MISTAKES 
 
 ' IN ? f ? 
 
 TEACHING 
 
 How to Correct them 
 
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GopyrightN^__ 
 
 COPYRIGHT DEPOSm 
 
From 
 The Rostrum (Chicago) 
 
 SEELEY'S A NEW SCHOOL MANAGEMENT 
 
 This is a readable book. It is sure of a large 
 sale. Normal schools must make it a text book. 
 Teachers will prize it as a vade mecum while teaching. 
 Teachers' meetings will take it up for discussion, and 
 we predict for it an unusual popularity. It is the 
 latest and best book on a live subject and is a credit alike 
 to the author and the publishers. 
 
 What Page's ** Theory and Practice of Teaching" 
 was to young teachers years ago, this new work by 
 Dr. Seeley is to young teachers of the present age. 
 It is in the highest degree a practical, helpful work, 
 especially for teachers in their first year's work. 
 And for this very reason it is practical and helpful 
 for older teachers also. Educational principles are 
 the same everywhere; they are not graded. The 
 perfect school is a structure. Its higher depart- 
 ments are built upon the lower, and the pedagogy 
 applicable to them all rests upon that of the ele- 
 mentary school. Hence a sound body of principles 
 illustrated and explained as clearly and fully as in 
 this new book by Dr. Seeley cannot lose its value to 
 a teacher, even though he may have passed on from 
 the rank of a beginner to that of a veteran. 
 
 HINDS, NOBLE & ELDREDGE, Publfshcfs of 
 
 School Management (Seeley,) $1.25 
 
 Foundations of Education (Seeley), $1.00 
 
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 Gordy's New Psychology (for teachers), $1.25 
 
 Gordy's A Broader Elementary Education, $1.25 
 
 Best Methods in Country Schools, $1.25 
 
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Pa§:c*s 
 Theory and Practice of Teaching 
 
 The popularity of Page's book is perennial. It is, 
 so to speak, a staple with educators — as flour is, or 
 sugar is, with a grocer. For more than a generation 
 it has been a standard in normal schools, training 
 schools, and reading circles. Superintendents who 
 themselves studied it twenty years ago when they were 
 just beginning to teach, now prescribe it at regular 
 intervals for the professional study of young teachers 
 whom they are now training! 
 
 More copies of Page's theory and practice 
 have been sold than of any other work on teach- 
 ing. In States which have a State reading 
 circle it is always one of the first works officially 
 adopted, and then gets re-adopted every-so-many 
 years. Its chapters cover : 
 
 The Spirit of the Teacher 
 
 Responsibility of the Teacher 
 
 Habits of the Teacher 
 
 Literary Qualifications of the Teacher 
 
 Right Views of Education 
 
 Right Modes of Teaching 
 
 Conducting Recitations 
 
 Exciting an Interest in Study 
 
 School Government 
 
 School Amusements 
 
 Teachers Relations to Parents of Pupils 
 
 Teacher's Care of His Health 
 
 Teacher's Relation to His Profession 
 
 Miscellaneous Suggestions 
 
 The Rewards of the Teacher 
 
 To impart to the book still greater value for 
 teachers who have to take grade examinations 
 we have added numerous questions and answers 
 
 ON THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING. 
 
 A teacher is sure to be well-equipped who possess- 
 es Page's book, if in addition he (or she) also possesses 
 Seeley's A new school management, which many 
 teachers tell us is the only rival that, possibly, excels 
 
 Page's THEORY AND PRACTICE. 
 
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 Seeley's A New School Management, $1.25 
 
 Gordy's New Psychology (for teachers), $1.25 
 
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MISTAKES IN TEACHING 
 
 HOW TO CORRECT THEM 
 
 Preston Papers 
 
 BY 
 
 MISS PRESTON'S ASSISTANT 
 
 Now Editor of the ''New Education" 
 
 Revised and Enlarged 
 
 COPYRIGHT, i8qO, by WILLIAM H, BRIGGS 
 COPYRIGHT, i8q9, by HINDS & NOBLE 
 
 HINDS, NOBLE & ELDREDGE, Publishers 
 31-33-35 West 15TH Street, New York City 
 
Two Coci&s ??ect;ived 
 
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 How to Study Literature (Heydrick) ... .75 
 
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 How Nature Study Should Be Taught (Bigelow) - 1 .00 
 
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 Lessons on Manners— Morals (Dewey) - each .75 
 
 Character (Varnum) 1.50 
 
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 Who's Who in Mythology -75 
 
 Who's Who in History .75 
 
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 31-33-35 West >5th Street, New York City 
 
DEDICATION. 
 
 To my dear old pupils, who for so many years have 
 walked hand in hand with me, and especially to such of 
 them as are now engaged in teaching or in preparing them- 
 selves for this delightful woik, this little volume is most 
 
 affectionately dedicated, by 
 
 The Author. 
 
PREFATORY. 
 
 Pausing at the threshold of perpetuating in covers these 
 " Preston Papers," the author desires to say that Miss 
 Preston is no ideal teacher, but one well known to both 
 publishers and author, as a bona fide teacher who still lives, 
 works, and enjoys her work, with a zest unknown to 
 mere " machine " teachers. The experiences are real and 
 possibly not unusual, and are offered to the pedagogical 
 fraternity with the hope that they may be suggestive of a 
 " Beyond " in the work. 
 
 Miss Preston's Assistant. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 No. I. — Government. .-•••. 
 
 Asking advice — Miss Preston — Her notions — Rudeness 
 — Legitimate noise — Machine Work — Monitors — Self Re- 
 spect — Injury to — A simile — Management during teacher's 
 absence — Order — How secured — Its object — Queries. 
 
 No. 2, — Reports. 
 
 Teachers' meeting in Oldtown — Obligation to be present — 
 Reports outlined — The routine — Variations — Miss Preston's 
 first attendance — She gives no report — Her reason — My 
 own report — Tricks in trade — Miss Preston's absence from 
 October meeting — Her note — Its effect — Asked to preside 
 at next session — Takes her school to the woods — Lessons 
 learned by the way — Compositions elicited therefrom — Her 
 address to the meeting — What the meeting should develop — 
 Her conduct of it — Enthusiasm. 
 
 No. 3. — Punishment. ...... 14 
 
 The ''class meeting" method — Mr. Whipple's doubt as to 
 the right to use the rod — Miss Wood's fear of personal con- 
 sequences — Her lack of "presence" — Mr. Smith's dedara» 
 tion — Outwitted by his botany class — Politics in education — 
 Miss Sigoumey — Tyranny — Responsibility for rebellion — 
 Brutalizing effects of corporal punishment — Character ex- 
 pressed in physique — Ridicule and sarcasm — Miss Preston's 
 speech — Corporal punishmei^ may be preferred to mentaL 
 
vi CONTENTS. 
 
 No. 4. — Punishment. (Continued). - - - 19 
 
 Troublesome children — Spoiled and neglected — How to 
 manage — Upon what punishment should depend — Some 
 things in pupils for which teachers are blamable — Govern- 
 ment of bad children — Negative and positive — Corporal — 
 How to be administered — J. G. Holland's story of a bad boy. 
 
 No. 5. — The Museum. ----- . 23 
 
 As a help — Miss Preston's choice of aid — Indifference of 
 her associates — The closet transformed — Nicknames — The 
 Museum opened to the school — Contributions — Effects noted 
 
 — Total depravity — Miss Wood's remonstrance — The reply 
 
 — Salary — Details. 
 
 No. 6. — Responsibility. ...... 29 
 
 Schoolrooms — How to be kept — Demand for curtains, 
 thermometer, and waste paper basket — Reasons — Cleanli- 
 ness — Habits — Apparent indifference of teachers explained 
 
 — A teacher's duties — Where end — Other people — A newly 
 furnished schoolroom — Plants and pictures. 
 
 No. 7. — Geography. ...... 34 
 
 Taught in all grades — Too much time spent upon it — 
 Made too important — To be taught incidentally — Too much 
 "book" work — Visit to a summer school — Parrot-like reci- 
 tations — Confusion of ideas — Miss Preston's plan — "Want 
 <rf time " plea — Queries suggested. 
 
 No. 8. — Teachers* Examinations. - - - - 4o 
 
 How they were formerly conducted in Oldtown — Miss 
 Preston investigates — Her dissatisfaction — Defects pointed 
 out — The best method suggested — Separate examinations for 
 teachers of different grades — Fitness considered. 
 
CONTENTS, vii 
 
 PAOB. 
 
 No. 9. — Prize Giving. ------ 45 
 
 As a stimulus — Objections — As being **less trouble" — 
 Shirking responsibilities — Comparisons — Results of prize 
 winning — Examples — Love not gained by this means — 
 "Right for Right's sake" — Instead of prizes, what? — Dis- 
 tinctions made — A Christmas plan — How it worked — Asso- 
 ciation with pupils. 
 
 No. 10. — Number. -------51 
 
 The first object — Pestalozzi's laws — Specific steps — 
 Counting — Teaching relative worth of numbers — The fun- 
 damental processes taught together — Caution — Study in- 
 volved in thorough teaching — Results. 
 
 No. II. — Primary Arithmetic. - - - - 5^ 
 
 My trouble — Miss Preston's help — Her dialogue with 
 Henry — Subtraction — Illustration — Catching the fire — 
 Compound numbers — Enthusiasm — Order — Counting back - 
 ward — Devices. 
 
 No. 12. — Compositions. ------ 61 
 
 Dread of the work — Mr. Lowell's method — Miss Wood's 
 Miss Well's — Plagiarism — Too much formality in compo- 
 sition writing — Occasion leads up to method — Suggestions- 
 Current events and topics fruitful themes — Finishing up the 
 work. 
 
 No. 13. — Management, m ^ ^ ^ • " 66 
 
 Promotion of educational interests — Causes of success— 
 Discipline — Dignity — Rules enforced — CoiJperation — An 
 experience — A school reception proposed — Laughed at — 
 Complaint — Invitations — A success — Meeting the parenU 
 — Trustees — Calls among pupils — Success compensatory and 
 commensurate. 
 
yiii CONTENTS, 
 
 No. 14. — Envirokment. - - - - - -71 
 
 A teacher's opportunities — Our school yard — Its former 
 appearance — Saving lunch " scraps " — Use — Clearing up the 
 yard — The vase — Filling it — The rockery — Geranium bank 
 — Croquet asked for — Received — Miss Preston's promotion. 
 
 No. 15.-— Health. -------75 
 
 An unusual topic — The educational "world does move** — 
 Time — How to be measured — Soliloquy — Why make the 
 most of our physical nature — To promote our own interests 
 
 — As a self duty — Carlyle's law of culture — Mr. Wheeler's 
 motive — Miss Wood considers it economical to keep well — So 
 do I — Miss Smith declares her independence by her good 
 health — The prime "why" — Teachers specially responsible 
 
 — Time lost by sickness. 
 
 No. 16. — Health. (Continued). - - • - 81 
 
 Breathing — • Ignorance as to how — Wrong breathing — Eat- 
 ing — Too much — Too often — Wrong things — Miss Miller's 
 inquiry — Eating between meals — Rest — What is — Danger 
 in ''too much" of anything — Tonics and narcotics — Dress 
 
 — Good nature a help— Hints formulated. 
 
 No. 17. — Grammar. .----- 86 
 
 The trouble begun — A peculiar man — Visits Miss Pres- 
 ton's school — Favorable impressions — Wishes to send his 
 daughter — His home methods — Objections to the public 
 school system — Cast iron rules — Katharine comes to our 
 school — Asks a question in grammar — Referred to the text 
 book — A note from the Colonel — What it would have elicited 
 formerly — Reasoning — My reply to the note — Appeal to the 
 Board of Education — Arguments — The moral side of gram- 
 mar — Objections to discussion — Miss Bates infatuated by the 
 method of her childhood — Miss Ingersoll's criticism — Mr. 
 
CONTENTS, i, 
 
 Lowell's dread of the subject — Miss Wood's experience — 
 Undoing—" The course "—A " Bahn in Gilead." 
 
 No. i8.— Grammar. (Continued.) - - • .93 
 Teaching by practice — A new way — Process — Text books 
 
 — How used — Time and dread saved ia this way — Illustra- 
 tion of Miss Preston's method. 
 
 No. 19. — Whispering. •.••.. 98 
 
 A great evil — Contrary opinions — Restrictions — Fair play 
 
 — Provisions and reasons for whispering — Obedience — Con- 
 secutive thinking — Principles developing fair thought on the 
 subject — Regulations. 
 
 No. 20. — Manners. 
 
 103 
 
 A bow — Politeness among pupils — Rudeness — Miss Pres- 
 ton's explanation — Lack of mutual understanding — Civility 
 — Teaching it in school — Necessity for — Where to begin — 
 Selfishness the basis of rudeness — Tact, an element of cour- 
 tesy—The Golden Rule a guide — Specific lessons needed 
 in deportment — Instances — Courtesy as capital — Force of 
 example. 
 
 No. 21. — Dress. 
 
 Z09 
 
 Inattention to the matter— A contrast — Early impressions 
 
 — Professor Lowell's experience — A pink dress — Its influ- 
 ence—Commercial value of tasteful attire — What to wear— 
 The silent influence. 
 
 No. 22. — Penmanship. - • - - . -114 
 
 Agitation of the subject — Mothers in council — Criticisms 
 
 — Rapidity — How, generally — How and when to begin — 
 Tools used— Variations. 
 
3j CONTENTS, 
 
 PA«S. 
 
 No. 23. — Penmanship. (Continued.) - - - 118 
 
 Copy — Talks with pupils — Steps — Classification — Books 
 
 — Work — Advanced classes — Scribbling — All may learn to 
 write well. 
 
 No. 24. — Overwork. • • - • - -12a 
 
 Teachers and pupils overtasked — Too long hours — Bad 
 results — A lazy teacher — Too much attempted — The cur- 
 riculum — Mistakes — Our responsibility — A student's life — 
 Suggestions — Overwork out of school. 
 
 Na 25. — Spelling. - • - - - - -128 
 
 A spelling school — How managed — Teacher spells against 
 pupils — Written work — Review — Lesson routme — Amb^- 
 ous penmanship — Accuracy — Spelling taught with other les- 
 sons — Other ways. 
 
 No. 26. — Reading. • - - - - - -132 
 
 Neglected — Poor reading prevalent — Teachers to be mod- 
 els — Drawling — Reading backwards — Sight reading — 
 Rapid — Concert — Outside supplies — Interest — Word hunt- 
 ing — Dropping out words — Trial reading — Practice needed 
 
 — Silent reading— Expression— Modem reading books — 
 Where some bad habits begin. 
 
 No. 27. — Hobbies. --••--- 138 
 
 System — Dignity — Getting down to the child's level— 
 Doing too much — Discipline — Good and bad — Shams — 
 Appearances — Laziness — Order — Selfishness — Independ- 
 ence — Practicality — Beauty — Custom — Change — Loss of 
 individualfty — Lecturing — Proneness of the pedagogue to 
 speak — Menace— Weakness of threats — Substitutes — Sug- 
 gestions. 
 
CONTENTS. XI 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 No. 28. — Physiology. 145 
 
 The text books and work — Special teacher wanted — 
 And practical lessons — Distaste of children for the study 
 
 — Log-rolling — Fail ure — Mrs. Bryan obj ects to Mary's study 
 of her in'ards — Common sense in some of the objections — 
 Applied physiology — How Miss Preston began — Progress 
 
 — Methods — Newspapers helpful — Books are tools — Defi- 
 niteness required. 
 
 No. 29. — History. 153 
 
 A cannon ball fired against its use in the primary depart- 
 ment — Professor Macomber "agonizes" in its favor — A 
 "Loan Library" — Current events of general interest — 
 Local history ditto — Methods in the preparation and reci- 
 tation — Reviewing — Conversation lessons — Debates — 
 Papers — History club — History social — History games — 
 Dovetailing with other studies — Logic in history. 
 
 No. 30. — Nature Work. x6o 
 
 Pros and cons — Spirit lacking — Adaptation possible and 
 variety desirable — What children like — Repugnant lessons 
 
 — Limitless sources in Nature — Not new work — Where to 
 begin — How — What to study — Enthusiasm generated by 
 studying electricity — A hen and chickens in school — Me- 
 chanics of a pedagogue — Rodents in school — Impertinent 
 quizzing — The alligator disappears — Nature work for city 
 teachers. 
 
 No. 31. — Manual Training. ----- 168 
 
 Cooking, sewing, woodwork, etc., introduced — The inno- 
 vation — A woman who could think but could not talk! — 
 Book knowledge outweighed by experimental information 
 
 — Physiology, chemistry, and cooking, go hand in hand 
 through life — Approval of the work by an editor — Visitors 
 
 — Patrons pleased — Judge Munson's invitation. 
 
Xll CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 No. 32. — From Kindergarten to Primary. - - 174 
 
 Deterioration feared, from the backward swing of the 
 pendulum — A conference asked for — The first speaker slops 
 over — Miss Lewis defines the lack — Children who are pro- 
 moted from the kindergarten — The assistant remains neutral 
 as indications of war are discovered — Miss Preston argues 
 for peace and breadth — The step between the two classes 
 too long — How it may be shortened — Too much not to be 
 expected from the kindergarten — A good word, or several, 
 for it. 
 
 No. ZZ' — Practical Psychology. . - . . 182 
 
 An empirical science — Should be reduced to every-day 
 wants— In sleep — Control of thought —Illustrations — A 
 question of will — Physical preparations for sleep. 
 
 « 
 
 No. 34. — Opening Exercises. 189 
 
 A keynote to much trouble — Some of the difficulties — 
 How to avoid them — Good suggestions — Outsiders called 
 in — Great possibilities in the morning hour — Punctuality 
 fostered — Start the day happily — Avoid dead levels of 
 monotony — Reverence taught by implication. 
 
 No- 35- — Reviews. 195 
 
 The pedagogy questioned and defended — Mr. Johnson 
 comes to the rescue — Development lessons need to be supple- 
 mented by "drill" work — Conducting a review lesson — 
 Thoroughness aided — Fun encouraged — Humor-sense of 
 the average child — An instance — Experience an advantage. 
 
PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 No. I. 
 
 GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Oldtown, N. Y., February 25, 18S-. 
 Mr. , State Supt. 
 
 My Dear Sir : — State Superintendents are supposed to 
 be a sort of walking storehouse of knowledge, aren't they ? 
 Presuming your answer will be an unqualified " Yes," I will 
 proceed to state the cause of my bewilderment. It may be 
 that you or some of your associates can give me light from 
 your lamp without diminishing your own benefit from it. 
 Do not laugh at me for not being able to solve my problems 
 alone. 
 
 To be brief, I am engaged as second assistant in Public 
 School No. 4, where I have served for twenty-one years ; so 
 I think I know some things about its requirements quite as 
 well as the lady principal does who has only been here since 
 September, and is very young, and can have had but little 
 experience compared to mine. And here my puzzle begins. 
 
 Our schools are all under the supervision of a superin- 
 tendent who has held the position a great many years, and 
 they have borne the reputation of being model schools, with 
 
2 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 perfect order and discipline, but since Miss Preston came 
 ( There ! I have actually told you her name, although I did 
 not mean to) we have been candidly informed by her that 
 we were ** stultifying the children, and making mere puppets 
 of them ! " Just think of it ! And she has such peculiar 
 ideas, too, and she carries them out in spite of Mr. Johnson 
 — our city superintendent — who really opposed her methods 
 at first, although I must acknowledge that he rather recom- 
 mends them now. For instance : she had not been installed 
 but a few days before he said to her : 
 
 " Miss Preston, your school is too noisy ** 
 
 "Did I understand you to say it is too noisy?" with a 
 quiet but forceful emphasis on the last two words. 
 
 ** Yes. Oh, I don't mean in the schoolroom. They seem 
 to be quiet enough here ; but at their play before school and 
 during recess." 
 
 " Well, so long as they are quiet and orderly in the house, 
 it seems to me perfectly proper for them to use their lungs 
 for safety valves, through which to get rid of their super- 
 fluous steam, while out of doors — provided that they keep 
 good natured and use no bad words." 
 
 " This is a quiet little city and the people will complain if 
 the school children are rude and noisy." 
 
 "Rudeness I do not tolerate," said she, "but legitimate 
 noise is another and a very different thing. If entirely shut 
 up there is always danger of an explosion ; so I prefer to 
 encourage them to dispose of their excessive vitality in that 
 way, at proper times, rather than risk its operation, to their 
 disadvantage and my own, during study hours ; and we can 
 hardly expect two or three hundred boys and girls to be out 
 in the street or a 7 x 9 yard and not make a noise." 
 
MONITORS. 3 
 
 She spcke very decidedly ; and he looked, as he doubtless 
 felt, perfectly aghast that his opinion should be even ques- 
 tioned, much less entirely disregarded. And no wonder, for 
 during all these years not a dissenting voice has been heard 
 in objection to anything he has done or proposed doing— for 
 which fealty Miss Preston is pleased to say : " His teachers 
 have grown to be mere machines, and the work done by 
 them machine work, and very poor at that." 
 
 Well, he actually passed that over without a word, although 
 I fully expected that she would be summarily dismissed 
 " for insubordination " — as two ladies were at one time in 
 Oswego. 
 
 He did not come near our school again for a whole week, 
 although his coming to settle difficulties used to be of 
 frequent occurrence under the former dispensations; but 
 when he made his next appearance they had another " little 
 unpleasantness." She had gone down stairs to assist one 
 of the second grade teachers out of a momentary trouble, 
 and on her return Miss Preston found Mr. Johnson doing 
 sentinel duty at her desk. 
 
 " Do you consider it conducive to good order, Miss Pres- 
 ton, to leave your school without a monitor ? " 
 
 " Much more so than it would be to encourage tattling 
 personal spite, revenge, etc., by having one." 
 
 "What do you mean by that ? " 
 
 "Simply this: their self-respect is injured by being 
 watched as if they were criminals, by spies or detectives 
 appointed for that purpose. Self-respect is the basis of 
 all self-government, which is the only true government for 
 children and youth ; and just in proportion as we injure or 
 destroy that fundamental element of real order, we create 
 
4 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 the very faults we are seeking to eradicate. To rob a child 
 of its self-respect is like removing the mainspring from a 
 watch; and the constant looking for faults will soon give 
 occasion that we shall not look in vain, for by that very 
 means we are planting and cultivating the seeds we most 
 earnestly wish rooted out, and we come to be looked upon 
 as the natural enemy of the children whom we really love 
 and honestly wish to benefit.** 
 
 "How, then, would you manage such a roomful when- 
 ever you find it necessary to leave them for a time by 
 themselves } *' 
 
 " I don't intend to leave such young children alone much, 
 of course, as mischief would inevitably ensue among so 
 large a number ; but when I must, I sometimes say : * Now, 
 children, be careful not to waste any time while I am gone, 
 and watch yourselves j then when I come back perhaps you 
 may tell me if you do anything you ought not to.* *' 
 
 " And do you mean to say that they will tell of themselves?** 
 he asked, a trifle incredulously. 
 
 " Certainly ; after a little education in that direction they 
 much prefer, as a rule, to confess their own faults, rather 
 than have some one else do so for them." 
 
 " I see that they do not all sit in a straight line. That 
 will never do. Order must be preserved.'* 
 
 "Certainly it must. But what is order? If they were 
 candles, now, and had all been run in one mold, we might 
 set them up regularly at just such an angle, and require 
 them to stay * fixed* the entire twenty-four hours without 
 any compunctions of conscience; but as they are human 
 beings, we may reasonably suppose that a slight variation of 
 position now and then will be found acceptable to the tired 
 
ORDER. 5 
 
 muscles ; and I think that in the long run the very best 
 order is secured by giving them a little less military drill 
 and a trifle more latitude as to position, besides rendering 
 ourselves less liable to be held amenable to the law that 
 provides *for the prevention of cruelty to children,* " 
 
 " Why, there is a little boy actually swinging his feet in 
 school time ! " 
 
 " And why not, pray ? He is very intent upon getting his 
 lesson — and at the same time he is quite careful not to 
 make a noise. So long as it does not disturb any one 
 else and interferes with nobody's equal rights, I would not 
 rebuke it." 
 
 ** But it looks badly, and gives your school the appearance 
 of being disorderly." 
 
 " Conceded ; and we are told to avoid even the appear- 
 ance of evil," said she, cheerfully. " But in this case, I 'd 
 prefer taking my chances on the appearance of it, rather 
 than on the evil itself. There are forces constantly at work 
 within us that tend toward the discovery of the principle of 
 perpetual motion, and they can hardly be repressed in a 
 healthy child without serious physical injury. The greatest 
 good to the greatest number is the object I desire to secure, 
 even if done at the expense of my reputation as a disciplin- 
 arian. Besides, I am not quite convinced that geometric 
 regularity of position is the highest type of order," etc., 
 etc., etc. 
 
 Now, Mr. Superintendent, what will be the result of these 
 and like heresies .'^ — for this is only a tithe, she warmly 
 declaring that we are " in the rut " and that she will resign 
 her position before she will allow herself to be driven into 
 it. At first I was horrified, and I still fail to understand 
 
5 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 some of her startling theories. Will you bring the com- 
 bined wisdom of yourself and your intelligent associates to 
 my assistance ? Is she living in advance of the age, or are 
 we away down here a little bit backward and ante-diluvian ? 
 I am candid in wishing to know the best ways, and maybe 
 we have become a little ** set " in our methods. 
 
 If you please, I wish to tell you sometime about her ideas 
 of corporal punishment as preferred to some others, that h 
 if you wish to hear again from 
 
 Yours, in the common cause, 
 
 Miss Preston's Assistant. 
 
REPORTS. 
 
 No. a 
 
 REPORTS. 
 
 Oldtown, N. Y., March 13, 188-. 
 
 Mr. i Supt. Public Instruction. 
 
 My Dear Sir : — Your very kind reply to my recent recital 
 was duly received, and contents fully noted — and having 
 really determined to unburden myself of my difficulties I 
 scarcely know where to begin. Should I fail to find a stop- 
 ping place, you will please insert a period wherever you 
 deem it proper, and I will take the hint. 
 
 I think I will begin with a sketch of our teachers* meeting 
 for November, although the vexed question of corporal 
 punishment was not discussed until the December meeting. 
 But of that anon. 
 
 We have always held our teachers' meetings on the third 
 Saturday of each month. No one is obliged to be present, 
 although all are expected to. After the opening exercises 
 the roll is called and each teacher responds by reading his 
 or her " Monthly Report," which is about as follows: 
 
 Number of boys enrolled. Girls, ditto. Total. 
 
 Average age of boys. Ditto, girls. Total. 
 
 Average attendance of boys. Ditto, girls. Total. 
 
 Cases of tardiness among boys. Ditto, girls. Total. 
 
 Time (given in hours and minutes) lost by tardiness 
 among boys. Ditto, girls. Total. 
 
8 PRESTON PAPERS, 
 
 Number of absences among boys. Ditto, girls. Total 
 
 Absences excused among boys. Ditto, girls. Total. 
 
 Lessons lost by absence and tardiness among boys. Ditto, 
 girls. Total 
 
 Names ai^d number of classes taught, with the average 
 per cent of scholarship for each class. 
 
 Now was not that systematic ? 
 
 After a few remarks from the Chair — our superintendent 
 always held that office — in which he generally thinks " we 
 are getting along comfortably," and " hopes we realize our 
 responsibilities and will do our duty " in a very calm and 
 dignified manner, we are dismissed. This has been the 
 routine for many years, and it stands to reason that the 
 ** Reports " are beneficial, else why should we have them ? 
 
 Occasionally the meetings have been varied by the pres- 
 ence of one or more members of the board of education, 
 who would pat us on the back, as it were, in some set phrase 
 when called upon to address the meeting. 
 
 Well, Miss Preston was present at the September session, 
 but she did not take any part — simply saying when her 
 name was called that she " had not prepared any report, and 
 she did not as yet see the advantage of taking such a census 
 every month." 
 
 You ought to have seen the significant looks among the 
 teachers as Mr. Johnson replied, with a rather red face: 
 "It has the advantage of showing at a glance just where we 
 stand." 
 
 " Very likely," she responded rather dryly, '• but I fail to 
 see, myself, how the number of boys or girls, or both, in 
 School No. 9, can affect my own ; or how the knowledge of 
 their average age or scholarship can benefit my pupils." 
 
TRICKS IN REPORTS. ^ 
 
 **Well, well, we won't discuss it now," he said, more testily 
 than real politeness would countenance. "The secretary 
 will please call the next name." 
 
 As that happened to be my own, I arose and read the 
 report over which I had spent all the previous evening and 
 a good share of Saturday morning. I had done so every 
 month for years, but somehow its importance now faded 
 from my mind; and I wondered, while reading it, if Mr. 
 Johnson really thought these " reports " are accurate. Ol 
 course "There are tricks in all trades but ours," but I will 
 tell you confidentially that this system has been made the 
 excuse for some false entries. Bad book-keeping is not 
 entirely confined to county treasurers and bank cashiers. 
 Miss Young, for instance, may not want to have it appear 
 that the standard of her school is lower than that of some 
 one else, so she does not always record the absence or tardi- 
 ness; or if she does, the temptation is to diminish the time 
 so lost. Perhaps Mr. Brown would give us the impression 
 that his methods of instruction are rather superior ; hence, 
 his pupils are sometimes reported higher in scholarship than 
 they really deserve. It is lamentable, but none the less true, 
 that such things really occur where the public expects only 
 such examples as are worthy of imitation. 
 
 However, I won't stop to moralize, for I want to tell you 
 about our November meeting. Of course we had one as 
 usual in October, but Miss Preston was not present, having 
 actually gone to the woods hickory nutting with her school 
 children ! Actually, I don't see how she dared. 
 
 Mr. Johnson fidgeted some during the exercises until 
 Miss Preston's name was called. Then he arose and said, 
 with the unusual blandness by which we all know when he 
 is very much excited inwardly: 
 
lo PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 " As Miss Preston is not here to respond for herself, per- 
 haps I can best explain her absence by reading a communi- 
 cation I received from her last evening. I don't know as 
 she intended it to be made public," half apologetically, " but 
 I don't really understand what she does mean sometimes, 
 nor what to think of her methods either in teaching or 
 governing." 
 
 Without further ado he read the following note : 
 "Mr. Johnson, 
 
 Respected Sir : — Having no particular taste for statistics, 
 and no special hope or desire to undo the red tape that 
 surrounds our faculty meeting, I trust you will excuse my 
 absence from it to-morrow, as I intend, if the day is bright, 
 to take my school for a walk to the woods, two or three 
 miles up the river. 
 
 Yours, Respectfully, 
 
 H. M. Preston." 
 A dead silence ensued, like that which precedes a clap of 
 thunder on a June day. Then Mr. Johnson handed the 
 note to the secretary to be filed among the other archives of 
 the institution, with the remark that " Perha.ps, since Miss 
 Preston feels free to criticise the manner and matter of our 
 meeting, we had better ask her to take charge of the next 
 one." 
 
 Some of us fancied that his tone was rather cynical ; but ii 
 it was he must have been disappointed at the result of his 
 suggestion, for Mr. Brown immediately moved that '' she be 
 requested to act as president at the next meeting." The 
 motion was instantly seconded by two voices and carried by 
 a unanimous vote of the house. 
 
 I wanted to ask that she also be requested to furnish 
 
LESSONS LEARNED DURING THE WALK, n 
 
 a report of her Saturday in the woods, tor I had a vague 
 idea that there was something more than a mere pleasure 
 excursion in her mental program; but courage failed me, 
 for I wouldn't dare incur Mr. Johnson's displeasure, as I'd 
 be pretty sure to do if I suggested anything like a **new 
 departure," be it ever so tiny. I afterward made private 
 investigations among her pupils and — would you believe 
 it? — I found that she actually gave them practical lessons 
 in botany, from the leaves, shrubs, and trees, as they went 
 along ; from the location of streets, lots, and houses, she 
 taught geography, as well as from the hills, river banks, etc.; 
 she called their attention to the science of geology by means 
 of the sand, gravel, and rocks ; she cultivated their taste 
 for natural history by living spec^.iens of squirrels, birds, 
 and insects in the woods; as if t.iat were not enough, she 
 inspired them with a wish to study literature, by producing 
 a volume of Bryant and reading his grand old "Forest 
 Hymn " while they were resting in the woods before eating 
 their lunch. To finish with, she laid aside their usual lessons 
 and text books the next Monday afternoon, and had her 
 entire school writing compositions ! Only, she did not use 
 the word composition. She merely said : 
 
 " Now, if you will put away your books, quietly, you may 
 each tell me what you saw or heard or did last Saturday, 
 that pleased, interested, or instructed you. But as there are 
 so many of you, there will not be time for all to speak, so 
 you may write on your slates ; and those who have time 
 and wish to may read what they write. Then if any of 
 you prefer to have me read it for you I will do so sometime 
 to-morrow." 
 
 And one little boy really cried because his slate ** was full 
 
12 PRESTON PAPERS, 
 
 and he hadn't half finished; he wanted to tell about that 
 cunning lizard he saw," and was only consoled by being 
 assured that if no one else wrote about it, he should have a 
 chance another day. 
 
 It is just wonderful how much she crowds into a small 
 compass ; and she mixes education into everything, so that 
 half the time the children don't know whether they are 
 studying or playing. 
 
 But where was I? Oh, about our November session! 
 Through carelessness or otherwise, the secretary neglected 
 to tell her of her election and consequent duties, until the 
 evening before the meeting. But she accepted the situation, 
 ignoring the intended compliment or sarcasm, or whatever 
 was meant by the superintendent, and after the usual pre- 
 liminaries addressed us somewhat as follows : 
 "My Fellow Teachers: 
 
 It is with great pleasure that I respond to the invitation 
 which came to me at the eleventh hour, which tardiness 
 would render superfluous any apology for lack of requisite 
 preparation. Ours is a noble calling, and they who enter 
 it should be from among the very best types of manhood 
 and womanhood. Questions of importance in the common 
 cause should be discussed in common council, with ample 
 opportunity for free expression of ideas and interchange of 
 personal experience. All can contribute something. Those 
 who have grown gray in the honorable service can give us 
 who are younger the benefit of their wisdom; those who 
 have attained brilliant successes in some particular depart- 
 ment may be glad to get advice in some other; those who 
 have failed anywhere will be glad to know how to retrieve 
 their mistakes. Thus we can be of mutual help to each 
 
TEACHERS IN COUNCIL. 13 
 
 Other, and the monthly association of teachers be made to 
 do grand work for the cause. Feeling so illy prepared to 
 say anything practical — and I'm daily becoming more con- 
 vinced that nothing is worth saying in such a place that is 
 not practical — I took the liberty to bring my November 
 number of the * Teachers' Companion' which always has 
 something of interest." 
 
 She proceeded to read an article on "School Manage- 
 ment," and then asked us to talk it over and to give our own 
 experience; and do you know that we got so well under way 
 and so much interested, that we never thought to dismiss at 
 the traditional hour, but stayed on and on, until the light 
 became so dim that we could scarcely see. It was not a bit 
 formal, and I was not at all sure it would be popular; but 
 the interest increased every moment. 
 
 It is strange how far a little enthusiasm will go toward 
 awakening an interest in anything. Carlyle, I think it is, says, 
 in effect, that to convince others a man must be thoroughly 
 in earnest, and I believe it. 
 
 Mr. Johnson actually asked Miss Preston to continue in 
 the chair ! This honor she declined however, saying, with 
 a laugh, that " Under a republican form of government, a 
 frequent change of administration is desirable, so that the 
 offices with their emoluments and perquisites can be more 
 evenly distributed among both parties ; " and Mr. Whipple 
 was promoted to the dignity of president for the next meet- 
 ing. I meant to tell you in this about Miss Preston's 
 "school museum" — but must close this already-too-long 
 letter from 
 
 Miss Preston's Assistant. 
 
14 PRESTON PAPERS, 
 
 No. III. 
 
 PUNISHMENT. 
 
 Oldtown, N. Y., April 22, 188-. 
 Mr. , Supt., etc. 
 
 My Dear Sir : — Your letter of inquiry is received, and 
 would say in reply that we all enjoyed our November meet- 
 ing so well that we determined to ask Mr. Johnson to give 
 up the old way of conducting them, and let us try the 
 "class-meeting" method in its stead, which we had found 
 so practical and so really beneficial — for in that one after- 
 noon we had gathered a rich harvest of ideas that were 
 utterly unattainable in the old routine of statistics heretofore 
 pursued so unquestioningly; and we had been inspired with 
 a zeal for the work before unknown to us. A committee, 
 therefore, waited upon him, and after presenting some well 
 met objections, he consented to let matters take their course 
 for a time. So we came together for the December meeting 
 with a feeling of enthusiasm that was quite novel to some 
 of us. 
 
 Mr. Whipple was in the chair, and in a few well chosen 
 words he proposed the subject of Punishment as a nucleus 
 around which we might all gather, and said that he himself 
 had experienced some difficulty in solving the problem as to 
 whether we had any right to use the rod, but that he found 
 less and less occasion to use it every year he taught. 
 
WHIPPING. 15 
 
 Miss Wood was then called upon, and she confessed that 
 she had never yet attempted to administer corporal punish- 
 ment without fear of personal consequences to herself ! 
 It seemed quite easy to believe her, for although large 
 of stature and somewhat advanced in years, she has no 
 " presence ; " and I can readily believe that under her weak 
 administration the majesty of the law would suffer contempt. 
 Indeed, I am told by one of her assistants — she is Principal 
 of Grammar School No. 5 — that she actually has to '* play 
 tag " with any one whom she sees fit to call up for real or 
 supposed misdemeanors-, and when the culprit is finally 
 captured he ( Of course it is always a boy. Girls go scot 
 free for the same offense that in a boy would be deemed 
 unpardonable ! ) not infrequently defends himself ; nay, 
 more, sometimes even acting on the aggressive. Dignified } 
 No, I don't think so. I hardly believe she is capable of 
 inspiring any one with a wholesome degree of awe, nor do I 
 wonder that she is afraid to whip a pupil and trembles for 
 the consequences when she does it. 
 
 Mr. Smith was the next speaker, and he declared without 
 any hesitation that ** Whipping does no good anyway. It 
 does not last and doesn't mean anything while it does last." 
 Verily, in his hands it would not. He is second assistant 
 in Senior School No. 2, and his boys — yes, and girls too — 
 run right over him ; and in his hands a rod would be about as 
 effectual as rosewater in a revolution ! Why, only last week 
 his botany class — young ladies from fourteen to eighteen, 
 with a few boys sprinkled in — demanded half a day out, in 
 which to look up specimens; and when he ventured the 
 feeble remonstrance that it was " too early yet, in the season," 
 one of them cheerfully confided the fact that *' You might 
 
j5 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 as well say * Yes ' first as last, for we are all going to the 
 matinee this afternoon and the botany was only an excuse ! " 
 And they went without further parley ! Fancy him trying 
 to bring any one to time ! Some people are bold enough to 
 suggest that he ought to be discharged for his incompetency 
 (the very last thing in the world to discharge a teacher for), 
 but they are in blissful ignorance of the political chain 
 surrounding our school system here, of which he is an 
 important link. Somebody might lose a vote if he were 
 discharged, and so, perchance, lose an opportunity to feed 
 at the public crib ! You surely did not suppose we were 
 really hired from the sole standpoint of merit? Ah, no. 
 This is a progressive age, and that plan like other obsolete 
 customs is "more honored in the breach than in the observ- 
 ance." Some of us would not be retained very long if it 
 were otherwise, although very comfortable as it is, knowing 
 that the political influence of our friends will not be ignored. 
 
 Blessed be the ballot box, containing as it does the expres- 
 sion of every American voter's unbiased opinion ! Few, 
 indeed, among our number who are not indebted to it both 
 for position and salary. Long may it wave ! But I digress. 
 Let me find myself before I get too far lost. , 
 
 Miss Sigourney was the next speaker. Her reputation is 
 that of a rigorous disciplinarian. It is an unquestioned 
 axiom that " Force without justice is tyranny " — and judged 
 by this standard she is no less a tyrant of to-day, than was 
 Nero of old, except in degree, she never losing the grasp on 
 her whip nor an opportunity of using it. To be sure she 
 has an unruly set of pupils who sometimes break out into 
 open rebellion — but I'm not at all sure that she is not at 
 least in a measure responsible for it herself. Certainly, 
 
A RIGOROUS DISCIPLINARIAN, i^ 
 
 nothing can be more brutalizing in its effect than the con- 
 tinued sight and sound of retribution administered to those 
 who are powerless to help themselves, even when an actual 
 injustice is being shown — as must sometimes be the case 
 where the application is so frequent; and occasional mutiny- 
 may be looked for, where the teacher is at war with child- 
 nature. Of course she advocated the free use of Solomon's 
 ** Spare not," and that in terms not noted for any especial 
 tenderness.- There is cruelty in her mouth ; vindictiveness 
 in her eye; resolution in her tramp, and subjugation in her 
 entire manner. It is enough to stir up all the old Adam 
 there is in any one, simply to look at her. Perhaps the 
 hardness of her features may be traced to the rocky, sterile 
 soil of her early home ; but it is doubtless augmented by 
 her own daily practices which cannot but leave their marks. 
 She looks like a person that has missed the best part of life 
 
 — and has become calloused and fossilized by an experience 
 that would have made some natures only the more sweet 
 and womanly. 
 
 I was next called upon, and said with some trepidation 
 that ridicule and sarcasm were as good instruments as any I 
 had ever tried in the way of punishment. Miss Preston 
 was on the opposite side of the room, but her impatience to 
 speak was plainly visible ; even at that distance I could see 
 her eyes flash and her brows knit while waiting for her 
 turn to come, and then how perfectly regal she looked as 
 she denounced theory after theory ! When she reached the 
 climax I was fairly awed by her manner ! Would I could 
 give you the burning words just as they came from her lips 
 
 — but I can scarcely do even faint justice to the ideas that 
 must lose so much of their intensity in the printed page 
 
 3 
 
l8 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 and from whose freshness and originality so much is taken 
 by repetition. 
 
 " Some of you argue," said she, " against corporal punish- 
 ment because of its cruelty; but you advocate in its stead 
 raillery, ridicule, sarcasm, and contempt. You are afraid to 
 leave the marks of corporal punishment on the bodies of 
 your pupils ; but you do not hesitate to inflict on their souls 
 wounds that can never be healed by any poultice save that 
 of love and tenderness, and whose scars will last thro' life. 
 If corporal punishment is pronounced brutal and degrading, 
 what shall you say of mental punishment, which is so painful 
 to sensitive natures and deadening to stubborn ones } " 
 
 "Perhaps Miss Preston will favor us with some sugges- 
 tions," came from the Chair. 
 
 Miss Preston's Assistant. 
 
PUNISHMENT, •j 
 
 No. IV. 
 
 PUNISHMENT {Continued). 
 
 "Well, I do not believe entirely in the sugar plum system/ 
 she said ; " although I find but few who are not more easily 
 led than driven ; very few on whom kindness is thrown 
 away. But I do sometimes find two classes of troublesome 
 children : spoiled children, who have to be dealt with very 
 firmly, although in all kindness ; and neglected children, 
 those who have no good home influences — these require 
 gentler treatment, and in no case would I sneer at them. I 
 would be very careful even how I rallied them, or made 
 tools of their feelings for any purpose. A child's feelings 
 are too delicate for rough or frequent handling. Bulwer 
 touches upon this point when he says : * Our feelings, espe- 
 cially in youth, resemble that leaf which is described by 
 some old traveler as expanding itself to warmth ; but when 
 chilled, not only shrinking and closing but presenting to the 
 spectator thorns which had before lain concealed upon the 
 opposite side of it.' All punishment should depend, not 
 only upon the offense itself but also upon the character and 
 motive of the offender. We are too often ourselves to 
 blame for the perverseness and disobedience of our pupils, 
 by our lack of tact in administering censure when it becomes 
 necessary; by the uncalled for and unwise parade of our 
 suspicions, which frequently prove unjust; by the threats 
 
20 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 which we make and do not mean to put into execution, and 
 which we would not if we could ; by the futile attempt to 
 practice upon theories whose fundamental principles are not 
 understood, as well as our neglect of those that are seen to 
 be right, having been dictated with common sense for their 
 basis ; by our lack of self-control, without which no one of 
 us has any right to assume the control of others ; and by 
 sacrificing ends to means in general." 
 
 We were spell-bound. Not one of us but felt the truth of 
 her impressive home thrusts, and not one other that would 
 have dared venture to make the same remarks. 
 
 " How would you govern bad children, then ? " 
 
 "In two ways: Negatively — by not acting as though I 
 thought that total depravity was a foregone conclusion and 
 that I was elected to take vengeance for it ; positively — by 
 a firm belief in the possibility of reformation ; by striving 
 to aid its accomplishment through kindness, self respect, 
 and trust. Like the old man in the spelling book, I would 
 first try the effect of kind words ; these failing I would use 
 grass, and only as a last resort, stones." 
 
 " Then you would use corporal punishment occasionally ? " 
 (This from Miss Sigourney.) 
 
 "Yes — but only under the greatest restriction, and in a 
 rational way and amount ; generally in private, and but very 
 seldom immediately after the offense." 
 
 " Why ? Please give your reasons for the last twa 
 conditions." 
 
 "In private (unless the nature of the wrong requires 
 public reprimand) both because it is too humiliating to the 
 offender, and too hardening in its influence upon the rest. 
 Not immediately, because in nine cases out of ten the real 
 
RESTRICTIONS UPON CORPORAL PUNISHMENT, 21 
 
 reason we whip a child is because we lose our own temper, 
 and by waiting we may find it. I do not say we should 
 never be angry, for a righteous indignation is never out of 
 place, if directed against anything cruel, mean, or dishonest; 
 but if we wait a while, we shall see the extenuating circum- 
 stances, if there are any, and be more apt to administer 
 justice with less of personal feeling. The very best strategy 
 we can use in meeting any evil habit is to put in a good one 
 to counteract it. Still, there may be natures that can be 
 reached by nothing else so effectually as by a decent amount 
 of whipping ( only we must be too wise to be arbitrary or 
 despotic). J. G. Holland must have met with just such a 
 character before writing * Nicholas Minturn,' as he describes 
 in his inimitable way a boy of that class. The boy had 
 been educated in the streets, and the spiritual pabulum he 
 received in the Sunday School had been of the sickly, senti- 
 mental sort that had left him a complete bully, and a coward 
 as well — the one characteristic usually accompanying the 
 other. But it so happened that once upon a time he learned 
 that there is such a thing as a limit to human patience, and 
 the lesson was not lost. He had worried his Sunday School 
 teacher during the entire session and then followed her 
 home, snowballing her on the way. Reaching the front steps, 
 she turned around and smilingly invited him to *Come in.* 
 He was nothing loth, having experienced just such a sugar^ 
 and-water return for his brutality to others before; so, slyly 
 winking to a companion outside, and promising to divide 
 the expected spoil, he entered with her. She ushered him 
 into a luxuriously furnished parlor and bade him amuse 
 himself while she went up stairs to lay aside her hat and 
 cloak He did so and became so thoroughly engrossed in 
 
22 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 contemplation of the works of art and ornament before 
 him, as well as by his own sense of smartness in having once 
 more secured a premium for his abuse of kindness, that he 
 did not know she had returned until he felt his head drawn 
 back by the hair, held in a firm and unrelenting grasp by 
 the lily white fingers of one delicate hand of his teacher, 
 while she used the other, with some emphasis, on his face, 
 leaving a wholesome sting after every blow. He was too 
 much astonished to resent it, and when she dismissed him 
 with a few incisive words, he left her presence a changed 
 being in one respect, and her devoted champion ever after." 
 This brought the meeting to an end, as I must my letter, 
 which is already too long, and I have not mentioned one 
 word about the '* Museum " yet ! However, it will keep 
 until you again hear from 
 
 Miss Preston's Assistant. 
 
THE MUSEUM. aj 
 
 No. V. 
 
 THE MUSEUM. 
 
 Oldtown, N. Y., Aug. 1 8, 188-. 
 Mr. , State Supt. Public Instruction. 
 
 My Dear Sir : — Hoping that you can make use of this, 
 in your talks with teachers, I want to tell you about our 
 museum, for it certainly has been a wonderful "help" in 
 our school, and mayhap some other teacher knowing of it 
 may be persuaded to go and do likewise. 
 
 At the left of the hall as we enter our schoolroom is a 
 closet which has been used as a sort of storeroom from time 
 immemorial. Early in the fall term, while Miss Preston was 
 yet a stranger, practically, she requested one of the boys 
 to stay after school one night and help her. Now it so 
 happened ( or did she plan it for his benefit } ) that he was 
 one who, by his disobedient and unruly spirit, had given 
 her numerous predecessors much trouble, both by his own 
 conduct and by his evil influence over those who, if left to 
 themselves would be harmless, but who are always foremost 
 in a mob of any kind. So we were somewhat surprised at 
 her selection, although as yet none of us had any idea of 
 the nature or amount of help required by our principal, for 
 
 Miss Preston is one of those rare wom spirits, I mean, 
 
 who do not publish all their plans, even to their " dear five 
 hundred " friends. 
 
24 PRESTON PAPERS, 
 
 However, we were rather indifferent, for up to this time we 
 subordinates had not felt any particular ** kinship of soul " 
 for the young stranger who had been given one of the best 
 positions in the city — and that, too, right over the heads of so 
 many of us who were older and whose years of faithful toil 
 were thereby completely ignored; and we were not going to 
 be surprised if she did spring a wasps' nest ; nor would we 
 offer one friendly suggestion to pre\ent any catastrophe 
 which our peculiar talents for forecasting trouble had shown 
 would be inevitable. All that we were waiting for was the 
 opportunity to say calmly, but with none the less triumph : 
 '* I told you so ! " (I may as well add, right here, that the 
 golden opportunity never came, and we are now somewhat 
 abashed to think we ever wished for it.) 
 
 But I am getting too far from that closet, which surprised 
 us the next morning by its complete transformation. The 
 blinds, heretofore closed, were now open ; the window had 
 been cleaned and was shaded by a pretty, although inex- 
 pensive, lambrequin of blue and gray cretonne; the shelves 
 were also clean and covered with blue paper of the same 
 shade as the lambrequin. The old brooms, kindling wood, 
 coal scuttle, dust pan, waste paper, etc., that had always held 
 undisputed possession of the floor, were nowhere visible. 
 History has since revealed the fact — through the lips of the 
 janitor — that they were banished to the furnace basement. 
 
 Miss Preston had not arrived when I entered the school- 
 room, but James Moore soon came in ( He always used to be 
 " Jimmed," but Miss Preston never calls any of the pupils 
 by any other than their proper names. She says it is not 
 courteous, nor respectful to the wish of those who gave them 
 the name, and that it has a tendency to lower the tone of a 
 
NICKNAMES— MUSEUM INTRODUCED, 25 
 
 child's morals by lessening its self-respect; and gradually 
 we have left off substituting " Maggie, Matie, Sammy, Tom, 
 Dick, and Harry," for Margaret, Mary, Samuel, Thomas, 
 Richard, and Henry); and then the questions plied loudly 
 and rapidly. At first he evaded them, but when Agatha 
 Breese said in her contemptuous way : " If you were much 
 of a gentleman you would not treat a lady's questions in 
 this way ; " he straightened himself up and said, with more 
 manliness and force of character than I ever saw him exhibit 
 before : 
 
 " I am too much of a gentleman to betray anybody's con- 
 fidence. Miss Preston did not consider it necessary to ask 
 me not to tell her plans ; and as she trusted me, I mean to 
 show myself worthy of it ; " and such is the power of one 
 strong will in a crowd that not another question was asked, 
 although such exclamations as "I wonder," "I guess," and 
 " I hope," were numerous. 
 
 We had not long to wait, however, for just before recess 
 that day she struck the signal for ** Order," and then said: 
 
 " My dear pupils, I have a plan in which I hope you will 
 be interested, as it may become a source of much pleasure 
 as well as profit. You doubtless see and hear of many 
 things, every day, both in nature and art, which you do not 
 fully understand, some, perhaps, of which you know nothing; 
 and I propose to make use of our closet as a cabinet 01 
 museum, to hold such specimens as you may collect from 
 time to time for study and classification. We will have 
 each article properly labeled and catalogued with as full a 
 description as we can obtain. I have provided a large 
 blank book for that purpose and mean to divide the work 
 of keeping the entries amjng those of you who wish. As 
 
26 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 a beginning I have brought, for contribution, a few things 
 which you are at liberty to examine and talk about during 
 recess." 
 
 So saying she placed on her desk a piece of coral, a stick 
 of sealing wax, some cotton seeds, and a pod containing a 
 small quantity of cotton, a chromo, some steel filings, a 
 whale's tooth, some silver ore, a slate pencil, and a piece of 
 mahogany. 
 
 The " Museum," as a matter of course, became the chief 
 topic of conversation from that moment, and when the 
 pupils returned after the noon intermission, they were laden 
 with specimens for it from things common and familiar, and 
 some that were not as well known. Intelligent thought was 
 awakened, and the pupils thought, talked, and read, to some 
 purpose. Spare moments have been spent by all of us in a 
 diligent search for information in dictionaries, cyclopaedias, 
 works of natural history, the sciences, etc., and now the 
 collection has become a large and really valuable as well as 
 interesting one, having had several contributions from those 
 outside of the school, who had become interested by seeing 
 or hearing of it. 
 
 And the Museum has helped govern our school, providing 
 occupation for the mind and body, filling up time that might 
 have been spent in idleness or in plotting mischief, and 
 finally by knitting together in warm friendship the hearts of 
 pupil and teacher, those who, alas ! too often stand in the 
 lamentable position of antagonists. Think you the child 
 who is called upon to assist or allowed in any way to partici- 
 pate in things of this kind will betray the confidence of the 
 teacher whose love and wisdom originated it ? I tell you 
 " Nay." There is no such thing as total depravity. 
 
EFFECTS OF THE MUSEUM. 
 
 a; 
 
 "But does it pay?" I heard Miss Wood ask of Miss 
 Preston last spring. ** You are looking worn and thin, and 
 all this extra work seems to me like giving * too many oats 
 for a shilling ; * it will never be appreciated outside of your 
 pupils — doubtful if even they do so before they are forty; 
 and the trustees will never make the humane discovery that 
 you are working beyond your strength, ds well as beyond 
 your salary." 
 
 Tears actually stood in Miss Preston's eyes as she replied 
 softly: "Yes, it pays a thousand-fold, if by this means even 
 one child is brought into closer communion with Nature, 
 and led to a higher conception of the Infinite Wisdom that 
 planned and created it for our use and enjoyment. As for 
 myself, // is my work. I love it and have chosen it — because 
 I love it — in preference to everything else; and anything 
 that I can do to promote the welfare of my school is not too 
 dear, even at the expense of some of my time and strength 
 beyond the six hours per diem for which I am legally 
 responsible." 
 
 And right here I must add, in justice to the above-men- 
 tioned gentlemen, the trustees, that at their July meeting, 
 they, voluntarily and without a hint from any one, increased 
 Miss Preston's salary for the coming year, making it nine 
 hundred instead of seven hundred dollars. Verily, all trus- 
 tees are not deaf as well as blind, nor are all their hearts 
 ossified ! ( Teachers will please make a note of this discov- 
 ery. Editor.) 
 
 But I must tell you ** how " and then close. Our closet 
 is eminently suitable for the purpose, having a window at 
 one end, a door at the other, and shelves on either side 
 with cupboards beneath them. Pasteboard of different 
 
28 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 colors has been used for cutting out letters to designate the 
 animal, vegetable, and mineral kingdoms, and the specimens 
 are grouped accordingly, numbered, and the corresponding 
 number placed in the catalogue, together with the date of 
 entry, name of the contributor, and as complete a descrip- 
 tion as can be obtained. Many of the children have note 
 books, in which they write about anything that specially 
 pleases or interests them, and thus the foundation is laid 
 for many a composition — which, by the way, Miss Preston 
 succeeds in getting from all her pupils without any of the 
 usual " scuffles " over it. 
 
 Yours Truly, 
 
 Miss Preston's Assistant. 
 
THE SCHOOLROOM. 29 
 
 No. VI. 
 
 RESPONSIBILITY. 
 
 Oldtown, N. Y., Sept. 29, 188-. 
 Mr. , Supt. Public Instruction. 
 
 My Very Dear Sir : — Miss Preston always seems to have 
 an idea that the schoolroom should be made and kept not 
 only clean and comfortable but pleasant ; and her innova- 
 tions in this direction have been simply wonderful — at the 
 same time they have been so wonderfully simple that they 
 may be brought about by any teacher who will act upon 
 Mrs. Chick's advice to Mrs. Dombey, and " Make an effort, 
 Louisa ! " 
 
 So far as I personally am concerned I do not believe 
 it essential to correct parsing that every atom of dirt be 
 rendered invisible; nor can I see any relation between apple 
 cores and paper wads on the floor and ceiling and idleness, 
 whispering, mischief, and unlearned lessons. But then, I'm 
 no logician, and Miss Preston is, and when she begins to 
 reason about cause and effect, and to bring tangible and 
 incontrovertible proof to substantiate her argument, I am 
 obliged to acquiesce — or seem to, at least. "A man con- 
 vinced against his will," etc. 
 
 Nearly a year ago I was much surprised to hear Miss 
 Preston tell Mr. Johnson that she wanted some new curtains, 
 a thermometer, and a waste paper basket for her schoolroom. 
 
3© PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 He opened his eyes, rather at the character than at the 
 number of her requests, then blandly informed her that he'd 
 refer her items to the "committee on incidentals" — and 
 would you believe it ? In less than a week she had all three ! 
 They called a special meeting to consider her wants, and 
 cited her to appear and state her reasons for the same. 
 
 " Curtains ! " said Mr. Seeley, " are there no blinds to 
 your windows?" 
 
 " Yes, sir. But when they are open the light is so strong 
 as to be dazzling ; and when closed, they not only make the 
 room too dark, but they also hinder ventilation. I have 
 observed that many of the older pupils are near-sighted; and 
 I wish them to have as good light as is possible, for I believe 
 that much of this trouble is due to the poor or insufficient 
 light at school. Many, too, show indications of catarrh and 
 lung trouble, and these are always aggravated by impure 
 air. I find the sunlight a very necessary auxiliary in keep- 
 ing the children well and cheerful while at their work ; but 
 at times it needs to be somewhat moderated in its intensity, 
 and this is best done by means of a light cloth shade that 
 will not exclude the light." 
 
 After a short whispered conversation they voted a unani- 
 mous ** Aye " to that request. 
 
 " But what in the world do you want of a thermometer ? " 
 
 Without showing the least annoyance she explained that 
 also : 
 
 " As my duties keep me on my feet and give me more or 
 less exercise, I am not the best judge of the temperature 
 proper for those who are sitting and whose circulation is 
 therefore imperfect. That hinders digestion, causing head- 
 ache, etc. We do not expect a chain to support a greater 
 
CLEANLINESS— HEAL TH— HABITS. 
 
 31 
 
 weight than will its weakest link; and when a child's 
 physique is dwarfed, stunted, or weakened, we need not 
 look for activity of brain." 
 
 That argument proved a clincher, and when Mr. Hol- 
 brook reported favorably on that matter, he suggested 
 mischievously : 
 
 ** I suppose you have some sanitary reason for wishing a 
 waste paper basket, too, or is it merely a moral one ? " 
 
 "Both," she replied promptly. "Cleanliness is not only 
 'next to godliness,' but is also one of the first and best 
 means of preserving health. Consistency would prevent 
 me from insisting on personal neatness among my pupils, 
 if my floor were allowed to become untidy. Besides, the 
 habits of childhood and youth go with us through life, and 
 a teacher has a grave responsibility in helping form those 
 habits." 
 
 She had scarcely finished when Mr. Russell, as chairman 
 of the committee, exclaimed : 
 
 " You shall have the basket. Miss Preston, and the curtains, 
 and the thermometer, or anything else you want for your 
 school while I have a dollar in my purse. If we have finally 
 found a teacher who will really show some interest in the 
 pupils beyond a salaried or text-book interest, we will stand 
 by her to a unit." 
 
 He sat down and Miss Preston spoke again : 
 
 "Teachers are not always so indifferent as they seem; but 
 they are sometimes in error as to where the duties of parents 
 leave off and their own begin. They do not want to seem 
 officious, and if Edward comes to school with unwashed 
 face and uncombed hair, they are diffident about speaking 
 of it, for fear of hurting some sensitive mother's feelings — 
 
32 PRESTON PAPERS, 
 
 forgetful, mayhap, that Edward's mother has a family of 
 several to look after and that, in the multiplicity of duties 
 incumbent upon her, she almost necessarily neglected to 
 look out for Edward's finger nails, teeth, etc., but who at 
 the same time would be glad to know that her little boy 
 was receiving a proper education upon this subject, as well 
 as upon the boundaries, capital, and government of his 
 country." 
 
 "True, Miss Preston. And yet our experience has led us 
 to believe that as a rule teachers think their duties ended 
 with the lessons in the text books, forgetting that the great 
 lessons of life are not found therein. They are ' hired ' at 
 so much per annum, so many hours per diem, and for such 
 and such purposes. These conditions fulfilled to the letter, 
 they have no further interest in the young immortals com- 
 mitted to their care, and to whom they stand in loco parentis.'' 
 
 " Now I do not think you do us justice as a class, although 
 I am aware that some enter the profession without any 
 appreciation of the responsibilities or opportunities for good 
 that are theirs. But is this not true in every walk of life ? 
 Does every physician realize that he may be a home mission- 
 ary ? Will every lawyer plead only on the side of justice ? 
 Does every editor use his voice and pen only for right ? 
 There are laborers and shirks in every vineyard ; and of 
 course, our calling is not an exception." 
 
 Well — since then our schoolroom has been literally trans- 
 formed by pictures, brackets, plants, and a careful janitor. 
 And yet there was no friction about it. It came about in the 
 most natural way imaginable. Miss Preston one morning 
 brought a jar containing a pink primrose in blossom, and 
 put it on the window stool. After school one of the girls 
 
RESULTS ACCOMPLISHED. 33 
 
 &3ked if she might water it, and on receiving pemii- ion, 
 said: 
 
 ** If you'd like a Madeira vine to train around this south 
 window, I'll bring you one in the morning." 
 
 And she did. Then some one brought a fuchsia, another 
 a geranium ; and so the leaven worked until every window 
 was made beautiful with the " Green things growing " of 
 which dear Dinah Muloch sings. 
 
 Later she brought a dozen illuminated mottoes, and hung 
 them on the walls; then came a picture from one of the boys, 
 tendered half shyly ** to help " as he said. Others followed, 
 lending what they had not permission to give. And the 
 contents of the waste paper basket were stored in the base- 
 ment in barrels, and at the end of the term sold to buy more 
 pictures ! Economy and aesthetics, all by means of a fifty 
 cent basket ! 
 
 What is the effect of all this ? 
 
 No truancy for one thing. One lady tells about her boy of 
 twelve years crying because his father kept him out of school 
 during the busy week preceding the holidays, to help in his 
 store. 
 
 Good lessons and learned without urging is another result. 
 The children hunger and thirst to know. 
 
 And a strong, warm bond of friendship between teacher 
 and pupil is another result. "Governing" is easy, and the 
 whole machinery moves without a jog. 
 
 I meant to tell you about her daily " Five Minute Lec- 
 tures " on etiquette, current news, science, books, etc., but 
 can not now. 
 
 Yours Truly, 
 
 Miss Preston's Assistant. 
 
34 
 
 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 No. VII. 
 
 GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Oldtown, N. Y., Oct. 13, 188- 
 
 Mr. — , State Supt. Public Instruction. 
 
 My Dear Sir: — Of a truth '* great minds run in the same 
 channel," for the subject under discussion at our Teachers* 
 Meeting in September was that of Geography, and behold, 
 when I received your last favor it contained the call for our 
 experience on that topic. I had been wishing for an excuse 
 to give you, in epitome, Miss Preston's ideas on that very 
 subject, and now believe that the excuse is no longer lacking. 
 
 The teachers in the primary grade were first called upon, 
 then the junior, intermediate, senior and grammar school 
 teachers — for geography is taught on each separate round 
 of the ladder, not excepting the High School. Miss Preston 
 had charge of the meeting that day, and consequently said 
 nothing, as one after another arose to give his or her experi- 
 ence — for that is how our conferences are being conducted 
 now — nor did she take any part in the " free parliament " 
 which follows each one's speech, essay or paper. By request 
 of Mr. Johnson, however, she came in beautifully on the 
 ** Amen " end of the question, somewhat as follows : 
 Fellow Teachers: 
 
 It has always seemed to me that too much time is spent 
 in teaching geography. We begin it in the Primary Depart- 
 
ffOW TO TEACH IT. 35 
 
 ment and continue it throughout the entire graduating 
 course, increasing the dose each year, "according to the 
 age of the patient," as the medical prescriptions read, until 
 by the time the boy or girl is ready for the High School, he 
 or she has consumed many hours in swallowing geography 
 that should have been given to something else. 
 
 Again ; it is made of too much importance. Geography 
 might be easily taught as an incidental, which is all it is. 
 In teaching history the places referred to should be looked 
 up and as much as possible learned from maps, cyclopaedias, 
 etc., by the pupils. This knowledge should be supple- 
 mented by the teacher — every teacher being a complete 
 storehouse of geographical as well as other knowledge — 
 and questions asked that will elicit what they have learned. 
 So in reading. If the reading lesson refers to any country 
 or product or people, or to any natural or political division 
 of land or water, the lesson should not be considered ** fin- 
 ished " merely because well read, and the definitions — 
 usually *• blind leaders of the blind " — promptly given ; but 
 a careful description should be given by the teacher who 
 should call for a written or oral report of the same next day 
 by the class. Geography, as a secondary matter, may be 
 combined with many other studies, and successfully taught 
 and learned with comparatively little waste of time. 
 
 Again; there is too much "book geography" and too 
 little real. There are too many verbatim recitations required 
 about things but half understood. I visited a summer 
 school during my last vacation, where the first class that 
 recited after my entrance was one in geography — eleven 
 little boys and girls who answered, glibly and perfectly, 
 about the products and exports of Brazil, and who correctly 
 
36 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 gave the boundaries and capital cities of nearly every South 
 American division. 
 
 Evidently the teacher was very proud of the parrot-like 
 recitations, for she turned to me with glowing cheeks and 
 flashing eyes, inquiring if I did not " think they do pretty 
 well for so young children ? " " I do not remember that 
 they have varied by a hair's breadth from the text," I replied. 
 ** Nor would they if you were to begin at the first page and 
 question them up to where they are now studying," she 
 replied proudly. 
 
 I was horrified! Cramming a child's memory with words 
 which he does not understand, facts which are beyond his 
 comprehension, and dates and figures that have no meaning 
 in them except as so much mental torture for nothing ! 
 
 "Try it," she urged, "ask anything you like." 
 
 I shrank instinctively for I knew that the result would be 
 confusing to the pupils and embarrassing to her, if I stepped 
 ever so slightly from the path of rote work. She persisted, 
 and I turned in despair to a thin faced, white haired little 
 boy whose bright eyes and quick, nervous movement had first 
 attracted my attention, and later, whose prompt, decisive 
 replies had called out an encomium from his — shall I say 
 it.? — injudicious teacher. 
 
 " You are the little boy who recited about the products of 
 Brazil," said I, "now can you tell me what you mean by 
 * products ? ' " 
 
 He began an enumeration of the products again, but I 
 said ; 
 
 " No ; you do not understand me, I think. When you 
 speak of * products * what do you mean ? " 
 
 ** Those are the products I just told you," he reaffirmed. 
 
MISS PRESTON*S PLAN. 37 
 
 " Yes, that is true ; but if I ask you to tell me what the 
 word means, will you explain it to me ? Play that I am a 
 little girl and do not know anything about that big word. 
 Can you help me understand it ? " 
 
 He was silent, but smiled faintly at the idea of playing 
 anything in school. Presently a little hand went up on the 
 seat next to his, and I said to the little girl who raised it : 
 
 " Perhaps Julia will tell me ? " 
 
 "Please, ma'am, the products is the answer we get by 
 multiplying in our arithmetics," was the timid response, and 
 a look of uncertain triumph at Henry. 
 
 I did not despair — but is it not pitiful that teachers do 
 not make things more real to their pupils } Page after page 
 is memorized mechanically — and is of no use. I have my 
 doubts about giving children a text book at all for this 
 study ; certainly not until they are old enough to appreciate 
 the reason why the Mississippi River flows into the Gulf of 
 Mexico, as well as the fact that it is so. 
 
 " What, then, is your plan 1 " inquired Miss Sigourney. 
 
 "Well, I would have maps and charts on the wall for 
 ready reference in each department. I would have books 
 of history, travel and description from which I would give 
 them 'bits' of geographical instruction. I would have 
 scrap books filled with pictures of places and people, and 
 newspaper items of important information about different 
 lands. I would have boxes of photographs and stereo- 
 scopic views of as many cities, noted places, etc., as I could 
 gather. I would teach by map drawing ; by comparing one 
 country with another, the past with the present, etc., never 
 omitting to find and give the reason for the barrenness, fer- 
 tility, heat, cold, productions and general expression of any 
 
38 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 place mentioned or referred to in each lesson of each class. 
 I would once in a while substitute a * talk ' about the civ- 
 ilized countries of this century for some other lesson. 
 Another time it might be the discoveries ; and again — if 
 the pupils were old enough to take it in — the governments. 
 In this way they may not learn the name of every unimpor- 
 tant city, town and village of every European or Asiatic 
 state, and they may not be able to pronounce every difiScult 
 Russian name ; but they will be able to give a reason for 
 the difference in character, civilization and progress when 
 there is a difference in the natural conditions. They may 
 not learn to * bound * every State in our own country to a 
 nicety, but they will be able without any trouble to tell why 
 the Eastern States were settled first ; why the climate varies 
 in different sections and how it affects the inhabitants ; and 
 they will have had time to learn how to care for their own 
 bodies, as well as brains, which is more than they do now ; 
 at least I suppose the universal plea * want of time ' is the 
 only reason we, as teachers, do not more frequently give 
 practical lessons in diet, dress, bathing, exercise, etc., to our 
 pupils. While they are young there is too much geography 
 to leave time for such specific instruction, and as they 
 become older it is a smattering of a dozen different sciences 
 that prevents the same thing ; and as a consequence we 
 send out * the halt, the maimed and the blind ' with a mem- 
 ory crammed with dates and facts concerning things of no 
 practical value in their after every-day life, and a blissful 
 (wicked) ignorance of the laws that govern their own 
 being." 
 
 What enthusiasm followed ! Honestly, I don't believe 
 that one of us had ever once thought we were wasting time 
 
TIME WASTED. 
 
 39 
 
 that did not belong tc us by compelling the memorizing of 
 whole pages of book after book — for as Miss Preston says 
 " There are from three to six books in each series, and the 
 young child is given the first book — learns it; — then gets 
 another containing the same thing elaborated — learns it; 
 then gets another and so continues term after term.** 
 
 Well, I ask you, in all sincerity, and earnestly hope for a 
 satisfactory answer : what is the use of all this minutiae ? 
 Would fewer details and more general information be bet- 
 ter? Would parents appreciate the difference in expense, 
 and "take stock" in the utility of substituting home train- 
 ing for half the usual amount of time devoted to geography 
 — or would they feel that Johnnie was being neglected by 
 his teacher if he came home some night, eager to impart his 
 newly acquired information that " I must not take my coat 
 off after running or getting real warm, for my pores are all 
 open then, and I would take cold" — even if he had not 
 learned how many square miles there are in England — or 
 some other place ( without any definite idea of what a square 
 mile is) or the height of some distant mountain, or the 
 length of some unnavigable river ? 
 Yours Truly, 
 
 Miss Preston's Assistant, 
 
40 
 
 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 Na VIII. 
 
 TEACHERS' EXAMINATIONS. 
 
 Oldtown, N. Y., Nov. 15, 188-. 
 
 Mr. , State Supt. etc. 
 
 My Dear Sir : — In these days we are looking forward to 
 our teachers* meetings with feelings entirely different from 
 those we used to experience. We are now sure of learning 
 something that will be a help in our daily work, and no more 
 time is wasted on dull statistics, nor on flights of rhetoric 
 as useless as they are brilliant. I will tell you how another 
 wonder has been accomplished by Miss Preston. I refer to 
 the change effected in our annual examinations — teachers' 
 examinations, I mean. 
 
 It is not within the memory of the deponent when it hath 
 not been the custom to " toot the horn " — that is, to give 
 notice per daily paper — for the assembling of the teachers 
 in the Town Hall for examination. Mr. Johnson is the 
 conductor, and the members of the '* Board " sit apart on 
 the stage, grand and silent witnesses of the erudition of our 
 learned Superintendent. To them he is the very embod- 
 iment of knowledge, and I verily believe that at times he 
 himself wonders — not that he knows so little, but how " one 
 head can contain it all ! " 
 
 Miss Preston came once last year, but " fired up " when 
 Mr. Johnson handed her papers back to her marked " 99i," 
 and asked very calmly * 
 
DEFECTS OP THE OLD WAY, 41 
 
 " How often is this required of us ? " 
 
 " Only once a year," he replied. 
 
 " And what is its object ? " she pursued. 
 
 "Why — why — it is a provision of the Board, for the 
 purpose of seeing that all who have been appointed are 
 qualified for their positions." 
 
 "But how does this show whether they are or are not 
 qualified ? " 
 
 "Why, all who fall below the average standard of 75 per 
 cent are dismissed, and those who reach it are retained." 
 
 " Who prepares the questions ? " 
 
 "/ do," said he testily, yet pompously; "are they not all 
 right.?" 
 
 " O, yes, certainly. They seem admirably adapted for the 
 puzzle column of a variety newspaper, or as a basis for the 
 game of Twenty Questions.' " 
 
 " What do you mean, Miss Preston ? Please explain your 
 criticism." 
 
 " Simply this, then. The questions are not practical, are 
 irrelevant and, as a rule, have no bearing on our daily work, 
 either in theory or practice ; and hence they cannot be a 
 criterion by which to judge of personal qualification ; and 
 by adopting it you not only lose some good teachers, but 
 must also retain some that are good for nothing but to 
 repeat dates, facts and figures in a machine-like way, as a 
 phonograph or a well drilled parrot may do." 
 
 " For instance ? " 
 
 " Well, for instance : you ask us to name the sovereigns of 
 England chronologically. Good. This we should be able 
 to do , but suppose that in the rush of earnest strife to learn 
 the best methods of meeting the wants of our classes, that 
 
42 PRESTON PAPERS, 
 
 item of history has been buried under the accumulation of 
 things more important. Will its loss prevent us from 
 explaining the use of capital letters and the decimal point, 
 or will its possession be of any use in seeing that our school 
 room is properly heated and ventilated ? 
 
 Again ; you call our attention to historical characters 
 whose ashes long since helped fertilize the earth and vitiate 
 the air, but you ignore the great topics of our own time and 
 our own Government You call for Latin declensions, and 
 do not ask by what methods we are seeking to teach the 
 Queen's English to those who must use it hundreds of times 
 where they will use Latin once. You do not ask how, as 
 individuals, we teach one topic, nor by what means we pro- 
 mote the personal interests of our pupils. 
 
 What difference will it make to our Board of Education 
 though I can solve every problem in Euclid, and yet have 
 no solution of the greater one: *How can I best govern 
 that headstrong boy of twelve, or that impertinent miss of 
 fourteen?* Would not a more complete demonstration of 
 my fitness for my special position be shown if I am called 
 upon to specify the needs of my own school, and asked to 
 prove that I could adapt myself to their supply, rather than 
 by a mechanical repetition of Kepler's Three Laws, or by a 
 familiar acquaintance with the most abstruse topic in men- 
 tal philosophy? We are dealing with boys and girls, the 
 every day material whose product is men and women. The 
 minds we seek to educate, to guide, are immature, unformed 
 — not to be treated like that of a profound scientist or well 
 drilled philosopher." 
 
 " Possibly you can suggest a better plan. Let me hear 
 you." 
 
THE BEST METHOD. 43 
 
 " In the first place, then, a conscientious teacher needs no 
 such stimulus to keep pace with the times. Her school, 
 with its great and varied needs, will be uppermost in her 
 thoughts, and her powers will be concentrated in the con- 
 stant effort to do her entire duty by it. All other occupa- 
 tions, aims and ambitions will be of secondary importance 
 and made subservient to it. 
 
 Second, a visit to the school is the best examination patron, 
 trustee, or superintendent can give a teacher. There the 
 work will speak for itself, and by that alone should a teacher 
 be commended or condemned. And again; if there must be 
 examinations, let them be confined almost exclusively to the 
 work before us." 
 
 "Why, that would involve an examination of teachers 
 from each grade separately." 
 
 "Certainly; why not? Professor Lowell is teaching 
 mathematics only, and that to young men and women of 
 mature minds. His examination should be far different 
 from that of my assistant here, who is dealing with child- 
 hood and elementary studies. Radicals, Cube Root and 
 the Metric System have positively no business in her depart- 
 ment ; so why not let her devote all her time and energy to 
 bringing her own work to perfection } If we want the latest 
 publications we do not look for them in a hardware store, 
 nor do we visit a lawyer's office to see the newest fashion 
 plates. We are more consistent in nearly everything per- 
 taining to our every day life than in that which concerns 
 our schools and teachers." 
 
 She is too much for him every time, and I guess she's 
 right generally, although at first I had my doubts. But our 
 " civil service reform " has begun in earnest, and now we 
 
44 PRESTON PAPERS, 
 
 are having better evidence of the eternal fitness of each 
 teacher for his or her special department. No senseless 
 cramming, in view of the much dreaded examination on 
 topics entirely foreign to our work, but study — healthy- 
 study — to adapt the means at hand to the end in view, and 
 more thoughtful, earnest work among us all. 
 
 Perfection is not yet attained. There is still too much 
 machine work, putting the pupils at the upper end of an 
 inclined plane, giving a push and setting them going ; but, 
 Mr. Superintendent, we are trying, we do care and are hop- 
 ing for good results from our united efforts. 
 
 More anon from 
 
 Yours Very Truly, 
 
 Miss Preston's Assistant. 
 
REASONS FOR, 45 
 
 No. IX 
 
 PRIZE GIVING. 
 
 Oldtown, N. Y.. Dec. 20, 1^6-. 
 
 Mr. , Supt., etc. 
 
 My Dear St'r: — V/e had long ago decided to give up out 
 November meeting to the discussion of prize giving, and 
 we did so to our mutual profit. Mr Johnson occupied the 
 chair, and we each spoke as the spirit moved us. Miss Wells 
 threw down the gauntlet by rising and saying with a flash : 
 
 " I believe in giving prizes, because it stimulates the chil- 
 dren to do their very best, and renders urging unnecessary. 
 Then, too, it gives the school something to work for." 
 
 "I am not so sure," said Miss Preston, "that the reasons 
 you urge in its favor are not the very ones why it is injuri- 
 ous. It ^oes stimulate the children, surely; that is, a certain 
 portion of them; others it discourages, perhaps the very 
 ones, too, who need the most encouragement but who^ are 
 disheartened from the outset by the idea that a prize is to 
 be given; only one or two can get it, and there are dozens 
 in school who are more likely than themselves to merit it, 
 and therefore there is no use in their trying. And by calling 
 it 'giving the school something to work for,' we dress in very 
 pretty words a painful fact ; for, in nine cases out of ten, 
 the prize itself becomes the object for which they strive, 
 forgetful of better purposes." 
 
46 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 Mr. Lowell arose as Miss Preston resumed her seat, and 
 said: 
 
 "I am surprised. I supposed Miss Preston was a firm 
 believer in the doctrine of rewards and punishments. I 
 have heard her argue something fully as orthodox in princi- 
 ple as prize giving. I adhere to it, because it is less trouble 
 than to manage any other way. I offer the prize, on such 
 and such conditions, and have no further responsibility as 
 to who wins or loses. It is their own lookout." 
 
 "Yes," said Miss Preston indignantly; "we are always 
 ready to shirk our responsibilities, even in so comparatively 
 small matters as this. But can we .5* Will we not be held 
 responsible, in a measure at least, for the feelings of envy, 
 discontent, and discord that are fostered and cultivated by 
 our action in this ? I do believe in judicious rewards and 
 punishments, but not in indiscriminate ones, I would not 
 hold out to a school as an inducement to do well any thing 
 that could not be shared by all." 
 
 Mr. Johnson began to look interested. " How then would 
 you manage? You could not very well give prizes to all. 
 Your salary would be insufficient." 
 
 Miss Preston laughed. " I am not afraid of going to the 
 poor-house, because of the little I might spend in giving 
 my school a simple pleasure; and ways enough will suggest 
 themselves to every teacher whose heart is in the work." 
 
 "Please be specific. Miss Preston," said Miss Wood, "for 
 I have been in the habit of giving prizes every year, and 
 have become somewhat dissatisfied with the general results. 
 If there is any better way I want it." 
 
 "Any way seems * better* to me than one which draws 
 comparisons, however indirectly, as this method does. It has 
 
HOW PRIZES ARE WON. ^y 
 
 the effect of making the successful (if I may use that adjec- 
 tive in this connection) child vain of its own attainments, by 
 being the recipient not only of the prize but of the remarks 
 and notice which follow — and as a rule a prize winner 
 becomes self-satisfied and self-sufficient to such a degree 
 as almost to preclude better influences, even sometimes 
 causing a cessation from further effort ; and the others are 
 needlessly made jealous of the successful child or painfully 
 morbid concerning their own stupidity, when in fact they 
 may not be nearly as dull as the one who received the prize; 
 or when, as happens in many instances, those who do not get 
 the reward only lose it because they are more conscientious. 
 For instance : I offer a prize to my arithmetic class, to be 
 given to the one who has the most perfect lessons. Fanny 
 is glib, and has a memory which assists in perfect recita- 
 tions, together with an easy conscience which permits her 
 to answer * Perfect ' at roll call if she has not missed any 
 question, although she knew that she would miss if certain 
 other questions had been asked. George, in the same class 
 is somewhat slow of speech, perhaps slow to understand, 
 but industrious and faithful. Then too, * perfect ' has a 
 fullness of meaning for him that has never entered into the 
 heart of Fanny ; and, although he has spent more real 
 work on the lesson than she, he is too conscientious to say 
 * Perfect * even if ne has answered every question that was 
 given him. He is not content, with his superficial knowl- 
 edge of the lesson, to call it perfect, even for the sake of the 
 prize which he must see pass into the hands of one whom he 
 knows is no more deserving than himself." 
 
 " You do not think, then, that a teacher will gain the love 
 of his pupils in this way ? " queried Mr. Johnson. 
 
48 
 
 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 "Certainly not. Do you necessarily love the one who 
 pays what is justly your due ? By no means. If you make 
 a coat or boots, a chair or machine for a person, you earn 
 your pay ; but it does not follow that you have any affection 
 for the one who offers so much for so much. So children 
 who get prizes receive them as their honest due, if hon- 
 estly gained; and the giver has little or no place in their 
 consideration. 
 
 Besides, I do not think it wise to inculcate a belief that 
 a child should be paid for doing his best. It lowers the 
 standard of * Right for right's sake,' and gives the impression 
 that right is the exception, wrong the rule." 
 
 " And what would you offer in place of prize giving ? " 
 
 ** Free communion and association between teachers and 
 pupils. I would gain their love and sympathy by entering 
 into their duties and pastimes outside of school. I would 
 show myself their friend, by my interest in their individual 
 selves, not only at school during study hours and in their 
 classes ; but on the play-ground, at recess, at home, on the 
 street, everywhere^ 
 
 Much more was said, pro and con, but I shall leave it to 
 report some other time, for I want to tell you how Miss 
 Preston manages, as she is too modest to even speak of her 
 own peculiar methods, even in our Association. She doesnt 
 give prizes, but she does give pleasure j pleasures that fall 
 " alike upon the just and unjust " and forever prevent any 
 criticism for showing partiality. The only distinction she 
 ever makes is to give special attention to the poor, the 
 repulsive, the most disagreeable ones — those who are the 
 most friendless, by reason of their condition or conduct. 
 But how ? Well, for instance, last year there was an unusual 
 
CHRISTMAS PLANS. 49 
 
 number of poor children in our ward, which is largely settled 
 by a foreign population — many of them day laborers, and 
 some of them even worse than that, having no steady em- 
 ployment, and sotne miserable drunkards. As the holidays 
 approached and we were all busy talking over our plans for 
 Christmas, Miss Preston said to me one day ; " I would like 
 to do something for my school for Christmas. Many of 
 them will not have a thing to make the day memorable; and 
 some of them I'm afraid will suffer from cold and hunger." 
 
 "What is your plan? I'd like to help" — for by that 
 time I had begun to appreciate her and to care more for 
 my classes. 
 
 ** Come home with me to-night," said she, " and we wid 
 talk it over." I did. On the way she stopped at a confec- 
 tioner's and ordered twenty-five pounds of candy, assorted, 
 pure, and of the best quality. Next she bought a large 
 basket of corn to pop and she engaged a big boy whom she 
 saw on one of the street corners to do the work for her. 
 After tea, I helped her put the candy into white paper cor- 
 nucopias, which we rolled up; seventy-five of them, one for 
 each child. 
 
 The day that school was to close for our week's vacation, 
 she asked the children if they knew what anniversary would 
 be celebrated the following Sunday, and after a little talk 
 she read a Christmas poem to them, and I read a Christmas 
 story. A knock at the door was answered by her, and old 
 Santa Claus himself came in, bearing a huge basket on each 
 arm. He was invited to a place on the stage, from whence 
 he informed the wondering children that he visited them by 
 request of their teachers, etc., etc. 
 
 I can not picture the enthusiasm that prevailed ; nor can 
 
50 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 any one say where the influence of her happy thought wiU 
 end, for, as each boy and girl received a package of candy 
 and a dish of pop corn, there was no jealousy, no bitter 
 feelings of strife or envy — nothing but pure love, such as is 
 felt by the Christ whose birth is celebrated each returning 
 year. I do not know which was the happier, teacher or 
 pupils. I only know that she makes the most of her oppor- 
 tunities to do them good. She goes on little fishing, nutting, 
 and flower-hunting excursions with them, and each of these 
 she makes an occasion for instruction of some sort ; and I 
 know that many a boy is indebted to her for his real polite- 
 ness of manner, and many a girl owes to her her pleasant 
 recognition of the small courtesies of life. Two or three 
 weeks since, when we had our first fall of snow, she hired 
 horses, drivers, and long sleighs enough to take her entire 
 school, including myself and classes, for an afternoon's ride. 
 
 Do these things pay ? Yes, she is paid every day, by the 
 progress of her school — by their devotion to her, and by 
 their higher moral standard ; for her character has not been 
 without its effect on their moral perceptions. 
 
 There is much more of which I would like to tell you, but 
 have not time. One thought, however, comes to me more and 
 more frequently, Why are not more teachers like her? Why 
 am / not ? ( Rather why was I not, for by association with 
 her so long I am taking on some of her methods, although 
 I can never hope to attain to her hight. ) Why did I never 
 think of these things before ? Why were not my own teach- 
 ers of this sort? Is she a rara avis? If so, whyf 
 Yours Truly, 
 
 Miss Preston's Assistant, 
 
PESTALOZZrS LAWS, 51 
 
 Na X. 
 
 NUMBER. 
 
 Oldtown, N. Y., January 16, 188-. 
 Mr. , State Supt. Public Instruction. 
 
 My Dear Sir : — I am glad that some one wants to know 
 how Primary Arithmetic should be taught, as that is just 
 what interested us at our Teachers' Meeting in December. 
 We are actually learning how to teach. 
 
 I will not give all the old stereotyped " methods " ad- 
 vanced by some of our number, as all gave way before Miss 
 Preston's better ones. Mr. Johnson had seen one of the 
 trustees where she taught several years ago, and had been 
 told by him that she was the most successful teacher of pri- 
 mary studies they had ever known ; and this gave Mr. John- 
 son an excuse for calling her out. He is really waking up 
 to her great value, and seems to depend upon her sugges- 
 tions. His questions elicited something like the following : 
 
 " Our first object should be to get down to the child. It is 
 a long step from their plane of vision to ours, and we should 
 so express ourselves as to be at once understood by the lit- 
 tle ones. Then we v/ill follow Pestalozzi's laws * From the 
 concrete to the abstract ; from the known to the unknown ; 
 from the simple to the compound,' and we shall have no 
 trouble in teaching Primary Arithmetic, nor anything else.' 
 
5« 
 
 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 A chorus of voices clamored for illustrations, and after 
 some hesitation she continued : 
 
 " Of course the first thing to be done is to teach them to 
 count. This should be done concretely — never abstractly 
 at first. We may begin asking how many hands each one 
 has ; how many feet, eyes, ears, noses, tongues, fingers, 
 thumbs, etc. Then lines may be drawn upon the board, 
 and they may count them as the teacher points to them, 
 never allowing them to count more than the lines shown, 
 nor faster than pointed out. This will give them instinc- 
 tively, an idea of the relative worth of numbers — a very 
 important item. Afterwards they may be allowed to count 
 abstractly, and then drilled on the relative value of numbers 
 by the teacher writing 8, 4, 3, etc. on the board ; each time 
 that two numbers are put thereon, asking them to tell which 
 is of the greater value, and which the lesser. After a short 
 time, they may call out when the teacher pronounces two 
 numbers as, 12, 7. These exercises should always go back- 
 ward also. For instance, when they have learned by the 
 use of apples, pencils, fingers, beans, or stones to count 
 four, they should be taught in the same way, by use of the 
 same means, to count from four to one. Be very sure not 
 to count from one to ten with apples, and then from ten 
 backwards with something else. Use the same thing for 
 each process, to prevent any confusion in the children's mind. 
 After they have learned to count any number, and can dis- 
 tinguish the figure or figures that represent it, they may be 
 taught to write the number themselves. For instance, I 
 hold up three crayons ; * How many crayons have I ? ' 
 * Three crayons.* ( Always insist on a complete answer. If 
 they say * Three,* in response to your question, you may ask 
 
TEACHING ADDITION. ETC. 
 
 53 
 
 * Three what ? Three cents ? * and after a few illustrations 
 of this kind they will get into the way of complete replies.) 
 ' Very well, I will make the number on the blackboard and 
 you may make it on your slates, You may each make three 
 3s, and John may go to the board and make his. Next 
 time some one else may go.' How eager they will be, and 
 how deeply interested ! Dry and dull ? Tired? Don't like 
 to go to school ? Hate numbers "i No ; these things you 
 need never hear. Having learned to count, to read and 
 write small numbers readily, I would teach addition, sub- 
 traction, multiplication and division of those numbers to- 
 gether." 
 
 ** Why, Miss Preston ! What a dreadful dose that would 
 be," said Mr. Johnson. 
 
 " Not at all ! " she replied with a smile. " I would not 
 give a child a book with the * table ' of 8s, for instance, and 
 compel him to learn * i and 8 is 9; 2 and 8 is 10; 3 from 8 
 leaves 5 ; 6 times 8 is 48; 2 is contained in 8 4 times.' 
 That would be a dose. So is any * table * of abstract figures. 
 All a child's early instruction should come through some 
 bodily sense ; hence, I would take the seeds, apples, stones 
 or what not that we had been using, and select eight as they 
 counted them. ' Now let us see what we can do with these 
 eight apples.' Let them count, say two more from the gen- 
 eral pile, and put them with the eight already counted. 
 
 * Now you may count them all.' This done, they have 
 found for themselves the truth that *8 and 2 is 10.' It is a 
 grand thing for them. Their eyes sparkle, and they are 
 hungry for more. You may put the fact into form for them 
 on the board, while they copy the same on their slates. 
 Now, removing the surplus, two apples from the eighb 
 
54 
 
 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 we will see what counting backwards from eight will do for 
 us. * Here we have the same eight apples. As you count I 
 will take away two. We call this subtraction, because it 
 means taking away. How many apples have we left ? ' 
 Write on the board in the same manner as before and let 
 the little ones follow on their slates, inspecting their work, 
 giving hints as to size and shape of figures, use of signs, 
 general appearance, neatness, etc. They have now learned 
 that * 2 from 8 leaves six,' therefore * 2 and 6 must be 8 ; and 
 only half the time has been used that would have been in 
 the old way. Go right on with the same general form for 
 multiplication and division, using two and eight as the num- 
 bers with which to work. One caution may be necessary 
 right here : you may become so interested and enthusiastic 
 yourself as to forget the wonderful smallness of the minds 
 with which you are dealing, and give them too much at a 
 time. Be very careful about this. Do not sacrifice quality 
 to quantity. Let the lessons be short and frequent, and the 
 progress will be rapid and satisfactory." 
 
 Verily, she was that moment a living exposition of her 
 own words, for she sat down tired out^ and each of her lis- 
 teners had that tense, strained look of overwrought minds ! 
 It was like a new revelation to us ! Teach in that way, with 
 our whole soul and strength and mind and might .^ Teach 
 without books, without the old ease of announcing a lesson, 
 hearing it "recited," and then dismissing it without a fur- 
 ther thought ? Why, the perfect mastery of that one sub- 
 ject and the method of presenting it to the juvenile mind 
 must have involved hours of patient study, such as we had 
 never dreamed of giving to anything so commonplace! 
 We did not wonder that she grew thin over her work, for 
 
PROMOTION. j5 
 
 she put her very life into it. Nor did we wonder again that 
 she was always spoken of as a *' grand success ! " nor that 
 she commands a salary and is constantly promoted, while 
 others are left to drone, dream and drudge over their work. 
 We have so many topics on hand for discussion that we 
 contemplate semi-monthly meetings. But, I must close, for 
 I want to read my new "Educational Report," so kindly 
 sent by you, and see what I can there find for my school. 
 Yours Truly, 
 
 Miss Preston's Assistant. 
 
56 PRESTON PAPERS, 
 
 No. XI. 
 
 PRIMARY ARITHMETIC. 
 
 Oldtown, N. Y., Feb. 22, 188-. 
 Mr. Superintendent ; 
 
 Since the subject of Arithmetic has been proposed for 
 elucidation, and I have already given you a general idea of 
 how Miss Preston starts the little ones up this ** Hill Diffi- 
 culty," it may be well for me to go on and tell you how the 
 light from her lamp shone on my path and helped me over 
 an otherwise trying place. It was when I first knew her, 
 and before I had gained any confidence in her methods of 
 teaching. I had taught so long, and in the old, stereotyped 
 way, that I did my work mechanically and frowned upon 
 innovations as upon a personal infringement. She came to 
 the door of the recitation room one afternoon to invite me 
 to take a walk. She's a rare pedestrian and makes it a daily 
 exercise, generally walking several miles. I am getting in 
 the way of it myself now, although at that time I had not 
 realized its wonderful benefits as I have since. That day I 
 was tired and crossy and had kept a little boy from one of 
 the beginning classes after school, because he had failed to 
 get his examples; and to his assurances that he did not 
 understand them, I only vouchsafed the calm suggestion 
 that he " must be very dull." 
 
 I would not " offend one of these little ones " by such ar 
 
ILL USTRA TIONS. ^ y 
 
 answer to their appeal for help to-day, but I was completely 
 oblivious then to everything except the sense of drudgery 
 which my work imposed upon me. I did not offer him any 
 assistance, but cut the leaves of " A Reverend Idol " and 
 coldly read while he pored over his book. 
 
 After waiting a few moments Miss Preston asked if she 
 might speak with Henry, and I gave her an ungracious 
 " Certainly." She ignored my manner, and sitting down at 
 Henry's desk, talked with him something like the following : 
 
 Miss Preston, Are your examples very hard to-day ? 
 
 Henry. They are not very hard, I guess, for the other 
 boys all had them. 
 
 Miss /*. Do you understand them ? 
 
 H, No, ma'am ; not when I have to take 8 from 3. I can 
 do the other kind well enough, taking 3 from 8, and such, 
 but I don't see how I can take 8 from 3. 
 
 Miss P, Ah, yes. I see your trouble. Now please hand 
 me that tin cup by the water pail. I thank you. I want a 
 drink from it, but I see that it is empty. What shall I do ? 
 I am very thirsty; but I cannot drink from an empty cup 
 nor from one that has only three drops in it, for I need much 
 more to quench my thirst. 
 
 H, (With animation.) Why, I can get some for you 
 from the pail. 
 
 Miss P, But suppose the pail is empty ? 
 
 H, Why then I would go to the faucet down in the base 
 ment, and get a pailful. 
 
 Miss P, That wouldn't do any good. I only want a 
 cupful. 
 
 JI, Well, I can bring you a cupful from the pail, when it 
 is fuU t 
 
58 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 Miss F. Just so. Now let us see if we can not do the 
 same in your example. You can't take 8 from 3 ; but per- 
 haps we can go to the pail and fill our cup. Ah, no. Our 
 next figure is a cipher. Our pail is empty. What shall we 
 do ? Go to the faucet of course, fill our pail and come back. 
 Beyond our cipher stands a 4 on purpose for us to use. 
 Now, if I take one of these hundreds, how many tens is it 
 worth ? 
 
 H. Why, ten tens. 
 
 Miss P. Good. Now instead of the cipher we have 10. 
 We can fill the cup from the pail. So now we will take one 
 of these tens ( equal to ten units ) and add it to the three 
 units we already have, giving us 13 units. Now can you 
 take 8 from 13 ? 
 
 H. Oh, yes, and it leaves 5. Why isn't that funny! It's 
 just like a poor man without money, begging from some one 
 with a pocketful. 
 
 Miss P. Just so. Now you have 3 to take from 9 where 
 your cipher stood. 
 
 H. And it leaves 6 ! 
 
 Miss P. Now here is our 4, with a 2 below it. What 
 will you do ? 
 
 H. Why (after some meditation), 4 gave away part of his. 
 
 Miss P, Yes. How much has he left ? 
 
 H. Why, 3. So we can say " 2 from 3." 
 
 Miss P. Do you think you ** see through " it now ? 
 
 H. ( With great enthusiasm.) Why, yes^ ma'am. I can't 
 help getting my examples now. 
 
 Which was true. And / couldn't help catching the fire, 
 nor have I been able to keep out of it since. When we 
 came to fractions she showed me how to illustrate the value 
 
ENTHUSIASM AND ORDER. 
 
 59 
 
 of numerator and denominator by things visihU^ apples, 
 oranges, etc., until the facts were so plain I began to think 
 I had never before half comprehended them myself. 
 
 So with compound numbers. Under her advice I bor- 
 rowed a set of gill, pint, quart, and gallon cups at the hard- 
 ware store and let the children learn for themselves the 
 relative value of each measure, and then construct their own 
 tables, backward as well as forward. For instance: we first 
 filled the gallon measure and found it would fill the quart 
 cup four times, so " i gallon makes 4 quarts; 4 quarts make 
 I gallon." 
 
 Actually, I borrowed small scales after that, and taught 
 them to weigh, using sand, which Miss Preston calls " clean 
 dirt." 
 
 So with everything — long, square, and cubic measure set 
 them all to buying the penny tape measures, and finding the 
 length, hight, and width, of everything in and around the 
 school house and yard. And I was nearly as enthusiastic 
 as they, and by practicing became expert enough to esti- 
 mate the size of anything with a degree of accuracy hitherto 
 unknown. 
 
 Order ? No, I do not think my recitations were con- 
 ducted with as good order ( in the common acceptation of 
 the word) as before — but the pupils learned^ and have been 
 learning ever since, until I have come to believe that the 
 fairy ** Order" has been grossly misrepresented, as a tyrant 
 to whom it was necessary to sacrifice everything else. The 
 order that prevails in my school now is of a far different 
 (and I hope better) type than that which formerly compelled 
 my pupils to sit in a stated position, and if v-^alled upon to 
 recite to do it in one special way and in no other. 
 
6o PRESTON PAPERS, 
 
 One more illustration of Miss Preston's genius in teaching 
 arithmetic, and I will close. One of the teachers came to 
 her the other day after our Association meeting, and said : 
 
 " Miss Preston, you spoke of having the children count 
 backward as well as forward. Will you kindly illustrate ? " 
 
 " With pleasure ; " and turning right around to the black- 
 board she drew a flight of stairs in outline, placing a cipher 
 on the lowest, a figure i on the next, 2 on the next, and so 
 up to 10. All in less time than it takes to write it, she had 
 continued : 
 
 "From o to 10 I call * going up stairs;* from 10 to o 
 * going down stairs.* It is a favorite illustration because 
 simple, quick, and a pleasing conceit for the children ; and 
 they certainly learn to add, subtract, multiply, and divide 
 numbers more quickly and with more intelligence by means 
 of some such thing, than abstractly." 
 
 As they progress, she takes other numbers ; for instance 
 the stairs will be filled with 2 and its multiples — or 3, 4, 5, 10, 
 12, according to the previous development. The orders of 
 units she illustrates by bundles of sticks, similar to matches 
 in shape and size ; ten in a bundle to represent units ; ten 
 bundles to represent tens, etc. She has "faculty;" and 
 no matter what she teaches, she does so from the child's 
 standpoint. 
 
 Oh, I want to tell you about her methods in teaching 
 grammar, but cannot now. 
 
 Yours Truly, 
 
 Miss Preston's Assistant. 
 
DRIUD OF THE WORD. 6l 
 
 No. XII. 
 
 COMPOSITIONS. 
 
 Oldtown, N. Y., March i6, 188-. 
 State Superintendent : 
 
 My Dear Sir : — Yes, sir ; our February meeting discussed 
 " Compositions," as you suggested, Mr. Johnson presiding. 
 Mr. Lowell spoke first, and with more energy than I had 
 ever before seen him exhibit : 
 
 " I hate the word, and dread composition day even more 
 than my pupils do, if that is possible." 
 
 Miss Preston laughed softly, and then inquired if under 
 those circumstances he was successful in obtaining good 
 compositions ? 
 
 " O, fair," he replied, " I think they are about as composi- 
 tions average. I do not see the sense, myself, in insisting 
 upon boys and girls writing compositions, when they have 
 not half a dozen ideas among the whole class ; and I have 
 more than once petitioned that the subject be dropped from 
 the course of study in my department." 
 
 " May I inquire about the method you use ? " 
 
 " Certainly. In the first place I require one from each 
 pupil every month. That gives me all the trouble I want 
 with them, for it is like pulling eye-teeth to get a decent 
 composition from some of them." 
 
 " Do they select their own subjects ? " 
 
62 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 " No, I tried that, but found it did not work satisfactorily. 
 Nearly all were troubled to think of a subject, or what to 
 say about it when they did." 
 
 **Who reads them?" 
 
 ** Each one reads his own. I give them half an hour in 
 which to write, and they spend the rest of the time in read- 
 ing what they have written." 
 
 " And who corrects them ? " 
 
 ** Oh, we are none of us critical enough for that. It is 
 hard enough to get the writing done in the first place, with- 
 out worrying about it afterward." 
 
 "Just my mind," chimed in Miss Wood. "And I do 
 not fancy trying to turn my school room into a shop for 
 making poets and essayists. It involves more friction than 
 anything else in my school, except my constant warfare on 
 whispering." 
 
 Oh, how I longed to hear Miss Preston speak ! Why our 
 composition days are a real treat to us ; and as for making 
 drudgery of it — well, it is a pleasure. But Miss Wells was 
 the next speaker. 
 
 " I think it is a good thing, myself, although I am not very 
 ouccessful in that line. " 
 
 "How do you manage ?" queried Mr. Johnson. 
 
 "Oh, Wednesday of each week is our * Composition 
 Day,' and I have a certain space on the blackboard where 
 the subject is found written out for each week. I call for 
 not less than about five hundred words, and impose a pen- 
 alty for remissness." 
 
 Then Miss Preston inquired : " What is the usual style of 
 your topics.^" 
 
 " Last week we had * The Pleasures of Memory,' and the 
 
WRONG METHODS, 63 
 
 week before * The Advantages of Education.' Next week 
 we are to have * Ambition.* " 
 
 ** Do they do their own work ? " 
 
 **What do you mean by that?" 
 
 "I mean," said Miss Preston, slowly, **do they write out 
 their own ideas of these abstractions, or do they merely copy 
 the sentiments of some one else ? " 
 
 " Oh, as to that, they undoubtedly get all the help they 
 can from their friends. Indeed, I have known them to copy 
 an article verbatim from print ; but I am not bound to con- 
 vict them without proof positive of their guilt, and in nine 
 cases out of ten I cannot furnish this — even if morally cer- 
 tain that the articles are not their own." 
 
 " Then what is the object of the exercise? We only gain 
 power by putting forth power, and if that is not done the 
 object of writing compositions is lost." 
 
 " I have never entered into the question of effect in my 
 plans for pupils," said Miss Wells, " but if any one can sug- 
 gest an improvement on my way I am open lo conviction." 
 
 Mr. Johnson looked doubtfully toward Miss Preston, and 
 with some hesitation said : *' Perhaps Miss Preston will help 
 us out." 
 
 " I am not sure that I can," she replied with a smile ; 
 " but my impression is that we invest the exercise with too 
 much formality. In the first place we select subjects en- 
 tirely beyond the range of an ordinary child's thought, and 
 then insist upon a set number of lines or words and say, 
 * Write.* By this we induce them to hate the work, and to 
 cheat themselves by avoiding it; or, almost as bad, we permit 
 them to write in a style entirely foreign to themselves, and 
 one which is injurious in its effect on their habits of writmg." 
 
5^ JPRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 " How can we avoid these serious results ? " queried our 
 superintendent. 
 
 •* You may well call them serious, and we must study how 
 to avoid them. I do not think I have any set method ; rather 
 let the occasion make the method. For instance, if my his- 
 tory class has had a lesson of unusual interest or value, and 
 I wish to impress it upon the minds of my pupils, I ask them 
 to put their thoughts of the person, place or circumstance 
 into words of their own. Sometimes they use their slates, 
 sometimes the blackboard, and frequently it is an oral exer- 
 cise. Then if I find it desirable to be more elaborate I ask 
 them to copy them on paper, and after looking over and 
 correcting them, I select one or more to be read in public at 
 our next reception, and perhaps some will be requested for 
 our weekly paper. So with my other classes. If my arith- 
 metic class has surmounted a difficulty, it is easy for them 
 to write of their struggle and of the victory gained. Some- 
 times the current events furnish better topics than anything 
 else could ; for instance, Garfield's assassination and death 
 filled every pupil in my school at that time with unlimited 
 food for thought. The recent floods in Pennsylvania have 
 also been prolific of topics ; the distress they have caused, 
 the damage done, etc., etc. The great fire at Seattle and 
 the Quebec disaster were equally useful in supplying themes 
 for the juvenile pens. The unexpected results of the No- 
 vember election brought out political and temperance com- 
 positions by the score. I seldom give them an abstract 
 subject — never without first preparing them for it by a 
 familiar talk with them concerning the thing to be dis- 
 cussed, and I sometimes find it necessary to give them sev- 
 eral days in which to look it up. Sometimes I read them a 
 
NOT A BUGBEAR. 65 
 
 short story or poem, and call for a paraphrase ; but under 
 all circumstances I would first seek to inspire them with 
 interest and enthusiasm, and this done there is no trouble 
 in securing ideas or the expression of them. My work is 
 then to give them hints as to style, rules for capitalizing, etc." 
 
 Trouble in securing ideas, or their expression ! I should 
 think not, indeed ! Why the one or two whose productions 
 are selected for public reading are so highly honored by the 
 distinction thus conferred upon them that each one strives 
 to do his best. Then Miss Preston keeps a big drawer, on 
 purpose for all the compositions that are given her by her 
 pupils after she has corrected, and they copied, signed and 
 dated them. For convenience, they are spread out in the 
 covers of an old geography and are supposed to be free to 
 exhibit to visitors who want to know how the school pros- 
 pers; or they can be used for public or private rhetorical 
 exercises, or for whatever purpose she deems best. 
 
 Miss Preston does not make a bugbear of the work, as 
 most of it is voluntary ; and if she assigns a topic to anyone^ 
 or to a class, it is because of their peculiar fitness for the 
 theme, and their interest in it. She has been requested to 
 bring some samples to our next meeting, and I know of sev- 
 eral fine historical essays produced by her pupils last term, 
 which I hope she will take. 
 
 But I must leave this interesting subject; and perhaps I 
 can tell you more after our next meeting. 
 Yours Truly, 
 
 Miss Preston's Assistant. 
 5 
 
66 PRESTON PAPERS 
 
 No. XIII. 
 
 MANAGEMENT. 
 
 Oldtown, N. Y., April 4, 188-. 
 My Dear Superintendent : 
 
 I think I must go away back to our January meeting, and 
 take up a back stitch that proved valuable in our work, and 
 which may help some half-discouraged teacher among your 
 forces. 
 
 Mr. Johnson had previously announced that we would 
 make a special study on that day of " How shall I best 
 promote the interests of my school ? " and requested us to 
 give the subject our careful attention, and then bring to our 
 Association a written answer to the query, supplemented by 
 a brief statement of the reason why we thought that the true 
 method. ( You will observe that the tone of our nie;2tings is 
 somewhat more elevated than when they were merely places 
 for reading statistics. Some thanks are due to you, for your 
 talks and suggestions, as well as much, very much, to Miss 
 Preston.) 
 
 Well, we were interested in studying out why we had 
 succeeded, if we had, and the cause of failure if the best 
 interests of our school had not been promoted by us; and at 
 the appointed hour not one was "among the missing." A 
 hat was passed for the literary contributions, which were 
 
THE KEY NOTE. 67 
 
 then read by the collector, and I herewith append a hasty 
 synopsis of a few of the more characteristic ones. 
 
 " By strict discipline. 
 
 We are all rebels by nature, and once the law is not enforced, disorder 
 prevails : the greatest obstacle to the best interest of any school." 
 
 We were somewhat surprised afterward to learn that this 
 came from Mr. Lowell, noted as he is for his want of 
 discipline. 
 
 " By maintaining our dignity. 
 
 This is preeminently the age and nation for hero worship. In the mind 
 of the average child no one holds a higher place than his teacher, and if 
 we succeed we must not allow ' familiarity ' to ' breed contempt.' " 
 
 Another instance where theory and practice do not go 
 hand in hand, for this came from one of our young lady 
 teachers, who never understood the first principles of true 
 dignity. Is it always so? Do we base our ideal theories 
 upon what we feel that we lack in ourselves ? 
 
 *' By enforcing our rules. 
 
 Laws that are not maintained by penalties for their non-observance are 
 mere nullities. Every school is a miniature kingdom, of which the 
 teacher is ruler, and the pupils subjects, nolens vokns.** 
 
 A lively discussion followed this proposition, during which 
 it was decided that in too many of the miniature kingdoms 
 there are tyrants for rulers ; that tyrants incite to rebellion ; 
 and that sugar plums may be as effective in some cases as 
 cannon balls. 
 
 ** By securing the co5peration of parents, pupils, and trustees with the 
 teacher. 
 
 In union we find strength ; in division weakness. If the elements are 
 harmonized the whole will be symmetrical ; but if the parts cannot be 
 made to join, the superstructure is unsafe." 
 
 We recognized the personality of this key note, and all our 
 
68 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 hearts responded to the sound of its music. Miss Preston 
 was called upon to illustrate her meaning, which she did 
 somewhat as follows : 
 
 " Perhaps I can best explain my idea by relating an expe- 
 rience of ten or twelve years since. I was young and a 
 
 stranger to everyone in the little Village of M , when I 
 
 accepted a position there as teacher in the primary depart- 
 ment of their Union School. The principal of the school 
 was a middle aged man of dead ideas, always wearing an 
 apologetic expression and seldom speaking of his school or 
 patrons, except to whine at their indifference or to prophesy 
 something dismal of the future. He pitied me for my 
 enthusiasm when I proposed during the first month to invite 
 the parents to visit my school. Said he : 
 
 * Why I have taught here nine years, and in all that time 
 only six of the parents have opened the door; and they did 
 it only to find fault with me for something I had done or 
 left undone.* 
 
 * And do the trustees never come in ? ' I asked. 
 
 * Yes, when I send for them to substantiate my claim in 
 some way. On any other occasion they send Mr. Hubbard, 
 their secretary, to see if anything is needed ; and as he is 
 timid (?) he walks around outside of the building, and I'm 
 not aware of his presence until his little dog comes bounding 
 and barking into the hall, making the children titter. Then 
 I know that his master is not far off and I hunt him up after 
 school closes and have a talk with him.* 
 
 I confess it looked rather dubious, but I wrote letters of 
 invitation to each of the trustees, and two for each pupil — 
 one to be given to his parents, the other to his best friend, 
 one hundred twenty in all. Then I called for volunteers 
 
COOP ERA TION. 
 
 69 
 
 among the pupils to help entertain their friends with music, 
 recitations, readings, etc., and gvery child took a party 
 
 " Did you succeed in getting any one out to your recep- 
 tion ? " queried Mr. Johnson, with interest. 
 
 ** Why, yes. The room was crowded." 
 
 "What was the form of your invitation?" asked Miss 
 Wells, greatly interested. 
 
 " Oh, about the same as any *At Home * on a society card." 
 
 ** Had you met most of the parents before ? " 
 
 " Oh, no. But I think a teacher ought not always to wait 
 for the parents to take the initial step toward an acquaint- 
 ance that must be a mutual benefit. To be sure it is pleas- 
 anter for us when they do so, but so many things hinder busy 
 people from starting ; yet they would be more than glad to 
 meet us half way. The surest way to any parent's heart is 
 through their children ; and they will always be inclined to 
 assist those who take an interest in the juveniles." 
 
 " But how did you manage the trustees ? " again asked our 
 superintendent. 
 
 " Easily. I simply changed the form of the card, and 
 hinted that the prosperity of our school was due largely to 
 their financiering, and that it depended somewhat upon their 
 interest in its everyday matters." 
 
 Let me tell you how else she manages to secure the coope- 
 ration of parents. She calls on every one of her pupils every 
 year, sometimes oftener. None are so poor or so wretched 
 as to merit her neglect — none so far away that she will not 
 go to them. And no child is ever absent from school two 
 days in succession without an extra call from her. If she 
 finds them sick, she ministers to them ; badly clothed she 
 institutes work by which they can help themselves to better; 
 
^^ PRESTON PAPERS, 
 
 indifferent about attendance, this call is sure to rouse them; 
 and the gratitude of the parents is visible in their love for 
 her, and in their interest in her success. She gains them all, 
 without an effort. No, not without an effort; not without a 
 sacrifice of personal comfort, leisure, society, strength. But 
 her success is compensatory for all these. Her pupils, their 
 parents, the trustees, are her firm allies now, and will remain 
 her life-long friends. O, I could tell you of so many of 
 her ways for securing this cooperation that results in such 
 mutual benefit — little in themselves, mayhap, but aggrega- 
 ting grandly. Space and time forbid further particulars at 
 present, however. 
 
 Yours Truly, 
 
 Miss Preston's Assistant. 
 
A TEACHER'S OPPORTUNITIES. 71 
 
 No. XIV. 
 
 I&NVIRONMENT, 
 
 Oldtown, N. Y., June i, 188-. 
 
 Mr. , State Supt. of Public Instruction. 
 
 My Dear Sir : — I believe I have never told you how 
 Miss Preston got the school yard cleared up and beautified 
 last Spring. As it required so little effort on her part and 
 yet resulted in so much good ( not only to our school but to 
 individuals outside whom I feel sure she reached uninten- 
 tionally ), I will give you a brief outline. If any one has 
 better or more numerous opportunities than another to 
 exercise a missionary spirit, that one is the public school 
 teacher. He has access to at least as many homes as there 
 are representatives in the school ; and in each of these 
 homes the teacher may be a power for the good, the true* 
 the beautiful. I have only recently learned to think of 
 these things, and now my attention to it is entirely due to 
 MissjPreston's influence and to your talks and letters. If she 
 has not entirely revolutionized our dull old city, she has at 
 least worked wonders in it in some directions. But I will 
 not stop to moralize, as a plain statement of the facts and 
 her manner of dealing with them will suggest the simple 
 "How** to other teachers. 
 
 The yard is large and well shaded, but has never been 
 kept clean until within the last two years — the leaves of 
 
;, PRESTON PAPERS, 
 
 Autumn serving as decoration for Spring. The ashes and 
 cinders from the basement beautified one side of the yard, 
 while a pile of kindling ornamented the other. These 
 received some valuable auxiliaries in the shape of waste 
 papers, thrown from every window, remains of lunches 
 (bread crusts, apple cores, orange peel, etc.), with now and 
 then a stray rubber by way of variety. 
 
 Of course the papers gradually disappeared after the 
 advent of the waste paper basket, mentioned in a former 
 letter ; but this did not diminish the ash heap nor render 
 the other things invisible. After a time Miss Preston per- 
 suaded those who brought their dinners to save the pieces 
 usually thrown away, in a newspaper she provided ; and she 
 sent them by one of the big boys to a poor family living in 
 the same square, for their hens. The children were de- 
 lighted to have the scraps of food utilized; and it was a 
 godsend to the poor fowls, who were not overfed, at least. 
 
 But as the snows of winter gave place to grass, the yard 
 began to be talked about. Miss Preston agitated the sub- 
 ject in the most judicious way, never fretting, scolding nor 
 finding fault. This she never does. She simply said one 
 day while standing in the yard : 
 
 " Henry, if you will bring a rake to school this afternoon, 
 we will see if five or six of us cannot improve the looks of 
 the yard a little bit." 
 
 Henry did not need a second invitation, such he consid- 
 ered it, and volunteers to help were both numerous and 
 eager. The yard was cleared of all the rubbish except the 
 kindling wood and ashes. The janitor was asked to have 
 them removed — the former to the basement, and the latter 
 to fill in the hollows in che back yard. 
 
THE VASE AND THE ROCKERY. 73 
 
 One morning Miss Preston appeared bearing in one hand 
 a white vase or urn, such as adorn the yards of some of our 
 " best citizens," only smaller. When one of the girls asked 
 her about it she laughed and said : " I guess we must go to 
 the woods for a standard for it;" and after school our 
 department went en masse^ and when a stump of the desired 
 size and shape had been found, the boys dragged it down to 
 the yard for her and, following her directions, placed it in 
 the center of the left yard, and the vase was fastened to its 
 top by means of nails driven around it. It was then filled 
 with dirt ; and bits of yellow myrtle, coliseum ivy, and 
 othonno, were stuck into the soil and left to grow and cover 
 both vase and stump. After being pronounced " a beauty," 
 "lovely," etc., it transpired that the vase was the top of an 
 old stove which some one was throwing away, when she 
 begged it for the purpose named. She took it to the wagon 
 shop, where she got it painted for ten cents. 
 
 The next week she said, just before dismissing school one 
 day : " If some of the boys will help me a while to-night, we 
 will start a rockery in the right-hand yard, opposite the 
 vase." You may be sure that there was no lack of help; 
 and while the big boys did the lifting, the little ones helped 
 pile the stones in the desired shape. By degrees working 
 only a few minutes at a time, this was finished and filled 
 with soil, and creeping Jenny was brought, to grow over the 
 sides. A cross was erected in the center, and scarlet run- 
 ners, morning glories, sweet peas and a hop vine were trained 
 over and around it. It was beautiful. 
 
 Afterwards a geranium bank was built against the south 
 end of the school house, and kept a perfect mass of bloom 
 there during the whole season. This year two large flower 
 
74 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 beds have been started for pansies, verbenas, phlox, etc., 
 with what result you shall surely know in time. 
 
 Then she went to the Board of Education and asked if 
 they had any fund which they could legally appropriate to 
 the purchase of two croquet sets ! Having great confidence 
 in her " management " they gave, without a murmur, what 
 no one else would have dared to ask for ; and the croquet 
 was put up, one set on each side of the back yard, for the 
 pupils* use. 
 
 I need not say that all these things have paid large divid- 
 ends, for the money invested and for the extra labor. Riots 
 in our school are unknown, truancy unheard of ; and every 
 pupil is the loyal subject of a loving sovereign. 
 
 I must tell you that Mr. Johnson has been suddenly taken 
 sick, and by common consent of the Board of Education he 
 has asked Miss Preston to officiate as superintendent during 
 his illness. Will she be a success ? Yes, if she consents to 
 take it all — for she never goes beyond her depth. 
 
 More anon, from 
 
 Yours Very Truly, 
 
 Miss Preston's Assistant. 
 
MISS PRESTON'S PROMOTION, 75 
 
 No. XV. 
 HEALTH. 
 
 Oldtown, N. Y., Nov. 30, 188-. 
 
 Mr. , State Supt., etc. 
 
 My Dear Sir: — So much has been begun, accomplished, 
 and become a thing of the past, since my last letter, that I 
 hardly know where to begin. But I think I will go away 
 back to our September meeting, for the topic announced for 
 discussion was so unusual, and at the same time of so general 
 interest, that I cannot forbear thinking that a synopsis of it 
 may be welcomed by your intelligent teachers. 
 
 Two years ago we should have been, — well, to put it 
 jnildly — astonished to hear Mr. Johnson suggest anything 
 out of the old, stereotyped way for our consideration ; but 
 since the advent among us of a teacher who lives and, living, 
 thinks, we have found to our surprise that the educational 
 " world does move; " for when we came together for the first 
 time after the long vacation, we found Mr. Johnson partly 
 recovered from his illness, but not well enough to perform 
 all his duties as superintendent, and with Miss Preston for 
 his chosen deputy! Miss Preston, whom he had well nigh 
 beheaded for heresy only two years ago ! Miss Preston, 
 who for some months was a veritable "thorn in the flesh" 
 to our conservative superintendent, because of her radical 
 
76 
 
 PRESTON PAPERS, 
 
 notions and her persistent, although unobtrusive, declaration 
 of them! 
 
 Well, we were not as entirely unprepared for the blessed 
 denouement as we might have been, for we had all noticed 
 how, unconsciously to himself, perhaps, he had been gradu- 
 ally won over to her views of school matters ; so after our 
 reorganization we were not so much surprised to hear his 
 proposal as the subject for our next regular meeting, "Our 
 health : why and how shall we promote it ? " 
 
 We were requested to consider it seriously, analytically, 
 and thoroughly, and then to come to the meeting prepared 
 to give our views and their reasons ; our experiences of the 
 past and plans for the future. 
 
 So totally unlike the old, formal meetings of our Associa- 
 tion, where we did nothing but read statistics and receive 
 commendation for their fullness or censure for their incom- 
 pleteness ! Verily, time should be measured by our work 
 instead of by the ticking of the clock; for in this short space 
 we have learned more of our profession, done more for it and 
 better work in it, than in all the long years that preceded it. 
 
 I have only one regret at the changes wrought ; I am no 
 longer "Miss Preston's Assistant," she being removed to a 
 wider circle of action — and I was glad to be known as such. 
 Is it too late for me to make a place for myself among think- 
 ing teachers ? Will it be an advantage to me to be left more 
 dependent upon myself, now that I have been really " waked 
 up " to my position and its responsibilities ? Can I ever 
 hope to accomplish anything for the cause, myself? These 
 and similar questions are formulated daily, hourly, con- 
 stantly, as I teach, work, or write. But, concerning health 
 as discussed by our Association : 
 
CARLYLE'S LAW OF CULTURE, 77 
 
 Mr. Johnson occupied the chair; the meeting took the 
 form adopted by common consent a year and a half previ- 
 ously : an experience, conference, or class meeting. Mr. 
 Lowell spoke first : 
 
 " As to the * why ' we should try to make the most of our 
 physical nature. We are all more or less governed in all 
 that we do by selfish motives; and I think that for our own 
 comfort and convenience, if for nothing else, we should avoid 
 things that we know to be harmful, and cultivate the habits 
 that we find by observation and experience are most bene- 
 ficial in their results." 
 
 "Very good," said Mr. Johnson; "it is true that we are 
 promoting our own interests in seeking to improve our bodily 
 health. Who has another suggestion .? ** 
 
 Miss Miller arose somewhat timidly, to advance her ideas 
 on the subject. Another indication that " the waters have 
 been troubled," for she has heretofore been a " silent part- 
 ner " in our concern, except when personally called upon to 
 express herself, and then she has done it so diffidently that 
 we have felt sure she would rather listen than speak. 
 
 " I think it may be done from a sense of duty to ourselves, 
 quite as much as from a seeking after personal comfort and 
 convenience. Our full measure of self-duty is not rounded 
 until we have done all that we know is for our good." 
 
 The idea of making our health a matter of conscience ! 
 It was new to some of us any way, but I think it's not so 
 bad a suggestion after all. Is it not Carlyle who declares 
 the law of culture to be (in effect), Let each become all that 
 he was created capable of being ; expand, if possible, to his 
 full growth, resisting all impediments, casting off all foreign^ 
 especially all noxious, adhesions, and show himself in his 
 
78 PRESTON PAPERS, 
 
 own shape and stature, be these what they may ? All that 
 we are " created capable of being," means so much. But I 
 digress. 
 
 Mr. Wheeler spoke next : 
 
 "I am inclined to be governed by Mr. Lowell's stated 
 conviction that selfish motives may be the inspiration that 
 governs me in seeking to improve my physical nature. I 
 enjoy life when I'm well; but if suffering from neuralgia, 
 malaria, dyspepsia, or fever, my pleasure in existence is 
 gone." 
 
 Verily, he seemed like health personified as he stood there. 
 Tall, straight, well proportioned, and ruddy of countenance, 
 he might indeed "enjoy life," and one could hardly imagine 
 him conquered by disease. 
 
 " That is good, too," observed Mr. Johnson, ** as far as it 
 goes ; has any one else a * why ' for us to consider ? " 
 
 Next Miss Wood spoke : 
 
 ''^As a matter of economy it would be well for some of us to 
 study the first principles of health. Besides having been 
 off duty several months, and thereby curtailing my salary, I 
 have recently paid a doctor's bill of $45 ; and financial con- 
 siderations alone would be sufficient to lead me to give more 
 attention to the matter than I have ever done before." 
 
 My own turn seemed to be right here, and I ventured the 
 observation that since my daily bread was secured by the 
 performance of duties that could not be done in sickness, 
 financial considerations were of some importance to me also. 
 
 Miss Smith came next : 
 
 "Well, my Yankee spirit rebels at the idea of being 
 dependent upon one else, as all sick people must be in 
 
 a greater or less degree, in proportion to their helplessness. 
 
MORALS OF GOOD HEALTH. 79 
 
 I don't like even to feel that I am marring some one else's 
 pleasure, by asking for quiet because my head aches. I 
 don't want to be oblige^ to wait for some one to do my 
 errands or to wait upon me because I am unable to do either 
 for myself. Health is liberty; disease is slavery; " and she 
 sat down as abruptly as she had spoken, leaving a visible 
 effect on the minds of some of her auditors. 
 
 I began to think Miss Preston did not mean to speak on 
 this subject, but she now said, slowly and without rising : 
 
 " These are all good reasons, and show the importance of 
 making an effort to promote our health ; but I am not sure 
 we have found the prime * Why ' embodied in any one or 
 all of them. * No man liveth to himself ; ' and although a 
 proper degree of thought and care for self is not only com- 
 mendable but necessary, I think we must go even further 
 than that, and consider somewhat our relations to others, 
 and their happiness, comfort, and convenience. Nor can we 
 ignore the fact that we, as teachers, have a special responsi- 
 bility in the matter; for we cannot do our duty by those over 
 whom we have voluntarily assumed a guardianship, if by 
 reason of physical disability our chief thought is given to 
 ourselves ; and we have no moral right to come into school 
 day after day, with our tempers so tried by physical suffering 
 which we might prevent, that we cannot do full justice to 
 the physical, mental, and moral necessities of our pupils. 
 We have no right, as teachers, to make our pupils feel our 
 pain, nor to render them the least injustice by neglecting to 
 'round up the full measure of our duty ' to them." 
 
 Of course hers was the broader, more noble view of the 
 question, as usual ; but we all acquiesced in it mentally, if 
 not verbally. Mr. Johnson had betrayed more than ordi- 
 
So PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 nary interest in this part of the discussion, and now added 
 his mite to the general contribution : 
 
 "There is one phase of the subject untouched as yet, I 
 believe. Time is an important element in our work, and all 
 that is lost by sickness is so much taken from our allotted 
 three-score-and-ten. We have no right to waste our time 
 nor to shorten our years by endangering or injuring our 
 health." 
 
 There were other speakers, and some minor lights were 
 thrown upon the subject, but the question soon turned on 
 the " How ? " Space and time alike forbid the rehearsal of 
 the points made on this division of the subject, until you 
 hear again from 
 
 Yours Very Truly, 
 
 Miss Preston's Assistant. 
 
 ( For as such I still prefer to be known, having made your 
 acquaintance while in that capacity.) 
 
BREATHING, 8i 
 
 No. XVI. 
 
 HEALTH. ( Continued. ) 
 
 Oldtown, N. Y., March, 188-. 
 
 Mr. , State Supt., etc. 
 
 My Dear Sir : — " How shall we promote our health ? " 
 seemed to us even more practical, as we advanced in its 
 discussion, than did the first part of the question, the 
 "Why." 
 
 " I think,** said our Superintendent, with some hesitancy, 
 " that as breath is the essential of life, perhaps we had better 
 open this part of the subject by the ideas we have gained 
 from experience, concerning breathing. To appreciate the 
 necessity for knowledge on this subject, one only needs to 
 have the respiration become short and painful for a few 
 days. A long, full breath, one which is painless, will be 
 looked upon as a real luxury then," and he smiled faintly. 
 
 Stern, cold and hard as he had always seemed to us, I 
 think not one but felt a secret sympathy for him, knowing 
 that his words must have been the result of his recent 
 experience. 
 
 Mr. Wheeler added : ** Yes, and it is such a cheap luxury, 
 too. The trouble is, that nine tenths of us don't know how to 
 breather 
 
 Really, I had never thought of it before, but I began to be 
 interested. "Is this a part of the New Education?" I 
 6 
 
82 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 asked myself. "Are we to breathe by rule, as we learn 
 arithmetic ? " 
 
 I had no time to formulate the thoughts that crowded in 
 through the little door that had been set slightly ajar in my 
 brain, for Miss Wood immediately spoke : 
 
 " Not know how ? What do you mean, Mr. Wheeler ? " 
 
 " Precisely what I said," with a smile ; " we breathe, for 
 instance, through our mouths instead of through our noses 
 more than half of the time, thereby filling our lungs with 
 dust, as well as with air that is too cold before it passes 
 through the place where our Creator intended that it should. 
 Again ; we do not breathe deeply enough. We are satisfied 
 to take a short respiration which only half fills the lungs, 
 that should be filled full at every upward movement of the 
 chest." 
 
 Breathing! so simple a thing — and yet in this nineteenth 
 century even that is reduced to an exact science ! What 
 next? 
 
 ** And then our eating is, so much of it, wrong. We eat 
 too much ; too often ; and things that are not calculated to 
 repair the wastes that are continually going on in our sys- 
 tems. We do not sufficiently study our body-functions. 
 Our digesting apparatus is more of a mystery to most of us 
 than Kepler's Three Laws, or the doctrine of evolution." 
 
 This, of course, came from Miss Smith. She has a breezy 
 way that is refreshing in some temperatures, although rather 
 chilling in others. I like her though; I can't help it — if 
 she is somewhat incisive in her remarks. 
 
 " What is * too often ? " was Miss Miller's rather apologetic 
 inquiry. " We can hardly take more than three meals a day if 
 we are teaching, and I've never supposed that extravagant." 
 
REST, 83 
 
 " True ; and if we only ate at meal times there would be 
 fewer cases of headache, indigestion and dyspepsia. As a 
 rule, we give our digestive organs plenty to do with what we 
 eat at table ; but how few of us refuse fruit, nuts or candy 
 between times ! " 
 
 Silence for a few moments ; perhaps we were undergoing 
 a sort of self-examination, for directly Mr. Lowell "con- 
 fessed " for all of us : 
 
 " I think we must all plead guilty to that home thrust," 
 and he looked around to see if there was any dissent. 
 Finding none he proceeded : " But if we go very much into 
 details here we shall never get off this one department of 
 the subject, and there are so many ! We must make a real 
 study of this thing, and as * A word to the wise is sufficient,* 
 we will, perhaps, do well to discuss this matter still further 
 in the future, after having had time to look it up a little 
 more. One thing occurs to me just now, and I give you the 
 thought for what it is worth. We may take every precau- 
 tion as to eating and breathing properly, and yet neglect the 
 next essential, rest. Too few of us know how to rest, or 
 when or how much. Some of us do not even know what 
 real rest is." 
 
 " Do you mean anything further than sleep ? '* asked Mr. 
 Johnson. 
 
 " Oh, yes. Sometimes a mere change of occupation is 
 rest. We cannot do the same thing for a great length of 
 time without some weariness to the organs and muscles that 
 are brought into use by that special form of labor, be it phys- 
 ical or mental ; and at the same time others are inactive, and 
 will become equally weary for want of use." 
 
 ** Then you do not consider idleness necessary to rest ? " 
 
g^ PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 " Sometimes, perhaps, but seldom. But we should be 
 careful not to pursue the same thing too long at a time, 
 even in the matter of recreation and rest. Too much of the 
 same sort, even of rest, is not good for us." 
 
 Now that was news to me. I had never really thought of 
 it before ; but I think it must be true, because I know that 
 I have always found myself about as tired of " doing noth- 
 ing " during my summer vacation as I have ever been by 
 teaching ; although, to be sure, I have only recently learned 
 how much real hard work can be carried on in the school 
 room, 
 
 "One other thing occurs to me," said Miss Preston. 
 " Perhaps all of us rely more upon tonics and narcotics to 
 carry us over an uneven spot in our journey than we ought. 
 Quinine, chloral, aconite, etc., are made to do the duty of 
 common sense, prudence and self-denial." 
 
 ** I have heard," said Mr. Brown, somewhat sarcastically, 
 "that *An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure; 
 and perhaps the little * prevention ' we take so easily keeps 
 away the necessity for greater doses. " 
 
 " Yes, perhaps. But then if we began the * prevention ' 
 a little earlier in the day it would be better still by removing 
 the necessity for even a tiny dose, from the effects of which 
 our systems must always take time to recover." 
 
 "I think our dress is not always conducive to health," 
 said Miss Wheeler. "Perhaps I should say ladies' dress 
 for I rather think our fathers and brothers have some little 
 advantage there. They have more freedom of movement, 
 more room, more comfort, and consequently more good 
 nature, which is a great help toward good health." 
 
 Did you ever hear anything more absurd ? Good health 
 
SYNOPSIS. 85 
 
 secured by good nature, and that (partially at least) by 
 roomy clothing ! 
 
 I find I must stop, but if you like I will crystallize the dif- 
 ferent ideas into as many sentences, and you may have them 
 for what they are worth. Then, if you want the gist of our 
 next meeting on the same topic, I'll give it some time in the 
 future, but I want first to tell you how Miss Preston teaches 
 grammar, which I shall do in my next: 
 
 1. Breathe deeply, through the nose, with closed mouth. 
 
 2. Eat regularly, judiciously. 
 
 3. Rest frequently ; not too long in the same way. 
 
 4. Avoid medicine ( ordinarily ), but do not be sparing of 
 common sense. 
 
 5. Dress comfortably. 
 
 6. Don't worry. 
 
 These suggestions are few and simple, but we have tested 
 them pretty severely in the last few months, and are pleased 
 :it our success. 
 
 Yours Respectfully, 
 
 Miss Preston's Assistant. 
 
S$ PRESTON PAPERS, 
 
 No. XVII. 
 
 GRAMMAR. 
 
 Oldtown, N. Y., May i, 188-. 
 State Supt. Public Instruction. 
 
 My Very Dear Sir: — Our talk on " Grammar and How to 
 Teach It " was so interesting and helpful to most of us that 
 I wondered if it might not be useful to others who had run 
 across a similar "snag." Yes, I used that word advisedly, 
 for it has been a very serious question with some of us — 
 with me. And I am free to confess that the trouble began 
 in my room — if that can be truly called " trouble " which 
 finally results in so much good to so many people. It was 
 on this wise : 
 
 A year or more ago, Colonel Clinton visited our school 
 with a view to sending his youngest daughter there. Now 
 the Colonel is very peculiar. He has views ; and as he has 
 money also, he can afford to be independent in his expres- 
 sion of them. He does not believe in public schools and 
 has never patronized them, having hired private tutors and 
 governesses for his children. So we were all very much 
 astonished to hear him say, after having sat a while : 
 
 "Miss Preston, I have heard so much of your work in 
 school, that I thought I would drop in and see if the reports 
 had not been greatly exaggerated. I am pleased to find 
 that they have not, but * the half has not been told me ; ' 
 
FAULTS OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS gy 
 
 and now I want, if you can receive her, to send my daughter 
 Katharine. Her governess has been called home unexpect- 
 edly by the death of her mother, and cannot come back to 
 us. But I see you are pretty well filled up here. Can you 
 take her.?" 
 
 "Yes, I think so," said Miss Preston; "we'll manage some 
 way. Has she never been to school ? " 
 
 "No. None of my children have ever been to public 
 school. My oldest son fitted for college under my own 
 supervision, and my second is doing the same ; will be 
 ready, we think, in the fall. My oldest daughter will gradu- 
 ate from Wellesley in June; my second daughter entered 
 last year — and now here is Katharine, just about with your 
 grade in her studies, I should think." 
 
 "What is your objection to the public schools?" asked 
 Miss Preston, very quietly. You could not have guessed 
 from her demeanor that he had touched upon her favorite 
 theme, but he had. 
 
 "Oh, the system is all wrong," he began, but stopped sud- 
 denly, as if recollecting himself. 
 
 " Perhaps. I will not deny that it has faults, very grave 
 ones, it may be ; but I have never found that the mere men- 
 tion of an evil rectified it; and unless we have something 
 better to offer in its place, we gain nothing by criticising it." 
 "True; very true," he replied earnestly, "and I think you 
 are doing your full duty to help it. You do not do as so 
 many have done who cry ' down ' with the system, and that 
 is just why I want Katharine to be here. As a general thing 
 the schools are governed by cast iron rules, and graded by 
 a sort of Procrustean process of examination that lops oflf 
 or stretches the pupils, until they all fit one educational 
 
88 PRESTON PAPERS, 
 
 bed, without regard to their intellects, home surroundings, 
 or after lives." 
 
 Much more of the same sort — worth printing, too, for 
 each is chock full of ideas on this subject — but I want to 
 tell you about the grammar discussion, and must not stop on 
 the way; but the result of it was that Katharine came, and 
 Katharine saw, and Katharine conquered, as hereafter. 
 
 Things went all right as long as Miss Preston stayed, but 
 she was called upon to take Mr. Johnson's place during his 
 sickness, and her class fell to me. ( Would that her mantle 
 had fallen to me also ! ) I got along very well until one day, 
 in the grammar class, Katharine asked me something, and I, 
 in my old unthinking way, referred her to her text book. 
 
 " Oh, I know it's there, and I can read it if I choose; but 
 what good will it do, as long as I don't understand it ? '* 
 
 Now that set me to thinking, and I thought real hard. 
 Two or three years ago I should have blamed her, perhaps 
 punished her, for impertinence ; but I have found out some 
 things in that time ; and when little things like that occur I 
 try to see if there may not be some underlying reason for it. 
 Well, to help matters along, the next day brought me the 
 following note from the Colonel : 
 
 " If Miss Preston's Assistant will excuse my little girl from the recita 
 tion in grammar, I will undertake the care of that study myself, and will 
 see that she is so well drilled that she will ' pass ' at the next examination. 
 Please let me hear from you on the subject, and believe me. 
 Your Most Obedient Servant, 
 
 M. S. Clinton." 
 Before my association with Miss Preston, the above would 
 have called forth thoughts, perhaps remarks, like these : 
 " Perhaps he had better make out my programs for me ! I 
 
MY REPLY TO THE COLONELS NOTE. 89 
 
 am surprised that he doesn't petition the Board of Education 
 to let him dictate the entire course of study for our schools ! 
 I wonder what he sends his child to public school for, if he 
 means to reserve the right to elect what she shall or shall 
 not study. Does he suppose I can have all the parents 
 using their discretion, or their want of it, in the education 
 of my pupils ? If he wants to teach her grammar, he may 
 teach her that and everything else along with it." 
 
 But now, things are so different; I can see why a teacher 
 should not monopolize all the interest in a child's studies, 
 and how it is that some parents feel deprived of parental 
 privileges by the educational straight jackets to which their 
 children are subjected. So after some meditation on the 
 subject, I penned the following reply: 
 
 " Mr. M. S. Clinton, 
 
 My Dear Sir: — Much as I should be pleased to comply with so reason- 
 able a request, I cannot yet see my way clear to do so. The course of 
 study for each grade has been planned by the Superintendent, with the 
 concurrence of the Board ; and until the rules are abrogated or modified, 
 the teachers have ao discretion in the matter, and cannot choose but obey. 
 Most Respectfully, 
 
 Miss Preston's Assistant." 
 
 There I was, well entrenched behind my breastwork, the 
 Board and Superintendent ; which breastwork he proceed- 
 ed to destroy at once by appealing in person to the said B. 
 and S. 
 
 " Why will you," said he, " insist upon wasting so much 
 precious time on mere technicalities that are neither useful 
 nor comprehensible to the average child ? By doing so, you 
 use up half a dozen of the best years of the child's life, 
 and give him a smattering of several things and a dislike, if 
 not a positive aversion, to those really desirable, and deprive 
 
90 PRESTON PAPERS, 
 
 him of the opportunity to learn things that he must meet in 
 after life, prepared or unprepared. You've no moral right to 
 do it." 
 
 The idea of there being a moral side to grammar ! Well, 
 I took my trouble to Miss Preston, and asked her if we 
 could not discuss it at our next meeting. 
 
 "Certainly; we will do so. Questions like this are coming 
 up every day, and we must think of them. Colonel Clinton 
 is more than half right — partly wrong — as such radical 
 people are apt to be." 
 
 And that was the beginning of our revolution. Some ot 
 the teachers opened their eyes with astonishment when the 
 subject of the day was announced, and not a few suggested 
 that it was a foeman hardly worthy of their steel ; but these 
 same objectors were among the first to fall in the conflict. 
 
 Miss Bates began : 
 
 " I like the method I learned by. I am used to it and I 
 have never learned any other. I am perfectly at home in it 
 and should lose myself in trying to teach a new one that I 
 was not familiar with ; " and she settled back into her seat. 
 
 Miss IngersoU whispered to me : "I wonder if the system 
 she is so * familiar with * advocates the use of prepositions 
 at the end of sentences ? " 
 
 Now as Miss Bates must have learned grammar thirty or 
 forty years since, I thought, myself, that perhaps some little 
 advance had been made in the method of teaching it. But 
 Mr. Brown interrupted my reflections with : 
 
 *'■ Well, I suppose grammar and the best methods of teach- 
 ing it have made some progress since I studied it, for * The 
 world does move * in educational as well as in other senses, 
 and I am looking for results that will help me choose from 
 among the many methods in vogue." 
 
OBJECTIONS. 9, 
 
 "As for me," said Mr. Lowell, "I do not know which I 
 most dread, grammar or compositions. I got a great deal 
 of light on the latter subject at one of our first meetings on 
 the new plan, and it helped me wonderfully. If grammar 
 can be reduced to the same simple thing, I shall be grateful 
 to whoever will show me how to render pleasant the disa- 
 greeable, and useful the apparently useless. As it is, my 
 pupils not only dislike it, but they see positive reasons why 
 they ought not to be compelled to study it." 
 
 "Exactly my experience," said Miss Wood. "To their 
 ' I don't see the use of it,' I generally put in, * You will, per- 
 haps, when you are older ; * but when I said that to Mary 
 Towner the other day, she said that her father often said that 
 reading the best authors gave any one a better knowledge of 
 the queen's English than the mere study of grammar could 
 ever do; and I had nothing to reply, for I felt its truth." 
 
 Mr. Johnson sighed. " How much remains for us to do ! " 
 he said despondently. 
 
 "Perhaps we shall gain time hyTundoingy* said Miss 
 Preston. " This is one of the things I have wanted to have 
 discussed in council for a long time. It has troubled me 
 that the course of study mapped out for us to follow ignore" 
 grammar until after the child has been several years in 
 school, and then the indiscriminate stuffing of rules, defini- 
 tions and conjugations begins. * Fall term, KerVs Grammar 
 to page 95; winter term, ditto to page 125; spring term, to 
 page 150, and review the year's work.' The next year it is 
 the same, only more so ; and the process is continued ad 
 libitum^ ad infinitum^ ad nauseam^ until I don't wonder that 
 teachers, pupils, and parents cry for mercy." 
 
 "Is there no 'balm in Gilead*?" queried Miss Smith. 
 
92 PRESTON Papers. 
 
 "Certainly there is a cure," answered Miss Preston. ** I 
 believe there's no physical disease without its remedy, and 
 that there's no question of educational importance without 
 its answer; but both remedy and answer require diligence, 
 labor, and patience, in the finding." 
 
 I believe I am getting beyond my limits, and so will defer 
 the suggestions offered and conclusions at which we arrived, 
 until my next; remaining, 
 
 Yours Truly, 
 
 Miss Preston's Assistant. 
 
TEACHING BY EXAMPLE. 93 
 
 No. XVIII. 
 GRAMMAR. ( Continued. ) 
 
 "1 teach grammar largely by using it — as, if I were to 
 teach walking I would set the class to walking. Much of 
 our teaching, perhaps including grammar, is theoretical, and 
 in ordinary conversation and school work we do not make 
 use of the principles we have taught," said Miss Preston. 
 
 "Will you illustrate your meaning?" inquired Mr. Johnson. 
 
 " Just this will do it : in our grammar classes we teach 
 the declension of the personal pronouns, giving the first 
 person singular the formal 'me' in the objective — and yet 
 many of us almost invariably say: * It is for you and I '— 
 merely because we do not think. It isn't because we do 
 not know; but having learned grammar theoretically we 
 neglect its practice." 
 
 " How do you avoid this trouble, Miss Preston ? I have 
 heard that your schools were almost models of careful 
 speech," said Miss Wood. 
 
 " Thank you. I fully believe in the Scriptural injunction 
 to * Watch' in this line, at least. Nowhere do we so often 
 betray ourselves as by our speech, and as teachers we should 
 be exemplars in this as in other things." 
 
 "That is so — but I want the prescription for the * Balm 
 in Gilead' or the balm itself," said Miss Wood. 
 
 ** To be brief, then," responded Miss Preston, " I bid every 
 
94 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 one watch, and begin the work myself. I inspect all the writ- 
 ten work with that in view, and look out for oral lapses, ask- 
 ing each pupil to do the same. Each one keeps a note book 
 in which he records any error of speech which he hears; and 
 on a certain day in the week we have a general exercise 
 in grammar. All participate ; books are laid aside, and 
 from three to half a dozen pupils are selected to write at 
 the blackboard ; those at their seats take turns in reading 
 from their note books whatever they have accumulated, and 
 these sentences are put upon the board by those who have 
 been selected to write. When that is all done as many 
 readers are chosen as there have been copyists, and as each 
 phrase or sentence is read I call upon some one to point out 
 the error, some one else ( at times I call for a * concert ' 
 answer ) to correct it and tell why it was wrong, giving the 
 rule that covers the case." 
 
 " Now that strikes me favorably, very," said Mr. Johnson 
 reflectively, " although I've never heard of grammar being 
 taught in that way. But you say * Giving the rule that 
 covers the case.* That implies a previous learning of tech- 
 aical rules, does it not ? " 
 
 " Yes. As often as my school can digest a short lesson in 
 grammar I give them one, always teaching objectively where 
 possible — and afterwards reducing the matter to writing. 
 Then I give several days to the elucidation and elaboration 
 of the principle just taught. We get illustrations daily, and 
 from everywhere ; and we so make practical what we learn 
 — and only the practical in grammar seems worth while, 
 when there is so much to learn that is absolutely necessary 
 to our best development." 
 
 "But, Miss Preston, do you never use a book in your 
 classes ? ** queried Miss Wells. 
 
WA YS AND MEANS, 95 
 
 •*0h, yes, sometimes, but not for an every-day diet as it 
 were," and she laughed. " Where standard authors differ in 
 methods, principle, or definition, I present the different 
 views and the reasons given ; and at times I quote author- 
 ities to substantiate my own statement. My pupils keep 
 note books in which they enter the main part of each les- 
 son ; and each one owns a text book, to be used for refer- 
 ence or for a set lesson whenever necessary." 
 
 ** I should think it would take an ordinary life time to get 
 ready to teach grammar in this way," said Miss Smith. 
 
 " Some longer, perhaps, than in the ordinary way," said 
 Miss Preston, " but it paySy in that it saves the child from 
 the almost universal dread of studying grammar, and from 
 the uselessness of much of it, besides saving time for other 
 things, from what is usually given to that study." 
 
 "We will begin the September Term in the study of 
 grammar under Miss Preston's direction," said Mr. John- 
 son hopefully, " and I believe that it will result in good in 
 more directions than those mentioned. Meanwhile, we will 
 ponder on these things and study ways and means;" and we 
 disbanded with a feeling of gladness that this "bugbear" of 
 the common school has at last been chained. 
 
 Before closing I will illustrate Miss Preston's method by 
 giving two or three examples taken from the blackboard in 
 my own room, as they were written and corrected in our 
 to-day's exercise. 
 
 •' This is the sunniest side of the street.** 
 
 Teacher: "John, what is wrong about this?" 
 
 John : "Why, the word ' sunniest ' is not right.** 
 
 Teacher: " Correct it, please, and tell why it is wrong." 
 
 John : " Sunnier should have been used, as that is the comparatiye 
 
96 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 form for the word sunny ; and the superlative form ' sunniest * must not 
 be used unless there are more than two things to be compared." 
 
 Teacher : " Yes, and a street has only two sides. Mary Fields, you 
 may read and correct the next sentence." 
 
 Mary: "The sentence reads: 'The candy is for you and I.' I 
 think it should be for you and me,* but can't tell why." 
 
 Teacher : '* I will call for volunteer information." ( Dozens of hands 
 are raised to signify their owner's knowledge on the point, one of whom 
 is chosen to speak.) 
 
 Charles : " Why, the case is wrong. The nominative form has been 
 used, when it should be objective after the preposition for** 
 
 Teacher : " Can you give the rule ? " 
 
 Charles: '* Yes, ma'am. We had that rule last week, *A noun or 
 pronoun is in the objective case when it is used as the object of a verb or 
 preposition.'" 
 
 Teacher : •* Very good. Now do you understand it, Mary ?," 
 
 Mary : " Not quite. I do not see how he knew whether ' I ' was 
 nominative or objective." 
 
 Teacher : " Mary, can you decline a personal pronoun which is in 
 the first person, singular number ? " 
 
 Mary: "No, ma'am, I am sure I can not. I do not believe I ever 
 knew." 
 
 Teacher: "Charles, give it please. Mary has come among us so 
 recently that she has not learned that yet." 
 
 Charles : " Nominative /, possessive my or minty objective me J* 
 
 Teacher : " Now do you see, Mary ? " 
 
 Mary : " Yes, ma'am. I felt quite sure it ought to be objective — but 
 I could not tell how he knew which was objective." 
 
 Teacher : *• Very good. Now we will take the next one. Lily, you 
 may read it.* 
 
 Lily : "He don't do so." 
 
 Teacher : " Can you correct it ? *• 
 
 Lily : "I think so. Should it not be : * He does n't do so * ?" 
 
 Teacher : "Yes ; but tell us why, please." 
 
 Lily : " Don't is an allowable contraction for do not, and we should 
 say does not^ if we said it in fulL" 
 
EXAMPLES. py 
 
 Teacher : " Give us the rule for that if you can, please.** 
 
 Lily : *' Verbs must agree with their subjects in person and number.** 
 
 These are samples, merely, of the method, which you 
 must see in use to get an idea of its scope and thorough- 
 ness. Hoping that you may, I remain 
 
 Yours, Cordially, 
 
 Miss Preston's Assistant. 
 
98 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 No. XIX. 
 WHISPERING. 
 
 Oldtown, N. Y., May 22, 188-. 
 
 Mr. , State Supt., etc. 
 
 My Dear Sir: — We were somewhat startled, at our last 
 meeting, to hear Mr. Wheeler plead somewhat vehemently 
 for a symposium on "Whispering — the Evil and its Cure." 
 
 " I am sure," he said, " that if I don't get and keep it out 
 of my school, untold and almost unqualified bad discipline 
 will result. It is the one thing against which I feel com- 
 pelled to wage a constant warfare ; and yet, like Banquo's 
 ghost, it will not * down * but rises and confronts me daily, 
 constantly." 
 
 **I have felt the same desperation regarding the same 
 evil," said Miss Wood; "and I've resorted to every device 
 that has been brought to my notice to break up the perni- 
 cious habit, but without any staying results." 
 
 " It used to trouble me, at first," said Miss Smith, "but of 
 late my interest has been so centered in the general work of 
 the school that I've almost forgotten about the old enemy." 
 
 I saw Miss Preston smile a little quizzically, and I knew 
 that she had a theory of her own on the subject, which I 
 thought would be brought to light sooner or later, so waited 
 in patience. 
 
 " I've never been much annoyed by it myself," said Mr. 
 
FAIR PLAY, 99 
 
 Stephens. " I supposed it was a * part of the play * to whis- 
 per. In fact I don't see how one can well get along without 
 it, if he's either social or enthusiastic." 
 
 "I am with you in sentiment, in part,^at least," said Miss 
 Preston, "and I have but little faith in most of the * devices * 
 that put children upon so unnatural a strain as to require 
 them to desist entirely from using the God-given boon of 
 speech, under pains and penalties." 
 
 Here was a mess ! For we had been taught to look upon 
 whispering as one of the cardinal sins of the schoolroom, 
 and the whisperer as a criminal whom nothing could rescue 
 from an ignominious fate. 
 
 "Why," said Miss Smith, "do you ever allow it in your 
 schools ? " 
 
 "Under certain restrictions, yes," said Miss Preston, 
 cheerfully. 
 
 " Will you kindly name some of the restrictions ? " asked 
 Mr. Johnson. 
 
 "With pleasure," she responded heartily. "In the first 
 place I ask only what I judge to be reasonable, and am quite 
 sure to get this. I say, early in my acquaintance with my 
 school and its needs, * Children, it isn't fair for some of 
 you to have or take privileges that all may not share, is it ? * 
 And the average boy is quite easily touched in regard to 
 fair play. Then I try to show how, by whispering, one may 
 disturb two or three and have a bad influence upon many 
 more. I also provide times when all may whisper at once,'* 
 "Why?" 
 
 " Well, there *s often a reason for the whisper. A child 
 may have been absent when the lesson was announced, and 
 not know where to study; or tardy when something of im- 
 
lOO PRESTON PAPERS, 
 
 portance occurred, and, childlike, he'll want to know about 
 it. Through misfortune, carelessness, or accident, he may 
 be without the books or materials needed for his lessons, 
 which can not be learned until these are procured ; and I 
 prefer to have the necessary whispering all done at one time." 
 
 " How often do you give them this opportunity ? " asked 
 Mr. Wheeler, interested. 
 
 " Once during each session.** 
 
 " But does not this consume a great deal of time ? ** que- 
 ried Mr. Johnson. 
 
 " Oh, no. One of the very first things I try to teach is 
 prompt obedience; and as the children know what the bell 
 signifies, and obey it very promptly, five minutes is ample 
 for each whispering recess." 
 
 ** I should think it would almost save that and more, in 
 the long run," said Miss Miller. 
 
 " It does," replied Miss Preston. " I take the same time to 
 answer general questions that must be asked some time, and 
 that arise, for reasons similar to those that almost necessitate 
 whispering.** 
 
 " Then you do not permit questions to be asked during 
 recitation and study hours } *' suggested Mr. Brown. 
 
 ** Certainly not. Besides teaching the very bad habit of 
 interrupting — which is likely to be detrimental to their 
 manners in social life — (and I must soon give you a synopsis 
 of our talk on ** Manners," it was so full of good things) it 
 does break up the line of study among the listeners. Con- 
 secutive thinking is the only kind of thinking that is really 
 valuable; and I am aiming to teach this, which can't well be 
 done in a room that is always giving out sound.** 
 
 ** True," said Mr. Johnson ; " and while you*ve demon- 
 
WHISPERING CONTROLLED. lOI 
 
 strated a show of necessity for some whispering, you have 
 shown that it may be managed so as not to be the unmiti- 
 gated evil that we have generally considered it" 
 
 " I have usually found that nearly all evil is more or less 
 'mitigated' by the germ of good which it may contain," 
 assented Miss Preston; "and by teaching children to respect 
 the rights of others at the same time that they guard their 
 own, we have made a long stride toward doing away with 
 whispering. 'A time and a place for everything ' is another 
 principle which, thoroughly taught, will develop the thought 
 that whispering may become a nuisance if done at the wrong 
 time " 
 
 " Your reasons for a limited allowance are so good, and 
 your plans for its management so simple, that I think I 
 shall try them " said Mr Wheeler, hopefully. " Like some 
 other things, although a bad master it may be made a good 
 servant/' 
 
 " I have heard good teachers go so far as to say that nine 
 tenths of all the mischief done or projected in school arose 
 from this cause," responded Miss Preston; "but I think the 
 statement overdrawn, the imaginary evil magnified. Still, I 
 should want that, like any thing having a downward tend- 
 ency, to be within my control. Even well drilled soldiers 
 or sailors may get so far beyond their superior's influence as 
 to mutiny, if not handled with judgment ■— and I want my 
 school children to respect themselves and love Right enough 
 to work toward the best interests of all, in this as well as 
 other matters; so I place it in their hands, partly, and show 
 them how much more and better work they can accomplish 
 when whispering is regulated a little." 
 
 " Do you permit other forms of communication except at 
 stated intervals ? " asked Mr. Johnson. 
 
102 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 Miss Preston laughed. " Now I begin to think you believe 
 I engrave my rules and regulations in cast iron; but I don't. 
 I say simply this : * Whisper if you must^ but be careful. 
 Think, before you do it; and let the matter wait if you can. 
 If it is something imperative, and it will disturb less to write 
 a note, do that. Avoid either when possible.' " 
 
 " It seems to me," ventured Mr. Whipple, " that that is like 
 opening a sluice way for a freshet." 
 
 *' Call it that, or a safety-valve, or what you will, there is 
 no danger if you don't let it get the start of you," said Miss 
 Preston. "You are engineer, fireman, or what not, and 
 you must manage the brakes. I only wanted to show the 
 difference between rigid, uncompromising prohibition, and 
 reasonable management of what may be either a help or a 
 nuisance." 
 
 Her ideas on this subject were new to most of us, and her 
 plans equally so; but we were all "with one consent " satis- 
 fied that they were at least worth trying. Hoping that some 
 others who have " swamped " on this question may be helped 
 by our discussion of it, I remain, 
 
 Yours Very Truly, 
 
 Miss Preston's Assistant. 
 
SOCIAL CULTURE. 
 
 103 
 
 No. XX. 
 
 MANNERS. 
 
 Oldtown, N. Y., June 26, 188-. 
 Mr. , Supt. Public Instruction. 
 
 Respected Sir: — Our little knot of interested teachers 
 took up " Manners " during one of our spring meetings ; 
 and we really gained something for ourselves as well as for 
 our schools, by its ventilation. The parliament was opened 
 by Miss Sigourney, who in an undertone, designed only for 
 Mr. Brown's ears, said : 
 
 "I was amused this morning on my way here, to meet 
 Julian Bristol. He doffed his soft felt hat to me, with a 
 bow that would have done credit to a Chesterfield or a 
 Raleigh." 
 
 Now Julian is one of my big boys, of foreign descent, 
 graceful, good natured, and one of Miss Preston's ardent 
 admirers — as all her school children are ; and at her sug- 
 gestion I have been giving my department little lessons, 
 hints, and talks, on social culture; and I have been care- 
 fully noting its effect in the manners of my pupils, in school 
 and on the street; and Miss Sigourney's tone, more than 
 her words, nettled me a little, and although not addressed 
 personally, I spurred up with : 
 
 " Is it unusual for gentlemen to raise their hats to you, 
 Miss Sigourney ? ** 
 
I04 PRESTON PAPERS, 
 
 Now It was ill-bred, and I ought to hav« possessed my 
 soul in patience. Miss Sigourney, however, good-naturedly 
 ignored my implied sarcasm, and laughed a little, saying, 
 gently for her : 
 
 " Julian is only sixteen ; and our incipient gentlemen, of 
 such tender years, are not usually masters of such captivat- 
 ing manners as to make it seem like an every-day occur- 
 rence to me.'* 
 
 " I am sure there should be nothing unusual in such a dis- 
 play of courtesy as to make it a target for remarks of any 
 sort," said Mr. Johnson, a little warmly. " I have n't noticed 
 that our boys and girls are below the average in politeness." 
 
 " And yet," said Mr. Hopkins, "it was only yesterday that 
 my landlady complained of the ' rabble * as she termed the 
 boys (boys who call themselves young gentlemen, too, and 
 many of them come from families of good social position ) 
 who came * tumbling ' pell-mell out of the High School build- 
 ing, just as she was passing. Some really ran against her, 
 and nearly all were so intent upon running that they were as 
 oblivious of her presence on the pavement as they were of 
 her right to it. She was quite disgusted, and spoke with 
 some vehemence of a * system ' that makes scholars at the 
 expense of gentlemen." 
 
 " Now I think she's hasty in condemning the system, 
 faulty though it may be," said Miss Preston, on the defen- 
 sive at once. ** To be sure the conduct was rude, inexcus- 
 able, may be ; but Mrs. Storrs never had any children of her 
 own, and her childhood is so far in the background that she 
 has perhaps forgotten her own impulsive youth — if it was 
 impulsive ; and if was n't she could n't well understand such 
 a phase of boy-nature." 
 
AWKWARDNESS OF YOUTH, 105 
 
 "That's the key note to much of our trouble of erery 
 description," sighed Mr. Johnson. ** We don't understand 
 ourselves nor others, and we look at a thing from only one 
 side. Now suppose we lay aside our plans for to-day's 
 work, and talk about ' Civility : How it may be taught and 
 inculcated in our schoolrooms.* " 
 
 Personally I was very glad of this suggestion, for when I 
 began to look with my new eyes upon the work before me 
 I could see so much uncultivated " good timber " before me 
 that the magnitude of the work nearly overwhelmed me. 
 ''Watch," Miss Preston had said to me. ** You will see that 
 nine out of ten do not know how to get out of a room prop- 
 erly when there are others in it ; how to terminate a call or 
 visit gracefully and pleasantly ; how to acknowledge a favor 
 nor how to make amends for a blunder." And I had 
 watched, and had found these things and more — things 
 that I wonder I had passed without observing for so many 
 years. It is just the difference between machine work and 
 soul work everywhere. 
 
 " Well," said Miss Sigourney, " I did not know I was lead- 
 ing up to such a profound discussion ; but on the whole I 
 can not regret it if it opens my eyes as to any good way to 
 treat a matter that has only troubled me a short time." 
 
 Mr. Whipple was in the chair that day, and he said : 
 "Perhaps we shall get at the merits of the subject more 
 quickly if we concede the great need of work in this field, 
 and confine our first inquiries as to the best ways of doing 
 the work. Miss Ingersoll, where would you begin ? " 
 
 "On the * woman' side of the question, naturally," she 
 replied with a laugh. " I would teach deference to the sex, 
 from the youngest boy up." 
 
io6 PRESTON PAPERS, 
 
 " Good," said Mr. Whipple. "But that would only touch 
 a part of creation." 
 
 " A very large part, though," said Miss Ingersoll ; ** and 
 the boy who is polite to his mother and sisters will hardly be 
 rude to the rest of the family." 
 
 "True," said Mr. Whipple, "and yet I think we should 
 begin on a broader basis. Let us hear from the gentlemen 
 of the Association. Mr. Lowell, where would you place the 
 fundamental principles of good breeding ? " 
 
 " I think," said Professor Lowell, slowly, " that if we place 
 selfishness at the base of rudeness, we shall find that court- 
 esy rests upon its opposite trait." 
 
 " That is good, too, as far as it goes," said Mr. Johnson, 
 " but some people who are really unselfish at heart are not 
 models of manners." 
 
 " That would suggest * tact ' as an essential element of 
 courtesy," said Mr. Wheeler, a little doubtfully, 
 
 " Yes ; and it is a good plank," said Mr. Whipple ; ** yet I 
 hardly think we have gotten at the heart of the matter yet. 
 Let us hear from the fair sex," and he looked appealingly 
 at Miss Preston. 
 
 ** I would give every child the Golden Rule as an infallible 
 general guide," she responded, unhesitatingly ; ** the thought 
 * Would I like to have such and such things said and done 
 to me, or in my presence,* will often prompt to an act of 
 civility, or restrain the performance of an impolite one. 
 But all children and most young people as well as some 
 older ones need specific, definite instruction as to how and 
 what to do under certain every day circumstances." 
 
 ** You are surely right," volunteered Miss Smith. " Only 
 last night Luella Hubbard offended my sense of propriety 
 
COURTESY AS CAPITAL, 107 
 
 by returning a borrowed book without so much as a ' Thank 
 you/ when I knew that she had really derived a great deal 
 of pleasure from it, for I had heard her speaking of it in a 
 very animated way, to a group of girls and boys, about ten 
 minutes before, when I first came into the room." 
 
 ** Precisely so," said Miss Preston ; "and while we hardly 
 want to use the arguinentum ad hominem^ we can make such 
 a circumstance as that the text for a general lesson to the 
 school, and with good effect." 
 
 "Yes," observed Mr. Whipple, "it is without difficulty 
 that I recall my own spasmodic efforts to do the agreeable to 
 a little blonde of sixteen, while I was yet in the transition 
 period and frock coats," and he laughed at the recollection. 
 
 That laugh did us all good, and it gave us a sort of 
 fraternal feeling that was eminently good for the topic under 
 consideration. 
 
 " And if those efforts had been well directed, instead of 
 * spasmodic,* I dare say you would have been successful," 
 laughed Miss Sigourney, a little mischievously. "Now I 
 think Julian Bristol has made a good start in the world." 
 
 " And so he has," said Mr. Whipple, with energy. " When 
 he goes out to hunt up a place to work, if he knows what to 
 do with his hands, when to take off his hat, how to speak 
 when necessary and when not to, and dozens of other things 
 that have a commercial value, he has a much better chance 
 to get the place he wants than if he has the uncultivated 
 manners of the average boy." 
 
 " I had n't thought of these things before. It is strange," 
 said Mr. Johnson, seriously ; " but I believe that we ought 
 not to neglect this part of any child's education." 
 
 " Nor ought we," said Miss Preston. " Manners and 
 
io8 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 morals are really as essential as geography and grammar. 
 But we can not teach, in these things, farther than we go by 
 example. We can not consistently exact politeness if we 
 do not use it. If we teach our girls and boys to salute us 
 with * Good Morning * when they come in, and * Good after- 
 noon ' when they go out, it must be as much by example as 
 by precept." 
 
 These are but a few of the suggestions thrown out ; but I 
 have always noted in Miss Preston's association with her 
 pupils that she observes even the least of these ** small, 
 sweet courtesies," prefacing every request, however insig- 
 nificant, with " Please," receiving every favor with " Thank 
 you," " I'm obliged to you," or something equally courteous 
 — never saying "Thanks," as is a prevalent custom, denom- 
 inating it as " decidedly curt " and " next to nothing." And 
 they are influenced by her manners ; we can all see that, and 
 many have spoken of it to 
 
 Yours Truly, 
 
 Miss Preston's Assistant. 
 
A CONTRAST. 109 
 
 No. XXI. 
 
 DRESS. 
 
 Oldtown, N. Y., Sept. 13, 188-. 
 Mr. , State Supt. 
 
 My Dear Sir : — The subject of ** Dress " seemed to 
 follow so naturally that of "Manners," that we entered 
 upon its consideration informally and without a previous 
 announcement. 
 
 Miss Sigourney presided; and when I tell you that she 
 is as remarkable for her lack of concern in her personal 
 appearance as she is for her good nature — which is almost 
 traditional — you will say: 
 
 " The two too often accompany each other." 
 
 To-day she had on a dress which was considerably soiled, 
 a none-too-clean collar, and her hair was in a state ! This, 
 too, when she was to preside at a teachers' meeting! ! I 
 was sorry for her as soon as I saw the " tone " the meeting 
 was likely to assume, for I felt sure she would have her 
 sensitive nature wounded; but, would you believe it? she 
 remained — or seemed — perfectly oblivious of her toilet 
 and its imperfections. Miss Whitney sat near, and a more 
 perfect contrast can not be imagined. Older, by some years, 
 than Miss Sigourney, every last little speck of dust brushed 
 from her garments, with spotless linen, a dress that fitted as 
 though she were " run " into it, hair so smooth and glossy 
 
no PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 that you could almost see yourself in it, you wculd have 
 felt almost instinctively that she would almost parse her 
 sentences before giving them utterance, and that she would 
 never move in unseemly haste. She is a fairly good teacher, 
 cold, but moderately successful notwithstanding. But I 
 must stop descriptions if I recapitulate with any degree of 
 fullness. 
 
 Mr. Brown began by some light remark about the aesthetic 
 tendencies of the education of the day. 
 
 " Now I think that is to be encouraged," observed Mr. 
 Johnson. " I have only been thinking of it at all of late ; 
 but I believe, with Miss Preston, that the impressions of 
 early childhood are more potent for good or evil than we 
 are generally aware; and that their influence is almost incal- 
 culable. By our own appearance, even, we may foster a 
 taste that will become vitiated ; or we may sow seeds that 
 will develop into a really artistic sense." 
 
 " I believe you," echoed Miss Sigourney, oblivious that she 
 was condemning herself by assenting to the popular idea. 
 
 "Why, Mr. Johnson, do you really suppose that the dress 
 we wear, or the condition of our hair, teeth, or nails, have 
 any bearing, direct or indirect, upon our pupils ? " and Miss 
 Wells looked incredulous as she asked it. 
 
 "Allow me to answer, please, Mr. Johnson," interrupted 
 Professor Lowell, his face aglow. "Among my earliest recol- 
 lections are those of an old man whose memory I revere, but 
 of whose personal appearance I can not, even now, think 
 without a feeling of disgust. Good, he undoubtedly was; 
 that he was actually repulsive in his toilet is no less true ; 
 hair unkempt, teeth that were equally guilty of a brush and 
 of any dental skill, nails that were in a constant conditioo 
 
A PINK DRESS. HI 
 
 of crape, boots which never seemed to come into any close 
 relations with brush or polish, and other garments on which 
 the dust of ages would seem to have settled as if they'd 
 found a sure abiding place." 
 
 We did laugh at the pen picture, a little, but Professor 
 Lowell went on : 
 
 " He had many fine instincts, many delicate, refined ideas, 
 incongruous as they seem. But I did not discover this so 
 early in my acquaintance as I should if the evidence had 
 not been so strongly against him." 
 
 " Precisely so," said Mr. Johnson; "and this just corrobo- 
 rates what I said at first. But I would like to hear some of 
 the lady teachers speak on this subject." 
 
 " I remember one thing, in the early days of my teaching," 
 said Miss Preston, " that made quite an impression on me. 
 One of my little girls came up to me, one afternoon, and 
 said as she laid her hand caressingly upon my arm, * Miss 
 Preston, if we'll be real good this week will you wear that 
 lovely pink dress Friday afternoon that you had on at home 
 the other day ? * Without giving the matter a second 
 thought I said *Why yes; of course I will,' and dismissed 
 the subject from my mind. Friday morning came, and with 
 it came a reminder from Lily: * Don't forget your promise, 
 Miss Preston.' And I didn't, but wore the dress that had 
 been designed specially for home wear, simply to please the 
 child who asked me to." 
 
 " Did it have any visible effect ? " interrupted Miss Wells, 
 interested. 
 
 " I was just coming to that, as it's the best part of the 
 experience," Miss Preston answered. "As I came up the 
 walk I heard a group of small children discussing theij 
 
,„ PRESTON PAPERS, 
 
 teachers, and being behind them, I soon heard my name; 
 and they were using it as a sort of symbol for beauty, purity, 
 truth, goodness and all the cardinal virtues combined. I 
 lagged behind, and pondered. All the afternoon I observed 
 that things moved most easily. A word was more than 
 sufficient, a look amply so; and it was due to the influence 
 of the pink dress.*' 
 
 " Are you sure it was that ? " queried Mr. Bishop. 
 
 "I am. Circumstances developed this afterwards, in a 
 way that would have dissolved any lingering doubts if they 
 had existed in my mind." 
 
 " I can readily believe that," said Mr. Johnson. " I have 
 recently made observations which convince me that the 
 more tastefully a person dresses, the more attractive one is, 
 the greater his influence everywhere, and correspondingly 
 greater his commercial value." 
 
 " What would you suggest for good, every day material, 
 Miss Preston ? " queried Miss Miller. 
 
 " Of all things I would say avoid goods with soft, wooly 
 surfaces. They catch dust, chalk, and fuzz, in the school- 
 room; and thistles, burrs, and * corners' outside. Serges, 
 alpacas, and similar goods for winter; cambrics, percales, 
 etc., for summer." 
 
 " And what colors ? " asked Miss Wood. 
 
 "Greys, browns, olives, dark greens, blues, maroons; any- 
 thing, in fact, but black. A dull or neutral tint, for the main 
 dress is always * good form ; ' and this may be garnished by 
 a bright ribbon, a bunch of flowers, or set trimming. Then 
 I would have one or more bright dresses for special occa- 
 sions, as we have condiments with our staple food." 
 
 " Mr. Johnson can you suggest a toilet for the male per- 
 suasion ? " queried Mr. Wheeler. 
 
THE LITTLE FOXES. 113 
 
 " Oh, I think they can all draw inferences from this talk, 
 without going into details. But," and he spoke earnestly, 
 "we must all remember that the little foxes spoil the vines." 
 We separated soon after this, but each went home think- 
 ing of the silent influence of the seemingly unimportant 
 factor in our make-up. Dress. Why the very idea that good 
 taste in dressing has a moral aspect and a commercial value 
 was new to many of us; and yet it is reasonable. That it is 
 potent in giving first impressions concerning us is none the 
 less true, and it is the first impressions that telL Where is 
 the end of its power ? 
 I remain, 
 
 Very Cordially Yours, 
 
 Miss Preston's Assistant. 
 
PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 No. XXII. 
 
 PENMANSHIP. 
 
 Oldtown, N. Y., October 29, 188-. 
 Mr. , Supt., etc. 
 
 Dear Sir : — The question of Penmanship, in its various 
 phases, has been agitating us for some weeks. Allan Eddy's 
 mother broached the subject at one of the sewing societies 
 with which our little city is blessed ; and behold ! every 
 mother present was full of pent up feeling on the subject. 
 
 **A1 can hardly write his name legibly," said the little 
 woman, snapping her teeth together as she bit off her 
 thread. Had her eyes not twinkled a little bit you might 
 have thought her more out of patience than she really was. 
 
 ** Neither can Will," chimed in Mrs. Cramer ; " and it 
 seems to me as though a boy of twelve years ought to be 
 able to do himself and his teacher credit by his writing." 
 
 " My stars ! Wayne writes as if ink were the cheapest 
 commodity in the world and he had an unlimited supply of 
 it, and was under bond to use it all within a given time and 
 on a given space," laughed Mrs. Gallup. 
 
 "/ don't think it is any laughing matter," said Mrs. 
 Hoard. " Harry actually writes more indistinctly now than 
 he did when he entered the Junior Grade." 
 
 And so they chatted, witn no word of excuse or pallia- 
 tion, nothing but fault finding and criticism of the system 
 
RAPIDITY. i,^ 
 
 that develops such poor writers from what, in some instances 
 at least, gave promise of being such good material. 
 
 At last, Mrs. Ripley spoke : ** Frank is doing very nicely. 
 I believe that I have never seen any better penmanship than 
 his gives promise of being. There is nothing showy about 
 it ; but it is neat, legible, and rapid." 
 
 " Rapid. Yes, I can easily believe that it is rapid," said 
 Mrs. Breese. "Agatha complains to me nearly every day 
 that she * misses * in half of her lessons because they are dic- 
 tated and she cannot 'keep up.' *' 
 
 "Fred does not seem to have any trouble on that score," 
 said Mrs. Tyler, quietly. **I heard him telling Ella Wil- 
 coxen the other day that at their recent examination in 
 spelling and penmanship Miss Preston gave them a hundred 
 words, timed them, and from the moment of her pronounc- 
 ing the first word until the last paper was signed, folded and 
 labeled, it was just thirty-seven minutes." 
 
 ''Oh, well, he and Frank Ripley are both in the other 
 ward and are under Miss Preston's tuition," said Mrs. Eddy ; 
 ** and she seems to get at the * how ' to do everything in her 
 line, with the very best results. I only wish my three boys 
 could be in her school." 
 
 And so the question came to be agitated, until finally its 
 magnitude made it seem a " thing of evil " and it came up 
 for conference and debate at our next session. Without 
 parley or preliminary, and as though no one else's method or 
 opinion were worth discussing at all, " Miss Preston," said 
 Mr. Johnson, with a dash of his old, imperative tone, " come . 
 tell us how you manage to get so good results, in so short a 
 time, and with so little trouble." 
 
 **Why, it is so easy," and she smiled; "it is simply to 
 
Ii6 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 begin right, and to begin early enough, before the muscles 
 become hardened or bad habits are formed. Patience, then, 
 and care, coupled with constant vigilance, make good pen- 
 men of even very young girls and boys." 
 
 "That is good for all except definiteness," said Mr. 
 Brown ; " but will you not add to its value, by telling us 
 just how and when you begin, and how you proceed } " 
 
 " With great pleasure. The day a child is old enough to 
 be presented for admission into my school room he is none 
 too young to use the implements of war ; and he begins his 
 career by holding his pencil properly while he plays with his 
 slate, if he is not more than five or six years old. He is 
 awkward at first, unless he has had home or kindergarten 
 training ; but he can be taught When he can * make 
 marks * with his pencil in position I let him now and then 
 hold a pen and * write ' if he is ambitious to do as he sees 
 the older pupils doing. A little drill each day, of the 
 chubby hands; a guiding toward a definite object; some- 
 times a slate pencil against the hard surface of the slate, 
 sometimes a crayon at the blackboard, then a lead pencil, 
 with now and then a pen and ink, and he becomes and 
 keeps interested in the variety of tools that he has been 
 handling." 
 
 " But, Miss Preston, do you mean to say that you let mere 
 babies use a pen and ink in your school ? We have never 
 given it to them until the second year of the Senior Grade ; " 
 and Mr. Johnson looked a little aghast at the possibility of a 
 fatal experiment. 
 
 " No, not * mere babies,* " she responded cheerfully. " The 
 youngest * nursery stock ' has never been turned over to my 
 tender mercies ; but as soon as the children are brought 
 
GOOD RESULTS, 117 
 
 within my jurisdiction they are given pen and ink, under my 
 (or some one else's) guardian care, at not-too-frequent 
 intervals, and they learn to use them without stabbing them- 
 selves with the one or deluging themselves or their neighbors 
 with the other." 
 
 " Is it possible ? " 
 
 " Yes ; and by the time they are seven or eight years old 
 they write quite legibly ; and I have had those who did 
 credit to themselves, even as young as that." 
 
 " Miss Preston, I wish you would begin at the initial step 
 and tell us just how you accomplish the desired result," said 
 Mr. Johnson, with interest. 
 
 " It varies with the patient and the circumstances," she 
 replied, smiling. " For instance : what I would do with a 
 class in the primary room, knowing that that year or two 
 would be all that I would see of them, and that the subject 
 would be ignored for the next two or three years by my suc- 
 cessors ( as it nearly always is until the children are in the 
 Junior Grade) would be entirely different from what I 
 would do with a more mature class, or with a class which I 
 expected to stay with for two, three, or more, years." 
 
 " I can readily see that — but as we have all these con- 
 ditions represented here, suppose you give us a brief outline 
 of your work under each of these varying circumstances," 
 and he looked appealingly at the one teacher on whom he 
 seems to rely for advice and real help. Oh, it is worth 
 something to know that one's work can be relied upon — 
 that it will stand the tests of time and result ; and this must 
 be an inspiration to Miss Preston, as I hope it may come to 
 be to Yours Truly, 
 
 Miss Preston's Assistant, 
 
,ig PRESTON PAPERS, 
 
 No. XXIII 
 
 PENMANSHIP. ( Continued. ) 
 
 ** Well, I will begin with a supposed class of children in 
 the Primal} Grade, who have already learned to hold their 
 pencils, but who know little of form. One thing right here 
 — to all classes I would' hold up as good a copy as I could 
 make while they watch." 
 
 '' Why then, in preference to doing it in their absence ? " 
 queried Miss Butler. 
 
 "Because it helps them see how — where to begin any 
 given stroke, how carried, and in what way it is finished. 
 My teaching of the subject will doubtless seem childlike to 
 most of you — but I can not teach children in any other 
 way. I begin somewhat after this fashion — having drawn 
 some lines of various sizes and shapes, and at various angles, 
 on the board : 
 
 Children, what have I done ? 
 
 Been making marks — some one will be likely to venture. 
 
 Yes; and we call them lines. Are they all alike ? 
 
 No, ma'am. Some of 'em tip ( slant ) and some of 'em 
 stand up straight, and some bend around. 
 
 Yes, and each kind has a name; those that stand up are 
 called straight lines, and those that bend are called curves 
 or curved lines; and I make more, asking them to name 
 them as I do so. Then from these two kinds I develop the 
 
CLA SSI PICA TION. 1 1 g 
 
 ^rst letter of simple form, the letter / of the small alphabet, 
 at the same time explaining the right curve and the left 
 curve of penmanship. Having assured myself that they can 
 name its parts whenever seen and wherever found, I let 
 them write while I *call off.' That is usually enough for 
 one lesson for so young a class, and at the next lesson I 
 review this and take up a new one, «, and combine the two 
 in a word. I always find great delight at the idea of writing 
 words, so I begin early, and give a new one as often as 
 possible, so that they will not tire of the work. I group the 
 letters, according to their formation, and do not attempt a 
 new principle or combination without special preparation of 
 the lesson myself, made with particular reference to the 
 class that is to receive it. I teach from analysis, compare 
 one letter with another, different parts of the same letter 
 with each other — and teach the children to use their eyes, 
 and brains, as well as their fingers, in writing." 
 
 " How do you divide the small letters ? Into how many 
 and what classes ? " inquired Mr. Wheeler. 
 
 " Into four classes : the short letters, the stem letters, the 
 loop and the inverted loop letters," she replied, 
 
 ** Do you use copy books at all } " inquired Mr. Johnson. 
 
 ** Never. The copy should be made by the living teacher, 
 for the reasons before given; and it should be produced 
 upon the child's mind so accurately that if a wrong pro- 
 portion is used, or an imperfect line — a right curve for a 
 left, or a sharp turn for a round one, they will be able to 
 remedy it." 
 
 ** Nor tracing books ? " 
 Never. Nothing but ordinary foolscap paper, cut in 
 halves for convenience, across. I put a general copy on the 
 
,20 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 blackboard, analyze it, get the children to work, and then 
 go among them and examine their work — finding the most 
 common troubles, and calling attention to what I have seen 
 without mentioning any names, try again. Then if I find 
 any one perpetuating the same mistakes I make a personal 
 comment on the work, in an undertone — so as not to injure 
 the child's desire to do well — point out the defects or have 
 him do so if possible — sometimes placing an imperfect 
 word or letter on the board on purpose to get an expression 
 from the children as to its accuracy or defect/* 
 
 " How about the more advanced classes ? " 
 
 ** With those who already write, even though quite poorly, 
 my first work is to get before them a mental picture of what 
 is right; teach them by analysis, and let each one aim toward 
 his mental model, guiding and suggesting where necessary." 
 
 *' Do you write a great deal, in your ordinary lessons ? 
 Reading, history, spelling, or language, for instance. 
 
 " O, yes ; a great deal. But I never allow scribbling. 
 Learn to write well first, rapidly afterwards. I say to the 
 children that all can learn to write beautifully; that the only 
 difference is the difference in the amount and quality of 
 practice they put upon it." 
 
 " Is it so, indeed ? " said Mr. Johnson. " I had supposed 
 that some could not learn to write well, as some can not 
 learn to read well." 
 
 "I have never seen any one who could not learn to do 
 both," replied Miss Preston. ** But in the matter of writing 
 I think perhaps I do give it more attention than some, for I 
 have found its advantages to be so great; and I encourage 
 the pupils to take great pains in the formation of each letter, 
 even when writing from dictation. * Keep your thoughts 
 ahead of your pen ' — is a help to most of them." 
 
THOUGHT AHEAD OF THE PEN, 12 f 
 
 " You are at least logical and successful in your methods, 
 Miss Preston," said Mr. Johnson, " and I am gratified at the 
 results of your work, and grateful for your illustration of 
 your methods." 
 
 This was the voice of us all — and while much more was 
 said privately to little groups and knots of interested teachers 
 who gathered about her when " meeting broke up," enough 
 has been said to give you an outline of her ways of teaching 
 penmanship. 
 
 Hoping it may be helpful, I remain, 
 
 Yours, in the general cause, 
 
 Miss Preston's Assistant. 
 
122 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 No. XXIV. 
 
 OVERWORK IN SCHOOL. 
 
 Oldtown, N. Y., Dec. 23, 188--. 
 Mr. , Supt. Public Instruction. 
 
 My Dear Sir : — Coming together a little early at our lasl 
 meeting, a few of us found Mr. Johnson and Miss Preston 
 eagerly discussing something of evident importance, for 
 each was oblivious of all else. 
 
 Rising soon after our entrance, Mr. Johnson said : 
 
 **Well, Miss Preston, we will have the matter brought 
 before the * common council ' to-day. I am only sorry you 
 have not mentioned it before." 
 
 "It has troubled me somewhat ever since I have been 
 here," she said, with a shadow of hesitation in her voice; 
 " but as a teacher I was not in the best position to remedy 
 it — besides being a little uncertain that it might not be 
 largely a matter of fancy at first ; but as your assistant I 
 have had more and better opportunities to study cause and 
 effect, and I am convinced that both teachers and pupils 
 undergo too much strain during a large part of the year." 
 
 The meeting was now called to order by our Superin- 
 tendent, who presided that day, and after the usual " open- 
 ing ceremonies," he said, with some feeling: 
 
 '* I have had a matter laid before me to-day which gives 
 me great surprise and real anxiety. I have never thought 
 
OVERWORK, 123 
 
 much about it, but believe that it may be true that the 
 number of hours spent in school and school work, daily, 
 is too great for both teachers and students, and that the 
 curriculum should be abbreviated, or the period for its pas- 
 sage be prolonged. I would like to hear from each of you 
 on the subject, and freely." 
 
 We were a little astonished, to put it mildly, and for a few 
 minutes no one spoke. Then Miss Smith broke the silence, 
 by saying in her peculiar way: 
 
 " I'm glad somebody has begun the agitation of the waters, 
 for the subject has been a sore one to me for some time. 
 Last year Mollie Arnold had to be kept out of school a third 
 of the year, because of her headaches; Nettie Hurlburt's 
 eyes became so bad that she had to wear glasses; and Clin- 
 ton Brundage had to leave school altogether. This year it 
 is no better; head troubles, eyes, or something, one right 
 after the other, until I have sometimes been led to wonder 
 if a common school education is worth all it costs, any way." 
 
 "I am sure it isn't in some cases," said Miss Preston, " for 
 when a boy or girl comes out of school with impaired health, 
 narrow chest, ' stoop ' shoulders, defective eyesight, or bad 
 digestion, as the result of overwork, all the * sheepskins * in 
 the universe will not compensate for the loss." 
 
 " True," said Mr. Johnson, " and if the same daily grind 
 has overtaxed the teachers who should be living examples 
 of physical culture as well as mental training, the results are 
 indeed deplorable, and can not be too heartily condemned." 
 
 " What do you propose doing ? " queried Mr. Brown. 
 Now he is not one on whom the duties of a teacher will 
 ever rest with undue weight. He is very considerate of 
 himself, and is likely to outlive his day and generation, at 
 
124 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 least. He may not be actually lazy, but he has the quality 
 of inertia remarkably well developed. 
 
 "We are just thinking of that part of the evil," Mr, John- 
 son responded, seriously and thoughtfully. "If we could 
 close school a little earlier each day, and all spend that time 
 out of doors whenever possible, and in some active work 
 any way, it might help." 
 
 " We should have to drop some of the studies then,** said 
 Miss Wheeler, " for there's only time enough now to give each 
 branch a cursory sort of teaching, and that sort of teaching 
 doesn't last.*' 
 
 "No," said Miss Preston, "and it is bad all around. The 
 innocent victims of this overworked system get a smatter- 
 ing of things beyond their comprehension, learn almost 
 nothing thoroughly, and get into slovenly habits of thought 
 and study that incapacitates them for the real work of life. 
 We attempt too much, and we stuff, cram, and overwork 
 children and teachers, until they come to look, act, and feel 
 jaded nine tenths of the time; and this condition is not 
 compatible with the best mental effort." 
 
 " I hardly know what we should leave off," said Professor 
 Lowell, with hesitation. 
 
 " Miss Preston has shown us how we may gain some time 
 in the teaching of geography,** said Mr. Johnson, "and I 
 dare say she can suggest other places where we waste time 
 that might be used to advantage,** and he looked at her 
 inquiringly. 
 
 " I think, perhaps, we shall get at the root of the matter 
 most easily by ascertaining what is the object, grasp, or 
 scope of our curriculum,** she suggested. "It embraces 
 mathematics enough to turn out automatic book-keepers 
 
CURRICULUM. ,2^ 
 
 and clerks. It takes in several languages, double that num- 
 ber of exact sciences, several * arts ' and the * three R's ••— 
 besides other things *too numerous to mention,' as the 
 circus bills say. These are all good, and each may find all 
 that he needs for a practical life ; but our mistake is in an 
 indiscriminate pouring the contents of each of these * vials 
 of wrath ' down the throat of each, instead of adapting the 
 dose to the sufferer." 
 
 " What do you mean ? " asked Miss Howe. 
 
 **Why, here's Thomas, with a mother to support, two 
 younger sisters and one brother, all waiting until he can do 
 the work of an accountant in Mr. Slocum's bank, where he 
 has the promise of a permanent place if he becomes a good 
 penman, quick at figures, and an idea of commercial corres- 
 pondence. Having undertaken to educate him, and map 
 out his course for him, we should do so with some reference 
 to his future needs ; but no, he must go through the regula- 
 tion drill on vocal music, Latin, and astronomy, the same as 
 though he had plenty of time to do it all, and with no special 
 reason for extra work in his line. 
 
 Again; Mary has no liking, no taste, and no reason for 
 studying cube root, surveyor's measure, or apothecaries* 
 weight, for her young soul is all on fire with the genius of 
 Art. She loves drawing, and has *form ' largely developed 
 in her phrenological make-up, but we keep her pegging away 
 at bank discount, equation of payments, algebra and other 
 things equally foreign to her aim. She has a right to choose 
 from the curriculum, or to have chosen for her, what will 
 point toward her object. Helen, who means to teach, and 
 has a fondness for language and literature, ought not to be 
 compelled to tie herself down to physics or metaphysics, if 
 she must make her living by what she learns at school." 
 
126 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 ** There is truth in what you say," observed Mr. Wheeler 
 "and I have often wondered, if we were called upon to 
 define the object of our work, what we would say." 
 
 ** Several of the best years of life are given up by the 
 student," pursued Miss Preston, "and he becomes fagged 
 physically, and we surely ought to look for splendid mental 
 attainments, in part compensation for what has been lost 
 otherwise ; but in the majority of cases we shall look in 
 vain, and at the end of the 'course,' instead of presenting to 
 the world one who is symmetrically developed physically, 
 mentally, and morally, armed and equipped for the battle 
 before him, we too often give a semi-invalid with a mass of 
 indefinite knowledge floating around somewhere at loose 
 ends in his brain, unavailable because of its vagueness, and 
 often worthless." 
 
 " What can we do ? " This came somewhat despondently 
 from Miss Miller. 
 
 "Weed the curriculum. Shorten the school hours. Teach 
 individuals instead of classes, wherever possible. Give some 
 time to physical culture, social, and moral training. Find 
 out, if possible, somewhere near the child's probable future, 
 and lead him up to it." 
 
 " That would necessitate more overwork among the 
 teachers than the present way, would it not ? " inquired Mr. 
 Brown. 
 
 " I think not. By reason of the shortened hours of labor 
 the teachers would be capable of accomplishing more in a 
 given length of time and yet would have leisure to recuper- 
 ate from their state of exhaustion. As it is now, by reason 
 of reports, examination papers, class books, records, etc., 
 the teacher * drudges ' as much as the overworked pupil. I 
 
LATE HOURS. 127 
 
 know," she went on, smiling, "that much of what is com- 
 plained of as overwork in school is really overwork out of 
 school. A boy or a girl is up late at night several times 
 during the week, and after a time headaches begin and 
 'overwork' is the cry, when it should be Mate hours.' But 
 there is a show of reason, at least, in the complaints that are 
 taking shape and being presented almost daily." 
 
 " Before we come together again we will see if our idea can 
 not be made useful in revising our plans," said Mr. Johnson 
 — and we parted with some new ideas rolling over and over 
 in our heads. 
 
 More anon, from 
 
 Yours Truly, 
 
 Miss Preston's Assistant. 
 
128 FRESTON PAPERS, 
 
 No. XXV. 
 SPELLING. 
 
 Oldtown, N. Y., Jan. 22, 188-. 
 My Dear Superintendent ; 
 
 Our last familiar talk was on the time worn and time 
 honored topic of " Spelling," and it was really interesting. 
 
 ** I have been having an old fashioned spelling school," 
 said Miss Butler, with a laugh, as she seated herself. 
 
 ** How did you manage it ? " queried Miss Preston, with 
 interest. 
 
 " Quite in the old fashioned way. I selected two * cap- 
 tains ' who * chose sides ' and spelled against each other." 
 
 " You pronounced the words 1 '* inquiringly. 
 
 " O, yes. And no one could try but once, on any word. 
 If he misses it goes across to the other side, the * fallen 
 soldier * sitting down as soon as he misses, his * opposite ' 
 catching it if possible — if not, he too goes down." 
 
 " It gets to be quite exciting, does it not ? " asked Miss 
 Preston. 
 
 " Yes, indeed it does." 
 
 " Have you ever spelled against your whole school ? " she 
 inquired again. 
 
 " No. I never thought of that. Have you ? " 
 
 **Yes, many times. I let some one who can pronounce 
 distinctly, and who does not need the practice in spelling as 
 
A PLA Y- SPELL, „^ 
 
 much as the others, pronounce the words and I spell every 
 alternate word." 
 
 "But, Miss Preston, I thought you did not believe in oral 
 spelling," said Mr. Whipple. 
 
 " Nor do I, as a rule. As we usually use spelling only 
 when writing, I have the lessons written in the every day 
 practice. But I have found it a good thing to review quite 
 frequently, and this I often make a sort of play-spell ( no 
 pun) as Miss Butler seems to have been doing. It prevents 
 the sometimes dread of review day, and spurs to thorough 
 work; for in a *play' of this sort every one's weakness in 
 orthography is made manifest, while in the ordinary lesson 
 routine only the child who misses and myself are cognizant 
 of his faults." 
 
 " How is that } " queried Miss Sigourney. 
 ** The slates are passed to me for examination," responded 
 Miss Preston. 
 
 "Will you tell us how you conduct a spelling lesson?" 
 asked Mr. Wheeler. 
 
 "With pleasure. Having everything in readiness, I pro- 
 nounce *One ' (to correspond with the figure already on the 
 slates) and then give a word to go with it. Should any one 
 fail to understand the word, a hand is raised to indicate this, 
 when I again pronounce it, and go to No. two. When the 
 last word is written, each writer signs his name below his 
 work, dates it, and the slates are gathered up in order from 
 each aisle, by a 'waiter' chosen for the week, and placed on 
 my desk for my inspection. I then announce the next lesson 
 and my pupils study that while I look over the lesson just 
 finished, underscoring the misspelled words on each slate, 
 after which the slates are again distributed, the * misses' 
 9 
 
I30 
 
 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 corrected by those who have made them, and that lesson is 
 considered done." 
 
 " Do you mark a word ' missed * if the penmanship is 
 illegible ? " inquired Professor Lowell. 
 
 ** Always. And not only that, but I do so if it is merely 
 ambiguous, a u for an «, an undotted / or an uncrossed / 
 being an error that in a legal paper might be of importance; 
 and I aim to teach accuracy in even the most trifling details, 
 as I believe it to be one of the most important qualifications 
 for any position in life." 
 
 "Good," assented Mr. Johnson; "but. Miss Preston, I 
 have heard that you teach spelling much as you do language 
 — with and by means of every other lesson. Is this true? " 
 
 " To a certain extent, yes. If I assign a lesson in arith- 
 metic, I want to teach observation at the same time I teach 
 mathematics; and the habit is a good one to cultivate. I do 
 this so regularly that it comes to be looked upon as part of 
 the play, and no lesson is considered fully learned if there's 
 any orthographical difficulty unmastered." 
 
 "Do you use a text book, or 'speller,* at all?" asked Miss 
 Smith. 
 
 " Yes. I have found S win ton's * Word Book,' or something 
 similar, helpful for a set lesson; and then we sometimes 
 make our own lesson, I suggesting a topic, and the children 
 pronouncing the words connected with this topic which they 
 do not know how to spell. These words I write on the 
 blackboard and leave until the time for the next recitation, 
 then use the copy which I have had made — instead of the 
 book — and proceed as before." 
 
 " Do you ever spell around, marking the words that are 
 missed, and afterwards announcing them ? " asked Miss 
 Wheeler. 
 
VARIA TIONS. X31 
 
 " I never have. How do you manage ? " 
 
 "Simply pronounce so many words to each pupil. He 
 spells each one, only trying once, you keeping the record 
 but not announcing the result until the close of the lesson." 
 
 " I should think it would make a pleasant variety." 
 
 " It does, and it has this recommendation; no one has any 
 advantage over the other. For instance: in Miss Butler's 
 * spelling school,' if a word comes up where it must be spelled 
 in one of two ways, and the first speller misses it, the * oppo- 
 site ' knows how it must go and gains by what the other lost." 
 
 "I see," said Miss Preston. " There are many ways to 
 relieve the study of monotony and save it from being merely 
 a memory lesson. And that reminds me. As soon as a child 
 can understand the simplest rules I have them learned, and 
 then give them examples under each rule, so that the chil- 
 dren can apply what they learn." 
 
 " Spelling has always seemed like such an arbitrary thing 
 that I've never made the most of it, I think," sighed Miss 
 Wood. 
 
 " It may be invested with a great deal of interest," said 
 Mr. Johnson, ** and I think that by the time we have taught a 
 few more years with an inspiration to do our best and make 
 the most of our opportunities and material, we shall better 
 know how to do even so simple a thing as to teach spelling 
 to the best advantage and with a view to the final results." 
 
 So say we all, and God speed the day when more of our 
 number awake to a realization of what they, and others 
 through them, are missing. 
 
 With best wishes, I remain, 
 
 Yours Truly, 
 
 Miss Preston's Assistant. 
 
13-2 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 No. XXVI. 
 
 READING. 
 
 Oldtown, N. Y., February 25, 188-. 
 Mr. Supt., etc. 
 
 Since our talk on Reading I have been putting into prac- 
 tice some of the ideas I got that day. I have lately been 
 troubled that our public school is training such poor readers, 
 and while lamenting the fact and wondering at its probable 
 cause I have been too busy to solve the problem. 
 
 Said Mr. Johnson at the opening : 
 
 " I hope there will be a freedom in this discussion, for 
 reading is one of the really essential things that seem to be 
 in more or less danger of neglect." 
 
 Which is somewhat true ; for with the advent of so many 
 new ideas as to what should be taught, our time has been so 
 filled that we have read less in our classes than we did 
 twenty years ago, when every pupil read aloud four times a 
 day. 
 
 Miss Wheeler ventured the first remark : 
 
 " If no one has formulated the especial features of com- 
 plaint, perhaps we had better inquire first as to what 
 appears to be the matter." 
 
 *' I can tell of one trouble, at least," said Professor Lowell. 
 " The young ladies and gentlemen who come into my classes 
 do not average to read as well as children should at twelve 
 
FAULTY READING. 133 
 
 vears ot age ; and I know that many of them leave the High 
 School without the ability to read, at sight, an ordinary 
 newspaper or magazine article. Several days since I was 
 invited down to Mrs. Hanchett's to dinner, and Lizzie 
 picked up the evening paper and read a few items in a 
 shockingly bad way, and with apparently no concern at her 
 awkwardness with the Queen's English. Her mother and 
 her college brother were painfully apparent of her short- 
 comings, but she seemed to think that she acquitted herself 
 creditably." 
 
 " That is one bad thing about it," said Miss Ingersoll. 
 " The fault is so prevalent that no one feels isolated because 
 of poor reading. Lizzie reads as well as Harry, Emma, 
 James, and Ellen, in the same class ; and as she seldom 
 hears any one else read how should she know that her work 
 is below par ?" 
 
 ** That remark suggests a hint of one step toward better 
 work," said Miss Preston " We can each furnish a good 
 model in this, as in other things, and as children are quick 
 to imitate and to see and discriminate, they will be benefited 
 every time they hear really good reading." 
 
 " True," said Mr. Johnson. " Cannot each of you name 
 some special fault which you have observed in class or in- 
 dividual, and then suggest a remedy for it V* 
 
 " I have noticed," said Miss Wheeler, ** that many of my 
 youngest pupils drawl their words. They even stumble over 
 very simple words, such as I felt sure at first they must be 
 familiar with. By experimenting, however, I found that this 
 was not so; that the real difficulty lay just here : that as soon 
 as a child was familiar with the shape of a word he would not 
 drawl nor hesitate in its pronunciation ; so I began bringing 
 
134 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 them into frequent contact with words. I found that tt ey had 
 tired of their readers, and while they were familiar with the 
 * pieces ' and could 'read * any or each paragraph as a whole 
 — having heard the thing daily, perhaps — the words were 
 as strangers to them ; so I put them to work in a new way : 
 reading backwards. By so doing they could not tell when 
 they had pronounced one word, what would come next, 
 until they learned the next word." 
 
 " Has the result been satisfactory ?" asked Mr. Johnson. 
 
 " Very. They are getting a somewhat extended vocabu- 
 lary of words which they know; and wnen they know a word 
 they can call it by name when they see it, and that without 
 trouble." 
 
 "I have used that plan myself," said Miss Preston, **and 
 with even older boys and girls. Sight-reading is not com- 
 mon enough even among our older pupils. But the trouble 
 which I have observed in visiting the different schools is of 
 an entirely different nature. I have noticed very rapid 
 reading ; even passages of great tenderness, pathos or sub- 
 limity being in about (i-% time. I have asked one or two 
 such classes that have come under my observation to read 
 in concert. This gives a chance for the very slow ones to 
 accelerate their speed, while those who read too rapidly are 
 held in check by the * volume of voice.* " 
 
 "I have found no trouble with my classes," said Mr. 
 Wheeler, " when reading from their reading books ; but if I 
 asked any of them to read tomorrow's history, geometry or 
 botany lesson, I was always sure to find them in the quick- 
 sand. So I have been using newspapers, magazines, etc., 
 for extra supplies ; and have asked each to bring something 
 of interest to read to all" 
 
DIFFICUL TIES. 1 35 
 
 ** That word interest covers a multitude of help," laughed 
 Miss Preston. " You will never have trouble in securing 
 listeners, nor in teaching reading, if you can hold their 
 interest. The newspaper work is a good idea." 
 
 "I wa8 in a school recently," said Mr. Johnson, "where 
 the teacher was reading a story to her school, and every 
 time she came to a word with which anyone was not famil- 
 iar, a hand was raised to indicate the same, and they had 
 a good time word-hunting." 
 
 " I have done that myself," said Miss Wood. ** Some- 
 times, to vary the exercise, I have had one of the pupils 
 read for me when we were having a recreation of this sort." 
 
 " I have found one trouble," said I; ** the children drop 
 out little words and do not seem to realize it. They do not 
 seem much concerned to get at the sense of what they read. 
 So I have Splayed school' sometimes, reading a paragraph 
 as they do, asking them to watch for errors and call atten- 
 tion to rhem." 
 
 ** I have had them do that with each other, to a somewhat 
 limited extent," said Miss Smith, " and for the same pur- 
 pose; I also sometimes let them read until they make a 
 mistake, the first who notices the mistake taking the next 
 turn. That serves to keep them alert, and it holds their 
 interest at least while it lasts." 
 
 " A good plan," said Mr. Johnson ; " and I think I know 
 of one good reason at least for poor reading among the 
 older pupils — want of practice. This comes sometimes 
 because none of the household is interested in developing 
 good readers sufficiently to listen to Thomas's rendition of 
 the President's message, or to Mary's scrabbling through a 
 report of the latest concert. Young America is taught to 
 
136 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 be seen and not heard, so Young America reads in silence 
 when he should be reading aloud." 
 
 ** Too true," said Miss Preston ; " and what is true of 
 pupils is true in only a lesser degree of us. We read aloud 
 too little, and we do not often enough listen to good read- 
 ing. We grow careless, and our own habits are reflected in 
 our pupils ; and if we begin a reform we must begin at 
 home and work outward." 
 
 " Activity of mind, a thought of the author's meaning, a 
 putting of the child en rapport, if possible, with the article to 
 be read, by a few timely questions, a few judicious remarks, 
 will go far toward helping expression," said Mr. Johnson. 
 " We must teach them that we cannot express what we do not 
 truly feel ; and we can not feel what we do not understand." 
 
 " That is one thing about many of the reading books of 
 to-day," said Miss Preston ; " most of them are down to the 
 level of the child's capacity. A few years ago this was dif- 
 ferent ; and the child who * went through ' a set of the old 
 readers not only tired of trying to grasp what was away 
 beyond his comprehension, but was made ridiculous by so 
 doing. Now science is made attractive, poems of merit are 
 found expressed in a language that even children can com- 
 prehend, and history tells marvelous stories of thrilling 
 interest, and yet in words that the juvenile mind can grasp." 
 
 " My classes are interested just now in English history," 
 said Mr. Brown ; " so we have had as many authors on our 
 table as possible, and when a fact of interest has been ascer- 
 tained W' we read from the different books, impromptu ; 
 and I can see, although it is less than a month since we began, 
 that it has been a source of improvement." 
 
 " It must have been," said Mr. Johnson. '* I should like to 
 
A BAD START. j-- 
 
 hear more from some of the Primary teachers, for I have an 
 idea that some of the bad habits start on the lowest round 
 of the ladder and might be held in check there. But I see 
 that it is time to close, and we shall have to wait for another 
 session." 
 
 We were not ready to stop. We seldom are since we 
 began to brim over with our subjects, but I must follow his 
 good example. 
 
 Yours Truly, 
 
 Miss Preston's Assistant. 
 
138 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 No. xxv:i. 
 
 HOBBIES. 
 
 Ot-dtown, N, v., March 15, 188-. 
 Hon. , State Supt. Public Instruction. 
 
 My Dear Sir : We had a very lively discussion at oui 
 last meeting, concerning our various " Hobbies," and as 1 
 may not write again for some months, I will outline it in 
 brief. 
 
 " I think," said Mr. Johnson, seriously and penitently, 
 " that I have been unfortunate in my own hobby ; for I have 
 placed System so at the head of all things that great dam- 
 age has been done to many of you who have tried to work 
 after my ideal. I am glad that the change came when it 
 did, and only regret that it did not come sooner. In pre- 
 senting System as your goal, toward which I asked you to 
 work, things that were of more importance were neglected 
 if not ignored ; and time was wasted in trying to bring all 
 to one standard.'* 
 
 Miss Wood said " Dignity seems to be the hobby which 
 I've ridden with a high hand and a tight rein until recently; 
 and yet somehow my dignity has n't preserved me from 
 attacks of various kinds, both among my pupils and from 
 their parents. I, somehow, set out with the idea that in 
 order to keep a school well under subjection one must be 
 very dignified in bearing, very impressive in manner. My 
 
THE REAL AND THE SHAM, 13^ 
 
 success ds a disciplinarian has been far from satisfactory to 
 myself, and I know that I have not pleased my patrons." 
 
 ''Possibly your key note is wrong," suggested Miss 
 Preston. " Perhaps if, instead of keeping your school well 
 under subjection, you had aimed to keep the pupils en rap- 
 port with you, you would have had less trouble. I think 
 that my hobby " Getting down to the Child," has led me 
 into errors of a mental nature, at least. I may have made 
 things too easy for the child, in my anxiety not to shoot too 
 far beyond his powers. I think there is real danger in this, 
 and that the mistaken kindness of the teacher or mother 
 who does too much for a child will rebound, leaving the 
 child more nearly helpless than he would have been with a 
 more vigorous method or treatment." 
 
 Miss Sigourney was the next to confess, and remarked : 
 " I believe that * Discipline * has been my hobby, and that 
 I've been a hard rider. I can see, in my later work, that 
 the discipine that needs very much muscular force is not 
 good discipline, and most of mine has been accomplished 
 by means of the rod. The word and the idea have been 
 ever present, preventing many things that would have con- 
 duced to the general good ; and yet because some things 
 might interfere with discipline, or might interrupt the dis- 
 cipline or break it up, I have said * No,* when * Yes ' would 
 have been better, and when I might thereby have shortened 
 the distance between my pupils and myself." 
 
 "Just my idea," resumed Miss Wood. **I have come to 
 believe, at least in my own case, that the dignity that needs 
 bolstering is not real dignity, but a snam ; and it may be so 
 in regard to discipline." 
 
 **It is," said Mr. Johnson. "The discipline that needs 
 
I40 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 to be talked about in order that it shall not remain in ob- 
 scurity is not a power." 
 
 " I am not sure," said Miss Wells, " but that I have been 
 carried away by * Appearances.* I have wanted my school 
 to compare well with others ; and I've made it a sort of end 
 toward which I've worked with a good deal of zeal, if not 
 with wisdom. Too much has been sacrificed for mere show 
 — but I've quit my hobby, * forever and for aye.' 
 
 "Good!" said Miss Preston. "Would that more of us 
 had the courage of our convictions !" 
 
 "Oh, we're getting it," said Mr. Lowell; "but it takes a 
 while to eradicate the habits and thoughts of years, and 
 break ground in entirely new soil. I believe that Laziness 
 has been my great drawback. I have been too prone to do 
 what would be the least trouble now, regardless of the 
 future and of consequences. Laziness is an easy hobby, 
 but is likely to throw one at the last-" and he laughed a little 
 uneasily. 
 
 "Your experience is not unusual," said Mr. Johnson. 
 " Few of us realize until too late that our every day work 
 has such a relation to the future that we ought to put in our 
 best building material at any cost." 
 
 I knew that my turn was at hand, so said, " I have been 
 riding * Order ' for my hobby, and so gallant has been my 
 steed that for many years I, like others, mistook the sham 
 for the real. It is not so very many years since I actually 
 believed that order, good order, consisted in having my 
 pupils work in automatic precision, speak in set forms, vary- 
 ing not a hair's breadth in recitation, even if done without 
 spirit or understanding either. I know better now, and I 
 look back with horror upon the machine work of my eaiiie 
 
CONVICTIONS. I4J 
 
 days. I don't knm) how I got into the groove, nor can I 
 see how I stayed in it so placidly for many years ; but this 
 I do know — that my present teaching is a real pleasure, and 
 before it was real drudgery." 
 
 "It could hardly be otherwise," said Miss Preston; "and 
 if it was drudgery to you, what must it have been to those 
 committed to your care ?" 
 
 " O, I can see it all now," I cried; " the only thing that 
 puzzles me at all is, that I was blind for so long." 
 
 "Selfishness seems to have been my hobby," said Miss 
 Miller. " I have looked at everything from my own stand- 
 point, and have considered, in all my school work, just how 
 far such and such a thing would affect me — not what would 
 be its results upon my school, but where I might count 
 upon its influence. I think it has tended to make me indif- 
 ferent toward the best interests of my school, and I regret 
 the loss of years in which I might have done better." 
 
 The silence of conviction settled upon us, for who could 
 cast the first stone at Miss Miller ? Had we not all been 
 carried by this hobby for years ? 
 
 *|I think that * Independence ' has been the hobby on 
 which I've ambled at a slow going trot," said Miss Smith. 
 **I've cared too little for law and order, too much for re- 
 sults ; and have ridden rough shod right over the wishes of 
 parents, superintendents and others, pitting my own judg- 
 ment against that of every one who differed from me, as to 
 methods, manner, principles or what not. I mean to defer 
 a little more to the experience, observation and judgment 
 of others," and she sat down as vigorously as she had 
 spoken. 
 
 Miss Smith has less to blame herself for than most of us 
 
142 
 
 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 have, for although she's quite likely to believe that her way 
 is right she has a great deal of common sense, and that has 
 helped her to see through many of the false educational 
 notions of the day, and it has kept her out of much of the 
 mummery that has been the bane of the rest of us. 
 
 Mr. Wheeler was the next speaker. " I believe that the 
 'Practical' hobby has been mine. Now I think that the 
 practical side of things should be given consideration, a 
 great deal of it, but not to the exclusion of all else." 
 
 "That is a common fault," said Mr. Johnson. **We have 
 all been more or less warped by it I think, looking upon 
 things of mere beauty as entirely without a mission, and 
 upon studies which had no practical issue as being useless, 
 when really either of these things may be of the greatest 
 importance in modifying our natures and in making them 
 symmetrical," — all of which is true, and is now so conceded 
 by the authorities in the educational world. 
 
 *• Well," said Miss Bates, "I think I have clung tenaci- 
 ously to * Custom ' for my hobby. I have been too averse 
 to change, even when a change would have been best. 
 What I have done and as I have done for years, has been 
 my hobby; and I've been reluctant even to acknowledge 
 progress." 
 
 " Just contrary to my experience," said Miss Ingersoll. 
 ** I believe that when I look over my list of delinquences, 
 I shall find that I've given whip and rein to * Change,* wel- 
 coming anything that gave indications of being something 
 new, like the Athenians of old. Let any one suggest a new 
 method in teaching or governing and I tried it, regardless 
 of the probable differences of situation, time, and necessi- 
 ties. Only give me something new to work with, and I've 
 
SUGGESTIONS. 1 43 
 
 been happy in the work — even forgetful of the real aim of 
 the work." 
 
 " That is common too," said Miss Preston. " Only let 
 one teacher in a given situation, and with a given class, 
 'make a hit* in presenting a subject and instantly the won- 
 derful results have been written up, commented on, and 
 exaggerated, possibly, until everybody is on fire to try the 
 same thing in the same way without reference to the great 
 differences in teachers, pupils and times. We so lose our 
 individuality and injure our work." 
 
 ** Lecturing seems to have been the mule that has carried 
 me," said Mr. Whipple; "and I have been so in love with 
 the sound of my own voice, apparently, that no opportunity 
 to listen to its music has been lost. I think a few words 
 ' fitly spoken * would have been of more weight than all my 
 harangues." 
 
 Again we were siltuced, Toi few of us but felt that IVIr. 
 Whipple's confession would do for each of us. 
 
 ** I fear that rny hobby has been worse than any yet men- 
 tioned," said Miss Sherwood, with a scarlet spot burning 
 upon each cheek. ** I think now, in retrospect, that ' Men- 
 ace' has entered into my school work at every opening. My 
 school has been under the shadow of a threat of some kind 
 from September until June every year — but it never shall 
 be again. A threat is at best a weak weapon, and I hope 
 never to be guilty of its use.** 
 
 ** Perhaps we had better all revise our decalogues," said 
 Mr. Johnson; "and instead of 'Thou shalt not,' substitute 
 ' Let us try not.' There is a principle within us that can be 
 reached by an appeal to our better selves; but its opposite 
 comes to the top whenever a thing is absolutely forbidden, 
 
144 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 especially if there's a penalty attached. And right here 1 
 would suggest that we study Nature more. Let us study 
 ourselves and our pupils, finding out the weaknesses and 
 defects of the one, while we look up the necessities of the 
 other. Let us profit not only by our own experience, but 
 by that of our associates. Let us look below the surface of 
 our teaching and see how much of it and what part is likely 
 to take root; and if what we have done is not the very best 
 that might have been, let us not be too proud to begin again 
 in a new way, with a higher ideal before us, a more definite 
 plan as to reaching it." 
 
 This seemed to be the Amen point; and here I leave it, 
 only expressing the wish that it may be of as great use to 
 others as it has to 
 
 Yours Truly, 
 
 Miss Preston's Assistant. 
 
HOW TO TEACH PHYSIOLOGY. 145 
 
 No. XXVIII. 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 Oldtown, N. Y., October 21, 189-. 
 State Supt. of Public Instruction. 
 
 My Dear Sir: — It has been a general shaking-up week 
 here, on the question of physiology, and the way that it 
 should be taught, as well as some of the ways that are to 
 be avoided. 
 
 We had a fairly good series of text books on the subject, 
 and we did average work with them, I rather think; and 
 yet none of it all seemed quite "practical" enough to suit 
 my principal. I never saw a woman, nor a man, either, 
 for that matter, who had the practical side of things down 
 to so fine a point as she has! 
 
 We had been discussing the feasibility of having a 
 special teacher come into the force, for the purpose of 
 giving lessons on ''How to Live" (and you may be sure 
 that that was one of Miss Preston's ideas!) showing the 
 teachers how to teach the lessons in a way that would 
 appeal more strongly to child nature; for it is a fact that 
 but very few of our children "take to" the study of 
 physiology, even after they are pretty well grown; while 
 many of the very younger ones actually have a distaste for 
 it from the outset. So that even the most content and 
 sanguine of us all would hardly dare to say that the study 
 had been a success; and some of us might easily have been 
 
146 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 persuaded to go a step farther, and that without damage 
 to our consciences, and to say that the entire thing had 
 been farcical from the start, and done (but this is sub-rosa) 
 in the interest of the publisher who gave us the first set of 
 books, all around, so that we would not only indorse it but 
 send in orders for more, just as soon as new classes were 
 formed. 
 
 No one knows (?) who did the log-rolling, but it was 
 done; and for at least four or five years before the spirit of 
 the new work had been felt by us, we had had attempts at 
 smoothing out the work in physiology, and trying to make 
 it count, in some way. But we had not succeeded. The 
 meeting at which the topic came up had been looked for- 
 ward to for another purpose; but it did not come amiss 
 when some one proposed that we turn it into an experience 
 meeting on the subject of physiology. 
 
 *'I should like to know how you are all getting along, 
 myself," said Mr. Johnson. 
 
 "Well, I can tell you that so far as my school is con- 
 cerned it gives me more trouble than all the other work 
 combined, in all the grades. I would give half of my 
 salary to have it taken out of the curriculum," said Miss 
 Wood. 
 
 ''What is the nature of your trouble?" inquired Mr. 
 Johnson, in that specially bland tone by which we have 
 learned to look for words that mean something and that 
 weigh about a thousand pounds each. 
 
 "I don't know that I could render a bill of particulars; 
 but if there is anything that could be said and done against 
 it which has not, then it is so much to the credit side of 
 the account," was the somewhat indefinite reply. 
 
COMMON SENSE IN TEACHING. I47 
 
 "That is rather vague to attempt a remedy for," said 
 Mr. Johnson. 
 
 "Oh, I can be more specific, if that is all," responded 
 Miss Wood, hopefully. "Two years ago Mary Bryan's 
 mother called to me to 'Come over' as I was passing their 
 house, on the other side of the street. *An' fwhat's that ye 
 do be tachin' Mary now?' she asked, not unkindly, but 
 with remonstrance in every syllable. *An sure I don' 
 wahnt her to be larnin' about her in'ards an' ahl that, 
 while she's only a slip of a gurrul. Byes is different.' 
 
 'Oh, but we are only teaching the girls what they need 
 to know,' I said. I'm not just sure that even that was 
 strictly true; but it was the only thing I could think of, to 
 say, that had a foundation of truth and yet might mollify her. 
 
 'Ah,' she replied, 'I don't know as 't'U help Molly anny 
 to do the washin' 'n' ir'nin' 'f she's alius thinkin' an' thinkin' 
 'f her bones an' muscles, an' her brain cells an' in'ards. 
 I guess the soap an' stairch, an' so on' '11 be more help than 
 them things.' 
 
 Now there 's at least a show of common sense behind all 
 this. Teachers have no monopoly on real good pedagogy; 
 and it may be that in trying to give the children a good 
 all-around education, we are actually omitting what will be 
 of the most real benefit, in many individual cases; and I 
 question if we have any right to do this!" 
 
 This was a new phase of Miss Wood's character, for she 
 has not been wont to linger any too long on the side of the 
 child, in any question; but none of us are at quite the 
 same level that we were when Miss Preston came among 
 us. She was the next speaker. 
 
 "I wish that we might have some one who is well qualified 
 
148 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 for special work, who could go into all the schools, and 
 give live, practical lessons on the best things to do, to eat, 
 to wear, and so on, and so give the children a really good 
 start in the things that they will actually need to know. 
 Of course it is all right for them to know the technical 
 name and the location of every bone and muscle in the 
 body; but it seems to me more essential that they should 
 know just how the bones are built up or injured; what 
 foods promote their healthy growth; how the muscles 
 are to be trained by judicious exercise, and how they 
 are injured by idleness; how to avoid, as well as how 
 to cure, some of the common troubles of the body, like 
 earache, headache, colds, etc. ; and how to care for the 
 eyes, teeth, skin, hands, feet, hair, and other parts of 
 the body." 
 
 That started the hubbub, but it was increased when Mr. 
 Johnson said: "Miss Preston, I know that you have done 
 good work in this line. Will you not tell us how?" 
 
 *'That is not so difficult as it may be to get the consent 
 of the Board to add the salary of the special teacher," she 
 responded, with a smile, and then added: "I suppose that 
 I began like most teachers, with a certain prescribed 
 author, of whose pages my class was to learn so much to- 
 day; a step farther to-morrow, and so through the week, 
 with what reinforcement could be had at the end of the 
 week by an ordinary review. But it was as dry and lifeless 
 as most text-book work is. 
 
 That set me to thinking, and I tried at first by getting 
 the children interested in what had given them pain. For 
 instance, if a child had a toothache, he was better prepared 
 to see the practical side of any study that would teach him 
 
METHODS OF TEACHING PHYSIOLOGY. 149 
 
 how to SO care for the teeth that he would avoid the 
 ache. It was always easy to lead an entire class, through 
 one child's interest, in any such thing. If it were teeth 
 that came up first as a subject, we made a very thorough 
 study of their formation, shape, composition, etc., and we 
 showed how acids would act upon the enamel; how the 
 biting of threads, cracking of nuts, or holding of pins in 
 the mouth would be injurious; how necessary to their 
 health cleanliness is, and that extremes of hot and cold 
 foods and drinks are to be avoided, as well as stiff brushes, 
 poor washes and powders; and that a visit to the dentist, 
 occasionally, even when it does not seem actually necessary, 
 may be the means of averting trouble; that self denial in 
 youth, while the teeth are growing, may save sorrow later 
 and provide pleasure. 
 
 When Nellie Sutherland came to school with glasses on 
 her eyes, because they had been weakened by over-much 
 reading, often in a dim light, it was not difficult to interest 
 her, and soon the others, in the general care of eyes. But 
 if there was no trouble brewing, I took up things that I 
 knew would be of interest, and after announcing the subject 
 for the next lesson, would say: 'Find out all that you can 
 about it, anywhere.' Sometimes the topic would have to 
 be subdivided, and a part given to one of the class, an- 
 other part to some one else; and so, until each had his 
 special assignment, on which it was desired that he should 
 be especially well prepared, and still have a good working 
 knowledge of the entire lesson. 
 
 If one found a particularly good magazine article, that 
 was placed to his credit, and he would read it to the class, 
 as an honor. If some one knew of any one else that had 
 
ISO PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 anything of interest in his division, he assumed the 
 responsibility of asking for the loan, and its return. It all 
 helped make lessons real, and valuable." 
 
 "Well, I should say it would! But will you tell me just 
 where you expect to get any outside help on anything so 
 dull as physiology?" asked Miss Sigourney, with more than 
 apathetic interest visible. 
 
 "I am surprised, sometimes, at the really good points 
 that can be fished out of the daily or weekly newspaper," 
 was the serious reply. "To be sure, great care must be 
 taken that the information is not merely rumor, and that 
 the suggestions are helpful instead of contrawise. Maga- 
 zines in this line are scientific, plentiful, and reasonable in 
 price. I subscribe to 'Health Culture' and 'Good Health'; 
 and the class takes *The Delineator' for its health 
 talks. Other magazines come our way, having a column 
 or department devoted to health, and some newspapers 
 also. We have made more than one book of clippings, and 
 are saving for others. Then, too, we have access to 
 publishers' and library catalogues; and when a topic of 
 special significance or meager outline comes up, we go to 
 the newer books, to see if anything farther has been put 
 upon the market." 
 
 **How do you ever keep up your expense for all these 
 things?" asked Mr. Lowell. "I should think that it would 
 take an unlimited purse to buy so many books and sub- 
 scribe to so many magazines." 
 
 "Oh, I have never found that I could keep taking things 
 out of a cupboard without having it sometime become 
 bare, like Mother Hubbard's. My books, etc., are my 
 tools; and a certain part of my salary must go toward 
 
PRACTICAL PHYSIOLOGY. 151 
 
 what will improve me, or I will soon lose my salary ! The 
 proportion is small, very; and yet the personal loss would 
 be very great if I did otherwise." 
 
 Tools, for teaching, an investment! That was a drop 
 idea to some of us that I could name, but won't. 
 
 Miss Preston doesn't say to anyone in her class: "Re- 
 cite the first paragraph about the circulation of the 
 blood," but instead: "Who has an illustration, this morn- 
 ing, of the way in which the blood passes from lungs to 
 heart and back? Who can name the organs through which 
 the blood passes in making a round trip, and how long it 
 takes .<* Who knows of some things that feed the blood? 
 That impoverish it? Who will give me a paper, to-morrow, 
 on the very best way to aid circulation of the blood? Ah, 
 thank you, Albert. Now I want the rest of you to watch 
 for his good points, but don't let him leave out any, nor 
 put in bad ones." 
 
 Then she always calls for authorities, so that each one 
 knows the author of his information, and also that he can 
 not be credited with what is spurious. In cases of doubt 
 or disagreement, here as elsewhere, they consult together, 
 weigh the evidence, and decide upon the preponderance; 
 so that no text book is necessarily swallowed whole, covers 
 and all. The pupils are actually trained to think, and to 
 do it intelligently, even in so small a matter as physiology. 
 
 Not a complaint has come to her, so far as I can see, 
 about the pursuit of the study, for she has made it so 
 practical; and she wants some one to do just this with 
 the subject in all the schools. That is why she is asking 
 for a "special" teacher, and I'm inclined to think she's 
 right in saying that the perfunctory teaching of physiology 
 
152 PRESTON PA PERS. 
 
 has more to do with the dislike of children for it than any 
 other one thing. Indeed, I have heard one teacher say in 
 her presence that she hated it, and never "took" any more 
 of it than was necessary to pass her, in the examination! 
 
 Now we are on the eve of another innovation, for Miss 
 Preston wants to have Manual Training introduced, and 
 made a part of the every-day work. More of that, later, 
 from 
 
 Yours Very Truly, 
 
 Miss Preston's Assistant. 
 
HELPFUL SUGGESTIONS, IS3 
 
 No. XXIX. 
 
 THE TEACHING OF HISTORY. 
 
 Oldtown, N. Y., Nov. 19, 189-. 
 To Hon. — 
 
 State Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
 My Dear Sir: — Such a buzzing as was started when 
 Professor Macomber proposed the discussion of History! 
 It was like a swarm of bees let loose; and here are some 
 of the suggestions, objections, etc., as they flashed in 
 the pan: 
 
 "I don't believe that history has any place in the 
 primary department any way. Children need to be taught 
 to read and to use the science of numbers correctly, before 
 they go into anything as dry as history," was Miss Sigour- 
 ney's first cannon ball. 
 
 "Dry?" burst forth from Professor Macomber. "You 
 amaze me ! History, with its twin sisters, geography and 
 biography, dry? Why, where would you get a more juicy 
 topic, in the entire curriculum?" The dapper little man 
 looked the unutterable things that he felt but dared not 
 speak, and Miss Sigourney was most becomingly subdued. 
 Hypnotism affects so many in that way! Now all that 
 dash and bluster only ruffled me; for while I do not at all 
 agree with Miss Sigourney (that is, I don't now; and I'm 
 not bound to incriminate myself by telling what I thought 
 of anything outside of the "three R's" before Miss Preston 
 
154 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 had breathed upon my half-dead soul, and revivified it!) I 
 just hated to hear him agonize in that way. 
 
 "Let us call for opinions and do the thing with some 
 show of order," said Mr. Johnson, a little shortly, that is, 
 shortly for him, in his reconstruction manner. So the roll 
 was called, much after the old-time way, with this differ- 
 ence, that now there was actually something to be said and 
 thought when the names were announced. 
 
 Miss Wardwell was the first, for the "alphabet" was 
 read from the further end first this time. "I am too poor 
 a teacher of anything to be worth much in the way of ad- 
 vice," was the humble pie with which she started to regale 
 us ; but she soon forgot the dessert end, and gave us some 
 really solid food for thought in the following: "I keep a 
 list of the books on this subject, and buy as many as I can 
 afford to, even picking them up at the second-hand store. 
 Then I have a 'Loan Library' to piece out with, gathered 
 from among the pupils, each one becoming responsible for 
 one volume, to be used by the class. Each member has a 
 turn at taking charge of the library; and each has the 
 benefit of what the rest bring in. In this way I have 
 secured the interest and cooperation of the pupils, and 
 often of outsiders. It enlarges the scope of the children's 
 knowledge as to the historical writers, and of the difference 
 in their styles; and I consider these good points." 
 
 "And so they are," assented Mr. Johnson, his temporary 
 affection passing away with its direct cause. "Do you 
 make a note of the publisher's name?" 
 
 "Yes, and of the address; also of the price and size of 
 the book, name of the author, and date of publication, so 
 that we may be sure of those that are up to date." 
 
HISTORY TEACHING. 155 
 
 I made a mental note of this, but didn't really want to 
 be conspicuous by using a pencil, on what seemed a trivial 
 point. Miss Preston did, though, and I was not surprised 
 to hear her say: "I'm so glad that you brought out that 
 point. Miss Wardwell; for I think that we ought to know 
 about the new, even while they may not be any improve- 
 ment on the old. New and old are relative terms any 
 way." 
 
 Others spoke, and soon all formality went to the winds, 
 before the breath of inspiration. Mr. Johnson said: "I 
 have never advocated the introduction of history into the 
 lower grades, but I am beginning to think that we should 
 do so." 
 
 "I am sure of it," said Miss Preston. "It presupposes, 
 of course, that we will proceed from the known to the un- 
 known, and so I always teach it backwards!" 
 
 "Mercy! What a way!" exclaimed Miss Wood. Then, as 
 if in apology for seeming rudeness, she added: "Will you not 
 kindly give us the wherefore? I have been so long accus- 
 tomed to following my normal school methods, to the letter, 
 that I sometimes forget that it is the spirit that giveth life, 
 while the letter killeth. Perhaps that's why my history 
 classes are a fiat failure. I'd like to do better work." 
 
 "Nearly all children, even up to a hundred years old, 
 care more for the events that are passing, the people who 
 are doing the world's work of to-day, than they do about 
 the dead past. I have no trouble in getting them interested 
 in talking about General Shafter, Admiral Dewey, and 
 President McKinley. From these I can lead them back, a 
 little at a time, to other presidents, other generals, and the 
 events in connection with their names and lives; whereas, 
 
1 5 6 PRESTON PA PERS. 
 
 had I begun with the strangers, I should not have been so 
 easily able to get or hold attention from the start. Then, 
 too, local history has a charm, all its own. *My father did 
 so and so,' or 'My grandfather was there,' is not uncom- 
 mon, when I am leading them in the historical paths that 
 surround our own town, or county; and from there to the 
 state and out into the entire country is but a series of 
 easily graded steps!" 
 
 "And do you do this with advanced classes, too?" asked 
 Mr. Lowell. 
 
 "Yes, unless the classes have already been well drilled 
 in home history and current events." 
 
 "Just how do you hear a lesson in history for an advanced 
 class, Miss Preston?" asked Professor Macomber. 
 
 "That depends so much upon class, time, and other cir- 
 cumstances that it is hard to tell off-hand. Generally, 
 though, I announce the topic and quote my side-lights. 
 Then I divide the lesson into two parts: a reading period, 
 which is always preliminary, a day in advance, and a recita- 
 tion period for the lesson day. 
 
 In the reading lesson I look out for pronunciation, tone, 
 articulation, and the spelling of new or unfamiliar words, 
 I look out, too, for the language of the historian, which is 
 not always strictly rhetorical. I call upon some one to tell 
 all that he knows, of a certain point in the lesson — not 
 confining him to the text book work, but requiring that he 
 quote his authority, in order that we may know whether or 
 not it is reliable; for I do not want the children to get in 
 the habit of placing too much confidence in rumor, nor in 
 merely newspaper headlines. Neither do I check his use 
 of text-book language, if I find that he uses it with in- 
 
METHODS AND DEVICES. 157 
 
 telligence; although I do not allow a mumbling of words 
 whose meaning is not grasped. When he has gone as far 
 as he can, without prompting, on the point under con- 
 sideration, I call on others to come in for the finish. 
 
 Sometimes I call for volunteer recitations, instead of 
 appointing some one to tell what he knows. At other 
 times I ask questions; or occasionally I let one division of 
 the class do the questioning — it may be boys against girls, 
 or those on one seat as opposed to those on another; any 
 way so as to get up a little good-natured rivalry, which I 
 try to hold within desirable limits." 
 
 "Do you review often?" asked Mr. Johnson. 
 
 "Yes. Every lesson is a review, for we find the con- 
 necting link between the lessons that have preceded and 
 the one before us. Once a week we write up whatever of 
 interest has appealed most strongly to each, and about once 
 a month we write on a given topic. Our oral reviews are 
 carried on mainly as 'conversation' lessons; for I have 
 found that it is desirable to teach conversation, and have 
 but little time for it as a special study. 
 
 We have debates, too, and sometimes these are a part of 
 a historical program, for a 'public' A 'School Paper' on 
 history, to which all members of the class contribute, is a 
 sometimes pleasant feature. 
 
 We also have a 'History Club,' and occasionally a 
 'History Social' at my boarding place or at the home of 
 some one of the class. 
 
 If the subject is especially dull at any given point where 
 I consider it essential that all should be well grounded in 
 the facts, as well as in the whys of the occasion, I simply 
 invest that recitation with the form of a game, perhaps 
 
IS8 PRESTON PAPERS, 
 
 that of ^Twenty Questions,' or a 'Question Box,' or to be 
 'played' like 'Authors' from cards that we have prepared. 
 
 A great deal of valuable information is gotten in these 
 ways, easily, and without the friction that is sometimes 
 attendant upon the teaching of history in the regular way; 
 but I always mean to put in enough of the regular work to 
 preserve the thought of study, and of digging for informa- 
 tion." 
 
 "Don't you often combine other things with your history 
 lesson?" asked Professor Macomber, with interest. History 
 is one of his (relatively !) strong points, of which he seems 
 to have none too many. 
 
 "I try to 'dovetail' all my work, and find it especially 
 easy to connect the teaching of history with that of litera' 
 ture, geography, civil government, patriotism, biography, 
 reading, etc., composition, debating, and kindred sub' 
 jects, besides the topics already mentioned," was the reply. 
 
 "I am sure that we can all get something, by way of 
 hints, as to the teaching of history, from this little talk," 
 said Mr. Johnson, "and I should be glad to hear from any 
 others who have any 'bargains' to offer." 
 
 Really, our Superintendent is getting facetious, or else he 
 is learning that he can not always catch pedagogical fish on 
 a pedantic hook that is baited with didactics! I am sure 
 that we all appreciate this change in him, even if we seem 
 slow to copy it. 
 
 On recall, Miss Preston added: "If a place is mentioned, 
 in the history lesson, we try to find out all that we can 
 about the place, and how it came to be brought into this 
 group of events, as well as to see how it was affected 
 thereby. And we do much the same if a person is men- 
 
LOGIC APPLIED TO HISTORY. 159 
 
 tioned. We try to find out the leading characteristics, 
 what produced them, and what possibilities might have 
 changed them all. And so of a condition: how it affected 
 men, time, and places ; how the condition might have 
 been changed or avoided; what was the primary cause of 
 the condition, and whatever else pertained to it. We are 
 all on the qui vive to apply our other reading matter to 
 the history lessons; so the newspapers, magazines, and 
 library books get a scanning ; and each one brings the result 
 of his search, for the benefit of all. This keeps the ball 
 rolling, and the interest never flags." 
 
 I shouldn't think that it could! With all that thought 
 spent on it, what study would not teem with living interest? 
 Who would call even psychology "dry," if some one 
 would come down from the highest rounds of the ladder, 
 where most of our philosophic speakers perch, with their 
 heads in the clouds, crumbling stars to scatter upon us 
 poor mortals below, when all that we want is just common 
 bread crumbs! 
 
 I have just heard it whispered that we are to have a 
 little talk on practical psychology at our next meeting, of 
 which — if it is worth while — I will write you. 
 
 Very Truly, 
 
 Miss Preston's Assistant. 
 
l6o PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 No. XXX. 
 
 NATURE WORK. 
 
 Oldtown, N. Y., Dec. lo, 189-. 
 
 My Dear Superintendent: — It was more than an ordinary 
 gathering that discussed the pros and cons of Nature Work 
 at our last meeting. Miss Sigourney had cried out against 
 its introduction into an already overburdened curriculum, 
 and as a "fad" that had neither rhyme nor reason to give 
 it an excuse for existence, and one that would pass with a 
 lot of other senseless trash that had already been relegated 
 to the back yard. 
 
 Really, the picture that she drew was not altogether 
 untruthful; but it seemed to me that if the work was once 
 entered upon in the right spirit it had great capabilities 
 for good, and that through it almost any child may be 
 awakened to an interest in his other work. 
 
 But what can you expect, when one-half of the work that 
 is done in the name of Nature might better be spelled 
 mechanical, and that done without heart, knowledge, or 
 sympathy? Why, you may not be ready to believe what I 
 actually saw, in one of our schools, recently, where I had 
 stopped to do an errand for Miss Preston ; but one of the 
 teachers was actually killing a butterfly, for mounting, and 
 that in the presence of a class of tiny children who should 
 have been taught, instead, to respect the life that God had 
 given, and to harm nothing that breathed! 
 
VARYING NATURE WORK, i6i 
 
 But Miss Sigourney was followed by a mild protest from 
 Professor Lowell, who said, half apologetically: "I think 
 that if our Nature Work was less cut-and-dried in its pres- 
 entation we might get more out of it." 
 
 "Just what do you mean, Mr. Lowell.?" asked Miss 
 Sigourney. 
 
 "Why, I mean that, somehow, our Nature Work seems 
 to have, in some way, been confined to animals; and while 
 it is true that this is a large field, and one that perhaps 
 none of us ever expects to cover in its entirety, yet many 
 children are even more interested, at times, in some other 
 things. I have found that if a child has any great natural 
 repugnance, for instance, to studying a caterpillar or an 
 earthworm, it is just as well to lead him to consider some- 
 thing else in the wide realm of Nature, for awhile — say: 
 rocks, clouds, hills, rivers, or even some of the common 
 fruits, flowers, and vegetables. Nearly all children love to 
 talk, study, and write about the things with which they are 
 on speaking acquaintance; but not all are ready to be 
 invested with heavenly sympathy for creeping and crawling 
 things, at the outset." 
 
 That seemed to be the signal for Miss Preston's welcome 
 voice, and she said, with some warmth: "I think that you 
 are right, Mr. Lowell. There are but few children who do 
 not love to see, hear, and talk of growing things. From 
 these, they may easily be led into other avenues of think- 
 ing, seeing, hearing and speech. But it must all be done 
 judiciously. I have seen a lesson on earth-worms made so 
 repugnant to childhood that nothing could ever efface its 
 effects; and more than one child has been nauseated, and 
 even made hysterical, in some instances, by the cutting up 
 
1 62 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 of a pig's eye, or the analysis of a cow's heart, in the 
 interest of Nature or Science, before a class that had not 
 been trained up to it. We need to take children as we find 
 them, and not force them beyond what they can bear, even 
 in Nature Work." 
 
 "Would you mind telling us just how you begin the work, 
 Miss Preston?" asked Mr. Johnson, just a little anxiously, 
 for he had but recently returned from the state convention, 
 where most of the papers, and much of the discussion, had 
 been on this now popular theme. 
 
 "Not in the least, although I am but a tyro, and presume 
 that others have accomplished equally good results; and I 
 want to hear from them. I think, with Professor Lowell, 
 that the realm of Nature is so wide that we need neither 
 be limited to any one of the three kingdoms, nor to any 
 department of them, for our material. I believe that we have 
 always been doing Nature Work, even though it may have 
 been under the more specific names of botany, geology, 
 meteorology, or what not. Just now it is all lumped off in 
 what sounds well; but the good Mother Nature herself is 
 unchanged. 
 
 I begin with whatever seems to appeal most easily or 
 strongly to the class in hand. Perhaps in the early spring 
 I might find a few clusters of strawberries, in the field, and 
 bring them in, roots, vines, blossoms, stems, fruit, or what- 
 ever was to be had. I should be quite likely, first, to put 
 some part of the specimens of each child's desk, and have 
 an ^observation' lesson, asking each one to tell me what 
 he saw. The 'reports' would be written on the board, by 
 some of the older ones; and when the subject had been 
 quite thoroughly canvassed, I would let them paint, or 
 
ADAPTATION IN THE WORK. 1 63 
 
 draw, or 'brush' the object. If that filled up all the time 
 that I had for that lesson, a 'conversation' lesson might 
 be given the next day, in which I would lead the children 
 to the discovery of new facts, that had escaped their 
 attention. An 'information' lesson would follow, from my 
 own fund, to add to theirs. If I knew anything of the 
 history, geography, literature, or classification of the object, 
 that might be of use or interest, this is the point where it 
 would seem most effective. All would be followed by an 
 outline, on the board, in which the leading points would 
 be mentioned by a word or two, and some reference to 
 where further information might be secured; and then I 
 would give opportunity for each to put it in writing, by 
 self, or by proxy if too young to write easily." 
 
 "Is this the method that you follow throughout the 
 year?" asked Miss Sigourney, with apparent interest. 
 
 "Yes, with variations. In winter, I have let the children 
 study snow flakes, icicles, wind, sunsets, stars, water, winter 
 birds, frost, evergreens, animals, etc. The spring and 
 summer months seem more prolific, at the first glance; but 
 the winter in full of interesting objects. Heat, cold, and 
 similar topics, are alive with questions that even puzzle me 
 at times; and I have to study ahead of the little ones, in 
 order to keep pace with their great interest." 
 
 This is absolutely true, for I know that when Miss 
 Preston had hushed one little timid girl's fear of thunder, 
 during a storm that broke with sudden intensity one after- 
 noon, she had opened the subject of electricity; and the 
 children became so enthusiastic that it was not until she 
 had promised to give them one of her "Five Minute Talks" 
 on the subject, daily, that they could be induced to give it 
 
164 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 Up for the regular work; and once they were started on it, 
 she had to study at every opportunity, to be ready with 
 answers for their numerous questions. She never seems to 
 mind saying "I don't know," but never fails to add: "But 
 I will find out," which she does, even at the expense of 
 rest, pleasure (I ought not to say that, for her school is her 
 pleasure), social life, and everything else. But — 
 
 "Did I hear that you had a hen and chickens in your 
 school, last week. Miss Preston, for study?" asked Mr. 
 Macomber. 
 
 Now, Mr. Macomber is Mr. Johnson's new assistant. 
 He is a fine theorist, and as he has studied "pedagogy" at 
 a foreign university, he has little or no respect for that 
 which has been accquired simply by years of devotion to 
 the work and its practical application. Lacking the sheep- 
 skin of Jena University, there is no pedagogy, for him< 
 With his florid complexion, his blonde mustache, with 
 which he plays almost constantly, and his pink shirt-front, 
 he can frown down any of us "old fogies," no matter how 
 earnestly we are trying to do our best, and to seek the 
 light. He thinks that he is that "light," and because we 
 are not all ready to read, sing, and pray, by what he can 
 furnish to us, educationally, he is at swords' points with 
 most of us, all the time. He has seldom dared to tackle 
 Miss Preston, for she's no common-sense-y that she would 
 run a pin into his theories so soon that they'd all collapse 
 at the touch. So we were on the qui vive to see if she 
 would take him seriously now. 
 
 "Why, I can hardly tell what you may have heard. 
 Dr. Macomber, but I not only had a hen and chickens 
 there, and was very happy in having the opportunity to 
 
IMPER TINE NT Q UIZZING. 1 6 5 
 
 study some points myself, but the children were doubly so," 
 she returned, gravely. 
 
 "Will you tell me just what the object was?" he pur- 
 sued, perhaps a little reckless of consequences to his 
 egoism. 
 
 "Our lesson that day had been about the hen, and I 
 knew that Biddy and her family would prove a help. So I 
 brought them or had them brought. Another time, when 
 the lesson was on 'Rodents' I had a mouse, a rat in a 
 trap, and a squirrel. And the children got a much 
 better idea of 'gnawers' than they could have done 
 from pictures; for we fed them all, and the little animals 
 seemed to enjoy the novelty quite as much as the 
 children did." 
 
 "Suppose that you were studying the horse. Miss Pres- 
 ton," said Professor Macomber. "Would you bring an 
 equine into the school.?" 
 
 I could see that Mr. Johnson was annoyed at this 
 impertinent quizzing by his subordinate; for whatever may 
 have been his feeling regarding Miss Preston, long ago, it 
 is certain that she has long been his ideal teacher, his court 
 of appeals on all questions of methods or management. 
 She replied slowly: 
 
 "I seldom cross a bridge until I at least see the river; 
 but, if there were no horses to be seen outside of the school- 
 room, I am not sure that I should fear fatal results from 
 bringing one to the door for examination!" 
 
 That settled him, but our talk overflowed into the hall, 
 down the stairs, and out upon the street. 
 
 Mr. Macomber had kept a little live alligator on his desk 
 on the platform, up to this time; and one of the older girls 
 
1 66 PRESTON PAPERS, 
 
 had begged him to release it, or to put it out of her sight; 
 for she said that she was actually afraid of it, and that 
 after it had haunted her all day (her desk was right in 
 front of it) she was so nervous that she would go home and 
 dream about it! And I didn't much wonder, for it was a 
 most repulsive looking little thing. I noticed soon after 
 that day, that the alligator was not there; but I have never 
 had the temerity to ask what had become of it. Curiosity 
 is not my strong point, any way. 
 
 And so we are studying Nature, now, in Nature's way, 
 not in any cold, superficial manner — as if it were done to 
 keep up the average; but we have beans, peas, corn, water- 
 melons, etc., planted in flower pots, boxes, or whatever 
 comes handy, in the school-houses; and other things are 
 growing out of doors, in our school-gardens, all over the 
 city. 
 
 We take up the most timely thing in a broad way, and 
 "correlate" as we go, not for the simple sake of correlation, 
 which is nothing, of itself, but in order to keep the connect- 
 ing links unbroken, and to show the child the dependence 
 and the interdependence of one thing with another. 
 
 "There is Nature Work in a slice of bread, a bit of 
 ribbon, a piece of bark, a banana or an orange, just as 
 truly as there is in worms, moths, caterpillars, and butter- 
 flies," is Miss Preston's creed, and her practice accords 
 with it; "and I think that no teacher need say: <I 
 am in the city, so can not be expected to have any 
 Nature Work in my school,' nor that she will be 
 excused for her neglect, so long as the markets afford 
 fish, flesh, and fowl, to say nothing of fruits and 
 flowers ! 
 
THE BEGINNING. 167 
 
 We must reach the children by what is nearest to them, 
 first, and from that point lead them out as far as may be." 
 I believe it. Don't you? 
 
 I am Very Truly, 
 
 Miss Preston's Assistant. 
 
1 68 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 No. XXXI. 
 
 MANUAL TRAINING. 
 
 Oldtown, N. Y., Jan. 5, 189- 
 SuPT. Public Instruction. 
 
 My Dear Mr, .• — It has come, and to stay! I mean 
 
 the cooking class, the sewing class, the metal and the 
 wood work! It is so long since I have had a chance to 
 write, owing to the new work, and all that it means, that 
 I shall have to go back, almost a year and a half. 
 
 As I have often hinted. Miss Preston has made things 
 "dovetail" and do it so naturally, that when she attempted 
 such an innovation as this, even, it has come easily, more 
 so than less practical help would, to others. 
 
 One of the Board dropped into the building one day, 
 while she was with one of the classes up stairs, the grade 
 teacher being away that day, sick. I wanted him to wait, 
 and let me send a boy up, to tell her that Mr. Miller was 
 there; but no, he would go right up stairs, he said. I didn't 
 think that it was just the thing, but I am no hand to 
 argue. (I suppose that I might have been a principal 
 myself, by this time, if I had been able to speak up more 
 promptly. I can think fast enough, but I just never can 
 talk.) So off he went. 
 
 I found out afterwards that she was just in the midst of 
 a lesson with the physiology class, and it was about "Food 
 Values." She was just saying: "And if I had my little oil 
 
MR. MILLER'S ENDORSEMENT, 169 
 
 stove here, I would demonstrate it for you. (Some dif- 
 ference of opinion had arisen about the proper cooking of 
 an ^gg') I think I will try to get it brought over, to- 
 morrow, so that we can do a little experimenting — " when 
 in walked Mr. Miller, after a light knock. He says that he 
 shall never forget the expression of rapt interest on the 
 faces of the class before him. Not one bit of attention did 
 they have for him, unless it was a politely concealed 
 impatience that he should interrupt. With the enthusiasm 
 which is born of contact with her teaching, and without 
 stopping to weigh consequences, to himself or the Board, 
 he asked: "Did I hear you wish that you had a stove, 
 Miss Preston?" gravely. 
 
 "Perhaps so. I sometimes think that mere 'book' 
 knowledge doesn't weigh as much, to the yard, as experi- 
 mental information does. Just now we were all ready to 
 apply a little bit of our lesson in physiology to cooking. 
 You know that these two, and chemistry, walk hand in 
 hand, through our real life." 
 
 "I know that they ought to, if they don't. And if a 
 stove or anything else, within my means, is necessary to 
 th,e blending of the useful with the theoretical, you shall 
 have it. In fact, I came up this afternoon mainly for the 
 purpose of talking over this very subject with you. It was 
 brought up, at the Board meeting, last night. I was not at 
 all prepared to vote for it then, believing it to be simply 
 one more fad that would fade, in time. But, Miss Preston, 
 you have put reality and life into this lesson, and I should 
 be more than glad to further your plans." 
 
 So now we have a full fledged cooking school, a teacher 
 of sewing, knitting, and crocheting for the girls; a class in 
 
170 FRES TON PAPERS, 
 
 woodwork, and another in metal work, among the boys; 
 and best of all, perhaps, outside of the enthusiasm of the 
 pupils themselves, is the fact that from first to last there 
 has not been one word of complaint from taxpayers, nor 
 from parents who are not taxpayers! ' The whole place is 
 interested; and if we are not careful, Miss Preston will be 
 done in wax and put on exhibition, for she was the prime 
 mover of it all. 
 
 The students are in no way less studious, but on the 
 contrary, more work is done, and more cheerfully, in the 
 chemistry and botany, by the girls, now that they can 
 apply the lessons; and more by the boys, in drawing, 
 because they will use that in the wood working, etc. 
 Greater comradeship is shown, too; and sympathy seems 
 to have had a big revival. 
 
 But perhaps the sentiment of the city will best be shown 
 by an extract from one of the morning papers . . . and the 
 editor has not given his unqualified approval, heretofore, 
 to any part of our curriculum: 
 
 Our School Board seems at last to have come to its senses, in 
 establishing classes for manual training, for such pupils as are at 
 all likely to need this in their after life. Personally, I hope to see 
 the day when every child will have this instruction whether he 
 asks for it or not. 
 
 There has been too much brain culture, and too little body, 
 heart, and hand training, in our public shools, for a generation or 
 more. It has developed a sort of false notion as to the place that 
 manual labor has on earth ; and the result has been the breeding 
 a set of kid-glove-and-silk-stocking young men and women, who 
 must not soil their hands, no matter what the necessity for self- 
 support. 
 
 There has been an over-production of slip-shod stenographers, 
 who could only get five dollars a week, and weren't worth that, 
 
APPROVAL OF THE EDITOR. 171 
 
 and of dainty clerks who had neither mind nor muscle that would 
 help lift them beyond the pink ribbons which they could measure 
 off much faster than they could calculate the cost for. And all 
 this time we have been suffering from tough steaks, poorly made 
 coffee, and a dearth of honest laborers at any price. 
 
 I hail the day when the schools will teach everything that 
 belongs to housekeeping, gardening, carpentry, etc., and when 
 every child will be given his birthright privilege of an education 
 that shall be compulsory if it must, in fitting him for a useful 
 place in life. The ornamental may safely be left to the accident 
 of fortune, while the child is being given something that will keep 
 him from forced idleness and the doom of poverty in a land of 
 plenty, because he does not know how to do one useful thing 
 while there is a vast army of waiting applicants for every place 
 that hires any one for the so-called 'polite' services. 
 
 So long as more than nine tenths of our school population never 
 get beyond the primary department, and but few of the remainder 
 ever reach the high school, it is just as well that we pay first 
 attention to the speaking needs of the vast majority. 'The 
 greatest good to the greatest number,' must be the motto, here- 
 after, and not ' How much show for the money.' 
 
 I understand that one of the women teachers is at the bottom 
 of the movement .... and it is but one more instance of the truth 
 that in some things woman is a more capable being than man; 
 and one of these points of superiority is easily lodged in the educa- 
 tion of the young. 
 
 Woman may not be a first-class logician, at all times; but 
 she's bound to learn by experience, which is more than I can say 
 for my own sex. 
 
 Let us have more industrial classes, by all means, and more 
 good teachers of manual training; and let us never be satisfied 
 short of experimental farms, kitchens, hospitals, offices, etc. 
 
 Well, we are the talk of the country; and every day 
 brings someone from abroad to see us, and to study (or to 
 criticise adversely) our system. But no matter; so long as 
 our own taxpayers are satisfied, and our leading men and 
 
172 FRES TON FA FERS. 
 
 women, we do not need to care what others think. Besides, 
 the benefit is so apparent, already, in the chief factor to be 
 considered, the children, that we cannot be too grateful to 
 the little woman who has brought it all about, and so 
 quietly, with no friction, even among the teachers! We 
 are certainly in danger of making a heroine of her, and 
 that she would dislike! She stays in the background for 
 everything except her school; and by "her school" I mean 
 any school, for she is as broad as she is revolutionary, 
 which is saying a good deal, and she makes any school or 
 child hers. 
 
 I must tell you one little circumstance, as it is indicative 
 of the "attitude" of our patrons: 
 
 Our cooking class had been having a lesson on oysters, 
 in connection with their natural history, and they had been 
 taught how to make a most savory stew of the toothsome 
 bivalves. One of the older girls, Nellie Munson, who had 
 taken but little interest in the lessons on the care of a 
 stove, building of fires, and similar things, was greatly 
 interested in this lesson, and said to Miss Williams, the 
 cooking class teacher: 
 
 "Oh, Miss Williams! May I learn how to make the stew, 
 too? (She was one of the 'housekeepers' for that day.) 
 Papa is so fond of it, and Bridget never has good luck 
 with it." 
 
 Pleased that Nellie's "soft" spot in cooking had been 
 found. Miss Williams arranged a change, so that Nellie 
 might use the stove and note book, together with the 
 materials that went with the stew, instead of handling the 
 dishpan, as would have been necessary in her place as 
 housekeeper for the day. 
 
JUDGE MUNSON'S NOTE, 1 73 
 
 The next day Nellie brought a note to Miss Preston, and 
 handed it to her with a beaming smile. It was from 
 Judge Munson, and read: 
 Miss H. M. Preston: 
 
 Dear Madam: I was more than delighted, last night, on my 
 return from the office, to find a most savory stew of oysters provided 
 for dinner. I soon found that the dish was the product of my 
 Nellie's skill in cookery, acquired at your school ; and I thank you 
 for it, and for all that it means. 
 
 Will you not accept an invitation to dine with us, on Friday 
 evening, at six? I should like to plan a little with you, for it 
 seems to me that you have struck the keynote of education, 
 in teaching the useful things! My little motherless girl will need 
 to learn the art of home-making and housekeeping from a 
 domestic, if it is not taught in the school — as I have certainly 
 never dreamed would be possible. Command me, if I can be of 
 any service, as I trust that I may. 
 
 Your's, Obed'tly, 
 
 Francis B. Munson. 
 From that time there has been no trouble in getting the 
 interest of Miss Nellie, nor, indeed, of any of the pupils ! 
 Cordially, 
 
 Miss Preston's Assistant. 
 
174 PRESTON PAPERSs 
 
 No. XXXII. 
 FROM KINDERGARTEN TO PRIMARY. 
 
 Oldtown, N. Y., Jan. 23, 189-. 
 
 DearMr, .• — We are quite excited over the kinder- 
 garten question, or questions, for more than one has come 
 up to trouble us. It has been like this: 
 
 In his real anxiety to do just the right thing, Mr. John- 
 son has let the pendulum swing as far to leeward as it used 
 to be to windward ; and instead of our schools being 
 places for study and mental effort, development and prog- 
 ress, there is some danger of there being just criticisms on 
 the score of their becoming as wishy-washy now as they 
 were mechanical previously! The introduction of a kinder- 
 garten department into each, besides being a real innova- 
 tion, has been a constant source of friction between the 
 kindergarten and grade teachers ; and neither side seems 
 entirely exempt from blame. On Friday last we were 
 the recipients of a note from Mr. Johnson to this effect: 
 
 If you are interested in the work of the lower grades, 
 will you not try to be present, with some helpful sug- 
 gestion, on Saturday morning, at half-past ten, at the 
 usual place of meeting, for the purpose of effecting 
 something like a systematic schedule ? I regret feel- 
 ing obliged to break into your holiday, and will try 
 to make it up to you later. 
 
 I wanted very much to ask Miss Preston what she would 
 do, for I knew that she had strong convictions along this 
 
THE MEETING. 1 75 
 
 very line, although she has had no trouble, not even the 
 appearance of any, with the very ''raw" but equally con- 
 ceited " kindergartner " who fell to our share ; but she was 
 so busy that I did not even have a chance to mention it to 
 her! Privately, I have thought, all the time, that Mr. 
 Johnson had sent Miss Field to our school, instead of to 
 any other, because he knew that Miss Preston had the tact 
 which would make it possible, even if not easy, to "get 
 along " with her, which most of the other principals would 
 lack. However, that is anticipating ! 
 
 Nearly every principal and grade teacher was present ; 
 and when you consider the form of the request, you may 
 deduce the fact that we are somewhat wider awake than 
 we were two or three years ago, before we had the direct 
 inspiration that Miss Preston's work has been to us. 
 
 "We will hear from the kindergarten teachers first," 
 began Mr. Johnson, as soon as possible after we had assem- 
 bled. Miss Field was on her feet in a moment. She is 
 neither backward nor in the least abashed by the feeling of 
 gross incompetence. She has " graduated " ; and although 
 she may have nothing but a technical knowledge of her 
 subject, she does not counsel with her principal, except 
 when Miss Preston takes the initiative. 
 
 " I think that the kindergarten teachers ought to have 
 better rooms, a fuller equipment, and more liberty of 
 action," she began, but Mr. Johnson hastened to interrupt 
 her with: "That's right. Make all your wants and wishes 
 known, but please be specific and itemize your bill! Don't 
 leave us to guess at what you mean." 
 
 "Oh," she replied, airily, "my own room is all right. 
 Miss Preston is the darlingest principal, and my flock of 
 
176 PRESTON PA PEPS. 
 
 little ones just too cute for anything. We're all right. I 
 only spoke on general principles." 
 
 Miss Lewis was the next kindergartner to take advan- 
 tage of the open door. She is quite a little older than 
 Miss Field, and with none of the apparent flippancy which 
 characterizes the younger damozel. " I think that an 
 occasional conference between the primary teachers and 
 kindergartners would help to an understanding more 
 quickly than anything else. Some of us are too closely tied 
 to all that is old, while others fail to recognize any merit in 
 aught that is new. Neither is quite right ; for with educa- 
 tion and experience we should be able to sift the desirable 
 from what is merely theory or technical, and so secure the 
 best from all quarters. If the one side can be but mag- 
 nanimous and the other tractable, we ought to find all 
 parts of the work suited to develop as a whole, no one part 
 overshadowing any other, and none giving way to the rest." 
 
 ** That is what I think," urged Mr. Johnson. " If other 
 school systems have been benefited by the introduction of 
 kindergartens, why should not we? Our Board of Educa- 
 tion is able and willing to do what is necessary in the way 
 of expense; and it does seem as though we ought to be able 
 to work out the pedagogical side of the question, and to do 
 it to the advantage of all concerned." He looked a little 
 worried, but not so testy as he used to when things did not 
 run smoothly. 
 
 " I don't know just how it is with the rest of you, I am 
 sure," said Miss Wood; "but I think that there is more 
 damage accruing to both child and teacher from the 
 kindergarten nonsense than all the good that ever comes 
 from it will be able to balance." 
 
TR O UBLE FR OM KINDER GA R TEN TRA INING. 1 7 7 
 
 "Will you not please be definite, Miss Wood?" asked 
 the superintendent, a trifle flurried and anxious. 
 
 " I mean just thus : The kindergarten children who get 
 promoted to my room have no ideas of order, obedience, 
 nor steady work. If I cannot let them play all the time 
 they are unhappy ; and as for respect, that is not to be 
 thought of, from them." She was excited, and her voice 
 seemed to indicate that she had reached the jumping-off 
 place. 
 
 Miss Wells was on her feet in an instant, and was talking 
 with unusual fervor. While no one seemed to have any 
 war paint on, it did look as though fires that had been 
 smoldering were aU breaking out at once. I partly knew 
 what the trouble was, and could guess at more; but being 
 only an assistant, I don't feel like mixing up any too much 
 even yet, although I must own up to a greater sense of re- 
 sponsibility than I used to have. 
 
 " I can say * Amen ' to all that Miss Wood has said, 
 besides giving other impressions of a personal experience 
 with kindergarten-trained children. I prefer them to 
 come to me in the ignorance of all school life and work 
 which has characterized our first-term children until 
 recently. They are more teachable, and less work has to 
 be done to put them in the way of good, genuine study. 
 They now have no idea of consecutive thought; and as for 
 really attempting anything that does not promise pleasure 
 or some form of play, I might as well talk to the wind as try 
 to get anything out of the recently promoted. I never had 
 such a state of affairs before, and shall be glad if we may 
 go back to the old way." 
 
 Here was a bomb, but before it had had time to burst, 
 
17^ PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 and so carry ruin, Miss Preston was saying, in her suavest 
 tones, and with her most gracious manner : " I hope that 
 the kindergarten department will not be relegated to the 
 woodshed of our educational workshops until it has at least 
 had a fair trial. I do not think that we can always tell 
 just what a man's character is by the color of his hair nor 
 by the cut of his coat ; nor do I believe in a wholesale con- 
 demnation of something that so many really great edu- 
 cators and profound thinkers have endorsed. Surely, 
 there must be a germ of good in it, that we may all find and 
 make our own," gently, but none the less forcefully. I 
 have noticed that the force of many of Miss Preston's 
 arguments is in an inverse ratio as to the gentleness ; and 
 when she purposes to be especially effective she is both 
 calm and polite, even to an unusual degree. 
 
 "Can you suggest anything?" asked Mr. Johnson, his 
 face lighting up. 
 
 "I am inclined to think that the step between the 
 kindergarten and the primary department is rather too 
 long for the little minds, and perhaps, too, for the little 
 bodies. So I have tried to bridge this by improvising 
 some work, of a play or recreative nature, that may be used 
 while the little folks are getting a bit wonted to the new 
 order of things. I have had paint boxes, so that they could 
 paint, after the regular lessons had been given. I have let 
 them cut out pictures for the school scrap book ; and if an 
 especially neat hand was found, I would let the little 
 owner do the pasting for this treasured volume. I have let 
 them cut letters for our letter boxes, and words for word 
 boxes. I have had < cut up stories' for them to divide into 
 paragraphs, with the promise that they should have the 
 
A GOOD AUXILIARY. i79 
 
 story for to-morrow's reading lesson. I have let them 
 string so many kernels of popcorn, and so many cran- 
 berries, and then find how many of each they had, for 
 number work. I try to keep them busy, and in a legitimate 
 way, until they are so used to the routine of alternating 
 work and play that they have ceased to rebel at the notion 
 of work, if there has been any such inclination, as I rather 
 think there has at times. We cannot grow grapes from 
 thistles; nor should we expect too much from the kinder- 
 garten. It is a good auxiliary, but we have, perhaps, de- 
 manded that it bear the whole burden of home and school." 
 
 " And I thank you for the word. Miss Preston," said 
 Miss Lewis, her eyes filling with tears. "I have often felt 
 my own incompetence, which a seeming want of sympathy 
 has not diminished. I do want to do good work, and to 
 help the little ones to a realizing of what school with all 
 its opportunities means ; but I am never quite sure that 
 some one is not throwing cold water on what is to me one 
 of the most beautiful systems of teaching the young, but 
 which has found so few truthful interpreters. We are all 
 liable to make mistakes, and I am anxious to confer with 
 any who can help. It is a long time since I studied under 
 a trainer, and I have perhaps grown rusty, but would like 
 to apply what I have learned, and to learn as much more 
 as I can. I love this part of the work as I do no other, 
 and yet I know that it needs the other to supplement this. 
 We ought to work together, and in perfect accord, instead 
 of one eying the other, with only adverse criticism as a 
 goal." 
 
 "I am sure that Miss Lewis is right, as I hope that we 
 all are in part," said Miss Preston. *< If we honestly want 
 
l8o PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 to help each other, it will not be difficult. We all know 
 that the natural atmosphere of the child is play, and that 
 few of us ever work from choice, even after we are grown 
 up ; so the love of work must be taught. 
 
 The kindergarten plays have their good effects, too, in 
 bringing the muscles under the control that will be needed 
 later for penmanship, drawing, and kindred things. The 
 child's senses are being trained when he is playing the 
 guessing games, or working with blocks of clay or other 
 kindergarten material. The relationship of the family is 
 taught, and trained into the child's mind with the songs, 
 stories, and plays of birds and animals. The great world 
 of industry is opened to the childish mind through the songs 
 and stories of trade and industry, and the child is brought 
 into direct and close sympathy with the working world. 
 So, too, of citizenship. The duties of policemen, firemen, 
 etc., become a part of the daily play ; and civic life is no 
 longer strange. 
 
 But we must provide a step between the highest kinder- 
 garten work and the lowest primary grade ; for I believe 
 that there is the 'hitch.' From the informal life of the one 
 to the rigid rules of the other is a gap that needs a plank. 
 Can we not put in some good work that shall be useful, but 
 not too hard — pleasant, but with its own broadening influ- 
 ence on the little lives ? Shall we not give them easy les- 
 sons on birds, flowers, shells, fruits, vegetables, whatever is 
 of interest to them, things with which they come in 
 contact, but about which they have not been taught 
 regularly? Should we have any trouble in giving a lesson 
 on a rose, a plate of strawberries, a basket of peaches, a 
 bag of peanuts, or a dish of popcorn?" 
 
TO BE HELPED. i8i 
 
 "That's it! That's just what we needed!" said Mr. 
 Johnson, with great enthusiasm. " The kindergarten has 
 come to stay, and we must give it a helping hand, a crutch 
 even, if necessary ; but we must not turn it out." 
 
 Nor shall we. There was a sprinkling of tears as 
 some of the kir_dergarten teachers went up to shake hands 
 with Miss Preston, and I noticed that even Miss Field had 
 lost her flippancair, and was conferring with the others. 
 
 I will advise you of the outcome later. 
 Very Truly, 
 
 Miss Preston's Assistant. 
 
i82 PRESTON PAPERS, 
 
 No. XXXIIL 
 
 PRACTICAL PSYCHOLOGY. 
 
 Oldtown, N. Y., March 15, 189-. 
 Hon. , State Supt., etc. 
 
 My Dear Sir : — I would never have believed that so many 
 of the plain, practical, every-day sort of teachers, could be 
 induced to look into, much less to really become enthusi- 
 astic over, anything that has always seemed to me so 
 abstruse, and of so little working value as psychology. 
 
 Yet here we are, "doing time" not on apperception, 
 concepts, and other beauties of the really practical science, 
 but on such homely divisions of it as Cultivation of the 
 Will, Memory Training, Control of Thought, of Sleep, of 
 Worry, of Nerves, of Health; Psychology of Diet, of Dress, 
 of Humor, of Hope, of Labor, Study and Rest; Control of 
 Fear, of Likes and Dislikes, and many other similar topics. 
 
 I can only give you a few hints, and let you judge of 
 just what we are accomplishing. The assignment for last 
 week had been announced the week before, and by Mr. 
 Johnson; for with all his improvement, he is still inclined 
 to run after false gods, and to tie us all down, to a certain 
 extent, to his ideas. He is really trying to get up to the 
 high plane from which Miss Preston sees and acts; but it 
 is a little difficult, when one has so long been steeped in 
 one idea, to introduce another; so when the requests for 
 next week's topic were handed in, and one paper said; 
 
FIRST LESSONS. 1 8 3 
 
 "I think we ought to do something with psychology," he 
 said at once: "That is a purely empirical science. Still, if 
 any of you think that it would be the thing to take up 
 next, I have no objection. Each one may bring whatever 
 he has found most interesting to him. I almost said what- 
 ever he had found most helpful; but psychology is more 
 likely to help the college student who is fitting for the law, 
 medicine, or some other profession, rather than that of 
 teaching." 
 
 Miss Preston was not at that meeting, although I 
 strongly suspected that she was the writer of the paper, so 
 the announcement fell in comparative silence. 
 
 It was not quite so still, however, when the meeting 
 opened last week. Mr. Johnson was not in the chair, and 
 he began by asking: "Have any of you anything to say 
 about the subject in hand?" 
 
 Now, I had one or two thoughts, not very large ones; 
 but I do hate to be the first speaker, or the first anything, 
 and so I waited. Not so Miss Preston, for she was on her 
 feet, and recognized, so quickly that it almost took my 
 breath away. 
 
 "I believe that our psychology should be reduced to the 
 every-day wants of the every-day teacher, at first. Then, 
 when we are ready for more abstract and perhaps more 
 theoretical or experimental work, we can take up those 
 parts of it." 
 
 "Will you please tell us, Miss Preston, just how you 
 have succeeded in finding anything really practical in so 
 deep a study? I have honestly tried, ever since last week's 
 meeting, to find just where I could apply any one thing 
 that I had learned in psychology, either for myself or my 
 
1 84 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 school; and I have to confess that it was a dismal failure," 
 said Miss Palmer, one of our older teachers. 
 
 "My case, to a T," said Mr. Lowell, "except that I gave 
 up on the third round, and was not disposed to try another. 
 I'd rather play baseball, although I've no special affinity 
 for that, either!" 
 
 "If your psychology had taught you how to train your 
 will, perhaps you would not have allowed yourself to be 
 defeated by one failure, nor a dozen,'* responded Miss 
 Preston, with one of her rare smiles. "Now, the very first 
 thing that I learned, which was really an application of 
 what I knew, was in regard to persistence, and especially 
 in reference to an object to be gained. In my case it was 
 a question of sleep. I was born nervous, acquired nervous- 
 ness as I went along for twenty-five years, and had it 
 thrust upon me by my work, my want of self-control, and 
 the habit of sleeplessness to which it had lead. When I 
 awoke to this fact, I was already a chloral victim, to the 
 extent that I slept only under its influence, and but little 
 even so. It had been prescribed by our family physician, 
 and my psychology had not taught me to question any- 
 thing that came with fairly good authority, nor to sift 
 things; so I swallowed the chloral, night after night, only 
 to find myself less and less inclined to sleep as I ought, 
 until, as I say, I was awakened to the situation." 
 
 Such intense interest as was generated by this simple 
 recital, even I was not prepared for! How the questions 
 did rain in on the speaker! Parliamentary usage was not 
 called for nor even thought of; but "Do tell us about it!" 
 "How did you work out the problem?" "Where did you 
 begin?" "Just what did you do first, and how?" 
 
PSYCHOLOGY OF SLEEP, 185 
 
 Finally, Mr. Wheeler (he was in the chair that day), 
 seeing the way that the tide was turning, and deciding to 
 make the most of it, said: "Miss Preston, will you not 
 come to the platform, where you will be more easily 
 heard?" 
 
 With the little red spot flaming on each cheek, which 
 always tells us that she is under the special excitement of 
 enthusiasm. Miss Preston went slowly up the aisle and 
 steps, and with a slight nod spoke, as easily as if to her 
 own class: 
 
 **I had an idea, of course, that the habits of years could 
 not be overcome in a few hours, days, or months; and that 
 it meant a fight to the finish. Still, I had a moderately 
 well-developed will, and it was more a question of how to 
 use that, than anything else. Reasoning out the thing, I 
 saw that it meant for me to so control my thought, my 
 body, and my entire being, that all would tend to woo the 
 dreamy goddess who had been worked, worried and other- 
 wise driven from my pillow. So I began the discipline of 
 all, forbidding even the entrance of thought, when I was 
 ready to sleep, and by simple arrangements to prepare my 
 pillow for the reign of Lady Sleep. I knew that it would 
 take time, it might be a long time; but I determined to 
 bring my will power to the test, and succeeded, not fully at 
 first, but so effectively that now I can sleep anywhere, in a 
 street car, stage coach, or in a chair, at almost any time, 
 and under very trying circumstances." 
 
 "But just how did you control thought?" asked Mr. 
 Whipple. "Now I can control some things, motion, direc- 
 tion, action ; but thought? That is too mystical for me!" 
 "And for me!" "Me too!" was heard here and there. 
 
1 8 6 PRES TON PA PEPS, 
 
 Taking the bull by the horns, Miss Preston said, laugh- 
 ingly: 
 
 "Why, you all control thought, more or less, all the 
 time. It is only that you do it unconsciously and there- 
 fore imperfectly; but if you will determine to do it, 
 and then set yourselves to its accomplishment, you will 
 be surprised to see how very easy of attainment the 
 thing is." 
 
 "Would you mind proving that. Miss Preston?" asked 
 Mr. Johnson. 
 
 "Not in the least," was the earnest reply. "I think that 
 we are all possessed of unconscious powers, and that it is 
 only when we use these and live up to our best, that we 
 make the most of life and of its opportunities for good, to 
 ourselves and others. But, to illustrate: As I don't wish to 
 direct your thought at present, I will show you something, 
 without naming it. As soon as you find yourselves think- 
 ing of it, will you not kindly indicate it by uplifted hands, 
 that I may know when all are thinking of that which I 
 show?" 
 
 Then she held up her watch, and the hands began to go 
 up, as one and another thought of the tiny object. 
 
 "That is very well," was the pleased comment. "Make 
 a note of the fact that you can think of a visible things at 
 will. Now see if you can transfer thought^ from one visible 
 thing to another^ and think of the next thing that I hold up," 
 raising a book that lay on the desk. 
 
 Again the hands came up, and as quickly, in response to 
 the summons. "And now let us go a step farther and 
 transfer the thought from the visible to the temporarily 
 invisible. See if you can think, at will, of someone con- 
 
CONTROL OF THOUGHT. 187 
 
 nected with the production of the book — the author, printer, 
 proof reader, binder, publisher, or salesman." 
 
 And once more she was gratified at the show of hands. 
 "Now take another step and travel from ofie invisible thing 
 to afiother invisible one. Think of some other book, or a 
 magazine, or paper." 
 
 And they did, with apparently equal ease. "And now 
 for the hardest test, perhaps. Carry your thought from 
 the invisible^ which is concrete^ to the i7ivisible^ which is 
 abstract, and think of some quality of that book — as lively, 
 pernicious, depressing, inspirational, etc." 
 
 This time the hands came up more slowly, but all showed 
 finally. "Now," said she, "you have all been controlling 
 thought, and doing it voluntarily, through will power. The 
 question then becomes one of determination and of endu- 
 rance. Make up your mind to hold your thoughts right down 
 to whatever you have in hand, and, if you are in church, 
 listen to the sermon that you go there to hear, rather than 
 let your thoughts come and go on other things. If it is 
 reading, or study, do the same. Know simply nothing but 
 what is before you, even if you at first have to harness the 
 thought engine with a drag chain. And if you want to 
 sleep, why just clear out your thought house; and don't 
 allow even one intruder to come in and dance a jig about 
 your school, your salary, nor any trouble or pleasure, any 
 duty or neglect; but give yourself up to the business of 
 sleeping, and to sleeping thoroughly." 
 
 Oh, my! The buzz that followed! Of course, it was all 
 plain now, and to even the dullest of us; but some wanted 
 more light, especially about the physical preparations, ard 
 I must give you a synopsis of these: 
 
1 88 PRESTON PAPERS, 
 
 Go to bed comfortably. If the feet are cold or wet, 
 warm or dry them. If you are hungry, eat something, and 
 let it be something warm, like a cup of hot broth, a cup of 
 hot milk, or even a piece of hot toast. If you can't do 
 better, heat a cup of water, and make some Scotch broth, 
 of crackers (or dry bread) broken in a cup, seasoned with 
 salt and butter, and turn the boiling water over all. 
 
 If specially nervous, take a short, but quick walk, in the 
 open air. If you can't do that, take a hot bath, beginning 
 with the water only warm, but adding more as it grows 
 cool. 
 
 In any event, go to bed slowly and quietly. Make as 
 few motions as possible, and as little effort as you may. 
 
 Darken the room, and be sure that it and the bedding 
 are well ventilated. 
 
 Make a complete change of clothing, from that worn 
 during the day. 
 
 Don't try any tricks of counting, thinking of a flock of 
 sheep, nor of anything, but drop off quietly, and at once, 
 into the land of dreams. 
 
 Really psychology has its good points, even for the com- 
 monest teacher of us all, if it will help us in the ills that 
 reach us through such common things as loss of sleep, 
 memory, etc., and will fortify us to meet and conquer fear, 
 prejudice and other detrimental things. 
 
 We are all at it now, and all the time, as John Wesley 
 said that his church people must be if they would ac- 
 complish something. More anon, from 
 Yours Truly, 
 
 Miss Preston's Assistant. 
 
DREAD CF OPENING EXERCISES. 189 
 
 No. XXXIV. 
 
 OPENING EXERCISES. 
 
 Oldtown, N. Y., April 2, 189-. 
 
 My Dear Mr. / — I know that you will think that 
 
 we struck the keynote to lots of trouble, at our last meet- 
 ing, when I tell you that we sounded the heights and depths 
 of "Morning Exercises." But we had been in deep waters 
 before, and so were not alarmed, even when some of us felt 
 that we were nearing danger ! 
 
 " I always dread the opening exercises, almost more than 
 any other part of the day," began Miss Wells. 
 
 "Why?" asked Mr. Johnson. 
 
 " Oh, in the first place, I know that the children have no 
 natural aptitude for the reading of psalms, nor for the 
 moral talks which I think they need from time to time, 
 and which are more conveniently put in then than later in 
 the day. I am sure, too, that if I notice one half of the 
 pranks that are being cut up under my very nose, as it 
 were, I shall simply open the door to more mischief. And 
 when the stragglers begin to come in, I am just enough up- 
 set to be almost cross, if not quite so." 
 
 "That's about my feeble condition, except that I haven't 
 quite dared shut my eyes to the mischief as yet," said Mr. 
 Wheeler. "At times it seems little short of sacrilege to 
 ask or even to allow children to come in fresh from 
 
190 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 play-ground frolic, or play-ground trouble, and sing hymns, 
 recite Scripture verses, and so on; and I have very grave 
 doubts about the everlasting good that is accomplished; 
 while I am pretty certain that some of the evils that are 
 engendered thereby are neither uncertain nor intangible." 
 
 "Can you name some of these evils?" asked Mr. 
 Johnson. 
 
 "I should say, for one thing, that irreverence is fostered. 
 I believe in the preparation of the heart as well as the mind 
 and body. And I don't believe that this is cultivated by 
 the rush from one thing to another. Even Moses had 
 instruction to put off his shoes when he stood on holy 
 ground. I am inclined, too, to think that it begets a habit 
 of carelessness; and that the perfunctory performance of 
 any duty makes that duty distasteful after a time." 
 
 "I agree with you there," said Miss Preston. "But 
 why let the morning exercises degenerate into anything 
 that is either sacrilegious or perfunctory?" 
 
 " Why, I don't well see how I can help it in this instance. 
 I have not found the children any too keen for other things; 
 and this is simply the 'last straw,' in their minds. I can 
 manage so that they don't know the terrible monotony of 
 most things in the world of study, but will confess that I 
 am somewhat powerless when it comes to morning exer- 
 cises." 
 
 " We have a season of quotations from favorite authors, 
 and that helps us," said Miss Smith. 
 
 "So do we sometimes," said Miss Preston; ^'and at 
 others we have familiar talks about anything of interest in 
 the current events at home and abroad. Just now we are 
 on the qui vive over the Df-eyfus case, which has been 
 
OBJECTIONS AND NEW IDEAS. 191 
 
 followed from first to last by the class in history, from which 
 the interest spread to the others. Then, too, once in 
 awhile I get some one to come in and talk to the school 
 for five or ten minutes about whatever they are most 
 interested in or familiar with. I have just had a very 
 pleasant series of short talks from Miss Sherwood, on the 
 castles of Europe, given for the benefit of the geography 
 class primarily, but dripping through to the rest. Dr. 
 Scofield has given more than one scientific talk, which he 
 has been glad to illustrate with his microscope. He has a 
 fine lot of mounted specimens; and when my advanced 
 class in physiology came to study the circulation of the 
 blood, I had only to ask him to give us a talk, when he re- 
 sponded, and since then has several times offered his 
 services. I have sometimes, too, found it profitable to get 
 some one who could give personal experiences of travel, or 
 recollections of progress in science, living, or the Civil 
 War. I sometimes get a really fine reader, or speaker, to 
 come in and give us something that will wake up the read- 
 ing classes as to their own possibilities ; for I want each 
 one to believe the very best of himself, and to know that 
 no matter how distinguished anyone becomes in after life, 
 the key to all printed knowledge is in the learning to read, 
 and that that takes hard work, drudgery even. If they can 
 sometimes see and hear what can be done with the human 
 voice, or with anything, and learn that it is drudgery 
 rather than genius that will accomplish the same thing for 
 them, it will be an incentive to study. I believe that the 
 morning hour carries great possibilities in this way, more, 
 perhaps, than any other part of the day ; and so I try to 
 make the opening exercises as attractive as I can." 
 
192 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 "I should think that you would hardly need to offer 
 premiums on prompt and regular attendance, then!" said 
 Mr. Macomber, with a touch of sarcasm. 
 
 " If I believed in the premium system at all, I might be 
 obliged to," replied Miss Preston, ignoring the quality of 
 his remark. *'But with this feature made prominent, I 
 have but little need even to accentuate the necessities for 
 punctuality. I aim to get prompt and regular attendance 
 for the child's own sake ; but I am not sure that he will 
 always be prompt and regular, unless there is an incentive 
 behind the ethics, through his early years. Then, too, I 
 believe that we ought to start the day happily; so that, no 
 matter what comes up afterwards of an unpleasant nature, 
 and no matter what the child has had to endure before 
 starting for school, his memory of the morning hour will 
 be always a pleasure, and the lessons learned and the 
 inspiration gained will go with him through life." 
 
 "You are right. Miss Preston, and perhaps we have 
 none of us realized just how much power we carry right 
 here," said Mr. Johnson. " If we can so plan the opening 
 exercises that they will hurt no one's conscience, and not 
 reach the dead level of monotony (He is taking on Miss 
 Preston's language as well as thought!) so that they will 
 be looked forward to by all with pleasant anticipation, and 
 back with fond memories, we have found the key to success 
 in this part of the work. Do you add music?" 
 
 " Yes, but not too classical, and not too much of it, nor 
 of too serious a nature. We organized a school choir, of 
 some of the timid ones, to develop their talent, and a school 
 orchestra, having a drum, mouth organ, triangle, concertina 
 and a mandolin. We are doing very well, and are planning 
 
START THE DAY HA PPIL V. 1 93 
 
 to have a piano soon, which, with the wheezy organ that is 
 already ours, will give us plenty of music for any and all 
 occasions." 
 
 "Do you read the Bible at your morning service?" 
 asked Mr. Wheeler. 
 
 " Yes, but sparingly, and with all the discretion that I 
 can command. I am pretty sure to leave out the pictures 
 of torment, and touch heavily upon those that engender 
 hope, courage, and promise, coupled with the lines of duty. 
 Sometimes I paraphrase a Bible story, and tell it without 
 all the details, if I find that something has come up which 
 will make Scriptural illustration of special merit. But I 
 think the proper selection of Scripture, the prayer to be 
 offered, and the music for the morning exercises, all require 
 a great deal of discriminating thought. Reverence can be 
 taught even more by implication and example than by 
 words; and the whole benefit of the morning exercises 
 will be greatly intensified if carried out in the right 
 spirit." 
 
 Discussion of these and other points used up the hour, 
 and it was with a feeling that we had all gained something 
 that we separated. I know one thing: That with a class of 
 eighty-one in my room, I have had more than a week go by 
 recently without a single case of absence or tardiness, and 
 more than two months without any tardy ones. I believe 
 that my record is not far different from the rest of our 
 school ; and yet the subject is rarely mentioned in "chapel," 
 as we call our morning gatherings. They are among the 
 sweetest meetings that we have, as a school ; but there is 
 no pressure brought to bear on anyone, to secure attend- 
 ance; and it is no unusual thing to find several of the 
 
194 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 parents in at our opening exercises. They are sure to hear 
 something useful, beautiful, and pleasant ; and they show 
 their good will by not waiting for a special invitation. 
 
 Miss Preston keeps a box labeled "Suggestions for Open- 
 ing"; and when any of us, teacher or pupil, find a pretty 
 poem, a bit of interesting news, a choice piece of music, 
 an anecdote, or anything that will ''piece out" for an emer- 
 gency, when other material is short, the box always responds 
 to the demand. 
 
 Hoping that this will help some one else, who has found 
 the problem a deep one, I am 
 
 Very Truly, 
 
 Miss Preston's Assistant. 
 
THE VALUE OF REVIEWS. iQi 
 
 No. XXXV. 
 
 REVIEWS. 
 
 Oldtown, N. Y., April 20, 189-. 
 
 My Dear Superinte7ident : — The subject of "Reviews" 
 came up last week, and so much valuable thought was 
 brought to light that I believe it had better go where 
 it will be sure to help some one else, as I am confident 
 that it will in your hands. 
 
 Mr. Macomber said something to Miss Preston which 
 started the discussion, and the rest of us lent a hand, or a 
 pair of them! Said he: ^'Miss Preston, I am inclined to 
 disagree with you as to the value of reviews, referred to by 
 you in your talk on history the other day." 
 
 *'Do you? On what grounds, please?" with a most 
 winning smile. 
 
 "Why, it does not seem to me really pedagogical to 
 review. Once the lesson has been truly and thoroughly 
 developed, it seems like a waste of raw material to go over 
 and over it, again and again. I had as soon see a farmer 
 trying to thresh old straw," a trifle pompously, and with 
 supreme self-consciousness, for all eyes were turned upon 
 him, and he felt that he had a prime advantage in the use 
 of the word "pedagogical," as Miss Preston rarely uses so 
 long or so scientific a term! If he had only known what 
 most of us were thinking! 
 
196 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 "I am sure that I at least do not mean to waste any of 
 the child's time in doing either weak or unnecessary 
 things," was the quiet reply. "And yet, I sometimes 
 question if our work is not done too superficially, even 
 when it has had the conceded advantage of drill and 
 thoroughness, so far as we can command either. How 
 many, do you think, of the little folks would remember 
 that two and two is four, even after a 'thorough and true 
 development' of the combination, if nothing ever brought 
 it to their finite and juvenile minds again?" 
 
 "Yes, but that's just it!" he exclaimed, excitedly. 
 "Things do bring the combination to their observation, and 
 daily if not hourly. So that all the time that you have 
 been giving to reviews might better have been given to 
 something new, some other study." 
 
 "I'm not so sure. But conceding the truth of your 
 observation, for sake of the argument: Then would you 
 limit the force of your remark to such studies as those that 
 do not have their fundamental truths brought home daily, 
 if not hourly?" 
 
 Mr. Macomber began to squirm, as the logic drove him 
 into constantly narrowing quarters, but he still wriggled! 
 
 " Why, I think that the rule is about equally good every- 
 where," he almost gasped, as he floundered. 
 
 "Then, in just what way would you recommend me to so 
 teach the location and climate of Japan, for instance, that 
 it might be brought to the child's mind, daily or even 
 hourly? And do the different points in physiology, history, 
 etc., come to the child in that way, without the discipline 
 of drill?" 
 
 The battle was on, and in earnest. None of us were 
 
DEVELOPMENT FOLLOWED BY DRLLL. 197 
 
 especially sorry for the presumptuous young pedagogue, 
 even in his embarrassment; for he had been itching for just 
 this, ever since he had attended our first meeting, and had 
 then thrown down the gauntlet, which Miss Preston had, 
 in mercy, refused to pick up. Fortunately, Mr. Johnson 
 came to the rescue, with a magnanimity which is not usual 
 with us "women-folks" and which did not seem to crop 
 out with surprising abundance among the men of our force. 
 To tell the truth, I think that all hoped that the time had 
 come when the new man could be taught that even first- 
 class pedagogy may become offensively intrusive, in the 
 hands of an upstart ! 
 
 "Miss Preston, will you be kind enough to give us some 
 of your best points in the matter of reviews? I have 
 happened in two or three times when you have had some- 
 thing of the sort on the carpet, and I have always been 
 more than surprised and pleased at the revelation of your 
 very thorough methods," said Mr. Johnson, warmly. "The 
 truth is that while development lessons are all right, I am 
 beginning to think that the old-fashioned drill, to follow 
 the development, gives a better result than either could 
 accomplish alone." 
 
 "I agree with you, and heartily," responded Miss 
 Preston. "The combination of development and drill is 
 best. If we only wouldn't run after new fancies to the 
 exclusion of the old, but would sort out the best of each, it 
 would improve the stock, all around! We are prone to 
 either discard the one, in toto, and cling only to the other, 
 or we snatch at anything that offers change, while perhaps 
 the change is not in the least beneficial. In our school, 
 our reviews have been merely complete recitations, with a 
 
1 98 PR ES TON PA PERS. 
 
 few novel features put in, to add pleasure to profit. I 
 generally call for volunteer service in this, as in some other 
 things, at first. I get all that I can by having each pupil give 
 one fact, no one to repeat what some one else has said, 
 and all to be on the watch to see that nothing is given 
 erroneously. Any who let an error slip by without com- 
 ment, are considered as accessories, and so lose credit or 
 standing. A mis-statement rarely goes around the entire 
 class; but if it does, it serves to keep them wider awake for 
 the next bout." 
 
 "What follows the volunteer work?" asked Professor 
 Lowell, with note-book in hand. He picks up a lot of 
 information at these meetings, and never seems the least 
 bit disturbed to be caught in the very act of transcribing. 
 Some men would find it embarrassing to be seen doing 
 anything that so nearly looks like study; and even some 
 of our women teachers hate to have it thought that the zero 
 of their educational thermometer ever shows up . . . or down ! 
 
 "Why, then we are likely to have a few minutes of recit- 
 ing by turn, or by topic, by name, or by seat, one half 
 against the other, or in some of the various ways that we 
 use for other recitations. We get in some fun, if it is 
 possible; and yet we do not let even that run riot. I try 
 to keep the main idea uppermost, even when * correlating'; 
 for I have found that most people, and especially children, 
 find it difficult to hold the attention to any one thing long 
 enough to get all the good that there is in it, even when side 
 issues are not so much as introduced. We have too much 
 skimming, as a rule, in our teaching; and we do not suck 
 our educational oranges quite dry enough before leaving 
 them as a habit." 
 
CUL TIVA TION OF HUMOR. 1 99 
 
 "Will you tell me just how you manage to get any fun 
 out of anything so forlorn as a review lesson?" asked Miss 
 Smith. 
 
 "Oh, my! The average boy, or girl, for that matter, 
 sees fun and humor everywhere; but if not, I try to open 
 the perspective. My part of the play is to control the fun 
 and cultivate the humor, but not to suppress either. I 
 remember several years ago of assigning a review in history 
 that had (in the text-book recitation) so much about 
 Indians, their assaults on the white people, at the time of 
 the settlement of the early states, that even as I gave the 
 lesson, I thought: 'Here is certainly one thing that has 
 no chance for any bubbling humor.' But when it came 
 time for the written review papers, one of the quietest 
 boys of the class had written: 'The Indian had one 
 habit that some men have copied ever since: He always 
 let his wife, or squaw, do the work, while he did the 
 fighting.' That brought out actual fun, and earnest dis- 
 cussion, as well. But it is true, in other things besides 
 reviews, that the natural bent to fun will easily come to 
 the surface if it is not constantly suppressed; and it ought 
 not to be." 
 
 "I quite agree with you now. Miss Preston, although I 
 should not, perhaps, once," said Mr. Johnson. "The 
 child who is happiest is going to do more and better 
 work, and get more good from it, than he who goes about 
 it only because he must. But tell us more about the 
 reviews." 
 
 "Sometimes we conduct the review as we would an old- 
 fashioned spelling school, arraying one side against another, 
 and having the subject announced for some days ahead of 
 
200 PRESTON PAPERS. 
 
 time, that each side may prepare for the contest. At 
 other times, I write out leading topics, or head lines, on 
 the blackboard, and see who can do the best filling in, im- 
 promptu. Once in a while I get the class to look out for 
 its own weak spots, and help each one * shore up' where he 
 is in a tottling condition. The main thing is to keep the 
 interest at high water mark, so that in being thorough a 
 sense of exhaustion will not follow. Another, but rather 
 more risky, way is to let the class talk to an audience, real or 
 imaginary, that has no knowledge of the lesson in question, 
 and starting from the beginning, let each one lay a brick 
 in the fabric, Hurn about,' each one putting his share not 
 only in place, but at the right time; so that when complete, 
 the story, or lesson, shall be not only entire but sym- 
 metrical. In this way, not only the matter must be well 
 in hand, but the manner also, so that there will be no 
 stumbling over form." 
 
 "Dear me! " said Miss White. ''There's a whole lot of 
 possibilities done up in a review; and I have always thought 
 that it only meant to say 'Begin at page i6, and review the 
 lessons to 38.' How it does take experience to know just 
 how to teach!" 
 
 "Yes, or to do almost anything. But that is one trouble 
 with the newly-graduated. As a rule, it is the fledgling 
 that has the most assurance, here as elsewhere," observed 
 Mr. Johnson, totally oblivious that he was stepping on 
 anybody's toes, and I secretly wished that they were mine 
 — for I would willingly take the criticisms for sake of the 
 years that it would give me, backward, to be a fledgling 
 again ; and I could do so much better work, now, if I were 
 in the younger class! But one thing is certain, I'm not too 
 
NEVER TOO OLD TO PROFIT. 20l 
 
 old to profit by what I hear and read. So there's still a 
 bright side, even for 
 
 Yours, etc., 
 
 Miss Preston's Assistant. 
 
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