably I 
 can keep him from drawing back until you come ujd." 
 
 Sherman remained two days. There was no formal 
 conference, though Ord and Meade were summoned to 
 head- quarters to meet him : but all the generals talked 
 freely with each other, and with the Chief Magistrate. A 
 
18*55.] Grant's Hopes and Feaes. 465 
 
 journalist pictures several historic meu as lie saw tliem 
 walking together on the twenty-eighth : — 
 
 '• Lincoln, tall, rouncl-shouldereJ, loose-jointed, large-featured, deep- 
 eyed, with a smile upon his face, is dressed in black, and wears a fashionable 
 silk hat. Grant is at Lincoln's right, shorter, stouter, more compact ; wears 
 a military hat with a stiff, broad brim, has his hands in his pantaloons' pock- 
 ets, and is puffing away at a cigar while listening to Sherman. Sherman, 
 tall, with high, commanding forehead, is almost as loosely built as Lincoln ; 
 has sandy whiskers, closely cropped, and sharp, twinkling eyes, long arms 
 and legs, shabby coat, slouched hat, his pantaloons tucked into his boots. 
 He is talking hurriedly, gesticulating now to Lincoln, now to Grant, his eyes 
 wandering everywhere. Meade, also tall, with thin, sharp features, a gray 
 beard, and spectacles, is a little stooping in his gait. Sheridan, the shortest 
 of all. quick and energetic in all his movements, with a face bronzed by sun 
 and wind, is courteous, affable, and a thorough soldier. " 
 
 Grant's great fear was that Lee might escape and join 
 Johnston. But he was also anxious that the Army of the 
 Potomac, which had suffered so many defeats, should win 
 the iinal triumph. To every suggestion that he bring troops 
 directly from the West or from Sherman' s army, he had 
 replied : — 
 
 '•No. Some Western men would then taunt these sol- 
 diers: — "We had to come and help you before you could 
 end the war ! ' It is better for all that the Anny of the 
 Potomac should finish up the job," 
 
 Lincoln, who at first favored the idea of bringing Sher- 
 man's army to City Point, said that he had not thought of 
 this view, but was struck with its force, and heartily 
 acquiesced in it. 
 
 It was finally determined that Sherman should come to 
 the Roanoke ** at Gaston, or thereabouts," whence he could 
 march to the vicinity of Burke" s Station and get in Lee' s 
 rear, or join Grant, as might be deemed best. If not needed, 
 he was to make Johnston' s army his objective point, as Grant 
 made Lee' s his, and both were to follow wherever their ad- 
 versaries might go, and, above all things, to prevent a junc- 
 tion between them. The Lieutenant-General's report says : 
 
 " I explained to him the movement I liad ordered to commence on the 
 twenty-ninth of March, that if it should not prove as entirely successful as I 
 
466 His Final Orders for the March. [^sss. 
 
 hoped, I would cut the cavah-y h)ose to destroy the Dauville and Southside 
 railroads, and thus deprive the enemy of further supplies, and also prevent 
 the rapid concentration of Lee's and Johnston's armies. 
 
 •• I had spent days of anxiety lest each moment should Iring the report 
 that the enemy had retreated the night lefore. I was firmly convinced that 
 Sherman's crossing the Roanole would he the signal for Lee to move. "With 
 Johnston and Lee combined, a long, tedious, and espensive campaign, con- 
 suming most of the summer, might become necessary." 
 
 On the twent3--eiglitli, Grant gave Meade, Orel, and Sheri- 
 dan instructions for the next day. To the Latter he wrote :— 
 
 ;;Move your cavalry at an early hour as you can, and without heing con- 
 fined to any particular road or roads. You may go out by the nearest 
 roads in the rear of the Fifth Corps, pass by its left and, passing near to or 
 through Dinwiddle, reach the right and rear of the enemy as soon as you can. 
 It is not the intention to attach the enemy in his intrenched 2JOsition, hut to 
 force him out if possible. Should he come out and attack us, or get him- 
 self where he can be attacked, move in with your entire force, in your own 
 way. and with the full reliance that the army will engage or follow, as cir- 
 cumstances will dictate. * * * After having accomplished the destruc- 
 tion of the two railroads, tchich are now the only avenues of supply to Lee's 
 army, you may return to this army, selecting your road farther south, or 
 you may go on into North Carolina and join General Sherman." 
 
 The sick and sutlers were sent to the rear, and now, 
 positively for the last time, without any postponement on 
 account of the weather, it was to he onward to Richmond. 
 
1365.] Lincoln's Farewell Words. 467 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVI. 
 
 EICHMOXD FALLS. 
 
 Before dawn on the twenty-ninth of March, Meade, Ord, 
 and Sheridan had all broken camp, and were pushing for- 
 ward. After breakfast, Grant and his staff left City Point 
 for the front, eighteen miles distant. The President, anxious 
 and careworn, accompanied them to the train, saying : — 
 
 '' I "v\"ish I could go with you."" 
 
 As they stepped on board he stood grasping the iron rod 
 at the rear of the car, and sliook heartily the hand of each 
 successive officer, with a cheerful adieu. To his eldest 
 son — who had recently graduated at Yale, and was now 
 serving modestly and efficiently on Grant's staff — he said : — 
 
 "Robert, good bye. God bless you ! Remember to do 
 your duty always." 
 
 Rawlins (who came last). — " I hope we shallhave better 
 luck now than we have had." 
 
 Lincoln. — " Well, youi* luck is my luck, and the coun- 
 try' s — the luck of all of us — (reflectively), except the poor 
 fellows who are killed. Success won" t do them any good. 
 They are the only ones not to be benefited by it." 
 
 Sheridan' s cavalry, nine thousand strong, was equal to 
 any emergency, and full of faith in itself and its leader. 
 Its scouts, undei' Major Young, of Rhode Island, wore con- 
 federate gray, mingled freely with rebel troops and people, 
 and when the general was on the march dropped in upon 
 him at the cross-roads, bringing minute, trustworthy infor- 
 mation. This was one secret of Sheridan's invariable 
 success. 
 
 At five p. M., he reached Dinwiddle Court-House. 
 County towns in the South are "court-houses," whether 
 they contain man}' or few dwellings. Dinwiddle boasted 
 one hotel and two or three residences. As abounding mud 
 
468 "I NOW Feel like Ending the Matter." [ises. 
 
 had kept the train from coming up, the soldiers went sup- 
 perless to bed on the damp ground, and the general upon 
 the tavern floor. After dark came a note from Grant: — 
 
 " Our line is now unbroken from the Appomattox to Dinwiddie. * * * / 
 now feel like ending the matter^ if it is possible to do so, iefore going hack. 
 I do not want you, therefore, to cut loose and go after the enemy's roads 
 at present. In the morning push around the enemy, if you can, and get 
 on to his right rear." 
 
 The day of raids was about over, and the day of bag- 
 ging — a game which everybody had threatened, but nobody 
 had phiyed successfully, except the Lieutenant- General — 
 Avas at hand. But four years of countless mud-marches 
 had made the troops incredulous, and they would have 
 hooted anybody out of camp, Avho predicted the capture of 
 Lee' s army within ten days. 
 
 Perseverance was near its reward. At last Grant had 
 found the weak place in the armor of his adversary. Lee, 
 usually so prudent, was to be ruined through much daring 
 — through neglecting to withdraw while he could. 
 
 The thirtieth of March opened during torrents of rain, 
 which began the night before and continued for thirty-six 
 hours. It held Meade" s and Ord' s infiintry fast in the mud ; 
 but Sheridan advanced his lines toward Five Forks. 
 
 Sympathizing heartily in the chiefs desire to " end the 
 matter, ' ' he rode back to head-quarters, and entered Grant' s 
 tent dripping from head to foot. The two had a long con- 
 ference, the Lieutenant-General explaining his aims with mi- 
 nuteness. Then Sheridan galloped through the mire again 
 to Dinwiddie, and spent the evening at his own quarters, 
 listening to a j)iano, and to the pleadings of several Rich- 
 mond ladies, who had sought safe shelter in the village, that 
 he would have no battle in that vicinity. It was a droll 
 request to prefer to hhn. 
 
 On the morning of the thirty-first he held Five Forks. 
 But Warren moving forward to co-operate with him was 
 driven back by a heavy inftmtry force, which then uniting 
 with the cavalry on Sheridan" s front, assailed him vigorous- 
 ly. Greatly out-numbered, he fell back slowly for several 
 
1SG5.] Sheridan Drivek Back to Diicwiddie. 469 
 
 miles, and then liad a very sharp fight for the Court-House. 
 Hat in hand lie galloped along his lines, accompanied by 
 several officers, and an unfortunate correspondent who got 
 a bullet in the shoulder. Once his troops wavered, and dis- 
 aster seemed imminent. Init he rallied them and held his 
 own till dark. Tlie hammering was going on again ! 
 
 From the house of a poor woman with many children— 
 now filled with wounded — Sheridan dispatched ; — 
 
 " * * * The men behaved splendidly. This force is too strong for us. I 
 will I'old out at Dinwiddle Court-House until I am compelled to leave." 
 
 The Lieutenant- General replied, at ten p. m, : — 
 
 " You will assume command of the whole force sent to operate with you, 
 and use it to the best of your ability to destroy the force which your com- 
 mand has fought so gallantly to-day." 
 
 Grant says, in his final report : — 
 
 " Sheridan displayed great generalship. Instead of retreating with his 
 whole command on the main army, to tell the story of superior forces en- 
 countered, he deployed his cavalry on foot, leaving only mounted men enough, 
 to take charge of the horses. This compelled the enemy to deploy over a 
 vast extent of woods ^nd broken country, and made his progress slow." 
 
 Sheridan's command was now increased by Warren's 
 corps to twenty-three thousand men. Before moving, 
 on the first of April, he disjDatched to Warren, whom he 
 supposed to be in the enemy's rear : — 
 
 " Possibly they may attack here at daylight. If so, attack instantly, and 
 in full force. Attack at daylight anyhow. I will make an effort to get the 
 road this side ; and if I do, you can capture the whole of them." 
 
 But Warren, with natural — perhaps excessive — prudence, 
 had not moved in the darkness through that unknown 
 country, and among unknown enemies. 
 
 At earliest dawn Sheridan and stafl' galloped forward 
 from Dinwiddle. In front of their pickets, through the 
 lifting fog, they could just detect a long line of infantry. 
 Were they rebels, or Warren' s men ? An aide, insisting 
 that they wore blue, galloped toward an officer who was 
 prancing his horse in front of them. As he approached, a 
 
■iTO Fights the Battle of Five Forks. [ises. 
 
 few words were exchanged ; there was a pistol-shot from 
 the unknown, and the reconnoiterer dashed back without 
 the least lingering doubt. Sheridan' s plan for the approach- 
 ing battle is given with great clearness in his official report : — 
 
 " I determined that I would drive the enemy with cavalry to Five Forks, 
 press them inside their works, and make a feint to turn their right tiank, and 
 meanwhile quietly move up the Fifth (Warren's) Corps, with a view to 
 attacking their left flank, crush the whole force, if possible, and drive west- 
 ward those who might escape, and thus isolate them from their army at 
 Petersburg.' 
 
 After waiting until late in the afternoon for Warren to 
 get in position, he left Merritt in command of the cavalry, 
 and rode until he found Warren sitting upon a log, issuing 
 orders preparatory to battle. Sheridan grew impatient, and 
 fancied that the corps commander threw cold water on the 
 movement. But Warren, if he did lack the fiery impetu- 
 osity of the cavalry leader, had often proved himself a 
 good soldier. 
 
 At four p. M. his corps advanced, with Sheridan — staff, 
 body-guard, battle-flag, and all — in front of its line of battle. 
 It struck the rebels in a dark wood. Musketry soon grew 
 so hot that the Union line wavered, and two regiments broke 
 and ran. Sheridan dashed in among the faltering men, took 
 the colors in his own hand, and, his famous black steed 
 ' ' R.ienzi ' ' pawing and dancing, led them forward again. One 
 bullet pierced the flag ; another killed the sergeant who had 
 just surrendered it to the general, and others yet disabled 
 several officers near by. But the confederates were sur- 
 rounded. The cavalry, under Merritt, held their front and 
 right in a firm grip, and now the infantry was sweeping 
 upon their left and rear. They made a gallant fight, facing 
 both ways, but were driven slowly back until our infantry, 
 "demoralized" by this Indian fighting in the forest against 
 obstinate resistance, hesitated, and finally stopped. Then 
 Warren himself galloped to the front, and bade his men 
 not lead, but follow. Inspired by his example, they went 
 right into the enemy's works. Warren's horse was shot 
 under him, and a devoted Wisconsm officer, springing for- 
 ward to shield him, was dangerously wounded. 
 
1865.] EvenijS-g Scenes in his Camp. 471 
 
 Simultaneously with this success in the rebels' rear, 
 came Merritt's cavalry charge on their front — a charge so 
 sudden and vigorous that Pickett, standing in a battery and 
 overlooking his division, received his first intimation of it 
 from a mule, bounding over the parapet and bearing a Union 
 cavalryman, who yelled in his ears: — "Surrender and be 
 d d to you !" 
 
 The rebels were routed. More than five thousand (one 
 fourth of the whole) threw down their arms. The rest, 
 cut off from Lee' s main army, fled westward, abandoning 
 guns, caissons, ambulances, and wagons. Sheridan pur- 
 sued for six miles, until darkness stopped him.* 
 
 The Union forces had lost less than a thousand men 
 all told ; the confederates six thousand. Their slender 
 army, already sadly weakened at Fort Steadman, was shed- 
 ding its life blood, and shedding it in vain. It had fought 
 for Five Forks — not a town, but the intersection of five 
 wagon roads, four miles in the rear of Lee's extreme right. 
 The position was very important, commanding the ap- 
 proaches to the Southside Railway, six miles north of it. 
 The battle won us that railway which — since June, 1864 — 
 we had expended so many lives to gain. It secured to 
 Grant the last of Lee's communications, except the Rich- 
 mond and Danville road, and the rebel chief could not hope 
 to hold that many days longer. Inch by inch, the relent- 
 less Union General had almost completed the circle around 
 his foe. Inch by inch the brooding Fate — never resting, 
 always advancing — encroached upon the little clear sky 
 still left in the confederate heavens. 
 
 After dark, Sheridan's camp was a scene for a painter. 
 Blazing fires showed the wounded of both armies being 
 borne to the hospitals ; huge piles of captured small-arms, 
 cannons, caissons, and wagons ; thousands of sad prisoners 
 huddled together, and our own men cooking their suppers, 
 while the air rang with their jubilant shouts. Before one 
 fire the cavalry general lay stretched upon a blanket, with 
 
 * Near the close of this battle Warren was reheved, and Griffin placed in charge 
 of his corps. 
 
472 Gra]n^t breaks the Petersburg Lines. [ises. 
 
 liis head upon liis saddle, giving orders, hearing reports, 
 and answering the questions of a WoTld correspondent, 
 who, with a cracker-box for a seat and a board for a desk, 
 was recording the history which that day had made. 
 
 Grant — back with Meade — was waiting the issue with 
 deep anxiety. Soon the good news reached him, calling out 
 hearty cheers for miles along his lines. He telegraphed 
 it to the President, at City Point ; and Lincoln replied : — 
 
 " Yours, showing Sheridan's success of to-day, is just received and highly 
 appreciated. Having no great deal to do here, I am still sending the sub- 
 stance of your dispatches to the Secretary of War." 
 
 The imminent peril in Lee's rear might induce him to re- 
 tire from his intrenchments, or detach force enough to over- 
 whelm Sheridan: so at ten p. :m., by order of the Lieutenant- 
 General, the batteries from all our investing lines opened in 
 fierce bombardment — the preliminary of a grand assault. 
 
 Toward midnight an aide, after floundering through the 
 mud for miles, reached head-quarters, and delivered to 
 Grant — whom he found in bed — a verbal message that 
 Slieridan was ready to attack the enemy' s right flank early 
 in tlie morning, if he desired it. 
 
 The chief replied that he approved the plan, and would 
 have suggested it himself had he not been sure that his 
 trusted lieutenant would do whatever was for the best. He 
 added, that he had already sent a division to re-enforce 
 Sheridan, lest Lee should abandon his Petersburg intrench- 
 ments during the night and attempt to cut his way west- 
 ward. 
 
 At four A. M., on Sunday, April second, Meade and Ord 
 assaulted, breaking Lee" s line south of Petersburg, capturing 
 thousands of prisoners, and cutting oif a part of the rebel 
 force, which then retreated westward up the Apj)omattox. 
 The wall Avas trembling and cracking ! Parke also pierced 
 the main line in front of Petersburg, securmg guns and 
 prisoners, but the inner line stopped him. 
 
 Grant more than fulfilled his prediction to Sherman that 
 he would compel his adversary to weaken his line and 
 afford oppoi'tunity for attack, or to come out and fight ; he 
 
1865.] A. P. Hill ls Killed. 473 
 
 did both. Lee was in liis Petersburg liead-quarters, wlien 
 the warning cannonade came nearer and nearer. 
 
 Lee (to A. P. Hill). — "How is this, general? Your 
 men are giving way.'" 
 
 Hill mounted, galloped toward the outer works, and 
 saw the Lnion forces pouring in. While still, as he sup- 
 posed, within his own lines, he was greeted : — 
 
 "Halt!" 
 
 Three Federal soldiers stepped from behind a tree with 
 their pieces leveled. He shouted to them : — 
 
 " Throw down your arms !'' 
 
 Surprised at his audacity, they hesitated a moment, then 
 fired ; and one of the ablest of the enemy fell dead. 
 
 The day's work cost the Union army many lives ; but 
 completed the destruction of Lee's right, upon which it 
 had "hammered" for ten months. Grant telegraphed to 
 Bowers at City Point : — 
 
 "The whole captures since the army started ont gunning will not amount 
 to less than twelve thousand men. and probably tifty pieces of artillery. 
 * * * If the President will come out on the nine a. m. train to Patrick 
 Station I will send a horse and an escort to meet him. It would afford me 
 much pleasure to meet the President in person at the station, but I know he 
 will excuse me for not doing so, when my services are so liable to be needed 
 at any moment." 
 
 Lincoln replied : — 
 
 " Allow me to tender to you, and all with you, the nation's grateful 
 thanks for this additional and magnificent success. At your kind sugges- 
 tion, I think I will meet you to-morrow." 
 
 The Sunday morning had dawned peacefully in the rebel 
 capital. On Saturday evening, Tlie Sentinel, said : — 
 
 " We are very hopeful of the campaign which is opening, and trust that 
 we are to reap a large advantage from the operations evidently near at 
 hand. We have only to resolve that we never will surrender, and it will be 
 impossible that we shall ever be taken." 
 
 The very next day, at eleven a. M., the devout Jefferson 
 Davis, worshiping at St. Paul' s church, received a dispatch 
 from Lee : — 
 
 28r 
 
47-i Jeffekson Davis's Flight. [i865. 
 
 " The enemy has broken my lines in three pUices. Richmond must he 
 evacuated to-night.''^ 
 
 He witlidrew from the congregation, walked to liis lionse, 
 and wrote orders for removing the coin from the banks to 
 Danville, and sending away or burning all confederate ar- 
 chives. Discreetly concluding that the Southside Railway 
 was no longer safe, at eight p. m. he rode to the Danville sta- 
 tion, and took his horses and carriage on board the train for 
 emergencies. His wife had already gone south, and his 
 only companions were several fugacious doctors of divinity. 
 Their occupation was gone. They had fallen upon evil 
 times. IS'o more were the}^ to expound from the pulpit, in 
 the name of the Christian religion, the duty of white men to 
 drench a continent in fraternal blood, in defense of their 
 inalienable right to hold black men in bondage ! 
 
 A slave-dealer, surmising that his human property would 
 be at a discount the next morning, was also at the station 
 with fifty handcuffed negroes, begging that he might be 
 allowed to accompany the confederacy on its southern 
 meanderings. But, in gross disregard of the fitness of 
 things, the bayonets of soldiers in gray prevented him from 
 entering the train. 
 
 Davis died game. Reaching Danville, he halted his 
 government long enough to issue* his last proclamation : — 
 
 " We have noic entered upon a neio phase of the struggle. Relieved from 
 the necessity of guardiDg particular points, our army will be free to move 
 from point to point, to strike the enemy in detail far from his base. Let us 
 but will it, and we are free. * * * Virginia, with the help of the people, 
 and by tlie blessing of Providence, shall be held and defended, and no peace 
 ever be made with the infamous invaders of her territory. * * * Let us, 
 then, not despond, ray countrymen, but. relying on God, meet the foe with 
 fresh defiance, and with unconquered and unconquerable hearts." 
 
 But this was three days after that Sunday, never to be 
 forgotten in Richmond. The Virginia legislature embarked 
 on a canal-boat for Lynchburg. Vehicles to take fugitives 
 from the city connuanded ten, fifteen, and finally a hundred 
 dollars an hour in greenbacks or gold. Confederate prom- 
 ises to pay, no longer even nominally valuable, obstructed 
 
 * April fifth. 
 
1865.] "And Great was the Fall of It." 475 
 
 the streets and were kindled into bonfires. Depositors were 
 obtaining tlieir specie from the banks ; directors hauling 
 their bullion to the railway ; and carriages and wagons, 
 and men and women, white and black, pouring westward. 
 
 After dark, cords of public documents blazed in the 
 streets, and hundreds of barrels of whisky, belonging to the 
 confederate medical department, were emptied into the gut- 
 ters. Soldiers, citizens, and even women, drank till they 
 became an uncontrollable mob, pillaging stores, robbing 
 dwellings, and staggering under loads of flour, bacon, and 
 dry-goods, which they threw away whenever they found 
 other articles more attractive. Wealthy citizens stealthily 
 buried plate, money, and jewels in their yards and gardens. 
 
 Ewell, commanding the city — which was still nominally 
 under martial rule — ordered the warehouses, stored with 
 confederate government tobacco, to be burned. The mayor, 
 and Breckinridge, the "so-called" secretary of war, in vain 
 protested. Ewell kindled a conflagration which destroyed 
 a thousand houses, covering tliirty squares, in the heart of 
 the city. He fired all the shipping in the James River, 
 except the flag-of- truce boat, and the rams were blown up 
 with thundering reports. 
 
 So fled Jefferson Davis, whom Richmond had delighted 
 to honor. So ended, in ear-piercing explosions, wide-sj)read 
 debauchery, and wholesale conflagration, the rule of the 
 confederacy, inaugurated four years earlier with flying 
 flags and pealing fire-bells. 
 
 At dawn on Monday, over the roads leading southwest 
 the rebel rear-guards marched away, burning the bridges 
 behind them. Women implored them to stay and fight for 
 their homes, but the grim soldiers replied tliat fighting was 
 "played out." Behind rode Ewell, upon an iron-gray 
 horse, wearing a faded cloak and slouched hat ; and Breck- 
 inridge, who bade a long farewell to all his greatness. 
 
 The explosions of iron-clads and fortifications had been 
 heard in WeitzeFs camp, and at eight a. m. forty Union 
 troopers galloped unresisted into the city, which for four 
 years had baffled and defied twenty millions of people. 
 Negro infantry followed, singing jubilantly : — 
 
476 Lus'coLisr's Reception in Richmond. [ises. 
 
 " John Brown's body lies a moldering in the grave, 
 But his soul is marching on." 
 
 They reached the State-liouse ; stacked their arms; 
 manned the tire-engines, and did their best to stem the con- 
 flagration. Weitzel established his head-quarters in the late 
 presidential mansion. 
 
 Lincoln, coming forward from City Point, found Peters- 
 burg evacuated. During the day he reached Richmond in 
 a row-boat, accompanied by Farragut and Porter. His 
 haggard face was lighted up with unwonted cheerfulness. 
 Negroes thronged about him by thousands, many with 
 streaming eyes, all with cheer after cheer for their savior 
 and friend. The President removed his hat and bowed 
 in silence — an unprecedented recognition of their race from 
 the acknowledged head of the nation. 
 
 He sat for a while in the reception-room, which only two 
 days before had been crowded with visitors to the rebel 
 president. He went through Libby Prison, and found it 
 filled with Southerners. A Northern general writing orders 
 at the desk of Jefierson Davis ; negro soldiers thronging the 
 streets ; confederate, not Union captives looking out through 
 the barred windows of Libby ! Well might the sad eyes 
 grow joyful and the worn face relax into smiles. 
 
 Before noon the telegraph had carried the news through 
 the length and breadth of the North. It set the people mad 
 with joy. Even the Gold Exchange of New York — hitherto 
 unsuspected of sentiment or patriotism — suspended busi- 
 ness, and the members, many of whom had applauded the 
 execution of the Virginia martjT six years before, joined 
 in singing "John Brown," "Old Hundred," and "The 
 Star- Spangled Banner." There were impromptu meetings 
 and processions, flags went up, church bells rang, strangers 
 congratulated and even embraced each other in the streets. 
 
1S65.] "SlFTIN SOUF, SaH." 47 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVII. 
 
 THE HOT CHASE. 
 
 At daylight,* Lee's reduced force was sixteen miles from 
 Petersburg. Strange to tell, liis spirits were unusually 
 light. He hoped to join Johnston and continue the war. 
 
 "I have got my army," he said, " safe out of its breast- 
 works. In order to follow me the enemy must abandon his 
 lines, and can not draw any further benefit from his rail- 
 roads or the James River." 
 
 The Lieutenant- General went into Petersburg with the 
 troops ; took one stroll through the streets ; never waited to 
 visit Richmond, but instantly started his army in pursuit. 
 
 Lee had survived perils which seemed almost as great as 
 this ; but they resembled it only in the seeming. Grant, 
 hot on his track with Meade and Ord ; Sheridan, eager on 
 his flank, with infantry and cavalry ! The Fate was closing 
 its iron hand. 
 
 Already the swords were being beaten into plowshares. 
 One division passed a rich field, where the farmer was turn- 
 ing up the soil, though his buildings and fences had been 
 burned in previous campaigns. He said : — 
 
 "As soon as I knew Richmond was evacuated I thought 
 it safe to go to plowing." 
 
 Sheridan— starting from Five Forks — asked a gray- 
 lieaded negro, who was sAvinging his hat in joy : — 
 
 " Where are the rebels, uncle i" 
 
 "Siftin' souf, sah ; siftin' souf ! " replied the patriarch, 
 
 Lee was marching his troops westward in several col- 
 umns on both banks of the Appomattox. Meade and Ord, 
 behind and south of him, were moving in the same direction. 
 Sheridan, still farther south, and almost neck-and-neck 
 
 * Monday, April third. 
 
478 Sheeidan on Lee' 8 Fkont. [isgs. 
 
 with him, confident that he was aiming for Danville, North 
 Carolina, turned his course northward, to head him off. 
 Tlie troopers soon had a severe encounter with several rebel 
 detachments. At five p. m. on Tuesday, the fourth, the 
 tired infantry corps reached Jetersville. There Sheridan 
 heard that Lee was at Amelia Court-House, five miles north- 
 east. He had intercepted tlie enemy ! 
 
 The rebels were straggling. Young' s scouts, in confede- 
 rate uniform, riding along the road and assuming to be Lee' s 
 weary men were acting as decoys. They led the way into a 
 thicket, where twenty Union soldiers, with cocked guns, 
 received their prey, and compelled silence. Almost a regi- 
 ment were thus conducted into the snare of the fowler. 
 
 Now was Lee's last, golden opportunity. Only a single 
 corps of infantry and one division of cavalry blocked his 
 path. He could easily have cut his way through. Sheridan 
 comprehending this, instantly began to intrench, and sent 
 back an urgent request to Meade, sixteen miles in the rear. 
 The messenger found him sick in bed, and his weary troops 
 encamped for the night. 
 
 Meade.—" Do I understand you that General Sheridan 
 believes Lee's army will be destroyed or captured if my 
 troops reach the Danville railroad to-morrow morning V 
 
 Aide. — " Yes, sir." 
 
 Meade's men were hungrily waiting for their supplies to 
 come up. But he issued an order, informing them of "the 
 distinguished General Sheridan' s ' ' opinion, and instructing 
 them to march at two a. m. They wished ' ' the distinguished 
 general" somewhere else, but prepared to obey cheerfully. 
 
 The rest of his cavalry having come up, Sheridan found 
 a little time to sleep before morning.* He momentarily ex- 
 pected an attempt from Lee to cut his way through. When 
 dawn came Avithout it, he grew suspicious that Lee might 
 be trying to escape by passing north. He sent out a recon- 
 noissance under Davies, which falling upon a rebel train, 
 destroyed a hundred and eighty wagons, capturing a thou- 
 sand prisoners, several colors, and four pieces of artiUery. 
 
 * April fifth. 
 
1S65.] "Our Army is ruixed, I fear." 479 
 
 The enemy, unaccustomed to having his trains disturbed, 
 resisted Davies vigorously, and there was hot skiimishing. 
 
 Another corps of the Army of the Potomac arrived, but 
 Meade, still sick, was compelled to return to his bed, and 
 leave the cavalry general in command. In the afternoon a 
 nes;ro brought Sheridan a note which a confederate officer 
 at Amelia had written to his mother. It said : — 
 
 " Our army is ruined, I fear. We are all safe as yet. * * * General 
 Eobert Lee is in the field near us. My trust is still in the justice of our 
 cause." 
 
 This so confirmed Sheridan s surmises of Lee' s desperate 
 condition, that he immediately forwarded it to Grant, with 
 an account of his day's work, adding : — 
 
 '• I wish you were here yourself. I feel confident of capturing the Army 
 of Northern Virginia if we exert ourselves. I see no escape for General 
 Lee."' 
 
 The Lieutenant-General thought so too. The day before 
 he had telegraphed to Washington : — 
 
 " The army is pushing forward in the hope of overtahing or disjjersing the 
 remainder of Lee's army. =^ =*" * Houses through the country are nearly all 
 used as hospitals for u'ounded. In every direction I liear of rebel soldiers 
 pushing for home, some in large, some in small sqnads, and generally with- 
 out arms. The cavalry have i)ursued so closely that the enemy have been 
 forced to destroy probably the greater part of their transportation, caissons, 
 and munitions of war. The number of prisoners captured yesterday will 
 exceed two thousand."' 
 
 Grant was with Ord. on our extreme left, moving along 
 the Southside road, watching all the parts of his scattered 
 command with unceasing vigilance, and minutely directing 
 its movements, to make assurance doubly sure. Just as 
 Ord's tii-ed troops halted for the night, he received Sher- 
 idan's dispatch, stating that he was square on Lee's front, 
 and had captured a train and many prisoners. It was sent 
 out to the men, with an order to resume their march at once. 
 They obeyed with roaring cheers, which passed like a swift 
 wind from regiment to regiment. 
 
 On the road, just at dusk, the General received a second 
 dispatch from Sheridan, reiterating his desire for the presence 
 
480 Grant goes foeward to Sheridan. [ises. 
 
 of the cliief, and his opinion that the time had come for com- 
 pelling Lee to surrender. 
 
 Grant (to his cliief of staff). — ''What do you think 
 of it?" 
 
 Rawlins. — "It looks ^Yell, but you know Sheridan is 
 always a little sanguine." 
 
 Grant. — " Well, let us go. Here, orderly, take my sad- 
 dle off the Jeff Davis pony and put it on Cincinnatus."* 
 
 Rawlins, worn out and in poor health, also changed his 
 saddle, and the party, dinnerless and supperless, started 
 across the country, accompanied only by a dozen order- 
 lies. An hour before midnight they reached Sheridan's 
 head-quarters, a little frame dwelling near Jetersville. 
 
 Sheridan, who was up- stairs asleep, soon came down, 
 rubbing his eyes and smiling. Ordering supper for his 
 guests, he plunged into business. Scratching a rude dia- 
 gram in pencil, on the back of a letter, he pointed out the 
 whereabouts of Lee* s columns and his own troops. 
 
 "We will have them," he exclaimed, his eyes Hash- 
 ing with eagerness, ' ' every man of them. That is, if you 
 can only get Meade's army up. I want him to take this 
 position, so I can swing around there. Then we'll have 
 every mother's son of them !" 
 
 Grant (after asking several questions). — "Lee is in a bad 
 fix. It Avill be difficult for him to get away." 
 
 Sheridan. — " D — n him, he can t get away. We'll have 
 his whole army ; we'll have every of them! " 
 
 Grant. — "Thafs a little too much to expect. I think 
 if I were Lee I could escape at least with some of my men." 
 
 The chief was as confident at heart as his lieutenant, but 
 wished to avoid raising expectation too high. 
 
 Turn we to Lee. He reached Amelia Court-House on the 
 morning of the fourth, expecting to meet supplies from Dan- 
 ville for his almost famished men. The food had arrived on 
 the second, but the officer in charge of the train received a 
 telegraphic order to bring the cars to Richmond for helping 
 to remove the property of the confederate government. He 
 
 * A favorite horse, sent to the General from Cincinnati. 
 
1335.] Gallant Exploit of Read's Brigade. 481 
 
 stupidly carried forward not only the train but its contents 
 also. Lee, appalled to find no rations, had to wait almost 
 two days, while his men foraged upon the country. If 
 there was hope before, this sealed his doom. 
 
 On the morning of the sixth, Meade and Sheridan, start- 
 ing from Jetersville toward Amelia Court-House, to give 
 Lee battle, found he was slipping past north of them. But 
 Ord, who, through Granf s skiUful dispositions, had reached 
 Burke's Station at midnight, pushed toward Farmville to 
 intercept him, sending in advance General Theodore Read, of 
 AVisconsin, with two regiments of infantry and a squadron of 
 cavalry to destroy the bridges. Read had just begun upon 
 the Farmville bridge, when the head of Lee s columns struck 
 him in force. The ground, however, was extremely favor- 
 able, and he spread his men in a long line well covered by 
 the woods. This imposing display delayed the confederates ; 
 but moving forward at last, they easily brushed away the 
 little force, disabling or capturing every man. Read Avas 
 mortally wounded, but his gallant stand held Lee's advance 
 until Ord got up, when the rebels halted and intrenched. 
 
 While Read skirmished on their front, a part of Sheri- 
 dan's cavalry struck their flank, capturing four hundred 
 wagons and sixteen field-pieces. Sheridan himself, a little 
 in the rear "w^tli one brigade and a battery, waiting for the 
 Sixth Corps to come up, employed his leisure by practicing 
 on the enemy' s wagons, with solid shot and shell, stamped- 
 ing mules and terrifying the negro drivers. The smoke to 
 the westward soon gave him some idea of what his troop- 
 ers were about. He sat down upon a stump, and, on a leaf 
 of his note-book, wrote a dispatch to Grant, and almost 
 before the orderly bearing it was out of sight, a second, 
 stating that the enemy's retreat was rapidly becoming a 
 rout, and suggesting that every thing "be hurried forward 
 with the utmost speed." 
 
 Then, to avoid monotony, Sheridan charged with his 
 little cavalry brigade. It left wounded men and many 
 dead horses on the field, but it cut the rebel column near 
 Sailor' s Creek, a little stream entering the Appomattox from 
 the south, a few miles above High Bridge. 
 
482 The Battle of Sailor's Creek. [1865. 
 
 At that opportune moment the Sixth Corps came up. 
 As Sheridan was leading it in, one of Custer s troopers, who 
 had dashed riglit through the enemy's line, arrived, and in- 
 formed him that his cavalry divisions two miles ahead, after 
 burning the train, had planted themselves square across the 
 road. The rebels thus taken in front and rear, fought gal- 
 lantly, but with infantry closing in upon one side and 
 cavalry on the other, fighting was fruitless. They threw 
 down their arms. The day's work had given us over seven 
 thousand prisoners. One captured wagon bore the humor- 
 ous inscription : — "We uns have found the last ditch." 
 
 At night, before a roaring camp-fire, Sheridan wrote a 
 third dispatch to Grant, concluding with the one thought 
 that never left his mind : — 
 
 " Up to the present time we have captured Generals Ewell, Kersliaw, 
 Barton, Corse, Defoe, and Custis Lee; several thousand prisoners, fourteen 
 pieces of artillery and caissons, and a large number of wagons. If the thing 
 is pressed^ I thinh that Lee will surrender.'''' 
 
 Then he fiung himself upon his back on the ground, with 
 his feet to the fire, and was asleep in a moment. He and 
 his staff had shared supper and blankets with the captured 
 confederate generals, who now reclined about the fire, 
 weary and sad. Ewell sat upon the ground, with his arms 
 clasped around his knees and his face bowed down between 
 them. He said little, beyond begging Sheridan to demand 
 Lee's surrender, as longer struggle was hopeless. 
 
 Upon the bank of the Appomattox, that night, the lead- 
 ing rebel generals met in council, Lee staying away, from 
 motives of delicacy. The draft animals were dying for want 
 of forage. The men had suffered terribly, some subsisting 
 upon parched corn, and some upon bark and roots. They 
 still fought obediently, and often gallantly, but without 
 hope. The generals unanimously reported to Lee that, in 
 their opinion, nothing remained except surrender ; but he 
 insisted that there was j^et some hope of escape. 
 
 At the same time, Lincoln, anxious to neglect no possible 
 means b}^ which the downfall of the confederacy could be 
 hastened, wrote a very important letter from City Point to 
 the Lieutenant-General, at Burke's Station: — 
 
1S65.] Importaxt Letter from Lixcolis". 483 
 
 " Secretary Seward was thrown from bis carriage yesterday, and seriously 
 injured. This, with other matters, will take me to Washington soon, I was 
 at Richmond yesterday and the day before, when and where Judge Campbell 
 (who was with Messrs. Hunter and Stephens in February) called on me, and 
 made such representations as induced me to put in his hands an informal 
 paper, repeating the propositions in my letter of instructions to Mr. Seward 
 (which you rememberj, and adding that, if the war be now further persisted 
 in by the rebels, confiscated property shall, at the least, bear the additional 
 cost; and that confiscations shall be remitted to the people of any State 
 which will now promptly, and in good faith, withdraw its troops and other 
 support from resistance to the Government. Judge Campbell thought it not 
 impossible that the rebel legislature of Virginia would do the latter, if per- 
 mitted ; and accordingly I addressed a private letter to General Weitzel (with 
 permission for Judge Campbell to see it), telling him (General "Weitzel) that 
 if they attempted this, to permit and protect them, unless they attempt some- 
 thing hostile to the United States ; in whicli ease to give them notice and time 
 to leave, and to arrest any remaining after such time. 
 
 " I do not think it very probable that any thing will come of this ; but I 
 have thouglit best to notify you, so that, if you should see signs, you may 
 understand them. From your recent dispatches it seems that you are pretty 
 effectually withdrawing the Virginia troops from opposition to the Govern- 
 ment. Nothing I have done, or probably shall do, is to delay, hinder, or 
 interfere with you in your work." 
 
 During the day Grant had dispatched to Sherman :— 
 
 "We have Lee's .army pressed hard, his men scattering and going to 
 their homes by the thousands. He is endeavoring to reach Danville, where 
 Davis and his cabinet have gone. I shall press the ptirsuit to the end. Push 
 Johnston at the same time., and let us finish up this job all at once.''' 
 
 At dawn, on the seventh, all the rebels were on the north 
 side of the Appomattox. At High Bridge the}^ fired both 
 bridges, but our troops, close on their heels, saved the one 
 on the wagon road, and nearly all the railway structure. 
 In the pursuit Meade had some sharp skirmishing with the 
 rebel rear. The enemy finally halted and intrenched, in a 
 strong position five miles from Farmville. 
 
 But Sheridan, ahead again, did not know this, and still 
 continued to '^ press things." He galloped through the rain 
 to Prince Edward's Court-House. Finding no enemy there, 
 he pushed on toward Prospect Station. ■• 
 
 Dismounting at a farm-house, he tied his horse, and 
 
 * On the raOway. eleven miles west of Farmville. 
 
4:8-1 Sheridan and the Old Virginian. [isss. 
 
 strolled np the walk. Upon tlie piazza sat a middle-aged 
 typical Southron — with long, straight hair combed behind 
 his ears and covering his neck — a swallow-tailed coat, buff 
 Avaistcoat, nankeen pantaloons, and morocco slippers. A 
 gorgeous shirt frill adorned his bosom, and from the embra- 
 sure of his wall-like collar he shot defiant glances. He 
 l:)OAYed stiffly to the general, who, nodding carelessly, sat 
 down on a step, and pored over his maps. Soon he looked 
 up. 
 
 Sheridan. — " Have you seen any of Lee's troops about 
 here to-day f 
 
 Planter. — " Sir, as I can truly say that none have been 
 seen by me, I will say so ; but if I had seen any, I should 
 feel it my duty to refuse to reply to your question. I can 
 not give you any information which might work to the dis- 
 advantage of General Lee.'' 
 
 The general, with a little whistle of surprise, puffed 
 away at his cigar, and continued to study his map. In a 
 few minutes he looked up again. 
 
 Sheridan. — "How far is it to Buffalo River f 
 
 Planter. — " Sir, I don't know." 
 
 Sheridan. — " The devil you don't ! How long have 
 you lived here f 
 
 Planter. — "All my life.'' 
 
 Sheridan. — "Very well, sir, it's time you did know! 
 Captain ! put this gentleman in charge of a guard, and walk 
 him down to Buffalo River to show it to him." 
 
 The Virginian of the Old School enjoyed the pleasure 
 of trampng through five miles of mud, to look at a river 
 with Avhich he was perfectly familiar. * 
 
 During the day (April seventh) Grant wrote the follow- 
 ing letter from Farmville to Lee : — 
 
 " General : — The result of the last week must convince jou of the 
 hopelessness of further resistance on the part of the army of Northern Vir- 
 ginia in tills struggle. I feel that it is so, and regard it as my duty to shift 
 from myself the responsibility of any further effusion of blood, by asking of 
 you the surrender of that portion of the Confederate States army known as 
 the Army of Northern Virginia." 
 
 * Copied from '• With Sheridan in Lee's Last Campaign." 
 
1865.] "A Frieis-d of THE Familt." 485 
 
 He sent it by General Setli Williams, of the staff of the 
 Army of the Potomac, who had known Lee intimately be- 
 fore the war. As W illiams approached the enemy' s picket 
 line, a confederate, not observing liis white flag, blazed 
 awa}^, but he fortunately escaped with a slight wound. 
 
 MeanAYhile, an aide of Sheridan's, cautiously approach- 
 ing Farmville, was gratified to find it full of blue coats in- 
 stead of gray. Among wagons, caissons, and ambulances, 
 he wended his way to the hotel and informed the Lieutenant- 
 General — smoking serenely upon the piazza — that Sheridan 
 was striking for Prospect, fancying that Lee was now trying 
 to reach Lynchburg. 
 
 Grant. — "Tell General Sheridan that I think well of 
 his movement in that direction. I will push on from here 
 rapidly. I have written a note to General Lee, and think 
 he will surrender soon."' 
 
 The chief slept at the tavern — occupied only by the land- 
 lord and his family. The Union troops had gone forward ; 
 a few stragglers alone remained in Farmville. Grant posted 
 no guards, and strolled about the village taking no sort of 
 precaution against a dash from the enemy. 
 
 A few confederate wounded were lying in one house, 
 and a rebel surgeon in charge of them, and wearing his nni- 
 forai, passed in and out the hotel until an aide demanded 
 who he was. He hinted that that was none of the aide' s 
 business, but being told sharply that he was in Grant's 
 head-quarters, explained that he was a friend of the family, 
 and was endeavoring to soothe their natural anxiety. The 
 staff officer ordered him to keep within his hospital. Late 
 at night, seeing him stealthily enter the tavern again, and 
 fearing some plot for abduction or assassination, the aides 
 arrested him. Then he confessed that he was betrothed to 
 the landlord's daughter. Mars was lenient to Venus and 
 the offender escaped punishment, but was ke^Dt under guard 
 during the General's stay. 
 
 Several hours before daylight on the eighth, Williams 
 returned with Lee's reply, written the day before: — 
 
 " General : — I have received your note of this date. Though not enter- 
 taining the opinion you express of the hopelessness of further resistance on 
 
486 Correspondence between Grant and Lee. [is65. 
 
 the part of the Array of Northern Virginia, I reciprocate your desire to avoid 
 useless effusion of blood, and, therefore, before considering your proposition, 
 ask the terras you will offer on condition of its surrender." 
 
 After "breakfast, Grant sent Williams back with a letter, 
 and a message that he might be found near Meade' s head- 
 quarters, should Lee wish to communicate further : — 
 
 " General : — Your note of last evening, in reply to mine of same date, 
 asking the conditions on which I will accept the sun-ender of the Army of 
 Northern Virginia, is just received. In reply, I would say, that peace being 
 ray great desire, there is but one condition I would insist upon — namely, 
 That the men and officers surrendered shall be disqualified for taking up 
 arms again against the Government of the United States until properly ex- 
 changed. I will meet you, or will designate officers to meet any officers you 
 may name for the same purpose, at any point agreeable to you, for the pur- 
 pose of arranging definitely the terms upon which tlie surrender of the Army 
 of Northern Virginia will be received." 
 
 The enemy was pushing toward Appomattox Station, 
 Meade' s army pursuing closely and harassing its rear-guard, 
 but unable to bring on a general engagement. 
 
 Sheridan, leaving Prospect on the morning of the eighth, 
 was delighted to learn from his scouts, that several trains 
 of supplies were waiting Lee's arrival at Appomattox Sta- 
 tion — twenty- five miles ahead, and four miles south of 
 Appomattox Court-House. 
 
 His tired troopers pushed zealously forward, for once out 
 of the mud and in a region never plowed by the furrows of 
 war, where woods, fences, and farm-houses stood undis- 
 turbed. Before sunset, Custer, on the advance, came in 
 sight of Appomattox Station, and in a twinkling threw his 
 division forward, enveloping four trains of cars before the 
 engiueei's had time to beat a retreat. As he did so, a tre- 
 mendous banging began from the forest beyond. 
 
 With great promptness he summoned engineers and 
 brakemen from his ranks. They leaped from their horses, 
 and started the trains toward Farmville. Then Custer 
 dashed into the woods, on the front of the rebel batteries, 
 which were peppering him, just as another force sent by 
 Sheridan took them in the rear. Twenty-five guns and a 
 thousand prisoners were captured ; the rest of the rebels 
 escaped toward Appomattox Court-House. 
 
1865.J Fac-simile OF Lee's fiest Reply. 487 
 
 JL vlCL'VU^ (U/l^^ flin-^^ ^^uru^ 
 
 (My^-^A^ t^~7)y{riru)i^ ^UAaAaI/) t4^vc/x<yi/u^ 
 pyuJ Zly[^'-utx-^ Cl^i/iA^ MrvCL cM-e^i^ — • ^2^ — 
 
488 Grant thinks the "Job" Finished. [isss. 
 
 After dark, Sheridan established head-quarters at a 
 dwelling near the station, and stretching himself on a bench 
 before a bright fire, dispatched to his chief, by no means 
 omitting the opinion he was ready to die for : — 
 
 " Custer is still pushing on. If General Gibbon and the Fiftli Corps can 
 get up to-night, we will, perhaps, finish the job in the morning. I do not 
 think Lee means to surrender until compelled to do so." 
 
 Grant — directing the whole as carefnlly as Sheridan 
 watched the advance — was likewise so confident that the 
 "job" was nearly finished, that he would fain have left 
 the rear, where his eye was no longer needed, and gone 
 forward. But, expecting a communication from Lee, he 
 remained near Headers head-quarters through the after- 
 noon, and spent the night at the Clifton House, seven miles 
 from Prospect Station, the aides rolling themselves in blan- 
 kets on the floor — the General and Rawlins enjoying the 
 unwonted luxury of a bed up staii-s. 
 
1865.] Lee determines "to be Frank." 489 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVIII. 
 
 THE LAST DITCH, 
 
 Before he was out of bed, on the memorable ninth of 
 April, 1865, Grant received a letter, written on the eighth 
 by Lee, whose anxiety "to be frank" seemed to move him 
 to a disingenuousness foreign to his nature : — 
 
 "General: — I received, at a late hour, your note of to-day. In mine of 
 yesterday I did not intend to propose the surrender of the Army of Northern 
 Virginia, but to ask the terms of your proposition. To be franli:, I do not 
 think the emergency has arisen to call for the surrender of this army ; but 
 as the restoration of peace should be the sole object of all, I desired to know 
 whether your proposals would lead to that end. I can not, therefore, meet 
 you with a \iew to surrender the Army of Northern Virginia : but as far as 
 your proposal may affect the Confederate States forces under my command, 
 and tend to the restoration of peace, I should be pleased to meet you at ten 
 A. M. to-morrow, on the old stage-road to Richmond, between the picket-lines 
 of the two armies.' 
 
 The Lieutenant- General's sympathies were excited for 
 Lee, and his first impulse was to accede. But a little re- 
 flection showed that it Avould place him in a false position, 
 besides being of no use, as liis treating ^lower — confined to 
 the army directly on his front — could not be stretched to 
 cover "the restoration of peace." He replied : — 
 
 " General: — Your note of yesterday is received. I have no authority to 
 treat on the subject of peace ; the meeting proposed for ten a. m. to-day could 
 lead to no good. I will state, however. General, that I am equally anxious 
 for peace with yourself, and the whole North entertains the same feeling. 
 The terms upon which peace can be liad are well understood. By the South 
 laying down their arms they will hasten that most desirable event, save thou- 
 sands of human lives, and hundreds of millions of property not yet destroyed. 
 Seriously hoping that all our difficulties may be settled without the loss of 
 another life, I subscribe myself, etc." 
 
 Then he started to join Sheridan. Two hours afterward 
 
 29r 
 
490 Grant RECEIVES ax Important Letter. [is&a. 
 
 an answer Tras brought to Meade, ■who promptly sent it 
 forward. As Grant was halting in the edge of an open 
 field, an orderly dashed np — his "black steed covered with 
 foam — saluted, and handed the dispatch to the chief. The 
 staff looked on with intense interest. Grant leisurely tore 
 off the end of the envelope and read the i^aper, his face as 
 impassive as ever. But there was the faintest suggestion of 
 a smile around his lips as he iDassed it to his friend. 
 
 Grant. — "Here, General Eawlins." 
 
 The chief-of-staff worn and pale, read, with flashing 
 eyes : — 
 
 "9th April, 1865. 
 " General : — I received your note of this morning on the picket-line, 
 whither I had come to meet you, and ascertain definitely what terms were 
 embraced in your proposal of yesterday with reference to the surrender of 
 this array. I now ask an interview, in accordance with the offer contained 
 in your letter of yesterday, for that purpose. 
 
 " R. E. Lee, General. 
 " Lieutenaxt-Gexeeal U. S. Geaxt." 
 
 Grant. — •' Well, how do you think that will do ?" 
 Rawlins. — •' I think that will do." 
 The two, sitting upon a log, conversed a few minutes 
 and then the General sent this answer hy two aides : — 
 
 " General : — Yours of this date is but this moment (fifty minutes past 
 eleven) received, in consequence of my having passed from the Richmond 
 and Lynchburg to the Farniville and Richmond road. Am at this writing 
 about four miles west of Wallace Church, and will push forward to the front 
 for the purpose of meeting you. Xotice sent to me on this road where you 
 wish the interview to take place will meet me here. " 
 
 Meanwhile, on the front. Sheridan, fancying that at day- 
 light the enemy would attemjDt to break through, had 
 induced Ord to move up the Army of the James. Ord, 
 being senior, took command of the infantry, while Sheridan, 
 now at ease because his cavahy, j^lanted square across Lee' s 
 path, was well supported, went forward to look after it. 
 
 He found his men dismounted, and fighting gallantly. 
 The enemy was making a fierce onset, for it was neck or 
 nothing. Lee had ordered his advance, under Gordon, to 
 
1865.] Sheridan ix at the Death. 491 
 
 cut its way tliroiigli. Gordon's shattered troops, though 
 worn by days of hunger, toilsome marching, and ceaseless 
 attacks, showed something of their ancient fire, and were 
 still a foe worthy of Sheridan' s steel. 
 
 The morning was damp and foggy. Lee, at his head- 
 quarters, clad in a new uniform, and his face serene as ever, 
 was consulting with Mahone and Longstreet. The latter, 
 with one arm in a sling from his old wound, "sat on the 
 trunk of a felled tree, gravely smoking a cigar." Both 
 subordinates agreed that unless Gordon succeeded, there 
 was no further hope of escape. Lee said that Grant's terms 
 had been extremely generous, but he was not certain they 
 would still be proffered now that two days had intervened. 
 
 News soon came that Gordon's attempt was fruitless. 
 Lee mounted his horse, and started for the rear, saying : — 
 
 " General Longstreet, I leave you in cliarge. I am going 
 to hold a conference with General Grant." 
 
 Gordon's men, charging impetuously, had driven the 
 first line of Sheridan. But Sheridan held them until Ord 
 could form, and then fell back for a dash on Gordon' s left 
 flank. Tlie rebels cheered heartily when the cavalry drew 
 off, but grew silent as death as it uncovered long lines of in- 
 fantry waiting to receive them. Their last hope was gone ! 
 
 Sheridan was giving the order for one of his irresistible 
 charges, when a rider, bearing a white flag, galloped forward 
 from the confederate ranks, asking a suspension of hostili- 
 ties, as Lee was seeking Grant to effect a surrender. Sheri- 
 dan, a little in the rear, received the news tlirough the ringing 
 cheers of the men. He notified Ord ; and the whole army 
 was halted on a crest overlooking Appomattox Court-House ; 
 and, in the valley beyond, Lee' s remaining cavalry, infan- 
 try, and artillery mingling in confusion. 
 
 Sheridan and staff galloped straight toward the enemy's 
 lines, supposing that hostilities were ended. But a rebel 
 battery suddenly opening on them, shells shrieked all about 
 their ears. They fortunately escaped harm, and fancying 
 it a mistake, still advanced, waving their caps and wliite 
 handkerchiefs. The battery, however, replied with another 
 discharge, and they turned into a ravine. 
 
492 "South Caeolin-ians neyek Sureender." [ises. 
 
 Tlie confederate officer who had hrought the flag-of-truce, 
 deeply mortified at this firing, galloped to the rebel flank 
 and demanded the cause. He was informed by a general 
 from the Palmetto State that South Carolinians never sur- 
 rendered. But Custer had already dashed around with his 
 division to look after these fire-eaters. 
 
 Sheridan wended his way to Appomattox Court- House 
 between the picket lines, where he found the rebel generals, 
 Gordon and Wilcox. At that moment the firing was re- 
 newed, and Gordon ordered an aide to ride over and stop it. 
 
 Sheridax. — "Never mind, never mind. I know what 
 it is ; let them fight it out !" 
 
 Custer made short work of the South Carolina brigadier 
 who never surrendered. Union officers were soon greeting 
 heartily old friends on the other side, whom they found 
 jaded and despondent, and quite ready for reconstruction 
 from their pocket flasks. 
 
 Sheridan feared that the delay was a ruse to gain time ; 
 but both confederate generals reassured him on their per- 
 sonal good faith. So the armies quietly confronted each 
 other, our tired men stretching themselves upon the ground, 
 and showing no excitement after their first cheers. 
 
 Appomattox Court- House boasted five dwellings. The 
 largest — a square building of brick, with a yard smiling 
 with roses, violets, and daftbdils — belonged to one Wilmer 
 McLean. Sheridan and Ord stood at the end of the one 
 broad, grassy street, when Grant rode up covered with mud. 
 
 Graxt. — " How are you, Sheridan T' 
 
 Sheridax (his eyes twinkling and a smile all over his 
 face). — "First rate, thank you ; how are you ?" 
 
 Graxt. — " Is General Lee up there?" 
 
 Sheridax. — " Yes." 
 
 Graxt. — '' Well then, we will go up." 
 
 The Lieutenant-General, accompanied by Ord, Sheri- 
 dan, and their staffs, rode to the house of McLean, 
 who was moving wildly about, nearl}^ driven out of his 
 senses by the great events of the day. Lee's blooded 
 iron-gray horse— wearing a one-line bridle, and a plain 
 Grimsley saddle with the owner's initials upon a corner 
 
1865.] Grant axd Lee have ax Interview. 
 
 493 
 
 —was nibbling at tlie grass, in charge of a confederate 
 orderly. Grant and two aides entering the house, wliile the 
 rest sat down on the porch, found within the rebel leader 
 and Colonel Marshall, his chief of staff. Lee stood beside 
 a table, Avearing this bright, bluish-gray uniform, a military 
 hat with a gold cord, buckskin gauntlets, high riding- 
 boots, and a beautiful sword. His hair and beard were 
 long and gray. He was tall and soldierly, though much 
 larger and heavier than the Union officers had supposed. 
 
 Grant — with his slouched hat, dark-blue frock-coat, un- 
 buttoned, and covered with mud, blue pantaloons tucked 
 in his soiled boots, and a dark waistcoat — wore no indica- 
 tion of his rank except the double row of buttons on the 
 breast of his coat, and the three silver stars. 
 
 The two shook hands, placed their hats upon the table, 
 sat down, and talked of business. In three or four minutes, 
 details Avere agreed upon, Lee asking no modification of 
 Grant's terms. Sheridan, Ord, and the rest were invited 
 in and introduced. Lee said but little, and bore himself 
 with dignity and modesty. After some general conversation, 
 he and Grant conferred apart. Then, both leaders making 
 occasional suggestions, Marshall on behalf of Lee, and 
 Bowers and Parker on behalf of Grant, reduced the terms 
 to writing, and made two fair copies : — 
 
 "Appomattox CouRT-HorsE, Virginia, April 9, 1865. 
 "General: — In accordance with tlie substance of my letter to you of 
 the 8th instant, I propose to receive the surrender of the Army of North- 
 ern Virginia on the following terms — to wit : Rolls of all the otficers and men 
 to be made in duiilicate, one copy to be given to an officer to be designated 
 by me, the other to be retained by such officer or officers as you may des- 
 ignate. The officers to give their individual paroles not to take up arms 
 against the Government of the United States until properly exchanged; and 
 each company or regimental commander sign a like parole for the men of 
 their commands. The arms, artillery, and public property to be parked and 
 stacked, and turned over to the officers appointed by me to receive them. 
 This will not embrace the side-arms of the officers, nor their private horses 
 or baggage. This done, each officer and man will be allowed to return to 
 his home, not to be disturbed by United States authority so long as they 
 observe their paroles and the laws in force where they may reside. 
 
 " U. S. Grant, Lieutenant-General. 
 •'General R. E. Lee." 
 
y 
 
 49-i It Results tx Lee's Capitulatiois-. [isgs. 
 
 "Head-quarters Army of Northern* Virginia, April 9, 1865. 
 "General: — I received your letter of this date containing the terms 
 of the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia as proposed by you. 
 As they are substantially the same as tliose expressed in your letter of tlie 
 eighth instant, they are accepted. I will proceed to designate the proper 
 officers to carry the stipulations into etfect. 
 
 " R. E. Lee, General. 
 " Lieutenant-General U. S. Grant." 
 
 After the signatures were attached, Lee said that he 
 haxi forgotten one thing. Many cavalry and artillery horses 
 in his army belonged to the men in charge of them ; but, 
 of course, it was too late to speak of that now. 
 
 Grant (interrupting). — ''I will instruct my paroling 
 officers that all tlie enlisted men of your cavalry and artil- 
 lery who own horses are to retain them, just as the officers 
 do theirs. They will need them for their spring plowing 
 and other farm work." 
 
 Lee (with great earnestness). — "General, there is nothing 
 you could have done to accomplish more good, either for 
 them or for the Government." 
 
 Lee further requested that each of his soldiers might be 
 furnished with a parole, to protect him from confederate 
 conscription officers, and Grant acquiesced.* 
 
 Lee went out, and the aides of Sheridan, Ord, and 
 
 ■''i * Henry C. Deming publishes G-rant's oral account of this interview, given at a 
 dinner party: — 
 
 ''T felt some embarrassment in the prospect of meeting General Lee. I had not 
 seen him smce he was General Scott's chief-of-sta ff in Mexico. And, in addition to 
 the respect I entertained for him. the duty which I had to perform was a disagree- 
 able one, and I wislied to get through it as soon as possible. 
 
 '• When I reached Appomattox Court-House, I had ridden that morning thirty- 
 seven miles. 1 was in my campaign clothes, covered with dust and mud. I had no 
 sword. I was not even well-mounted. * * * I found General Lee in a fresh suit of 
 confederate gray, with all the insignia of his rank, and at his side the splendid dress- 
 sword which had been given to him by tlie State of Virginia. 
 
 * * * " When I disclaimed any desire to have any parade, but said I should be con- 
 tented with the delivery of arms to nn- officers and with the proper signature and 
 authentication of paroles, he seemed to be greatly pleased. When I yielded the other 
 point, that the officers sl.ould retain their side-arms and private baggage and horses, 
 his emotions of satisfaction were plainly visible. * * * We parted with the same 
 courtesies with which we had met. It seemed to me that General Lee evinced a 
 feeling of satisfaction and relief when the business was finished." 
 
1865.] Satisfactio:n' of Lee's Soldiers. 495 
 
 Grant rose respectfully as lie passed down the steps of 
 the piazza. He did not appear to notice them, but looking 
 over into the green valley, upon his shattered army, ' ' smote 
 his hands together again and again in an absent and 
 despairing way," until his orderly led up his horse. As he 
 took the bridle, Grant walked by, touching his hat, and 
 Lee replied Avith a similar salute. Then he returned to 
 his lines. 
 
 The Union commander rode to his head-quarters and sent 
 a modest dispatch to AYashington, which set the whole North 
 ablaze, and the church-bells a ringing as they never rang 
 before.* Through the evening, general officers crowded his 
 little room, and nothing was heard but jubilant congratula- 
 tions. The Army of the Potomac had forgotten all its fierce 
 jealousies, and was transformed into a mutual admiration 
 society. But the Army of the Potomac was also very 
 sleepy, and went early to bed. 
 
 Lee was received in his camp with the wildest cheers he 
 had heard for many a long month. Southern journals after- 
 ward insisted that they only expressed the sympathy of the 
 rebel soldiers for their chief and for the Lost Cause. Doubt- 
 less this feeling was strong, but the knowledge that no more 
 lives were to be sacrificed, and that Grant's terms were so 
 unexpectedly moderate, was the chief motive. They beset 
 their general in a dense mass, struggling forward to shake 
 his hand. Lee — as little given to showing emotion as 
 Grant— was affected to tears, and only said, in broken 
 voice : — 
 
 "Men, we have fought through the war together. I 
 bave done the best I could for you." 
 
 McLean's house witnessed a wild scramble for relics. 
 
 * War Departmekt. Washington, D. C, [ 
 April 9, 1S65 — 10 P.M. ) 
 
 Ordered, that a salute of two hundred guus be fired ac the liead-quarters of every 
 army and department, and at every post and arsenal in the United States, and at the 
 military academy at West Point, on the day of the receipt of this order, in com- 
 memoration of the surrender of General R. E. Lee, and the Army of Northern Vir- 
 ginia, to Lieutenant-General Grant, and the army under his command. 
 
 Edwin M. Stanton, 
 
 Secretary of War. 
 
496 "I Want to Go Home." [1865. 
 
 Soldiers scuffled over the furniture ; Ord paid fifty dollars 
 for the marble-topped center-table upon which the agree- 
 ment was signed, and Custer marched down the steps, 
 bearing aloft the little side-table upon Avhicli it was copied. 
 The men shouted at the top of their lungs, ''Sheridan's 
 robbers! Sheridan's robbers!" but Sheridan himself had 
 paid twenty gold dollars for the relic, and was sending it 
 with his compliments to Mrs. Custer. 
 
 After the room was stripped of chairs and other "porta- 
 ble property ' ' — the purchasers fiinging down greenbacks in 
 return, though McLean insisted that he did not wish to sell — 
 those who had drawn nothing in that lottery of muscle, 
 stripped the garden of flowers, to send to their wives and 
 sweethearts. 
 
 That night, twenty thousand Union rations afforded the 
 hungry confederates such a " feed " as they had not enjoyed 
 for months. Meade's little head-quarters' printing-press 
 clattered through the hours of darkness, striking off" their 
 paroles. 
 
 The next morning the Lieutenant-General received a 
 card, bearing the name of a West Yirgmia cousin, whom he 
 had not seen since boyhood. The captured rebel was 
 brought in. 
 
 Grant. — "Are you one of Aunt Rachel's sons?" 
 
 Prisoner. — " Yes — Charley." 
 
 Grant. — " What are you doing here?" 
 
 Prisoner. — "I have been fighting in Lee's army." 
 
 Grant. — "Bad business, Charley. What do you want 
 to do now ?' ' 
 
 Prisoner. — '•'- 1 loaiit to go home T'' 
 
 Grant (laughing). — " Have you got a horse ?" 
 
 Prisoner. — "iSTo, mine was killed under me, day before 
 yesterday.' ' 
 
 Grant. — " Have you got any money ?" 
 
 Prisoner. — "No." 
 
 The reconstructed cousin was furnished with fifty dol- 
 lars, a horse, and a pass, and sent on his winding way. 
 Gibbon, left in charge of the paroling, was instructed by 
 the Lieutenant-General : — 
 
1865.] "The Old, Familiar Faces." • 497 
 
 " Ou completion of the duties assigned you at this place, jou will pro- 
 ceed * * * to Lynclibui-g, Va. It is desirable that there shall be as little 
 destruction of private property as possible. * * * On reaching the vicinity 
 of Lynchburg, send a summons for the city to surrender. If it does so, respect 
 all private property, and parole officers and men garrisoning the place, same 
 as has been done here. If resistance is made, you will be governed by your 
 own judgment about the best course to pursue. If the city is surrendered, 
 as it will in all probability be, take possession of all public stores. Such as 
 may be of use to your command, appropriate to their use. The 'balance dis- 
 tribute among the poor of the city. Save all the rolling stock of the rail- 
 roads, and if you find it practicable to do so, bring it to Farmville and 
 destroy a bridge to the rear of it. Destroy no other portion of the road. 
 All the warlike material you find, destroy or carry away with you." 
 
 The morning Avas very rainy, bnt at nine o'clock Grant 
 rode to the Court-House to meet Lee by appointment. When 
 he and his staff reached the crest overlooldng the little creek 
 between the two armies, Lee emerged from his tent on the 
 other side, mounted and rode up. The two generals saluted, 
 and sitting upon their horses, twenty paces from the rest of 
 the party, conversed for an hour about minor details of the 
 surrender. Lee expressed his desire that hostilities might 
 everywhere cease. Saluting again, he rode sloAvly back to 
 his lines. 
 
 CtRaxt (to his staff). — "I believe we are all ready for 
 our final return." 
 
 His military family now embraced many able and faith- 
 ful soldiers ; but of '' the old, familiar faces," only one Avas 
 left. Some Avere dead, some disabled, some in other fields. 
 Rawlins alone — and his health greatly impaired in the 
 service — had remained with his chief from the first gun 
 at Belmont to the last at Apj^omattox. It was four years 
 almost to a day since his ringing words at the Galena meet- 
 ing : — ""We Avill stand by the flag of our country, and 
 appeal to the God of battles I" 
 
 They started, reaching Prospect Station late at night. 
 The head-quarters' train soon came up, and tents were 
 pitched i]i an open field. As the party sat upon logs on the 
 muddy ground, around a roaring fire, Washburne arrived 
 from the Xorth. They conversed for an hour or two, then 
 stretched themselves upon boards in their tents, to keep 
 
498 "All Quiet along the Potomac." [isgs. 
 
 them out of the water, and slept through their last uight in 
 camp. 
 
 Next day they took the cars at Burke' s Station, and at 
 daybreak on the twelfth reached City Point, thoroughly 
 worn out, and looking as if they thought sleep worth all 
 the victories in the world, and had found the last ditch 
 very muddy indeed. 
 
 At Appomattox Court-House, three days after the sur- 
 render, the confederates formed for the last time, and in 
 columns thick with banners but thin with men — they had 
 been more lavish of lives than colors — delivered up their 
 arms, which our troops, who had so often felt their valor, 
 received in s}'mpathetic silence. General Chamberlain, of 
 the Union army, relates that the rebels dressed lines ; fixed 
 bayonets; stacked their muskets; Hung their cartridge- 
 boxes on the pile ; and slowly furled their flags and laid 
 them down, many with tears streaming from their eyes, and 
 some stooping tenderly to kiss the faded, shot-torn colors. 
 
 Through the entire day this continued, the disarmed men 
 streaming to the provost-marshaF s office for their paroles, 
 and then starting for home. Nearly all were penniless. 
 One officer said : — "You astonish us with your generosity ;" 
 another : — "I loved the cause, but we are thoroughly 
 beaten ; now the Stars and Stripes are my flag, and I will 
 be as true to it as you." Gordon remarked: — "This is 
 bitterly humiliating to me ; but I console myself by think- 
 ing that the whole country rejoices at this day's work." 
 The redoubtable Henry A. Wise said: — "We Avon't be 
 forgiven ; we hate you, and that is the whole of it ! We 
 have no homes; you have destroyed them." "Well," 
 replied Chamberlain, " you should not have challenged us. 
 We expected somebody would get hurt when we came 
 down here." 
 
 Farewell the plumed troop, the spirit-stirring drum, the 
 ear-piercing fife ! All was quiet along the Potomac. "Ham- 
 mering continuously" had reduced the granite wall to a 
 mass of powder. 
 
1865.] His Feeling at the Close. 501 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIX. 
 
 THE ASSAS^-^IXATIOX. 
 
 The conflict ended. Grant was thoroughly satisfied, mag- 
 nanimous, and hopeful. The conclusion of his admirable 
 final report was an index of his feeling and his character :- 
 
 " It has been my fortune to see the armies of both the West and the East 
 fight battles, and from what I have seen I know there is no difference in their 
 fighting quaHties. All that it was possible for men to do in battle they have 
 done. The Western armies commenced their battles in the Mississippi Val- 
 ley, and received the final surrender of the remnant of the principal army 
 opposed to them in North Carolina. The armies of the East commenced 
 their battles on the river from which the Array of the Potomac derived its 
 name, and received the final surrender of their old antagonist at Appomattox 
 Court-House, Virginia. The splendid achievements of each have nationahzed 
 our victories, removed all sectional jealousies (of which we have, unfortu- 
 nately, experienced too much), and the cause of crimination and recrimina- 
 tion that might have followed had either section failed in its duty. 
 
 " All have a proud record, and all sections can well congratulate them- 
 selves and each other for having done their full share in restoring the su- 
 premacy of law over every foot of territory belonging to the United States. 
 Let them hope for perpetual "peace and harmony with that enemy, whose man- 
 hood, however mistalcen the cause, drew forth such herculean deeds of valors 
 
 President Lincoln, arriving at Washington after Lee' s 
 surrender, was serenaded on the eleventh of April, by an 
 immense gathering. He responded in a conversational 
 speech, favoring the early restoration of the rebel States to 
 their political rights, on the bases of general amnest}', and 
 impartial suffrage to black and white. 
 
 Grant reached the capital on the morning of the tliir- 
 teenth. He was extremely busy, and before night an or- 
 der had been issued from the War Department directing 
 Government agents to stop all drafting and recruiting, and 
 all purchasing of ammunition, arms, and provisions. 
 
 Evening brought an illumination of the public buildings 
 
502 Attends a Cabixet Meeting. [i^'is. 
 
 never equaled iu WasMugton. The enthusiasm knew no 
 bounds. It was the popular ratification of Lee's surren- 
 der. At various points there were impromptu public meet- 
 ings and speeches. At the President' s request, the General 
 drove out with Mrs. Lincoln to look at the display. As soon 
 as the people saw him, they gave liim nine cheers, folloAved 
 by nine more for Lincoln. This was repeated everywhere. 
 
 The next day — tlie fourth anniversary of the capture of 
 Fort Sumter by the rebels — was to be forever memorable 
 in American history. The President, in unusually good 
 spirits, breakfasted with his son Hobert, listening to an 
 account of Lee's surrender. Hearing that Schuyler Colfax 
 was in the house, he hurried from the table to join him in 
 the reception-room, and talked with him for an hour on his 
 future policy. He also gave Colfax — just starting on an over- 
 land jouniey to the Pacific — a written message to the miners. 
 Then remarking that he was going to Ford's Theater that 
 night, to see "'Our American Cousin," he asked : — 
 
 '• What sort of a play is that V 
 
 Colfax replied that it was good to drive dull care away. 
 
 At eleven o'clock there was the most cheerful cabinet 
 meeting which had been held for many years. Grant was 
 present by special invitation. All felt that the administra- 
 tion had proved a great success, and talked over plans for 
 the early restoration of the South. Stanton made an elabo- 
 rate argument to show that ample powers of reconstruction 
 vested in the Executive, without the aid of Congress. 
 
 LixcoLX. — "Have yon heard from Sherman ?" 
 
 Gea:nt. — ''Xo, but 1 am expecting hourly a dispatch 
 announcing Johnston's surrender." 
 
 LiisrcoL^s^. — ••! am snre you will get important news 
 soon." 
 
 To the General's look of inquiry the President explained 
 that usually before any exciting occurrence — as Bull Run, 
 Antietam, and Gettysburg — he had the same curious dream. 
 " I had it again last night," he continued, "and, (turning 
 to the Secretary of the Navy) it is in your line, too. I see 
 a ship sailing very rapidly, and it always precedes some 
 important event." 
 
1865.] Abraham LIXC0L^" is Mukdeked. 503 
 
 After the meeting Ijroke up, Grant returned to his office 
 and to hard work. He hoped to leave that night, cia 
 Philadelphia, for Burlington, Xew Jersey, where his chil- 
 dren were at school. Mrs. Lincoln had urged him and Mrs. 
 G-rant to accompany the President and herself and Secre- 
 tary and Mrs. Stanton to the theater. During the day, 
 however, Mrs. Grant packed their trunks at the hotel ; and, 
 completing his labors just in season, the General sent a 
 verbal message of excuse to Mrs. Lincoln, and drove with 
 his wife to the station. It was afterward remembered that 
 Wilkes Booth galloped beside the carriage for a few yards, 
 looking in to see who the inmates were. 
 
 Evening found the President weary, and longing to stay 
 at home ; but it had been publicly announced that he and 
 Grant would be present ; and, always unwilling to disap- 
 point any one, he went to the theater. 
 
 There, at half-past ten, while lie was leaning over the 
 front of his private box, with his chin resting on his elbow 
 and his eyes fixed uj)on the stage, John Wilkes Booth — one 
 of the family of eminent actors — entered the box, shut the 
 door behind him, and fired a revolver, with the muzzle press- 
 ed to the back of the President" s head. The ball penetrated 
 the brain, and lodged just behind the right eye. Abraham 
 Lincoln's head fell forward, his eyes closed, and he did 
 not speak again. Though he lived for nine hours, he 
 seemed to suffer no pain, and probably never knew in 
 this world of the violence which hastened his passage to the 
 next. 
 
 The assassin struck with his dagger Major Rathbone, 
 who attempted to restrain him ; and, shouting *■ ' Sic semjjer 
 tyrannis^" jumped from the box to the stage. His foot 
 caught in the star-spangled banner which draped the front, 
 and he fell, so spraining his ankle that ultimately his flight 
 was crippled. The flag he hated proved the cause of his 
 final doom. 
 
 But now, springing up, he brandished his dagger, and 
 exclaimed, " The South is avenged I*" Then, running out 
 threfugh the back door of the theater, he mounted his horse, 
 which had been left with a boy, and galloped away toward 
 
504 PEOForxD Geief of the Couis^tey. [ises. 
 
 Maryland, before the paralyzed spectators could compre- 
 hend the great tragedy they had witnessed. 
 
 At the same moment, Secretary Seward, recently thrown 
 from his carriage, was lying in bed, with his lower jaw frac- 
 tured and his right arm broken. Another assassin, known 
 as Payne, entered his house, and. professing to be a messen- 
 ger from the physician, found his way to the Secretary's bed- 
 side. He twice snapped a pistol at the invalid* s son, and 
 finally Hung him to the floor, fracturing his skull. He 
 aimed three stabs at Seward's throat, cutting his face and 
 neck terribly, but at the third blow the Secretary of State 
 rolled out of bed on the farther side. Payne wounded an 
 attendant ayIio seized him, and then escaped, stabbing two 
 more men who attempted to stop him. 
 
 Arrangements had been perfected for murdering Grant 
 also, but his unexpected departure frustrated them. He 
 and Mrs. Grant, reaching Philadelphia at midnight, drove 
 across the city in a carriage, and were taking luncheon in a 
 little restaurant near the railway ferry, when a dispatch 
 came from Stanton announcing the tragedy. The General 
 went on to Burlington with his wife, and then returned 
 to Washington hy special train. 
 
 The next morning, when all the journals appeared with 
 their columns in mourning, everywhere from ocean to ocean, 
 business was suspended, and not only women and children, 
 but strong men were moved to tears. Abraham Lincoln 
 had won the hearts of the people, especially of the humble 
 people. Xo crowded city tenement was so squalid, no 
 prairie log-cabin so rude that its inmates did not put on 
 badge or ribbon in mark of their profound sorrow. 
 
 The saddest mourners were of the race he had done so 
 much to redeem. On a West Indian island, a few months 
 afterward, negroes just from Africa were found wearing on 
 their bosoms photographs of Lincoln, and cherishing in 
 their hearts a simple faith that he would yet return to 
 enfranchise t7ie77i. From governments and peoples in 
 every quarter of the globe came tributes to the memory 
 of the great and good President, and words of sympathy to 
 the bereaved nation. 
 
i865.] Feantic Demands for Severity. 505 
 
 CHAPTER XL. 
 
 THE FRENCH IX MEXICO. 
 
 Before Lincoln' s death, a large portion of the North — 
 the hot blood of war doubly inflamed by the slow starvation 
 of thousands of Union soldiers in Southern prisons — had 
 been impatient at his mildness and lenity to the rebels. His 
 murder brought frantic demands for severity and retaliation ; 
 and the people congratulated themselves that Vice-Presi- 
 dent Andrew Johnson, promoted to his vacant place by the 
 assassin' s bullet, had always breathed out threatenings and 
 slaughter against rebels, and would be bloody, bold, and 
 resolute. 
 
 Gfrant had given his very liberal terms at Appomat- 
 tox, partly from policy. He knew that if Lee declined 
 them his troops could not be kept together after learn- 
 ing their nature ; and that if he accepted, Johnston' s army 
 also, learning their generosity, would grow clamorous for 
 peace. 
 
 He had given them partly from feeling. Like all our 
 soldiers, he realized how fearfully the South had been 
 punished ; and if the rebels were now willing to lay down 
 their arms, obey the laws, and not oppress Union white men 
 or Union black men at the South, he thought it unworth}^ of 
 a great people to degrade or humiliate them. He wanted 
 no more bloodshed, no vengeance, no requiring that men 
 who had staked all should be glad that they had lost all, or 
 manifest any sudden affection for their conquerors. The 
 national authority restored ; those who had heljied to restore 
 it fully protected from their late foes ; and he was willing to 
 leave the rest to the softening influences of time. But the 
 demand of the moment that some at least of the rebel 
 leaders be hanged "as an examjDle to posterity," subjected 
 him to considerable criticism. 
 
506 Sherman's Treaty Disapproved. [ises. 
 
 Sherman, advancing in North Carolina, received* a note 
 from Joseph E. Johnston, looking toward a surrender. He 
 granted an armistice, and — mindful only of President Lin- 
 coln's general lenit}^, and his recent permission to the Vir- 
 ginia rebel legislature to convenef — agreed to articles of 
 capitulation based upon the disbanding of the confederate 
 armies, and submitting to the national authority on the one 
 hand, and general amnesty and recognition of existing State 
 governments in the insurgent districts on the other. These 
 governments were Union in the States we already held — 
 rebel in the rest. 
 
 Sherman' s treaty stated upon its face that it would be 
 null and void, unless approved by the Government. But 
 he was confident that it would be satisfactory, and dispatched 
 a staff-officer to "Washington with a copy. 
 
 The North — stirred to the heart by Lincoln' s assassina- 
 tion ; a little dissatisfied with Grant' s terms to Lee, and now 
 in a condition to exact far severer ones — disapproved it 
 utterly. President Johnson rejected it, and Stanton set 
 forth the reasons in a public order, in terms needlessly 
 offensive, and seemingly intended to disgrace — for one mis- 
 take — the gallant and patriotic soldier who had added new 
 luster to his country' s fame, and done splendid service in 
 her darkest hours. 
 
 Grant, sent forward by the Government, reached Sher- 
 man's head-quarters on the twenty-fourth of April, to in- 
 form him that the terms were countermanded, and order 
 him to resume hostilities under his own immediate super- 
 vision. Though disapproving Sherman' s conditional treaty, 
 the Lieutenant- General had stood up manfully for him at 
 Washington, and he now made this ungracious mission as 
 agreeable as he could. 
 
 Sherman, promptly acquiescing, demanded the surrender 
 of Johnston's army on the same terms which had been 
 accorded to Lee. The demand was acceded to. Grant in- 
 terfered in no details, and Johnston first learned of his 
 presence from the indorsement on the treaty : — "Approved. 
 U. S. GRA^^T, Lieutenant-General.'' 
 
 * April fourteenth. t Page 475. 
 
18C5.] Graxt recommends Lee's Pardon". 507 
 
 Grant established his head -quarters in Washington. On 
 the sixth day of May he wrote to Halleck : — 
 
 " Although it would meet with opposition in the North to allow Lee the 
 benefit of amnesty. I think it would have the best possible ett'ect toward re- 
 storing good feeling and peace in the South to have hini cunie in. All the 
 people, except a few political leaders in the South, will accept whatever he 
 does as right, and will be guided to a great extent by his example." 
 
 Lee, being afterward indicted for treason by a Virginia 
 grand jury, the General* earnestly recommended that his 
 application for amnesty and pardon be granted, and all 
 similar indictments quashed. He urged : — 
 
 " In my opinion, the officers and men paroled at Appomattox Court- 
 House, and since, upon the same terms given to Lee, can not be tried for 
 treason so long as they observe the terms of their parole. This is my under- 
 standing. Good faith, as well as true policy, dictates that we should observe 
 the conditions of that convention. Bad faith on the part of the Government, 
 or a construction of that convention subjecting the officers to trial for treason, 
 would produce a feeling of insecurity in the minds of all the paroled officers 
 and men. If so disposed, they might even regard such an infraction of terms 
 by the Government as an entire release from all obligations on their part." . 
 
 The confederacy died hard. Sheridan, sent to knock it 
 off its last legs in Texas, departed without a word of fare- • 
 well to his cavalry. Indeed, he never issued congratulatory 
 orders, and was as little given to ''the show business " as 
 his chief. Before he reached the Southwest, however, the 
 rebels had dispersed to tJieir homes. 
 
 The last gun in the war of the rebellion was fired in a 
 skirmish near the Rio Grande on the thirteenth of May. 
 On the sixteenth, the Government paroled and liberated 
 all prisoners of war — sixty-three thousand. Those who 
 surrendered with the various rebel commands numbered on 
 paper one hundred and seventy-five thousand — actually 
 about one hundred thousand. The rolls of our armies 
 showed one million of men, of whom six hundred thousand 
 were bearing muskets. Four months afterward, nearly 
 hve-sixths had been mustered out, and the country saw the 
 wonderful spectacle of the quiet return of all these soldiers 
 
 * June sixteenth. 
 
 30r 
 
508 Faeewell Order to the Army. [ises. 
 
 to their farms and firesides, and to perfect subordination to 
 the civil law. 
 
 But first, Grant' s and Sherman s anuir.s were reviewed 
 in Washington* by the Lieutenant-General, the President, 
 and other high officials. It was the grandest military dis- 
 play ever witnessed in America — perhaps in the world. 
 Thousands of lookers-on showered the tattered colors with 
 flowers, and thousands of school ohildren sang to the end- 
 less processions of blue, " When Johnny comes Marching 
 Home,'' and other airs of welcome and congratulation. 
 
 Banners were hung out from nearly all buildings, and 
 the garlanded mottoes displayed : " Honor to the Brave !" 
 " Welcome Soldiers !" and hundreds more. At the White 
 House, the stand occupied by Johnson, Grant, and Sher- 
 man, was festooned with starry flags, inscribed "Atlanta," 
 •' AVilderness," " Shiloli," " Vicksburg, ■ ' and the rest. 
 At the other end of the city, the bold, white wall of the 
 capitol bore the inscription: '^ The only national debt we 
 can neder pay^ is tlie debt we owe to the victorious Union 
 soldiers r^ 
 
 On the second of June the Lieutenant-General issued this 
 final order to the late defenders of the republic : — 
 
 "Soldiers of the Army of the United States: — By your patriotic de- 
 votion to your country in the hour of danger and alarm, your magnificent 
 fighting, bravery, and endurance, you have maintained the supremacy of the 
 Union and the Constitution, overthrown all armed opposition to the en- 
 forcement of the laws, and of the proclamations forever abolishing slavery 
 (the cause and pretext of the rebellion), and opened the way to the rightful 
 authorities to restore order, and inaugurate peace on a permanent and en- 
 during basis on every foot of American soil. 
 
 " Your marches, sieges, and battles, in distance, duration, resolution, and 
 brilliancy of results, dim the luster of the world's past military achieve- 
 ments, and will be the patriot's precedent in defense of liberty and right in 
 all time to come. 
 
 "In obedience to your country's call, you left your homes and families 
 and volunteered in its defense. Victory has crowned your valor and secured 
 the purpose of your patriotic hearts ; and with the gratitude of your 
 countrymen and the highest honors a great and free nation can accord, you 
 will soon be permitted to return to your homes and families, conscious of 
 having discharged the highest duty of American citizens. 
 
 * May twenty-second — twenty-third. 
 
1865.] Receptiox IX Xew York. 509 
 
 " To achieve the glorious triumphs, and secure to yourselves, your fellow- 
 countrymen, and posterity the blessings of free institutions, tens of thousands 
 of your gallant comrades have fallen and sealed the priceless legacy with 
 their lives. The graves of these, a grateful nation bedews with tears, 
 honors their memories, and will ever cherish and support their stricken 
 families.'" 
 
 During the same month, retnrning from a visit to West 
 Point, Grant was the victim of a reception at the Fifth 
 Avenue Hotel in New York. Tlie throng was brilliant, and 
 the long parlors decorated with tuberoses, jessamines, helio- 
 tropes, and camellias in the form of an American flag, and 
 inclosing the letters, "U. S. G." A writer who "assisted," 
 pictures the scene : — 
 
 "After one got safely away from the hat and badge rooms, and endured 
 for an hour and a half the pressure of the crowd, he found himself at the 
 door of the reception-room, on the very threshold of his desire. 
 
 " Instantly he is caught by a committee-man, passed on to another, 
 seized by a third, squeezed by a fourth, who asks his name. 'Wiggins,' he 
 says; 'Mr. Nichols,' says the committee-man. Guest bows to the General, 
 but finds himself pushed in front of Mrs. Grant, who smiles, partly at his 
 awkwardness, partly to reassure him. Before he fairly knows who he is, 
 where he is, or what he is about, he is passed on by a deputation of excited 
 committee-men — ' Come now, my dear sir, hurry up, pass on ; this is no time 
 for little speeches ' — and, embarrassed, perplexed, discomfited, and in every 
 way miserable, on he goes. 
 
 "In front of the flowers stood General Grant, with committees about 
 him like bees about a lump of sugar. In front stretched the multitude, 
 shouting, jostling, hot, tired, cross, and excited, bothered and badgered, 
 pushed and pulled by the infelicitous committee. Some pious people offered 
 prayers for the General as they passed. Others took the opportunity to 
 make little speeches, such as, ' I'm so glad to see you. God bless and pre- 
 serve you many years. This is my eldest son, William Mason — Willie, tell 
 General Grant the little prayer you say for him every night.' Willie attempts, 
 but is passed on by the relentless officials." 
 
 Grant had been tried thus far in leading troops person- 
 ally in the field ; in havmg the sole dii'ection of a million of 
 soldiers in a dozen different armies between the Atlantic and 
 the Rocky Mountains ; and in counseling the Government- 
 only when asked — upon its military and civil policy. Cir- 
 cumstances now brought out, in unmistakable form, his 
 views upon our foreign relations. 
 
510 
 
 The Mighatiox to Mexico. 
 
 [1865, 
 
 Through the Pacific States a war to expel the troops of 
 Louis Napoleon, who had invaded Mexico to establish an 
 imperial government, would have been universally popular. 
 The whole nation, keenly felt that its traditional policy 
 would never have been thus defied, that no foreign power 
 would have ventured to interfere in aifairs on this conti- 
 nent, but for our weakness during the rebellion. 
 
 Several leading spirits of the late confederacy now mi- 
 grated to Mexico, and attempted to take many followers. 
 
XS65.] "AYhERE none CA^ FOLLOW YOU." 511 
 
 CHAPTER XLI. 
 
 LAURELED. 
 
 In June a grand fair began in Chicago for the benefit of 
 of disabled soldiers and their families. Dnring the previ- 
 ous February Mesdames Livermore and Hoge, leaders in 
 the movement, begged President Lincoln to be present, that 
 he might help kindle enthusiasm, let his old Illinois friends 
 see him, and get a little rest. 
 
 " Rest !" he replied Tvith a smile ; "go to a fair to rest! 
 I did that once at Philadelphia. Crowds were at every 
 station all expecting a speech, and then cheering until we 
 were out of hearing. I could not refuse to speak to the 
 people, they were so loyal, and I knew it was because I 
 represented the country for which they had suffered so 
 much and so willingly that they wished to see and to hear 
 me. When we got to the fair, our promised haven of rest, 
 it was worse than ever. And oh, oh ! the shaking of 
 hands ! I came home pleased and gratified, but worn out 
 Avorse than before I went." 
 
 The ladies answered that lie would find even greater en- 
 thusiasm in Chicago, but added : — 
 
 " We will put you on a steamer upon the border of the 
 lake, where the people can look at you but can't touch you. 
 Your hands shall be protected, and then we will send you 
 to a quiet -place of rest lohere none can folloio yon. You 
 shall go to Mackinaw, that invigorating and lovely island, 
 and none shall be permitted to trouble you." 
 
 LiNCOLiS^ (rubbing his hands and laughing like a child). — 
 "That's capital ; that will do !" 
 
 Long before the fair began he was borne through Chicago, 
 where the people "could look at him, but could not touch 
 mm," to that quiet place where none can follow. 
 
 A promise to be present for a day or two had been 
 
ol2 Grant at the Chicago Fair. U^^^- 
 
 extorted from Grant. Mrs. Sherman asking him to contrib- 
 ute something, he placed at her disposal "Old Jack," the 
 cream-colored horse which he rode from the l)eo;innino: of 
 the war until after Chattanooga. Old Jack was a hero at the 
 fair, and finally fell into the hands of a Chicago patriot, being 
 raffled off for a thousand dollars. His fate was better than 
 that of Washington's favorite white charger, sold by his 
 master whom he had carried safely through the war for 
 independence. The proceeds from Old Jack went to the 
 widows and orphans of the soldiers ; the pay for the Revo- 
 lutionary charger into the private pocket of his master. 
 
 Reaching Chicago, Grant found a countless multitude 
 waiting at the station, with Old Jack ready saddled and 
 bridled. The people insisted that the General should ride 
 him through the streets. He had no spurs, and the hard- 
 ened steed was imj^ervious to the whip, but he jogged along, 
 the throng rending the heavens with their cheers, while a 
 hundred guns gave thundering welcome. 
 
 At Union Hall, as Grant entered, the shouts of ten 
 thousand people drowned the "Red, White, and Blue" 
 from the band. When he stepped upon the platform the}^ 
 were renewed ; and among the booths through all that vast 
 space, ladies were waving their handkerchiefs and men 
 swinging and flinging up their hats. Hooker presided, and 
 introduced the General, who said : — 
 
 "Ladies and Gentlemen: As I never made a speech 
 myself, I will ask Governor Yates to return the thanks 
 which I should fail to express." 
 
 Yates did so, in fervid, ringing words. Sherman, next 
 called for, merely replied : — 
 
 " I am here to-day to listen. I am not going to make 
 any speech whatever. Always ready, always willing, al- 
 ways proud to do any thing the Lieutenant-General asked 
 me to do, I know he never asked me to make a speech." 
 (Cheers and laughter.) 
 
 Grant. — " No, I never asked a soldier to do any thing 
 I could not do myself." (Great applause.) 
 
 After the cheers subsided, the immense audience sang 
 "Rally round the Flag, boys," and then called for Mrs. 
 
1865.] He visits Nett England and Canada. 513 
 
 Grant and Mrs Sherman, wlio stepped forward on tlie plat- 
 torm and received the same hearty welcome. 
 
 The fair excited great interest throughout the Northwest, 
 Its proceeds exceeded a quarter of a million of dollars. 
 One of its curiosities was the revolver which Jefferson Davis 
 had in his hand when captured — a relic that the soldiers re- 
 garded with grim smiles. Another was the historic eagle 
 of the Eighth Wisconsin Infantry, which, having survived 
 the perils of the war, was maintained at the public expense 
 in the State-House yard at Madison. Fifteen thousand dol- 
 lars' worth of his photographs were sold. A third was a 
 characteristic letter from Abraham Lincoln to a St. Louis 
 lady, in "reply to a request for his autograph. It ran : — 
 
 " Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that this mighty scourge of 
 war may speedily pass away. Yet, if it should be God's will that it should 
 continue until all the wealth piled up by the bondman's two hundred and 
 fifty years of unrequited labor shall be sunk, and every drop of blood drawn 
 by the lash shall be paid by another drawn by the sword, as was said three 
 thousand years ago so still it must be said, 'the judgments of the Lord are 
 true and righteous altogether.' " 
 
 Grant returned to Washington. In July he went to 
 Saratoga, and from there to Boston, which he had not seen 
 for thirteen years. He passed a quiet Sunday, attend- 
 ing worship at the Old South Church of Revolutionary 
 memory. On Monday a grand reception was given him at 
 Faneuil Hall. He visited Harvard University, which, as in 
 duty bound, had already conferred upon him the honorary 
 degree of doctor of laws. At Lowell he spent several hours 
 in that large factory of America, which employs two thou- 
 sand workmen and workwomen. He was much interested 
 in the large library ; the pleasantness of the long, well- ven- 
 tilated rooms ; the tasteful dress and cheerful looks of the 
 girls ; and, above all, the curious, intricate machinery, par- 
 ticularly that for cutting dies and that for printing calico. 
 
 He tarried a few days in Maine, and then making a tour 
 through Canada, started for his old home on tlie upper 
 Mississippi. Everywhere crowds gathered to meet him, 
 and as he neared Galena the enthusiasm was unbounded. 
 When the train arrived there, cannons were booming, bands 
 
514 "Captain GEAi^fx" retur:s'S to Galexa. [is65. 
 
 playing, flags flying, and thousands of human throats lustily 
 cheering. Among other stanch friends who greeted him, 
 was H. H. Houghton, of the Galena Gazette^ the oldest edi- 
 tor in Illinois, the first to commend Grant at the outset of 
 the war, and the truest through all his days of trial. 
 
 An arch spanned one street bearing the inscription 
 wreathed with flowers, "General, tlie sidewalk is huilt.^^ 
 The people had presented to him a completely furnished 
 house, — costing sixteen thousand dollars — first building a 
 new sidewalk half a mile to the station. 
 
 At the De Soto House, from which streamed two hundred 
 flags, a triumphal arch overspread the main street. One 
 side was inscribed : — 
 
 " WELCOME TO OUR CITIZEN. 
 
 Weldon Railroad, Fair Oaks, 
 
 Wilderness, Petersburg, 
 
 Richmond, Five Forks." 
 
 The other bore the words : — 
 
 "hail to the chief "WHO IN TRIUMPH ADVANCES. 
 
 Belmont, Lookout Mountain, 
 
 Donelson, Chattanooga, 
 
 Shiloh, Vicksburg, 
 
 Corinth, Appomattox Court-House." 
 
 Through the surging crowd Grant was escorted past the 
 old leather store, and under the arch, from which thirty- 
 six young girls, each bearing the national colors and repre- 
 senting a State of the Union, showered him with bouquets. 
 From a platform near it, a speech of welcome was fitly 
 made by Washburne. The Reverend J. H. Vincent replied 
 for the Lieutenant- General, thanking his old neighbors, and 
 saying that the duties of his ofiicial position compelled him, 
 as long as he held it, to remain in Washington ; but that he 
 regarded Galena as his home, and, please God, should be 
 there as much and as often as possible. 
 
 The formal welcome over, he and his family were driven 
 to the new home. Our views of it and the other houses upon 
 the same page are all from photographs. In front of the 
 Washington residence (purchased by the General), the 
 photographer caught his carriage horses also. The picture 
 
KETrUMNO TO GAI.EXA, 18(55. 
 
1S65.] The Little AVhite Pacer. 517 
 
 of the Galena reception is likewise from a photograph, aud 
 minutely accurate. 
 
 After remainino- in Galena until September, and visiting 
 St. Louis, he Avent to his native State. Ohio was justly 
 proud of her glorious war record, and her long list of illus- 
 trious sons. She had furnished the Government three hun- 
 dred and ten thousand soldiers— on several calls, more than 
 were asked of her. She had supplied more than all other 
 States combined, of our leading generals — Grant, Sheridan, 
 Sherman, McPherson, Rosecrans, Buell, McDowell, O. M. 
 Mitchel, Schenck, Garfield, Custer, Gilmore, Granger, Stan- 
 ley, the three McCooks, and a host of lesser lights —besides 
 Chase, Secretary of the Treasury, and Stanton, Secretary of 
 War. 
 
 Grant visited the scenes of his boyhood in Batavia, 
 Bethel, Georgetown, and Ripley, strolling about the old 
 tan-yard, looking at the house where his father and mother 
 were married, and receiving the public and private attentions 
 of his old neighbors with the modesty and simplicity of his 
 early years. He reached Washington again about the first 
 of October. 
 
 Though keeping fourteen horses, he had not lost his na- 
 tive susceptibility to equine attractions. One day, riding from 
 his office to dinner, he noticed a homely little white steed 
 in a cart, pacing so fast that it was quickly out of sight. 
 All he observed was, that it was driven by a boy without a 
 coat. The diminutive animal so captivated him, that he 
 talked of it continually, until some friends ascertained that 
 it was the property of a butcher, who had bought it for sev- 
 enty-five dollars. The man of blood, learning who wanted 
 it, resisted all pecuniary blandishments until they reached 
 three hundred dollars. The General purchased the white 
 pacer, named it " Butcher-boy," and for many a day might 
 be seen whirling along behind it on the way to his ofiice. 
 
 A citizen of Connecticut visiting Washington, wrote home 
 this account of an accidental interview :— 
 
 " Wanting to know where my father was buried, I went to the site of the 
 old Stanton Hospital and found it torn down. Crossing the street to a large 
 brick block of three houses, I stepped up to a plain-looking man, and asked : 
 
518 The General's Southeex Tour. [ises 
 
 — ' Who lives in that end of the block V ' Mrs. Wallace.' ' Who lives in the 
 middle house?' 'It is an orphan asylum.' 'Who lives in this?' 'General 
 Grant.' 'Whew! whew! I wonder if I could get a chance to see him.' 
 '/ am General Grant.' We shook hands, and he talked with me a few 
 minutes, very pleasantly and familiarly. He was in citizen's clothes, with 
 his hands in his pockets ; his face was open and bright.' 
 
 On the twenty- seventh of November the General started 
 throngh the South, via Raleigh, Charleston, Savannah, and 
 Augusta, scrutinizing the military forces, and the Freedmen' s 
 Bureau, and mingling freely with all classes of citizens. After 
 his return, at the President' s request, he made a report : — 
 
 "I am satisfied that the mass of thinking men of the South accept the 
 present situation of affairs in good faith. The questions which have hitherto 
 divided the sentiments of the people of the twu sections — slavery and State 
 rights, or the right of a State to secede from the Union — they regard as hav- 
 ing been settled forever by the highest tribunal — arms — that man can resort 
 to. I was pleased to learn from the leading men whom I met, that they not 
 only accepted the decision arrived at as final, but, now that the smoke of 
 battle has cleared away, and time has been given for reflection, that this de- 
 cision has been a fortunate one for the whole country, they receiving the like 
 benefits from it with those who opposed them in the field and in the council. 
 
 * * * "I did not meet any one — either those holding places under the 
 Government or citizens of Southern States — who thought it practicable to 
 withdraw the military from the South at present. The white and black mu- 
 tually require the ])rotection of the General Government. 
 
 "There is such universal acquiescence in tlie authority of the General 
 Govermnent throughout the portions of the country visited by me, that the 
 mere presence of a military force, without regard to numbers, is sufficient to 
 maintain order. The good of the country requires that a force be kept in 
 the interior, where there are many freedmen. Elsewhere iu the Southern 
 States than at ports ttpon the seacoast. no force is necessary. 
 
 " The soldiers should all be white troops. The reasons for this are obvi- 
 ous. Without mentioning many of them, the presence of black troops, lately 
 slaves, demoralizes labor, both by their advice and furnishing in their camps 
 a resort for the freedmen for long distances around. White troops generally 
 excite no opposition, and, therefore, a smaller number of them can maintain 
 order in a given district. 
 
 " Colored troops must be kept in bodies sufficient to defend themselves. 
 It is not the thinking man who would do violence toward any class of troops 
 sent among them by the General Government, but the ignorant in some 
 places might ; and the late slave, too, who might be imbued with the idea 
 that the property of his late master should by right belong to him, at least 
 should have no protection from the colored soldier. 
 
 * * * "My observations lead me to the conclusion that the citizens 
 
1SG5.] Hrs Report to the President. 519 
 
 of the Southern States are anxious to return to self-government within tlie 
 Union as soon as possible ; that while reconstructing they want and require 
 protection from the Government; that they are in earnest in wishing to do 
 what they think is required by the Government, not humiliating to them as 
 citizens, and that if such a course was pointed out they would pursue it in 
 good faith. It is to be regretted that there can not be a greater com- 
 mingling at this time between the citizens of the two sections, and particu- 
 larly with those intrusted with the law-making power. 
 
 " I did not give the operation of the Freedmen's Bureau that attention 
 I would have done if more time had been at my disposal. Conversations, 
 however, on the subject, with officers connected with the bureau, led me to 
 think that in some of the States its atfairs have not been conducted with good 
 judgment or economy, and that the belief, widely spread among tlie freed- 
 men of the Southern States, that the lands of their former owners will, at 
 least in part, be divided among them, has come from agents of the bureau. 
 * * * In some form the Freedmen's Bureau is an absolute necessity until 
 the civil law is established and enforced, securing to freedmen their rights 
 and full protection. * * * Everywhere General Howard, the able head 
 of the bureau, has made friends by the just and fair instructions and advice 
 he gave. * * * The elfect of the belief in the distribution of the lands 
 is idleness and accumulation in camps, towns, and cities." 
 
 The report concluded hy recommending that the bureau 
 should no longer be independent of the military establish- 
 ment of the country : but that, to secure economy, obedience 
 to General Howard' s instructions, and uniformity of action, 
 every officer on duty in the Southern States should be re- 
 garded as its agent, and all orders from its head be sent 
 through department commanders. 
 
 Those Northerners who were inclined to believe af- 
 fairs going on as badly as possible in the South, were not 
 pleased with the report ; and Senator Sumner said of the 
 Executive communication which embraced it and was based 
 upon it :— " We have a message from the President, which 
 is like the whitewashing message of Franklin Pierce with re- 
 gard to the enormities in Kansas." The truth was, that the 
 late rebels were then tractable, and quite ready to accejn 
 whatever terms the Government might offer. Afterward, 
 encouraged by the defection of Andrew Johnson from the 
 republican party which elected him, they adopted a haugli- 
 tier tone. 
 
 The Mexican question assumed more interest than ever. 
 
520 The Mexican Question again. [is^n. 
 
 The emigration movement was revived, its design being to 
 throw in a heavy force to sustain and ultimately to con- 
 trol the imperial (Maximilian) government. Counteracting 
 schemes were also formed to throw in Northern emigrants 
 in the interest of the liberal (Juarez) party. Owing to the 
 distance and expense, however, few emigrants went. Most 
 of those starting from the South were stopped by Sheridan, 
 whose feeling was so intense, that if the old order, "Go 
 in," had been repeated, he would have obeyed with quite 
 as much alacrity as he did at Winchester, 
 
1866.] The Richmond "Examiner" Suppressed. 521 
 
 CHAPTER XLII. 
 
 GENERAL. 
 
 The Riclimond Examiner, one of the ablest and bitterest 
 journals in the South, published a number of editorials 
 utterly inadmissible in a region under military rule. It was 
 accordingly suppressed, and under the Lieutenant- General's 
 directions this order was issued* to department military 
 commanders in the South : — 
 
 " You will please seud to these head-quarters (as soon as practicable, aud 
 from time to time thereafter) such copies of newspapers published in your 
 department as contain sentiments of disloyalty and hostility to the Govern- 
 ment in any of its branches, and state whether such paper is habitual in its 
 utterances of such sentiments. The persistent publication of articles cal- 
 culated to keep up hostility of feeling between the people of different 
 sections of the country can not be tolerated. This information is called for 
 with a view to their suppression, which will be done from these head- 
 quarters only." 
 
 The editor of the Examiner asked that the disability 
 might be removed from his paper. Grant indorsed the 
 petition :— 
 
 ■' The course of the Examiner, in every number which I have seen, has 
 been such as to foster and increase the ill-feeling toward the Government of 
 the United States by the discontented portion of the Southern people. I 
 believe it to be for the best interests of the whole people, North and South, 
 to suppress such utterances whenever the power exists to do so. The power 
 certainly does exist when martial law prevails, and will be exercised. Re- 
 luctant as I was to pursue this course, I have felt it my duty to pursue 
 it in this instance ; and, as much as I dislike to interfere with the interests 
 of individuals, I would deem it improper and mischievous in tendency to 
 revoke the order for the suppression of the Richmond Examiner at this 
 time." 
 
 But the editor induced President Johnson to annul it, 
 iiT)oii the promise that the paper should ' ' support the Union, 
 
 * February seventeenth. 
 
522 Johnson removes the Disability. [i866, 
 
 the Constitution and laws, and the policy of your ad/minis- 
 tration.''' 
 
 The military supervision of newspapers in the late insur- 
 gent districts, however, proving impracticable. Grant soon 
 revoked the order requiring it. 
 
 After taking up his residence in Washington, he one day 
 handed to young Bowers, of his staff, the key of a tastefully 
 furnished room, saying : — 
 
 "Joe, I want you to consider this j^ours. Don't feel 
 obliged to become one of the family unless you choose ; but 
 the room will always be kept for you, and there will always 
 be a plate for you at the table." 
 
 The aide, greatly touched by this kindness, lived at the 
 house from that time. Early in March the Greneral, solicitous 
 for the health of Bowers, who was working very hard, 
 took him on a visit to West Point. As they started home. 
 Bowers, attempting to spring upon the train after it was in 
 motion, fell between two cars and was killed. His modesty, 
 efficiency, and worth had won greatly upon his chief, who 
 was deeply afflicted by his loss. 
 
 After he became Lieutenant-General, the Government 
 never took any important steps even in civil matters, with- 
 out first invoking his counsel. Men whose lives had been 
 devoted to practical political science, were astonished to see 
 how readily his quick intuitions, clear sense, and sagacious 
 judgment of men, adapted themselves to civil affairs. 
 
 The House of Representatives reported a bill reviving 
 the grade of " General of the Army of the United States" 
 — never held by any American except Washington, and now 
 intended, not as a permanent rank, but only for Grant, its 
 terms providing : — 
 
 " Whenever any general shall have been appointed and commissioned 
 under the provisions of this act, if thereafter the office shall become vacant, 
 this act shall thereupon expire and remain no longer in force.'''' 
 
 The Senate concurred nearly unanimously. Grant was 
 appointed General, and Sherman promoted to the lieutenant- 
 generalship, thus made vacant. 
 
1866.] More about Mexican Mattees. 523 
 
 CHAPTER XLIII. 
 
 EECONSTRUCTION, 
 
 Seward had always believed that the withdrawal of the 
 French from Mexico could he secured by diplomacy, with- 
 out resort to arms. Grant never did ; and on learning that 
 our minister at Paris had been officially notified that Louis 
 Napoleon — in violation of repeated promises — would not 
 call home his troops until the spring of 1867, wrote to Sher- 
 idan an emphatic letter : — 
 
 October ninth — Grard to Sheridan. 
 
 ** My opinion is that the interest of the United States, and duty, is to see 
 that foreign interference with the affairs of this continent is put an end to. 
 
 '•* * * It is probable that you may have an opportunity of judging 
 the designs of Santa Anna, should he attempt to send a force to the Rio 
 Grande. Should his designs he inimical to the Government of Mexico, with 
 •which we are at peace, the same duty, in obedience to our own neutrality 
 laws, compels us to prevent the fitting out of expeditions hostile to that Gov- 
 ernment, that existed in the case of the Fenian movement against our north- 
 ern neighbor. 
 
 "There is but one party, one government in Mexico, whose wishes have 
 claim to respect from us. Xo pohcy has been adopted by our Government 
 which authorizes ns to interfere on Mexican soil with that country, but there 
 is nothing, that I know of, to prevent the free passage of people or material 
 going through our territory to the aid of the recognized Government. 
 
 '•Our neutrality should prevent our allowing the same thing when the 
 effect is to make war upon that Government, so long as we are at peace with 
 it." 
 
 October ttcenty-second. — Sheridan to Grant. 
 
 "I am in receipt of your letter of the ninth instant, and cordially coin- 
 cide with all your views. I have sent a staff officer to the Rio Grande to 
 definitely announce that I will support the .Juarez Government in Mexico 
 against all factions, and to notify the adherents of Ortega and Santa Anna to 
 get out of the way ; that no protection or security would be given to such 
 parties on our side of the river. I also sent word to Canales that his conduct 
 had been disgraceful and unfaithful. 
 
 " I have been obhged to neglect affairs over there for some time past, on 
 
524 Sheridais- on "the Imperial BuccAisrEER.'' [isee. 
 
 account of being anchored here, but will give more attention to them from 
 this time out. 
 
 " Maximilian has gone over to the church party, without doubt, or at 
 least has made the offer, and, if accepted, it will give him the backing of 
 Catholicism* in Europe, and perhaps in all the Southern States ; but the 
 church party in Mexico has lost its wealth, to a great extent, and is not so 
 powerful as formerly. The calculation of the adherents of Maximilian, in 
 Mexico and out of it, is an expected disturbance of peace of our country, and 
 they are calculating largely ui)on it. 
 
 "I think myself that the foreign merchants of Mataraoras have been the 
 principal instigators of the conduct of Canales, and I learned recently that 
 they have sent a petition to Maximilian to reoccupy the place. I do not be- 
 lieve this, but doubtless some have sought to give publicity to this impres- 
 sion. 
 
 " * * * The trade which would flow through the channels of Monte- 
 rey, Matamoras, Brownsville, and Brazos Santiago, will amount to nearly 
 twelve millions of dollars per year, as soon as there is a settlement of Mexi- 
 can difficulties, in the establishment of a Government there friendly to the 
 United States, and that can give security to trade. 
 
 "I will tolerate no violations of neutrality on the part of factions op- 
 posed to the Juarez Government." 
 
 October twenty -third. — Sheridan to Sedgwick, commanding United States 
 forces on the Bio Grande. 
 
 "I am satisfied that there is only one way in which the state of affairs on 
 the Eio Grande can be bettered, and that is by giving the heartiest support 
 to the only Government in Mexico recognized by our own, and the only one 
 which is really friendly to us. 
 
 You will, therefore, warn all adherents of any party or pretended gov- 
 ernment, in Mexico or in the State of Taraaulipas, that they will not be per- 
 mitted to violate the neutrality laws between the Liberal Government of 
 Mexico and the United States; and also, that they will not be permitted to 
 remain in our territory and receive the protection of our flag, in order to 
 complete their machinations for the violation of our neutrality laws. 
 
 " These instructions trill be enforced against the adherents of the imperial 
 buccaneer, representing the so-called Imperial Government of Mexico, ^ and also 
 against the Ortega, Santa Anna, and other factions." 
 
 In Maryland a legislature was to I)e elected which would 
 
 * Sheridan himself was scrupulously reared in the Catholic faith, and though 
 perhaps not so devout as the rest of the family, still adheres to it. — Whitelaiv 
 Beid's "Ohio in the War." — A marvel of industry and comprehensiveness — not alto- 
 gether just, I think, in its judgments of several leading generals, but incomparably 
 the most complete and creditable record, thus far, of the history made by any State 
 during our great conflict. 
 
 f These italics are not Sheridan's. 
 
1S6G.] Grant ox sending Troops into Maryland. 
 
 020 
 
 choose a United States Senator. The Union reiDublican 
 part}^ had denounced Andre^v Johnson's recent policy as 
 identical with that of Jefferson Davis. Desiring the con- 
 servatives to triumph, the President jDrofessed to apprehend 
 violence, and suggested ^^reparations to suppress it -with 
 United States troops. Grant, instructed by him to investi- 
 gate the alleged difficulties, reported on the t-\venty-fourth 
 of October, in these wise and moderate terms : — 
 
 "The conviction is forced on my mind that no reason now exists for 
 giving or ]iromising tlie military aid of the Government to support the 
 laws c)f Maryland. The tendency of giving such aid or promise would be 
 to produce the very result intended to be averted. So far there seems to be 
 merely a very bitter contest for political ascendency in the State. 
 
 "Military interference would be interpreted as giving aid to one of the 
 factions, no matter how pure the intentions or how guarded and just the 
 instructions. It is a contingency I hope never to see arise in this country, 
 while I occupy the position of General-in-Chief of the army, to have to send 
 troops into a State, in full relations icith the General Goternment, on the 
 eve of an election, to preserve the peace. If insurrection does come, the law 
 provides the method of calling out forces to suppress it. Xo suclf condition 
 seems to exist now." 
 
 Obviously he could not be used. The President, aware 
 of this, had already requested the Secretary of War to have 
 Grant accompany our new minister to Mexico — about to be 
 evacuated by the French -''to give him the aid of his ad- 
 vice," and ''as evidence of the earnest desire felt by the 
 United States for the proper ad.iustment of the questions in- 
 volved." Grant had replied to Stanton in a letter marked 
 "private," and dated October tAventy-hrst :— 
 
 "* * * It is a diplomatic service for which I am not fitted either by 
 education or taste. It has necessarily to be conducted under the State 
 Department, with whicli my duties do not connect me. Again, then, I most 
 respectfully but urgently repeat my request to be excused from the perform- 
 ance of a duty entirely out of my sphere, and one, too, which can be so 
 much better performed by others."' 
 
 On the twenty-sixth the President reiterated his request. 
 The General answered on the twenty-seventh : — 
 
 " Inow again beg most respectfully to decline the proposed mission for the 
 following additional reasons, to wit : — 
 
 31k 
 
526 He Refuses to go to Mexico. [isee. 
 
 "Now, whilst the army is heing reorganized and troops distributed as fast 
 as organized, my duties require me to keep within telegraphic communica- 
 tion of all the department commanders, and of this city, from which orders 
 must emanate. Almost the entire frontier between the United States and 
 Mexico is embraced in the departments commanded by Generals Sheridan 
 and Hancock, the command of the latter being embraced in the military 
 division under Lieutenant- General Sherman, three officers in whom the 
 entire country has unbounded confidence. 
 
 "Either of these general officers can be instructed to accompany the 
 American minister to the Mexican frontier, or the one through whose 
 command the minister may propose to pass in reaching his destination. 
 
 "If it is desirable that our minister should communicate with me he can 
 do so through the officer who may accompany him, with but very little delay 
 beyond what would be experienced if I were to accompany him myself. I 
 might add that I would not dare counsel the minister in any matter beyond 
 stationing of troops on the United States soil, without the concurrence of 
 the administration. That concurrence could be more speedily had with me 
 here than if I were upon the frontier. The stationing of troops would be as 
 fully within the control of the accompanying officer as it would of mine." 
 
 The General was determined not to go. He feared tliat 
 in his absence Government troops might be used improperly 
 in Maryland. Sherman, who would be left in charge, was 
 popularl}^ believed to be more in sympathy with the 
 President. But, as usual, lie proved true as steel. He 
 told Grant to remain b}^ all means, and said to Johnson : — 
 
 ' ' He ought not to go — he is needed here — but I can go 
 as well as not. My trunk is always packed." 
 
 The Executive accepting '' Hobson's clioice" sent Sher- 
 man, and the election passed oif without disturbance. Con- 
 gress then forbade by law the removal of army head-quarters 
 from Washington without the consent of the General-in- 
 Chief. 
 
 Grant had become out-spoken on the issues of the day. 
 To an old acquaintance, the ex-rebel General " Dick 
 Taylor," a son of President Taylor, he wrote, November 
 twenty-fifth : — 
 
 " The day after you left here the President sent for me, as I expected he 
 would, after conversation with his attorney-general. I told him my views 
 candidly about the course I thought he should take, in view of the verdict 
 of the late elections. It elicited nothing satisfactory from him, but did not 
 bring out the strong opposition he sometimes shows to views not agreeing 
 
1867.] Favoks Negeo Suffeage. 527 
 
 with his own. I was followed by General Sickles, who expressed about the 
 same opinions I did. 
 
 "Since that I have talked with several members of Congress who are 
 classed with the radicals— Schenck and Boutvvell for instance. They express 
 the most generous views as to what would be done, if the constitutional 
 amendments proposed by Congress were adopted by the Southern States. 
 "What was done in the case of Tennessee was an earnest of what would be 
 done in all cases. 
 
 "Even the disqualification to hold office imposed on certain classes by one 
 article of the amendment would, no doubt, be removed at once, except it 
 might be in the cases of the very highest offenders, such, for instance, as 
 those who went abroad to aid in the rebeUion, those who left seats in Con- 
 gress, etc. All or very nearly all would soon be restored, and so far as 
 security to property and liberty is concerned, all would be restored at once. 
 
 "I would like exceedingly to see one Southern State, excluded State, 
 ratify the amendment, to enable us to see the exact course that would be 
 pursued. I believe it would much modify the demands that may be made 
 if there is delay." 
 
 "I never could have believed," said Grant to a friend, 
 "that I should favor giving negroes the right to vote ; hut 
 that seems to me the only solution of our difficulties.'' 
 
 To all secessionists w^ho asked his counsel he replied in 
 substance: 
 
 " Go to the Union republicans in Congress, and to them 
 alone. Have nothing whatever to do with Northerners who 
 opposed the war. They will never again be intrusted with 
 power. The more you consort with them, the more exacting 
 the republicans will be, and ought to be. When you get 
 home, urge your people to accept negro suffrage. If you 
 had promptly adopted the constitutional amendment abolish- 
 ing slavery, or the one making negroes citizens, and guaran- 
 teeing the public debt, Congress would undoubtedly have 
 admitted you ere this. Now it will add impartial suffrage. 
 The sooner you accept that, the better for all concerned." 
 
 President Johnson was greatly dissatisfied with 
 Sheridan, who, feeling that the rebellion was not yet ended 
 in the Southwest, sometimes used strong, almost insubordi- 
 nate language about him. He was also dissatisfied with 
 Stanton, who— formerly a vehement democrat, but now in 
 sympathy with Congress— brought to his new faith the sus- 
 picious zeal of a new convert. The country had no great 
 
528 And Stanton and Sheeidan Retained. [ise'z. 
 
 confidence in Stanton's principle, but was grateful for the 
 rugged energy he had "brought to the War Department, 
 and the zealous military supjDort he had given to Grant. 
 
 Congress, by the "Tenure of Office" Act, had pro- 
 hibited the President from removing civil officers appointed 
 during his administration without obtaining the consent of 
 the Senate — a law of doubtful constitutionality, and con- 
 trary to the practice of our Government since its existence, 
 but designed to limit the power of Andrew Johnson to do evil. 
 Its friends, in urging it, had said in the Senate that it would 
 not cover a case like Stanton's (appointed by Lincoln, and 
 not Johnson), and that no cabinet officer of "gentlemanly 
 instincts" would attempt to retain his position if the Presi- 
 dent desu-ed him to withdraw. 
 
 Grant, knowing Johnson's determination to be rid of 
 Stanton and Sheridan, wrote him, on the first of August, 
 an earnest letter marked "private :" — 
 
 " I take the liberty of addressing you privately on the subject of the con- 
 versation we had this morning, feeling, as I do, the great danger to the wel- 
 fare of the country, should you carry out the designs then expressed. 
 
 " First. On the subject of the displacement of the Secretary of War. His 
 removal can not be eifected against his will without the consent of the Sen- 
 Ate. It is hut a short time since the United States Senate was in session, 
 and why not then have asked for liis removal if it was desired ? It certain- 
 ly was the intention of the legislative branch of government to place cabinet 
 ministers beyond the power of Executive removal, and it is pretty well un- 
 derstood that, so far as cabinet ministers are affected by the "Tenure-of- 
 Office Bill, it was intended specially to protect the Secretary of War, whom 
 the country felt great confidence in. The meaning of the law may be 
 explained away by an astute lawyer, but common sense and the views of 
 loyal people will give to it the effect intended by its framers. 
 
 " On the subject of the removal of the very able commander of the Fifth 
 Military District, let me ask you to consider the effect it would have upon the 
 public. He is universally and deservedly beloved by the people who sus- 
 tained this Government through its trials, and feared by those who would 
 still be enemies of the Government. It fell to the lot of but few men to do as 
 much against an armed enemy as General Sheridan did during the rebellion, 
 and it is within the scope of the ability of but few in this or any other coun- 
 try to do what he has. His civil administration has given equal satisfaction. 
 He has had difficulties to contend with which no other district commander 
 has encountered. Almost, if not quite, from the day he was appointed dis- 
 trict commander to the present time, the press has given out that he w^as to 
 
iser] The President eemoves Stanton. 529 
 
 be removed; that the adiniuistratiou was dissatisfied with him, &c. This 
 has emboldened the opponents to the laws of Congress within his command 
 to onpose him in every way in their power, and has rendered necessary 
 measures which otherwise may never have been necessary. In conclusion, 
 allow me to say, as a friend desiring peace and quiet, the welfare of the 
 whole country North and South, that it is, in my opinion, more than the loyal 
 people of this country (I mean those who supported the Government during 
 the great rebellion) will quietly submit to, to see the very men of all others 
 whom they have expressed confidence in, removed. 
 
 '' I w«>uld not have taken the liberty of addressing the Executive of the 
 United States thus but for the conversation on the subject alluded to in this 
 letter, and from a sense of duty, feeling that I know I am right in this 
 matter." 
 
 But tlie President— nothing if he was not obstinate — sus- 
 pended Stanton, and made Grant Secretary of War ad in- 
 terim on the twelfth of August. The General, dreading 
 above all things a direct conflict between the Executive and 
 Congress as certain to increase the turbulence of the South 
 and obstruct the restoration of the States to their full 
 relations with the Union, wrote to Stanton the same day :— 
 
 u * =): * J,-, notifying you of my acceptance, I can not let the oppor- 
 tunity pass without expressing to you my appreciation of the zeal, patriot- 
 ism, firmness, and ability with which you have ever discharged the duties of 
 Secretary of War." 
 
 Stanton replied : — 
 
 " Under a sense of public duty, I am compelled to deny the President's 
 right under the Constitution and laws of the United States, to suspend me 
 from otSce as Secretary of War, or authorize any other person to enter upon 
 the discharge of that ofiice, or to require me to transfer to him or any other 
 person the records, books, papers, and other property in my ofiicial custody 
 and charge as Secretary of War. 
 
 "But inasmuch as the President has assumed to suspend me from office 
 as Secretary of War, and you have notified me of your acceptance of the ap- 
 pointment of Secretary of War ad interim, I have no alternative but to sub- 
 mit under protest to the superior force of the President. 
 
 "You will please accept my acknowledgment of the kind terms in wliich 
 you have notified me of your acceptance of the President's appointment, and 
 my cordial reciprocation of the sentiments expressed." 
 
 As Grant's "private"' letter to the President had not 
 been made public, leading Union newspapers denounced 
 
530 Removes Sheridan — Grant's Protest. [isgt. 
 
 liim bitterly as a tool in the hands of Andrew Johnson. A 
 few weeks later they were commending his "wise reticence." 
 On the seventeenth of August the President issued an 
 order removing Sheridan from command in the Southwest, 
 and substituting Thomas. In giving it, he wi'ote Grant : — 
 
 " Before you issue instructions to carry into effect the inclosed order, I 
 would be pleased to hear any suggestions you may deem necessary respect- 
 ing the assignments to which the order refers." 
 
 The General replied at once with unusual emphasis : — 
 
 "I am pleased to avail myself of this invitation to urge, earnestly 
 urge, urge in the name of a patriotic i)eople who have sacrificed hun- 
 dreds of thousands of loyal lives and thousands of millions of treasure to 
 preserve the integrity and union of this country, that this order be not 
 insisted on. It is unmistakably the expressed wish of the country that Gen- 
 eral Sheridan should not be removed from his present command. This is a 
 republic where the will of the people is the law of the land. I beg that 
 their voice may be heard. 
 
 " General Sheridan has performed his civil duties faithfully and intelli- 
 gently. His removal will only be regarded as an effort to defeat the laws of 
 Congress. It will be interpreted by the unreconstructed element in the 
 South, those who did all they could to break up this Government by arms, 
 and now wish to be the only element consulted as to the method of restoring 
 order, as a triumph. It will embolden them to renewed opposition to 
 the will of the loyal masses, believing that they have the Executive with 
 them." 
 
 Johnson resjDonded that Sheridan' s rule had ' ' been one of 
 absolute tyranny, without reference to the principles of our 
 Government or the nature of our free institutions, ' ' and that 
 in removing him he simply discharged his sworn, official 
 duty. 
 
 His letter was plausible and forcibly written, but had 
 no influence upon the country. Grant's was hailed with 
 delight, as placing him squarely on the record in favor of 
 the policy of Congress. 
 
 Thomas, though less outspoken, sympathized with Con- 
 gress just as heartily as Sheridan, and was in no mood to 
 succeed him on such an issue. His medical director tele- 
 graphed opportunely that his health was too fragile for him 
 to go South during the hot season. The President therefore 
 superseded Sheridan by Hancock. 
 
1867.J "Say Nothing of Them." 531 
 
 CHAPTER XLIV. 
 
 WAR OFFICE. 
 
 In October, John Albion Andrew, of Massachusetts, 
 wrote to a confidential friend : — 
 
 " The tendency of the hour is toward Grant, and that is best. It is not 
 the ideal good. It is bad for the country that he must leave his present 
 post — bad for him, the soldier, to try to endure the hard fate which awaits 
 him in civil life. But it is apparently the best practical good the country 
 can have; and Grant is so square and honest a man, that he is bound to be 
 right in the main anywhere." 
 
 Three days later Andrew was dead. He had been the 
 most efficient of all our State governors, and was one of the 
 purest, ablest, and most lovable public man of his time. 
 In expression he was the exact opposite of Grant — a man 
 of poetry, of sentiment, of luxuriant rhetoric, but they had 
 become very warmly attached. 
 
 In November, a Texan editor, calling ajDon Grant, found 
 him very communicative about every thing except the one 
 subject upon which he desired to draw him out. Notwith- 
 standing repeated rebuffs, the man of the quill persisted : — 
 
 Editor. — "General, we want you for President. lam 
 going to support you, and so are my people. What shall I 
 say of your views when I get home V ' 
 
 Grant. — " Say nothing of them." 
 
 The new year brought further trouble. The Senate re- 
 fused to sanction the suspension of Stanton. Johnson 
 doubtless believed the Tenure-of-Office Act unconstitu- 
 tional ; and he professed a desire to have it tested before 
 the Supreme Court of the United States. But possession was 
 nine points in the law, because a suit instituted immediately 
 could not be reached in that liigh tribunal under two years, 
 or until after the end of liis administration. He therefore 
 desired : first, that Grant sliould disobey the behests of 
 
532 SUREENBEES WaR OfFICE TO StaNTON, [IS^S. 
 
 Congress, even offering if it brought him into trouble to go to 
 jail for him ; and second, that declining to do this, Grant 
 should not give place to Stanton, but resign and enable the 
 President to place some one else in the office, which would 
 leave Stanton no redress except through the courts. 
 
 But Grant, acting in accord with the wishes of nine-tenths 
 of the loyal people, on receiving official notice of the action 
 of the Senate surrendered the office to Stanton. A long cor- 
 respondence followed between him and the President, the 
 latter asserting that Grant had positively agreed that,- 
 
 " Yoii would either return the War Office to my possession in time to enable 
 me to appoint a successor before final action by the Senate on Mr. Stanton's 
 suspension, or would remain at its head, awaiting a decision of the question 
 by judicial proceedings.". 
 
 Grant replied on the third of February : — 
 
 " * * * Performance of the promises alleged to have been made by me 
 would have involved a resistance of the law, and an inconsistency witli the 
 whole history of my connection with the suspension of Mr. Stanton. From 
 our conversation, and my written protest of August 1, 1867, against the re- 
 moval of Mr. Stanton, you must have known that my greatest objection to 
 his removal was the fear that some one would be appointed in his stead who 
 would, by opposition to the laws relating to the restoration of the Southern 
 States to their proper relation to the Government, embarrass the army in the 
 performance of the duties especially imposed upon it by the laws, and that 
 it was to prevent such an appointment that I accepted the appointment of 
 Secretary of War ad interim^ and not for the purpose 'of enabling you to 
 get rid of Mr. Stanton. The course you have understood I agreed to pursue 
 was in violation of law, and that without orders from you; while the course 
 I did pursue, and which I never doubted you fully understood, was in 
 accordance with law and not in disobedience to any orders of my superior. 
 
 " And now, Mr. President, when my honor as a soldier and integrity as a 
 man have been so violently assailed, pardon me for saying that I can but re- 
 gard this whole matter, from beginning to end, as an attempt to involve me 
 in the resistance of law for which you hesitated to assume the responsibility, 
 in order thus to destroy my character before the country. I am in a measure 
 confirmed in this conclusion by your recent orders directing me to disobey 
 orders from the Secretary of War, ray superior and your subordinate, with- 
 out having countermanded his authority." 
 
 This brouglit rejoinder and surrejoinder. The President 
 attempted to prove tliat the General had deliberately broken 
 his promise. The controversy caused vehement newspaper 
 
180S] His Able Admixistratiox of it. 533 
 
 discussion ; but tlie country was thoroughly satisfied with 
 Grant's act, and too familiar with the utter truthfulness 
 which had distinguished his character from boyhood, to 
 believe him for a moment guilty of any conscious deceit. 
 
 So ended his administration of the War Department. 
 The prime reason which caused him to undertake it has 
 already been given ; but he had another motive. Months 
 before he said to a friend : — 
 
 ' ' I should like to be Secretary of War for a few weeks, 
 just to clean out the office, cut down expenses, and reform 
 abuses. It would do good to have a practical man there." 
 
 The result proved the General— whom oracular senators 
 had declared " not a man for office duty "—the ablest and 
 most practical head the department had ever known. 
 Stanton had been claimed as a model secretary, but Grant 
 found gross and wasteful extravagance. He broke up 
 the use of mounted orderlies and of ambulances when not 
 absolutely needed, selling the horses and vehicles. He re- 
 quired all proposals for supplies to be properly advertised, 
 and then let to the lowest bidder, whether his offer was 
 technically formal or not. He directed that at our frontier 
 posts the troops should do the labor of gathering hay and 
 fuel— hitherto furnished at round prices by contractors, 
 who usually paid nothing for the supplies or their transpor- 
 tation, but employed soldiers to cut the wood and hay, and 
 Government teams to deliver them. He prohibited com- 
 manding officers from hiring civilians as clerks, mechanics, 
 or laborers, or for an}^ other work which soldiers could do, 
 and gave notice that if they disobeyed, the expense would 
 be charged to their personal accounts. 
 
 His official report to Congress says : — 
 
 " A long Avar had entailed upon tlie army practices of extravagance total- 
 ly iinjnslifiable in times of peace ; and as the increase of the regular array 
 since ISfiO (now almost the entire array) is officered by men whose array 
 experience does not go back to tliat period (and therefore they may not 
 know but their indulgences at the expense of the General Government are 
 all legitimate), retrenchment was tlie first subject to attract ray attention. 
 * * * * Supplying large armies for a period of four years of hostilities 
 necessarily led to an accumulation of stores of all sorts far beyond the wants 
 of our present establishment for many years to come. Many of the articles 
 
534 EN-OEMors Sayixg foe the Goteenment [ises. 
 
 were of a perisluxble nature ; besides, being borne on the returns of officers 
 accountable for them, they had to be stored and guarded, although the cost 
 of care per anynim might he greater than their value. Under my direction 
 all these surplus and useless stores in the quartermaster's department are 
 being sold." 
 
 He soon reduced the current expenses of the department 
 more than half a million of dollars per month ; mustered 
 out superfluous officers ; sold stores and material to the 
 amount of many millions of dollars in the quartermaster's 
 department alone, and infused economy and rigid resj^on- 
 sibility through every branch of the military service. 
 
 Sheridan, delighted at Grant* s earnest support of the re- 
 construction laws and the seeming certainty of his election 
 to the Presidency, wrote a friend, in February : — 
 
 "It is perhaps needless for me to tell you how light my lieart is on ac- 
 count of tlie glorious record, in front of wliicli General Grant now stands 
 before the country. 
 
 " Tlie country now begins to appreciate that his was the only Iiand which 
 patted me on the shoulder and gave me encouragement, when I, almost 
 alone, stuck up my little battle flag at N'ew Orleans to assist a second time 
 in saving the country and preserving the record of our soldiers. Had Grant, 
 Sherman, myself, and others gone over to the enemy, much darkness would 
 have come upon the land. 
 
 "Two solutions were necessary for the settlement of the rebellion. The 
 first was to take away from it its military strength. That was done at Ap- 
 pomattox. The second, to take away its political strength. That will be 
 done next November. It will be a short canipai-j,-n, but as decisive as Appo- 
 mattox." 
 
 The General-in-Cliief thoroughly reciprocated the esteem 
 of his lieutenant. To a Xew York editor he said :— 
 
 "The people don't understand Sheridan. Though he 
 has all the popularity any man could desire, his capacity is 
 not appreciated. The impression seems to be that he is only 
 a brave, dovrnright tighter. Really, he is a man of admir- 
 able judgment, capable of handling, under any circum- 
 stances, the largest army ever seen in the United States." 
 
 A closing observation or two upon Grant' s personal traits. 
 No man has a more tender heart. Many were his unosten- 
 tatious deeds of kindness, even in his years of poverty ; and 
 since Fame and Fortune smiled upon him, all sorts of pen- 
 sioners have shared his beneflcence. To the \vidows and 
 
ISiiS.J 
 
 A Lettek from Phil. Sheridan. 
 
 535 
 
536 Some of Grant's Peesoxal Traits. [is64. 
 
 orphans of fallen soldiers particularly, liis helpfulness and 
 generosity have been unfailing. 
 
 ISTot Abraham Lincoln liimself had a more forgiving 
 spirit. If he is capable of malice toward any human 
 being, I have failed to find evidence of it. While a second 
 lieutenant at Jefferson Barracks, soon after leaving the Mil- 
 itar}^ Academy, his mess attempted to enforce the rigid 
 social discipline of the English army. Failure to come 
 promptly to meals, or an}^ slight neglect in dress, "was pun- 
 ished by a fine of a bottle of wine. Grant, naturally care- 
 less in his attire, was frequentl}- mulcted. One day he 
 ventured to suggest that this rule was proving very hard on 
 him. The commandant, a strict martinet, replied coldly : — 
 
 " Lieutenant, young men should be seen and not 
 heard.'' 
 
 This quite quenched the modest subaltern. Ten years 
 later, the same rigid colonel was the means of his leaving the 
 army. This would have stirred the eternal enmity of any nar- 
 row nature. But Grant, since rising to the chief command, 
 has treated him with the utmost liberality and kindness, 
 helping to secure his promotion and keeping him in respon- 
 sible positions. In this case he doubtless respected the con- 
 scientious performance of duty as the colonel saw it, but his 
 capacity to forget and forgive, even the grossest personal 
 treachery, seems boundless. 
 
 Few men have a quicker or more genial mirthfulness. 
 Once, returning from a wedding in Pennsylvania, in com- 
 pany with Mrs. Grant and General and Mrs. Hillyer, he was 
 beset by throngs at the stations ; and many people, unfa- 
 miliar with his features, took his former aide for the chief. 
 
 Hillyer. — "A droll blunder, isn't it V 
 
 Geaxt. — "Oh no ; these people have read in the news- 
 papers that I am a very plain man. So when they come into 
 the car, of course they don't recognize me by that descrip- 
 tion, but take you for the General !'' 
 
 His domesticity exceedingly strong. An affec- 
 
 tionate father, and a most devoted husband. All the in- 
 mates of his pleasant cheerful home seem to have caught 
 something of his own modesty, calmness, and gentleness. 
 
1868.] A National Republicajs" Convention. 537 
 
 CHAPTER X L Y . 
 
 AVHITE HOUSE. 
 
 On tlie nineteenth of May, 1868, a national republican 
 convention, in Chicago, every State of the Union being 
 represented, adopted this dechiration of principles : — 
 
 '" 1. We congratulate the country on the assured success of the recon- 
 struction policy of Congress, as evinced by the adoption, in the majority of 
 the States lately in rebellion, of constitutions securing equal civil and political 
 rights to all, and it is the duty of the Government to sustain those constitu- 
 tions, and to prevent the people of such States from being remitted to a state 
 of anarchy. 
 
 " 2. The guaranty by Congress of equal sutfrage to all loyal men at the 
 South, was demanded by every consideration of public safety, of gratitude, 
 and of justice, and must be maintained; while the question of suffrage in all 
 the loyal States properly belongs to the people of those States. 
 
 " 3. "We denounce all forms of repudiation as a national crime ; and tli*) 
 national honor requires the payment of the public indebtedness in the utter, 
 most good faith to all creditors at home and abroad, not only according to 
 the letter but the spirit of the laws under which it was contracted. 
 
 " 4. It is due to the labor of the nation that taxation should be equalised, 
 and reduced, as rapidly as the national faith will permit. 
 
 " 5. The national debt, contracted, as it has been, for the preservation of 
 the Union for all time to come, should be extended over a fair period for re- 
 demption ; and it is the duty of Congress to reduce the rate of interest there- 
 on, whenever it can be honestly done. 
 
 " 6. That the best policy to diminish our burden of debt is to so improve 
 our credit that capitalists will seek to loan us money at lower rates of interest 
 than we now pay, and must continue to pay, so long as repudiation, partial 
 or total, open or covert, is threatened or suspected. 
 
 " 7. The Government of the United States should be administered with 
 the strictest economy, and the corruptions which have been so shamefully 
 nursed and fostered by Andrew Johnson call loudly for radical reform. 
 
 " 8. We professedly deplore the untimely and tragic death of Abraham 
 Lincoln, and regret the accession of Andrew Johnson to the Presidency, who 
 has acted treacherously to tlie people who elected him, and the cause he was 
 pledged to support; who has warped high legislative and judicial functions; 
 who has refused to execute the laws ; who has used his high office to induce 
 other officers to ignore and violate the laws ; who has employed his execu- 
 
538 Its Declaeatio^t of Principles, [isgs. 
 
 tive powers to render insecure the property, the peace, liberty, and life of the 
 citizen; who has abused the pardoning power ; who has denounced the Na- 
 tional Legislature as unconstitutional ; who has persistently and corruptly 
 resisted, by every measure in his power, every proper attempt at the recon- 
 struction of the States lately in rebellion ; who has perverted the public 
 patronage into an engine of wholesale corruption, and who has been justly 
 impeached for high crimes and misdemeanors, and projierly pronounced 
 guilty thereof by the vote of thirty-five Senators. 
 
 " 9. The doctrine of Great Britain, and other European powers, that be- 
 cause a man is once a subject he is always so, must be resisted at every hazard 
 by the United States, as a relic of the feudal times, not authorized by the law 
 of nations, and at war with our national honor and independence. Natural- 
 ized citizens are entitled to be protected in all their rights of citizenship as 
 though they were native-born, and no citizen of tlie United States, native or 
 naturalized, must be liable to arrest and imprisonment by any foreign power 
 for acts done or words spoken in this country ; and if so arrested and impris- 
 oned, it is the duty of the Government to interfere in his behalf. 
 
 '• 10. Of all who were faithful in the trials of the late war, there were 
 none entitled to more especial honor than the brave soldiers and seamen who 
 endured the hardships of campaign and cruise, and imperiled their lives in 
 the service of the country ; the bounties and pensions provided by the laws 
 for these brave defenders of the nation are obligations never to be forgotten ; 
 the widows and orphans of the gallant dead are the wards of the people, a 
 sacred legacy bequeathed to the nation's protecting care. 
 
 " 11. Foreign emigration— which in the past has added so much to the 
 wealth, development, and resources, and increase of power to this nation, the 
 asylum of the oppressed of all nations — should be fostered and encouraged 
 by a liberal and just policy. 
 
 " 12. This convention declares itself in sympathy with all the oppressed 
 peoples which are struggling for their rights ; 
 
 " 18. That we highly commend the spirit of magnanimity and forbear- 
 ance with which the men who have served in the rebellion, but now frankly 
 and honestly co-operate with us in restoring the peace of the country and 
 reconstructing the Southern State governments upon the basis of impartial 
 justice and equal rights, are received back into the communion of the loyal 
 people ; and we favor the removal of the disqualifications and restrictions im- 
 posed upon the late rebels in the same measure as their spirit of loyalty will 
 direct, and as may be consistent with the safety of the loyal people ; and 
 
 " 14. That we recognize the great principles laid down in the immortal 
 Declaration of Independence as the true foundation of democratic govern- 
 ment, and we hail with gladness every effort toward making these principles 
 a living reality on every inch of American soil." 
 
 Six hundred and fifty delegates were in attendance ; and 
 when the roll of States was called to name a Presidential 
 
1868.] Geaxt Nominated foe the PresidejStcy. 54^ 
 
 candidate, the result showed six liundred and fifty votes 
 for Ulysses 8. Gi'cint — a iinanmiity without parallel. 
 
 The announcement of the vote was received with wild 
 enthusiasm, all the vast assemblage springing to their feet, 
 and flinging up hats and handkerchiefs amid thundering 
 cheers. A curtain rising in the rear of the stage exhib- 
 ited a painting of two pedestals standing in front of the 
 White House, one (bearing a figure of Grant) labeled ' ' Re- 
 publican nominee of the Chicago Convention, May twentieth, 
 1868 ;" the other, "Democratic nominee, New York Conven- 
 tion, July fourth, 1868." Between the two stood the God- 
 dess of Liberty, pointing with one hand to Grant, and with 
 the other to the vacant pedestal. Overhead was the motto : 
 "Match him." At that moment, a dove, painted in the 
 national colors, was let loose, and flew back and forth, and 
 the historic eagle of the Eighth Wisconsin — now an honor- 
 ary member of all patriotic organizations in the West — 
 added his screams to the tumult. 
 
 A few days later, a committee headed by Ex-Governor 
 Hawley, of Connecticut, president of the convention, waited 
 upon the General at his residence. To Hawley' s address 
 Grant responded, in the longest speech of his life : — 
 
 " Mr. President, and Gentlemen of the National Union Convention : 
 I will endeavor in a very short time to write you a letter accepting the trust 
 you have imposed upon me. Expressing my gratitude for the confidence 
 you have placed in me, I will now say hut little orally, and that is to thank 
 you for the unanimity with which you have selected me as a candidate for 
 the Presidential office. I can say, in addition, I looked on during the prog- 
 ress of the proceedings at Chicago with a great deal of interest, and am 
 gratified with the harmony and unanimity which seem to have governed 
 the deliberations of the convention. If chosen to fill the high office for 
 which you have selected me, I will give to its duties the same energy, the 
 same spirit, and the same will, that I have given to the performance of all 
 duties which have devolved upon me heretofore. Whether I shall be able 
 to perform these duties to your entire satisfaction, time will determine. 
 You have truly said, in the course of your address, that I shall have no 
 policy of my own to enforce against the will of the people." 
 
 On the twenty-ninth he wrote to the Committee :— 
 
 " In formally accepting the nomination of the National Union Republican 
 Convention of the twenty-first of May inst., it seems proper that some state- 
 
542 ^'Let us have Peace." [ises. 
 
 ment of views beyond the mere acceptance of the nomination should be 
 expressed. 
 
 "The proceedings of the convention were marked with wisdom, modera- 
 tion, and patriotism, and I believe express the feelings of the great mass of 
 those who sustained the country through its recent trials. I indorse the 
 resolutions. 
 
 " If elected to the office of President of the United States, it will be my 
 endeavor to administer all the laws in good faith, with economy, and with 
 the view of giving peace, quiet, and protection everywhere. In times lile 
 the 2Jresent it is impossible, or at least eminently im])roper, to lay down a 
 policy to he adhered to right or wrong, through an administration of four 
 years. J^eic political issues, not foreseen, are constantly arising ; the views 
 of the public on old ones are constantly changing, and a purely administra- 
 tive officer should always be left free to execute the will of the people. I 
 always have respected that will, and always shall. 
 
 "Peace and universal prosperity — its sequence — witli eccnioray of admi»n- 
 istration will lighten the burden of taxation, while it constantly reduces the 
 National debt. Let us have peace. ''^ 
 
 At tlie election in November, 1868, Grant and Colfax 
 were chosen by 214 electoral votes to 80 for Seymour 
 and Blair, the nominees of the democratic party. Vir- 
 ginia, Mississippi, Georgia and Texas, not having been 
 re-admitted to the Union under the reconstruction acts, 
 could not legally join in the election. Georgia voted, 
 however, and her nine electoral votes are included in the 
 80 above mentioned. General Grant was duly inaugur- 
 ated, March 4, 1869, and on the next day sent to the 
 Senate the following nominations for Cabinet officers : 
 Elihu B. Washburne of Illinois, secretary of state ; 
 Alexander T. Stewart of Kew York, secretary of the 
 treasury; Jacob D. Cox of Ohio, secretary of the 
 interior ; Adolph E. Borie of Pennsylvania, secretaiy of 
 the navy; John M. Schoiield of Illinois, secretary of 
 war; John A. J. Creswell of Marjdand, postmaster- 
 general ; E. RockAvood Hoar of Massachusetts, attorney- 
 general. These nominations were immediately con- 
 firmed, but Mr. Stewart, being disqualified under the law, 
 by reason of his avocation as a merchant, declined the 
 appointment, and George S. Boutwell of Massachusetts 
 Avas appointed in his stead. During Grant's first admin- 
 istration the following changes occurred in the Cabinet : 
 Mr. Washburne was succeeded by Hamilton Fish of New 
 York ; Mr. Schofield was succeeded in turn by John A. 
 
1S70.] Peesidext of the United States, 543 
 
 Rawlins of IllinoiSj and AYilliam W. Belknap of Iowa ; 
 Mr. Borie was succeeded by George M. Robeson of New 
 Jersey ; IMr. Hoar was succeeded in turn by A. T. Aker- 
 man of Georoia, and Georo-e H. AYilliams of Oreii'on : 
 Mr. Cox was succeeded by Columbus Delano of Ohio. 
 
 The most prominent incidents of Grant's first adminis- 
 tration were the project for the annexation of Santo 
 Domingo, and the settlement of the " Alabama claims." 
 President Grant was strongly in favor of the annexation 
 of Santo Domingo, and negotiated treaties with that 
 country. These treaties were confirmed by a popuhxr 
 vote in Santo Domingo, but failed in the Senate of the 
 United States. The court of arbitration on the Ala- 
 bama claims on Sept. 14, 1872, awarded $15,500,000 to 
 be paid by the British government to the United States 
 as compensation for damage done to American shipping 
 by Confederate cruisers. President Grant, in 1871, ap- 
 pointed a board of Civil Service Commissioners, of seven 
 members, with George AYilliam Curtis at its head. 
 
 Although the relations between the President and Con- 
 gress in regard to measures for the reconstruction of the 
 Southern states were perfectly harmonious, there was a 
 considerable faction of the re]>ublican party who enter- 
 tained different views, and one or two of the leading 
 republican journals were quite bitter in their denuncia- 
 tion of what they considered unnecessary severity in the 
 policy of the administration. But the result of the 
 Presidential campaign of 1872 sho^^ed conclusively that 
 the great majority of the people sustained the President 
 in his course. At the repulilican national convention, 
 held in Philadelphia, June 5, the platform heartily 
 approved the reconstruction measures of the administra- 
 tion, and President Grant was renominated by acclama- 
 tion, Henry AYilson of Massachusetts being nominated 
 for Vice-President. The democratic convention placed 
 in nomination Horace Greeley and B. Gratz Brown. 
 Grant's popular majority over Greeley Avas 762,991. 
 Mr. Greeley died before the assembling of the electoral 
 College, and 300 electoral votes were cast for Grant and 
 Y^ilson, ao-ainst 66 for other candidates. 
 32r 
 
544 The Secoxd Administeation. [1875. 
 
 But one cliange was made in the Cabinet at tlie open- 
 ing of Grant's second administration, Marcli 4, 1873, this 
 being the nomination of AVilliam M. Richardson of 
 Massachusetts, for secretary of the treasury, in pLace of 
 Mr. Boutwell. Mr. Richardson was succeeded in turn 
 by Benjamin H. Bristow of Kentucky, and Lot M.' 
 Morrill of Maine. Subsequent changes were as follows : 
 Mr. Creswell was succeeded as postmaster-general, in 
 turn, by Marshall Jewell of Connecticut, and James N. 
 Tyuer of Indiana ; Secretary-of-War Belknap was suc- 
 ceeded by J. Donald Cameron of Pennsylvania; Secre- 
 tary-of-the-Interior Delano was succeeded by Zachariah 
 Chandler of Michigan ; and Attorney-General Williams 
 was succeeded, in tui-n, by Edwards Pierrepont of New 
 York, and Alphonso Taft of Ohio. 
 
 The most noteworthy incidents of Grant's second 
 administration were the exposure of the " Credit Mo- 
 bilier," the political imbroglio in Louisiana, the resump- 
 tion of specie payment, the Pacific Mail investigation, 
 the whisky prosecutions, the death of Vice-President 
 Wilson (Nov. 22, 1875), the Centennial exposition, and 
 the passage of the electoral commission bill. 
 
 The marriage of the General's daughter Nellie to Al- 
 gernon C. F. Sartoris, an English gentleman, was one of 
 the most notable events occurring during his occupancy 
 of the White House. 
 
 V\ ith the expiration of his second term, March 4, 1877, 
 General Grant's connection with the active politics of the 
 country terminated. His name was not presented as a 
 candidate before the republican national convention of 
 1876. In 1880, however, when the convention was held 
 in Chicago, a determined effort was made by the friends 
 of General Grant, under the leadership of Senator 
 Conkling of New York, to again place him in nomina- 
 tion. But the effort was not successful, and James A. 
 Garfield was nominated. The 4th day of March, 1877, 
 thei'efore, closed a continuous public service of sixteen 
 years, during which Ulysses S. Grant had filled the two 
 highest positions in the gift of the American peoj)le. 
 
RESIDENCES 
 
1877.] E:\LBAKKATION FOR LiVEEPOOL. 5i7 
 
 CHAPTER XLYI. 
 
 THE TOUR AROUND THE WORLD, 
 
 Upon General Grant's retirement from the Presidency, 
 accompanied by members of his family he visited his 
 former homes at the west, meeting everywhere a most 
 cordial reception. 
 
 He then proceeded, aided by the liberality of friends, 
 to cany into effect a long-cherished design of visiting 
 the principal countries of the world. Secretary-of-State 
 Evarfcs had issued a circular letter to the diplomatic offi- 
 cers of the United States, calling upon them to do every- 
 thing in their power to make the ex-President's journey 
 a pleasant one. 
 
 The date of departure had been fixed for May 17^ 
 1877, by the steamship '• Indiana" of the American line 
 from Philadelphia. The party reached Philadelphia a 
 week before the date of sailing, and were the guests of 
 Mr. George W. Childs. General Grant was present at 
 the opening of the permanent exhibition on the Centen- 
 nial grounds, May 10th. 
 
 On the morning of the 17th a farewell breakfast was 
 given by ^Ii\ Chitds, at which several distinguished per- 
 sons were present. General Grant, General Sherman, 
 Mayor Stokley and others then embarked on the small 
 steamer " Magenta,'' while the revenue cutter '' Hamil- 
 ton " carried Mrs. Grant and other members of the party. 
 On the " Magenta " parting speeches were made by Gen- 
 eral Sherman and others. The " Indiana " was boarded 
 off Newcastle, Del, thirty-five miles south of Philadel- 
 phia. General and Mrs. Grant were accompanied on the 
 outward voyage by their youngest son, Jesse R. His 
 place was taken later in the tour by his older brother, 
 Colonel Frederick D. 
 
548 Greeted with Hoxoes. [1877. 
 
 The passage was somewliat stormy and tedious, Queens- 
 town being readied on May 27tli. Here the Indiana was 
 boarded by a deputation of citizens, including American 
 residents, who welcomed the travelers to the Old World. 
 Liverpool was reached the next day, the party being 
 received at the dock by the mayor of the city and Gen- 
 eral Badeau, United States consul. On May 30th the 
 factories at Manchester ^^ere visited. The party then 
 passed on toward London, making halts at Saliord and 
 Leicester. 
 
 This was the beginning of a series of ovations and 
 honors which made the entire tour a triumphal progress 
 of a character unparalleled in history, when all the cir- 
 cumstances are considered. A plain American citizen, 
 without ^^'ealth, and of simple and unaffected manners, 
 was everywhere greeted with the honors and marks of 
 distinction usually reserved for rulers. He was received 
 by city or borough authorities, honored with formal 
 addresses of welcome and presented with the freedom of 
 the leading cities of the world. All nations hastened to 
 do honor to the distinguished representative of the great 
 repul3lic of the West. 
 
 London was reached on the evening of May 31st, and 
 on the followino- mornins: General Grant visited the 
 Epsom races, where he met the Prince of Wales for the 
 first time. The pleasure of the occasion was somewhat 
 marred by a severe wind and rain storm. A dinner at 
 Apsley House with the Duke of Wellington, on the 
 second of June, was the entree to an almost uninterrupted 
 series of banquets and receptions, tendered by distin- 
 guished noblemen and by members of the royal family. 
 
 Two or three days were snatched from the round of 
 festivities in order to pay a visit to Mrs. Sartoris (iiee 
 K^ellie Grant) at Southampton. On June 15th the free- 
 dom of the city of London was presented to General Grant 
 in Guildhall, ^\ii\l the time-honored and stately ceremo- 
 nies attendant upon this great honor. The freedom of 
 the city was presented in a gold casket, elaborately orna- 
 mented with an appropriate combination of British and 
 American designs. 
 
1877.] EXTERTAI^'ED EY QuEEX ViCTORIA. 549 
 
 On this occasion General Grant delivered one of those 
 felicitous speeches which was followed during the tour 
 by manv others e(|ually happy and appropriate, entirely 
 reversino' that Judgment of his character which had led 
 to the appellation of "The Silent Man." June 19th he 
 was entertained hj the Prince of "Wales at Marlborough 
 House, and one week later the ex-President and his wife 
 were received as honored guests at Windsor Castle by 
 the Queen of England, spending two days with her. 
 
 On June 28th the General went to Liverpool and was 
 present at a banquet given by Mayor Walker. Returning 
 to London the following day, he was entertained by the 
 journalists of the city at the Grosvenor Hotel. The 4th 
 of July was celebrated with Minister Pierrepont at the 
 xVmerican Embassy, several noted Americans being pres- 
 ent. The following day the party left London for Brus- 
 sels. King Leopold furnished the royal car for the use 
 of the party from Ostend to Brussels. July 7th the King 
 called on General Grant, who returned the visit at the 
 palace the next day. The party left Brussels for Cologne 
 July 9th, and made the tour of the Rhine, afterward visit- 
 ing' Hamburg, Frankfort, the Black Forest, and passing 
 into Switzerland. July 2Tth General Grant laid the 
 corner-stone of an American Episcopal church at Geneva. 
 
 A tour of the Alps, including the ascent of Mont Blanc, 
 was then made, and the party arrived at Ragatz on the 
 14th of xlugust, and then returned to England through 
 Alsace and Lorraine. Aug. 31a journey through Scotland 
 was begun. At Edinburgh General Grant ^vas the guest 
 of the Lord Provost, and was presented with the freedom 
 of the city. Among the places visited were Melrose and 
 Abbotsford, Dunrobin, Elgin, Wick, and Glasgow. 
 
 In September and October, a tour was made through 
 the manufactui'ing districts of England. At Newcastle, 
 Sei^tember 22d, there was a monaster demonstration of 
 workingmen, 80,000 persons being present. September 
 24th General Grant laid the corner-stone of a new museum 
 at Sunderland. The party then visited Sheffield, Birmino;- 
 ham, Stratford, and other inland cities, and after a visit 
 to Mrs. Sartoris, and a sojourn at Brighton, returned to 
 
550 Up the Nile. [1878. 
 
 London, wliicli city they left October 24tli, for Paris, via 
 Boulogne. 
 
 Soon after arriving in Paris a formal visit was made to 
 tlie Elysees, and General Grant was presented to Presi- 
 dent MacMahon. A round of receptions and banquets 
 followed, including a reception by Minister Noyes, and a 
 dinner by the American colony. The tourists journeyed 
 slowly to the south of France, sailing from Yillefranche 
 for Italy, December loth, on the United States steamer 
 "Vandalia," Commander H. B. Robeson. Naples was 
 reached December 17th, and visits were made to Vesuvius 
 and Pompeii. The '' Vandalia " arrived at Palermo De- 
 cember 23d. An elegant Christmas dinner was served 
 on the steamer. While at Palermo the General and his 
 party went ashore and strolled around quietly, as at other 
 places, until at length they were captured by the officials, 
 who insisted upon showering honors upon them. 
 
 Proceeding on their journey, the travelers arrived 
 at Malta December 28th, during a severe gale. While 
 here, they were visited by the Duke of Edinburgh, who 
 was in port with his vessel, the iron-clad "Sultan." 
 Alexandria was reached January 5, 1878. A dinner 
 was given by the American vice-consul, Mr. Salvago, 
 where General Grant met Mr. H. M. Stanley, who had 
 just arrived from the interior. January 7th the party 
 left for Cairo, by train. Here they met Stone Pasha, and 
 called upon the Khedive at the palace. The ensuing 
 three weeks were sjjent in a rapid tri]:) up the Nile. 
 Every courtesy was shown by the Egyptian authorities, 
 and the trip was greatly enjoyed. The '' Vandalia " ^^as 
 again boarded at Port Said, February 9th, and Jaffa was 
 reached the next day. Here wagons were taken for a 
 trip to Jerusalem. 
 
 The tourists had expected to enter the Holy City as 
 unostentatious pilgrims, but the American consul, Mr. 
 Wilson, willed it otherwise, and they were received by a 
 large mounted escort, with banners and music. After 
 reaching the hotel the pasha called in due state, as also 
 did the foreign consuls and the bishops. The weather 
 was very inclement during the stay of the party, and a 
 
1873.] Received by the Pope. 551 
 
 heavy snow-storm greatly interfered with the pleasure of 
 a visit to Bethlehem. On account of the severe weather 
 it was decided to abandon a proposed overland trip 
 through Syria, and the party returned to Jaffa, where 
 the " Vandalia " was in waiting. The continuance of 
 stormy weather necessitated the abandonment of a visit 
 to Lebanon, and the voyage was continued through the 
 ^gean sea until, on February 21st, anchor was cast in 
 the Bay of Smyrna. 
 
 A stay of six days was made at Smyrna, occupied in 
 pleasant rambles about the town and excursions to the 
 surrounding country. There was also the usual round of 
 official courtesies, salutes, etc., and on the 27th of Feb- 
 ruary the " Vandalia " started for Constantinople, which 
 was reached March 5th. The party was received by the 
 'diplomatic representatives. The number of visits of 
 ceremony was somewhat curtailed, owing to the war 
 between Turkey and Russia, and sight-seeing was ren- 
 dered disagreeable by March weather of the most inclem- 
 ent description. After a few days' sojourn, the " Van- 
 dalia" took the travelers to Piraeus, from whence Athens 
 was reached by a short railroad ride. General Grant 
 attended a reception given by the king and queen of 
 Greece, and was overwhelmed with invitations to other 
 banquets and receptions. The Parthenon and the Acrop- 
 olis were illuminated in honor of the visitors. 
 
 The first days of April were passed in Rome, the 
 interest of the' visit being greatly heightened by the 
 presence of Cardinal McCloskey, under "^vhose auspices 
 the ex-President was formally received by Pope Leo XIIL 
 King Humbert was unremitting in his attentions to the 
 party, and every facility was afforded for visiting the 
 Coliseum and other points of interest. Florence, Venice, 
 and Milan were then visited in succession, and the 7th 
 of May found the party back in Paris. On the invitation 
 of Commissioner-(3-eneral McCormick a visit was made 
 to the Exposition, and for several days General Grant 
 was kept busy in responding to numerous demands for 
 his presence at social gatherings. A pleasant journey to 
 Holland followed, where the party was royally enter- 
 
552 Receptio:s" by the Czak of Russia. [1878. 
 
 tained at the Hague by Prince Frederick. Nearly a 
 fortnight was spent in Holland, and the travelei-s then 
 pushed on into Prussia, pausing by the way at Hanover. 
 
 Berlin was reached on June 26th, the party having 
 been met at Stendahl by the American minister, Bayard 
 Taylor. The events connected with General Grant's 
 stay at the Prussian capital mark it as one of the most 
 memorable epochs of his remarkable Journey. The first 
 official call was made on Prince Gortschakoff, the Rus- 
 sian ambassador. A few days later the General responded 
 to an invitation from Prince Bismarck, and walked from 
 his hotel over to the chancellor's palace. He was received 
 with the greatest cordiality, and a long and informal con- 
 versation ensued, in which Bismarck drew out the Gen- 
 eral's views in regard to American military and political 
 aifaii's. An attempt had been made to assassinate the 
 Emperor AVilliam, and this was also commented upon. 
 The two distinguished leaders parted with mutual expres- 
 sions of esteem. A day or two later, the General wit- 
 nessed a review of the Berlin troops, which took place in 
 a drivins: rain-storm. Prince Bismarck returned the 
 General's call at his hotel, and afterward gave a dinner 
 at the palace, and a few days later the journey was 
 resumed, Copenhagen being the objective point. 
 
 Hamburg was reached July 2d, and the 4th of July, 
 1878, was quietly celebrated at the country residence of 
 the American vice-consul. The trip through Denmark, 
 Norway, and Sweden occupied a little over two weeks, 
 stops being made in Copenhagen, Christiana, and Stock- 
 holm. At the latter city, a steamer was taken across the 
 Baltic to St. Petersburg, which was reached July 30th, 
 and where Prince Gortschakoff was again met. The 
 next day, an audience was given by the Czar Alexander, 
 and the ex-President ^vas most cordially received. An 
 excursion was made to Peterhof on the royal yacht. 
 Moscow was next visited, and then followed a railroad 
 ride of 600 miles to Warsaw. After resting a few days, 
 the party pushed on to Vienna, arriving August 18th. 
 United States Minister Kasson received the travelers at 
 the station. The next day there was a reception at Count 
 
1878] Ax IXYITATION FEOM KlXG AlPHOjSTSO. 555 
 
 Andrassy's, wliicli was attended by a large number of 
 distinguished Aiistrians. July 20tli, the General was 
 received by the Emperor Francis Joseph, and on the 
 next day General Grant and wife were the guests of the 
 royal family, dining with them in the evening. On the 
 2 2d, the American minister gave a dinner, followed by a 
 reception and a ball. 
 
 From Vienna the party journeyed through Bavaria, 
 back into Switzerland and France. Stops were made at 
 Munich, Augsburg, Schaffhauseu, Besan^on, St. Etienne, 
 and several other towns in southern France. At Bor- 
 deaux, an invitation was received from the Kine; of Spain, 
 who was at that time reviewing his troops at Yittoria, 
 requesting a visit from General Grant. The party accord- 
 ingly proceeded to Yittoria, stopping over night at Biar- 
 ritz, and arriving October 26th. On the train the Gen- 
 eral met Mr. Castelar, the ex-President of Spain, with 
 whom he had a very pleasant interview. October 27th, 
 King Alphonso received the General. An animated 
 conversation ensued, French being largely employed, 
 owing to the king's limited knowledge of English. From 
 Yittoria the party proceeded to Madrid, where several 
 days were spent. On the evening of the departure an 
 attempt was made to assassinate the king. Biding at 
 the head of his troops, he had just passed the hotel, 
 where General Grant and James Russell Lowell were 
 standing on the balcon}-, when a shot was fired, Avhich 
 fortunately missed its aim. The excitement occasioned 
 by this murderous attempt was intensified by the fact 
 tliat the king had recently lost his young queen, to whom 
 he was devotedly attached. 
 
 Lisbon was the next objective point of the journey. 
 Hearing of the General's arrival, King Luis came down 
 from his palace at Cintra, fifteen miles distant, and gave 
 an audience at the palace in Lisbon. The king and his 
 guest had a long private conversation concerning the 
 mutual interests of their countries, etc., and the General 
 was presented with a copy of a translation of "Hamlet" 
 into Portuo-uese, made by the royal scholar himself, and 
 was also offered the o-rand cross of the Tower and Sword, 
 
556 Sails for Bombay. [i879. 
 
 This decoration he felt compelled to decline, on principle. 
 The palace at Cintra was placed at the disposal of the 
 party, whu made a delightful excursion to that romantic 
 spot. The party then turned back into Spain, haltino- at 
 Cordova, Seville, and Cadiz, which \^as reached Decem- 
 ber 6th. Hence the travelers went back to England via 
 Paris. Mrs. Grant then spent a few days with her 
 daughter at Southampton, while the General made a 
 short trip into Ireland, leaving London for Dul^lin via 
 Holyhead on the evening of January 2d, 1879. He was 
 received at Dublin by Lord Mayor Barrington, who con- 
 ducted the visitors through the city in his own carriao-e, 
 visiting the principal points of interest. KX the city 
 hall the General was presented with the freedom of the 
 city. In the evening there was a banquet at the Lord 
 I^layor's. From Dublin the party proceeded to London- 
 derry, where there was a reception at the town hall. 
 Belfast was next visited, and the return trip to London 
 was made via Kingstown. Three or four days were 
 spent in London, and then the party started for India, 
 going to Marseilles via Paris. 
 
 The party as made up for the trip to the far East was 
 composed of General Grant and wife. Colonel Frederick 
 D. Grant, ]\Ir. A. E. Borie (formerly secretary of the 
 navy), Dr. Keating of Philadelphia, and John Russell 
 Young, the chronicler of the tour. On Jan. 24tli, the 
 23arty sailed from Marseilles on the steamer " Labourdon- 
 nais." The steamer touched at Kaples, where several old 
 friends came on board, and arrived at Alexandria, Jan. 
 30th. Here a train was taken to Suez, where on the 
 next day the party embarked on the Peninsular and 
 Oriental steamer " Venetia." After touching at Aden, 
 Bombay was reached Feb. 13th. Here the party were 
 welcomed by representatives of the Governor-General, 
 and the government yacht was placed at their service. 
 Dming the stay in Bomljay the pai'ty was quartered at 
 the government house, at l\Ialabar Point. As in other 
 cities, the party was? overwhelmed with invitations to 
 receptions, etc. Wherever the' General went he was 
 attended by servants, clad in the scarlet uniform of the 
 
1879.] SiGHT-SeEHSTG IN IxDIA. 559 
 
 Britisli government. To a man of his simple tastes tins 
 constant attendance became almost irksome, but, fully 
 understanding the kind motives which proni})ted this 
 attention, he could gracefully submit to the anticipation 
 of his every desire. The stay at the government house 
 was a very pleasant episode in the Journey, and the 
 broad veranda, with its charming view out over the bay, 
 came to wear quite a homelike aspect to the travelers. 
 The sojourn was agreeably varied by picnics, elephant 
 rides, etc. The visit to Boml^ay was closed by a state 
 dinner at the government house. 
 
 The party then proceeded north by rail to Allahabad, 
 where they were welcomed by the Lieutenant-Governor, 
 Sir George Confer. Short stays were made here, and at 
 Agra ; sufficient time, however, was allowed at the latter 
 j)lace to thoroughly inspect that wonderful piece of archi- 
 tecture, the Taj, the most beautiful building in the world. 
 Built of polished white marble, its interior profusely 
 decorated with precious stones, this mausoleum was 
 erected by the emperor Shah Tehan for the remains of 
 his w^ife, who died in 1629. Twenty thousand workmen 
 were employed for seventeen years upon the marvelous 
 structure; an impressive indication of the deep sorrow 
 and long-continued grief of the emperor for his consort. ^ 
 
 From Agra a side trip was made to Jeypore. This 
 trip was among the most interesting experiences of the 
 tour. On arriving at the station at Jeypore, the party 
 was met by the Maharajah, the highest in stan<ling 
 of the loyal Indian princes, and the only one who was 
 entitled to a salute of twenty-one guns. The party were 
 quartered at the English residency. The travelers ^yere 
 greeted, in this mountain city of India, with the familiar 
 sight of gas-lamps in the streets, the Maharajah being 
 famous throughout India for his rapid advance in civili- 
 zation. An interesting excursion was made to Amber, 
 the ancient capital of the province of Jeypore, where 
 there is a palace still occasionally used by tlie Maharajah. 
 On returning to Jeypore, the various govermnent institu- 
 tions, etc., were visited, and there was an official reception 
 by the Prince. During this reception the party was 
 
560 The Guest of the King of Si am. [1879. 
 
 afforded the sight of a Nautch girls' dance. This 
 possessed but slight attractions for the travelers, Mr. 
 Young stating that during the dance, General Grant 
 wore an expression of " resignation tinted with despair." 
 The dance was followed by a game of billiards between 
 the Maharajah and the General. The Prince is repre- 
 sented as being passionately fond of billiards, spending 
 the most of his time, when not engaged in his devotions, 
 at that sport. The reception was concluded by a formal 
 leave-taking, attended with all the ceremonies peculiar to 
 the courts of India, the party being perfumed ^^ ith attar 
 of roses by the Prince, as a token of lasting friendship. 
 On the return to Agra, a stop Avas made at Bhurtpoor, 
 where the party was received by the Maharajah of that 
 province, and whence a visit was made to the famous 
 ruins of Futtehpoor Sikra. From Agra the tourists 
 turned toward Calcutta, pausing on the way at Delhi, 
 Lucknow and Benares. The extreme heat prevented 
 intended visits to other cities. Calcutta "v^as reached on 
 the ] 0th of March, after a most uncomfortable night ride 
 from Benares. The American consul-general and a guard 
 of honor of Bengal troops were in waiting, and the 
 party was driven to the government house, a distance of 
 two miles, a line of policemen being ranged along the 
 entire route. General Grant was kindly received by the 
 Viceroy, Lord Lytton, and the two took a long stroll 
 together later in the day. The next day there was an 
 excursion to the Viceroy's country-seat at Barrackpoor, 
 followed by a state dinner at the government-house, the 
 last given by the Viceroy before his departure for his 
 summer residence at Simla, in the mountains of northern 
 India. The reception was a most brilliant scene, many 
 Indian princes of the highest rank being present, resplen- 
 dent with jewels. After Lord Lytton left for the 
 mountains. General Grant became the guest of Sir Ashley 
 Eden, the Governor-General of Bengal. It had been 
 arranged that the United States steamer "Eichmond" 
 would be at Ceylon to receive the party, but as she was 
 detained, it Avas decided not to visit Ceylon and Madras, 
 so passage was taken on the " Simla " for Rangoon. 
 
1879.] Arrival at Sia^i. 5^8 
 
 Tlie tourists arrived at Rangoon March 20tb, and were 
 received by Mr. Aitclieson, the British Commissioner. 
 Maulmain, Peuang, Malacca, and Singapore were next 
 visited. While at Singapore an invitation to visit his 
 capitol was received from the King of Siam, Chulahlong- 
 korn. It was decided to accept the invitation, and the 
 23arty embarked April 9th, on the ''Kong-See,'' for 
 Bangkok. 
 
 The journey through the Gulf of Siam was marked by 
 heavy rains and rough water, and when, on the 14th of 
 April, the Menam River was entered, twenty-three miles 
 below Bangkok, the steamer grounded on a bar, whence 
 they were taken, after several hours delay, by the royal 
 yacht. The American Consul, Mr. Sickels, was on board 
 the yacht, accompanied by an aide of the King, who 
 brought an autograph letter from the King, welcoming 
 General Grant to Siam, and oifering him the use of the 
 Suranrom palace, with the Prince Royal as host. The 
 trip up the river was made in a driving rain, which, how- 
 ever, subsided as the party entered Bangkok. The Gen- 
 eral was taken ashore from the yacht in the royal gondola. 
 On landing, the guard presented arms, and the band 
 played "Hail Columbia." 
 
 The first official visit, the day after arrival, was paid 
 to the ex-Regent. The next day the party had an 
 audience with the King, who returned the visit the suc- 
 ceeding day, going in state to the palace occupied by 
 General Grant, an unusual honor. This was followed by 
 a state dinner at the royal palace, about forty guests 
 being present. General Grant sat at the right of the 
 King, and Mrs. Grant opposite, with the Prince Royal. 
 The King made a brief and cordial speech of welcome, 
 which was appropriately responded to by General Grant. 
 
 Heavy rains continued during the stay in Bangkok, 
 somewhat interfering with the pleasure of the visit. 
 Among the official courtesies shown was a brilliant 
 reception by the Prince. On leaving Bangkok, April 
 18th, the General sent a despatch to the King, warmly 
 thanking him for his hospitality. A gracefully- worded 
 answer was later received. 
 
564 Scenes at Hong Kong. [1879. 
 
 Singapore was reached, ou the return, April 2 2d. As 
 the "Richmond" had not arrived, the party took passage 
 for Hong Kong on the French steamer "Irrawaddy," 
 which sailed on the 23d. On the third day of the voy- 
 age the steamer entered the Saigon River, and proceeded 
 forty miles up that stream to Saigon, the capital of 
 Cochin China. By invitation of Admiral Lafond, the 
 Governor General, General Grant and his wife were 
 quartered at the government house during the brief stay 
 of the steamer, and there was a reception, attended by 
 all the European residents. 
 
 The '^Irrawaddy" arrived at Hong Kong on the after- 
 noon of A]3ril 30th. Soon after arriving the General 
 visited the United States gun-boat "Ashuelot." He was 
 received with the national salute of twenty-one guns, and 
 the yards were manned, with the United States flag at 
 the fore. A salute was also fired by the Chinese corvette 
 "Nissing." After a short conversation. General Grant 
 and party were taken to the pier in the steam-launch. 
 Here they were received by the governor of Hong Kong, 
 Mr. J. P. Hennessy, the other government officials, prom- 
 inent British and Chinese citizens, and the resident clergy. 
 The General then entered a sedan-chair, and was escorted 
 to the governor's house, pleasantly situated on a high 
 blufl: overlooking the sea. The party remained in Hong 
 Kong five days, the stay being rendered exceedingly 
 pleasant by the unremitting attentions of the governor 
 and other officials. There were banquets and receptions, 
 terminating with a state dinner at the governor's house. 
 May 5th the tourists proceeded to Canton, on the 
 "Ashuelot." 
 
 On approaching the Bogue forts which guard the 
 entrance to the narrow portion of the Canton River, a 
 line of Chinese gunboats, drawn up in front of the forts, 
 saluted the "Ashuelot," each boat firing three guns, 
 which is the regulation Chinese salute, irrespective of 
 rank. A boat came alongside the "Ashuelot," after the 
 salute had been duly returned, bringing representatives 
 of the Viceroy and other officials. A Chinese gunboat 
 accompanied the " Ashuelot " as escort, flying the United 
 
1S79.] Chinese Dii^^ners. 567 
 
 States flag at her fore, as a complimeut to tlie distin- 
 guished guest. 
 
 The party did not reach Canton until hate in the 
 evening, thus disappointing a large crowd who had 
 waited on the river bank all the afternoon. A landing 
 was effected without any ceremony, and there was a late 
 dinner at the house of Consul Lincoln. The next morn- 
 ing, salutes were exchanged between the " Ashuelot " and 
 a Chinese gunboat, the latter firing twenty-one guns. 
 This is said to be the first time the Chinese custom of 
 three guns for a salute was ever departed from, and was 
 a special compliment to the United States. In the after- 
 noon a visit was paid to the Viceroy, and after the formal 
 reception the party sat down to a Chinese dinner, com- 
 posed of sw^eetmeats, candies, fruits, nuts, tea, and wine. 
 The stay in Canton was attended with so many visits of 
 ceremony that the General had scarcely any opportunity 
 to see the town. 
 
 Before leaving the city the party w^as treated to a 
 wonderful state dinner at the Viceroy's. In all there 
 were seventy courses, including certain combinations 
 which would surprise even a European palate. Among 
 these were stewed sharks' fins, radish-cakes, date-cakes, 
 ham in honey, the bellies of fat fish, soles of pigeons' 
 feet, lotus-seed soup, sliced flag bulbs, ham with squash, 
 etc. Cigars and pipes were handed around between the 
 courses. Consul Lincoln also gave a state dinner, after 
 which there was an elaborate display of fire-works. 
 
 May 9th the party returned to Hong Kong on the 
 " Ashuelot ", stopping on the way to visit the grotto of 
 Camoens at Macao. At Hong Kong a banquet was given 
 by Governor Hennessy, followed by a reception. May 
 12th the "Ashuelot" took the party on board again and 
 started for a cruise along the Chinese coast, stops being 
 made at Swatow and Amoy. On the morning of May 
 17th the Woo Sung forts, at the mouth of the Woo Sung 
 river, ten miles north of Shanghai, were reached. Here 
 the "Ashuelot" was met by the United States steamer 
 " Monocacy ", bringing a reception committee composed 
 of American residents of Shanghai. On arriving at 
 
568 A Young Empeeoe. [1879. 
 
 Sliaugliai tlie vessels fired salutes and manned tlieir 
 yards, and an immense crowd lined tlie river bank. At 
 tlie landing the General was received by several Enoiish 
 and Chinese officials. On the evening of May 19th there 
 was a magnificent illumination and display of fire-worhs 
 in which the residents, of all nations, vied with each other 
 in doing honor to the ex-President. The succeeding four 
 days were diversified by fetes, banquets, a visit to a 
 Chinese theater, etc. 
 
 On May 24th the "Ashuelot " started for Tientsin, 
 where General Grant for the first time met the famous 
 Viceroy, Li Hung Chang. As the steamer came into the 
 Peiho River the usual salutes were fired, and the Viceroy 
 came alongside the " Ashuelot " in his royal yacht. After 
 he was presented to the General, the two remained in 
 conversation for some time on the upper deck. On land- 
 ing a royal sedan-chair, lined with yellow silk, was in 
 waiting for the General, and he was conveyed to the 
 viceregal palace. A day or two after ariival there was a 
 ceremonial dinner, at which brief speeches were made bv 
 the General and the Viceroy. 
 
 The journey up the river to Pekin was made in Chinese 
 boats, the General having his quarters on a large manda- 
 rin's boat. On the morning of the third day Tung Chow 
 was reached, and the remainder of the journey was made 
 in chairs and on horseback. 
 
 At Pekin the party was quartered in the American 
 legation. Inasmuch as the Emperor was only seven 
 years old the General did not ask an audience of him, 
 but there was a reception by Prince Kung, the regent, 
 accompanied by another mysterious Chinese diniier. 
 Prince Kung returned the General's call. The party 
 reached Tientsin on their return June 12th. The General 
 was urged l)y both Prince Kung and the Viceroy to act 
 as a mediator between China and Japan on the Loochoo 
 question, and promised to use his best efforts with the 
 latter government. 
 
 At a reception given by Mr. Detring, the customs 
 commissioner, Li Hung Chang for the first time attended 
 a dinner where European ladies were present. The 
 
1879.] Attentions to the Ladies. 509 
 
 ladies were placed, upon one side of the table, and the 
 gentlemen on the other. Another notable entertainment 
 was that given to Mrs. Grant by the wife of the Viceroy, 
 at which only ladies were present. There were other 
 festivities in Tientsin and the party then again embarked 
 on the " Ashnelot " and were taken out to the United 
 States steamer '' Richmond," which was in waiting to 
 cari-y tliem to Japan. 
 
 The " Kichmond " steamed slowly np the coast, and 
 anchored and sent the party ashore in boats to in- 
 spect the Great Wall of China. At Chefoo, a watering- 
 place for Shanghai and Tientsin, a stop was made, with 
 the usual official reception, etc. General Grant did not 
 return to the " Richmond " until a late hour, and enjoyed 
 the novelty of a midnight salute from the Chinese gun- 
 boats and the "Richmond." 
 
 The steamer arrived at Nagasaki June 21st, and her 
 salute was duly answered by the forts. The American 
 consul and Japanese officials came on board, and wel- 
 comed the General. Prince Dati came as the official 
 representative of the Emperor. The honored guest was 
 transferred from the " Richmond " to a royal barge, and 
 landed amid the salutes of the Japanese batteries and 
 vessels. On reaching the residence assigned to the party 
 there was a series of receptions of Japanese officials, 
 European amd American residents, etc. 
 
 On the evening of June 23d, there was a dinner at 
 the Government House, at which speeches were made by 
 the Governor of Nagasaki, Mr. Yoshida, Japanese min- 
 ister to the United States, and General Grant. During 
 their stay in Nagasaki the party was tendered a dinner 
 by the citizens of the town, which was as unique and 
 elaborate as the famous Chinese dinner at Canton, and 
 especially noticeable by reason of numerous dishes 
 decorated with representations of scenery and historical 
 events. Among the dishes served Avas one composed of 
 live fish in decorated bowls. These fish were sliced up 
 and served while still living. The " Richmond " again 
 took the party on board and left Nagasaki June 26th, 
 The prevalence of what was supposed to be cholera pre- 
 33r 
 
570 Japanese Hospitalities. [1879. 
 
 vented landing, as was intended, at various points along 
 the coast. A stop was made off Hiogo, and official 
 visits were received on tlie steamer. 
 
 At Sumida tlie party landed, and on invitation of the 
 Governor of the province an excursion was made to his 
 capital town, about six miles inland. As guests of the" 
 Emperor, General Grant and party were privileged to 
 visit this interior village and other places in Japan which 
 probalJy had scarcely ever before been seen by Euro- 
 peans or Americans. July 3d the '' Richmond " reached 
 Yokohama, and was welcomed by the guns of the 
 " Monongahela," the United States ilag-ship. War 
 vessels of various nationalities were in port, and the 
 party landed amid the thunder of many salutes. 
 
 The General was welcomed at the Avharf by the high 
 officials of the government, the Japanese band ^^laying 
 the American national airs. Mr. Iwakma, the second 
 prime minister, received the General as an old friend, as 
 he had visited the United States at the head of the 
 Japanese embassy, during the General's occupation of 
 the Presidential chair. During the reception there was 
 a display of day fire-works. Finally, amid the cheers of 
 the populace the General and party were driven to the 
 train, which was taken for Tokio, a little less than an 
 hour's ride. 
 
 On the arrival of the train an address was read by a 
 committee of citizens. General Grant then took a seat 
 in the Emperor's private carriage, which had been sent 
 to the station, and was driven through long lines of mil- 
 itary to the summer palace of Euriokwan, which had 
 been assigned for the use of the party. At 2 o'clock 
 on the afternoon c<f the 4th of July General and Mrs. 
 Grant were received by the Emperor and Empress. The 
 General was accompanied by a delegation of United 
 States naval officers and by the American minister, Mr. 
 Bingham. In an ante-chamber the visitors were received 
 by tlie Japanese cabinet, and were then ushered into 
 the imperial presence by a lord in waiting. The Em- 
 peror advanced and shook hands with the General, this 
 act being a startling violation of the rules of Japanese 
 
1879.] Reception by the Emperoe of Japan. 573 
 
 court etiquette. The Em23eror and Empress tlien made 
 short addresses of welcome to the General and his wife 
 respectively, to which appropriate replies were returned. 
 
 After the reception by the EmjDeror the General in 
 turn had to play the part of host to officials of the gov- 
 ernment, foreign consuls, etc., a constant stream coming 
 and going all day. In the evening the American 
 residents held an enthusiastic celebration of the day in 
 a summer garden. General Grant was introduced to 
 those present by Minister Bingham. Several brief ad- 
 dresses were made, and the celebration closed with fire- 
 works and a banquet. 
 
 On the 7th of July there was a grand review by the 
 Emperor, General Grant attending, accompanied by 
 Prince Dati, in the Em23eror's state carriage. As the 
 General entered the parade ground the Japanese troops 
 saluted, and the band played "Hail Columbia." Two 
 tents -^^'ere pitched for the accommodation of the Emperor 
 and his guests. 
 
 After the review a breakfast was given to General 
 Grant by the Emperor, at the Shila palace, pleasantly 
 situated near the sea. After this event the party passed 
 the torrid summer days in quiet at their palace, the 
 government officials being assiduous in their efforts to 
 provide every comfort for the visitors. One very warm 
 day the Emperor sent word that he wished to visit the 
 Genera] informally, and awaited his coming in one of the 
 summer-houses attached to the General's palace. The 
 General was accompanied by Colonel Grant, Prince Dati, 
 Mr. Yoshida and Mr. Young. The Emperor shook hands 
 with the General and recognized the rest of the party by 
 simply bowing. A conversation, lasting two hours, then 
 took place between the Emperor and the General, in 
 which the latter dwelt upon several points of Japanese 
 policy, especially urging an amicable settlement of the 
 Looclioo question with China. 
 
 During the month of July visits were made to various 
 points of interest, although several proposed trips were 
 interdicted on account of cholera. On the 2 2d the Gen- 
 eral held a conference with the Japanese officials on the 
 
574 Settlement of the Loochoo Question. [1879. 
 
 Looclioo question, and presented tlie communication 
 entrusted to liim by the Chinese government. There 
 can be no doubt that the kind offices of General Grant 
 contributed materially to the satisfactoiy treaty which 
 was soon after concluded between the two powers. Al- 
 though he could not speak with official authority, he was 
 greatly respected by the rulers of China and Japan, who 
 felt that his opinions had weight with the entire civilized 
 world. The conference was held at Kikko, the seat of 
 a famous temple and shrine, \vhere the party spent ten 
 days, finding it a pleasant change from the heat of Tokio. 
 
 The tourists returned to their palace at Tokio July 
 28th, and passed the month of August in quiet retire- 
 ment, somewhat interrupted by attendance upon public 
 feasts held in honor of the General. Tlie most memorable 
 of these was held on the 25th of Auo;ust at the suburb 
 of Uyeno. Here the Emperor gave another special 
 audience to the General and his party, and the festivities 
 were brought to a close by a beautiful display of fire- 
 works. During the last days of the stay at Tokio there 
 were constant farewell visits by members of tlie cabinet 
 and of foreign legations. The entertainments closed with 
 a state dinner given by Prince Dati. 
 
 August 30th the General took formal leave of the 
 Emperor, being gi-auted a special audience at the imperial 
 palace. Addresses were read by the General and the 
 Emperor, and the Empress briefly addressed Mrs. Grant, 
 saying that she rejoiced to see the General and his party, 
 but feared that the pleasure of their visit had been 
 greatly interfered with by the unusual heat and the 
 prevalence of the cholera. Mrs. Grant replied that she 
 had enjoyed every hour of her stay, and hoped that she 
 might have an opportunity at some future time to return 
 the hospitality she had I'eceived. 
 
 On Monday, September 1st, the party went to Yoko- 
 hama, expecting to sail on the " City of Tokio " the next 
 day for San Francisco. The steamer was detained one 
 day, however, and it was not until Wednesday, Sept. 2d, 
 that General Grant bade adieu to the Old World. 
 
1879.] Home Again. 
 
 OiO 
 
 The voyage was unmarked by incident of note. The 
 steamer had been expected in San Francisco in the morn- 
 ing of Saturday, Sept. 20, and from an early hour the 
 entire populace was astir, and the heights were lined with 
 eager \vatchers. But delay at Yokohama prevented an 
 arrival until late in the afternoon, and the steamer did not 
 reach her dock until dark. 
 
 The welcome home was hearty and general, the entire 
 city being a blaze of illuminations and fire-works. At 1 1 
 o'clock General Grant reached the Palace Hotel, and 
 dined with Senators Jones and Sharon. A week was 
 pleasantly passed in San Francisco, one of the notable 
 incidents being the reception of the General at Oakland, 
 across the bay, where hundreds of school children strewed 
 flowers in his path. The Methodist Conference, then in 
 session at San Francisco, called on the General in a body, 
 headed by Bishop Haven. The week was marked by a 
 continuous round of receptions, banquets, etc. 
 
 Sept. 30th the party left San Francisco for the Yosem- 
 ite Valley, whence they went north into Oregon, a grand 
 reception awaiting them at Portland, Oct. ISth. They 
 then returned to San Francisco, leaving that city for the 
 east Oct. 25th. 
 
 The journey eastward was a series of enthusiastic 
 ovations, stops being made at many points of interest. 
 Several days were spent at the General's former home, 
 Galena, 111., and from thence he went to Chicago, where 
 he was present at the meeting of the Army of Tennessee, 
 Nov, 12th. 
 
 Dec. 16th the party reached their starting-point, Phil- 
 adelphia, the tour of the world having occupied two 
 years and seven months. 
 
 Their return was marked, as their departure had been, 
 by a series of f ^tes and other demonstrations. 
 
576 A SOUTHEEN TOUE. [1879. 
 
 CHAPTER XLVII. 
 
 RETIREMEXT. 
 
 After resting a sliort time in Philadelphia, General and 
 Mrs. Grant departed Dec. 26, 1879, for a tour through 
 the Southern States and Mexico. They arrived at Beau- 
 fort, S. C, on New Year's Day, and held a reception. 
 
 They were accompanied on the trip by Lieutenant- 
 General Sheridan, whose health was somewhat impaired, 
 and the two veterans of the war were warmly greeted by 
 their former opponents. January 2d, a reception was 
 held at the City Exchange, Savannah, Ga. The party 
 then proceeded to Florida, reaching Jacksonville January 
 6th. Several pleasant days were passed amid the orange 
 groves on the St. John's River, and the travelers then 
 embarked for Cuba, reaching Havana January 2 2d. 
 
 In addition to salutes and other manifestations of wel- 
 come, the party was greeted by several severe earth- 
 quake shocks, which continued at intervals during the 
 three weeks that the General remained in Havana. 
 Drives and excursions to points of interest, including the 
 famous water-works, made the time pass pleasantly and 
 quickly. A dinner party was given January 26th, Mrs. 
 Grant's birthday, and on the evening of February 3d 
 there was a grand reception at the Vice-regal Palace. 
 
 The party left for the City of ]\Iexico, via Vera Cruz, 
 February 13th, on the steamer ''City of Alexandria.*' 
 arriving at the City of Mexico February 21st. The city 
 was brilliantly illuminated in honor of their arrival, and 
 they were greeted by immense throngs. February 23d, 
 the General called on President Diaz, and was cordially 
 received. February 26th a grand banquet was given by 
 the American colony. Minister Foster presiding. On the 
 1st of March a grand i-eview was given in honor of the 
 two generals, followed in the evening by a banquet. 
 
1880.] To Mexico. 577 
 
 The next evening there was a serenade in the public 
 gardens, with a brilliant display of fire-works and illum- 
 inations. Minister Foster, who had been recalled, gave a 
 farewell reception a few evenings later, and there were 
 balls and other festivities during the remainder of the 
 visit. The travelers left Vera Cruz March 18th, on the 
 steamer " City of Mexico," for Galveston. 
 
 During this visit to Mexico, General Grant became 
 warmly fnterested in the proposed railway lines < ^f that 
 republic, and after his return to the United States was 
 actively connected with one or more of the companies. 
 He corresponded upon the suliject Avith Senor Romero, 
 since Minister to the United States, and when a banquet 
 was given in New York, November 11, 1880, in honor of 
 the latter gentleman. General Grant made the leading 
 ^speech of the evening, dwelling upon the great advant- 
 ages which would accrue to the United States from the 
 completion of the Mexican system of railways. 
 
 The steamer " City of ]\Iexico," with General Grant on 
 board, encountered a terrible storm. Leaving Vera Cruz, 
 as above stated, on the 18th of March, she was expected 
 at Galveston on the morning of the 21st. A^ hen that 
 day passed, and also the next, without tidings of her, 
 great anxiety v^as felt throughout the country as the tele- 
 graph quickly flashed the news of her non-arrival. But 
 she weathered the storm and the party safely landecl at 
 Galveston on the 23d. The steamer was badly stramed 
 by the storm, and the travelers were warmly congratu- 
 lated on their fortunate escape from wreck. 
 
 The General attended a banquet at Galveston the even- 
 ing after his arrival, and later visited San Antonio and 
 Houston, being received with the highest honors. 
 
 Returning to Galveston, the party left March 30th tor 
 New Orleans. They were met at Morgan City l)y a 
 reception committee, and on their arrival at New Orleans 
 there was a long procession of military companies, socie- 
 ties, etc., which the General reviewed. _ 
 
 The next two weeks were occupied in visits to Mobile, 
 Vicksburcr, and Little Rock. At Vicksburg he rode oyer 
 his old battle-ground, and recalled the scenes of that 
 
578 Old Battlefields. [1880. 
 
 memorable 4tli of July wlien the country was electrified 
 by the uews of the surreuder of Pemberton. He reached 
 Cairo April 16th, and proceeded to his old home at Gal- 
 ena. After resting here for t^N'o ^YeelvS he went to Chi- 
 cago and thence to Springfield, where he held a reception 
 in the State House. 
 
 In June he attended a soldiers' reunion at Madison, 
 AVis., and in July and August made an excursion through 
 Kansas and Colorado. He was received with the greatest 
 enthusiasm all along the route ; his reception at Denver, 
 on August 16th, being especially notable. He then 
 returned to Galena, and enjoyed a short season of repose. 
 
 The ex-President was not allowed to remain long in 
 seclusion, however. An exciting Presidential campaign 
 was in progress, and the former leader was called forth 
 to stir up the enthusiasm of the people. On the 6th of 
 October he attended a reunion of his former regiment, the 
 21st Illinois, at Decatur, 111., and then started East. 
 
 He arrived in Boston October 12th, — his journey from 
 New York having been a continuous ovation, — and held 
 a public reception at the State House. On the following 
 day he was entertained at a banquet. 
 
 Leaving Boston on the morning of October 16th, he 
 stopped at Hartford, where he was given a reception of 
 the most enthusiastic description. He reached New York 
 early the next morning, and remained in the city for a 
 week. During the last days of the campaign he visited 
 several of the cities in the interior of New York State. 
 
 Beturning to New York city, he was given a dinner by 
 the Lotus Club, November 20th, at which many literary 
 celebrities were present. The winter was passed in 
 Washington, a State dinner being given by President 
 Hayes, December 15th. 
 
 As a tangible means of expressing the gratitude of the 
 country for the public services of an eminent citizen, 
 Mr. George Jones, proprietor of the New York Times, 
 conceived the idea of a permanent fund for the benefit 
 of General Grant and family. The sum of $250,000 
 was to be raised, the principal invested in good interest- 
 bearing securities, and the income regularly paid to Gen- 
 
1881.] The Trust Fut^d. 579 
 
 eral Grant. Mr. Jones met with a ready response to his 
 appeals in behalf of this object, and on the 3d of Febru- 
 ary, 1 SSI, was enabled to announce that the entire amount 
 had been subscribed. The principal subscribers, in addi- 
 tion to ^Ir. J< .nes, were John W. Mackey, Jay Gould, 
 and AVilliam H. A'anderbilt, S25,000 each, and Sidney 
 Dillon 810,000. 
 
 The fund was invested in Wabash railroad securities, 
 and the principal contributors were made a board of 
 trustees. Although such a contingency was not regarded 
 probable at the time the subscription was completed, it 
 was not very long before the General and his family 
 found the income from this fund their chief source of 
 revenue; the annual interest — about 815,000 as near as 
 can be ascertained — on the securities being guaranteed by 
 the present trustees, in case the railroad fails to pay it. 
 
 General Grant went west again in the spring of 1881, 
 and spent a few months at Galena. The summer was 
 quietly passed at his Long Branch cottage. He had now 
 become attached to the metropolis by business and social 
 ties, and he determined to make New York his perma- 
 nent residence. Accordingly he purchased a substantial 
 but plain brown-stone front house on Sixty-sixth street, 
 near Fifth avenue, and in November the family became 
 settled there, finding a real '' home " for the first time in 
 several years. The General, having finally retired from 
 military and political life, and surrounded by the trophies 
 of his past achievements and the tokens of the esteem 
 and appreciation of all the civilized nations of the globe, 
 gave himself to the pleasant task of recording the stirring 
 scenes through which he had passed. His business ven- 
 tures were apparently successful, and nothing gave sign 
 of the dark clouds which were soon to envelop him. 
 
580 GeANT AiSTD WaED. 1880.] 
 
 CHAPTER XLVIII. 
 
 THE FIXAXCIAL CATASTROPHE. 
 
 General Grant's second son, Ulysses S., Jr., or, as lie is 
 called by liis familiars, " Buck " Grant, was the " business 
 man " of tlie family, and while comparatively young" 
 became well known upon " the street " as a member of 
 the firm of Gi-ant tfe AVard, brokers. Ferdinand AYard, 
 his partner, was also a young man, and had acquired a 
 reputation for shrewdness and financial ability. 
 
 With them was associated as special partner James D. 
 Fish, president of the Marine Bank, of New York, an 
 institution in high credit. The fii'm had apparently been 
 very successful in its ventures, and, although distrusted 
 by some of the more conservative financiers, was regarded 
 as doing a safe business. 
 
 This was the situation of affairs when General Grant 
 returned from his extended travels. He found himself 
 possessed of $100,000, which he was desirous of invest- 
 ing. His son, supposing the concern to be perfectly sound 
 and prosperous, proposed that he should enter the firm of 
 Grant tfe AVard as a special partner, oifering to give him 
 one-half of his own interest, so that he might be guaran- 
 teed a regular income. 
 
 The General was entirely ignorant of the devious ways 
 of Wall street financiers, and it does not appear that he 
 made any extended inquiry as to the standing of the firm 
 or the character of its operations. He secured for him- 
 self an income of $2,000 to $3,000 a month, and was 
 assured that this would leave a large surplus still in- 
 vested. It seems almost incredible that General Grant 
 should have accepted such enormous rates of interest 
 upon his investment without suspecting that something 
 
GEN. grant's children. 
 
[1882. The Fixaxcial Bubble. 583 
 
 Not only was tlie General led to invest his entire sav- 
 ings in the new firm, but liis other sons, Frederick and 
 Jesse, were induced to borrow large sums of money from 
 their friends, which were swallowed up by the specula- 
 tions of Grant ct Ward. Fish and Ward, as subsequently 
 developed, made diligent use of the name of General 
 Grant to draw unwary investors into their net, and daily 
 inflated the huge financial bubble, the bursting of which 
 was to involve many people in utter ruin. 
 
 From the immense mass of details which have come to 
 light regarding the operations of the principals in this 
 gigantic swindle, it is very difiicult to sift out a tangible 
 statement of the manner in which those operations were 
 conducted. Mr. Ward told various stories in resrard to 
 large government contracts, out of which fabulous per- 
 centages were to be made. Credulous capitalists were 
 impressed with the advantages which the name and influ- 
 ence of General Grant gave the firm in securing and 
 executing such contracts, but at the same time the Gen- 
 eral himself was given to understand that no contracts 
 of the kind were accepted. Fish and Ward at one time 
 alluded to these contracts, whereupon the Gea^eral 
 declared that there must never be any government con- 
 tracts in the firm. 
 
 Later he said : " I had been President of the United 
 States, and I did not think it was suitable for me to 
 have my name connected with government contracts, and 
 I knew that there was no large profit in them except by 
 dishonest measures. There are some men who get gov- 
 ernment contracts year in and year out, and whether they 
 manage their affairs dishonestly to make a profit or not, 
 they are sometimes supposed to, and I did not think it 
 was any place for me." 
 
 In the light of subsequent developments it became 
 clear that there was no basis whatever for the so-called 
 "profits" which AVard assured the members and cus- 
 tomers of the firm were placed to their credit. There 
 were no contracts, either government or railroad. Messrs. 
 Fish and Ward procured all the money they could, by 
 every variety of false representation, and after paying 
 
584 Lai;CtE Figures. [is82. 
 
 out enougli of it in the way of interest and " profits " to 
 keep tlieir customers quiet, simply "absorbed" tlie rest. 
 Their residences in Brooklyn were unsurjDassed for osten- 
 tatious elegance; their collections of works of art were 
 the envy of all ; invitations to their dinners and social 
 parties were eagerly sought. A close friendship existed 
 iDetween the members of the Grant and Ward families, 
 and visits were constantly exchanged. 
 
 General Grant was assured that the accumulated profits 
 to his credit with the firm amounted to something like a 
 million dollars. Fish and Ward lived in an atmosphere 
 of falsehood, and unfortunately found but too many 
 credulous victims. In addition to the large sums of 
 money obtained from these deceived individuals, the 
 entire assets of the Marine Bank were in some way 
 swallowed up, and the inevitable catastrophe could not 
 be long postponed. 
 
 Sunday night, May 4, 1884, AVard called on General 
 Grant, and asked the General to go down town with 
 him to see a Mr. IS^ewcomb and endeavor to secure the 
 loan of $150,000. He stated that he had himself raised 
 s*2 30,000, and if he could raise $150,000 more, it would 
 carrv the Marine Bank through ; that the firm had 
 $660,000 in the bank, besides $1^300,000 of securities in 
 their own vaults. The General went to Mr. Newcomb's, 
 but he was not at home. AVard then asked him if he 
 was well enough acquainted with Mr. W. H. Vanderbilt 
 to ask him for the loan of $150,000. After some hesita- 
 tion the General went to Mr. Vanderbilt, who imme- 
 diately made out a check for the amount. At the time, 
 Mr. Vanderbilt remarked that he had no recollection of 
 ever havino- done such a thino; before, but that he would 
 do it for General Grant. 
 
 The next day Ward wrote to IT. S. Grant, Jr., giving 
 an elaborate fictitious statement of the condition of the 
 firm, and enumerating a list of securities amounting to 
 $1,323,700. Then he went on: 
 
 "We must £ret $.500,000 on tliem, and have the check dated to-day. Now 
 ero to :Mr. Vanderbilt and tell him just how we stand, and that if he will do 
 this for us we will send him $800,000 or §900,000 of the securities in the 
 mornini^, whichever he may select of them. ... Go right at it, Buck, and 
 remember that if it is not done it will be the end of our business career." 
 
1884.] The Bubble Bursts. 5S5 
 
 It is needless to state that this remarkable suggestion 
 was not complied with, as these " secm-ities " existed only 
 in the fertile brain of Ward. On Tuesday, Ma}- 6th, 
 New York was startled by the announcement of the 
 failure of the Marine Bank, and also of the firm of Grant 
 <fe Ward. 
 
 General Grant was completely overwhelmed by the 
 collapse of the hrm. But for several days the extent of 
 the disaster was not known, and the realization of the 
 gigantic proportions of the swindle came with a merciful 
 slowness. Mr. Fish bore an unstained reputation for 
 probity, and the officers of the Marine Bank refused to 
 credit any of the terrible rumors with which the atmos- 
 phere of Wall street was charged. The news of the 
 failures was coupled with an assurance that the embar- 
 rassment was only temporary. 
 
 General Grant's first thought was for his individual 
 liability to Mr. Vanderbilt iov the $150,000 loan. The 
 morning before the suspension, the General's son had 
 gone to Mr. Vanderbilt and given him the check of Grant 
 & Ward for $150,000. And now the General's feeling 
 was one of deep thankfulness that, whatever losses he 
 might be called upon to bear, this loan, which he had 
 hesitated to ask, and which he regarded as in the highest 
 degree a debt of honor, had been repaid. Alas ! he did 
 not then know that the check was worthless, and that the 
 scoundrel w^ho had prevailed upon him, by his plausible 
 lies, to solicit the loan, knew the check to be valueless 
 when he signed it. When tliis was revealed to the 
 stricken hero, he staggered under the blow. But he 
 hesitated not a moment as to the course to be pursued. 
 This debt must be satisfied, even at the sacrifice of all his 
 earthly possessions. His wife, w^ho had faithfully stood 
 by him in all the vicissitudes of his wonderful career, did 
 not flinch on this occasion. Of course the property which 
 stood in her name could have been preserved from legal 
 process, but no advantage was taken of this fact. On the 
 9th of May, before the full extent of the terrible calamity 
 had been realized, the proper papers were executed, and 
 the real estate and personal property of Ulysses S. Grant 
 
586 Why he Suffered [1884 
 
 and Julia Dent Grant was transferred to William H. Yan- 
 derbilt. Nothing was witlilield ; even the precious collec- 
 tion of gifts from home and foreign governments, and 
 from personal friends and admirers, being included in the 
 transfer. 
 
 There can be no doubt, after a careful study of all the 
 facts in the case, that the General's financial shipwreck 
 was due, in a o-reat measure, to his trustful nature. He 
 "was very slow to believe that any person would willfully 
 do him harm, and implicitly trusted those who professed 
 to be his friends, as did Ferdinand Ward. Besides, he 
 had no confidence in his own business abilities. This 
 was forcibly illustrated in his testimony in the Fish case. 
 Referring to a conversation which he had with Ward in 
 reoard to certain alles^ed " railroad contracts,'' the General 
 testified : " I don't know what length of the road that 
 was that they paid for; but they kept back ten i^er cent, 
 of the contract ; and that is the way he explained it, and 
 I supposed that he was more of a business man than I 
 was." His trustful disposition also appears to have caused 
 an undue confidence in the business ability of his son, 
 Ulysses S., Jr. 
 
 In July, 1880, the newspapers announced that General 
 Grant had been elected president of a New Mexico silver 
 mining company. At the same time an item went the 
 rounds of the press, stating that Ulysses S. Grant, Jr., 
 had been very successful in mining speculations, having 
 cleared $30,000 in one season. But however successful 
 the young man may have been in this way, he was com- 
 pletely duped by Ward and Fish, and so was the indii'ect 
 cause of the ruin of his father and brothers. 
 
 Ward was arrested May 21st, and Fish four days later. 
 The trial of the latter resulted in his conviction on eleven 
 counts of an indictment charging him mth embezzlement 
 and misapjiropriation of funds of the bank. An appeal 
 was taken in his case, and sentence has not yet been pro- 
 nounced. Ward remains in Ludlow street jail, awaiting 
 his trial. 
 
 When the failure of Grant & Ward was announced it 
 was generally believed that their liabilities were about 
 
1884] The Extent of the Liabilities. 587 
 
 $2,500,000. But investigation developed a most astound- 
 ing state of affairs. Railroad bonds and otlier securities 
 taken as collateral, and whicli were supposed to be in the 
 vaults of the firm, had entirely disappeared, and it was 
 ascertained that they had been used by Ward precisely 
 as if they were his own property, and had been trans- 
 ferred to other parties as security for money boiTowed by 
 him, that is, in the language of Wall street, they had 
 been '^ rehypothecated." 
 
 After a thorough investigation the assignee of the firm 
 stated that the lial^ilities readied the enormous sum of 
 ^14,000,000, to meet which he found no assets whatever. 
 Eveiything had been swallowed up by the reckless specu- 
 lations and personal prodigality of Fish and AVard. 
 Greneral Grant and his sons had become involved far be- 
 yond the amount of their investments, as during a tem- 
 porary embarrassment of the firm in 1881, the crisis had 
 been averted l^y giving personal notes, which were 
 endorsed by the firm. As far as can be ascertained, this 
 process was subsequently repeated at different times, and 
 the long-continued existence of the firm under these cir- 
 cumstances may be considered one of the wonders of 
 modern commercial history. 
 
 As soon as General Grant's friends realized the extent 
 of the calamity which had befallen him, they immediately 
 took energetic steps for his relief. It was resolved to 
 raise a fund of sufiicient amount to discharge his indebt- 
 edness to Mr. Vanderbilt. The Washington Star of Jan. 
 6, 1885, contained the following: 
 
 "It is gratifvins; to record the entire success of the movement to relieve 
 General cTrant of his financial embarrassment. By an agreement between the 
 interested parties, the property now covered by the Vanderbilt judgment is to 
 be held in trust in a manner to avoid seizure, and 3Ir. Vanderbilt's claims are 
 to be satisfied by the payment to him of $100,000, whicli has been subscribed 
 by a few of General Grant's personal friends, Mr. Vanderbilt throwing off the 
 remaining $60,000 of the debt." 
 
 In explanation of the above statement it may be said 
 that in May, 1884, when the deeds of the property of the 
 General and his wife were sent to Mr. Vanderbilt, he re- 
 fused to retain them, and immediately returned them to 
 the General. In the meantime, in order to protect the 
 property from other creditors, and at General Grant's own 
 
588 Grant Refuses Assistance. [1885. 
 
 urgent request, lie instituted legal proceedings to recover 
 the amount of the loan. General Grant confessed judg- 
 ment, and this judgment stood as a lien upon the property, 
 preventing its seizure by other creditors. Of course the 
 judgment note bore legal interest, and hence the state- 
 ment that in January, 1885, the liability amounted to 
 6160,000. The movement for the relief of the General 
 from this liability originated with Mr. Cyrus W. Field, 
 Mr. Vanderbilt, as above stated, heartily co-operating. 
 'No difficulty was found in securing the required amount, 
 and preparations Avere being made for the final transfer, 
 when the generous purpose was summarily checked by 
 the following letter: 
 
 New York, .Jan. 6, 1885. 
 My Dear Sir: — Through the press and otherwise I learn that you. with 
 other friends of mine, are engaged in raising a subscription for my benefit. I 
 appreciate botli the motive and the friendship which liave dictated this course 
 on your part, but on mature reflection I regard it as due to myself and family 
 to decline this proffered generosity. I regret that I did not make this known 
 earlier. Very trul}- yours, 
 
 U. S. Grant. 
 Cyrus ^Y. Field, Esq. 
 
 Shortly after Mr. Vanderbilt had returned the deeds to 
 General Grant he sailed for Europe. The General and 
 his wife immediately took advantage of his absence, and 
 made formal transfer of the property in another way. 
 They executed mortgages of all the property in favor of 
 Mr. Vanderbilt, and placed these mortgages in the hands 
 of Mr. Vanderbilt's attorneys. The general jDublic had 
 been led, by various reports in the public prints, to form 
 a very unfavorable idea of Mr. Vanderbilt's character, and 
 he had come to be regarded as utterly selfish and grasp- 
 ing. But his conduct in connection with the loan to 
 General Grant was marked by a generosity and delicacy 
 w^hich did him infinite honor. The concluding events in 
 connection with this transaction cannot better be told 
 than ])y reprinting the following correspondence : 
 
 640 Fifth A^-enue, Jan. 10, 1885. 
 
 Mrs. Ulysses S. Grant — Dear Madam : So many mi.^representatious have 
 appeared in regard to the loan made l)y me to General Grant, reflecting unjustly 
 upon him and myself, that it seems proper to briefly recite the facts. 
 
 On Sunday, the 4th of May last, General Grant called at my house and 
 asked me to lend him one hundred and fifty thousand dollars for one day. I 
 gave him mj' check without question, not because Lhe transaction was business- 
 like, but simply because the request came from General Grant. The misfor- 
 
1885.] Efforts to Hepay Vandep.bilt. 589 
 
 tunes which overwhelmed him in the next twenty-four hours aroused the sjTn- 
 pathy and regret of the whole country. You and he sent me within a "few 
 days of the time the deeds of your joint properties to cover tliis obligation, 
 and urged my acceptance on the ground that this was the only debt ofhonor 
 which the General had personallj- incurred, and these deeds 1 returned. Dur- 
 ing my absence in Europe the General delivered to my attorney mortgages 
 upon all his own real estate, household effects, and the swords, 'medals^ and 
 works of art which were the memorials of his victories, and the presents from 
 governments all over the world. These securities were in his judgment worth 
 the one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. At his solicitation the necessary 
 steps were taken by judgment, etc., to reduce these properties to possession, 
 and the articles mentionid have tliis day been bought in by me, and the 
 amount bid applied in reduction of the debt. Now that I am at liberty to 
 treat these things as my own, tlie disposition of the wliole matter most in 
 accord with my feelings is this: 
 
 I present to you as your separate estate the debt and judgment I hold 
 against General Grant; also the mortgages upon his real estate and all the 
 household furniture and ornaments, coupled only with the condition that the 
 swords, commissions, medals, gifts from the United States, States, citit-s, and 
 foreign governments, and all articles of historic interest and value shall, at the 
 General's death, or, if jou desire it, sooner, be presented to the government at 
 Washington, where they will remain as perpetual memorials of his fame and 
 of the history of his time. I enclose herewith assignments to you of the 
 mortgages and judgments, a bill of sale of the personal property and a deed of 
 trust, in which the articles of historical interest are enumerated. A copy of 
 this trust deed will, with your approval, be forwarded to the President of the 
 United States, for deposit in the proper department. 
 
 Trusting that this action will meet with your acceptance and approval, and 
 with kindest regards to your husband, I am 
 
 Yours respectfully, W. H. Vanderbilt. 
 
 General Grant replied as follows : 
 
 New Y'ork City, Jan. 10, 1885. 
 
 Dear Sir: Mrs. Grant wishes me to answer your letter of this evening, to 
 say that while she appreciates your great generosity in transferring to her the 
 mortgages given to secure mj^ debt of $150,000, slie cannot accept it in whole. 
 She acc-epts with pleasure the trust which applies to articles enumerated in 
 your letter to go to the government of the United States at my death, or 
 sooner, at her option. In this matter you have anticipated the disposition 
 which I had contemplated making of the articles. They will be_ delivered to 
 the government as soon as arrangements can be made for their reception. 
 Papers relating to all other property will be returned, with the request that you 
 have it sold and the proceeds applied to the liquidation of the debt which I so 
 justly owe you. Y'ou have stated in your letter with the minutest accuracy 
 the history of the transaction which br'ought me in your deljt. I have only to 
 add that your givinu- me your check for'the amount Avithout inquiry was an 
 act of marked and unusual friendship. The loan was to me personally. I 
 got the money, as I believed, to carry the ^Marine National Bank over a day, 
 being assured'that the bank was solvent, but, owing to unusual calls, needed 
 assistance until it could call in its loans. I was assured by Ferdinand Ward 
 that the firm of Grant & Ward had over $600,000 to their credit at that time 
 in the Marine Bank, besides $1,300,000 of unpledged securities in their own 
 vaults. 
 
 I cannot conclude without assuring you that Mrs. Grant's inability to avail 
 herself of your great kindness in no way lessens either lier sense of obligation 
 or my own. Y''ours very truly, U. S. Grant. 
 
 W. H. Vanderbilt, Esq. 
 
 Mr. Yanderbilt still persisted in his generous purpose, 
 as will be seen from the next letter in the coiTespondence : 
 34r 
 
590 Refusal of Yajs^derbilt's Gift. [1885. 
 
 640 Fifth Atenue, Jan. 11, 1885. 
 General U. S. Grant — My Dear Sir: Ou my return home last night I 
 found your letter in answer to mine to Mrs. Grant. I appreciate fully the sen- 
 timents which actuate both Mrs. Grant and yourself in declining the part of 
 my proposition relating to the real estate. I greatly regret that she feels it her 
 duty to make this decision, as I earnestlj' hoped that the spirit in which the 
 (lifer was made would overcome any scruples in accepting it. But I must 
 insist that I shall not be defeated in a purpose to which I have given so much • 
 thought, and which I have so much at heart. I will therefore, as fast as the 
 money is received from the sales of the real estate, deposit it in the Union Trust 
 Company. With the money thus realized I will at once create with that com- 
 pany a trust, with proper provisions for the income to be paid to Mrs. Grant 
 during her life, and giving the power to her to make such disposition of the 
 principal by her will as she may elect. 
 
 Very truly yours, W. H. Vanderbilt. 
 
 The first impulse of tlie General and his wife, on read- 
 ing this reiteration of Mr. Vanderbilt's generous intentions, 
 w*as to accept, and the following answ' er was returned : 
 
 New York City, Jan. 11, 1885. 
 Dear Sir: Your letter of this date is received. Mrs. Grant and I regret 
 that you cannot accept our proposition to retain the property which was mort- 
 gaged in good faith to secure a debt of honor. But your generous determina- 
 tion compels us to no longer resist. 
 
 Yours trulv, U. S. Grant. 
 To W. H. Vanderbilt. 
 
 Upon further reflection, however, Mrs. Grant felt that 
 she could not honorably accept the projDosition, and she 
 accordingly closed the correspondence with the following 
 note : 
 
 New York, Jan. 11, 1885. 
 My Dear ^Ir. Vanderbilt: Upon reading your letter of this afternoon, 
 General Grant and my.-elf felt that it would be ungracious to refuse your 
 princely and generous "offer. Hence his note to you. But upon reflection I 
 find that I cannot, I will not accept your munificence in any form. I beg that 
 you will pardon this apparent vacillation, and consider this answer definite and 
 final. 
 
 With great regard, and a sense of obligation that will always remain, I am. 
 Yours very gratefully, Julia D. Grant. 
 
 When Mr. Vanderbilt opened the foregoing correspon- 
 dence he had already drawn up a deed of trust, conveying 
 the various trophies and j^resents which had become his 
 property to Mrs. Grant, under the condition mentioned 
 in the correspondence. This deed of trust, which explains 
 itself, reads as follows: 
 
 Whereas, I, William H. Vanderbilt of the city of New York, by virtue of 
 a sale made under a judgment in a suit to foreclose a chattel mortgage in the 
 supreme court of this state, in which I was plaintiff and Ulysses S. Grant 
 defendant, which judgment was entered on the 6th day of December, 1884, 
 have become the owner of the property and the articles described in the 
 schedule hereunto annexed, formerly the property of the said Ulysses S. Grant, 
 
 Now, therefore, to carry out a purpose formed by me, and in consideration 
 
JIKS. JLLIA KENT GRANT. 
 
1885.] List of Teophies and Me^ientoes. ' 593 
 
 of $1 to me paid, I do hereby transfer and convey each and every one of the 
 articles mentioned and itemized in the said schedule to Julia Dent Grant, 
 
 To have and to hold the same to her, her executors and administrators upon 
 the trust and agreement, nevertheless, hereby accepted and made by her, that, 
 ■upon the death of the said Ulysses S. Grant, or previously thereto, at her or 
 their option, the same shall become and be the property'of the nation, and 
 sliall be taken to Washington and transferred and conveyed by her and them 
 to the United States of America. 
 
 In witness whereof the said William H. Vanderbilt and Julia Dent Grant 
 have executed these presents this 10th day of January, 1885. 
 
 W. H. Vanderbilt. 
 
 Julia Dext Grant. 
 
 The scliecliile accompanyiug tlie deed of trust is quite 
 lengthy, and attracted general interest at its first publica- 
 tion, as it contains a description of many articles not 
 known to be in the f)ossession of General Grant. In 
 addition to a very large number of handsomely engrossed 
 documents, conveying the freedom of various cities in the 
 United States and in foreign countries, announcing Gen- 
 eral Grant's election as honorary member of various 
 societies, and thanking him for distinguished military 
 services, the schedule enumerates forty-seven medals, \ 
 struck in commemoration of various prominent events in v 
 his career. There is a large collection of shoulder-straps, 
 hat ornaments, buttons, etc., used by him during the 
 war, certificates of election and reelection as President of 
 the United States, etc. The remainder of the articles 
 enumerated it will be interesting to mention somewhat in 
 detail. They may be divided into two classes, first, 
 mementoes and trojDhies of the war, and, second, gifts 
 received during his tour around the world. 
 
 The first class includes the following objects of especial 
 interest : 
 
 Sword of Donelson — Presented by the officers of the armv after the fall of 
 Fort Donelson. New York Sword — Voted to General Grant at the Sanitary 
 Commission fair held in Xew York. Sword of Chattanooga — Presented by 
 citizens of Galena, 111., and vicinity, after the battle of Chattanooga. 
 
 Iron-headed cane — Made from the rebel ram Merrimac. Silver-headed cane 
 — Made from wood used in Fort Sumter. Gold-headed cane — Presented as a 
 tribute of regard for his humane treatment of soldiers and consideration for 
 those having the care of the sick and wounded. 
 
 Gilt table — Modeled after the table in Mr. McLean's house, on which Gen- 
 eral Lee signed the articles of surrender. Presented by ex-Confederate 
 soldiers. 
 
 Field glasses used by General Grant during the war, and his various military 
 commissions. 
 
594 President Akthur's Message. [1885. 
 
 The tokens of regard received during liis tour around 
 the world include the following : 
 
 Brouze vases — Presented by citizens of Yokohama, Japan. 
 
 Collection of Japanese coins — The only complete set, except one in the 
 Japanese treasury. Presented by the Japanese government. Valued at $5,000. 
 
 Elephant tusks — Presented by the King of Siam and the Maharajah of 
 Jeypore. 
 
 Orackelware bowls (very old) —Presented by Prince Koohu of China. 
 
 Chinese porcelain jars (old) — Presented by Li Hung Chang. 
 
 Aral)ian Bible and Coptic Bible — Presented by Lord Napier, who captured 
 them with King Theodore of Abj'ssiuia. 
 
 Gold and gilt cigar cases — Presented by the two Kings of Siam. 
 
 Jade stone — Presented by Prince Koohn. 
 
 Knite — Made at Sheflfield, Eng., for General Grant. 
 
 Embroidered pictures of cock and hen — Presented by citizens of Japan. 
 
 The following additional articles are worthy of notice : 
 
 Mexican onyx cabinet —Presented by citizens of Pueblo, Mexico. 
 Marble bust and pedestal — Presented by Philadelphia workingmen. 
 Gilt-handled knife- Presented bv the miners of Idaho territory. 
 Gold-headed cane — Made from wood from old Fort Du Quesne, Pa. 
 Gold-headed cane — Once used by Lafayette, and presented by ladies of 
 Baltimore, Md. 
 
 Carved wood cane — From Sir Walter Scott's estate. 
 
 A copy of the deed of trust and accompanying sched- 
 ule was forwarded to President Arthur, who, on February 
 4th, sent the following message to the Senate : 
 
 I take especial pleasure in laying before Congress the generous offer of Mrs. 
 Grant to give to the Government, in perpetual trust, the swords and military 
 (and civil) testimonials latelv belonging to General Grant. A copy of the deed 
 of trust, and of a letter addressed to me by Mr. William H. Yanderbilt, which 
 I transmit herewith, will explain the nature and motives of this offer. 
 
 Appreciation of General Grant's achievements and recognition of his just 
 fame have in part taken the shape of numerous mementoes and gifts, which, 
 while dear to him, possess for the nation an exceptional interest. These relics, 
 of great historical value, have passed into the hands of another whose consid- 
 erate action has restored the collection to Mrs. Grant as a life trust, on the 
 condition that at the death of General Grant, or sooner at Mrs. Grant's option, 
 it should become the property of the Government, as set forth in the accom- 
 panying papers. In the exercise of the option thus given her jNIrs. Grant 
 elects that the trust shall forthwith determine, and asks that the Government 
 designate a suitable place of deposit and a responsible custodian for the col- 
 lection. 
 
 The nature of this gift and the value of the relics which the generosity of a 
 private citizen, joined to the hish sense of public regard which animates Mrs. 
 Grant, have thus placed at the disposal of the Government, demand fuUand 
 signal recoffnition on behalf of the nation at the hands of its representatives. 
 I "therefore^ask Coneress to take suitable action to accept the trust and to pro- 
 vide for its secure ciistodv. at the same time recording the appreciative attitude 
 of the people of the United States to the donors. 
 
 In this connection I mav pertinently advert to the pending legislation of the 
 Senate and House of Representatives "looking to a national recognition of Gen- 
 eral Grant's eminent services bv providing the means for his restoration to the 
 army on the retired list. That Congress, by taking such action, will give ex- 
 pression to the almost universal desire of the people of this nation is evident, 
 and 1 earnestly urge the passage of an act * * which, while not inter- 
 
1885.] The GovERis-MENT Accepts the Memen^toes. 595 
 
 lerin^ with the constitutional prerojrative of appointment, will enable the Presi- 
 dent in his discretion to nominate General Grant as General on the retired list. 
 
 Chester A. Arthur. 
 
 In the Senate, February Vtli, 1885, Senator Sherman, 
 from tlie committee on the library, introduced a resolu- 
 tion, accepting in tlie name of the United States the gift 
 of Mr. Vanderbilt and Mrs. Grant, and tendering the 
 thanks of the nation therefor. The resolution provided 
 that the articles should be placed in charge of the Libra- 
 rian of ConoTess for exhibition, but should be retained in 
 the custody of the Secretary of War until a suitable 
 library building was provided. The resolution was 
 unanimously adopted. 
 
596 A Fall oif the Ice. [1884. 
 
 CHAPTER XLIX. 
 
 On Monday, December 24, 1883, while aligliting from 
 a coiip^ in front of his residence. General Grant slipped 
 on the icy sidewalk, and fell heavily on his left side. 
 Medical aid was summoned, and a thorough examination 
 disclosed the fact that although no bones were broken 
 the muscles of the upper part of the leg wei-e crushed. 
 It was some time before he was able to walk about the 
 house, even with the aid of a crutch. The leg slowly 
 improved, but rheumatism and pleurisy supervened, and 
 he was confined to the house for several weeks. 
 
 The financial troubles which came upon him in the 
 spring of 1884 greatly affected him, and undoubtedly 
 rendered him less able to withstand the disease which 
 finally attacked him. He had regained a fair measure of 
 health, however, and through the greater part of that 
 year was schle to perform a good deal of literary labor. 
 
 He contributed a series of articles to the Century mag- 
 azine, descriptive of the leading contests of the War 
 of the Eebellion, and began the work of writing his 
 memoirs. His articles in the magazine called forth 
 rejoinders from other commanders, and the intellectual 
 excitement thus furnished tended to draw oif the Gen- 
 eral's mind from a morbid contemplation of his physical 
 and mental troubles. 
 
 His leg still continued to annoy him, but late in the 
 autumn a new and much more serious disorder mani- 
 fested itself. In November, 1884, he was confined to 
 his bed, with what seemed to be a bad cold and sore 
 throat. The inflammation of the throat increased, and 
 was soon accompanied by a swelling at the base of the 
 tongue, which showed cancerous symptoms. The best 
 surgical talent was employed on the case. Dr. J. H. 
 Douglas being the attending surgeon. 
 
XE^V YORK RESinENCE, TN 66TH STREFT, 
 
1885.] Development of the Disease. 599 
 
 The General entirely abandoned tlie liabit of smoking, 
 to wliicli he had been addicted for many years to such 
 an extent, that a cigar was considered almost a necessity 
 to a complete portrait of him. 
 
 The winter passed away without rapid progress in the 
 disease. The cancerous indications became more marked, 
 however, till in the latter end of February the disease 
 assumed an alarming character. Drs. Fordyce Barker 
 and George F. Shrady were called in as consulting phy- 
 sicians, and every expedient known to the medical pro- 
 fession was resorted to, to allay the excruciating pain 
 which attended the progress of the disease. The new 
 anaesthetic, cocaine, was used constantly, with very satis- 
 factory results. 
 
 AVhile the s^reat soldier was thus stru2:2'linc^ with a 
 'terrible disease, the attention of Congress was renewedly 
 called to the duty it owed to him. Soon after his return 
 from the tour around the world, measures were set on 
 foot looking to the placing of General Grant upon the 
 retired list of the army with the rank of general. This 
 rank had been originally created for him, as stated in a 
 previous chapter, and he had been taken from this position 
 by the vote of the people in order to fill the presidential 
 chair. It was felt that it would only be an act of simple 
 justice, in view of his distinguished services, to restore 
 to him the rank and pay ($13,500 per year) of this 
 position. 
 
 Accordingly, at the opening of the Forty-Seventh 
 Congress, December 5, 1S81, Senator Logan introduced 
 a bin to place General Grant upon the retired list of the 
 army, with the rank and pay of general. This bill was 
 passed by the Senate February ^2 8, 18S2, but was not 
 acted upon by the House. A similar bill was passed by 
 the Senate during the first session of the Forty-Eighth 
 Congress, May 13, 1884, but failed in the House, it being 
 understood that the President would veto it on the same 
 grounds which led him to return a simikar bill for the 
 retirement of General Fitz-Johu Porter. The principal 
 reason which governed the President in the Porter case 
 was that he was prohibited by law from nominating an 
 
600 Placed ox the Retired List. [1885. 
 
 officer for retirement unless lie had served at least thirty 
 consecutive years, and was, at the time of the retirement, 
 still in active service. Another, and apparently an in- 
 surmountable reason, was found in the fact that there 
 was no vacancy on the retired list, the number of which 
 is limited by law. 
 
 The President, therefore, had no authority to nominate 
 General Grant to a position on the retired list. These 
 difficulties were, however, obviated in the following bill, 
 which was introduced in the Senate, January 13, 1885, 
 and passed on the next day, by a vote of 49 to 9 : 
 
 "That the President of the United States be, and he hereby is, authorized, 
 by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to appoint on the retired 
 list of the Army of the Cnited States, from among those who have been gen- 
 erals commanding the armies of the United States, or generals-in-chief of said 
 army, one person with the rank and full pay of such general or genei'al-in- 
 chief, as the case may be, and the total number now allowed by law to com- 
 pose said retired list shall be, on such appointment, increased accordingly." 
 
 The House of Representatives delayed action on this 
 measure until the closing moments of the session. Just 
 before noon on the 4th day of March, when the galleries 
 were thronged with spectators, awaiting the ushering in 
 of a new administration, and when friends and physicians 
 hung anxiously over the couch of General Grant, fearing 
 that he had entered upon the last battle of his life, with 
 all the chances against him, Mr. Randall rose in his seat 
 in the House of Representatives, and moved that the 
 rules be suspended for the pui'pose of taking up the 
 Edmunds bill. No objection was made, and the bill was 
 passed by a vote of 198 to 79, amid great applause. The 
 bill was immediately returned to the Senate and trans- 
 mitted to President Arthur, who was at that moment in 
 his room at the Capitol. 
 
 In a few moments an executive message was sent to 
 the Senate, nominating Ulysses S. Grant for the position. 
 Senator Edmunds, the presiding officer, stated that he 
 was authorized to make the nomination in open session, 
 an act without precedent, Mr. Edmunds then, amid con- 
 tinuous applause on the floor, asked if there was any 
 objection to confii'ming the nomination in open session. 
 Hearing none, he put the question, and the nomination 
 
1885.] TnE Effect upox Geant. 601 
 
 was unauimously confirmed. The crowd in the galleries 
 kept quiet until the result was announced, and then broke 
 forth in a storm of applause, which lasted several min- 
 utes. It was a scene never to be forgotten, and w^as the 
 closino^ act of Mr. Arthur's administration. 
 
 The press and people of the country, without excep- 
 tion, approved of this tardy act of justice. But the 
 effect upon General Grant himself was somewhat alarm- 
 ing. He was naturally excited, and at first apparently 
 braced, by the news ; but a reaction followed which 
 caused the gravest apprehensions, and for a day or two 
 the end was believed to be near. He rallied rapidly, 
 however, and, although very weak, was able to take 
 nourishing food in a liquid form. He was somewhat 
 troubled by insomnia and general restlessness. The pain 
 in his mouth and throat was somewhat allayed by 
 cocaine, and morphia was administered to produce sleep. 
 He was regarded by the physicians as slowly sinking. 
 
 During the weeks following the announcement of Gen- 
 eral Grant's serious illness, the modest residence on 66th 
 street became the center of public interest and anxiety, 
 not only in this country, but throughout the civilized 
 world. Reporters for the metropolitan journals kept 
 unceasing watch in the neighborhood, and patrolled the 
 sidewalks night and day. By j^'ermission of the owner a 
 telegraph instrument was placed in a house near by, and 
 the frequent bulletins of the physicians were quickly 
 transmitted to all parts of the world. Throughout the 
 day and evening crowds blocked the streets in the vicin- 
 ity, and gazed for hours upon the drawn curtains behind 
 which the hero was struo-o-liuo- with death. And all over 
 the country was an army of watchers. Telegraph opera- 
 tors and news editors remained at their instruments and 
 desks for hours after the usual time of suspending their 
 labors, awaiting the early morning bulletins. As in the 
 time of Garfield's protracted agony, a whole nation, nay, 
 a whole world, waited with bated breath for the tidings 
 from the sick chamber. 
 
 The disease was diagnosed by the physicians in charge 
 as epithelioma, or malignant cancerous inflammation of 
 
602 The Disease Axnouxced. [isss. 
 
 the epithelium, that is, the cells and tissues forming the lin- 
 iuo; of the mouth and throat. As has been intimated, the 
 General's ]jodily condition was not good at the time of 
 the outbreak of this cancerous manifestation, and he soon 
 manifested alarming weakness. Owing to the inflamed 
 condition of his throat it was impossible for him to take 
 solid nourishment, and after the reaction caused by the 
 news from Washington he suffered great sleeplessness. 
 His appetite was poor, and he took small quantities 
 of soft food only by a determined exercise of his will. 
 Early on the morning of March 9th he had a sinking 
 spell, which greatly alarmed his family. 
 
 After this he fell into an uneasy slumber and awoke free 
 from pain, but very weak. r)uring most of the remainder of 
 tlie month he seemed on the whole to improve in genei'al 
 bodily condition, although the local disease was still 
 steadily progressing. He rode out in his carriage once or 
 twice, and at intervals worked on his memoirs. On the 
 26th his deposition in the Fish case was taken, and he did 
 not seem exhausted by the examination. The last days 
 of the month were, Ik »wever, days of great anxiety. Dur- 
 ing the night of the 28th he suddenly experienced great 
 difficulty in breathing, and for a short time it was feared 
 that he would choke to death. He could breathe only in 
 a sitting posture. The proper remedies were immediately 
 administered, however, and he soon rallied. Dr. Shrady 
 stated that this attack was due to catarrhal difficulty in 
 the head, and not to any aggravation of the cancerous 
 trouble. 
 
 General Grant's entire family was now with him, Mrs. 
 Sartoris having arrived from Europe, and General Grant's 
 former pastor, the Kev. Dr. J. P. Newman, was constantly 
 in attendance at his bedside. For two or three days the 
 end was believed to be near. Much of the time both 
 Doctors Douglas and Shrady were with the patient. But 
 the General's vitality Avas wonderful, and he unexpectedly 
 rallied from the severest attacks. 
 
 Early on Thursday morning, April 2d, however, it was 
 believed that the last hour had arrived. The scene is 
 thus described by an eye-witness. " About four o'clock 
 
1885.] Thought to be Dying. 603 
 
 in the morning tlie old soldier suddenly gasped and pre- 
 sented all tlie appearances of a death struggle. The fam- 
 ily, the physicians and Dr. Newman rushed to his side. 
 Nearly air gave him up for good. Drs. Douglas and 
 Shrady held a hurried consultation, after which Dr. 
 Shrady filled a hypodermic syringe with brandy and 
 injected the contents into the GeneraPs arm. The ex- 
 treme pallor, so characteristic of death, gave way to a 
 healthful-looking flush, and the dying soldier was given 
 for the time a new lease of life. This promptitude on 
 the part of Dr. Shrady saved the General and prolonged 
 his life so as to enable him to sign some papers of great 
 moment to his family. It also saved a great figure in 
 history to his countrymen, for at least some days. After 
 the General had recovered, he pleasantly said to the sur- 
 geon who had performed the signal service, ' Well, you've 
 prolonged my agony for a while.' Dr. Newman was 
 overjoyed at seeing the General recover so rapidly, and 
 prayed fervently. The eyes of the ladies suffused with 
 tears, but they showed great joy when they saw death 
 averted. A minute's delay at the time would have made 
 a great change in the history of the case." 
 
 The General slowly rallied from this attack, and at the 
 regular consultation on the follo^^dng Sunday, when Doc- 
 tors Barker, Sands, Shrady, and Douglas were present, it 
 was agreed that there was an improvement in the local 
 condition. The hypodermic administration of brandy 
 gave rise to the report that the General was being sus- 
 tained by the employment of liquors, but the physicians 
 emphatically contradicted this statement. Only one 
 drachm of brandy was injected at first and the same 
 quantity shortly after. Alcoholic stimulants were not 
 subsequently employed. 
 
 Another critical point in the case was reached early on 
 Tuesday morning, April 7th. About an hour before 
 daybreak, the anxious watchers on the sidewalk saw two 
 messenger boys hurriedly leave General Grant's house. 
 They summoned Doctors Sands and Shrady, and the per- 
 sonal friends of the General. The patient had been 
 attacked by a slight hemorrhage from the throat, indica- 
 
604 A CRITICAL PeEIOD. [1833. 
 
 tiug that the disease had invaded an artery. Dr. Doiighis, 
 who was in attendance, became alarmed and sent for the 
 other physicians. General Grant was very cool, and he 
 remarked, " There is no use sendiuo; for the other doctors : 
 you are enough." He lost about two ounces of blood, and 
 was so collected that he directed those in attendance to 
 hold the bowl so that no blood would reach the floor. 
 The hemorrhage was brought on by a fit of coughing, 
 which ruptured a diseased blood-vessel. The surgeons 
 expected a recurrence of the bleeding, but it did not take 
 place, and at 7 a. m. the General was qui-etly sleeping. 
 He was very low throughout the day. He said he was 
 tired, and wished to die. During the afternoon Dr. 
 Xewman had spoken of the friendly feeling of the peo- 
 ple at large, and the great number of friends the general 
 had. 
 
 " And I have a great many friends on the other side, 
 too," said the General. 
 
 " Yes, that is true ; and they are waiting for you, Gen- 
 eral — they are waiting for you." 
 
 "Ah ! yes, and I wish they would come," replied the 
 General. 
 
 But the end was not yet. Through the skill of the 
 physicians and his own wonderful vitality, the hero of so 
 many hard-fought battles was enabled to ^vard oif the 
 attack of the last great enemy. He was still troubled 
 with fits of coughing Avhich greatly distressed him, but 
 these gradually lessened, while his general bodily condi- 
 tion rapidly imj^roved. On the 8th of April, Queen 
 Victoria, whose honored guest he had been during his 
 visit to En2:land, sent the followino- cable messasre : 
 
 " The Queen, who feels deeply for you in your anxiety, commands me to 
 inquire after General Grant. 
 
 Dowager Marchioness op Ely." 
 
 This message was addressed to General and Mrs. Grant. 
 The next morning the follo^^^ng reply was sent : 
 
 "!Mrs. Grant thanks the Queen for her sympathy, and directs me to say the 
 General is no better. * Fred. D. Grant." 
 
 Notwithstanding Colonel Grant's concluding statement 
 in the foregoing dispatch, the General certainly had 
 
1885.] His Sixty-Third Biethday. 605 
 
 passed this crisis of his disease, and for weeks there was 
 110 further cause for immediate alarm. The physicians 
 stated that there was no real improvement in the local 
 disease ; in fact, new cancerous manifestations appeared 
 from time to time. But there was a marked gain of 
 bodily strength, and occasional paroxysms of pain were 
 speedily allayed by local applications. Some of those 
 about iiim were reported as fearing that there was an 
 undue use of morphine, but the clearness of his mental 
 perceptions and the constant increase in strength seemed 
 to contradict this impression. 
 
 He resumed active work on his book, and spent sev- 
 eral hours nearly every day in dictation and revision. 
 There was a constant succession of telegrams of condo- 
 lence and sympathy throughout the spring. All the 
 legislatures of the dilferent States, the annual meetings 
 of military, religious, and civil bodies, and representa- 
 tives of institutions of learning, joined in congratulating 
 him upon his appointment upon the retired list, and in 
 heartfelt wishes for his restoration to health. His car- 
 riage became a familiar object in Central Park on pleas- 
 ant days, and the people reverently lifted their hats to 
 the great soldier who had been restored to them from the 
 very verge of the grave. 
 
 April 27, 1885, was General Grant's sixty-thii-d birth- 
 day, and was indeed a " red-letter " day in his life. The 
 nation to whom he had been so wonderfully spared rose 
 up to do him honor. All through the day a continual 
 stream of messenger boys flowed in and out of the house, 
 delivering messages of congratulation from every part of 
 the country. Magnificent gifts of floAvers filled the halls 
 with fragrance, while baskets were filled with birthday 
 cards of elegant and costly design. Congratulations were 
 received from war veterans. Grand Army posts, munici- 
 pal officers, gatherings of children, and from many per- 
 sonal friends. In the evening the rooms were brilliantly 
 lighted and thousands of promenaders paused to gaze at 
 the house. Among the more noticeable of the congratu- 
 lations was the following, adopted by the Confederate 
 Survivors' Association at Augusta, Ga.: 
 
606 Continued Improvement. [1885. 
 
 " Remembering him now as the generous victor who, at the ever memorable 
 meeting at Appomattox, to our immortal Lee and to the glorious 8,000 veterans 
 — the surviving heroes of the Army of Northern Virginia — on the 9th of April, 
 1865, conceded liberal and magnanimous terms of surrender, do we, standing 
 bj' the graves of our Confederate dead, and mindful of the memories which 
 the observance of the occasion [Memorial Day] is designed to perpetuate, 
 respectfully tender to General Grant assurances of our sincere and profound 
 sympathy in this, the season of his direful extremity." 
 
 General Grant remained in tlie drawing-room till after 
 ten o^clock, in company witli personal friends, and 
 altliongli tired, was very happy. 
 
 Dnrino- tlie eveninai: lie furnished the followins: for 
 pnblication : 
 
 "To the various army posts, societies, cities, public schools, states, corpora- 
 tions, and individuals, north and south, who have been so kind as to send me 
 congratulations on my sixty-third birthday, I wish to otfer my grateful ac- 
 knowledgments. The dispatches have been so numerous and so touching in 
 tone that" it would have been impossible to answer them if I had been in per- 
 fect health. U. S. Graxt." 
 
 The patient's general condition continued to improve, 
 but the cancerous manifestation was not materially 
 altered until the night of May 12th, when there was 
 great restlessness and pain. The pain was so severe on 
 the following day that he was obliged to discontinue 
 work on his book. Dr. Shrady said that two new spots 
 which had appeared on the palatal curtain were no longer 
 quiescent, but had assumed an angry appearance. The 
 physicians agreed that the cancerous symptoms were 
 making marked progress. The General had rallied so 
 remarkably from the former attacks that there were not 
 wanting those who contended that the disease was not 
 of a cancerous nature ; that it was only ulcerated sore- 
 throat, caused by excessive smoking. But it may be 
 remarked that his physicians, w^hose skill and eminent 
 attainments are unquestioned, never for a moment varied 
 from their original diagnosis. The disease was unmistak- 
 ably epithelioma, and although they were enabled to 
 temporarily check its ravages, its progress was steady, 
 and as one of the physicians said, "there could be but 
 one end."" 
 
 The Society of the Army of the Potomac held its 
 annual meeting for 1885 in Baltimore, commencing May 
 6th. When preliminary business had been disposed of, 
 nominations for officers were in order, and the venerable 
 
1885.] Re-elected Co^niAiii'DER. 607 
 
 silver-haired General John C. Kobinson advanced on 
 crutches to the front of the stao-e and was srreeted with 
 three cheers. He thanked his friends for mentioning his 
 name for the position of commander of the Army of the 
 Potomac, but would under no circumstances allow it to 
 be used in opposition to the illustrious soldier [General 
 Grant] now holding that position, and he moved that the 
 secretary be authorized to cast one ballot, on which 
 should be inscribed the name of General U. S. Grant. 
 The various corps associations seconded General Robin- 
 son's motion, and it was carried by standing vote, amid 
 the ^^ildest enthusiasm and applause which lasted several 
 moments. The chairman notified General Grant by tele- 
 graph of his re-election, and the following reply was 
 received : 
 
 "Please thank the members of the Society of the Amiy of the Potomac for 
 their partiality in electing me for the second time their president. I wish my 
 health promised the probability of my behig at the next meeting. I wourd 
 regard it as providential should I be able to attend, but I accept the honor, 
 though without the hope of performing the duties of the office. Wishing all 
 the members many happj' reunions, I remain, U. S. GkainT." 
 
 With the exception of an occasional attack of pain and 
 restlessness, the General continued to improve, up to the 
 25th of May, at which date this volume closes, leaving 
 the General, with the hope that he may fully recover, 
 from the disease, which many people refuse to believe 
 he has, notwithstanding' the verdict of the doctors. 
 
 ADDENDA. 
 
 On the 16th of Jnne Gen'l. Grant was taken to Mount 
 Mc Gregor N. Y. He was accompanied by his family, 
 Dr. Douglass and nurses. 
 
 The effort of traveling proved almost too much for 
 the General's strength and for some days fears were 
 entertained of his not being able to rally from the effects of 
 the journey; he impVoved some^vllat, however, though at 
 times his condition has been alarming. At ])resent date 
 he is comparatively comfortable, though evidently grow- 
 ing weaker as his disease pi'ogresses.