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ELEMENTS 
 
 ^^^#^1@3 
 
 EXHIBITING A METHODICAL ARRANGEMENT OP ALE THE 
 
 IMPORTANT IDEAS 
 
 lincientandJfToelem Rhetorical Waiters, 
 
 DESIGNED FOR THE USE OF 
 
 COLLEGES, ACADEMIES, AND SCHOOLS. 
 
 ^ 
 
 BY JOHN A. GETTY, A. M. 
 
 ^ ' ^j " Song charms the sense, but Eloquence the soul." Milton. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA : 
 
 PUBLISHED BY E. LITTELL. 
 
 French & Co. Printers. 
 1831. 
 
 
Ttf«H» 
 
 ft* 
 
 DISTRICT OF MARYLAND, SS. 
 
 Be it remembered, That on the twenty-first day of Feb- 
 '-w^^ ruary, in the fifty-fifth year of the Independence of the United 
 
 C 1 States of America, John A.Getty, of the said district, hath de- 
 
 < Seal. > posited in this office, the Title of a Book, the right whereof 
 ( ) he claims as Author, in the words following, to-wit : 
 
 ^v-*^ Elements of Rhetoric ; exhibiting a methodical arrange- 
 
 ment of all the important ideas of the ancient and modern 
 Rhetorical writers. Designed for the use of Colleges, Academies, and Schools. 
 
 By JOHN A. GETTY, a. M. 
 
 " Song charms the sense, but eloquence the soul."— Milton. 
 
 In conformity to an Act of the Congress of the United States, entitled " An 
 Act for the encouragement of Learning, by securing the copies of Maps, Charts, 
 and Books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein 
 mentioned ;" and also to the Act, entitled " An Act supplementary to the Act, 
 entitled An Act for the encouragement of Learning, by securing the copies of 
 Maps, Charts, and Books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies during 
 the times therein mentioned, and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of De- 
 signing, Engraving, and Etching historical and other Prints." 
 
 PHILIP MOORE, 
 Clerk of the District of Maryland. 
 
Recommendations, 
 
 From James Carnahan, D. D. President of the College of 
 
 New-Jersey. 
 To Mr. E. Littell : 
 
 Sir— The " Elements of Rhetoric, by John A. Getty, A. M." is 
 the work of a profound classical scholar, manifests extensive reading on the sub- 
 ject discussed, and, in my opinion, will be found very convenient and useful to 
 those who wish to have, in a compendious form, the substance of what distin- 
 guished Grecian and Roman masters have taught on the subject of eloquence. 
 Nassau Hall, June 27, 1831. JAMES CARNAHAN. 
 
 From the Rev. Samuel Eccleston, A. M. President of St. Mary's 
 College, Baltimore. 
 
 St. Mary's College, Baltimore, June 26iA, 1831. 
 Dr. Sir — In reply to your letter of the 20th inst. requesting my opinion of 
 Mr. John A. Getty's Rhetoric, I take pleasure in stating, that 1 find the definitions 
 to be accurate, and the exemplifications, apt and copious. The work may be re- 
 commended as a convenient and agreeable Manual of the ancient nomenclature 
 of Grammatical and Rhetorical figures. 
 
 I am, with great respect, 
 
 Your obed't serv't. 
 Mr. E. Littell. SAM'L ECCLESTON. 
 
 From Samuel B. Hoio, D. D. President of Dickinson College. 
 
 Carlisle, June 21, 1831. 
 Dear Sir— I have examined with as much attention as my engagements 
 would permit, " Getty's Elements of Rhetoric," and am pleased with it. It com- 
 presses into a small space much valuable matter. Its author exhibits an extensive 
 acquaintance with the antient writers on Rhetoric, and has enriched his work by 
 copious extracts from them. I think it well adapted as a Class Book to prepare 
 youth for studying the more extensive treatises on this subject. 
 
 Very respectfully, yours, 
 
 SAMUEL B. HOW. 
 
 From William JYeill, D. D. late President of Dickinson College. 
 Carlisle Pennsylvania. 
 
 " The Elements of Rhetoric," by John A. Getty, A. M. comprises, within a 
 small compass, the substance of volumes; and is calculated to facilitate the pro- 
 gress of youth in the study of the Latin and Greek classics. 
 
 Philad. June 26tA, 1831. WILLIAM NEILL. 
 
 From the Rev. Edxoard Rutledge, A. M. Professor of Moral Phi- 
 losophy in the University of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Dear Sir — I am very much pleased with Mr. Getty's work, and think it ad- 
 mirably adapted to the conveyance of most useful instruction in a pleasing and 
 striking manner. I hope its respected author may meet the encouragement he 
 merits, and that his beautiful little manual may extensively aid our youth in ac- 
 quiring the art of which it treats. 
 
 With great reBpcct, I remain yours, &c. 
 E. Littell, Esq. EDWARD RUTLEDGE 
 
 Philadelphia, Jun* 23d, 1831. 
 
 1 
 
RECOMMENDATIONS. 
 
 From Robert Ad rain, L. L. D. tyc. Professor of Mathematics in 
 the University of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Philadelphia, June 2lst, 1831. 
 Dear Sir— Agreeably to your request I have examined Mr. Getty's " Ele- 
 ments of Rhetoric." 
 
 It appears to me that the work is elementary, methodical, and perspicuous, 
 abounding in observations and examples which "illustrate the subject and interest 
 the reader ; and that it will be highly useful in the education of youth. 
 
 Yours, with respect, &c. 
 
 ROBERT ADRAIN. 
 Mr. E. LlTTELL. 
 
 From S. B. Wylie, D. D. Professor of Languages in the Uni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania . 
 
 Philadelphia, July 23d, 1831. 
 
 SiR-Having perused the little book you had the goodness to send me, entitled 
 '• Elements of Rhetoric" by John A. Getty, A. M., I am prepared to give you my 
 opinion concerning its merits. I consider it as a manual which ought to be. in the 
 bauds of every youth engaged in the acquisition of classical literature. It is rare 
 to find such amiss of useful elementary matter condensed into such a narrow 
 f.ompass. The difinitions of the figures will be easily committed, and not easily 
 forgotten. The illustrations are lucid, the examples pertinent and numerous, and 
 the work eminently calculated to be a valuable acquisition to our classical insti- 
 tutions. I cordially wish it an extensive circulation. 
 
 Very respectfully, yours, &c. 
 
 Mr. E. Littell. S B. WYLIE. 
 
 From the Rev. W. T. Brantly, Pastor of the First Baptist Church, 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Mr. E. Littell : 
 
 Sir— "The Elements of Rhetoric," by John A. Getly, A. M. is a 
 work of real merit and of unbounded utility. I have read it with attention, and I 
 may also add, with advantage. Those who "have spent much lime in the instruction 
 of youth, will best appreciate such a book as that which Mr. Getty has made; 
 for they must have sensibly felt the want of such a compend of rhetorical defini- 
 tions and examples. — Indeed every person who designs to read with propriety, or 
 to understand with clearness the best productions of ancient and modem times, 
 should be fully acquainted with the whole scope of figurative language. I there- 
 fore cordially recommend the " Elements of Rhetoric," as a most valuable ac- 
 quisition to the existing supply of standard school books. 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 W. T. BRANTLY. 
 
 From the Rev. Dr. Samuel K. Jennings, President of Jlsbury's 
 College, Baltimore. 
 
 Baltimore, June 29t/t, 1831. 
 Dr. Sir — Agreeably to your request, J have devoted a little time to the " Ele- 
 ments of Rhetoric, by John A. Getty, a. m." 
 
 The work begins with very clear and satisfactory definitions of the Elements of 
 Rhetoric, intended to educate the youthful mind for a ready invention and proper 
 disposition; the whole made familiar by appropriate examples, extracted from the 
 English, Latin and Greek classics. These are followed by excellent definitions 
 and examples, preparatory to an accomplished elocution. In this part of the 
 work, I am particularly pleased to find an old acquaintance, the tropes and figures 
 of speech in rhyme, which I have often felt a wish to see, introduced in this way, 
 into general use. 
 In the conclusion we have an epitome of all that is important in pronunciation 
 
RECOMMENDATIONS . 
 
 elucidated by examples, suited to that part of the general subject. This summa- 
 ry, together with an annunciation, that it is given in view of the reports of the 
 merit of the work made by Dr. Waters and Mr. Power, and in which 1 heartily 
 •oncur, will sufficiently evince my approbation of Mr. Getty's book. 
 1 am, respectfully, yours, 
 
 SAM'L K. JENNINGS, M. D 
 
 From the Rev. Francis Waters, D. D. Baltimore. 
 
 Baltimore, June 28tA, 1831. 
 Rev. Dr. Jennings : 
 
 Dr. Sir— 1 thank you for a perusal of the " Elements of Rhetorie 
 by John A. Getty, A. M." It is, in my opinion, a very respectable book. The 
 rules and principles of the science are well arranged and illustrated by the author, at 
 ihe same time that he has defined them with becoming precision and clearness. The 
 additional figures which he has introduced, and the simplicity of their classifica- 
 tion, will no doubt be estimated as a great advantage. To all learners the trea- 
 tise will be useful, but to classical students in particular, it will serve as an excel- 
 lent Manual in caltivating this beautiful part of polite and finished education. 
 
 Very truly and respectfully, 
 
 F. WATERS. 
 
 From Michael Power, A. M. Professor of Languages, Asbury's 
 College, Baltimore. 
 Rev. Dr. Jennings : 
 
 Dr. Sir — Having examined the "Elements of Rhetoric, by^John 
 A. Getty, A. M.," as carefully as the limited time allowed me would permit, I 
 cheerfully concur in opinion with the Rev. F. Waters, and will in a short time 
 introduce the work into my school. 
 
 Respectfully, your ob't serv't, 
 Baltimore, June 29t/t, 1831. M. POWER. 
 
 From the New York American, July 4th, 1831. 
 
 •■ Elements of Rhetoric, for the use of Colleges, Academies and Schools, 
 by John A. Getty." Philadelphia, E. Littell. — The sole aim of this little volume 
 appears to be to exhibit in a concise and methodical form the chief elements of 
 rhetoric, as expounded by the most authoritative ancient and modern writers, ac- 
 companied with illustrations and examples. By means of questions and answer-, 
 the principles of the art are developed and explained ; and the authority on which 
 the answer is made, is, in all cases, quoted at the bottom of the page. It is, 
 therefore, in the nature of a digest of the whole code of rhetoric, which, scattered 
 thiougli many volumes, is here reduced to its essence in about 120 pp. The expla- 
 nations of the different tropes and figures of speech are given (for the sake, we 
 presume of aiding the memory) in a sort of doggrel — both in English and Latin— 
 upon the same principle, and of about the same merit, as the "Propria quas ma- 
 ribUB" of the old Latin grammars. We are well pleased with this little book, 
 which displays more than ordinary research and learning. 
 
 From the Baltimore Chronicle, June 2Zd, 1831. 
 
 " Elements of Rhetoric : exhibiting a methodical arrangement of all the 
 important ideas of the ancient and modern writers. Designed for the use of Col- 
 leges, Academies and Schools, by John A. Getty, A. M. — Philadelphia, published 
 by E. Littell." This small volume appears to us well designed and well executed, 
 and will be found highly useful to students and others disposed to improve in the 
 attractive and noble science of Rhetoric. The author has given a condensed view 
 of what has been written on the subject by the most celebrated men of ancient 
 and modern times, accompanied by satisfactory directions and explanations. This 
 book could be read with advantage, not only by young gentlemen preparing for 
 professional life, but by their elders, and we hope that it will receive the patronage 
 to which it is entitled from the talents and industry of its author. 
 
RECOMMENDATIONS. 
 
 From the United States Gazette, June 25th, 1831. 
 
 Wc have received from tho author, a copy of a neat work, entitled ' Element* 
 of Rhetoric : exhibiting a Methodical arrangement of all the important ideas of 
 Ancient and Modern Rhetorical writers. By John A. Getty, A. M. The work is 
 published by Mr. Littell, of this city, in a style creditable to his taste and liberali- 
 ty. It is rare that with such a title, a book' 1 destined for schools and academies,' 
 assumes such a radical form ; the ideas, indued, rather than the words of writers 
 are arranged, and the principles of composition and criticism carefully laid down. 
 The work is the result of careful research, and will be found useful to those who 
 seek a thorough acquaintance with Rhetoric in its primary sense. 
 
 From the Baltimore Patriot. 
 
 Elements of Rhetoric. — " Song charms the sense, but eloquence the soul." 
 Mr. Littell, of Philadelphia, has recently published a small treatise, intended to fa- 
 cilitate the progress of the student in this high reaching an. It is entitled the "Ele- 
 ments of Rhetoric ; exhibiting a methodical arrangement of all the important 
 ideas of the ancient and modern Rhetorical writers," and is designed for the use 
 of Colleges, Academies and Schools. The author is J. A. Getty, A. M. who 
 states in his preface to the work, that his chief design in its composition has been 
 to facilitate the acquisition of those " high and sublime ideas of oratory, which 
 are interspersed throughout the ancient classics." The volume is of small size, 
 but rich in examples tending to illustrate its object, drawn from the most approved 
 sources. From a slight examination of the work, we are induced to think it will 
 be favourably received by those every way competent to pass upon its merits. 
 
 From the Pennsylvania Inquirer, Jun&23d, 1831. 
 
 Getty's Rhetoric-TIus is the title of a very neat volume, which has just is- 
 sued from the press of E. Littell, of this city. It is designed to exhibit a methodi- 
 cal arrangement of all the important ideas of the ancient and modern rhetorical 
 writers, and is intended for the use of colleges, academies, and schools. The sub- 
 ject, we think, is very happily and judiciously treated by the author, as the book is 
 calculated fully to answer the purpose for which it is written. It gives a full, and 
 what strikes us as a correct, analysis of the art of public speaking, and may be 
 studied with advantage by all who design to practise such art. 
 
 From the New York Evening Post, July 2d, 1831. 
 
 Getty's Elements of Rhetoric. — E. Littell, of Philadelphia, has published 
 a work with this title, compiled by John A. Getty, for the use of Schools. It 
 consists of explanations of the various terms and definitions of the various figures 
 of Rhetoric, with examples of their use, from ancient and modem authors. If the 
 object of the art of Rhetoric be, as some author has said, to"' enable the rhetorician 
 to name his tools, the present work, wetelieve,' contains ample means of enabling 
 him to do this to his satisfaction. \ 
 
 From the Saturday Bulletin, June 25, 1831. 
 
 Elements of Rhetoric : exhibiting a methodical arrangement of all the impor- 
 tant ideas of the Ancient and Modern Rhetorical Writers ; designed for the U6e of 
 Colleges, Academies and Schools, by John A. Getty, A.M. Philadelphia, published 
 by E. Littell. — The object of this work is very fully explained in the title. Mr. 
 Getty has evidently bestowed much labour in getting up these Elements, and 
 abundant, evidence appears of his having consulted all the old writers, with many 
 of the moderns. The study of elocution is one which the youth of this country 
 have too much neglected, when it is known to open to the aspiring a sure road to 
 fame and fortune. Mr. Getty's work appears well fitted to aid the student in at- 
 taining a knowledge of this most popular art. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 THE unanimous voice of every civilized nation has 
 awarded unfading laurels to the ancient orators of Greece 
 and Rome. The thunder of Demosthenes shook the 
 throne of the Macedonian Philip to its foundation, and 
 the weight of Cicero's unrivalled eloquence balanced, 
 for some time, the tottering Republic of Rome. In the 
 composition of these Elements, the chief design of the 
 author has been to facilitate the acquisition of those high 
 and sublime ideas of oratory which are interspersed 
 throughout the ancient classics. For this purpose he 
 has consulted the writings of Aristotle, Longinus, 
 Cicero, Quintilian, and other distinguished "heroes of 
 antiquity." He has also adopted, in many instances, the 
 sentiments of modern Rhetorical writers : and, in Elocu- 
 tion, many of the most appropriate examples have been 
 selected from the Sacred Scriptures. The author now 
 offers his labours to the arbitration of the Public, and, to 
 
 its decision, he will implicitly submit. 
 
 Easton Academy, fMd.J February 1, 1831. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 
 Page 
 
 . . 95 
 
 
 
 Page 
 
 Accent 
 
 
 D. 
 
 
 Action 
 
 94 
 
 Deliberative 
 
 Orations . 
 
 4 
 
 iEnigma 
 iEtiology 
 
 41 
 
 Demonstrative do. 
 
 3 
 
 65 
 
 Diaeresis 
 
 
 69 
 
 Affections, arguments found- 
 
 Dialyton 
 
 
 57 
 
 ed on the . 
 
 7 
 
 Diastole 
 
 
 68 
 
 Allegory 
 
 40 
 
 Diasyrmus 
 
 
 37 
 
 Anaccenosis . 
 
 52 
 
 Dick the apprentice's Soli 
 
 
 Anadiplosis . 
 
 46 
 
 loquy 
 
 
 116 
 
 Anaphora 
 
 43 
 
 Dignity 
 
 
 31 
 
 Anastrophe . 
 
 56 
 
 Disposition 
 
 
 9 
 
 Antanaclasis 
 
 47 
 
 Douglas' Account of him- 
 
 
 Antimeria 
 
 66 
 
 self . 
 
 
 109 
 
 Antimetabole 
 
 66 
 
 
 E. 
 
 
 Antiphrasis . 
 
 43 
 
 Ecphonesis 
 
 
 54 
 
 Antiptosis 
 
 67 
 
 Ecthlipsis 
 
 
 68 
 
 Antithesis 
 
 . 52-68 
 
 Elegance 
 
 
 29 
 
 Antonomasia . 
 
 41 
 
 Ellipsis 
 
 
 64 
 
 Aphaeresis 
 
 67 
 
 Elocution 
 
 
 28 
 
 Apocope 
 
 68 
 
 Emphasis 
 
 
 95 
 
 Apophasis or Paraleipsis 
 
 Enallage 
 
 
 60 
 
 Aporia 
 
 55 
 
 Enantiosis 
 
 
 54 
 
 Aposiopesis . 
 
 55 
 
 Epanalepsis 
 
 
 45 
 
 Apostrophe 
 
 61 
 
 Epanodos 
 
 
 45 
 
 Arguments 
 
 2 
 
 Epanorthosis 
 
 
 56 
 
 Asteismus 
 
 38 
 
 Epenthesis 
 
 
 67 
 
 Asyndeton 
 
 57 
 
 Epimone 
 
 
 66 
 
 B. 
 
 
 Epiphonema 
 
 
 59 
 
 Brutus' Oration 
 
 . 103 
 
 Epistrophe 
 
 
 44 
 
 Brutus and Cassius 
 
 . Ill 
 
 Epitrope 
 
 
 51 
 
 C. 
 
 
 Epizeuxis 
 
 
 46 
 
 Catachresis . 
 
 38 
 
 Erotesis 
 
 
 50 
 
 Cataline's Oration ] 
 
 n Eng- 
 
 Exordium 
 
 
 9 
 
 lisl; . 
 
 19 
 
 
 F. 
 
 
 Cato's Senate 
 
 . 106 
 . 101 
 
 Figure . 
 
 G. 
 
 43 
 
 
 
 Charientismus 
 
 37 
 
 Gesture, Natural and Imi- 
 
 
 Climax 
 
 48 
 
 tative 
 
 
 96 
 
 Composition . 
 
 28 
 
 
 H. 
 
 
 Confirmation . 
 
 12 
 
 Hamlet's Soliloquy 
 
 102 
 
Hellenismus 
 
 65 
 
 Pause 
 
 96 
 
 Hendiadis 
 
 64 
 
 Periphrasis 
 
 58 
 
 Homoioteleuton 
 
 48 
 
 Peroration 
 
 14 
 
 Hypallage 
 
 65 
 
 Phocias' Soliloquy 
 
 . 104 
 
 Hyperbaton 
 
 61 
 
 Pleonasmus . 
 
 64 
 
 Hyperbole 
 
 38 
 
 Ploce 
 
 47 
 
 Hypotyposis 
 
 5!) 
 
 Polyptoton 
 
 4? 
 
 Hysteron 
 Invention 
 
 65 
 
 Polysyndeton 
 
 Prolepsis 
 
 Pronunciation 
 
 58 
 50 
 94 
 
 1 
 
 Irony .... 
 
 36 
 
 Proposition 
 
 11 
 
 Judicial Orations . 
 
 5 
 
 Prosopopaeia . 
 
 62 
 
 L. 
 
 
 Prosthesis 
 
 67 
 
 Litotes .... 
 
 42 
 
 R. 
 
 
 M. 
 
 
 Reason, arguments found- 
 
 Metalepses 
 
 39 
 
 ed on 
 
 6 
 
 Metaphor 
 
 33 
 
 Refutation 
 
 14 
 
 Metathesis 
 
 68 
 
 Repetitions . 
 
 43 
 
 Metonymy 
 
 33 
 
 Rhetoric 
 
 1 
 
 Morals, Arguments Found- 
 
 
 S. 
 
 
 ed on 
 
 7 
 
 Sarcasm us 
 
 37 
 
 N. 
 
 
 Satan's speech to his re- 
 
 
 Narration 
 
 11 
 
 bel host 
 
 15 
 
 O. 
 
 Onomatopoeia 
 
 
 tn n^itli 
 
 100 
 5 
 
 42 
 
 State of a Cause . 
 
 Oration, parts of an 
 
 9 
 
 Symploce 
 
 44 
 
 Oxymoron 
 
 53 
 
 Synasresis 
 
 68 
 
 P. 
 
 
 Synalsepha 
 
 6,-' 
 
 Paradiastole . 
 
 66 
 
 Synathrossmus 
 
 64 
 
 Paragoge 
 
 68 
 
 Syncope 
 
 67 
 
 Paraleipsis 
 
 55 
 
 Synecdoche . 
 
 34 
 
 Paregmenon 
 
 48 
 
 Synonymy 
 
 49 
 
 Parosmia 
 
 41 
 
 Systole . 
 
 (58 
 
 Paronomasia 
 
 48 
 
 T. 
 
 
 Parting of Brutus and Cas- 
 
 
 Theme, parts of a, with 
 
 
 sius .... 
 
 115 
 
 Examples . 
 
 21 
 
 Partition or Division 
 
 11 
 
 Tmesis 
 
 66 
 
 Paul's St. defence before 
 
 
 Tone 
 
 9(i 
 
 Agrippa . 
 
 16 
 
 Tropes . 
 
 32 
 
 Passions 
 
 8 
 
 V. 
 
 
 
 
 Voice 
 
 95 
 
 %* To find any Trope or Figure in the Latin part of Elo- 
 cution : Find, by the Index, the Trope or Figure in the English 
 part, and the number of the one in the English will be found to 
 correspond to the same in Latin. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The Greeks attributed the invention of Rhetoric to Mer- 
 cury ; and hence they denominated him E^uhs which ra- 
 dically signifies to speak. And the inhabitants of Lystra, 
 in consequence of the cure of the impotent man by Barna- 
 bas and Paul, called the former Jupiter, and latter Mercu- 
 ry, " because he was the chief speaker." 
 
 But to pass over the legendary fictions of pagan theology, 
 no satisfactory account can be given to whom the origin of 
 this art is to be ascribed. Its first lineaments, as Aristotle 
 justly observes, were no doubt, extremely rude and imper- 
 fect. Pausanias, in his description of Greece, says that 
 Pittheus, the uncle of Theseus, who flourished about twelve 
 hundred years before the christian era, taught it at Trezene, 
 a city of Peloponnesus. Be this, however, as it may, it 
 was certainly held in high estimation at the time of the 
 Trojan war, or Homer would never have given such un- 
 bounded applause to the eloquent speeches of Ulysses and 
 Nestor. And in addition to this circumstance, the princi- 
 pal tropes and figures which are now used, may be found 
 in that sublime and distinguished writer. 
 
 Of the orators who flourished from the Trojan down to 
 the Peloponnesian war, no particular mention is made in 
 history. But as eloquence then became the means by 
 which the most obscure and indigent individual might rise 
 to the highest post of honour and influence, a multitude of 
 orators arose about that period. Of these Corax and Tisi- 
 as of Sicily, laid down rules for the methodical arrange- 
 ment of a discourse, and the artificial adjustment of its 
 particular parts. Gorgias, the pupil of Empedocles, suc- 
 ceeded these. * Diodorus Siculus says that he was the 
 
 * Gorgias the Leontine, was a Sicilian, and father of the So- 
 phists. He was held in such universal esteem throughout 
 Greece, that a statue was erected to his honour, in the temple 
 of Apollo at Delphos, of solid gold. 
 
7111 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 first who made use of studied figures and laboured antithe- 
 ses of equal length and the same termination. Thrasy- 
 machus of Chalcedon, Protagoras of Abdera, Prodicus of 
 Cea, and Theodore of Byzantium ; as also Antiphon * and 
 Polycrates were his cotemporaries ; and all contributed 
 to the improvement of this art. Quintilian says that Pro- 
 togoros, Gorgias, Prodicus and Thrasymachus were the 
 first who treated of Common-p laces, and exhibited their use 
 for the invention of arguments upon every subject. 
 
 Posterior to these flourished Isocrates the scholar of 
 Gorgias. " The style of Gorgias of Leontium was formed 
 into short sentences composed generally of two members 
 balanced against each other. The style of Isocrates, on 
 the contrary, was swelling and full ; and he is said to have 
 been the first who introduced the method of composing in 
 regular periods, which had a studied music and harmoni- 
 ous cadence." f It was the celebrity of Isocrates which 
 induced the far famed Aristotle to write his " Institutions 
 of Rhetoric :" a work universally admitted to be the best 
 and most complete of any, on the same subject, in the Greek 
 language. 
 
 Lysias and Isaeus belong to this age. Lysias was the 
 model of that style which the ancient rhetoricians denomi- 
 nated "y\u<?>v£cv xo>sv," the polished style ; and, for this rea- 
 son, Cicero calls him venustissimum oratorem. \ Isaeus 
 was the pupil of Lysias, and was the first who applied 
 eloquence to political, or state affairs, in which he was fol- 
 lowed by his celebrated scholar, Demosthenes. 
 
 In this age Grecian eloquence appeared in its meridian. 
 Demosthenes by indefatigable industry, by a surprising 
 genius, and a patriotic love for his country, became one of 
 the greatest orators that ever existed — an orator who was 
 an honour to humanity,, and whose name shall descend 
 with imperishable lustre to the latest posterity. The style 
 of this Prince of Grecian eloquence is conscise, nervous,. 
 
 * Antiphon the Athenian, was the first writer of orations. 
 
 t Twenty-one of his orations are extant. He employed ten 
 years in composing his discourse entitled the Panegyric. 
 
 X Plutarch says that four hundred and twenty-five orations- 
 were formerly exhibited under the name of Lysias ; of thesa> 
 only thirty-four are now extant. 
 
INTRODUCTION. IX 
 
 and vehement. "Our Demosthenes," says Longinus, 
 " uttering every sentence with such force, precipitation, 
 strength, and vehemence, that it seems to be all fire, and 
 bears down every thing before it, may justly be resembled 
 to a thunderbolt, or a hurricane." $ 
 
 Subsequent to the time of Demosthenes, the manly and 
 sensible eloquence of the Greeks degenerated into subtili- 
 ty and sophistry. Demetrius Phalereus, who lived in the 
 time of Alexander the Great, was an orator of considerable 
 eminence, but Cicero describes him as a flowery, rather 
 than a natural persuasive writer. 
 
 From his time dowr^to the christian ora, Quintilian enu- 
 merates several rhetoricians ; among whom were Herma- 
 goras, Athenaeus, Appollonius of Alexandria, and Dionysius 
 of Halicarnassus, who flourished in the reign of Augustus 
 Caesar. Since the days of Dionysius, the only Greek ora- 
 tors of celebrity have been Hermogenes, and Longinus the 
 author of a treatise on the Sublime ; a writer of such pre- 
 eminent merit, that his cotemporaries appointed him judge 
 of all the ancient authors. And whatever inferior critics 
 blamed, or whatever they commended, was received or re- 
 jected by the public, only as it met with the approbation of 
 Longinus, or was confirmed and ratified by his sovereign 
 decision. 
 
 The Romans, for several ages, were almost continually 
 engaged in military affairs ; and as they supposed that the 
 cultivation of oratory would have a tendency to allure their 
 minds from martial achievements, to an indolent and effe- 
 minate manner of life, they therefore manifested an invete- 
 rate prejudice against its introduction. For in the year 
 of their city five hundred and ninety-two, when, through 
 the medium of the Greeks, the liberal arts were introduced 
 into Itaty, the senate passed a decree, directing all philo- 
 sophers and rhetoricians to depart from Rome. But on 
 the arrival of the Athenian ambassadors, Carneades, Car- 
 tolaus, and Diogenes, a few years posterior to the promul- 
 gation of this decree, the Roman youths were so charmed 
 with the eloquence of their harangues, that it was found 
 
 t Sixty-one orations are extant under the name of Demosthe- 
 nes. 
 
A INTRODUCTION. 
 
 impracticable, any longer, to counteract its dissemination. 
 The era of Roman eloquence may therefore be dated from 
 the period of the subjugation of Greece, by Mummius the 
 consul, about a hundred and forty-six years before Christ. 
 Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit, et artes 
 Intulit agresti Latio. — 
 
 Seneca says that Lucius Plotinus, a Gaul, was the first 
 who taught Rhetoric, in Latin, at Rome, and that Blandus 
 of the equestrian order, was the first Roman who engaged 
 in this profession. Quintilian says that M. Cato the cen- 
 sor, was the first writer on Rhetoric among the Romans ; 
 and although Cicero, in his treatise^ " De Claris Oratori- 
 bus," represents him, as well as some of his cotemporaries, 
 as having been possessed of considerable eloquence, yet 
 he admits that it was, " Asperum et horridum genus di- 
 cendi," a rude and harsh strain of speech. 
 
 Subsequent to the time of Cato arose Crassus and An- 
 tonius. It was owing to the latter of these, says CicerOj 
 that Rome might bodst herself a rival, even to Greece in 
 the art of eloquence. And in his three books, De Oratore 
 and other rhetorical productions, he attributes the highest 
 commendation to these distinguished orators. 
 
 In the same age, though somewhat later than the orators 
 above mentioned, flourished the celebrated Cicero. In fame 
 and reputation he far surpassed all his cotemporaries. — 
 His inventive genius ; his artful and methodical arrange- 
 ment of arguments ; his melodious structure and disposi- 
 tion of periods ; his peculiar success in moving the soft 
 and tender passions ; and his splendour and morality of 
 sentiment : all contribute to render his works the standard 
 of popular oratory. * 
 
 The last rhetorical writer of distinguished reputation 
 among the Romans was Quintilian. His Institutions ex- 
 hibit a great degree of accurate and refined taste and are 
 
 *Besides. Cicero's tico books of Invention, which Quintilian 
 calls his books of Rhetoric, there are extant his three books of an 
 Orator; one of famous Orators; and another which is called the 
 Orator ; as also his Topics, a preface concerning the best sort of 
 Orators, and a treatise of the parts of Oratory. Those four books 
 to Herennius, which are published among Cicero's works ap- 
 pear, with good reason, to be attributed to Cornificius. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 composed with such exactness and judgment, that they 
 are generally admitted to be the most useful, and the most 
 instructive production on the subject now extant. He 
 has arranged all the ancient ideas concerning Rhetoric in 
 so comprehensive a manner as to render his writings an in- 
 valuable acquisition to every student of oratory. 
 
 After the days of Cicero and Quintilian the Romans ex- 
 perienced the most oppressive form of arbitrary and tyranni- 
 cal government. Luxury and effeminacy were introduced : 
 their taste became corrupt, and their genius discouraged. 
 And that ornamental and diffusive eloquence which had 
 existed in its most splendid and illustrious form, degenerat- 
 ed into quaintness and affectation, into tumid declamation 
 and servile flattery. 
 
/" 
 
 
 ///// 
 
ERRATA. 
 
 Page vii. line 5, for latter Mercury, read the latter Mercury. 
 viii. 7, for Protogoras, read Protagoras. 
 
 iz. 35, for Cartolaus, read Critolaus. 
 4, 14, for 3ead, read head. 
 6, 1, for Quantity, read Quality. 
 
 18, 14, for Ne read M. 
 
 19, 7, for vigit, read viget. 
 
 18, for malaires, read mala res. 
 22, 9, for temderaria, read temeraria. 
 
 33, for lit, read ut. 
 23 32, for fruamque, read/rwcr 
 
 33, for fieti, read ficti. 
 24, 22, for enitti, read eniti. 
 27, 27, for /uufav, read (xu^m. 
 
 29, for cv:/uu>£u read ovo/u.a£u. 
 
 33, for EP12T02, read XPI2T02. 
 
 37, for KLvru, read 7fxvr'X. 
 
 46, for AynBastc , read Ax»9ast?. 
 32, 7, for Metonyme read Metonymy. 
 
 37, 3, for Atonomasia, read Antonomasia. 
 
 37, 29, for Whereof, read Wherefore. 
 
 38, 3, for Catechresis, read Catachresis. 
 41, 28, for Antomasia, read Antonomasia. 
 43, 25, for Parceoe, read Parcoz. 
 
 62, 1, for Prosopoeia, read Prosopo- 
 
 72, 11, for ux, read ex. 
 
 12, for mkuvv, read kwkui. 
 
 73, 13, for Trus read Irus. 
 
 30, for va/§s, read pag». % 
 30, for o£u&\}ie, read'c£y&A»?. 
 
 34, for tta-sw, read 7r£rw. 
 76, 7, for tw^uivc; read ei/Ks^ua/cc 
 
 26, for mitisimus, read mitissimus. 
 78, 25, for u/uo/ucv» read v7rc/xcv». 
 
 84, 17, for stTr^Wxsv, read ^sOwa-air. 
 
 86, 34, for l o», read 'ov, 
 
 91, 24, for^arsT, read yaw 
 
 37, for cL<pxt»sa>, read a<})*ig£a> ; and for ag*)', con, read 
 * <rvv, con. 
 
 92, 86, for tulerunt, read tulerunt. 
 
 In the Derivationes on the 90th page, some few of the letters; 
 are transposed ; 66 should read thus : ab avn, contra, /utra.- 
 Cxikco, inverto. And 67 should stand thus : a tragakf/stfrixx*, dis- 
 jungo. 
 
 The errata appear numerous, but, besides that a considerable 
 portion of the errors escaped only in a part of the sheets of the 
 work, it must be recollected that it was printed at a distance from 
 the raaidence of the author, from unfamiliar manuscript. 
 
Elements of Rhetoric. 
 
 What is Rhetoric ? 
 
 " Rhetoric is the art of Speaking in such a manner as 
 to attain the end for which we speak."* 
 
 What is its principal end ? 
 
 To instruct, to please, and to move.f 
 
 Into how many parts is it divided 1 
 
 Four : Invention, Disposition, Elocution, and Pronun- 
 ciation. * 
 
 PARTI 
 
 INVENTION. 
 
 What is Invention 1 
 
 Invention is the discovery of such arguments as are pro- 
 
 * Blair, Lecture xxv. 
 
 Lord Bacon defines Rhetoric, or Oratory, to be the art of ap- 
 plying and addressing the dictates of reason to the fancy, and 
 of so recommending them as to affect the will and desires. 
 
 Vossius defines Rhetoric, the faculty of discovering what eve- 
 ry subject affords of use for persuasion. 
 
 Aristotle, in his Institutions of Rhetoric, Book i. Chapter 2, 
 says : " Let Rhetoric, therefore, be the power of perceiving what 
 will be most conducive to persuasion, on every subject whatever." 
 
 Cicero says the duty of the orator is to speak in a manner pro- 
 per to persuade. 
 
 Quintilian says that Rhetoric is properly defined the science 
 of speaking well. 
 
 t Quintilian says there are three things, as duties incumbent 
 on an orator to perform, and these are, to instruct, to please and 
 to move. 
 
 t Quintilian says that " the whole art of oratory, as we find it 
 delivered by the generality of the greatest masters, consists of 
 these five parts : Invention, Disposition, Elocution, Memory, 
 Pronunciation, or Action." 
 2 
 
2 ELEMEMTS OF RHETORIC. 
 
 per to illustrate the subject, conciliate the minds, and 
 move the passions of the audience.* 
 
 What is an argument 1 
 
 An argument, says Quintilian, is a way for making 
 good a proof, by which one thing is concluded from ano- 
 ther, and what is doubtful is confirmed by what is not.f 
 
 On what are all arguments founded ? 
 
 On reason, morals, or the affections. 
 
 What is the object of arguments from reason 1 
 
 To inform the judgment, or to instruct. 
 
 How are arguments from reason divided ? 
 
 Into artificial and inartificial. $ 
 
 What are artificial arguments from reason 1 
 
 They are such as arise from the subject upon which the 
 orator treats.l 
 
 Cicero, in his de Oratore, Book n., Chapter 19, says : " They 
 next delineate, as it were, five offices of eloquence, viz : invent- 
 ing what you are to say ; the arrangement of what you have in- 
 vented ; the embellishments of style ; next the getting it by 
 heart; and last of all comes the action and the delivery." In 
 another place, however, he has properly excluded Memory from 
 his division. Hence, says Ramus : " Dicis oratori tria esse vi 
 denda, quid dicat, quo quid que loco, et quomodo ; primo mem- 
 bro Inventionem, secundo Collocationem, tertio Elocutionem et 
 Actionem comprehendis : memoriam igitur in hac trium mem- 
 brorum partitione prsetermittis " Rhet. Lib. m. 
 
 * Ut concilientur animi, et doceantur, et moveantur. Cic. de 
 Orat. Lib. n., 28. 
 
 t Cicero says an argument is a reason which induces us to be- 
 lieve what we previously doubted. 
 
 t Ramus says : M Quintilian, following Aristotle, has divided 
 arguments from reason into artificial and inartificial." 
 
 || Cicero and Quintilian concur in reducing common places, 
 from which artificial arguments may be invented, to sixteen : 
 1. From Definition; as, Jus civile est cognitio sequitatis; at 
 cognitio; aequitatis est utilis ; igitur et jus civile. 2. From 
 Distribution of Parts, or Enumeration ; as, Virtutis partes sunt 
 quatuor : justitia, prudentia, fortitudo, et temperantia ; at Calli- 
 ditas non est justitia, nee, &c., igitur non virtus. 3. From Ety- 
 mology, or Notation ; as, Consul est qui consulit patriae ; non 
 
INVENTION. 3 
 
 How many kinds of orations are there ? 
 
 Three : Demonstrative, Deliberative, and Judicial.* 
 
 Who was the author of this division 1 
 
 Aristotle. 
 
 What is the scope of a Demonstrative oration ? 
 
 To praise or dispraise persons or things.f 
 
 How is it used in speaking of a person 1 
 
 When for his learning, eloquence, dignity, wisdom, and 
 authority, we praise Cicero ; or, for his infamous and 
 abandoned life, censure Cataline. 
 
 How many methods do rhetoricians prescribe for prais- 
 ing or dispraising persons ? 
 
 Two. 
 
 igitur Piso consul, qui earn evertit. 4. From Conjugates ; as, 
 Pietas laudanda, igitur et qui pie agit. 5. From the Genus : as, 
 Virtutis laus in actione consistit ; et prudentiae. 6. From the 
 Species ; as, Justitia est amanda, ergo virtus amanda. 7. From 
 Similitude ; as, Si ferae partus suos diligunt, qua nos in liberos 
 nostros indulgentia essedebemus. 8. From Dissimilitudes ; as, 
 Si barbarorum est in diem vivere, nostra consilia serapiternum 
 spectare debent. 9. From Contraries ; as, Si Gracchus nefarie 
 praeclare Opimius, 10. From Adjuncts ; as Vesperi visus est 
 cum gladio stipatus, &c. ; ergo occidit. 11. From Antece- 
 dents ; as, Ortus est sol, igitur dies est. 12. From Conse- 
 quents ; as, Dies est, igitur ortus est sol. 13. From Repugnants ; 
 as, Amat ilium, igitur non insectatur convitiis. 14. From 
 Causes ; as, Avaritiam si tollere vultis, mater est tollenda, luxu- 
 ries. 15. From Effects ; as, Virtus parit laudem ; ergo^equen- 
 da. 16. From Comparison ; as, 
 
 Ut jugulent homines, surgunt de nocte latrones, 
 Ut teipsum serves, non expergisceris ? . . Hor. 
 
 * Aristotle, in his Institutions of Rhetoric, Book i. Chapter 3, 
 says, "There must of necessity be three kinds of rhetorical 
 discourses : Demonstrative, Deliberative, and Judicial. Of the 
 Demonstrative, the one part is praise, the other disgrace. Of 
 the Deliberative, the one part is persuasion, the other dissua- 
 sion. Of the Judicial, the one part is accusation, the other 
 defence." The end of the first, says he, is» kolkov » mj-^ov, ho- 
 norable, or dishonourable ; of the second, av/uq&ov km fixatfyov, 
 advantageous, or disadvantageous; and of the third, » futduovn 
 oufutov, just, or unjust. 
 
 t Quintilian, in the third book of his Institutes, extends the 
 
ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 
 
 What are they ? 
 
 The one is to follow the order in which every thing 
 happened, which is mentioned in the discourse, as Isocra- 
 tes has done in his funeral oration upon Evagoras, King 
 of Salamis ; the other is to reduce what is said under cer- 
 tain general heads, without a strict regard to the order of 
 time, as Suetonius, in his lives of the twelve Caesars. 
 
 How is it used in speaking of a thing 1 
 
 When from truth, honor, time, place, and manner, we 
 applaud the voluntary return of Regulus to his enemies ; 
 or, on the contrary, condemn the self-murder of Cato atUtica. 
 
 What are the chief subjects of Demonstrative eloquence 1 
 
 Panegyrics, Invectives, gratulatory and funeral orations. 
 
 What orations may be ranked under this 3ead 1 
 
 Cicero's oration concerning the answers of the sooth- 
 sayers, his oration for Marcellus, and his invective against 
 Piso. 
 
 In what does a Deliberative oration consist ? 
 
 In recommending, or dissuading from, some important 
 public measure.* 
 
 To what is this species of eloquence chiefly confined * 
 
 To the agitation of public affairs in popular assemblies. 
 
 What is its object 1 
 
 Persuasion. 
 
 How is the orator to accomplish this end 1 
 
 By applying himself to all the principles of action in 
 our nature ; to the passions and to the heart, as well as 
 to the understanding, 
 
 application of Demonstrative discourses to the praise of Gods ; 
 the praises and dispraise of men; and the praises of cities and 
 places. 
 
 * " The chief things concerning which all men consult, and ar- 
 gue upon in deliberation, are five in number ; of wealth, of war 
 and peace, of the preservation of the country, of what things 
 are exported and imported, and of the making and observance of 
 laws."...ARis. Rhet. Book i. Ch. 4. 
 
INVENTION. 5 
 
 What topics are generally used in recommending, or 
 dissuading from, public measures 1 
 
 Safety, profit, pleasure, justice, honor, and facility. 
 
 What orations may be referred to the Deliberative kind ? 
 
 Cicero's fourth oration against Cataline ; his first and 
 ninth against Mark Anthony ; and Cato and Caesar's 
 speeches relative to the Cataline conspirators. 
 
 What is a Judicial oration ? 
 
 A Judicial oration is that species of oratory which is 
 used in accusing or defending.* 
 
 By what name is the principal question, or point of dis- 
 pute in all controversies designated 1 
 
 States. f 
 
 What is meant by the state of a cause ? 
 
 The principal point in dispute between contending par- 
 ties, upon the proof of which the whole cause or contover- 
 sy depends. * 
 
 How is this exemplified 1 
 
 Milo was accused for killing Clodius ; Milo confessed 
 he killed him, but said he did it justly : now the state of 
 the cause is, did Milo kill Clodius justly or unjustly 1 
 
 How many general states are there 1 
 
 * Quintilian, in the third book of his Institutes, says : " I shall 
 now speak of the judicial kind, which, although the ..nost ex- 
 tensive and various, consists only of two offices, accusation and 
 defence." 
 
 t The state of a controversy is expressed, by several other 
 names, in ancient writers ; as, " The Constitution of the Cause" 
 —"The General Head;" and "The Chief Question." Our 
 common law expresses it by one word ; namely, the Issue : 
 which interpreters define, " that point of matter depending in 
 suit whereupon the parties join, and put their cause to the trial." 
 
 t Status est quaestio, quae ex prima causarum conflictione 
 nascitur ; ut, Sylla conjuravisti cum Catilina ; depulsio vero de- 
 fensoris ; non conjuravi : ex hac prima conflictione nascitur ilia 
 quaestio, conjuraveritne Sylla cum Catilina?. ...Quint. Inst. Lib. 
 in. Chap . 6. 
 
 2* 
 
O ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 
 
 Three : Conjectural, Definitive, and the State of Quan- 
 tity.* 
 
 When is a cause Conjectural ? 
 
 When it is enquired whether the thing was done or not : 
 as, did Caelius prepare poison for Clodia ? 
 
 When is a cause Definitive 1 
 
 When the fact is not denied, but the dispute turns up- 
 on the name and nature of the crime ; as, whether to take 
 a sacred thing out of a private house be theft or sacrilege 1 
 
 What is a Cause in Quality ? 
 
 When the contending parties are agreed both as to the 
 name and nature of the action, but the dispute turns upon 
 its justice ; as, was it lawful or unlawful for Milo to slay 
 Clodius? 
 
 What distinction exists between Deliberative and Judi- 
 cial eloquence ? 
 
 In Deliberative eloquence the great object is persuasion, 
 and the speaker of course directs himself to the passions 
 as well as to the understanding ; but, in Judicial eloquence, 
 his object is conviction, and therefore it is chiefly or sole- 
 ly to the understanding that his eloquence is addressed. 
 
 What discourses may be referred to the Judicial kind ? 
 
 Cicero's orations for Milo, Rabirius, Ccelius, and Li- 
 garius. 
 
 What are Inartificial arguments from reason ? 
 
 They are such as do not arise from the subject, but from 
 things of a different nature. They are all taken from au- 
 thorities, and are, by Cicero in his Topics, called Testi- 
 mony.f 
 
 * Cicero and Quintilian reduce the states to three ; to these 
 Aristotle and Vossius add a fourth ; namely, of Quantity ; as, 
 ' Whether the injury be so great as it is said to be." 
 
 t Aristotle distinguishes two sorts of proofs, in which he has 
 been generally followed by all succeeding authors. Some of 
 these are extrinsic to the subject, and independent of art ', others 
 
INVENTION. 7 
 
 What is the object of arguments from morals ? 
 
 To procure favour, or to please. 
 
 What does this part of Invention comprise * 
 
 The disposition, character and qualifications of the 
 speaker.* 
 
 By what name does Quintilian designate it 1 
 
 A propriety of manners. 
 
 How many qualities are requisite in an orator, in order 
 to render what he says acceptable to his hearers ? 
 
 Four : wisdom, integrity, benevolence, and modesty.f 
 
 What is the object of arguments from the affections ? 
 
 To move the passions, or to persuade,* 
 
 result from the subject, or are rather what the orator produces 
 out of his own fund. The first have therefore been called Inar- 
 tificial, and the second Artificial. To the Inartificial belong 
 prejudices, reports, tortures, written deeds, or instruments, oaths 
 and witnesses." Quint. Inst. Book v. Chap. 1. 
 
 " We are now to speak of proof which is Inartificial ; which 
 is proper in judicial causes. Now there are five things which 
 constitute this sort of proof; the law, witnesses, compacts, exa- 
 minations, and oaths." Arist. Rhet. Book i. Chap. 16. 
 
 * " Honourable actions, and upright lives, in the pleader and 
 his client, greatly contribute to a successful termination of his 
 cause, while a contrary character in the adverse party tends ef- 
 fectually to their defeat. The same effect is likewise produced 
 by conciliating as much as we can the minds of the judges. A 
 favourable opinion again is gained by dignity of character, by 
 the actions which a person has performed, by his reputation, 
 which are much more easily set forth if they are real than if 
 they are fictitious." Cic. de Orat. Lib. n. 43. 
 
 t It was a favourite position among the ancient rhetoricians, 
 that in order to be a truly eloquent and persuasive speaker, no- 
 thing was more necessary than to be a virtuous man : " Non 
 posse oratorem esse nisi virumbonum." Longinus, in the latter 
 part of the forty-fourth section on the Sublime, asserts that ge- 
 nius can never exert itself, or rise to sublimity, where virtue is 
 neglected, and the morals are depraved. And the Archbishop of 
 Cambray says, that " an orator cannot be fit to persuade people, 
 unless he be inflexibly upright." 
 
 i The power to excite, appease, and sway the passions, agree 
 ably to the design of the speaker, is what Quintilian calls, " the 
 soul and spirit of his art." 
 
8 INVENTION. 
 
 How is this to be accomplished 1 
 
 By being moved ourselves ; by painting the object of 
 that passion which we wish to raise, in the most natural 
 and striking manner ; and by describing it with such cir- 
 cumstances as are likely to awaken it in the minds of 
 others. 
 
 What are the affections, or passions 1 
 
 They are certain emotions of the mind, accompanied 
 either with pleasure or pain. 
 
 How does Aristotle define them 1 
 
 The affections, says he, are those things, by which men 
 being moved, make a different judgment of things,* 
 
 What passions may be referred to the different kinds of 
 orations 1 
 
 To the Demonstrative may be referred joy and sorrow, 
 love and hatred, emulation and contempt ; to the Delibe- 
 rative, fear, hope, and shame ; and to the Judicial, anger 
 and lenity, pity and indignation. 
 
 * Cicero, in his De Oratore, Book u., Chapter 42, says : " For 
 men often judge under the influence of hatred, love, desire, an- 
 ger, grief, joy, hope, fear, mistake, or some emotion of the mind, 
 rather than of truth, precept, law or equity." 
 
PART II. 
 DISPOSITION. 
 
 What is Disposition % 
 
 Disposition is the proper arrangement of the arguments 
 or parts of an oration. 
 
 How many parts are there in a regular, formal oration, 
 and in what order should they stand 1 
 
 Six; and generally stand in the following order: Ex- 
 ordium, Narration, Proposition, Confirmation, Refutation, 
 and Peroration.* 
 
 What is the Exordium ? 
 
 The Exordium, or Introduction, is that part of an ora- 
 tion in which the speaker gives some intimation of the 
 subject to the audience, in order to render them attentive, 
 benevolent, and docile.f 
 
 What are the principal kinds of introductions % 
 
 The Exordium ab abrupto, Frincipium, and Insinuation 
 
 When is the Exordium ab abrupto used * 
 
 * Hence the old verse : 
 
 Exorsus, Narro, Seco, Firmo, Refuto, Peroro. 
 Cicero expresses himself in a similar manner relative to the na- 
 tural constituent parts of an oration : " Inventio in sex partes 
 orationis consumitur, in Exordium, Narrationem, Divisionem, 
 Confirmationem, Confutationem, et Conclusionem." Ad He- 
 ren. i. 3. 
 
 Blair says : " There may be many excellent discourses in pub- 
 lic, where several of these parts are altogether wanting ; where 
 the speaker, for instance, uses no introductions but enters di- 
 rectly on his subject ; where he has no occasion either to divide 
 or explain ; but simply reasons on one side of the question and 
 then finishes." 
 
 t Cicero and Quintilian mention three ends, to one or other 
 of which an Exordium should be subservient : " Reddere audi- 
 
10 ELEMENTS Or RHETORIC. 
 
 When the subject is such that the very mention of it 
 naturally awakens some passionate emotion ; or when the 
 unexpected presence of some person or object in a popular 
 assembly inflames the speaker, and makes him break forth 
 with unusual warmth.* 
 
 When is Principium used ? 
 
 When the orator plainly and directly professes his aim 
 in speaking. 
 
 When is Insinuatio used I 
 
 When the orator, supposing the disposition of the audi- 
 ence to be prejudiced against him, artfully endeavours to 
 conciliate their favour, before he openly discovers the point 
 he has in view,f 
 
 Enumerate the rules necessary to be observed in the 
 composition of an Exordium. 
 
 It should be such as the subject naturally suggests ;t it 
 should not be composed until the speaker has meditated 
 in his own mind the substance of his discourse ;Q it should 
 
 * The appearance of Cataline in the Senate, renders the vehe- 
 ment beginning of Cicero's first oration against him very natu- 
 ral and proper : Quousque tandem, Catihna, abutere patientia 
 nostra ? 
 
 t See Cicero's second oration against Rullus, and his seventh 
 against Mark Antony. 
 
 X It must appear, as Cicero beautifully expresses it : " Effloru- 
 isse penitus ex ea causa quae turn agatur : " To have sprung up, 
 of its own accord, from the matter which is under consideration." 
 Cic. de Orat. Lib. n. 78. 
 
 Sallust's Introductions, prefixed to his Catalinarian and Ju- 
 gurthine wars, violate this rule. They might as well have been 
 Introductions to any other history, or to any other Treatise 
 whatever : and, therefore, though elegant in themselves, they 
 must be considered as blemishes in the work, from want of due 
 connexion with it. 
 
 || " When I have planned and digested all the materials of my 
 discourse, it is my custom to think, in the last place, of the intro- 
 duction with which I am to begin. For whenever I wished to 
 consider the introduction first, nothing occurred to me but what 
 was dry, trifling, trite, and common." Cic. de Orat. Lib. n. 77. 
 
DISPOSITION. 11 
 
 not anticipate any material part of the subject ; and it 
 should possess clearness, modesty, and conciseness. 
 
 What is the Narration ? 
 
 The Narration, says Apollodorus, is a discourse inform* 
 ing the auditory of the matter in dispute. 
 
 What are the qualities which critics chiefly require in 
 Narration? 
 
 Clearness and distinctness, probability and conciseness.* 
 
 What are the principal difficulties which occur in Nar* 
 ration ? 
 
 For the orator to adhere strictly to veracity, and at the 
 same time to avoid saying anything which would be pre- 
 judicial to his cause ; to place in the most striking light 
 every circumstance which appears to his advantage ; and 
 to soften and weaken such as make against him ; render 
 this part of the subject difficult in the execution. 
 
 What is the Proposition ? 
 
 The Proposition is a distinct and express manner of lay- 
 ing down the subject upon which the speaker designs to 
 treat.f 
 
 When a formal distribution of an oration into parts is 
 requisite, what is it called 1 
 
 Partition, or Division. 
 
 What is Division 1 
 
 *" Narrations," says Aristotle, " should be, plain, brief, and 
 probable: " <r«t<|>a? km ^et^uct;, aeu ax. emu-lite." Rhet. ad Alex. 
 Cap. xxxi. 
 
 Quintilian, treating of Narration, in the fourth book of his In- 
 stitutes, says : " Most writers, especially those who follow the 
 opinions of Isocrates, will have it to be clear, short and probable. 
 The same division has my approbation." 
 
 t Orators sometimes lay down the subject of their discourse in 
 one general proposition. Thus Cicero, in his speech to the Se- 
 nate, the day after Caesar was assassinated, says : " This being 
 the state of our affairs, I think it necessary that we should lay 
 aside all the discord and enmity which have arisen among us 
 and return again to our former peace and unanimity." He then' 
 proceeds to offer his reasons for this advice without any Divi- 
 
12 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 
 
 Division, says Quintilian, is an enumeration of our own 
 propositions, or those of our opponent, or both together, 
 disposed in order.* 
 
 What are the most material rules to be observed in Par- 
 tition, or Division 1 
 
 The several parts into which the subject is divided 
 should be really distinct from one another ; the subject 
 should be divided into those parts into which it is most 
 easily and naturally resolved ; the several members of a 
 Division ought to exhaust the subject ; the terms in which 
 Partitions are expressed should be as concise as possible ; 
 and an unnecessary multiplication of heads should be avoid- 
 ed, f 
 
 What is the Confirmation ? 
 
 The Confirmation, says Cicero, is that part of a discourse 
 which contains the arguments which are necessary, in order 
 to strengthen and illustrate the subject. + 
 
 How many different methods may be used in the Con- 
 firmation, or Argumentative part of an oration ? 
 
 Two ; the Analytic and Synthetic. 
 
 What is the Analytic method? 
 
 The Analytic is when the speaker conceals his intention 
 concerning the point he is to prove, until he has gradually 
 
 * Cicero, in defence of Muraena, says : " I perceive the accu- 
 sation consists of three parts : the first respects the conduct of 
 his life ; the second his dignity ; and the third contains a charge 
 of bribery." 
 
 t Quintilian says : " But if Division should seem requisite, I 
 am not inclined to assent to the notion of those, who would not 
 have it extend to more than three heads. Indeed, when the 
 partitions are too many, they escape the judges memory and dis- 
 tract his attention ; but a cause is not to be scrupulously tied 
 down to this number, as it may require more." 
 
 Cicero, however, never divided any of his orations into more 
 than three heads ; and Aristotle, in his Rhet. ad Alex. Cap. 
 xxxii., says : we may divide them into three parts : "t*£o/x» h 
 dxnaj; fia. Tg/w." 
 
 X Aristotle says that in our confirmation " we must strengthen 
 what went before by credible, just, and -proper proofs." 
 
DISPOSITION. IS 
 
 brought his hearers to the designed conclusion. They are lex! 
 on step by step from one known truth to another, till the 
 conclusion be stolen upon them, as the natural consequence 
 of a chain of propositions.* 
 
 What is the Synthetic method ? 
 
 The Synthetic method of reasoning, which is most ge- 
 nerally used, and which is best adapted to the train of po- 
 pular speaking, is when the point to be proved is fairly 
 laid down and one argument after another is made to bear 
 upon it, till the hearers are fully convinced. 
 
 What is the most proper method of arranging the argu- 
 ments of a Discourse ? 
 
 Rhetoricians generally advise to place the weakest in 
 the middle, and the strongest partly in the beginning, to 
 preoccupy the hearers early, and partly at the end, in or- 
 der to make a successful impression on the audience.f 
 
 * As when one intending to prove the being of a God, sets out 
 with observing that every thing we see in the world has had a 
 beginning ; that whatever has had a beginning must have had a 
 prior cause ; that in productions, art shown in the effect, neces- 
 sarily infers design in the cause ; and proceeds, leading you on 
 from one cause to another, till you arrive at one supreme first 
 cause, from whom is derived all the order and design visible in 
 his works. 
 
 Plato was the author of the Analytic art, which is essentially 
 the same with the Socratic method by which that philosopher 
 silenced the sophists of his age. But there are few subjects 
 which will admit this method, and not many occasions on which 
 it is proper to be employed. Besides, it is not so well adapted 
 to continued discourses, as to those which are interlocutory ; 
 and therefore we find it oftenest in the Socratic Dialogues of 
 Plato and Xenophon. 
 
 t Quintilian, in the fifth book of his Institutes, says : " It has 
 also been a matter of dispute, whether the strongest proofs should 
 be placed in the beginning, to make an immediate impression on 
 their minds ; or at the end, to make the impression continue with 
 them ; or to distribute them, partly in the beginning, and partly 
 at the end, placing the weaker in the middle, according to the or- 
 der of battle set forth in Homer, (see Homer's II. book iv. v. 297;) 
 or lastly, to begin with the weakest, and proceed gradually to the 
 strongest. For my part, I think this should depend on the na- 
 ture and exigencies of the cause ; yet with this reserve, that 
 
 3 
 
1-4 ELEMENTS OP RHETORIC. 
 
 What is the Refutation 1 
 
 The Refutation, or Confutation, is an answer to our 
 opponent's arguments ; either by contradicting them, or 
 showing some mistake in the reasoning, or their invalidity 
 when granted.* 
 
 Of what does the Peroration consist? 
 
 The Peroration or Conclusion, consists of a recapitula- 
 tion of the strongest arguments concentrated into one view f 
 and an address to the passions. * 
 
 from powerful the discourse might not dwindle into nugatory 
 and frivolous arguments." 
 
 Ergo ut in oratore optimus quisque, sic et in oratione, firmis- 
 simum quodque sit primum : dum illud tamen in utroque tenea- 
 tur, ut ea, quae excellant, serventur etiam ad perorandum : si 
 qure erunt mediocria (nam. vitiosis nusquam esse oportet locum) 
 in mediam turbam,atquein gregem conjiciantur. Cic.de Orat. 
 lib. n. 77. 
 
 * In the Refutation, says Aristotle : " It is necessary to extenu- 
 ate your adversaries' arguments and amplify your own : " Ju t& 
 juir ix.z:va>v /udi^oicov , ti Si (runra etvf&v" Ad Alex. Cap. xxxiv. 
 
 t Quintilian says, in the sixth book, chapter i. of his Insti- 
 tutes: " The Peroration, called by some the Completion, by others 
 the Conclusion, of a discourse, is of two sorts and regards either 
 the matter discussed in it, or the moving of the passions. 
 
 The repetition of the matter, and its collection together which 
 is called by the Greeks (ctvcutsqAXAiuxris) Recapitulation, and by 
 some of the Latins, Enumeration, serves for refreshing the 
 judge's memory, for placing the whole cause in one direct point 
 of view, and for enforcing many proofs in a body, which, separate, 
 made less impression." 
 
 | " But it should not be imagined, as some have thought, that 
 all this excitement of the passions, all these sentimental emo- 
 tions, ought to be confined to the Exordium and Peroration. In 
 them, indeed, they are most frequent, yet other parts admit them 
 also, but in a shorter space, as their greatest stress should be re- 
 served for the end. For here all the springs of eloquence are to be 
 opened. It is here we secure the minds of the audience, if what 
 went before was well-executed. Now, having passed the rocks 
 and shallows,we may expand all our sails for being swelled with 
 a favourable gale. And as amplification makes a great part of 
 the Peroration, we may then embellish our style with the most 
 pompous expressions and elevated thoughts." Quint. Inst. lib. vi. 
 cap. i. 
 
 Cicero, in his de Oratore, book n. chapter 81, says : u But all 
 speeches are generally concluded with amplifications, in order 
 either to exasperate or mollify the judge ; and all the abilities of 
 
DISPOSITION. 15 
 
 EXEMPLIFICATIONS OF THE PRECEDING RULES. 
 
 satan's speech to his rebel host. 
 (a) O myriads of immortal spirits ! O powers 
 
 Matchless, but with th' Almighty! and that strife 
 Was not inglorious though th' event was dire, 
 As this place testifies, and this dire change, 
 Hateful to utter : (b) But what power of mind, 
 Foreseeing or presaging, from the depth 
 Of knowledge past or present, could have fear'd 
 How such united force of Gods, how such 
 As stood like these, could ever know repulse % 
 For who can yet believe, though after loss, 
 That all these puissant legions, whose exile 
 Hath emptied Heav'n, shall fail to re-ascend, 
 Self-rais'd, and reposses their native seat 1 
 Forme, be witness all the host of Heaven, 
 If counsels different, or dangers shunn'd 
 By me, have lost our hopes. But he, who reigns 
 Monarch in Heav'n, till then as one secure 
 Sat on his throne, upheld by old repute, 
 Consent or custom, and his regal state 
 Put forth at full, but still his strength conceal'd, 
 Which tempted our attempt, and wrought our fall. 
 Henceforth his might we know, and know our own, 
 So as not either to provoke, or dread 
 New war, provoked : (c) Our better part remains: 
 To work in close design, by fraud or guile, 
 What force effected not : that he no less 
 At length from us may find, who overcomes 
 By force, hath overcome but half his foe. 
 (d) Space may produce new worlds ; whereof so rife 
 There went a fame in Heav'n that he ere long 
 Intended to create, and therein plant 
 an orator, as in the Exordium, so more especially in the Conclvt- 
 sion of the speech, are to be exerted in giving the strongest im- 
 pulse to the feelings of the judges in our favour." 
 (a) Exordium. (&.)Narration. (c) Proposition, (d) Confirmation. 
 
16 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 
 
 A generation, whom his choice regard 
 Should favour equal to the sons of Heav'n : 
 Thither, if but to pry, shall be perhaps, 
 Our first eruption, thither or elsewhere : 
 (a) For this infernal pit shall never hold 
 
 Celestial spirits in bondage, nor th' abyss 
 Long under darkness cover* (b) But these thoughts 
 Full counsel must mature : peace is despair'd, 
 For who can think submission ] War then, war, 
 Open or understood, must be resolv'd. 
 
 Milt. Par. Lost. Book i. 622. 
 
 St. Paul's eloquent Defence before King JLgrippa, and Festus 
 the Roman Governor in Judaea. — Acts xxvi. 
 
 (c) I think myself happy, king Agrippa, because I shall 
 answer for myself this day before thee, touching all the 
 things whereof I am accused of the Jews ; especially, be- 
 cause I know thee to be expert, in all customs and questions 
 which are among the Jews : wherefore I beseech thee to, 
 hear me patiently. 
 
 (d) My manner of life from my youth, which was at the 
 first among mine own nation at Jerusalem, know all the 
 Jews, who knew me from the beginning, (if they would 
 testify,) that, after the straitest sect of our religion, I lived 
 a Pharisee : and now I stand and am judged for the hope of 
 the promise made of God unto our fathers ; unto which 
 promise our twelve tribes, instantly serving God day and 
 night, hope to come ; for which hope's sake, King Agrippa, 
 I am accused of the Jews. 
 
 (e) Why should it be thought a thing incredible with you 
 that God should raise the dead ? 
 
 (/) I verily thought with myself, that I ought to do many 
 things contrary to the name of Jesus of Nazareth. Which 
 
 (a) Refutation (b) Peroration. (c) Exordium. 
 
 (d) Narration. (c) Proposition. (/) Confirmation. 
 
DISPOSITION. 17 
 
 thing I also did in Jerusalem : and many of the Saints did 
 I shut up in prison, having received authority from the 
 Chief Priests ; and when they were put to death, I gave 
 my voice against them : and I punished them oft in every 
 synagogue, and compelled them to blaspheme ; and, be- 
 ing exceedingly mad against them, I persecuted them even 
 to strange cities. Whereupon, as I went to Damascus, 
 with authority and commission from the chief priests, at 
 midday, O king ! I saw in the way a light from Heaven, 
 above the brightness of the sun, shining around about me, 
 and them who journied with me. And, when we were all 
 fallen to the earth, I heard a voice speaking to me, and 
 saying in the Hebrew tongue, Saul, Saul, why persecutest 
 thou me? It is hard for thee to kick against the pricks. — 
 And I said, who art thou, Lord ! and he said, lam Jesus, 
 whom thou persecutest. But rise, and stand upon thy 
 feet ; fori have appeared unto thee, for this purpose: to 
 make thee a minister and a witness, both of these things 
 which thou hast seen, and of those things in the which I 
 will appear unto thee : Delivering thee from the people, 
 and from the Gentiles, unto whom now I send thee ; to 
 open their eyes, and to turn them from darkness to light, 
 and from the power of Satan unto God ; that they may re- 
 ceive forgiveness of sins, and inheritance among them who 
 are sanctified by faith that is in me. Whereupon, O king 
 Agrippa, I was not disobedient to the heavenly vision ; but 
 showed first unto them of Damascus, and at Jerusalem, and 
 throughout all the coasts of Judaea, and then to the Gen- 
 tiles, that they should repent and turn to God, and do works 
 meet for repentance. 
 
 (a) For these causes the Jews caught me in the temple, 
 and went about to kill me. Having therefore obtained help 
 of God, I continue unto this day, witnessing both to small 
 and great; saying none other things than those, which 
 
 (a) Refutation 
 3* 
 
18 ELEMENT'S OF RHETORIC. 
 
 the prophets and Moses did say should come : " That 
 Christ should suffer; and that he should be the first that 
 should rise from the dead ; and should show light unto the 
 people and to the Gentiles." 
 
 (a ) I am not mad, most noble Festus, but speak forth 
 the words of truth and soberness: for the king knoweth of 
 these things, before whom also I speak freely ; for I am 
 persuaded, that none of these things are hidden from him : 
 for this thing was not done in a corner. King Agrippa, be- 
 Iievesl thou the prophets ? I know that thou believest. I 
 would to God, that not only thou, but also all that hear me 
 this day, were both almost, and altogether such as I am, 
 except these bonds. 
 
 ORATIO CATILINE. 
 
 (b) Ne virtus fidesque vestra spectata mihi forent, ne- 
 quicquam opportuna res cecidisset ; spes magna, dominatio 
 in manibus frustra fuissent : neque ego per ignaviam, aut 
 vana ingenia, incerta pro certis captarem. Sed quia multis et 
 magnis tempestatibus vos cognovi fortes fidosqUe mihi ; eo 
 animus ausus maximum atque pulcherrimum facinus inci- 
 pere : simul quia vobis, eadem mihi, bona malaque intel^ 
 lexi ; nam 'idem velle atque nolle, ea demum firma ami- 
 citia est. 
 
 (c) Sed ego, quae mente agitavi, omnesjam antea diver- 
 si audistis caeterum mihi in dies magis animus accenditur, 
 cum considero, quae conditio vitas futura sit nisi nosmet 
 ipsi vindicamus in libertatem. Nam postquam respublica 
 in paucorum jus atque ditionem concessit; semper illis 
 reges, tetrarchae vectigales esse ; populi, nationes stipendia 
 pendere ; caeteri omnes strenui, boni, nobiles atque igno 
 biles, fuimus vulgus, sine gratia, sine auctoritate, his ob- 
 noxii, quibus, si respublica valerat, formidini essemus. Ita- 
 que omnis gratia, potentia, honos, divitiae apud illos sunt, 
 
 (a) Peroration. (b) Exordium. (c) Narratio. 
 
DISPOSITION- 19 
 
 autubi illi volunt : nobis reliquerunt, pericula, judicia, eges- 
 atem. Quae quousque tandem patiemini, fortissimi viri ! 
 
 (a) Nonne emori per virtutem prsestat, quam vitam mi- 
 seram atque inhonestam, ubi alienae superbi® ludibrio 
 fueris, per dedecus amittere 1 verum enimvero proh Deum 
 atque hominum fidem ! Victoria in manu nobis est. 
 
 (b) Vigit aetas, animus valet ; contra illis, annis atque 
 divitiis omnia consenuerunt : tantummodo incepto opus 
 est ; csetera res expediet. 
 
 (c) Etenim quis mortalium, cui virile ingenium, tolerare 
 potest, illis divitias superare, quas profundantin extruendo 
 man, et montibus cocequandis ; nobis rem familiarem etiara 
 ad necessaria deesse 1 Illos binas aut amplius domos con- 
 tinuare ; nobis larem familiarem nusquam ullum esse ? 
 Cum tabulas, signa, toreumata emunt ; nova diruunt, alia 
 aedificant ; postremo, omnibus modis pecuniam trahunt, 
 vexant; tamen summalubidine divitias suas vincere neque- 
 unt 1 At nobis est domi inopia, foris aes alienum; malaires 
 spes multo asperior ; denique, quid reliqui habemus, praeter 
 miseram animam 1 
 
 (e?)Quin igitur expergiscimini ? En ilia, ilia, quam saepe 
 optastis, libertas ! Praeterea, divitiae, decus, gloria, in ocu- 
 lis sita sunt ! fortuna ea omnia victoribus praemia posuit. — 
 Res, pericula, tempus, egestas, belli spolia magnifica, ma- 
 gis quam oratio mea, vos hortentur. Vel imperatore, vel 
 milite, me utimini ; neque animus, neque corpus, a vobis 
 aberit. Haec ipsa, ut spero, vobis cum una consul agam 
 nisi forte animus fallit, et vos servire magis, quam imperare 
 parati estis. 
 
 Sall. Bel. Catil. 
 
 CATALINE's ORATION IN ENGLISH. 
 
 (e)Had I not sufficient proofs of your courage and fideli- 
 ty, in vain had this favourable opportunity offered itself; 
 
 (a) Propositio. (b) Confirmatio. (c) Refutatio. (d) Peroratio. 
 (e) Exordium. 
 
20 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 
 
 great hopes and dominion had been in our hands to no pur- 
 pose : nor would I grasp at uncertainty for certainty, by the 
 help of men of inactive and unsteady dispositions. But be- 
 cause I have found you valiant and faithful to me upon ma- 
 ny and important occasions, my mind has dared to under- 
 take one of the greatest and noblest enterprises : as also, 
 because I am persuaded that your interest mast be affected 
 by what is advantageous or injurious to me ; for a simili- 
 tude of desires and aversions is the only lasting foundation 
 of friendship. 
 
 (a) You have all separately heard already what I have 
 projected in my mind : — but my desire is daily more in- 
 flamed, when I consider, what will probably be our condi- 
 tion of life, if we assert not our own liberty. For since 
 the commonwealth has fallen to the management and dis- 
 posal of a few; kings and tetrarchs have always been sub- 
 ject to them ; states and nations have paid them tribute : 
 the rest of us, the brave, the good, the noble and the igno- 
 ble, have all been as the vilest of the vulger, without inte- 
 rest, without authority, exposed to those, to w r hom we should 
 be a terror, if the administration were in its proper state. 
 Hence all interest, power, honour, and riches, have been en- 
 grossed by them, or disposed of at their pleasure : to us 
 they have left dangers, repulses, impeachments, and pover- 
 ty. Which indignities, how long will you, the bravest of 
 men, tamely endure? 
 
 (6)Is it not better to die bravely, than by disgrace to lose a 
 miserable and inglorious life, after you have been the sport 
 of other mens' insolence 1 But, by the faith of gods and 
 men, we have certain victory in our hands ! 
 
 (c) We have youth, strength, and courage on our side : 
 on the contrary, every thing with them is impaired by years 
 and luxury ; there is need only of a beginning : the under- 
 taking itself will accomplish all the rest. 
 
 (a) Narration, (b) Preposition, (c) Confirmation. 
 
DISPOSITION. 21 
 
 (a) And what mortal, who lias the spirit of a man, can 
 bear, that they should have riches in abundance, to lavish 
 in building in the sea, and in levelling mountains ; and that 
 we should want, even a competency, for the necessaries of 
 life 1 That they should have numbers of houses together ; we 
 not so much as a household-god left us 1 
 
 While they purchase paintings, statues, embossed figures; 
 pull down their new buildings, and erect others more statety; 
 in a word, by all methods, raise and consume their money; 
 yet, with their utmost extravagance, they cannot exhaust 
 their riches. But we have poverty at home, and debts 
 abroad; our circumstances bad, our expectations much 
 more desperate. To conclude : — What have we left us, 
 except a life of misery. 
 
 (6) Why then do you not awake ? Behold that liberty ! 
 that glorious liberty, you have often wished for ! Moreover, 
 wealth, honour and glory are placed in your view ! Fortune 
 has proposed all rewards to the conquerors. May the oc- 
 casion, opportunity, dangers, distresses, and the magnifi- 
 cent spoils of war excite you more than my oration. Use 
 me, either as your general or fellow soldier : my heart and 
 hand shall be inseparably with you. I hope to be able to 
 assist you in the enterprise, with the consular power, unless 
 perhaps my mind deceives me, and you be disposed rather 
 to be slaves, than to command. 
 
 What is a Theme ? 
 
 A Theme is a short and formal treatise on a given sub- 
 ject.* 
 
 (a) Refutation. (b) Peroration. 
 
 * Themata vel celebres auctorum sententios quae in scholis ad 
 exercenda puerorum ingenia proponi solent, duo fere habent ge- 
 nera ; vel enim Chreia sunt vel Gnomce. Gnome dicitur quae 
 praecipitur aliquid vel agendum vel omittendum, fugiendumve : 
 
 Vive tibi,quantumquepotesprcelustria vita, 
 
 vel, 
 
 JVe quid nimis : 
 
21 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 
 
 Into how many parts is it divided 1 
 Seven: Proposition, Reason, Confirmation, Simile, 
 Example, Testimony, and Conclusion. 
 
 Gnome tract at a brevissime. 
 Festlna lente. 
 1. Propositio. 
 Damnosa est in gerendis rebus nimia festinatio. 
 2. Ratio. 
 Quia nihil consilio tarn inimicum est quam temderaria ne- 
 gotii praecipitatio. 
 
 3. Confirmatio. 
 Sine consilio autem, quicquid sit, recte fieri non potest. 
 
 4. Simile. 
 Ut aestas frugibus, ita deliberandi spatium maturandis 
 negotiis necessarium. L ' 
 
 5. Exemplum. 
 Fabius Maximus [ut dicitur] Romae cunctando restituit 
 rem. 
 
 6. Vetus Testimonium. 
 Noverat enim verum esse vetus illud verbum ; omnia 
 fieri sat cito sat bene. 
 
 7. Conclusio. 
 Bene igitur videtur consulere, qui lente monet festinare. 
 
 THEMA II. 
 
 Imprimis venerare Deum. 
 
 Prop. Videtur illud mihi officium pietatis perquam neces- 
 sarium, antequam ad obeunda quotidianae vitae opera nos ac- 
 cingamus, ab invocatione divini numinis auspicari. 
 
 Pat. Quomodo enim fieri potest ut in operibus institutis 
 feliciter progrediamur, nisi propitium nobis faventemque 
 imprimis Deum reddiderimus 1 
 
 Chreia vero est qusedam nuda rei notitia, sed ea etiam utilis 
 vitae ; quae sine praeceptione aliqua vel suasione proponitur. lit, 
 Mors omnibus communis est. 
 
 Eodem fere modo utraque tractatur brevissime quidem sic. 
 
DISPOSITION. 28 
 
 Confirm. Nam sine ejus auxilio nihil est, quod quisquam 
 suscipere, vel conari, vel cogitare, necdum perficere, possit. 
 
 Simile. Quemadmodum agricola terrain frustra quidem 
 colit, nisi pluviae caelestes reddant fructiferam ; ita nos in- 
 utiliter prorsus operi caiquam admovebiraus manum, si di- 
 vina id gratia non irrigaverit, qua quod suscepimus ad exi- 
 tum felicem perdueamus. 
 
 Exemp. Memoriae traditum est Romanos olim nihij so- 
 licitos fuisse inauspicato molire, nihil aggredi, non explora- 
 ta prius deorum suorum voluntate. Quanto id magis nos 
 facere Christianos decet ! 
 
 Vet. Test. Itaque Poeta recte monet, qui " a Jove prin- 
 cipium, a Deo monet auspicandum." 
 
 Conclus. Quare siquis habet in vortis ut omnia sibi ne- 
 gotia prospere cadant, operam imprimis det, ut precibus sibi 
 conciliet voluntatem Dei; quoniam solus, ut poetae verbis 
 concludam: " Vires ille dat, ille rapit." 
 
 CHREIA. 
 
 THEMA III. 
 
 Mors omnibus communis. •' '' - * 
 
 Prop. Hominibus tandem serius aut citius moriendum est 
 omnibus. 
 
 Bat. Hanc enim naturae legem eonstituit omnipotens De- 
 us, nequis e nostro genere immortalis sit. 
 
 Conj. Dei autem leges perfringi nullo modo possunt. 
 
 Simile. Quare, ut Cato venit in theatrum ita nos in 
 hunc mundum, ut exeamus. 
 
 Exemp. Sanctissimus David, sapientissimus Solomon, 
 Samson fortissimus, morti omnes succubuerunt. 
 
 Ver. Test. Adeo verum est iliud poetae : "Omnes una 
 manet nox, et calcanda semel via lethi." 
 
 Conclus. Vita igitur hac brevi nunc utamur fruamque, vi- 
 delicet ex terra fieti in terram redituri. 
 
24 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 
 
 THEMA IV. 
 
 Labor improbus omnia vincit. 
 
 Prop. Nihil adeo est arduum, nihil tarn operosum, quod 
 assiduitate laboris et constantia non possit aliquando ex- 
 pugnari. 
 
 Rat. Nam quae duae res omnium videntur difficillimae, cum 
 sint pulcherimce, si quis diligenter operum dat, utramque 
 sibi tandem conciliabit, rerum cognitionem atque virtu- 
 tem. 
 
 Conf. Quippe virtutem, quaeque alia in bonis habentur, 
 omnia posuisse Deus dicitur " sudoris in arce :" quam qui 
 enitendo secutus fuerit, haec omnia simul consequitur. 
 
 Simile. Quemadmodum enim gutta cavat lapidem, non 
 vi sed saepe cadendo ; ita quae durissima sunt neque primo 
 impetu superari possunt, industries tamen et sedulitati 
 assiduae cedunt. 
 
 Exemp. Accepimus olim perpetuis laboribus tantas res 
 gessisse Herculem, quantas ab homine geri potuisse vix 
 profecto jam credimus. 
 
 Vet. Test. Adeo verum est id quod praeclare Q.'Curtius 
 inquit, " Nihil tarn alte natura posuit, quo virtus non pos- 
 sit enitti." 
 
 Conclus. Est igitur hoc sole meridiano clarius, ea quem- 
 que in quibus laboraverit nervosque omnes intenderit, ex- 
 animi sententia confecturum esse omnia ; at merito inde- 
 corum et turpe habendum sit a rebus honestis atque prae- 4 
 Claris metu difrlcultatis absterreri. 
 
 niSuKOtr e£ iigna- oKtyn \i€ctr. — Callimachus. 
 
 Prop. Cujuslibet rei elegaritia concinnitate partium ma- 
 gis quam magnitudine commendatur. 
 
 Rat. Quodcunque enim reipsa pulchrum est, nihil addi- 
 tamenti indiget. 
 
DISPOSITION. 25 
 
 €onf. Plerumque etiam grandiora quae sunt, defectus, 
 <jualescunque sint, magis conspicuos exhibeant necesse est. 
 
 Simile. Neque enim hoc a naturae ratione abhorret, quae 
 in minutis avibus decorandis magis operosa est, quam in 
 elephanti mole conformanda. 
 
 Exemp. Scilicet non ducem alium quam naturam habet 
 hominum judicium, qui Pindarum venerantur, A.nacreontem 
 diligunt magis, et amplectuntur. 
 
 Vet. Test. Testem habemus Martialem : 
 I Saepius in libro memoratur Persius uno, 
 
 Quam levis in tota Marsus Amazonide. 
 Concl. Quae cum ita sint, si quid nobis componendum pro- 
 ponatur, potius, ut numerus omnibus absolntum sit, quam 
 prolixum, studeamus. 
 
 THEMA VI. 
 
 Plurimum enim intererit, quibus artibus et quibus hunc tu 
 
 Moribus instituas. — Juv. Sat. xiv. 73. 
 For it shall be of great consequence in what arts and in what 
 morals you instruct him. 
 
 Prop. Nemo potest illos dedlscere mores, aut earn excu- 
 tere vivendi rationem, ad quam ab ipsis olim incunabilis as- 
 suevit. 
 
 Rat. Quoniam impetus ille primus, tenerae pueritiae indi- 
 tus, tam magnum habet in universa hominum vita monumen- 
 tum, ut dediscat id sero, quod quis didicit diu. 
 
 Conf. Quae enim longa annorum serie, frequentissimaque 
 actionum iteratione acquiruntur, in alteram quasi naturam 
 transeunt. 
 
 Simile. Quemadmodum avium pulli et ferarum catuli, se- 
 mel mansuefacti, semper manent cicures etiam quando in 
 grandiores evaserint : non dissimiliter quos didicerit mores 
 puerilis aetas, eosdem etiam turn quando adoleverit, penitis- 
 sime sibi infixos usque retinebit. 
 
 Exemp. Ovidio, scribendis versibus a teneiis annis dedi- 
 4 
 
26 ELEMEMT8 OF RHETORIC. 
 
 to, tarn familiaris ac pene naturalis facta est poetica facul- 
 tas, ut illi per universam deinceps vitam : 
 Sponte sua numeros carmen veniebat ad aptos. 
 
 Nee dissimiliter contigit in reliquis artibus vivendi que 
 institutis. 
 
 Vet. Test. Ad quid enim aliud respexit Cicero, cum dix- 
 erit, " Nullum nos posse majus meliusve reipublicae afferre 
 munus, quam docendo et erudiendojuventutem," nisi quod 
 recta juventutis institutio ad summum reipublicae emolu- 
 mentum conducat maxime. 
 
 Conclu. Proinde si quis in votis habeat, liberos suos ad 
 virtutem formare ac bonos mores ; id imprimis operam det 
 utvirtutis atque pietatis odore, ab ipsis statim fasciis, inti- 
 mius imbuantur ; quem ad extremam usque senectutem re- 
 dolebunt. 
 
 Adeo in teneris assuescere multum est. — Virg. 
 
 A Theme in English; the Thesis and Substance taken from 1 Es- 
 dras, iv. 
 Great is the Truth and stronger than all things. 
 
 Prop. Truth is great and mighty above all things. All 
 the earth calleth upon it, the Heaven blesseth it, all works 
 shake and tremble at it, and with it is no unrighteous 
 thing. 
 
 Reas. Because with her there is no accepting of persons, 
 or rewards ; but she doeth the things which are just : and 
 all men approve her works. 
 
 Confirm.For in her judgment there is no unrighteousness, 
 and she is the strength, dominion, power, and majesty of 
 all ages. 
 
 f- Simile. Even as God the great Creator is greater than 
 the spacious earth, the high heaven, or the swift sun that 
 compasseth the heavens, and returns to his own place in 
 one day ; so is Truth greater and stronger than all things. 
 
 Exemp. Hence it is that David so frequently calls God, 
 a God of Truth. The Lord is my rock, and my fortress, 
 
DISPOSITION. "27 
 
 and ray deliverer. Psal. xviii. 2. I have hated them that 
 regard lying vanities : but I trust in the Lord : O Lord 
 God of Truth. Psal. xxxi. 5—6. 
 
 Test. And our Saviour Christ himself, to show the great- 
 ness, superiority, and eternity of Truth, calls himself the 
 Truth. I am the way, and the Truth, and the life. — John 
 xiv. 6. 
 
 Concl. Wine therefore is wicked, kings are wicked, wo- 
 men are wicked, all the children of men are wicked, and 
 such are all their wicked works, all which must perish ; 
 but as for Truth, it endureth, and is always strong; it liveth, 
 and conquereth for evermore : I conclude, and cry out that, 
 Great is the Truth, and stronger than all things. Blessed 
 be the God of Truth. 
 
 The same Theme in Greek. 
 
 bAzyAXH h AxdSsw., u.ii ta-^yqoTi^A 7rA£*. ttavta. 
 
 Great is the Truth, and stronger than all things. 
 
 (a) MtyttXn it cttoQeia xai tT^y^rt^tt 7ta^a ttavta. Uao-a h y» mv 
 AXitQti&T KAMI, xai o xgAvog etumv wkoyei, xai 7Tavta ta igyx <rwrrAi kxi 
 T£iju»t f xai hx. trrt y.il our us aJixov xSiv. 
 
 (b) On xx urn 7rx£ avtw \a/ul€avuv 7rgGTc<mA, x<k $iA<pc£A, akka xai 
 
 T* ilKAlA JTOIU K-At7rAVTiS OjSoXXTl T0l( tgyiK AUTiig. 
 
 (c) Ot/ruA ax wnv ev th x^itu auths xS& aSixov xxt aura, n ir%ys, xau 
 ro @Ari\SMV t XAi » tgxtrtA, xai n /uiyAKuoTH? tow ttavtoov eucemv. 
 
 (d) Ka9»? o 0EO2,o? 7rAVTA7roiii,/u.it^cev » [xryAKu y» v^ntos, x^ayh. 
 
 UTS TA^Uf H\tGS, 0? a-T^KplfTAl IV T» Xi/XKCD TX X£AVX , XAI 7TAKIV eLTTW^U 
 
 «? rot ixtrra romy iv juia u/u.i^A- ovra>g » Ak»Bua /xu^tay xai la-^v^oneA. 7r a^a 
 
 7TA1TA. 
 
 («) ErrwQtv o AABIA ttoKKaxi? ovo/uoe^u ©ecv rov ©ecv <r»? AkxQuxx;. 
 Kyg/of <rre£ice/u.A p.x, xai xxrrxquyu /ux, xai gvtnw; fj.x. Psalm xviii. 
 2. H/luc-ho-a <r«c <fix/$u\x<rcrzvrA; /ULATAtiriiTos Sixxevy<s*ya> efs vri ru Kvgu* 
 )i\7tita Kw^/s o ©so?™? AkhBua?. Psalm xxxi. 5, 6. 
 
 (f) Ksu Ku^/4? »[aw o EPI2T02 awros , oia Safyi on tta^a kayta * 
 Axa6aat t>7re£t<rxyy, H7rtv — Eyoo a/ut » oSog , xai h AAH0EIA, xai a %m. — 
 Joan xiv. 6. 
 
 (g)OwaJixos o on:?, aJixoso BxtriXiuc, aSixai At Tuvxixi?,dAtxoi7rAY<ri; ol 
 vioi tuy aydpwTW, xai aJixa iiAiint <ta tfyx avrm ta tciauta, xai ArnkxinAt. 
 
 A\X H AXmtlA fAiVU , XAI t7%l)6( V.O* TOV AlGiVA, XAI £» XAt X^ATU UC T01 AUDI A 
 
 rx ajato;. Emkzya> xai quovsu — MsyA\>i » AkhBua, xai tT^yzyr^A tto^a 
 TAtTA. EuxoynTo? o ©a? T»j AynQuA?. 
 
 (a) Propositio. (b) Ratio, (c) Confirmatio. (d) Simile. 
 
 (e) Exemplum. (/) Testimonium, (g) Conclusio. 
 
18 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 
 
 PART III. 
 
 ELOCUTION. 
 
 What is Elocution ? 
 
 Elocution is the proper, polite, and ornamental expression 
 of our thoughts.* 
 
 Into how many parts is it divided ? 
 
 Three: Composition, Elegance and Dignity, j- 
 
 What is Composition] 
 
 Composition is such a structure of words and periods, 
 as conduces most to accuracy of expression and harmony 
 of sound, t 
 
 Enumerate the parts of Composition] 
 
 Period, !| Order,§ Juncture,** and Number. ff 
 
 * Omnis oratio tres habet virtutes, ut emendata, ut dilucida, ut 
 ornata sit. Quint. Inst. lib. i. cap. 5. 
 
 t Hinc tria in se habere debet, Composltionem, Elegantiam, et 
 Dignitatem. Cic. ad Her. Lib. iv. cap. 12. 
 
 X Dionysius of Halicarnassus, in his Treatise on the Structure 
 of words, has recounted the different sorts of style, has divided 
 each into the periods of which it is composed, has again subdivid- 
 ed those periods into their different members, those members into 
 their words, those words into syllables, and has even anatomized 
 the very syllables into letters, and made observations on the dif- 
 ferent natures and sounds of the vowels, half- vowels, and mutes. 
 He shows also by examples from Homer, Herodotus, and Thuey- 
 dides, with what artful management those distinguished writers 
 have sweetened and ennobled their composition, and made their 
 sound to echo to the sense. In hb.de Comp. Cap. 2. he says: " Ecrrt 
 T»f ^vvQuria); igyj-, ofn.ua>; &itvoU to. ts ovcjU.a.w. Trctg aOOoiKA. xxt tot; 
 na>koi; a.7rxSiivct.t TiivTrgotrUHHvcLV cLgfjLovtttv, x-cu rcu; 7ri^tcSoi; <ft*ha,Cuv cwrtv 
 o>.ov tcv \oyov: '-'The business of Composition is to arrange our words 
 in exact order respecting each other, to render to each member 
 its proper harmonious sound, and to distinguish the whole ora- 
 tion into its most agreeable periods." 
 
 |j Cicero distinguishes sentences into two kinds : the one he 
 calls " tracta," direct or straight; and the other "contorta," 
 bent or winding. By the former he designates those sentences 
 whose members follow each other in a direct order without any 
 inflection ; and by the latter, those consisting of correspondent 
 parts so formed that the voice in pronouncing them may have a 
 proper elevation and cadence; and as the latter part returns back 
 
ELOCUTION. 29 
 
 In what doe3 Elegance consist? 
 
 In the perspicuity and propriety of language ; purity in 
 the choice of words ; and care and dexterity in their happy 
 arrangement. 
 
 and unites with the former, the period, like a circle, surrounds 
 and encloses the whole sense. For jng/sJV in Greek signifies 
 a circle, or circuit; and the Latins called it circuitus and ambi- 
 tus. In the construction of periods, two things require attention ; 
 their length and cadence. Although the precise length of periods 
 cannot be ascertained by any definite measure, yet the ancient 
 rhetoricians seldom used more than four members or colons. — 
 The termination of each member should form a pause or rest in 
 pronouncing : and these rests should be so distributed, as to 
 make the course of the breathing easy ; for to extend them far- 
 ther than the voice can manage, must be painful to the speaker, 
 and consequently unpleasant to the audience. As to Cadence, 
 Cicero says that the ears judge what is full and what is deficient; 
 and Quintilian says, " let there be nothing harsh or abrupt in the 
 conclusion of the sentence on which the mind pauses and rests. 
 "This is the most material part in the structure of discourse. — 
 Here every hearer expects to be gratified ; here his applause 
 breaks forth." The only important rule, says Blair, that can be 
 given here is, that the sound should be made to grow to the 
 last ; the longest members of the period, and the fullest and most 
 sonorous words, should be reserved to the conclusion. 
 
 § Order is of two kinds, Natural and Artificial : the one is pe- 
 culiarly adapted to the genius of all the modern languages of 
 Europe ; the other to the Latin, Greek, Sclavonic, Russian, and 
 Gaelic. By the former, we arrange our words according to the 
 order in which the understanding directs those ideas to be exhi- 
 bited to the view of another : and by the latter, the ancients ge- 
 nerally arranged their words according to the order in which the 
 ideas arose in the speaker's imagination. The natural order is 
 more clear and distinet; the artificial more striking and animat- 
 ed. The modern arrangement appears to be the consequence 
 of greater refinement in the art of speech ; the ancient gratifies 
 more the rapidity of the imagination, which naturally runs first 
 to that which is its chief object ; and having once named it, car- 
 ries it in view throughout the rest of the sentence. In the an- 
 cient languages the arrangement which most commonly obtains, 
 is to place first in the sentence, that word which, expresses the 
 principal object of the discourse, together with its circum- 
 stances; and afterwards, the person, or the thing, that acts upon it. 
 In the construction of artificial sentences, Quintilian says, that 
 the verb should stand last, " because the force of the sentence 
 lies in the verb." The object of the ancients, therefore, was that, 
 as the whole sentence is imperfect without the verb, the mind 
 4* 
 
<A' ELKMENTS OF UHETORIC. 
 
 How is Elegance acquired 1 
 being thus held in suspense might receive a more permanent im 
 pression from it at last. 
 
 ** With regard to Juncture it may be observed, that when the 
 preceding word ends with a vowel, the subsequent one ought to 
 begin with a consonant ; and rice versa. But when it is more 
 perspicuous or convenient, for vowels or consonants to end ont- 
 word and begin the next, it is proper that the vowels be a long 
 and short one : and that the consonants be either a liquid and a 
 mute, or liquids of different sorts. And lastly, the same syllable 
 ought not to be repeated at the end of one word and the begin- 
 ning of the subsequent one. The following verse, at the begin- 
 ning of the first book of Virgil's iEneid, possesses all these pro- 
 perties : 
 
 Anna virumque cano, TrojcB qui primus ab oris. 
 Where any word, in this verse, ends with a vowel, the next be- 
 gins with a consonant ; and where any one ends with a conso- 
 nant, the next begins with a vowel ; and there is no repetition of 
 the same sound throughout the whole line. It will be found ex- 
 tremely difficult, however, on all occasions, to observe this har- 
 monious construction ; especially in the English language, which 
 abounds with consonants. 
 
 tt In the Greek and Roman languages every syllable has its 
 distinct quantity ; and is either long, short, or common : two or 
 more of these joined together in a certain order make afoot, and 
 a determinate number of these in a different order constitute 
 their several sorts of metre. This variety of sounds gives a much 
 greater harmony to their poetry, than what can arise only from 
 the seat of the accent, and the similitude of sound at the end or 
 two verses which chiefly regulate our metre. And although 
 their prose was not so confined with regard to the feet, as their 
 metrical composition ; yet it had a sort of measure, particularly 
 in the rise and cadency of their periods, which they called rhe- 
 torical number. Accordingly, the ancient rhetoricians taught 
 what feet were best adapted to the beginning, middle, or end of 
 a sentence. As such rules, however, are not applicable to our 
 language, which has not that accurate distinction of quantity in 
 its syllables, the following general directions may contribute to 
 modulate our periods, and adjust their cadency. A considera- 
 ble number of long or short words near each other should be 
 avoided; a succession of words of the same termination should 
 also be avoided ; nor should a sentence conclude with an adverb, 
 a preposition, or any inconsiderable word. In general, says 
 Blair, it seems to hold, that a musical close, in our language, re- 
 quires either the last syllable, or the penult, that is, the last but 
 one, to be a long syllable. 
 
 From these remarks on the constituent parts of Composition, 
 namely, Period, Order, Juncture, and Number, it will appear 
 manifest, that the first treats of the structure of sentences ; the^ 
 
ELOCUTION. SI 
 
 By studying the most correct writers, and by frequent 
 and accurate composition. * 
 
 In what does Dignity consist 1 
 
 In elevation and grande?ir of thought, magnificence of ex- 
 pression,! and a skilful application of Tropes and Fi- 
 gures, t 
 
 second, of the parts of sentences, which are words and members ;. 
 and the two last, of the parts of words, whicli are letters and syl- 
 lables ; the former exhibiting their connexion, and the latter their 
 quantity. 
 
 * Elegantia acquiritur doctrina puerili, et consuetudine ser- 
 monis quotidiani, et lectione oratorum et poetarum confirmatur. 
 — Cic. ad M. Brut, de Orat. 
 
 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, on this subject, thus expresses 
 himself: " E]t $u to/? rcev 7tcl\-juw svrvy%'j.vav truyy^tiAfAua-tv, ty' 
 ivr&^zv y,n /liqvqv tj>? u7ro&&rw; mv oX»v akku. x.tu <rov todi tSiu>y.%Tm tyhw 
 %o£»y»9a)/u.iv. H yxg 4u£w t« ctvuyimTy.ovTC?, ii7ro rut <rvvi%x$ 7rxg*- 
 r>i£>i7ia)?,riiv cju otcniTct rx ^gctnTn^o; iqtAjL~ruj.De Prise. Script, cap. 
 1. " We ought to be conversant in the writings of the ancients, 
 not only for subject matter, but for the sake of imitating them 
 in every particular. For the mind of a reader, by a perpetual 
 observation, insensibly contracts a similitude of style." 
 
 To these instances may be added the following extract from 
 the thirteenth section of Longinus on the Sublime : ;; For hence 
 it is, that numbers of imitators are ravished and transported by a 
 spirit not their own, like the Pythian Priestess, when she ap- 
 proaches the tripod. There is, if Fame speaks true, a chasm in 
 the earth, from whence exhale Divine evaporations, which im- 
 pregnate her on a sudden with the inspiration of her god. and 
 cause in her the utterance of oracles and predictions. So. from 
 the'sublime spirit of the ancients, there arise some fine effluvia, 
 like vapours from the sacred vents, which work themselves in- 
 sensibly into the breasts of imitators, and fill those, who natural- 
 ly are not of a towering genius, with the lolly ideas and fire of 
 others." 
 
 t Isocrates speaking of Dignity, in Orat. v., contra Sophist., 
 says: " rw x.-JUgw jun Sixuct^r^v, ukk-jl h.ii tow zv6ufjt,y,<rsL<rt TrptTcrrar 
 o/.cy tov Keyov kxtattoikiK'jU, km vols cvofAstow ugybuces «%i juatraems eerw 
 
 TAUT'X $i 7T'jK>:.K Zrt/U&M'J4 (fCTSU, K%1 ^U^Jtf CtvJg'.KXC X-ll S'.g'JL'J-riKHC i?-)i; 
 
 arrt : li To adapt every thing to the occasion, to diversify, with 
 becoming decency, the subject matter of an oration, and to place 
 the words in a musical, harmonious order, require much dili- 
 gence, sublime thought, and piercing penetration." 
 
 t Majore autem cura rhetor doceat Tropos omnes et Figuras. 
 quibus praecipue non modo poema, sed etiam Oratio ornatur. 
 Quint. Inst. 
 
 Longinus, in one place, speaking of Figures, says : "For these, 
 
36 KLEMMT1 OF RnnTORIC. 
 
 What is a Trope ? 
 
 A Trope (from Tgera, to turn) is the turning a word from 
 its native and proper to a relative improved sense. * 
 What occasioned the introduction of Tropes ? 
 Necessity, Emphasis, and Ornament, j 
 How many primary Tropes are there 1 
 Four ; Metaphor, Melon y me, Synecdoche^ and Irony, t 
 
 when judiciously used, conduce not a little to greatness:" and, 
 in another place, " Figures naturally impart assistance to, and 
 on the other side, receive it again, in a wonderful manner, from 
 sublime sentiments." 
 
 * Quintilian says. " a Trope is the change of a word or speech 
 from its proper signification to another, in order to greater per- 
 fection." 
 
 Cicero, in his treatise entitled Brutus, says : " As to Tropes in 
 general, they are, particular forms of expression, in which the 
 proper name of a thing is supplied by another, which convey* 
 the same meaning, but is borrowed from its adjuncts or effects."' 
 
 t Cicero, in his third book de Oratore, says : " Modus transfer- 
 endi verba late patet ; quam necessitas primum genuit, coacta 
 inopia et angustias ; post autem delectatio, jucunditas que cele- 
 bravit. Nam ut vestis, frigoris depellendi causa reperta primo,. 
 post adhiberi caepta est ad ornatum etiam corporis et dignitatem 
 sic verbi translatio instituta est inopioe causa, frequentata, delec- 
 tationis: " The figurative usage of words is very extensive ; an 
 usage to which necessity first gave rise, on account of the pauci- 
 ty of words, and barrenness of language ; but which the plea- 
 sure that was found in it afterwards rendered frequent. For as 
 g«*ni:ents were first contrived to defend our bodies from the 
 cold, and afterwards were employed for the purpose of ornament 
 and dignity, so figures of speech, introduced by want, were cul- 
 tivated for the sake of entertainment.' 
 
 Quintilian, in book. viii. chap. C, says, we now make use of 
 Tropes, " Aut quia necesse est, aut quia significaniius, aut quia 
 deccntiits : " Through necessity, or to express a thing more em- 
 phatically, or for the sake of ornament." 
 
 t Praecipuorum Troporum praestantia si quseratur ; longe prin- 
 ceps erit Metaphora, Ironia deinde succedet, tertia erit Metony- 
 mia, postrema Synecdoche. Usus autem etiam frequentissimus 
 est Metaphora?, deinde Metonymiae, turn Synecdoches, rarissi- 
 raua Ironiae. Aud. Tab^eus. 
 
 Inter omnes illas commendatissima? habentur Metaphorae, qua? 
 rebus sensu expertibus actum quendam ac quasi animum tri- 
 buunt. Ut cum dicitur fluvius Araxis impositum sibi ab Alex- 
 andro pontem indignatus evertisse. Walker. Riiet. Lib. i. 
 cap. 14. 
 
ELOCUTION, 
 
 33 
 
 Define and exemplify the primary Tropes. 
 A Metaphor, in place of proper words, 1 
 Resemblance puts ; and dress to speech affords. 
 A Metonymy does new names impose, 2 
 And things for things by near relation shows. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Quintilian says, " a Metaphor is a short similitude." 
 And Cicero calls it " a similitude reduced to a single word." 
 The peculiar effect of a Metaphor is to give light and 
 strength to description ; to make intellectual ideas, in some 
 sort, visible to the eye, by giving them colour, and substance 
 and sensible qualities. Of all the flowers that embellish 
 the regions of eloquence, there is none that rises to such 
 an eminence, that bears so rich and beautiful a blossom, 
 that diffuses such a copious and exquisite fragrance, or that 
 so amply rewards the care and culture of the poet or the 
 orator. Quintilian reduces them to four kinds. 
 
 The first kind of Metaphors is founded on a comparison 
 of the qualities of animate beings : as, Achilles was a lion. 
 So in the Evangelist Luke, our Saviour in alluding to He- 
 rod, says: " Go and tell that/ojt:." And Cicero, in his 
 De Oratore, says : " Was it owing to art that my brother, 
 here, when Philip asked him why he barked ? answered, 
 because I see a thief." The second, of one inanimate 
 thing with another: as, "Clouds of smoke;" "floods of fire ;" 
 " he loosed the navy's reins." The third of animals with 
 inanimate things : as, " Ajax was the bulwark of the 
 
 reeks;" the two Scipios were thunderbolts of war." The 
 last kind of Metaphors is that by which the actions and 
 other properties of animals are attributed to inanimate ob- 
 jects. Thus Virgil says : 
 
 Araxes' stream 
 Indigiiant with a bridge to be confined. 
 
 And Homer ; He said : 
 
 Divine Calypso at the sound 
 ShudderM, and in ivvnged accents thus replied. 
 
 2. Quintilian says, that " Metonymy consists in substi- 
 tuting one name for another." Yossius calls it "a trope, 
 
 Terms translated. 
 
 1. Translation. 2 Changing of names, 
 
"4 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 
 
 Synecdoche the whole for part doth take ; 
 
 Or, of a part for whole, exchange doth make. 3 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 which changes the names of things whiclt are naturally 
 united, but in such a manner as that one is not of the es- 
 sence of the other." Metonymies are commonly distin- 
 guished into four kinds. 
 
 The first is when the cause is put for the effect : as, 
 " He reads Homer," that is Homer's works ; " they have 
 Moses and the prophets ;" meaning the writings of Moses 
 and the prophets. The second puts the effect for the cause. 
 Thus Virgil calls the two Scipios the destruction of Libya r 
 because they were the agents who effected it. Horace al- 
 so compliments Maecenas with the titles of being his guard 
 and honour : that is, his guardian, and the author of his 
 honour. And in another place he says : " Pale death 
 knocks at the cottages of the poor and the palaces of kings, 
 with an impartial pace." 
 
 The third is when the subject is put for the adjunct. — 
 By the subject here may be understood that in which some 
 other thing is contained ; as also the thing signified, when 
 put for the sign. By the former of these modes of express- 
 ion we say the kettle boils ; he drank the foaming bowl : 
 and by the latter this is my body and this is my blood. — 
 The fourth kind of Metonymy is when the adjunct is put 
 for the subject. It is a Metonymy of the adjunct when the 
 thing contained is put for that which contains it, and when 
 the sign is put for the thing signified. By the former kind 
 Virgil says they lie down upon purple, that is upon couch- 
 es dyed with purple : And again, they crown the wine,, 
 meaning the bowl which contained the wine ; and by the 
 latter, to assume the sceptre, is a phrase for entering on roy- 
 al authority. So Virgil describing the temple of Juno at 
 Carthage, in which the actions of the Trojan war were re- 
 presented, and the images of the heroes, he makes ^Eneas, 
 upon discovering that of Priam among the rest, cry out : 
 Lo here is Priam ! 
 
 3. A thing may be considered as a whole in three differ- 
 
 Term translated. 
 3. Comprehension. 
 
xLocuTioir. 35 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 ent respects ; which logicians call an universal, essential, 
 and integral whole ; hence arise six species or sorts of Sy- 
 necdoche. 
 
 By the first of these, the genus is put for the species. 
 Thus, when our Saviour delegated his Apostles to preach 
 the gospel to every creature, his meaning was to every ra- 
 tional creature. The second is, when the species is put 
 for the genus : as, wine destroys more than the sword, 
 that is, than any hostile arms. And the legal form of ba- 
 nishment among the Romans was to prohibit persons the 
 use of fire and water : that is, the most common and ordi- 
 nary necessaries of life, in which all others were included. 
 The third is, when the essential whole is put for one of its 
 parts. Thus, in the Evangelist, Mary Magdalen says : 
 "they have taken away my Lord, and I know not where 
 they have laid him;" meaning his body. The fourth is, 
 when the name of one of the constituent parts is put for 
 the whole essence : as, " the soul that sinneth it shall die ;" 
 and " all the souls that came with Jacob into Egypt were 
 three score and six." So we imitate the Latins in using 
 the word caput or head, to denote either a person or thing. 
 
 For, as with them lepidum caput, so with us a witty 
 head, signifies the same as a man of wit. The fifth is, when 
 the whole of any material thing or quantity, whether con- 
 tinued or discrete, is put for a part of it. Thus Cicero 
 says : " A war is kindled through the whole world," in 
 compliment to his country, he calls the Roman empire the 
 world. So St. Luke : There went out a decree from Caesar 
 Augustus, that all the world should be taxed. And our Sa- 
 viour, using this trope, said he should be three days and 
 thee nights in the heart of the earth ; meaning part of the 
 •first and third day, and all the second day ; and by this 
 Tvind of Synecdoche the plural number is sometimes put 
 for the singular. Thus St. Matthew says, the thieves who 
 were crucified with our Saviour reviled him : though it is 
 manifest from St. Luke that only one of them acted in that 
 manner. By the sixth kind of Synecdoche a part of any 
 material thing or quantity is put for the whole. Accord- 
 ingly, some ancient writers when they speak of the Grecian 
 
36 ELEMENTS Of RHETORIC. 
 
 An Irony, dissembling with an air, 4 
 
 Thinks otherwise than what the words declare. 
 
 How many Secondary Tropes are there 1 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Armada which sailed against Troy, call it a fleet of a thou- 
 sand ships; although, according to Homer's list, it contain- 
 ed 1186. In like manner, the Greek interpreters of the 
 Old Testament, are commonly called the Seventy; whereas, 
 in reality, they were seventy-two. 
 
 4. Quintilian says that " an Irony my be understood by 
 the tone of the voice, character of the person, or nature of 
 the thing." Thus the Irony is very plain from the man- 
 ner of pronunciation in that passage of Terence, where Si- 
 mo, speaking to his servant, says by way of reproof for his 
 negligence : " You have taken great care indeed." Cicero 
 addressing Cataline says he went to your companion, that 
 excellent man, Marcus Marcellus. And when he begins 
 his oration for Ligarius by saying, Caesar this is a new 
 crime, and never heard of till now : the thing he is speak- 
 ing of shows it to be an Irony ; for it was not new, as all 
 who were present very well understood. 
 
 Ironies are sometimes applied by way of jest and raille- 
 ry, as when Cicero says of the person against whom he 
 was pleading : " We have much reason to believe that the 
 modest man would not ask him for his debt when he 
 pursues his life." At other times by way of insult and 
 dirision. Thus when Cicero would represent the forces 
 of Cataline as mean and contemptible he says , " O terri- 
 ble war, where Cataline's praetorian guard consists of such 
 a dissolute, effeminate crew ! Against these gallant troops 
 of your adversary, prepare, O Romans, your garrisons and 
 armies. 
 
 The subjects of Irony are vices and follies of all kinds, 
 and this mode of exposing them, is often more effectual 
 than serious reasoning. The gravest persons have not de- 
 nied the use of this trope, on proper occasions. The wise 
 and virtuous Socrates used it so frequently, in his endea- 
 
 Term translated. 
 4. Dissimulation. 
 
ELOCUTION. 37 
 
 Fourteen ; Sarcasmus, Diasyrmus, Charientismus, Jlste- 
 xsmus, Catachresis, Hyperbole, Metalepsis, Allegory, Paros- 
 mia, JEnigma, Jltonomasia, Litotes, Onomatopxia, and Jlnti- 
 phrasis. 
 
 Define and exemplify the secondary Tropes ? 
 
 Sarcasmus with a bitter jeer doth kill, 5 
 
 And ev'ry word with strongest venom fill. 
 
 A Diasyrmus must ill-nature show 6 
 
 And ne'er omit to insult a living foe. 
 
 Charientismus, when it speaks, doth choose 7 
 
 The softer for the harsher words to use. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 vours to discountenance vicious and foolish practices that 
 he was designated by the appellation of vgav or the ironi- 
 cal philosopher. Even in the sacred writings we have nu- 
 merous examples of it. The prophet Elijah, when he 
 challenged the priests of Baal to prove the truth of their 
 deity, " mocked them and said : cry aloud for he is a god ; 
 either he is talking, or he is pursuing, or he is in a journey, 
 or peradventure he sleepeth, and must be awaked." See 
 Matth. xxvi. 50. Gen. in. 22. 2 Sam. vi. 20. Job. xn. 2. 
 Matth. xxvi. 45. 
 
 5.Tomyris, queen of Scythia, having taken Cyrus prison- 
 er, cut off his head and threw it into a vessel, full of human 
 blood, saying, " Now, Cyrus, satiate yourself with blood." 
 So in St. Matthew : " Hail, King of the Jews !" See also 
 Psalms cxxxvn. 3. Mark xv. 31. 32. 
 
 6. Turnus thus addresses Drances in the eleventh book 
 of Virgil's ^Eneid : "Whereof thunder on in noisy elo- 
 quence, as you are wont, and arraign me of cowardice, 
 thou valiant Drances, since thy right-hand hath raised so 
 many heaps of slaughtered Trojans, and every where thou 
 deckest the fields with trophies." 
 
 7. Davus, in thtf Andria of Terence, Act i. Sc. 2., says: 
 Softly, Sir, softly I beseech you. And Virgil ; Be not in- 
 censed, great priest. 
 
 Terms translated. 
 
 5. A bitter taunt. 6. Detraction. 7. Softening. 
 5 
 
38 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 
 
 dstcismus loves to jest with strokes of wit, 8 
 And slily with the point of satire hit.* 
 A Caieckresis words too far doth strain 9 
 Rather from such abuse of speech refrain. 
 Hyperbole soars high or creeps too low; 10 
 Exceeds the truth, things wonderful to show.f 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 8. Virgil says, " Who hates not Bavius' verse, may 
 love thine, O Maevius : and the same fool may join foxes in 
 the yoke, and milk he goats." 
 
 9. This trope is chiefly used by poets, who make choice 
 of it for novelty or boldness. Thus Milton, describing the 
 descent of the angel Raphael from heaven, says : 
 
 Down thither prone in flight 
 He speeds, and, through the vast ethereal sky, 
 Sails between w r orlds and worlds. 
 And Virgil says, that the Greeks wearied by the length 
 of the siege of Troy, 
 
 An horse erect 
 Of mountain bulk, by Pallas' art divine. 
 So Homer : 
 
 Phemius ! let acts of gods and heroes old, 
 What ancient bards in hall and bow'r have told 
 Attemper'd to the lyre, your voice employ, 
 Such the pleased ear will drink with silent joy. 
 It is sometimes found, however, in the gravest authors, 
 and even in the sacred writings : as, " Thou didst drink the 
 pure blood of the grape ;" u . And I turned to see the voice 
 that spake with me." See Hosea iv. 8. Psal. cxxxvu. 5. 
 Jer. xlvi. 10. 
 
 10. Quintilian defines Hyperbole " an exaggeration sur- 
 
 Terms translated. 
 8. Civility. 9. Abuse. 10. Excess. 
 
 * Holmes says that Sarcasmus, Diasyrmus, Charientismus, 
 and Asteismus, may be referred to an Irony. 
 
 t The excess in this trope is called rfuzesis, and the contrary 
 extreme Meiosis. 
 
ELOCUTION. 3» 
 
 By Metalepsis, in one word combin'd 1 1 
 More tropes than one you easily may find.* 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 passing truth, which may be equally proper for augmenta- 
 tion and diminution.'* 
 
 Longinus says, " Hyperboles equally serve two pur- 
 poses ; they enlarge and they lessen. Stretching any thing 
 beyond its natural size is the property of both." 
 
 " I saw their chief," says the scout of Ossian, " tall as 
 a rock of ice; his spear the blasted fir; his shield the ris- 
 ing moon : he sat on the shore, like a cloud of mist on the 
 hill." 
 
 So Cassius speaks invidiously of Caesar, in order to 
 raise the indignation of Brutus : 
 
 Why, man, he doth bestride the narrow world 
 Like a Colossus, and we petty men 
 Walk under his huge legs, and peep about 
 To find ourselves dishonourable graves. 
 Pope says : 
 
 Milton's strong pinions now at Heav'n can bound, 
 Now serpent like in prose he sweeps the ground. 
 And Virgil : 
 
 On each side mighty rocks ; above the rest 
 Two threaten heaven. 
 Herodotus has used Hyperbole, concerning those warri- 
 ors who fell at Thermopylae : " In this place they defend- 
 ed themselves with the weapons that were left, and with 
 their hands and teeth, till they were buried under the ar- 
 rows of barbarians." 
 
 Although Hyperboles should, in most cases, exhibit an 
 air of probability, yet Longinus says that " in comedy, 
 circumstances wholly absurd and incredible pass off very 
 well, because they answer their end, and raise a laugh. — 
 As in this passage :" ' He was owner of a piece of ground 
 not so large as a Lacedemonian letter.' See Job xxxix.19. 2. 
 Sam. i. 23. Deut. ix, 1. 
 
 11. During the civil war between Sylla and Marius, 
 
 Tfrms trnnsl.itP''. 
 
 11. Participation, or Transumption. 
 * Tropus rarrissimus et maxime improprius. Quint. Inst. 
 Lib. viii. 
 
40 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 
 
 An Allegory tropes continues still,* 12 
 Which with new graces every sentence fill. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Sylla, observing the boundless ambition of Julius Cesar, 
 said : " In one Caesar there are many Mariuses." In this 
 expression there is a Metalepsis : for the word Marius, by 
 Synecdoche, or Antonomasia, is put for any ambitious or 
 turbulent person, and this again by a Metonymy of the 
 cause for the effects of such a pernicious disposition to the 
 state. Sylla's meaning therefore was that Caesar would 
 prove a very dangerous person to the Roman people, which 
 eventually proved true. 
 
 The following words of Dido, in Virgil, contain a Meta- 
 lepsis : 
 
 Happy, ah truly happy, had I been, 
 
 If Trojan ships our coasts had never seen. 
 
 Here, by a Metonymy of the Adjunct, the ships are put 
 for the Trojans in the ships ; and these, by a Synecdoehe 
 of the whole, for iEneas, who was one of them ; and again 
 his arriving on the coast, by a Metonymy of the cause, for 
 her seeing him ; and lastly, her seeing him, by the same 
 trope, for the passion she entertained for him. Her mean- 
 ing therefore was, that, she would have been happy, had 
 she never loved JSneas. 
 
 12. As a Metalepsis comprises several tropes in one 
 word, so this is a continuation of several tropes in one or 
 more sentences. Allegories are of two kinds ; pure and 
 mixed. The fourteenth ode of the first book of Horace, in 
 which, by a ship, he means the commonwealth ; by the 
 agitations of stormy seas, civil wars ; and by a harbour, 
 peace and concord, may be an example of the former kind. 
 And Cicero says, " I am surprised at, and even pity that 
 man, who has so hankering a desire after calumny, that 
 rather than refrain from it, he chooses to sink the vessel in 
 which he sails." But the mixed Allegory is more fre- 
 
 Tptt>s irnne'ated. 
 
 12 Speaking differently from meandng. 
 * To the Allegory may be referred all apologues, such as iEsop's 
 Fables, the Parables of Scripture, and the Song of Solomon. Pa 
 rsemia and ./Enigma are also species of allegory. 
 
ELOCUTION. 41 
 
 JEnigma, In dark words the sense, conceals ; 13 
 But that, once known, a riddling- speech reveals. 
 Parsemia by a proverb tries to teach 14 
 A short, instructing-, and a nervous speech. 
 Antonomasia proper names imparts, 15 
 From kindred, country, epithets or arts. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 quently used. Thus Cicero says : " As for other storms 
 and tempests, I always believed Milo had no occasion to 
 be apprehensive of any, except amidst those boisterous 
 waves of the assemblies of the people." If he had not 
 added " the assemblies of the people," it would have been 
 a pure Allegory; but by adding those words, it became 
 mixed, anrf in that manner it receives beauty from the bor- 
 rowed words, and perspicuity from the proper. See. Eccles. 
 xu. 5 — 6. Psal. lxxx. 8 — 14. Job. xxix. 6. 
 
 13. Quintilian says " when the Allegory is involved in 
 obscurity it becomes an senigma, which I must think indeed 
 to be a vice, and for no other reason, than because perspi- 
 cuity is a perfection. Poets, however, use it :" as, Tell me 
 (and you shall be my great Apollo) where heaven's circuit 
 extends not farther than three ells. See (Jen. xl. and xli. 
 Dan. iv. 10, 11, &c. Judg. xiv. 14. Isai. xi. 1, 2, &c. 
 
 14. " You wash the blackmoor white;" that is, you la- 
 bour in vain. So in Terence : " I have a wolf by the ears ;" 
 that is, I know not which way to turn me. And in the 
 prophet Ezekiel: As is the mother, so is her daughter. 
 
 15. Quintilian says, " the Antomasia is a trope which 
 puts an equivalent in the place of a name." Thus Virgil, 
 by using an attribute characteristic of Jupiter, says : 
 
 The sire of Gods and king of men. 
 
 And Longinus, alluding to Homer, says ; ** Among a 
 thousand instances, we may see, from what the poet ha3 
 said, with so much boldness, of the Aloides." 
 
 On the contrary it is used when a proper name is put 
 for a general term : and when we call a great warrior, an 
 
 TVmo transited. 
 
 13 A Riddle. 14 A Proverb. 15 For a name. 
 5* 
 
42 ELEMENTS Of RIIBTORIC. 
 
 Litotes doth more sense than word include, 1(7 
 And often by two negatives have stood. 
 Onomatopoeia coins a word from sound, 17 
 By which alone the meaning- may be found. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Alexander ; a great orator, a Demosthenes ,- and a great pat- 
 ron of learned men, a Maecenas. Antonomasia may also* 
 be used when we intend to convey a lively image to the- 
 mind. So Milton : 
 
 O'er many a frozen, many a fiery Mp* 
 See John xt. 28. Matth. ix. 6. 
 
 16. In the Andria of Terence, Act ii. Sc. 6. Davus says r 
 "I don't approve it," that is, / censure it. And in the 
 seventh book of Virgil's ^Eneid, Latinus thus addresses 
 llioneus : " Trojan, what you demand shall be given : nor 
 do I reject your presents ;" that is, I willingly receive them,. 
 And the Apostle says : But with many of them God was 
 not well pleased ;■ for they were overthrown in the wilder- 
 ness. See also Psalm li. 17. Matth. n. 6. Psalm ix. 12. 
 
 17. Quintilian says, "there have been many words in- 
 vented by the first authors of our language, in order to 
 adapt sounds to the natures of the affections they desired 
 to express ; and hence we may account for the origin of 
 the words, to bellow, to hiss, and to murmur." The fol- 
 lowing example occurs in Homer : 
 
 And when the horn was rounded to an arch, 
 
 He twanged it : Whizzed the bowstring, and the reed 5 
 
 With full impatienee started to the goal. 
 
 Hamlet thus censures the violent and unnatural gesture 
 of some actors : " I would have such a fellow whipped for 
 out-doing Termagant : it out-kcrods Herod.'' 1 And Swift 
 expresses himself in the following manner, relative to* 
 Blackmore, the author of a translation of the Psalms into* 
 English verse r 
 
 Sternhold himself he out-sternholded'. 
 
 TVrme Translated, 
 
 16 A Lessening,. 17 Coining a word from the sound. 
 
ELOCUTION. 
 
 43 
 
 Antiphrasis makes words to disagree 18 
 
 From sense ; if rightly they derived" be- 
 What is a Figure 1 
 
 A figure is that language which is suggested either by 
 the imagination or the passions. 
 
 What is the difference between Tropes and Figures ? 
 
 Tropes affect only single words ; Figures, whole sen- 
 tences. 
 
 How are the principal figures usually divided ? 
 
 Into Repetitions of Sounds, and Figures of Sentences, 
 
 What are Repetitions of Sounds 1 
 
 They are such as gracefully repeat either the same word 
 or the same sound in different words. 
 
 How many Repetitions are there 1 
 
 Fifteen : Anaphora, Epistro'phe, Symploce, Epanalepsis^ 
 Epanodos, JLnadiphsis, Epizeuxis, Ploce, Polyptoton, Anta- 
 naclasis, Paronomasia Paregmenon, Homoioieleuton, Climax^ 
 and Synonymy. 
 
 Define and exemplify the Repetitions of Sounds. 
 
 Anaphora gives more sentences one head ; 19 
 
 As readily appears to those who read. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 18. Thus Lucus, from Lux, light, signifies a dark shady 
 grove ; Bellum, from Bellum, fine or pretty, signifies war \ 
 and Parcese, from parco to spare, signifies fate ; because 
 fate spares none. 
 
 19. Cicero uses this figure in his first oration against 
 Cataline : "Does neither the night guard of the palace, nor 
 the city watch, nor the people's fear nor the union of all 
 good men, nor the meeting of the Senate in this fortified 
 place, nor the countenances and looks of this assembly 
 move you ?" 
 
 And Virgil, in hLs tenth Eclogue, says : 
 
 Here cooling fountains roll through flow'ry meads ; 
 Here woods, Lycoris, lift their verdant heads ; 
 
 Terms translate'. 
 
 18 Contrary word. 19 RehearsaL 
 
44 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 
 
 Epistrophc more sentences doth close 20 
 With the same words,whether in verse or prose. 
 Symploce joins these figures both together, 21 
 And fnm bothjoin'd makes up itself another. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Here could I wear my careless life away, 
 
 And in thy arms insensibly decay. 
 Another beautiful instance of this figure occurs in the la- 
 mentation of Orpheus forEurydice, in Virgil's fourth Geor- 
 gic: 
 
 Thee, his loved wife, along the lonely shores ; 
 
 Thee, his loved wife, his mournful song deplores ; 
 
 Thee, when the rising morning gives the light, 
 
 Thee, when the world was overspread with night. 
 In the book of Psalms, David says : The voice of the Lord 
 is upon the waters : The voice of the Lord is powerful ; the 
 voice of the Lord breaketh the cedars of Lebanon. See also 
 Jer. viii. 2. 1 Cor. i. 20. Psal. cxvm. 8, 9. Rom. vm. 38. 
 Jer. l. 35, 36, 37. 
 
 20. There is scarcely a more beautiful instance of this 
 figure, than in Cicero's second oration against Antony. — 
 " You mourn, O Romans ! that three of your armies have 
 been slaughtered — they were slaughtered by Antony : you 
 lament the loss of your most illustrious citizens — they were 
 torn from you by Antony : the authority of this order is 
 deeply wounded — it is wounded by Antony : in fine, all 
 the calamities we have ever since beheld (and what cala-* 
 mities have we not beheld 1) if we reason rightly, have 
 been entirely owing to Antony. As Helen was of Troy, 
 so the bane, the misery, the destruction of this state — is 
 Antony." 
 
 And St. Paul says : " When I was a child, I spake as a 
 child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child." See also 
 Psal. cxv. 9, 10, 11. Matth. vii. 23. Joel ii. 26, 27. Amos 
 iv. 6, 8. 
 
 21. Cicero, in his oration for Milo, says : " Who requir- 
 
 Term« tmnslatert. 
 
 20. A turning to. 21. Complication, or Connexion. 
 
ELOCUTION. 45 
 
 Epanalepsis words doth recommend, 22 
 t The same at the beginning and the end. 
 By Epanodos a sentence shifts its place ; 23 
 Takes first and last and also middle sjjace. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 ed these witnesses 1 Appius. Who produced them *? Appius. 
 And in another place : " Who was the author of the law? 
 JRullus. Who deprived a majority of the people of their 
 suffrages 1 Rnllus. Who presided at the elections % Rul- 
 lus." And again : " Who often broke their treaties ? The 
 Carthaginians. Who waged a cruel war in Italy 1 The 
 Carthaginians. Who laid waste Italy 1 The Carthaginians. 
 Who sue for pardon T The Carthaginians.'''' 
 
 A beautiful example of this figure occurs in St. Paul, 
 when he says : " Are they Hebrews 1 So am I. Are they 
 Israelites ? So am I. Are they the seed of Abraham ? So 
 am /.." See also Psal. xlvii. 6. Psal. cxviii: 2, 3, 4. 
 cxxxvi. 1, 2, 3. Rom. xiv. 8. 
 
 22. Quintilian gives the following example of this figure : 
 from Cicero : " Many and terrible punishments were 
 invented for parents, and for relations, many.'*'' And Ci- 
 cero addressing Caesav, in his oration for Marcellus, says: 
 " We have seen your victory terminated by the war : your 
 drawn sword in the city we have not seen." St. Paul also 
 uses this figure when he says : " Rejoice in the Lord alway: 
 and again I say, rejoice." See 1 Cor. iii. 21, 22. Psal. 
 viii. 1, 9. 
 
 23. Minutius Felix, exposing the absurdity of the Egyp- 
 tian superstition^ says : " Isis, with Cynocephalus,and her 
 priests, laments, bemoans, and seeks her lost son ; her 
 attendants beat their breasts, and imitate the grief of the 
 unhappy mother; in a little time the son is found, upon 
 which they all rejoice. Nor do they cease every year 
 to lose what they find, or find what they lose. And is it 
 not ridiculous to lament what you worship, or worship 
 what you lament?" 
 
 Terms Translated. 
 22. Repetition. 23. A Regression. 
 
46 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 
 
 .Qnadiplosis ends the former line, 24 
 With what the next does for its first design. 
 An Epizeuxis twice a word repeats 25 
 Whate'er the subject be whereon it treats. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Another example of this figure occurs in the eighth 
 Eclogue of Virgil, which is thus translated by Smith : 
 
 Whether the worst 1 the child accurst, 
 
 Or else the cruel mother ] 
 The mother worst, the child accurst; 
 
 As bad the one as the other. 
 
 The following beautiful example is from the book of 
 Judges : " The river of Kishon swept them away, that an- 
 dent river , the river Kishon." See also Ezek. vii. 6. Rom. 
 vii. 19. John viii. 47. 2 Thess. ii. 4. Ezek. xxxv. 6. 
 
 24. Cicero, in his first oration against Cataline, says : 
 " He lives ,- lives ! did I say 1 he even comes into the Se- 
 nate." And in the same oration : " As long as there is one 
 who dares to defend thee, thou shalt live : and live so as 
 thou now dost, surrounded by the numerous and powerful 
 guards which I have placed about thee." So in the tenth 
 Eclogue of Virgil : "These you will make acceptable to 
 Gallus ; to Gallus, for whom my love grows as much every 
 hour, as the green alder shoots up in the infancy of spring." 
 And in the book of Deuteronomy : " For the Lord thy God 
 bringeth thee into a good land ; z.land of brooks of water." 
 See also Rom. viii. 16, 17. Isa. xxx. 9. Psal. xlviii. 8. 
 Psal. cxxii. 2, 3. Luke vii. 31, 32. 
 
 25. Cicero, expressing his extreme indignation against 
 Antony, as the promoter of the civil war, says ; "You, you 
 Antony, pushed Caesar upon the civil war." And in Vir- 
 gil : "Ah ! Corydon, Corydon, what frenzy has possessed 
 you." So in Matt, xxiii. 37 : " O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 
 thou that killest the prophets," &c. See also Isa. Ii. 9- 
 2 Sam. xviii. 33. 
 
 Term9 translated. 
 
 24. Reduplication. 25. A joining together. 
 
ELOCUTION. 47 
 
 By Ploce we a proper name repeat ; 26 
 Yet as a common noun the latter treat. 
 . A Polyptoton still the same word places, 27 
 If sense require it, in two diff'rent places. 
 Jintanaclasis in one sound contains 28 
 More meanings ; which the various sense explains. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 26. Milton, affords an instance of this figure, in the ninth 
 book of Paradise Lost : 
 
 Frail is our happiness, if this be so, 
 
 And Eden were no Eden (i. e. pleasure) thus exposed. 
 
 Another example occurs in the book of Genesis : " Is 
 not he rightly named Jacob ? (i. e. a supplanter,) for he hath 
 supplanted me these two times." And Cicero says : 
 44 Young Cato wants experience, but yet he is Cato ,•" 
 meaning that he possessed the inflexible integrity of the 
 family. So the proverb : 44 An ape is an ape dress it ever 
 so fine." 
 
 27. Cicero, in his oration for Caelius, says : 44 We will 
 contend with arguments, we will refute accusations by 
 evidences brighter than light itself: fact shall engage with 
 fact, cause with cause, reason with reason." And Virgil, 
 describing the battle between the Trojan and Latin armies, 
 says : 44 Foot to foot is fixed, and man to man is closely 
 joined." So in the following passage from Romans: "For 
 of him, and through him, and to him are all things." See 
 Dan. ii. 37. John iii. 13. 
 
 28. When Proculeius complained that his son wished 
 for his death ; the son, to clear himself of suspicion, as- 
 sured him that he did not wait for it. His father replied, 
 I desire you to wait for it. Here it is obvious that 
 the word wait is taken in two different senses. So in 
 St. Matthew : 44 But Jesus said unto him, follow me ; and 
 let the dead bury their dead.'''' In the one clause of this 
 verse, dead denotes a moral or spiritual death, and in the 
 other a natural death. See Matth. x. 39. John iv. 13, 14. 
 Matth. xxvi. 29. Isa. lix. 18. 
 
 Tprms translated. 
 
 26. Continuation. 27. Variation of case. 28. A Reciprocation. 
 
48 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 
 
 Paronomasia to the sense alludes, 29 
 When words but little varied it includes. 
 Faregmenon derived from one recites 30 
 More words, and in one sentence them unites. 
 Homoioteleuton makes the measure chime, 31 
 With like sounds, in the end of fettered rhyme. 
 Climax by gradation still ascends, 32 
 Until the sense with finished period ends. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 29. The following 1 are examples of this figure : "Friends 
 are turned^mrfs ;" " After a feast comes a fast ;" " A friend 
 in need is a friend indeed ." And Cicero, in the second 
 book of de Oratore, says that Cato called the nobility mobi- 
 lity." This figure frequently occurs in the sacred writings. 
 Thus St. Paul says : " For though we walk in the flesh, 
 we do not war after the flesh." And in another place : 
 "As unknown and yet well known." 
 
 30. Cicero, in his Essay on Friendship, says : " In the 
 present performance, it is a friend explaining to a friend 
 his notions concerning friendship.''' 1 So in the book of 
 Daniel : " He giveth wisdom unto the wise, and knowledge to 
 them that know understanding." See 1 Cor. xv. 47. Prov. 
 xi. 15, 25. 
 
 31. The mountains skipped like rams, and the little hills 
 like lambs. 
 
 32. There is great strength as well as beauty in this 
 figure, when the several steps rise naturally out of each 
 other, and are closely connected by the sense which they 
 jointly convey. This mutual relation of parts we may 
 perceive in the following example : " There is no enjoy- 
 ment of property without government, no government with- 
 out a magistrate, no magistrate without obedience, and no 
 obedience where every one acts as he pleases." In the 
 same manner, when Cicero is pleading for Milo, he says : 
 u Nor did he commit himself only to the people, but also 
 
 Terms t-Tis'aterf. 
 29. Likeness of words. 30. Derived from the same. 31. Alika 
 ending. 32. A ladder. 
 
ELOCUTION. 49 
 
 Synonymy doth diff 'rent words prepare, 33 
 Yet each of them one meaning doth declare. 
 
 How are figures of sentences divided 1 
 Into figures for reasoning, and figures for moving the 
 passion s. 
 
 How many figures for reasoning are there 1 
 Seven ; Erotesis, Prolepsis, Epitrope, Anacoenosis, Anti- 
 thesis, Oxymoron and JLporia, 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 to the Senate ; nor to the Senate only, but likewise to the 
 public forces; nor to these only, but also to the power of 
 him with whom the Senate had entrusted the whole com- 
 monwealth." And, in another place, he says : " What 
 hope is there remaining of liberty, if whatever is their 
 pleasure, it is lawful for them to do; if what is lawful for 
 them to do, they are able to do ; if what they are able to 
 do, they dare do ; if what they dare do, they really exe- 
 cute ; and if what they execute, is no way offensive to 
 your' See Rom. v. 3, 5. 2 Pet. i. 5. 7 Rom. viii. 29, 
 30, 38, 39. 1 Cor.iii. 21, 23. 
 
 33. As there are scarcely two words, in any language, 
 that convey precisely the same idea, the use of this figure 
 is so far extended as to comprehend words of a near affinity 
 in their signification. Thus Cicero, speaking of Piso, says: 
 " His whole countenance, which is the tacit language of 
 the mind, has drawn men into a mistake, and deceived, 
 cheated, and imposed on those who did not know him." 
 And Ilioneus, in his speech to Dido, thus speaks relative 
 to^Eneas: "Whom if the fates preserve, if he s1 ill 
 breathes the vital air, and does not yet rest tuith the ruth- 
 less shades. 1 '' The following beautiful example is from the 
 nineteenth chapter of Isaiah: "The Fishers also shall 
 mourn, and all they that cast angles into the brooks shall 
 lament, and they that spread nets upon the waters shall lan- 
 guish." See Prov. iv. 14, 15. 
 
 Term translated. 
 33 Partaking together of a name. 
 6 
 
30 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 
 
 Define and exemplify the figures for reasoning T 
 By Erotesis, what we know, we ask, 34 
 Prescribing to ourselves a needless task. 
 Prolepsis your objection doth prevent, 35 
 With answers suitable and pertinent. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 34. Demosthenes thus addresses the Athenians : "Would 
 you go about the city, and demand what news ] what 
 greater news can there be, than that a Macedonian enslaves 
 the Athenians, and disposes of the affairs of Greece ? Is 
 Philip dead ? No : but he is sick. And what advantage would 
 accrue to you from his death ? For, if any thing happens to 
 this Philip, you will immediately raise up another." Ger- 
 manicus thus reproaches his mutinous soldiers : "What is 
 there in these days that you have not attempted ? What have 
 you not profaned] What name shall I give to this assembly? 
 Shall I call you soldiers? You, who have besieged with your 
 arms, and surrounded with a trench, the son of your em- 
 peror ? Shall I call you citizens ? You, who have so 
 shamefully trampled upon the authority of the Senate? 
 You, who have violated the justice due to enemies, the 
 sanctity of embassy, and the rights of nations?" Balaam 
 thus expresses himself to Balak : " The Lord is not a man, 
 that he should lie, neither the son of man, that he should 
 repent. Hath he said, and shall he not do it? or, hath he 
 spoken, and shall he not make it good ?" See Job viii. 3. 
 Psal. lxxvii. 7—9. 
 
 35. Cicero, for several years after he began to plead, had 
 employed his eloquence only in defence of his friends. 
 And, therefore, when the Sicilians prevailed with him to 
 manage the prosecution against Verres, he begins his ora- 
 tion with, this Prolepsis : " If any one present should won- 
 der, that I whose practice for so many years, in causes and 
 publ-ic trials, has been such as to defend many, and accuse 
 none: now suddenly change my custom, and descend to 
 the office of an accuser; when he shall have heard the oc- 
 casion and reason of my design, he will both approve it, 
 
 Terms translated- 
 34 Interrogation. 35 Prevention. 
 
ELOCUTION. 51 
 
 Epitrope gives leave and facts permits, 36 
 Whether it speaks sincere or counterfeits. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 and think that I deserve the preference to all others, in the 
 management of the present affair." And then he proceeds 
 to enumerate the reasons which induced him to adopt this 
 determination. 
 
 We have a beautiful instance of this figure in Cato: 
 " But, grant that others can with equal gloTy, 
 Look down on pleasures and the bait of sense, 
 Where shall we find the man that bears affliction, J 
 Great and majestic in his ills, like Cato V 
 
 And St. Paul says : " But some man will say, how are 
 the dead raised up 1 and with what body do they come 1 
 Thou fool ! that which thou sowest is not quickened, ex- 
 cept it die." See Mafh. xv. 26, 27. 1 Kings xviii. 17, 18. 
 
 36. Cicero, pleading for Flaccus, in order to invalidate 
 the testimony of the Greeks, who were witnesses against 
 his client, allows them every quality but that which was 
 necessary to make them credited. " This, however, I say 
 concerning all the Greeks : — I grant them learning, the 
 knowledge of many sciences ; I do not deny that they have 
 wit, fine genius, and eloquence : nay, if they lay claim to 
 many other excellencies, I shall not contest their title : but 
 this I must say, that nation never paid a proper regard to 
 the religious sanctity of public evidence ; and are total 
 strangers to the obligation, authority, and importance of 
 truth." Nothing more confounds an adversary, than to 
 grant him his whole argument, and at the same time either 
 to show that it is nothing to the purpose, or to offer some- 
 thing else that may invalidate it, as in the following ex- 
 ample : " I allow that nobody was more nearly related to 
 the deceased than you ; I grant that he was under some 
 obligations to you ; nay, that you have always been in 
 friendly correspondence with each other : but what is all 
 this to the last will and testament V 9 Another example of 
 
 Term translated. 
 36 Permission. 
 
ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC 
 
 .flnaccei7osis tries another's mind, 37 
 The better counsel of a friend to find. 
 Antithesis doth change a syllable or letter, 38 
 Or holds up contrasts as men think better.* 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 this figure occurs in the eleventh chapter of Romans - 
 " Thou wilt say then, the branches were broken off, that 
 I might be grafted in. Well ; because of unbelief they 
 were broken off; and thou standest by faith. Be not high- 
 minded, but fear." 
 
 37. Cicero, thus appeals to Piso, in his oration for Cae- 
 cina : " Suppose, Piso, that any person had driven you 
 from your house by violence, how would you have be- 
 haved V A similar appeal he makes use of in his oration 
 for Rabirius : " But what could you have done in such a 
 case, and at such a juncture ? — when to have sat still, or 
 to have withdrawn, would have been cowardice ; when the 
 wickedness and fury of Saturnnius had sent for you into 
 the capital, and the Consuls had called yon to protect the 
 safety and liberty of your country ? whose authority, whose 
 roice, which party would you have followed ? and whose 
 orders would you have chosen to obey?" So the prophet 
 Malachi : " A son honoureth his father, and a servant his 
 master. If I then be a father, where is mine honour 1 and 
 if I be a master, where is my fear." See Isai. v. 3, 4. Jer. 
 xxiii. 23. Lukexi. 19. 1 Cor. iv. 21. Gal. iv. 21. 
 
 38. The following examples will illustrate this figure: 
 -' Tho' deep, yet. clear ; tho' gentle, yet not dull ; 
 
 Strong, without rage ; without o'erflowing, full." 
 " If Cato may be censured, severely indeed, but justly, 
 for abandoning the cause of liberty, which he would not, 
 however, survive ; what shall we say of those, who em- 
 brace it faintly, pursue it irresolutely, grow tired of it 
 when they have much to hope, and give it up when they 
 have nothing to fear." 
 
 " For the wages of sin is death : but the gift of God is 
 eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord." 
 
 Terms translated. 
 37 Communication. 38 Opposition. 
 
 * For Antithesis, as a grammatical figure > see distich, 77. 
 
ELOCUTION. 
 
 In Oxymoron contradictions meet, 39 
 And jarring epithets and subjects greet. 
 Aporia, in words and actions, doubts ; 40 
 And with itself, what may be best, disputes. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 39. Cicero, in his first oration against Cataline, says : 
 " But with regard to you, Cataline, the silence of the Se- 
 nate declares their approbation, their acquiescence amounts 
 to a decree, and by saying nothing, they proclaim their 
 consent." And Ovid says of Althea, that she was impiously 
 pious. In like manner Cato said of Scipio Africanus, that 
 " he was never less at leisure, than when he was at lei- 
 sure ; nor less alone, than when alone." And St. Paul 
 says: "But she, that liveth in pleasure, is dead while 
 she liveth. 
 
 40. Cicero, in his defence of Cluentius, says : " I know 
 not which way to turn myself. Shall I deny the infamy 
 thrown upon him of bribing the judges 1 can I say the 
 people were not told of it ? that it was not talked of in 
 the court] mentioned in the Senate 1 ? can I remove an 
 opinion so deeply and long rooted in the minds of men? 
 It is not in my power. You, judges, must support his in- 
 nocence, and rescue him from this calamity." Livy gives 
 a very elegant example of this figure, in a speech of Scipio 
 Africanus to his soldiers after a sedition : ** I never thought 
 I should have been at a loss in what manner to address my 
 army. Not that I have applied myself more to words than 
 things ; but because I have been accustomed to the genius 
 of soldiers, having been trained up in the camp almost from 
 my childhood. But I am in doubt what or how to speak 
 to you, not knowing what name to give you. Shall I call 
 you citizens, who have revolted from your country? Sol- 
 diers, who have disowned the authority of your general, 
 and broken your military oath 1 Enemies ? I perceive the 
 mien, the aspect, and habit of citizens ; but discern the 
 actions, words, designs, and dispositions of enemies." 
 
 An excellent example of Aporia is in the cxxxix Psalm: 
 *• Whither shall I go from thy spirit ? or whither shall I 
 
 Terms translated. 
 
 39 A witty foolish saying. 40 A doubting. 
 
51 
 
 ELEMENTS OF RHETOFUC 
 
 How many Figures are there for moving the Passiona % 
 Fifteen; Ecphonesis, Enantiosis, Aposiopesis, Paraleipsis, 
 Epanorthosis, Anastrophe, Asyndeton, Polysyndeton, Peri- 
 phrasis, Hypotyposis, Epiphonema, Enallage, Hyperbaton, 
 Apostrophe, and Prosopopscia. 
 
 Define and exemplify the Figures for moving the Pas- 
 sions 1 
 
 By Ecphonesis straight the mind is rais'd, 41 
 When by a sudden flow of passion seiz'd. 
 Enantiosis poiseth diff'rent things, 42 
 
 And words and sense as into balance brings. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 flee from thy presence ?" See also Phil. i. 22, 23. Lam, 
 ii. 13. Rom. vii. 24, 25. 
 
 41. Cicero, in his second Philippic, speaking of Pom- 
 pey's house, which Mark Antony had purchased, thus 
 addresses him : "Oh consummate impudence ! dare you go 
 within those walls 1 dare you venture over that venerable 
 threshold, and show your audacious countenance to the 
 tutelar deities which reside there V And speaking of his- 
 banishment, from which he had been so honourably recall- 
 ed, he says ; " Oh mournful day to the senate and all 
 good men ! calamitous to the senate, afflictive to me and 
 my family ; but to posterity glorious and worthy of admi- 
 ration !" And in compliment to Caesar he says : " O ad- 
 mirable clemency ! worthy of the greatest praise, the 
 highest encomiums, and most lasting monuments !" It is 
 frequently used by the sacred writers : as, " O that I had 
 the wings of a dove, that I might flee away and be at rest !" 
 And again: "O death, where is thy sting! O grave, where 
 is thy victory !" So in St. Matthew : " My God ! my God! 
 why hast thou forsaken me V 
 
 42. Cicero opposing the conduct of Verres, when govern- 
 or of Sicily, to that of Marcellus, who took Syracuse, the 
 capital of that island, says : " Compare this peace, with 
 that war ; the arrival of this governor, with the victory of 
 
 Terms translated. 
 
 41 Exclamation. 42 Contrariety. 
 
ELOCUTION. 55 
 
 Aposiopesis leaves imperfect sense ; 43 
 Yet such a silent pause speaks eloquence. 
 A Paraleipsis cries, I leav't behind, 44 
 I let it pass ; tho' you the whole may find. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 that general ; his profligate troops, with the invincible ar- 
 my of the other ; the luxury of the former, with the tem- 
 perance of the latter : you will say that Syracuse was 
 founded by him who took it, and taken by him who held 
 it when founded." And in his oration for the Manilian 
 law, speaking of Pompey, he says : " He waged more 
 wars than others had read : conquered more provinces than 
 others had governed : and had been trained up from his 
 youth to the art of war ; not by the precepts of others, but 
 by his own commands ; not by miscarriages in the field, 
 but by victories ; not by campaigns, but by triumphs." 
 So in the third chapter of Proverbs : " The wise shall in- 
 herit glory, but shame shall be the promotion of fools.''' 
 
 43. The old man .in Terence, when he was jealous that 
 his servant obstructed his designs, uses this imperfect, 
 but threatening expression : " Whom, if I find." — And 
 Neptune, enraged that the winds should presume to agitate 
 the sea without his permission, is represented by Virgil as 
 addressing them in the following abrupt manner : 
 
 " Whom 1— but first I'll lay the storm." 
 And Cicero, in a letter to Cassius, says : " Brutus could 
 scarcely support himself at Mutina ; if he is safe, we have 
 carried the day; but if — heaven avert the omen ! all must 
 have recourse to you." His meaning is, " if Brutus should 
 be defeated." So in St. John : " Now is my soul troubled; 
 and what shall I say 1 Father, save me from this hour : but, 
 for this cause came I unto this hour." See also 1 Kings 
 xxi. 7. Psal. vi. 4. Luke xix. 42. 
 
 44. Cicero, in his defence of SextiuS, introduces his 
 character in the following manner, with a design of recom- 
 mending him to the favour of the judges : " I might say 
 many things of his liberality, kindness to his domestics, 
 
 Terms translated. 
 43 Suppression, 44 Omission. 
 
66 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 
 
 Epanorthosis doth past words correct, 45 
 And, only to enhance, seems to reject. 
 Jnastrophe makes words, that first should go, 46 
 i The last in place : verse oft, will have it so. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 his command in the army, and moderation during his of- 
 fice in the province ; but the honour of the state presents 
 itself to my view, and calling me to it, advises me to omit 
 these lesser matters." There is an excellent example of 
 this figure in St. Paul's epistle to Philemon : " I, Paul, 
 have written it with my own hand ; I will repay it : Al- 
 beit, I do not say to thee, how thou owe'st unto me, even 
 thine own self besides." 
 
 45. Cicero makes use of this figure in his oration for 
 Milo : " Can you be ignorant, among the conversation of 
 this city, what laws — if they are to be called laws, and 
 not rather the fire brands of Rome, and the plagues of the 
 commonwealth — this Clodius designed to fasten and fix 
 upon us." Another example occurs in the following pas- 
 sage of Cicero, in his defence of Plancius : " For what 
 greater blow could those judges — if they are to be called 
 judges, and not rather parricides of their country — have 
 given to the state, than when they banished that very man, 
 who when praetor, delivered the republic from a neigh- 
 bouring, and who, when consul", saved it from a civil war ?" 
 So in St. Paul's first epistle to the Corinthians : " I la- 
 bour more abundantly, than they all : yet not I, but the 
 grace of God, which was with me." See Gal. iv. 9. 
 Isai. xlix. 15. Luke xi. 27, 28. Rom. viii. 34. 
 
 46. Milton begins his Paradise Lost by a beautiful ex- 
 ample of this figure : 
 
 Of man's first disobedience, and the fruit 
 Of that forbidden tree, whose mortal taste 
 Brought death into the world, and all our wo, 
 With loss of Eden, till one greater man 
 Restore us, and regain the blissful seat ; 
 
 Terms translated. 
 45 Correction. 46 Inversion. 
 
ELOCUTION. 57 
 
 | Asyndeton, or, (which the same implies) 47 
 Dialyton the cop'lative denies. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Sing- heav'nly muse ! that on the sacred top 
 Of Oreb, or of Sinai, didst inspire 
 That shepherd, who first taught the chosen seed, 
 In the beginning how the heaven's and earth 
 Rose out of Chaos. 
 The natural order of the words in this passage would 
 have been, Heavenly muse, sing of man's first disobedi- 
 ence, &c. 
 
 Another example occurs in the eleventh book of the same 
 poem : 
 
 " The angelic blast 
 Filled all the regions : from their blissful bow'rs 
 Of amaranthine shade, fountain, or spring, 
 By the waters of life, where'er they sat 
 In fellowship of joy, the sons of light 
 Hasted, resorting to the summons high, 
 And took their seats." 
 The natural order of the words would be, the sons of 
 light hasted from their blissful bowers. See Eph. iii. 20, 
 21. 
 
 47. Longinus says that " sentences, artfully divested of 
 conjunctions, drop smoothly down, and the periods are 
 poured along in such a manner, that they seem to outstrip 
 the very thought of the speaker." "Then," says Xenophon, 
 " closing their shields together, they were pushed, they 
 fought, they slew, they were slain." The hurry and dis- 
 traction of Dido's spirits, at vEneas's departure, is visible 
 from the abrupt and precipitate manner in which she com- 
 mands her servants to endeavour to stop him : 
 Haste, haul my galleys out ; pursue the foe ; 
 Bring flaming brands, set sail and quickly row. 
 
 And St. Paul, in his first epistle to the Corinthians, says: 
 " Charity envieth not ; Charity vaunteth not itself, is not 
 
 Term translated. 
 
 47 Omission of a copulative. 
 
58 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 
 
 In Polysyndeton conjunctions flow, 48 
 And every word its cop'lative must show. 
 Periphrasis of words doth use a train, 49 
 
 Intending one thing only to explain. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 puffed up, doth not behave itself unseemly, seeketh 
 not her own, is not easily provoked, thinketh no evil." — 
 See 1 Tim. iii. 2, 3. Rom. i. 29—31. Rom. iii. 11. 12. 
 2 Cor. vi. 4—10. 
 
 48. This figure adds weight and gravity to an expres- 
 sion, and makes what is said to appear with an air of so- 
 lemnity, and, by retarding the course of the sentence, gives 
 the mind an opportunity to consider and reflect upon every 
 part distinctly. Thus Demosthenes encourages the Athe- 
 nians to prosecute the war against Philip king of Macedon, 
 because " they had ships, and men and money and stores 
 and all other things which might contribute to the strength 
 of the city, in greater number and plenty than in former 
 times." A beautiful instance of this figure occurs in the 
 eighth chapter of Romans : " For I am persuaded, thatnei'- 
 ther death,?zor life, nor angels, nor principalities, nor powers, 
 nor things present, nor things to come, nor height, nor 
 depth, nor any other creature, shall be able to separate us 
 from the love of God, which is in Christ Jesus our Lord." 
 See also Acts i. 13. Gal. iv. 10. Psal. xviii. 2. 
 
 49. Longinus says : " For as in music an important 
 word is rendered more sweet, by the divisions which are 
 run harmoniously upon it: so a Periphrasis sweetens a dis- 
 course carried on in propriety of language, and contri- 
 butes very much to the ornament of it, especially if there 
 be no jarring or discord in it, but every part be judicious- 
 ly and musically tempered." Longinus gives the follow- 
 ing example of this figure from Plato, in the beginning of 
 his funeral oration : " We have now discharged the last 
 duties we owe to these our departed friends, who, thus 
 provided, make the fatal voyage. They have been conduct- 
 ed publicly on their way by the whole body of the city, 
 
 Terms translated. 
 48 Many copulatives. 49 Circumlocution. 
 
ELOCUTION. 59 
 
 Hypotyposis to the eye contracts 50 
 Things, places, persons, times, affections, acts. 
 Epiphonema makes a final clause, 51 
 
 When narratives and proofs afford a cause. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 and in a private capacity by their parents and relations." 
 Here he calls Death " the fatal voyage," and discharging 
 the funeral offices, a public conducting of them by their 
 country. And Cicero, in his defence of Milo, instead of 
 saying that Milo's slaves had killed Clodius, uses the fol- 
 lowing Periphrasis, in order to conceal the horror of the 
 murder : " The servants of Milo acted upon this occasion, 
 without the orders, without the knowledge, without- the 
 presence of their master, as every man would wish his own 
 servants should act in like circumstances." So in the first 
 book of Kings : " I go the way of all the earth ;" that is, 
 I die. See 2 Pet. i. 14. Josh, xxiii. 14. Mark xiv. 25. Job 
 xviii. 14. John xxi. 7. 24. 
 
 50. Cicero, in order to prevail with the senate to direct 
 the execution of those conspirators with Cataline who 
 were then in prison, paints that horrible design in the 
 strongest colours : " Methinks I see this city, the light of 
 the world, and citadel of all nations, suddenly falling into 
 one fire ; I perceive heaps of miserable citizens buried in 
 their ruined country ; the countenance and fury of Cethe- 
 gus raging in your slaughter, presents itself to my view." 
 And in two lines he thus paints the anger of Verres : 
 " Inflamed with a mad and wicked intention, he came into 
 the forum ; his eyes sparkled with rage, and cruelty ap- 
 peared staring- in every feature of his face." See Psal. cvii. 
 25—29. Prov. xxiii. 29. Job. xxxix. 19—25. 
 
 51. Virgil, in the first book of his JEneid, says : " De- 
 clare, O Muse ! the causes why he suffered, what deity he 
 had offended, and why the queen of heaven was provoked 
 to doom a man of such distinguished piety to struggle with 
 a series of calamities, to encounter so many hardships : 
 dwells such resentment in heavenly minds ?" And having, 
 
 Terms translated. 
 50 Representation. 51 Acclamation. 
 
60 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 
 
 Enallagt doth alter person, tense, 52 
 Mood, gender, number, on the least pretence.* 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 in the same book, described the calamities which ./Eneas 
 and his associates suffered previous to their settlement in 
 Latium, he says : " So vast a work it was to found the 
 Roman state." When Cicero has shown that recourse 
 should never be had to force and violence except in cases 
 of the greatest necessity, he concludes with the following 
 remark : " Thus to think is prudence ; to act, fortitude ; 
 both to think and act, perfect and consummate virtue." — ■ 
 And having observed, in his Essay on Old Age, that all men 
 are solicitous to live to an advanced age, but uneasy under 
 it when attained, he says : " So great is their inconstancy, 
 folly, and perverseness." So in the book of Psalms : 
 "Kiss the son, lest he be angry, and ye perish from the way, 
 when his wrath is kindled but a little. Blessed are all they 
 that put their trust in him." See also Matth. xxii. 13,14. 
 Actsxix. 19, 20. 
 
 52. " Change of persons," says Longinus "has a won- 
 derful effect, in setting the very things before our eyes, 
 and making the hearer think himself actually present and 
 concerned in dangers, when he is only attentive to a re- 
 cital of them." So in the fifteenth book of Homer's Iliad : 
 
 No force could vanquish them, thou wouldst have 
 
 thought, 
 No toil fatigue, so furiously they fought. 
 
 " When you introduce things past," says Longinus, " as 
 actually present, and in the moment of action, you no 
 longer relate, but display, the very action before the eyes 
 of your readers." Thus Xenophon, in the seventh book 
 of his Cyropaedia, says: A soldier falls down under Cy- 
 rus's horse, and being trampled under foot, wounds him 
 in the belly with his sword. The horse impatient of the 
 wound, flings about, and throws off Cyrus. He falls to the 
 
 Term translated. 
 52 A change of order. 
 * Changes of Gender and Mood do not fall under the province 
 •of the English tongue. 
 
ELOCUTION. <U 
 
 Hyperbaton makes words and sense to run 53 
 In order that's disturbed; such rather shun. 
 Apostrophe, from greater themes or less, 54 
 Doth turn aside, to make a short address. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 to the ground." Longinus also says that " Plurals reduc- 
 ed and contradicted into singulars, have sometimes much 
 grandeur and magnificence." Thus Demosthenes in his 
 oration on the Crown, says : " Besides, all Peloponnesus 
 was at that time rent into factions." Instead of, " all the 
 inhabitants of Peloponnesus were at that time, rent into 
 factions." A remarkable instance of this figure is in 
 Psalm cxxviii. 1,2. " Blessed are all they that fear the 
 Lord, and walk in his ways. For thou shalt eat the labour 
 of thy hands : happy shalt thou be, and it shall be well 
 with thee. See Prov. viii. 3, 4. Luke v. 14. 
 
 53. There is a fine Hyperbaton in the fifth book of Pa- 
 radise Lost : 
 
 Sweet is the breath of morn, her rising sweet, 
 With charm of earliest birds : pleasant the sun, 
 When first on this delightful land he spreads 
 His orient beams, on herb, tree, fruit, and flow'r, 
 Glist'ring with dew : fragrant the fertile earth 
 After soft show'rs : and sweet the coming on 
 Of grateful evening mild : then silent night, 
 With this her solemn bird, and this fair moon, 
 And these the gems of heav'n, her starry train. 
 But neither breath of morn, when she ascends, 
 With charms of earliest birds : nor herb, fruit, flow'r, 
 Glist'ring with dew : nor fragrance after show'rs : 
 Nor grateful ev'ning mild : nor silent night, 
 With this her solemn bird : nor walk by noon, 
 Or glitt'ring starlight, without thee is sweet. 
 
 Another example of this figure is in Ephes. ii. 1, 5. 
 •* And you being dead ; even you being dead hath he 
 quickened." 
 
 54. Quintilian says, " The discourse, turned from the 
 
 Terms translated. 
 
 53 A passing over. 54 Address, or Turning aside. 
 
 7 
 
62 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC 
 
 Prosopxia a new person feigns, 55 
 
 And to inanimates speech and reason deigns. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 judge, and therefore called Apostrophe, is of singular ef- 
 ficacy, whether we attack the adversary, as 4 Tubero, 
 what was your naked sword doing in the battle of Pharsa- 
 lia V " " Or, turn to some invocation, as ' O ye Alban 
 monuments and groves !'" ** Or, implore the assistance of 
 the laws to make the infractor of them more odious, as 
 " O Porcian, and Sempronian laws !' " Demosthenes, in his 
 oration on the Crown, says : " But it cannot be 1 No, my 
 countrymen ! it cannot be, that you have acted wrong, in en- 
 countering danger bravely, for the liberty and safety of all 
 Greece. No! I swear by those generous souls of ancient 
 times who exposed their lives at Marathon ! By those who 
 stood arrayed at Plataea ! By those who encountered the Per- 
 sian fleet at Salamis, who fought at Artemisium! By all those 
 illustrious sons of Athens, whose remains lie deposited in 
 the public monuments !" Ossian abounds with beautiful 
 Apostrophes. Thus : " Weep on the rocks of roaring 
 winds, O maid of Inistore ! bend thy fair head over the 
 waves, thou fairer than the ghost of the hills, when it 
 moves in a sunbeam at noon over the the silence of Mor- 
 ven ! He is fallen ! thy youth is low ; pale beneath the 
 sword of Cuthullin !" Virgil sometimes uses this figure ; 
 Nor ParTtheus ! thee, thy mitre, nor the bands 
 Of awful Phoebus saved from impious hands. 
 And in another place : " Thus he possessed the gold by 
 violence. O ! cursed thirst of gold ! what wickedness 
 dost thou not influence men's minds to perpetrate ?" So 
 in the prophet Hosea : " The wild beast shall tear them. 
 O ! Israel thou hast destroyed thyself." See Gen. xlix. 17, 
 18. Psal. xxviii. 8, 9. Isai. i. 2. 
 
 55. There is a great propensity in human nature, under 
 emotion, to animate all objects. When we say " the ground 
 thirsts for rain," or the earth smiles with plenty ;" when 
 we speak of "froiv?iing disdain," or, "meek-eyed content- 
 Term translated. 
 55 The fiction of a person. 
 
ELOCUTION. 63 
 
 What other Figures are sometimes used by Rhetori- 
 cians ? 
 
 Pleonasmus, Ellipsis, Synathrsmus, Hendiadis, Hysic- 
 ron, Hypallage, Hellenismus, JEtiology, Tmesis, JLntimeria, 
 Antimetabole, Paradiastole, Epimone, and Antiptosis. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 meat;" such expressions show the facility with which 
 the mind can accommodate the properties of living crea- 
 tures to things which are inanimate, or to abstract con- 
 ceptions of its own formation. Thus Cicero, in his first 
 oration against Cataline, says : " If my country, which is 
 far dearer to me than my own life, if all Italy, if the whole 
 republic, should say to me : Marcus Tullius what are you 
 doing !" And in the same oration : " Your country, Cata- 
 line, reasons with you, and thus tacitly addresses herself 
 to you : not an atrocious crime has been perpetrated for 
 many years, but has had you for its author." Philoc- 
 tetes, in Sophocles, pours out to the rocks and caves of 
 Lemnos the following complaint : 
 
 O mountains, rivers, rocks and savage herds, 
 To you I speak ! to you alone I now 
 Must breathe my sorrows ! you are wont to hear 
 My sad complaints, and I will tell you all 
 That I have suffered from Achilles' son ! 
 
 The impatience of Adam to know his origin, is s ^pos- 
 ed to prompt the personification of all the objects he be- 
 held, in order to procure information : 
 
 Thou sun, said I, fair light ! 
 And thou enlightened earth, so fresh and gay ! 
 Ye hills and dales, ye rivers, woods, and plains, 
 And ye that live and move, fair creatures, tell, 
 Tell, if you saw, how came I thus, how here ? 
 
 So Isai. xxxv. 1. "The wilderness and the solitary 
 place shall be glad for them : and the desert place shall 
 rejoice, and blossom as the rose." See Josh. xxiv. 27. 
 Judg. ix. 8, &c. Psal. xcviii. 8. Prov. viii. 1, &c. Prov, 
 ix, 1, &c. 
 
64 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 
 
 Define and exemplify these Figures ? 
 A Plconasmus has more words than needs; 56 
 
 And, to augment the emphasis, exceeds. 
 Ellipsis leaves a word or sentence out, 57 
 
 When the conciseness causes not a doubt. 
 A Synathrxsmus sums up various things, 58 
 
 And as into one heap together brings. 
 Hcndiadis, for adjectives doth choose 59 
 
 Their proper substantives themselves to use. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 56. This figure is sometimes used for the purpose of 
 rendering an expression more emphatical : as, " Where in 
 the world is he ?•• At other times it is designed to ascer- 
 tain the truth of what is said. Thus the servant in Te- 
 rence, when the truth of what he related was called in 
 question, replied : " It is certainly so ; I saw it with these 
 very eyes." So in Isai. vi. 10. " Lest they see with their 
 eyes, and hear with their ears." &c. 
 
 57. Quintilian says " the retrenched word is sufficiently 
 understood by the rest, as in Ccelius against Antony." — 
 ''The Greeks all in confusion with joy." " As soon as 
 we have heard these words, we perceive that ' began to be* 
 is understood." So in Acts vi. 2. " Then the twelve (i.e. 
 Apostles) called the multitude of the disciples unto them." 
 
 58. The following example is from the Third Satire of 
 Juvenal : " He is a grammarian, rhetorician, geometrician, 
 painter, anointer, soothsayer, rope-dancer, physician, ma- 
 gician, a hungry Grecian knows every thing." And Dido, 
 in Virgil, beholding, from her watchtower, the departure 
 of the fleet of JEneas, says: "I might have hurled fire 
 
 .brands into his camp, filled the hatches with flames, extir- 
 pated the son, the sire, with the whole race, and flung my- 
 self upon the pile." There is another instance of this 
 figure in Cicero's Oration for Marcellus ; " The centurion 
 has no share in this honour, the lieutenant none, the cohort 
 none, the troop none." See Rom. i. 29,31. 
 
 59. Virgil, in his second Georgic, says : " This will be 
 
 T.'rmalrnnslatecl. 
 
 56 A Superfluity. 57 A Defect. 58 A gathering together. 
 59 One into two. 
 
ELOCUTION. 65 
 
 Hysteron doth misplace both words and sense 60 
 And makes the last, what's first by just pretence. 
 Hypallage doth cases oft' transpose : 61 
 A liberty, that's never used in prose. 
 'Tis Ilellenismus, when we speak or write, 62 
 In the like style and phrase as Greeks indite. 
 .Etiology gives every theme a reason ; 63 
 And, with convincing arguments, doth season. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 prolific of grapes, this of such liquor as we pour forth in 
 libation from gold and cups,-" that is, from golden cups. 
 And in his third book : " Nor would I dislike her if 
 streaked with white and spots ,•" that is, with white spots. 
 
 60. ./Eneas, in Virgil, perceiving that the Greeks had 
 taken the city of Troy, thus addresses his associates : 
 " Let us die, and rush into the thickest of our armed foes." 
 And in the ninth book of the ^Eneid, Nfsus uses this ab- 
 rupt exclamation, which admirably marks his disorder and 
 perturbation of mind : " On me, on ina, here am I who did 
 the mischief, O turn your swords on me, Rutulians." So 
 in Terence's Self-tormentor, act III, scene I. "He is well and 
 alive." " Homer frequently uses this figure ; hence, says 
 Cicero, in one of his epistles to Atticus, "I will answer 
 you," like Homer, "by Hysteron Proteron." An instance 
 of thi3 figure occurs in the book of Psalms: " Behold, he 
 travaileth with iniquity, and hath conceived mischief.' 
 
 61. Ovid says, " my mind induces me to speak of forms 
 changed into new bodies ;" for bodies changed into new 
 forms ; and in the Third Eclogue of Virgil ; " Nor have I 
 yet applied my lips to them," for, nor have I yet applied 
 them to my lips. 
 
 62. " I kept him from to die ,-" that is, from death. 
 
 63. Despise pleasure; for pleasure bought with pain-U 
 hurtful. 
 
 Terms translated. 
 60 This figure is commonly called l: Hysteron Proteron,', 
 which signifies, putting the last first. 61 A change. 62 A Grae- 
 cism, or Greek phrase. 63 Giving a reason. 
 
 7* 
 

 66 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 
 
 IJy Tmesis words divided oft are seen, CI 
 And others 'twixt the parts do intervene. 
 By Jlntimtrla, for one part of speech G5 
 Another's put, which equal sense doth teach. 
 Aniimctabole puts chang'd words again G6 
 By contraries ; some beauty to explain. 
 Paradiastok explains aright 67 
 Things in an opposite and diff'rent light. 
 Epimone repeats the same words o'er G3 
 At intervals, to move affection more. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 " 64. Milton, in the second book of his Paradise Lost, 
 says : 
 
 " And in what place soever 
 Thrive under ev'l,.and work ease out of pain, 
 Through labour and endurance." 
 And in St. John : " For what thing3 soever he doeth, these 
 also doeth the son likewise." 
 
 65. He is new, for newly, come home. 
 6G. Quintilian gives an instance of this figure from Ci- 
 cero's oration for Sextus Roscius : " For though he is mas- 
 ter of so much art, as to seem the only person alive who is 
 fit to appear upon the stage ; yet he is possessed of such 
 noble qualities, that he seems to be the only man alive 
 who may seem worthy never to appear there." 
 
 So in Romans vii. 19, "For the good that I would, I do 
 not : but the evil which I would not, that I do." 
 
 67. " Virtue may be overshadowed, but not overwhelm- 
 ed." And St. Paul, in 2 Cor. iv. 8, 9. says : " we are 
 troubled on every side, yet not distressed ; we are perplex- 
 ed, but not in despair ; persecuted, but not forsaken; cast 
 down, but not destroyed." 
 
 68. Virgil, in his eighth eclogue, repeats this sentence 
 eight times : " Begin with me, my pipe, Maenalian strains." 
 And in the same eclogue, he repeats the following one nine 
 
 Terms translated. 
 64 A Division. 65 One part for another. 66 Changing by 
 contraries. 67 Contradistinction. 68 Persisting in the same 
 words. 
 
ELOCUTION. 67 
 
 By Antiptosis you may freely place 69 
 One (if as proper) for another case. 
 
 Figures of Orthography. 
 Prosthesis, to the front of words doth add 70 
 Letters or syllables they never had. 
 Jlphxresis from the beginning takes, 71 
 What properly a part of the word makes. 
 Sy?icope leaves part of the middle out ; 72 
 Which causeth oft' of case and tense to doubt. 
 Epenthesis to the middle adds one more, 73 
 Than what the word could justly claim before. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 times : " My charms, bring Daphnis from the town, bring 
 Daphnis home to me." Theocritus, in like manner, in his 
 first Idyl, repeats this verse fourteen times : " Begin, O 
 Muses, begin the pastoral song." See Gen. xviii. 24 — 32. 
 John xxi. 15—17. Matt. xii. 31, 32. 
 
 09. This figure is peculiar to the ancient languages : asj 
 Urbem (pro urbs) quam statuo, vestra est. — Virg. 
 So in the ninth book of Homer's Iliad : 
 
 M.veTi <r$ Sxi/uur 
 
 And in the third book of the Odyssey : 
 
 'tl <$;\o?, H <ni:Xrrx kxkzv x.%1 ctvztJtr; &-zt$-j.'. 
 
 The word qiw, in both examples is put, by this figure, 
 for <+,i\i. 
 
 70. Milton, in the first book of his Paradise Lost, says : 
 
 And what resounds 
 In fable or romance of Uther's son, 
 Begirt with British and Armoric knights. 
 And Spenser : 
 
 But ah! Maecenas is yclad in clay, 
 And great Augustus long ago is dead. 
 
 71. Milton says : 
 
 " ^Twixt upper, nether, and surrounding fires." 
 
 72. O'er heaps of ruins stalked the stately hind. 
 
 73. Blackamoor, for Blackmoor. 
 
 Terms translnted. 
 
 69. A case put for a case. 70 Adding to. 71 Taking from 
 72 Cutting out. 73 Interposition. 
 
68 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 
 
 Apocope cuts off a final letter 74 
 Of syllable, to make the verse run better. 
 A Paragoge adds unto the end ; 75 
 Yet, not the sense, but measure to amend. 
 Metathesis a letter's place doth change, 70 
 So that the word appears not new or strange. 
 Antithesis doth change a syllable or letter, 77 
 Or holds up contrasts, as men think better. 
 
 Figures of Prosody. 
 Ecthlipsis M in th' end hath useless fixt, 78 
 When vowel or H begins the word that's next. 
 By Synalxpha final vowels give way, 79 
 That those in front of following words may stay. 
 A Systole long syllables makes short ; 80 
 The cramp'd and puzzl'd poet's last resort. 
 Diastole short syllables prolongs ; 81 
 But this, to right the verse, the accent wrongs. 
 Synxresis, whenever it indites, 82 
 Still into one two syllables unites. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 74. Rush thro'' the thickets, down the valleys sweep. 
 
 75. My ain kind deary. 
 
 70. Crudle, for curdle, is used both by Spenser and 
 Shakspeare. 
 
 77. In vain he spoke, for ah ! the sword addrest 
 With ruthless rage, had pierc'd his lovely breast. 
 
 78. Si vita' inspicias, for Si vitam inspicias. 
 
 79. Si vis anim' esse beatus, for Si vis animo esse bea- 
 tus. 
 
 80. Steterunt, for Steterunt. 
 
 81. Naufragia, for Naufragia. 
 
 82. Alveo, a dissyllable, for Alveo, a trissyllable. 
 
 Terms translated. 
 
 74 A Cutting off. 75 Producing, or making longer. 70 Trans- 
 position. 77 Opposition. 78 A striking out. 79 A mingling to- 
 gether. 80 A Shortening. 81 Lengthening. 82 A Contraction. 
 
EL0CUTI05. OP 
 
 DisRrtsis one into two divides ; 83 
 
 By which the smoother measure gently glides. 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 83. Evoluisset, for evolvisset. 
 
 Tropi Propril Quatuor. 
 Dat propria? similem translata Metaphora vocem : 1 
 Atque Metonymia imponit nova nomina rebus. 2 
 
 EXEMPLA. 
 
 1. Sunt variae Metaphorae. Quaedam ab animatis ad ani- 
 xnata : ut, 
 
 Quid enim hie meus frater ab arte adjuvari potuit, cum 
 a Philippo interrogans, quid latraret furem se videre re- 
 spondif? Cic. de Orat. Lib. ii. 54. 
 
 Keu HTfSf avTois TTcgJvQsvTs; ear*r« th ctKurrat: rxum. — Luc. xiii. 32. 
 Et ait illis : Euntes dicite vulpi ilh. 
 
 Ali© ab inanimatis ad inanimata : ut, 
 Sic fatur lacrymans, classique immiltit habenas. — Virg. 
 Aliae ab inanimatis ad animata : ut, 
 
 — Aut geminos, duo fulmina belli 
 Scipiadas. — Virg. 
 
 Oi/to? cf' hi'M &ri 7r&.a>:c( sg?c;? A^nuuv. — Horn. 
 
 Hie vero Ajax est ingens propugnaculum Achivorum. ' 
 
 Postremo ab animatis ad inanimata : ut, 
 
 Indomitique Dahae, et pontem indignatus Araxes. — Virg. 
 
 KaU/Ut* (pUVhTttSf iTTiX TTi^Ci'JTU. TT^CT/.uSx. Hom. 
 
 Sic dixit : autein cohorruit Calypso, eximia inter deas, 
 Et ipsum compellans verbis alalis allocutus est. 
 
 2. Sunt etiam variae Metonymiae. Sic causa pro effectu : 
 ut, 
 
 At rubicunda Ceres medio succiditur sestu. — Virg. 
 Afyiicwrc*'A££ix.u- *B.ytsn Ma«i ku tx; TppQims. Luc. xvi. 29. 
 Ait illi Abrahamus : habent Mosen et prophetas. 
 
 Term translated. 
 83 A Division. 
 
 Derivations. 
 
 1. a^ttjTswf^a, transfero. 2. n-fjuTovofAatgu, transnomino. 
 
70 ELEMENTA RHETORIC*. 
 
 Confundit totum cum parte Synecdoche saepe. 3 
 Ironia jocis contraria signat acutis. 4 
 
 EXEMPLA. 
 
 E contra effectus pro causa : ut, 
 
 — Aut geminos, duo fulmina belli 
 Scipiadas, cladem Libya ? — Virg. 
 Maecenas, atavis edite regibus, 
 O et presidium, et dulce decus meum ! Hor. 
 Aut subjectum pro adjuncto : ut, 
 
 Ille impiger hausit 
 Spumantem pateram, et pleno se proluit auro. Virg. 
 Tkto err; to <ra>/u.x /ut , kju rxro trrt to euuz fxa . — Marc. xiv. 22. 24. 
 Hoc est corpus meum, et hie est sanguis meus. 
 Postremo adjunctum pro subjecto : ut, 
 Crateras magnos statuunt, et vina coronant. — Virg. 
 En Priamus. — Id. 
 
 3. Synecdoche est simili modo varia. Aut enim ex ge- 
 nere speciem intelligimus : ut, Uo^iyn; u; toy kio-/u.ov a.7ra.vr<t, 
 x«£v£*t« tj tvoyyiXM 7rdL<m t» ktiq-u. Marc. xvi. 15. Euntes in 
 mundum universum, praedicate evangelium omni creature. 
 
 Aut e contra ex specie genus : Ut, Tcv ctgrov h/jlud/ toi ertou<rior 
 Jot n/nn <r>ijut£ov . Matt. vi. 11. Partem nostrum quotidianum da 
 nobis hodie. 
 
 Praeterea ex toto partem : ut, )^u.vtov kv^iov/ux, Kxtovx.oi1fa.7rcu 
 AtiKAvaurov. Joan. xx. 13. Sustulerunt Dominum meum, nee 
 scio ubi posuerunt eum. 
 
 Aut ex parte totum : ut, Anima quae peccat, ipsa morie- 
 tur. Ezech. xviii. 4. Omnes animae quae ingressae sunt 
 cum Jacobo in ^Egyptum sexaginta sex erant. Gen. xlvi. 
 26. 
 
 Aut ab plurali singularem : ut, To J" oxjtok-moi >wt'ju,u o~ut- 
 Tctu^ceSevn; uvra>, mtufi^ov etvrcu. Matt, xxvii. 44. Id ipsum autem 
 etiam latrones qui crucifixi erant cum eo, exprobrabant ei. 
 
 E contra ex singulari pluralem : ut, 
 Etth Tgo«>? /s^cv 7rToxnB^ov i7ngcn. — Horn. 
 Postquam Trojae sacrum oppidum devastavit. (Neque ille 
 enim solus, sed una cum aliis Grcecis Trojam evert it.) 
 
 4. Curasti probe. Ter. And. Act. v. Sc. ii. Ad Q. MeteU 
 
 Derivations. 
 
 3. a avifxJt^cfxai, comprehendo. 4. ab i-^i^anwo/usu, dissimulo. 
 
ELICUTIO. 
 
 71 
 
 Insultans hosti llludit Sarcasmus amare. 5 
 Hostili mordens Diasyrmus scommate laedit 6 
 Dat Charientismus pro duris mollia verba. 7 
 Jlsteismus jocus urbanus seu scomma facetum est. 8 
 Durior impropriae est Cataehresis abusio vocis. 9 
 
 EXEMPLA. 
 
 lum praetorem venisti : a quo repudiatus, ad sodalem tuum 
 virum optimum, Marcum Marcellum, demigrasti. — Cic. in 
 Cat. 
 
 Novum crimen, C. Caesar, et ante hunc diem inauditum 
 propinquus meus, ad te Q. Tubero detulit, Q. Ligarium in 
 Africa fuisse. Cic. pro Lig. 
 
 O bellum magnopere pertimescendum, cum banc sitha- 
 biturus Catilina scortatorum cohortem praetoriam ! Instruite 
 nunc, Quirites, contra has tam praeclaras Catalinae copi- 
 as vestra praesidia, vestrosque exercitus. Cic. in Cat. 
 
 Ut ludificans eos Elija diceret, clamate voce magna quan- 
 do quidem deus est, nam colloquim, aut nam insectatio est 
 ei, aut nam iter est faciendum ei : fortasse dormit, ut 
 evigilet. Regum lib. prior, cap. xviii. 27. 
 
 Tc/T£ i^Xfrrcit 7rgos <rcu; /unburns auircv, km \eyti nvroig' KciBtutfert to \oi7rov 
 Km <tva.7rcwiT§i. Matt. xxvi. 45. Tunc venit ad discipulos suos, 
 et dicit illis : Dormite cceterum, et requiescite. 
 
 5. Satia te, inquit, sanguine quern sitisti, cujusque in- 
 satiabillis semper fuisti. Just. Lib. i. Cap. 8. 
 
 Xm^e, o fenvthivs rw Icvfauev. Matt, xxvii. 29. 
 Gaude, rex Judaeorum. 
 
 6. Proinde tona eloquio, solitum tibi, meque timoris 
 Argue tu, Drance, quando tot stragis acervos 
 Tuecrorum tua dextra dedit, passimque tropaeis 
 Insignos agros. — Virg. 
 
 7. Bona verba quaeso. — Ter. And. act. i. Sc. 2. 
 
 — Ne S33vi magna Sacerdos. — Virg. 
 
 8. Qui Bavium non odit amet tua carmina, Maevi ; 
 Atque idem jungat vulpes, et mulgeat hircos. — Virg« 
 
 9. Instar mentis equum divina Palladis arte 
 JEdificant. — Virg. 
 
 Derivations. 
 5. a <Tct£K.a.ga>, carnes detraho, vel irrideo. 6. a JWyga, convitior. 
 ^- a X/ t i iiv ' rl ^f A!tt i jocor. 8. ab na-racs, urbanus. 9. a Knrct^no/unt- 
 abutor. 
 
72 ELEMENTA RHETORIC*. 
 
 Extenuans, augensve, excedit Hyperbole verum. 10 
 Voce tropos plures nectit Mclalepsis in una. 11 
 Continuare tropos solet Jlllegoria plures. 12 
 
 EXKMPLA. 
 
 Hie mini, dum teneras defendo a frigore myrtos 
 Vir gregis ipse caper deerraverat. — Virg. 
 
 Olentis uxores mariti. — Hor. 
 K«u vrarret^-x $hi7niv r»v <pav»v n'rtc Vvx-Xxo-tuir' , tux. Apoc. i. 12. 
 Et conversus sum videre voccm quae loquebatur cum me. 
 M» kxivi kmzv &7ro\x.va-u-fji.y) t»? <j>\i/2gw. Luc. Dial. 
 'Ne lucremur aliqu od etiam mail nx garrulitate. 
 il Tgiyt rw xtxcovzi ctiymv civi*. Theoc. Idyl. viii. 49. 
 O hirce albarum caprarum vir. 
 
 10. Hinc atque hinc vast® rupes, geminique minantur 
 In ccelum scopuli. — Virg. 
 
 — ipse arduus, altaque pulsat 
 Sidera. — Id. j 
 
 AewecT^s/ fcovc? , d-vuv (T cM/uomv o/miu. — Horn. 
 
 Hi candore nivem superant, cursuque aquilonem. 
 
 A >S 0V y /t' ^'^ttw y»v s^cvt' a.g t?r:<rrc\)K 
 A cutwM»s. Longin. 
 Agrum habuit habentem in se terram minorem epistola 
 Laconica. 
 
 11. Felix, heu nimium felix ! si litora tantum 
 Nunquam Dardaniae tetigissent nostra carinse. — Virg. 
 Fuit Ilium et ingens gloria Dardanidum. — Hor. 
 
 12. O navis, referent in mare te novi 
 Fluctus 1 O quid agis ? Fortiter occupa 
 Portum, &c. — Hor. 
 
 Equidem caeteras tempestates et procellas in illis duntax- 
 at fluctibus concionum semper putavi Miloni esse subeun- 
 das. — Cic. pro Mil. 
 
 Sine Cerere et Baccho friget Venus. — Ter. 
 Sed nos immensum spatiis confecimus sequor 
 Et jam tempus equum fumantia solvere colia. — Virg. 
 
 Derivations. 
 10 ab u7rt£C>t\>M>, supero. 11. a^tTaAsytCaw, transumo. 12. ab 
 
 *xuryc£ue, aliud dico. 
 
ElocuTio. 73 
 
 JEnigma obscuris involvit sensa loquelis. 13 
 Preemonet experto bene nota Parosmia dicto. 14 
 Personis aliud facit JLntonomasia nomen. 15 
 Fortius affirmat Litotes ad versa negando. 16 
 Asonituvoces Onomatopoeia fingit. 17 
 
 EXEMPLA. 
 
 13. Die quibusin terris, et eris mihi magnus Apollo, 
 Tres pateat coeli spatium non amplius ulnas. Virg. 
 Die quibirs in terris, inscripti nomina regum 
 Nascantur rlores. — Id, 
 
 14-. Lupum auribus teneo. — Ter. 
 Laterem lavem. — Id. 
 
 15. — Divum pater atque hominum. — Virg. 
 Trus est et subito, qui modo Croesus erat. — Ov. 
 Qui Curios simulant et Bacchanalia vivunt. — Juv. 
 
 fit (tTPO? JUVPIGIS AKhQls) KM T* TTigl TUC AXaxJclC TO) 7T01HTH 7rot^aLTiT0XjU>f 
 
 fjLii& — Longin. 
 
 Velut (praeter innumera alia) etiam ilia, quae de Aloidis 
 a poeta sunt audacia felici dicta, 
 
 16. Non laudo ,- id est, Reprehendo. — Ter. And. 
 
 — Dabitur, Trojane, quod optas : 
 Munera nee sperno. — Virg. 
 Est, qui nee veteris pocula Massici 
 Spernit, (id est, magnopore amat) — Hor. 
 Aw, xx. ev to/? 7rxao<riv currw wSoKii<riv o ©£«?' x/jfrtir'reuhwtui ytg «vt» tg« 
 jtta. — 1 Cor. x. 5. 
 
 Sed non in pluribus eorum probavit Deus : prostrati sunt 
 enim in deserto. 
 
 17. Bombalio, clangor, stridor, taratantara, murmur. 
 
 Atyffi fiioe-, vajpiSejuey' i&%iv, ctKro cf' otcrros 
 0£vQth»c~ — Horn. 
 Striduit arcus, nervus autem valde sonuit, saliitque sa- 
 gitta acutam habens cuspidem. 
 
 Aov7rwriv Si nctem clqx.Qho-z Si nu^i vrr cwrod — Id. 
 Fragorem vero edidit cadens, sonitumque dedere arma su- 
 per ipsum. 
 
 Derivationes. 
 13. ab tuvnra), obscure loquor. 14. a 7ra^oifAtit^oiutu } proverbialiter 
 loquor. 15. ab eetrt, pro, et ovo/ust^a>, nomino. 16. a hires , tenuii. 17 
 ab ovo^c*iwo/a», nomen facio. 
 
 8 
 
74 ELEMENTS RHETORIC-*. 
 
 Oppositas rebus vocc3 Antiphrasis aptat. IS 
 JDe Figuris. 
 Figurfc Dictionis ejusdam so?ii. 
 Diversis membris frontem dat Anaphora eandeim 19 
 Unum diversis finem dat Epistrophe membris. 20 
 Incipit et finit pariter duo Symploce membra. 21 
 
 EXEMPLA. 
 
 18. Lucus a luceo, significat nemus opacum. Bellum, a 
 bellus, a, um, quod minime sit bellum. Fata dicuntur Parca, 
 quia nemini par cunt. 
 
 19. Nihilne noctumum presidium palatii, nihil urbis vi- 
 giliae,mAi7timor populi, nihil consensus bonorum omnium, 
 nihil hie munitissimus habendi senatus locus, nihil horr 
 ora vultusque moverunt'? — Cic. in Cat. 
 
 Hie gelidi fontes, /ucmollia prata, Lycori, 
 Hie nemus : hie ipso tecum consumerer aevo. — Virg. 
 Te, dulcis conjux, te solo in litore secum, 
 Te veniente die, te decedente canebat. — Id. 
 
 N/ga/j, tf &v Iv/uuiQev d.yty r^uc VHetS iltrug, 
 N^«y? Ay\cu>ts&' vice, X^otoot' clvumtw 
 N>ga;f , eg w£.Khi<T<ros ctvug v7ro Ihiov »xQi. — Horn. 
 Nireus tres Syma naves adduxit et ipse, 
 Nireus Aglaia Charopoque potente creatus, 
 Nireus, quo Trojam venit, non pulchrior alU 
 •20. Doletis tres exercitus populi Romani interfectOo 
 interfecit Antonius : desideratis clarissimos cives ; eosque 
 eripuit vobis Antonius : auctoritas hujus ordinisafflicta est; 
 afflixit Antonius. — Cic. in M. Ant. 
 
 Namque ego, crede mihi, si te modo pontus haberet, 
 Te sequerer, conjux, et me quoque pontus haberet. 
 21. Quis eos postulavit? Appius : quis produxit? Ap- 
 pius. — Cic. pro Mil. 
 
 Quis legem tulit? Rullus : quis majorem populi partem 
 suffragiis privavit ? Rullus ; quis comitiis praefuit ? idem 
 Rullus. — Cic. 
 
 Quam bene, Caune, tuo poteram nurus esse parenti ! 
 Quam bene, Caune, meo poteras gener esse parenti. — Ov. 
 
 Derivationes. 
 18. ab cLvTi<p£'Jt.fa, per contrarium loquor. 19. ab *vsi<|>£§a, refero. 
 20. ab ejwTgftpa, converto. 21. a cru^^-xata), connecto. 
 
ELOCUTIO. 75 
 
 Incipit et voce exit Epanalepsis eadem. 22 
 
 Inverso repetens dat Epanodos ordine voces. 23 
 Voce Jlnadiplosis qua finit incipit ipsa. 24 
 
 EXEMPLA. 
 
 22. Multi et graves dolores inventi parentibus, et pro- 
 pinquis multi. — Cic. 
 
 Vidimus tuam victoriam praeliorum exitu terminatam ; 
 gladium vagina vacuum in urbe non vidimus. Cic. pro M. 
 Marcel. 
 
 Multa super Priamo rogitans, super Hectore multa. — Virg. 
 Non amo te, Sabidi, nee possum dicere quare ; 
 Hoc tantum possum dicere, non amo te. — Mart. lib. i. Ep. 33. 
 V ictus amore tui, cognato sanguine victus — Virg. 
 
 Una dies Fabios ad bellum miserat omnes, 
 
 Ad bellum missos perdidit una dies. — Ov. 
 
 Xmet<TSiv Kv£ia> 7ravrcri, 7r*kiv iga>,xdueeri. Phillipp. iv. 4. 
 
 Gaudete in Domino semper, iterum dico, gaudete. 
 
 23. — Crudelis tu quoque mater : 
 Crudelis mater magis, an puer improbus ille ? 
 Improbus ille puer, crudelis tu quoque mater. — Virg. 
 
 Ecquam putatis civitatem pacatam fuisse, quae locuples sit? 
 Ecquam locupletem, quae illis pacata esse videatur 1 Cic. 
 ro L. Man. 
 
 A§»? t« figcroxoryoc , Eg/j t' ct/uorov /ui/uAvat, 
 
 *H juev, i%)iv<rcL xvSot/uov tivniSi* JawniTor 
 
 A§»? J' iv TrsLKA/umri 7riKa>£tov ey%ot ewfAH. — Horn. 
 
 Mars homicida, dea et Contentio litigiosa, 
 Haec etiam turbas ciet, *ac hostilia multa : £ 
 
 Mars autem manibus praegrandem concutit hastam. 
 
 24. Hie tamen vivit ; vivit ? Imo vero etiam in senatum 
 venit. — Cic. in Cat. 
 
 Quamdiu quisquam erit qui te defendere audeat, vives : et 
 vives ita ut nunc vivis, multis meis et firmis praesidiis 
 ■obsessus. — Id. 
 
 Pierides : vos haec faeietis maxima Gallo ,• 
 
 Gallo, cujus amor tantum mihi crescit in horas. — Virg. 
 
 Addit se sociam, timidisque supervenit JEgle ; 
 
 JEgle Naiadum pulcherrima — Id. 
 
 Derivationes. 
 •22. ab wri, et AVAXA/uQetva) , repeto. 23 ab im, et scvxJos, ascensus ' 
 ■24, ab ayajprxaaij redupliec 
 
76 ELEMENTA RHETORICS. 
 
 Confirmat vocem repetens Epizeuxis eandem. 25 
 Verba Ploce repetit paulum mutantia sensum. 26* 
 
 Nomen idem variis Polyptoton casibus effert. 27 
 
 EXEMPLA. 
 
 Ecce Dionrei processit Caesaris astrum ; 
 Astrum, quo segetes gauderent frugibus. — Id. 
 
 la J" eya> ayrics a/xi, ksli u 7rvgi ;£«§*? ioiksv, 
 
 El 7rjgi %iig*t; ioix.ijut.ev a; J' auQccvi <riSnga>. — Horn. 
 Hunc adversus eo, quamvis sit Jl a mmea dextr a, 
 Flammea dextra licet, vis ignea denique ferri. 
 
 25. Tu, tu, inquam, M. Antoni, princeps C. Ccesarf, 
 omnia perturbare cupienti, causam belli contra patriam in- 
 ferendi dedisti. — Cic. in M. Ant. 
 
 Ah, Corydon, Corydon, qua? te dementia cepit ! — Virg. 
 
 Excitate excitate eum, si potestis, ab inferis. — Cic. pro 
 Mil. 
 
 Crux, crux, inquam, infelici et aerumnoso comparabatur. 
 Cic. in Ver. 
 
 Totum hoc (quantnmciinqiie est, quod certe maximum 
 est,) totum est, inquam, tuum. — Cic. pro Marcel. 
 
 i Ii£x<r*?oi{A., i Isztio-aLh>ifu., ( » a.7rwrwx<j-a. me 7r^o^»noc.e- — Matt, xxiii. 37. 
 
 Hierusalem, Hierusalem, occidens prophetas. 
 
 26. Ad ilium diem Memmius erit Memmius, sc. sibi simi- 
 lis. 
 
 Simla est Simla, etiamsi aurea gestat insignia. 
 
 In hac victoria Casar fuit Casar, sc. mitisimus victor. 
 
 27. Argumentis agemus ; signis omni luce clarioribus 
 criminarefellemus ; res cum re, causa cum causa, ratio cum 
 ratione pugnabit. — Cic. pro Coal. 
 
 Jam clypeus clypeis, umbone repellitur umbo, 
 Ense minax ensis, pede pes, et cuspide cuspis. — Stat. 
 Th. viii. 
 
 Mors mortis morti mortem nisi morte dedisset, 
 iGternae vitae janua elausa foret. — Epig. deChristo. 
 
 ' Ot/ €^ ovum, kcu SC cuim, kcu ne aunov ta TntvTtt. Rom. xi. 36. 
 Quoniam ex ipso, et per ipsum, et in ipso omnia. 
 
 Derivationes. 
 25. ab iTrt^ivyvv/iAi, conjungo. 26. ajrxacatnecto, vel flecto. 27. a ara- 
 ku; , multus, et jrraavs , casus. 
 
ELotimo 77 
 
 Dat varium sensum voci Jlntanaclasi's eidem. 28 
 Paronomasia alludit sonitumque imitatur. 29 
 Naturae ejusdem sibi verba Paregmenon addit. 30 
 Fine sonos similes conjungit Homoioteleuton. 31 
 
 EXEMPLA. 
 
 28. Cum Proculeius quereretur de filio, quod mortem su- 
 am exoptarit ; et ille dixisset, se vero non expectare ; imo, 
 inquit, rogo expectes. — Quint. 
 
 Quis neget iEneae natum de stirpe Neronem 1 Sustulit 
 hie (sc. interfecit) matrem, sustulit ille (sc. deportavitj 
 patrem. — Mart. Epig. 
 
 Quid ergo] ista culpa Brutorum ? Minime illorum qui- 
 dem, sed aliorum brutorum, qui se cautos et sapientes pu- 
 tant. — Cic. ep. ad Att. 
 
 f O h Impou; U7rsv oxitoo' AkoXuBh juoi, iuu ctcpss t»c vatgovi Sa^ou t«? iuv- 
 rav vacuous. — Matt. viii. 22. 
 
 At Jesus aitilli : sequere me, et dimitte mortuos sepelire 
 suos mortuos. 
 
 29. Inceptio est amentium, haud amantium. — ^er. And. 
 Tibi parata erunt verba, huic verbera, — Ter. Heaut. 
 
 Nunquam satis dicitur, quod nunquam satis disciiur. — 
 Sen, Ep. 28. 
 
 Itaque plebiscitum, quo magis oneratus quam honor a- 
 tus sum, primus antiquo abrogoque. — Liv. 
 
 De oratore arator factus. — Cic. 
 2y it Tlrrpog . khu eri rctwra th ttst^a oucoJojumroo /ux <r»v zhkkho-iclv . — 
 Matt. xvi. 18. 
 
 Tu es Petrus, et super hac/xzfoyzasdificabo meam ecclesi- 
 am. 
 
 30. Sed ut turn ad senem senex de senectute, sic in hoc li- 
 bro ad amitum amicissimus de amicitia scripsi. — Cic. de 
 Amicitia. 
 
 Tu quoque Pieridum studio, studiose, teneris ; 
 Ingenioque faves, ingeniose, meo. — Ov. 
 Is demum miser est, cujus nobililas miserias nobilitat. 
 
 31 . Non ejusdem est f aeere fortiter, et vivere turpiier. -Cic. 
 
 Derivations. 
 28. ab clvti, centra, et avsucAXia), revoco. 29. a tt^*, juxta, et 
 tvojua., nomen. 30. a.7ru^3tyo/uau, juxta ducor. 31. ab 'o/xoim, simi- 
 liter et rtwrov, firutum. 
 
 8* 
 
78 ELEMENTA RHETORICS. 
 
 Verba Climax repetit gradibus quoque pergit eundo. 33 
 Iisdem plura facit Synonymia nomina rebus. 33 
 
 EXEMPLA. 
 
 Vivis invidiose, delinquis studiose, loqueris odiose. 
 Quid est in Coelo 1 Nescio, sed dico quod non est : 
 Non ibi debilis, aut homo flebilis ; 
 Aut furor, aut lis : 
 Aut cibus, aut coquus, aut Venus, aut Jocus 
 
 Ant tumor, aut vis. — Bern. Mor. 
 Quos anguis dims tristi mulcedine^amV; 
 Hos sanguis mirus Christi dulcedine lavlt. 
 X^n^etvov !T^siVT*$IAEIN, tSihovr&Si IIEMnEIN.— Horn. 
 32 Neque verose populo solum, sed etiam senatui commisit: 
 neque senatui modo, sed etiam publicis prassidiis, et armis : 
 neque his tantum, verum etiam ejus potestati, cui senatus 
 totam rempublicam commiserat. — Cic. pro Mil. 
 
 Quae reliqua spes libertatis manet, si illis, et quod libet, 
 licet ; et quod licet, possunt ; et quod possunt, audent ; et 
 quod audent, faeiunt ; et faciunt quodcunque molestum 
 est?— Cic. 
 
 Facinus est vincire cirem Romanum ; scelus verberare, 
 prope parricidium necare ; quid dicam in crucem tollere 1 
 — Cic. pro Rabir. 
 
 EiT/^OgJJ^XfTATS iV <TH TrKTTil VfAW TXV «£ST»V , SV Si T» 4tgST« TW yVOXTtV, tt 
 
 Si t» •yvaxru t»v eyK^xrHctv, ev Sim eyHgtLriix.mv vm/movM ev S~i m ufxa/uor* 
 r»r eutr&ii&v ev Si m tur&itcL mv <$i\<tSi\q&.v , ev Se m QiKctSiKqia. tw 
 ttytam. — 2 Pet. i. 5—7. 
 
 Subministrate in fide vestra virtutem,in autem virtute cogni- 
 tionem, in autem cognitione temperantiam, in autem tem- 
 perantia tolerantiam, in autem tolerantia pietatem, in au- 
 tem pietate amorem fraternitatis, in autem amore fraterni- 
 tatis charitatem. 
 
 33. Vultus denique totus, qui sermo quidam tacitus men- 
 tis est, hie in errorem homines impulit : hie eos, quibua 
 erat ignotus, decepit, fefellit, in fraudem induxit. — Cic. in 
 L. Pis. 
 
 Quern si fata virum servant, si vescitur aura 
 ^Stherea, neque adhuc crudelibus occubat umbris. — Virg. 
 
 Derivationes. 
 
 32. a x\aa, acclino. 33. a a-w, con, et cro^u*, nomen. 
 
ELOCUTIO. 
 
 79 
 
 Figurae ad Ratiocinationem. 
 Qnaerit Erotesis poterat quod dicere recte. 34 
 Anticipat, quae quis valet objecisse, Prolepsis. 35 
 ! Plane, aut dissimulans, permittit Epitrope factum. 36 
 
 EXEMPLA. 
 
 Quicunque ubique sunt, qui fuere, quique futuri sunt 
 posthac, stulti, stolidi, fatui, fungi, bardi, blenni, bucco- 
 nes, solus ego omnes longe anteeo stultitia et indoctis mo- 
 ribus. — Mart. 
 
 34. Et procul : O miseri, quae tanta insania cives 1 * 
 Crediti's avectos hostes 1 aut ulla putatis 
 
 Dona carere dolis Danaum ] sic notus Ulysses ?--Virg 
 
 'H @XkwQi, i!7Ti fXOl, TTigUOVTi? OXITOHV mJvQAV&rBsU KU.TO. T»V etycg&V, 
 
 \eyersu ti kaivov ', ymiro yatg av t/ x.'MV(,rigw, « Mwdw a.wg aQhvsuh; ka- 
 TH7ro\iy.u>v , ku.i tcl rav 'Exxav*v Sioikw ; nbmte Qthnnroz ', a /u.ct A/,' a.h\' 
 curBiva. Ti £' l v/uiv SttL<pigu ; k-xi yug uv art* ri 7raB» 7 <Tct%ia>$ l v/uei( l vn- 
 got <bi\i7nrw Troimm. — Demost. Philipp. i. 
 
 Num vultis, die mihi, circumcursitantes alius alium per- 
 contari in foro, diciturne aliquid novi 1 Quid enim magis no- 
 vum fieri potest, quam hominem Macedonem Athenienses 
 bello subigere, Graeciaeque pro suo libitu res administrare ? 
 Mortuusne est Philippus ? Non per Jovem : atqui aegrotat. 
 Quid vero hoc vestra interest 1 ? Etsi enim moriatur ille, 
 brevi vos alium Philippum vobis facietis. 
 
 35. Siquis vestrum, Judices, aut eorum qui adsunt, forte 
 miratut, me, qui tot annos in causis judiciisque publicis 
 ita sim versatus, ut defenderim multos, laeserim neminem, 
 subito nunc mutata voluntate ad accusandum descendere : 
 is, si mei consilii causam rationemque cognoverit, una et 
 id quod facio probabit, et in hac causa profecto neminem, 
 praeponendum esse mihi actorem putabit,— Cic. in Caecil. 
 
 A\x' tgu Tig' Has sryugovra.1 a vmgot ', 7rcia> Si aee/uctTl epyovraU ; A<f>- 
 goy, <ru l o ayrugag, a £tto7roturxi,ixv jm.it attcBolvh.. — 1 Cor, xv. 35, 36. 
 
 Sed dicet aliquis ; quomodo resurgunt mortui 1 quali 
 autem corpore veniunt 1 insipiens, tu quod seminas, non 
 vivificatur, si non moriatur. 
 
 36. Tribuo Graecis literas, do multarum artium disciplin- 
 ary ingeniorum acumen, dicendi copiarn, denique etiam si- 
 
 Derivationes. 
 34. ab tgatrctet, interrogo. 35. a 7rgo\a./uCuva), anticipo. 36. ad vrtrpvra, 
 permitto. 
 
90 ELEMENTA RHETORICS 
 
 Consul tat cum aliis Anaccenosis ubique. 37 
 Oppositum Antithesis sensum librare paratur, 38 
 
 EXEMPLA. 
 
 qua alia sibi sumunt, non rupugno : testimoniorurn religio- 
 nem et fidem liunquam ista natio coluit. — Cic. pro Flac. 
 
 Sint sane, quoniam ha se mores habent, liberates ex so- 
 ciorum fortunis, sint misericordes in furibus aerarii : ne il- 
 lis sanguinem nostrum largiantur; et, dum paucis scelera- 
 tis parcunt, bonos omnes per'ditum eant. — Sal. 
 
 Egstf ay. E^iKhxa-Qna-cLv ci xxaJoi, iva. ryoo ryKivrgtrSce. Ketkar m &7rt(r- 
 Tl& ^ackctaQmrctv , o~v Si r» ttitth scttukxc jum v^tihoqecva, ttXhsL <p r £x. — 
 Rom. xi. 19. 20. 
 
 Dices ergo : Defracti sunt rami, ut ergo insererer. Pul- 
 chre ; incredulitate defracti sunt, tu autem fide stas ; ne ef- 
 feraris animo, sed time. 
 
 37. Queero, si te hodie domum tuam redeuntem coacti 
 homines, et armati, noh modo limine, tectoque sedium tua- 
 rum, sed primo aditu, vestibuloque prohibuerint, quid ac- 
 turus sis'? — Cic. 
 
 Tu denique, Labiene, quid faceres tali in re ac tempore! 
 cum ignavise ratio te in fugam, atque in latebras impelle- 
 ret : improbitas et furor Lucii Saturnini in Capitolium ar- 
 cesseret : consules ad patriae salutem ac libertatem voca- 
 rent : quam tandem auctoritatem, quam vocem, cujus sec- 
 tam sequi, cujus imperio parere potissimum velles 1 Cic. 
 pro Rul. 
 
 Quin denique, quid censetis 1 cedo, si vos in eo loco es- 
 setis, quid aliud fecissetis 1 — Cic. 
 
 38. Odit populus Romanus privatam luxuriam, publicam 
 munificentiam diligit. — Cic. 
 
 Ex hac parte pudor pugnat, ill i ne petulantia. — Id. 
 
 Caesar beneficiis ac munificentia magnus habebatur, in 
 tegritate vitae Cato, &c. — Sail. 
 
 Egentes in locupletes, perditi in bonos, servi in domi- 
 nos, armabantur. — Cic. 
 
 vtocev XQirrcv In<rx ra> Kv^icd 'hjuwv. — Rom. vi. 23. 
 
 Nam stipendia peccati mors ; at donatio Dei, vita aeterna 
 in Christo Jesu Domino nostro. 
 
 Derivalioncs. 
 37. ab nvxKitvooe, communico. 38. ab &vri, contra, et T&»f*i 7 pono. 
 
ELOCUTIO. 81 
 
 Oxymoron erit quasi contradictio vera. 39 
 Consulit, addubitans quid agat dicatve, Jiporia. 
 
 Figures ad Affectuum Concitationem. 
 ConcitatjEcphonesis et Exclamatio mentem. 41 
 
 EXEMPLA. 
 
 39. De te autem, Catilina, cum quiescunt, probant : cum 
 patiuntur, decernunt : cum tacent, clamant. — Cic. in Cat. 
 
 Et, consanguineas ut sanguine leniat umbras, 
 Impietate pia est. — Ov. 
 
 Nunquam se minus otiosum esse quam otiosum, nee mi- 
 nus solus quam cum solus esset. 
 
 I Id aliquid nihil est. — Ter. And. Ut cum ratione insa- 
 nias. — Ter. Eun. Tu pol, si sapis, quod scis, nescias. — 
 Ter. Heaut. 
 
 — Concordia discors. — Ov. 
 Amici absentes adsunt, &c. — Cic. 
 *H Si <r7rstrAXieTX, fatr* tsQwks. — 1 Tim. v. 6. 
 At deliciosa, vivens mortua est. 
 
 40. Quo me miser conferam 1 quo vertam? in capitoli- 
 um] at fratris sanguine redundat : an domum 1 matremne 
 ut miseram, lamentantem que videam, et abjectam ? Cic. 
 de Grac. 
 
 — quid igitur faciam miser ? 
 Quidve incipiam ? ecce autem video rure redeuntem se- 
 nem. 
 
 Dicam huic, an non? — Ter. Eun. 
 Eloquar an sileam 1 ? — Virg. 
 Quid faciam? roger, annerogem? quiddeinderogabo?— Ov. 
 vrnSi ev i-jLVTu l c oatovofjue' T/ 7rom-/oo 'art i o nv^m /ux ctcpsupsncii tw oik- 
 
 CVO/UfXV 0.7T i/J.% ', VKdLTriiM UK 1<T~)(JJ60, tfrcllTUV ClUT^yVOJUOil. LuC. XVi. 3. 
 
 Ait autem in seipso dispensator ; Quid faciam, quia do- 
 minus meus aufert dispensationem amel fodere non valeo 
 mendicare erubesco. 
 
 41. O audaciam immanem! tuetiamingredi illam domum 
 ausus es ? tu illud sanctissimum limen intrare 1 tu illarum 
 sedium diis penatibus os importunissimum ostendere ? — 
 Cic. in M. Ant. 
 
 Dcrivationes. 
 39. ab ^vf , acutus, et ,wagcj, stultus. 40. ab etTro^a, addubito* 
 41. ab m^wto), exclamo. 
 
ELEMENTA RHETORICS. 
 
 Librat in .intithctis contraria Enantiosis. 42 
 Aposiopesis sensa imperfecta relinquit. 43 
 
 EPEMPLA. 
 
 O clementiam admirabilem, atque omni laude, praedica- 
 tione, Uteris, monumentisque decorandam ! — Cic. pro. 
 Lig. 
 
 O scelus ! O pestis ! O labes ! — Cic. in Pis. 
 O Coelum ! O terra! O maria Neptuni ! — Ter. 
 Adelph. 
 
 Heupietas! heu prisca fides ! invictoque bello 
 Dextra ! — Virg. 
 
 ©s* /ux,0&fjt.is, (van junyx.ciTihi7rH ; — Matth. xxvii. 46. 
 Deus meus, Deus meus, ut quid me dereliquisti ! 
 42. Conferte hanc pacem cum Mo bello ,- hujus prsetoris 
 adventum, cum illius imp eratori s victoria ; hujus cohortem 
 impuram cum illius exercitu invicto ; hujus libidines cum 
 illius continentia ; ab illo qui cepit conditas ; abhoc, quicon- 
 stitutas accepit, capias dicetis Syracusas. — Cic. in Ver. 
 
 Plura beila gessit, quam caeteri legerunt ; plures provin- 
 cias confecit, quam alii concupiverunt : cujus adolescentia 
 ad scientiam rei militaris non alienis praeceptis, sed suis 
 imperiis : non offensionibus belli, sed victoriis : non sti- 
 pendiis, sed triumphis esterudita. — Cic. pro Leg. Man. 
 Alba ligustra cadunt, vaccinia nigra leguntur. — Virg. 
 43 — Quern quidem ego si sensero — 
 
 Sed quid opus est verbis. — Ter. And. 
 Quos ego — sed prsestat motos componere fluctus. — 
 Virg. 
 
 Cantando tu ilium 1 aut unquam tibi fistula cera 
 Juncta fuit 1 — Id. 
 
 — :Ego te, furcifer, 
 Si vivo. Ter. Eun. 
 
 Aeyuv 'gt< u Tyvm kxi <rv, am yi ev m n/ui^ci <rx return , rci 7r^( iig»r»v 
 w vw ii iK^vQyi a.7rc cqQccXjuuv ex . — Luc. xix. 42. 
 
 Dicens : quia si cognovisses et tu, et quidem in die tua 
 hac, quae ad pacem tuam ; nunc autem abscondita sunt ab 
 oculis tuis. 
 
 Derivationes. 
 42. ab tvxvnog, oppositus. 43. ab ct7ro<ria>7r4a, obticeo. 
 
ELOCUTIO. 83 
 
 Rem neg&tdpophasis, quam trans greditur Paraleipsis. 44 
 Verba Epanorthosis revocans addensque reformat. 45 
 Digna praeire, solet postponere Anastrophe verba. 46 
 
 EXEMPLA. 
 
 E/7TCT8 J 1 ' tX-VTi 
 
 X§e<¥ ifxuo yewrcit ctumu. xaycv bl/uuv*i 
 
 Tot? etXXoi;- — » ysi£ i oy' oxona-i <p£i<rt dvu. — Horn. 
 
 Sin vero unquam posthac opus me fuerit ad indignam 
 pestem arcendam ab aliis : — certe enim ille perniciosis con- 
 siliis furit. 
 
 44. Mitto illam primam libidinis injuriam, mitto nefarias 
 generi nuptias, mitto cupiditate matris expulsam niatrimo- 
 nio filiam. — Cic. pro Cluent. 
 
 Non referam ignaviam, et alia magis scelesta, quorum 
 po3nitere oportet : taceo, omitto homicidia, furta, et alia 
 tua crimina : nee ea dico, quae si dicam, tamen infirmare 
 non possis. — Cic. in Ver. 
 
 Eycv JIavkoq iy^L-\m m ijua X il ih s > a MTvum' 'ivctjun xeya> trot 'on x.su<re- 
 awTcv /uoi ?rgoa-!i(puXitc. — Phil. 19. 
 
 Ego Paulus scripsi mea manu, ego dependam ; ut non 
 dicam tibi quod et teipsum mihi addebes. 
 
 45. An vero ignoratis, neque in hoc pervagato civitatis 
 sermone versantur, quas ille leges, (si leges nominandae 
 sunt, ac non fasces urbis et pestes reipublica?) fuerit im- 
 positurus nobis omnibus, atque inusturus 1 — Cic. pro Mil. 
 
 — Filium unicum adolescentulum 
 Habeo : ah ! quid dixi habere me 1 imo habui, Chreme : 
 Nunc habeam, nee ne, incertum est. — Ter. Heaut. 
 O dementia ! dementia, dixi 1 potius patientia mira. — 
 Cic. in Ver. 
 
 axxn 7rs£io-<j-cry>ov cturw 7rcivrav zx.07ricura; hk ryonSi^a-XX 'a %2.gisTis Qm '» 
 aw i/xot. — 1 Cor. xv. 10. 
 
 Sed abundantius illis omnibus laboravi ; non ego autem 
 sed gratia Dei quae cum me. 
 
 46. Pastorum Musam, Damonis et Alphesiboei, 
 Immemor herbarum quos est mirata juvenca 
 Certantes ; quorum stupefactae carmina lynces ; 
 
 Derivationes. 
 44. ab si7ro, ab, et<^», dico: a,7rugitxevra>, praetermitto. 45. ab 
 t7rst,vc,$ca>, corrigo. 46. ab ctvaar^oo, retro verto. 
 
84 ELEMF.NTA RHETORIC*. 
 
 Dial yf on tollit juncturam, et Asyndeton tuque. 47 
 Conjunctura frequens vocum Polysyndeton esto. 48 
 
 EXEMPLA. 
 
 Et mutata suos requierunt ilumina cursus 
 Damonis Musam dicemus et Alphesibcei. — Virg. 
 Quid deinde ? quid censeris 1 furtum fortasse aut prae- 
 dam aliquam 1 — Cic. in Ver. Deinde, (inquit Quintilianus) 
 cum diu suspendisset judicum animos, suljecit quod multo 
 esset improbius. 
 
 47. Ite, 
 
 Ferte citi flammas, date vela, impellite remos. — Virg. 
 
 Ceeteros ruerem, agerem, raperem, tunderem, prosterne- 
 rem. — Ter. 
 
 Turn spectaculum horribile in campis patentibus : sequi, 
 fugere, occidi, capi. — Sal. 
 
 Abiit, excessit, evasit, erupit, — Cic. in Cat. 
 Veni, vidi, vici. — Caes. 
 
 Kau av/xCsikovTi; rat cltttiSx;, eeo&xvro, e/ua^ovro, ouratruviv , cLirfdyacxo* 
 — Xenoph. 
 
 Et confligentes clypeos impellebantur, pugnabant, caede- 
 bant, moriebantur. De istiusmodi constructione, vide Horn. 
 II. Lib. i. 105. iii. 23. iv. 89, 327. v. 276, 840. vi. 392, 517 
 vii. 23. xi. 196. xii. 365. xv. 239. 
 
 48. Me prae caeteris et colit et observat, et diligit. — Cic. 
 in Epist. 
 
 Et somnus, et vinum, et epulae, et scorta, et Balnea?, 
 corpora atque animos enervant. — Liv. 
 
 tectumque, laremywe, 
 
 Arma^ue, Amyclaeumyue canem, Cressamywe, pharetram. 
 Virg. 
 
 W&rwfAtti yx.% 'oti an Solvatcs, an fan, an ctyytxci, art et^su, art 
 i'wutfxai; j an iverr or*, an /w.iXKcvrct. an v\-a:y.dL. art fiu.Bc$. an ns wivk 
 'eri^A Jvvhv&t'JU '»//*? ^ct^;<r^t cl7T'j nxr ayct7riig ra Qta, rue (v X^urru In<nt 
 to) Kyg/a 'huuv. — Rom. viii. 38, 39. 
 
 Persuasus sum enim, quia neque mors, neque vita, ne- 
 que angeli, neque principatus, neque potestates, neque in- 
 stantia, neque futura, neque altitudo, neque pvofunditas, 
 
 Derivationes. 
 47. a Siaxvu), dissolvo : ab a, privat. et cWa*, conjungo. 48. a 
 artfo/?, multus, et <rwStu> } conjungo. 
 
XL0CUTI0. S5 
 
 Periphrasis verbis rem pluribus explicat unam. 49 
 Exprimit, atque oculis quasi subjicit Hypotyposis. 50 
 Res, loca, personas, aflfectus, tempora, gestus. 
 Narratura cl audit, vel Epiphonema probatum. 51 
 
 neque aliqua creatura alia poterit nos separare a charitate 
 Dei, quae in Christo Jesu Domino nostro. 
 
 49. Fecerunt id servi Milonis, neque imperante, neque 
 sciente, neque praasente domino, quod suos quisque servos 
 in tali re facere voluisset. (sc. interfecerunt Clodium.) 
 Cic. pro Mil. 
 
 Trojani belli scriptor, sc. Homerus. — Hor. 
 
 Et jam summa procul villarum culmina fumant, 
 
 Majoresque cadunt altis de montibus umbrae. — Virg. 
 
 'O juclShthc scuvoij 1 gv nya.7rx ( o Tixrag. — Joan xxi. 7. 
 Discipulus ille, quern diligebat Jesus. 
 
 50. Videor enim mihi hanc urbem videre, lucem orbis 
 terrarum, atque arcem omnium gentium, subito uno incen- 
 dio concidentem : cerno animo sepulta in patria miseros, at- 
 que insepultos acervos civium : versatur mihi ante occulos 
 aspectus Cethegi, et furor in vestra caede bacchantis. — Cic. 
 in Cat. 
 
 Obstupui,steteruntque comae, et vox faucibus haesit.-Virg. 
 Oi fj.oi, meant (xv wot yuya> ; — Eurip. Iphig, Taur. 
 Hei mihi ! interficiet me : quo fugiam % 
 
 51. Musa, mihi causas memora : quo numine laeso 
 Quidve do] ens regina Deum, tot volvere casus 1 
 Insignem pietate virum, tot adire labores 
 
 f Impulerit. Tantoene anirnis coelestibus irce 1 — Virg. 
 Tantae molis erat Romanam condere gentem ! — Id. 
 Quam ut adipiscantur omnes optant, eandem accusant 
 adepti : Tarda est stultitia et perversitas ! — Cic. de Senect. 
 
 tfurev, ksu atCctxert sts to (tkvtos to s^wn^cr fxsi tcrrou l o x.\uu6/u.cc Ktu ; o 
 @Puy/u.cs Tcev oiorrov. IloXKoi yug n<ri kxhtgi, ckeyct h SKhonoi.-Ma.tt. xxii. 
 13, 14. 
 
 Tunc dixit rex ministris : ligantes ejus pedes et manus 
 tollite eum, et ejicite in tenebras exteriores ; ibi erit rle- 
 
 Derivationes. 
 49. a.7rtejqgu.fa, circumloquor. 50. 'vwgtvwou, repra?sento. 51. ab 
 eriyaviu, acclamo. 
 
 9 
 
86 ELEMENTA RHETORICS. 
 
 Personam, 5 numerum, commutat Enallagep tempus 52 
 Cumque 3 modo, 4 genus et pariter: sic srepe videbis. 
 
 EXEMPLA. 
 
 tuset fremitus dentiumi/m^t enim sunt vocati pauciveroeledi. 
 52. J Ubi te ignaviae tradideris, (pro tradiderint.)— Sail. 
 Alta petunt : pelago credas innare revulsas 
 Cycladas, aut montes concurrere montibus altos. — 
 
 Virg. 
 
 $au»s k ax./u»Tctc xm arcugi^ etxX»\ot<riv 
 
 AvT«r9' gy 7r0Xiju.ee' i m tro-v/uivcec e/uit^pvro. — Horn. 
 
 Dlceres illos indefatigatos et indomitos sibi invicem oc- 
 currere in pugna ; adeo concitate pugnabant. 
 
 (Ubi, secunda persona utendo, Homerus lectorem facit 
 ut res ibi gestas non amplius legat, sed cernat ; ut denique 
 non tarn Poetee quam pugnantium comes sit.) 
 
 2 Hastam intorsit equo, ferrumque sub aure reliquit : 
 
 Quo sonipes ictu furit arduus, altaque jactat, 
 Vulneris impatiens, arrecto pectore crura : 
 Volvitur ille excussus humi. — Virg. 
 (Ubi, praesenti tempore utendo, Virgilius lectorem facit 
 et equi vulnus etbellatoris casum pene oculis videre.) Sic. 
 TltTrrceiuesJsris, i u7ro <rce Kv^a nnrooy ksu 7Tctrnfxivo? } Trmiu t» /uet^su^x 
 WT»v ycurTiP* tov 'iTrnrov i o h o-qaJsL^atv A7rosiitrcu rov Kvgcv, l oh 7Ti7rru.- 
 Xenoph. de Cyropaed. Lib. vii. 
 
 Cum cecidissit quidam subter equum Cyri et proculca- 
 retur, ferit equi ventrem gladio ; ille autem aegre ferens ex- 
 cutit Cyrum, hie vero decidit. 
 
 3 Xauguv (jsrva, %jxj£ov<ra>v , kai kxsuuv per*, kxcuovtw. — Rom. xii. 15. 
 Gaudere cum gaudentibus, et flere cum flentibus. 
 
 4 De hac generis mutatione, frequens est apud Homerum 
 usus ; dicit enim kxutos i l7r7roSAy.uci, et t&wv <pixf. 
 
 5 Singularis numerus positus vice pluralis vi et majes- 
 tate orationem vestit. — Sic : 
 
 E5r«9' '» nexo7rovv»<ros l st7rcL7ci Siua-rma. 
 Deinde omnis Peloponnesus in factiones discessit. 
 (verba sunt Demosthenis in oratione pro Corona, ubi '»ni, 
 xo7rovv»<roc usurpatur pro <o» Tlixo7rovm<rtoi. 
 
 E contra Pluralis pro Singulari saepe ponitur : ut, 
 Ov yct-i UiX07n;, aSi KxtS/uoi, xS' Aryv7rroi rt km &*vctoi, aS etxxot 
 
 Derivationes. 
 52. ab act\\'j.r<To>, permuto. 
 
ELOCUTIO. 87 
 
 Est vocura inter se turbatus Hyperbaton ordo. 53 
 Sermonem a praesenti avertit Apostrophe rite. 54 
 Largitur linguam Prosopopoeia rrmtis. 55 
 
 EXEMPLA. 
 iroKkoi <pu<ru (Zx^&tgot ovvcuwrtv 'h/uuv, aaa' axjrot 'EhXttvts, a jui^oCst^Cs^ot, 
 ctKis/u&. — Plat, in Menex. 
 
 Neque enim Pelopes, neque Cadmi, neque JEgyptii et Da- 
 nai, neque alii multi origine Barbari una nobiseum habi- 
 tant ; sed nos ipsi Hellenes, non cum Barbaiis commixti, 
 habitamus. 
 
 53. Vina, bonus quae deinde cadis onerat Acestes, 
 
 Litore Trinacrio, dederatque abeuntibus heros. — Virg. 
 
 (Ordo hie erat: Deinde heros dividit vina, quae bonus 
 Acestes, &c.) 
 
 — Agytioi h fxry isi^cv, */u<pt h vmc 
 'S.juSg'fctKiov KovcL&icriLV , aLumvrw i v7r > A%aua>v y 
 Mu&jv ercttvua-cLvn; OJWtwoj 3so*o.--- Horn. 
 Argivi vero altura clamabant, circumcircaque naves 
 Terribiliter sonitum reddebant, clamitantibus Achivis, 
 Sermonem collaudantes Ulyssis divini. 
 (Ordo namque orationis est, Agyvoi Si/mry* la^ov, 
 MuScv enrtuvwrcivris Qfv<r<rms &uoio) 
 
 54.— Et auro 
 
 Vi potitur. Quid non mortalia pectora cogis, 
 Auri sacra fames 1 — Virg. 
 Vos, vos appello, fortissimi viri, qui multum pro repub- 
 lica sanguihem effudistis. — Cic. pro Mil. 
 
 Vos enim, Albani tumuli, atque luci, vos, inquam, im- 
 ploro atque obtestor, &c. — Id. 
 
 — Pereunt Hypanisque Dymasque 
 Confixi a sociis : nee te, tua plurima, Pantheu, 
 Labentem pietas, nee Apollinis infula texit ! — Virg. 
 
 AXX' CWfc i^TlV, GVX. ZTT1V, OTTCei H/XUgTiTi CLV$£iS A&UVCtlOt, TOV V7Tf£ T»? 
 
 tt7ravrc6V «xa/9sg/st? sail trcnTngtctc Ktvfuvov at^cL/uivor Ovjua t«? tv MctgstQuvf 
 
 TrgOKnfvViVO-AVrclS T« 7Tg0yOVCeV, AdU TS? tV TlXiCTtUallS TTAgATA^OLJUltVCVS, KU4 
 
 Tfc? ev 1aL\ct/uivi vAujuat,^>)irAvrcig, mu <ra? wr 1 Agrz/uutria), km 9ro*.\cvc 
 1 imgouc, tx( ev ret? S»/uo<riois juvm/uuhti Kuy.ei/ovs, evyoiQcvs uvSgat. — De- 
 most. Orat. pro Cor. 
 
 55. Etenim si mecum patria, quae mihi vita mea multo est 
 
 Derivationes. 
 53. ab 'vTrtgGxjva, transgredior. 54. ab«t:*wrg«<p&>, averto. 55. arrga- 
 rc»7rcv, persona, et notta, facio. 
 
S8 ELEMENTA RHETORIC*. 
 
 • 
 
 Figures. Minor es. 
 Vocibus abundat Pleonasmus, et emphasin auget. 56 
 Dicitur Ellipsis, si ad sensum dictio desit. 57 
 Res specie varias Synathraeamus congerit una. 58 
 
 EX1MPLA. 
 
 carior, si cuncta Italia, si omnis respublica loquatur : M. 
 Tulli, quid agis 1— Cic. in Cat. 
 
 Patria tecum, Catilina, sic agit, et quodammodo tacita 
 loquitur .• Nullum jam tot annos facinus extitit, nisi per te. 
 —Id. 
 
 Quamobrem si cruentum gladium tenens clamaret T. 
 Annius, addste, quaeso, atque audite, cives, P. Clodium in- 
 terfeci : ejus furores, quos nullis jam legibus, nullis judi- 
 ciis frenare poteramus, hoc ferro et hac dextera a cervici- 
 bus vestris repuli ; per me,utunum jus, aequitas, leges, li- 
 bertas, pudor, pudicitia in civitate manerent ; esset vero 
 timendum, quonammodo id factum feret ci vitas •;. nunc enim 
 quis est, qui non probet? qui non laudet? — Cic. pro Mil. 
 
 Aut conjurato descendens Dacus ab Istro. — Virg. 
 
 Virtus sumit aut ponit secures. — Hor. 
 I Arbore nunc aquas culpante. — Id. 
 
 56. Satin' hoc certum 1 certum : hisce oculis egomet vidi.— 
 Ter. Adelp. 
 
 Sic ore locuta est.— Virg. 
 
 K*xov ef" outcc eyav owce ftfov o^8*X^co/cr/y. — Horn. 
 
 Pulchrum autem adeo ego nondum vidi oculis. 
 Aaa' cty*r\ etuttv Trans &a>i>n%o/!Aiv viae A^eucev. — Horn. 
 
 Verum agite, si quo modo armemus filios Achivorum.. 
 
 57. Triduo. abs. te nullas acceperam, (sc. epistolas.J — 
 Cic. 
 
 Rhodum volo, ind-e Athenas, (i. e. ire.)— Id. 
 Civica donatus, (i. e. corona.)— Liv. Dii meliora, Ci. e» 
 faciant.) — Cic. 
 
 58. Grammaticus, Rhetor, Geometres, Pictor, Aliptes 
 Augur, Schcenobates, Medicus, Magus, omnia novit.-Juv-. 
 
 — faces in castra tulissemj 
 Implessemque foros ilammis : natumque patremque 
 
 Derivationes. 
 56. a !T\flo»at^«, reduiujo. 57. ab s\\6wa, deficio. 58. a <rvvstB^oi^t f 
 congrego. 
 
KLoctJTio, 89 
 
 Hendiadi verbis res dicitur unica binis. 59 
 Quod meruit primum, vult Hysteron esse secundum. 60 
 Casu transposito submutat Hypallage verba. 61 
 Hellenismus erit phrasis aut constructio Graeca. 62 
 Propositum propriis probat JEtiologia causis. 63 
 
 EXEMPLA. 
 
 Cum genere extinxem : memet super ipsa dedissem. — 
 Virg. 
 
 Nihil ex istalaude Centurio, nihil Praefectus, nihil Co- 
 nors, nihil Turma decerpit. — Cic. pro Marcel. 
 
 59. — hie fertilis uvae, 
 Hie laticis ; qualem pateris libamus et auro, 
 
 (pro aureis pateris.) — Virg. 
 Nee mihi displiceat maculis insignis et albo, 
 (pro albis maculis.) — Id. 
 
 60. — moriamur, et in media arma ruamus. — Virg. 
 Me, me : adsum qui feci ; in me convertite ferrum, 
 
 O Rutuli, mea fraus omnis. — Id. 
 
 Valet atque vivit. — Ter. Heaut. 
 
 61. In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas 
 Corpora, ('pro corpora mutata in novas formas.) — Ov. 
 
 Met. 
 
 Necdum illis labra admovi, sed condita servo, 
 (pro ilia labr is.) —Virg. 
 
 — dare classibus austros, 
 (pro classes austris.) — Id. 
 
 62. Et qua pauper aquas Daunus agrestium 
 
 Regnavit populorum. 
 (pro regnator populorum.) — Hor. 
 Desine mollium querelarum. — Id. Desine clamorum. 
 
 63. Sperne voluptates ; nocet empta dolor e voluptas. 
 
 Mw 7rhctviurQr Osc? a p.VK,r»t>t£irrcu' 'o yct^ $u.y oyrvgn uvQ^am-o; , nero not 
 $-«gw«/. Gal. vi. 7. 
 
 Ne errate ? Deus non irridetur ; quod enim seminave- 
 rit homo hoc et metet. 
 
 Derivationes. 
 59. ab <«v, unum, et Sin, per, et ivo, duo. 60. ab 'u<rr$>ev, poste- 
 rius. 61. ab Wo, in, et oxkattu), muto. 62. ab Wwwfa, Gree^ 
 loquor. 63. ab (urtoteyw, rationem reddo. 
 
 9* ^^ 
 
90 ELEMENTA RHETORICS. 
 
 Voce interposita per Tmesin verbula scindas. 64^ 
 Antimeria solet pro parte apponere partem. 65 
 Inversis vertit sensum Antimetabole verbis. 66 
 Explicat, oppositum addens-, Paradiastole recte. 6.7 
 
 EXEMPLA. 
 
 64. Quo nos cunque feret melior fortuna parente, 
 \ Ibimus, O socii comitesque. — Hor. 
 
 Quern fors dierum cunque dabit, lucro 
 appone. — Id. 
 
 Quse me cunque vocant terras. — Virg. 
 Talis HyperboTeo Septem subjecta trioni 
 Gens effrena virum. — Id. 
 AITO jusv <pi\ct ti/xxrx AT2fl. — Horn. 
 
 65. Sole rectus orto, aut noctem ducentibus astris, . 
 
 (pro sole recenter orto, &c.) — Virg. 
 
 66. Poema est pictura loquens, pictura est mutum poema. 
 
 Etenim, cum sit artifex ejusmodi, ut solus dignus 
 videatur esse, qui scenam introeat; turn vir ejusmodi est, 
 ut solus videatur dignus, qui eo non accedat. — Cic. pro 
 Sext. Rose. 
 
 Ow yap l o &&&, Trout etyaBov atxx' 'o a &iXa> itastav thto 7rgaurTo>. — 
 Rom. vii. 19. 
 
 Non enim quod volo, facio bonum,. sed quod non voTo 
 malum hoc ago. 
 
 67. Premitur virtus non opprimitur. — 
 
 Non formosus erat, sed erat facundus Ulysses. — Ov. 
 
 Non enim furem, sed direptorem ; non adulterum, sed 
 expugnatorem pudicitiee. — Cic in Ver. 
 Non sapiens, sed astutus. — 
 
 Ey irctvTi S-AiCbyUSW, oxk' h o^r&fc^agn/ut.evoi' a.7rognfx&oi^ olkk 1 xk t£a.7rc- 
 gitfA&ot' SiG>K0/umi, «ax' ax. % eyKd.TstKU7roju.e]/or x,&ra£*.Khojuwoi } cLKk' mc at 
 7roKKv/umi. — 2 Cor. iv. 8, 9- 
 
 In omni tribulati, sed non coarctati ; haesitantes, sed 
 non prorsus haerentes ; persequutionem passi, sed non de- 
 serti ; dejecti, sed non perditi. 
 
 Derivationes. 
 64. a Ti(xw> vel Tft««, seco. 65. abavrv, pro, et jut^oc, pars, 
 ngo.. etvrt, contra, et^usraCstAA*, inverto. 67. a 7rn^stStx<rrihxce, dis 
 66abju 
 
EL0CUTI0. 91 
 
 Tota intervallis dat Epimone carmina certis. ^68 
 Jlntiptasis amat pro casu ponere casum. 69 
 
 De Figuris Orthographic*. 
 Prosthesis apponit capiti ; sed JLpharesis aufert. 70, 71 
 Syncope de medio tollit; sed Epenthesis addit. 72, 73 
 
 EXEMPLA. 
 
 68. Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus. — Virg. 
 Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnin. — Id, 
 
 A^^,6T«Baixo\/x.st?, MaTett cpi\su, «g^,sr' etoiScL?. — Theoc. Idyl. 1. 
 
 69. Urbem quam statuo, vestra est ; subducite naves. 
 
 (pro urbs quam statuo, &c.) — Virg. 
 Nominativus etiam ssepe provocativo usurpatur, ut 
 apud Homerum in Iliad, i. v. 596. 
 
 — Mn<^i a-t Ssu/utev 
 EvtcwBa <rgfr|«/s, <pt\os 
 Et illud Ejusdem in Odyss. y. 375. 
 Q qihos, a cri ioXTr* kmcov kou hvaxkiv tT&rQcu. — Horn. 
 (Duobus his in locis, qixos ponitur pro qtxe.) 
 
 70. Gnatum. pro natum ; eaJacg pro i\Jmg 
 
 Gnatum exhortarer, ni mistus matre Sabella. — Virgv 
 
 — r-oSi y.oi -Kgnwqv &}Ja>g. — Hom. 
 
 71. Mitte, pro omitte ; at* pro youx ; xavapro ac«y«, 
 
 Mitte, sectari, rosa quo locorum 
 Sera moretur. — Hor. 
 Sic <^a.T0T- reus tf ' nS» KX.rt%ev qv<rigoo? eun. — Hom. 
 $» ymg oy ougaa-itv Ugnt/u.ou 7ro>jv ufAom kuvo> } 
 NJHTVCff. — Id. 
 
 72. Periclis, pro periculis ; 7retrgi, pro Trctrigi. 
 
 I Deseris ; heu tantis nequidquam erepte periclis. — Virg\ 
 Ilg/v y a.7ro 7r*r£i <pihu> Jo/usv&i eKiKwrtSa, Kcvgw. — Hom. 
 
 73. Relliquias, pro reliquias ; vaa-cv, pro vorcv ; gwot, pro|sro? , . 
 Troas relliquias Danaum atque immitis Achillei.-Virg-. 
 
 Nfc^OV UVA (TTgCtTOV CDg'/S K'XX.W OXIKZVTO Si XX.01. Hom. 
 
 'H go. yv fj.oi %uvo?, Trurgooioi vrvi 7rct\*ios. — Id. 
 
 Derivation's. 
 68. ab arifjL&ce 7 permaneo. 69. ab etvn, pro, et 7r<Tco<ric, casus. 
 70. a 7rgoc-rtQ»iuu, appono. 71. ab et^cumco, aufero. 72. ugvv, con,„et 
 K«rTa,scindo. 73. ab, sn, in et &tiQ»/m, insero. 
 
92 ELEMENTA RHETORICS. 
 
 Abstrahit Apocope fini ; sed dat Paragoge. 74, 75 
 Metathesis de sede movens elementa reponit. 76 
 Antistoichon et Antithesis elementa refingunt. 77 
 
 De Figuris Prosodice. 
 M vorat Ecthlipsis ,- sed vocalem Synalaepha, 78, 79 
 Systole corripit, extenditque Diastole tempus. 80, 81 
 
 EXEMPLA. 
 
 74. Pecull, pro peculii ; oti, pro otii ; Ja> pro Sup*.. 
 Nee spes libertatis erat ; nee cura peculi. — Virg. 
 Illo Virgilium me tempore dulcis alebat 
 Parthenope, studiis florentem ignobilis oti. — Id. 
 
 Ksu tot' vrurct to/ eiptAios ttoti xj*.\koG'x<tH Sa>. — Horn. 
 
 75. Immiscerier, pro immisceri ; efisxwcrflat, pro c9c\w 
 
 Sin maculae incipient rutilo immiscerier igni.— Virg. 
 &k\* pax' tiDWKos to. Q^z^i'JU, aura-' 1 tQttoarQct. — Horn. 
 
 76. Thymbre, pro Thymber; nctgru, pro k^atu ; xgolw, pro 
 KAgSm. 
 
 Nam tibi Thymbre, caput Evandrius abstulit ensis.— 
 Virg. 
 
 — Hvog&t mawoi x*t K&gru x il i m ' — Horn. 
 OivoGcLgi$,}tvvos o/j./j.ct,r i%aiv KgaStnv ef ihobepoto. — Id. 
 
 77. Olli, pro illi ; volgus, pro vulgus ; ^«^tt*v pro 
 
 /u&J<T<rctv . 
 
 Olli coeruleus supra caput adstitit imber. — Virg. 
 Quod volgus servorum solet. — Ter. And. 
 
 E§o>? ttot ev grJcttri 
 
 Koiju.a>y.ivnv /uiktrrcLV 
 
 Ovk zsJiv ctKk' erpGoQn.— Anac. 
 
 78. Italiam, Italiam primus conclamat Achates. — Virg. 
 curas hominum ! O quantum est in rebus in- 
 ane. — Pers. 
 
 79. Conticuere omnes, intentiqwe ora tenebant. — Virg. 
 Dardanid^e muris ; spes addita suscitat iras. — Id. 
 
 Ous x&> sy "yvow, tixt rxvojuat juuQn<rcU]u»v.--Hom. 
 
 80. Tulerunt, pro tulerunt; Baro/usv, pro Butrce/cMv. 
 Matri longa decern tulerunt fastidia menses. — Virg. 
 
 Derivariones. 
 74. ab ct?ro, ab, et mTrree, scindo. 75. a sraga, praeter, et ayte, 
 duco. 76. a/ztsrai, trans, et nBvjui, pono. 77. ab wt/, contra, et 
 tiBh/ui, pono. 78. ab ac9x<6», elido. 79. a <ruvci\ti<*>u>, conglutino. 
 80. a <rwT<ri\xa>, contraho. 81. a cJWt«\md, produco. 
 
Conficit exbinis contracta Synaeresis unam. 82 
 Dividit in binas resoluta Diaeresis unam. 83 
 
 EXEMPLA. 
 
 — Av (f ' etUTHV XevtTiilScl KXKhl7rcLgMV 
 
 Buo-o usv . — Horn . 
 
 81. Priamiden, pro Priamiden; amor, pro amor. 
 Atque hie Priamiden laniatum corpore toto. — Virg. 
 Considant, sitantus amor, et mo3nia condant. — Id. 
 
 Iefov ouoxov l o<ptv. — Horn 
 
 82. Seu lento fuerint alvearia vimine texta. — Virg. 
 Unius ob noxam et furius Ajacis Oilei. — Id. 
 
 AXKa. 7ra/rng oujuo; QgZTl (/.cuverciu ovk. aLyciBttcri. — Horn. 
 
 83. Aurai trissyllabum, pro aurae dissyllabo; siluae pro 
 silvae. 
 
 ^Ethereum sensum, atque aurai simplicis ignem. — Virg. 
 Nivesque deducunt Jovem ; nunc mare nunc siluae. — Hor. 
 
 Derivationes. 
 
 82. a gvYU^ce, connecto. 83. a imtetco, divide. 
 
PART IV. 
 
 PRONUNCIATION.* 
 
 What is Pronunciation % 
 
 A conformity of the voice and gesture to the subject. 
 What is its object? 
 
 To transfuse into others our own ideas and emotions. 
 How is this to be accomplished 1 
 
 By being moved ourselves with the passions we desire 
 to excite in others. 
 
 Into how many parts is Pronunciation divided ? 
 Two ; Voice and Gesture. 
 
 *" Pronunciation," says Cicero to Herennius, w is a graceful 
 management of the Voice, Countenance and Gesture." 
 
 "Action," says Cicero in his Oratore, "is the predominant 
 power in eloquence. Without it the best speaker can have no 
 name, and with it a middling one may obtain the»highest." 
 
 " Pronunciation," says Quintilian, " is called by most authors 
 Action ; but the former name seems rather to agree with the 
 Voice, and the latter with the Gesture." 
 
 Cicero and Quintilian relate that Demosthenes being asxed 
 what was the greatest excellency in oratory, gave the preference 
 to Pronunciation, and assigned to it the second and third place, 
 until no further question was put to him ; by which it appeared 
 that he judged it to be, not so much the principal as the only ex- 
 cellency. 
 
 Cicero, in his third book de Oratore, says : " For nature has 
 given every passion its peculiar expression in the look, the 
 voice, and the gesture ; and the whole frame, the look and voice 
 of a man are responsive to the passions of the mind, as the 
 strings of a musical instrument are to the fingers that touch 
 them." 
 
 Quintilian says : " Now as all action, as I said, is divided into 
 two parts, Voice and Gesture ; of which one strikes the eyes, 
 the other the ears, through which two senses every passion has 
 access to the mind, I shall speak first of the Voice, to which the 
 Gesture is supposed to conform itself." 
 
PRONUNCIATION. 95 
 
 What is Voice % 
 
 Voice is a kind of sound which influences the passions, 
 either by raising or allaying- them. * 
 
 What does voice comprise ? 
 
 Accent, Emphasis, Tone and Pause. 
 
 What is Accent ? 
 
 Accent is the laying of a peculiar stress of the voice on 
 a certain letter or syllable in a word, that it may be better 
 heard than the rest, or distinguished from them. 
 
 What is meant by Emphasis 1 
 
 A stronger and fuller sound of the voice, by which we 
 distinguish some word or words on which we design to lay 
 particular stress, and to show how they affect the rest of 
 the sentence. 
 
 * Cicero, in his third book de Oratore, chapter 60, says : " But 
 the chief excellence to be admired, in a good delivery, is a fine 
 voice. If an orator possess not a good voice, it ought, such as it is, 
 to be improved." And in the same chapter he says : " Nothing 
 tends more to acquire an agreeable voice in speaking than 
 frequently to relax it, by passing from one strain to another, and 
 nothing tends more to injure it than violent exertion unrelieved 
 by modulation. What gives greater pleasure to our ears, and 
 more charm to delivery, than judicious transitions, variety and 
 change ? Therefore, Catulus, you might have heard from Lici- 
 nius, who is your client, a man of learning, and the secretary of 
 Gracchus, that Gracchus made use of an ivory flute, which a 
 man who stood privately behind him, while he was speaking, 
 touched so skilfully, that he immediately struck the proper 
 note, when he wanted either to quicken or to soften the vehe- 
 mence of his voice." 
 
 Emphatica, aliaque prsecipuse notce verba, preesertim Antithe- 
 ta, seu invicem respondentia, et tropi figurseque insigniores, pau- 
 lo altiorem vocis et tonum et sonum requirunt. — Butler. 
 
 Vox, quatenus ad orationis partes, sit in Exordio verecunda, 
 in Narratione aperta, in Propositione clarior, in Confirmatione 
 fortis, in Confutatione severior, in Conclusione ezcitata, quasi 
 parta victoria. — Butler et Dugard. 
 
 Vox, ratione affectuum seu passionum, sit in Commiseratione 
 jlexibilis, in Iracundia incitata, in Metu demissa in Voluptate 
 hilirata, in Dolore tristis, in blandiendo, fatendo, satisfaciendo, 
 rogando, et suadendo, submissa, in monendo etpromittendo /or- 
 ris, in consolando blanda, in laudando, gratias agendo, et simili- 
 bus lata, magnified, et sublimis. — Id. 
 
96 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 
 
 What relation exists between Accent and Emphasis^ 
 
 Accent has the same relation to words that Emphasis 
 has to sentences. 
 
 In what do tones consist ? 
 
 In the modulation of the voice, the notes or variations of 
 sound which we employ in public speaking. 
 
 What are Pauses? 
 
 Pauses or rests in speaking-, are a total cessation of the 
 voice, during a perceptible, and, in many cases a measurable, 
 space of time. 
 
 What is Gesture 1 
 
 The accommodation of the attitude to the several parts 
 of a discourse ; — " The suiting of the action to the 
 word."* 
 
 * " But all these emotions," says Cicero in his third book de 
 Oratore, chapter 59, " ought to be accompanied with Gesture ) 
 not theatrical gesture, limited to particular words, but extended 
 to the whole discourse ; aiding the sense, not by pointing, but by 
 emphasis, astrong manly action, borrowed from the use of arms, 
 or the school of arts, arid not from stage performers. The hand 
 ought not to saw the air, and the fingers in moving should follow 
 the words, and not precede, as it were, to point them out. The 
 arm should be stretched forward, as if to brandish the bolts of 
 eloquence ; and the stamping the foot ought to take place, either 
 in the beginning or the end of a debate. But all depends upon 
 the face, and all power of the face is centred in the eyes. This 
 our old men are the best judges of; for they were not lavish of 
 their applause, even to Roscius when he was in a mask. All 
 action depends upon the passions, of which the face is the pic- 
 ture and the eyes the interpreters. For this is the only part of 
 the body that can express all the passions ; nor can any one who 
 looks another way create the same emotions. Theophrastus 
 used to apply to one Tauriscus, who averted his face from the 
 audience when he was repeating his part, the epithet Jfoersus. 
 Therefore a great deal consists in the right management of the 
 eyes, for the features of the face ought not to be altered too 
 much, lest we become ridiculous or disgustful. It is by its vi- 
 vidness, or the langour of the eye, by a dejected, or a cheerful 
 look, that we express the emotions of the heart, and accommodate 
 what we say, to what we feel. Action is, as it were, the lan- 
 guage of the body, and therefore ought to correspond to the 
 thought." And in the same chapter he says : " But nature has 
 given a particular force to all the modifications of action y there- 
 
PRONUNCIATION. 97 
 
 How many kinds of Gesture are there.'? 
 
 Two : Natural and Imitative. 
 
 What is Natural Gesture % 
 
 When the actions and motions of the body, as naturally 
 accompany our words, as these do the impressions of our mind. 
 
 What is Imitative Gesture 1 
 
 When the orator describes some action, or personates 
 another speaking. 
 
 How is the gesture of an orator to be regulated ? 
 
 By an exact and easy imitation of the operations of nature. 
 
 fore we see it has great effect upon the ignorant, the vulgar, and 
 the greatest upon foreigners who are unacquainted with our 
 tongue. Words affect none but him who understands the lan- 
 guage; and sentiments that are pointed, often escape the undis- 
 cerning. But an action expressive of the passions of the mind, 
 is a language universally understood : for the same expressions 
 have the same effects in all circumstances, and all men know 
 them in others by the same characters which express them in 
 themselves." 
 
 The following extracts on Gesture are from Quintilian's In- 
 stitutes, Book xi., Chapter iii. 
 
 " But the countenance is what is most powerful. By it, we 
 appear suppliant, menacing, mild, mournful, joyful, proud, sub- 
 missive. From it men hang as it were, on it they look, and even 
 examine it before we speak." 
 
 "A moderate projection of the arm, the shoulders being kept still, 
 and the fingers opening as the hand advances, is very becoming 
 for continued and smoothly running passages. But when some- 
 thing of greater elegance, or of finer fancy, is to be said, as 
 " the rocks and solitudes are responsive to the voice ;" then it 
 expatiates to the side, and the words come pouring out as it 
 were with the gesture. 
 
 " But the hands, without which all gesture would be maimed 
 and weak, have a greater variety of motions than can be well 
 expressed; being emulous to express almost every word. Do 
 we not desire with them, promise, call, dismiss, threaten, be- 
 seech, detest, fear, inquire, and deny ? Do they not express joy, 
 sorrow, doubt, confession, penitence, measure, abundance, num- 
 ber, and time ? Do they not excite, restrain, prove, admire, and 
 shame ? Whence, among the great diversity of languages of all 
 nations and people, the hands seem to me the common language 
 of all mankind." 
 
 u The hand begins with great propriety on the left side, to 
 10 
 
98 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 
 
 rest on the right ; hut it should appear to be laid down, and not 
 to strike ; though in the end it sometimes falls, yet soon to return ; 
 and sometimes rebounds, in the action of denying or admiring. 
 " Hence the ancient masters of art are correct in adding a pre- 
 cept, that the hand should begin and rest with the sense. Other- 
 wise the gesture would be either before the voice or after it, 
 which would be unseemly. Nor should the hand rise higher 
 than the eyes, nor fall lower than the breast. 
 
 " The left hand never properly performs gesture alone, but fre- 
 quently accompanies and conforms itself to the motions of the 
 right, whether we digest our arguments on our fingers, or show 
 aversion by turning out the palms of our hands to the left, or 
 extending them forwards ; or whether we stretch them out on 
 both sides, either in an attitude of making satisfaction, or be- 
 ing suppliants. 
 
 " We must take care that the breast and belly do not project 
 too far. The sides ought also to agree with the gesture ; for the 
 motion of the whole body is of some effect, and Cicero thinks it 
 does more than the hands themselves, as appears by what he 
 says in his Orator : 'Let there be no affected motions of the 
 fingers, as of their joints falling in cadence ; rather let the ora- 
 tor's action proceed from the motion of his whole body, and a 
 manly flexibility of his sides." 
 
 " To strike the thigh, a gesture first supposed to be practised 
 at Athens by Cleon, is customary, and becomes indignant emo- 
 tions, and serves to excite the attention of the auditory. Cicero 
 thus censures Callidius for omitting it : " No smiting his fore- 
 head; no striking his thigh; no, not even a stamp of the foot, 
 the least thing that might be naturally expected.' 
 
 " To stamp the foot, may occasionally be seasonable, espe- 
 cially, as Cicero says, in the beginning or end of contests ; but, 
 when used too often, it makes a man appear silly, and takes off 
 from the party the attention and notice of the judge." 
 
 In Actione igitur summum studium duo summi oratores De- 
 mosthenes et Cicero posuere. Demosthenes speculum grande 
 intuens composuit Actionem et gestus corporis, et Satyrum his- 
 trionem ad eas artes magistrum adhibuit. Cicero histrionibus, 
 Roscio comcedo, iEsopo tragoedo, usus est. Ipsi etiam Socrates, 
 Plato, et Quintilianus probarunt et collaudarunt. — Butler. 
 
 Actio semper sit non modo varia et decora, sed etiam nee ni- 
 mia nee affectata, at naturae congruens. Trunco igitur totius 
 corporis orator seipsum moderetur ; Actioque propria comitetur 
 omnes Vocis flexiones atque animi motus. — Id. 
 
 Status corporis sit erectus. Humeri debent aequi esse et recti. 
 Brachia modice projiciantur, et dextrum potius quam sinistrum 
 faciat gestum. Supplosio pedum parce utatur. Pectus parce 
 feriatur, et femur in affectibus vehementioribus. — Cic. 
 
PRONUNCIATION. 99 
 
 I. 
 
 THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES OF SENTENCES, ORATIONS, &C, ARE 
 DESIGNED TO EXERCISE THE STUDENT IN PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 Commiseration and Grief* 
 
 Wretch that I am ! Whither shall I retreat ? Whither 
 shall I turn me ? To the Capitol 1 The Capitol streams 
 with my brother's blood : To my family 1 There must I 
 see a wretched, a mournful, and afflicted mother ? 
 
 (Cicero, extolling this passage of Gracchus, says : '* it 
 appears that those words were accompanied with such ex- 
 pression in his eyes, voice, and gesture, that even his 
 enemies could not refrain from tears.") 
 
 Entreaty. 
 
 Fathers ! Senators of Rome ! the arbiters of the world ! 
 to you I fly for refuge from the murderous fury of Jugur- 
 tha. By your affection for your children ; by your love 
 for your country ; by your own virtues ; by the majesty 
 of the Roman Commonwealth! by all that is sacred, and 
 all that is dear to you — deliver a wretched prince from un- 
 deserved, unprovoked injury ; and save the kingdom 
 of Numidia, which is your own property, from being 
 the prey of violence, usurpation, and cruelty. — Sall. 
 
 * Horace in his Art of Poetry says : " Pathetic accents suit a 
 melancholy countenance ; words full of menaces require an an- 
 gry aspect ; wanton expressions, a sportive look ; and serioua 
 matter, an austere one." 
 
 And Cicero, in his third book de Oratore, says : " Anger has a 
 peculiar pronunciation, whichis quick, sharp, and broken. The 
 tone of Pity and Grief is different; it is full, moving, broken, 
 and mournful. Fear is low, diffident, and humble : Vehemence 
 demands a strain that is intense, strong, and majestically threat- 
 ening. Pleasure is diffusive, soft, tender, cheerful and gay : 
 Uneasiness is of another sort, it is oppressive without commiser- 
 ation, and its tone is grave and uniform." 
 
100 
 
 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC 
 
 ANGER. THREATENING. 
 
 Satan's speech to Death stopping his passage through the gale 
 of Hell ; with the answer. 
 
 Whence, and what art thou, execrable shape ! Quest, 
 
 That dar'st, tho' grim and terrible, advance with 
 
 Thy miscreated front athwart my way anger. 
 
 To yonder gates 1 through them I mean to pass, Resol. 
 That be assur'd, without leave ask'd of thee : Contempt. 
 Retire ; or taste thy folly, and learn by proof, Threat- 
 
 Hell-born ! not to contend with sp'rits of Heav'n. ening. 
 To whom the goblin full of wrath replied, 
 Art thou that traitor angel, art thou he, Anger, 
 
 Who first broke peace in Heav'n, and faith, till then 
 Unbroken, and in proud, rebellious arms 
 Drew after him the third part of Heav'n's sons 
 Conjur'd against the Highest, for which both thou 
 And they, outcast from God, art here condemn'd 
 To waste eternal days in woe and pain ? 
 And reckon'st thou thyself with sp'rits of Heav'n, Con- 
 Hell-doom'd ! and breath'st de-fiance here and scorn, tempt 
 Where I reign king, and, to enrage thee more, with anger. 
 Thy king and lord 1 Back to thy punishment, Pride. 
 
 False fugitive ! and to thy speed add wings, Threaten- 
 Lest with a whip of scorpions I pursue ing. 
 
 Thy ling'ring, or with one stroke of this dart 
 Strange horror seize thee, and pangs unfelt before. 
 
 Milt. Parad. Lost, B. ii. 601. 
 
PRONUNCIATION- 101 
 
 ANXIETY. RESOLUTION. 
 
 CATO'S SOLILOQUY. 
 
 Cato sitting in a thoughtful posture. In his hand Plato's book 
 on the immortality of the soul. A drawn sword on the table 
 by him. After a long pause, he lays down the book, and 
 
 It must be so — Plato, thou reason'st well ! Deep Contemp. 
 Else, whence this pleasing hope, this fond desire, a Comfort. 
 This longing after immortality 1 Desire. 
 
 Or whence this secret dread, and inward horror 
 Of falling into nought 1 Why shrinks the soul Fear. 
 
 Back on herself, and startles at destruction? 
 'Tis the Divinity that stirs within us ; Awe. 
 
 'Tis Heav'n itself that points out an hereafter, 
 And intimates eternity to man. 
 
 b Eternity! thou pleasing* dreadful -[thought ! *Satisfac. 
 Through what variety of untried being, -\Apprehen. 
 
 Through what new scenes and changes must we pass? 
 The wide, th' unbounded prospect lies before me; 
 But shadows, clouds, and darkness, rest upon it. Anxiety. 
 ||Here will I hold :± If there's a pow'r above us ; || Courage. 
 (And, that there is, all nature cries aloud £ Ven. 
 Through all her works,) He must delight in virtue, 
 And that, which he delights in, must be happy. Satisf. 
 But when ! or where !-This world was made for Caesar. Anx. 
 I'm weary of conjectures. — **This must end them. **Cour. 
 (Laying his hand on his sword.) 
 Thus am I doubly armed c ; my death, and life ; Firmness , 
 
 a] » this fond desire," may be spoken with the right hand laid 
 on the breast. 
 
 b]" Eternity ! thou pleasing/'&c. requires an eye fixed, with 
 profound thoughtfulness, on one point, throughout this line. 
 
 c}" My death, and life," &c. Long pauses between, and point- 
 ing, or looking at the sword in pronouncing "my death," and 
 at the book in pronouncing " and life," and so in " my bane and 
 antidote," and in the two following lines. 
 10* 
 
102 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC, 
 
 My bane, and antidote ; are both before me : 
 
 This, in a moment, brings me to an end ; Appreh. 
 
 Bat this informs me, I shall never die: Com/. 
 
 The soul, d secur'd in her existence, smiles Noble. 
 
 At the drawn dagger, and defies its point. Pride. 
 
 The stars' shall fade away, the Sun himself Triumph. 
 
 Grow dim with age, and nature sink in years ; 
 
 f But thou shalt flourish in immortal youth, 
 
 s Unhurt amidst the war of elements, 
 
 h The wreck of matter and the crush of worlds. 
 
 Addison. 
 
 hamlet's soliloqy. 
 Doubting. — Vexation. — Serious Reflection. 
 To be — or not to be — that is the question— Anxiety. 
 Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer 
 The stings and arrows of outrageous fortune ; 
 Or to take arms against a host of troubles, Cour. 
 And, by opposing, end them? — *But to die — *Deep thought- 
 To sleep — No more 1 — And by a sleep to end fulness. 
 
 The heart-ache, and the thousand natural shocks, Vexat. 
 That flesh is heir to — 'tis a consummation 
 Devoutly to be wishM-f To die-To s\eep--\T7iougkt fulness. 
 To sleep- i Perchance to dream- A startling thought-^ Appreh. 
 For in that sleep of death what dreams may come, 
 When we have shuffled off this mortal coil, 
 Must give us pause. — There's the respect, 
 
 d] " The soul," &c. may be pronounced with the right hand 
 laid on the breast. 
 
 e] " The stars, "&c. my be spoken with the eyes raised toward 
 Heaven, and the arms moderately spread. 
 
 f] " But thou shalt flourish," &c. the right hand upon the 
 breast. 
 
 g]" Unhurt," &c. the arms spread again as before. 
 
 h] " the crush," &c. the hands brought together with force. 
 
PRONUNCIATION. I0S 
 
 That makes calamity of so long life : 
 
 For who would bear the whips and scorns of time, Vexation. 
 
 Th' oppressor's wrong, the proud man's contumely, 
 
 The pangs of love despised, the law's delay, Anguish. 
 
 The insolence of office, and the spurns, 
 
 That patient merit of the unworthy takes ; . Meek. 
 
 When he himself might his quietus make 
 
 With a bare bodkin 1 who would bend to earth, Cour. 
 
 And groan and sweat under a weary life 1 Comp. 
 
 But that the dread of something after death, Fear, 
 
 (That undiscovered country, from whose bourn 
 
 No traveller returns) puzzles the will, 
 
 And makes us rather bear those ills we have, 
 
 Than fly to others, that we know not yet? 
 
 Thus conscience does make cowards of us all : 
 
 And thus the native hue of resolution 
 
 Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought, 
 
 And enterprises of great strength and moment, 
 
 With this regard their currents turn away 
 
 And lose the name of action. 
 
 Shaksp. 
 
 VI. 
 BRUTUS' ORATION ON CJESAr's DEATH. 
 
 Romans, Countrymen, and Lovers ! — Hear me for my 
 cause ; and be silent, that ye may hear ! Believe me, for 
 mine honour ; and have respect to mine honour, that you 
 may believe ! Censure me in your wisdom ; and awake 
 your senses, that you may the better judge! If there be 
 any in this&ss'eifibly, any dear friend of Caesar's ; to him 
 I say, that Brutus' love to Caesar was no less than his. 
 If, then, that friend demand, why Brutus rose against Cae- 
 sar, this is my answer : Not that I loved Caesar less, but 
 that I loved Rome more. Had you rather Caesar were liv- 
 
104 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 
 
 ing, and die all slaves ; than that Caesar were dead and 
 live all freemen 1 
 
 As Caesar loved me, I weep for him ; as he was fortu- 
 nate, I rejoice at it; as he was valiant, I honour him : but, 
 as he was ambitious, I slew him. There are tears for his 
 love, joy for his fortune, honour for his valour, and death 
 for his ambition. 
 
 Who's here so base, that would be a bondman ? if 
 any, speak ; for him have I offended. Who's here so 
 rude, that would not be a Roman ] if any, speak ; for him 
 have I offended. Who's here so vile, that will not love 
 his country 1 if any, speak ; for him have I offended. — I 
 pause for a reply — Since none is made, then none have 
 I offended. 
 
 I have done no more to Caesar, than you shall do to 
 Brutus. The question of his death is enrolled in the Ca- 
 pitol : his glory not extenuated, wherein he was worthy; 
 nor his offences enforced, for which lie suffered death. 
 
 Here comes his body, mourned by Mark Antony : who, 
 though he had no hand in his death, shall receive the be- 
 nefit of his dying, a place in the commonwealth ; as which 
 of you shall not ] With this I depart ; that, as I slew my 
 best lover, for the good of Rome ; I have the same dagger 
 for myself, when it shall please my country to need my 
 death. 
 
 Shaksp. Jul. Caes. Act. in. 
 
 VII. 
 PHOCIAS' SOLILOQUY. 
 
 Farewell, and think of death ! — Was it not so ? 
 Do'murderers then preach morality 1 
 But, how to think of, what the living know not,j 
 And the dead cannot or else may not tell ? — 
 What art thou, O thou great mysterious terror ! 
 The way to thee we know ; diseases, famine, 
 
PRONUNCIATION. 105 
 
 Sword, fire, and all thy ever-open gates, 
 
 Which day and night stand ready to receive us. 
 
 But, what's beyond them ?— Who will draw that veil ? 
 
 Yet death's not there : — No, 'tis a point of time, 
 
 The verge 'twixt mortal and immortal being: 
 
 It mocks our thought ! — On this side all is life ; 
 
 And when we've reach 'd it, in that very instant 
 
 'Tis past the thinking of! — O ! if it be 
 
 The pangs, the throes, the agonizing struggle, 
 
 When soul and body part; sure I have felt it, 
 
 And there's no more to fear. 
 
 DOUGLAS ACCOUNT OF HIMSELF. 
 
 My name is Norval. On the Grampian hills 
 
 My father feeds his flocks ; a frugal swain, 
 
 Whose constant cares were to increase his store, 
 
 And keep his only son, myself, at home : 
 
 For I had heard of battles, and Ilong'd 
 
 To follow to the field some warlike lord ; 
 
 And heav'n soon granted what my sire denied. 
 
 This moon, which rose last night, round as my shield, 
 
 Had not yet fill'd her horns, when, by her light, 
 
 A band of fierce barbarians, from the hills, 
 
 Rush'd like a torrent, down upon the vale, 
 
 Sweeping our flocks and herds. The shepherds fled 
 
 For safety and for succour. I alone, 
 
 With bended bow, and quiver full of arrows, 
 
 Hover'd about the enemy, and mark'd 
 
 The road they took, then hasted to my friends ; 
 
 Whom, with a troop of fifty chosen men, 
 
 I met advancing. The pursuit I led, 
 
 Till we o'ertook the spoil-encumber'd foe. 
 
 We fought — and conquered. Ere a sword was drawn,. 
 
 An arrow from my bow had pierc'd their chief, 
 
106 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 
 
 Who wore that day the arms which now I wear. 
 
 Returning home in triumph, I disdain'd 
 
 The shepherd's slothful life, and, having heard 
 
 That our good king had summon'd his bold peers 
 
 To lead their warriors to the Carron side, 
 
 I left my father's house, and took with me 
 
 A chosen servant to conduct my steps : — 
 
 Yon trembling coward, who forsook his master. 
 
 Journeying with this intent, I pass'd these towers ; 
 
 And, Heav'n-directed, came this day to do 
 
 The happy deed that gilds my humble name. 
 
 IX. 
 
 CATO'S SENATE. 
 
 Cato. Fathers, we once again are met in council : 
 Caesar's approach has summon'd us together, 
 And Rome attends her fate from our resolves. 
 How shall we treat this bold, aspiring man ? 
 Success still follows him, and backs his crimes : 
 Pharsalia gave him Rome, Egypt has since 
 Receiv'd his yoke, and the whole Nile is Caesar's. 
 Why should I mention Juba's overthrow, 
 And Scipio's death? Numidia's burning sands 
 Still smoke with blood. 'Tis time we should decree 
 What course to take. Our foe advances on us, 
 And envies us even Libya's sultry deserts. 
 Fathers, pronounce your thoughts ; are they still fix'd 
 To hold it out, and fight it to the last 1 ? 
 Or are your hearts subdued at length, and wrought 
 By time and ill success to a submission'? 
 Sempronius, speak. 
 
 Sempronius. My voice is still for war. 
 Gods ! can a Roman senate long debate 
 Which of the two to choose, slav'ry or death? 
 No ; let us rise at once, gird on our swords, 
 
PRONUNCIATION. 107 
 
 And at the head of our remaining troops, 
 
 Attack the foe, break through the thick array 
 
 Of his throng'd legions, and charge home upon him, 
 
 Perhaps some arm, more lucky than the rest, 
 
 May reach his heart, and free the world from bondage. 
 
 Rise, fathers, rise ! 'tis Rome demands your help ; 
 
 Rise, and revenge her slaughter'd citizens, 
 
 Or share their fate ! The corpse of half her senate 
 
 Manure the fields of Thessaly, while we 
 
 Sit here delib'rating in cold debates. 
 
 If we should sacrifice our lives to honour, 
 
 Or wear them out in servitude and chains. 
 
 Rouse up, for shame ! Our brothers of Pharsalia 
 
 Point at their wounds, and cry aloud — To battle ! 
 
 Great Pompey's shade complains that we are slow, 
 
 And Scipio's ghost walks unreveng'd among us ! 
 
 Cato. Let not a torrent of impetuous zeal 
 
 Transport thee thus beyond the bounds of reason : 
 True fortitude is seen in great exploits 
 That justice warrants, and that wisdom guides : 
 All else is tow'ring frenzy and distraction. 
 Are not the lives of those who draw the sword 
 In Rome's defence entrusted to our care 1 
 Should we thus lead them to a field of slaughter, 
 Might not th' impartial world with reason say, 
 We lavish'd at our death the blood of thousands, 
 To grace our fall, and make our ruin glorious 1 
 Lucius, we next would know what's your opinion 1 
 
 Lucius. My thoughts, I must confess, are turn'd on peace. 
 Already have our quarrels fill'd the world 
 With widows and with orphans : Scythia mourns 
 Our guilty wars, and earth's remotest regions 
 Lie half unpeopled by the feuds of Rome : 
 'Tis time to sheath the sword, and spare mankind. 
 It is not Caesar, but the Gods, my fathers, 
 
108 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 
 
 The Gods declare against us, and repel 
 
 Our vain attempts. To urge the foe to battle, 
 
 (Prompted by blind revenge, and wild despair,) 
 
 Were to refuse th' awards of Providence, 
 
 And not to rest in Heav'n's determination. 
 
 Already have we shown our love to Rome, 
 
 Now let us show submission to the Gods. 
 
 We took up arms, not to revenge ourselves, 
 
 But free the commonwealth ; when this end fails, 
 
 Arms have no further use : our country's cause, 
 
 That drew our swords, now wrests them from our hands, 
 
 And bids us not delight in Roman blood, 
 
 Unprofitably shed. What men could do, 
 
 Is done already ; heav'n and earth will witness, 
 
 If Rome must fall, that we are innocent. 
 
 Sempronius. This smooth discourse, and mild behaviour, oft 
 Conceal a traitor — Something whispers me 
 All is not right — Cato, beware of Lucius. 
 
 Cato. Let us appear not rash nor diffident; 
 Immod'rate valour swells into a fault; 
 And fear, admitted into public councils, 
 Betrays like treason. Let us shun them both. 
 Fathers, I cannot see that our affairs 
 Are grown thus desp'rate ; we have bulwarks round us ; 
 Within our walls are troops inur'd to toil 
 In Afric's heats, and season'd to the sun : 
 Numidia's spacious kingdom lies behind us, 
 Ready to rise at its young prince's call. 
 While there is hope, do not distrust the Gods; 
 But wait at least till Caesar's near approach 
 Force us to yield. 'Twill never be too late 
 To sue for chains, and own a conqueror. 
 Why should Rome fall a moment ere her time ? 
 No, let us draw our term of freedom out 
 In its full length, and spin it to the last ; 
 
PRONUNCIATION. 109 
 
 So shall we gain still one day's liberty : 
 And let me perish ; *but in Cato's judgment, 
 A day, an hour of virtuous liberty, 
 Is worth a whole eternity in bondage. 
 
 Enter Marcus. 
 
 Marcus. Fathers, this moment, as I watch'd the gate, 
 Lodg'd on my post, a herald is arrived 
 From Caesar's camp, and with him comes old Decius, 
 The Roman Knight : he carries in his looks 
 Impatience, and demands to speak with Cato. 
 
 Cato. By your permission, fathers, bid him enter. 
 Decius was once my friend, but other prospects 
 Have loos'd those ties, and bound him fast to Caesar. 
 His message may determine our resolves. 
 
 Enter Decius. 
 
 Dec. Caesar sends health to Cato — 
 
 Cato. Could he send it 
 
 To Cato slaughter'd friends, it would be welcome. 
 Are not your orders to address the senate 1 
 
 Dec. My business is with Cato ; Caesar sees 
 
 The straits to which you're driven ; and, as he knows 
 Cato's high worth, is anxious for your life. 
 
 Jato, My life is grafted on the fate of Rome. 
 Would he save Cato 1 Bid him spare his country. 
 Tell your dictator this : and tell him, Cato 
 Disdains a life, which he has power to offer. 
 
 Dec. Rome and her senators su'bmit to Caesar; 
 Her gen'rals and her consuls are no more, 
 Who check'd his conquests, and denied his triumphs. 
 Why will not Cato be this Caesar's friend ? 
 
 Cato. Those very reasons thou hast urg'd, forbid it. 
 
 Dec. Cato, I've orders to expostulate, 
 
 And reason with you, as from friend to friend ; 
 Think on the storm that gathers o'er your head, 
 And threatens ev'ry hour to burst upon it ; 
 11 
 
110 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 
 
 Still may you stand high in your country's honours, 
 Do but comply, and make your peace with Caesar. 
 Rome will rejoice and cast its eyes on Cato, 
 As on the second of mankind. 
 
 Cato. No more : 
 I must not think of life on such conditions. 
 
 Dec. Caesar is well acquainted with your virtues, 
 And therefore sets this value on your life : 
 Let him but know the price of Cato's friendship, 
 And name your terms. 
 
 Cato. Bid him disband his legions, 
 Restore the commonwealth to liberty, 
 Submit his actions to the publice censure, 
 And stand the judgment of a Roman senate. 
 Bid him do this, and Cato is his friend. 
 
 Dec. Cato, the world talks loudly of your wisdom — 
 
 Cato. Nay more, tho' Cato's voice was ne'er employ'd 
 To clear the guilty, and to varnish crimes, 
 Myself will mount the Rostrum in his favour, 
 And strive to gain his pardon from the people. 
 
 Dec A style like this becomes a conqueror. 
 
 Cato. Decius, a style like this becomes a Roman. 
 ^ Dec. What is a Roman, that is Caesar's foe 1 
 
 Cato. Greater than Caesar: he's a friend to virtue. 
 
 Dec Consider, Cato, you're in Utica, 
 And at the head of your own little senate ; 
 You don't now thunder in the Capitol, 
 With all the mouths of Rome to second you. 
 
 Cato. Let him consider that, who drives us hither. 
 'Tis Caesar's sword has made Rome's senate little, 
 And thinn'd its ranks. Alas ! thy dazzl'd eye 
 Beholds this man in a false glaring light, 
 *j^hich conquest and success have thrown upon him; 
 Did'st thou but view him right, thou'dst see him black 
 With murder, treason, sacrilege, and crimes, 
 
PRONUNCIATION. Ill 
 
 That strike my soul with horror but to name 'em. 
 I know thou look'st on me, as on a wretch 
 Beset with ills, and cover'd with misfortunes ; 
 But, by the gods, I swear, millions of worlds 
 Should never buy me to be like that Caesar. 
 
 Dec. Does Cato send this answer back to Caesar, 
 For all his gen'rous cares, and proffer'd friendship % 
 
 Cato. His cares for me are insolent and vain ; 
 Presumptuous man ! the gods take care of Cato. 
 Would Caesar show the greatness of his soul 1 
 Bid him employ his care for these my friends, 
 And make good use of his ill gotten power, 
 By shelt'ring men much better than himself. 
 
 Dec. Your high unconquer'd heart makes you forget 
 You are a man. You rush on your destruction. 
 But I have done. When I relate hereafter 
 The tale of this unhappy embassy, 
 All Rome will be in tears. 
 
 BRUTUS AND CASSIUS. 
 
 Cas. That you have wrong'd me doth appear in this 
 You have condemn'd and noted Lucius Pella 
 For taking bribes here of the Sardians ; 
 Wherein my letter (praying on his side, 
 Because I knew the man) was slighted off. 
 
 Bru. You wrong'd yourself to write in such a case. 
 
 Cas. In such a time, as this, it is not meet 
 
 That ev'ry nice offence should bear its comment. 
 
 Bru. Let me tell you, Cassius, you youself 
 Are much condemn'd to have an itching palm, 
 To sell and mart your offices for gold, 
 To undeservers. 
 
 Cas. I an itching palm ! 
 
 You know that you are Brutus that speak this, 
 
112 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 
 
 Or, by the gods, this speech were else your last. 
 Bru. The name of Cassius honours this corruption, 
 
 And chastisement doth therefore hide its head. 
 Cas. Chastisement! 
 Bru. Remember March, the ides of March remember ! 
 
 Did not great Julius bleed for justice sake ? 
 
 What villain touch'd his body, that did stab, 
 
 And not for justice 1 What, shall one of us, 
 
 That struck the foremost man of all this world, 
 . But for supporting robbers ; shall we now 
 
 Contaminate our fingers with base bribes 1 
 
 And sell the mighty space of our large honours, 
 
 For so much trash, as may be grasped thus 1 — . 
 
 I had rather be a dog, and bay the moon, 
 
 Than such a Roman. 
 Cas. Brutus, bay not me, 
 
 I'll not endure it : you forget yourself, 
 
 To hedge me in; I am a soldier, I, 
 
 Older in practice, abler than yourself 
 
 To make conditions. 
 Bru.. Goto; you're not, Cassius. 
 
 Cas. I am. 
 Bru. I say you are not. 
 Cas. Urge me no more, I shall forget myself— 
 
 Have mind upon your health : tempt me no further ! 
 Bru. Away, slight man ! 
 Cas. Is't possible? 
 Bru. Hear me, for I will speak. 
 
 Must I give way and room to your rash choler ? 
 
 Shall I be frighted when a madman stares ? 
 Cas. Gods ! ye Gods ! Must I endure all this ? 
 Bru. All this 1 aye, more. Fret till your proud heartbreak ; 
 
 Go, show your slaves how choleric you are, 
 
 And make your bondmen tremble. Must 1 budge ? 
 
 Must I observe you 1 Must I stand and crouch 
 
PRONUNCIATION. 113 
 
 Under your testy humour 1 By the Gods, 
 You shall digest the venom of your spleen, 
 Though it do split you : for from this day forth, 
 I'll use you for my mirth, yea, for my laughter, 
 When you are waspish 
 
 Cas. Is it come to this ? 
 
 Bru. You say, you are a better soldier : 
 Let it appear so ; make your vaunting true 
 And it shall please me well : for mine own part, 
 I shall be glad to learn of noble men. 
 
 Cas. You wrong me every way, you wrong me, Brutus : 
 I said, an older soldier, not a better ; 
 Did 1 say better 1 
 
 Bru. If you did, I care not. 
 
 Cas. When Caesar liv'd, he durst not thus have mov'd me. 
 
 Bru. Peace, peace, you durst not so have tempt'd him. 
 
 Cas. I durst not ! 
 
 Bru. No. 
 
 Cas. What? Durst not tempt him! 
 
 Bru. For your life you durst not. 
 
 Cas. Do not presume too much upon my love, 
 I may do that I shall be sorry for. 
 
 Bru. You have done that you should be sorry for. 
 There is no terror, Cassius, in your threats ; 
 For I am arm'd so strong in honesty, 
 That they pass by me, as the idle wind, 
 Which I respect not. I did send to you 
 For certain sums of gold, which you deni'd me ; 
 For I can raise no money by vile means : 
 By heaven, I had rather coin my heart, 
 And drop my blood for drachams, than to wring 
 From the hard hands of peasants their vile trash, 
 By any indirection. I did send 
 To you for gold to pay my legions, 
 11*. 
 
114 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 
 
 Which you deni'd me : was that done like Cassius * 
 Should I have answer'd Caius Cassius so? 
 When Marcus Brutus grows so covetous, 
 To lock such rascal counters from his friends, 
 Be ready, Gods, with all your thunderbolts, 
 Dash him to pieces ! 
 
 Cas. I deni'd you not. 
 
 Bru. You did. 
 
 Cas. I did not : — he was but a fool, 
 That brought my answer back.-Brutus hath riv'd my heart ; 
 A friend should bear a friend's infirmities, 
 But Brutus makes mine greater than they are. 
 
 Bru. I do not, still you practise them on me. 
 
 Cas. you love me not. 
 
 Bru. I do not like your faults. 
 
 Cas. A friendly eye could never see such faults. 
 
 Bru. A flatterer's would not, though they do appear 
 As huge as high Olympus. 
 
 Cas. Come, Antony, and young Octavius, come ! 
 Revenge yourselves alone on Cassius, 
 For Cassius is a-weary of the world : 
 Hated by one he loves r-brav'd by his brother : 
 Check'dlike a bondman: all his faults observ'd. 
 Set in a note book, learn'd, and conn'd by rote, 
 To cast them in my teeth. O, I could weep 
 My spirit from mine eyes !— There is my dagger, 
 And here my naked breast — within, a heart 
 Dearer than Plutus' mine, richer than gold: 
 If that thou need'st a Roman's, take it forth : 
 I, that deni'd thee gold, will give my heart: 
 Strike, as thou didst at Caesar ; for, I know, 
 Wlien thou didst hate him worst, thou lov'dst him better 
 Than ever thou lov'dst Cassius. 
 
 Bru. Sheath your dagger. 
 
PRONUNCIATION. 115 
 
 Be angry when you will it shall have scope : 
 Do what you will, dishonour shall be humou 
 O Cassius, you are yoked with a lamb 
 That carries anger, as the flint bears fire ; 
 Who, much enforced, shows a hasty spark, 
 And straight is cold again. 
 
 Cas. Hath Cassius liv'd 
 
 To be but mirth and laughter to his Brutus, 
 When grief, and blood ill-temper'd vexeth him ? 
 
 Bru. When I spoke that I was ill-temper'd too. 
 
 Cas. Do you confess so much ? Give me your hand. 
 
 Bru. And my heart too. 
 
 Cas. O Brutus T— 
 
 Bru. What's the matter? 
 
 Cas. Have you not love enough to bear with me, 
 
 When that rash humour which my mother gave me, 
 Makes me forgetful ? 
 
 Bru. Yes, Cassius ; and from henceforth, , 
 
 When you are over-earnest with your Brutus, 
 He'll think your mother chides, and leave you so. 
 
 THE PARTING OF BRUTUS AND CASSIUS. 
 
 Bru. No, Cassius, no : think not, thou noble Roman, 
 That ever Brutus will go bound to Rome : 
 He bears too great a mind. But this same day 
 Must end that work, the ides of March begun ; 
 And whether we shall meet again, I know not. 
 Therefore our everlasting farewell take : — 
 Forever, and forever, farewell, Cassius ! 
 If we do meet again, why we shall smile ; 
 If not, why then this parting was well made. 
 
 Cas. For ever, and forever, farewell Brutus ! 
 
116 ELEMENTS OF RHETORIC. 
 
 If we do meet again, we'll smile indeed; 
 If not, 'tis true, this parting was well made. 
 Bru. Why, then, lead on. — O, that a man might know 
 The end of this day's business, ere it come ! 
 But it sufficeth, that the day will end, 
 And then the end is known. 
 
 SOLILOQUY OF DICK THE APPRENTICE. 
 
 Thus far we run before the wind. — An Apothecary ! — 
 Make an apothecary of me ! — What, cramp my genius over 
 a pestle and mortar; or mew me up ,in a shop, with an al- 
 ligator stuffed, and a beggarly account of empty boxes ! 
 To be culling simples, and constantly adding to the bills 
 of mortality ! — No ! no ! It will be much better to be 
 pasted up in capitals, The part of Romeo by a young gen- 
 tleman who never appeared on any stage before ! My ambi- 
 tion fires at the thought. — But hold ; may n't I run some 
 chance of failing in my attempt % Hissed — pelted — laugh- 
 ed at — not admitted into the green room ; — that will ne- 
 ver do — down, busy devil, down, down ; try it again — lov- 
 ed by the women — envied by the men — applauded by the 
 pit, clapped by the gallery, admired by the boxes. " Dear 
 Colonel, is'nt he a charming creature 1 My lord, don't you 
 like him of all things 1 — Makes love like an angel 1 — 
 What an eye he has ! — Fine legs ! — I shall certainly go to 
 his benefit." — Celestial sounds ! — And then I'll get in with 
 all the painters and have myself put up in every print shop 
 — in the character of Macbeth ! " This is a sorry sight." 
 (Stands an attitude.) In the character of Richard: 
 " Give me another horse ! Bind up my wounds." These 
 will do rarely — And then I have a chance of getting well 
 married. — O glorious thought ! I will enjoy it though but 
 in fancy. But what's o'clock 1 — it must be almost nine* 
 
PRONUNCIATION. 117 
 
 I'll away at once ; this is club night — the spouters are 
 all met — little think they I'm in town — they'll be surpris- 
 ed to see me — off I go ; and then for my assignation with 
 my master Gargle's daughter. 
 
 Limbs, do your office, and support me well ; 
 
 Bear me but to her, then fail me if you can. 
 
H 77 78^ 
 

 
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