mm 'HlHtlil I 11 ill HARRISON AND REID. THEIR LIVES AND RECORD. GIVE ME THE FACTS." THE REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN BOOK FOE 1802, WITH A HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN POLITICS UP TO DATE, AND A CYCLOPEDIA OF PRESIDENTIAL BIOGRAPHY. Over Sixty Illustrations and Maps. Special Text by Special Contributors. COMPILED AND EDITED BY THOMAS CAMPBELL-COPELAND. THREE VOLUMES IX OXE. New York : CHARLES L. WEBSTER & COMPANY. 1892. I Z^ c ; Copyright, 1892, CHARLES L. WEBSTER & CO. (All rights reserved.) PRESS OF Jenkins & McCowan, NEW YORE. CONTENTS. PART I. page 7—8 Introduction '7? Life and Record of Presidential Candidate »-i» Life and Record of Vice-Presidential Candidate Mh** Convention Proceedings £J? £° The Platform ^ y_dl PART II. History of the Party Jr£ The Farmers' Alliance ° ' The Sub-Treasury Warehouse Scheme °-lU The Labor Party 11- {* The Prohibition Movement iaJik "Wom&n SllffrS£T6 Republican National and State Committees 16-17 Republican League of the United States lo-lj Democratic National and State Committees w> Prohibition National Committee : ^ People's Party National Committee £» The Australian Ballot £* Gerrymandering £J> History of Tariff Legislation jj"g United States Customs Duties ot Tariff Reform Votes £> Reciprocity «J-g The Silver Question */-*" The Single Tax Theory 4 1 -** PART III. Declaration of Independence 1-4 Constitution of the United States, with Amendments , 5-17 Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the United States IB Biographies of the Presidents 19~«* 8 The Presidential Succession 3J )-40 The Electoral College, with Votes, 1789-1881 40-44 The Electoral Vote of 1892 44 Popular Vote, United States, 1789-1888 45 Popular Vote, by States, 1824-1888 46-50 Departments at the National Capital 51-53 The Federal Government, 1892 54-62 Origin of States and Territories 63 Settlement of States and Territories 64 State and Territorial Governors 65 State and Territorial Offices 66-77 3 CONTEXTS. PAGE State and Territorial Legislatures 78 Population and Financial Condition of the States and Territories — 79-81 Party Tendency in the New States 82-83 The Senate and House of Representatives 84-91 Apportionment of Representatives 92-93 States Redistricted 94-99 Rules of the Fifty-first Congress 100-101 Rules of the Fifty-second Congress 102-119 Supreme Court Decision concerning House Rules 120-125 Principal of the Public Debt 126-127 Receipts and Expenditures, United States, 1791-1891 128-135 Appropriations Sanctioned by Congress, 1882-1892 136 Receipts and Expenditures, United States, in detail, 1891-1893 137-141 An Interesting Document 142-153 Population, Net Revenue and Expenditures of the United States, with per capitas, 1837-1891 154 Customs Receipts and Expenditures, by States, 1891 155 Internal Revenue Receipts and Expenditures, 1891 155 Imports and Exports, 1801 156-162 Our Pensioners — with numerous detailed statements 163-177 The United States Army 177-180 The United States Navy 181-185 The President's Veto Power 186 Civil Service Rules 187-189 Grand Army of the Republic 190-191 ( !« »ast Defences 192-194 The Chilean Controversy 195-1 98 The Behring Sea Controversy 199-207 The World's Columbian Exposition 208-213 Naturalization Laws 214 Voting Qualifications, by States 215-219 Registration of Voters 220 Map and Political Analysis of each State, 1872-1892 222-318 APPENDIX. Text of the Mills Bill 319-331 Text of the McKinley Bill 332-380 The Blaine Report on Reciprocity 381-385 The Silver Bill of '1890 386-387 Speech of Mr. Mills on his Tariff Measure 388-390 Tariff Messa-e of President Cleveland 391-398 Speech of Mr. McKinley on his Tariff Measure 399-411 Speech of Mr. ( 'arlisle on the Tariff 412-414 The President's Centennial Message, December, 1888 415-418 Congressional Pluralities by States 419-421 Presidential and Other Votes of Cities 422 ADDENDA. The addenda, immediately preceding the index, contains the latest infor- mation, up to the moment of going to press, on the navy and other topics of interest. LIST OF ILLUSTKATICOTS. Political Map of the United States Frontispiece. PAGE. The Nominee for President, 1892 L facing 1 The Nominee for Vice-President, 1892 I. " 11 The Presidents — Washington to Harrison III. 19 James G. Blaine II- 36 Thomas B. Reed HI. " 100 William McKinley, Jr (Appendix). 332 The British Surrendering their Arms III. facing 1 L T . S. Flag ship Chicago Ill- " 181 U. S. Steel Cruiser Boston Ill- " 183 U. S. Steel Cruiser Baltimore Ill- " 185 Harhor and City of San Diego HI. ' 195 The Chilean Insurgent Vessel Itata III. " 198 The House in which Columbus was Born III. ' 208 Administration Building, Columbian Exposition of 1893 III. ' 210 Harbor and City of Geneva [II. ' 212 Machinery Hall, Columbian Exposition of 1893 III. " 213 CARTOONS. " The North Bend Farmer and his Visitors " III. facing 29 "Storming the Castle" III. " 41 "The Great Exhibition of 1860" III. " 48 '• Honest Abe taking them on the Half-Shell" III. " 64 " The Radical Party on a Heavy Grade " III. " 35 "Blood will Tell." III. " 45 INTRODUCTION. Believing that in so important a campaign as at present there will be a demand for an honest Campaign Book, we take pleasure in offering this work to the public. Some two years ago we selected Mr. Thomas Campbell-Copeland, formerly a stat- istician in the Census Office at Washington, and one of the con- tributors to "The American Cyclopedia,' 7 to compile this work. Having engaged the services of Mr. Copeland, we next endeav- ored to secure some prominent statesman to review the work and write an introduction for it, thus giving it the stamp of absolute authority. As previously announced, Senator Joseph E. Hawley consented to do this for us. In his letter accepting our offer, he writes : " I cannot imagine how you are to get into a work, any- thing less than the size of the Encyclopedia Britannica, all the matter imperatively indicated by the table of contents you scud me. I can only say, if you do, it will be the best campaign book ever issued. * * * Please indicate, with what particularity you can, the nature of the desired introduction, and I will write it as you desire." It is with sincere regret that we now announce that, owing to the pressure of important engagements, it has been utterly impossible for Senator Hawley to fulfill his promise. We are sure, however, that a careful study of the contents of this work will prove that we have succeeded in embodying within a reasonable compass such political statistics and matters of gen- eral political interest, that no question is likely to arise during the coming campaign about which this book will not furnish reliable information. On all presidential years there are hundreds of catchpenny books put upon the market, containing little more than a padded 1r 7 8 INTRODUCTION. life of the Presidential and Vice-Presidential candidates, and the extravagant way in which these hooks have been advertised, and their failure to fulfill the promises made for them, have led many people to hesitate about buying a campaign work. We believe, however, that this book will fulfill all promises and expectations; it has been made for use, and contains information that gives it permanent value. We have endeavored to make the mechanical part of the book in keeping with the merits of its contents. Publishers. Hon. BENJAMIN HARRISON. THE REPUBLICAN CAMPAIGN BOOK. THE REPUBLICAN NOMINEE FOR PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. Hon. Benjamin Harrison, the Republican nominee for President, chosen on the first ballot at the National Convention, held at Minneapolis. June 7 to June 11, 1892, was born August 20, 1833, at North Bend, Ohio, and is therefore in his 59th year. He is the son of John Scott Harrison by a second marriage, his mother's maiden name being Elizabeth Irwin, daughter of Captain Archibald Irwin of Pennsylvania. His father's first wife was Miss Johnson of Kentucky. There were two daughters and one son by the first marriage. Both daughters are still living. By the second marriage there were ten children, four of whom are now alive, Carter Barrett Harri- son, John Scott Harrison, Anna Harrison— now Mrs. Anna Morris— and Ben- jamin Harrison, who was elected President of the United States in Novem- ber, 1888, and is still serving his country in that exalted office, for which he has just been renominated to the great satisfaction of many members of the Republican party. It may be of interest to review briefly the pedigree of this distinguished man. It is a matter of history that one of President Harrison's ancestors, Major-General Thomas Harrison, was a military commander during the pro- tectorate of Oliver Cromwell, the great English Republican. It fell to his turn to convey Charles I. to Windsor, and thence to Whitehall, where he was called upon to sit as one of the judges and then to sign the king's death war- rant. After the death of Cromwell and the restoration of Charles II., Major- General Harrison was condemned for treason, hanged, drawn and quartered at Charing Cross. He died a martyr to the cause of liberty. Some members of the Harrison family came over to Virginia from Lanca- shire in 1635, a quarter of a century before the execution of their kinsman. The leader of these colonists was the first Benjamin Harrison to land on American soil. The party decided to make a home in Surry county, not far from the colony of Jamestown, which had been settled nearly thirty years before. A son, Benjamin, the second of that name, married Hanna Churchill, who claimed affinity with the world-renowned Duke of Marlborough. They took up residence in Surry county, where a son was born, and named after his father. He, in due course, married a Miss Burwell, daughter of Louis Burwell of Gloucester County, Va. The home of this family was about midway between Richmond and Jamestown. As a result of the union a son was born, and named Benjamin, he being the fourth Benjamin Harrison along the line of direct descent. The records show that this son married a daughter of Robert Carter of Carotoman, Va. The father and two daughters were killed by lightning in the hallway of their home during a terrific storm. There were several sons, among whom were Charles and Benjamin. The first-named became famous as a commander of artillery in the Revolutionary War, and Benjamin made a brilliant record in public life, one of his best- known acts being that of attaching his signature to the Declaration of Inde- pendence. He belonged to the Virginia House of Burgesses; was a member 9 10 THE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. of the first Colonial Congress; a reporter of the resolution of independence; president, for four years, 1777-81, of the House of Burgesses; served three terms as Governor of Virginia, and was a member of the convention assembled to ratify the Constitution of the United States. William Henry Harrison, grandfather of the present occupant of the White House, was born at Berkeley, Charles City County, Va. , on February 9, 1773, and was three and a half years old when his father signed the Dec- laration of Independence. Gazetted as ensign in the First Regiment of United States Artillery in 1791, he took part in the battle of the Miami in 1794, and gained fame at the battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Afterward pro- moted to the rank of major-general, he distinguished himself by winning, in 1813, the battle of the Thames, in Canada. Tecumseh, the great Indian warrior, was killed during this fight, whilst supporting the British. Misun- derstandings with the Secretary of War led to a voluntary resignation and re- tirement to his home at North Bend, O. Three years later he served in Con- gress, continuing until 1819, when his election to the Ohio State Senate took place. The record of William Henry Harrison includes two terms in the United States Senate. When a candidate for the Presidency, in 1836, he re- ceived 73 electoral votes. In 1840 234 electoral votes were cast in his favor, as against 60 recorded in behalf of Martin Van Buren. Benjamin Harrison, now fulfilling his first term of office as President of the United States, received his education as a boy under his father's roof, first from a governess, next from a Massachusetts college graduate, and then from a graduate of Marshall College, Pennsylvania. He was seven years of age when the campaign of 1840 was at its height, and was an eye-witness of the enthusiastic demonstrations that made the " Tippecanoe " political con- test so remarkable. As a result of his home training and healthy home in- lluences, the youth, in his fourteenth year, was thought to be considerably in advance of most young people at his age. From the home schooling he was sent to Farmer's College, Cincinnati, where he gained credit for close application to study and general good con- duct. Murat Halstead was one of his classmates. At the end of two years he returned home. Shortly afterward his mother died. He did not recover from this great blow for a long time, apparently abandoning all interest in his file and surroundings. She had been his great friend, and in losing her he experienced keenly that sense of isolation so peculiar to deep affliction. His next educational course was at Miami University, Oxford, O. Here his record was excellent, gaining for him the esteem and high regard of his associates, among whom were Oliver P. Morton, afterward Governor of In- diana, and W. P. Fishback, with whom he subsequently became associated in the practice of law, a profession lie decided to adopt during his sojourn at Miami. At college he came to be recognized as possessing all the qualifi- cations for success as a public speaker, always choosing his words wisely, ami maintaining a calm and impressive attitude throughout. Although at- tentive to his studies, lie found lime to fulfill social duties, frequently visit- ing the home of Rev. John \Y r . Scott, a former friend and professor, and at this time the president of the Oxford Female College. During these visits Benjamin Harrison became acquainted with Miss Carrie L. Scott, his friend's daughter. The acquaintanceship ripened into friendship, and this, in due course, resulted in the engagement of the young lovers, who subsequently married and established a home at Indianapolis, where the studeu found his first legal work. The record of his early life at Indianapolis is one of struggle, hopeful and determined, always ready to accept an honorable task, even if the remunera- tion offered was entirely out of keeping with the work to be accomplished. His first partnership was with William Wallace. In 1860 Mr. Wallace re- THE PKESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. 11 signed, and, in his stead, his college friend, W. P. Fishback, became an associate in law. Some four or five years before this time Benjamin Harrison's political career may be said to have commenced. At a ratification meeting he was introduced as the grandson of William Henry Harrison. On rising to address the audience, he said: " I want it understood that I am the grandson of no- body. I believe every man should stand on his own merits." This has been his maxim through hie, and has had much to do with his success. For more that thirty -five years his services as a public speaker for his party have been in demand, and his recent addresses, given day after .day during his presidential tour of the States, proves beyond doubt that he stands in the first rank of those who are able to say timely and telling things in a pleasant yet forceful and emphatic manner without previous preparation. In 1800 Benjamin Harrison, or, as he was familiarly called, "Ben," ran for the office of Reporter of the Supreme Court of Indiana. A memorable incident in the campaign was his debate with Thomas A. Hendricks, in which his opponents gave him great credit, and his friends accorded him the honor of victory. His canvass for the office of Reporter was successful, but before he had held this position very long, war was declared, and volunteers were called for from every loyal ' State, li is well known that the man who afterward took such an important part in military affairs was anxious at the very start to participate in the conflicts, but his official duties prevented this, and it was not until Governor Oliver P. Morton made what might be termed a per- sonal appeal that he felt fully justified in relinquishing all civil responsibil- ities for the time being to help in arousing enthusiasm among those citizens who did not realize the urgency of President Lincoln's call in July, 1862, for 300,000 more troops. He volunteered to raise a regiment, and within a month the Seventieth Indiana Regiment was organized and bail joined the forces in Kentucky, with the organizer at its head as colonel. The first part of his active service was occupied in skirmishing through Kentucky and Tennessee, the force under his command forming part of (he Army of the Cumberland. On May 15, 1864, came the commander's first opportunity to use, with good effect, whatever military knowledge he had acquired since entering upon active service. The episode is thus described by a justly celebratedwriter, and is given here as best illustrating the charac- ter and courage of Benjamin Harrison as a military commander. "The 7th of May, 1864, came. The armies moved out 100,000 strong. The divisions were commanded by Generals Thomas, McPherson, and Scho- field. The boys began 'Marching through Georgia.' General Thomas's division, to which the Twentieth Army Corps belonged, had been massed at, Ringgold, but was now before the rocky cliffs of Rocky Face, upon which Johnston had strongly fortified himself to dispute the passage of our armies through Buzzard Roost Gap below. On the 8th of May occurred the assault upon Rocky Face Ridge, and the terrible carnage that followed. "Then Johnston suddenly discovered that the wily general of the Union forces had been sending a division through Snake Creek Gap, sonic distance south, to the rear, and was threatening the railroad and Resaca. General Johnston withdrew from his works on Rocky Face, and quickly intrenched himself at Resaca. " Around Resaca, which was a small town on the Oostanula River, were hills, swamps, ravines, and the densest of thickets. All this ground was familiar to the enemy, while it was a strange laud to the Union men. ( )n t lie 15th of May the attack was made. "Perched on the crest of a hill that commanded the approach to the town, were rebel batteries that poured incessant fire into the Union ranks. 12 THE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. It became positively necessary to silence them, but it would require brave men and a desperate struggle to do it. The order came to General Ward, of the First Brigade, and was repeated to Colonel Harrison. "Between the brigade and the batteries was a dense pine thicket and then a quarter of a mile of open held, so that Colonel Harrison knew nothing of the position of the enemy he was to charge. But he commanded his officers to dismount, and did so himself, as he knew it would be impossible to charge through that thicket on horseback. Then he said to the aide-de-camp who brought the order: " 'You are familiar with the ground outside. I am not. Will you go ahead with me alone and show me this battery ? For if I were to charge out now, I would be as apt to charge Hank on to it as any other way. ' • ' The two had not proceeded far when a puff of smoke from the hill- crest, and the report which followed, indicated the position of the battery, and the ball screaming by emphasized the importance of the order. Colonel Harrison instantly waved his sword to his men, and called in a voice that caught the ear and heart of every man within its reach: ' ' ' Come on, boys ! ' " Instantly lour regiments came pouring after him. They crashed into the thicket and tore along, shouting meanwhile, and crying 'forward! ' to each other, all in the wildest disorder — for it was impossible to preserve the lines in that tangled underwood. All were full of the spirit of their leader. They soon emerged from the wood, and followed him on double-quick toward the hill, shouting in a way that meant death to the Confederates. It is seldom a command produces such effect so instantaneously as did that call, ' Come on, boys ! ' attended as it was by the flash of the sword and the ready attitude of the man. The Confederates saw it and felt it, and in desperation poured a murderous fire into the advancing columns. Shot and shell flew thick about tbe brave leader, and his men were falling fast. Still he went on, and had it not been for the spirit that seemed to go from him to his followers, one might have thought he was courting death, or shielding bis brave men from it. " They rushed on under the savage fire; and only the roar of cannons and muskets, the cries of wounded and dying, the shouts of brave, determined men, and the dense smoke that hovered over and amidst them in clouds and hid the sight from heaven, might indicate that the battle was going on, until the outer Confederate lines were reached; then they leaped over the breast- works, and, hand-to-hand, they grappled with the desperate defenders. The cold steel bayonets shone no longer in sunlight. Muskets w T ere clubbed — only pistol reports were heard above the din. Then all the enemy that were left in the outer works were taken prisoners. •' But the work was apparently not half done, and thai commander never lefl any work of bis in that condition. The battery was still at the crest, and there was an impassable line of brushwood and stakes below it. Night fell, and the men were still busy. They were digging into the hill-side, and up toward the enemy's nuns. II' the enemy were feeling secure for a time, be- hind the barrier, and at all satisfied at the havoc made in the Union ranks — for fully a third of those brave soldiers lay wounded, dying, and dead on the field- evidently, also, a counter feeling of uneasiness rested upon them, for the spirit with which the assault had been made, and the contest kept up, and the carrying of their outer lines, meant that the [JnioD colonel and his soldiers did not intend to be thwarted. "The tunnels broke through the hill behind the works. The guns were lowered into them. And when the morning came, and General Sherman looked to see the battle for the hill top to be renewed, lo! the work was done —the enemy had w ilhdrawn." From Wesaca until the cud of the war Harrison and his men were con- THE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. 13 spicuoua for their undaunted courage and unflinching devotion to duty under the most trying circumstances. He served under Hooker, Thomas, and Ward, his force never failing to make its mark when called upon to act. On July 20, 1864, during the well-contested battle at Peach Creek, he again distinguished himself. The opposing generals were Hooker and Hood. In a case of emergency, where immediate and decisive action was neces- sary, he proved equal to the occasion, leading his men to victory with many encouraging words. Swinging himself into line before his men, he said : " Come on, boys! We've never been licked yet, and we won't begin now. We haven't much ammunition, but if necessary we can give them the cold steel, and before we get licked we will club them down; so come on." " They charged up the hill after ' Little Ben,' " writes a biographer, "get- ting ready as they ran. They were joined by the skirmish line, eager for the fray. Just over the hill, among the trees, and behind a rail fence, they saw the Confederates crouching like tigers. They charged on them, and for half an hour there was hot and terrible fighting. Finally the Confederate force was repulsed. But the gallant brigade lost 250 men in that short thirty minutes. This was the decisive stroke; and the day was soon won. "The next day the fiery General Hooker rode the lines, and seeing Harri- son, he called out with an oath that he would have him made a brigadier- general for yesterday's work." General Hooker kept his promise, and in a letter to the Secretary of War represented fully Colonel Harrison's military merits, recommending him strongly for preferment. Whilst in the field, news of his renomination as an officer of the Supreme Court of Indiana reached him. His political opponents, by their acts, made it necessary for him to enter the campaign, which he did for 30 days, gain- ing a decisive victory in the contest. Then he returned to the seat of war, and displayed more conspicuous gallantry at Nashville in December. Sick- ness in his family, and then his own sickness, kept him away from the field for a time, but he was soon able to rejoin the forces_of Sherman, and contrib- uted to a considerable extent in bringing about a prompt ending of the war. The last incident in his military career was his presence at the head of his men in the grand review at Washington. General Harrison, on his return home, resumed the practice of law, his partners being Messrs. K. G. Porter and Fishback. Their practice became extensive and important, and their services were greatly in demand. Several changes were made in the firm as time went on, but General Harrison re- mained throughout, gradually gaining in reputation, until, at last, he came to be acknowledged by members of the bar, irrespective of party, as "a judicious counsellor, an able advocate, a keen cross-examiner, and a man of indefatigable industry." In 1875 General Harrison was urged to become a candidate for the Gov- ernorship of Indiana, but declined, stating as one of his reasons that his per- sonal affairs demanded a close application to professional duties. He took a share, however, in the work of the campaign, and was much surprised to learn from a Chicago uewspaper, on one occasion when away from home, that Mr. Orth, who had been nominated, had withdrawn from the contest. He was still more surprised, and also greatly annoyed, when he read thai his own name had been placed at the head of the ticket. On returning home, his remonstrances were strongly worded and emphatic. He declined to run, but was finally persuaded to allow his name to remain for the sake of Hie party. The ticket was defeated, but the Democratic majority was reduced more than one-half, and General Harrison received 1,5:36 above the average vote of the other five state officers. His next most conspicuous public service was in connection with the rail- 14 THE PKESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. way strikes in 1877. On that occasion he acted in conjunction with the Gov- ernor and a numher of well-known citizens, doing much to arrange an ami- cable settlement of the dispute. General Harrison took part in the state campaign of 1878, entertained President Hayes and John Sherman on their visit to Indianapolis, in 1879, and was appointed chairman of the Indiana delegation to the National Re- publican Convention which met in Chicago on June 7, 1880. At that time the question was raised among his friends as to the expediency of placing his name before the Convention for the Presidency, but he put his foot down flatly against it, and the Indiana vote was solid for Garfield. Again he took an active part in the campaign which might be termed a double campaign, as the election for governor took place in October. General Harrison did splendid service for the party, and was rewarded by a seat in the United Stales Senate, where he served with distinction from March, 1881, until March, 1887. His record in the Senate includes important speeches on Chinese immigration, and on the admission of new States. In 1887 changes in the State Legislature brought about the election of a Democrat to serve in tlic Senate from 1887 to 1893. On retiring from his post at Washington, General Harrison returned to Indianapolis, and again resumed the practice of the law, conducting a num- ber of important cases with great success. In 1888 his name was mentioned for the Presidency, and the feeling in his favor grew so strong that when the Convention assembled at Chicago on the 19th of June, 1888, Governor A. G. Porter, in behalf of the Indian delegation, presented the name of General Harrison as a candidate. The nomination was seconded by Mr. Terrill of Texas, and also by Mr. Gallinger of New Hampshire. Ballots were taken for three days, and General Harrison was nominated on the 8th ballot, re- ceiving 544 votes, the previous ballots in his favor being 80, 91, 94, 207, 213, 231 and 278. On the 4th of March, 1889 President Harrison assumed the reins of office at the National Capital from President Cleveland, having 233 electoral votes, as against 168 in favor of his opponent, who was serving his first term in the Presidency, and had become a candidate for renomination. As to the man- ner in which President Harrison has conducted the affairs of the countiy, no better statement need be made than that expressed by Senator Spooner in seconding the motion for President Harrison's renomination before the National Convention at Minneapolis on June 10th, 1892. " He has been from the day of his inauguration what the people elected him to be — President of the United States. He has given to the country an administration which for ability, efficiency, purity and patriotism challenge admiration without fear of comparison with any which has preceded it since the foundation of the government. He has been free from " variableness or shadow of turning" in his devotion to the principles of the Republican party, and to the redemption of the pledges made by it to the people. He has stood for the protection of American industries, and the interests of Ameri- e.-m wage workers, and placed with alacrity the seal of approval upon the ureal Tariff hill of the Fifty-first Congress, which has outridden the flood of misrepresentation which swept over it, as did the ark in the deluge of old. and now rests upon a foundation as solid as Mount Ararat. " Be championed and promoted by every means in harmony with the dig- nity of his ureal office the adoption of the scheme of reciprocity, which asen- acted has found favor with our people, and not limited to the South American Republics or bartering the interests of one industry for the benefit of another by the free admission of competitive products, but compelling fair treatment by all governments of all our people, and our productions under penalty of commercial retaliation. THE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. 15 " Openly friendly to the use of silver as one of the coin metals of the country under conditions which shall surely maintain it at a parity with gold, and striving to secure by international agreement the existence of those conditions, he stands, nevertheless, as firm as the granite which underlies the continent against a policy which would debase the currency of the people, and must drive the coin of either metal out of circulation. "Nor did he forget or disregard the solemn pledge of the Republican party that 'every citizen, rich or poor, native or foreign born, white or black, 'is entitled at every public election to cast one free ballot, and to have that ballot honestly counted, and faithfully returned. "With a skill, dignity and courage which has compelled the admiration of political friend and foe alike he has caused it to be understood throughout the world that the American flag represents a government which has the power and the will to protect the American uniform and American interests at all hazards everywhere, whether assailed by peppery neighbors to the southward of us, or by the diplomacy or power of Great Britain. "Every interest of the people has had his best care and his best thought, and he stands before the country to-day well approved and universally ackowledged to be a man of transcendent ability, of extraordinary capacity for the discharge of executive duty, of exalted patriotism and lofty purpose, who would not for a unanimous renomination by this Convention and a re- election by the people swerve one hair's breadth in any matter of duty, great or small, from what he believes to be just and right. "It is said against him that he had made enemies, and it is evidently true. So did Washington, so did Jackson, so did Lincoln, so did Grant, so did Gar- field, so did Arthur. But this Convention will not mistake the lamentations of the disappointed for the voices of 'plain people.' This judgment again overestimates the importance of individuals and underestimates the intelli- gence and patriotism of the masses. They will not be gulled into the belief that the object of government is the bestowal of office. "The people care little for the ambition of leaders, and whether John Smith secures an office this month, next month, or not at all. They do not demand of a President that he shall be able to please every one. They want good government, they demand honesty and ability, and industry and purity in public and private life, and all this they have had in Ben Harrison, and they know it. ' ' We place him before this Convention as one who can bear, and will bear, whether nominated or not — for he is a Republican — his full share in this great contest which today is begun. " The Republicans of every State, save one, in convention assembled have endorsed with enthusiasm his administration. Upon that administration and its record of efficiency and achievement the Republican Party is to invite the coming campaign. There is nothing persuasive in the assertion that the people who officially approve an administration will withhold their approval from the man who is responsible for it, and who has largely made it. "Put him again at the head of the column. Place in his hand the banner of Republicanism, and he will carry it aggressively all the time at the front, and he will lead us again to victory. There will be irresistible power and inspiration in the knowledge which pervades the people that so long as he is President there is one at the helm who, whatever besides us, at home or abroad, will bring to the solution of every question, to the execution of every policy, and to the performance of every duty a splendid and dis- ciplined intellect, absolute rectitude of purpose and unfaltering desire to conserve every interest of every section, a self-poise which is a sure safe guard against hasty or mistaken judgment, and a patriotism which never has wavered, either in war or in peace." 16 THE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. This is the most fitting place for the text of the speech of Mr. Chauncey M. Depew of New York, made in behalf of General Harrison, at Minne- apolis: "Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Convention: "It is the peculiarity of Republican National Conventions that each one of them has a distinct and interesting history. We are here to meet condi- tions and solve problems which make this gathering not only no exception to the rule, but substantially a new departure. That there should be strong con- victions, and their earnest expression as to preferences and policies, is charac- teristic of the right of individual judgment, which is the fundamental principle of Republicanism. "There have been occasions when the result was so sure that the delegates could freeby indulge in the charming privilege of favoritism and friendship. But the situation which now confronts us demands the exercise of dispassion- ate judgment, and our hcst thought and experience. " We cannot venture on uncertain ground, or encounter obstacles placed in the pathway of success by ourselves. The Democratic party is now di- vided, but the hope of the possession of power once more will make it in the final battle more aggressive, determined, and unscrupulous than ever. It starts with fifteen States secure without an effort, by processes which are a travesty upon popular government, and, if continued long enough, will paralyze institutions founded \ipon popular suffrage. It has to win four more States in a fair light — States which in the vocabulary of politics are denominated doubtful. "The Republican party must appeal to the conscience and the judgment of the individual voter in every State of the Union. This is in accordance with the principles upon which it was founded, and the objects for which it contends. It has accepted this issue before, and fought it out with an ex- traordinary continuance of success. "The conditions of Republican victory from 1860 to 1880 were created by Abraham Lincoln and Ulysses S. Grant. They were that the saved republic should be run by its saviors — the emancipation of the slaves; the reconstruc- tion of the States; the reception of those who had fought to destroy the re- public back into the fold, without penalties or punishments, and to an equal share with those who had fought and saved the nation, in the solemn obliga- tion and inestimable privilege of American citizenship. They were the em- bodiment into the Constitution of the principles for which two millions of men had fought and a half million had died. They were the restoration of public credit, the resumption of specie payments and the prosperous condi- tion of solvent business. "For twenty -five years they were names with which to conjure and events fresh in the public mind which were elocpient with popular enthusiasm. "It needed little else than a recital of the glorious story of its heroes and a statement of the achievements of the Republican party to retain the confi- dence "I the people. Bui from the desire for change, winch is characteristic of free governments, there came a reversal; there came a check to the prog- ress of the Republican party and four years of Democratic administration. Those four years largely relegated to the realm of history past issues, and brougb.1 us face to face with what, Democracy, its professions and its prac- tices mean to day. "The greal names which have adorned the roll of Republican statesmen and soldiers are still potent and popular. The great measures of the Repub- lican party are still the best part of the history of the century. The un- equaled and unexampled story of Republicanism in its promises and its achievements stands unique in the record of parties, in governments which are free THE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. 17 " We live iu practical times, facing practical issues which affect the busi- ness, the wages, the labor and prosperity of to-day. The campaign will be won or lost, not upon the bad record of James K. Polk, or of Franklin Pierce, or of James Buchanan — not upon the good record of Lincoln, or of Grant, or of Arthur, or of Hayes, or of Garfield. It will be won or lost upon the policy, foreign and domestic, the industrial measures, and the ad- ministrative acts of the administration of Benjamin Harrison. Whoever re- ceives the nomination of this Convention will run upon the judgment of the people as to whether they have been more prosperous and more happy — whether the country has been in a better condition at home and stood more honorably abroad — under these last four years of Harrison and Republican administration than during the preceding four years of Cleveland and Dem- ocratic government. "Not since Thomas Jefferson has any administration been called upon to face and solve so many or such difficult problems as those which have been exigent in our conditions. No administration since the organization of the government has ever met difficulties better, or more to the satisfaction of the American people. Chili lias been taught that, no matter how small the antagonist, no community can with safety insult the flag or murder American sailors. Germany and England have learned in Samoa that the United States has become one of the powers of the world, and no matter how mighty the adversary, at every sacrifice, American honor will be main- tained. "The Behring Sea question, which was the insurmountable obstacle in the diplomacy of Cleveland and of Bayard, has been settled upon a basis which sustains the American position until arbitration shall have determined the right. The dollar of the country has been placed and kept on the standard of commercial nations, and a convention has been agreed upon with foreign governments, which, by making bimetallism the policy of all nations, may successfully solve all our financial problems. " The tariff, tinkered with and trifled with to the serious disturbance of trade and disaster to business since the days of Washington, has been courageously embodied into a code — a code which has preserved the principle of the protection to American industries. To it has been added a beneficent policy supple- mented by beneficial treaties and wise diplomacy, which has opened to our farmers and manufacturers the markets of other countries. "The navy has been builded upon lines which will protect American citi- zens and American interests and the American flag all over the world. The public debt has been reduced, the maturing bonds have been paid off, the public credit has been maintained, the burdens of taxation have been light- ened, two hundred millions of currency have been added to the people's money without disturbance of the exchanges. Unexampled prosperity has crowned wise laws and their wise administration. "The main epiestion which divides us is, to whom does the credit of all this belong? Orators may stand upon this platform, more able and more eloquent than I, who will paint in more brilliant colors, but they cannot put in more earnest thought the affection and admiration of Republicans for our distinguished ex-Secretary of State. "I yield to no Republican, no matter from what State he hails, in admira- tion and respect for John Sherman, for Gov. McKinley, for Thomas B. Reed, for Iowa's great son, for the favorites of Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan, but when I am told that the credit for the brilliant diplomacy of this admin- istration belongs exclusively to the late Secretary of State; for the adminis- tration of its finances to the Secretary of the'Treasury; for the construction of its ships to the Secretary of the Navy; for the introduction of American pork in Europe to the Secretary of Agriculture; for the settlement (so far as 18 THE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. it is settled) of the currency question to Senator John Sherman; for the formulation of the tariff laws to Governor McKinley ; for removal of the restric- tions placed by foreign nations upon the introduction of American pork to our Ministers at Paris and Berlin — I am tempted to seriously inquire, who, during the last four years, has been President of the United States, anyhow? "Csesar, when he wrote those commentaries which were the history of the conquests of Europe under his leadership, modestly took the position of iEneas when he said, ' They are the narrative of events, the whole of which I saw, and the part of which I was.' "General Thomas, as the rock of Chickamauga, occupies a place in our history with Leonidas among the Greeks, except that he succeeded where Leonidas failed. The fight of Joe Hooker above the clouds was the poetry of battle. The resistless rush of Sheridan and his steed down the valley of the Shenandoah is the epic of our civil war. The march of Sherman from Atlanta to the sea is the supreme triumph of gallantry and strategy. It de- tracts nothing from the splendor of the fame, or the merits of the deeds, of his lieutenants to say that, having selected them with marvelous sagacity and discretion, Grant still remained the supreme commander of the national army. "All the proposed acts of any administration, before they are formulated, are passed upon in Cabinet council, and the measures and suggestions of the ablest secretaries would have failed with a lesser President; but for the great good of the country, and the benefit of the Republican party, they have suc- ceeded because of the suggestive mind, the indomitable courage, the intelli- gent appreciation of situations, and the grand magnanimity of Benjamin Harrison. "It is an undisputed fact that during the few months when both the Secretary of State and the Secretary of the Treasury were ill, the President personally assumed the duties of the State Department and of the Treasury Department, and both with equal success. The Secretary of State, in accept- ing his portfolio under President Garfield, wrote: ' Your administration must be made brilliantly successful and strong in the confidence and pride of the people, not at all diverting its energies for reflection, and yet compelling that result by the logic of events, and by the imperious necessities of the situation.' " Garfield fell before the bullet of the assassin, and Mr. Blaine retired to private life. General Harrison invited him to take up that unfinished diplo- matic career where its threads had been so tragically broken. He entered the Cabinet — he resumed his work — and has won a higher place in our history. The prophecy he made for Garfield has been superbly fulfilled by President Harrison. In the language of Mr. Blaine, the President has 'compelled a reelect ion by the logic of events and the imperious necessities of the situation.' " The man who is nominated here to day to win must carry a certain well- known number of the doubtful States. Patrick Henry, in the convention which stalled rolling the ball of the independence of the colonies from Great Britain, said: ' I have hut one lamp by which my feet are guided, and that is I lie lamp of experience. T know of no way of judging of the future but by the past.' "New York was carried in 1880 by General Garfield, and in every im- portant election since that, time we have done our best. We have put forward our ablest, our most, popular, our most brilliant leaders, for Governor and State officers, to suffer constant defeat. The only light, which illumines with the sun of hope the dark record of those twelve years is the fact that in 1888 the State of New York was triumphantly carried* by President Harrison. He carried il then as a gallant soldier, a wise senator, a statesman who inspired confidence by his public utterances in daily speech from the commencement of the canvass to its close. He still has all these claims, and, in addition, an THE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. 19 administration beyond criticism, and rich with the elements of popularity with which to carry New York again. " Ancestry helps in the OklWorld, and handicaps in the New._ There is but one distinguished example of a son first overcoming the limitations imposed by the preeminent fame of his father, and then rising above it; and that was when the younger Pitt became greater than Chatham. " With an ancestor a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and an- other who saved the northwest from savagery and gave it to civilization and empire, and was also a President of the United States, a poor aud unknown lawyer of Indiana has risen by his unaided efforts to such distinction as law- yer," orator, soldier, statesman and President that he reflects more credit on his ancestors than they have devolved upon him, and presents in American history the parallel of the younger Pitt. "By the record of a wise and popular administration, by the strength gained in frequent contact with the people, in wonderfully versatile and felicitous speech, by the claims of a pure life in public and in the simplicity of a typical American home, I nominate Benjamin Harrison." THE REPUBLICAN NOMINEE FOR VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. Hon. Whitelaw Reid, who was nominated for the Vice-Presidency by unanimous vote of the delegates at Minneapolis on June 10, 1892, is the ed- itor and proprietor of the "New York Tribune." An excellent sketch of his career, accurate and impartial, was published in the columns of the " Trib- une " on the morning following the nomination. The sources of information being of course the "most reliable, practically indorsed by the nominee, the liberty is taken of reproducing the sketch as it appeared in the columns of his own paper: Whitelaw Reid, the Republican nominee for the office of Vice-President, was born in Xenia, Ohio, in October, 1887. His. father, Robert Charlton Reid, had married Marian Whitelaw Ronalds, a descendant in direct line from the Clan Ronald of the Highlands of Scotland. His paternal grandfather, also of Scotch blood, emigrated to this country toward the close of the last cen- tury, and, as one of its earliest pioneers, settled in Kentucky; but in 1800 he crossed the river and bargained for land upon the present site of Cincinnati. But he was a stern old Covenanter, and found his conscience uneasy, owing to a condition of the sale which required him to run a ferry every day of the week across the Ohio River. Sooner than violate the Sabbath, he gave up his bargain, and removing to Greene County, he became one of the earliest settlers in the township of Xenia. An uncle, Hugh McMillan, D. D., a Scotch Covenanter and conscientious man, took the task upon himself for fitting Whitelaw for college. Dr. McMillan was a trustee of Miami University and principal of the old and long-noted Xenia Academy, which was then reck- oned by the officers of Miami the best preparatory school in the State. As a teacher of classics and general instructor Dr. McMillan had a fine reputation. Under his instruction his nephew was so well drilled in Latin that at the age of fifteen years he entered Miami as a sophomore, with a Latinist rank equal to that of scholars in the Tipper classes. This was in 1853, and in 1856 he was graduated with the scientific honors; the classical honors having by his own request been yielded to a classmate. Just after graduation he was made prin- cipal of the graded schools in South Charleston, Ohio, his immediate pupils being generally older than himself. Here he taught French, Latin and the higher mathematics. During this period he repaid his father the expense of his senior year in college, and, returning home at the age of twenty, he bought the " Xenia News" and for two years led the life of a country edi- tor. AN ORIGINAL REPUBLICAN. Directly after leaving college Mr. Reid had identified himself with the then new Republican party, and took the stump for John C. Fremont. He was a constant reader of the "New York Tribune," and his own paper, the " News," edited with vigor and such success as to double its circulation during his control of its columns, was conducted by him, as much as possible, after the model of that great humanitarian journalist he was destined to suc- ceed. In 1860, notwithstanding his personal admiration of Mr. Chase, he ad- vocated the nomination of Mr. Lincoln, the " News" being the first West- 20 THE VICE-PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. 21 ern newspaper outside of Illinois to do so; and its influence caused the elec- tion of a Lincoln delegate to the Republican Convention from the Xenia dis- trict, thus strengthening the break in the Ohio column which Governor Chase at the time so bitterly resented, After Mr. Lincoln's famous speech at the Cooper Institute in New York and his return to the West, Mr. Reid went to Columbus to meet him, formed one of his escort to Xenia, and introduced him at the railroad station to the citizens. Subsequently he entered ardently into the business of the campaign, making speeches and acting as secretary of the Greene County Republican Committee. His exertions were too much for his health, and he was compelled to withdraw from the political arena and take a vacation. He travelled through the Northwest, visiting the ex- treme headwaters of the Mississippi and St. Louis rivers, and returned across the site of the present town of Duluth. The following winter he spent in Columbus as a legislative correspondent on an engagement with the " Cin- cinnati Times." His letters from the Northwest in'the "Cincinnati Gazette " during the summer of 1860 were favorably received, and, after a few weeks of his engagement with the " Times " had elapsed he obtained an offer at a higher figure from the "Cleveland Herald," to be followed by a yet better offer from the "Cincinnati Gazette." Mr. Reid undertook all three engage- ments, and by them was put in receipt of a good income for a journalist in those days, some $38 a week; but the task of writing daily three letters, dis- tinct in tone, upon the same dreary legislative themes was a species of drudg- ery which severely tried even his versatility and courage. Such discipline, however, rendered his later journalistic labors comparatively light and at- tractive. SEEVICES AS A WAR CORRESPONDENT. At the close of that session of the Ohio Legislature the " Gazette " offered him the post of city editor, and this position, so full of varied training, he ac- cepted until, at the beginning of the Civil War, McClellan, then a captain in the Regular Army and stationed at Cincinnati, was sent to West Virginia. With this movement, Mr. Reid, by order of the "Gazette" Company," took the position of its Avar correspondent. Gen. Morris had command of the ad- vance, and Mr, Reid, as representative of the then foremost journal in Ohio, was assigned to duty as volunteer aide-de-camp, with the rank of captain. Then over the signature of " Agate " began a series of letters which attracted general attention and largely increased the demand for the "Gazette." Af- ter the West Virginia campaign terminated in the victory over Garnet's army and the death of General Garnet himself at Carrick's Ford, on Cheat River, Mr. Reid returned to the "Gazette" office, and for a time wrote editorial leaders. He was sent back to West Virginia, and given a position on the staff of General Rosecrans. He served through the second campaign that terminated with the battles of Carnifex Ferry and Gauley Bridge. These battles he wrote an account of and then returning to the "Gazette" office resumed his editorial duties and helped organize the staff of correspondents the publishers of that journal had found it necessary to employ. Fairly es- tablished as a journalist of much promise, only brief mention can be made of the brilliant service which marked his subsequent career in the West. In 18(>l-'62 he went to Fort Donelson, recorded the Tennessee campaign, arrived at Pittsburg Landing weeks in advance of the battle fought there, and, leav- ing a sick-bed, was the only correspondent who witnessed the fight from its beginning to its close. It was his account of this battle, one of the most im- portant of the war, that stamped him as a newspaper correspondent of the first class. Those ten columns of the " Gazette " were widely copied and published in extras by St. Louis and Chicago papers, and their writer was complimented by an advance in his already liberal salary, 22 THE VICE-PBESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. At the siege of Corinth Mr. Reid was appointed chairman of a committee of the correspondents to interview General Halleck upon the occasion of the latter 's difficulty with "the gentlemen of the press," which ended in their dignified withdrawal from the military lines. EXPERIENCES AS A WASHINGTON CORRESPONDENT AND AS A PLANTER. Mr. Reid went to Washington in the spring of 1862, where he was offered the management of a leading St. Louis newspaper. On hearing of this offer the proprietors of the "Gazette" offered to sell him a handsome interest in their establishment at a fair price. This he accepted, and his share of the profits for the first year amounted to two-thirds of the cost and laid the foundation of his fortune. As the correspondent of the " Gazette " at the National Capital he soon distinguished himself, and attracted by his literary and executive ability the notice of Horace Greeley, who from that time be- came his highly appreciative and unswerving friend. A visit to the South in 1865, as the companion of Chief Justice Chase on the trip made by the latter at the recpiest of President Johnson, resulted in the production of Mr. Reid's first contribution to literature in the form of a book, entitled "After the AVar : A Southern Tour. " This book is a fair reflex of its author's inde- pendent and healthful mind and practical experience of men and things, and an excellent record of the affairs of the South during the years immediately following the war. During this tour the business of cotton-planting appeared so remunerative that, in partnership with General Francis J. Herron, Mr. Reid engaged in it in the spring of 1866; but when the crop looked most promising the army worm detroyed three-fourths of it. Even what remained, however, prevented the loss of their investment, and induced Mr. Reid to try his fortune subsequently in the same business in Alabama; but after two years, though not a loser, his gain was principally in business experience. During these years, however, he was otherwise engaged than in growing cotton. His ' ' Ohio in the War, " two large volumes of more than a thousand pages each, was produced during the years when cotton-planting was his ostensible business. This work is a monument of industry and a model for every other State work of the kind. After the publication of this work Mr. Reid in 1868 resumed the duties of a leader-writer on the "Gazette." On the impeachment of President Johnson he went to Washington and reported carefully that transaction. That summer Mr. Greeley renewed an invitation, two or three times made before, to Mr. Reid, to connect himself with the political staff of the "Tribune." Mr. Reid finally accepted, and took the post of leading editorial writer, with a salary next in amount to that of Mr. Greeley and responsible directly to him. He wrote many of the lead- ers throughout the campaign that ended in the first election of Grant. Shortly afterward a difficulty between the managing editor and the publishers resulted in the withdrawal of the former, and Mr. Reid was installed in the managing editor's chair. In this advancement he retained the affection and unbounded confidence of his venerated chief, who since the withdrawal of Mr. Dana to make his venture in Chicago and then to get the " Sun," had not tailed to observe the uncertainties and dangers attending this most arduous of journalistic positions. By a bold expenditure in 1870 Mr. Reid surpassed all rivals at home and abroad in reports of the Franco-Prussian war, and from that time, witli full power to do so, gradually reorganized and strength- ened the staff of the Tribune. assuming: the editorship of the "tribune." After the nomination of Mr. Greeley for President in 1872, Mr. Reid was made editor in chief of the " Tribune" — an office accepted by him with gen- uine reluctance, but with courage and determination. Untrammeled by tra- THE VICE-PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. 23 dition, he made the " Tribune " the exponent of a broad and catholic Ameri- canism. In this he failed not to rally to his support scholarly and sagacious veterans of the " Tribune " establishment. After the disastrous close of the campaign of 1872, that which astonished friend and foe alike was the enor- mous amount of resources Mr. Reid's conduct had gained for him in the shape of capital freely and confidently placed at his disposal. He was thus enabled to obtain entire control of the " Tribune." Mr. Reid's public services as a journalist led his friends repeatedly to urge him to enter other departments of public life. President Hayes and Presi- dent Garfield offered him the position of American Minister to Germany, but on both occasions he declined it. In 1878 the New York Legislature elected him for life a Regent of the State University. Finally, in March, 1889, he was prevailed upon to accept from President Harrison the appointment of Minister to France, and thereupon resigned the editorship of the " Tribune." After securing the repeal of the French decree prohibiting the importation of American meats, and negotiating rociprocity and extradition treaties, he re- signed office and came home in April, 1892. On his return he was honored with dinners by the Chamber of Commerce, the Ohio Society, and the Lotos Club. In 1881 Mr. Reid married the daughter of D. O. Mills, and they have two children. Speech of General Horace Porter of New York in Seconding the Nomination of Hon. "Whitelaw Reid for the Vice- Presidency, June 10, 1892. "Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the Convention, I rise on behalf of the New York delegation to commend to you the distinguished gentleman whose name has just been pronounced as a candidate for the Vice-Presidency by the chairman of that delegation. This gentleman by his private work and public services has well commended himself, not only to the people of the Empire State, but the people of all the States throughout the Union. "His name and character and services will give au assurauce that he will carry out the policy of the party; that he will stand strong in the affections of his fellow citizens; that he will command the unqualified respect of all the civilized globe. " He is prominently to-day New York's favorite. In our side of politics we have not been as prolific in favorite sons as the Democracy. New York has given birth to two favorite sons. There we have twins, but, unlike other twins, even the parents who begot them cannot trace any marked resemblance between them. THE SUCCESSOR OF GREELEY. "Mr. Reid began his career and continued his service in the broad and instructive field of American journalism. He became the legitimate and worthy successor to that great creator of modern journalism, Horace Greeley. So broad were Mr. Reid's views, so thoroughly was he informed in every- thing pertaining to the country's success, that the people demanded, and in recognition of their wish the appointing powers selected him as Minister to France in a very important crisis in the diplomatic relations of the two coun- tries. We were glad to see him serve as Minister from the oldest Republic of the New World to the newest Republic of the Old World. "Scarcely had he been installed in office when there fell upon him for solution the most complicated, the most intricate questions that had ever 2n 24 THE VICE-PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE. arisen in diplomacy between the two countries. That he solved them suc- cessfully and met them boldly, is a mark of inexpressible pride to every one who honors the American flag. DIPLOMATIC ACHIEVEMENTS. " In the exhibits at the French Exposition he brought order out of chaos. He negotiated a most important extradition treaty. He succeeded in secur- ing France as the first nation to accept our nation's invitation to the Interna- tional Columbian Fair. He secured France as the first nation to give her consent to the terms of our international copyright. He negotiated there an important reciprocity treaty, and last, he achieved his greatest triumph in that warfare of intellectual giants in securing the repeal of the prohibitory duties put upon American pork. " He showed himself the master of modern diplomacy throughout these complicated transactions, and he retained the absolute confidence of his own government, and secured the respect of the French government, to which he was accredited. His duty done, he resigned the office which lie never sought, and made manifest his feeling that the post of honor is the private station. " When he returned to our shores all the honors in the land were heaped upon him. He was made an honorary member of the Chamber of Commerce and of many important societies. Everywhere banquets were given in his honor. His name is one which stands without reproach. There is no blot on his escutcheon. He has not had to learn that reproach is a concomitant to greatness. ' ' He is an eminently practical man. He has always tried to perform, not what he knows, but what he can do. He has been a loyal party man. He has always placed loyalty to his party next only to loyalty to his nation. "He believes, as you, Mr. Chairman, and as every delegate, I think, on this floor, in the necessity of party, believes, that the end of party is the ori- gin of faction, the abandonment of party is the beginning of anarchy. ALL RIGHT WITH LABOR. "It is said Mr. Reid has bad difficulties with the typographical union. That has all been amicably and satisfactorily settled. We have that state- ment from the president of that organization, who was here present to-day, and lias placed it in writing. Give us Mr. Reid, and his name and his ser- vices will do more than those of any other in assisting in the campaign there. Give us him and we will give you a victory next November. " Bring forth the banners, inscribe them with Harrison and Reid, and will: those two marshals in the van we shall enter upon the campaign with no doubts to shake our purpose, with no ill-advised measures to lessen the ardor of the campaign. We shall have no deserters from our ranks. We shall have recruits Hocking to our vanguard from every quarter. " With all our battalions in the held, with all our columns on the march, with our banners inscribed with the proud record of past successes, we shall move on to final triumph and fall not until our banners sound the glad notes of victory." PROCEEDINGS OP THE REPUBLICAN NATIONAL CON- VENTION, HELD AT MINNEAPOLIS, MINN., JUNE 7 TO JUNE 10, 1892. The tenth Republican National Convention assembled at Minneapolis on June 7th, 1892, and with great enthusiasm was called to order by Chairman Clarkson of the National Committee at 12.35 p. m. Prayer was offered by Rev. William Brush, Chancellor of the University of Dakota. The official call of the Convention was then read, and Hon. J. Sloat Fassett of New York was placed in nomination for temporary chairman. The election of Mr. Fassett was unanimous. The presiding officer pro tern, upon installation made an able speech, in which the history of the Party was briefly reviewed. On mentioning the name of ex-speaker Thomas B. Reed, in connection with that gentleman's work in the Fifty-first Congress, a great demonstration was made. On response to many calls from ^lie delegates and visitors, Mr. Reed made a short but Stirling speech on the policy of the party. Temporary officers were then appointed, after which a roll-call of the States was made. When this task had been completed, and the various committees requested to assemble in the several committee rooms im- mediately after the proper business of the meeting was concluded, the Con- vention adjourned until 11 o'clock a. m. on the 8th inst. The second day's session of the Convention opened at 11.47 A. M., on June 8th. Prayer was offered hy Bishop Whipple, of Minnesota. Mr. Walker, a delegate from Nebraska, presented the Chairman with a gavel, which was accepted by Mr. Fassett amid much applause. Following this pleasing incident came a request from the presiding officer for the report of the Committee on Credentials. General Cogswell, in behalf of that commit- tee, announced that the report was not quite ready, but might reasonably be expected on the day following. Next in order came the report of the Committee on Permanent Organiza- tion. This was presented by Mr. B. C. Lockwood of Idaho, and recom- mended the election of Hon. William McKinley of Ohio as permanent chair- man of the Convention, with Charles W. Johnson of Minnesota as perma- nent secretary. The report was unanimously adopted. Mr. Fassett then appointed Hon. Samuel Fessenden, Senator Spooner, and General Mahone as a committee to escort the permanent chairman to his post. Governor McKinley received a great ovation, and on assuming his duties made a vigorous and well-received speech, dealing principally with the issues of pro- tection and reciprocity. At the conclusion of his address, the Venerable Fred. Douglass was called for, and warmly applauded. The report of the Committee on Rules* and Order of Business was asked for and presented. General Bingham of Pennsylvania, on handing in this report, announced that the rules had been framed in keeping with the rules of the Fifty-first Congress. Then came a request for the report on the Com- mittee of Resolutions. Chairman Foraker of Ohio, who met with an en- thusiastic reception, announced that the report was not yet ready. An ex- tension of time was granted to the committee. The roll of States was called for the names of the new National Commit teemen. Thirty-six States and Territories responded. Chairman McKinley, when the roll had been called, stated, under a mis- apprehension, that next in order came the nomination of candidates for the 25 26 CONVENTION PROCEEDINGS. Presidency. It was explained by Senator Cullom that nominations could not be made until tbe reports of the Committees on Credentials and Resolu- tions had been presented and adopted. The Convention then adjourned un- til 11 a.m. on the following day. The third day's session of the National Convention began at 11.27 a. m., June 9th, 1892. Prayer was offered by Rev. William Brush, Chancellor of the University of South Dakota. The report of the Committee on Creden- tials was then called for, and announcement was made that the committee was still in session, but hoped to report fully at 8 o'clock p. m. A Resolu- tion, introduced by Senator Cullom, recommending a Congressional appro- priation in aid of the World's Fair, and a resolution introduced by Mr. Roberts of Illinois, providing for admission of all members of the Grand Army to the Convention Hall, and these resolutions having been referred to the proper committee, the Convention took a recess, by vote of 407 against 250, until 8 p. m. The proceedings at the evening session began at 8.52 p. m. On the motion of Mr. Chauncey M. Depew of New York, congratulations were of- fered to Col. "Dick" Thompson of Indiana, on having attained his eighty- third birthday. Mr. Depew stated that Col. Thompson had voted for every president during the past sixty years, had been a delegate at every National Convention of the Republican Party since its organization, and had served with distinction in Congress, and in the Federal Cabinet. A resolution was Mien read from the Mayors of Titusville and Oil City, Pennsylvania, ad- dressed to the Pennsylvania delegation, asking that the country be informed through the Convention, of the suffering and need for relief in Titusville and Oil City. A call was then made for the report of the Committee on Credentials. Two reports were presented, one from the majority and from the minority of the committee. After an animated discussion, a vote was taken, with the result that the majority report was adopted by 476 to 365, a vote being pre- viously taken as to a demand of the New York and Pennsylvania delegations, a dispute concerning Alabama, when the vote stood 463 l o for the majority report, as against 423 ^ for the minority. The convention then adjourned until 11 a. m., on Friday, the 10th inst. At 11.30 A. m., on June 10th, the fourth day's proceedings were opened, Rev. Dr. Wayland Hoyt of Indiana offering prayer. Chairman McKinley then announced that the regular order was the consideration of the report of the Committee on Credentials in regard to the Ninth District of Alabama, and the motion to substitute the minority for the majority report. This mo- tion was defeated by a viva race vote, the majority report as a whole being adopted. The next transaction was the reading of a communication from the Woman's Republican Association, followed by a speech from Mrs. J. Ellen Foster concerning the work of the /Association and the general work of the party. At last the point was reached for presentation of candidates for President and Vice President. The roll of States was called. Senator Wolcott, answering for Colorado, placed the name of James G. Blaine before the con- vention. Wlien the name of Indiana was reached, Col. Dick Thompson placed in nomination Benjamin Harrison. At the mention of the names of Blaine and Harrison by those who placed them in nomination, and again by those who seconded the nominations, there was a tremendous outburst of cheeiing and applause. Mr. W. 11. Euslis of .Minnesota seconded the nomi- nal ion of .lames Or. Blaine. At the end of Mr. Eustis's speech a tumultuous outburst of applause occurred, lasting without intermission for twenty-four minutes. Mr. Chauncey M. Depew seconded the renomination of Gen. Har- rison, and made the great speech of the convention. The cheering at the con- CONVENTION PROCEEDINGS. 27 elusion of Mr. Depew's eloquent appeal lasted twenty minutes. Mr. Warner Miller of New York also seconded the nomination of James G. Blaine. Mr. H. B. Cheatam of North Carolina, a colored delegate, also seconded the nomination of Gen. Harrison. Mr. G. B. Boyd of Tennessee spoke briefly in behalf of Blaine, and Senator Spooner of Wisconsin addressed the Convention at length in advocacy of Gen. Harrison's reuomination. Mr. Stephen W. Downey of Wyoming advocated the nomination of Blaine, but owing to the growing impatience of the audience Mr. Downey had much difficulty in se- curing attention. The balloting then commenced, with the following result. Harrison. Blaine. ] Alabama 15 Arkansas 15 California 8 9 Colorado 8 Connecticut 4 Delaware 4 1 Florida 8 Georgia 26 Idaho 6 Illinois 34 14 Indiana 34 Iowa 20 5 Kansas 11 Kentucky 22 2 Louisiana 8 8 Maine 12 Maryland 14 Massachusetts 18 1 Michigan 7 2 Minnesota 8 9 Mississippi] 13J^ 4H> Missouri 2S~ 4 ~ Montana 5 1 Nebraska 15 Nevada (5 New Hampshire 4 2 New Jersey 18 2 New York 27 35 North Carolina 17% -S'{> North Dakota 2 4 Ohio 1 Oregon 1 Pennsylvania 19 3 Rhode Island 5 1 South Carolina 13 3 South Dakota 8 Tennessee 17 4 Texas 22 6 Vermont 8 Virginia 9 13 Washington 1 6 West Virginia 12 Wisconsin 19 2 Wyoming 4 2 Arizona 1 1 District of Columbia 2 New Mexico 6 Oklahoma 2 Utah 2 Alaska 2 Indian Territory 1 1 Total 535 1-6 182 1-6 Kentucky 1 absent. iinley . Reed. Lincoln 7 1 1 8 1 q 1 9 1 2 11 19 1 2 1 1 i 10 1 45 7 42 1 1 2 3 2 2 1 3 1) 182 When it became apparent to the chairman that General Harrison had re- ceived a majority of all the votes cast, he called upon the delegates to declare 28 CONVENTION PROCEEDINGS. if the nomination be made unanimous. The response was a general "aye," and the nomination was therefore declared unanimous. A resolution was of- fered by Ex-Senator Ingalls of Kansas to print a full report of the National Conventions of 1856, 1860, 1864 and 1892, to be sold at the cost of printing, after which the Couvention adjourned until 8 p. m. The Convention was again called to order at 8.53 p. m., and the announce- ment was made from the chair that the next order of business was the pre- sentation of names for nomination to the Vice-Presidency. The roll of States was called, and when New York was reached, State Senator O'Connor nomi- nated Hon. Whitelaw Reid. This nomination was seconded by Gen. Horace Porter, and also by Governor Bulkeley. Mr. J. C. Settle of Tennessee placed in nomination Hon. Thomas B. Reed of Maine. This was seconded by Mr. Loutham of Virginia. Mr. Reed's name was subsequently withdrawn on the announcement of a delegate from Maine that he was certain Mr. Reed would decline the honor. H< »n. Whitelaw Reid was then nominated by acclamation. This practically ended the business of the Convention. Governor McKinley was made chairman of a committee to notify the candidates. A resolution of thanks to the chairman for the manner in which he had conducted the proceedings, and one of thanks to the citizens of Minneapolis and Minnesota having been placed before the meeting and unanimously adopted, the conven- tion adjourned sine die at 9.57 p. m., June 10, 1892. THE REPUBLICAN PLATFORM, 1892, ADOPTED AT MINNEAPOLIS, JUNE 10, 1892. THE PLATFORM. The representatives of the Republicans of the United States, assembled in general convention on the shores of the Mississippi river, the everlasting bond of an indestructible republic, whose most glorious chapter of history is the record of the Republican party, congratulate their countrymen on the majes- tic march of the nation under the banners inscribed with the principles of our platform of 1888, vindicated by victory at the polls and prosperity in our fields, workshops and mines, and make the following declaration of princi- ples - THE TARIFF. We reaffirm the American doctrine of protection. "We call attention to its growth abroad. We maintain that the prosperous condition of our coun- try is largely due to the wise revenue legislation of the Republican Congress. We believe that all articles which cannot be produced in the United States, except luxuries, should be admitted free of duty, and that on all imports coming into competition with the products of American labor there should be duties levied equal to the difference between wages abroad and at home. We assert that the prices of manufactured articles of general consumption have been reduced under the operations of the Tariff act of 1890. We de- nounce the efforts of the Democratic majority of the House to destroy our tariff laws by piecemeal, as manifested by their attacks on wool, lead and lead ore, and we ask the people for their judgment thereon. We point to the success of the Republican policy of reciprocity, under which export trade has vastly increased, and new and enlarged markets have been opened for the products of our farms and workshops. We remind the people of the bitter opposition of the Democratic party to this practical busi- ness measure, and claim that, executed by a Republican administration, our present laws will eventually give us control of the trade of the world. The American people, from tradition and interest, favor bimetallism, and the Republican party demands the use of both gold and silver as standard money, with such restrictions and under such provisions, to be determined by legislation, as will secure the maintenance of the parity of values of the two metals, so that the purchasing and debt-paying power of the dollar, whether of silver, gold or paper, shall be at all times equal. The interests of the producers of the country — its farmers and its work- ingmen — demand that every dollar, paper or coin, issued by the government shall be as good as any other dollar. We commend the wise and patriotic steps already taken by our government to secure such an international con- ference to adopt such measures as will insure a parity of value between gold and silver for use as money throughout the world. 20 30 THE REPUBLICAN" PLATFORM. ELECTIONS. We demand that every citizen of the United States shall be allowed to cast one free and unrestricted ballot in all public elections, and that such ballot shall be counted and returned as cast: that such laws shall be enacted and enforced as will secure to every citizen, be he rich or poor, native or foreign born, white or black, this sovereign right, guaranteed by the Consti- tution; the free and honest popular ballot, the just and equal representation of all the people, as well as the just and equal protection under the laws as the foundation of our Republican institutions, and the party will never relax its efforts until the integrity of the ballot and the purity of elections shall be fully guaranteed and protected in every State. SOUTHERN OUTRAGES. We denounce the continued inhuman outrages perpetrated on American citizens for political reasons in certain States of the Union. FOREIGN RELATIONS. We favor the extension of our foreign commerce, the restoration of our mercantile marine by home-built ships and the construction of a navy for the protection of our national interests and the honor of our flag; the main- tenance of the most friendly relations with foreign powers, entangling alli- ances with none and the protection of the rights of our fishermen. We reaffirm our approval of the Monroe doctrine, and believe in the achievement of the manifest destiny of the Republic in its broadest sense. We favor the enactment of more stringent laws and regulations for the restriction of crim- inals, pauper and contract immigration. MISCELLANEOUS. We favor efficient legislation by Congress to protect the life and limbs of employes of the railroad companies engaged in carrying interstate commerce, and recommend legislation by the respective States that will protect employes engaged in interstate commerce, and in mining and manufacturing. The Republican party has always been the champion of the oppressed, and recognizes the dignity of manhood irrespective of faith, color or national- ity. It sympathizes with the cause of home rule in Ireland, and protests against the persecution of the Jews in Russia. The ultimate reliance of free popular government is the intelligence of the people, and the maintenance of freedom among men. We declare anew our devotion to liberty of thought and conscience, of speech and press, and approve all agencies and instrumentalities which con- tribute to the education of the children of the land, but while insisting upon t he fullest measure of religious liberty, we are opposed to any union of church and state. We reaffirm our opposition, declared in the Republican platform of 1888, to all combinations of capital organized to control arbitrarily the condition of trade among our citizens. We heartily indorse the action taken on this issue, and ask for such further legislation as may be required to remedy any defects in existing laws, and to render their enforcement more complete and effective. We approve the policy of extending to towns and rural communities the advantages of the free delivery service, now enjoyed by the large cities of the country, and reaffirm the declaration contained in the Republican plat- THE REPUBLICAN PLATFOEM. 31 form of 1888, pledging the reduction of letter postage to one cent at the earliest possible moment. CIVIL SERVICE. We commend the spirit and evidence of reform in the civil service, and the wise and consistent enforcement by the Republican pai'ty of the laws re- lating to the same. NICARAGUA CANAL. The construction of the Nicaragua Canal is of the highest importance to the American people, both as a measure of national defense, and to build up and maintain American commerce, and it should be controlled by the Gov- ernment of the United States. TERRITORIES. We favor the admission of the remaining Territories at the earliest pos- sible moment, having due regard to the interests of the people of the Terri- tories and of the United States. All the Federal officeholders appointed in the Territories should be selected from the residents thereof, and the right of self-government should be accorded as far as possible ARID LANDS. We favor the cession, subject to the homestead laws, of the arid public lands to the States and Territories in which they lie, under such Congres- sional restrictions as to disposition, reclamation, and occupancy by settlers as will secure the maximum benefits to the people. THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. The World's Columbian Exposition is a great national undertaking, and Congress should promptly enact such reasonable legislation in aid thereof as will insure a discharge of the expense and obligations incident thereto, and the attainment of results commensurate with the dignity and progress of the nation. INTEMPERANCE. We sympathize with all wise and legitimate efforts to lessen and prevent the evils of intemperance and promote morality. PENSIONS. Ever mindful of the service and sacrifices of the men who saved the life of the nation, we pledge anew to the veteran soldiers of the republic a watchful care and recognition of their just claims upon a grateful people. Harrison's administration. We commend the able, patriotic and thoroughly American administration of President Harrison. Under it the country has enjoyed remarkable pros- perity, and the dignity and honor of the nation at home and abroad have been faithfully maintained, and we offer the record of pledges kept as a guarantee of faithful performance in the future. PAET II. HISTORY OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. The honor of being the birthplace of the Republican party is contested by several States. It now appears beyond doubt, however, that the earliest movement looking to the establishment of the party was a large gathering of anti-slavery advocates, drawn from the progressive wing of both the Whig and the Democratic parties of that day, " under the oaks " at Jackson, Mich- igan, in a picnic fashion, on the 6th of July, 1854. Kindred spirits in Wis- consin were the next to organize at a meetins; held on the 13th day of the same month. At Geneva, 111., Strong, Me., Worcester, Mass., Pittsburg, Pa., and elsewhere in the Northern States, enthusiastic meetings were held at va- rious dates during the following two years; and, pursuant to a wide demand, a national convention was called to meet in Philadelphia on the 17th of June, 1856. William H. Seward and Salmon P. Chase having withdrawn their names, the leading candidates for the Presidential nomination were Judge John McLean of Pennsylvania and Gen. John C. Fremont, U. S. A. The hitter was nominated on the first ballot by a vote of 358 to 199. William L. Dayton of New Jersey was chosen, also on the first ballot, to be the party's candidate for Vice-President. There were three tickets in the field that year, and the result of the popular vote was: Buchanan & Breckinridge, Democratic 1,838,169 Fremont & Dayton, Republican 1,341,264 Fillmore & Donelson, American 874,534 The Republicans carried 11 States, with 114 Electoral votes, at this, the first election in which they took part as an independent organization. The country was electrified at the showing of strength made in the face of such odds, and some of the best men in the Northern States, who had held aloof from the new party through misapprehension of its prospects, now came forward and enrolled themselves. It was evident that the anti-slavery agita- tion was at last upon a practical basis. What the North viewed with surprise the South regarded with well-de- fined alarm. The Southern leaders grew bolder and bolder every day in their assertion of the constitutional rights of the States to regulate their domestic interests, including the slave question; and at length these assertions took the form of outright threats that, if the North gave the Abolition crusade its sup- port, the slave States would secede from the Union and set up a Confederacy of their own, where their peculiar institution would be safe from molesta- tion. The campaign of 1860 was, therefore, fought almost wholly on that issue. Four Presidential tickets were in the field. Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois was the candidate of that part of the Democratic party which believed in sticking to the Union in any event, and in keeping the peace by compromises on both sides. John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky, who had been identified with the Buchanan Administration as Vice-President, was nominated by the Slavery-at-all-hazards Democrats. 3 HISTORY OF TITE REPUBLICAN TARTY. Another group of politicians in both the great sections of the country formed what they called a Constitutional Union party, and chose a Southern man, John Bell of Tennessee, for the first, and a Northern man, Edward Lv erett of Massachusetts, for the second place on their ticket. The Republi cans, who had representatives from all of the Tree and from five of the slave States at their convention, took only three ballots. The leading candidates Were William II. Seward of New Fork, already somew hat famous as a stales man, and a Western man — one Abraham Lincoln of Illinois, whose reputa- tion had been largely gained in local contests with the Democratic favorite, Douglas. Seward led on the first ballot, Lincoln on the second. Before the third had been finished it was evident that Lincoln was going to have the requisite Dumber to nominate, ami a stampede to his side began. The wild scenes which followed were described at length in the newspapers, and further in- Creased the alarm at the South, causing the leaders there to lake definite steps toward executing some of the threats they had made in case the enthusiasm of the new party in convention should prove an earnest, of its work at the polls. The announcement of Lincoln's election was the signal for the secession of South Carolina, the formation of the Southern Confederacy, and the re tireinenl of a host of Southern men from Congress to follow tin; fortunes of (heir respective States. His firsl efforts, after his inauguration, were directed to the restoration of peace, which he Still hoped might be possible. Bui the South was determined to -oils way, and the new President had not been in office a month and a half before hostilities were actually begun by the siege of Port Sumter. If the Southern leaders had deliberately sel out to insure for Lincoln's administration the undivided support of theNorth, they could scarcely have chosen a safer course than this. Old Democrats Hocked into what came to be known as the Administration party, which was really only the Republican party with its name sufficiently modified to save the self-re- spect of some of its former foes who were ready to lend their aid in prosecut- ing the war to a victorious end. During the next three years, however, men's opinions had several oppor- tunities for revisal, and not a few of the original Republicans who had tired of Lincoln's patient, forbearing policy were readytojoin with the Democrats who had become doubtful of the success of the union arms, to bring about a change of administration. The dissatisfied Republicans put up Fremont as a candidate to kill Lincoln oil', and the Democrats nominated Gen. George B. McClellan on a platform declaring the war a failure. The regular Republican convention met in June, 1864, when the national debt had swelled to nearly two billions of dollars, and -old sold at 252. The prospect was exceedingly dark; but the homely maxim of the President, • 'Tain't safe to swap horses while crossing a stream," had evidently taken pretty linn hold of the minds of the dek-aies. and Lincoln was renominated. Hannibal Hamlin, who had been his Vice-President, was retired in favor of Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, on the theory that it would be wise lo reCOg- uize the loyal element in the seceded States by honoring one of their repre- sentative men. Lincoln's i ieket swept the North, Fremonl having withdrawn some lime before Ihe election day, and the Democratic peace platform being unacceptable to the majority of the old Democrats themselves, when they came to think soberly of its significance. The war ended the following spring, as if the South had realized that the reelection ot Lincoln typified the resolve of the Northern pal riots to stand by their cause to the last gasp, and lo sink party differences till the --real end of a restored Union had been accomplished, in Ihe first blush of peace, Lin- coln was assassinated by J. Wilkes Booth on Good Friday night, 1865 and Johnson succeeded to the Presidential chair. Almost his earliest act as Pics- HISTOBT of the republican party. ident was to quarrel with the Republican majority in Congress over the pol- icy to be pursued in bringing the secedera back to allegiance and citizenship. The controversy resulted in his trial on articles of impeachment, charging him with high crimes and misdemeanors, his accusers taking the ground that he had transcended his constitutional authority in many of his proceedings. He was acquitted, but it was so narrow an escape that his influence was gone for- ever, and at the end of his term there was no effort to renominate him. Gen. Ulysses 8. Grant, who had been chiefly instrumental in putting down the rebellion, received the unanimous vote of the Republican convention of 1868. Hi- Democratic competitor was Horatio Seymour of New York. Grant had a comparatively easy victory. His administration for the first four years brought him into a serious conflict with Charles Sumner. Carl Schurz and other eminent men in his party, and Horace Greeley headed a revolt of the Liberal Republicans, who held a separate convention from the main party and nominated Greeley for President in 1872. He was endorsed by the Democrat-, and became Grant's chief exponent. The hybrid ticket was popular, however, and Grant routed his foes after a sharp, but rather one- sided campaign. The eight years of Grant's service as President were notable for the com- pletion of the Central and Union Pacific Railroads with government aid: the war upon Kukluxism in the South; a general amnesty law for the benefit of the men lately in rebellion; the adoption of the 13th amendment to the Con- stitution, conferring suffrage on the negro; the award of $15,500,000 to the United State- by the Geneva Tribunal for damages inflicted by the privateer Alabama under English auspices; and the establishment of an Electoral Com- mission to try the disputed question whether Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio or Samuel J.' Tilden of New York had been elected President of the United State- to succeed Grant. The Commission decided in favor of Hayes, the Republican contestant, and he was inaugurated on the 5th of March, 1877. One of the first incidents of the Hayes administration was the recall from Louisiana, South Carolina and Florida of the Federal troops kept there by Grant to suppress domestic disturbance-. In this term also, the law requiring the purchase and coinage of $2,000,000 to $4,000,000 worth of silver bullion every month by the government, and the act providing for the payment of arrears of pensions to veterans of the civil war, were passed; and the resump- tion of specie payments, in accordance with the Sherman act of 1875, was successfully accomplished. In 1880 the Republicans nominated James A. Garfield of Ohio for Presi- dent, and he defeated Gen. Winfield S. Hancock, chiefly upon the is-ue of a high versus a low tariff. A few months after his inauguration, he aroused the hostility of Roscoe Conkling and Thomas C. Piatt. Senators from New York, over a question of executive patronage, and the Senator- resigned. The bad blood excited by this controversy spread throughout the country, the majority of the party siding with the President; but Charles J. Guiteau. a disappointed office-seeker, avenged himself upon the President for fancied wrong- by shooting him. Garfield lingered from the 2d of July, when the assault was made, till the 19th of September, and then died, and Chester A. Arthur of New Ye>rk, the Vice-President, succeeded him. The chief events of the Arthur administration were the enactment of the Morrill tariff law, the law to restrict Chinese immigration for ten year-, anel the law for the reform of the civil service. The public debt was largely increased also. Arthur was a candidate for the Presidential nomination in 18*4. but was beaten after a sharp struggle by James G. Blaine of Maine. At the polls Blaine was defeated by Grover Cleveland of New York, the Democratic can- didate. Cleveland's pronounced views on the subject of tariff reduction gave the Republicans airain, as in 1880, a popular Issue; the- banner of Protection to Home Industries was raised, ami in the campaign of 1888, when Cleveland 4 HISTOKY OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. ran for a second term, he was badly routed by the Republican standard- bearer, Benjamin Harrison of Indiana. Harrison's administration has been conspicuous for the passage of the Mc- Kinley tariff act, an act for the relief of the Supreme Court by constituting Circuit Courts of Appeal, an act requiring the purchase by the government of 4,500,000 ounces of silver bullion monthly and an act to pay subsidies to American vessels carrying the mails to parts of the world where our com- merce is inactive; for the upbuilding of the American navy, and the estab- lishment of relations of commercial reciprocity with several countries where our agricultural products ought to have a market. These measures owed their success to the fact that, with the restoration of the Republicans to power in the executive branch of the government, a like change was wrought in the legislative branch. Thomas B. Reed of Maine was chosen Speaker of the new House, and soon aroused the animosity of the Democratic minority by suppressing their attempts to delay the work of the session by filibustering. The common practice in Congress had been to decide whether there was a quorum present at any given time by taking a vote on some pending bill or resolution by ' ' yeas and nays, " and then count- ing the responses to see whether the total would amount to a quorum under the constitutional rule. This often enabled a minority, by refusing to vote even when bodily present in the chamber, to prevent the appearance of a quorum on the official record of the vote, and thus deprive the chamber of its right to proceed with public business. Speaker Reed abandoned this precedent, directing the Clerk to count the members actually present, whether voting or not, and, if the number proved sufficient, proceeding with business in spite of all protests. The Republicans in the House approved his course, and adopted a permanent rule making this method of determining the presence of a quorum compulsory. In the general elections of 1890 the Democrats swept the country, and the Fifty : second Congress assembled the next year with a clear majority of 136 in the House of Representatives, besides a group of members elected by the Farmers' Alliance, a political secret society holding a strong position in the agricultural communities of the South and West. Members of the Alli- ance generally acted with the Democrats. The Speakership went to Charles F. Crisp of Georgia; and the Republicans, by casting their complimentary vote for Ex-Speaker Reed, made him the leader of the opposition in the present Congress. THE FARMERS' ALLIANCE. The Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union is one of many unions' of farmers which have come into being within the last twenty years. The National Grange of Patrons of Husbandry for a time made itself felt in poli- tics. This now has twenty-six thousand subordinate granges in the States and Territories. The Farmers' Mutual Benefit Association claims half a million members. The society known as Patrons of Industry is strong in the Northwest. The National Colored Farmers' Alliance and Cooperative Union has its strength in the Southern States. The National Farmers' Alli- ance has branches in some fifteen States. These organizations, existing as they do side by side, have many mem- bers in common. The Grange especially has become almost wholly a social and beneficiary organization and the majority of its members also belong to the Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union, which is the strongest, and, polit- ically, the most powerful of the societies. How powerful it is may be im- agined from the fact that it counts over a million and a half members. In the year 1876 the farmers of Lampasas County, Texas, combined in an alliance against land and cattle thieves. The association gathered strength and found agitation for a "no fence "law and other issues which appealed to all the farmers of the State, strength which was shown in the rapid growth of the alliance. In 1886 the Farmers' State Alliance was formed. In its platform it shadowed forth the strong stand it was to take in politics by de- claring that one of its objects was "education of the agricultural classes in the science of economical government in a strictly non-partisan spirit." But other States had followed the lead of the Texas farmers. The Wheel had been organized in a schoolhouse in western Arkansas in 1883, and the farmers of Louisiana had united in the Farmers' Union. Delegates from the Texas Alliance and the Louisiana Union met in 1887 at Waco, Texas, and formed the National Farmers' Alliance and Cooperative Union of America. In the following year a convention was held at Meridian, Miss., of delegates from this and from the National Agricultural Wheel. The two bodies united under the name of the Farmers' and Laborers' Union of America. In De- cember, 1889, the name was changed to the National Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union, and this name has not been changed. It was at this con- vention, held in St. Louis, that the first of those " demands " were formulated which have since then become such a feature of the organization. The Farmers' Alliance has three departments of government, the legisla- tive, the executive, and the judicial. The first is known as the Supreme Council of the order, and is supreme in authority. The second is composed of the didy elected officers, and the third consists of three judges whose duty it is to decide all grievances and appeals affecting the Council, and to try ap peals from State bodies. The qualifications for membership are that the ap- plicant shall be white and over sixteen years of age, shall be a believer in a Supreme Being, shall have resided in the State six months, and shall follow one of the following occupations: a farmer, a farm laborer, a mechanic, a country preacher, a country school-teacher, a country doctor or the editor of an agricultural newspaper. The right to change the color requirement is given to States or Territories, but none but whites can be elected as delegates to the Supreme Council as the National Convention is called. The "demands" as they are called, formulated by the Supreme Council, have been the subject of much comment. The meeting at Oeala, Florida, in 1b 5 b THE FARMERS ALLIANCE. December, 1890, put forth the following, which attracted the attention of the whole country: It demanded the abolition of National banks, the establish- ment of sub-treasuries to loan money on farm products and land at 2 per cent, or less, the increase of the circulating medium to $50 per capita, laws against dealing in futures in agricultural products, free and unlimited coin- age of silver, laws against alien ownership of land, resumption by Congress of all land granted to railroads in excess of that actually used by those roads, reduction of the tariff, an income tax, national control of railroads and tele- graph or government ownership of them, and election of United States sena- tors by direct vote of the people. The platform of demands is given in full at the end of this review of the general subject, together with the sub-treas- ury warehouse scheme and other details. "Demands" such as these were sufficiently radical in their nature to call forth the sharpest criticism. Among those who opposed them were a num- ber of members of the Alliance itself, led by President Hall of the Missouri State Alliance, who couched his opposition in no uncertain terms. Of these "demands," that referring to the sub-treasuries and providing lor the loans, aroused the greatest interest. As set forth in the bill introduced into the Senate by Senator Vance of North Carolina, and into the House of Representatives by Mr. Pickler of South Dakota, it was sufficiently startling. It authorized the appropriation of $50,000,000 to carry out the scheme. Warehouses were to be built in counties whose sales of products had amounted to $500,000 in any one year, and sub-treasurers in charge of them were to be elected by the people. Any owner of cotton, wheat, corn, oats or tobacco was to be at liberty to deposit his crop in these warehouses and receive there- for treasury notes to the extent of 80 per cent, of their market value. Treas- ury notes issued for these crops were to be legal tender, and to be receivable for customs duties, and all debts, public and private Warehouse receipts, transferable by indorsement, were to be issued stating the value of the crop deposited, the insurance and hauling charges. The interest on the money advanced by the government was to be 1 per cent. The crops deposited were to be redeemed by the surrender of the warehouse receipt and the pay- ment of the advance together with the interest and charges. All money paid to redeem the crops was to be destroyed. The warehouse receipts could be delivered and the crops redeemed at any sub-treasury. The objections raised to this scheme by those who opposed it, are, first, that it would force the government to become the greatest dealer in farm products the world ever saw since Pharoah on the advice of Joseph cornered the corn of Egypl ; second, dealing in farm products is not a legitimate func- tion of government; third, if the government advanced money on farm prod- ucts, there is no logical reason why it should not advance money on all kinds of manufactures; fourth, if the price fell below the 80 per cent, advanced, the government would lose money; fifth, no clause was introduced to per- mit tin' government to foreclose if the depositor did not keep his margin good; sixth, the government would be forced to deal in agricultural products without the power to refuse; seventh, the scheme is the purest or impurest form of class legislation; eighth, the bill is unconstitutional in that it forces the people to advance money lor the special benefit of a section of the popu- lation; ninth, the notes printed and secured on these farm products being legal tender, in case of the destruction of the security, would have to be paid in whole or in part by the people; tenth, the government is not and cannot be a pawnbroker. The Fanners' Alliance has made itself felt in politics. In the Congress of 1893-93 it has the following representatives: Senators, William Alfred Peffer, Kansas, and .lames H. Kyle, South Da- kota. Representatives, Charles L. Moses. L. P. Livingston, K. W. Everett. Georgia; B. II. Clover, John G. Otis. .John ML Davis, William Baker, Jerry THE FAKMERS' ALLIANCE. 7 Simpson, Kansas; Kittel Halvorsen, Minnesota; John C. Kyle, Joseph H. Beeman, Mississippi; W. A. McKeaglian, (). 31. Kern, Nebraska, and George W. Shell, South Carolina. THE PLATFORM OF DEMANDS. A platform was adopted at St. Louis, but this was superseded by the Ocala platform of the following year, which ran thus: First. We demand the abolition of National banks; we demand that the government shall establish sub-treasuries or depositories in the several States, which shall loan money direct to the people at a low rate of interest, not to exceed 2 per cent, per annum, on non-perishable farm products and also up- on real estate, with proper limitations upon the quantity of hind and amount of money. We demand that the amount of the circulating medium be speed- ily increased to not less than $50 per capita. Second. We demand that Congress shall pass such laws as shall effectually prevent the dealing in futures on all agricultural and mechanical productions, preserving a stringent system of procedure in trials-such as shall secure the prompt conviction, and imposition of such penalties as shall secure the most perfect compliance with the law. Third. We condemn the Silver bill recently passed by Congress, and de- mand, in lieu thereof, the free and unlimited coinage of silver. Fourth. We demand the passage of the laws prohibiting alien ownership of land, and that Congress take prompt action to devise some plan to obtain all lands now owned by aliens and foreign syndicates, and that all lands now- held by railroads and other corporations in excess of such as is actually used and needed by them, be reclaimed by the government and held for actual settlers only. Fifth. Believing in the doctrine of "equal rights to all and special privi- leges to none," we demand that our national legislation shall be so framed in the future as not to build up one industry at the expense of another; and we further demand a removal of the existing heavy tariff tax from the neces sities of life that the poor of our land must have; we further demand a jus) and equitable system of graduated tax on incomes; we believe thai the money of the country should be kept as much as possible iu the hands of the people, and hence we demand that all national and State revenues shall be limited to the necessary expenses of the government economically and hon- estly administered. Sixth. We demand the most rigid, honest and just Slate and National governmental control and supervision of the means (if public communication and transportation, and if this control and supervision does qo| remove the abuse now existing, we demand the government ownership of such means of communication and transportation. Seventh. We demand thai the Congress of the United States submit an amendment to the Constitution providing for the election of United States Senators by direct vote of the people of each State. The following additional plank in the platform was proposed, at the Oca- la meeting, by Mr. Davie, of Kentucky, and was the subject of a spirited debate: Whereas, There is now a bill known as the Sub-Treasury hill in the hands of the Ways and Means Committee of the House of Representatives, which should have been reported and acted upon at the last session, and which, it enacted into law, would bring the financial relief so much needed by all classes and industries; Therefore, Be it resolved that this National Convention of the Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union, do most respectfully and earnestly ask that said bill be enacted into law as soon as possible, or 'some other measure thai will carry out these principles and meetthe necessities of the toiling mas-.' * For most recent developments concerning I lie Farmers' Alliance, up to 'In' mo- ment of going to press, see Addenda, preceding Index. THE SUB-TREASURY WAREHOUSE SCHEME. The following is the full text of the "Sub-Treasury bill." It was intro- duced in the Senate by Mr. Vance, of North Carolina, and in the House of Representatives by Mr. Pickler, of South Dakota: — Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there may be es- tablished in each of the counties of eacli of the Status of this United States a bianch of the Treasury Department of the United States, to be known and designated as a sub-treasury, as hereinafter provided, when one hundred or more citizens of any county in any State shall petition the Secretary of the Treasury requesting the location of a sub-treasury in such county, and shall, 1. Present written evidence, duly authenticated by oatli or affirmation of county clerk and sheriff, showing that the average gross amount per annum of cotton, wheat, oats, corn and tobacco produced and sold in that county for the last preceding two years exceeds the sum of $500,000, at current prices in said county at that time; and, 2. Present a good and sufficient bond for title to a suitable and adequate amount of land to be donated to the government of the United States for the location of the sub-treasury buildings; and, 3. A certificate of election showing that the site for the location of such sub-treasury has been chosen by a popular vote of the citizens of that county, and also naming the manager of the sub-treasury elected at said election for the purpose of taking charge of said sub-treasury under such regulations as may be prescribed, "it shall in that case be the duty of the Secretary of the Treasury to proceed without delay to establish a sub-treasury department in such county as hereinafter provided. DEPOSITS OF CROPS. Sec. 2. That any owner of cotton, wheat, corn, oats or tobacco may de- posit the same in the sub-treasury nearest the point of its production, and receive therefor Treasury notes, hereinafter provided for, equal at the date of deposit to 80 per centum of the net value of such products at the market price, said price to be determined by the Secretary of the Treasury, under rules and regulations prescribed, based upon the price current in the leading cotton, tobacco or grain markets of the United States; but no deposit consist- ing in whole or in part of cotton, tobacco or grain imported into this country shall be received under the provisions of this act. ISSUE OF TREASURY NOTES. Sec. ?>. That the Secretary of the Treasury shall cause to be prepared Treasury notes in such amounts as may be required for the purpose of the above section and in such form and denominations as he may prescribe, pro- vided that no note shall be of a denomination of less than $1, or more than $1,000. Sec. 4. That the Treasury notes issued under this act shall be receivable for customs, and shall lie a full legal tender for all debts, both public and private, and such notes when held by any national banking association shall be counted as part of its lawful reserve. 8 THE SUR-TREASURY WAREHOUSE SCHEME. WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS. Sec. 5. It shall be the duty of the manager of the sub-treasury when cot- ton, grain or tobacco is received by him on deposit, as above provided, to give a warehouse receipt showing the amount and grade or quality of such cotton, tobacco or grain, and its value at date of deposit; the amount of Treasury notes the sub-treasury has advanced on the product; that the inter- est on the money so advanced is at the rate of 1 per centum per annum; ex- pressly stating the amount of insurance, weighing, classing, warehousing and other charges that will run against such deposit of cotton, grain or tobacco. All such warehouse receipts shall be negotiable by endorsement. REDEMPTION OF DEPOSITS. Sec. 6. That the cotton, grain or tobacco deposited in the sub-treasury under the provisions of this act may be redeemed by the holder of the ware- house receipt herein provided for, either at the sub-treasury in which the product is deposited, or at any other sub-treasury, by the surrender of such warehouse receipt and the payment in lawful money of the United States of the same amount originally advanced by the sub-treasury against the product, and such further amount as may be necessary to discharge all interest that may have accrued against the advance of money made on the deposit of prod- uce, and all insurance, warehouse and other charges that attach to the prod- uct for warehousing and handling. All lawful money received at the sub- treasury as a return of the actual amount of money advanced by the govern- ment against farm products as above specified, shall be returned, with a full report of the transaction, to the Secretary of the Treasury, who shall make record of the transaction, and cancel and destroy the money so returned. A sub-treasury that receives a warehouse receipt as above provided, together with the return of the proper amount of lawful money and all charges as herein provided, when the product for which it is given is stored in some other sub-treasury, shall give an order on such other sub-treasury for the de- livery of the cotton, grain or tobacco, as the case may be, and the Secretary of the Treasury shall provide for the adjustment between sub-treasuries of all charges. DUTIES OF OFFICIALS. Sec. 7. The Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe such rules and reg- ulations as are necessary for governing the details of the management of the sub-treasuries, fixing the salary, bond and responsibility of each of the man- agers of sub-treasuries (provided that the salary of any manager of a sub- treasury shall not exceed the sum of $1,500 per annum), holding the man- agers of sub-treasuries personally responsible on their bonds for weights and classifications of all produce, providing for the rejection of unmerchantable grades of cotton, grain or tobacco, or for such as may be in bad condition; and shall provide rules for the sale at public auction of all cotton, corn, oats, wheat or tobacco that has been placed on deposit for a longer period than twelve months, after due notice published. The proceeds of the sale of such product shall be applied, first, to the reimbursement to the sub treasury of the amount originally advanced, together with all charges, and, second! the balance shall be held on deposit for the benefit of the holder of the ware- house receipt, who shall be entitled to receive the same on the surrender of his warehouse receipt. The Secretary of the Treasury shall also provide rules for the duplication of any papers in case of loss or destruction. BUILDING TO BE ERECTED. Sec. 8. It shall be the duty of the Secretary of the Treasury, when Sec- tion 1 of this act shall have been complied with, to cause to be erected, ac- 10 THE SUB-TREASURY WAREHOUSE SCHEME. cording to the laws and customs governing the construction of government buildings, a suitable sub-treasury building, with such warehouse or elevator facilities as the character and amount of the products of that section may in- dicate as necessary. Such buildings shall be supplied with all modern con- veniences for handling and safely storing and preserving the products likely to be deposited. Sec. 9. That any gain arising from 1 he charges for insurance, weighing, storing, classing, holding, shipping, interest or other charges, after paying all expenses of conducting the sub-treasury, shall be accounted for and paid into the Treasury of the United Slates. Sec. 10. The term of office of a manager of a sub-treasury shall be two years, and the regular election to till such office shall be at the same time as the election for members of the House of Representatives of the Congress of the United States. In case of a vacancy in the office of manager of the sub- treasury by death, resignation or otherwise, the Secretary of the Treasury shall have power to appoint a manager for the unexpired term. FIFTY MILLION DOLLARS APPROPRIATED. Sec. 11. The sum of $50,000,000, or so much thereof as may be found necessary to carry (nit the provisions of this act, is hereby appropriated out of any moneys in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated for that purpose. See. 12. That so much of any or all other acts as are in conflict with the provisions of this act is hereby repealed. The annual salaries of the officers of the national organization are fixed by the statutory laws as follows: President, $3,000, office and traveling ex- penses, and $900 for stenographer; secretary, .$'2,000 and office expenses; treasurer, $500; lecturer, $2,000 and actual traveling expenses; members of the Executive Committee, $500 each and traveling expenses when in actual service, except that the chairman shall have $2,000. A per capita tax of 5 per cent, on members must be paid into the national treasury annually to de- fray expenses. The National Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union has its headquarters at Washington, D. C, and is strongest in numbers of any organization of the kind in the Southern States. It is also represented in some of the cen- tral Western States. The officers of the National Farmers' Alliance are as follows: President Col. L. L. Polk, North Carolina, Vice-President B. H. Clover, Kansas. Secretary-Treasurer J. H. Turner, Georgia. Lecturer. . .• J. F. WlI/LETTS, Kansas. Executive Board: Chairman, C. W. Macune; A. Wardall, J. F. Tillman. Judiciary Department: Chairman, \i. ('. Patty; Isaac McCracken, A. E. Cole. Legislative Committee: C. W. Macune and A. Wardall. The President, Secretary and Chairman of Executive Board have their headquarters at 239 North Capitol Street, Washington, D. C. THE LABOR PARTY. The first strike in the United States occurred in New York city in 1803, when a number of sailors struck for higher wages. In 1827 the Working- men's Party appeared in New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and other cities. At the State election in New York, in 1829, the Workingmen's Party elected one candidate to the legislature, Ebenezer Ford, of New York. In 1831 the New England Association of Farmers, Mechanics, and Working-men was formed, and in 1834 a mechanics' convention met at Utica, N. Y., and pro- tested against convict labor. The first National Labor Congress met at Baltimore, Aug. 20, 1866. The Knights of Labor were organized in Philadelphia, in 1869. From 1870 to the present time, the labor movement has grown to a large extent in the increase in its trades union membership. It has, by its strikes, lockouts, and .settle- ments by arbitration, had considerable influence in the direction of labor legis- lation in political campaigns. President Van Buren established the system of the ten-hour movement in the government navy -yards in 1810, and President Johnson signed the first eight-hour law for the benefit of government laborers, in 1806. Congress created a National Bureau of Labor in 1884, which became an independent part of the government in 1888. The Trades Union organizations of the United States held a convention at Columbus, Ohio, in December, 18S0, when a national organization was formed and a constitution adopted. The title taken by the organization was that of The American Federation of Labor, which, together with the Order of Knights of Labor of America, are the two principal national labor organ- izations of the United States. A new National Industrial Organization was formed at a convention held at St. Louis, in February, 1892. Commissioner Wright, of the United States Department of Labor, reports the eight-hour law as prevailing in the following States:— California, Con- necticut, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin and Wyoming. In California, in the case of drivers, conductors, and grip-men of street cars, a day's work consists of twelve hours. In Illinois, the eight-hour law does not apply to farm work, nor does it prevent contracts for longer hours during the day, week, or month. In New Mexico, eight hours is a legal day's work upon mining claims. In New York, the law does not include farm labor or domestic work, and overwork for extra pay is permitted. In Pennsylvania the law does not apply to farm work, nor to ser- vice by the mouth, year, etc. In Wisconsin the law does not apply to con- tracts for labor by the week, month, or year. Boycotting by labor organizations is practically prohibited by law in Ala bama, Connecticut, Georgia. Illinois, Indiana, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, New Hampshire, New York, North Dakota, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Texas, Vermont, and Wisconsin. Blacklisting is practically prohibited by law in Colorado, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, New York, Oregon, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Texas, and Wisconsin. Both blacklisting and boycotting are prohibited by law in Dakota, Iowa, Kan sas, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nevada, New York, Tennessee, Utah, and Wisconsin. In regard to employees joining organizations, it may lie said, thai in New York, upon any one applying for a situation, it is a misdemeanor for any en, ployer to exact an agreement, either written or verbal, from such party, thai he will not join one or the other of such organizations. According to the last reports, theNational Trades Unions have the follow- ing membership. (The membership of the Knights of Labor is about 200,000.) 1! 12 THE LABOR PARTY. AMERICAN FEDERATION. TITLE OF ORGANIZATIONS. MEMBER- SHIP. Axe and Edge Tool-makers' Na- tional Union l s 200 Journeymen Bakers' National Union 17,500 National Union of Barbers 1,200 Blacksmiths' National Union 1 ,400 International Brotherhood of Iron Shipbuilders 10,000 Federation of Book-keepers 2,000 Box Sawyers' and Nailers' Union. . 1,500 Brewery Workmen's National Union 9,500 Druggists' Ware Glass - blowers' League, East 3,500 Druggists' Ware Glass-blowers' League, West 4,500 Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen 16,000 Inter. Bricklayers' and Stonema- sons' Union 35,000 Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America 05,000 Amalgamated Society of Carpen- ters and Joiners.... 2,800 Cigar-makers' Internationa] Union 27,000 Carriage and Wagon-mak'rs 1 Union 2,000 Clerks' National Protective Asso- ciation 1 ,500 National Union of Coopers of the United States 2,500 United Mine Workers of America. 20,000 Order of Railroad Conductors 10,000 Amalgamated Society of Engineers 3,500 Brut herhood of Locomotive Engin- eers 30,000 Brotherhood of Stationary Engin- eers 6,000 Electrical Workers' Union 2,000 Brotherhood of Locomotive Fire- men 23,317 Furniture-workers' Union of Amer. 8,000 United Garment-workers of Amer. 4,000 Glass - employes' Association of America 750 Flint Glass-workers'Union of North America 7,000 Green Glass Pressers' Union 3,000 Glass Packers' and Sorters' Protec- tive Union 1,500 Table Knife Grinders' National Union 1.000 Granite-cutters' National Union . . . 20,000 Hat-finishers' International Asso- ciation of North America 5,500 Hat-makers' International Asso- cial ion of North America 3,500 Silk Hatters' Association 1.000 Wool Hatters' Association 2,000 TITLE OF ORGANIZATIONS. MEMBER- SHIP. Hair-spinners' National Union of America 1,000 Saddle and Harness-makers' N. F. of America 2,000 Horseshoers' Association 5.0110 Horse-collar-makers' Union 3,000 Iron - moulders' Union of North America 41,000 S b eet-iron and Cornice - workers' inter. Union 3,000 Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel-workers 60,000 Building Laborers' and Hod-car- riers' National Union 12,000 National Association of Machinists 10,000 Machinists' International Union .. 2, 700 Musicians' National League 11,000 National Pattern-makers' League. 11,000 Brotherhood of Painters and Dec- orators of America 16,000 Piano-makers 1 Union 6,000 Operative Plasterers' Inter. Union. 14,000 Journeymen Plumbers' and Gasfit- ters' Union 7,000 International Typographical Union 28,000 ( rerman-American Typographia. . . 3,400 Quarrymen's National Union of America 2,500 Atlantic Coast International Union 3,600 Last ers' Protective Union 12,000 Boot and Shoemakers' Interna- tional Union 10,000 Nat. Federation of Silk-workers. . . 1 ,500 Mulespinners' Union 9,1 Stereot vpers' Union, New York and Vicinity 700 Stone-cutters 1,400 Switchmen's Mutual Aid Associa- tion 7,000 Tack-makers' Union 400 Journeymen Tailors' Union of America 17,000 United Brotherhood of Tanners and Curriers of America 900 Brotherhood of Telegraphers 800 Textile-workers' Progressive Union of America 9,000 Mosaic and Encaustic Tile-makers' National Union 3,000 Waiters' and Bartenders' National Union 750 Elasi ic Web-weavers 300 Wood-carvers' National Union.... son Machine - workers' Intel-national Union '. 2,200 Total 675,117 LABOR VOTE CAST AT RECENT ELECTIONS. State. Arkansas Connecticut . . Iowa Maine Massaclmsel \- Michigan Missouri New York Ohio Wisconsin Year. .1890. .1890. .1889. .1890. .1891. .1890. .1890. .1891. .1889. .1890. Office. < h ivernor I iovernor Governor Governor Governor Governor Justice Supreme Court Governor Governor Governor I ,a I Mii- VOte. *85,181 209 5,579 1,298 1,429 13,198 25,114 414.051 1,048 5,447 Total vote. 100,207 135,298 360,673 113,824 321,073 397,779 4l»4,33ii 1,162,853 775.721 309,149 •Including Republican vote for Labor ticket. tSocialist vote. THE PROHIBITION MOVEMENT. For over half a century the prohibition movement has been agitated in this country, and for over forty years it lias been a political issue in some of the States. Its agitation is as old as that of the slavery question. In Massa- chusetts from 1835 to 1 1S3S , the local option law had become prohibition in nearly all the counties; that is, the law prohibited the sale of less than fifteen gallons of liquors at oue time, but this act was repealed the next year. In 1852 a prohibitory law was passed and remained in force with many amendments until 1875, except that a license law took its place for a year in 1868. In 1875 a license law was passed and has since remained in force, not- withstanding the annual efforts to renew prohibition. The Maine law — an "act to prohibit drinking houses aud tippling shops," was passed in 1851 aud has since been the law of the State, except for the two years, 1856-57, when a stringent license law took its place. Vermont passed the Maine law in 1852, and has since enforced it. New Hampshire passed it in 185."), ami although retaining it since, has not entirely enforced it. Rhode Island passed it in 1852, and substituted license and local option in 1863-05, passed the Maine law again in 1874 and returned to license the next year. Connect- icut passed the Maine law in 1854, never enforced it, and repealed it in 1N72. New York passed the Maine law in 1855 and repealed it in 1857. The Ohio constitution forbids the passage of any license law by the Legisla- ture — that is, the sale of liquor must be free or prohibited. The '"Scott Law " for taking sales of liquor was passed and pronounced constitutional in 1882-83. In Michigan the Maine law was passed in 1855 and repealed in 1875; in 1876 the no-license clause of the constitution was repealed. Iowa passed the Maine law in 1855. In 1882 a prohibitory amendment to the State constitution, having been passed by two Legislatures, was ratified by the people by a large majority. Kansas adopted a prohibitory amendment in 1880, andin 1881 the Legislature passed an act to enforce it. In 1882 Gov- ernor St. John, the leader of the Prohibitionists, was renominated by the Republicans. About 16,000 of his party voted against him, and he was the only Republican candidate defeated. In North Carolina in 1881, a prohibitory law proposed for popular ratification by the Legislature, was defeated by a vote of 166,325 to 48,370. In Nebraska 'at the election in 1891 for a Judge of the Supreme Court, Post, the Republican candidate, polled 76,447 votes, Edgerton, the Independent candidate, 72,311 votes, and Bittenbender, the Prohibition candidate, 7,322 votes. At the election for Governor in 1890, Paine, the Prohibition candidate, polled 3,676 votes. Nebraska is still a high license State, although strenuous efforts have been made to have a pro- hibition act passed by its Legislature. In the election contest, 1891, for Chief Justice, Colorado, Croxton, the Prohibition candidate, received 6,384 votes, the Democratic vote being over 30,000 and the Republican vote more than 4(1,900. Augur, the Prohibition candidate for Governor <>f Connecticut, 1890, polled '3,413 votes, the total vote cast being 135,298. Link, Prohibition candidate for Treasurer, Illinois, 1890, received 22,306 votes, the total vole cast, being 676,133. In Indiana, Blount, the Prohibition candidate fur See retary of State, 1890, received 12,106 vote-., out of a total vote of 177,643. During the contest for governor, 1891, Iowa, Gibson, Prohibition candidate, received 919 votes out of a total of 420,152. Harris, nominee of the party in Kentucky, for governor, 1891, polled 3,293, the total for the State being 289,176. ' In Maine, Clark, running for the governorship, was credited with 2,981 votes, the total cast being 113,824. The states recording a Prohibition vote of more than 10,000 at the last State election, in addition to lllumi and Indiana, are New York (30,353); Ohio (20,190); Pennsylvania (18,429); Tennessee (11,082) and Wisconsin (11,240). 13 WOMAN SUFFRAGE. The question of Woman Suffrage, like that of Prohibition, has been agitated tor many years by that school of women of which Susan B. Anthony is the leading champion. This lady has often presided at Woman Suffrage conventions held in various portions of the United States, and she has, with woman's wit and woman's logic, impressed more than one Con- gressman of the righteousness of the cause for which she has so long and ably labored. She has, like other distinguished exponents of special issues that have arisen since the foundation of the Republic, met with both suc- cesses and reverses, and now, venerable in age, she is still pressing onward to the goal of her ambition "universal woman suffrage," with unimpaired vigor, and ever sanguine of her ultimate triumph. Agitation against slavery in the United States gave prominence to the question of "Natural rights." Thefirsf Woman's Rights Convention was held at Seneca Falls, N. Y., July 19, 1848. It based the claims of woman on the Declaration of Independence and demanded equal rights. The first National Woman's Rights Convention was held at Worcester, Mass., Oct. 33, 1850. Its advocates argued that it is a natural right and that "the consent of the governed" is not "the governed property holders nor the governed voting men, nor the governed married men, but all the governed men and women;" that taxation without representation is tyranny; that the voting of males is no longer conditional upon military service; that no class is as sale a guardian of the interests of another class as that other class itself, and that woman needs a vote to adequately protect and advance her interests. In 1866 the American Equal Rights Association presented the first peti- tion ever laid before Congress for Woman Suffrage. In 1868 the New Eng- land Woman Suffrage Association was formed and the first systematic effort begun for memorializing Legislatures and Congress, obtaining hearings before these bodies, holding conventions, publishing and distributing tracts and documents, and securing lecturers. In Massachusetts, in 1870, Lucy Stone and Mary A. Livermore were admitted as regular accredited delegates to the Republican convention. The Massachusetts Republican State Con- vention of 1871 endorsed Woman Suffrage, and the National Republican Convention of 1^72 and 1876 resolved that the subject "should be treated with respectful consideration." Since 1S70, women have voted in this country. In the Senate of the United States, February 7. 1889, a select committee reported in favor of amending the Federal Constitution so as to forbid States to make sex a cause of disfranchisement. Congress adjourned, .March -1, without reaching the subject. Twenty-nine States and Territories have given women some form of suffrage. In Arkansas, women vole (by signing or refusing to sign petitions) on granting liquor licenses. In Delaware, a law for school suffrage for women was enacted in 1889; and in some places municipal suffrage is exer- cised. In Kansas, women have suffrage witli men in all municipal elections. In Missouri, women vote (by signing or refusing to sign petitions) on liquor licenses. In Montana, the new State Constitution u'tuu-antees women the power to vote on local taxation. In New York, women vote at school elections, at water-works elections, and on questions of paving, grading, 14 WOMAN SUFFRAGE. 15 drainage, street lighting and other local improvements; 47 women voted at the State election in 1887, and were not punished. In Pennsylvania, a law- was passed in 1889, under which women vote on local improvements (paving, etc.) by signing or refusing to sign petitions therefor. In Utah, women voted in the Territory until excluded by the Edmunds law. They have organized in large numbers to demand the repeal of this law. In AVashing- ton, women voted in the Territory for five years and until excluded from the suffrage by a decision of the Territorial Supreme Court. In adopting a State Constitution, the question of allowing women to vote was submitted separately to the vote of the men. It was not carried. In some places women were excluded from voting for members of the constitutional con- vention, or on the adoption of the Constitution and the suffrage clause. Many women claim that they were illegally excluded and will appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States. In Wyoming, women have voted on the same terms with men since 1870. The convention in lSStl to form a State Constitution unanimously inserted a provision securing them suffrage. The Constitution was ratified by the voters at a special election by about a three-fourths majority. Congress refused to require the disfranchisement of the women, and admitted the State, July 10, 1890. REPUBLICAN NATIONAL AND STATE COMMITTEES. CALL FOR THE REPUBLICAN NATIONAL CONVENTION. On November 24, 1891, the Republican National Committee called the next National Convention, to meet at Minneapolis on June 7, 1892. The call announces that each State will be entitled to four delegates-at-large, and for each Representative in Congress-at-large, two delegates; and each Congres- sional District, each Territory and the D. C, two delegates. The delegates at-large are to be chosen by State conventions, called on not less than twenty days' public notice, and not less than thirty days before the National Conven- tion; the Congressional District delegates at conventions called by the Con- gressional Committee of each district in the same maimer as the nomination for a Representative in Congress is made in the district; provided that in any Congressional District where there is no Republican Congressional Commit- tee, owing to the redistricting of the State under the next Congressional ap- portionment, the Republican State Committee shall appoint from the resi- dents of the district a committee to call a district convention to elect district delegates. " The Territorial delegates are to be chosen as the nomination of a delegate in Congress is made, and the delegates of the I). C. at a convention constituted of members elected in primary district assemblies held under the call and direction of the Republican Central Committee of the D. C, which committee is to be chosen, one from each Assembly District, on the first Tues- day of January, 1892, at 7 p. m., at a place of meeting in each Assembly District, to be designated by a joint call with not less than ten days' notice, signed by the member of the National Committee for the D. C, and the chairman of the Republican Central Committee of the district. Alternate delegates are to be elected in the same manner and at the same time as the delegates. " REPUBLICAN NATIONAL AND STATE COMMITTEES. REPUBLICAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE. Chairman . . Secretary. . Alabama. . . Arizona Arkansas California . . Colorado Connecticut . Dakota Delaware. Dlst. of Col.. Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky.. . . Louisiana . . . Maine Maryland... . Mass Michigan J. S. Clarkson J.S. Fassetl . V. Young- blood Geo. Christ . . P. Clayton. . . M. H. De Young .... W. A. Hamill S. Fessenden. A. C. Mellette D. J. Layton. P. H. Carson . J. K. Russell. F. F. Putney. G. L. Shoup . \V. J. Camp- hell J. 0. New.... .1. S. Clarkson ( '. Leland, jr. W.O. Bradley P. li. S.Pincli- back .1. M. Haj nes .1. A. Gary... H. S. Hyde . . J. P. Sanborn Des Moines, la Elmira, N. Y. Birmingham Eureka Spr'gs Nogales S. Francisco Georgetown Stamford Watertown Georgetown Washington Olustee I tarda way Salmon City Chicago London. Eng. Washington Troy Lancaster New Orleans Augusta Baltimore Springfield Pt. Huron Minnesota. Mississippi. Missouri. . . Montana . . Nebraska. . Nevada N. Hampshire. New Jersey . . . New Mexico. . . New York N. Carolina Ohio < >regon Pennsylvania . Rhode Island.. So. Carolina. . . Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington. . . W. Virginia . . . Wisconsin Wyoming R. G. Evans. . James Hill.. C. I. Fillev... C.S.Warren. W. M. Robin- son E. Williams.. P. C. Cheney. G. A. Hobart. W.L.Ryerson J. S. Fassett. W. P. Cana- day A. L. Conger. .1. Bourne L. E. Watres. T. W. Chace. E. M.Brayton W.W.Murray N. W. Cuney. J. R. McBride G.W. Hooker J. D. Brady.. T. H. Cavit- nagb N. B. Scott . . H. C. Payne. J. M. Carey.. [Minneapolis Jackson St. Louis Butte City Madison Virginia City Concord Paterson Las Cruces Elmira Wilmington Akron Portland Harrisburg Providence Columbia Huntington Galveston Salt Lake C'y Bra1 1 lehoro Petersburg Olympia Wheeling Milwaukee Cheyenne * For changes in names, if any, up to 1 he moment of going to press, see Addenda, preceding Index. This note applies to all committee and similar lists, which are liable to constant alteration 16 REPUBLICAN NATIONAL AND STATE COMMITTEES. REPUBLICAN STATE COMMITTEES. Chairmen and Secretaries of the Committees appointed by the last Republican State (and Territorial) Conventions: Alabama. — Rep. State Com., Robert A. Moseley, Jr., Montgomery, Chairman ; Harvey A. Wilson, Birmingham, Secre- tary. Arkansas.— Rep. State Com., Henry M. Cooper, Little Rock, Chairman; M. W. Gibbs, Little Rock, Secretary. California. — Rep. State Central Com., Irwin C. Stump, San Francisco, Chair- man; Chas. F. Bassett, San Francisco, Secretary. Colora'do.— Rep. State Com., E. M. Ash- ley, Denver, Chairman; N. H. Meldrum, Denver, Secretary. Connecticut.— Rep. State Central Com., Erastus S. Day, Colchester, Chairman; R. Jay Walsh, Greenwich, Secretary. Delaware.— Rep. State Central Com., John Pilling, Newark, Chairman ; J. Frank Bacon, Georgetown, Secretary. Florida. — Rep. State Com., Dennis Eagan, Jacksonville, Chairman; Joseph E. Lee, Jacksonville, Secretary. Georgia.— State Central Com., Alfred E. Buck, Atlanta, Chairman. Idaho.— Rep. State Central Com., Jo- seph Pinkhani, Boise City, Chairman; SamTJ. Pritchard, Boise City, Secretary. Illinois.— Rep. State Central Com., A. M. Jones, Warren, Chairman; Daniel Shepard, Chicago, Secretary. Indiana. — Rep. State Central Com., John K. Goudy, Rushville, Chairman; Frank M. Milliken, Indianapolis, Secre- tary. Iowa.— Rep. State Central Com., Edgar E. Mack, Storm Lake, Chairman; E. D. Chassell, Des Moines, Secretary. Kansas. — Rep. State Central Com., Henry Booth, Larned, Chairman; BionS. Hutching, Hutchinson, Secretary. Kentucky.— Rep. State Central Com., John W. Yerkes, Danville, Chairman; W. E. Riley, Louisville, Secretary. Louisiana.— Rep. State Central Com., P. F. Herwig, New-Orleans, Chairman; William Vigers, New-Orleans, Corres- ponding Secretary. Maine.— Rep. State Com., Joseph II. Manley, Augusta, Chairman; Frank E. Southard, Augusta, Secretary. Maryland.— Rep. Slat,. Central Com., II. M. Clabaugh, Westminster, Chairman; H. Clay Naill, Baltimore, Secretary. Massachusetts.— Rep. State Com., Jo- seph O. Burdette, Hingham, Chairman; J. Otis Wardwell, Haverhill, Secretary. Michigan.— Rep. Slate Central Com., James McMillan, Detroit, Chairman ; Wm. R. Bates, Detroit, Secretary. Minnesota.— Rep. State Central Coin., Joel ]>. Heatwole, Northfield; James Bixby, St. Paul, Secretary. Mississippi. — Rep. State Executive Com., J. M. Matthews, Winona, Chair- man; William H. Gibbs, Jackson, Secre- tary. Missouri.— Rep. State Com., Chauncey I. Filley, St. Louis, Chairman; James T. Beach, St. Joseph, Secretary. Montana.— Rep. State Com'., A. J. Selig man, Helena, Chairman;- James li. Walk er, Helena, Secretary. Nebraska.— Rep. State Central Com., Dr. S. D. Mercer,' Fremont, Chairman; Walt M. Seeley, Bennett, Secretary. Nevada. — Rep. State Central Com., E. D. Boyle, Virginia, Chairman; F. C. Lord, Virginia, Secretary. New Hampshire.— Rep. State Com., F. C. Churchill, Lebanon, Chairman; S. S. Jewett, Laconia, Secretary. New Jersey. — Rep. State Com., John Kean, Jr., Elizabeth, Chairman; John Y. Foster, Jersey City, Secretary. New Mexico. — Territorial Rep. Com., William W. Griffin, Santa Fe, Chairman; J. D. Woodyard, Socorro, Secretary. New York.— Rep. State Com., William Brookfield, New- York, Chairman; John S. Kenyon, Syracuse, Secretary. North Carolina. — Rep. State Execu- tive Com., John Baxter Eaves, States- ville, Chairman; F. T. Walser, Asheville, Secretary . North Dakota. —Rep. State Com., B. F. Spaulding, Fargo, Chairman; W. B. Pat- tin, Fargo, Secretary. Ohio.— Rep. State 'Central Com., Will- iam M. Hahn, Mansfield, Chairman; W. S. Matthews, Columbus, Secretary. Oregon.— Rep. State Central Com., L. T. Barin, Oregon City, Chairman; J. T. Gregg, Salem, Secretary. Pennsylvania.— Rep. State Com., Louis A. Wat res, Scranton, Chairman; Frank Willing Leach, Washington, D. C, Secre- tary. Rhode Island. — Rep. State Central Com., A. K. Goodwin, Pawtucket, Chair- man; Isaac L. Golf, Providence, Secre- tary. South Carolina. — Rep. State Execu- tive Com., Ellery M. Brayton, Columbia, Chairman; John A. Barre, Columbia, Secretary. SouTn Dakota. — Rep. State Central Com., A. E. Clough, Madison, Chairman; W. O. Allen, Groton, Secretary. Tennessee. — Rep. State Com., J. W. Baker, Nashville, Chairman; J. C. Napier, Nashville, Secretary. Texas. — Rep. State Executive Com.. J. C. De Gress, Austin, Chairman; J. E. Wiley, Dallas, Secretary. Vermont. — Rep. Stale Coin.. Frederick W.Baldwin, Barton, Chairman; , Sec- retary. Virginia. — Rep. State Com., William Mahone, Petersburg, Chairman; Asa, Rogers, Petersburg, Secretary. Washington.— Rep. Slate Ceni ralCoro . John F. Gowey, Olympia, Chairman; <>. A. Bowen, Olympia, Secretary. West Virginia.— Rep. St ate Executive Com., Augustus Pollack, Wheeling, Chair- man; G. W. Atkinson, Wheeling, Secre- tary. Wisconsin.— Rep. State Central Com., Henry C.Payne, Milwaukee, Chairman; John M. Ewing, Milwaukee, Secretary. Wyoming.— Rep. Central Com., Joseph M. Carey, Cheyenne, Chairman; C.N. Pel I er, < 'heyeime, Secret ary. REPUBLICAN LEAGUE OF THE UNITED STATES. Organized at Chickering Hall, New York, December 17, 1887. Head- quarters 202 Fifth avenue, New York. President, James S. Clarkson, Iowa ; secretary, Andrew B. Humphrey, New York ; treasurer, Phineas C. Lounsbuiy, Connecticut; chairman sub- executive committee, James A. Blanchard, New York ; national organizer, Timothy E. Byrnes, Minnesota. Sub-executive committee— ^Joseph H. Man- ley, Maine; J. Henry Gould, Massachusetts; .lames A. Blanchard, New York; Edward P. Allen, Michigan; William E. Chamberlain, California ; Stephen B. Elkins, West Virginia ; E. C. Little, Kansas; R. W. Austin, Alabama; Horace M. Deal, Ohio; W. W. Tracy, Illinois; T. E. Byrnes, Minnesota ; W. A. Hamill, Colorado; J. S. Clarkson, president, and A. B. Humphrey, secretary, ex officio. States. Executive members. Vice-Presidents. Presidents Stall- Leagues. R. W. Austin A. W. McCullough A. J. Negley Arkansas W. H. Chamberlain . . . ♦Colorado W. A. Hamill Connecticut Ed. W. W. Linsley .... J. W. Lowe E. Mitchell, Jr Harrison Reed E. L. Linsley G W Marshall Florida Philip Walter... H S Chubb Georgia R. D. Locke G. H. Roberts Idaho Illinois I. C. Edwards W W Iik 5 G. W. Patchell W. L. Taylor Johnson Brigham R. W. Blue E. C. Little W. J.Bailey W. D. Riley E. C. L. Herwig J. H. Manley D. G. Colson Louisiana C. A. Bourgeoise H. Herman Blunt.... G. L. Wellington J. Henry Gould E. P. Allen W. B.Baker Stephen Mason E. A. Morse.. John Patton, Jr J. E. Doak T. E. Byrnes C. E. Pierce J. H. Bot hwell M. G. Reynolds J. L. Webster J. H. McCall New Hampshire.. . New Jersey M. J. Pratt L. T. Derousse J. A. Blanchard H. W. Green J. H. Gaskill R. R. Hefford J. H. Gaskill New York E. A. MeAlpin A. B. Guptill W. B. Allen Ohio H. M. Deal M. C. George D. Russell Brown H. E. Tiepke Simeon Corley T. G. Orr H. C. Evans.. J. H. McLane... . ( 'lias. 31. Harrison L. K. Torbett D. M. Angle H. S. Peck A. W. Harris B. C. Van Houten S. B. Elkins (i. A. Matthews E. C. Camp ♦Texas S. L. Hain G. A. Davis S. T. Armstrong Vermont Virginia Washington Josiah Grout H. DeB. Clay T. H. Cavanaugh George B. Shaw John T. Kelly New Mexico Utah A. J. Fountain Hoyt Sherman, Jr. . . . ! M I-', id A. L. Morrison District Columbia. a. M. ( llapp *Pro tern. 18 SECRETARIES OF REPUBLICAN STATE LEAGUES. State. Alabama... Arkansas. . California . Colorado . . Conn Delaware .. Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas .... Kentucky. . Louisiana. . Maine Maryland.. Mass Michigan .. Minnesota.. Mississippi. Missouri Montana. . . Nebraska . . Nevada. . . . Samuel J.Bryant Theo. Townsend. Philip Walter . . . Secretary. E. P. Jennings. J. N. Patterson., Otto Gresham. . . C. M. Junkon J. W. Butterfield W. W. Huffman. B. F. Moseley... Sam'l Whiteside C. F. Rice C. E. Baxter F. C. Stevens.... L. M. Hall Brad. Slaughter Post-office. Jennings. West Haven. Milford. Jacksonville, Springfield. Indianapolis Fairfield. Topeka. Lexington. New Orleans Baltimore. Somerville. ( lharlol t e. St. Paul. St. Louis. Omaha. State. N. H N. Jersey. . New York. N. Carolina N. Dakota. Ohio Oregon Penn R. I S. Carolina. S. Dakota.. Tennessee.. Texas Vermont . . . Virginia Wash W. Virginia Wisconsin. Wyoming. Arizona. . . N. Mexico. Oklahoma Utah D. C Secretary. E. N. Pearson E. W. Sanderson. Job E. Hodges.. Concord. Newark. N. Y. City. John J. Chester. MertE. Dimmick William Linn . . . H. A. L. Potter.. V. P. Clayton.... Chas.F.Hackett. C. J. McPherson. Chas. S. Forbes.. E. G. Kreider.... Robt. Alexander W. J. McElroy . . R. E. Twitched. . Harmcl Pratt . . . Post-office. Columbus. Portland. Philadelphia.. Providence. Columbia. Pierre. Houston. St. Albans. Olympia. Parkersburj Milwaukee. Santa Fe. S - t Lake City 19 DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL AND STATE COMMITTEES. The Democratic National Committee met at Washington during Jan- uary, 1892, to appoint a time and place for holding the next National Convention. DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL COMMITTEE. Chairman . . . Secretary . . . Alabama Arizona Arkansas.. .. California. . . Colorado Connecticut Delaware . . , Dist. of Col. Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky . . Louisiana . . Maine Maryland . . . Mass Michigan Minnesota . . Mississippi . . C. S.Brice... S. P. Sheerin. H. D. Clay- ton, jr J. C.Herndon S.P.Hughes. M.F. Tarpev. C. S. Thomas C. French . . . J. H. Rodney W. Dickson . - S. Pasco J. H. Estill .. J.W. Jones.. E. M.Phelps. S. P. Sheerin. J.J. Richard- son C. W. Blair.. H.Watterson J. Jeffries.. . A. Sewall . . . A. P. Gorman C. D. Lewis. . O.M.Barnes. M. Doran C. A. John- ston New York C'y Indianapolis Eufaula Prescott Little Rock Alameda Denver Seymour Wilmington Washington Monticello Savannah B< iise City Chicago Indianapolis Davenport Lea vc 'ii worth Louisville Boyce Lath Laurel S. Fram'gh'm Lansing St. Paul Columbus Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada N. Hampshire New Jersey . . , New Mexico . . New York No. Carolina . No. Dakota... Ohio ( >regon Pennsylvania Rhode Island So. Carolina. . So. Dakota.. . Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington. . . W. Virginia. . . Wisconsin Wyoming J. G. Prather A.H.Mitchell Jas. E. Boyd. R. P. Keating A. W. Sullo- way Miles Ross. . . Neil) B. Field. W. F. Shee- han M.W.Ransom W. R. Purcell C. S. Brice. . . A. Noltner. . . Vacant S. R. Honey. J.C. Haskell. W. R. Steele. R. F.Looney. 0. T. Holt... Wm. F.Ferry HiramAtkins J. S. Barbour J. A. Kuhn . . J. M. Camden J. L.Mitchell W. L. Kuy- kendall St. Louis Deer Lodge ( hna.ha Virginia City Franklin N. Brunswick Albuquerque Buffalo Weldon Wahpel on New York C'y Porl land Newport ( iolumbia I teadwood Memphis Houston Park City Montpelier Alexandria Pt. Townsend Parkersburg Milwaukee Cheyenne DEMOCRATIC STATE COMMITTEES. Chairmen and Secretaries of the Committees appointed by the last Democratic State (and Territorial) Conventions: Alabama. — State Executive Committee of the Democratic and Conservative par- ty, Henry C. Tompkins, Montgomery, Chairman; Reuben C. Shorter, Mont- gomery, Secretary. Arizona. — Democratic Territorial Cen- tral Committee, L. M. Jacobs, Tucson, Chairman; J. E. Walker, Phoenix, Secre- tary. Arkansas.— Democratic State Central Committee, J. E. Williams, Little Rock, Chairman; W. J. Terry, Little Rock, Secretary. California. — Democratic State Cen- tral Committee, Russell J. Wilson, San Francisco, Chairman; A. T. Spotts, San Francisco, Secretary. Colorado. — Democratic State Central Committee, Frank P. Arbuckle, Denver, Chairman; Rod S.King, Leadville, Sec- retary. Connecticut.— Democrat ie State Com- mittee, Clinton B. Davis, Higganum, Chairman; J. II. Swart wont , New Haven, Secrel ary. Druware. — Democratic State Com- mittee, W. II. Stevens, Seaford, Chair- man; It. II. Taylor, Wilmington, Sec- retary. District of Columbia. — Democratic Central Committee, John Bovle, Wash- ington. Chairman; James F. Brown, Washington, Secretary. * Florida. — Democratic State Executive Committee, James P. Taliaferro, Jack- sonville, Chairman; L. B. Wombwell, Tallahassee, Secretary. Georgia. — Democratic State Commit- tee, W. Y. Atkinson, Newman, Chairman. Idaho. — Democratic S t a t e Central Committee, George Ainslee, Boise City, Chairman; Jas. H. Wickersham, Boise City. Soeret ary. Illinois. — Democratic State Cent ral Committee, Delos P. Phelps, Monmouth, Chairman; George M. Hay nes, Chicago, Secretary. Indiana. — Democratic State Central Committee, Chas, L. Jewett, New Alba- ny. Chairman; Joseph L. Reilly, Indian- apolis, Secretary. Iowa. — Democrat ie si ate ( lenl ral ( lorn- mittee, Chas. D. Fullen, Fairfield, Chair- man; Thos. H. Lee. Red Oak, Secret ary. Kansas. — Democratic State Central Coinnnttei — W. C. Jones, Iola, Chair- man; Charles Howard, Hays City, Secre- tary. Kentucky. — Democratic State Central Committee, John B. Castleman, Louis- ville, Chairman; W. B. Haldeman, Louis- ville, Secretarv. Louisiana. — Democratic State Central Committee, John S. Lanier,Baton Rouge, Chairman; Geo. W. Flyim, New Orleans, Secretary. * For change in names, if any, up to the moment of going to press, see Addenda, preceding Index. This note applies to all committee and similar lists, which are liable to constant altera! ion. 20 DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL AND STATE COMMITTEES. 21 democratic state committees. — (Continued.) Maine.— Democratic State Committee, John B. Dunovan, Chairman; F. E. Beane, Hallowell, Secretary. Maryland. —Democratic State Central Committee, Barnes Compton, Laurel, Chairman; Murray Vandiver, Havre de Grace, Secretary. Massachusetts. —Democratic State Committee, John W. Corcoran, Clinton, Chairman; W.J.Dale, Jr., North Ando- ver, Secretary. Michigan.— Democratic State Central Committee, Daniel J. Campan, Detroit, Chairman; Alfred J. Murphy, Detroit, Secretary. Minnesota. — Democratic State Central Committee, W. M. Campbell, St. Paul, Chairman; P. J. Smalley, St. Paul, Sec- retary. Mississippi.— Democratic State Execu- tive Committee, R. H. Thompson, Brook- haven, Chairman; Robert E. Wilson, Jackson, Secretary. Missouri.— State Democratic Commit- tee, C. C. Maffit, St. Louis, Chairman; Robert Frank Walker, St. Louis, Secre- tary. Montana.— Democratic Central Com- mittee, Timothy E. Collins, Great Falls, Chairman; Leon A. La Croix, Helena, Secretary. Nebraska.— Democratic State Central Committee, Chas. Ogden, Omaha, Chair- man; Carroll S. Montgomery, Omaha, Secretary. Nevada. — Democratic State Central Committee, John H. Dennis, Virginia City, Chairman; P. J. Dunne, Secretary. New Hampshire. — Democratic State Committee, John P. Bartlett, Manches- ter, Chairman; James R. Jackson, Lit- tleton, Secretary. New Jersey.— Democratic State Com- mittee, Allan L. McDermott, Trenton, Chairman; Willard C. Fisk, Jersey City, Secretary. New Mexico.— Democratic Territorial Central Committee, W. B. Childers, Al- buquerque, Chairman; Felix Martinez, Las Vegas, Secretary. New York. — Democratic State Com- mittee, Edward Murphy, Jr., Troy, Chair- man; Samuel A. Beardsloy, Utica, Secre- tary; William B. Kirk, Treasurer. Executive Committee, Daniel G. Grit- tin, Watertown, Chairman; Charles R. De Freest, Troy, Clerk. North Carolina. — Democratic State Executive Committee, Ed. Chambers Smith, Raleigh, Chairman; R. C. Beck- wit h, Raleigh, Secretary. North Dakota. — Democratic State Committee, Daniel W. Marratta, Fargo, Chairman; R. W. Cutts, Grand Forks, Secretary. Ohio.— Democratic State Central Com- mittee, James E. Neal, Hamilton, Chair- man; L. C. Cole, Bowling Green, Secre- tary. Oklahoma.— Democratic Central Com- mittee, E. J. Simpson, Guthrie, Chair- man; j, l, Vanderwerter, Oklahoma City, Secretary. 2b Oregon. — Democratic State Central Committee, B. Goldsmith, Portland, Chairman; George A. Brodie, Portland, Secretary. Pennsylvania. — Democratic State Cen- tral Committee, James Kerr, Clearfield, Chairman; Benjamin M. Nead, Harris- burg, Secretary. Rhode Island. — Democratic State Cen- tral Committee, Franklin P. Owen, Provi- dence, Chairman; Elisha W. Bucklin, Pawtucket, Secretary. South Carolina. — State Executive Committee of the Democratic Party, J. L. M. Irby, Laurens, Chairman; G. Dun- can Bellinger, Barnwell, Secretary. South Dakota.— Democrat ic State Cen- tral Committee, Otto Peemiller, Yank- ton, Chairman; E. M. O'Brien, Yankton, Secretary. Tennessee. — Democratic Executive Committee, T.M. McDonnell, Chattanoo- ga, Chairman; E. B. Wade, Murfrees- boro, Secretary. Texas.— Democratic State Executive Committee, N.Webb Finley, Tyler, Chair- man; Ed. Kauffman, Austin, Secretary. Utah.— Democratic Territorial Central Committee, Samuel A. Merritt, Salt Lake City, Chairman: A. G. Norrell,Salt Lake City, Secretary. Vermont.— Democratic State Commit- tee, Hiram Atkins, Montpelier, Chair- man; John H. Senter, Warren, Secretary. Virginia.— Democratic State Commit- tee, J. Taylor Ellyson, Richmond, Chair- man; James R. Fisher, Richmond, Secre- tary. Washington.— State Democratic Com- mittee, Daniel H. Oilman, Seattle, Chair- man; George Hazzard, Tacoma, Secre- tary. West Virginia.— Democratic State Ex- ecutive Committee, Thomas S. Riley, Wheeling, Chairman; B. H. Oxley, Charleston, Secretary. Wisconsin. — Democratic State Central Committee, E. C. Wall, Milwaukee, Chair- man; W. A. Anderson, La Crosse, Secre- tary. Wyoming.— Democratic Central Com- mittee, Colin Hunter, Cheyenne, Chair- man; W. L. Kuykendall, Cheyenne, Sec- retary. national association of democratic CLUBS. President, ChaunceyF. Black, Pennsyl- vania. Treasurer, Roswell P. Flower, New York. Secretary, Lawrence Gard- ner, Washington, D. C. Executive Com- mittee, William L. Wilson, West Vir- ginia, Chairman; Robert Grier Monroe, New- York; Alexander T. Ankeny, Minne- sota; Chauncey F. Black, Pennsylvania; Harvey N. Collison, Massachusetts; Ros- well P. Flower, New York; Lawrence Gardner, District of Columbia; George II. Lambert, New Jersey; Chas. Ogden, Nebraska: Harry Wells Rusk, Maryland; Bradley (1. Schley, Wisconsin; Edward B. Whitney, New York. Headquarters, Metropolitan Hotel, Washington, D. C. :«"S .; S c . S fl j « ■S-jja o^ 7 £ ;,§ > a^d sb j a < K h £ Cs t/5 4) a) .«• 3,2,2 ik-p-i - "3 r" "> ) r-; C N , £ S'O'S ® a O * c i c .a s .a « g « [jd id „• o; • o to > > 9 3 -S- sM -r o -t ; C - p g £ "3 sg S £ » : c3' : : be : : 3 ■ C0,O ;~ :•* : ~?7 ? £=3 'E ss^ OSS ■ 0) . OJ c'd£ — -re . . . . . ■.:;;-- • i. *> ..'0= p .t:o^st • S o £ 02 3 a ;.*' ^,2 en" 4>.2 a 2 be , -._ • C3 c K^QHSB^h^^ab m a s «3 T3 .5 '2 c c3 cj S S £ fc o 6 Q ►* j -a £ £ ■3 « s 2 s O O P-i £ «2 > £ £ £ £ 0) >. bo ^ . o . . C r! be .•« cs be a 5.0 .§ « . >> ~ >>« £-e~ gjbO'g gd _•_ G •--•"- 5 > > .tSOO o j > r- O :S5 . . . >> e3 • >-j ^ m as '-? > ■ ^5 co — Eh X ^ 3 . t- . '-— ' L H s.2 S 7. — . — :^ C3 g •- O S to C = ii c ~ V £i s ■aJOOOQfaO^StS^MW!-] . CO -3 3 cS c3.2 SSS S S 22 5 ■- "3 * '■ 3 5 E3 x p2 d C d o J> a c o! c P IS j: c (/ 4 X i to .5 > « «2 o o 5 o .ft* 3 -rS ;^ > « « _/ :i : = S • - ign to to t< Si ^-3 u s S gjg "3 W s -g o j " 5 x o £ a v r -r! ^~ " "" ~ l_l .= /: .£ "Tr^^ii: — B ■»■§ 4> 2 *H S * S*"'"'* Si"* " c S = ~S- Sh 5"0'^' — ~-t £ •- |§ g g § § g § & i os !>> « § S § g^ 6 §"32 32 I ^ E S^ £-3 3 r d c g 5 p~ 1 2 '-^ ?"? -l* 2 %'~'- § v s 5 J y R ? O « & a 3 m O C3 rf C3 .= .S 23 THE AUSTRALIAN BALLOT. * The advantages which are claimed for the Australian Ballot System, as set forth by the Rhode Island Ballot Reform Association, are: 1. A secret ballot, cast as proposed in this plan, interposes the most effectual prevent- ive of the bribery of the voter ever devised. 2. A secret ballot secures the voter against coercion or undue solicitation of others, and enables the most dependent elector to vote as his conscience dictates, in perfect freedom. 3. Excuse for assessment of candidates is taken away. A poor man is placed on an equality with a rich man as a candidate. Money will be less of a fac- tor in politics. 4. The voter will be " alone with his country, his conscience and his God," and elections will be more than ever the intelligent and con- scientious registering of the popular will. 5. The method of ballot reform has been much discussed in the United States for several years, and lias received general favor, being recognized, after careful scrutiny, as a practi- cal and salutary measure. A marked feature of the ballot practice in New South Wales is that the names of all the candidates being on one list, the names of persons for whom the voter does not wish to vote must be crossed off, a blue pencil being pro- vided for the purpose by the authorities, while there are clearly printed on the ticket, in red ink, directions as to how many candidates must be voted for. If more than the limit are voted for, the ballot is informal. The Australian Ballot System was practically introduced in the United States in 1888 by its adoption by law in the State of Massachusetts and the city of Louisville, Ky. The principle of the system was embodied in the Saxton bill which passed the New York Legislature in the sessions of 1888-89, and was vetoed both times by Governor Hill. The grounds of the Governor's vetoes were the unconstitutionality of the bill in "that it would embarrass, hinder and impede voters in exercising the suffrage, and would, for one class of voters — the blind and illiterate — destroy the'secrecy of the ballot by com- pelling an avowal of their votes as a condition of exercising the right. At the instance of Governor Hill a reformed ballot bill, or modification of the Saxton bill, was introduced in the Legislature in the session of 1889, but was not passed; but another bill, a compromise of the Hill and Saxton plans, met with success in 1890. Laws adopting the new system of voting, and follow- ing the example of Massachusetts, were passed in 1889 by the Legislatures of Indiana, Montana, Rhode Island, Wisconsin, Tennessee, Minnesota, Missouri, Michigan and Connecticut, in the order given. Most of the laws passed adhered closely to the Massachusetts form. The Connecticut form varied from it more than the others. In 1890 laws which are more or less modifica- tions of the Australian system were adopted by the Legislatures of Wash- ington, New York, Maryland, New Jersey and Vermont. In 1891 the Legislatures of the Statesof Arkansas, California, Colorado, Delaware, Idaho, Illinois, Maine, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, South Dakota and West Virginia, and the Territory of Arizona, adopted laws based on the Australian system. This leaves Iowa, Kansas, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana, and the Territories of Utah and New Mexico. In Kansas a reformed ballot bill has passed one branch of the Legislature. " There are two methods of grouping the names on the tickets, and both have been tried. The first of these is the English, or original Australian style of alphabetical arrangement of the names of the candidates under the title of the office. This is used by the following States: California, Kentucky, Mas- sachusetts, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, Oregon, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Vermont, Washington and Wyoming. "The second is known as the Belgian system, and consists of groupingall nominations and offices by parties, it is used in Missouri, Ohio, Wisconsin, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Maine, Maryland and Oklahoma Territory." *For any further developments, up to the moment of going to press, see Addenda. preeedin;-,' Index. 24 GERRYMANDERING. This is a political term, which came into use iu 1811. The dominant party in Massachusetts, having a majority in the Legislature, determined to district the State anew. The work was sanctioned and became a law by the signa- ture of Elbridge Gerry, the Governor of the State at that time. The result was that the party in power carried everything and hlled every office in the State, although it is alleged that the returns showed that two-thirds of the votes were those of persons holding opposite views. During the process of re-districting, Elbridge Gerry contrived a scheme which gave the district embracing Essex county, in its relation to districts and towns, "a shape like that of a lizard. Gilbert Stuart, a well-known artist, enter- ing the room of Russell, the veteran editor of the " Boston Sentinel," who had ;i map of the new districts hanging on the wall over his desk, observed: " Why, this district looks like a salamander," and put in the claws and eyes of the creature with his pencil. "Say, rather, a Gerrymander," the editor replied, facetiously, and the term became of general use iu similar cases. The aim of gerrymandering is so to lay out the one-numbered districts as to secure, in the greatest possible number of them, a majority for the party which conducts the operation. This is done sometimes by throwing the greatest possible number of hostile voters into a district which is certain to be hostile, sometimes by adding to a district where parties are equally divided a place iu which the majority of friendly voters is sufficient to turn the scale. The so-called Shoe-string district of Mississippi, 500 miles long by forty broad, is an example of this system. In Missouri a district has been contrived longer, if measured along its windings, than the State itself, in which as large a number as possible of the negro voters have been thrown. Hon. Harvey Watterson, after canvassing a certain district of Tennessee, stretching ac»oss mountains and rivers the whole length of that State, for the Confederate Congress, when asked what success he had met with, replied, he had " made but few votes, but learned a great deal of geography. " By this process counties adjacent only by a stretch of imagination are included in these straggling districts, often divided by water, so that, as Hon. RoswellG. Horr said of the division of South Car- olina, "a connection can be effected only by tunneling under." The following States have been re-districted under the Apportionment law of 1890: Districts, 1880. Districts, 1890. Increase in Districts. 8 5 G 1 10 20 li 11 5 14 3 1 ^*8 11 9 9 11 s 13 12 15 6 s :«) 13 10 1 1 1 1 1 g 1 Massachusetts 1 Michigan 1 2 Missouri 1 3 New Jersey 1 < Iregon 1 o Texas 2 Wisconsin 1 In several States the districts have been changed, 1891, the number remaining the same. 25 HISTORY OP TARIFF LEGISLATION. At the end of the eighteenth century the power to regulate trade and commerce with foreign nations was granted to Congress. The first Tariff Act was signed by President Washington, July 4, 1789. It was a measure suggested by Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, and introduced in^Congress by Mr. Madison, of Virginia, April 8, 1789, which imposed specific duties on forty-seven articles, and ad valorem rates of 7 1 _,, 10, 12 X 2 and 15 per cent, on four commodities. The unenumerated hills were compelled to pay 5 per cent. The second Tariff Act passed the House by a large majority, and the Sen- ate without division. It was approved by President Washington, August 10, 1790. In this Act the scale of duties was higher. The third Tariff Act, of May 2, 1792, which became effective in the following July, raised the duty on unenumerated merchandise to 7% per cent., and that on numerous articles paying 7 1 2 ' to 10 per cent. The fourth Tariff bill, was passed June 7, 1794, and went into effect on July 1. It imposed numerous rates in addition to those already payable, some of them specific, and others 2 1 ., and 5 per cent, ad valorem. Other Tariff measures were enacted on March 3 and July 8, 1797, and on May 13, 1800. These acts imposed additional rates, and there was a further increase of %% per cent, on March 26, 1804, on all imports then paying ad va- lorem rates. What is now known as a protective tariff was looked upon in an entirely different point of view by Alexander Hamilton. He considered a tariff an instrument of compensation and retaliation, and alike stand was taken by Jefferson in 1793, when he advocated countervailing foreign restrictions in case they could not be removed by negotiation. The greater number of re- strictions upon commerce, however, which existed during Hamilton's time, have been removed. A more liberal system of commerce prevailed during the wars in Europe, which was largely beneficial to the merchants of the United States. From time to time moderate increase in the rates of duties were granted, but no real demand for protection until the return of peace in 1801, when the old restrict- ive system was reenacted by Europe. The commerce of the country was so involved by the resumption of hostilities as to create a demand for retaliation. In 1805 the importation of British manufactures was prohibited. Later on, the Berlin and Milan decrees of Napoleon, followed by the English Orders in Council, closed the ports of Europe to neutral vessels, and caused much suf- fering among American ship-owners. Mr. Jefferson's administration retali- ated for the outrages on our commerce by the embargo lawpassed in Decern her, 1S07. The result of this was, that the American people, prevented from obtaining their usual supplies from Europe, began to manufacture on their own account, rendered sure of a market by the war, and also by a doubling in all tariff duties, which was done in 1S12 as a war measure. The "Tariff of 1812" passed the Bouse of Representatives by a vote of 76 to 48, and the Senate by a vote of 20 to 9. Amendments to it were adopted on February 25, and again on July 29, 1S13. On February 15, 1816, the ad- ditional duties imposed by the Act tit' 1812, were repealed, and additional du- ties cil 42 per cent, to take effect on July 1, were substituted, but the law did not go into operation. From 1812 to 1816 the average rates on all imports \\a> 32.73 per cent. The first of the protective tariffs, known as the Lowndes-Calhoun bill, was HISTORY OF TARIFF LEGISLATION. 27 approved April 27, 1816, and took effect the following July. It was not alto- gether set aside until the administration of Mr. Polk in 1842, The ad valo- rem duties under it ranged from iy 2 to 33 per cent. The unenumerated o-oods paid 15 per cent., the manufactures of iron and other metals generally 15 per cent., the majority of woolen goods 25 per cent., with clauses estab- lishing ' ' minimums, '*' that is, in reckoning duties, 25 cents per square yard was to be "deemed the minimum cost of cotton cloth; unbleached and uucolored yarn, 60 cents, and bleached or colored yarn, 75 cents per pound. These rates became prohibitory on the cheaper goods. The law was amended April 20, 1818, and on March 3, 1819. It had the support of New England and the Middle States, but the South was opposed to it. From 1817 to 1820, the av- erage rates on imports was 26.52 per cent,, from 1821 to 1824, 35.02 per cent . , aud°from 1821 to 1824 on dutiable goods only 36.88 per cent. The necessity for providing for the interests on the heavy debt incurred by the second war with England was due to the general increase of duties. The general tariff measure of Mr. Clay received the President's signature May 22, 1824, and went into effect July 1, ensuing. It passed both the House and Senate by a close vote. It could not be regarded as a political measure nor yet as a party question. Adams, Clay and Jackson all voted for it. Both the Southern and New England States were dissatisfied with the result, but as iron, wool, hemp and sugar received protection, a combination of the Western and Middle States received sufficient support to pass the bill. The average rate of duties under the law of May 22, 1824, was 37 per cent. The financial crisis of 1825 caused by a great expansion in the paper cir- culation, and precipitated by extensive failures in London, gave the protec- tionists an opportunity to attribute the distress to the operation of the tariff of 1824. New England had heretofore opposed protection as hostile to her com- mercial interests. Manufactures were springing up in those States, and had made such progress as to create an entire change in public sentiment. In 1826 a petition came from Boston praying for higher duties on woolen goods in order to protect this industry in New England. In 1827 a bill to increase the duties on woolens passed the House but failed to become a law. _ A con- vention of wool growers and manufacturers was held at Harrisburg in July, 1827, at which the wool, woolen, hemp, flax, iron, glass and wood industries were represented and asked to be recognized in any scheme of protection. The tariff was made a leading issue in the presidential election of 1828. The planters of the South sought to resist a policy which they claimed as benefiting the North at their expense, and the North and East became more earnest in demanding a continuance of a system which, they alleged, had prompted them to put their capital into investments which must inevitably be ruined, unless the protective policy was maintained. As an outcome of the contention, a tariff bill drawn by Silas Wright, of New York, was passed by a vote of 105 to 74, the protective features of which he said were that " it was intended to turn the manufacturing capital of the country to the working up of domestic raw material, and not foreign raw material." The tariff act of 1828 was known as the "Tariff of Abominations." It was the immediate cause of the nullification movement. South Carolina pro tested against it as a " violation of State rights and one grossly unequal and i »p pressive." North Carolina also protested against the law, and Alabama and Georgia denied the power of Congress to lay duties for protection. The tariff of 1828 had special reference to^iron and wool and manufacture of wool. The duty on wool was 4 cents per pound and 40 per cent, for one year; then 4 cents and 45 per cent, for one year, then 4 cents and 50 per cent. The av- erage duty on all goods from 1829 to 1832 was 47.81 per cent, and on all du- tiable goods 51.55 per cent. The tariff measure passed July 14. 1832, maintained all of the protective features of the tariff of 1828, whiie reducing or abolishing many of the reve- 28 HISTORY OF TARIFF LEGISLATION. nue taxes. The tax on iron was reduced, that on cotton was unchanged, and that on woolens was increased, while some of the raw wools were made free of duty. It was known as "The Modifying Tariff." It was passed by the Whigs, and approved March 3, 1883. Vote in the House, 132 to GO; in the Senate, 32 to 16. The Compromise Tariff of 1833 was introduced by Mr. Clay. It was in- tended as a substitute for all bills pending, and looked toward a gradual re ; duction in duties; of all duties which were over 20 per cent, by the act of 1832, one-tenth of the excess over 20 per cent, was to be struck off after 1835, and one-tenth each alternate year thereafter until 1841. A Provisional Tariff bill by which the operations of the existing tariff were to be continued until August, 1842, passed the House but was amended in the Senate by a proviso postponing the distribution of the proceeds of the public lands until the same date. The bill was vetoed by the President on the grounds that the bill united two incongruous subjects; that the bill pro- posed to give away a fruitful source of revenue, and that it, was in violation of what was intended to be inviolable as a compromise in relation to the tariff system. A general tariff act was passed without the obnoxious clause. The Tariff of 1842 was a Whig party measure, and one of protection. It became operative on August 30, 1842, and changed all existing rates. It was amended in March, 1843^ and became extinct December 1, 1840. New Eng- land and the Middle States strongly supported it. The South opposed it, and the West was a tie. The average rate of all imports under it was 26.1)2 per cent., and on dutiable articles 33.47 percent. The Polk-Walker Tariff of 1846, was approved by President Polk on July 30 of that year. Robert. J. Walker of Mississippi, who was President Polk's Secretary of the Treasury, advanced the principles that "No more money should be collected than is needed for economical administration "; "the duty on no articles should exceed the lowest rate which will yield the largest reve- nue "; " below such rate discrimination may be made, or for imperative rea- sons an article may be made free "; " luxuries should be taxed on the mini- mum rate for revenue "; duties should be all ad valorem and never specific "; ' ' duties should be so imposed as to operate as equally as possible throughout the Union without respect to class or section." The bill passed the House by 114 to 95. In the Senate it was a tie, Vice-President Dallas giving the casting vote in the affirmative, but on its final passage the Senate stood 28 to 27. The West and the South supported and the East opposed the bill. The average duty on all imports was, from 1847 to 1857, 23.20 per cent., and on dutiable articles 26.22 per cent. The Tariff of 1857 was approved on March 3 of that year. It made a still further reduction in duties and remained in force until April 1, 1861. It passed the House by a vote of 123 to 72, and the Senate 33 to 12. New Eng- land and the South united in securing its passage. The average duty on all goods from 1858 to 1861, was 15.66 per cent., and on dutiable articles 20.72 per cent. The Morrill Tariff of 1861 was dissimilar to all previous bills, in that it made a distinction between goods imported from different parts of the world, and provided for a general system of compound and differential duties, spe- cific and ad valorem. It passed the House May 11, 1860, by a vote of 105 to 64, and the Senate on February 20, 1861, by a vote of 25 to 14. It was an out and out protective tariff. It was several times changed during the war, from 1861 to 1805. Every year produced some revisions, and in 1879 there was a general modification of rates. Tea and coffee, taxed since 1861, were put upon the free list; the duties on cotton and woolen goods, wool, iron, paper, u;lass and leather were lowered about, 20 per cent, The free list was enlarged, but the reduction was rescinded by the Act of March, 1875. The duty on quinine was abolished July 1, 1879. The average duty on all im- HISTORY OF TARIFF LEGISLATION- 29 ports from 1862 to 1883 was 34.16 per cent., and on all dutiable articles 42.74 per cent. The Commission Tariff was' passed by the Senate March 2, 1883, and the House March 3, 1883. The vote in the Senate was 32 to 31, and in the House 152 to 116. This tariff act remained in force until October 6, 1890, when it was superseded, except as to tobacco and tin plate, by the McKinley Tariff bill. The McKinley Tariff bill passed the House by a vote of 152 to 81, and the Senate by a vote of 33 to 27. Under it Senator Aldrich computed the average at 45. 13 per cent., and Senator Carlisle computed the average at 60 per cent. — the highest in the history of the government. The tariff averages are as follows: From 1791 to 1812, 19.58 per cent. ; from 1812 to 1817, 32.73 percent.; from 1817 to 1825, 26.52 per cent.; from 1825 to 1829, 47.17 per cent.; from 1829 to 1832, 47.81 per cent.; from 1832 to 1834, 28.99 per cent.; from 1834 to 1843, 19.25 per cent.; from 1843 to 1847, 26.92 per cent,; from 1847 to 1858. 23.20 per cent.; from 1858 to 1862, 15.06 per cent.; from 1862 to 1884, 34.16 per cent,; from 1884 to 1890, 45.50 per cent.; from 1890, about 60 per cent.* * For Cleveland's Tariff Message, text of the Mills and McKinley Bills, and further developments of Tariff legislation, up to the moment of going to press, see Appendices and Addenda, preceding Index. UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DUTIES. LEADING ARTICLES IMPORTED, GIVING RATE OF TAXATION AT ENTRY BY THE NEW TARIFF COMPARED WITH TARIFF OF 1883. The articles covered by the Tariff Act of 1890 number many thousands. The fol- lowing- table embraces about 300 selected articles, being mainly those in most general use in the United States. * Indicates " When not otherwise provided for." Articles. Alcohol Aluminium, unmanufactured Aniline colors or dyes Animals for breeding Bagging for cotton Bags, grain Barley Beads, ornamental Beef, mutton, and pork Beer, ale, not in bottles Beer, porter, and ale, in bottles Bindings, cotton Bindings, Max Bindings, wool Blankets, value not over 30c per lb Blankets, value 30e to 40c Blankets, value 40c to 00c Blankets, value 60c to 80c Blankets, value over 80c per lb Bonnets, silk Bonnets, straw Books, charts, maps Books, over 20 yrs. old or for pub. lib. . . Bronze, manufactures of Brushes Building stone, rough Building stone, dressed Butter, and substitutes for Buttons, pearl Buttons, sleeve and collar, gilt Buttons, wool, hair, etc Canvas for sails Caps, cotton Caps, fur and leather Carpets, treble ingrain Carpets, two-ply Carpets, tapestry Brussels Carpets, Wilton 'and Axminster Carpets, Brussels Carpets, velvet Cheese, all kinds Cigars and cigarettes Clocks* (Mot hing, ready-made, cotton* Clothing, ready-made, linen ci.. t Inn-, ready-made, silk Clot Inn-, ready-made, woolen ( toal, ant bracite ( toal, bit uminous coffee ....;; Con feel ionery, all sugar < topper, manufacl ures of Cotton t rimmings Cot ton galloons and gimps Cotton gloves Old Tariff (1883) Rate. 10 per et. ad valorem. Free 35 per cent Free 1 L /ic per lb 40 per cent 10c per bushel 50 per cent lc per lb 20c per gallon 35c " 35 per cent 35 " 30c lb. and 50 per et 10c 12c 18c 24c 35c 30 per cent . 30 " 35 35 35 35 40 Free 45 per cent 30 " $1 per ton 20 per cent 4c per lb 25 per cent 25 " 30c lb. and 50 per ct 30 per cent 35 " 30 " 12c sq. yd. and 30 per ct. New Tariff (McKinley) 1800. 10 per ct. ad valorem 15c per lb. 35 per cent. Free. 1.6c and 1.8c lb. 2c per lb. 30c per bushel. 10 per cent. 2c per lb. 20c per gallon. 40c 40 per cent. 50 60c a lb. and 60 per et . 16^'c 22c 33c 38 ' 2 c 30 30 30 30 30 8c 20c " 45c " 30c " 25e " 4c per lb. $2.50 lb. and 25 per ct . 30 percent 35 " 40 " 50 " 40c lb. and 35 percent. Free 5c per ton Free 5c per lb 45 per cent 40 " 35 " 35 " 30 60 per cent. 30 25 Free. 45 per cent. 40 lie per cubic foot. 40 per cent. 6c per lb. 2J-^c line and 25 per ct. 50 per cent. 60c a lb. and 60 per ct 50 per cent. 50 35 19csq.yd. and 40 per cl . 40 40 40 to 40 25 per 14c 28c " 60c " " 44c " 40c " Or per lb. " .50 11>. and 45 per cent . 50 55 60 49'Ac lb. and 60 per et Five. 5c per ton. Free. 5c per 11). 45 per cent. 60 40 50 UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DUTIES. 31 UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DUTIES.— Continued. Articles. Cotton handkerchiefs Cotton hosiery valued at more than 60c and not more than $2 per doz. pairs. . . Cotton hosiery, $2 to $4 per doz. pairs. . . Cotton hosiery, more than $4 per doz Cotton shirts and drawers, value $3 to $5 Cotton plushes, velvets, etc ( iotton Swiss muslin Cotton webbing Cotton curtains Cutlery- Pocket-knives, value under 50c per doz. 50c to $2 pei- doz ." $1.50 to $3 per doz Over $3 per doz Razors, less than $4 per doz Razors, more than $4 per doz Table-knives not more than $1 per doz. Table-knives, $1 to $2 per doz Table-knives, $2 to $3 per doz Table-knives, §3 to $8 per doz Table-knives, more than $8 per doz Diamonds, uncut (free), cut and set Diamonds, ctit but not set Drugs, crude Drugs, not crude Earthenware, common Earthenware, china, porcelain, etc Earthenware, decorated Eggs Old Tariff (1883) Rate. 35 per cent . 40 40 40 40 35 35 35 Engravings Extracts, dyes, and logwoods Extracts, meat Fans, palm leaf, with handles Felt, hats Felt, shoes Fertilizers, guanos, manures Fire-arms, double-barreled, breech-load- ing, value not over $6 Fire-arms, value $6 to $12 Fire-arms, value over $12 Fire-arms, single-barreled Fire-arms, pistols, value over $1.50 Fish, American fisheries Fish, smoked, dried, salted, pickled Flannels, under 30c per lb Flannels, value 30c to 40c Flannels, value 40c to 50c Flax, manufactures of Flowers, artificial Fruits, preserved in juice Fruits, apples Fruits, oranges and lemons* Fur manufactures Furniture, wood Glassware, plain and cut Glass, lamp chimneys Glass, polished plate, not over 10 x 24 Glass, silvered, not over 10 x 24 Glass, Bohemian Glass discs for optical instruments Gloves, kid, men's, plain Gloves, embroidered Gloves, lined Gloves, pique, lined Gloves, pique, lined and embroidered . . Gloves, ladies' and children's plain Gloves, ladies' lined Gloves, lined and embroidered 35 50 " 50 " 50 " 50 " 50 " 50 " 35 " 35 " 35 " 35 " 35 " 25 " 10 " Free 10 per cent 25 " 55 " 60 " Free 25 per cent 10 " 20 " Free 30 per cent 40c lb. and 35 per ct. Free 50 per cent. 50c doz. and 30 per ct. 75c 40 " 40 $1.25 " 40 10c sq. yd. & 20 60 per cent. 40 60 " 12c doz. and 50 per ct. 50c " 50 50 50 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 35 per cent 35 " 35 " 35 " 35 " Free >£c per lb 10c lb. and 35 per cent " " 35 ■ " 18c " " 35 35 per cent 50 " 20 " Free 25c per box 30 per cent 30 and 35 per cent 40 per cent 40 " 5c per sq. foot 6c " " 15 per cent 45 " 50 " 50 " 50 " 50 " 50 " 50 " 50 " 50 " New Tariff (McKinley) 1890. , .75 " 10c 35c 10c $1 $2 50 per cent . 10 Free. 10 per cent. 25 55 60 5c per doz. 25 per cent. %c per lb. 35c 80 per cent 55 55 49)iclb. and 60 per ct. Free. .50 ea. and 35 per ct. 35 i " 35 35 35 Free. %c per lb. ny x c lb. and 30 per ct. 22c " 35 33c " 35 50 per cent. 50 30 " 25c per bushel. 13c box and 30 per ct. 35 per cent. 35 60 60 5c per sq. foot. lie 60 per cent . 60 dz. not less than 50 p. e. $1.50 $2.50 $2.50 $3 $1.75 $2.75 $3.25 32 UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DUTIES. UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DUTIES.— Continued. Articles. Gloves, suedes and scmaschen, emb'd. . Gloves, suedes, lined Gloves, suedes, lined and embroidered. . Glucose Glue, value not over 7c per lb Gold, manufactures of, not jewelry Hair of hogs curled for mattresses Hair manufactures* Hair braids and ornaments Hair, human, unmanufactured Hams Handkerchiefs, linen Handkerchiefs, silk Hay Hemp cordage, untarred Hemp cordage, tarred Hides, raw, dried, salted, pickled Hogs Honey Hoops, iron or steel, for baling purposes. Hops Horn, manufactures of Horses, mules, value under $150 Horses, mules, value over $150 India-rubber, manufactures India-rubber, vulcanized India-rubber, wearing apparel Instruments, philosophical, metal Iron, manufactures of* Iron screws, % inch or less in length Iron tinned plates Ivory, manufactures* Jewelry Jute, burlaps Jute, cotton bagging Jute, other bagging Knit Goods- Wearing apparel, value not over 30c lb. Wearing apparel, value 30c to 40c Wearing apparel, value 40c to 60c Wearing apparel, value 00c to 80c Wearing apparel, value over 80c lb Silk Knives, carving Laces, cotton Laces, linen Lard : Lead, pigs, bars Lead, type metal Leather manufactures* Lime Linen manufactures* Linen, wearing apparel Li nen thread Linseed oil M acaroni Malt Matches, fricl ion. boxed 1\I at s, cocoa and rat tan Matting, jute Mathematical instruments, glass Meerschaum pipes Mica, ground Milk, fresh Milk, condensed Molasses Mull's, fur Musical iusl runic Music boxes its, metal . Old Tariff (1883) Rate 50 per cent . . . 50 50 20 20 45 25 30 20 30 2c per lb 35 per cent . . . 50 $2 per ton 3c per lb •&%c " Free 20 per cent . . . 20c per gallon 35 per cent . . . 8c per lb 30 per cent. . 20 20 30 30 35 35 45 12c per lb lc " 30 per cent 25 30 1 Mc per lb ... . 40 per cent 10c lb. and 35 per ct.. 12c " " 35 " .. 18c " " 35 " .. 24c " " 35 " .. 35c " " 40 " .. 50 per cent 35 " 40 " 30 " 2c per lb 20 per cent 30 10 35 35 35 25c per gallon. Free 80c per bushel. 35 per cent 20 20 " 45 70 10 10 4c and 8c per gallon, .'ill per cent New Tariff (McKinley) 1890. 50 50 50c dz. not less than 50 p.c. $1 " 50 $1.50 " 'iic per lb. l^c " 45 per cent. 15 " 33c a lb. and 40 per ct. 00c " " 60 20 per cent. ."»• per lb. 55 per cent. 60 $4 per ton. 2^c per lb. 3c " Free. $1.50 per head. 20c per gallon. 1 .3c per lb. 15c per lb. 30 per cent. $30 per head. 30 per cent. 30 35 50c a lb. and 50 per ct. 45 per cent. 45 14c per lb. 2.2c " 40 per cent. 50 1 %c per lb. 1.6c and 1.8c per lb. 2c. per lb. 33c a lb. and 40 per c 38}£c " " 40 44c " " 50 44c " " 50 44c " " 50 60 per cent. $lto$5doz.&30perct 60 per cent. 60 2c per lb. 2c 1 VzC " 35 per cent. 6c per 100 lbs. 50 per cent. 55 15 32c per gallon. 2c per lb. 45c per bushel. 10c per gross. 8c per sij. II . 6c per sq. yd. (iO per cent. 70 35 5c per gallon. 3c per lb. Free (after Apr. 1,'91). 35 per cent . 45 45 ct. UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DUTIES. 33 UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DUTIES. -Continued. Articles. Nails, cut Nails, horseshoe Needles, sewing Newspapers, periodicals Oatmeal Oil-cloths for floors, value over 25c sq. yd. Oil, olive Oil, whale and seal Onions Opium, liquid preparations Organs Paintings, by American art ists Paintings, by foreign artists Paper manufactures Paper stock, crude Pepper, cayenne, unground Perfumery, alcoholic Personal effects (see note) Phosphorus Photograph Albums Photograph Slides Pianofortes Pickles Pins, metallic Pipes of clay, common Plants* ....■: Poultry, dressed Potatoes Pulp, wood, paper-makers' use, ground. . . Quicksilver Quilts, cotton Quinine, sulphate and salts Railroad ties, cedar Robes, buffalo, made up Roofing tiles, plain Rope, bale, of hemp Rope, bale, of cotton Rugs, oriental Salmon, dried or smoked Salmon, pickled and salted Salt, in bulk Salt, in bags Sauces* Sausages, Bologna Sausages, all others Sealskin sacques Seeds, garden Sheetings, linen Shirts, in whole or part linen Shoe-laces, cot ton Shoe-laces, leather Shoes, leal her Shoes, India-rubber Silk, raw Silk, spun in skeins Silk, laces, embroideries, handkerchiefs and all wearing apparel Skins, uncured, raw Skins, tanned and dressed Slates, porcelain, plain Smokers' articles, except clay pipes Snuff . J Soap, Castile Spelter in blocks Spirits, except bay rum Statuary, marble Steel ingots — Slabs, etc., value 7c to 10c per lb Slabs, etc., value 10c to Lie per ll> 1 ^'c per lb . . 4c " . . 25c " . . Free ' 2 c per lb. . . 40 per cent. 25 10 40 25 Free 30 per cent. . . 15 Free Free $2 per gallon. Old Tariff (1883) Rate. New Tariff (McKinley) 1890. lc pe 4c Free Free lc per lb. 15c 35c 8c li i, • 40 15 Free 15 25 Free 10c per lb 30 per cent. . . . 45 25 35 30 35 Free 10c per lb 15c per bushel. 10 per cent 10c per lb 35 per cent Free Free per cent 20 35 35 40 lc per lb 25 per cent 8c per 100 lbs.. 12c " " .. 35 per cent Free 25 per cent 30 20 35 35 35 30 30 25 Free 30 per cent 50 " Free 30 per cent 55 " 70 " 50c per lb 20 per cent l>£c per lb $2 per proof gallon. 30 per cent 2? 4 'c per lb |3V " er lb. >er 10. sq. yd. & 30 per ct. per gallon. per bushel, ■er cent. i p. ■ per cent. ■ee. _.<• per lb. 1.50 gal. and 50 per ct. 20c per lb. 35 per cent. 60 45 45 30 15c per gross. 20 per cent. 5c per lb. 25c per bushel. $2.50 per ton, dry wt. 10c per lb. 45 per cent. Free. 20 per cent. 35 25 50 40 60c sq. yd. & 40 per ct. lc per lb. 30 per eenl . 8c per 10(1 lbs. 12c 45 per cent. Free. 25 per cent. 35 ee. per cent. ■ee. per 60 Fi 20 60 70 50c , l#c I ',<• S2.no 15 per cent. per lb. per proof cent . 2.8c per lb. 3&c " 34 UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DUTIES. UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DUTIES.— Continued. Articles. Slabs, etc., value 13e to 16c per lb Slabs, etc., value above 16c per lb Stereoscopic Views, glass Straw manufactures* Sugars, not above 16 Dutch standard Sugars, above 16 Dutch standard Sumac, ground Tea Telegraph poles, cedar Telescopes , Thermometers Thread- Cotton, value from 25c to fOc per lb 40c to 50c per lb 50c to 60c per lb Flax or linen, value not over 13c per lb. Over 13c per lb Tin, ore or metal (after July 1, 1891) Tin plates (after July 1, 1891) Tobacco, cigar wrappers, not stemmed. . . Tobacco, if stemmed Tobacco, all other leaf, if stemmed Tobacco, unmanufactured, not stemmed. Tooth-brushes Trees, nursery stock Trimmings, cotton, linen and lace Trimmings, wool, worsted, etc Towels, linen damask Umbrellas, silk or alpaca Vegetables, natural* Vegetables, prepared or preserved Velvets, silk Violins Watches, and parts of Water-colors, for artists Wearing apparel (see note) Whips, rawhide and leather. Wheat Wicks and wicking, cotton Willow for basket-makers Willow hats and bonnets Willow manufactures* Wines — Champagne, in )i pint bottles or less. . . Champagne, M pint and not over 1 pint Champagne, 1 pint and not over 1 quart Champagne, over one quart Still in casks. Woods, cabinet, sawed Wool, first and second class Wool, third-class* Wool or worsted yarns — Value not over 30c per lb Value over 30c and not over 40c per lb. . Value over 40c per lb Woolen and worsted clothing Woolen manufactures* — Value not over 30c per lb Value 30c and not over 40c per lb Value 40c and not over 60c per lb Value 60c and not over 80c per lb Value over 80c per lb Old Tariff (1883) Rate. 3)4C per lb 3'4c " 45 per cent 30 " 1 2-5 min. per lb. 3-3»£cper lb 3-10c " Free Free 45 per cent 45 " 15c per lb. . . 20c " ... 35c " . . . 35 per cent . 35 Free lc per lb 75c " 40c " 35 per cent 30 " Free 40 per cent 30c lb. and 50 per cent per cent 50 " 10 " 30 " 50 " 30 per cent 20c per bushel . 35 per cent 25 30 61.75 per doz. 63.50 $7 doz. and $2.25 gal 50c per gallon Free 10c and 12c per lb. . . . 5c per lb 10c lb. and 35 per cent, 12c " " 35 18c " " 35 40e " " 35 10c 12c 18c 24c 35o .35 35 35 35 40 New Tariff (McKinlev) L890. 4.2c per lb. 7c " 60 percent. 30 " Free (after Apr. 1, '91). >£c per lb. 4-10c " Free. 20 per ecu I . 60 60 18c per lb. 23c 28c 6c 15 per cent. 4c per lb. 2.2c " ;2 J2.75 " 50c 35c 40 per cent. 20 60 60c a lb. and 60 per ct. 50 per cent. 55 25 45 $3.50 lb. & 15 per ct. but not less than 50 per ct. 35 per cent. 15 30 35 per cent. 25c per bushel. 40 per cent. 30 40 " 40 ! per doz. . and $2.50 per gal. 50c per gallon. 15 per cent. lie and 12c per lb. 50 percent. 27>£c lb. and 35 per ct. •33c " " 35 38^ " " 40 49)4 " " 60 33c 38'.: 44c 44c 44c 40 in 40 50 50 Note. — Personal or household effects of persons arriving in the United States, in use over one year, or of American citizens dying abroad, free. Duty must be paid on all watches but one. Articles and tools of trade, when in actual use,' free. TARIFF REFORM VOTES, 1865-1890. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES-BY STATES. STATE. How Cast- Mareh3, 1865. forth Atlantic Division Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania iouth Atlantic Division. Delaware Maryland Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida forth Central Division. Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas youth Central Division. Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi. Louisiana Texas Arkansas Western Division. Montana Colorado Nevada Washington Oregon . •. California Total July 28, 1866. July 14, 1870. 152 June 2, 1872. 149 61 Feb. 8, 1875. 136 March3JMarch3, 1875. 1883. Ill 20 162 May 81, 1890. 142 35 RECIPROCITY. The protective tariff in this country has, since the time it first made its appearance as a part of our national policy, acted as a check to the free im- portation of raw material or of manufactured goods from other countries. The Republican party, .having from the first identified itself with a high pro- tective tariff, has urged as its reason for this the necessity of building up manufactures and enabling Americans to make the articles they use in the place of being dependent on the manufacturers in England and Europe. It is scarcely necessary to say that a protective tariff on any article stim- ulates the production of that article in the country levying "the duty. As good an illustration of the result of the tariff as may be asked is to be found in the history of the attempt to make watches in Massachusetts. Three times, prior to the war, did a watch company start at Waltham only to fail. It was found impossible to compete with the watch manufacturers of Eng- land and the Continent. But with the duty levied soon after the civil war broke out, a fourth attempt was made. The result was,' not only that a Waltham watch took the gold medal at the Paris Exposition in the seventies as against all competitors, but the American watches can to-day be sold in Loudon and in Switzerland. The manufacture of them has reached a point where a duty is no longer necessary, and it has also reached a point where foreign markets are invaded. The lesson of this is obvious. A protective tariff makes the manufacture of a particular article possible, but it also stimulates that manufacture until the men engaged in it so develop it as to make it possible to compete with their rivals in other countries. There also comes a time in the history of every manufacturing country when the home market is outgrown, when — unless new markets may be found — there is a surplus of manufactures. It is an economic law that there may be no exports from a country unless there are imports also. The money of the world is used, so far as commerce is concerned, only to pay balances. This may be shown in a very simple way. The total amount of gold and silver in the United States in Novem- ber, 1890, was $1,004,200,553. The total value of imports for the fiscal year ending June 1, 1890, was $823,286,735. Had this country paid in cash for those imports there would have been only $180,913,818 left, or enough to pay for imports for about a month and a half longer; at the end of which time we would have had no more money. But as the value of the exports during that year was $881,076,017, we had only the balance of $57,789,282 to pay. This law, which makes it impossible for a country to export unless it im- ports as well, makes the protective tariff operate against the manufacturer so soon as the time comes when he is obliged to seek a foreign market or limit his production. The election of General Harrison to the presidency stamped the Repub- lican policy of protection with the people's seal of approval. Thus encour- aged, Congress was enabled to pass the MeKinley bill, in which the protective tariff was carried to a higher point than before. But by this time, under the stimulus of the tariff, the manufacturers of the country had reached the position where for many of them a foreign market was necessary if they would still develop. Mr. James G. Blaine saw that the natural markets of 36 Hon. JAMES G. BLAINE. RECIPROCITY. 61 the United States were to be found in the Spanish American countries of Central and South America. . He had long been leading up to a closer union, commercial and friendly, between the Republics of the two Americas, and he had driven his scheme of a Pan-American Congress to a successful ending. He caused to be introduced in Congress what was called the Reciprocity amendment to the McKinley bill. Under this section the President, when he becomes convinced that any country which produces sugar, molasses, coffee, tea or hides, is imposing duties on agricultural products or manu- factured articles produced in the United States, has the power to suspend the operation of the McKinley bill so far as sugar, molasses, coffee,* tea or hides imported from such country are concerned. In other words, this gives the President the power to lessen the duty paid on these specified articles when he sees fit to do so. This in turn means that if Brazil will reduce her duties levied on agricultural products and manufactures of the United States, the President will reduce our duties on coffee, sugar and hides from Brazil. The working of this amendment is almost apparent when one reads it. It is bringing the old principle of mutual concessions into international trade in order to increase the commerce of the United States, and in turn, that of the country to which the concession is made. In effect, reciprocity is free trade with this limitation: It trades off the reduction of duties at this end of the line for similar reductions at the other, and it is a form of free trade especially designed to foster the trade with a particular country. It provides a market for those manufactures which have outgrown the home demand, and it increases the market for the farmers. It is easy to see, from what has been written, that reciprocity is the natural outcome of a protective tariff. The tariff has fostered and stimulated American manufactures until the home market is no longer sufficient, and therefore a new market had to be found. The introduction into Congress of the Reciprocity resolution produced some excitement. Senator Mitchell was the first to advocate it, but he was speedily followed by all the Republican Senators. The New York Produce Exchange held a meeting and passed resolutions in favor of the scheme, which action was repeated by nearly all the commercial bodies in the coun- try. A vigorous fight was made against it in the House by Major McKinley and Speaker Reed, but when it became apparent that public sentiment was strongly in favor of it, the amendment passed. Since then a number of treaties have been begun, and some have been concluded, looking towards putting the plan into active operation. Duriug the debate on the measure, an effort was made to enlarge the scheme sufficiently to bring Canada in, but this was defeated owing to the opposition of Representatives and Senators from the States along the Northern border. TEXT OF THE RECIPROCITY SECTION OF THE MCKINLEY BILL. Section 3. That with a view to secure reciprocal trade with countries producing the following articles, and for this purpose, on and after the first day of July, 1892, whenever, and so often as the President shall be satisfied that the government of any country producing and exporting sugars, molas. ses, coffee, tea and hides, raw and'uncured, or any of such articles, imposes duties or other exactions upon the agricultural or other products of the United States, which in view of the free introduction of such sugar, molasses, coffee, tea, and hides into the United States he may deem to be reciprocally unequal and unreasonable, he shall have the power and it shall be his duly to suspend, by proclamation to that effect, the provisions of this act relating to the lice introduction of such sugar, molasses, coffee, tea, and hides, the production of 3b 38 RECIPROCITY. such country, for sucli time as he shall deem just, and in such case and dur- ing such suspension, duties shall be levied, collected, and paid upon sugar, molasses, coffee, tea, and hides, the product of or exported from such desig- nated country, as follows, namely: All sugars not above number thirteen Dutch standard in color shall pay duty on their polariscopic tests as follows, namely: All sugars not above number thirteen Dutch standard in color, all tank bottoms, syrups of cane juice or of beet juice, melada, concentrated melada, concrete and concentrated molasses, testing by the polariscope not above 75 degrees, seven-tenths of one cent per pound ; and for every additional degree or fraction of a degree shown by the polariscopic test, two-hundredths of one cent per pound additional. All sugars above number thirteen Dutch standard in color shall be classi- fied by the Dutch standard of color, and pay duty as follows, namely: All sugar above number thirteen and not above number sixteen Dutch standard of color, one and three-eighth cents per pound. All sugar above number sixteen and not above number twenty Dutch standard of color, one and five-eighth cents per pound. All sugars above number twenty Dutch standard of color, two cents per pound. Molasses testing above fifty-six degrees, four cents per gallon. Sugar d minings and sugar sweepings shall be subject to duty either as molasses or sugar, as the case may be, according to polariscopic test. On coffee, three cents per pound. On tea, ten cents per pound. Hides, raw or uncured, whether diy, salted, or pickled, Angora goat- skins, raw, without the wool, unmanufactured, asses' skins, raw or unmanu- factured, and skins, except sheepskins with the wool on, one and one-half cents per pound.* * For most recent developments as to Reciprocity treaties, up to the moment of going to press, see Addenda, preceding Index. THE SILVER QUESTION. The silver question in this country to-day is the result of a demand on the part of many people for more money in circulation, stimulated doubtless by the desire of the owners of silver mines to find a market for their product. As the law stands now, gold may be taken in unlimited quantities to the United States mints and there coined into money. The director of the mint has no power, acting as the agent of the Secretary of the Treasury, to refuse to re- ceive the metal or to pay for it, either in gold coin or in United States notes, which are, of course, gold coin in another form. When England demonetized silver, France was left as the great bimetallic country of the world. At that time (1792 to 1834) the United States was coining silver and gold at the ratio of 15 to 1. France was coining at the rate of' 15 1 ., to 1, and as a result the United States was stripped of its gold coin. In 1834 the United States raised the ratio from 15 to 1 to 16 to 1, and there being 3 per cent, profit in the transaction, the silver left this country and gold came in. Then the United States, in order to keep its subsidiary coinage, depreciated it and thus stopped the drain. When the war broke out, all questions of metallic coinage were speedily swallowed up in the flood of "greenbacks" and " shinplasters." When, however, we renewed specie payment, things went on as before. In 1873 France stopped the free coinage of silver in order to escape from the flood of German silver which was draining the country of its gold. Coincident with this came the enormous development of silver-mining in this country, follow- ing the discovery of the "Bonanza" deposit in the Comstock in Nevada. All the silver of' the world rushed in here and the United States was forced to demonetize the metal. The demand for more money in circulation, which naturally followed the great development of the country during the seventies and eighties, brought with it the greenback movement. This was a demand made by a large sec- tion of the people for the issue by the government of an unlimited and irre- deemable currency. The' greenback advocates were defeated and so thor- oughly beaten that as a party in politics they practically ceased to exist. The nation realized that greenbacks were the notes of hand issued by the government and obtaining their value from the government's credit. It was as absurd to say that a government note should never be redeemed as it was to say that the note of an individual could be circulated in business if there was no redemption provided for it. But while the common sense of the nation rejected the irredeemable greenback project, this did not in the least affect the demand for more money in circulation. It was apparent to all men that when the time came to move the wheat crop, all other enterprises felt the need of money greatly. It took about all the money in the country for the wheat. Consequently there came a time every year when business generally languished, owing to the fact thai the money,"which is the life-blood of business.'was withdrawn from it. Nor was this all. The scarcity of money brought with it a high price for its use, and the interest demanded on mortgages was such that the net profit derived from the cultivation of the ground would not, except under exceptional cir- cumstances, pay this interest. Men who were confronted with this situation, and especially the farmers, who feel the bite the most keenly, looked at the vast mass of silver in the 39 40 THE SILVER QUESTION. country with longing eyes. They declared that silver was as good a basis as gold on which to rest a currency, and they demanded that the United States once more go back to the bi-metallic standard. They urged that, were there unlimited coinage of silver; were silver put on the same basis as gold in this regard, the dearth of money would cease at once and interest would fall. As a result of this feeling the Bland bill was introduced into Congress providing for the unlimited coinage of the white metal. It was fiercely opposed. Many able men, led by John Sherman, Ex-Sec- retary of the Treasury, argued that, were the United Stales to adopt the bi- metallic standard when no other of the great nations would do the same thing, it would at once create a market for the silver of the world, and that it would be drained of its gold. This would result, they declared, in an ad- vance in the price of gold, and as all balances in commerce with nations hav- ing a gold standard would have to be paid in this metal, any legislation mak- ing gold subject to fluctuations in price would result disastrously to the mer- chants and manufacturers. The gist of their argument was that the mone- tization of silver would make gold a commodity subject to changes in price and to all the evils of speculation. The opposition was strong enough to get the Allison amendment tacked on to the Bland bill. By this the Secretary < >f I he Treasury must buy not less than two millions nor more than four millions each month. This measure lias resulted in making silver a commodity. During the last two years the party in favor of free silver and a bi-metallic standard has grown enormously in this country. The gist of the whole question lies in the ratio given to silver and gold in any law making both legal tender and giving both free coinage. The ratio in the markets of the world to-day is, generally speaking, one of gold to fifteen and a half of sil- ver. But silver," being demonetized, fluctuates in price. Were the United States to adopt this ratio, then it would find itself alternately a purchaser and a seller of silver, as silver went down or up abroad. AVhether these would be equal in the long run it is difficult to say. It is probable that the advantages and disadvantages of free coinage for silver have been exaggerated somewhat by the advocates and opponents of the measure. There remain two facts after all the froth has been blown away. First, the farming and other interests of the country seriously need cheaper money; second, that any ratio established by Congress will force this coun- try to buy or sell silver in accordance with the price elsewhere.* * For most recent developments as to silver legislation, etc., up to the moment of going to press, see Addenda, preceding Index. THE SINGLE TAX THEORY. There is a Single Tax National League of the United States of which Henry George, of New York, is the foremost champion. The theory of the League is that all men are equally entitled to the use and enjoyment of what God has created and of what is gained hy the general growth and improve- ment of the community of which they are a part. That no one should be permitted to hold natural opportunities without a fair return to all for any special privileges thus accorded to him, and that that value which the growth and improvement of the community attaches to land should be taken for the use of the community; that each is entitled to all that his labor produces; therefore, no tax should be levied ou the products of labor. The League is in favor of raising all public revenues for national, State, county and municipal purposes by a single tax upon land values, irrespec- tive of improvements, and all the obligations of all forms of direct and indi- rect taxation. With respect to monopolies other than that monopoly of land, the League hold that when free competition becomes impossible, as in tele- graphs, railroads, water and gas supplies, etc., such business becomes a proper social function which should be controlled and managed by and for the whole people concerned, through their proper government, local, state or national. tiie single tax platform. Platform Adopted at the Conference of the Single Tax Na- tional Leauue of the United States, at Cooper Union, New Yop.iv, September 3, 1890. At the meeting of the Single Tax National League of the United States held at Cooper Union, New York, September 3, 1890, Henry George, as Chair- man of the Committee on Platform and Address, reported the following, which was adopted: We assert as our fundamental principle the self-evident truth enunciated in the Declaration of American Independence, that all men are created equal and are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights. We hold that all men are equally entitled to the use and enjoyment of what, God has created and of what is gained by the general growth and im- provement of the community of which they are a part. Therefore, no one should he permitted to hold natural opportunities without a fair return to all for any special privilege thus accorded to him, and that that value which the growth and improvement of the community attaches to land should be taken for the use of the community; that each is entitled to all that his labor pro- duces; therefore, no tax should be levied on the products of labor. To carry out these principles, we are in favor of raising all public reve- nues for national, State, county and municipal purposes by a single tax upon land values, irrespective of improvements, and all the obligations of all forms of direct and indirect taxation. Since in all our States we now levy some tax on the value of land, the single tax can be instituted by the simple and easy way of abolishing, one after another, all other taxes now levied, and commensurately increasing the 41 42 THE SINGLE TAX THEORY. tax on land values until we draw upon that one source for all expenses of government, the revenue being divided between local governments, State government, and the general government, as the revenue from direct tax is now divided between the local and State governments, or by a direct assess- ment being made by the general government upon the States and paid by them from revenues collected in this manner. The single tax would: 1st. Take the weight of taxation off the agricultural districts when land has little or no value irrespective of improvements, and put it on towns and cities where bare land rises to a value of millions of dollars per acre. 2d. Dispense with a multiplicity of taxes and a horde of tax-gatherers, simplify government and greatly reduce its cost. 3d. Do away with the fraud, corruption and gross inequality inseparable from our present methods of taxation, which allow the rich to escape while they grind the poor. 4th. Give us with all the world as perfect freedom of trade as now exists between the States of our Union, thus enabling our people to share through free exchanges in all the advantages which nature has given to other coun- tries, or which the peculiar skill of other peoples has enabled them to attain. It would destroy the trusts, monopolies and corruptions, which are the out- growths of the tariff. 5th. It would, on the other hand, by taking for public use that value which attaches to land by reason of the growth and improvement of the com- munity, make the holding of land unprofitable to the mere owner, and profit- able only to the user. It would thus make it impossible for speculators and monopolists to hold natural opportunities unused or only half used, and would throw open to labor the illimitable field of employment which the earth offers to man. It would thus solve the labor problem, do away with involuntary poverty, raise wages in all occupations to the full earnings of labor, make overproduction impossible until all human wants are satisfied, render labor- saving inventions a blessing to all, ami cause such an enormous production and such an equitable distribution of wealth as would give to all comfort, leisure and participation in the advantages of an advancing civilization. With respect to monopolies other than monopoly of land, we hold that when free competition becomes impossible, as in telegraphs, railroads, water and gas supplies, etc., such business becomes a proper social function which should be controlled and managed by and for the whole people concerned through their proper government, local, State or national, as may be. The following are the officers of the Single Tax League of the United States: Chairman, Louis F. Post; Treasurer, August Lewis; Secretary, George St. John Leavens, 42 University Place, New York.* * For most recent developments of the Single Tax theory, up to the moment of going to press, see Addenda, preceding Index. PART III. INTRODUCTION DECLARATION OP INDEPENDENCE. The Declaration of Independence was first considered at a Congress of the thirteen united British colonies, held in Philadelphia on the 5th of Septem- ber, 1774. An Act of Parliament had been passed which closed the port of Boston on account of destruction of tea, and which removed the custom- house to Salem. This act gave offence to the people of Massachusetts, who considered that their chartered and constitutional rights had been violated. When the first Congress adjourned, it did so after a resolution had been adopted providing for the assembling of a second Congress, which also met at Philadelphia, May 10, 1775. Peyton Randolph, of Virginia, was elected President for the second time, but on account of being called home on urgent business, John Hancock, of Massachusetts, was selected to take his place. Congress declared that in de- fense of their freedom and rights, they would take up arms, and troops were raised with George Washington in command. As early as January, 1776, Massachusetts instructed her delegates in Con- gress to vote for independence, and was followed later on by all the States, with the exception of New York and Pennsylvania. An adjustment of the trouble was then thought likely by these States, but they eventually fell into line and added the illustrious names of their delegates, as two of the original thirteen Slates of the Union contributing to complete the memorable docu- ment that made the Union free and independent of British dominion and rule. On June 11, 1776, a resolution to the effect that "the united colonies ought to be free and independent," was offered by Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, and adopted. A committee, consisting o*f Thomas Jefferson, Ben- jamin Franklin, John Adams, Charles Carroll of Carrollton, and others, was then appointed to draft the Declaration of Independence. History tells how well and wisely they labored during the production of that instrument. On the 28th of June, 1776, the committee made their report to Congress. New York and Pennsylvania had not, up to that time, instructed their dele- gates, and action upon the report was deferred in consequence. On the 4th of July, 1776, a day ever memorable in the history of the United Stales, the report of these two colonies was received and adopted, and the independence of America was proclaimed throughout the world with salvos of artillery and the ringing of the old State Bell. The Declaration of Independence received the unanimous vote of all the delegates in Congress, and was voted upon and adopted by all the colonies. DECLARATION OP INDEPENDENCE. In Congress, July 4, 1776. By the Rejyresentatives of the United States in Congress assembled, When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth the separate and equal station to which the laws of uature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent res] .eel t<> tlie opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal; 1 2 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights governments are instituted among men, deriving their just pow- ers from the consent of the governed; that, whenever any form of govern- ment becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dic- tate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are suff erable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But, when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their fu- ture security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the*present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having, in direct object, the estab- lishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world: He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be ob- tained ; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the Legislature; a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have re- turned to the people at large for their exercise, the State remaining, in the meantime, exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without and convul- sions within. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that pur- pose, obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. He has made Judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of offi- cers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the consent of our Legislatures. He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the civil power. He lias combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our Constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws, giving his assent" to their acts of pretended legislation: For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 3 For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States: For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world: For imposing taxes on us without our consent: For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury: . For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences: For abolishing the free system of English Laws in a neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies: For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the forms of our governments: For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection, and waging war against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and des- troyed the lives of our people. He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun, with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbar- ous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our froutiers, the merciless Indiau savages, whose knowu rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms; our repeated petitions have been answered only by re- peated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their Legis- lature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have con- jured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpa- tions, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war; in peace, friends. We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by the authority of the good people of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that these United Colonies are, and of ri^ht ou^ht to be, free and independent States; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and that, as free and independent States, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, estab- lish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which Independent States may of right do. And, for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reli- ance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. Signed by order and in behalf of Congress. SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. Name. 1 John Adains 2 Samuel Adams 3 Josiah Bartlett 1 ( 'alter Braxton 5 Charles Carroll Samuel Chase , Abraham Clark 8 George Clymer William Ellery William Floyd Benjamin Franklin.. . Elbridge Gerry Button Gwinnett Lyman Hall John Hancock Benjamin Harrison... John Hart.. Joseph Hewes 19 Thomas Hevward, Jr 20 William Hooper 21 Stephen Hopkins 2 23 24 25 20 Francis Hopkinson Samuel Hunt ington Thomas Jefferson Francis Lightfoot Lee. Richard Henry Lee 1st Francis Lewis" 28 Philip Livingston 29 Thomas Lynch, Jr 30 Thomas McKean 31 Arthur Middleton 32 Lewis Morris 33 Robert Morris 34 John Morton 35 Thomas Nelson, Jr 36 William Paca 37 Robert Treat Paine .... 38 John Penn 39 George Read 40 Caesar Rodney 41 George Ross." 42 Benjamin Rush 43 Edward Rut ledge 44 Roger Sherman 45 James Smith 46 Richard Stockton 47 Thomas Stone 48 George Taylor )'i Matthew Thornton 50 George Walton 51 William Whipple 52 1 William Williams 53 James Wilson : 54 j John Witherspoon 5501iver Wolcott 56 George Wythe From Colony. Massachusetts Bay Massachusetts Bay r ..., New Hampshire. ." Virginia Maryland Maryland New Jersey Pennsylvania Rhode Island, etc New York Pennsylvania Massachusetts Bay.... Georgia ' Georgia Massachusetts Bay Virginia New Jersey North Carolina South Carolina Xort h Carolina Rhode Island, etc New Jersey Connecticut Virginia Virginia Virginia New York New York South Carolina Delaware, South Carolina New York Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Virginia Maryland Massachusel t s Bay North Carolina Delaware Delaware Pennsylvania Pennsylvania South Carolina Connecticut Pennsylvania New Jersey Maryland Pennsylvania. New Hampshire Georgia New Hampshire Connecticut Pennsylvania New Jersey Connecticut Virginia Occupation. Lawyer Merchant Physician Planter Lawyer Lawyer Lawyer Merchant Lawyer Farmer Printer Merchant Merchant Physician Merchant Farmer Farmer Merchant Lawyer Lawyer Farmer Lawyer Lawyer Lawyer Fanner Si at esman .... Merchant Merchant Lawyer Lawyer Planter Farmer Merchant Surveyor Statesman . . . . Law 3 er Lawyer , Lawj er Lawyer General , Lawyer Physician Lawyer Shoemaker Lawyer Lawyer Lawyer Foundry man. . . Physician Lawyer Sailor Statesman Lawyer Educator Soldier Lawyer Born. Died •35 '22 729 736 737 741 '26 39 '27 734 ,im; ii 732 725 37 to 708 730 '46 '42 '07 737 -31 43 34 32 13 16 19 '34 '43 '26 '33 24 '38 •40 31 -II 33 30 30 46 49 21 19 311 '43 '16 14 40 30 31 42 22 26 26 1826 1803 1795 1797 1832 1811 , 1794 1813 1820 1821 1790 1814 1777 1790 1793 1791 1780 1779 1809 1790 1785 1791 1790 1826 1797 1794 1803 1778 1779 1817 178? 179S 1SU6 1777 1789 1799 1814 1788 1798 1783 1779 1813 1800 1793 1806 1781 1787 1781 1803 1804 1785 1811 1798 1794 1797 1806 A Convention was held at Charlotte, Mecklenburgh County, N. C, May 20th, 1775, which announced a Declaration of Independence severing the people, represented by the Convention, from their allegiance to the Crown of Great Britain. It was not until the early part of the year 1776 that the idea of independence was seriously entertained throughout the Colonies. In Congress, Friday, June 7th, 1776. Richard Henry Lie moved thai "these United Colonies are, and of righl ought to be, free and indepen- dent States, * * * and that a plan of confederation be prepared and transmitted to the respect ive Colonies lor t heir eonsideral ion and approval." This was adopted June 1 li h. The Con mi in ee to prepare the Declaration of Independence were: Thos. Jefferson, John Adams, Benj. Franklin, Roger Sherman and Robert B. Livingston. They reported June 28th, and the Declaration was adopted unanimously July 4th, 17'76. INTRODUCTION CONSTITUTION OP THE UNITED STATES. On the 14th of May, 1787. the Federal Convention assembled in Philadel- phia, and took up for revision and amendment the first Constitution of the United Stales, whichhadbeen previously adopted. The convention, presided over by George Washington, was in session from May 14th to September 17th, inclusive. Congress had been urged by appeals from the several States to adopt a resolution calling for such a convention, the first Constitution not being considered broad enough in its provisions to serve the purposes of the government and the people. At this convention, composed as it was of the ablest men in the country, each of the thirteen original States were represented, with the exception of Rhode Island. Congress approved the Constitution, and it was adopted and ratified by eleven of the States before the close of 1788. Later on North Carolina and Rhode Island signified their approval. As a State paper the Constitution of the United States has always been looked upon by other na- tions as one of the wisest, soundest and most practical efforts ever made to form a basis of government both for the nation and for the people. CONSTITUTION OP THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA We, the People of the United States, in order to form a more per- fect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, pro- vide FOR THE COMMON DEFENCE, PROMOTE THE GENERAL WELFARE, AND secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this constitution for the united states of America. Article I. Section I. All legislative powers herein granted shall lie vested in a Con- gress of the United Stales, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Sec. II. — 1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. 2. No person shall be a representative who shall not haveattained the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United Si ales, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State iu which he shall be chosen. 3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the sev- eral States which may be included within this Union, according to their re- spective numbers, which shall be determined byadding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and ex- cluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the firsl meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of representatives 6 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three; Massachusetts, eight; Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, one; Connecticut, five; New York, six; New Jersey, four; Pennsylvania, eight; Delaware, one; Maryland, six; Virginia, ten; North Carolina, five; South Carolina, five; and Georgia, three. 4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 5. The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment. Sec. III. — 1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed (if two senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six years; and each senator shall have one vote. 2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or other- wise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. 4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. 5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States. 6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. 7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punish- ment, according to law. Sec. IV. — 1. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for sen- ators and representatives shall be prescribed in the State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time, by law, make or alter such regu- lations, except as to the places of choosing senators. 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year; and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall, by law, appoint a different day. Sec. V. — 1. Each House shall be judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day today, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties as each House may provide. 2. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. 3. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House on any ques- tion shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. 4. Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the con- sent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. Sec. VI. — 1. The senators and representatives shall receive a compensa- tion for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to or returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place. 2. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United Stales, which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been increased during such time; and no person holding any office under the United States shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office. Sec. VII. — 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments, as on other bills. 2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President of the United States; if he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration two-thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered; and if approved by two-thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays; and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each House, re- spectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return; in which case it shall not be a law. 3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Sen- ate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or, being dis- approved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill'. Sec. VIII. — The Congress shall have power — 1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States; 2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States; 3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes; 4. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States; 5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures; 6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States; 8 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 7. To establish post-offices and post-roads; 8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries; 9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court; 10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations; 11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water; 12. To raise and support armies; but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years; 13. To provide and maintain a navy; 14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces; 15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions; 16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress; 17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful build- ings; and 18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. Sec. IX.— 1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight; but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. 2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may re- quire it. 3. No bill of attainder, or ex post facto law shall be passed. 4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken. 5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. 6. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or rev- enue to the ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to or from one State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 7. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by law : and a regular statement and account of the re- ceipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. 8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. ' Sec. X.— 1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confeder- ation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit ; CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 9 make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. 3. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of ton- nage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agree- ment or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. Article II. g EC . I._l. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows: 2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereoi may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of senators and representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress^ but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United Slates, shall be appointed an elector. 3. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by bal- lot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The Presi- dent of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Rep- resentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall imme- diately choose by ballot one of them for President; and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said House shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or mem- bers from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, alter the choice of the Pres- ident, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain I wo or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice-President. 4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, ami the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the United States, j 5. No person except a natural-born citizen, or a, citizen of (he United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall * The time for choosing the electors is the tirst Tuesday after Hie first Monday in November. . _ t The time for the meeting of the electors is the- first Wednesday in Pectunber. X 10 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. not have attained the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a res- ident within the United States. 6. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President ; and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as Pres- ident, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, ora President shall be elected. 7. The President shall, at slated times, receive for his services a com- pensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected; and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. 8. Before he enters on the execution of his office, he shall take the fol- lowing oath or affirmation: " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, pre- serve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." Sec. II.— 1. The President shall lie Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opin- ion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices; and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. 2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Sen- ate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with* the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appoint- ments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 3. The President shall have power to till up all vacancies that may hap- pen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. Sec. III.— He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to "their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occa- sions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors, and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws he faithfully exe- cuted; and shall commission all the officers of the United States. Shc. IV.— The President, Vice President, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office cm impeachment for, and convic- tion of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. Article III. Sec. I.— The judicial power of the United Slates shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may, from time to time, ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, ami shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be dimin- ished during their continuance in office. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 11 Sec. II. — 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United Stales, and treaties made, or which shall he made, under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more Stares; between a State and citizens of another State; between citizens of different States; between citizens of the same State, claiming lands under grants of different States; and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, cit- izens, or subjects. 2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and con- suls, and those in which a State shall lie party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. 3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall beheld in the State where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. Sec III. — 1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testi- mony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason; but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture ex- cept during the life of the person attainted. Article IV. Sec I. — Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Con- gress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall lie proved, and the effect thereof. Sec. II. — 1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. 2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall tlee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, lie delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. 3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws there- of, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall lie delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may lie due. SEC. III. — 1. New States maybe admitted by the Congress into ihis Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other Stale; nor any Slate be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of the Congress. 2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall he so construed as to prejudice any claims ol the United States, or of any particular State. Sec. IV. — The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them againsl invasion, and, on application of the Legislature, or of the executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence. 12 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Article V. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it neces- sary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode or ratification may be proposed by the Congress; provided, that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Sen- ate. Article VI. 1. All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adop- tion of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. 2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby; anything in the constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. 3. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several Slate Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. Article VII. The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same. Done in convention, by the unanimous consent of the States present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names. GEORGE WASHINGTON, President, and Deputy from Virginia. NEW HAMPSHIRE. John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman. MASSACHUSETTS. Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus Kino. CONNECTICUT. Wm. Samuel Johnson, Roger Sherman. NEW YORK. A LEXANDEB HAMILTON. DELAWARE. Georoe Read, Gunnino Bedford, Jr., John Dickinson, Km iiAiti) Bassktt, Jacob Bboom. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 13 NEW JERSEY. William Livingston, David Brearley, William Patterson, Jonathan Dayton. NORTH CAROLINA. William Blount, Rich'd Dobbs Spaight, Hugh Williamson. PENNSYLVANIA. Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Mifflin, Robert Morris, George Clymer, Thomas Fitzsimons, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson, Gouverneur Morris. MARYLAND. James McHenry, Dan. of St. Tho. Jenifer, Daniel Carroll. VIRGINIA. John Blair, James Madison, Jr. SOUTH CAROLINA. John Rutledge, Charles C. Pinckney, Charles Pinckney, Pierce Butler. GEORGIA. William Few, Abraham Baldwin. Attest, William Jackson, Secretary. The following named delegates from other States were present, but did not sign the Constitution : MASSACHUSETTS. Elbridge Gerry, Caleb Strong. NEW JERSEY. , Wm. C. Houston, George Wythe, James McClurg. CONNECTICUT. Oliver Ellsworth. NEW YORK. JonN Lansing, Jr., Robert Yates. MARYLAND. John Francis Mercer, Luther Martin. NORTH CAROLINA. Alexander Martin, ■ Wm. R. Davie. VIRGINIA. Edmund Randolph, George Mason. GEORGIA. Wm. Pierce, Wm. Houston. Of the 63 delegates originally appointed ten did not attend, two of which vacancies were filled. Of those attending, :!'.) signed and 16 did mil. The Constitution was adopted by the Conventioi the 17th of Septem- ber, 1787, appointed in pursuance of the Resolution of the Congress of the Confederation of the 21st of February, 1787, and ratified by the Conventions of the several States, as follows : 14 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Delaware, December 7th, 1787, unanimously. Pennsylvania, December 12th, 1787, by a vote of 46 to 23. New Jersey, December 18th, 1787, unanimously. Georgia, January 2d, 1788, unanimously. Connecticut, January 9th, 1788, by a vote of 128 to 40. Massachusetts, February 6th, 1788, by a vote of 187 to 168. Maryland, April 28th, 1788, by a vote of 63 to 12. South Carolina, May 23d, 1788, by a vote of 149 to 7:1. New Hampshire, June 21st, 1788, by a vote of 57 to 47. Virginia, June 25th, 1788, by a vote of si) to 79. New York, July 26th, 1788, by a vote of 30 to 25. North Carolina.' November 21st, 1789, by a vote 193 to 75. Rhode Island, May 29th, 1790, by a majority of 2, Vermont, .January loth, 1791, by a vote of 105 to 4. Declared ratified by resolution of the old Congress, September 13th, 1788. The adoption of the Constitution was opposed by many who believed that the extensive powers granted by it to Congress and the executive would be dangerous to the liberties of the people. It was, however, finally adopted chiefly through the exertions and writings of James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton. Virginia ratified the Constitution with the declaration that she was at liberty to withdraw from the Union whenever its powers were used for oppression; 'and New York, after Hamilton had declared that no State should ever be coerced bv an armed force. There were two greal parties: The Federalists, in favor of a strong, centralized government, and the Anti- Federalists, supporters of Stales' rights. Washington and Adams, Federalist leaders, were elected, and the government was organized with Thomas Jef- ferson, Secretary of State; Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury; 1 [enry Knox, Secretary of War; and John Jay, Chief Justice of the Supreme ( lourt. AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. Article I.* Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. ♦ Twelve amendments were proposed by Congress, September 25th, 1789; the lust ten were adopted, which are the first ten as shown above, and were proclaimed to be in force December L5th, 1791. The rejected Articles were as follows : I \n,.V the firsl enumeration required by the First Article oi the Constitution there shall be on.' Representative for every30,000 persons, until the number shall amounl to one hundred; alter which, the proportion shall be so regulated by Con- gress thai there shall not be less than one hundred Representatives for every 10,000 persons until the number of Representatives shall amounl to two hundred; after which the proporl ion shall be so regulated by Congress, thai t here shall n..i be less than I wo hundred Represental ives, nor more t ban one Representat Lve for every 50,000 persons. II Nolaw varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Repre- sentatives shall takeeffed until an eleel ion of Representatives shall have intervened. The twelve proposed amendments were acted upon by the States as follows : Allratified bj Kentucky, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, Vermont and Virginia— 7. \n, excepting Art. 1., rat i lie. I by Delaware 1. Ml, excepting Art. II., ratified by Pennsylvania I. Ml, excepting Arts. l. and 11., ratified by New Hampshire, New York and Rhode I land All rejected bj Connecticut, Georgia and Massachusetts— 3. AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 15 Article II. A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. Article III. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner to be prescribed by law. Article IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirma- tion, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Article V. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service, in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be witness against himself; nor be deprived of life, lib- erty, or properly, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation. Article VI. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusa- tion; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. Article VII. In suits of common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved; and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. Article VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. Article IX. The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be con- strued to deny or disparage others retained by the people. Article X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. Article XI.* The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. * Article XI. was proposed by Congress March 12th, 1794, and declared in force Jan- uary 8th, 1798. 16 AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. Article XII. * The electors shall meet iu their respective States, f and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom at least, shall not be an inhabi- tant of the same State with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct, ballots the person voted for as Vice-President; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of government of the United Slates, directed to the President of the Senate, the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then lie counted; 1 the person having the greatest number of votes for Presi- dent shall be President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediate- ly, by ballot, the President, Put in choosing the President, the votes shall lie taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two- thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President, The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have a majority, then from the two highesl numbers on the list the Senate shall choose the- Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no per- son constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. Article XIII. § Sec. 1. Neither slavery nor iirvoluntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Sec 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by appropriate legislation. Article XIV. || Sec. 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and of the State * Article XII. was proposed in the first session of the Eighth Congress, and declared in force September 35th, 1804. ^ . _ i The time for the meeting of the electors is the flrsl Wednesday in December. t The time lor counting the votes is t lie second Wednesday in February. g Article Mil. was proposed by Congress February 1st, 1865, and declared in force December 18th, 1865. ,„. . , ,. Ratified by Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas', Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan. Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Caro- lina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode island, South Carolina, Tennessee, rexas, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin -84. Ratified conditionally by Ala- bama and Mississippi. Rejected by Delaware and Kentucky— 2. An ale XIV. was proposed by Congress June 18th, lSOti, and declared m force July 88th, 1868. Ratified by Alabama, Arkansas. % Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa', Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missis- AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 1< wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United Slates; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal pro- tection of the laws. Sec. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States ac- cording to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United Stales, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebel- lion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. Sec. :t. No person shall be a senator or representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have en- gaged in insurrection or rebellion agaiust the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof . Bui Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. Sec. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States authorized bylaw, including debt's incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But. neither the United States nor any Slate shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. Sec. 5. The Congress shall have power to enfore, by appropriate legisla tion, the provisions of this Article. Article XV.* Sec. 1. The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Sec. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by appro- priat e legislation. sippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada. New Hampshire, New Jersey. New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin— 33. Of the above, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas, and Virginia, first rejected the amendment but finally ratified it. New Jersey and Ohio rescinded their ratification. JNo final action was taken by California— 1. Rejected by Delaware, Kentucky, and Maryland— 3. ♦Article XV. was proposed by Congress February 26th, 1809, and declared in force March 30th, 1870. Ratified by Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois. Indiana, Iowa, Kansas', Louisiana. Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire. New York, North Carolina. Ohio. Penn- sylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, Wes1 Virginia, and Wisconsin— 30. _ T ,_ Of the above, Georgia and Ohio at first rejected but finally ratified. New York rescinded her ratification. Rejected by California, Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, New Jersey and Ore- gon— 6. 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Washington; 2. J. Adams; 3. Jefferson; t. Madison; 5. Monroe: (J. J. Q. Adams; 7. Jackson; 8. Van Buren; '.». W. H. Harrison; 10. Tyler; 11. Polk: 12. Taylor; 13. Fillmore; 14. Pierce; 15. Buchanan; Hi. Lincoln; 17. Johnson: 18. Grant: 111. Hayes; 20. Garfleld; 21. Arthur; •„>;.>. Cleveland; 23. H.Harrison. BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. GEORGE WASHINGTON. The first President of the United States was introduced to politics in the exciting times prior to the Revolution, when all men in the colonies were in- terested in the questions forced on them by the attitude of Great Britain tow- ard her American dependencies. Although a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses when he was quite young, Washington took little part in the proceedings. It is not in record that he made any speeches, but he is credited with having done a great deal of quiet committee work in behalf of the farming interests. He indorsed the agitation against the Stamp Act, and was thoroughly in sympathy with the opposition to the tea tax and the Boston port hill, the two measures which led to Bunker Hill. He was a delegate to the First Continental Congress, and to the Second, which elected him Com- mander-in-Chief of the Continental army. His work in the war is known to all students of American history. Dur- ing the long struggle, he took little part in the politics of the time, except so far as be showed the utmost respect for all commands of Congress. When the Revolution ended with the surrender of Cornwallis and the evacuation of New York, Washington came out in favor of more power for Congress, and against the new confederation of the States. During his term as President of the United States, he opposed, with all the power and influence lie pos sessed, the desire of many people to take part in the war between England and France. His action at this time laid down, as a principle in American politics, strict neutrality in all quarrels between nations of the Old World. Washington saw, with perfect clearness, what has been proved beyond doubt by the experience of the United States, that the people of this country were not and could not be interested in the dynastic or other wars of Europe. At the time that he was elected President the connection bet ween America and England had been too recently severed, for the men here to understand the full effects of the Revolution. They had been accustomed to seeing the quarrel between France and England fought out on this continent, and they were unable to understand that work of this sort was at an end forever. It was natural for Americans to imagine they could cripple England, the country they were most afraid of, by helping France, and the pressure brought to bear on Washington in this direction was very great. He was one of the few who understood that England was the natural ally of the United States, and he also understood that this country had everything to gain, and nothing to lose by remaining neutral. He, therefore, stood linn, and his services during the Revolution were paralleled by those he rendered at this period. The presidency of Washington was not a time during which politics were very active. The country had just emerged from a most exhausting war, and the one thing needed was peace. R was the duty of all public men then to bind up the wounds, and to devote themselves to working out the prob lem of self-government, which had come upon them demanding a solution. All was new, untried, almost in a chaotic state. It was the business of Wash- ington to produce the precedents under which the new government was to run— to shape what was practically shapeless. As it was, a few years after, 19 20 BIOGRAPHIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE U. S. to be the glorious task of John Marshall, as the great chief justice, to pro- duce the law which would govern us, so it was the task of the first President to evolve the government. No one in the United States was more fitted for this great and most necessary work. Washington combined the most abso- lute reverence for Congress, and the will of the people as therein expressed, with the full ability to see when that Congress was making a mistake. That the Congress should make mistakes at first was a foregone conclusion. Wash- ington was peculiar in this: he could recognize the error, exert his influence to correct it, assume for the moment almost the initiative of an absolute monarch, and force his ideas on the representatives of the States; ami yet, when the emergency was over, he could return to the position of the first servant of the people, lie was never tempted to make his temporary sover- eignty perpetual, and his sure judgment enabled him to understand just when and where it, was necessary to assume the power. Although the Federalists and Republicans began to show themselves dur- ing the two terms of Washington, they did not become defined. He sym- pathized with the former in some things, but for the most pail he kept out of polities. It is not. necessary here to go into the many little political ques- tions which arose at this time, because most of them, with the issues that produced them, have been forgotten, and could not be understood now with- out ;i long and somewbat tedious explanation. Washington's great ability, his marvelous character, and his extraordi- nary insight, into the conditions that surrounded him, were best shown in the manner in which he kept his government, out of politics. He gave the coun- try what, it most needed— rest; and lie fought oil' all issues that would have disturbed it. He put no check on the little questions which came up from time to time, feeling that they were of just enough interest to assure the peo pie, and not of enough importance to seriously disturb them. He believed in keeping quiet, in giving the government time to work out, its own methods, in allowing the people to recover from the struggle, and by their industry to make themselves prosperous. He succeeded in all this, aiid he was then", as be had been before, emphatically the right man in the right place. The debt which the American people owe to Washington is the result of his wisdom as President, as much as his courage and genius as a soldier. JOHN ADAMS. As others of the men of the Revolution, John Adams, of Massachusetts, the second President of the United States, began his political career as a " patriot American." lie was in lull sympathy with everything done by the men of his State against i he British power, and was the more dangerous op- ponent of British dominion, because of. bis singular clearness of mental vision. A man who was never extreme, he condemned the English rule on the most purely logical -rounds. A man, also, of great ability, he was bound to come to the fronl in Revolutionary times. Eebecamethe legal adviser of the Patriot party in his State, and took an active part in those operations which resulted in .Massachusetts taking the initialise in the war. lie was a delegate to the Continental ( 'ongress, and proposed Washington as commander in-chief, lie was sent to France with Franklin and Routledge as commissioners during the war, and he went from there to the Hague, where he secured a recognition of the United States from the Dutch. "lie negotiated the treaty of peace with England in 1783, and, coming soon after- ward to this country, was nominated for the presidency. Under the system then m force, the candidate who received the most votes became President, and he who tallied the next lowest vole took the position of Vice-President. THE FORMATION OF THE FIRST POLITICAL PARTIES. 21 Under this rule John Adams became Washington's Vice-President, and as presiding officer in Congress did much to lay down the rules governing that body today. When Washington refused a third term, Adams was elected to succeed him. He was a strong Federalist, and believed in increasing the power of Congress to the utmost. Adams was a believer in the aristocracy of birth, and he gave great offence by using the expression "the well-born" in one of his essays. He thought that all men should be free and equal before the law, but he denied absolutely that all men are born equal. During Adams's term of office, the people became greatly excited over the prospect of war with France. Against this war the President bent the whole power of his office, then much greater than now, because less thor- oughly defined. He succeeded in keeping the country out of the war, al- though he brought a perfect storm of abuse on his head by the attitude he assumed. By giving out to the public the letters written by Prince Talley- rand, in which that astute diplomat had apparently tried to blackmail the American commissioners, Adams brought such a tempest of ridicule and scorn to the door of the French minister that he was forced to disavow the demands, and France had to withdraw the claims so obnoxious to America. This put an end to the war cry. It was during this time that Jefferson became the avowed leader of the Republicans, and as such took the position of the great antagonist of the President, Adams was a Federalist, because he believed that in no other way could the country be governed. But during his term of office the party sank into insignificance, and ceased to be, in its original shape, a factor in politics. Generally speaking, Adams followed the lead of Washington in his efforts to prevent war. In other respects he kept out of politics as much as possible. THE FORMATION OF THE FIRST POLITICAL PARTIES. The term "Federalist " is unmeaning to our ears now, and "Republican " has greatly changed since it was first used. When the Revolutionary War closed, the thirteen colonies became the thirteen States, still symbolized by the st ripes in the flag. They were at that time bound together in a confederation, as were the Swiss Cantons a century ago. The general government had do power at all over individuals. It could deal only with the States in their sovereign capacity. Congress had no power to compel anything. Its every action had to be ratified by the State Legislatures. The bundle of sticks was tied together, it is true, but the fastening was of the loosest and flimsiest description. It was at once seen by the men who came lace to lace with this condition of things that two courses were open to them. The power of the general government could be increased and a nation could be formed, or it could be left where it was and the confederation of independent sovereign States could continue. Those in favorof making the nation were called Federalists, those who prepared the confederation were termed Republicans. It seems ;i won derful thing to us to-day thai there could have been any dispute as to the sale course, yet the disputes were very bitter. The extreme of Federalists were in favor of a strong government such as was then the government of Greal Britain, and some IB I 31 9 4 4 CD it / O CO X cb GC 36 8 5 5 00 3 oo No. of States.. 31 33 37 9 4 4 9 4 4 s 5 5 Connecticut . . . Delaware 7 3 9 3 9 3 9 3 9 3 9 3 9 4 9 4 9 4 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 6 3 6 3 3 10 9 12 4 6 3 3 10 11 13 4 6 3 3 10 11 13 4 6 3 3 10 11 13 4 (i 3 3 9 16 13 8 3 11 7 7 7 12 8 4 7 11 6 3 3 Georgia 5 4 4 4 6 6 • 8 8 8 3 3 9 3 5 9 3 5 11 5 9 11 5 9 11 5 9 10 9 12 9 16 3 13 8 3 Kentucky 4 4 4 8 8 12 3 12 3 12 3 9 11 15 14 5 9 11 15 14 5 9 11 15 15 5 10 10 14 15 5 10 10 14 3 15 5 10 10 14 3 12 6 9 8 12 5 12 6 9 8 12 5 12 6 8 8 13 6 12 6 8 8 13 6 12 6 8 8 13 6 4 7 9 11 7 7 Maryland Massachusetts 8 10 10 16 10 16 10 16 11 19 11 19 11 22 11 22 7 12 8 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 7 9 7 9 7 11 8 3 5 33 9 21 3 26 4 li 10 6 5 10 5 8 3 N* Hampshire. New Jersey . . . New York North Carolina Ohio 5 6 8 7 6 12 12 6 7 12 12 6 7 12 12 7 8 19 14 3 20 4 10 5 7 8 19 14 3 20 4 10 5 8 8 29 15 8 25 4 11 8 8 8 29 15 8 25 4 11 8 8 8 29 15 8 25 4 11 8 8 8 36 15 16 '28 4 11 11 8 8 36 15 16 '28 4 11 11 8 42 15 21 SO 4 11 15 8 42 15 21 'iib ■4 11 15 8 42 15 21 30 4 11 15 6 36 11 23 26 4 9 13 6 36 11 23 26 4 9 13 4 6 17 5 35 10 23 4 8 12 4 5 15 5 35 10 23 ~4 8 IS 4 5 15 5 i 35 10 23 3 ~4 8 12 4 5 15 5 7 38 9 21 Oregon Pennsylvania . Rhode Island . . South Carolina io 3 'is 4 ' 8 is 4 8 3 15 4 8 3 3 86 4 i; 10 6 Vermont Virginia West Virginia. 12 4 21 4 21 4 21 6 24 6 24 8 25 8 25 8 25 24 i 24 23 23 23 6 17 5 10 5 4 290 5 5 •.".Hi 5 8 '.11 135 138 138 176 176 218 221 235 261 261 L'SS 294 294 275 Total 317 41 6b ELECTOEAL VOTE, 1873-1 1888. 1884. 1880. t 1876. 18 72. States. -d a o a o 5 r p w J 2 5 p .S a) 5 ■b'3 ^F ST 3« O d Mo dQ w . H a) a d« a d s „o s z £ 5 §0 H S aT ^ d •r o •5 ° c S

regon Total 444 Electoral votes necessary to a choice, 223. 44 POPULAR VOTE-PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES, 1789-1888. Names of Candidates. George Washington John Adams George Washington Jolm Adams Join) Adams Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson Aaron Burr Thomas Jefferson C. C. Pinekney James Madison C. C. Pinekney James Madison DeWitt Clinton James Monroe Rufus King James Monroe John Q. Adams J. Q. Adams Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson J. Q. Adams Andrew Jackson Henry Clay Martin Van Bnren W. H. Harrison W. H. Harrison Martin Van Buren — James K. Polk Henry Clay Zachary Taylor Lewis Cass Franklin Pierce Winfleld Scott James Buchanan John C. Fremont Abraham Lincoln John C. Breckenridge Abraham Lincoln George B. McClellan . Ulysses S. Grant Horatio Seymour Ulysses S. Grant Horace Greeley R. B. Hayes Samuel J. Tilden James A. Garfield W. S. Hancock Grover Cleveland James G. Blaine Benjamin Harrison Grover Cleveland State. Virginia Massachusetts.. . Virginia Massachusetts . . Massachusetts.. . Virginia Virginia New York Virginia South Carolina. . Virginia South Carolina. . Virginia New York Virginia New York Virginia Massachusetts.. . Massachusetts.. . Tennessee Tennessee Massachusetts.. . Tennessee Kentucky New York Ohio Ohio New York Tennessee Kentucky Louisiana Michigan New Hampshire New Jersey Pennsylvania.. . California Illinois Kentucky Illinois New Jersey Illinois New York Illinois New York Ohio New York Ohio New York New York Maine Indiana New York Party. Federalist . . Federalist . . Federalist . . Federalist. . Federalist . . Dem. Rep.. . Dem. Rep.. . Dem. Rep.. . Dem. Rep.. . Federalist. . Dem. Rep.. . Federalist . . Dem. Rep.. . Federalist . . Dem. Rep.. . Federalist .. Dem. Rep. . . Opposition.. Coalition . . . Dem. Rep.. . Democrat... Nat. Rep . . . Democrat Nat. Rep Democrat.... Whig Whig Democrat Democrat Whig Whig Democrat Democrat.... Whig Democrat Republican . . Republican . . Democrat Republican . . Democrat Republican . . Democrat Republican. . Dem. & Lib. Republican. . Democrat Republican . . Democrat Democrat .... Republican.. Republican . . Democrat ... . . Jan. Date of Election. 1789 Nov. 13, 1792 Nov. "8," 1796 Popular vote cast. Nov. 11,1800 Nov. 13, 1804 Nov. S, lsos Nov. 10,1818 Nov. 12, 1816 Nov. 14, 1820 Nov. 9,1824 Nov. 11, 1828 Nov. 13, 1832 Nov. 8, 1836 Nov. 10, 1840 Nov. 12, 1844 Nov. 7,1848 Nov. 2,1852 Nov. 4, 1856 105,321 155,872 647,231 50! 1,097 687,502 530,189 761,549 Nov. 6,1860 Nov. 8,1864 Nov. 3,1868 Nov. 5,1872 Nov. 7, 1870 Nov. 2, 1880 Nov. 4, 1884 Nov. 6, 1888 1,275,017 1,128,702 1,337,243 1,299,068 1,360,101 1,220,544 1,601,474 2,380,578 1,838,169 1,341,264 1,866,352 815,703 2,216,06' 1,808,725 3,015,071 2,709,613 3,597,070 2.831.117!! 4,033,975 4,284,873 4,454,416 4,444,952 1,874,986 4,851,981 5,440,708 5,536,242 29.92 44.27 55.97 44.03 54.96 42.39 50.83 52.89 46.82 49.55 48.14 47.36 42.50 50.93 44.10 45.34 33.09 39.91 18.08 55.06 44.94 52.67 47.33 55.6:! 43.83 47.95 50.94 48.31 48.20 48. 18 48.22 47. S3 18.63 45 ^ — -c j- ~} c. x tc '". ~ — ~ — i - ~. i> -t* •— ^ -r i- -o c> co ^ O t W t-"-i o t t *-■ w tn o cc c. c. i - 'W X t C-o:'rQ i-^O^ cT©fc»Vc* x 'rJ o: x :>' cf w'i- c: d x d o o o rj" w SS^S 1-1 1-. 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H iiNMi»offi£-ren W. Weaver (Mass.) 2,500 ORIGIN OF STATES AND TERRITORIES. State or Territory, Set- Popular name. t] ec j From what Territory formed. Alabama Alaska Territory Arizona Territory. . . Arkansas California Colorado (a)Connectieut (a)Delaware Dist. Columbia Florida (a)Georgia Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine (a)Maryland (a)Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada (a) New Hampshire. . (a)New Jersey New Mexico Ter (a)New York (a)North Carolina. . . North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Territory Oregon (a)Pennsylvania (a)Rhode' Island (a)South Carolina. . . South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Territory Vermont (a)Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Cotton. Bear Golden ( Vntennial Nutmeg Blue Hen . Pen insular. Cracker . . . Sucker. Hoosier Hawkeye. . Sunflower . Bluegrass.. Pelican Pine Tree.. Old Line... Bay Wolverine , Gopher Bayou Black-water. Silver Granite Empire. . . . Old North Buckeye. Beaver . . . Keystone . Volunteer . Lone Star , Green M't'n.. . Old Dominion. Badger 1713 Dist.xrf Louisiana, Ga., Fla., Miss. Terr. Bought from Russia. New Mexico. Dist. of Louisiana, Bliss., and Ark. Terr. New Albion, Upper California. Dist. of Louisiana and Mexican Cession. North Virginia and New England. New Netherlands. Maryland and Virginia. Florida Territory. North Virginia and New England. Idaho Territory. 1720 Northwest and Illinois Territory. 1832 Louisiana. 1730 Northwest and Indiana Territory. 1590 1685 1769 1540 1633 1627 1660 1565 1733 184S Dist. La., La. Ter., Bio., Mich., Wis. Ter. Dist. Louisiana, and Kansas Territory. Virginia. Dist. Louisiana, Territory of New Orleans. New England, Laconia, Massachusetts. North Virginia and New England. Northwest, Indiana and Michigan Terr. Dist. of Louisiana, Minnesota Territory. Dist. of Louisiana, Ga. and Bliss. Terr. Dist. of Louisiana, Missouri Territory. Montana Territory. Dist. of Louisiana, Nebraska Territory. Upper California. North Virginia, Laconia, New England. New Netherlands. i «:;.", 1850 1775 ItiilO 1630 1634 1620 1070 1819 1716 1755 1852 1850 1X50 1623 1627 1582 1023 North Virginia, New Netherlands. 1685 Albemarle Colony. 1X50 Dakota Territory. 1768JNorthwest Territory. 1889 1811 1648 1633 1562 1X5!) Indian Territory. Dist. of Louisiana, Oregon Territory. No. Va., N. E., Aquiday, Prov., R. I. Plan. Cartaret Colony. Dakota Territory. 1765 j Kentucky Territory. 1090 New Philippines. 1X47 Upper California. 1703 New Netherlands, New Hampshire Grants. 1007 South Virginia. 1X45 Washington Territory. 1007 South Virginia, Virginia. 1745 Dist. Louisiana, Illinois Ter., Michigan Ter. 1867JWyoming Territory. (a) The thirteen original States. 63 SETTLEMENT OP STATES AND TERRITORIES. State or Territory. Alabama Alaska Territory Arizona Territory. . . Arkansas California Colorado (a) Connecticut (a)Delaware Dist. Columbia Florida (a)Oeorgia Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine (a)Maryland (a)Massachusetts. . . Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada (a)New Hampshire.. (a)New Jersey New Mexico Terr. .. (a)New York (a)Nort li Carolina. . . North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Territory Oregon (a)Pennsylvania (a)Rhode Island (a)South Carolina. . . South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Territory Vermont (a)Virginia Washington Wesl Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming . Date of admiss'n (b)Population Population By whom settled. Organization, when adm'd. 1890. French Spanish French Spanish French Em. from Mass Swedes and Finns. English Spanish English Emigrants French.., Spanish French Em. from N. E Em. from West. St Em. from Va French English English English Puritans .. French Em. from N. E French French Em. from South... Emigrants Em. from Cal English Dutch and Danes,. Spanish Dutch English Em. from Mid. St.. Em. from N E .... Emigrants Em. fromN. Y Swedes English French Em. from Mid. St. Em. from N. C . . . . Spanish Spanish Em. from Mass English Em. from Cal English French Em. from Mid. St., ..Dec. 14, 1819... ..July 27, 1868.., ..Feb. 24, 1863.. ..June 15, 1836., ..Sept. 9, 1850... ..Aug. 1, 1876... ..Jan. 9, 1788... ..Dec. 7, 1787... ..July, 1791 ..March 3, 1845. ..Jan. 2, 1788... ..July3, 1890... ..Dec. 3, 1818.. ..June 30, 1834. ..Dec. 11, 1816.. ..Dec. 28, 1846. ..Jan. 29, 1861.. . .Junel, 1792.. ..April 30, 1812 ..Mar. 15, 1820., ..April 28, 1788. ..Feb. 6, 1788... ..Jan. 26, 1837.., ..May 11, 1858... ..Dec. 10, 1817... ..Aug. 10,1821.. ..Nov. 8,1889... ..March 1,1867, ..Oct. 31, 1864.., ..June 21, 1788., ..Dec. 18,1787... ..Sept. 9, 1850... ..July 26, 1788.. ..Nov. 21,1789.. ..Nov, 2, 1889... ..Jan. 19, 1803.. ..April 22, 1889. ..Feb. 14, 1859.. ..Dec. 12, 1787.. ..Mav29, 1790... ..May 23, 1788... ..Nov. 2, 1889... ..June 1, 1796... ..Dec. 29, 1845., ..Sept. 9, 1850... . . Mar. 4, 1791 . . . ..June 25, 1788., ..Nov. 11, 1889., ..June 19, 1863.. ..May 29, 1848... ..July 10, 1889... 127,901 52,240 92,597 150,000 237,496 59,096 58,080 82,548 84,229 34,620 63,805 81,920 107,206 73,077 76,550 898,369 319,728 378,787 212,267 172,023 75,512 66,586 131,769 60,000 40,000 141,885 184,139 340,120 393,751 182.425 41,915 52,465 434,373 68,825 849,033 387,848 77,202 212,592 85,339 747,610 442,014 305,391 00,589 1,513,017 38,000 59,620 1,128,179 1,208,130 412,198 740,258 168,493 230,392 391,432 1,837,353 84,385 3,826,351 345,000 2,112,404 1,911,896 1,427,096 1,858,635 1,118,587 061,080 1,043,380 2,238,943 2,093,889 1,301,826 1,289,600 2,679,184 132,159 1,058,910 45,761 376,530 1,444,953 153,593 5,997,853 1,017,947 182,719 3,672,316 61,834 313,707 5,258,014 345,506 1,151,149 328,808 1,767,518 2,235,523 207,905 332,422 1,055,980 349,390 762,794 1,680,880 60,705 (a) The thirteen original States, (b) According to nearest census. 64 rd •st C3 o -^ O 35 -, P5 ; CJ A 3^1 H 5 «^ H o ^ S M IS 2 c " is Q) p -2 ■£ ^4 CO g S 'u l-l u 2 ° H M 13 | o P J.^ u x w ■J < X U Z a E Ld X H C3 .3 * : ; < m h ML U CD < ■ - 'ijg&k FKZ H 1 3/ CA V i > LJ / Z /- a o>2» x 5 CI Ci CD Ci Ci C. 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Q CO -^' I-Tqq i^O -t-OI-XCliSnTfnO rH-fiCCK>iOWTiWGO £ « § b 5.55 "SO - - — Z..Z. x CCOr-CCC O n 4 c: i - c: ^x'io^ — . — ; '". n . ~ x -. 0('i-i-i--|-'ii0 — i "-f ~ i-O CO cc IO M n - C) .- UJXI-0!-»-tffi CO n i-h O X 01 CO t> --, ,f v — : -v ^ ir v' x J "- x' ; -co' » afio t-Tcq X r t-^iO r 0^i-^o^ t-h ,h r 4" T _r r ^"TH"csr t4 0/ i0 10 C L- C lO L0 CT. ri l- c. os o> — --c; 25 x - -r co N x -r co c^t- 1- co co^-r i- co of t-T r-i t-T -ji" ac co' ti irf ic of o co r^ -r co in --c x ~. o» c co-tasq4:-tcRi»O r i-i sc~ i-T go ^f t-T tjT -^ ir-f if o ^ O CO X -T 0! O C( CJ 0) -C i_- T1*T-I* Ti T-lT-lO «© * ,_; c c — o» c; -o _(-iiica r ffi-c:cc t- of o'of co'cTi- ir; -fs cc' x' co so mcccitxi-c; SSI _ '/ = re CO W DO S "3 d ( WH^ShJHO<, c3 b j '>< c o o > n"2 l;— x ;'~ S^oi^^p^^isoo c si PARTY TENDENCY IN THE NEW STATES. The facts concerning the party tendency in each of the new States are briefly thus: Idaho. There is a Republican majority of ten in the Senate and 26 in the House, the majority on joint ballot being 36 in favor of the Republican party. At the election for Governor, 1890, Shoup, the Republican candidate, had a majority of 2,314 over Wilson, the Democratic nominee. The whole vote cast was 18,210, of which 10,262 were cast for Shoup. This was the first gubernatorial contest since the admission of Idaho to the Union. The State government and judiciary are entirely Republican. Since 1880 the Congressional majorities have been as follows: 1880, Democratic majority, 1,514; 1882, no record available; 1884, Democratic majority, 786; 1886, Republican majority, 426; 1888, Republican majority, 3,203; 1890 (short term), Republican ma jority, 2,112 (long term) 2,104. Montana. There is a Democratic majority of 4 in the Senate and a Republican majority of 5 in the House, the Republicans having a majority of 1 on joint ballot. At the election for Governor, 1889, Toole, the Democratic candidate had a majority of 556 over Power, the Republican nominee. The whole vote cast was 38,552, of which 19,564 were cast for Toole. This was the first gubernatorial contest since the admission of Montana to the Union. The State government and judiciary, except the Governor, consists entirely of Republicans. Since 1880 the Congressional majorities have been as follows: 1880, 1,428, Democratic; 1882, 1,484, Democratic; 1884, 199, Democratic; 1886, 3,718, Democratic; 1888, 5,126, Republican; 1890, 283, Democratic. North Dakota. There is a Republican majority of 11 in the Senate and 18 in the House, the majority on joint ballot being 29. The minority in the Senate consists of 5 Democrats and 5 Farmers' Alliance, in the House, of 16 Democrats and 6 Farmers' Alliance. The 11 Farmers' Alliance votes are, included with the Democrats in calculating the Republican majorities. At the election for Governor, 1890, Burke, the Republican candidate had a plurality of 6,449 over Roach, the Democratic, and Muir the Independent nominees. In 1889, Miller, the Republican candidate, was elected by a plu- rality of 12,632 over Roach. The State government is entirely Republican. Since 1884, the Congressional majorities have been as follows: 1884, 25,554, Republican; 1886, 8,027, Republican; 1888, 9,489, Republican; 1890, 6,535, Republican. South Dakota. There is a Republican majority of 1 in the Senate and 4 in the House, the majority on joint ballot being 5. The minority in the Senate consists of 14 Democrats and 8 Independents; in the House, of 46 Democrats and 11 Independents. The 19 Independent votes are included with the Democrats in calculating the Republican majorities. At the election for Governor, 1890, Mellette, the Republican candidate, had a plurality of 9,896 over Taylor the Democratic, and Louks the Farmers' Alliance nominees. Louks received 24,591 votes out of a total of 77,607. In 1889, Mellette, the Republican candidate, was elected by a plurality of 30,124, McClure being the Democratic nominee. The State government and judiciary are entirely Republican. The vote for South Dakota for Repre- sentatives, 1886 and 1888, was that of the counties of Dakota Territory, which now compose the State of South Dakota. This vote is as follows: 1886, Democratic, 22,339, Republican, 43,365; I ss8, Democratic, 25,044, Repub lican, 44,906; 1891, Democratic, 7,199, Republican, 17,614, Farmers' Alli- ance, 14,587. The Republican majorities or pluralities have been respect- ively '.'1.026, 19,862 and 3,027. 82 PARTY TENDENCY IN THE NEW STATES. 83 Washington. There is a Republican majority of 26 in the Senate and 44 in the House, the Republicans having a majority of 70 on joint ballot. At the election for Governor, 1889, Ferry, the Republican candidate had a majority of 8,979 over Semple, the Democratic nominee. The whole vote cast was 58,443, of which 33,711 were cast for Ferry. The Slate govern- ment and judiciary are entirely Republican. Since 1880, the Congressional majorities have been as follows: 1880, 1,797, Republican; 1882, 3,008, Republican; 1884, 148 Democratic; 1886, 2,192, Democratic; 1888, 7,371, Republican; 1890, 6,322, Republican. Wyoming. There is a Republican majority of 9 in the Senate and 18 in the House, the majority on joint ballot being 27. At the election for Gov- ernor, 1890, Warren the Republican candidate, had a majority of 1,726 over Baxter, the Democratic nominee. The whole vote cast was 16,032, of which Warren received 8,879. The State government is entirely Republican. Since 1880 the Congressional majorities have been as follows: 1880, 147, Democratic; 1882, 1,111, Democratic; 1884, 1,639, Republican; 1886, 7,146, Republican; 1888, 2,894, Republican; 1890, 2,859, Republican. SENATE. Levi P. Morton, V. -President, Presiding. | C. F. Manderson, Neb., Pres't pro tem. Republicans, 47; Democrats, 39; Alliance,!; INDEPENDENT,!. ALABAMA. John T. Morgan Selma 1895 James L. Pugh Eufaula 1897 ARKANSAS. James IT. Berry Bentonville 1895 James K. Jones Washington... 1897 CALIFORNIA. ( tharles X. Felton San Francisco. 1893 Leland Stanford San Francisco.1897 COLORADO. E. O. Wolcott Denver 1895 Henry M. Teller Central City... 1897 CONNECTICUT. Joseph R. Hairley Hartford . . OrviUe 11. Piatt Meriden . . .1893 .1897 DELAWARE. Anthony Higgins Wilmington. . .1895 George Cray Newcastle. . . .1893 FLORIDA. Samuel Pasco Monticello 1893 Wilkinson Call Jacksonville . . 1897 GEORGIA. Alfred H. Colquitt ...Atlanta 1895 John B. Gordon At la i it a. . 1897 .1895 . 1897 IDAHO. George L. Shoup Salmon City.. .1895 Fred T. Dubois Blackfoot . . . ...1897 ILLINOIS. Shelby M. Cullom Springfield John M. Palmer Springfield INDIANA. Daniel S. Turpie Indianapolis .1893 Daniel W. Voorhees.. .Terre Haute. .1897 IOWA. James F. Wilson Fairfield 1895 William B. Allison Dubuque 1897 KANSAS. Bishop W. Perkins. . .Oswego 1895 W i l.i.iAM A. Pepper Topeka 1897 KENTUCKY. John G. Carlisle Covington 1895 Jos. C. S. Blackburn.. Versailles 1897 LOUISIANA. Randall L. Gibson New Orleans. .1895 Edward D. White New Orleans .. 1897 MAINE. William P. Frijc Lewiston 1895 Eugene Hale Ellsworth 1893 MARYLAND. Arthur P. Gorman Laurel 1893 Charles H. Gibson East on 1897 MASSACHUSETTS. George F. Hoar Worcester 1895 Hen ry L. Da ires Pittsfield 1893 MICHIGAN. Ja mes McMiUa n Detroit 1895 F. B. Stockbridge Kalamazoo 1893 MINNESOTA. Win. 1). Washburn Minneapolis. . .1895 Cushman K. Davis St. Paul MISSISSIPPI. E. 0. Walthall Grenada. . . James Z. George Carrollton. .1893 .1895 .1893 MISSOURI. Francis M. Cockrell. . . Warrensburg. .1893 George G. Vest Kansas City. . . 1897 MONTANA. William F. Sawders.. Helena 1893 Tli oiiias C. Power Helena 1895 NEBRASKA. Chas. F. Manderson . . Omaha 1895 A . S. Paddock Beatrice 1893 NEVADA. W. M. Stewart Carson City . . . 1893 John P. Jones Gold Hill 1897 NEW HAMPSHIRE. Win. E. Ch a ndler Concord 1895 Jacob 11. Gallinger... . Concord 1897 NEW JERSEY. John R. McPherson... Jersey City 1895 Rufus Blodgett Long Branch . . 1893 NEW YORK. Frank Hiscock Syracuse 1893 David B.Hill Elmira 1897 NORTH CAROLINA. Matt W. Ransom Weldon 1895 Zebulon B. Vance Charlotte 1897 NORTH DAKOTA. Lyman R. Casey Jamestown. . . .1893 L. C. Hansbrough Devil's Lake 1897 OHIO. John Sherman Mansfield 1893 Calvin S. Brice Lima 1897 OREGON. Joseph Dolph Portland 1895 John 11. Mitchell Portland 1897 * For changes in the Senate, up to the moment of preceding Index. 84 ,'oing to press, see Addenda, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 85 PENNSYLVANIA. Matthew S. <,"«'.'/ Beaver 1893 James D. Cameron Harrisburg — 1897 RHODE ISLAND. Nathan F.Dixon Westerly 1895 Nelson W. Aldrich Providence — 1893 SOUTH CAROLINA. M. C. Butler Edgefield 1895 John L. M. Irby Laurens 1897 SOUTH DAKOTA. F. T. Pettigrew Sioux Falls. . . .1895 J. H. KYLE Aberdeen 1897 TENNESSEE. Isham f4. Harris Memphis 1895 William B. Bate Nashville 1893 TEXAS. Richard Coke Waco Roger Q. Mills Corsicana. .1895 .1897 VERMONT. Red field Proctor Proctor 1893 Justin S. Morrill Stratford 1897 VIRGINIA. John S. Barbour Alexandria. . . 1895 John W. Daniel Lynchburg. . . . 1893 WASHINGTON. John B. Allen Walla Walla. .1893 Watson ('.Squire Seattle 1897 WEST VIRGINIA. John E. Kenna Charleston 1895 C. J. Faulkner Mart insburg . 1S93 WISC< >NSIN. Ph iletus Sa wyer Oshkosh 1893 William F. Vilas Madison 1897 WYOMING. Joseph M.Carey Cheyenne 1895 Francis E. Warren. .. Cheyenne 1893 HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES, t CHARLES F. CRISP, Georgia, Speaker. Republicans, 88; Democrats, 236; Farmers' Alliance, 8; whole number, 332. Those marked * served in the List House. Those marked t served in a previous House. Those marked J were unseated by the List House. ALABAMA. 1. Richard H. Clarke*. Mobile. 2. Hilary A. Herbert*.. Montgomery. 3. William C. Oat es*. . .Abbeville. 4. Louis W. TurpinJ Newbern. 5. James E. Cobb* Tuskegee. t>. J. H. Bankhead* ....Fayette C. H. 7. Wm. H. Forney* Jacksonville. 8. Joseph Wheeler*. .. .Wheeler. ARKANSAS. 1. William II. CateJ Jonesborough. 2. C.R.BreckinridgetJ.Pine Bluff. 3. Thomas C. McRae* . . Prescott. 4. William L. Terry. .. .Pulaski. 5. Samuel W. Peel* Bentonville. CALIFORNIA. 1. Thomas J. Geary Santa Rosa. 2. A. Caminctti Jackson. 3. Joseph McKenna*... Suisun. 4. John T. Cutting San Francisco. 5. Eugene F. Loud San Francisco. 6. Wm. W. Boicers San Diego. COLORADO. Hosea Townsend* . . .Silver Cliff. CONNECTICUT. 1 . Lewis Spcrry 2. W. F. Wilcox*...'... 3. Charles A. Russell*. 4. Rob't E. DeForest . . .Hartford. Chester. Killingly. Bridgeport. DELAWARE. John W.Casey Milford. FLORIDA. Stephen R. Mallory . .Pensacola. Robert Bullock* Ocala. GEORGIA. Ruftis E. Lester* Savannah. Henry G. Turner* Quitman. Charles F. Crisp* Americas. Charles L. Moses Turin. L. F. Livingston Atlanta. James H. Blount*... Macon. K. William Everett. .Fish. Thus. (!. Lawson Eatonton. Thomas E. Winn Laurenceville. Thomas B. Watson. .Thomson. IDAHO. Willie Sweet* Moscow. ILLINOIS. Abner Taylor* Chicago. L. E. McGann Chicago. A. E. Durborow, Jr. .Chicago. Wm. C. Newberry.. .Chicago. Albert J. Hopki ns*.. Aurora. Robert /.'. Httt* Mount Morris. T. J. Henderson*.... Princeton. Lewis Steward Piano. Henry W. Snow Sheldon. Philip S. Post* Galesburg. Benj. T. Cable Rock Island. Scotl Wike* riitsiield. Wm. M. Springer*... Springfield. < )wen Scott Bloomington. Samuel T. Busey Urbana. Geo. w. Fithian* Newton. Edward Lane* Hillsborough. Wm. S. Forman* Nashville. .las. R. Williams*. . . .Cartni. Qeo. W. Smith* Murphysboro'gh t For changes in the House of Representatives, up to the moment of going to press, see Addenda, preceding Index. 86 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. INDIANA. 1. Wm. F. Parrett*....Evansville. 2. John L. Bretz Jasper. 3. Jason B. Brown* Seymour. 4. Wm. S. Holman* Aurora. 5. Geo. W. Cooper Columbus. 6. Henry U. Johnson. .Richmond. 7. Wm. D. Bynum* Indianapolis. 8. E. V. Brookshire* . . .Cravvfordsville. 9. Daniel Waugh Tipton. 10. David H. Patton Remington. 11. A. N.Martin* Bluffton. 12. C. A. O.McClellan*.. Auburn. 13. Benj. F. Shively*. . . .South Bend. IOWA. 1. John J. Seerley Burlington. 2. Walter I. Hayes*.. . .Clinton. 3. D. B. Henderson* . . Dubuque. 4. Waller H. Butler. .. West Union. 5. John T. Hamilton.. Cedar Rapids. 6. Fred. E. White Webster. 7. John A. T. Hull Des Moines. 8. James P. Flick* Bedford. 9. Thomas Bowman Council Bluffs. ID. John, P. Dolliver* ... Fort Dodge. 11. George D. Perkins. .Sioux City. KANSAS. 1. Cose Broderick Holton. 2. Ed-urd H. Funston* .Iola. 3. Benj. H. Clover Cambridge. 4. John G. Otis". Topeka. 5. John M. Davis Junction City. 6. William Baker Lincoln. 7. Jerry Simpson Medicine Lodge. KENTUCKY. 1. William J. Stone*.. .Kuttawa. 2. William T. Ellis*. .. .Owensborough. 3. Isaac H. Goodnight*. Franklin. 4. A. B. Montgomery*. .Ehzabethtown. 5. Asher G. Caruth* Louisville. 6. W. W. Dickerson*. . .Williamstown. 7. W.C.P.Breckinridge*Lexmgton. 8. Jas. B. McCreary* . . .Richmond. 9. Thos. H. Paynter*.. .Greenup. 10. John W. Kendall.... West Liberty. 11. John H. Wilson* Barboursville. LOUISIANA. 1. Adolph Meyer New Orleans. 2. Matthew D. Lagan. .New Orleans. 3. Andrew Price* Thibodeaux. 4. N. C. Blanchard*. . . .Shreveport. 5. Chas. J. Boatner*. . .Monroe. 6. Sam'IM. Robertson*. Baton Rouge. MAINE. 1. Thomas B. Peed* ...Portland. 2. Nelson Dingley, «7r.*.Lewiston. 3. Seth L. Miltiken* . . . Belfast. 4. Chas. A. Boutelle* . .Bangor. MARYLAND. 1 . Henry Page Princess Anne. 2. Herman Stump*.... Bel Air. 3. H. Welles Rusk*.... Baltimore. 4. Isidor Raynert ."Baltimore. 5. Barnes Comjit on I } . . Laurel. 6. Wm. M. McKaig Cumberland. MASSACHUSETTS. 1. Chas. S. Randall*.. .New Bedford. 2. Elijah A. Morse* Canton. 3. John F. Andrew* Boston. 4. Joseph H. O'Neil*... Boston. 5. Sherman Hoar Waltham. 6. Henry Cabot Lodgre*Nahant. 7. Wm. Cogswell* Salem. 8. Moses T. Stevens North Andover. 9. Geo. Fred. Williams. Dedham. 10. Joseph H. Walker*.. Worcester. 1 1 . Frederic S. Coolidge . Ashburnhatn 12. John C. Crosby Pittsfleld. MICHIGAN. 1. J. Logan Chipman*. Detroit. 2. James S. Gorman Chelsea. 3. James CDonnell* . . .Jackson. 4. Julius C. Burrows* . Kalamazoo. 5. Chas. E. Belknap*.. Grand Rapids. 6. Byron G. Stout Pontiac. -,. Justin R. Whiting*.. St. Clair. 8. Henry M. Youmans. Saginaw. 9. Harrison H. Wheeler. Ludington. 10. Thos. A. E.Weadock.Bay City. 11. S. M. Stephenson* . . .Menominee. MINNESOTA. 1. Wm. H. Harries Caledonia. 2. John Lind* New Ulm. 3. Orrin M. Hall Red Wing. 4. James N. Castle Stillwater. 5. Kittel Halvorsen . . South Fork. MISSISSIPPI. 1. John M. Allen* Tupelo. 2. John C.Kyle Sardis. 3. Thos. C. Catchings* . Vicksburg. 4. Clarke Lewis* Macon. 5. Joseph H. Beeman. .Eley. 6. Thos. R. Stockdale*. Summit. 7. Charles E. Hooker*. Jackson. BIISSOURI. 1. Wm. H. Hatch* Hannibal. 2. Chas. H. Mansur*.. .Chillicothe. 3. Alex. M. Dockery*.. Gallatin. 4. Rob't P. C. Wilson*. .Platte City. 5. John C. Tarsney* — Kansas City. 6. John T. Heard* Sedalia. 7. Richard H. Norton*. Trov. 8. John J. O'Neillt St. Louis. It. Sel h W. Cobb St. Louis. 10. Samuel Byrns Potosi. 11. Richard P. Bland* . . .Lebanon. 12. D. A. De Armond Butler. 13. Richard W. Fyant. . .Marshfleld. 14. Marshall Arnold Benton. MONTANA. Wm. W. Dixon Butte City. NEBRASKA. 1. Wm. J. Bryan Lincoln. 2. Wm. A. BlcKEiGHAN..Red Cloud. 3. O. M. Kem Broken Bow. NEVADA. Horace F. Bartine*. Carson City. NEW HAMPSHIRE. 1. L. F. McKinneyt Manchester. 2. Warren F. Daniell. . .Franklin. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 87 NEW JERSEY. 1. Chris. A. Bergen* . . .Camden. 2. James Buchanan* . Trenton. 3. J. A. Geissenhainer*. Freehold. 4. Samuel Fowler* Newton. 5. Cornelius A. Cadmus. Paterson. 6. Thos. Dunn English. Newark. 7. Edw. F. McDonald... Harrison. NEW YORK. 1. James W. Covert*. . .Long Island City 2. Alfred C. Chapin. ...Brooklyn. 3. Wm. J. Coombs Brooklyn. 4. John M. Clancy*.... Brooklyn. 5. Thos. F. Manner* . . . .Brooklyn. 6. John R. Fellows New York city. 7. Edw. J. Dunphy*. . . .New York cil v. 8. Tim. J. Campbell t . . New York city. 9. Amos J.Cunimings*.New York city. 10. W. B. Cockrant New York city. 11. J. DeWitt Warner. . .New York city. 12. Joseph J. Little New York city. 13. Ashbel P. Fitch*. . . .New York city 14. W.G.Stahlnecker*..Yonkers. 15. Henry Bacont Goshen. 16. John H. Ketcham* . . Dover Plains. 17. Isaac N. Cox Ellenville. 18. J. A. Quackenbush* . Stillwater. 19. Charles Tracey* A lbany . 20. John Sa nfo rd* Amsterdam. 21. John M. Wever Plattsburgh. 22. N. M. Curtis Ogdensburg. 23. Henry W. Bent ley . . . Boone ville. 24. George Van Horn Cooperstown. 25. James J. Belden*.. .Syracuse. 26. George W. Rayi Norwich. 27. Sereno E. Payne* .. .Auburn. 28. H. H. Rockwell Elmira. 29. John Raines* Canandaigua. 30. Henry S. Greenleaft. Rochester. 31. J. W. Wadsworthf . .Genesee. 32. Dan'l N. LockwoQd+.Buffalo. 33. Thos. L. Bunting. . . . Hamburgh. 34. Warren B. Hooker.. Fredonia. NORTH CAROLINA. 1. Wm. A. B. Branch. . .Washington. 2. H. P. Cheatham* Henderson. 3. Benj. F. Grady Wallace. 4. Benj. H. Bunn* Rocky Mount. 5. A. H. A. Williams.... Oxford. 6. S. B. Alexander Charlotte. 7. John S. Henderson*. Salisbury. 8. Wm. H. H. Cowles*.Wilkesborough. 9. Wm. T. Crawford. . . . Waynesville. NORTH DAKOTA. Martin N. Johnson. Petersburg. OHIO. 1. Bellamy Storer Cincinnati. 2. John A. Caldwell* . . .Cincinnati. 3. George W. Houk Dayton. 4. Martin K. Gantz Troy. 5. Fred'k C. Layton . . . Wapakoneta. 6. Dennis D. Donovan. .Deshler. 7. Wm. E. Haynes* Fremont. 8. Darius D. Hare Upper Sandusky 9. Jos. H. Outhwaite*. Columbus. 10. Robert E. Doan Wilmington 11. John M. Pattison ...Milford. 12. Wm. H. Enochs Ironton. OHIO.— (Continued.) 13. Irvine Dungan Jackson. 14. James W. Owens*. . .Newark 15. Michael D. Harter. .Mansfield 16. John G. Warwick. . . .Massillon. 17. Andrew J. Pearson .. Woodsfield 18. Joseph D. Taylor*... Cambridge. 19. Ezra B. Taylor* Warren 20. Vincent A. Taylor. .Bedford. 21. Thos. L. Johnson. . . .Cleveland. OREGON. Binger Hermann*. .Roseburg. PENNSYLVANIA. 1. H. H. Bingham*.... Philadelphia 2. Charles O'Neill* Philadelphia 3. William McAleer Philadelphia 4. John E. Reyburn*.. Philadelphia! 5. Alfred C. Harmer*.. Philadelphia 6. John B. Robinson... Media. 7. Edwin R. Hallowell. .Willow Grove 8. William Mutehler*. .East on 9. David B. Brunner* . . .Reading 10. Marriott Bi-osius* . .Lancaster. 11. Lemuel Amerman. . .Scranton 12. George W. Shonk. . .Plymouth. 13. James B. Reilly*. . . .Pottsville 14. John W. Rife* Middleton. 15. Myron B .Wright*. .Susquehanna. 16 Albert C. Hopkins. . .Lock Haven 17. Simon P. Wolverton.Sunburv 18. Louis E. ^fc/«so7i,*.Mifnintbn 19. F. E. Beltzhoo vert.. Carlisle 20. Edward Scull* Somerset. 21. George E. Huff Greensburg. 22. JohnDalzell* Pittsburg 23. William A. Stone. . .Allegheny City 24. Andrew J. Stewart. .Ohiopyle 25. Eugene P. Gillespie. .Greenville. 26. Matthew Griswold. Erie. 27. Charles W. Stone*. .Warren 28. George F. Kxibbs .... Clarion . RHODE ISLAND. 1. Oscar Lapham* Providence 2. Charles H. Page Scituate. SOUTH CAROLINA. 1. William H. Brawley. Charleston. 2. George D. Tillman*. Clark's Hill. 3. George Johnstone. . .Newberry 4. George W. Shell Laurens. 5. John J. Hemphill*.. Chest, i 6. L. T. -Staekhouse Little Rock 7. William Elliott-It.... Beaufort. SOUTH DAKOTA. 1. John L. Jolley Vermillion. 2. John A. Pickler* Faulkton. TENNESSEE. 1. Alfred A. Taylor* . . .Johnson City 2. John C. Houk Knoxville. 3. H. C. Snodgrass Spa rl a 4. Benton MeMillin* Carthage. 5. Jas. D. Richardson*. Murfreesboro' 6. J. E. Washington*... Cedar Hill. 7. Nicholas N. Cox Franklin. 8. Benj. A. Enloe* lackson 9. Rice A. Pierce* Union fit \ 10. Josiah Patterson Memphis, FIFTY-SECOND CONGRESS, 1891-1893. TEXAS. Charles Stewart* John B. Long C. Buckley Kilgore*. David B. Culberson* Joseph W. Bailey Joseph Abbott*' William II. Crain*. . Littleton W.Moore*. Joseph D. Savers*. . , S. W. T. Lanham*... Houston. Palestine. Will's Point. Jefferson. Gainesville. Hillsboro. Cuero. La Grange. Bastrop. Weatherford. VERMONT. 1. H.Henry Poioera...Morrisville. 2. William W. Grout*. Barton. VIRGINIA. 1. William A. Jones Warsaw. 2. John W. Lawson . . . Isle of Wight. 3. George D. WisetJ Richmond. 4. James F. Epes Blackstone. 5. Posey G. Lester* . . . .Flovd C. H. 6. Paul'C. Edmunds*... Halifax C. H. 7. Chas. T. , Ferrall*..Harrisonburgh. 8. E. E. Meredith Prince Williams. 9. John A. Buchanan*. Abingdon. 10. H. St. G. Tucker*. . . .Staunton. WASHINGTON. John L. Wilson* Spokane Falls. WEST VIRGINIA. 1. John O. Pendleton:):. Wheeling. 2. Wm. L. Wilson* Charlestown. 3. John D. Alderson*.. Nicholas C. H. 4. James A. Capehart . . Mount Pleasant. WISCONSIN. 1. Clinton A. Babbit... Beloit. 2. Charles Barwig* May ville. 3. Allen R. Bushnell. . . .Madison. 4. John L. Mitchell Milwaukee. 5. George H. Briekner*. Sheboygan Falls 6. Lucas M. Miller Oshkos'h. 7. Frank P. Coburn West Salem. 8. Nils P. Haugen* ... .River Falls. 9. Thomas Lynch Antigo. "WYOMING. Clarence D. Cfrrrfc*.. Evanston. TERRITORIES. Arizona— M. A. Smith*. Tombstone. New Mexico — A. Joseph*. Ojo Caliente. Oklahoma— />..l.//©©C0 • Tt iO • CO CO 00 00 9i - 9? CO t- © CO ■ • 1—1 1-H ■ CO 1.9 CO 30 ■""IC5IO • C 9J CO CO ■^ilOJOl • th '*!»(- -i-H • TC in ■ 19 © © CO • © • 30 9J © 'CO • 1.9 -* ■*" -rt -9J • i-i • OJ • -t • © 9* © ■ © • i9 9? CO i-H -i-i • 9i •©©I- CO -© • CO 9} © •© -©CO 1 £ - CJ ^ an • © t» in © t- o> ■309JOO 'CO ••tOJ i « 3 c: : O c3 e3.2 §11 S' = ir. * 'O9L,P5d502HE-i>>-?!?! THE NEW APPORTIONMENT— STATES REDISTRICTED.* CONGRESSIONAL APPORTIONMENTS. Alabama as redistricted Feb. 13, 1891: 1st District — Counties of Mobile, Washington, Clark, Monroe, Choctaw and Marengo. 2d District — Counties of Baldwin, Wilcox, Escambia, Covington, Con- ecuh, Butler, Crenshaw, Pike and Montgomery. 3d District — Counties of Geneva, Coffee, Dale, Henry, Barbour, Bullock, Russell and Lee. 4th District — Counties of Dallas, Chilton, Shelby, Talladega, Calhoun and Cleburne. 5th District — Counties of Lowndes, Augusta, Elmore, Macon, Tallapoosa, Coosa, Chambers, Clay and Randolph. 6th District — Counties of Sumter, Greene, Pickens, Tuscaloosa, Lamar, Fayette, Walker and Marion. 7th District — Counties of St. Clair, Etowah, Cherokee, Marshall and De- Kalb. 8th District — Counties of Colbert, Lawrence, Morgan, Jackson, Madison, Limestone and Lauderdale. ARKANSAS. Arkansas as redistricted by the Legislature of 1890-91: 1st District — Counties of Chicot, Desha, Phillips, Lee, St. Francis, Crit- tenden, Woodruff-Cross, Jackson, Poinsett, Mississippi, Craighead, Law- rence, Greene, Sharp, Randolph and Clay. 2d District — Counties of Bradley, Drew, Cleveland, Lincoln, Dallas, Jefferson, Grant, Hot Springs, Garland, Saline, Montgomery, Polk, Scott and Sebastian. 3d District — Counties of Ashley, Union, Calhoun, Ouichita, Columbia, Clark, Nevada, Lafayette, Hempstead, Pike, Howard, Sevier, Little River and Miller. 4th District — Counties of Pulaski, Perry, Yell, Logan, Pope, Johnson and Franklin. 5th District — Counties of Faulkner, Conway, Van Buren, Searcy, New- ton, Boone, Carroll, Madison, Washington and Burton. 6th District — Counties of Arkansas, Monroe, Prairie, Lonoke, White, Cleburne, Independence, Stone, Izard, Marion, Baxter and Fulton. COLORADO. Colorado as redistricted in 1891 : 1st District — Counties of Lorimer, Weld, Morgan, Logan, Washington, Sedgwick, Phillips, Yuma, Arapahoe, Jefferson, Lake and Park. 2d District — The remainder of the State. Georgia as redistricted in 1891 : 1st District — Counties of Mcintosh, Liberty, Bryan, Chatham, Tattnall, Bullock, Effingham, Screven, Emanuel and Burke. 2d District — Counties of Thomas, Decatur, Berrien, Colquitt, Worth, Mitchell, Miller, Baker, Early, Calhoun, Dougherty, Clay, Terrell, Ran- dolph and Quitman. * For revisions anil additions to this list, up to the moment of going to press, see Addenda, preceding Index. 94 THE NEW APPORTIONMENT — STATES REDISTRICTED. 95 3d District — Counties of Wilcox, Pulaski, Twiggs, Houston, Dooley, Lee, Sumter, Macon, Crawford, Taylor, Schley, Webster and Stewart. 4th District — Counties of Marion, Chattahoochee, Muscogee, Talbot, Harris, Meriwether, Troup, Coweta, Heard and Carroll. 5th District — Counties of Johnson, Laurens, Dodge, Montgomery, Tel- fair, Irwin, Appling, Coffee, Pierce, Wayne, Glynn, Camden, Charlton, Ware, Clinch and Echols. 6th District — Counties of Baldwin, Jones, Bibb, Monroe, Butts, Henry, Spalding, Pike and Upson. 7th District — Counties of Cobb, Paulding, Haralson, Polk, Floyd, Bar- ton, Gordon, Chattooga, Murray, Whitfield, Catoosa, Dade and Walker. 8th District — Counties of Jasper, Putnam, Greene, Morgan, Oconee, Clarke, Oglethorpe, Wilkes, Madison, Elbert, Hart and Franklin. 9th District — Counties of Gwinnett, Milton, Jackson, Banks, Hall, For- sythe, Cherokee, Pickens, Dawson, [Habersham, White, Lumpkin-Gilmer, Fannin, Union Towns and Rabun. 10th District — Counties of Wilkinson, Washington, Jefferson, Bullock, Hancock, Warren, Richmond, Columbia, Lincoln, McDuffie and Taliaferro. 11th District — Counties of Walton, Newton, Rockdale, DeKalb, Fulton, Douglass, Campbell, Henry, Clayton, Fayette and Spaulding. INDIANA. » Indiana as redistricted in 1891 : 1st District — Counties of Posey, Vanderburg, Gibson, Pike, Warwick, Spencer and Perry. 2d District — Counties of Crawford, Dubois, Orange, Lawrence, Martin, Daviess, Green and Knox. 3d District— Counties of Harrison, Floyd, Clark, Scott, Jefferson, Jen- nings, Jackson and Washington. 4th District — Counties of Switzerland, Ohio, Dearborn, Ripley, Decatur, Franklin, Rush and Shelby. 5th District — Counties of Bartholomew, Brown, Johnson, Monroe, Mor- gan, Hendricks, Owen and Putnam. 6th District — Counties of Fayette, Union, Wayne, Randolph, Henry and Delaware. 7th District — Counties of Marion, Hancock and Madison. 8th District — Counties of Sullivan, Vigo, Clay, Vermillion, Park and Fountain. 9th District — Counties of Hamilton, Boone, Tipton, Howard, Clinton, Tippecanoe, Warren and Benton. 10th District — Counties of Lake, Newton, Porter, Jasper, Pulaski, Ful- ton, White, Cass and Carroll. 11th District — Counties of Miami, Wabash, Huntington, Wells, Adams, Jay, Blackford and Grant. 12th District — Counties of Lagrange, Steuben, Noble, DeKalb, Whitley and Allen. 13th District— Counties of Elkhart, Kosciusko, Marshall, St. Joseph, La Porte and Starke. MICHIGAN. The following gives the Congressional districts of Michigan as the State was apportioned under the census of 1890 by the last Legislature. The arrangement of the different counties under the bill, with the population of each, is: 1. The 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 13th, and 15th wards of the city of Detroit; population, 173,841. 96 THE NEW APPORTIONMENT — STATES REDISTRICTED. 2. Jackson, Lenawee, Washtenaw, Monroe, and the townships of Plym- outh, Canton, Van Buren, Romulus, Sumpter, Huron, Brownstown, Mon- guagon, Taylor and Ecorse, and the city of Wyandotte in Wayne county; population, 192,779. 3. Hillsdale, Branch, Calhoun, Kalamazoo and Eaton ; population, 172, 309. 4. St. Joseph, Cass, Berrien, Van Buren, Allegan and Barry; population, 180,874. 5. Ottawa, Kent and Ionia; population, 178,081. 6. Ingham, Livingston, Genesee and Oakland, the townships of Livonia, Nankin, Dearborn, Redford, Springwell and Greenfield in the county of Wayne, and the 12th, 14th and 16th wards in the city of Detroit; population, 190,443. 7. Huron, Sanilac, Lapeer, St. Clair and McCornb, and the townships of Grosse Pointe and Hamtramck in Wayne county; population, 181,441. 8. Tuscola, Saginaw, Shiawassee and Clinton; population, 172,342. 9. Muskegon, Newaygo, Oceana, Mason, Lake, Wexford, Manistee, Ben- zie, Leelanaw and Manitou; population, 149,558, 10. Bay, Midland, Gladwin, Arenac, Ogemaw, Iosco, Alcona, Oscoda, Crawford, Montmorency, Alpena, Presque Isle, Cheboygan, Emmet and Otsego; population, 154,811. 11. Montcalm, Gratiot, Isabella, Mecosta, Osceola, Clare, Roscommon, Missaukee, Kalkaska, Grand Traverse, Antrim and Charlevoix; population 167,629. 12. Delta, Schoolcraft, Chippewa, Mackinac, Ontonagon, Marquette, Menominee, Dickinson, Baraga, Houghton, Keweenaw, Isle Royal, Alger, Luce, Iron and Gogebic (comprising the upper peninsula); population, 180,658. It is intended to give six safely Democratic districts — the 1st, 2d, 5th, 7th, 8th and 10th. The 6th and 9th are set down as doubtful, but as giving the Democrats more than a fighting chance. The 3d, 4th, 11th and 12th are safely Republican. By some the 5th is also classified as doubtful, but under ordinary circumstances it would undoubtedly be hard for the Republicans to carry it. MINNESOTA. Minnesota as redistricted in 1891: 1st District — Counties of Wabasha, Winona, Houston, Olmsted, Fillmore, Dodge, Mower, Steele, Freeborn and Waseca. 2d District — Counties of Blue Earth, Nicolet, Faribault, Brown, Waton- wan, Martin, Jackson, Cottonwood, Redwood, Chippewa, Lac qui Parle, Yellow Medicine, Lincoln, Lyon, Pipe Stone, Murray, Rock and Nobles. 3d District — Counties of Goodhue, Dakota, Rice, Scott, Carver, Meeker, Sibley, Le Sueur and Renville. 4th District — Counties of Washington, Chicago, Isanti and Kanabee. 5th District — The county of Hennepin. 6th District — Counties of Anoka, Wright, Sherburne, Stearns, Benton, Mille Lacs, Morrison, Todd, Crow Wing, Atkins, Pine, Carlton, Cass, Wadena, Hubbard, Beltrami, Itasca, St. Louis, Lake and Cook. 7th District — Counties of Kandiyohi, Swift, Big Stone, Stevens, Pope, Traverse, Grant, Douglass, Wilkin, Otter Tail, Clay, Becker, Norman, Polk, Marshall and Kittson. NEBRASKA. Nebraska as redistricted in 1891: 1st District — Counties of Richardson, Pawnee, Johnson, Nemaha, Otoe, Lancaster and Cass. 2d District — Counties of Sarpy, Douglass and Washington. THE NEW APPORTIONMENT — STATES REDISTRICTED. 97 3d District— Counties of Merrick, Nance, Boone, Antelope, Knox, Pierce, Madison, Platte, Colfax, Stanton, Wayne, Cedar, Dixon, Dakota, Thurston, Coming, Burt and Dodge. 4th District— Counties of Gage, Jefferson, Thayer, Saline, Fillmore, Seward, York, Hamilton, Po.k, Butler and Saunders. 5th District— Counties of Clay, Nuckolls, Hall, Adams, Webster, Kearney, Franklin, Harlan, Phelps, Furnas, Gosper, Red Willow, Frontier,' Hitchcock, Hayes, Dundy, Chase and Perkins. 6th District — The remainder of the State. NEW JERSEY. New Jersey as redistricted in 1891 : 1st District— Counties of Cape May, Cumberland, Salem, Gloucester and Camden. 2d District — Counties of Atlantic, Burlington, Ocean and Mercer. 3d District — Counties of Monmouth, Middlesex and Somerset. 4th District — Counties of Hunterdon, Warren, Morris, Essex and Sussex. 5th District — Counties of Bergen and Passaic. 6th District — City of Newark. 7th District — Cities of Hoboken and Jersey City. 8th District — County of Union. NORTH CAROLINA. North Carolina as redistricted in 1891 : 1st District — Carteret, Pandico, Pitt, Beaufort, Hyde, Dare, Tyrrell, Washington, Martin, Chowan, Hertford, Perquimans, Gates, Pasquotank and Currituck. 2d District — Counties of Lenoir, Wayne, Greene, Wilson, Edgecombe, Warren, Halifax, Northampton and Bertie. 3d District — Counties of Craven, Jones, Onslow, Duplin, Bladen, Samp- son, Cumberland, Harnett, and Moore. 4th District— Counties of Vance, Franklin, Nash, Johnson, Wake, Chatham and Randolph. 5th District — Counties of Granville, Durham, Person, Orange, Alamance, Caswell, Guilford, Rockingham and Stokes. 6th District — Counties of Pender, New Hanover, Brunswick, Columbus, Robson, Richmond, Anson, Union and Mecklenburg. 7th District — Counties of Montgomery, Stanly, Cabarrus, Rowan, David- son, Davie, Yadkin, Iredell, Catawba and Lincoln. 8th District — Counties of Gaston, Cleveland, Burke, Alexander, Cald- well, Mitchell, Watauga, Wilkes, Ashe, Alleghany, Surry and Forsythe. 9th District — Counties of Polk, Rutherford, McDowell, Yancey, Bun- combe, Henderson, Madison, Haywood, Transylvania, Jackson, Swain, Macon, Graham, Cherokee and Clay. Ohio as redistricted by act of March 11, 1890: District 1. That so much of the county of Hamilton as is now contained within the limits of the 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th,*6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st, 26th, and 27th wards of the city of Cincinnati, as they are now consti- tuted, and the townships of Anderson, Columbia, Spencer, Symmes, Syca- more and Southeast, St. Bernard and Clifton precincts of Mill Creek town- ship. 98 THE NEW APPORTIONMENT — STATES REDISTRICTED. 2. The balance of the county of Hamilton as is now contained within the limits of the 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 22d, 23d, 24th, 25th, 28th, 29th and 30th wards of the city of Cincinnati as they are now con- stituted, and the townships of Springfield, Colerain, Green, Delhi, Miami, Whitewater, Harrison, Crosby and College Hill, Winton Place, Western, Avondale, Bond Hill, Elmwood and Northeast precincts of Mill Creek town- ship. 3. The counties of Butler, Montgomery and Warren. 4. The counties of Champaign, Darke, Mercer, Miami, Preble and Shelby. 5. The counties of Allen, Auglaize, Hardin, Logan, Putnam and Van Wert. 6. The counties of Defiance, Fulton, Henry, Paulding, Williams and Wood. 7. The counties of Erie, Lucas, Ottawa and Sandusky. 8. The counties of Hancock, Marion, Seneca, Union and Wyandot. 9. The counties of Franklin, Madison and Pickaway. 10. The counties of Clark, Clinton, Fayette, Greene and Ross. 11. The counties of Adams, Brown, Clermont, Highland and Pike. 12. The counties of Athens, Gallia, Lawrence, Meigs and Scioto. 13. The counties of Fairfield, Hocking, Jackson, Morgan, Perry and Vinton. 14. The counties of Coshocton, Licking, Muskingum and Tuscarawas. 15. The coimties of Ashland, Crawford, Delaware, Knox, Morrow and Richland. 16. The counties of Holmes, Medina, Wayne and Stark. 17. The counties of Belmont, Noble, Monroe and Washington. 18. The counties of Carroll, Columbiana, Guernsey, Harrison, and Jef- ferson. 19. The counties of Ashtabula, Geauga, Mahoning, Portage and Trum- bull. 20. The counties of Huron, Lake, Lorain, Summit, and the townships of Bedford, Chagrin Falls, East Cleveland, Euclid, Mayfield, Newburg, Orange, Warrensville, Solon, Brecksville, Brooklyn, Dover, Middleburg, Olmstead, Parma, Independence, Rockport, Royalton and Strongsville, in Cuyahoga county, and the 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st and 27th wards of the city of Cleveland as they are now constituted. 21. The 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th. 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 22d, 23d, 24th, 25th, 26th, 28th, 29th, 30th, 31st, 32d, 33d, 34th, 35th, 36th, 37th, 38th, 39th and 40th wards of the city of Cleve- land as they are now constituted. OKEGON. Oregon as redistricted in 1891 : 1st District — Counties of Tillamook, Washington, Clarkamas, Yamhill, Polk, Marion, Benton, Linn, Lane, Douglass, Coos, Curry, Josephine, Jackson, Klamath and Lake. 2d District — Counties of Clatsop, Columbia, Multnomah, Wasco, Sher- man, Gillman, Morrow, Umatilla, Union, Wallowa, Baker, Grant, Crook, Harney and Malheur. TENNESSEE. Tennessee as redistricted in 1891 : 1st District — Counties of Johnson, Carter, Sullivan, Washington, Unicoi, Cocke, Greene, Hamblen, Hawkins, Granger, Hancock and Claiborne. 2d District — Counties of Scott, Campbell, Union, Anderson, Morgan, Roane, Knox, Jefferson, Sevier, Blount and Louden. THE WEW APPORTIONMENT — STATES REDISTRICTED. 99 3d District— Counties of Monroe, McMinn, Meigs, Polk, Bradley, James, Hamilton, Marion, Franklin, Sequatchie, Grundy, Bledsoe, Van Buren| Warren and White. 4th District— Counties of Fentress, Pickett, Overton, Putnam, Jackson, Clay, Macon, Trousdale, Wilson, Smith and Sumner. 5th District— Counties of Lincoln, Moore, Coffee, Bedford, Marshall, Cannon, Rutherford and DeKalb. 6th District— Counties of Davidson, Cheatham, Robertson, Montgomery, Humphreys, Houston and Stewart. _ 7th District— Counties of Dickson, Hickman, Williamson, Lewis, Maury, Giles, Lawrence and Wayne. 8th District— Counties of Henry, Carroll, Benton, Perry, Decatur, Hen- derson, Madison, Chester, McNairy and Hardin. 9th District— Counties of Lake, Obion, Weakley, Gibson, Dyer, Lauder- dale, Crockett and Haywood. 10th District— Counties of Tipton, Shelby, Fayette and Hardeman. WISCONSIN. Wisconsin as redistricted in 1890: 1st District — Counties of Kenosha, Racine, Walworth, Rock, Green and Lafayette. 2d District — Counties of Jefferson, Dodge, Dane and Columbia, 3d District — Counties of Grant, Iowa, Crawford, Richland, Sauk, Ver- non, Juneau and Adams. 4th District — County of Milwaukee. 5th District — Counties of Waukesha, Washington, Ozaukee and She- boygan. 6th District — Counties of Marquette, Green Lake, Fond du Lac, Mani- towoc, Calumet, Winnebago, and Waushara. 7th District — Counties of LaCrosse, Monroe, Jackson, Trempealeau, Buffalo, Pepin and Eau Claire. 8th District — Counties of Wood, Portage, Waupaca, Outgamie, Brown, Kewaunee and Door. 9th District— Counties of Clark, Taylor, Pierce, Ashland, Oneida, Lin- coln, Marathon, Shawano, Langlade, Forest, Florence, Marinette and Oconto. 10th District — Counties of Bayfield, Douglass, Sawyer, Washburn, Bur- nett, Chippewa, Barron, Polk, St. Croix, Dunn and Pierce. RULES ADOPTED BY THE FIFTY-FIRST CONGRESS. The principal changes made by the fifty-first in the rules of the former House were these: 1. In new Rule VIII., it was required that every member shall be pres- ent within the hall of the House during its sittings, unless excused or neces- sarily prevented, and shall vote on each question put, unless he has a direct personal or pecuniary interest in the event of such question. The old rule required him to be present and to vote "unless on motion made before division or the commencement of the roll-call and decided without debate, he shall be excused," or unless he has a direct personal or pecuniary interest in the event of such question. The provision within quotation marks gave opportunity for frivolous and dilatory motions. 2. As to questions of privilege, the new rules gave them "precedence of all other questions, except motions to adjourn." The old rules gave them precedence of "all other questions except motions to fix the day to which the Hoiise shall adjourn, and for a recess." 3. ^The new rules required that "all proposed action touching the rules, joint rules and order of business shall be referred to the Committee on Rules." The old rule did not contain the clause "and order of business," and left the struggle over precedence of business to go on under the general rules in the House. 4. The new rules struck from the rule touching committees the old provision that "any commission authorized by law to report by bill to the House shall have leave to report such bill at any time and may call the same up for consideration, as provided in the fifth clause of Rule XXIV." Their report, it was intended under the new rules, should come in as reports from the committees of the House. 5. The new rules established three calendars, and provided that "all reports of committees, except as provided in clause 51 of Rule XI., together with the views of the minority, shall be delivered to the clerk for printing and reference to the proper calendar under the direction of the Speaker, in accordance with the foregoing clause, and the titles or subjects thereof shall be entered on the Journal and printed in the Record." The old rales per- mitted the reporting of bills and their reference in open session, with the reference of them in certain prescribed cases to be determined by vote of the House. 6. The new rules added this clause to Rule XV.: "On the demand of any member, or at" the suggestion of the Speaker, the names of members sufficient to make a quorum in the hall of the House who do not vote, shall be noted by the clerk and recorded in the Journal, and reported to the Speaker with the names of the members voting, and be counted and announced in determining the presence of a quorum to do business." 7. The new rules (XVI., clause 4) reduced the number of motions in order when a question is under debate, by striking out the motions "to fix the day to which the House shall adjourn, and to take a recess." Motions to adjourn, to lay on the table, for the previous question, to postpone to a day certain, to refer or amend, or to postpone indefinitely were left. 8. The new rales struck out the clause that "a motion to fix the day to which the House shall adjourn, a motion to adjourn and to take a recess shall always be in order." !>. The new rules inserted as clause 10 of Rule XVI. the words: "No dilatory motion shall be entertained by the Speaker." 10. The new rule struck out the old clause which required that the pre- 100 / ! \ mP| ****. \ v- i v y^~" ■ *%&mmxf r Wm JU 'is' ^S^ ^*r ■'%**■■ sf*^ ■^ i Hon. THOS. B. REED. RULES ADOPTED BY THE FIFTY-FIEST CONGRESS. 101 vious question should extend only to the engrossment and third reading of a bill, and then be renewed so as to reach the question of passage; and in- serted a clause that it may be made to "include the bill to its passage or rejection." 11. The new rules struck out as motions having preference of a motion to reconsider a vote, the motion "to fix the day to which the House shall adjourn or to take a recess." 12. The new rule extended to bills, the old rule relating to memorials and petitions, and provided for the introduction of all by handing them to the Speaker or clerk for appropriate reference to committees. 13. The new rule changed the old rule so as to fix "one hundred mem- bers " as a quorum in the Committee of the Whole. The old rule had no provision on the subject, but a quorum hi Committee of the Whole was treated the same as a quorum in the House. 14. The new rules required that all propositions involving a tax or charge upon the people "originating either in the House or Senate," shall be first considered in a Committee of the Whole. The words within quotation marks were not in the old rule. 15. The new rule changed the "order of business" so as to conform to the other changes made; but these variations are of minor consequence and are not stated. 16. There were several other unimportant changes to make the plan harmonious. THE ACTION OF THE HOUSE. The new rules came up for debate and action in February, 1890. On the 13th, pending the clause to insert the words: "No dilatory motion shall be entertained by the Speaker," a motion to add the words: "But a demand for the yeas and nays shall not be considered dilatory," was rejected — yeas, 119 (Republicans 2, Democrats 117); nays, 149 (Republicans 147, Democrats 2). A motion to add the words: "And the Speaker shall not in any case refuse to entertain an appeal from his decision, " was rejected — yeas, 114 (all Democrats); nays, 140 (all Republicans). A motion on the 14th to strike out the clause was rejected — yeas, 140 (all Democrats); nays, 155 (all Republicans). RULES, HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES. FIFTY-SECOND CONGRESS. Rule I. DUTIES OF THE SPEAKER. 1. The Speaker shall take the chair on every legislative day precisely at the hour to which the House shall have adjourned at the last sitting, imme- diately call the members to order, and on the appearance of a quorum, cause the journal of the proceedings of the last day's sitting to be read, hav- ing previously examined and approved the same. 2. He shall preserve order and decorum, and in case of disturbance or disorderly conduct in the galleries, or in the lobby, may cause the same to be cleared. 3. He shall have general control, except as provided by rule or law, of the hall of the House, and the disposal of the unappropriated rooms in that part of the Capitol assigned to the use of the House until further order. 4. He shall sign all acts, addresses, joint resolutions, writs, warrants, and subpoenas of, or issued by order of, the House, and decide all questions of order subject to an appeal by any member, on which appeal no member shall speak more than once, unless by permission of the House. 5. He shall rise to put a question, but may state it sitting; and shall put questions in this form, to wit: "As many as are in favor (as the question may be) say Ay; " and after the affirmative voice is expressed, "As many as are opposed say No; " if he doubts, or a division is called for, the House shall divide; those in the affirmative of the question shall first rise from their seats, and then those in the negative; if he still doubts, or a count is required by at least one-fifth of a quorum, he shall name one from each side of the question, to tell the members in the affirmative and negative; which being reported, he shall rise and state the decision. 6. He shall not be required to vote in ordinary legislative proceedings, except where his vote would be decisive, or where the House is engaged in voting by ballot; and in all cases of a tie vote the question shall be lost. 7. He shall have the right to name any member to perform the duties of the Chair, but such substitution shall not extend beyond an adjournment: Provided, however, That in case of his illness, he may make such appoint- I nient for a period not exceeding ten days, with the approval of the House at ' the time the same is made; and in his absence and omission to make such appointment, the House shall proceed to elect a Speaker pro tempore, to act during his absence. Rule II. ELECTION OF OFFICERS. There shall be elected by a viva voce vote at the commencement of each Congress, to continue in office until their successors are chosen and qualified, a Clerk, Sergeant at Arms, Doorkeeper, Postmaster, and Chaplain, each of whom shall take an oath to support the Constitution of the United States, and for the true and faithful discharge of the duties of his office, to the best of his knowledge and ability, and to keep the secrets of the House, and each shall appoint all of the employes of his department provided for by law. 103 RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 103 Rule III. DUTIES OF THE CLERK. 1. The Clerk shall, at the commencement of the first session of each Congress, call the members to order, proceed to call the roll of members by States in alphabetical order, and, pending the election of a Speaker or Speaker pro tempore, preserve order and decorum, and decide all questions of order, subject to appeal by any member. 2. He shall make, and cause to be printed and delivered to each member, or mailed to his address, at the commencement of every regular session of ( longress, a list of the reports which it is the duty of any officer or depart- ment to make to Congress, referring to the act or resolution and page of the volume of the laws or journal in which it may be contained, and placing under the name of each officer the list of reports required of him to be made; also make a weekly statement of the resolutions and bills upon the Speaker's table, accompanied with a brief reference to the orders and proceedings of the House upon each, and the dates of such orders and proceedings, which statement shall be printed. 3. He shall note all questions of order, with the decisions thereon, the record of which shall be printed as an appendix to the Journal of each session; and complete, as soon after the close of the session as possible, the printing and distribution to members and delegates of the journal of the House, together with an accurate and complete index; retain in the library at his office, for the use of the members and officers of the House, and not to be withdrawn therefrom, two copies of all the books and printed documents deposited there; send, at the end of each session, a printed copy of the Journal thereof to the Executive and to each branch of the Legislature of every State and Territory; preserve for and deliver or mail to each member and delegate an extra copy, in good binding, of all documents printed by order of either House of the Congress to which he belonged; attest and affix the seal of the House to all writs, warrants, and subpoenas issued by order of the House, certify to the passage of all bills and joint resolutions, make or approve all contracts, bargains, or agreements relative to- furnishing any matter or thing, or for the performance of any labor for the House of Repre- sentatives, in pursuance of law or order of the House, keep full and accurate accounts of the disbursements out of the contingent fund of the House, keep the stationery accounts of members and delegates, and pay them as provided by law. He shall pay to the officers and employes of the House of Repre- sentatives, on the last day of each month, the amount of their salaries that shall be due them; and when the last day of the month falls on Sunday he shall pay them on the day next preceding. Rule IV. DUTIES OP TILE SERGEANT-AT-ARMS. 1. It shall be the duty of the Sergeant-at-Arms to attend the House during its sittings, to maintain order under the direction of the Speaker, and, pending the election of a Speaker or Speaker pro tempore, under the direction of the Clerk; execute the commands of the House, and all proc- esses issued by authority thereof, directed to him by the Speaker, keep the accounts for the pay and mileage of Members and Delegates, and pay them as provided by law. 2. The symbol of his office shall be the mace, which shall be borne by him while enforcing order on the floor. 104 RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. Rule V. DUTIES OF OTHER OFFICERS. 1. The Doorkeeper shall enforce strictly the rules relating to the privileges of the hall and be responsible to the House for the official conduct of his employes. 2. At the commencement and close of each session of Congress he shall take an inventory of all the furniture, books, and other public property in the several committee and other rooms under his charge, and report the same to the House, which report shall be referred to the Committee on Accounts to ascertain and determine the amount for which he shall be held liable for missing articles. 3. He shall allow no person to enter the room over the hall of the House during its sittings; and fifteen minutes before the hour for the meeting of the House each day he shall see that the floor is cleared of all persons except those privileged to remain, and kept so until ten minutes after adjournment. Rule VI. The Postmaster shall superintend the post-office kept in the Capitol for the accommodation of Representatives, delegates, and officers of the House, and be held responsible for the prompt and safe delivery of their mail. Rule VII. The Chaplain shall attend at the commencement of each day's sitting of the House and open the same with prayer. Rule VIII. OF THE MEMBERS. 1. Every member shall be present within the hall of the House during its sittings, unless excused or necessarily prevented; and shall vote on each question put, unless, on motion made before division or the commencement of the roll-call and decided without debate, he shall be excused, or unless he has a direct personal or pecuniary interest in the event of such question. 2. Pairs shall be announced by the Clerk, after the completion of the second roll-call, from a written list furnished him, and signed by the mem- ber making the statement to the Clerk, which list shall lie published in the Record as apart of the proceedings, immediately following the names of those not voting: Provided, That pairs shall be announced but once during the same legislative day. Rule IX. QUESTIONS OF PRIVILEGE. Questions of privilege shall be, first, those affecting the rights of the House collectively, its safety, dignity, and the integrity of its proceedings; second, the rights, reputation, and conduct of members" individually in their representative capacity only; and shall have precedence of all other ques- tions, except motions to fix the day to which the House shall adjourn, to ad- journ, and for a recess. RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 105 Rule X. OP COMMITTEES. 1. Unless otherwise specially ordered by the House, the Speaker shall ap- point, at the commencement of each Congress, the following standing com- mittees, viz. : On Elections, to consist of fifteen members. On Ways and Means, to consist of fifteen members. On Appropriations, to consist of fifteen members. On the Judiciary, to consist of fifteen members. On Banking and Currency, to consist of fifteen members. On Coinage, Weights, and Measures, to consist of thirteen members. On Interstate and Foreign Commerce, to consist of seventeen members. On Rivers and Harbors, to consist of fifteen members. On the Merchant Marine and Fisheries, to consist of thirteen members. On Agriculture, to consist of fifteen members. On Foreign Affairs, to consist of thirteen members. On Military Affairs, to consist of thirteen members. On Naval Affairs, to consist of thirteen members. On the Post-Office and Post-Roads, to consist of fifteen members. On the Public Lands, to consist of thirteen members. On Indian Affairs, to consist of thirteen members. On Territories, to consist of thirteen members. On Railways and Canals, to consist of thirteen members. On Manufactures, to consist of eleven members. On Mines and Mining, to consist of thirteen members. On Public Buildings and Grounds, to consist of thirteen members. On Pacific Railroads, to consist of thirteen members. On Levees and Improvement of the Mississippi River, to consist of thir- teen members. On Education, to consist of thirteen members. On Labor, to consist of thirteen members. On the Militia, to consist of thirteen members. On Patents, to consist of thirteen members. On Invalid Pensions, to consist of fifteen members. On Pensions, to consist of thirteen members. On Claims, to consist of fifteen members. On War Claims, to consist of thirteen members. On Private Land Claims, to consist of thirteen members. On the District of Columbia, to consist of fifteen members. On Revision of the Laws, to consist of thirteen members. On Expenditures in the State Department, to consist of seven members. On Expenditures in the Treasury Department, to consist of seven members. On Expenditures in the War Department, to consist of seven members. On Expenditures in the Navy Department, to consist of seven members. On Expenditures in the Post-Office Department, to consist of seven members. On Expenditures in the Interior Department, to consist of seven members. On Expenditures in the Department of Justice, to consist of seven members. On Expenditures in the Department of Agriculture, to consist of seven members. On Expenditures on Public Buildings, to consist of seven members. On Rules, to consist of five members. On Accounts, to consist of nine members-. 10b 100 RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. On Mileage, to consist of five members. Also the following joint standing committees, viz. : On the Library, to consist of three members. On Printing, to consist of three members. On Enrolled Bills, to consist of seven members. 2. He shall also appoint all select committees which shall be ordered by the House from time to time; 3. The first-named member of each committee shall be the chairman ; and in his absence, or being excused by the House, the next-named member, and so on, as often as the case shall happen, unless the committee by a ma- jority of its number elect a chairman; and in case of the death of a chair- man, it shall be duty of the Speaker to appoint another. 4. The chairman shall appoint the clerk of his committee, subject to its approval ; who shall be paid at the public expense, the House having first provided therefor. Rule XI. POWERS AND DUTIES OF COMMITTEES. All proposed legislation shall be referred to the committees named in the preceding rule as follows, viz. : Subjects relating — 1. to the election of members: to the Committee on Elections; 2. to the revenue and the bonded debt of the United States: to the Com mittee on Ways and Means; 3. to appropriation of the revenue for the support of the government as herein provided, viz.: for legislative, executive, and judicial expenses; for sundry civil expenses; for fortifications and coast defenses; for the District of Columbia; for pensions; and for all deficiencies: to the Committee on Ap- propriations; 4. to judicial proceedings, civil and criminal law: to the Committee on the Judiciary; 5. to banking and currency: to the Committee on Banking and Currency; 6. to coinage, weights, and measures: to the Committee on Coinage, Weights, and Measures; 7. to commerce, life-saving service, and lighthouses, other than appro- priations for life-saving service and lighthouses: to the Committee on Inter- state and Foreign Commerce; 8. to the improvement of rivers and harbors: to the Committee on Rivers and Harbors; 9. to the merchant marine and fisheries : to the Committee on the Mer- chant Marine and Fisheries; 10. \o agriculture and forestry: to the Committee on Agriculture, who shall receive the estimates and report the appropriations for the Agricultural Department; 11. to the relations of the United States with foreign nations, including appropriations therefor: to the Committee on Foreign Affairs; 12. to the military establishment and the public defense, including the appropriations for its support and for that of the Military Academy: to the Committee on Military Affairs; 13. to the naval establishment, including the appropriations for its sup- port: to the Committee on Naval Affairs; 14. to the post-office and post-roads, including appropriations for their support: to the Committee on the Post-Oiliee and Post-Roads; 15. to the lands of the United States: to the Committee on the Public Lands ; 16. to the relations of the United Stales with the Indians and the Indian tribes, including appropriations therefor: to the Committee on Indian Affairs; RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 107 17. to Territorial legislation, the revision thereof, and affecting Terri- tories or the admission of States: to the Committee on the Territories; 18. to railways and canals, other than Pacific railroads: to the Committee on Railways and Canals; 19. to the manufacturing industries: to the Committee on Manufactures; 20. to the mining interests: to the Committee on Mines and Mining; 21. to the public buildings and occupied or improved grounds of the United States, other than appropriations therefor: to the Committee on Pub- lic Buildings and Grounds; 22. to the railroads and telegraphic lines between the Mississippi River and the Pacific coast: to the Committee on Pacific Railroads; 23. to the levees of the Mississippi River: to the Committee on Levees and Improvements of the Mississippi River; 24. to education: to the Committee on Education; 25. to and affecting labor: to the Committee on Labor; 26. to the militia of the several States: to the Committee on the Militia; 27. to patents, copyrights, and trade-marks: to the Committee on Patents; 28. to the pensions of the Civil "War: to the Committee on Invalid Pensions; 29. to the pensions of all the wars of the United States, other than the civil war: to the Committee on Pensions; 30. to private and domestic claims and demands, other than war claims, against the United States: to the Committee on Claims; 31. to claims arising from any war in which the United States has been engaged: to the Committee on War Claims; 32. to private claims to lands: to the Committee on Private Land Claims; 33. to the District of Columbia, other than appropriations therefor: to the Committee for the District of Columbia ; 34. to the revision and codification of the statutes of the United States: to the Committee on the Revision of the Laws; 35. The examination of the accounts and expenditures of the several Departments of the government and the manner of keeping the same; the economy, justness, and correctness of such expenditures; their conformity with appropriation laws; the proper application of public moneys; the security of the government against unjust and extravagant demands; re- trenchment; the enforcement of the payment of moneys due to the United States; the economy and accountability of public officers; the abolishment of useless offices; the reduction or increase of the pay of officers, shall all be subjects within the jurisdiction of the eight standing committees on the pub- lic expenditures, in the several Departments, as follows: 36. In the Department of State: to the Committee on Expenditures in the State Department; 37. In the Treasury Department: to the Committee on Expenditures in the Treasury Department; 38. In the War Department: to the Committee on Expenditures in the War Department; 39. In the Navy Department: to the Committee on Expenditures in the Navy Department; 40. In the Post-Office Department: to the Committee on Expenditures in the Post-Office Department; 41. In the Interior Department: to the Committee on Expenditures in the Interior Department; 42. In the Department of Justice: to the Committee on Expenditures in the Department of Justice ; 43. In the Department of Agriculture: to the Committee on Expendi- tures in the Department of Agriculture; 108 RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 44. On public buildings: to the Committee on Expenditures on Public Buildings; 45. All proposed action touching the rules and joint rules and order of business shall be referred to the Committee on Rules; 46. Touching the expenditure of the contingent fund of the House, the auditing and settling of all accounts which may be charged therein by order of the House: to the Committee on Accounts; 47. The ascertainment of the travel of members of the House shall be made by the Committee on Mileage and reported to the Sergeant-at-Arms; 48. Touching the Library of Congress, statuary, and pictures: to the Joint Committee on the Library; 49. All proposed legislation or orders touching printing shall be referred to the Joint Committee on Printing on the part of the House; 50. The enrollment of engrossed bills; to the Joint Committee on En- rolled Bills; 51. The following-named committees shall have leave to report at any time on the matters herein stated, viz. : The Committee on Rules, on rules, joint rules, and order of business; the Committee on Elections, on the right of a member to his seat; the Committee on Ways and Means, on bills raising revenue; the committees having jurisdiction of appropriations, the general ap- propriation bills; the Committee on Rivers and Harbors, bills for the im- provement of rivers and harbors; the Committee on the Public Lands, bills for the forfeiture of land grants to railroads and other corporations, bills pre- venting speculation in the public lands, and bills for the preservation of the public lands for the benefit of actual and bona fide settlers; the Committee on Enrolled Bills, enrolled bills; the Committee on Printing, on all matter re f erred to them of printing for the use of the House or two houses: the Com- mittee on Accounts, on all matters of expenditure of the contingent fund of the House. It shall always be in order to call up for consideration a report from the Committee on Rules, and pending the consideration the Speaker may enter- tain one motion that the House adjourn; but after the result is announced, he shall not entertain any other dilatory motion until the said report shall have been fully disposed of. Any commission authorized by law to report by bill to the House shall have leave to report such bill at any time, and may call the same up for consideration as provided in the fifth clause of Rule XXIV. 53. No committee shall sit during the sitting of the House without special leave. 53. It shall be the duty of the several committees having jurisdiction of the general appropriation bills to report said appropriation bills (except the gen- eral deficiency bill) within eighty days after the committees are announced in a long session, and within forty days after the commencement of a short session; and if any committee fail to so report, the reasons of such failure shall be privileged for consideration when called for by any member of the House. Rule XII. DELEGATES. The speaker shall appoint from among the delegates one additional mem- ber on each of the following committees, viz. : Coinage, Weights and Meas- ures; Agriculture; Military Affairs; Post-Office and Post -Roads; Public Lands; Indian Affairs; Private Land Claims; and Mines and Mining; and two on the Committee on the Territories; and they shall possess in their re- spective committees the same powers and privileges as in the House, and may make any motion except to reconsider. RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 109 Rule XIII. CALENDARS. 1. There shall be three calendars of business reported from committees, viz.: First. A Calendar of the Committee of the Whole House on the state of- the Union; to which shall be referred bills raising revenue, general appropri- ation bills, and bills of a public character, directly or indirectly appropriating money or property; Second. A House Calendar, to which shall be referred all bills of a public character not raising revenue nor directly or indirectly appropriating money or property; and Third. A Calendar of the Committee of the Whole House, to which shall be referred all bills of a private character. 2. The question of reference of any proposition, other than that reported from a committee, shall be decided without debate, in the following order, viz : a standing committee, a select committee ; but the reference of a propo- sition reported by a committee, when demanded, shall be decided according to its character, without debate, in the following order, viz. : House Calendar, Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union, Committee of the Whole House, a standing committee, a select committee. All reports of committees on private bills, together with the views of the minority, shall be delivered to the clerk for printing and reference to the proper calendar under the direction of the Speaker in accordance with the foregoing clause, and the titles or subjects thereof shall be entered on the journal and printed in the Record. Rule XIV. OF DECORUM AND DEBATE. 1. When any member desires to speak or deliver any matter to the House, he shall rise and respectfully address himself to "Mr. Speaker," and, on be- ing recognized, may address the House from any place on the floor or from the Clerk's desk, and shall confine himself to the question under debate, avoiding personality. 2. When two or more members rise at once, the Speaker shall name the member who is first to speak; and no member shall occupy more than one hour in debate on any question in the House or in the committee, except as further provided in this rule. 3. The member reporting the measure under consideration from a com- mittee may open and close, where general debate has been had thereon; and if it shall extend beyond one day, he shall be entitled to one hour to close, notwithstanding he may have used an hour in opening. 4. If any member, "m speaking or otherwise, trausgress the rules of the House, the Speaker shall, or any member may, call him to order; in which case he shall immediately sit down, unless permitted, on motion of another member, to explain, and the House shall, if appealed to, decide on the case, without debate; if the decision is in favor of the member called to order, he shall be at liberty to proceed, but not otherwise; and, if the case require it, he shall be liable to censure or such punishment as the House may deem proper. 5. If a member is called to order for words spoken in debate, the member calling him to order shall indicate the words excepted to, and they shall be taken down in writing at the Clerk's desk and read aloud to the House; but he shall not be held to answer, nor be subject to the censure of the House therefor, if further debate or other business has intervened. 110 RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 6. No member shall speak more than once to the same question without leave of the House, unless he be the mover, proposer, or introducer of the matter pending, in which case he shall be permitted to speak in reply, but not until every member choosing to speak shall have spoken. 7. While the Speaker is putting a question or addressing the House no member shall walk out of or across the hall, nor, when a member is speaking, pass between him and the Chair; and during the session of the House no member shall wear his hat, or remain by the Clerk's desk during the call of the roll or the counting of ballots, or smoke upon the floor of the House; and the Sergeant-at-Arms and Doorkeeper are charged with the strict enforcement of this clause. Rule XV. ON CALLS OF THE ROLL AND HOUSE. 1. Upon every roll-call the names of the members shall be called alpha- betically by surname, except when two or more have the same surname, in which case the name of the State shall be added; and if there be two such members from the same State, the whole name shall be called; and after the roll has been once called, the Clerk shall call in their alphabetical order the names of those not voting; and thereafter the Speaker shall not entertain a request to record a vote or announce a pair. 2. In the absence of a quorum, fifteen members, including the Speaker, if there is one, shall be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, and in all calls of the House the names of the members shall be called by the Clerk, and the absentees noted; the doors shall then be closed, and those for whom no sufficient excuse is made may, by order of a majority of those pres- ent, be sent for and arrested, wherever they may be found, by officers to be appointed by the Sergeant-at-Arms for that purpose, and their attendance secured; and the House shall determine upon what condition they shall be discharged. Members who voluntarily appear shall, unless the House otherwise direct, be immediately admitted to the Hall of the House, and they shall report their names to the Clerk to be entered upon the journal as present. Rule XVI. ON MOTIONS, THEIR PRECEDENCE, ETC. 1. Every motion made to the House and entertained by the Speaker shall be reduced to writing on the demand of any member, and shall be entered on the journal with the name of the member making it, unless it is withdrawn the same day. 2. When a motion lias been made, the Speaker shall state it, or (if it be in writing) cause it to be read aloud by the Clerk before being debated, and it shall then be in possession of the House, but may be withdrawn at any time before a decision or amendment. 3. When any motion or proposition is made, the question, Will the House now consider it ? shall not be put unless demanded by a member. 4. When a question is under debate no motion shall be received but to fix the day to which the House shall adjourn, to adjourn, to take a recess, to lay on the table, for the previous question (which motions shall be decided with- out debate), to postpone to a day certain, to refer or amend, or to postpone indefinitely, which several motions shall have precedence in the foregoing order; and no motion to postpone to a day certain, to refer, or to postpone indefinitely, being decided, shall be again allowed on the same day at the same stage of the question. RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. Ill 5. A motion to fix the day to which the House shall adjourn, a motion to adjourn, and to take a recess shall always be in order, and the hour at which the House adjourns shall be entered on the journal. 6. On the demand of any member, before the question is put, a question shall be divided if it include propositions so distinct in substance that one be- ing taken away a substantive proposition shall remain. 7. A motion to strike out and insert is indivisible, but a motion to strike out being lost shall neither preclude amendment nor motion to strike out and insert; and no motion or proposition on a subject different from that under consideration shall be admitted under color of amendment. 8. Pending a motion to suspend the rules the Speaker may entertain one motion that the House adjourn; but after the result thereon is announced he shall not entertain any other dilatory motion till the vote is taken on suspen- sion. 9. At any time after the expiration of the morning hour it shall be in order to move that the House resolve itself into the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union for the purpose of considering bills raising revenue, or general appropriation bills. Rule XVII. PREVIOUS QUESTION. 1. There shall be a motion for the previous question, which, being ordered by a majority of members present, if a quorum, shall have the effect to cut off all debate and bring the House to a direct vote upon the immediate ques- tion or questions on which it has been asked and ordered. The previous question may be asked and ordered upon a single motion, a series of motions allowable under the rules, or an amendment or amendments, or may be made to embrace all authorized motions or amendments and include the bill to its engrossment and third reading, and then, on renewal and second of said mo- tion, to its passage or rejection. It shall be in order, pending the motion for or after the previous question shall have been ordered on its passage, for the Speaker to entertain and submit a motion to commit, with or without instruc- tions, to a standing or select committee; and a motion to lay upon the table shall be in order on the second and third reading of a bill. 2. A call of the House shall not be in order after the previous question is ordered, unless it shall appear upon an actual count by the Speaker that a quorum is not present. 3. All incidental questions of order arising after a motion is made for the previous question and pending such motion, shall be decided, whether on appeal or otherwise, without debate. Rule XVIII. RECONSIDERATION. 1. When a motion has been made and carried or lost, it shall be in order for any member of the majority, on the same or succeeding day, to move for the reconsideration thereof, and such motion shall take precedence of all other questions except the consideration of a conference report, a motion to fix the day to which the House shall adjourn, to adjourn, or to take a recess. and shall not be withdrawn after the said succeeding day without the consent of the House, and thereafter any member may call it up for consideration : Provided, That such motion, if made during the last six days of a session, shall be disposed of when made. 112 RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 2. No bill, petition, memorial, or resolution referred to a committee, or reported therefrom for printing and recommitment, shall be brought back into the House on a motion to reconsider; and all bills, petitions, memorials, or resolutions reported from a committee shall be accompanied by reports in writing, which shall be printed. Rule XIX. OF AMENDMENTS. When a motion or proposition is under consideration, a motion to amend and a motion to amend that amendment shall be in order, and it shall also be in order to offer a further amendment by way of substitute, to which one amendment may be offered, but which shall not be voted on until the original matter is perfected, but either may be withdrawn before amendment or decis- ion is had thereon. Rule XX. OF AMENDMENTS OF THE SENATE. Any amendment of the Senate to any House bill shall be subject to the point of order that it shall first be considered in the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union if, originating in the House, it would be subject to that point. Rule XXI. 1. Bills and joint resolutions on their passage shall be read the first time by title and the second time in full, when, if the previous question is ordered, the Speaker shall state the question to be: Shall the bill be engrossed and read a third time? and if decided in the affirmative, it shall be read the third time by title, unless the reading in full is demanded by a member, and the question shall then be put upon its passage. 2. No appropriation shall be reported in any general appropriation bill, or be in order as an amendment thereto, for any expenditure not previously au- thorized by law, unless in continuation of appropriations for such public works and objects as are already in progress. Nor shall any provision in any such bill or amendment thereto changing existing law be in order, except such as, being germane to the subject-matter of the bill, shall retrench expen- ditures by the reduction of the number and salary of the officers of the United States, by the reduction of the compensation of any person paid out of the Treasury of the United States, or by the reduction of amounts of money cov- ered by the bill: Provided, That it shall be in order further to amend such bill upon the report of the committee having jurisdiction of the subject- matter of such amendment, which amendment, being germane to the sub- ject-matter of the bill, shall retrench expenditures. 3. All bills for improvements of rivers and harbors, and all bills of a pri- vate nature, shall be delivered to the Clerk, as in the case of memorials and petitions, for reference to appropriate committees. 4. No bill for the payment or adjudication of any private claim against the government shall be referred, except by unanimous consent, to any other than the following-named committees, viz.: To the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to the Committee on Pensions, to the Committee on Claims, to the Committee on War Claims, to the Committee on Private Land Claims, and to the Committee on Accounts. RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 113 Rule XXII. OP PETITIONS, MEMORIALS, BILLS, AND RESOLUTIONS. 1. Members having petitions or memorials or bills of a private nature to present may deliver them to the Clerk, indorsing their names and the refer- ence or disposition to be made thereof; and said petitions and memorials and bills of a private nature, except such as, in the judgment of the Speaker, are of an obscene or insulting character, shall be entered on the journal with the names of the members presenting them, and the Clerk shall furnish a tran- script of such entry to the official reporters of debates for publication iu the Record. 2. Any petition or memorial or private bill excluded under this ride shall be returned to the member from whom it was received ; and petitions and private bills which have been inappropriately referred may, by direction of the committee having possession of the same, be properly referred in the manner originally presented; and an erroneous reference of a petition or pri- vate bill under this clause shall not confer jurisdiction upon the committee to consider or report the same. 3. All other bills, memorials, and resolutions, may in like manner be de- livered, indorsed with the names of members introducing them, to the Speaker, to be by him referred, and the titles and references thereof shall be entered on the journal and printed in the Record of the next day, and cor- rection in case of error of reference may be made by the House in accordance with Rule XI within three days immediately after the reading of the jour- nal, by unanimous consent, or on motion of a committee claiming jurisdic- tion, or on the report of the committee to which the bill has been erroneously referred. 4. All resolutions of inquiry addressed to the heads of Executive Depart- ments shall be reported to the House within one week after presentation. Rule XXIII. OF COMMITTEES OF THE WHOLE HOUSE. 1. In all cases,in forming a Committee of the Whole House, the Speaker shall leave his chair after appointing a Chairman to preside, who shall, in case of disturbance or disorderly conduct in the galleries or lobby, have power to cause the same to be cleared. 2. Whenever a Committee of the Whole House finds itself without a quo- rum,, the Chairman shall cause the roll to be called, and thereupon the com- mittee shall rise, and the Chairman shall report the names of the absentees to the House, which shall be entered on the journal; but if on such call a quo- rum shall appear, the committee shall thereupon resume its sitting without further order of the House. 3. All motions or propositions involving a tax or charge upon the people; all proceedings touching appropriations of money, or bills making appro- priations of money or property, or requiring such appropriation to be made, or authorizing payments out of appropriations already made, or releasing any liability to the United States for money or property, shall be first considered in a Committee of the Whole, and a point of order under this rule shall be good at any time before the consideration of a bill has commenced. 4. In Committees of the Whole House, business on their calendars shall be taken up in regular order, except bills for raising revenue, general appro- priation bills, and bills for the improvement of rivers and harbors, which shall have precedence, and when objection is made to passing over any bill or proposition, the committee shall thereupon rise and report such objection ]14 RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. to the House, which shall decide, without debate, whether such bill or prop- osition shall be considered or laid aside for the present; whereupon the com- mittee shall resume its sitting without further order of the House. 5. When general debate is closed by order of the House, any member shall be allowed five minutes to explain any amendment he may offer, after winch the member who shall first obtain the floor shall be allowed to speak five minutes in opposition to it, and there shall be no further debate thereon; but the same privilege of debate shall be allowed in favor of and against any amendment that maybe offered to an amendment; and neither an amend- ment nor an amendment to an amendment shall be withdrawn by the mover thereof unless by the unanimous consent of the committee. 6. The House may, by the vote of the majority of the members present, at any time after the five minutes' debate has begun upon proposed amend- ments to any section or paragraph to a bill, close all debate upon such section or paragraph, or, at its election, upon the pending amendments only (which motion shall be decided without, debate); but this shall not preclude further amendment, to be decided without debate. 7. A motion to strike out the enacting words of a bill shall have prece- dence of a motion to amend; and, if carried, shall be considered equivalent to its rejection. Whenever a bill is reported from a Committee of the Whole with an adverse recommendation, and such recommendation is disagreed to by the House, the bill shall stand recommitted to the said committee without further action by the House. But before the question of concurrence is sub- mitted, it is in order to entertain a motion to refer the bill to any committee, with or without instructions, and when the same is again reported to the House it shall be referred to the Committee of the Whole without debate. 8. The rules of proceeding in the House shall be observed in Committees of the Whole House so far as they may be applicable. Rule XXIV. OKDER OF BUSINESS. 1. After the journal is read and approved each day, the Speaker shall lay before the House, for reference, messages from the President, reports and communications from the heads of Departments, and other communications addressed to the House, and also such bills, resolutions, and other messages from the Senate as may have been received on previous days, but no such message, report, communication, bill, or resolution shall be printed except by order of the Speaker of the House; and House bills with Senate amend- ments which do not require consideration in Committee of the Whole may be at once disposed of as the House may determine. 2. On all days other than the first and third Mondays in each mouth as soon as the business on the Speaker's table has been disposed of, there shall be a morning hour for reports from committees, which shall be appropriately referred and printed, and a copy thereof mailed by the Public Printer to each member and delegate, if requested in writing by the member or delegate; and the Speaker shall call upon each standing committee in regular order and then upon the select committees; and if the whole of the hour is not con- sumed by this call, then it shall be in order to proceed to the consideration of other business as hereinafter provided; but if he shall not complete the call within the hour, he shall resume it in the succeeding morning hour where he left off. 3. The morning hour for the call of committees shall not be dispensed with except by a vote of two-thirds of those present and voting thereon. 4. After the morning hour shall have been devoted to reports from com- mittees (or the call completed), the Speaker shall again call the committees KULES, HOUSE OE REPRESENTATIVES. 115 in regular order for one hour, upon which call each committee, on being named, shall have the right to call up for consideration any bill reported by it on a previous day, on either the House or Union Calendar. And whenever any committee shall have occupied the said hour for one day, it shall not be in order for such committee to designate any other proposition for considera- tion until all the other committees shall have been called in their turn; and when any proposition shall have occupied two hours on this call it shall there- after remain on the Calendar as unfinished business and be taken up in its order: Provided, That when the hour herein prescribed shall expire wbile the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union is considering a bill, the said committee shall rise without motion therefor. 5. After the hour under the preceding clause shall have been occupied, it shall be in order to proceed to the consideration of the unfinished business in which the House may have been engaged at an adjournment, and at the same time each day thereafter, other than the first and third Mondays, until disposed of; and it shall be in order to proceed to the consideration of all other unfinished business whenever the class of business to which it belongs shall be in order. 6. Unfinished business, if any, having been disposed of, motions shall be in order as follows: First. That the House resolve itself into the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union to consider, first, bills raising revenue and general appropriation bills, and then other business on its Calendar. Second. To proceed to the consideration of business on the House Calendar. Third. On Friday of each week, after the morning hour, it shall be in order to entertain a motion that the House resolve itself into the Committee of the Whole House to consider business on the Private Calendar; and if this fail, then public business shall be in order as on other days. Rule XXV. PRIORITY OF BUSINESS. All questions relating to the priority of business shall be decided by a majority without debate. Rule XXVI. PRIVATE AND DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA BUSINESS. 1. Friday in every week shall be set apart for the consideration of private business, unless otherwise determined by the House. 2. The second and fourth Mondays in each month shall, when claimed by the Committee on the District of Columbia, be set apart for the consid< -ra- tion of such business as may be presented by said committee. 3. Every Friday, unless otherwise ordered by the House, there shall be a session of the House, to begin at 8 o'clock p. m., and to terminate at hall- past 10 o'clock p. m., to consider and dispose of bills to remove political dis- abilities of individuals and private bills reported by the Committee on Pen- sions and the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Rule XXVII. UNFINISHED BUSINESS OF THE SESSION. After six days from the commencement of a second or a subsequent ses- sion of any Congress, all bills, resolutions, and reports which originated in the House, and remained undetermined at the close of the last preceding session, 116 RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. shall be in order for action, and all business before committees of the House at the end of one session shall be resumed at the commencement of the next session of the same Congress in the same manner as if no adjournment had taken place. Rule XXVIII. CHANGE OR SUSPENSION OF RULES. 1. No standing rule or order of the House shall be rescinded or changed without one day's notice of the motion therefor, and no rule shall be sus- pended except by a vote of two-thirds of the members present, nor shall the Speaker entertain a motion to suspend the rules except on the first and third Mondays of each month, preference being given on the first Monday to indi- viduals and on the third Monday to committees, and during the last six days of a session. 2. All motions to suspend the rules shall, before being submitted to the House, be seconded by a majority by tellers, if demanded. 3. When a motion to suspend the rules has been seconded, it shall be in order, before the final vote is taken thereon, to debate the proposition to be voted upon for thirty minutes, one-half of such time to be given to debate in favor of, and one-half to debate in opposition to, such proposition, and the same right of debate shall be allowed whenever the previous question has been ordered on any proposition on which there has been no debate. Rule XXIX. CONFERENCE REPORTS. The presentation of reports of committees of conference shall always be in order, except when the journal is being read, while the roll is being called, or the House is dividing on any proposition. And there shall accompany every such report a detailed statement sufficiently explicit to inform the House what effect such amendments or propositions will have upon the measures to which they relate. Rule XXX. SECRET SESSION. Whenever confidential communications are received from the President of the United States, or whenever the Speaker or any member shall inform the House that he has communications which he believes ought to be kept secret for the present, the House shall be cleared of all persons except the members and officers thereof, and so continue during the reading of such communica- tions, the debates and proceedings thereon, unless otherwise ordered by the House. Rule XXXI. READING OF PAPERS. When the reading of a paper other than one upon which the House is called to give a final vote is demanded, and the same is objected to by any member, it shall be determined without debate by a vote of the House. Rule XXXII. DRAWING OF SEATS. 1. At the commencement of each Congress, immediately after the mem- bers and delegates are sworn in, the Clerk shall place in a box, prepared for RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 11? that purpose, a number of small balls of marble or other material equal to the number of members and delegates, which balls shall be consecutively numbered and thoroughly intermingled, and at such hour as shall be fixed by the House for that purpose, by the hands of a page, draw said balls one by one from the box and announce the number as it is drawn, upon which announcement the member or delegate whose name on a numbered alphabet- ical list shall correspond with the number on the ball shall advance and choose his seat for the term for which he is elected. 2. Before said drawing shall commence each seat shall be vacated and so remain until selected under this rule, and any seat having been selected shall be deemed forfeited if left unoccupied before the call of the roll is fin- ished, and whenever the seats of members and delegates shall have been drawn, no proposition for a second drawing shall be in order during that Congress. Rule XXXIII. HALL OF THE HOUSE. The hall of the House shall be used only for the legislative business of the House, and for the caucus meetings of its members, except upon occasions where the House by resolution agree to take part in any ceremonies to be ob- served therein ; and the Speaker shall not entertain a motion for the suspen- sion of this rule. Rule XXXIV. OP ADMISSION TO THE FLOOR. The persons hereinafter named, and none other, shall be admitted to the hall of the House or rooms leading thereto, viz: The President and Vice- President of the United States and their private secretaries, judges of the Supreme Court, members of Congress and members-elect, contestants in election cases during the pendency of their cases in the House, the Secretary and Sergeant-at-Arms of the Senate, heads of Departments, foreign ministers, governors of States, the Architect of the Capitol, the Librarian of Congress and his assistant in charge of the Law Library, such persons as have, by name, received the thanks of Congress, ex-members of the House of Repre- sentatives who are not interested in any claim or bill peuding before Con- gress, and clerks of committees, when business from their committee is under consideration ; and it shall not be in order for the Speaker to entertain a request for the suspension of this rule or to present from the Chair the request of any member for unanimous consent. Rule XXXV. OF ADMISSION TO THE GALLERIES. The Speaker shall set aside a portion of the west gallery for the use of the President of the United States, the members of his Cabinet, justices of the Supreme Court, foreign ministers and suites, and the members of their respective families, and shall also set aside another portion of the same gal- lery for the accommodation of persons to be admitted on the card of mem- bers. The southerly half of the east gallery shall be assigned exclusively for the use of the families of members of Congress, in which the Speaker shall control one bench, and on request of a member the Speaker shall issue a card of admission to his family, which shall include their visitors, and no other person shall be admitted to this section. 118 EULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. Rule XXXVI. OFFICIAL AND OTHER REPORTERS. 1. The appointment and removal, for cause, of the official reporters of the House, including stenographers of committees, and the manner of the execution of their duties, shall be vested in the Speaker. 2. Stenographers and reporters, other than the official reporters of the House, wishing to take down the debates and proceedings, may be admitted by the Speaker to the reporters' gallery over the Speaker's chair, under such regulations as he may, from time to time, prescribe; and he may assign seats on the floor to a representative of both the Associated and the United Press Associations, and may admit to the privileges of the floor an assistant to each of such representatives. Rule XXXVII. PAT OF "WITNESSES. The rule for paying witnesses subpoenaed to appear before the House, or any of its committees, shall be as follows : For each day a witness shall attend, the sum of two dollars; for each mile he shall travel in coming to or going from the place of examination, the sum of five cents each way; but nothing shall be paid for traveling when the witness has been summoned at the place of trial. Rule XXXVIII. 1. The clerks of the several committees of the House shall, within three days after the final adjournment of a Congress, deliver to the clerk of the House all bills, joint resolutions, petitions, and other papers referred to the committee, together with all evidence taken by such committee under the order of the House during the said Congress, and not reported to the House; and in the event of the failure or neglect of any clerk of a committee to com- ply with this rule, the Clerk of the House shall, within three days thereafter, take into his keeping all such papers and testimony. Rule XXXIX. WITHDRAWAL OF PAPERS. No memorial or other paper presented to the House shall be withdrawn from its files without its leave, and if withdrawn therefrom, certified copies 1 hereof shall be left in the office of the Clerk; but when an act may pass for the settlement of a claim, the Clerk is authorized to transmit to the officer charged with the settlement thereof the papers on file in his offiee relating to such claim, or may loan temporarily to any officer or Bureau of the Execu- tive Departments any papers on file in his office relating to any matter pend- ing before such officer or Bureau, taking proper receipt therefor. Rule XL. In all other cases of ballot than for committees, a majority of the votes given shall be necessary to an election, and where there shall not be such a majority on the first ballot, the ballots shall be repeated until a majority be obtained; and in all balloting blanks shall be rejected and not taken into the count in enumeration of votes or reported by the tellers. RULES, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 119 Rule XLI. MESSAGES. Messages received from the Senate and the President of the United States, giving notice of bills passed or approved, shall be entered in the journal and published in the record of that day's proceedings. Rule XLII. EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS. Estimates of appropriations, and all other communications from the Ex- ecutive Departments, intended for the consideration of any committees of the House, shall be addressed to the Speaker and by him submitted to the House for reference. Rule XLIII. QUALIFICATIONS OF OFFICERS AND EMPLOYES. No person shall be an officer of the House, or continue in its employment, who shall be an agent for the prosecution of any claim against the govern- ment, or be interested in such claim otherwise than as an original claimant; and it shall be the duty of the Committee on Accounts to inquire into and leport to the House any violation of this rule. Rule XLIV. jefferson's manual. The rules of parliamentary practice comprised in Jefferson's Manual shall govern the House in all cases to which they are applicable and in which they are not inconsistent with the standing rules and orders of the House and joint rules of the Senate and House of Representatives. Rule XLV. RULES OF THE HOUSE. These rules shall be the rules of the House of Representatives of the pres- ent and succeeding Congresses unless otherwise ordered. Rule XLVI. AS TO PRINTING BILLS. There shall be printed 500 copies of each bill of a public nature, of which 25 shall be deposited in the office of the Clerk of the House, 100 copies shall be delivered to the Senate document room, and the remainder shall be depos- ited in the document room of the House for the use of members; and there shall be printed 100 copies of each private bill and bills relating to rivers and harbors, of which 25 copies shall be delivered to the Senate document room, and the remainder shall be deposited in the document room of the House for the use of members. Motions to print additional numbers of any bill, report, resolution, or other public document, shall be referred to the Committee on Printing; and the report of the committee thereon shall be accompanied by an estimate of the probable cost thereof. Unless ordered by the House no bill, resolution, or other proposition reported by a committee shall be reprinted unless the same be placed upon the Calendar. Rule XLVII. PROPOSITIONS INTRODUCED "BY REQUEST." When a bill, resolution, or memorial is introduced "by request" these words shall be entered upon the journal. SUPREME COURT DECISION. AFFECTING THE RULES OF THE FIFTY-FIRST CONGRESS. {Handed down February 29, 1892.) Supreme Court of the United States. No. 1061. October term, 1891. The United States, appellant, vs. Ballin, Joseph & Co. Appeal from the circuit court of the United States for the southern district of New York. In July, 1890, the appellees imported into New York certain goods, which they claimed to be dutiable as manufactures of worsted at the rate described in Schedule K of the act of March 3, 1883 (22 Statutes, 509). The collector assessed them at the rate prescribed in that schedule as manufactures of wool (22 Statutes, 508). This he did by reason of an act claimed to have been passed by Congress in 1890, as follows: "Chapter 200. — An act providing for the classification of worsted cloths as woolens. "Be it enacted, etc., That the Secretary of the Treasury be, and' he hereby is, authorized and directed to classify as woolen cloths all imports of worsted cloth, whether known under the name of worsted cloth or under the names of worsteds, or diagonals, or otherwise. " Approved May 9, 1890." (26 Statutes, 105.) The board of general appraisers found these facts: "1. That the goods in question are worsted, and not woolen goods. " 2. That the Secretary of the Treasury never examined or classified the goods in question. "3. That the journal of the House of Representatives shows the facts attending the passage of the act of May 9, 1890, thus: " The Speaker laid before the House the bill of the House (H. R. 9548) providing for the classification of worsted cloths as woolens, coming over from last night as unfinished business, with the previous question and the yeas and nays ordered. " The House having proceeded to the consideration and the question being put "Shall the bill pass? "There appeared "Yeas— 138. "Nays— 0. " Not voting— 189. ' ' The said roll-call having been recapitulated, the Speaker announced, from a list noted and furnished by the Clerk, at the suggestion of the Speaker, the following-named members as present in the hall when their names were called, and not voting, viz. : " [Here follows an alphabetical list of the names of 74 members.] ' ' The Speaker thereupon stated that the said members present and refus- ing to vote (74 in number), together with those recorded as voting (138 in number), showed a total of 212 members present, constituting a quorum present to do business; and that, the yeas being 138 and the nays none, the said bill was passed." On appeal, the circuit court of the United States for the southern district of New York sustained the claim of the importers and reversed the decision of the collector, from which judgment the United States appealed to this court. 120 SUPEEME COUET DECISION. 121 [February 29, 1892.] Mr. Justice Brewer delivered the opinion of the court. Two questions only are presented: First, was the act of May 9, 1890, legally passed ? and second, what is its meaning ? The first is the important question. The enrolled bill is found in the proper office, that of the Secretary of State, authenticated and approved in the customary and legal form. There is nothing on the face of it to suggest any invalidity. Is there anything in the facts disclosed by the journal of the House, as found by the general ap- praisers, which vitiates it ? We are not unmindful of the general observa- tions found in Gardiner vs. The Collector (G Wall., 499,511), "that whenever a question arises in a court of law of the existence of a statute, or of the time when a statute took effect, or of the precise terms of a statute, the judges who are called upon to decide it have a right to resort to any source of infor- mation which in its nature is capable of conveying to the judicial mind a clear and satisfactory answer to such question, always seeking first for that which in its nature is most appropriate, unless the positive law has enacted a different rule." And we have at the present term, in the cases of Field et al. vs. The United States, had occasion to consider the subject of an appeal to the journal in a disputed matter of this nature. It is unnecessary to add anything here to that general discussion. The Constitution (Article I., section 5) provides that "each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings ; " and that "the yeas and nays of the members of either House, on any question, shall, at the de- sire of one-fifth of those present be entered on the journal." Assuming that by reason of this latter clause, reference may be had to the journal to see whether the yeas and nays were ordered, and if so, what was the vote dis- closed thereby; and assuming, though without deciding, that the facts which the Constitution requires to be placed on the journal may be appealed to on the question whether a law has been legally enacted, yet,'if reference may be had to such journal, it must be assumed to speak the truth. It can not be that we can. refer to the journal for the purpose of impeaching a statute properly authenticated and approved, and then supplement and strengthen this impeachment by parol evidence that the fcicts stated on the journal are not true, or that other facts existed which, if stated on the journal, would give force to the impeachment. If it be suggested that the Speaker might have made a mistake as to some one or more of these 74 members, or that the Clerk may have falsified the journal in entering therein a record of their presence, it is equally possible that in reference to a roll-call and the yeas and nays there should be a like mistake or falsification. The possibility of such inaccuracy or falsehood only suggests the unreliability of the evidence and the danger of appealing to it to overthrow that furnished by the bill enrolled and authenticated by the sig- natures of the presiding officers of the two Houses and the President of the United States. The facts, then, as appearing from this journal, are that at the time of the roll-call there were present 212 members of the House, more than a quorum; and that 138 voted in favor of the bill, which was a majority of those present. The Constitution, in the same section, provides that " each House may determine the rules of its proceedings." It appears that in pur- suance of this authority the House had, prior to this day, passed this as one of its rules: "3. On the demand of any member, or at the suggestion of the Speaker, the names of members sufficient to make a quorum in the Hall of the House who do not vote shall be noted by the Clerk and recorded in the journal, and reported to the Speaker with the names of the members voting, and be counted and announced in determining the presence of a quorum to do busi- ness." (House Journal, 230, February 14, 1890.) llB 122 SUPREME COURT DECISION'. The action taken was in direct compliance with this rule. The question, therefore, is as to the validity of this rule, and not what methods the Speaker may of his own motion resort to for determining the presence of a quorum, nor what matters the Speaker or Clerk may of their own volition place upon the journal. Neither do the advantages or disadvantages, the wisdom or folly, of such a rule present any matters for judicial consideration. With the courts the question is only one of power. The Constitution empowers each House to determine rules of proceeding. It may not hy its rules ignore constitutional restraints or violate fundamental rights, and there should be a reasonable relation between the mode or method of proceeding established by the rule and the result which is sought to be attained. But within these limitations all matters of method are open to the determination of the House, and it is no impeachment of the rule to say that some other way would be better, more accurate, or even more just. It is no objection to the validity of a rule that a different one has been prescribed and in force for a length of time. The power to make rules is not one which once exercised is exhausted. It is a continuous power, always subject to be exercised by the House, and, within the limitations suggested, absolute and beyond the challenge of any other body or tribunal. The Constitution provides that ' ' a majority of each [House] shall consti- tute a quorum to do business." In other words, when a majority are present the House is in a position to do business. Its capacity to transact business is then established, created by the mere presence of a majority, and does not depend upon the disposition or assent or action of any single member or fraction of the majority present. All that the Constitution requires is the presence of a majority, and when the majority are present the power of the House arises. But how shall the presence of a majority be determined ? The Constitu- tion has prescribed no method of making this determination, and it is there- fore within the competency of the House to prescribe any method which shall lie reasonably certain to ascertain the fact. It may prescribe answer to roll-call as the only method of determination ; or require the passage of mem- bers between tellers, and their count as the sole test; or the count of the Speaker or the Clerk, and an announcement from the desk of the names of those who are present. Any one of these methods, it must be conceded, is reasonably certain of ascertaining the fact, and as there is no constitutional method prescribed, and no constitutional inhibition of any of these, and no violation of funda- mental rights in either, it follows that the House may adopt either or all, or it may provide for a combination of any two of the methods. That was done by the rule in question; and all that that rule attempts to do is to pre- scribe a method for ascertaining the presence of a majority, and thus estab- lishing the fact that the House is in a condition to transact business. As appears from the journal, at the time the bill passed the House there was present a majority, a quorum, and the House was authorized to transact any and all business. It was in a condition to act on the bill if it desired; and the other branch of the question is whether, a quorum being present, the bill received a sufficient number of votes; and here the general rule of all parliamentary bodies is that when a quorum is present the act of a ma- jority of the quorum is the act of the body. This has been the rule for all time, except so far as in any given case the terms of the organic act under which the body is assembled have prescribed specific limitations, as, for instance, in those States where the Constitution provides that a majority of all the members elected to either House shall be necessary for the passage of any bill. No such limitation is found in the Federal Constitution, and there- fore the general law of such bodies obtains. It is true that most of the decisions touching this question have been in SUPREME COURT DECISION". 123 respect to the actions of trustees and directors of a private corporation, or of the minor legislative bodies which represent and act for cities and other municipal corporations, but the principle is the same. Those are legislative bodies representing larger constituencies. Power is not vested in anyone individual, but in the aggregate of the members which compose the body, and its action is not the action of any separate member or number of mem- bers, but the action of the body as a whole, and the question which has over and over again been raised is, what is necessary to constitute the official action of this legislative and representative body ? In Rex vs. Monday (2 Cowp., 530, 538) Lord Mansfield said: " I will take it for granted that a ma- jority of the mayor and aldermen for the time being was sufficient to consti- tute the corporate assembly; and the fact found by the special verdict is that the majority of those in being did meet. When the assembly are duly met I take it to be clear law that the corporate act may be done by the majority of those who have once regularly constituted the meeting. In 5th Dane's Abridgment, page 150, the rule is thus stated: "When a corporation is composed of a definite number, and an integral part of it is re- quired to vote in an election, a majority of such integral definite part must attend, aliter there is no elective assembly, but a majority of those present when legally met will bind the rest." In 1 Dillon's Municipal Corporations (fourth edition), section 283, the rule is thus stated: " And, as a general rule, it may be stated that not only where the corporate power resides in a select body, as a city council, but where it has been delegated to a committee or to agents, then, in the absence of special provisions otherwise, a minority of the select body, or of the committee or agents, are powerless to bind the ma- jority or do any valid act. If all the members of the select body or commit- tee, or if all the agents are assembled, or if all have been duly notified, and the minority refuse or neglect to meet with the others, a majority of those present may act, provided those present constitute a majority of the whole number. In other words, in such case a major part of the whole is necessary to constitute a quorum, and a majority of the quorum may act. If the maj< >r part withdraw, so as to leave no quorum, the power of the minority to act is in general considered to cease." "This declaration has been quoted approvingly by this court in the case of Brown vs. The District of Columbia (127 E. S. 579, 586). In 2 Kent's Com- mentaries, 293, the author draws a distinction between what is necessarily a meeting of a representative and a constituent body in these words: "There is a distinction taken between a corporate act to be done by a select and def- inite body, as by a board of directors, and one to be performed by the con- stituent members. In the latter case a majority of those who appear may act; but in the former, a majority of the definite body must be present, and then a majority of the quorum may decide." In Horr & Bemis's recent work on Municipal Police Ordinances, 42, the authors observe: "Those who are present and help to make up the quorum are expected to vote on every ques- tion, and their presence alone is enough to make the vote decisive and bind- ing, whether they actually vote or not. The objects of legislation can not be defeated by the refusal of any one to vote when present. If eighteen are present and nine vote, all in the affirmative, the measure is carried, the re- fusal of the other nine to vote being constnied as a vote in the affirmative, so far as any construction is necessary." See also Ex parte Willcocks (7 ( Jowen, 402); Commonwealth vs. Green (4 Wharton, 531); State vs. Green (37 O. S., 327); Launtz vs. The People (113 111., 137); Gas Company vs. Rushville (121 Ind., 206); Gosling vs. Veley (7 A. & E., 406); S. C. (4 H. of L. Cases, 679). In State vs. Deliesseline (1 McCord, 52) it is said: "For, according to the principle of all the cases referred to, a quorum possesses all the powers of the whole body; a majority of which quorum must of course govern. * * * The constitutions of this State and the United 124 SUPREME COURT DECISION. States declare that a majority shall he a quorum to do business: but a ma- jority of that quorum are sufficient to decide the most important question." In Wells vs. Railway Company (19 N. J. Eq., 402) we find this language: "A majority of the directors of a corporation, in the absence of any regu- lation in the charter, is a quorum, and the majority of such quorum when convened can do any act within the power of the directors." And in Attorney-General vs. Shepard (62 N. H., 383, 384) the question was whether an amendment to a city charter had been properly adopted by the board of aldermen. All the members of the board were present but one. The ordinance was duly read and put to a vote, and declared by the chair to be passed. The yeas and nays were then called; three voted in the affirma- tive, three refused to vote, and the chair declared the ordinance passed. The court held, Chief Justice Doe delivering the opinion, that the amend- ment to the charter was legally adopted by the board of aldermen. He said: " The exercise of lawmaking power is not stopped by the mere silence and inaction of some of the lawmakers who are present. An arbitrary, technical, and exclusive method of ascertaining whether a quorum is present, operat- ing to prevent the performance of official duty and obstruct the business of government, is no part of our common law. The statute requiring the pres- ence of four aldermen does not mean that in the presence of four a majority of the votes cast may not be enough. The journal properly shows how many members were there when the vote was taken by yeas and nays; there was no difficulty in ascertaining and recording the fact; and the requirement of a quorum at that time was not intended to furnish a means of suspending the legislative power and duty of a quorum. No illegality appears in the adoption of the amendment." Summing up this matter, this law is found in the Secretary of the Treas- ury's office, properly authenticated. If we appeal to the journal of the House, we find that a majority of its members were present when the bill passed, a majority creating by the Constitution a quorum, with authority to act upon any measure; that the presence of that quorum was determined in accord- ance with a reasonable and valid rule theretofore adopted by the House; and of that quorum a majority voted in favor of the bill. It therefore legally passed the House, and the law as found in the office of the Secretary of State is beyond challenge. With reference to the other question: The opinion of the circuit court seemed to be that the act cast upon the Secretary of the Treasury a special duty of classification in all cases of the import of worsted cloths, and that unless he so acted in any particular case the duty remained as it was prior to the passage of the act. We quote its language: " This act proceeds on an entirely novel theory. It provides expressly for a classification in direct nonconformity to the facts. It authorizes an officer of the government who may find an import to be in fact an article which under the tariff laws pays one rate of duty, to call it something else which it is not, in order to enable the revenue officers to levy upon it a rate of duty whicb that other article, which it is not, pays. * * * I do not mean by that to suggest for one moment that under the phraseology of this act it is the duty of the Secretary of the Treasury to himself examine the packages of goods, to handle or see their contents; but having been informed and ad- vised as to the facts in the same way in which he is informed and advised upon any facts upon which he is required to pass, by the examination and report of such trustworthy subordinates as he may select, the final classifica- tion of the particular articles is one to be made by him. " We do not so construe the act. We understand it rather as a declaration by Congress as to the construction to be placed upon that portion of the act of 1883 which refers to imported woolen cloths. It was an act suggested by the contest then pending in the courts, and which was finally decided ad- SUPEEME COUET DECISION". 125 yersely to the government, in the case of Seeberger vs. Cahn (137 U. S., 95), in which it was held by this court that " cloths popularly known as 'diagon- als,' and known in trade as ' worsteds,' and composed mainly of worsted, but with a small proportion of shoddy and of cotton, are subject to duty 'as a manufacture of worsted, and not as a manufacture of wool, under the act of March 3, 1883, c. 121." The form of expression used in the act may be novel, but the intent of Congress is quite clear. Recognizing the fact that the Secre- tary of the Treasury is the head of the financial department of the govern- ment, that to him, as its chief administrative official, is given the supervision of the tariff and all the collections thereunder, it directs him to classify all worsted cloths as woolen cloths, and it gives to him no discretion. He may not classify some worsteds as woolens and others as not. There is given no choice or selection, but it is the imperative direction of Congress to him, as the chief administrative officer in the collection of duties, to place all worsted cloths, by whatever name properly known or known to the trade, within the category of woolen cloths, and, of course, if placed within that category, or, using the familiar language of the tariff, " classified as woolen cloths, " subject to the duty imposed on such cloths. If action were necessary by the Secretary of the Treasury to put this act into force, which we think is not, such action was taken by the circular letter of May 5, 1890, from the Treasury Department to all customs officers, publishing the act for the information and guidance of the public. Our conclusion, therefore, is that the act was legally passed; that by its own terms, and irrespective of any action by the Secretary of the Treasury, the duties on worsted cloths were to be such as placed by the act of 1883 on woolen cloths. The judgment of the circuit court will be reversed and the case remanded for further proceedings, in accordance with this opinion. STATEMENT OF OUTSTANDING PRINCIPAL OF THE PUBLIC DEBT OF THE UNITED STATES ON THE 1st OF JANUARY OF EACH YEAR FROM 1791 TO 1843, INCLUSIVE, AND ON THE 1st OF JULY OF EACH YEAR FROM 1843 TO 1891, INCLUSIVE. Year. Jan. 1,1791. 1792. 1793. 1794. 1795. 1796. 1797. 1798. 1799. 1800. 1801. 1802. 1803. 1804. 1805. 1806. 1807. 1808. 1809. 1810. 1811. 1812. 1813. 1814 1815. 1816. 1817. 1818. 1819. 1820. 1821. 1822. 1823. 1824. 1825. 1826. 1827. 1828. 1829. 1830. 1831. 1832. 1833 1834. 1835. 1836. 1837. 1838. 1839. 1840. 1841. $75. 80^ 78, 80. 83, 82, 79, 78. 82. 83. 80. 8o! 82. 75. 69. 65. 57. 53, 48, 45. 55 81. 99. 127. 123. 103. 95, 91, 89, 93, 90. 90. 83, 81. 73. 67. 58. 48, 39, 24, 7. 4. 463,476.52 227,924.66 358,634.04 427,404.77 747,587.39 762,172.07 064,479.33 22S.529.12 408,669.77 976,294.85 038,050.80 712,632.25 054,686.40 427.120.S8 312,150.50 723,270.66 218,398.64 196,317.97 023,192.09 173,217.52 005,587.76 209,737.90 902,827.57 487,846.24 833,660.15 334,933.74 491,965.16 466,6.33.83 529,648.28 015,566.15 987,427.66 546,676.98 875,877.28 269,777.77 788,432.71 054,059.99 987,357.20 475,043.87 421,413.67 565,406.50 123,191.68 322,235.18 001,698.83 760,082.08 37,733.05 37,513.05 336,957.83 ,308,124.07 ,434,221.14 ,573,3 13.82 ,250,875.54 Year. Jan. 1, 1842... 1843... July 1,1843... 1844... 1845... 1846... 1847... 1848 .. 1849... 1850... 1851 . . . 1852.. 1&53... 1854... 1855... 1856 . . 1857... 1858... 1859. . 1860... 1861 . . . 1862... 1863... 1864... 1865... 1866... 1867 . . . 1868... 1869... 1870... 1871 . . . 1872... 1873... 1874... 1875... 1876... 1877... 1878... 1879... 1880... 1881... 1882... 1883... 1884... 1885... 1886... 1887... 1888... 1889... 1890... 1891 . . . $13,594 20,201 32,742 23.461 15,925 15,550 38,826 47,044 63,061 63,452 68,304 66,199 59,803 42,242 35,586, 31,932 38,699. 44,911. 58,496. 64,842, 90,580, 524,176. .119,772. 815,784. 680,647. 773,236. ,07S,126. ,611,687. 588,452, 4SO,072. 353,211. 253,251, 234,482. 251,690, 832,284, 180,395. 2(15,301. 256.205. 349,567. 120,415. 069,013. 918,312. 884,171. 830,528. ,876.424. ,756,445. ,088,229. .705,992. , 640,673, ,585,821. 560,472. ,480.73 ,226.27 ,922.00 ,652.50 ,303.01 202.97 ,531.77 862.23 858.69 773.55 796.02 ,341.71 ,117.70 ,222.42 ,956.56 ,537.90 ,831.85 ,881.03 ,837.88 ,287.88 ,873.72 ,412.13 ,1:38.63 370.57 869.74 173.69 103.87 851.19 213.94 427.81 332.32 328.78 993.20 468.43 531.95 067.15 392.10 892.53 482.04 370.63 ,569.58 994.03 728.(17 923.57 275.14 ,205.78 ,591 .63 320.58 ,340.23 ,048.73 784.61 * In the amount here stated as the outstanding principal of the public debt are included the certificates of deposit outstanding on tin- 30th of June, issued under act of June 8, 1872, for which a like amount in United States notes was on special deposit in the Treasury for their redemption, and added to the cash balance in the Treasury. These certificates, as a matter of accounts, are treated as a part of the public debt, but, Ixmul: oll'sft bv notes held on deposit for their redemption, should properly be de- ducted from the principal of the public debt in making: comparison with former years. t Exclusive of gold, silver, currency certificates, and Treasury notes of 1890, held in the Treasury's cash, and including $64,623,512 bonds issued to the several Pacific railroads. 126 r. r.xi-NCiC' -, } -"■ HSMOHOt-H O i- i- — O X — ■ ~> :* — i ^ r~ !2 ~ r^ £1 i> r: vz £ i" ^ ^ ^- i_ L " 2? '.~ ?T *," *-" ?!; rr ~ * - ~ V. ~ x a i-i icDQHpNan nr -.. ?;. rt F? — — — £>3/.= = = --- -i~z - I -~~--7- — ~ - :-.I/-ij-cci: — r? -• /:>'~'>r> — ■:>'■:> -> — — —. j: x x c-'v; i -.r ■ o o " o i c-^';r-;iti-^ — (■- x j>- c» i- — — x r; i- ■m t- 1- is ■ p © ?* 02 iO p 'i — o tcc^-cx x -? i- cc io i- x rt x »'~ r: r? *. X Q, I '- - ■ +3 <— ^; — ~ ,l o3 >«><0<0£-£>< • ■nSsimSso c — x p p :> r> z\ ~.\ -i ■:> ■:> ■:> Tt ?; ?! 55 T> -> Tt ;; f; ?; •;; ?! ■:» ..- 5 -^ -i -^ '-^ -i -_; ^ -c c i ." . - ;'- ■'- i- i- j- {- t a5xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx = I ;■- 5 o 1 eel ii Is. I er oe le up II. IS % the le on Ml ol t he ein st — § -, ~ - = - - ~ ~ -— - ^ — - — x ■"■ ■-£ = >:=•: = = = teg "-:n;: / = r 5 2-. x5 fc^Jtoo " = "„• -^'-r r>-5 -_ ■- ~ !■ : = ■ - T ;. = t >. i § = - ■§ - ~- r. --■'-- S : -- k - 1 ~ c 1 1 ^ ^ £ 1 ^ — . •_ ■:> 50 5 r - — » O O q> © g 5,8 « " i^.i ri^^; 7i a u|5o clue to< the froi side deb 127 RECEIPTS AND STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS OF THE UNITED STATES FROM MARCH 4, 1789, 30) FROM 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1820 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 ISIS 1849 1850 1851 185! 1853 Balance in the Treasury at commence- ment of year. $973,905.75 783,444.51 753,661.69 1,151,914.17 516,442.61 888.995.42 1,021.899.04 617,451.43 2,161,807.77 2,623,311.99 3,295,391 .00 5,020,697.64 4,825,811.60 4,037,0)5.26 3,999,388.99 4,538,123.80 9,643,850.07 9,941,8011.96 3,848,056.78 2,670,276.57 3,502,305.80 3,862,217.41 5,196,542.00 1,727,484.63 13,106,592.88 22,033,519.19 14,989,465.48 1,478,526.74 2,079,992.38 1,198,461.21 1,681,592.24 4,237,427.55 9,463.922.81 1,946,597.13 5,201,650.43 6,358,686.18 6,668,280.10 5,972,432.81 5,755,704.79 6,014,539.75 4,502,914.45 2,011,777.55 11,702,905.31 8,892,858.42 26,749,803.9(5 46,708,436.00 37,327,252.69 36,891,196.94 33,157,503.68 29,963,163.46 28,685,111.08 30,521,979.44 39,186,284.74 36,742,829.62 36,194,274.81 38,261,050.65 83,079,276.48 20,116,612.1 82,827,082.69 35,871,753.31 40,158,353.25 43,3:38,860.02 Customs. $4,399,473.09 3,443,070.85 4,255,306.56 4,801,065.28 5,588,561.26 • 6,567,987.94 7,549,649.65 7,106,061.93 6,610,449.31 9,080,932.73 10,750,778.93 12,438,235.74 10,479,417.61 11,098,565.33 12,936,487.04 14,667,698.17 15,845,521.61 16,363,550.58 7,256,506.62 8,583,309.31 13,313,222.73 8,958,777.53 13,824,623.25 5,998,772.08 7,282,942.22 36,306,874.88 26,283,348.19 17,176,385.00 20,283,608.76 15,005,612.15 13,004,447.15 17,589,761.94 19,088,433.44 17,878,325.71 20,098.713.45 23,341,331.77 19,712,283.20 23,205,523.64 22,681,965.91 21,922,391.39 24,224,441.77 28,465,237.24 29,032,508.01 16,214,957.15 19,391,310.59 23,409,940.53 11,169,200.39 16,158,81X1.36 23,137,924.81 13,499,502.17 14,187,216.74 18,187,908.76 7,04(5,843.91 26,1&3,570.94 27,528,112.70 26,712,667.87 23,747,864.66 31,757,070.96 28,346,738.82 39,668,686.42 49,017,567.92 47,389,826.62 58,931,865.52 Internal Direct Public Miscel- revenue. tax. lands. laneous. $10,478.10 $208,942.81 337,705.70 274,080.62 9,918.65 21,410.88 53,277.97 337,755.36 475,280.00 28,317.97 $4,836.13 1,169,415.08 575,401.45 644,357.95 779,136.44 83,540.60 11,963.11 399,139.29 58,192.81 86,187.56 809,306.55 $7:34,233.97 443.75 152,712.10 1,048,033.43 534,343.38 167,726.06 345,649.15 621,898.80 206,565.44 188,628.02 1,500,505.86 215,179.69 71,879.20 165,675.60 131,945.44 50,941.29 50,198.44 487,526.79 139,075.53 21,747.15 21,882.91 540,103.80 40,382.30 20,101.45 55,763.86 765,245.73 51,121.86 13,051.40 34,732.56 466,163.27 38,550.42 8,190.23 19,159.21 647,939.0(3 21,822.85 4,034.29 7,517.31 442,252.33 62,162.57 7,430.63 12,448.68 696,548.82 84,476.84 2,295.95 7,666.66 1,040,237.53 59,211.22 4,903.06 859.22 710,427.78 126,165.17 4,755.04 3,805.52 835,655,14 271,571.00 1,662,984.82 2,219,407.36 1,135,971.09 164,398.81 4,678,059.07 2,162,673.41 1,287,959.28 285,282.84 5,124,708.31 4,253,635.09 1,717,085.03 273,782.35 2,678,100.77 1,824,187.04 1,991,226.06 109,761.08 955,270.20 264,333.36 2,606,564.77 57,617.71 229,593.63 83,650.78 3,274,422.78 57,098.42 106,200.53 31,586.82 1,6:35,871.61 61,338.44 69,027.63 29,349.05 1,212,9(56.46 152,589.43 67,625.71 20,961.56 1,803,581.54 452,957.19 34,242.17 10,337.71 916,523.10 141,129.84 34,663.37 6,201.96 984,418.15 127,603.60 25,771.35 2,330.85 1,216,090.56 130,451.81 21,589.93 6,638.76 1,393,785.09 94,588.66 19,885.68 2,626.90 1,495,845.26 1,315,722.83 17,451.54 2,218.81 1,018,308.75 65,126.49 14,502.74 11,335.05 1,517,175.13 112,648.55 12,160.62 16,980.59 2,829,356.14 73,227.77 6,933.51 10,506.01 3,210,815.48 584,124.05 11,630.65 6,791.13 2,623,381.03 270,410.61 2,759.00 394.12 3,967,682.55 470,006.67 4,196.09 19.80 4,857,600.(50 480,812.32 10,459.48 4,263.33 14,757,600.75 759,972.1.3 370.00 728.79 24,877,179.8(5 2,245,902.23 5,493.84 1,687.70 6,776,23(5.52 7,001,444.59 2,467.27 3,730.945.66 6,410,348.45 2,553.32 755.22 7,361,576.40 979,93!!. 8(5 1,682.25 3,411,818.63 2,567,112.28 1,365.627.42 1,004,054.75 495.00 1,3:35,797.52 451,905.07 898,158.18 285,805.02 2,059,930.80 1,075,419.70 3,517.12 2,077,022.30 361,453.68 2,897 26 2,694,452.48 289.950.13 375.00 2,498,355.20 220,808.30 375.00 3,328,642.56 612,610.69 1,688,959.55 685,379.13 1,859.894.25 2,064,308.21 2,852,305.30 2,043,239.58 1,185,166.11 464,240.10 1,667,084.90 988,081.17 * For the half year from 128 EXPENDITURES, 1791-1891. TO JUNE 30, 1891, BY CALENDAR YEARS TO 1843, AND BY FISCAL YEARS (ENDED JUNE THAT TIME. 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 179' 1798 1799 1800 180: 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 181 1818 1819 1820 1821 182: 1823 1824 1825 1826 182' 1828 1829 1830 1831 ia32 1833 1834 1835 1836 183' ISM 1S39 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 184. Dividends. $8,028.00 38,500.00 303,472.00 160,000.00 160,000.00 80,960.00 79,920.00 71,040.00 71,040.00 88.80II.IH1 39,960.00 202,426.30 525,000.00 675,000.00 1,000,000.00 1 1 C.IK 10.00 297,500.00 350,000.00 &50,000.00 367,500.00 402,500.00 420,000.00 455,000.00 490,000.00 490,000.00 490,000.00 490,000.00 474,985.00 234,349.50 506,480.8" 292,674.6' 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 Net ordinary receipts. $4,409, 3,669, 4,652. 5,431. 6,114. 8,377. 8,688. 7,900. 7,546. 10,848. 12,935, 14,995. 11,064. 11,826. 13,560. 15,559. 16,398 17,060 7,773 9,384 14,422 9,801 14,340 11,181 15,696 47,676 33,099 21,585 24,603 17,840 14,573 20,232 20,540 19.381 21,840 25,260 22,966 24,763 '.151 203 001. 534. 529. 780. 195. 813. no. ,330. ,793. ,097, ,307. ,693, ,931. ,019, ,661, ,473 ,211 ,634 ,132 ,400 .025 ,916 ,085 ,049 .171 ,374 .000 379 127 ,000 .212 434. .363. 020, 24,827,62 24.8-14.116.51 28,526,820.8; 31,867.150.06, 33,948,426.25 21,791.935.55 Interest. $4,800.00 42,800.00 78,675.00 10,125.00 300.00 85.79 11,541.74 68,665.16 267,819.14 412.62 35,430,087.10 50,826,796.08 24,954,153.04 26.302,561 .74 31,482,749.61 19,480,115.33 16,860,160 19,976,197.25 8,231,001.26 29.320.707.78 29,970,105.80 29,699,967.74 26,467,403.16 35,698,699.21 30,721,077.50 43,592,888.88 52,555,039.33 49,846,815.60 61,587,031.68 Premiums. 32,107.64 686.09 Receipts ^re^sury^T--^^- notes. 40,000.00 71,700.83 666.60 .'8.36,5.91 37,080.00 487,065.48 10,550.00 4,264.92 22.50 $361,391.34 5,102,498.45 1,797,272.01 4,007,950.78 3,396,424.00 320,000.00 70,000.00 200,000.00 5,000,000.00 1,565,229.24 2,750,000.00 12,837. 26,184! 23,377. 35,220. 9,425. 466 8. 2 3,000, 5,000 '.KHJ.OO 135.00 826.00 671.40 084.91 723.45 353.00 291.00 824.13 324.00 5,000,000.00 5,000,000.00 2,992,989.15 12,716,820.86 3,857,276.21 5,589,547.51 13,659,317.38 14,808,735.64 12,479,708.36 1,877,181.35 Unavail- able. 28,872,399.45 21,250,700.00 28,588,750 4,045,950.00 203,400.00 46,300.00 16,350.00 $4,771,342.53 8,772,458.76 6,450,195.15 9,4439,855.65 9,515,758.59 8,740,329.65 8,758,780.99 8,179,170.80 12,546,813.31 12,413,978.34 12,945,455.95 14,995,793,95 11,064,097.63 11,826,307.38 13,560,693.20 15,559,931.07 16,398.019.26 17,060,661.93 7,773,473.12 12,134,214.28 14,422,6:34.09 22,639,032.76 40,524,844.95 34,559,536.95 50,961,237.00 57,171,421.82 33,833,592.33 21,598,986.66 24,605,665.37 20,881,493.68 19,573,703.72 20.2*2,427.94 20,540,666.26 24,381,212.79 26,840,858.02 25,260,434.21 22,966,363.96 24,763,629.23 24,827,627.38 24,844,116.51 28,526,820.82 31,867,450.66 83,948,486.25 21,791,935.55 35,430,087.10 50,826,796.08 27,947,142.19 39,019,382.60 35,340,025.82 25,069,662.84 30,519,477.66 34,784,962.89 20,782,110.15 31,198,555.73 29,970,105.8) 29,699,967.71 55,368,168.52 56,992,179.21 .... 59,796,892.98 47,649,388.88 52,762,704.25 49,893,115.60 61,603,404.18 103,301,37 §1,889.50 63,288.35 1,458,782.93 37,469.25 11,188.00 28,251.90 30,000.00 January 1 to June 30, 1843. 129 STATEMENT OF THE RECEIPTS OF THE UNITED | Balance in C the Treasury ? at commence- ^h ment of year is:, i 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 (866 186 1S0S 1869 18T0 1871 1 872 1878 1871 1875 1876 1871 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 issi 1885 1886 188! 1SSS (889 1890 1891 $50,261,901.09 18,591,073.41 47,677,672.18 49,108,229.80 46,802,855.00 85,113,884.22 88,198,248.60 82,979,580.78 80,968,857.83 46,965,804.8! 86,588,046.18 184,433,788.44 33,933,657.89 160,817,099.78 198,076,437.09 158,986,082.8' 188,781,985.76 177,604,116.51 138,019,122.15 134,666,001.85 159,293,673.41 178,833,889.54 172,804,061.32 149,909,877.21 814,887,645.88 286,591,453.88 386,888,588.65 831,940,064.44 880,607,668.81 875,450,903.53 874,189,081.98 484,941,408.07 521,794,026.26 526,848,755.46 518,851,484.36 659,449,099.94 673,399,118.18 691,587,408.76 Customs. Internal revenue. $64,284,190.27 53,085,794.21 .... 1,863.50 (54 63 11 49. 53. 89, 49. 69, 102, 84, I79i 176, 1 >•.".'. 1,620.96 ,824.88 ,511.87 ,125.64 ,897.68 ,642. lii 152.99 ,260.60 651.58 810.88 164,464 l.si i.i 1 is 194,538 206,270 816,371 (88,089 168,103 157,167 148,071 130,956 130.170 187,850 (86,522 198,159 220,410 814,706 195,067 181,471 198,905 217,286 819,091 223,832 229,668 219,588 ,599.56 ,486.63 374.44 (08.05 ,286.77 22.70 ,838.69 ,722.35 ,984.61 .103.07 ,680.30 .047.70 ,064.60 676.02 780.25 196.93 489.76 939.34 083.44 803.13 173.68 741.69 584.57 805.83 $87,640,787 100.741.134 809,464,815 809,826,818 266,027,531 191, 081 158,356 184,899 143,098 130,648 113,789 108,409 110,007 110.70O 118,630 110,581 113,561 104.1)00 135.201 14(i,497 144,720. 121,586 118,498 116,805 118.823 124,896. 130,881, 148,606 145,686, 589.41 460.86 i"56.49 1. vs. 63 177.72 314.14 784.90 ,498.58 782.03 107.83 624.7 1 610.58 373.92 385.51 595.45 368.98 072.51 725.54 936.48 301.22 S71.08 513.02 705.81 249.44 Direct tax. $1,795,331.73 1,485,103.61 (75,648.96 1,800,573.03 1,974,754.18 4,800,233.70 (,788,145.85 705.085.01 229,102.88 580,355.37 815,254.51 Public lauds. 98,798.80 30 85 1,516.89 160,141.69 108,156.60 70,780.75 108,289.94 32.802.05 1.505.82 ,7! IS. 30 ,049.07 ,644.93 ,486.64 ,715.87 ,687.30 ,557.71 658.54 203.77 017.17 333.20 553.31 031.03 575.70 Miscel- laneous, $1,105 82i 1,116 1.250 1,352 1,454 1,088 1,023 915 3,741 30,291, 25,441. 29,036. 15,037. ,352.74 ,731.10 100.81 020.88 ,020.13 596.24 ,530.25 ,515. 31 327.07 704.38 701.86 556.00 314.23 522,15 1 ,348,715.41 4,080,344.34 3,350,481.76 2,388,646:68 2.5:5.714.19 8,888,312.38 1,852,488.93 1.113.010.17 1,129,466.95 970.25.-!. OS 1,07 9,7 13. 37 984,781.66 1.010,500.00 2.201.803.17 (,753,140.37 7,955,864.48 9,810,705.01 5,705.080.44 5,630,999.34 9.2.54.2S0.42 11.202.017.23 8,038,651.79 6,358,272.51 4,020,5.35.41 17.745 13,997 18,942 88,093 15.100 17.101 32.575 15.131 84,070. 30.437 15.014. 80,585. 21.978 25.1.54. 31,703 30.700. 21.084. 24.01 i. 20.089. 20.OO5. 24.074. 24.297, 24,447. 23,374. ,403.59 ,338.65 1 18.30 541 .21 ,051.23 .270.05 ,048.32 .015.31 ,608.81 487.43 728.00 007.49 585.01 850. OS 042.52 695.02 881.89 055.00 527.80 814.84 440.10 151.44 419.74 457.23 6,751,086,880;39 4,111,760,797.61 28,131,990.32 280,505,041.52 690,871,802.70 ♦Amount heretofore credited to the Treasurer as 130 STATES FROM MARCH 4, 1789, TO JUNE 30, 1891, ETC.-Continued. Dividends. 1&54 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 I860 1801 \ . 1868 1863 - 1864 1 . 186£ 18(il 186; 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 18 1876 1877 1878 1879 188(1 1881 1882 1863 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 188!) is: ii i 1891 .... Net ordinary receipts. $73,; 71,1 68,' 40,i lni erest. Premiums. 41 51 112 2 (8 322 519 46a ,341. ,574. ,699. ,812. ,365. ,107. .599. ,299. ,261. ,945. 971 . 158. 564. 079. 370,4*1,453.82 357,188,256.09 395,959,833.87 374,431,104.94 304,094,229.91 322,177,673.78 299.9ll.ll9ll.SI 284,020,771.41 2911.(100, 581. 7<» 281,000,642.00 257.110.770.1(1 272,322,130.83 333,526,500.98 360,782,292.57 403,525,250.28 398,287,581.95 31M.519.K09.92 323,690,706.38 336,439,727.06 371,403,277.00 379,200,074.70 387,050,058.84 4*13,080.082.03 392,012.117.31 $9,720,130.29 11,872,076,248.83 $709,357.72 10,008.00 33,630.90 68,400.00 602,345.44 21. 171. 101. ill 11,683,446.89 38,063,055.68 27,787,330.35 29,003,629.50 13.755.101.12 15 295,043.71 8,892,839.9; 9. II -J. 037. 05 11,560,530.89 5,037,665.22 3. 070.279. 69 4,029,280.58 105,770.58 317,102.30 1,505,047.63 110.00 $485,224.45 204,259,220.83 Receipts from loans and »-,_„, Treasury woss receipts notes. $2,001.07 800.00 200.00 3,900.00 23,717,300.00 28,287,500.00 20,776,800.00 41,801,709.741 529,092,400.50| 776,652,361.57 1,128,873,945.36 1,472,224,740.85 712,851,553.05 040,420,910.29 025,111 23S.07S 285.471 208,708 305,01 214,931 439,272 387,971 397,155 348,871 104.58] 792,807 211.814. 113.750. 120,945. 555,942. 200.877 245,196 116,314 151.(10 285,016, 245,111. 2 15. 203. 373,208, ,433.20 ,081.06 ,496.00 ,523. 17 .051.00 .017.00 .535 16 ,556.00 ,808.00 ,749.00 ,201.00 ,043.00 103.00 ,534.00 724.00 501.00 ,886.00 ,303.00 ,850.00 900.00 ,650.00 ,750.00 ,650.00 857.75 $73,802,343.07 05,351,374.08 74,056,899.24 68,969,212.57 70,872,665.96 81,773,965.64 76,841,407.83 83,371,640.13 581,680,121.59 889,379,652.; I,398,461,017.£ 1,805,930.315.93 1.270.881,173.11 1,131,000,920.56 Unavail- able. 1.030.719 609,621 090,72!) 652,092 679,153 548,009 711.251 075.971 691 ,551 630,278 662,345 1,060,034 545,340 474,532 524,470 954,230. 555,397, 568,887, 452,754 525,844 00 1.28-.' 632,161 048.371 705,821, .510.52 .828.27 ,973.03 168 30 ,921 .56 .221.07 .2:0.52 ,007.10 ,073.28 ,107.58 ,079.70 ,827.40 ,713.98 ,820.57 ,974.28 ,145.95 ,755.92 ,009.38 ,577.06 ,177.66 ,724.70 ,408.84 032.03 :V 15.00 2,675,918.19 ' *2,070.73 "*3,396.i8 ♦18,228.35 *3,047.80 12,091.40 $15,408.34 11,110.81 6,000.01 9,210.40 0,095.11 172,094.29 721,827.93 *1, 500.00 47,097.65 7, 997. (i I *73i'.ii 13,259,392,970.59 25,336,213,670.70 2,714,7:30.71 unavailable, and since recovered and charged to his account. 131 STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES OF THE UNITED STATES FROM MARCH 4, JUNE 30, FROM Year. War. Navy. Indians. Pensions. Miscellaneous. 1791 $27,000.00 13,648.85 $175,813.88 109,243.15 $1,083,971.61 1792 1,100,702.09 4,672,664.38 1793 1,130.249.0s 27,282.83 80,087.81 511,451.01 1794 2,639,097.59 $61,408.97 13,042.46 81,399.24 750,350.74 1795 2. [80.910.13 410,502.03 23,475.68 68,673.22 1,378,920.00 1796 1,260,263.84 274,784.04 113,563.98 100,843.71 801,817.58 1797 1,039,402.46 382,631.89 62,396.58 92,256.97 1,259,422.62 1798 2,009.522.30 1,381,347.76 16,470.09 104,845.33 1,139,524.94 1799 2,466,946.98 2,858,081.84 20,302.19 95,444.03 1,039,391.68 1800 2,560,878.77 3,448,716.03 31.22 64,130.73 1, $37,613.22 1801 1,672,944.08 2,111,424.00 9,000.00 73,533.37 1,114,768.45 1802 1,179,148.25 915,561.87 94,000.00 85,440.39 1,462,929.40 1803 822,055.85 1,215,230.53 60,000.00 62,902.10 1,842,635.76 1804 875,423.93 1,189,832.75 116,500.00 80,092.80 2,191,009.43 1805 718,781.28 1,597,500.00 196.500.00 81,854.59 3,768,598.75 1806 1,224,355.38 1,649,641.44 234,200.00 81,875.53 2,890,137.01 1807 1,288,085.91 1,722,064.47 205,425.00 70,500.00 1,097,897.51 1808 2,900,834.40 1,884,067.80 213,575.00 82,576.04 1,423,285.61 1809 3,345,772.17 2,427,758.80 337.51 »3.84 87,8*3.54 1,215,803.79 1810 2,294,323.94 1,654,244.20 177,625.00 83,744.16 1,101,144.98 1811 2,032,828.19 1,965,566.39 151,875.00 75,043.88 1,367,291.40 1812 11,817,798.24 3,959,365.15 277,845.00 91,402.10 1,683,088.21 19,652,013.02 6.446.600.10 167,358.28 86,989.91 1,729,435.61 1814 20,350,806.86 7,311,290.60 167,394.86 90,164.36 2.208,029.70 1815 14,794,294.22 8,660,000.25 530,75i i.i hi 69,656.06 2,898,870.47 1816 16,012,096.80 3,908,278.30 274,512.16 188,804.15 2,989,741.17 1817 8,004,236.53 3,314,598.49 319,463.71 297,374. 13 3,518,936.76 1818 5,662,715.10 2,953,695.00 505,704.27 890,719.90 3,835,839.51 1819 6,506,300.37 3,847,640.42 463,181.39 2,415,939.85 3,067,211.41 1820 2,630,392.31 4,387,990.00 315,750.01 3,208,376.31 2,592,021.94 1821 4,461,291.78 3,319,243.06 477,005.44 242,817.25 2,223,131.54 1822 3,111,981.48 2,224,458.98 575,007.41 1,948,199.40 1,967,996.24 1823 3,096,924.43 2,503,765.83 380,781.82 1,780.588.52 1,022,093.99 1824 3,340,939.85 2,904,581.56 429,987.90 1,499,326.59 7,155,308.81 1825 3,659,914.18 3,049,083.86 724,106.44 1,308,810.57 2,748,544.89 1826 3,943,194.37 4,218,902.45 743,447.83 1,556,593.83 2,600,177.79 1827 3,948,977.88 4,203,877.45 750,024.88 976,138.86 2.713,476.58 1828 4,145,544.56 3,918,786.44 705,084.24 850,573.57 3,676,052.64 1829 4,724,291.07 3,308,745.47 576,344.74 949,594.47 3,082,234.65 1830 4,767,128.88 3,239,428.63 622,262.47 1,363,297.31 3,237,416.04 1831 4,841,835.55 3,856,183.07 930,738.04 1,170,665.14 3,064,646.10 1832 5,446,0:34.88 3,956,370.29 1,352,419.75 1,184,422.40 4,577,141.45 W33 6,704,019.10 3,901,356.75 1,802.980.93 4,589,152.40 5,716,245.93 ia34 5,696,189.38 3,956,260.42 1,003,953.20 3,364,285.30 4,404,728.95 1835 5,759,156.89 3,864,939.06 1,706,444.48 1,9.54.711.32 4,229,698.53 1836.. . . 11,747,345.25 5,807,718.23 5,037,022.88 2,882,797.% 5,393,279.72 1837 13,682,730.80 6,646,914.53 4,348,036.19 2.672,162.45 9,8*3,370.27 1838 12,897,224.10 6,131,580..% 5,504,191.34 2,156,057.29 7,160,664.76 1839 8,916,995.80 6,182,294.25 2,528,917.28 3,142,750.51 5,725,990.89 IS (II 7,095,267.23 6,113,89(1.89 2,331,794.86 2,603,562.17 5,995,398.96 1H4I .. .. 8,801,610.24 6,001,076.97 2,514,837.12 2,388.131.51 6,490,881.45 1842 6,610,438.02 8,397,242.99 1,199,099.68 1,378,931.33 6,775,624.61 1843* 2,908,671.95 3,727,711.53 578.371.00 839,041.12 3,202,713.00 1844 5,218,183.66 6, 198,199.11 1,256.532.39 2,032,008.99 5,645,183.86 1845 5,746,291.28 6. 297. 177.89 [,539,351.35 2,400,788.11 5,911,760.98 1846 10,413,370.58 6.455,013.92 1,027,693.64 1.811.097.56 6,711,283.89 1847 35,840,030.33 7,900,035.76 1,430,411.30 1,744,883.63 6,885,608.35 [848 - .. 27.688.331.21 9,408,476.02 1,227,496.48 5,650,851.25 1849 1 1. 558.473.26 9,786,705.92 1,374,161.55 1,328,867.64 12,885,334.24 1850 9,687,024 58 7,901.724.66 1,663,591.47 1,866,886.02 16,043,733.36 1851 12,161,965.11 8,880,581.38 2.829. 8i 11. 77 2,293,377.22 17,888,992.18 [852 8,521,506.19 8,918,842.10 3,013,576.04 2,401,858.78 17,504,171.45 1853 9,910,498.49 11,067,789.53 3,880,494.12 1,756,306.20 17,463,068.01 * For the half year from 132 1789, TO JUNE 30, 1891, BY CALENDAR YEARS TO 1843 AND BY FISCAL YEARS (ENDED THAT TIME. Net ordinary expenditures. ,919,589.5s! """,258.47 ,749,070.73 ,545,299.00 ,362,541.72 ,551,303.15 ,836,110.52 ,651,710.42 ,480,166.72 ,411,369.97 ,981,669.90 ,737,079.91 ,002,824.24 ,452,858.91 ,357,234.62 ,080,209.36 984,572.89 504,338.85 414.1)72.1 1 311,082.28 592,604.80 829,498.70 082,390.92 127,686.38 953,571.00 373,432.58 454,609.92 808,673.78 300,273.44 134,530.57 723,479.07 827,643.51 784,154.59 330,144.71 490,450.90 062,316.27 653,095.65 296,041.45 641,210.40 229,533.33 864,067.90 516,386.77 "13,755.11 425,417.25 514,950.28 868,164.04 243,214.24 849,718.08 496,948.73 139,920.11 196,840.29 361,336.59 256,508.60 650,108.01 895,369.61 418,459.59 801,569.37 227,454.77 933,542.61 165,990.09 054,717.66 389,954.56 078,156.35 Premiums. $18,231.43 82,865.81 69,713.19 170,063.42 420,498.74 Interest. $1,177,863.03 2,373,611.28 2,097,859.17 2,752,523.04 2,947,059.06 3,239,347.68 3,172,516.73 2,955,875.90 2,815,651.41 3,402,601.04 4,411,830.06 4,239,172.16 3,949,462.36 4,185,043.74 2,657,114.22 3,368,968.26 3,369,578.48 2,557,074.23 2,866,074.90 3,163,671.09 2,585,435.57 2,451,272.57 3,599,455.22 4,593,239.04 5,990,090.24 7,822,923.34 4,536,282.55 6,209,954.03 5,211,730.56 5,151,004.32 5,126,073.79 5,172,788.79 4,922,475.40 4,943,557.93 4,366,757.40 3,975,542.95 3,486,071.51 3,098,800.60 2,542,843.23 1,912,574.93 1,373,748.74 772,561.50 303,796.87 202,152.98 57,863.08 14,996.48 399,8.33.89 174,598.08 284,977.55 773,549.85 523,583.91 1,833,452.13 1,040,458.18 842,723.27 1,119,214.72 2,390,765.88 3,565,535.78 3,782,393.03 3,696,760.75 4,000,297.80 3,665,832.74 Public debt. $699,984.23 693,050.25 2,633,048.07 2,743,771.13 2,841,639.37 2,577,126.01 2,617,2.50.12 976,032.09 1,706,578.84 1,138,563.11 2,879,876.98 5,294,235.24 3,306,697.07 3,977,206.07 4,563,960.63 572,018.64 2,938,141.62 7,701,288.90 3,586,479.21! 4,835,241.12 5,414,564.43 1,998,349.88 7,508,668.22 3,307,304.90 6,638,832.11 17,048,139.59 20,886,753.5 r 15,086,247.59 2,492,195.73 3,477,489.90 3,241,019.83 8,676,160.33 607,541 .01 11,624,835.83 7,728,587.38 7,065,539.24 6,517.590.88 9,064,637.4' 9,860,304.7' 9,443,173.29 14,800,629.48 17,067,747.79 1,239,746.51 5,974,412.21 328.20 21,822.91 5,590,723.70 10,718,153.53 3,912,015.62 5,315,712.19 7,801,990.09 338,012.64 11,158,450.71 7,536,349.49 371,100.01 5,600,067.65 13,086,922.64 12,804,478.54 3,656,335.14 654,912.71 2,152,293.05 6,412,574.01 Gross Expenditures. $3,791 8,962 6,479 9,041 10,151 8,367 8,625 8,583 11,002 11,952 12,273 13,270 11,258. 12,615. 13,598. 15,021. 11,292. 16,762. 13,867, 13,309, 13,592, 22,279 39,190 38,028, 39,582. 48,244 40,877 35,104, 24,004 21,703 19,090, 17,070 15,314 31,808, 23,585, 24,103, 22,050, 25, 159 25,044. 24,585. 30,038. 34,356. 21,257. 21,001. 17,573. 80,868; 37,205. 39,455. 37,614. 28,226. 31,797, 32,930. 12,118, 33,642, 30,190, 60^520. 60,6 56,886, 44,604 48,476 40,712 54,577 436.78 920.00 977.97 ,593.17 ,240.15 770.84 877.37 ,618.41 ,396.97 534.12 ,376.94 487.31 983.07 113.72 309.47 190.26 292.99 702.04 220.30 994.49 004, SO 121.15 520.36 230.32 493.35 195.51 646.04 875.40 199 ,024.8." ,572.69 ,592.03 ,171.00 ,538.4 ,804.72 ,398.46 ,704.04 ,479.52 ,358.40 ,281.55 ,440.12 098.00 298. (9 982.44 141.56 164.04 037.15 438.35 936.15 533.81 530.03 870.53 105.15 010.85 408.71 282.90 1.71 148.19 422.74 718.20 104.81 008.83 061.74 Balance in Treasury at the end of the year. $973 783 753 1,151 516 888 1,021 617 2,161 2,623 3,295 5,020 4,825 <037. 3,999. 4,538. 9,043, 9,941, 3,848, 2,672, 3,502, 3,862, 5,196 1,727, 13,106, 22,033 14,989, 1,478, 2,079, 1,198 1,681. 4,237 9,463 1,946 5,201 6,358 6,668 5,972 5,755 6,014 4.502, 2,011, 11,702, 8,892, 20,749, 40,708. 37,327, 36,891, 33,157 29,963 28,685 30,521 39,186 30.712 30,191. 38,261, 33,079, 29,416, 32,827 85,871 40,158 43,388 50,261 905.75 ,444.51 ,661.69 924.17 ,442.61 ,905.42 ,899.04 ,451.43 ,867.77 311.99 391.00 697.64 ,811.60 005.26 388.99 123.80 850.07 809.96 ,056.78 276.57 305.80 217.41 542.00 848.63 592.88 519.19 465.48 526.74 992.38 ,401.21 ,592.24 ,427.55 ,922.81 ,597.13 ,650.43 ,686.18 ,286.10 ,435.81 ,704.79 539.75 914.45 777.55 905.31 858.42 803.96 436.00 252.0!) 190.94 503.0S 103,10. 111.08 979.44 2SI.71 829.62 874.81 I.V.I. 05 270.13 012.15 082.69 753.31 353.25 800.02 901.09 January 1, to June 30, 1843. 133 STATEMENT OF THE EXPENDITURES OF THE UNITED Year. War. Navy. Indians. Pensions. Miscellaneous. 1854 $11,722,282.87 $10,790,096.32 $1,550,339.55 $1,232,665.00 $26,672,144.68 1855 14,648,074.07 13,327,095.11 3,772,990.78 1,477,612.33 24,090,425.43 1856 16,963,160.51 14,074,834.64 3,644,203.97 1,296,289.65 31 , r 94,038.87 1857 19,159,150.87 12,651,694.61 4,354,418.87 1,310,380.58 28,565,498.77 1858 25,679,121.63 14,053,264.64 4,978,266.18 1,219,768.30 26,400,016.42 1859 23,154,720.53 14,690,927.90 3,490,534.53 1,222,222.71 23,797,544.40 1860 16,472,202.72 11,514,649.83 2,991,121.54 1,100,802.32 37,977,978.30 1861 23,001,530.67 12,387,156.52 2,865,481.17 1,034,599.73 33,337,387.69 1862 389,173,562.29 42,640,353.09 2,327,948.37 852,170.47 31,385,863.59 603,314,411.82 63,261,235.31 3,152,032.70 1,078,513.36 23,198,382.37 1864 690,391,048.66 85,704,963.74 2,629,975.97 4,985,473.90 37,573,316.87 1,030,690,400.06 123,617,434.07 5,059,360.71 16,347,621.34 43,989,383.10 1866 283,154,676.06 43,285,668.00 3,295,729.32 15,605,549.88 40,613,114.17 3,568,638,312.28 717,551,816.39 103,369,211.43 119,607,656.01 643,604,554.33 *3, 621 ,780.07 *77,992.17 *53,2S6.61 *9,737.87 *718,769.52 3,572,260,092.35 717,629,808.56 103,422,498.03 119,617,393.88 644,323,323.85 1867 95,224,415.63 31,034,011.04 4,642,531.77 20,936,551.71 51,110,223.72 1868 123,246,648.62 25,775,502.72 4,100,682.32 23,782,386.78 53,009,867.67 1869 78,501,990.61 20,000,757.97 7,048,923.06 28,476,631.78 56,474,061.53 1870 57,655,675.40 21,780,229.87 3,407,938.15 38,340,303.17 53,837,461.56 1871 35,799,991.82 19,431,027.21 7,426,997.44 34,443,894.88 60,481,916.33 1872 35,372,157.20 21,249,809.99 7,061,728.82 38,533,403.76 60,984,757.43 1873 46,323,138.31 23,536,256.79 7,951,704.88 39,359,436.86 73,328,110.06 1874 42,313,927.22 30,932,587.48 6,692,402.09 39,038,414.66 85,141,593.61 1875 41,120,645.98 21,497,626.37 8,384,656.82 39,456,316.33 71,070,702.98 1876 38,070,888.64 18,963,309.82 5,966,558.17 38,357,395.69 73,599,661.04 1877 37,082,735.90 14,959,935.36 5,277,007.22 37,963,753.87 58,926,532.53 1878 32,151,147.85 17,365,301.37 4,629,280.28 37,137,019.08 58,177,703.57 1879 40,425,660.73 15,125,126.84 5,206,109.08 35,131,483.39 65,741,555.49 1880 38,116,916.22 13,536,984.74 5,945,457.09 56,777,174.44 54,713,529.76 1881 40,466,460.55 15,686,671.66 6,514,161.09 50,059,379.63 64,416,384.71 1882 43,570,494.19 15,032,046.26 9,736,747.40 61,345,193.95 57,219,750.98 1883 48,911,382.93 15,283,437.17 7,362,590.34 66,013,573.6-1 68,678,022.21 1884 39,429,603.36 17,393,601.44 6,475,999.29 55,439,338.06 70,920,433.70 1885 42,670,578.47 16,031,079.67 6,552,494.63 56,102,267.49 87,494,258.38 1886 34,324,152.74 13,907,887.74 6,099,158.17 63,404,864.03 74,166,929.85 1887 38,561,085.85 15,141,126.80 6,194,522.69 75,029,101.79 85,264,825.59 1888 38,522,436.11 16,936,437.65 6,249,307.87 80,288,508.77 72,952,260.80 1889 44,435,270.85 21,378,809.31 6,892,207.78 87,624,779.11 80,664,0(>4.20 1890 44,582,838.08 33,006,306.34 6,708,046.67 106,936,855.07 81,403,256.49 1891 48,720,065.01 36,113,896.46 8,527,469.01 124,415,951.40 110,048,167.49 Total.. 4,777,863,340.62 1,307,598,476.37 264,471,840.16 1,373,889,938.50 2,368,549,295.48 ♦Outstanding Note.— This statement is made from warrants paid by the Treasurer up to warrants issued 134 STATES FROM MARCH 4, 1789, TO JUNE 30, 1891, ETC.— Continued. 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1800 1807 1868 1809 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1870 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 Net ordinary expenditures. $51,907,528.42 56,310,197.72 66,772,527.64 66,041,143.70 72,330,437.17 66,355,950.0' 60,056,754.7: 62,616,055.78 456,379,890.81 694,004,575.56 811,288,676.14 1,217,704,199.28 385,954,731.43 5,152,771,550.43 *4,481 ,566.24 5,157,253 202,947 229,915 190,496 164,421 157,583 153,201 180,488 194,118 171,529 164,857 144,209 134,463. 161,619 169,090. 177,142. 180,904. 806,248, 189,517. 208,840. 191,902. 220,190, 214,938, 240,995, 261,637, 317,825, ,116.6' ,733.87 ,088.11 ,354.95 ,507.15 ,827.58 ,856.19 ,030.90 ,985.0(1 ,848.27 ,813.30 ,903.28 ,452.15 ,934.53 ,002.25 897.03 232.78 ,000.29 805.85 078.04 992 53 002.72 951 .20 131.31 202.55 549.37 Premiums. .',877, 872, 385. 363. 574. 818.09 047.39 372.90 572.39 4-13.08 Interest. 1,717 58, 900.11 470.51 7,611,003.50 7,611,003.50 10,813,1349.38 7,001,151.04 1,674,680.05 15,990,555.60 9,016,794.84 6,958,266.76 5,105,919.99 1,395,073.55 2,795,320.42 1,061,248.78 8,270,842.46 17,292,302.05 20,304,224.06 10,401,220.01 $3,070,926.69 2,314,404.99 1,953,822.37 1,593,205.23 1,652,055.07 1,637,649.70 3,144,120.94 4,034,157.30 13,190,344.84 24,729,700.62 53,685.412.09 77,395,090.30 133,007,624.91 Public debt. 502,089,519.27 *2,888.48 502,692,407.75 143,781,591.91 140,424,045.71 130,694,242.80 129,2:55,498.00 125,576,505.93 117,357,839.72 104,750,088.41 107,119,815.21 103,093,544.57 100,243,271.23 97,124,511.57 102,500,874.65 105,327.949.00 95,757,575.11 82,508,741.18 71,077,200.79 59,160,131.25 54,578,378.48 51,380,250.47 50,580,145.97 47,741,577.25 44,715,007.47 41,001,484.29 86,099,284.06 37,547,135.37 $17,556,896.95 6,662,005.80 3,614,618.66 3,270,000.05 7,505,250.82 14,085,043.15 13,854,250.00 18,737,100.00 90,097,322.09 181,081,0.35.07 430,572,014.03 609,616,141.68 620,203,249.10 2,374,677,103.12 * 100.31 Gross Expenditures. 2,374,677,203.43 735,536,980.11 692,549,685.88 261,912,718.31 393,254,282.13 399,503,670.65 405,007,307.54 233,099,352.58 422,065,000.23 407,377,492.48 449 345 272 323J965,'424!05 353,070,944.90 699,445,809.16 432,590,280.41 165,152,335.05 271,646,299.55 590,083,829.90 260.520,690.50 211,700,353.43 205,216,709.36 271,901,321.15 249,760,258.05 318,922,412.35 312,200,307.50 365,352,470.87 9,992,372,291.13 125,098,013.65 2,682,075,770.18 11,807,130,532.43 24,007,276,007.39 $75,473,170.75 66,164,775.96 72,726,341.57 71,274,587.37 82,062,186.74 83,678,642.92 77,055,125.65 85,387,313.08 565,667,503.74 899,815,911.25 295,541,114.86 1,906,433,331.3' 1,139,344,081.95 Balance in Treasury at the end of the year. 8,037,749,176.38 *4,484,555.03 8,042,233,731.41 1,093,079,055.27 1,009,889,970.74 584,777,996.11 702,907,842.88 691,080,858.90 682,525,270.21 524,044,597.91 724,698,933.99 682,000,885.32 714,440,357.39 565,299,898.01 590,641, 271 .70 966,393,092.119 700,233,238.19 425,805,222.04 529,027,739.12 855,491,967.50 504,646,934.83 471,987,288.54 447,699,847.86 539,833,501.12 517,685,059.18 618,211,390.60 6:30,247,078.16 731,126,376.22 $48,591,073.41 47,777,672.18 49,108,229.80 46,802,855.00 35,113,334.22 33,193,248.60 32,979,530.78 30,903,857.83 40,965.304.87 30,523,040.13 134,433,738.44 33,933,057.89 165,301,654.76 *4,484,555.03 100,817 198,070 158,936 183,781 177,604 138,019 134,606 159,293 178.833 172,804 149,909 214.887 280,591 380.S32 231,940 280,007 275,450 374,189 424,941 521,794 520,848 512.851 059,449. 073,399. 691,52' 726,222, ,099.73 ,537.09 ,082.87 ,985.76 116.51 ,122.15 ,001.85 ,073.41 ,339.54 ,001.32 ,377.21 ,645.88 ,453.88 ,588.05 ,004.44 ,668.37 ,903.53 ,081.98 ,403.07 ,026.26 .755. 10 ,434.30 ,099.94 ,118.18 ,403.70 ,332.60 warrants. June 30, 1866. The outstanding from that date. warrants are then added, and the statement is by 135 APPROPRIATIONS SANCTIONED BY CONGRESS, 1882-1892. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. $5,110,862 17,797,398 22,011,223 26,687,800 14,566,038 4,587,867 11,451,300 575,000 322,435 2,152,258 68,282,307 1,191,435 a35,500 3,379,571 1,128,006 $9,853,869 20,322,908 25,425,479 27,032.09!) 14,903,559 5,219,604 18,988.875 375,000 335,557 1,902,178 116,000,000 1,256,655 427,280 3,496,060 5,888,994 $2,832,680 20,763,843 23,713,404 24,681,250 15,954,247 5,388,656 None 670,000 318,657 Indefinite. 86,575,000 1,296,255 405,640 3,505,495 1,806,439 $4,385,836 21,556,902 22,340,750 24,454,450 8,931,856 5,903,151 14,948,300 700,000 314,563 Indefinite. 20,810,000 1,225,140 480,190 3,594,256 7,800,004 $3,332,717 21,495,661 25,961,904 24,014,052 21,280,767 5,773,329 None. 725,000 309,902 Indefinite. 60,000,000 1,242,925 580,790 3,622,683 2,268,383 $13,572,883 Legislative, Executive 20,809,781 22,656,658 Support of the Army. 23,753,057 10,489,557 Indian Service Rivers and Harbors. . . Forts & Fortifications Military Academy Post-Office Dept 5,561,263 14,464,900 59,877 297,805 Indefinite. 76,075.21 HI Consular & Diplomatic Agricultural Dept* District of Columbiat 1,364,065 654,715 3,721,051 10,194,571 Totals $179,579,000 $251,428,117 $187,911,566 $137,451,398 $170,608,114 $209,659,383 Deficiencies Legislative, Executive and Judicial Sundry Civil Support of the Army. Naval Service Indian Service Rivers and Harbors. . . Forts & Fortifications. Military Academy Post-OiHce Dept Pensions Consular & Diplomatic Agricultural Dept* District of Columbiat Miscellaneous $137,000 20,772,721 22,369,841 23,721,710 25,786,848 5,234,398 None. None. 419,937 Indefinite. 83,152,500 1,429,942 1,0'JS.730 4,284,592 1.094,035 1889. $21,190,990 20,924,492 26.316,530 241474,711 19,938,281 5,401,331 22,397,616 3,972,000 315,044 Indefinite. 81,758,700 1,428,465 1,715,826 5,056,679 10,129,505 Totals $193,035,861 $245,020,173 $218,115.440 $287,722.488 $323,783,079 1890. $14,239,180 20,865,220 25,527,642 24,310,016 21,675,375 8,077,453 None. 1,233,594 902,767 Indefinite. 81,758,700 1,980,025 1,669,770 5,682,410 10,186,689 1891. $34,137,737 21,073,137 29,760,054 24,206,471 23,136,035 7,256,758 25,136,295 4,232,935 435,296 Indefinite. 98,457,461 1,710,725 1.796,502 5,762,236 10,620,840 $38,516,227 22,027,674 35,459,163 24,613.529 31,541,645 16,278,492 2,951 ,200 3,774,803 402,070 Indefinite. 135,214,785 1,656,925 3,028,153 5,597,125 2,721,283 * Previous to 1881 appropriations for the Agricultural Department were included in the Legislative, Executive and Judicial appropriations. tPrevious to 1881 appropriations for the District of Columbia were included in the Sundry Civil expenses appropriations. 136 RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES, 1891-1893. (FROM THE TREASURY REPORTS.) RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES. Fiscal year 1891. The revenues of the government from all sources for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1891, were: From customs ." $219,522,205.23 From internal revenue 145,(586,249.44 From profits on coinage, bullion deposits, and assays 7,701,991.82 From sales of public lands 4,029,535.41 From fees — consular, letters-patent, and land 3,019,781.84 From sinking-fund for Pacific railways 2,326,359.37 From tax on national banks 1,236,042.60 From customs fees, fines, penalties, and forfeitures 966,121.82 From repayment of interest by Pacific railways 823,904.04 From sales of Indian lands 602,545.38 From Soldiers' Home, permanent fund 308,648.34 From tax on seal-skins 269,673. 88 From immigrant fund 292,271.00 From sales of government property 259,379.05 From deposits for surveying public lands . . .' 131,422.80 From Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad Company 500,000.00 From sales of ordnance material 122,61)8.(11 From sales of condemned naval vessels 78,037.30 From depredations on public lands 55,905.83 From the District of Columbia 2,853,897.74 From miscellaneous sources 1 ,825,806.35 From postal service 65,931,785.72 Total receipts $458,544,233.03 The expenditures for the same period were: For the civil establishment, including foreign intercourse, public build- ings, collecting the revenues, deficiency in postal revenues, rebate of tax on tobacco, refund of direct taxes, French spoliation claims, Dis- trict of Columbia, and other miscellaneous expenses $110,048,10! .49 For the military establishment, including rivers and harbors, forts, ar senals, and sea-coast defenses 48,720,065.01 For the naval establishment, including construction of new vessels, ma- chinery, armament, equipment, and improvement at navy-yards 20,1 13, s. 10. 16 For Indian service °,527 , "".UU For pensions ^'Sw'SSw For interest on the public debt 3. ,.> 1, •}.'[''"?■', For postal service • 65,981,785.7 2 Total expenditures ■ $421, 304. 170. 10 Leaving a surplus of $37,239,762.5, 137 12b 138 RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES, 1891-1893. To this sum was added $54,207,975.75, deposited in the Treasury under the act of July 14, 1890, for the redemption of national hank notes; $9,363,- 715 deposited during the year on the same account; $3,810 received for four per cent, bonds issued for interest accrued on refunding certificates con- verted during the year, and $34,132,372.16 taken from the cash balance in the Treasury, making a total of $134,947,635.48, which was applied to the pay- ment of the public debt, as follows: Redemption of Bonds, fractional currency, and notes for the sinking-fund, includ- ing $3,800,086.28 premium paid on bonds $47,866,107.65 Loan of 1847 300.00 Loan of July and August, 1861 21,100.00 Loan of 1863 100.00 Loan of 1863, continued 300.00 Five-twenties of 1862 150.00 Five-twenties of June, 1864 10,650.00 Consols of 1865 15,850.00 Consols of 1867 35,460.00 Consols of 1868 20,050.00 Ten-forties of 1864 11,500.00 Funded loan of 1881 5,000.00 Funded loan of 1881, continued 7,800.00 Loan of 1882 60,200.00 Bounty land scrip 100.00 Old demand, compound interest, and other notes 5,055.00 National bank notes 23,553,298.50 Purchase of — Funded loan of 1891 30,286,150.00 Funded loan of 1907 '. 26,507,250.00 Premium on funded loan of 1891 135.99 Premium on funded loan of 1907 6,540,998.34 Total $134,947,635.48 As compared with the fiscal year 1890, the receipts for 1891 have fallen off $5,418,847.52, as follows: Source. Postal service Internal revenue Nashville & Chattanooga R. R. Co Sinking-fund for Pacific railways Sales of Indian lands Repayment of interest by Pacific railways Consular fees Sales of ordnance material Sales of condemned naval vessels Sales of government property Immigrant fund ' Revenues of the District of Columbia Depredations on public lands Deposits for survey i ni, r public lands Tax on seal-skins Miscellaneous ii cms Customs Profits on coinage, assays, He Sales of public lauds. . .' Registers and Receivers 1 fees Custom-house fees Customs emolument fees Tax on nal ional banks Fees on letters-patent Customs fines, penall irs, Hr Increase. Decrease. Net decrease 85,049,687.80 3,079,543.63 500,000.00 483,704.85 230,257.23 118,212.52 112,185 47 82,301.71 77,096.89 67,255.06 50,807.00 44,766.81 20,063.46 19,108.01 7,173.88 266,859.60 $10,146,379.34 2,515,252.43 2,328,737.10 196,730.03 179,885.43 129,118.85 65,283.98 42,365.92 21,108.42 Total I $10.2(10.103.98 $15,627,951.50 ".,118,817 52 RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES, 1891-1893. 139 There was an increase of $57, 636,198.14 in the ordinary expenditures. follows: Source. CIVIL ESTABLISHMENT. Legislative — Salaries and expenses Department of State- Salaries and expenses Foreign intercourse Treasury Department — Salaries and contingent expenses Independent Treasury Mints and assay offices Territorial governments " " Salaries and expenses, internal revenue Rebate of tax on tobacco Refund of direct taxes ' Repayment to importers excess of deposits Debentures or drawbacks, customs .... Miscellaneous items, customs Lighthouse establishment Coast and Geodetic Survey Bureau of Engraving and Printing Court-houses, custom-houses, etc Sinking fund, Pacific railroads Expenses of Treasury notes of 1890 World's Columbian Exposition French spoliation claims. . . Miscellaneous items Navy Department- Salaries and expenses Interior Department- Salaries and expenses Public lands service Expenses of Eleventh Census t> 9?! l £ 8es J ^ a ?riculfre and mechanic arts Post-Office Department- Salaries and expenses. . . Department of Agriculture- Salaries and expenses. . Department of Labor- Salaries and expenses. . . Department of Justice- Salaries and expenses Fees of supervisors of elections Special deputy marshals at elections' Judgments, U. S. Courts Salaries and expenses, TJ. S. Courts Executive Proper- Salaries and expenses District of Columbia— Salaries and expenses W ar Department— Salaries and Expenses . . . Post -Office Department- Postal Service Increase. $436,874.00 16,542.00 380,439.00 92,556.00 35,052.00 45,711.00 139,948.00 332,045.00 770,082.00 11,521,497.00 3,039,703.00 1,983,830.00 44,611.00 102,546.00 30,052.00 87,688.00 433,872.00 476,433.00 218,303.00 169,378.00 1,085,240.00 305,780.00 21,796.00 357,559.00 462,401.00 4,938,333.00 1,081,000.00 25,445.00 184,351.00 5,757.00 39,220.00 371,358.00, 34,785.00 1 60,091.00 1,398,298.00 Decrease. Net increase Total Civil Establishment . MILITARY ESTABLISHMENT. Pay of the Army Pay and bounty claims Subsistence of the Army Transportation of the Army Regular supplies, incidentals, etc Ordnance service Forts and fortifications! ! '. Rivers and harbors Signal Service Artificial limbs and appli m; s Official records of the rebellion Homes for disabled volunteer soldiers damages by improvement of rivers Kef muling to States war expenses Supplies taken by the Army (Bowman aci Miscellaneous items Medical department Military posts Rslitf of sufferers from Hood Total Military Establishment $30,729,306.00 $378,725.00 531,651.00 203,484.00 613,169.00 17'8,940.00 195,634.00 208,680.00 513,189.00 177,327.00 327,117.00 98,794.00 548,569.00 158,294.00 210,236.00 75,482.00 93,475.93 SI 1,648.00 41,909.00 6,465.00 2,024,373.00 S2.084.395.0i l $4,512,766.93 S2S.fi lUU 1.00 $32,660.00 207.8S0.IM I 135,000.00 $375,540.00 $4.137.220. 93 140 RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES, 1891-1893. Increase in Ordinary Expenditures.— Continued. Source. NAVAL ESTABLISHMENT. Naval Academy Increase of the Navy Bureau of Yards and Docks Bureau of Equipment Bureau of Construction and Repairs . Bureau of Ordnance Bureau of Steam Engineering Bureau of Medicine and Surgery General account of advances Mileage (Graham decision) Contingencies of the Navy Miscellaneous, reliefs, etc Marine^Corps Navy-yards and stations Bureau of Navigation Bureau of Provisions and Clothing. . Pay of the Navy Total Naval Establishment. . Indian service Pensions Interest on the public debt . Total net increase.. Increase. $60,478.00 3,777,394.00 76,297.00 648,992.00 279.043.00 91,960.00 8,792.00 27,327.00 100,619.00 72,060.00 47,774.00 165,270.22 $5,356,006.82 $28,679.00 381,202.00 34,102.00 339,577.00 464,756.00 $1,248,310.00 Net increase $4,107,690.22 1,819,422.34 17,479,096.33 1,447,851.32 $57,036,198.14 Fiscal year 1892. For the present fiscal year the revenues are estimated as follows: From customs $185,000,1 k Hi. 00 From internal revenue 1 ^St I'!"!'!''!!' From miscellaneous sources <«, ' K| o, ' ■ ' From postal service _ < 1,000,000.00 Total estimated revenues $433,000,000.00 The expenditures for the same period are estimated as follows: For the civil establishment * 1 92'2^'2!5 , !5 For the military establishment o!',,, ',,',, For the naval establishment 32, 000, 000.00 For the Indian service U ' ' For pensions % -J ■ ■ " For interest on the public debt ~t ( , For postal service ; '}. . ,KI0 - (l(, " m Total estimated expenditures $409,1 KHi,inm.00 Leaving an estimated surplus for the year of $24,000,000.00 The following is a statement of the probable condition of the Treasury at the close of the present fiscal year, June 30, 1892: Cash in the Treasury July 1, 1891, including gold reserve * 1 52'mn , nm m Surplus for year, as above -V II ' II m Deposits during the year for redemption of national bank notes _. 3,000,(mkuhj Total amount available $180,893,808.83 Redemption of national bank notes during the year. . $10,000,000.00 Redemption of bonds, interest notes, and fractional „,,,.,„ rumu.v to November 1, 1891 20,91 1,163.00 Redempt i< >n of same items during remainder of year. 4,2j4,.*X>.00 m Cash balance available June 30, 1892 $139,728,145.83 KECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES, 1891-1893. 141 Fiscal year 1893. It is estimated that the revenues of the government for the fiscal year 1893 will be: From customs $195,000,000.00 From internal revenue 158,000,000.00 From miscellaneous sources 22,000,00< U k i From postal service 80,336,350.44 Total estimated revenues $455,336,350.44 The estimates of appropriations required for the same period, as submitted by the several Executive Departments and offices, are as follows: Legislative establishment $3,492,089.95 Executive establishment — Executive proper $143,850.00 State Department 166,510.00 Treasury Department 9,108,1586.10 War Department 2,347,178.00 Navy Department 416,920.00 Interior Department 5,202,924.00 Post-Offlce Department 923,360.00 Department of Agriculture 3,360,995.50 Department of Justice 184,750.00 Department of Labor 175,470.00 v $21,930,343.60 Judicial establishment. . . . . 692,000.00 Foreign intercourse 2,138,460.14 Military establishment 20,299,170.77 Naval establishment 20,305.054.75 Indian affairs 8,003,907. ,0 Pensions 147,004,550.00 Public Works — Legislative $1,041,885.00 Treasury Department 3,125,479.95 War Department 13,208,393.00 Navy Department 828,985.05 Interior Department 290.665.00 Department of Justice 5,800.00 $18,501,208.00 Miscellaneous — Legislative $3,076,141.86 State Department 3,000.00 Treasury Department 9,779,084.90 War Department 5,501,861.60 Interior Department 3,928,821.00 Department of Justice 4,765,787.60 District of Columbia 5.602,125.17 $32,656,822.13 Postal service 80,323,400.51 Permanent annual appropriations — Interest on the public debt $20,000,000.00 Refunding— customs, internal revenue, etc 17,431,200.00 Collecting revenue from customs 5,500,000.00 Miscellaneous 24,300,680.00 $73,231,880.00 Total estimated appropriations, exclusive of sinking-fund.. . $441.300.09 3.61 Or an estimated surplus of $14,030,250.83 AN INTERESTING DOCUMENT SHOWING THE ITEMS OP RECEIPT AND EXPENDITURE IN THE FEDERAL OFFICES, ETC., FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1891. {From the report of Hie First Auditor.) RECEIPTS. Accounts adjusted. Duties on merchandise and tonnage $198,599,088.43 Fines, penalties, and forfeitures 138,169.05 Marine hospital money collected 5,970.69 Immigration fees 875,021 .95 Money received on account of deceased passengers 860.00 Money received from sale of old material, public documents, etc 158,617. 48 Miscellaneous receipts 750,432.98 Treasurer of the United States for moneys received 66G,965,3N4.93 Mint and assay offices 113,154,195.88 Accounts of the collector of taxes for the District of Columbia for taxes collected by him and deposited 4,950,971 .95 Fees for copyrights 24,7K8.K6 Quarantine stations 109.00 Total 8985,017.611.19 DISBURSEMENTS. Legislative. united states senate. Compensation of President of the Senate $8,000.00 Salaries and mileage of Senators 464,120.24 Salaries, officers and employees 436,967.38 Contingent expenses: Stationery and newspapers 17,799.97 Horses and wagons 8,685.26 Fuel for heating apparatus 13,162.15 Furniture and repairs 14.524.50 Folding documents 12,884.94 Materials for folding 9,992.90 Packing-boxes 1 ,494.99 Expenses of Special and Select Committees 19,128.74 Miscellaneous items 62,924.90 Salaries of Capitol police 36,599.96 Reporting proceedings and debates 25,000.00 Compiling Congressional Directory 1,200.00 Postage 380.00 One month's extra pay to officers and employees 41,102.15 Furniture, cleaning 535.86 Cleaning and sewing carpets 243.27 Payment to Hons. W. F. Sanders and Thomas C. Power 2,453 00 Paymenl to heirs of Hon. James B. Beck 5,000.00 I 'ayment to W. B. Clarke, Senate 280.00 Payment to Martin Maginnis and William A. Clark 10,000.00 Payment to Ex-Senator George E. Spencer 6,543.38 Paymenl to Ex-Senator F. A. Sawyer 6.513.3H Pa'vment to widow of Hon. E. K. Wilson 5,000.00 Payment to Charles H. Evans 500.00 Reimbursement to official reporter 5,000.00 142 AN INTERESTING DOCUMENT. 143 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. Salaries and mileage of members and delegates $1,964,915.74 Salaries, officers and employees 903,365.37 Contingent expenses: Stationery and newspapers 61,279.43 Fuel for heating apparatus 11,407.06 Furniture and repairs 13,872.00 Material for folding 16,657.58 Miscellaneous items 90,622.92 Packing boxes 3,587.00 Postage 225.00 Payment to widow of Hon. James N. Burnes 6,000.00 Payment to widow of Hon. W. D. Kelley 6,225.06 Payment to Hon. George A. Matthews 6,697.70 Payment to widow of Hon. Samuel J. Randall 4,501.70 Payment to widow of Hon. R. W. Townsend 10,691.46 Payment to widow of Hon. S. S. Cox 7,596.17 Payment to estate of Hon. James Laird 604.00 Payment to widow of Hon. E. J. Gay 9,904.37 Payment to widow of Hon. David Wilbur 4,974.99 Payment to widow of Hon. James P. Walker 3,593.76 Payment to Henry H. Smith 1,000.00 Payment to John H. Rogers .mhi.oo Payment to George W. Rae 180.00 Payment to William W. Kelser 300.00 Reimbursement to official reporters to committees 1,500.00 Salaries, officers and employees — reporters 33,083.00 Rent of stables and carpenter shop 840.00 Miscellaneous 8,716.02 Compiling testimony in contested-election cases 2,500.00 Compiling tariff changes 2,000.00 Office of Public Printer. Public printing and binding 2,768,227.03 Public Printer— Miscellaneous. Relief of G. B. Kane & Co 517.60 Library of Congress. Salaries 78,505.55 Increase of library 5,815.02 Contingent expenses 1,244.35 Catalogue of library 2,068.10 One month's extra pay in law department 327.20 Botanic Garden. Salaries 15,089.45 Improving Botanic Garden 4,34 1 .99 Improving buildings 3,054.44 Court of Claims. Salaries, judges, etc 32,240.00 Reporting decisions 2,000.00 Contingent expenses 2,704.87 Payment of judgments 381,717.77 Legislative — Miscellaneous. Expenses of investigation concerning immigration 12,192.73 Expenses of contesting seat in Congress 84,7 19.30 Conveying votes of Presidential electors 622.75 Statement of appropriations 2,400.00 Executive. office of the president. Salaries executive office 33,615.32 Contingent expenses 9,'236.04 Preventing the spread of epidemic diseases 36,680.88 144 AN INTERESTING DOCUMENT. Civil Service Commission. Salaries Traveling expenses Contingent TREASURY DEPARTMENT. Salaries, office of— Secretary Supervising Architect First Comptroller Second Comptroller Second Comptroller, accounts of Soldiers' Home Commissioner of Customs First Auditor Second Auditor Second Auditor, repairing rolls, bounty pay of Indians, soldiers, etc. Second Auditor, accounts of Soldiers' Home Third Auditor Fourth Auditor Fifth Auditor Sixth Auditor Treasurer of the United States Treasurer (national currency, reimbursable, permanent) Register Comptroller of the Currency Examination of national banks' and bank plates Salaries: Office of — Comptroller of Currency, national currency, reimbursable, permanent Life-Saving Service Lighthouse Board Salaries: Bureau of— Navigation, Treasury Department Statistics Collecting statistics relating to commerce Salaries: Secret Service Division Office of Supervising Surgeon-General, Marine-Hospital Service Office of Supervising Inspector-General, Steamboat Inspection Ser- vice Office of Standard Weights and Measures Contingent expenses, Office Standard Weights and Measures Salaries Steamboat Inspection Service (permanent) Contingent expenses Steamboat Inspection Service (permanent) Salaries and expenses of special inspectors, foreign steam vessels (permanent) $33,819.95 4,962.11 3,521.20 585,524.11 11,150.00 88,039.94 91,535.43 2,698.57 49,137.32 88,323.37 240,566.59 21,483.23 6,113.53 188,528.13 68,831.95 47,288.65 531,822.48 269,299.54 63,716.00 173,583.43 102,237.67 369.92 16,317.30 46,602.84 35,150.79 31,689.70 45,129.19 5,895.68 12,701.36 31,747.40 12,671.77 2,320.45 605.43 218,765.33 42,536.21 13,989.14 Treasury — Miscellaneous. Contingent expenses, Treasury Department: Stationery 80,072.12 Binding newspapers, etc 1,924.91 Investigation of accounts and traveling expenses 852.99 Freight, telegrams, etc 1,521 .13 Rent 5,459.99 Horses, wagons, etc 3,983.80 Ice 2,550.03 File holders and cases 2,169.09 Fuel, etc 8,090.95 Gas, etc 13,683.90 Carpets and repairs 2,823.82 Furniture, etc 9,859.63 Miscellaneous items 8,965.54 Contingent expenses, national currency, Treasurer's Office, reimbursable (permanent) 21,799.14 Sealing and separating United States securil ies, 1890-'91 1,678.67 Distinctive paper for United States securities 23,108.31 Transportation of silver coin 48,580.57 Pay of assistant custodians and janitors 218,701.69 Fuel, lights' and water for public buildings 783,511.51 Furniture and repairs of same, public buildings 297,297.83 Inspector of furnit ore, etc 3,972.28 Heating apparatus for public buildings 86,291.19 Vaults, sales, and ]<><-ks for public buildings 32,210.88 Plans lor public buildings 4,454.40 AN INTERESTING DOCUMENT. 145 Treasury — Miscellaneous. — Continued. Lands and other properties of the United States $33.50 Suppressing 1 counterfeiting and other crimes 58,580.03 Expenses Treasury notes 209,267.00 Interstate Commerce Commission 178,554.31 Decorating public buildings, New York City 0.00 Postage to postal-union countries 1,500.00 To promote the education of the blind (permanent ) 15,000.00 Outstanding liabilities (permanent) 33,93-'!. 1 3 Sinking fund, Pacific railroads (permanent) 5,419,003. 7S Settled for appropriation 452.93 Miscellaneous accounts 0.00 Payment to E. F. Gobel 1,096.68 Damages to fishing schooner Lucy Ann 25.00 Repayment to importers, excess of deposit 71.45 Relief of Frank A. Lee 100.00 Payment for portrait of J. C. Spencer 500.00 Expenses World's Columbian Exposition 124,052.97 Quarantine Service 61,522.47 Disposal of useless papers, Treasury and War Departments 1,193.76 Canceling United States securities and cutting distinctive paper 646.55 Payment to legal representatives of Samuel Hein 1,000.18 Additional compensation for services in connection with the issue of 3 per cent, bonds 80.33 Protecting salmon fisheries of Alaska 498.57 Lease fur-seal islands ^^'^ Statistics fur-seal islands 1 ,760.00 Refund to national banks 317.0 1 Payment of French spoliation claims 1,062,092.4-3 Relief to Thos. J. Parker 40.89 Relief of Charles N. Felton 9,930.00 Credit in accounts of Treasurer United States at San Francisco for loss, etc 10,000.00 Customs. Expenses of collecting the revenue from customs 7,142,530.53 Detection and prevention of frauds upon the customs revenue 18,428.73 Excess of deposits 0,456,226.2.'". Debentures and drawbacks 4,950,334.80 Official emoluments 248,863.77 Expenses of immigration 166,150.04 Duties, etc., refunded 2,949,893.46 Additional pay to inspectors of customs 15,465.80 Miscellaneous accounts 10,286.28 Salaries of shipping service 59,734.16 Services to "American vessels 24,811.91 Compensation in lieu of moieties 28,617.11 Expenses of local appraisers (quarterly meeting) 2,524.34 Prevention of obstructions, New York Harbor 67,480.16 Marine Hospital Service 791 ,657. lit Enforcement of alien contract labor law 50,912.68 Enforcement of Chinese exclusion acts 42,733.09 Salaries and traveling expenses of agents at the seal fisheries 10,953.35 Public debt {permanent). Interest * Consols of 1907 20,948,513.00 Funded loan of 1891 4,381,574.82 Pacific Railroad bonds 5,407,851.12 Coin coupons 4,424,601.12 Navy pension fund 420,000.00 Funded loan of 1881 470.48 Funded loan, continued 319.08 Funded loan, final dividend 58.83 Three per cent, loan, 1882 537.36 Loan of July and August, 1861, continued 8.75 Sixes of 1881, final payment 15.00 Miscellaneous securities: Spanish indemnity fund 28,500.00 Spanish indemnity unclaimed interest 98.15 146 AN INTERESTING DOCUMENT. Public debt (permanent).— Continued. Interest on District of Columbia securities: Three-sixty-five bonds $513,499.28 Three-sixty -five bonds, judgment cases 25,286.12 Water stock bonds 38,535.00 Old funded debt 461,993.25 Redemption of bonds retired : Funded loan of 1891 31,475,419.26 Funded loan of 1881 6,484.66 Funded loan of 1881, continued 12,857.10 Three per cent, loan, 1882 60,929.14 Ten-forties of 1864 11,956.47 Ten-forties of 1861 1,136.00 Five-twenties of 1862 967.72 Five-twenties of 1864 10,993.26 Loan of 1863 103.00 Loan of 1863, continued 302.73 Consols of 1865 4,663.44 Consols of 1867 41,278.73 Consols of 1868 20,059.88 Bounty land scrip 108.71 Loan of 1847 300.00 Redemption sinking fund: Funded loan of 1891 26,472,760.36 Three per cent, loan of 1882 6,344.76 Loan of 1863 103.00 Loan of July and August, 1861 978.50 Bonds purchased, circular: Funded loan of 1891 1,352,111.69 Consols, 1807 34,324,986.15 Bonds purchased, sinking fund : Funded loan of 1891 2,613,998.65 Consols, 1907 19,978,450.93 Redemption of bonds of District of Columbia: Old funded debt, sinking fund 45,853.37 Water stock bonds, sinking fund 28,357.50 Three-sixty-five bonds, sinking fund 243,916.91 Louisville and Portland Canal 1,330.00 Miscellaneous securities: Refunding certificates 15,904.80 Gold certificates, March 3, 1863 9,060.00 Gold certificates, Julv 12, 1882 38,025,000.00 Certificates of deposit, June 8, 1872 25,495,000.00 One-year notes 493.50 Two-year notes 275.00 Six per cent, compound interest not es 3,211 .00 Seven-thirties, 1864-65 1,258.53 Circulating securities destroyed: Legal-tender notes 59,692,000.00 Fractional currency : 3,818.65 Gold certificates 23,067,460.00 Silver certificates 58,745,249.00 Treasury notes 1,124,000.00 Old demand notes 410.00 Engraving and Printing. Salaries, Bureau of Engraving and Printing 21,525.23 Compensation of employees 420,103. 00 Materials and miscellaneous expenses 246,234. 40 Plate printing 679,442.18 Custody of dies, rolls, and plates 7,734.15 Special witness of destruction of United States securities 1,950.00 Portrait of the late James N. Burnes 291.00 Portrait of the late Win. D. Kelly 825.00 Portrait of the late S. S. Cox 868.30 Portrait of the late Samuel J. Randall 818.00 Portrait of the late James B. Beck 821.00 Port rait of the late Richard W. Townshend 685.00 AN INTERESTING DOCUMENT. 147 Coast and Geodetic Surrey. Salaries $248,150-81 Party expenses 150,572.86 Repairs of vessels 15,849.17 Publishing observations 1,071.07 General expenses 51,744.66 Alaska boundary survey 1,685.34 Revenue-Cutter Service. Expenses, Revenue-Cutter Service 951,798.04 Revenue vessels for South Atlantic coast 123,618.00 Revenue steamer for southern coast 7,607.81 Refuge station, Point Barrow, Alaska 2,507.89 Three months' extra pay, Mexican War, Revenue Marine 96.00 Revenue Marine storehouse, Woods Holl, Mass Life-Saving Service. Life-Saving Service 859,777.92 Establishing life-saving stations 844.99 Ligh thouse Establishment. Salaries, keepers of lighthouses 797,263.74 Supplies of lighthouses 4fl9,311.93 Repairs of lighthouses 377,244.47 Expenses of light-vessels 346,491.54 Expenses of buoyage 485,341 .57 Expenses of fog signals ^'^5o"i» Inspecting lights 2,148.77 Lighting Sf rivers 292,690.97 Construction of light-stations, ships, and tenders 997,612.52 Miscellaneous lighthouse accounts 15,783.04 Public buildings. Treasury Building, Washington, D . C, repairs 18,665.89 Construction of court-houses and post-offices 3,058,426.91 Construction of custom-houses, etc 476,980.57 Construction of appraisers' stores 586,94s. 84 Construction of marine hospitals 26,999.94 Construction of mints 470.00 Construction of United States jail 292.35 Construction of building for Bureau of Engraving and Printing 345.13 Construction of Government building for World's Columbian Exposition. 1,359.73 Construction of vaults for storage of silver 25,256.00 Construction and repairs of buildings in Alaska 937.05 Construction of Cape Charles quarantine station 12,623.46 Construction of Delaware Breakwater quarantine station 34,021 .94 Construction of Key West quarantine station 3,039.03 Construction of Port Townsend quarantine station 30.00 Construction of San Diego quarantine station 595.60 Construction of South Atlantic quarantine station 19,511.05 Construction of San Francisco quarantine station 102,308.87 Removal of quarantine station from Ship Island 13,640.87 Improving Ellis Island, New York Harbor, for immigration purposes 66,954.15 Repairs and preservation of public buildings 155,673.31 Purchase of property southwest corner B street and New Jersey avenue southeast... ... 275,000.00 Purchase of property northwest corner B street and New Jersey avenue northwest 138,000.00 Miscellaneous 1,422.55 Fish Commission. Propagation of food fishes 310,757.95 Fish hatcheries 34,431.04 Smithsonian Institution. North American Ethnology 32,157.85 Purchase of the Capron collection of Japanese works of art 10,000.00 Expenses of the Smithsonian Institution 42. 1 so. on Payment to the daughters of Joseph Henry 10,000.00 Perkins collection prehistoric copper implements 7,000.00 Duties on articles imported for National Museum 1,650.00 148 AN INTERESTING DOCUMENT. Independent treasury. Salaries, office of assistant treasurer — Baltimore, Md $21,510.30 Boston, Mass 37,910.00 Chicago, 111 25,827.90 Cincinnati, Ohio 16,560.00 New Orleans, La 18,087.22 New York, N. Y 180,956.83 Philadelphia, Pa 36,346.24 Salaries, office of assistant treasurer — St. Louis, Mo 17,860.00 San Francisco, Cal 27,120.00 Salaries of special agents, independent treasury 5,828.43 Contingent expenses, independent treasury. . . .' 64,509.36 Treasurer's general account of expenditures 649,350,442.09 Paper for checks and drafts, independent treasury 11,260.27 Mint and assay offices. Salaries, office of Director of the Mint 28,083.90 Contingent expenses, office of Director of Mint 8,649.81 Freight on bullion and coin 10,221.99 Salaries, wages, and contingent expenses of United States mints and as- say offices 1,115,534.66 Gold and silver bullion 104,174,770.66 Coinage of the standard silver dollar 137,780.83 Transportation of silver coins 48,580.57 Recoinage gold and silver coins 19,769.35 Recoinage of uncurrent fractional silver coins 16,034.66 Coinage of silver bullion 188,905.20 Parting and refining bullion 228,937.92 Manufacture of medals 1,678.25 Government in the Territories. Salaries of governors, etc., Territory of — Alaska 21,813.14 Arizona 13,550.85 Dakota 345.62 Idaho 7,560.66 Mont ana 519.23 New Mexico 28,747.97 Oklahoma 18,192.87 Utah 16,166.60 Wyoming 5,325.37 Legislative expenses 58,888.64 Contingent expenses 6,018.74 Compensation Utah Commission 25,000.00 Contingent expenses, Utah Commission 9,158.30 Compensation and expenses, officers of election, Utah 26,743.48 Expenses constitutional conventions, Territories 25,933.72 Public schools, Territory of Oklahoma 29,221 .25 Repairs of old adobe palace, Santa Fe 2,954.44 Expenses first legislative assembly, Territory of Oklahoma 37,770.39 Relief destitute citizens, Territory of Oklahoma 37,540.68 District of Columbia. Salaries, offices 113,366.69 Salaries, contingent expenses, offices 42,003.81 Improvements and repairs 933,152.72 Streets 409,425.66 Bridges 16,455.25 Public schools 615,512.63 Buildings and grounds, public schools 190,140., so Metropolitan Police 412,177.47 Fire department 166,641 .30 Telegraph and telephone service 19,040.3 1 Health department 48,445.93 Courts... 16,984.38 Washington Asylum 58, ^« Miscellaneous expenses 13,952.65 Contingent and miscellaneous expenses 18,050.35 Construction of county roads 49,601.31 Permitwork 190,615.17 AN INTERESTING DOCUMENT. 149 District of Columbia. — Continued. Sewers $161,665.66 Completion of sewerage system .•'>'- Examination of sewerage system 5,903.35 II. .spit al for the Insane 86,875.01 Transportation of paupers and prisoners 2,029.86 Relief of the poor, District of Columbia 35,1 87.60 Building, Washington Asylum 8,421.74 Building, Metropolitan Police 1 1,890.95 Building, fire department 7,362.18 Expenses of assessing real propert y 486.50 Militia 39,431 .25 Emergency fund 372.84 Compilation of the laws of the District of Columbia 933.54 Writs of lunacy 1,976 13 Judgments 60,563.19 Payment of referees, Court of Claims, District of Columbia 2,060.00 Zoological Park 140,557.89 Industrial Home School 227.00 Board to consider the location of electric wires 4,466.94 Building for Central Dispensary and Emergency Hospital 100.62 Payment to "William Forsythe for surveying 350.00 Support and medical treatment of the infirm poor .47 Employment for the poor, District of Columbia, filling up grounds 14.23 General expenses, District of Columbia, 1879 316.06 Water department 60,639.17 The District of Columbia, for increasing the water supply of Washington 71,628.69 Refunding taxes 16,308.48 Refunding water rent and taxes 1,121.84 Washington redemption fund 4,796.02 Washington special tax fund 1,6(>7.94 Redemption of'tax lien certificates 2,081-87 Redemption of assessment certificates 214.70 Water supply 114,218.85 Guaranty fund 53,448.44 Deficiency in sale of bonds retained from contractors 3,078.65 Fireman's relief fund 1,891.42 Police relief fund 12,140.68 Redemption of Pennsylvania Avenue paving certificates 3.18 National Zoological Park 47,425.85 Rock Creek Park 9,432.98 Building, Reform School 1,489.19 Reform School 50,949.13 National Temperance Home 3,259.50 Children's Hospital 7,376.06 Columbia Hospital for Women, etc 25,498.32 Washington Hospital for Foundlings 9,205.20 National Homeopathic Hospital 15. IS'.i.r.i; Women's Christian Association 5,071.76 Association for Works of Mercy 8,752.50 St. Ann's Infant Asylum 8,702.37 Industrial Home School 14,917.12 Building, House of the Good Shepherd 15,000.00 House of the Good Shepherd 2,2 16.3 1 Nat ional Association for Colored Women and Children 13,826.1 1 Building, St. Rose Industrial School 5,000.00 St. John's Church Orphanage 576.68 Building, German Orphanage Asylum Association 10,000.00 Education of feeble-minded children 1,9 13.25 Bridge across Eastern Branch Potomac River 14,693.35 Washington Aqueduct 16,093.20 WAR DEPARTMENT. Salaries, office of — Secretary 104,684.9 1 Record and Pension Division 674,828. t 11 Adjutant-General 345,187.54 Inspector-General 5,396.68 Judge- Advocate-General 14,225.12 Salaries, Signal Office 152,876.86 150 AN INTERESTING DOCUMENT. War Department.— Continued. Salaries, office of— Quartermaster-General * ii ii i ?n Commissary-General 41, 1 14.50 Surgeon-General 26, ,146.28 Paymaster-General 42,646.08 Chief of Ordnance 44,094.15 Chief of Engineers 22,983. 30 Publication of Records of the Rebellion 28,621.17 Stationery 35,827.54 Rent of building J'SSm Contingent expenses, War Department 62,634.2.1 Salaries of employees, public buildings and grounds, under Chief of Engineers 58,51 5.59 Postage to Postal Union countries 1,430.00 Public buildings and grounds. Buildings and grounds, Signal Office ■. . . . 419.50 Improvement and care of public grounds 60,221 .83 Repairs, fuel, etc., Executive Mansion 14,464.75 Lighting, etc., Executive Mansion 32,493.04 Repairs to water pipes and fire plugs 2,768.1 1 Telegraph to connect the Capitol, Departments, and Government Print- ing Office 1,172.42 Contingent expenses 442.59 War, civil, miscellaneous. Salaries, office of superintendent State, War, and Navy Department building 117,925.02 Fuel, lights, etc., State, War, and Navy Department building 43,199.32 Building for State, War, and Navy Department 7,758.42 Completion of the Washington Monument '. . 1,015.61 Care and maintenance of the Washington Monument 10,925.70 Monument at Washington's headquarters, Newburg, N. Y 31 ,888. 13 Support and medical treatment of destitute patients 17,510.76 Maintenance of Garfield Hospital 18,112.12 Statue to the memory of General LaFayette and compatriots 38,586.64 Construction of building for Library of Congress 622,469.31 NAVY DEPARTMENT. Salaries: Office of Secretary 4< ,134.49 Bureau of Yards and Docks 10,359/; 2 Bureau of Equipment and Recruiting 9,070.98 Bureau of Navigation 22,0411. 16 Office of Naval Records of the Rebellion 13,806.14 Nautical Almanac Office 23,638.44 Hydrographic Office 45,801.44 Contingent and miscellaneous expenses, Nautical Almanac Office 900.00 Contingent and miscellaneous expenses, Hydrographic Office 44,649.75 Salaries, Naval Observatory n'tjoneo Contingent and miscellaneous expenses, Naval Observatory 9,589.51. Salaries: -moooao Bureau of— Ordnance io'noT'r- Construction and Repair 13,930.55 Steam Engineering 10,512.72 Provisions and Clothing 37,099.09 Medicine and Surgery 10,086.72 Salaries, office of Judge- Ad vocate-General, U.S. Navy 10,642.30 Library, Navy Department ^-™ Contingent Expenses, Navy Department 13,649.00 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. Salaries, office of the Secretary 218 ''r* •;';"'. Publishing the Biennial Register L 68 ■ ' » Stationery 825,099.10 Library, Department of" the Interior- SS o2 Rent o'f buildings o'o/K'nn Postage to Postal Union countries ,-T~! , Contingenl expenses, Department of the Interior n'SSooZ Expenses of special land inspectors, Department of the Interior -„/~'^\ Salaries, General Land Office 534,622 "" AN INTERESTING DOCUMENT. 151 Department of the Interior. — Continued. Expenses of Inspectors, General Land Office $4,188.62 Library, General Land Office 592.25 Maps of the United States 13,297.76 Transportation of reports and maps to foreign countries 144.35 Salaries: Indian Office 96,977.30 Pension Office ■ 890,182.55 Investigation of pension cases, Pension Office 309,799.60 Salaries special examiners, Pension Office. . 204,807.70 Investigation of pension cases, special examiners, Pension Office 173,793.46 Salaries: Patent Office 659,498.50 Bureau of Education 46,446.20 Library, Bureau of Education 431.74 Distributing documents. Bureau of Education 2,731.18 Collecting statistics, Bureau of Education 1,028.90 Salaries, office of Commissioner of Railroads 10,815.00 Traveling expenses, office of Commissioner of Railroads 2,249.60 Salaries, office of — Architect of Capitol 14,403.00 Geological Survey 34,644.60 Contingent expenses, Land Office 5,883.29 Public buildings and grounds. Repairs of building. Department of the Interior 6,430.43 Annual repairs of the Capitol 27,286.58 Improving the Capitol Grounds 16,355.37 Lighting the Capitol Grounds 27,403.64 Capitol terraces 44,030. 92 Fireproof building for Pension Office 1,705.38 "Ventilation, Senate wing, Capitol 34.47 Ventilation, House of Representatives 187.40 Ventilation, Supreme Court Room, Capitol 533.39 Electric-light plant, Senate 2,916.73 Elevator, House of Representatives 265.54 Steam boilers, Senate and House of Representatives 793.87 West elevator, Senate 3,452.00 Repairs Government Hospital for the Insane 10,443.40 Construction of Penitentiaries 37,029.85 Sundry Public Buildings 3,993.19 Reservoirs for drinking water, Capitol 1 10.50 Monument to commemorate Revolutionary Battle of Bennington 14,000.00 Beneficiaries. Current expenses: Government Hospital for the Insane 331,817.61 Government Hospital for the Insane, Buildings and Grounds 46,929.52 Columbia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb 67,660.59 Howard University 28,943.58 Howard University Buildings 3,400.10 Support of Freedmen's Hospital and Asylum 88,893.11 Maryland Institution for the Instruction of the Blind 6,575.00 Industrial Home, Utah 10,313.49 Interior— Miscellaneous. Distribution of Report s of the Supreme Court 2,280.00 Education of children in Alaska 41,605.16 Colleges for Agriculture and Mechanic Arts 1,129,000.00 Relief of Alice E. Robertson 2,800.00 Salaries and expenses Supreme Court Reporter 8,400.00 Public land Service. Depredations on public timber 78,077.15 Protecting public lands 86,840.71 Settlement of claims for swamp lands, etc 12,514.48 Reproducing plats of surveys, General Land Office 2,080.72 Transcripts of records and plats 12,129.75 Preservation of abandoned military reserval ions 525.01 Appraisement and sale of abandoned military reservat ions 1,115.00 152 AN INTERESTING DOCUMENT. Surveying public lands. Surveying the public lands $15,329.59 Geological Survey 582,221 .42 Geological maps of the United States 27,658.30 Protection and improvement of Hot Springs, Ark 18,703.66 Water and ground rents, Hot Springs. Ark 18,703.65 Revenues, Yellowstone National Park 1,397.10 Department of Labor. Salaries 48,878.55 Library 728.50 Stationery 296.28 Postage to Postal Union countries 300.00 Rent 4,889.73 Miscellaneous expenses 27,197.57 Contingent expenses 1,155.37 Investigation of Industrial and Technical school systems of the United States and Foreign countries 383.50 POST-OFFICE DEPARTMENT. Salaries 731,852.27 Deficiency in the postal revenues 4,741,727.08 Post-office— Miscellaneous. Relief of F. A. Kendig 3,538.59 Payment to M. M. Lynch 101.65 Payment to C. K. Lounsberry 380.55 Relief of J. H. Smith 407.82 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Salaries 220,668.20 Salaries and expenses, Bureau of Animal Industry 285,834.30 Quarantine stations for neat cattle 12,574.13 Collecting agricultural statistics 77,468.53 Purchase and distribution of valuable seeds 109,122.84 Experimental garden 25,370.57 Laboratory 19,200.04 Museum 1 .539.07 Library 2,890.81 Experiments in the manufacture of sugar 20,902.32 Botanical investigation and experiments 52,496.53 Pomological information 3,473.43 Materials, document and folding room 1,060.30 Vegetable pathological investigations and experiments 11,121.86 Illustrations and engravings 1,304.93 Location for artesian wells 17,426.22 Irrigation investigations 15,669.43 Investigating the adulteration of food 1 ,007.63 Investigations in ornithology and mammalogy 9,337.05 Agricultural experiment stations 14,438.37 Agricultural experiment stations in the various states 826,000.06 Furniture, etc 12,476.54 Investigating history, etc., of insects 23,155.32 Report on forestry 7,160.49 Silk culture 16.646.75 Postage 5,218.00 Contingent expenses 18,529.58 DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. Salaries 182,944.14 ('mil ingent expenses: Furniture and repairs 1,094.98 Books for Depart ment library 1,764.64 Books for office of Solicitor 612.36 Stationery 1,677.16 Miscellaneous items 7,243.95 Transportation 1,5*3.15 Building 18-10 AN - INTERESTING DOCUMENT. 153 Miscellaneous. Salary, warden of jail. District of Columbia $1,692.36 Expenses of Territorial courts in Utah 100,538.10 Salaries of employees court-house, Washington, D. C 12,274.-10 Defense in French spoliation claims 3,56(3.99 Defending suits in claims against the United States 19,1 10.85 Punishing violations of intercourse acts and frauds 4,851.96 Prosecution of crimes 87,869.83 Expenses settling title to Greer Co., claimed by Texas 21(1.35 Defending suits in claims against the District of Columbia 205.25 Payment for legal services rendered to U. S. Government 7,785.00 Oil portraits of Chief Justices Rutledge, Ellsworth, and Waite 1,500.00 Traveling expenses, Territory of Alaska 190.00 Digest of opinions, Attorney-General 1,500.00 Rent and incidental expenses, office of marshal of Alaska 1,133.60 Repayment of excess of deposits 496.00 Payments of judgments United States courts 51,367.09 Judicial. Salaries: Justices, etc., Supreme Court 105,524.27 Circuit judges 59,399.97 District judges 288,567.90 Judge United States court, Indian Territory 288.50 Retired judges 39,687.25 Salaries and expenses, Circuit Court of Appeals 817.31 District attorneys : 19,610.08 Regular assistant district attorneys 103,802.21 District marshals 13,386.20 Justices and judges supreme court, District of Columbia 24,500.00 United States Courts. Fees and expenses of marshals 1,362,104.61 Fees of district attorneys 417,374.74 Special compensation of district attorneys United States courts 19,240.70 Pay of assistant attorneys 64,219.63 Fees of — Clerks 305,598.98 Commissioners 197,534.49 Jurors 747,897.44 Witnesses 1,264,599.10 Support of prisoners 522,135.80 Rent of court-rooms 89,291.54 Miscellaneous expenses 263,710.35 Fees of supervisors of elections 502,283.26 Fines and f orfeitures - 18,812.99 Judicial emoluments 1,088,099.87 Fines, etc., district court, Alaska 85,7 15.60 Pay of bailiffs 222,072.81 Total disbursements $1,201,513,909.85 Grand total, receipts and disbursements $2,186,531,521.04 PUBLIC DEBT DIVISION. [Audits all Accounts for Payment of Interest on the Public Debt, both Registered Stock and Coupon Bonds, Interest on District of Columbia Bonds, Pacific Railroad Bonds, Louisville and Portland Canal Bonds, Navy Pension Fund, Redemption of United States and District of Columbia Bonds, Redemption of Coin and Currency Certificates, Old Notes and Bounty Scrip, and Accounts lor Notes and Fractional Currency destroyed.] Interest on United States securities $35,583,955.56 Miscellaneous securities 88,598.15 Interest on District of Columbia securil ies 1,039,313.65 Redemption of U.S. bonds— retired 31,643,560.10 Redemption of U. S. bonds— sinking fund 86,480,186.62 U. S. bonds purchased — circular 35,677,1 197.8 1 U. S. bonds purchased — sinking fund 88,598, 1 19.58 Redemption of bonds. District of Columbia 819, (57.78 Miscellaneous securities of the United States 63,550,203.78 U. S. circulating securities destroyed 148,638,937.65 Total $359,547,760.65 13b POPULATION, NET REVENUE, AND NET EXPENDITURES OF THE GOVERN- MENT FROM 1837 TO JUNE 30, 1891, AND PER CAPITA OF THE REV- ENUES AND PER CAPITA OF EXPENDITURES. Year. 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 (6 months). 1844 1845 1840 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 186a 1863 1864 1865 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. Population, 1890. 1891. 15,655,000 16,112,000 16,584,000 17,069,453 17,591,000 18,132,000 18,694,000 19,276,000 19,878,000 20,500,000 21,143,000 21,805,000 22,489,000 23,191,876 23,995,000 24,802,050 25,615,000 26,433,000 27,256,000 28,083,000 28,916,000 29,753,000 30,596,000 31,443,321 32,064,000 32,704,000 33,365,000 34,046,000 34,748,000 35,469,000 36,211,000 36,973,000 37,756,000 38,558,371 :«>. .V,:,,niM> 40,596,000 41,677,000 42,796,000 43,951,000 45,137,000 46,353,000 47,598,000 48,866,000 50,155,783 51,316,000 52,495,000 53,693,000 54,911,000 56,148,000 57,404,000 58,680,000 59,91 l.ooo 61,389,000 62,622,250 63,975,000 Net revenue. Per capi- ta on rev- enue. $24,954,153.00 26,302,562.00 31,482,750.00 19,480,115.00 16,860,160.00 19,976,197.00 8,302,702.00 29,321,374.00 29,970,106.00 29,699,968.00 26,495,769.00 35,735,779.00 31,208,143.00 43,603,439.00 52,559,304.00 49,846,816.00 61,587,054.00 73,800,341.00 65,350,575.00 74,056,699.00 08,965,313.00 46,655,366.00 53,486,466.00 56,064,608.00 41,509,930.00 51,987,455.00 112,697,291.00 264,626,772.00 333,714,605.00 558,032,620.00 4! 10,634,010.00 405,038,083.00 370,943,747.00 411,255,478.00 38:1323,945.00 374,106,868.00 333,738,205.00 304,978,755.00 288,000,051.00 294,095,865.00 281,406,419.00 257,763,879.00 273,827,184.00 333.526,611.00 360,782.293.00 403,525,250.00 398,287,582.00 348,519,870.00 323,690,706.00 336,439,727.00 371,403,277.00 379,266,075.00 387,050,059.00 103,080,982.00 456,184,138.00 $1.59 1.63 1.90 1.14 .96 1.10 .89 1.62 1.51 1.45 1.25 1.64 1.39 1.88 2.19 2.01 2.40 2.79 2.40 2.64 2.38 1.57 1.75 1.78 1.29 1.59 3.38 7.77 9.60 15.73 13.55 10.97 9.82 10.67 9.69 9.22 8.01 7.13 6.55 6.52 6.07 5.42 5.60 6.65 7.00 7.68 7.41 6.36 5.76 5.86 6.33 6.32 6.31 6.43 7.13 Net expenses. Perc'p'ta on ex- pen't'res. $37,243,496.00 33,865,059.00 26,899,128.00 24,317,579.00 26,565,873.00 25,205,761.00 11,858,075.00 22,337,571.00 22,937,408.00 27,766,925.00 57,281,412.00 45,377,225.00 45,051,657.00 39,543,492.00 47,709,017.00 44,194,919.00 48,184,111.00 58,044,862.00 59,742,668.60 69,571,026.00 67,795,708.00 74,185,270.00 69,0?'0,977.00 63,130,598.00 66,546,645.00 474,761,819.00 714,740,725.00 865,322,642.00 1,297,555,224.00 520,809,417.00 357,542,675.00 377,340,285.00 322,865,278.00 309,653,561.00 292,177,188.00 277,517,963.00 290,345,245.00 302,6*3,873.00 274,623,393.00 265,101,085.00 241,3:34,475.00 236,964,327.00 266,947,884.00 267,642,958.00 260,712,888.00 257,981,440.00 265,408,138.00 244.126,244.00 260,226,935.00 242,483,138.00 267,932,179.00 *267,924,801.00 +299,288,978.00 $318,040,710.00 §305,774,681.00 $2.38 2.10 1.62 1.42 1.51 1.39 1.27 1.16 1.15 1.35 2.71 2.08 2.00 1.71 1.99 1.78 1.88 2.20 2.19 2.48 2.34 2.49 2.26 2.01 2.08 14.52 21.42 25.42 37.34 14.68 9.87 10.21 8.55 8.03 7.39 6.84 6.97 7.07 6.25 5.87 5.21 4.98 5.16 5.34 5.08 4.91 4.94 4.44 4.63 4.23 4.56 4.46 4.88 5.07 5.71 ■This includes $8,270,842.46 <>f " premiums on purchase <>!' bonds." I This includes $17,292,303. 65 of " premiums on purchase of bonds." {This includes $20,304,224.06 of " premiums on purchase of bonds." §This includes $10,401,220.61 of " premiums on purchase of bonds." Note.— This statement has been revised and corrected according to the census report of 1890. 154 COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF THE RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES ON ACCOUNT OF CUSTOMS FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1891. States and Terri tories. Alabama Alaska Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Delaware District of Colum bia Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kentucky , Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts . . . Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana and Idaho Nebraska New Hampshire.. New Jersey New York North Carolina. . . Ohio Oregon Receipts. $12,458.9x 3,256. 11 35,621.91 8,032,422.0* 110,514.43 475,992.21 30,400.00 16,268.61 80,766.39 1,331,558.27 75,780.11 5,786,811.65 156,279.77 13,484.61 275,035.83 8,086,483.79 607,025.73 3,712,217.38 18,200,051.70 837,580.94 337,432.30 5,990.74 1, 699,096.6* 30,613.04 99,838.42 64,145.99 18,999.37 149,8l',2,184.6 r 21,317.10 1,477,941.32 050,395.36 Expendi- tures. $10,837.44 13,293.80 22,470.38 399,153.06 7,460.49 36,187.96 2,891.60 7,240.38 10,864.52 115,531.99 24,539.54 137,124.29 10,161.05 1,061.46 22,871.74 218,373.1 114,732.34 276,691.15 697,143.85 133,930.47 37,945.92 5,863.11 65,108.19 3,936.41 6,513.73 5,985.39 13,122.02 3,085,897.20 8,912.53 101,182.12 87,753.94 States and Terri- tories. Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina. . . Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia West Virginia Washington Wisconsin Amount paid by disbursing agent for sala ries, etc Contingent e x - penses and fees i n customs cases Transportation. . . M isce llaneous (rent, station- ery, etc.) Deduct excess of repayment at Sandusky, Ohio. Total receipts and total net expendi- tures Receipts. 11 ,052,881 .52 329,115.09 33,897.27 57,362.80 679,854.99 767,748.26 22,710.04 148,294.70 148,094.71 392,219.76 219,522,205.23 Expendi- tures. J505,874.27 21,035.87 18,994.26 7,668.17 161,303.19 86,432.60 30,426.08 1,159.46 55.2SS.S-J 19,309.44 295,730.15 23,138.21 508.17 53,420.25 6,965,070.18 703.09 0,964,367.09 COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF THE RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES ON ACCOUNT OF INTERNAL REVENUE FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1891. States and Terri- tories. Receipts. Expendi" tures. States and Terri- tories. Receipts. Expendi- tures. Alabama $93,328.00 97,456.83 2,065,972.08 295,622,13 955,119.94 485,789.83 574,733.00 38,345,572.92 6,474,040.14 432,431.60 193,156.71 15,830,485.26 644,809.35 3,060,113.80 2,314,575.93 2,807,558.90 2,733,568.95 525.00 7,661,372.17 $21,135.23 88,865.27 87,179.94 20,004.74 35,575.19 15.S1S.92 98,761.28 813,288.97 72,876.79 29,912.71 18,130.85 599,792.65 32,053.68 97,979.49 56,903.14 39,306.24 31,780.21 $151,966.29 3,230,163.64 460,106. 66 4,091,290.62 36,491.65 16,554,034.67 2,478,434.24 14,365,286.27 384,257.24 10,307,969.28 69,732.21 1,276,712.86 223,609.58 3,206,967.87 S3l.7SI.33 3,007,977.73 231.90 $21,069.99 12.9S2.60 17.093.30 53,134.42 11.100.15 235 723 22 Arkansas California New Hampshire.. New Jersey New Mexico Connecticut Florida Georgia Illinois North Carolina. .. Ohio 311,601.96 157,055. 71 19,509.48 275 IIS 98 South Carolina.. . Tennessee Texas.. . Kansas 27,009.10 1 1 1 806 66 Louisiana 3l,lf,i;.M 182,044 53 Maryland Massachusetts.. . . Michigan Mississippi West Virginia. . . Wisconsin Miscellaneous Total 31,488.72 50,547.92 887,815.66 92,965.55 145,686,249.44 1,003,185.05 155 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. FROM THE TREASURY REPORTS, 1891. The value of our foreign commerce — imports and exports of merchandise — during the last fiscal year was greater than for any previous year. It amounted to $1,729,397,006, as against $1,647,139,093 during the fiscal year 1890, an increase of $82,257,913. The value of imports of merchandise also during the last fiscal year was the largest in the history of our commerce, amounting to $844,916,196, as against $789,310,409 during the fiscal year 1890, an increase of $55,605,787. The value of the exports of merchandise during the same period was $884,480,810, as against $857,828,684 for the previous fiscal year, 1890, an increase of $26,652,126. The exports exceeded the imports of merchandise $39,564,614. The value of the imports and exports of merchandise and specie during the last four years ending June 30, has been as follows : Merchandise. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. Exports — $683,862,104 12,092,403 $730,282,609 12,118,766 $845,293,828 «872.27<1.2fia 12,534,856 12,210,527 Total 695,954,507 723,957,114 742,401,375 745,131,652 857,828,684 789,310,409 884,480,810 844,916,196 68,518,275 39,564,614 28,002,607 2,730,277 Specie. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. Exports- Gold Silver $18,376,234 28,037,949 $59,952,285 36,689,248 $17,274,491 34,873,929 $86,362,654 22,590,988 Total 16,114.183 96,641,533 52,148,420 108,953,642 Imports — Gold 43,934,317 15,403,669 10,284,858 18,678,215 12,943.342 21,032,984 18,232,567 18,026,880 Total 59,337,986 28,963,073 67,678,460 33,976,326 18,172,094 72,699,447 36,254,195 12,923,803 The above table does not include gold and silver contained in ores and t c pper matte, as follows ; Gold in ores and copper matte . . Silver in ores and copper matte . Exports. $100,226 942,563 Imports. $283,545 8,252,036 Excess of imports. $183,319 7,309,473 156 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 157 The following table shows the distribution of our commerce by leading countries and grand divisions of the globe, during the year ending June 30, 1891. ° Countries and grand divisions. COUNTRIES. Great Britain & Irel'd Germany France Belgium Italy Netherlands British North Ameri can possessions Mexico West Indies Brazil China British East Indies Japan All other countries Total GRAND DIVISIONS. Europe North America South America Asia and Oceanica. . Africa All other countries. . Total Exports. Domestic Foreign. Total Dollars. 441,599,80' 9i,6S4.9si 59,826,739 26,694,150 15,927,274 23,816,814 37,345,515 14,199,080 33,416,178 14,049,273 8,700,308 4,399,544 i,siKi,(;:,o 95,809,970 872,270,283 697,614,106 92,388,252 33,226,401 43,813,519 I, v:is, si; 489,158 872,270,283 Dollars. 3,814,219 1,110,475 866,451 846,274 119,651 297,163 2,098,240 770,540 1,043,273 70,973 700 559 7,043 1,164,966 12,210,527 Imports. 7,183,941 4,160,877 481,889 361,590 19,050 3,180 12,210,527 Dollars. 445,414,020 92,795,456 60,693,190 27,540,424 16,046,925 24,113,977 39,443,755 14,969,620 34,459,451 14,120,246 8,701,008 4,400,103 4,807,693 96,974,936 884,480,810 '04,798,047 96,549,129 33,708,290 44,175,109 4,757,897 492,338 Dollars 194,723,262 97,316,383 76,688,995 10,945,672 21,678,208 12,422,174 39,434,535 27,295,992 86,461,705 83,2:30,595 19,321,850 23,356,989 19,309,198 132,730,6:38 844,916,196 459,305,372 163,226,079 118,736,668 97,893,356 4,207,146 1,547,575 884,480,810 844,916,196 Total ex- ports and imports. Dollars. 640,137,288 190,111,839 137,382,185 38,486,096 37,725,133 36,536,151 78,878,290 42,265,612 120,921,156 97,350,841 28,022,858 27,757,092 24,116,891 229,705,574 1,729,397,006 1,164,103,419 259,775,208 152,444,958 142,068,465 8,965,043 2,039,913 1,729,397,006 Excess of exports + or of imports — . Dollars. +250,690,764 — 4,520,927 — 15,995,805 + 16,594,752 — 5,631,283 + 11,691,803 + 9,220 — 12,326,372 — 32,002,254 — 69,110,349 — 10,620,842 — 18,956,886 — 14,501,505 35,755,702 + 39,564,614 +245 — 66 — 85. 53 + — 1. ,492,675 676,950 ,028,378 ,718,247 550,751 055,237 + 39,564,614 It will be observed that the value of our total trade in merchandise with Great Britain and Ireland amounted to $640,137,288, of which the value of exports was $445,414,026, and the value of imports $194,723,262, showing an excess in the exports of $250,690,764. Our import and export trade with Great Britain and Ireland forms 37 per cent, of such trade with all nations, and about 55 per cent, of such trade with all Europe. Our trade with North America, including the West Indies, stands next in value, followed by that with South America, and that with Asia and Oceanica. Our trade with Germany showed an excess of imports of $4,520,927 ; with France, of $15,995,805. In our local trade with Europe the excess of exports over imports was $245,492,675. Our commerce in merchandise with North America, including Mexico, Central America, and West Indies, amounted to $259,775,208, of which the value of the imports was $163,226,079, and of the exports $96,549,129, an excess of imports of $66,676,950; but if our export trade by land carriage with Mexico and Canada had been correctly ascertained by means of an adequate law for that purpose, it is estimated that our imports with North America would appear upwards of $290,000,000, and leave an excess of im- ports of less than $36,000,000, instead of $66,000,000, as now appears. Our total trade with South America in merchandise amounted to $152,- 444,958, of which the value of the imports was $118,736,668, and of the; ex- ports $33,708,290, an excess of imports of $85,028,378. 158 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. VALUES OF THE IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF MERCHANDISE OF THE UNITED STATES CARRIED IN CARS AND OTHER LAND VEHICLES DURING EACH FISCAL YEAR FROM 1871 TO 1891, INCLUSIVE. Year ending- June 30- 1871. 1872, 1S73. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880, 1881. Imports and exports In cars and other land vehicles. $22,985, 27,650 27.869. 23,022 20,388. 18,473. 17,4(54. 20,477. 19,423 20,981 25, 152 Year ending June 30— 1883. 1SS4 1885. inn; 1.S87 ISSN 1889 1890 is; ii Imports and exports in cars and other land vehicles. $34. 48. 46, 45 43 48 54 66 73 72 '.173,317 01)2.892 714,068 332,775 700,350 951,725 ,356,827 ,664,378 571,263 ,856,194 E.rports. The total value of exports of domestic merchandise was $872,270,283, an increase of $26,976,455 over the exports of the preceding fiscal year, 1890, and was greater than that of any year except 1881. The material increase or decrease in value of the principal articles of do- mestic exports was as follows : Increase in — Cotton, unmanufactured $39,744,106 Sugar, refined 4,237,360 Cotton manufactures 3,605,580 Iron and steel, and manufactures of 3,367,406 Provisions, comprising meat and dairy products 2,752,965 Copper, and manufactures of, not including ore 2,265,205 Coal 1,534,938 Mineral oil, refined 1,491,428 Paraffine and paraffine wax 1,305,940 Hops 1,216,903 Copper ore 1, 207, 657 Decrease in — Breadstuffs $26,804,271 Wood, and manufactures of 2,004,489 Ore, gold, and silver bearing 1,939,434 Fruits, including nuts 1,624,754 Furs and fur skins 1,425,229 Vegetable oils 1,369,505 Fish 1,044,205 There was an increase in the value of domestic exports to — France $10,813,735 Germany 7, 369,766 China. 5, 756, 518 Brazil 2,146,777 Spain 1,871,620 British Australasia 1,723,598 Mexico 1, 532,972 Central American States 1,475,641 Netherlands 1,329,226 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 150 And a decrease to — Argentine Republic $5,604,552 Great Britain and Ireland 2,859,202 Russia in Europe 2,769,553 British North American Possessions 1,198,939 The values of the principal articles of domestic exports during the three years ending June 30, 1891, were as follows : Cotton, and manufactures of Provisions, comprising meat and dairy products... Breadstuffs Mineral oils Animals Iron and steel, and manufactures of, including ore Wood, and manufactures of Tobacco, and manufactures of Leather, and manufactures of Coal Oil cake and oil-cake meal Copper ore Sugar and molasses Chemicals, drugs, dyes, and medicines Fish Spirits of turpentine Copper, and manufactures of, not including ore. . . Vegetable oils Total Value of all domestic exports Per cent, of enumerated articles to total Dollars. 247,987,914 104,122,444 123,876,661 49,913,677 18,374,805 21,156,109 26,910,672 22,609,668 10,747,710 6,690,479 6,927,912 7,518,258 2,117,533 5,542,753 5,969,235 3,777,525 2,348.954 1,585,783 668,178,092 730,282,609 91.50 1890. Dollars. 260,968,069 136,364,506 154,925,92! 51.403.0S9 33,638,128 25,542,208 28,274,529 25,355.601 12,438,847 6,R56,088 7,999,926 6,053,236 3,029,413 6,224,504 O.iUi ). S-Jii 4,590,931 2,349,392 5,672,441 r7,627,661 845,293,828 91.99 1891. DoUa rs. 304,317,755 139,017,471 .128,121,656 .v,Mi-.v;:;i 32,935,086 28,909,614 26,270,040 25,220,472 13.27S.S47 8,391,026 7,452,094 7,200,K93 7,099,788 6,545,354 4,996,621 4,668,140 4,614,597 4,302,936 805,429,124 872,270,283 92.34 The value of the domestic exports during the two years ending June 30, 1891, classified by groups according to character of production, was as follows : 1890. 1891. Values. Per cent. Values. Per cent. Products of agriculture $629,785,917 151,131,297 22,351,746 29,473,084 7,496,044 5,055,740 74.51 17.88 2.64 3.48 .89 .60 $642,751,344 168,927,315 22,0.54.970 2S.715.713 6,208,577 3,612,364 73.69 19.37 Products of mining (including mineral oils) Products of the forest 2.53 3.29 Products of the fisheries .71 .41 Total 845,293,828 100.00 872,270,283 100.00 Imports. During the last fiscal year, the value of imports of merchandise was $844,916,196, an increase of $55,605,787 over the imports of the fiscal year 1890. The value of free merchandise imported was $366,241,352, and of dutiable was $478,674,844, an increase in the value of free merchandise of $100,572,- 723, and a decrease in the value of dutiable goods of $44,966,931), caused mainly by the transfer of sugar and certain textiles from the dutiable to the free list by the new tariff. The material increase or decrease in value of the principal classes of free 160 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. and dutiable imports during the year ending June 30, 1891, as compared with 1890, was as follows : Increase in — Free of duty : Sugar and molasses, except from Hawaiian Islands (made free by new tariff) $45,333,773 Coffee 17,856,345 Textile grasses and fibrous vegetable substances 14,608,019 Hides and skins other than furs 6,048,873 Chemicals, drugs, and dyes 4,825,324 Fruits, including nuts 3,555,144 India rubber and gutta percha, crude 3,166,292 Dutiable : Iron and steel and manufactures of 11,575,966 Metals, metal compositions & manufactures of 2,988,588 Wool, unmanufactured 2,967,289 Vegetables 2,621,000 Decrease in — Free of duty : Silk, unmanufactured $5,249,450 Dutiable : Sugar and molasses (caused by transfer to free list) 36,942,172 Wool and manufactures of 15,522,352 Flax, hemp, jute, & other vegetable substances 13,863,081 Flax, hemp, jute, etc., manufactures of 4,397,185 Hats, bonnets, and hoods, materials for (caused by transfer in part to free list) 2,725,722 There was an increase in the value of our imports in 1891 over 1890 from — Brazil $23,911,839 The West Indies 8,457,464 Great Britain and Ireland 8,234,346 Mexico 4,605,077 China 3,061,379 British East Indies 2,552,670 British Australasia 1,961,345 Central American States 1,746, 678 Hawaiian Islands 1,581,689 And a decrease from — Philippine Islands 6,425,417 Netherlands 4,607,059 Japan 1,794,126 Germany 1,521,300 Imports entered for consumption. The value of imported merchandise entered for consumption and the duty collected thereon, during the last five fiscal years, has been as follows : IMPOETS AND EXPORTS. 161 Year ending June 30— Value of merchandise. Ordinary duty collected. Average rate collected on — Free of duty. Dutiable. Dutiable. Free and dutiable. 1885 $192,912,234 211,530,7:7.) 233,093,659 244,104,852 256,574,630 266,103,047 388,064,404 $386,667,820 413,778,055 450,325,322 468,143,774 484,856,70N 507,571,764 466,455,173 $177,319,550 188,379,397 212,032,121 213,509, W 218,701,774 225,317,076 215,790,680 Per cent. 45.86 54.55 47.10 45.13 45.23 44.41 46.26 Per cent. 1886 1887 30.13 1888 1889 29.99 1890 1891 Trade with Central and South America. Our total imports of merchandise from Mexico, Central and South Ameri- can states, British Honduras, and the West Indies, during; the fiscal year 1891, amounted to $242,512,577, or 28.70 per cent, of our total imports of merchandise. The value of our exports of merchandise to these same countries during the same period was $90,413,516, or 10.22 per cent, of the value of our total exports of merchandise. Our total imports and exports of merchandise from and to these countries during the same period, amounted to $332,926,093, or 19.26 per cent of our total imports and exports of merchandise. It will be seen that the excess of our imports of merchandise from these countries over our exports to them amounted to $152,099,061. In other words, our imports of merchandise were 72.84 percent, and exports 27.16 of the total trade with these countries, and we imported merchandise to the value of $2.68 for every dollar in value exported to these countries. The excess of imports over exports of merchandise for the fiscal year 1890 was $108,054,472. For the fiscal year 1889 this excess was $117,917,883. A comparison of our commerce with this entire group of countries for the years 1870, 1880, and 1891 shows a gradual increase of both imports and exports of merchandise. During the year 1870 the value of imports was $117,398,951 and of ex- ports $55,140,322, an excess of $62,258,629. During the year 1880 the value of imports was $178,985,906 and of ex- ports $61,546,474, an excess of $117,439,432. The per cent, of our commerce with these countries, as compared with our total commerce, in 1870, was 20.82 ; in 1880, 15.99 ; and in 1891, 19.26. Won hh *& Ph COb<_ H H «!&, HO ^o w £j r.M<© t -1 00 o°o SB,,- Hflo Ill osgtf H M ^ 2*^ M^W WooW £Qc5 — _ 815 & ^S ^s ^H i-i O a 03 H W 1 " ~ J? ^H ; < r oo© ■ » 8 CO . 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Oh s ofT-TrHrn — 00 in" in" co i- ■>*"©" ■<* •cc» o©?m©i OJ lOM < © HH ^ 1 a * M (_) 1 CO ca 03 fl cs : .2 : 'E : 0) cc Sd eg -m M Cj M 3 go 6 CJ CO o a5 ga « a C3 co h 1)11 M 4-> +3 a o o o &»< o X o CO 5 13 a W CO - E p d •- ci - s : o c 5 a. ci 5 — c c W O H 'est Indies — Cuba and Puerto British West Indi c 1 : cd • o : °£ j CD cd ss +s'o got 3 N CV> a > kJ3, a -m * cS'S : o ; a 3 M s ca '3 O '3 o H cc3 w >■ c3 3 u & 2 • 3 : Cu . CD • « : cu : a . '« ." S » be-M a r^ m o IS 03 162 OUR PENSIONERS. The annual report of the Commissioner of Pensions shows that on June 30, 1891, there were 676,160 pensioners borne on the rolls of the bureau, being 138,216 more than were carried on the rolls at the close of the last fiscal year. These include: Widows and daughters of revolutionary soldiers, 23; army invalid pensioners, 413,597; army widows, minor children, etc., 108,537; navy invalid pensioners, 5,449; navy widows, minor children, etc., 2,568; survivors of the war of 1812, 7,590; survivors of the Mexican war, 16,379; widows of soldiers of the Mexican war, 6,976. The number of pensions of the several classes granted under the act of June 27, 1890, is as follows: Army invalid pensioners, 97,136; army widows, minor children, etc., 12,209; navy invalid pensioners, 3,976; navy widows, minor children, etc., 1,436. During the last fiscal year first pay- ments were paid upon 131,160 original claims, requiring $31,391,538 for their payment. This is an increase in the number of original payments over the year 1890 of 64,532. The aggregate cost, however, was $1,087,302 less. There were 222,521 first payments of every description, requiring $38,552,- 274, being $69,592 less than was required for the 130,514 first payments made during the last fiscal year. The average value of first payments made during the year was $239.33 and the average value of first payments on claims allowed under the act of June 27, 1890, was $71.28. The average value of first payments for the preceding year was $485.71, a reduction in the average first payments of $246.38. The aggregate annual value of the 676,150 pensions on the roll June 31, 1891, was" $89,247,200 and the average annual value of each pension was $139.99 and the average annual value of each pension under the act of June 27, 1890, was $121.51. At the end of June, 1891, there were 38,574 pensioners on the roll who remained unpaid for the want of time and who were entitled to receive $4,883,242, which will be paid out of the appropriation for the current fiscal year. There remained at the close of the fiscal year 1891 in the hands of the several pension agents the sum of $5,713,852.84 which has since been cov- ered into the treasury. This amount added to $3,607,133.22 of the pension amount not drawn from the treasury aggregates $9,320,986.06 of the appro- priation which was not expended. There will be a deficiency in the appro- priation for the payment of fees and expenses of examining surgeons of about $300,000. The total amount disbursed on account of pensions, expenses, etc., during the fiscal year was $118,548,959.71 as compared with $106,493,890.19 dis- bursed during the preceding fiscal year. So that it appears that 136,216 pensions were added to the rolls during the fiscal year just closed, at an in- creased cost to the nation of $12,055,069 as compared with the expenditures for the previous fiscal year, and said expenditure includes $4,357,347 paid upon vouchers remaining unpaid at the close of the year. The largest number of certificates issued to any class was 4,693 to men who served thirty-six months. The age of the greatest number of pensioners under both the old and new law was forty-seven years. During the last year 20,525 pensioners were dropped from the rolls for various causes, and of this number 13,229 were dropped by reason of death. The loss to the pension rolls by the decease of widows and dependent Ki;: 164 OUR PENSIONERS. mothers and fathers was at the rate of thirty -five per 1,000 in 1891. It is estimated that of the soldiers who served the country during the late war, 1,004,658 were killed in battle or died during and since the war. On June 30 last 124,750 of these deceased soldiers were represented on the pension rolls by their widows or other dependents. There are about 1,208,707 soldiers of the Union now living, and of the survivors 520,158 are now on the pension rolls. There are, therefore, 688,549 survivors who are not pensioned and 879,908 deceased soldiers not represent- ed on the pension rolls. The commissioner renews his recommendation of last year as to the readjustment of the pension ratings under the act of March 3, 1883, and March 4, 1890. DISBURSEMENTS, 1891. AMOUNT DISBURSED AT U. S. PENSION AGENCIES DURING THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1891. Agencies. Augusta Boston Buffalo Chicago Columbus Concord Des Moines Detroit Indianapolis . . Knoxville Louisville Milwaukee New York Philadelphia . . Pittsburg San Francisco. Topeka Washington . . . Total Army. Pensions. $2,810,833.53 5,846,073.58 0,-119,978.52 8,967,990.34 13,029,711.28 2,927,053.30 6,868,819.55 6,135,874.81 10,596,798.10 5,464,404.86 4,014,595.84 5,946,833.14 5,249,547.37 5,688,048.18 5,085,709.56 1,517,075.60 10,709,227.18 7,369,01)2.52 $114,637,786.25 Total. $2,820. 5,865. 6,438. 8,997. 13,063. 2,937. 6,887. 6,144. 10,631. 5,481, 4,025. 5,907, 5,279, 5,710, 5,107, 1,527 10,732 8,545 $116,164,303.92 Navy. Pensions. ',543.70 459,029.67 368,156.13 324,799.00 51,600.34 "437//88.32 Total. 3,543.70 459,029.61 308.150.13 324,799.00 51,600.34 '471 ,528.31 $2,221,917.10 $2,255,057.15 $12,229.54 Arrears of Pensions. Army. ,692.00 502.07 ,990.8.'! 212.13 ,0SS.S0 135.00 624.06 939.00 550.67 1,272.61 137.41 722 ,498.20 179.13 24.6' Total. $092.66 2,255.41 1,990.83 212.13 1,688.80 135.00 624.06 939.00 550.67 2,272.61 137.44 722.27 1,498.20 179.13 24.6 $13,922.88 Grand total. $2,821,409.42 6,447,082.34 6,440,389.13 9,457,982.89 13,064,887.12 2,937,927.97 6,887,751.85 6,145,508.01 10,032,138.82 5,482,190.82 4,027,711.46 5,968,319.64 5,647,833.56 6,036,480.20 5,109,788.22 1,578,935.39 10,732,709.90 9,016,768.74 $118,435,827.48 RECENT PENSION LAWS. Chap. 390, laws of 1889, enacts that the charge of desertion now standing on the rolls and records in the office of the Adjutant-General against any soldier who served in the late war in the volunteer service shall be removed in all cases where it shall be made to appear to the satisfaction of the Secre- tary of War, from such rolls and records, or from other satisfactory testi- mony, that such soldier served faithfully until the expiration of his term of enlistment, or until the 1st day of May, 1865, having previously served six months or more, and, by reason of his absence from his command at the time the same was mustered out, failed to be mustered out and to receive an honor- able discharge, or that such soldier absented himself from his command, or from hospital while suffering from wounds, injuries, or disease received or contracted in the line of duty and was prevented from completing his term of enlistment by reason of such wounds, injuries, or disease. Sec. 2. That the Secretary of War is hereby authorized to remove the charge of desertion from the record of any regular or volunteer soldier in the late war upon proper application therefor, and satisfactory proof in the following cases: First. That such soldier, after such charge of desertion was made, and within a reasonable time thereafter, voluntarily returned to his command and served faithfully to the end of his term of service, or until discharged. Second. That such soldier absented himself from his command or from hospital while suffering from wounds, injuries, or disease, received or con- tracted in the line of duty, and upon recovery voluntarily returned to his command and served faithfully thereafter, or died from such wounds, injuries, or disease while so absent, and before the date of muster out of his command, or expiration of his term of service, or was prevented from so returning by reason of such wounds, injuries, or diseases before such muster out, or expira- tion of service. Third. That such soldier was a minor, and was enlisted without the con- sent of his parent or guardian, and was released or discharged from such service by the order or decree of any court of competent jurisdiction on habeas corpus or other proper judicial proceedings; and in any such case, no pay, allowance, bounty, or pension shall be allowed or granted. Sec. 3. That the charge of desertion now standing on the rolls and reci >r< Is in the office of the Adjutant- General against any regular or volunteer soldier who served in the late War of the Rebellion by reason of his having enlisted in any regiment, troop, or company, or in the United States Navy or Marine Corps, without having first received a discharge from the regiment, troop or company in which he had previously served, shall be removed in all cases wherein it shall be made to appear to the satisfaction of the Secretary >>i War, from such rolls and records, or from other satisfactory testimony, thai such re enlistment was not made tor the purpose of securing bounty or other gratuity that he would not have been entitled to had he remained under his original term of enlistment; that the absence from (lie service did not exceed four months, and that such soldier served faithfully under his reOnlistment. Sec. 4. That whenever it shall appear from the official records in the office of the Adjutant-General that any regular or volunteer soldier of the late war 103 166 RECENT PENSION LAWS. was formally restored to duty from desertion by the commander competent to order his trial for the offence, or, having deserted and being charged with desertion, was, on return to the service, suffered, without such formal restora- tion, to resume his place in the ranks of his command, serving faithfully thereafter until the expiration of his term, such soldier shall not be deemed to rest under any disability, because of such desertion, in the prosecution of any claim for pension on account of disease contracted, or wounds or injuries received in the line of his duty as a soldier. Sec. 5. That when the charge of desertion shall be removed under the provisions of this act from the record of any soldier, such soldier, or, in case of his death, the heirs or legal representatives of such soldier, shall receive the pay and bounty due to such soldier: Provided, however, That this act shall not be so construed as to give to any such soldier, or, in case of his death, t« the heirs or legal representatives of any such soldier, any pay, bounty or allowance for anytime during which such soldier was absent from his command without proper authority, nor shall it be so construed as to give any pay, bounty, or allowance to any soldier, his heirs or legal representa- tives, who served in the army for a period less than six months. Sec. 6. That the Secretary of War be and he hereby is authorized and directed to amend the military record of any soldier who enlisted for the war with Mexico, upon proper application, where the rolls and records of the Adjutant-General's office show the charge of desertion against him, when such rolls and records show the facts set out in the following cases : First. That said soldier served faithfully the full term of his enlistment, or having served faithfully for six months or more, and until the 4th day of July, 1848, left his command without having received a discharge. Second. That such soldier, after said charge of desertion was entered on the rolls, voluntarily returned to his command within a reasonable time and served faithfully until discharged. Sec. 7. That the provisions of this act shall not be so construed as to relieve any soldier from the charge of desertion who left his command from disaffection or disloyalty to the government, or to evade the dangers and hardships of the service, or whilst in the presence of the enemy (not being sick or wounded), or while in arrest or under charges for breach of military duty, or, in case of a soldier of the Mexican War, who did not actually reach the seat of war. Sec. 8. That when such charge of desertion is removed under the pro- visions of this act, the soldier shall be restored to a status of honorable ser- vice, his military record shall be corrected as the facts may require, and an honorable discharge shall he issued in those cases where the soldier has received none: and he shall be restored to all his rights as to pension, pay or allowances as if the charge of desertion had never been made; and in case of the death of said soldier, his widow or other legal heir shall be entitled to the same rights as in case of other deceased honorably discharged soldiers: Pro- vided, That this act shall not be construed to give to any soldier, or his legal representatives or heir, any pay or allowance for any period of time he was absent without leave, and not in the performance of military duty. Sec. 9. That all applications for relief under this act shall be made to and filed with the Secretary of War within the period of three years from and after July 1, 1889, and all applications not. so made and tiled within said term of three years shall be forever barred, and shall not be received or considered. —(Approved March 2, 188!).) Chap. 132. — Provides that from and alter the passage of this act all persons who, in the military or naval service of the United Sates and in the line of duty, have lost both hands, shall be entitled to a pension of $100 a month. — (Approved February 12, 1889.) RECENT PENSION LAWS. 167 PENSIONS TO THE TOTALLY HELPLESS. The act of 1890 provides that all soldiers, sailors and marines who have since the 16th day of June, 1880, or who may hereafter become so totally and permanently helpless from injuries received or disease contracted in the ser- vice and line of duty as to require the regular personal aid and attendance of another person, or who, if otherwise entitled, were excluded from the pro- visions of "An act to increase pensions of certain pensioned soldiers and sailors who are utterly helpless from injuries received or disease contracted while in the United States service," approved June 16, 1880, shall be entitled to receive a pension at the rate of $73 per month from the date of the passage of this act or of the certificate of the examining surgeon or board of surf-eons showing such degree of disability made subsequent to the passage of this act —(Approved March 4, 1890.) THE DEPENDENT PENSION ACT. Be it enacted, etc., That in considering the pension claims of dependent parents the fact of the soldier's death by reason of any wound, injury, casu- alty, or disease which under the conditions and limitations of existing laws would have entitled him to an invalid pension, and the fact that the soldier left no widow or minor children having been shown as required bv law it shall be necessary only to show by competent and sufficient evidence that such parent or parents are without other present means of support than their own manual labor or the contributions of others not legally bound for their support: Provided, That all pensions allowed to dependent parents under this act shall commence from the date of the filing of the application hereunder and shall continue no longer than the existence of the dependence. Sec. 2. That all persons who served ninety days or more in the military or naval service of the United States during the late war of the rebellion anil who have been honorably discharged therefrom, and who are now or who may hereafter be suffering from a mental or physical disability of a perma- nent character not the result of their own vicious habits, which incapacitates them from the performance of manual labor in such a degree as to render them unable to earn a support, shall, upon making due proof of the fact ac- cording to such rules and regulations as the Secretary of the Interior may provide, be placed upon the list of invalid pensioners of the United States, and be entitled to receive a pension not exceeding $12 per month, and not less than $6 per month, proportioned to the degree of inability to earn a sup- port, and such pension shall commence from the date of the filing of the ap- plication in the Pension Office, after the passage of this act, upon proof that the disability then existed, and shall continue during the existence of the same: Provided, That persons who are now receiving pensions under exist- ing laws, or whose claims are pending in the Pension Office, may by application to the Commissioner of Pensions, in such form as he may pre- scribe, showing themselves entitled thereto, receive the benefits of this act; and nothing herein contained shall be so construed as to prevent any pen- sioner thereunder from prosecuting his claim and receiving his pension under any other general or special act: Provided, however. That no person shall receive more than one pension for the same period: And provided, further, That rank iu the service shall not be considered in applications tiled under this act. Sec. 3. That if any officer or enlisted man who served ninety days or more in the army or navy of the United States during the late war of the rebellion, 168 KECENT PENSION LAWS. and who was honorably discharged, has died or shall hereafter die, leaving a widow without other means of support than her daily labor, or minor chil- dren under the age of sixteen years, such widow shall, upon due proof of her husband's death, "without proving his death to be the result of his army ser- vice, be placed on the pension roll from the date of the application therefor under this act, at the rate of $8 per month during her widowhood, and shall also be paid $2 per month for each child of such officer or enlisted man under sixteen years of age, and in case of death or remarriage of the widow, leaving a child or children of such officer or enlisted man under the age of sixteen years, such pension shall be paid such child or children until the age of sixteen: Provided, That in case a minor child is insane, idiotic, or other- wise permanently helpless, the pension shall continue during the life of said child or during the period of such disability, and this proviso shall apply to all pensions heretofore granted, or hereafter to be granted under this or any former statute, and such pension shall commence from the date of applica- tion therefor after the passage of this act: And provided, further, That said widow shall have married said soldier prior to the passage of this act. Sec. 4. That no agent, attorney, or other person engaged in preparing, presenting, or prosecuting any claim under the provisions of this act, shall, directly or indirectly, contract for, demand, receive, or retain for such ser- vices in preparing, presenting, or prosecuting such claim a sum greater than $10, which sum shall be payable only upon the order of the Commissioner of Pensions, by the pension agent making payment of the pension allowed, and any person who shall violate any of the provisions of this section, or who shall wrongfully withhold from a pensioner or claimant the whole or any part of a pension or claim allowed or due such pensioner or claimant under this act, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall, for each and every such offense, be fined not exceeding $500, or be im- prisoned at hard labor, not exceeding two years, or both, in the discretion of the court. MEXICAN SOLDIERS. The Act of March 2, 1891, amends Section 2 of the Act of March 2, 1889, to pension soldiers of the War with Mexico so as to read in Subdivision 3: ' ' Third — That such soldier was a minor, and was enlisted without the consent of his parent or guardian, and was released or discharged from such service by the order or decree of any State or U.S. court on habeas corpus or other judicial proceedings, and in such case such soldier shall not be entitled to any bounty or allowance, or pay for any time such soldier was not in the perform- ance of military duty." UNION SOLDIERS OP THE WAR OP THE REBELLION. Section 4,787, Revised Statutes, is amended to entitle those who have received artificial limbs from the War Department to a new ? cfl C7j 3"* g TO ©'"©'©' *' x' X* — ' TO t- © -J ^"*"* - — 71 to i) Si Si 7i to m 10 in ; to x-r _ _.«5Tf-feff.3X 7" 71 TO TO 7? 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V. _7 3 : / 7; -7 3 •. 53 - 77© B H SC — — — ci = i > > - - — 3 - •* - : -7 a -■ m - - _ ■aS*s§l "~ - -, • - - - t — _ .. lii PENSION CLAIMS ADMITTED Comparative statement of pension claims settled by ACTS OF JULY 14, Claims ad- mitted and rejected. Army. Navy. Year. Invalid. Widows, etc. Invalid. Origi- nal. In- crease. Total. Origi- nal. In- riva.sr Total. Origi- nal. In- crease Total. 1881.. 1881.. Admitted Rejected Total Admitted Rejected Total Admitted Rejected Total Admitted Rejected Total Admitted Rejected Total Admitted Rejected Total Admitted Rejected Total Admitted .... Rejected Total Admit ted .... Rejected Total Admitted Rejected T<.t al Admitted Rejected Total 21,143 2,625 12,353 8,875 33,496 11,500 3,717 1,137 200 30 3,917 1,167 251 55 154 65 405 120 23,768 21,228 44,996 4,854 230 5,()S1 306 219 525 1882.. 1882.. 22,684 4,030 9,435 15,199 32,119 19,229 3,910 1,512 48 26 3,958 1,538 262 128 88 149 350 26,714 24,634 51,348 5,422 74 5,496 390 237 627 1883.. 1883.. 31,801 16,901 22,55 1 19,978 54,355 36,879 5,216 4,512 67 28 5,2,S3 4,540 213 530 112 141 325 671 48,702 42,532 91,834 9,728 95 9,823 743 253 996 1884.. 1884.-. 27,173 17,587 22,190 19,887 49,363 37,474 6,260 4,983 56 15 6,316 4,998 241 347 270 139 511 486 44,760 42,077 86,387 11,243 71 11,314 588 409 997 1885.. 1885.. 27.2*0 9,028 33,648 19,281 60,934 28,309 7,632 3,058 144 28 7.776 3,086 294 189 182 89 476 278 36,314 52,929 89,243 10,090 172 10,862 483 271 754 1886*. 1886.. 31,619 15,918 33.00* 41,956 64,627 57,874 8,501 3,728 *65,313 50 73,814 3,778 318 277 271 279 589 556 47,537 74,964 122,501 12,229 65,363 77,592 595 550 1,145 1887.. 1887.. 34,758 7,657 31,791 32,024 66,549 39,681 11,034 3,481 83 70 11,117 3,551 525 321 223 247 748 568 42,415 63,815 106,2:30 14,515 153 14,668 846 470 1,316 1888.. 1888.. 35,089 32,213 44,785 30,739 79,874 62,952 10,611 11,060 341 50 10,952 11,110 754 740 449 326 1,203 1,066 67,302 75,524 142,826 21,671 391 22,062 1,494 775 2,269 1889.. 1889.. 35,999 11,122 70,194 37,049 106,193 48,171 11,644 5,689 116 41 11,760 5,730 831 1,160 744 442 1,570 1,602 47,121 107,213 154,364 17,333 157 17,490 1,991 1,186 3,177 1890.. 1890.. 19, 153 8,120 76,511 99,013 125.964 107,133 14,323 5,791 120 50 14,443 5,841 942 392 901 977 1,843 969 57,537 175,524 233,097 20,114 170 20,284 1,334 1,878 3,212 1891.. 1891 . . 40,577 12,998 71,579 188,981 112,156 201,979 11,701 9,899 474 237 12,175 10,136 804 290 661 816 1,465 1,106 53,575 260,560 314,135 21,600 711 22,311 1,094 1,477 2,571 ♦Under act of March 19, 1886, there were 79,989 widows' pensions increased (included in the above) for which no applications were required. 173 AND REJECTED, 1881-1891, allowance and rejection each year since 1881, except arrears. 1862, AND MARCH 3, 1873. Navy. ^ O >J<0 S v a m *«$ — ~ h 1879. 5 1880. 24 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. Total. fc Urt (£>». 78 38 18 9 16 15 17 9 10 7 16 1,125 1,362 82.6 135 281 415 392 384 263 280 269 248 230 191 195 150 19.688 26,380 74.6 100 228 395 328 305 240 264 220 226 194 142 138 121 16,603 20,263 81.8 92 172 335 234 284 189 204 168 160 no 125 121 85 24,566 27,299 90.0 158 257 477 308 335 255 236 219 208 177 136 130 125 31,640 35,799 88.4 104 190 339 281 262 202 263 187 184 131 107 97 77 13,105 15,905 84.3 49 109 177 99 124 93 190 80 92 61 52 51 31 6,316 7,292 86.6 54 143 312 267 208 180 282 141 141 115 92 90 69 9.201 11,035 84.0 121 220 451 379 319 243 363 233 234 164 138 115 123 10,885 12,991 83.8 Kin 228 368 293 243 218 241 211 165 125 116 116 78 7,119 8.837 80.6 153 251 404 328 288 231 314 226 193 141 116 110 81 7,068 8,857 79.8 123 257 454 330 274 209 221 197 186 161 103 136 93 7,558 8,728 86.6 188 328 497 384 312 213 385 254 213 169 117 128 110 7,408 9,302 79.6 273 455 756 559 478 349 461 323 277 239 158 176 137 9, 178 1 1 ,920 79.4 (ids 758 1,219 905 773 578 630 570 565 413 316 338 267 13.00.", 17,030 70.1 1 ,46 ! 1.063 1,570 1,050 1,006 709 740 698 618 444 331 340 2S1 13,311 16,582 80.5 '.' 56S 1.N06 2,385 1,400 986 888 879 816 773 559 413 475 326 15,188 18,81 -J 80.7 Vis 2,685 7,767 4,865 4,116 2,298 2,045 1,819 1,618 1,065 836 870 605 31,307 36,835 85.2 263 2,358 9,825 17,626 12 277 9,706 9,529 7,880 5,613 3,895 4,159 2,814 85, 945 110,073 77, t 155 157 1,350 1,651 1,499 1,555 1,463 1,109 909 1,030 799 11,677 18,400 63.3 133 1,485 2,326 2,245 2,667 2,526 2,038 1,512 1,709 1,228 17,869 29,004 61.6 582 2,579 2,517 3.279 3,188 2,720 2,090 2,303 1.095 20,958 35,039 59.8 917 3,434 3,092 2,736 2,363 1 ,83 1 1,929 1,380 16,685 28,962 .,, ,6 810 3,901 3,44] 2,696 2,038 2, IS'.' 1,129 16,499 59.0 883 5,842 1,506 5,423 6,383 3,849 5,317 9,499 3,714 i.iMi; 9,240 2,163 2,826 4,476 21,871 33,»K 20 999 30.2OI 25,449 17, 319 02.1 58.0 53.7 1 .557 12,180 2,107 7,781 10,375 7 00 21,521 12,782 706 51,919 71,318 '.'0,199 41.0 17.9 3.5 ",073 9,718 20,912 22,615 31,758 27,117 27,225 31,552 34,702 35,089 35,99! 49,153 40,453 517.9:;:, 807,468 Invalids which are included in the number of army invalids as reported in Table 1. 175 PENSION" RATES. Statement showing the different monthly rates of pension, and the number pen- sioned at each rule, of the Army ami Navy invalids, and of the Army and Navy h idows, minors, and dependents (war of 1801) on the rolls, under the general law, June 30, 1891, anil a similar classification of those on the rolls at the same tlate under the act of June 27, 1890. GENERAL LAW, JUNE 30, 1891. Rate. $1.00 2 00 Invalids. Widows & others Rate. $16.50 16.75 17.00 17.25 17.50 17.75 18.00 18.85 18.50 18.75 19.00 19.25 19.50 20.00 20.50 20.75 21.00 21 .25 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.25 23.50 23.75 24.00 24.50 25.00 35. 35 25.75 26.25 26.75 27.00 27.50 28.00 28.75 29.50 30.00 30.75 31.00 31.25 32.00 32.50 33.00 33.50 35.00 S3.50 36.00 37.00 37.50 38.50 40.00 40.25 45.00 47.00 48.00 49.00 50.00 53.00 55.00 57.00 60.00 72.1X1 75.00 100.00 Invalids. Widows & others Army 19 16,853 2 10 1,013 1 13 1 14!) 61,530 212 1 773 2 11 1 4 9 52,071 49 3 1 1 109 477 12 82,196 1 11 640 1 4 550 11 13 3 34.825 1 6 12 1 1 1 74 232 1 25 7 45,588 1 13 153 378 586 8 4 24 9 16,737 19 4 6 1 2,940 3 17,682 N'vy 1 183 29 6 788 57 1 510 3 1 9 2 1,103 1 1 5 6 4 433 1 10 14 4 11 4 3 509 24 1 5 1 141 3 4 102 1 3 6 183 1 Total 20 17,036 2 10 1,042 1 12 1 155 62,318 212 1 830 2 12 1 4 9 52,581 52 3 1 1 111 1 486 14 83,299 1 12 640 1 5 561 11 19 35,258 1 7 22 1 1 15 78 243 1 29 . 10 46,097 1 13 177 379 591 15 4 31 10 16,878 22 8 6 1 3,042 1 6 6 17,865 8 Army N'vy Total Armj fl 12 18,253 15 4 2,823 12 117 12 9 ' '5,155 1 4 3 2 3,138 104 1 3 1 1 19,963 2 2,896 1 4 1 956 1 1 14,616 58 1 2 3,169 N'vy 4 191 2 ' 34 5 1 3 3 4 126 1 1 72 4 283 1 86 3 2 26 1 218 2 2 3 5 2 1 3 3 41 1 Total 13 12 18,444 22 4 2,857 5 13 120 15 9 4 5,281 1 4 5 3 3 3,210 108 1 3 1 1 20,246 3 2,982 1 3 4 3 982 7 1 1 1 14,834 2 2 58 3 5 3 1 5 3 3,210 1 Army N'vy Total 2.25 2,383 6 2,389 2.66§ 300 3.12| 3.25 3.1335 3.75 63 1 64 4.00 4.25 4.50 5.00 5.25 2,558 156 8,714 5.331 5.62 5.66§ 5.75 6.00 6.25 6.37J 6.66§ 6.75 7.00 7.25 7.50 3 3 7.75 8.00 8.12J 414 18 432 701 126 827 8.25 8.50 8.621 8.75 ' 9.00 9.25 9.50 9.75 10.00 10.20 2 1 3 648 201 849 10.25 10.50 1 10.62 1 10.665 10.75 11.00 11.25 2 3 11.33J 11.50 11.75 1 12.00 100,215 1,872 102,087 1 12 121 55 2,486 77 1 2 381 1 1 1 14 3,074 1 33 1 1 1 22 1 87 3 1 56 1 2,508 77 1 2 382 1 1 1 14 3,161 1 36 12.25 15 5 20 12.50 1 1 12.75 2 13.00 . 13.25 13.33J 13.50 68 64 132 13.75 14.00 2 o 14.25 14.50 1 1 14.75 14.871 5 15 6 1 3 3 1 5 15.00 15.25 1,450 112 1,562 18 15.50 416.66§ 1 15.75 3 16 00 1 1 2 16.25 Total. 413,597 5,449 419,046 108,560 2,568 111,128 li i Statement showing the different monthly rates of pension, and the number pen- sioned at each rate, of the Army and Navy invalids, etc.— Continued. ACT OF JUNE 87, 1890. Invalids. Widows and others. Army. Navy. Total. Army. Navy. Total. $0.00 15,726 19,503 4,684 57,103 004 806 185 2,321 16,390 20,369 4,869 59,484 8.00 10,833 1,400 12,833 10.00 12.00 1,376 36 1,412 Total 97,130 3,976 101,112 12,209 1,436 13,645 510,733 9,425 520,158 120,769 4,004 124,773 THE UNITED STATES ARMY. ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY. The army of the United States, in 1890, consisted of the following forces, in officers and men : Officers. Enlisted Men. Aggregate. Ten cavalry regiments 432 6,050 6,482 Five artillery regiments 282 3,675 3,957 Twenty-five infantry regiments 877 12,125 13,002 Engineer battalion, recruiting parties,ordnance department, hospital service, Indian scouts, West Point, signal detachment, and general service 579 3,370 3,949 Total 2,170 25,220 27,390 The United States are divided into eight military departments as follows: Department op the East. — New England States, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio and the District of Columbia. Department op the Missouri. — Michigan, Wisconsin, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, Indian and Oklahoma Territories. Department of California. — California (excepting that portion south of the 35th parallel) and Nevada. Department of Dakota. — Minnesota, South Dakota (excepting so much as lies south of the 44th parallel), North Dakota, Montana and the post of Fort Yellowstone, Wyo. Department of Texas. — State of Texas. Department of the Platte. — Iowa, Nebraska, Colorado and Wyoming (excepting the post of Fort Yellowstone, Wyo.), Utah, so much of Idaho as lies east of a line formed by the extension of the western boundary of Utah to the northeastern boundary of Idaho, and so much of South Dakota as lies south of the 44th parallel. Department of Arizona. — Arizona and New Mexico, and California south of the 35th parallel. Department of the Columbia. — Oregon, Washington, Idaho and Alaska, excelling so much of Idaho as is embraced in the Department of the Platte. 177 178 THE UNITED STATES ARMY. PAY OF OFFICERS IN ACTIVE SERVICE. GRADE. Major-General Brigadier-General Colonel Lieutenant-Colonel Major , Captain, mounted Captain, not mounted . . Regimental Adjutant.. Reg'tal Quartermaster. First Lieutenant, mounted First Lieutenant, not m't'd Second Lieut., mounted. Second Lieut., not mounted Chaplain Pay of grade. Monthly pay. After After After After Yearly. Monthly. 5 years' service, 10 years' service, 15 years' service, 20 years' service, 10 p. c. 20 p. c. 30 p. c. 40 p. c. $7,500.00 $635.00 5,500.00 3,500.00 458.33 291.67 $320.83 $350.00 $375.00 $375.00 3,000.00 250.00 275.00 300.00 335.00 333.33 2,500.00 208.33 229.17 250.00 270.83 291.67 2,000.00 166.67 183.33 200.00 216.67 233.33 1,800.00 150.00 165.00 180.00 195.00 210.00 1,800.00 150.00 165.00 180.00 195.00 210.00 1,800.00 150.00 165.00 180.00 195.00 210.00 1,600.00 133.33 146.67 160.00 173.33 186.67 1,500.00 125.00 137.50 150.00 162.50 175.00 1,500.00 125.00 137.50 150.00 162.50 175.00 1,400.00 116.67 128.33 140.00 151.67 163.33 1,500.00 125.00 137.50 150.00 162.50 175.00 PAY OF RETIRED OFFICERS. Pay of grade. Month y pay. GRADE. Yearly. Monthly. After 5 years' service. After 10 years' service. After 15 years' service. After 20 years' service. $5,625.00 4,125.00 2,625.00 2,250.00 1,875.00 1,500.00 1,350.00 $468.75 343.75 218.75 187.50 156.25 125.00 112.50 $240.62 206.25 171.87 137.50 123.75 $262.50 325.00 187.50 150.00 135.00 $281.25 243.75 203.12 162.50 146.25 $281.25 250.00 218 75 Lieutenant-Colonel 175 00 Captain, not mounted 157.50 Reg'tal Quartermaster:'.'.: First Lieutenant, mounted First Lieutenant, not m't'd Second Lieut., mounted. . . Second Lieut., not mounted 1,200.00 1,125.00 L125.00 1,050.00 1,350.00 100.00 93.75 93.75 87.50 112.50 110.00 103.12 103.12 96.25 123.75 120.00 112.50 112.50 105.00 135.00 130.00 121.87 121.87 113.75 146.25 140.00 131.25 131 .25 122.50 157.50 NOTES. 1. An Aide-de-Camp to a Major-General is allowed $300 per year in addition to the pay of his rank, not to be included in computing the service increase. — (Section 1,361, Revised Statutes.) 3. An Aide-de-Camp to a Brigadier-General is allowed $150 a year in addition to the pay of his rank, not to be included in computing the service increase. — (Section 1,361, Revised Statutes.) 3. An Acting Commissary of Subsistence is allowed $100 per year in addition to the pay of his rank, not to be included in computing the service increase. — (Section 1,361, Revised Statutes.) 4. Assistant Surgeons are entitled to the pay of Captain after five years' service, service to be reckoned from date of acceptance of appointment or commission. 5. Retired officers receive 75 per cent, of pay (salary and increase) of their rank. 6. A retired Chaplain receives 75 per cent, of pay (salary and increase) of his rank (Captain not mounted). 7. The officer in charge of the public buildings and grounds (Washington) has, while so serving, the rank, pay and emoluments of a Colonel. THE UNITED STATES ARMY. i;g the 8 A r n 1 v r , a i8W ti0nal W " ffiOUnted ° fflcerS ' See P ars - 2 > 385 «*» 2,386, Regulations of 9. The principal assistant in the Ordnance Bureau of thoWo,. r. ofoT d L a n c c e mpeusati0 "' includins ™ a » d 5S3^&2SS£ffiffifis! W?»dadS^ , 9 , 8^S?S%2^ by "" SeCreUry ° f War - •■««*" to the COST OF THE MILITARY ESTABLISHMENTS. (FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1891.) Pay Department Pay Department, bounty and ' miscellaneous $1 ?' o?2'S~ C "' 8 Commissary Department i,316,<94.< 1 Quartermaster's Depart ment 1,685,577.84 Medical Department 9,008,888.33 Ordnance Department 807,406.49 Armories and arsenals 8,833,741 .64 Military Academy.. 635,876.36 Improving rivers and harbors! '. , . 236,399.14 Damages by improvement of Fox and WsconsmViVers::::::::::;;;;:;;; ^fig Construction of military posts, roads', etc '.'.'.'. K&l£t%l National cemeteries, roads, etc b °' i°«*-48 Expenses of recruiting 231,718.17 Contingencies of the Armv 104,841.48 Signal Service * 16,580.57 Expenses of military convicts'. ^'S^ 4,70 Publication of official records of the war of" "the 'rebellion 1 m'S£« ISSSS' Home permanent fund and' interest account .' .' ^fmm'ot Support of military prison, Fort Leavenwort h, Kansas to iraH.* Yellowstone National Park ns and ad I'll-.' ie Na\ , 30 ar dition A 3un. BL THE OL ry possesst e in co mm -s to this lis ddenda, p 1 R, Bree D NAV ;s 59 lr ssion. t, up t( recedin 81 ch-Load Y. hi and ( he urn g Index. ing Rifle. M ii ter hostility against Mr. Egan by some of the Chilean people, and his recall was requested by Senor Pedro Montt. The Chilean government made a judicial investigation of the incidents and sad results of the assault, of which Pedro Montt, in a note to Mr. Blaine of January 23, 1892, says: "It appeared that the disorder of October 16 195 196 THE CHILEAN CONTROVERSY. began by a quarrel among drunken sailors, which assumed considerable pro- portions owing to the condition of the locality in which it originated, and that the police performed their duty by re-establishing tranquillity and plac- ing the persons who seemed to have been concerned in the disorder at the disposal of the Court. The goverment of Chile has no data authorizing it to think that the quarrel was due to any dislike of the uniform of the United States, or that the police failed to perform their duty. It was the desire and duty of the government of Chile to discover the truth, in order to make its future proceedings conform thereto, and in order that the United States gov- ernment might be satisfied that nothing was neglected in order to do full justice." In reference to what was considered by the United States government an insulting note addressed to Mr. Egan by Mr. Matta (December 11) and the demand for its recall, Pedro Montt says: "The first time that the honorable Secretary of Stale saw tit to call my attention to the aforesaid note of Mr. Matta, I told him that that note contained instructions addressed to me by Mr. Malta, and that as I had not been directed to communicate it officially to the Department of State, there was no reason why the honorable Secretary should take cognizance of it." Secretary Blaine in his reply to Senor Montt concerning Matta's note says: "By your own statement you evidently attempted to justify the Matta note. The Matta note was highly discourteous to the President and the Secretary of the Navy, imputing to them untruth and insincerity. Such language does not admit of conditional or contingent apology, which you offered. It could be apologized for only by a frank withdrawal. You did not see the great difference involved by your government sending the Matta circular to all the legations of Chile and requesting its several Ministers to publish it; so that Chile was not only responsible for the discourteous language, but for its publication throughout the civilized world. That you did not comply with Chile's request to publish it here was the strongest proof of your own dis- approval of the note. " Minister Egan's recall having been asked for, Mr. Blaine replied to Sen- or Montt to the effect, that Chile has the right to ask that a change be made provided she assigns a reason why such Minister is persona non grata. That twice had arisen occasions for the United States government to ask Great Britain to recall her Minister, and in each case a reason was given why the Minister had ceased to be useful, and that it is hardly necessary to observe that conditions which the United States complied with [should likewise be exacted of Chile. January 25, 1892, Minister Egan telegraphed Secretary Blaine, "I have this day received the following reply to my note of 22d instant:" The reply in substance from Luis Pereira, is as follows: " From the nature of the incident it would be impossible to prove that there was no doubt as to the special cause which served as its origin or pre- text; but the undersigned can assert that that cause was not a hostile feeling toward the uniform of the Navy of the United States, because the people of Chile have always esteemed and respected that uniform ever since the time when they saw it figuring honorably in the ranks of the soldiers and sailors who, in a generous struggle, gave it independence and established the Re- public. The undersigned admits that the occurrence of October 16 was of greater gravity than those which usually occur in the same district between the sailors who frequent it, and the fact that knowing that two deaths have resulted from it among the sixteen wounded men of the Baltimore, has suf- ficient to give it an extraordinary character, and to induce the government of Chile to hasten to adopt the measures necessary to discover and punish the guilty parties, to offer in due time, if there should be ground for so do- ing, such reparation as might be due. The preliminary examination was THE CHILEAN CONTROVERSY. 197 commenced on the morning which followed the night of the conflict some flays before you presented your complaint, but the investigation could not be finished with the rapidity that the government of Chile desired, because me rules ot procedure in criminal matters, which are established by our laws, are of slow application and it was not possible for the President of the Kepubhc to modify or set them aside. This delay, which was inevitable owing to the independence with which the judicial authorities must act has compelled the government of the undersigned to delay, greatly to its regret the settlement of the difficulties pending with your government and a spon- taneous offer of reparation for the injury done to the sailors of the Baltimore that might be attributed to Chilean soldiers or sailors, or that might affect the responsibility of Chile. In view of your communication, and considering that up to date, it has been impossible for the trial initiated by the Judo- e of the Criminal Court of Valparaiso to be decided, the undersigned regards it as his duty to declare once more that the government of Chile laments the occurrence of October 16, and by way of showing the sincerity of his feeling and the confidence which he has in the justice of his course, he declares his willingness not to await the decision of the examining judge, and proposes to the United States government that the case be submitted to the consider- ation ot the Supreme Court of justice at Washington, to the end that that high tribunal, with its learning and impartiality, may determine without ap- peal whether there is any ground for reparation and in what shape it should be made." Previous to the receipt of this telegram, President Harrison had submitted a message to Congress, January 25, in which he says in effect: "I have as yet received no reply to our note of the 21st instant, but in my opinion I ought not to delay longer to bring these matters to the attention of Congress for such action as may be deemed appropriate. In submitting these papers to Congress for that grave and patriotic decision which the questions involved demand, I desire to say that I am of the opinion that the demands made of Chile by the government should be adhered to and enforced. If the dig- nity, as well as the prestige and influence of the United States are not to be wholly sacrificed, we must protect those who, in foreign ports, display the flag or wear the colors of this government, against insult, brutality, and death, inflicted in resentment of the acts of their government, and not for any fault of their own. It has been my desire in every way to cultivate friendly and intimate relations with all the governments of the hemisphere. We do not covet their territory: we desire their peace and prosperity; we look for no advantage in our relations with them except the increased ex- changes of commerce upon a basis of mutual benefit. It must, however, be understood that this government, while exercising the utmost forbearance towards w T eaker powers, will extend its strong and adequate protection to its citizens, to its officers, and to its humblest sailor, when made victims of wan- tonness and cruelty in resentment, not of their personal misconduct, but of the official acts of their government." This message from the President was looked upon by the American peo- ple as the precursor of a virtual declaration of war by Congress, and it looked as if little Chile was doomed. For months previous to the sending in of the message, the most active preparations had been carried on in the navy-yards, in the fitting out of the cruisers, and the air on all sides was filled with talks of war and in some instances disapprobation of such a great nation as the United States going to war with such a weak nation as Chile, and a sister Republic. That there was no war, is explained by the following subsequent message sent to Congress by President Harrison: 198 THE CHILEAN CONTKOVERSY, To the Senate and House of Representatives: I transmit herewith additional correspondence between this government and the government of Chile, consisting of a note of Mr. Montt the Chilean minister at this capital, to Mr. Blaine, dated January 23, a reply of Mr. Blaine thereto of date January 27, and a dispatch of Mr. Egan, our minister at Santiago, transmitting the response of Mr. Pereira, the Chilean minister of foreign affairs, to the note of Mr. Blaine of January 21, which was re- ceived by me on the 26th instant. The note of Mr. Montt to Mr. Blaine, though dated January 23, was not delivered at the State Department until after 12 o'clock, meridian, of the 25th, and was not translated and its receipt notified to me until late in the afternoon of that day. The response of Mr. Pereira to our note of the 21st withdraws, with ac- ceptable expressions of regret, the offensive note of Mr. Matta of the 11th ul- timo, and also the request for the recall of Mr. Egan. The treatment of the incident of the assault upon the sailors of the Baltimore is so conciliatory and friendly that I am of the opinion that there is a good prospect that the differ- ences growing out of that serious affair can now be adjusted upon terms sat- isfactory to this government, by the usual methods and without special pow- ers from Congress. This turn in the affair is very gratifying to me, as I am sure it will be to the Congress and to our people. The general support of the efforts of the Executive to enforce the just rights of the nation in this matter has given an instructive and useful illustration of the unity and patri- otism of our people. Should it be necessary, I will again communicate with Congress upon the subject. Benj. Harrison. Executive Mansion, January 28, 1892. The courts will determine in due course what amount of indemnification is to be allowed the families of the dead sailors and the others who were in- jured in the streets of Valparaiso.* * For most recent action in this matter, up to the moment of going to press, see Addenda, preceding Index. THE BEHRING SEA CONTROVERSY. The Behring Sea controversy, originating under President Cleveland's administration, with Hon. Thomas F. Bayard, Secretary of State, was re- sumed during the present administration, President Harrison, with Hon. James G. Blaine, Secretary of State. It can best be summarized in form as follows, the text being from official records: LIST OF PAPERS. From anil to whom. Mr. Phelps to Mr. Bayard . Mr. White to Mr. Blaine. Blr. Lincoln to Mr. Blaine. Lord Salisbury to Sir J. Paunce- fote. Mr. Blaine to Sir J. Pauncefote Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine Mr. Blaine to Sir J. Pauncefote 1888. Sept. 12 1880. Dec. 4 1891. Jan. 24 Feb. 21 Apr. 14 Apr. 20 May 4 Subject. Great Britain will not enter into any conven- tion for the protection of the. seal fisheries without the concurrence of Canada, winch can not be expected. Recommends thai strong measures be taken to prevent the wholesale slaughter of seals. Letter of Sir George Baden-Powell to the London Times with regard to the Behring Sea question, and a letter of Mr. Flower, commenting thereon, in the same paper, transmitted. Question in the House of Commons relating to the status of the Behring Sea fisheries question, and reply given by Sir J. Fergu- son, transmitted. Reply to Mr. Blaine's note of December 17. States that Great Britain took every step which it was in its power to take in order to make it clear to Russia that she did not accept claim to exclude her subjects for 100 miles distance from the coast which had been put forward in Ukase of 1821. Claims that words " Pacific Ocean," used in treaty of 1825 with Russia, did include Behring Sea. Proposes some changes to the questions to be submitted to arbitration. Gives six questions proposed for arbitration. The United States claims the same right to power beyond 3 miles limit as Great Britain; cites act of Parliament of 1889 attempting to control body of water on coast of Scotland 2,700 square miles in ex- tent. Map of that body inclosed. The stoppage of all sealing at sea and on land seems to be acceptable to Lord Salis bury, who wishes to know whetherit would be preferred that the proposal come from the British Government. Reviews the negotiations for a modus Vi- vendi pending the result of arbitration; concessions made by the President in con- sequence thereof; recital of the obligations imposed on the Norl h American Co., in re- turn for the sealing privilege, which make it necessary that they should be allowed to take a Limited number of seals conl rary to the claim of Great Britain that sealing should be absolutely prohibited on both sides; submits terms' of agreement on that basis. 199 200 THE BEHRING SEA CONTROVERSY. From and to whom. Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine Mr. Adee to Sir J. Pauncefote. Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Adee. Mr. Adee to Sir J. Pauncefote. Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Adee. Sir J. Pauncefote Sir J. Pauncefote Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- fote. Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- ton. Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- fote. Mr. Lincoln to Mr. Blaine. Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar ton. Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- fote. May 20 May 21 May 26 May 27 June 3 June 3 June 4 June 6 June 6 June June 8 June 9 Subject. Acknowledges the above, of which copy has been mailed, and precise terms telegraphed to London. Deprecates alleged delay; re- fers to previous interviews; mentions the exception taken at the two conditions that the right to kill a certain number of seals was reserved for the American Co., and that the modus Vivendi was not to be put in force until arbitration was agreed upon, and expresses satisfaction that the latter condition has been removed. Requests a reply to proposition of the 4th. Reply requested has not yet been received, but is expected to arrive in the course of a day. Points to the reasons for which a prompt reply is desired; revenue cutters have been ordered to proceed to the fisheries, and the orders would be made definite by the con- clusion of an agreement. Regrets the delay and makes excuse on the ground of the lateness of the proposal. Proposal for modus Vivendi by the British government. Assents to the first five questions submitted by Mr. Blaine on April 14; makes a counter proposition in respect of question sixth, and of compensation for damages sustained. Proposes substitutes for subdivisions 1 and 2 of the British proposal for modus vivendi of June 3; takes exception to subdivision 3 relative to the appointment of consuls, and objects decidedly to the condition 4 of the previous assent of Russia; suggests that the navies of both nations enforce the agreement when it is concluded ; reply to proposal of June 3. Submits the telegraphic reply to the above note accepting the proposals therein on condition that the British government be allowed to supervise the execution of the agreement on the islands, and that the prohibition will be extended to the whole of the Behring Sea. Insists that the terms of arbitration and modus be agreed on simultaneously, as the suspension of sealing could not be acceded to another year. Reply to the above. Objects to the claim of supervision by British authorities of the killing on land which is already supervised by American officials whose integrity is to be upheld, but agrees to the appointment of one or two commissioners for the collec- tion of facts to be placed before the arbi- trators. Submits proposal embodying this and other conditions agreed upon. Debate on the seal-fishery bill in the House of Commons, transmitted. The bill was read in the House of Lords without debate. Submits, in reply to I he above, an agreement telegraphed from London and containing modifications of and additions to that sub- mitted in said note. Reply to the above. Protests against the presenting of new propositions at this time; proceeds to discuss them and submits a form of agreement drafted with slight modifications after that presented on June 6; insists upon the necessity of a speedy settlement. THE BEHRING SEA CONTROVERSY. 201 From and to whom. Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- ton. Mr. Lincoln to Mr. Blaine. Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar ton. Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- fote. Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- ton. Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- fote. The President Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- fote. Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- ton. Sir J. Pauncefote (memoran- dum). Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- fote. Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- fote. Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- fote. Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Wharton Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- fote. Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- ton. Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- ton. Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- ton. 16b June 10 June 11 June 11 June 13 June 13 June 15 June 20 June 21 June 23 June 25 June 26 June 26 June 27 July 3 July 6 July 6 July 7 Subject. Presents a defence of the motives of Lord Salisbury in introducing new propositions at this time, but says they will probably not be insisted upon except that for a joint commission of four experts to report on the necessity for international arrange- lllt'llts. Debate in the House of Lords after passage of the bill. Reply has been received by telegraph from Lord Salisbury who regrets that the sug- gestions in regard to Russia have been re- jected, but will authorize him to sign agree- ment if assurance is given respecting the commission of experts. Acknowledges the above and accepts, pend- ing a fuller reply, the terms therein pre- sented. He has received telegraphic permission to sij^n agreement under previously under- stood condition as to joint commission. Appointment for the formal attestation to the modus vivendi. Proclamation in re modus vivendi. Instructions issued by the Navy Department in pursuance of the above proclamation. Sir J. Pauncefote is furnished copies there- of and asked for instructions issued by the British government. Appointment of British commissioners under the agreement announced to visit Pribyloff Islands. Instructions issued to British naval senior officer stated. Suggestion of indemnity for any act in execution of the modus Vi- vendi submitted. Objections of British government to arbitra- tion proposition No. 6, presented bv Mr. Blaine on Dec. 17, 1890. Reply to 'Lord Salisbury's note of the 26th of February, 1891, and of Sir J. Pauncefote's of June 3. The objection of the reference of the ques- tion of closed time to arbitration in such words as to attribute abnormal rights to the United States is met by a new proposi- tion avoiding that objection: submits also a final clause in the matter of indemnifica- tion by which the interests of the United States' as owner of the seal fisheries are not ignored as in the suggestion made in the note of June 3. Agreement in regard to the appointment of commissioners to visit the Pribyloff Islands proposed. Instructions for the reception of the British commissioners at the fisheries transmit ted Instructions issued to British navy, as per mote of the 24th, have been communicated to the Navv Depart men! . Note of the 25th acknowledged. Commissioners to visit the BebringSea. Pro- poses they go and act together. Reply to the above. Passage for the Bnl ish Commissioners has already been arranged for but they will be instructed to cooperate as much as possible. Act of Parliament and order in council it) pursuance of modus Vivendi agreement in- closed. Inst met ions (in full) to the naval forces of Great Britain in the Behring Sea inclosed. 202 THE BEHRING SEA CONTROVERSY. From and to whom. Mr. Adee to Sir J. Pauncefote. Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Pauncefote Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- ton. Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- fote. Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- ton. Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- fote. Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Pauncefote Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- ton. Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- ton (telegram). Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- ton (unofficial). Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- fote. Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- fote. Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- fote. 1891. July 8 July 9 July 13 July 23 Aug. 8 Aug. 17 Aug- Aug. 32 24 Aug. 26 Aug. 26 Sept. Sept. Oct. 10 Subject. Note of 6th instant, inclosing act of Parlia- ment and order in council, acknowledged. Note of 7th and inclosure acknowledged. The proposition in regard to indemnification made in the note of June 25 appears to Lord Salisbury to prejudge the question of liability. A form is submitted by which not only the facts but the liability arising from them shall be passed upon by the arbitra- tors. The objection presented in the above note was not anticipated. It is contended that it was made with due regard to Lord Salis- bury's own language, and in a spirit of en- tire equality presents observations in sup- port of that position; but, with a view to removing the last point of difference, the proposition is modified so as to meet the objection made against it. Indemnities for acts committed by cruisers of either nation. Solicits a reply to the question relating thereto included in the memorandum transmitted with his note of June 23. Reply to the above. The President thinks it will be time to consider the question of in- demnity when occasion has been given to claim the same. Requests a reply to his note of July 23. Regrets his inability to furnish as yet the re- ply above requested. Your note of 22d. Important letter posted to-day. The British government can not accept pro- posed form in note of July 23, because im- plying the admission of the doctrine that governments are liable for acts of their na- tionals. Without leaving the question of damages entirely out, as suggested by Mr. Wharton at one time, a middle course might be adopted, and, omitting the ques- tion of liability, questions of fact might be referred to the arbitrators. Submits the wording of the clause drafted on that basis. The killingof seals is permitted, according to reports received from the Behring Sea Com- missioners, to continue, although the num- ber agreed upon, 7,500, is already exceeded, the excuse being that the limitation begins with the signature of the modus vivendi agreement. This government is convinced the President will not countenance any such evasion of the spirit of said agree- ment. Note of August 26 (above) shall receive im- mediate attention. The objection presented in (unofficial) note of August 26 is groundless. The President does not assume liability on the part of Great Britain, but, on the contrary, wishes to put the question of liability to the arbi- trators. He can not accept the counter proposition to submit the question of facts only, as those are well known, and must in- sist that the question of liability shall go to arbitration. Alleged killing of seals in excess of number provided for by agreement. A reply to the note of August 26 has been delayed by the necessity of waiting for the United States THE BEHRINTt SEA CONTROVERSY. 203 From and to whom. Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- fote. Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- ton. Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar ton. Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- fote. Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Whar- ton. Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine Mr. Blaine to Sir J. Pauncefote Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine Date. 1891. Oct. 12 Oct. 13 Oct. 17 Oct. 22 Oct. 23 Nov. 23 Nov. 27 Dec. 1 Subject. agent's report. The agent's interpretation that the limitation should begin with the signing of the agreement was concurred in by the United States naval officers and the commissioners of both parties; a large number had been killed between that date and that of the receipt of instructions by the agent, leaving then but 3,029 to be taken " for the subsistence and care of the na- tives "from July 2, 1891, to May 1, 1892, and the agent seeing that it would be inade- quate, called upon the lessees to supply the deficiency with salt meat. Delay of ten weeks in replying to the pro- posal of July 23, for the settlement of claims for damages is called to Sir Paunce- fote's attention, together with the fact that the modus vivendi expires May 2, 1892. The President feels that if any effective action is to be taken in the matter before the next fishing season opens all the terms of agreement of arbitration should be dis- posed of immediately. Reply to the above. Lord Salisbury is ex- pected in London this week; much of the period of ten weeks was taken up in infor- mal discussions. The British government insists upon its in- terpretation of the damage clause as pre- sented in his note of August 20. The same proposition is practically renewed. Regrets the determination reported in the above note and discusses it at some length, but with a view to induce a prompt solu- tion submits a wording of the clause in conformity to the wish that questions of fact only shall be submitted to arbitral ion, the question of liability being reserved for future negotiations. Acceptance of the above proposition has been received by telegraph. States that two reservations are desired in article 0, viz., that the necessity and nature of any regulations are left to the arbitra- tors, and that such regulations will not be- come obligatory upon the United States and Great Britain until they have received the assent of the maritime powers. States that within a few days the minister had furnished the exact points that had been agreed upon for arbitration; thai he now informs him by his note of t he 88d in- stant that two reservations arc desired in the sixth article; that all regulations should be left to the arbitrators, and that they shall be accepted by the other maritime powers before becoming obligatory upon the United States and Great Britain, Such a proposit ion will postpone the matter in- definitely, and it can not be taken into con- sideration. There is no objection I" sub nutting it to the maritime powers for I heir assent, but the United States can not agree to make the adjustment with Great Britain dependent upon the action of third pari ies. who have no direct interest in the seal fisheries. States that with regard to the first reserva- tion proposed in his note of 23d ultimo, I lu- st atement made ill Depart incut note Of t lie 204 THE BEHRING SEA CONTROVERSY. From and to whom. Mr. Blaiue to Sir J. Pauncefote Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine Mr. Blaine to Sir J. Pauncefote Subject. Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine Mr. Blaine to Sir J. Paancefote Dec. 8 Dec. 10 Dec. 11 Dec. 14 27th ultimo assures the same and it may be put aside. The object of the second reser- vation was to prevent the fisheries from being- put at the mercy of some third power. The regulation might be evaded by British and American sealers by simply hoisting the flag of a non-adhering power. Suggests that after the lapse of one year if either government complains that injury is being done to the fisheries it may give notice of a suspension of the regulations. Suggests also that if any dispute arises between the two nations the question in controversy shall be referred to an admiral of each, who may choose an umpire. In reply to note of 1st instant, states that President is unable to see the apprehended danger of a third nation engaging in seal- ing; no other nation ever has. Russia will nol dissent from the agreement because it will endanger her own sealing property. We may look to her to sanction and strengthen it. The two nations, however, should unite in a note to the principal powers advising them of what has been done and asking their approval. If the agreement is disturbed by a third nation Great Britain and United States can act conjointly. It is therefore hoped that arbi- tration may be allowed to proceed. States that his government does not fear that the powers will reject the regulations, but that they will refuse to allow the ar- rest of their ships which may engage in sealing in violation of the regulations. It is probable that during the close season sealing will go on under other flags. States, in reply to note of 8th instant, that since the dispute began not a vessel of France or Germany has ever engaged in sealing; it would be unprofitable for them to sail 20,000 miles to do so. If we wait un- til they agree that their ships may be searched the last seal will have been t aken. Russia is regarded as an ally and no Ameri- can country will loan its flag. To stop now for outside nations is to indefinitely post- pone the whole question. The President ad- heres to his ground, that we must have the arbitration as already signed. States that, in view of "the strong opinion of the President that the danger apprehended by Lord Salisbury is too remote to justify delay, the British government will not press the point, explained in his note of the 8th instant, but it reserves the right of raising it when the question of framing the regulations comes before the arbitrators. It is understood that they may attach such conditions to them as they may " a priori " judge to be necessary and just to the two powers. States that he is authorized to sign the text of the seven articles and of the joint commission article. Will call at Department at any time appointed. In reply to note of 11th instant, states that President objects to Lord Salisbury's mak- ing any reservation at all, and cannot yield to him the right to appeal to the ar- bitrators to decide any point not embraced THE BEHRING SEA CONTROVERSY. 205 From and to whom. Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine Mr. Lincoln to Mr. Blaine. Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blai i Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine Mr. Blaine to Sir J. Pauncefote 1891. Dec. 15 Dec. 17 Dec. 30 1892. Jan. 6 Jan. 16 Jan. 21 Jan. 30 Feb. 4 Mr. Blaine to Sir J. Pauncefote Feb. 4 Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine Mr. Blaine to Sir J. Pauncefote Feb. 6 Feb. 6 Subject. in the articles; to claim this right is to en- tirely change the arbitration. The Presi- dent claims the right to have the seven points arbitrated. The matters to be ar- bitrated must be distinctly understood be- fore the arbitrators are chosen. Is pre- pared to sign the articles without any res- ervation whatever, and will be glad to have him call at the Department on the 16th, at 11 a. M. Will transmit note of 14th instant to his government. Pending further instructions, it is not in his power to proceed to the signature of the articles. States in reply to note of 14th instant that Lord Salisbury states that owing to the difficulties of telegraphic communication he has been misunderstood, and will defer discussion as to the course to be followed in case the regulations are evaded by a change of Hag. States that no reservation was embodied in his note of the 11th in- stant, and agrees with the President that no point should be submitted to the arbi- trators not embraced in the agreement. Is ready to sign the articles. Declines "to have the number of the arbitra- tors reduced from seven to five, but prefers that each country should be represented by two and the other three appointed by foreign governments. Speech of Sir George Baden-Powell to his constituents relative to the Behring Sea question, on Jan. 5, 1892, transmitted. States that Messrs. Baden-Powell and Daw- son will arrive on the 29th. His government accepts that the arbitrators shall be chosen by France, Italy, and Sweden. Asks whether Department is prepared to proceed at once to the preparation and signature of the formal arbitration con- vention and Joint Commission. Inclosing arbitration convention and Joint Commission agreement and states that he is ready to proceed at once to the signature of the convention. States that commissioners have been ap pointed to investigate and report, conjoint- ly with British commissioners, upon tacts relative to preservation of seal lite; will be ready to confer informally with British colleagues at their convenience. Note of February 4 acknowledged. Stat.-, that Sir Baden-Powell ami Prof. Dawson have been appointed commissioners in the matter of the preservation of seal life, and trusts that arrangements will be made at once for the meeting of the commission on Monday, 8th instant . Regrets that the British commissioners are men who have already publicly expressed an opinion as to the merits of t he quest ion, but hopes this will not prevent a lair and impartial investigation. Supposed that before this the arbitration convention would be8igned and thus have enabled the commissioners to proceed officially to a. discharge Of their dut ies, but as it became necessary to await approval of the draft 206 THE BEHRING SEA CONTROVERSY. From and to whom. Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine Mr. Blaine to Sir J. Pauncefote Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine Mr. Blaine to Sir J. Pauncefote Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine Mr. Blaine to Sir J. Pauncefote Mr. Blaine to Sir J. Pauncefote Mr. Blaine to Sir J. Pauncefote Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine Sir J. Pauncefote to Mr. Blaine Feb. 9 Feb. 11 Feb. 12 Feb. 13 Feb. 19 Feb. 24 Feb. 20 Feb. 27 Feb. 29 Mar. Subject. of the instrument, has interposed no ob- jection to preliminary conferences. Deprecates the intimation that the British commissioners may be biased by previous public expressions of opinion; presents the defense of both of them; remarks that the same observation might be urged in the case of the American commissioners, and expresses satisfaction that the course adopted is in accord with that suggested by him in the note dated April 29, 1890. The British commissioners wishing to post- pone joint conferences until arbitration convention shall have been signed, the United States commissioners have been instructed to make known their readiness to proceed without further delay, the United States government regarding the convention as substantially agreed upon. Acknowledges above; makes mention of two preliminary conferences, and says the Brit- ish commissioners hope to arrange for the formal opening of their session. Refusal to discuss modus Vivendi by the British commissioners; the value of the work of the commission will be diminished thereby. What is the scope of the duties of the British commissioners ? He is awaiting Instructions of Lord Salis- bury, to whom the draft of arbitration' convention inclosed in the note of Febru- ary 4 has been forwarded. No opinion can be expressed by the British government as to the modus vivendi ques- tion raised in the interview of the 2d in- stant, until they know what is proposed. Urges the necessity of a modus vivendi; the terms should be similar to those of last year, but better executed; asks that the contents of this note be transmitted by telegraph, every day of delay involving great trouble to'both governments. Sealing schooners are reported by United States consul at Victoria to have cleared to the number of forty-six with six or seven more to go, as against thirty same date last year. The need of an agreement will soon be over if it is not arrived at soon. Fixes the 29th as the day on which to sign the treaty of arbitration. Reply to the note of the 24th. Lord Salisbury does not admit that the delays have been greater on the part of Great Britain; the British commissioners have reported that there is no danger of a serious diminution of the seals, and therefore the necessity of a modus vivendi is not apparent. Still he would not object to the prohibition limited to a zone not more than 30 miles around the Pribyloff Islands, provided the catch on the islands be limited to 30,000. The simile of trees would be more appropriate if applied to grass, which, like the seals, will be produced next year, pending the result of arbitration. Presents arguments in support of Lord Salis- bury's refusal to accede to another modus vivendi; the first was agreed to (as per note of June 6, 1891) under stipulation that THE BEHRING SEA CONTROVERSY. 207 From and to whom. Mr. Wharton to Sir J. Paunce- fote. 1892. Mar. 8 Subject. the measure could not be repeated; there is no apparent danger to the seal species; the zone proposed is more extensive than that mentioned by Mr. Blaine on March 16, 1891; the anticipation of conflicts, consid- ered in the note of May 4, 1891 , has been met by the provisions of the Behring Sea act of Parliament and order in council. The President regrets that Great Britain should decline to agree to an effective mode of protecting a property the title to which is being submitted to arbitration, a course demanded by common equity. The simile of grass cutting refuted. If Great Britain declines, as shown by quotations from previous correspondence, to assume responsibility for acts of her subjects she should restrain the same from committing such acts. The prohibition of seal killing was a matter of comity before arbitral ion was agreed upon ; it is now a matter of ob- ligation. The killing under the restrictions of last year was four times that made on land: it would become enormous in the ab- sence of any restriction. The impractica- bility of a 30-mile zone, now proposed by Lord Salisbury, was pointed out by himself when the proposal came from this govern- ment. The United States can not be ex- pected to forego protecting its property while the arbitration is proceeding. For most recent action in this matter, up to the moment of going to press, see Addenda, preceding Index. THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. The location at which it is to be held was decided by the United States House of Representatives, the Senate concurring in the same. The contest- ing cities were Chicago, New York, Washington and St. Louis. Eight bal- lots were taken, Chicago having the lead in all of them, with New York second and St. Louis a good third. The total vote was 308; necessary for a choice, 154. On the eighth ballot, Chicago received 157 votes, against 107 votes for New York. The following is the vote in detail at each ballot : 1 2 3 4 5 G 7 8 Chicago 115 121 127 134 140 149 155 157 New York 72 83 92 95 110 116 112 107 St. Louis 61 59 53 48 38 28 27 26 Washington 56 46 34 29 24 18 17 18 Cumberland Gap 1 Total 305 309 306 306 312 311 311 308 Necessary to choice 153 155 154 154 157 156 156 155 At the election in November, 1890, an amendment to the constitution of the State of Illinois, submitted by the Legislature, was adopted by the people, which authorizes the city of Chicago to issue $5,000,000 of thirty-year bonds at 5 per cent, interest, the proceeds to be applied under the direction of the World's Columbian Exposition; said corporate authorities of Chicago to be repaid the same proportionate amount as is repaid to the stockholders on the sums subscribed and paid by them, and to be permitted to take, in whole or in part, of the sum coming to them, any permanent improvements placed on land held or controlled by them. The indebtedness so created by Chicago is to be paid by the city of Chicago alone, and not by the State, or from any State revenue, tax or fund. The subscriptions and the proceeds of these bonds will rill the require- ments of the act as to funds. The World's Fair act was approved April 25, 1890. It provides for an exhibition of arts, industries, manufactures and products of the soil, mine and sea in 1892 in Chicago, Illinois, in celebration of the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. A com- mission of two persons from each State and Territory, to be appointed by the President on the nomination of the Governors, and' of eight commission- ers-at-large and two from the District of Columbia, to be appointed by the President, in ah which there shall be one from each of the two leading polit- ical parties — with alternates — shall be the World's Columbian commission, with power to accept the site, etc., on condition of their being satisfied that $10,000,000 are secured for the complete preparation for said exposition. The commission is required to appoint a board of lady managers, who may 208 HOUSE IN WHICH COLUMBUS WAS BORN. THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 209 appoint one or more members of all committees authorized to award prizes for exhibits wbich may be produced in whole or part by female labor. A naval review is directed to be held in New York Harbor in April, 1893, and the President is authorized to extend to foreign nations an invitation to send ships of war to join the U. S. Navy in rendezvous at Hampton Roads and proceed thence to said review. The buildings shall be dedicated October 12, 1892, and the exposition open not later than May 1, 1893, and close not later than October 30, 1893. The commission shall exist no longer than January 1, 1898. A government building for $400,000 shall be erected, to contain the government exhibits. The United States shall not in any manner, nor under any circumstances, be liable for any of the acts, doings, proceedings or representations of the said corporation organized under the laws of the State of Illinois, its officers, agents, servants or employes, or any of them, or for the service, salaries, labor or wages of said officers, agents, servants or employes, or any of them, or for any subscriptions to the capital stock, or for any certificates of stock, bonds, mortgages or obligations of auy kind issued by said corporation, or for any debts, liabilities or expenses of any kind whatever attending such corporation or accruing by reason of the same. The buildings, their dimensions, area and cost are : Woman's, 200x400 feet; area, 1.8 acres; cost, $120,000. Electricity, 345 x 700 feet; area 5.5 acres; cost $375,000. Mines and mining, 350x700 feet; area, 5.6 acres; cost, $260,000. Manufactures ana Liberal Arts, 787x1,687 feet; area, 30.5 acres; cost, $1,500,000. Transportation, 250x900 feet; area, 5.5 acres; cost, $280,000. Horticultural, 230x1,000 feet; area, 5.8 acres; cost, $300,000. Administration, 200x260 feet; area, 1.6 acres; cost, $450,000. Agriculture, 500x800 feet; area, 9.2 acres (cost, $540,000); Annex, 328 x 500 feet; area, 3.8 acres (cost, $200,000); total cost (including Assembly Hall, etc.), nearly $1,000,000. Machinery, 500x850 feet; area, 9.8 acres; Annexes (2), 400x551 feet; area, 6.2 acres; total cost, $1,200,000. Fish and Fisheries, 163x363 feet ; area, 1.4 acres; Annexes (2), 135 feet in diameter; area, 8 acres; total cost, $200,000. Fine Arts, 320 x 500 feet; area, 3.7 acres; Annexes (2), 120 x 120 feet; area, 1.1 acre; total cost, $500,000. Forestry, 200x500 feet; area, 2.3 acres; cost, $100,000. Saw Mill, 125x300 feet; area, .9 acres; cost, $35,000. Dairy, 95x200 feet; area .5 acres; cost, $30,000. Live Stock (3), 65x200 feet; area, .9 acres; and Live Stock Sheds, 40 acres; total cost, $150,000. Casino, 175x300 feet; area, 1.2 acres; cost (with pier), $150,000. United States Government, 350x420 feet; area, 3.4 acres; cost, $400,000. Battle-Ship, 348x69.25 feet; area, 3 acres; cost, $100,000; Illinois State and State Annexes (2), 160x450 feet; area, 1.7, and .3 acres; cost, $250,000. Making a grand total of $6,740,000. Exclusive of these buildings a large number more will Ik; erected by dif- ferent States of the Union and foreign governments. These will be located at the north end of the lagoon. Other foreign features (exclusive of Venice and its gondolas) may be decided upon by the respective committees of gentlemen who went abroad for the purpose of securing the cooperation of foreign countries in the great Columbian Fair. The foreign participants in the Exposition, and the amounts they have appropriated for that purpose, are : 210 THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. Argentine Republic $100,000 Trinidad $ 15,000 Austria-Hungary 147,000 Victoria Belgium Guatemala 120,000 Bolivia 150,000 Hayti Brazil 550,000 Hawaii China Honduras 20,000 Chile 100,000 Italy (informal) Colombia 100,000 Italy Erythia Costa Rica 100,000 Japan 700,000 Denmark .... Madagascar Danish West Indies 10,000 Mexico 750,000 Ecuador 125,000 Netherlands (informal) Egypt (informal) Dutch Guiana 6,000 France 400,000 Dutch West Indies 10,000 Algeria .... Nicaragua 30,000 French Guiana Orange Free State .... Germany 215,000 Paraguay .... Great Britain 125,000 Persia Barbadoes Peru 140,000 British Columbia .... Russia .... British Guiana 20,000 Salvador 30,000 British Honduras 7,000 Sac Domingo Cape Colony 25,000 Siam Ceylon 40,000 Spain India Cuba 25,000 Jamaica 10,000 Porto Rico .... Mashonaland Transvaal Malta Turkey New South Wales .... Uruguay New Zealand 27,500 Venezuela Queensland .... Zanzibar Tasmania .... All the governments named above have accepted the invitation, those marked " informal " having declared an intention to assist exhibitors in an unofficial manner. DESCRIPTION OF THE BUILDINGS. Woman's Building. — The first building completed was the Woman's Building. It is prominently situated in the northwestern part of the park, facing the lagoon, is 400 feet in width and 200 feet in depth, and has a stair- case and landing leading to a terrace six feet above the water. The style of architecture is Italian Renaissance, and the building is two stories in height. A lobby 40 feet wide leads into the rotunda (70 x 65 feet), which is surmounted by an ornamental skylight. Around the rotunda is a two-story open arcade. On the first floor is a model hospital, a model kindergarten, each 80 x 60 feet, and the whole floor of the south pavilion has been set apart for the reform work and charity organizations. Each floor 80 x 200 feet. Opposite the main front entrance are the library, bureau of information, records, etc. In the second story are the ladies' dressing-rooms and parlors, and an assembly- room, with an elevated stage for speakers, and club-room. The south pavilion has been provided with model kitchen and refreshment-rooms. The building cost $120,000. Administrative Building. — This building is located at the west side of the great court and cost $450,000. It is 260 "feet square, and consists of four pavilions, 84 feet square, one at each of the four angles of the square. It is crowned by a dome 120 feet in diameter and 220 feet in height. The ground THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 211 floor contains in one pavilion the Fire and Police Departments, with cells for the detention of prisoners; in the second pavilion are the offices of the Ambu- lance service, the Physician and Pharmacy, the Foreign Departments and the Information Bureau ; in the third pavilion the Post-office and a Bank, and in the fourth the offices of Public Comfort and a Restaurant. Ample pro- vision has been made in the second, third and fourth stories for the Board- rooms, the Committee-rooms, the rooms of the Director-General, the Depart- ment of Publicity and Promotions, and for the United States Columbian Commission. Machinery Hall. — The building known as Machinery Hall is 800 x 500 feet in dimensions and presents a most imposing appearance. It is located at the extreme south end of the park and south of the Administrative Building. Its cost with Annex and Power House, $1,200,000. The building is spanned by three arched trusses, and its interior resembles railroad train houses. The Annex covers between four and five acres and increases the length of the Machinery building to about 1,400 feet. It is the second largest structure on the ground. Manufactures and Liberal Arts Buildings. — The largest of all the build- ings for the Exposition is that constructed for Manufactures and the Liberal Arts. It is 1,687 feet long by 787 feet wide and covers an area of thirty and a half acres. It cost $1,500,000. The great central hall has a clear space of 1,280 feet by 380 feet, and is surrounded by a nave and two galleries. The apex of the roof is 245^ feet, which is supported by twenty-two steel arches. The total length of the gallery is 3,504 feet. The east and west halls of the nave are 1,588 feet long, and total length of the nave, 4,119 feet. The building is three times as large as St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome. The style of architecture of the building is Corinthian, and it has four great entrances, one in the centre of each facade. Transportation Building. — The Transportation Building, costing $280,000, lies between the Horticultural and Mines Buildings and faces eastward. It is of the Romanesque style of architecture and is surmounted by a cupola. The interior of the building has broad naves and aisles, and the roof is in three divisions. The cupola is reached by eight elevators. The main build- ing is 960 feet front by 250 feet deep. From this extends westward to Stony Island avenue, an Annex covering 9 acres. It is but one story in height. What is known as the Transportation Exhibit includes everything known in the way of transportations, such as baby-carriages, cars, engines, vessels, carrier pigeons, etc. Horticultural Building.— The. Horticultural Building cost $300,000. It is immediately south of the entrance to Jackson Park from the Midway Plaisance and faces east on the lagoon. The building is 1,000 feet long and 250 feet in width. It has a central and two end pavilions, each connected with the central one by front and rear curtains, forming two interior courts, each 88 x 270 feet. The centre pavilion is roofed by a crystal dome 187 feet in diameter and 113 feet high, under which are exhibited tall palms, bam boos, ferns, etc. There are galleries in each of the pavilions. Tin; galleries of the end pavilions are designed for cafes. The exhibit in Ibis Building consists of varieties of flowers, plants, vines, seeds, horticultural imple- ments, etc. Agricultural Building. — The style of architecture of this beautiful build- ing is classic Renaissance. It is located near the shore of Lake Michigan and is surrounded by the lagoons that lead into the park from the lake. Its dimensions are 500 x 800 "feet, and cost, with annex, $ 1 ,000,000. The building covers an area of more than 9 acres and its annex 3.8 acres. It is a single- story building. On either side of the main entrance are Corinthian pillars 50 feet high and 5 feet in diameter. The centre pavilion is 144 feet square. The entire building is overtopped by a glass dome 130 feet high, and the 212 THE AVORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. rotunda is 100 feet in diameter. In the southern part of the building is a structure known as a Live Stock and Agricultural Assembly Hall. The structure is conveniently near one of the stations of the elevated railway. On the first floor is a Bureau of Information, suitable committee rooms for Live Stock Associations, waiting rooms for ladies, lounging rooms for gentle- men and toilet accommodations. The Assembly room, upstairs, has a seating capacity of 1,500, and where lectures will be delivered upon every topic relative to agriculture, live stock, etc. Adjacent to the Agricultural Build- ing and its annex are buildings for the forestry and dairy exhibits, whose dimensions are 200 by 500 feet and 95 by 200 feet respectively. Dairy Building. — The Dairy Building is 95 x 200 feet, with an area of .5 acres, and cost $30,000. In this building will be a school of contest both between herds and individuals of the chief breeds of dairy cattle, with a view of ascertaining the respective merits of each in milk-giving and butter- producing. There will be all kinds of dairy utensils and appliances on exhibition. The " Dairy School " is the special feature of this building. Forestry Building. — This eligibly located building is 200x500 feet in dimensions and is of a rustic order of architecture. There is a veranda sup- porting the roof, the colonnade of which is composed of tree trunks each 25 feet indength, all of them in their natural state. The roof is thatched witli tan bark and other barks. The various wood finishings of the interior are both unique and attractive. The tree trunks were contributed by different States and Territories and Foreign Countries, the name of each tree being known by a placard. The building has on exhibit forest products, logs and sections of trees, dressed lumber, such as flooring, casing, shingles, etc., dye woods and barks, lichens, wood pulp, rattan willow ware, woodenware and numerous other specimens. Several complete sawmills will be in operation. The sawmill plants occupy a building 125 x300 feet in size and costing about $35,000. The forestry building proper cost $100,000. Fisheries Building. — The location of the Fisheries Building is at a point northwest of the United States Government Building. Its proportions are 1,100 feet in length by 200 feet in depth. It cost $200,000, inclusive of two smaller polygonal buildings. The aquaria, ten in number, are supplied with gold, tench and other fish~and have a capacity of from 7,000 to 27,000 gal- lons each. The total water capacity of the aquaria, exclusive of reservoir, is 18,725 cubic feet, or 140,000 gallons. The glass fronts of the aquaria are about 575 feet in length and have 3,000 square feet of surface. The supply of sea water was secured by evaporating the necessary quantities at the Woods Holl station of the "United States Fish Commission, to about one fifth of its bulk, thus reducing both quantity and weight for transportation aboul so per cent. The fresh water required to restore it to its proper i density was supplied from Lake Michigan. I fall of Minis and Mining.— The Hall of Mines and Mining is of the Italian Renaissance order of architecture, and is located at the southern extremity of the western lagoon, just between the Electricity and Transpor- tation Structures. In dimensions i1 is 700 feet in length by 350 feet in width and it cost $260,000. On the ground floor are restaurants and toilet rooms. The galleries are 25 feet high and 60 feet wide. The covered promenades are each 25 feet in width by 230 feet in length. Between the main entrance and the pavilions are ornamental arcades tunning a loggia on the ground Moor and a recessed promenade on the gallery floor: a great portion of the roof is covered with glass. Electrical Building.— This building is opposite the Manufactures Build- ing, and on the west side faces the Mines Building. It cost $375,000. The exterior of the building is of the Corinthian order of architecture, and the general plan is that of a longitudinal nave 115 feet wide and 114 feet high, crossed in the middle by a transept having a pitched roof with skylights, the THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 213 rest of the building a fiat roof with skylights. The area of the galleries in the second story is 118,546 square feet, or 2.7 acres. The east and west central pavilions are composed of towers 168 feet high. From each upper pilaster is a pedestal bearing a lofty mast for the display of banners by day and electric lights by night. In the centre of the attic niche is a colossal statue of Franklin. Art Palace. — The Art Palace is oblong in shape, and is of the classic Grecian-Ionic style of architecture. In size it is 500 x 320 feet, and it is 125 feet in height to the top of the dome. It is intersected on all sides by a nave and transept, 100 feet wide and 70 feet high, and the dome, 60 feet in diam- eter, is surmounted by a colossal statue of Winged Victory. Around the entire building are galleries 40 feet wide. The interior and exterior of the building are ornamented with wall paintings, sculptures and portraits in bas- relief of the masters of ancient art. The main building is entered by four large portals ornamented with sculptured designs. The wall paintings illus- trate the history and progress of the arts. The building is located in the northern portion of the park with the south front facing the lagoon. It cost between $500,000 and $600,000. Naval Exhibit.— The United States Naval Exhibit is an imitation battle- ship building erected on pilings on the lake front, in the northeast portion of Jackson Park. The structure is made to represent a battle-ship of the new navy for coast- line defense, designed by the Bureau of Construction and Repairs, the battle-ships now under construction to cost $1,000,000 each. The structure is surrounded by water and has all the guns, turrets, torpedo tubes, torpedo nets, booms, anchors, chain cables and all other fittings and appliances of a regular battle-ship. During the exhibition, the ship will be manned by the customary contingent of officers, sailors and marines, and all explanations in regard to the mode of life upon a man-of-war will be made, and the modus operandi of handling the vessel during an engagement. The dimensions of the structure are: length, 348 feet, width amidships, 69 feet 3 inches, and from the water-line to the top of the main deck 12 feet, or the exact dimensions in detail of a battle-ship. The battery is mounted the same as on a regular ship.* * For most recent legislation, etc., on this subject, up to the moment of going to press, see Addenda, preceding Index. NATURALIZATION LAWS. Previous to an important Slate or National election it frequently occurs that many persons are naturalized and given thereby citizenship and the right of suffrage. This right is conferred by the Judges of Courts of States and Territories after having heard testimony as to the length of time the applicant for franchise has been in this country, his moral character, etc. If it shall appear to the satisfaction of the Court to which the alien or for- eigner has applied, that he has resided continuously within the United States for at least five years and within the State or Territory where such Court is at the time held, one year at least; and that during that time "he has behaved as a man of good moral character, attached to the principles of the Constitution of the United States, and well disposed to the good order and happiness of the same," he will be admitted to citizenship after having sub- scribed to the following oath, administered by the Clerk of the Court: " That he will support the Constitution of the United States, and that he absolutely and entirely renounces and abjures all allegiance and fidelity to every foreign prince, potentate, State or Sovereignty, and particularly by name to the prince, potentate, State or Sovereignty of which he was before a citizen or subject." These proceedings are regularly entered upon the records of the Court. If the applicant has borne any hereditary title or order of nobility, he must make an express renunciation of the same at the time of his application. OTHER NATURALIZATION PROVISIONS. An alien of twenty-one years and upward, who has been in the armies of the United States and has been honorably discharged therefrom, may become a citizen upon his petition, without any previous declaration of intention, pro- vided that he has resided in the United States at least one year previous to his application, and is of good moral character. An alien under twenty one who has resided in the United States three years next preceding his arriving at that age, and who has continued to reside therein to the time he may make application to be admitted a citizen thereof, may, after he arrives at the age of twenty-one years, and after he has resided within the United States, including the three years of his minority, be admitted a citizen; but he must make a declaration on oath and prove to the satisfaction of the Court that for two years next preceding it has been his bond fids intention to become a citizen. The children of persons who have been duly naturalized, being under the age of sixteen years at the time of .the naturalization of their parents, shall if dwelling in the United States be considered as citizens thereof. The children of persons who now are or have been citizens of the United States are, though born out of the limits and jurisdiction of the United States, consid- ered as citizens thereof. Section 2000 R. S. U. S. declares that all naturalized citizens of the United States while in foreign countries are entitled to and shall receive the same protection of persons and property which is accorded to native-born citizens. Even after five years' residence and due naturalization of an alien he is not entitled to vote unless the laws of the State confer the privilege upon him. In one State (Minnesota) he may vote four months after landing, if he has immediately declared his intention, under the United States law, to become a citizen. 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S- 2 SH. U "* 2 53 E a §■» -a l?' 3 - There wi " b e 4 STATES AND TERRITORIES. 229 Total State Vote. — The first vote for President was in 1880, when the total vote was recorded as 53,532; 1884, 66,492; 1888, 91,796; 1890 (Gov.), 83,465. Pluralities.— 1880, 2,803 (R.); 1884, 8,563 (R.); 1888, 13,207 (R.); 1890, 6,468 (R). Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote since 1880 is 29.933. New Counties, 1880-1888. — Archuleta, Delta, Dolores, Eagle, Garfield, Lo- gan, Mesa, Montrose, Pitkin, San Miguel and Washington Counties were formed between 1880 and 1888. Variations in County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are uoted: County. 1884. 1888. Bent 64 ( D. ) 264 (R. ) Elbert 63 (D.) 206 (R. ) Huerfano 207 (D.) 76 (R.) Variations in County Vote since 1888. — Variations as under are recorded, con- sidering only the vote for President in 1888 as compared with that for Governor in 1890: County. 1888. 1890. Archuleta 50 (R.) 22 (D.) Delta 18 (R.) 57 (F. A.) Eagle 204 (R) 38 (D.) Lake 486 (R.) 1,666 (D.) Montrose 136 (R.) 32 (F. A.) Park 176 (R.) 35 (D.) Pitkin 308 (R. ) 142 (D. ) San Miguel 162 (R.) 14 (D.) Summit 144 (R.) 34 (D. ) 13 counties (not included in the foregoing statement of new counties) have cast their first vote as such since 1888. The fol- lowing statement will show the political tendency of each : COUNTY. TOTAL VOTE. PLURALITY. PARTY. Baca 312 14 (R. ) Cheyenne 131 35 (R.) Kiowa 241 32 (R) Kit Carson 426 114 (R.) Lincoln 161 4 (R. ) Morgan 405 107 (F. A.) Phillips 469 13 (F. A.) Prowers 442 96 (R.) Sedgwick 257 79 (R.) Yuma 436 5 (R) Montezuma 441 35 (D.) Otero 811 21 ( D. ) Rio Blanco 341 4 (D.) The above shows the vote cast for Governor, 1890, in each of the counties given. From the statement above given of changes from 1 SS4 to 1 S90,it will be seen that 3 counties changed sides in 1888 and 15 in 1890. Rio Grande County has given a gradually increasing Repub- lican plurality since 1880, as follows: 100, 187, 192, 293. Boulder County has recorded a gradually decreasing Repub- lican plurality since 1880, viz. : 576, 489, 462, 108. No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 55 counties in Colorado. Population,— The population of the State, 1880, was 194,327; 1890, 412,198. The five most populous counties are Arapahoe (132,135); Pueblo (31,491); El Paso (21,239); Las Animas (17,208), and Lake (14,663). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 230 STATES AND TERRITORIES. CONNECTICUT. V 2 f o i Q i wv h o Z 1 ;rj o i J i £ UJ 2_ j NVIIOl "\ L --- "~~~^ ^ a n o yas^ rr O *| u. m CsJz . H UJ 1 aL > < 5 X X ■^t i £ a L u :_j z. u £Z ^ h j y^ ;x o I- • •^^ j i |QtW< UJ *<- No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. STATES AXD TERRITORIES. 231 CONNECTICUT. Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Grant (R) received 6 votes; 1876, Tilden (D.), 6; 1880, Garfield (R.), 6; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 6; 1888, Cleveland (D.), 6. There will be G votes in 1892. Total Stats Vote.— 1872, 96,928; 1876, 122,156; 1880, 132,770; 1884, 137,233; 1888, 153,978; 1890 (Gov.), 135,298. Pluralities.— 1872, 4,348 (R.); 1876, 2,900 (D.); 1880, 2,656 (R.); 1884, 1,284 (D.); 1888, 336 (D.); 1890, 26 (D.). Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote, comparing: 1872 with 1888, was 57,050. . A comparison of 1872 with 1890 gives an increase of 38,370. Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are noted: County. 1884. 1888. Hartford. . .' 271 (D.) 565 (R.) Litchfield 470 (D.) 290 (R.) Variations in the County Vote since 1888. — Variations as under are recorded, considering only the vote for President in 1888 as compared with that for Governor in 1890: County. 1888. 1890. Hartford 565 (R.) 384 (D.) New London 144 (R.) 112 (D.) It will be seen from the above that Hartford County has changed sides twice since 1884. The only county showing anything like a gradual increase is New Haven, recording from 1876 pluralities as follows: 1,749 (D.), 2,180 (D.), 3,016 (D.), 3,110 (D.), [3,482 (D.) for Gov- ernor.] No. of Counties. — There are eight counties in Connecticut. Podulation.— The population of the State, 1880, was 622,700; 1890, 746,258. The five most populous counties are : New Haven (209,058); Fairfield (150,081); Hartford (147,180); New London (76, 634) ; Litchfield (53,542). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 232 STATES AND' TERRITORIES. DELAWARE. Delaware lias but one Congressman, and therefore is not divided into Congressional districts, STATES AND TERRITORIES. 233 DELAWARE. Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Grant (R.) received 3 votes; 1876, Tilden(D.), 3; 1880, Hancock (D.), 3; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 3; 1888, Cleveland (D. ), 3. There will be 3 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.— -1872, 21,808; 1876, 24,135; 1880, 29,333; 1884, 30,103; 1888, 29,763; 1890 (Gov.), 35,197. Pluralities.— 1882, 422 (R.); 1876, 2,629 (D.); 1880, 1,033 (D.); 1884, 3,923 (D.); 1888, 3,441 (D.); 1890, 543 (D.). Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote since 1872 is 13,389. Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — Sussex County gave Cleveland a plurality of 1,428 in 1884, and Hancock a plurality of 63 in 1888. Variations in the County Vote since 1888. — New Castle County gave Cleve- land a plurality of 2,332 in 1888, and Richardson (Republican nominee for Governor), 1890, a plurality of 323. ■No. of Counties. — There are three counties in Delaware. Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 146,608; 1890, 168,493. The counties in order of population are: New Castle (97,182); Sussex (38,647); Kent (32,664). For Congressional and city figures sec Appendix. 18b 334 STATES AND TERRITORIES. FLORIDA. No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 235 FLORIDA. Electoral Vote.— In 1872 (Grant (R.) received 4 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 4- 1880, Hancock (D.), 4; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 4; 1888, Cleveland (D.), 4. There will be 4 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.— 1872, 33,190; 1876, 48,774; 1880, 51,618; 1884, 59,872; 1888, 66,641. A Governor was elected in 1888. The next will be elected in 1892. Pluralities.— 1872, 2,336 (R.); 1876 (disputed); 1880, 4,310 (D.); 1884, 3,738 (D.); 1888, 12,904 (D.). Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote since 1872 is 33,451. New Counties. — Brevard, Citrus, De Soto, Lake, Lee, Osceola and Pasco counties have been formed since 1872. Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888.— The following variations are noted: County. 1884. 1888. Alachua 354 (R.) 616 (D.) Jefferson 781 (R. ) '. . . . 11 (D. ) Leon 1,364 (R.) 1,126 (D.) Madison 32 (R.) 544 (D.) Manatee 454 (R.) 250 (D.) Marion 513 (R.) 70 (D.) Nassau 141 (R.) 47 (D.) Volusia 65 (D.) 145 (R.) From the above it may be noted that 8 counties changed sides in 1888. The figures as under will show the counties having a gradu- ally increasing Democratic plurality at presidential elections: County. 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 Baker 53 95. .. .109. .. 161 ... 220 Bradford 249. . .501. ...620. . .634. . .640 Brevard 53. . . . 145. . .196. . .210 Hillsborough 41. . .604. ...717. . .905.. 1,013 Lafayette 101. . .247... .277. . .335. . .537 Polk 362 ... 450. ... 499 ... 692 ... 958 No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 45 counties in Florida. Population.— -The population of the State, 1880, was 269,493; 1890, 391,422. The five most populous counties are: Duval (26,800); Alachua (22,934); Marion (20,796); Escambia (20,188); Monroe (18,786). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 236 STATES AND TERRITORIES. GEORGIA. W .BARTO #, ^HALL^^VX s\ H.TOWk.'V rj> .WU.KES1 ^*> XvTv- -- \ INCOUJV s3* \harri9 <; ^ Da ii ORGAN ~ - BURKE "/« \ MUSCO^jc \BULLOCK \ * t I 1 1 I APPLING f P^^orthV^ Li.roi /^°^' 'BERRIEN! f* I O I--IO — ^ . — i ■ Jo \ T , /o, -« •DECATUR Ithomac 1 :l_. 10 As redistricted in 1891. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 237 GEORGIA. Electoral Vote. — In 1872 Horace Greeley, Democratic and Liberal-Republican candidate for President, having died before the electoral vote was cast, the electors voted, as shown on page 42 (in the foot- note). In 1876 Tilden (D.) received 11 votes; 1880, Hancock (D.), 11; 1884, Cleveland (!>.), 12; 1888, Cleveland (D.), 12. There will be 13 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.— 1872, 138,906; 1876, 180,534; 1880, 155,651; 1884,143,- 543; 1888, 142,939; 1890 (Gov.), 105,365 [no opposition]. Pluralities.— -1872, 9,806 (D.); 1876, 79,642 (D.); 1880, 49,S74 (D.); 1884, 46,961 (D.); 1888, 60,003(1).). Increase or Decrease in the Popular Vote. — The increase m % the popular vote of 1876 over that of 1872 was 41,628. Since that time there has been a decrease in round numbers as follows; 1SS0, 25,000; 1884, 12,000; 1888, 1,000; 1890 (Gov.) 37,000. The total de- crease since 1876 is therefore, in round numbers, 75,000. New Counties. — Oconee has been formed since 1872. Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — Variations as under are recorded: County. 1884. 1888. Decatur 76 (R.) 805 (D.) Glynn 222 (R.) 19 (D.) Greene 77 (R.) 89 (D.) Jasper 8 (R.) 411 (D.) Talbot 424 (R.) 186 (D.) Towns 18 (D.) 2 (R. ) Variations in County Vote. —Although there is an unusually large number of counties in Georgia, there are none having a gradually increas- ing or decreasing Democratic or Republican plurality since 1872. There are slight or considerable variations in every instance. No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 137 counties in Georgia. Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 1,542,180; 1890, 1,837,- 353. The five most populous counties are: Fulton (84,655); Chat- ham (57,740); Richmond (45,194); Bibb (42,370); Burke (28,- 501). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 238 r (•• < I 2 UJ I ° f \ re i i i i STATES AND TERRITORIES. IDAHO. \. \ ) ILATA i SHOSHONE \ ( nez \ • PERCES \ i N ; k /\ IDAHO ! V / V. ! \ ) $ \ J < // /- -,-"' V */ ^ ! , V 1 BOISE i / V I K N t -An C USTER *i— ' A D A*V W i o © I en I 2 •--T I \ A LTU RAS I ° WYHEE v^_ LOGAN C'A S S LA B f N G H A M /""I 4 <0>— - ! j Idaho has but one Congressman, and therefore is not divided gressional districts. 'jBEAR I i LAKE j into Con- STATES AND TERRITORIES. 239 IDAHO. Electoral Vote. — Idaho was admitted to the Union July 3, 1890. There will be three votes in 1892. Total State Vote. — As a basis for comparison it may be stated that the total vote cast for members of Congress, or, rather, Congressional nominees, 1888, was 16,013. In 1890 the total vote for Gov- ernor was 18,210. Pluralities— 1888 (Congress), 1,747 (R.); 1890 (Governor), 2,314 (R.) Increase in the Popular Vote. — According to the foregoing figures the in- crease in the popular vote, comparing 1888 with 1890, was 2,197. New Counties. — Latah County voted for the first time, according to the records, in 1888, and Elmore and Logan counties for the first time in 1890. Variations in the County Vote, 1886-1890. — The following variations are noted : County. 1886 (cong.) 1888 (cong.) 1890 (gov.) Ada 168 (D.), 347 (R.), 51 (R.) Bear Lake 20 (R.) 450 (D.) 117 (R.) Boise 48 (R.) 107 (R.) 17 (D.) Idaho 129 (D.) 110 (D.) 28 (R.) Kootenai 125 (D.) 9 (D.) 167 (R.) Nez Perces. . .304 (D.) 276 (I. R.). . . .43 (R.) Owyhee 2(D.) 130 (R.) 112 (R.) No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 18 counties in Idaho. Population.— -The population of the State, 1880, was 32,610; 1890, 84,385. The five most populous counties are: Bingham (13,575); Latah (9,173); Ada (8,368); Oneida (6,819), and Bear Luke (6,057). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 240 STATES AND TERRITORIES. ILLINOIS. CHICAGO 1-2-3-4 '.COOK GO. 1-2-3-4 No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. Two Representatives will be elected al large to the Fifty-third Congress. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 241 ILLINOIS. Electoral Vote— -In 1872 Grant (R.) received 21 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 21; 1880, Garheld (R.), 21; 1884, Blaine (R.), 22; 1888, Harrison (R.), 22. There will be 24 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.— 1872, 429,940; 1876, 554,066; 1880, 622,312; 1884, 672,- 849; 1888, 747,781. A Governor was elected in 1888. The next will be elected in 1892. Pluralities.— 1872, 53,948 (R.); 1876, 19,631 (R.); 1880, 40,716 (R.); 1884, 24,827 (R.); 1888, 22,195 (R.). Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote since 1872 is 317,740. Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are noted : County. 1884. 1888. Coles 41 (D.) 138 (R.) Lawrence 57 (D.) 26 (R.) Madison 252 (D.) 310 (R.) McDononoh 1 (D.) 51 (R.) Stephenson 198 (D.) 55 (R.) Jackson 202 (R.) 65 (D.) Marshall 28 (R.) 84 (D.) Perry 2 (R.) 15 (D.) From the above it may be noted that 8 counties changed sides in 1888. The figures as under will show the counties having a grad- ually increasing or decreasing Republican or Democratic plu- rality since 1872: gradual increase (r.). County 1872. 1876. 1880. 1884. 1888. Edwards 460. . ..504. . .602. . ..608. . ..653 Williamson 18 28. . . .28. . . .272. . . .327 gradual decrease (r.). County 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 Champaign 1,827.. 1,427.. 1,248.. .1052.. 1,001 Jo Daviess 750 ... 631 ... 631 ... 288 8 Piatt 510. . .491. . .337. . .259. . .235 Whitesides 1,926.. 1,720.. 1,703.. 1,460.. 1,390 No of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 102 counties in Illinois. Population.— 'The population of the State, 1880, was 3,077,871; in 1890, 3,826,351. The five most populous counties are: Cook (1,191,922); La Salle (80,798); Peoria (70,378); St. Clair (66,571), and Kane (65,- 061). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. $42 STATES AND TERRITORIES. INDIANA. A Y LA PORTE JOSEPH \ •y EL'KHART LA GRANGt'sTEUBEN As redistricted in 1891 STATES AND TERRITORIES. 243 INDIANA. Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Grant (R.) received 15 votes; 1876, Tilden (D.), 15; 1880, Garfield (R.), 15; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 15; 1888, Harri- son (R.), 15. There will be 15 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.— 1872, 351,196; 1876, 431,070; 1880, 470,678; 1884, 494,- 793; 1888, 536,901. The total vote cast for Secretary of State, 1890, was 477,643. Pluralities.— 1872, 21,098 (R.); 1876, 5,505 (D.); 1880, 6,636 (R.); 1884,6,512 (D.); 1888, 2,348 (R.); 1890 (Sec. of State), 19,579. Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 and 1888 was 185,705. New Counties. — Hancock County has been formed since 1872. Variations in tlie County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are noted: County. 1884. 1888. Boone 199 (D.) 117 (R.) Carroll 122 (D.) 48 (R.) Clinton 243 (D.) 241 (R) Daviess 202 (D) 3 (R.) Fountain 205 (D.) 83 (R.) Huntington 19 (D.) 78 (R) Orange 23 (D.) 125 (R.) Pike 56 (D.) 99 (R.) Ripley 122 (D.) 24 (R.) Spencer 122 (D.) 48 (R.) Vanderburg 63 (D.) 137 (R.) Marion 226 (R.) 379 (D.) Switzerland 10 (R.) 77 (D.) Variations in tlie County Vote since 1888. — The vote for Secretary of State does not show, strictly speaking, the party tendency; but as the vote was heavy, and apparently created more than usual inter- est, the variations may be of service. They are as follows: County. 1888 (Pres.) 1890 (S. S.) Boone 117 (R.) 106 (D.) Carroll 48 (R. ) .' . . 110 (D. ) Fountain 83 (R.) 139 (D.) Huntington 78 (R.) 265 (D.) Jay 70 (R.) 181 (D) Monroe 239 (R.) . . , 18 (D.) Montgomery 248 (R.) 220 (D.) Noble 47 (R.) 187 (D.) Spencer 48 (R.) 401 (D.) Vanderburg 138 (R.) 865 (D.) Vermillion 292 (R.) 2 (D.) Vigo 171 (R.) 592(D) An analysis of the variations as stated above shows that 13 counties changed sides in 1888 and 12 in 1890. Boone, Carroll, Fountain, Huntington, Spencer and Vanderburg counties changed twice. The figures as under will show the counties having a gradu- ally increasing Democratic plurality at presidential elections since 1872: County. 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 Adams 531. . . .1,165. ...1,212. ...1,502. ...1,659 No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 92 counties in Indiana. Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 1, 978,301; 1890,2,192,457. The five most populous counties are: Marion (141,156), Allen (66,689); Vanderburgh (59,809); Vigo (50*195; St. Joseph (42,457). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 244 STATES AXD TERRITORIEf IOWA. No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 245 IOWA. Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Grant (E.) received 11 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 11; 1880, Garfield, (R.), 11; 1884, Blaine (R.), 13; 1888, Harrison (R.), 13. There will be 13 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.— 1872, 204,983; 1876, 292,463; 1880, 322,706; 1884, 375,969; 1888, 404,130; 1889 (Gov.), 360,631; 1890 (Gov.), 390,305; 1891 (Gov.), 420,152. Pluralities.— 1872, 58,149 (R.); 1876, 50,191 (R); 1880, 78, 059 (R); 1884, 19,773 (R.); 1888, 31,711 (R.); 1889 (Gov.), 6,523 (D.); 1890 (Gov.), 3,366 (R.); 1891 (Gov.), 8,216 (D.). Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 and 1888 was 199,157. Var iations in the County Tote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are noted: County. 1884. 1888. Appanoose 68 (D.) 266 (R.) Keokuk 219 (D.) 55 (R.) Marion 237 (D.) 52 (R.) Monroe 32 (D.) 209 (R.) Warren 348 (D.) 766 (R.) Wayne 9 (D.) 211 (R.) Bremer 206 (R.) 115 (D.) Shelby 61 (R.) 48 (D.) Variations in County Vote since 1888 — Variations as under are recorded, con- sidering only the vote for President in 1888 as compared with that for Governor in 1891 : County. 1888. 1891. Benton 122 (R.) 561 (D.) Cedar 3 (R.) 175 (D.) Fayette 599 (R.) 214 (D.) Grundy 240 (R.) 107 (D.) Harrison 134 (R.) 382 (D.) Ida 182 (R.) 126 (D.) Jones 241 (R.) 104 (D.) Keokuk 55 (R.) 270 (D.) Linn 874 (R) 567 (D.) Lyou 276 (R.) 240 (D.) Marion 52 (R.) 366 (D.) Montgomery 1,032 (R.) 750 (D.) Tama 11 (R.) 307 (D.) Wapello 181 (R.) 387 (D.) Webster 544 (R.) 269 (D.) Winneshiek 516 (R.) 90 (D.) Woodbury 581 (R.) 1,453 (D.) Bremer 115 (D.) 693 (R.) Iowa 314 (D.) 699 (R.) Palo Alto 10 (D.) 209 (R.) Analysis of the above variations shows that 8 counties changed sides in 1888 and 20 in 1891. Keokuk and Marion counties changed twice (noting only the elections of 1888 and 1891). The figures as under will show the counties having a gradu- ally increasing Republican plurality at presidential elections: County. 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 Emmett 140. . . . 210. . . .252 . . . .285. . . .367 Humboldt 288 340 419 . . . .484 596 No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 99 counties in Iowa. Population.— The population of theState,1880,was 1,624,615; 1890, 1,911,896. The five most populous counties are: Polk (65,410); Wood bury (55,632); Dubuque (48,848); Pottawattamie, (47,430); Linn, (45,303). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix, 246 STATES AND TERRITORIES. KANSAS. I % J f i o i • i r § -S 1 S 3 _ w _j — tttt p h-s— I V1IH0IM 1 i % "* No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. One Representative will be elected at large to the Fifty-third Congress. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 247 KANSAS. Electoral Vote.— hi 1872 Grant (K.) received 5 votes; 1876, Haves (R), 5; 1880, Garfield (R.), 5; 1884, Blaine (R.), 9; 1888, Harrison (R.), 9. There will be 10 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.—lS12, 100,614; 1876, 124,110; 1880, 201,019; 1884, 265,- 843; 1888, 330,217; 1890 (Gov.), 294,588. Pluralities.— 4872, 33,482 (R.); 1876, 32,511 (R.); 1880, 61,731 (R.); 1884, 64,274 (R,); 1888, 79,190 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 8,053 (R.). Increase in the Popular Vote.— The increase in the popular vote between 1872 and 1888 was 229,603. New Counties. — The following counties have been formed since 1872: Barbour, Chautauqua, Chevenne, Clark, Comanche, Decatur, Edwards, Elk, Finney, Ford, Garfield, Variations in the County Gove, Graham, Grant, Gray, Greely, Hamilton, Harper, Haskell, Hodgeman, Kearney, Kingman, Vote, 1884-1888. Kiowa, Scott, Lane, Seward, Logan, Sheridan, Meade, Sherman, Morton, Stafford, Ness, Stanton, Pratt, Stevens, Pawnee, Thomas, Rooks, Trego, Rawlings, Wichita. Rush, — Leavenworth County f Blaine (R.) 108 plurality in 1884, and Cleveland (D.), 244 plural- ity in 1888. Variations in the County Vote since 1888. — Variations as under are recorded, considering only the vote for President in 1888 as compared with that for Governor in 1890: County. 1888. 1890. Barton 125 (R.) 76 (F. A.) Ellsworth 328 (R.) 4 (D.) Ford 252 (R.) 64 (D.) Sedgwick 2,046 (R.) 2,188 (D.) Wyandotte 1,276 (R.) 905 (D.) The figures as under will show the counties having a gradu- ally increasing Republican plurality at presidential elections: County. 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 Bourbon 626. . 1,149. . 1,159. . 1,303.-1,738 Decatur . . . . . . . .144. . . .255. . . .493 Harvey 376. . . .655. . . .969. . . .971. . 1,090 Horlgeman . . . . . . . .124. . . .138. . . .343 Osborne 385. . . .473. . . .857. . . .969. . . .994 Republic 980. . . .982. . 1,214. . 1,377. . 1,390 Rice 160. . . .481. . . .610. . . .705. . . .917 Rooks — 67. . . .467. . . .600. . . .700 Sedgwick 508 799 934 997. . 2,046 No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 106 counties in Kansas. Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 996,096; 1890, 1,427,- 096. The five most populous counties are: Wyandotte (54,407); Shawnee (49,172); Sedgwick (43,626); Leavenworth, (38,485); and Cowley (34,478). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 248 STATES AND TERRITORIES. KENTUCKY. V„ < j 1 , _» ! o i l--0NIAI1\ s O w"^-hS _^x-S ? £j (S3AVHO J As redistricted in 1890. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 249 KENTUCKY. Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Hendricks (D.) received 8 votes; 1876, Tilden (D.), 12; 1880, Hancock (D.), 12; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 13; 1888, Cleveland (D.), 13. There will be 13 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.— 4872, 191,135; 1876, 259,608; 1880, 264,304; 1884, 275,915; 1888, 344,781; 1891 (Gov.), 289,176. Pluralities.— mi, 8,855 (D.); 1876, 59,772 (D.); 1880, 43,449 (D.); 1884, 34,839 (D.); 1888, 28,666 (D.); 1891 (Gov.), 28,081 (D.). Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 and 1888 was 153,646. New Counties. — Carlisle, Knott and Leslie counties have been formed since 1872. Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888.— The following variations are noted : County. 1884. 1888. Adair 70 (D.) 155 (R.) Bourbon 8 (D.) 62 (R.) Casey 6 (D.) 79 (R.) Edmondson 88 (D.) 2 (R.) Grayson 146 (D.) 52 (R.) Lawrence 188 (D.) 62 (R.) Martin 223 (D.) 307 (R.) Muhlenburg 287 (D.) 49 (R.) Ohio ■ 174 (D.) 34 (R.) Perry 234 (D.) 403 (R.) Pike 69 (D.) 17 (R.) Russell 58 (D.) 107 (R.) Trigg 416 (D.) 50 (R.) Washington 11 (D.) 37 (R.) Campbell 206 (R.) 19 (D.) Fayette 407 (R.) 134 (D.) Variations in the County Vote since 1888.— Variations as under are recorded, considering only the vote for President in 1888 as compared with that for Governor in 1891: County. 1888. 1891. Bourbon 62 (R.) 3 (D.) Grayson 52 (R.) 120 (D.) Ohio 34 (R.) 107 (D.) Pike 17 (R.) 108 (D.) Trig- 50 (R.) 202 (D.) Washington 37 (R.) 169 (D.) Campbell 19 (D.) 57 (R.) Fayette 134 (D.) 138 (R.) From the above statements it may be seen that 16 counties changed sides in 1888, and 8 counties in 1891. Bourbon, Grayson, Ohio, Pike, Trigg, Washington, Camp- bell and Fayette counties changed sides twice. No. of Counties.— According to the latest reports, there are 159 counties in Kentucky. Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 1,648,690; 1890, 1,858,- 635. The five most populous counties are: Jefferson (188,598); Kenton (54,161); Campbell (44,208); Fayette (35,698); and Christian (34,118). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 19b 250 STATES ANT) TERRITORIES. LOUISIANA. I— • —i — - ■■■ m m ,m JL * -^ No change iu Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 251 LOUISIANA. Electoral Vote. — For particulars concerning the electoral vote for 1872, see foot-note on page 42. In 1876 Hayes (R.) received 8 votes; 1880, Hancock (D.), 8; 1884, Cleveland (D.). 8; 1888, Cleveland (D.), 8 votes. There will be 8 votes in 1892. Total Slate Vote.— 1872, 128,692; 1876, 145,643; 1880, 97,901; 1884, 109,234; 1888, 115,894; 1891 (Gov.), 174,890. Pluralities.— 1872, 14,634 (R.); 1876, 4,627 (R.); 1880, 27,316 (D.); 1884, 16,- 199 (D.); 1888, 54,548 (D.); 1891 (Gov.), 32,531 (D.). Increase or Decrease in the Popular Vote. — Comparing 1872 with 1888, there was a decrease of 12,948 in the popular vote; comparing L872 with 1891, an increase of 46,198 is noted. New Parishes.— -Terre Bonne, Acadia, Carroll (West), Jefferson (R. B.). Jef- ferson (L. B.), Lincoln, St. James and St. Tammany Parishes have been formed since 1872. Variations in the Parish Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are noted: Parish. 1884. 1888. Ascension 1,213 (R.) 1,075 (D.) Assumption 658 (R.) 1,194 (D.) Avoyelles 73 (R.) 900 (D.) Carroll (E.) 1,027 (R.) 1,622 (D.) Concordia 1,384 (R.) 2,011 (D.) Iberville 1,931 (R.) 955 (D.) Madison 470 (R.) 2,357 (D.) Point Coupee 230 (R.) 87 (D.) St. Bernard 102 (R.) 211 (D.) St. Martin's 452 (R.) 1,005 (D.) St. Mary's 2,066 (R.) 336 (D.) Terre Bonne 629 (R.) 410 (D.) Variations in the Parish Vote since 1888.— It would hardly be fair to make any comparison to include the last vote for Governor, owing to the somewhat peculiar and extraordinary features of the con- test, there being no less than five candidates for the office. Ac cording to amended returns, Foster received 79,270 votes; Me Enery, 46,739; Leonard, 29,014; Breaux, 11,308; and Tannehill, 8,559. Tangipahoa parish has the record of a gradually increasing Democratic plurality from 1S72 to 1888, the figures being as follows: 164, 290, 375, 416, 511. JVo. of Parishes. — There are 59 parishes in Louisiana. Population— The population of the State, 1880, was 939,946; 1890, 1,118,- 587. The five most populous parishes are: Orleans (242,039); St. Landry (40,250); Caddo (31,555); Rapides (27,642); and East Baton Rouge (25,922). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 252 STATES AND TERRITORIES. MAINE. J < CO O i £ r 1 n /, 31 1 (/ ■N 1 -V r M

~~X O 2(1 r / o -* I I ft oQ No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 253 MAINE. Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Grant (R.) received 7 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 7; 1880, Garfield (R.), 7; 1884, Blaine (R.), 6; 1888, Harrison (R.), 6. There will be 6 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.— 1872, 90,509; 1876, 116,786; 1880, 143,853; 1884, 129,509; 1888, 128,250; 1890 (Gov.), 113,824. Pluralities.— 1872, 32,335 (R.); 1876, 15,814 (R.); 1880, 8,868 (R.); 1884, 20,060 (R.); 1888, 23,253 (R.j; 1890 (Gov.), 18,883 (R.). Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 and 1888 was 37,741. Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — Although 5 counties gave a de- creased Republican plurality in 1888, none of the counties changed sides. Variations in the County Vote since 1888.— Waldo County gave Harrison (R.) a plurality of 619 in 1888, and Thompson (D.) a plurality of 15 in 1890. No. of Counties.— There are 16 counties in Maine. Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 648,936; 1890, 661,086. The five most populous counties are Cumberland (90,949); Penobscot (72,865); York (62,829); Kennebec (57,012); and Aroostook (49,589). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 254 STATES AND TERRITORIES. MARYLAND. No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. STATES AND TEKRITOEIES. 255 MARYLAND. Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Hendricks (D.) received 8 votes; 1876, Tilden (D.), 8; 1880, Hancock (D.), 8; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 8; 1888, Cleve- land (D.), 8. There will be 8 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.— 1872, 134,466; 1876, 163,804; 1880, 173,039; 1884, 186,- 019; 1888, 210,921; 1891 (Gov.), 192,047. Pluralities.— -1872, 908 (D.); 1876, 19,756 (D.); 1880, 15,191 (D.); 1884, 11,- 118 (D.); 1888, 6,182 (D.); 1890 (Gov.), 30,151. Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 and 1888 was 76,455. JYew Counties. — Garrett County has been formed since 1872. Variations in tlie County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are noted: County. 1884. 1888. Anne Arundel 239 (D.) 13 (R.) Talbot 7(D.) 162 (R.) Caroline 34 (D.) 79 (R.) Variations in the County Vote since 1888. — The variations since the last pres- idential election are as under: County. 1888. 1891. (Gov.) Anne Arundel 13 (R.) 991 (D.) Calvert 230 (R.) 148 (D.) Caroline 70 (R.) 352 (D.) Charles 1 (R) 379 (D.) Dorchester 488 (R.) 378 (D.) Frederick 437 (R.) 350 (D.) Somerset 447 (R.) 220 (D.) St. Mary's 221 (R.) 308 (D.) Talbot 162 (R.) 356 (D.) Washington 394 (R.) 204 (D.) From the above statements it may be seen that 3 counties changed sides in 1888 and 10 in 1891. Anne Arundel, Caroline and Talbot Counties have changed sides twice. Garrett County has given a gradually increasing Republican plurality since 1876 at presidential elections, as follows: 17, 86, 197, 294. No. of Counties. — There are 24 counties in Maryland. Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 934,943; 1890, 1,042,- 390. The five most populous counties are: Baltimore [including Baltimore city] (507,348); Frederick (49,512); Allegany (41,571); Washington (39,782), and Anne Arundel (34,094). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 256 STATES AND TERRITORIES. MASSACHUSETTS. As n districted in 1800. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 257 MASSACHUSETTS. Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Grant (R.) received 13 votes; 1876, Hayes (R), 13; 1880, Garfield (R.), 13; 1884, Blaine (R), 14; 1888, Harrison (R), 14. There will be 15 votes in 1892. Total State Tote.— 1872, 192,732; 1876, 259,703; 1880, 282,512; 1884, 303,383; 1888, 344,508; 1889 (Gov.), 263,111; 1890 (Gov.), 285,526; 1891 (Gov.), 321,673. Pluralities.— 1872, 74,212 (R); 1876, 40,423 (R); 1880, 53.215 (R); 1884, 24,372 (R); 1888, 32,037 (R); 1889 (Gov.), 28,069 (R); 1890 (Gov.), 9,053 (D.); 1891 (Gov.), 6,467 (D.). Increase intlie Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 and 1888 was 151,716. Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — None of the counties changed sides in 1888, but Bristol County gave a decreased Republican plurality. "Worcester County has a similar record. Suffolk County recorded a decreased Democratic plurality of nearly 4,000. Variations in the County Vote since 1888. — The following variations are noted, considering only the vote for President in 1888 as com- pared with that for Governor in 1891 : County. 1888. 1891. (Gov.) Berkshire 753 (R.) 436 (D.) Hampden 3,196 (R.) 1,189 (D.) Norfolk 2,041 (R.) 228 (D.) No. of Counties. — There are 14 counties in Massachusetts. Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 1,783,085; 1890, 2,238,- 943. The five most populous counties are: Suffolk (484,780); Mid- dlesex (431,167); Essex (299,995); Worcester (280,787), and Bris- tol (186,465). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 258 STATES AND TERRITORIES. MICHIGAN. ISLE ROYAL As redistrtcted iu STATES AND TERRITORIES. 259 MICHIGAN. Electoral Vote—In 1872 Grant (R.) received 11 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 11; 1880, Garfield (R.), 11; 1884, Blaine (R.), 13; 1888, Harrison (R.), IB. There will be 14 votes in 1892. Total Slate Vote.— -1872, 220,942; 1876, 316,689; 1880, 352,441; 1884, 401,- 186; 1888, 476,273; 1890 (Gov.), 397,779. Pluralities.— 1872, 55,968 (R.); 1876, 15,542 (R.); 1880, 53,890 (R); 1884, 3,308 (R.); 1888, 22,911 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 11,520 (D.). Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote from 1872 to 1888 was 254,371. New Counties. — Alger, Arenac, Baraga, Crawford, Gladwin, Gogebec, Iron, Keweenaw, Luce, Montmorency, Oscoda, Ogemaw, Otsego and Roscommon Counties have been formed since 1872. Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are noted: County. 1884. 1888. County. 1884. 1888. Arenac 284 (D.) 96 (R.) Shiawassee ..436 (D.) 820 (R.) Barry 238 (D.). . . .536 (R.) St. Clair. . . .651 (D.) 133 (R.) Berrien 13 (D.). . . .439 (R.) Baraga 89 (R.) 17 (D.) Clinton 438 (D.) 245 (R.) Crawford 81 (R.) 43 (D.) Gratiot 60 (D.). . . .813 (R.) Iosco 152 (R.) 134 (D.) Ionia 262 (D,). . . .657 (R.) Oakland . . . .544 (R.) 21 (D.) Jackson .... 648 (D.). . . .476 (R.) Oscoda 112 (R.) 22 (D.) Kent 632 (D.). . . .947 (R.) Prcsque Isle. 169 (R.) 76 (D.) Newaygo ... .80 (D.). . . 516 (R.) Wayne . . . 3,615 (R). . . . 4,660 (D.) Roscommon. . .8 (D.) 2 (R.) Variations in the County Vote since 1888 — The variations since the last pres- idential election are as under: County. 1888. 1890. (Gov.) County. 1888. 1890. (Gov.) Arenac 96 (R.) 139 (D.) Oceana 300 (R.) 236 (D.) Berrien 439 (R.). . . .277 (D.) Ogemaw 41 (R.) 5 (D.) Clinton 245 (R.) 200 (D.) Ontonagon. .234 (R.) 225 (D.) Delta 255 (R.). . . .280 (D.) Osceola 792 (R.) 38 (D.) Genesee. . . 1,500 (R.). . . .147 (D.) Ottawa . . . 1,111 (R.) 144 (D.) Ionia 657 (R.) 25 (D.) Roscommon. . .2 (R.) 97 (D.) Iron 78 (R.) 46 (D.) Schoolcraft . . .1 (R.) 137 (D.) Jackson 476 (R.). . . .770 (D.) Shiawassee. .820 (R.) 77 (D.) Kent 947 (R.) . .2,059 (D.) St. Clair. . . .133 (R.) 904 (D.) Lewanee 804 (R.). . . .290 (D.) Iosco 134 (D.) 2 (R.) Mason 124 (R.) 81 (D.) Montmorency .2 (D.) 32 (R.) Muskegon. 1,007 (R). . . .291 (D.) Oscoda 22 (D.) 75 (R.) From the above statements it will be seen that 19 counties changed sides in 1888, and 24 in 1890. Arenac, Berrien, Clinton, Ionia, Iosco, Jackson, Kent, Os- coda, Roscommon, Shiawassee and St. Clair have changed sides twice. No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 84 counties in Michigan. Population— The population of the State, 1880, was 1,636,937; 1890, 2,093,- 889. The five most populous counties are: "Wayne (257,114); Kent (109,922); Saginaw (82,273); Bay (56,412), and St. Clair (52,105). For Congressional and city figures see Ajfyendix. 260 STATES AND TERRITORIES. MINNESOTA. r— — •KITTSON J- Imapshall \ \ POun \ NORMAN '•r>*.. >-, r - u A ICLAY I r-J-J I 2 ' BE-CKER rTASCA. jj|jj 1 ST LOUIS I /! — '2 {CARLTON. /_Jj/l p <> p£ • eio (? | \JT0NCI T fclll-PARl.l>~i P jr-K- •yuiow I \ • MlOiCir.1 ^ LAKE. {< I COO r^ y 1/ t I0TTERTAH ^JJ r -1 todd! 'V, i ! V r0 N < / S *U 4b / /jasper^ oade pO^ ^HOWARD PETTIS/ ^ /^ v. -^COOPER ^ RAUUS_ ETFERSOl/if *.' <£ ,£ "". - t ■»v / t'tXA CO o-V ^ ->?' *0^ /O^ f4S \ *C„ \CARTER7 fl*A0»3°£ ° N< '*/« i WAYNE ^ /«*"V No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. One member-at-large will be elected. I STATES AND TERRITORIES. 265 MISSOURI. Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Hendricks (D.) received 6 votes; 1876, Tilden (D.), 15; 1880, Hancock (D.), 15; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 16; 1888, Cleveland (D.), 16. There will be 17 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.— 1872, 273,050; 1876,351,604; 1880,397,221; 1884,441,074; 1888, 511,402. An election for Judge of the Supreme Court was held in 1890, but has no political significance for purposes of comparison with Presidential votes, although a heavy vote (464,336) is recorded. Pluralities,— 1872, 29,809 (D.); 1876, 54,389 (D.); 1880, 55,042 (D.); 1884, 33,059 (D.); 1888, 25,717 (D.). The plurality in 1890, at the election of judge of the Supreme Court was 61,788 (D.). Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 and 1888 was 250,148. New Counties.— Douglas, Putnam, St. Louis City and St. Louis County have been formed as counties since 1872. Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888.— The following variations are noted: County. 1884. 1888. Barry 76 (R.) 59 (D.) Livingston 197 (R.) 51 (D.) Linn 111(R.) 88 (D.) Daviess 33 (R.). 271 (D.) Worth 128 (R.) 18 (D. ) Cape Girardeau 6 (D.) 304 (R.) Crawford 53 (D.) 83 (R.) Carroll 119 (D.) 24 (R.) Pettis 410 (D.) 27 (R.) St. Louis City 577 (D.) 6,255 (R.) Counties as under have recorded a gradually increasing Re- publican plurality since 1872: County. 1872 Grundy 649.. Stone 226. Warren 440., Wright 69., Putnam . . No. of Counties.— According to the latest reports, there are 115 counties in Missouri. Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 2,168,380; 1890, 2,679,- 184. The five most populous counties are: St. Louis City (451,770); Jackson (160,510); Buchanan (70,100); Jasper (50,500), and - Greene (48,616). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 20B 1876 1880 1884 1888 .697. . . .815. . 923 ..981 .273. . . .295. . . .439, . . .551 .450. . ..681.. ..753.. ..800 .107.. . .232. . . .292. . . .601 .669. . . .788. . ..901.. . .940 266 STATES AND TERRITORIES. MONTANA. No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 26\ MONTANA. Electoral Vote.— Montana was admitted to the Union November 8, 1889. There will be 3 votes in 1892. Total State Vote— An a basis for comparison, it may be stated that the total vote cast for members of Congress, or, rather, Congressional nominees, in 1888, was 40,014. "in 1889 the total vote for Gov- ernor was 38,552. In 1890 the Congressional vote was 31,090. Pluralities— 1888 (Cong.), 5,126 (R.); 1889 (Gov.), 556 (D.); 1890 (ComO, 283 (D.). Decrease in the Popular Vote. — According to the foregoing figures, the de- crease in the popular vote, comparing 1888 with 1889 (rather than 1890), was 1,462. Variations in the County Vote, 1888-1890.— The following variations are noted : County. 1888 (Cong.) 1889 (Gov.) 1890 (Cong.) Choteau 222 (D.) 32 (R.) 1 (D.) Deer Lodge 1,111 (R.) 546 (D.) 680 (D.) Jefferson 169 (R.) 106 (D.) 9 (D.) Lewis and Clarke .515 (R.). 311 (D.) 98 (D ) Meagher 157 (R.) 36 (D.) 54 (R.) Missoula 678 (R.) 27 (R.) 66 (D.) Silver Bow 1,533 (R.) 166 (D.) 192 (D.) No. of Counties.— According to the latest reports, there are 16 counties in Montana. Population.— -The population of the State, 1880, was 39,159; 1890, 132,159. The five most populous counties are: Silver Bow (23,744); Lewis and Clarke (19,145); Deer Lodge (15,155); Missoula (14,- 427), and Cascade (8,755). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 268 STATES AND TERRITORIES. NEBRASKA. |&iO* As redistricted in 18'Jl. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 269 NEBRASKA. Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Grant (R.) received 3 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 3; 1880, Garfield (R.), 3; 1884, Blaine (R.), 5; 1888, Harrison (R.), 5. There will be 8 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.— 1872, 20,141; 1876, 53,389; 1880,87,355; 1884, 134,204; 1888, 202,653; 1890 (Gov.), 214,090. Pluralities.— 1872, 10,517 (R); 1876, 10,326 (R); 1680, 26,456 (R.); 1884, 22,512 (R.); 1888, 27,873(R.); 1890 (Gov.), 1,144 (D.). Increase in the Popular Vole, — The increase in the popular vote since 1872 is 187,949. This number is the difference between the total vote cast for President in 1872 and that for Governor in 1890. New Counties. — Blaine, Box Butte, Brown, Chase, Cherry, Custer, Dawes, Dundy, Furnas, Garfield, Gosper, Grant. Greeley, Hayes, Hitchcock, Holt, Keith, Keya Paha, Knox, Logan, Loup, Mad- ison, Nance, Perkins, Phelps, Red Willow, Sheridan, Sherman, Sioux, Thomas, Valley and Wheeler Counties have been formed since 1872. Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888.— The following variations are noted : County. 1884. 1888. Dakota 18 (R.) 190 (D.) Douglas 392 (R.) 573 (D.) Otoe 84 (R.) 98 (D.) Pierce 47 (R) 19 (D.) Sarpy 6 (R.) 217 (D.) Keith 5 (D.) 56 (R.) Variations in the County Vote since 1888. — The following variations are on record, considering the Presidential vote of 1888 as compared with that of Governor in 1890: County. 1888. 1890. (Gov.) Cass 128 (R.) 250 (D.) Hall 398 (R.) 326 (D.) Holt 458 (R.) 271 (F. A.) Washington 331 (R.) 451 (D.) Wayne 173 (R.) 144 (D.) Seward 146 (R.) 240 (D.) Grant 7 (D.) 2 (R.) Greeley 50 (D.) 512 (Ind.) Howard 47 (D.) 387 (Ind.) Sioux 6 (D.) 3 (R.) The counties named as under gave an increasing Republican plurality from 1872 to 1888 at Presidential elections: County. 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 Burt 183. . . .364. . . .630. . . .921 . . 1,014 Dawson 7 95. . . .168. . . .302. . . .473 Nuckolls 43. . . .119. . . .263. . . .400. . . .509 From the above statement it will be seen that 6 counties changed sides in 1888, and 10 in 1890. No. of Counties.— According to the latest reports, there are 90 counties in Population.- -The population of the State, 1880, was 452,402; 1890, 1,058,910. The five most populous counties are: Douglas (158,008); Lancaster (76,395); Gage (36,344); Otoe (25,403), and Adams (24,303.) For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 270 STATES AND TERRITORIES. NEVADA. r-7 T I "1 / i < \ HUMBOL DT n i <\ uj cc D Ul ELKO ~\ WHITE PINE O RCHILL j ^ CARSOTfc^A °* \ I l i Citt ste"*""? — -^_.-— l — \S / A T V *« \ *^> \ NYE \ r Nevada having but one Congressman is not divided into Congressional districts. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 271 NEVADA. Electoral Vote —In 1872 Grant (R.) received 8 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 3; 1880, Hancock (D.), 3; 1884, Blaine (R.), 3; 1888, Harrison (R.), 3. There will be 3 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.— 1872, 14,649; 1876, 19,691; 1880, 18,343; 1884, 12,797; 1888, 12,632; 1890 (Gov.), 12,392. Pluralities.— 1872, 2,177 (R.); 1876, 1,075 (R.); 1880, 879 (D.); 1884, 1,615 (R.); 1888, 1,867 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 810 (R.). Decrease in the Popular Vote. — The decrease in the popular vote between 1872 and 1888 was 2,017. New Counties. — Eureka County has been formed since 1872. Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — Churchill County gave Blaine (R.) a plurality of 8 in 1884, and Cleveland (D.) a "plurality of 3 in 1888. Variations in the County Vote since 1888. — Elko County gave Harrison (R.) a plurality of 98 in 1888, and Winters (D.) a plurality of 150 in 1890 for Governor. Nye County gave Harrison (R.) a plurality of 61 in 1888 and Winters (D.) a plurality of 9 in 1890. No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 14 counties in Nevada. Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 62,266; in 1890, 45,701. The five most populous counties are: Storey (8,806); Washoe (6,437); Ormsby (4,883); Elko (4,794), and Humboldt (3,434). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. STATES AND TERRITORIES. NEW HAMPSHIRE. ,^ /I ♦ / .^ %.V O o o So* * — — • — tYi Ch 5.5 No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 273 NEW HAMPSHIRE. Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Grant (R.) received 5 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 5; 1880, Garfield (R.), 5; 1884, Blaine (R.), 4; 1888, Harrison (R.), 4. There will be 4 votes in 1892. Total State Vote— 1872, 68,892; 1876, 80,048; 1880, 86,363; 1884, 84,566; 1888, 90,829; 1890 (Gov.), 86,240. Pluralities.— 1872, 5,444 (R); 1876, 2,954 (R); 1880, 4,058 (R); 1884, 4,063 (R.); 1888, 2,272 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 93 (R.). Increase in thePopular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 and 1888 was 21,941. Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are noted: County. 1884. 1888. Belknap 9(D.) 150 (R) Merrimack 493 (R.) 118 (D.) Rockingham 480 (R.) 103 (D.) Variations in the County Vote since 1888.— Grafton County gave Harrison (R.) 39 plurality in 1888, and Amsden (D.) a plurality of 414 in 1890 for Governor; Merrimack County gave Cleveland (D.) a plurality of 118 in 1888, and Tuttle(R.)a plurality of 119 in 1890 for Governor. No. of Counties. — There are 10 counties in New Hampshire. Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 346,991; 1890, 376,530. The five most populous counties are: Hillsborough (93,247); Rockingham (49,650); Merrimack (49,435); Strafford (38,442), and Grafton (37,217). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 274 STATES AND TERRITOEIES. NEW JERSEY. As redistricted in 1891. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 275 NEW JERSEY. Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Grant (R) received 9 votes; 1876, Tilden (D.), 9: 1880, Hancock (D.), 9; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 9; 1888, Cleveland (D.), 9. There will be 10 votes in 1892. Total Stale Vole.— 1872, 168,742; 1876,220,236; 1880,245,928; 1884,261,537; 1888, 303,741; 1889 (Gov.), 269,103. Pluralities.— 1872, 14,570 (R); 1876, 11,690 (D.); 1880, 2,010 (D.); 1884, 4,412 (D.); 1888, 7,149 (D.); 1889 (Gov.), 14,253 (D.). Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 and 1888 was 134,999. Variations in the County Vote. — None of the counties changed sides in 1888, comparing results with those of 1884. In considering the vote of 1888 for President in comparison with the vote of 1889 for Gov- ernor, it is noted that Essex County gave Harrison (R.) a plu- rality of 116 in 1888, and Abbett (D.) a plurality of 858 in 1890 for Governor. Morris County gave Harrison (R) a plurality of 246 in 1888, and Abbett (D.) a plurality of 100 in 1890. No. of Counties. — There are 21 counties in New Jersey. Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 1,131,116; 1890, 1,444,- 933. The five most populous counties are: Hudson (275,126); Essex (256,098); Passaic (105,046); Camden (87,687), and Mer- cer (79,978). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 276 STATES AND TERRITORIES. NEW YORK. No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. STATES AND TERRITORIES 277 NEW YORK. Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Grant (R.) received 35 votes; 1876, Tilden (D ), 35 ; 1880, Garfield (R.), 35; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 36 ; 1888, Harrison (R.), 36. There will be 36 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.- -1872, 829,672; 1876, 1,015,502; 1880, 1,104,605; 1884, 1,171,312; 1888, 1,321,149 ; 1891 (Gov.), 1,162,853. Pluralities.— 1872, 51,800 (R.) ; 1876, 26,568 (D.) ; 1880, 21,033 (R.) ; 1884, 1,047 (D.) ; 1888, 13,002 (R.) ; 1891 (Gov.), 47,937 (D.). Increase in tlie Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 and 1888 was 490,437. Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888.— The following variations are noted : County. Hamilton . Niagara. . Oneida. . . Otsego . . . Suffolk. . . Sullivan. . Chemung. 1884. 1888. .. 46 (D.) 47 (R.) .316 (D.) 457 (R.) . 30(D.) 1,965(R.) .436 (D.) 857 (R.) .553 (D.) 567 (R.) .275 (D.) 103 (R.) .479 (R.) 570 (D.) A complete analysis, as near as may be within the space available, is given as under by counties, showing the variations in certain districts for such of the counties as show a fluctuation in the popular vote : County. Albany Allegany Broome Cattaraugus. Cayuga Chautauqua . Chemung. . . . Chenango . . . Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware — Dutchess Erie Franklin . . Fulton Genesee . . Greene Hamilton. Jefferson . Kings Lewis Livingston . . Montgomery Niagara Oneida. Onondaga., Ontario Districts giving (D.) plurality in 1884 and (R.) plurality in 1888. Alma, Almond. Ellicottville,Franklinville,Ischua, Persia Mentz Charlotte. Chemung Plymouth, Smyrna Beckmanton, Plattsburg Colchester Clinton, Pleasant Valley, Pough- keepsie (ward 2) Colden, Holland Chateaugay, Constable Bergen, Darien Coxsackie Lake Pleasant, Wells Watertown (ward 4), Worth Brooklyn (wards 7, 21, 82), Graves- end Diana, Osceola, Watson, West Turin Groveland Canajoharie, Florida, Glen Lewiston, Lockporttown, (wards 1 , 4), Newf ane Annsville, Bridgewater, Floyd, Utica (ward 7),Verona,Western. Syracuse (ward 2) Geneva Districts giving (R.) plurality in 1884 and (D.) plurality in 1888. Albany City (wards 7 and 10). Wellsville. Bingham ton (ward 4). Auburn (ward 4). Elmira (wards 2, 4 and 5). Pitcher. Ancram, Greenport, Livingston. Truxton . Stamford. Pine Plains. Buffalo (ward 13), Cheektowaga. Oppenheim, Stratford. Durham, Greenville. Gorham, Victor. 278 STATES AND TERRITORIES. County. Districts giving D. plurality in 1884 and R. plurality in 1888. Districts giving R. plurality 1884 and D. plurality in 1888. Newburg, Newburg City (ward 4) . Oswego (ward 4), Redfield, West Hartwick,New Lisbon, Roseboom, Schenectady ... . Schenectady City (ward 1) Rotterdam. Ovid Addison, Corning, Fremont, Hor- Suffolk Babylon, East Hampton, Islip, Ulster Denning, Kingston (ward 6), Lloyd, Whitehall Wayne Wyoming The following statement will show the number of districts in each county having increased or decreased pluralities in 1888 : Districts. Counties. Districts. Republican Democratic Republican Democratic Counties. H 73 i? x — ft a !>> D •- a >, COS t'3 a a, Q a >> •Jl S 9 h a >> a) w c3 ei a; a. ft -a >> COS •_ — -a !>> (OS I :- S| ft 8 23 14 18 15 18 3 . 7 6 (5 fi 13 13 13 2 8 9 13 (J 6 10 12 13 1 1 5 Total . 5 3 3 4 13 5 3 5 5 ^ 4 3 9 8 3 1 3 3 7 6 1 T i 15 3 10 1 1 1 4 1 1 6 1 1 5 1 1 1 3 10 1 4 18 2 3 3 1 3 4 4 4 1 5 1 g o T i 5 19 18 6 5 5 18 10 1 10 1 24 8 3 5 17 4 fi 6 5 10 8 !) 10 3 8 o 5 4 5 3 2 3 5 1 (i 9 3 1 4 1 o 4 5 4 4 2 1 1 8 2 2 1 1 1 5 G 5 10 Allegany Onondaga 3 1 Cattaraugus 5 Cayuga Chautauqua 4 Chemung Chenango Otsego 8 Rensselaer Rockland St. Lawrence 5 Columbia Cortlandt Delaware Dutchess 4 1 Schoharie 11 Fulton 1 1 Hamilton Suffolk Herkimer 3 Jefferson 1 1 Ulster Livingston Washington Monroe Montgomery New York . '. Niagara West Chester Wyoming Yates . 3 490 204 128 166 STATES AND TERRITORIES. 279 aviations in the County Vote since 1888.— Considering only the Presidential vote 1888, as compared with the vote for Governor in 1891, the following variations are recorded : County. 1888. 1891. (Gov.) Columbia 410 (R.) 98 (D ) Dutchess 1,016 (R.) 75 (D ) Erie 2,069 (R.) 1,280 (D.) Montgomery 688 (R.) 129 (D.) Niagara 457 (R.) 496 (D.) Rensselaer 309 (R.) 1,709 (D.) Schenectady 304 (R.) 503 (D.) Tompkins 1,164 (R.) 880 (D.) Ulster 338 (R.) 1,095 (D.) Wyoming : 1,733 (R.) 972 (D.) From the above statements it may be noted : (1) 7 counties changed sides at the Presidential election in 1888. Taking the districts in each county, 115 districts changed sides in 1888. (2) 499 districts gave an increased Republican plurality in 1888 ; 204 districts gave a decreased Republican plurality; 128 districts gave an increased Democratic plurality, and 166 dis- tricts gave a decreased Democratic plurality. (3) 10 counties, considering only the presidential election of 1888 (as compared with that for Governor in 1891), changed sides at the last election. Niagara County is recorded as having changed in 1888 and in 1891. No. of Counties. — There are 60 counties in New York. Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 5,082,871 ; 1890 5,997,853. The five most populous counties are : New York (1,515,301) • Kings (838,547) ; Erie (322,981) ; Monroe (189,586), and Albany (164,555). J For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 280 STATER AND TERRITORIES. NORTH CAROLINA. Ml to As redistricted in 1891. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 281 NORTH CAROLINA. Electoral Vote— In 1872 (Grant (R.) received 10 votes; 1876, Tilden(D.), 10; 1880, Hancock (D.), 10; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 11; 1888, Cleve- land (D.), 11. There will be 11 votes in 1892. Total State Vole.— 1872, 164,863; 1876, 333,844; 1880, 241,218; 1884, 268,474; 1888, 285,503. The total vote cast for Chief Justice, 1890, was V 2, 303. Pluralities.— -1872, 24,675 (R); 1876, 17,010 (D.); 1880, 8,326 (D.); 1884, 17,- 884 (D.); 1888, 13,118 (D.). The majority at the election for Chief Justice, 1890, was 42,329 (D.). Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 and 1888 was 120,610. New Counties. — Currituck, Durham, Bender and Vance Counties have been formed since 1872. Variations in tlie County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are noted: County. 1884. 1888. Ashe 53 (D.) 102 (R.) Camden 135 (D.) 26 (R.) Forsyth 119 (D.) 375 (R.) Granville 74 (D.) 228 (R.) Guilford 160 (D.) 259 (R.) Richmond 241 (D.) 14 (R.) Randolph 78 (D.) 218 (R.) Transylvania 122 (D.) 42 (R.) Wake 459 (D.) 518 (R.) Watauga 128 (D.) 68 (R.) Bertie 369 (R.) 109 (I).) Bladen 122 (R.) 145 (D.) Brunswick 8 (R. ) 58 (D.) Hertford 215 (R.) 52(1).) Polk 47 (R.) 18 (D.) Surry 11 (R.) 61 (D.) No. of Counties. — There are 96 counties in North Carolina. Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 1,399,750; 1890, 1,617,- 947. The five most populous counties are: Wake (49,207); Meck- lenburg (42, 673); Buncomb (35,266); Robeson (31,483), and Hal- ifax (28,908). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 21b 282 STATES AND TERRITOEIES. NORTH DAKOTA. SS-* North Dakota having but one Congressman is not divided into Congres- sional districts. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 283 NORTH DAKOTA. Electoral Vote. — North Dakota was admitted to the Union November 3, 1889. There will be 3 votes in 18.92. Total State Vote.— The total Congressional vote in 1888 was 41,091; vote for Governor, 1889, 38,098; vote for Governor, 1890, 36,489. Pluralities.— Congressional, 1888, 9,489 (R); for Governor, 1889, 12,632 (R); for Governor, 1890, 6,449 (R). Decrease in the Popular Vote. — Comparing the Congressional vote of 1888 with the vote for Governor, there has been a decrease of 4,602. Variations in the County Vote, 1889-1890. — The following variations are noted: County. 1889. (Gov.) 1890. (Gov.) Cavalier 113 (11.) 187 (D.) Grand Forks 666 (R) 187 (D.) Richland 428 (R) 109 (D.) The following counties (with population, 1890), do not ap- pear in the available election returns, therefore no vote is shown, nor is there any information as to their political leaning or ten- dency should they vote for President in 1892: Allred (no re- turns), Boreman (511), Bowman (6), Buford (803), Church (74), Dunn (159), Flannery (72), Garfield (33), Hettinger (81), Mc- Kenzie (3), Mountraille (122), Renville (99); Sheridan (5), Ste- vens (16), Wallace (24), Wallette (no returns), and Williams (100). The figures in parenthesis after each county name show the population as recorded in the census returns of 1890. No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 55 counties in North Dakota. Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 36,909; 1890, 182,719. The five most populous counties are: Cass (19,613); Grand Forks (18,357); Walsh (16,587); Pembina (14,334), and Rich- land (10,751). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 284 STATES AND TERRITORIES. OHIO. *<- h o < o z z 5No(\J o I S I z-g- Showing Congressional districts prior to act of 1890. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 285 OHIO. Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Grant (R.) received 22 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 22; 1880, Garfield (R.), 22; 1884, Blaine (R.), 23; 1888, Harrison (R.), 23. There will be 23 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.— 1872, 529,436; 1876, 658,573; 1880, 724,967; 1884, 784,807; 1888, 841,941; 1889 (Gov.), 775,721; 1891 (Gov.), 795,635. Pluralities.— 1872, 34,268 (R.); 1876, 2,747 (R); 1880, 34,227 (R); 1884, 31,- 796 (R); 1888, 19,599 (R.); 1889 (Gov.) 10,872 (D.); 1891 (Gov.), 21,511 (R.). Increase in tlw Popular Vote— The increase in the popular vote between 1872 and 1888 was 312,505. Variations in County Vote, 1884-1888.— The following variations are noted: County. 1884. 1888. Clermont 49 (R.) 83 (D.) Montgomery 198 (R.) 651 (D.) Stark .... . 320 (R.) 331 (D.) Hancock 252 (D.) 95.(R.) Variations in County Vote since 1888.— Considering the vote for Governor, 1889 and 1891, as compared with the Presidential vote in 1888, variations as under are recorded: County. 1888. 1889. 1891. Adams 152 (D.) 2 (R.) 177 (D.) Auglaize. . . . 1,716 (D.).. . .1,978 (R.). . . 1,489 (D.) Butler 3,311 (D.). . . ,3,575 (R,). . . 3,266 (D.) Erie 601 (D.) 345 (D.) 1 (R.) Hamilton. . . 3,846 (R.) .. . 7,253 (D.). . . 5,759 (R) Hancock 95 (R.) 74 (D.) 219 (R.) Knox 60 (R.) 90 (D.) 32 (R.) Muskingum. . .350 (R.) 213 (D.) 206 (R.) Noble 428 (R.) 311 (R.) 414 (D.) Ottawa 1,335 (D.). . ..1,398 (D.). ...1,331 (R.) Paulding 194 (R.) 192 (D.) 112 (R.) Perry 54 (R) 467 (D,) 71 (D.) Van Wert 13 (R.) 272 (D.) 138 (D.) Vinton 33 (D.) 308 (D.) 8 (R.) Williams 94 (R) 217 (D.) 178 (R.) Logan County recorded a gradually increasing Republican plurality for President from 1872 to 1888, as follows: 840, 973, 1,271, 1,373, 1,582. Lucas County recorded a gradually decreasing Republican plurality from 1872 to 1888, as follows: 2,171, 1,369, 1,172, 957, 805. The counties as under show a gradually increasing Demo cratic plurality from 1872 to 1888: County. 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 Henry 350. . .918. .1,133.. 1,214. .1,536 Ottawa 317. . .872. .1,049. .1,167. .1.335 Seneca 334. . .722. . .,837. . ..946. .1,067 Wyandot 279. . . 540. . . .583. . ..694 .... 725 No. of Counties.— According to the latest repents there are 88 counties in Ohio. Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 3,198,062; 1890, 3,672,- 316. The five most populous counties arc: Hamilton (374,573); Cuyahoga (309,970); Franklin (124,087); Lucas (102,296 and Montgomery (100,852). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 286 STATES AND TEKRITORIES. OREGON. As redistricted in 1891. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 281 OREGON. Electoral Vote.— hi 1872 Grant (R.) received 3 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 3; 1880, Garfield (R.), 3; 1884, Blaine (R.), 3; 1888, Harrison (R.), 3. There will be 4 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.— 1872, 20,121; 1876, 29,873; 1880, 40,816; 1884, 52,682; 1888, 61,911; 1890 (Gov.), 72,705. Pluralities.— -1872, 3,517 (R.); 1876, 547 (R.); 1880, 671 (R.); 1884, 2,256(R.); 1888, 6,769 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 5,151 (D.). Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 and 1890, comparing the Presidential vote of the former year with the vote for Governor at the last election, is recorded as 52,584. New Counties. — Crook, Gillian, Klamath, Lake, Malheur, Morrow and Wal- louia Counties have been formed since 1872. Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are noted : County. 1884. 1888. Baker 156 (D.) 96 (R.) Grant 34 (D.) 38 (R.) Josephine 59 (D.) 7 (R.) Union 77 (D.) 80 (R.) Variations in County Vote since 1888. — Comparing the Presidential vote of 1888 with that for Governor in 1890, variations as under are re- corded: , County. 1888. 1890. (Gov.) Baker 96 (R.) 190 (D.) Benton 237 (R.) 269 (D. ) Douglas 188 (R.) 170 (D.) Gilliam 161 (R.) 146 (D.) Grant 38 (R.) 51 (D.) Josephine 7 (R.) 1 (D.) Malheur 27 (R.) 25 (D.) Morrow 119 (R.) 240 (D.) Polk 56 (R.) 335 (D.) Tillamook 173 (R.) 22 (D.) Union 80 (R.) 723 (D.) Wasco 541 (R.) 364 (D.) From the foregoing statements it will be seen that -1 counties changed sides in 1888, and 12 in 1890. Baker, Grant, Josephine and Union changed sides twice. No. of Counties. — According to the latest returns, there are 31 counties in Oregon. Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 174,768; 1890, 313,767. The five most populous counties are: Multnomah (74,884); Marion (22,934); Linn (16,265); Clackamas (15,233), and Lane (15,198). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. STATES AND TERRITORIES. PENNSYLVANIA. No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890 Two additional Represent at ives-at-large will be elected. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 289 PENNSYLVANIA. Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Grant (R.) received 29 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 29; 1880, Garfield (R.), 29; 1884, Blaine (R.), 30; 1888, Harrison (R. ), 30. There will be 32 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.— -1872, 563,260; 1876, 758,869; 1880, 874,783; 1884, 899,- 328; 1888, 997,568; 1890 (Gov.), 927,972. Pluralities.— 1872, 135,918 (R.); 1876, 17,964 (R.); 1880, 37,276 (R.); 1884, 81,019 (R.); 1888, 79,452 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 16,554 (D.). Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 and 1888 was 434,308. New Counties. — Lackawanna County has been formed since 1872. I 'ttriations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are noted : County. 1884. 1888. Fayette 779 (D. ) 83 ( R. ) Luzerne 952 (D.) 325 (R.) Mifflin 3(D.) 237 (R.) Northumberland. . . .117 (D.) . . .31 (R.) Westmoreland 7 (D.) 324 (R. ) Wyoming 67 (D.) 185 (R.) Schuylkill 72 (R.) 532 (D.) Variations in County Vote since 1888. — Comparing the Presidential vote of 1888 with that for Governor in 1890, variations as under are re- corded : County. 1888. 1890. (Gov.) Butler 1,372 (R.) 652 (D.) Cameron 231 (R.) .4 (D.) Crawford 2,076 (R.) 978 (D.) Erie 2,261 (R.) 7 (D.) Fayette 83 (R.) 1,830 (D.) Jefferson 833 (R.) 117 (D.) Lackawanna 421 (R.) 2,044 (D.) Luzerne 325 (R.) 2,408 (D.) McKean 1,144 (R.) 795 (D.) Mifflin 237 (R.) 199 (D.) Montgomery 863 (R.) 1,130 (D.) Northumberland 31 (R.) 1,451 (D.) Venango 949 (R.) 250 (D.) Warren 1,689 (R.) 571 (D.) Washington 1,954 (R.) 32 (D.) Westmoreland 324 (R.) 1,387 (D.) Wyoming 185 (R.) 132 (D.) From the foregoing statements it will be seen that 7 counties changed sides in 1888, and 17 in 1890. Fayette, Luzerne, Mifflin, Northumberland, Westmoreland and Wyoming changed sides twice. Chester County has recorded an increasing Republican plu- rality for President since 1872, as follows: 544, 3,088, 3,774, 3,793, 4,037. Snyder has a corresponding record, as follows: 160, 383, 541, 726, 867. No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 61 counties in Pennsylvania. Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 4,282,891; 1890, 5,258,- 014. The five most populous counties are: Philadelphia (1,046,- 964); Allegheny (551,959); Luzerne (201,203); Schuylkill (154,- 163), and Lancaster (149,095). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. ! ( J0 STATES AXD TERRITORIES. RHODE ISLAND. C~l i j ^ 'nort^sockej 8URRILUVILUE ie MrmF 7?f l ?"\ » * o jSMITHFIELQ "<. FOSTER \bGITUATE. L-<* I \ ~& 1 CRANSTON or A^w Shoreham. STATES AND TEKRIT0R1ES. 291 RHODE ISLAND. Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Grant (R.) received 4 votes; 1876, Hayes (R), 4; 1880, Garfield (R)* 4: 1884, Blaine (R.), 4; 1888, Harrison (R), 4. There will be 4 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.— 1872, 18,994; 1876, 26,627; 1880, 29,235; 1884, 32,771; 1888, 40.766; 1889 (Gov.), 43,111; 1890 (Gov.), 42,108; 1891 (Gov.). 45,457; 1892 (Gov.), 54,661. Pluralities.— 4872, 8,336 (R.); 1876, 5,075 (R.); 1880, 7,410 (R.); 1884,6,439 (R); 1888, 4,438 (R.); 1889 (Gov.), 4,419 (D.); 1890 (Gov.), 1,560 (D.); 1891 (Gov.), 1,254(D.); 1892 (Gov.), 2,037 (R.). Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote, comparing the Presidential vote of 1888 with that for Governor in 1892, is 13,895. Variations in the County Vote since 1888. — The only variations noted since 1888 are in Providence County. No of Counties. — There are 5 counties in Rhode Island. Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 276,531; 1890, 345,506. The population of the counties is as follows: Providence, 255,123; Newport, 28,552; Kent, 26,754; Washington, 23,649, and Bristol, 11,428. For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 292 STATES AND TERRITORIES. SOUTH CAROLINA. LINO-'\ *v TON / \ ..._,» \ , * vMARION . No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 293 SOUTH CAROLINA. Electoral Vote,— In 1872 Grant (R.) received 7 votes; 1876, Hayes (R). 7; 1880, Hancock (D.), 7; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 9; 1888, Cleveland (D. ), 9. There will be 9 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.— -1872, 95,180; 1876, 183,776; 1880, 170,956; 1884, 91,578; 1888, 79,941; 1890 (Gov.), 74,124. Pluralities.— 1872, 49,400 (R); 1876, 964 (R); 1880, 5,424 (D.); 1884, 4,808 (D.); 1888, 52,089 (D.); 1890 (Gov.), 44,331 (D.). Decrease in the Popular Vote.— The decrease in the popular vote between 1872 and 1888 was 15,619. New Counties.— Berkeley and Hampton Counties have been formed since 1872. Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888.— Berkeley County gave Blaine (R) a plurality of 646 in 1884, and Cleveland (D.) a plurality of 293 in 1888. Georgetown County recorded a plurality of 515 for Blaine in 1884, and gave Cleveland a plurality of 75 in 1888. Florence County (formed since 1888) recorded a Democratic majority of 725 at the election for Governor in 1890. No. of Counties.— According to the latest reports, there are 35 counties in South Carolina. Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 995,577; 1890, 1,151,- 149. The five most populous counties are: Charleston (59,903); Berkeley (55,428); Spartanburgh (55,385); Orangeburgh (49,- 393), and Edgefield (49,259). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 294 STATES AND TERRITORIES. SOUTH DAKOTA. No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. Two members are elected at large. STATES AND TEERITORIES. 295 SOUTH DAKOTA. Electoral Tote.— South Dakota was admitted to the Uuion November 3, 1889. There will be 4 votes iu 1892. Total State Tote.— The vote for Governor, 1889, was 77,804; for Governor, 1890, 77,562. Pluralities —1889 (Gov.), 30,124 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 9,896 (R.). Increase or Decrease in Slate Tote.— Comparing the total vote cast for Gov- ernor in 1889 with that of 1890, there is shown a decrease of 242. New Counties.— The following counties were in 1890 unorganized, or not re- turned as voting. This being the case, it is not possible to show at present what the political tendencies of these counties are: pop. '90. pop. '90. pop. '90. Choteau 8 Myer — Nowlin...l49 Presho. ...181 Pratt 23 Pyatt 34 Rinehart. . Rusk Scobey. ...32 Shannon. . -The following variations in the vote for Schuasse. Sterling 96 Todd 188 Tripp Wagner Washington ... 40 Washabaugh . Ziebach 510 Delano 40 Ewing 16 Gregoiy. . ..295 Harding.... 167 Jackson 30 Lugenbell . . — Lyman 233 Martin 7 Variations in the County Vote.- Governor are noted: County. 1889. 1890. Bonhomme 121 (R.) 36 (D.) Brule 131 (R.) 161 (D.) Hanson 276 (R.) 14 (F. A.) McCook 151 (R.) 104 (D.) Hughes 25 (D.) 149 (R.) Hutchinson 307 (D.) 458 (R.) No. of Counties.— According to the latest reports, there are 78 counties m South Dakota. Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 98,268; 1890, 328,808. The five most populous counties are: Minnehaha (21,879); Brown (16,855); Lawrence (11,673); Spink (10,581), and Hutch- inson (10,469). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 296 STATES AND TERRITORIES. TENNESSEE. I- \ V* — ^4*. v — J *- \ TON I £ I As redistricted in 1891 STATES AND TERRITORIES. 291 TENNESSEE. Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Hendricks (D.) received 12 votes; 1876, Tilden (D.), 12; 1880, Hancock (D.), 12; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 12; 1888, Cleveland (D.), 12. There will be 12 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.— 1872, 180,046; 1876, 222.732; 1880, 241,827; 1884, 259,- 468; 1888, 303,784; 1890 (Gov.), 202,712. Pluralities.— -1872, 8,736 (D.); 1876, 43,600 (D.); 1880, 20,514 (D.); 1884, 9,180 (D.); 1888, 19,791 (D.); 1890 (Gov.), 37,468 (D.). Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 and 1888 was 123,690. New Counties. — Crockett, Moore, Pickett and Unicoi Counties have been formed since 1872. Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888.— The following variations are noted : County. 1884. 1888. Fayette 908 (R.) 2,833 (D.) Haywood 1,426 (R.) 238 (D.) Shelby 1,539 (R.) 3,655 (D.) Rhea 157 (D.) 237 (R.) Variations in County Vote since 1888. — Comparing the Presidential vote of 1888 with that for Governor in 1890, variations as under are re- corded : County. 1888. 1890. (Gov.) Carroll 481 (R.) 28 (D.) Henderson 260 (R.) 101 (D.) Rhea 237 (R.) 38 (D.) The following counties are recorded as having given a grad- ually increasing Republican plurality for President since 1872: County. 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 Fentress 79 161. . . .197 234 353 Grainger 149 263 327 463 485 Hancock 247 252 455. . . .624. . . .736 Morgan 110 179 189 307. . . .491 Roane 782 801 823. . 1,035. . 1,198 Sevier 1,038. . 1,204. . 1,614. . 1,774. . 2,341 Van Buren County is recorded as giving a gradually increas ing Democratic plurality since 1872, as follows: 131, 207, 221. 289, 320. From the two preceding tabular statements, it will be seen that 4 counties changed sides in 1888 and 4 in 1S90. Rhea County changed twice. No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 96 counties in Tennessee Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 1,542,359; 1890, 1,707,- 518. The five most populous counties are: Shelby" (112,740): Da- vidson (108,174); Knox (59,557); Hamilton (53,482), andMaury (38,112). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 22b 298 STATES AND TERRITORIES. No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment i act of 1890. STATES AND TERRITOEIES. 299 TEXAS. Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Hendricks (D.) received 8 votes; 1876, Tilden (D.), 8; 1880, Hancock (D.), 8; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 13; 1888, Cleveland (D.), 13. There will be 15 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.— 1872, 116,405; 1876, 149,555; 1880, 241,478; 1884, 322 - 209; 1888, 357,513; 1890 (Gov.), 347,733. Pluralities.— 1872, 16,595 (D.); 1876, 59,955 (D.); 1880, 98,383 (D.); 1884, 131,978 (D.); 1888, 146,461 (D.); 1890 (Gov.), 184,690 (D.). Increase in tJie Popular Vote.— The increase in the popular vote between 1872 and 1888 was 241,108. New Counties.— Sixty-four counties were formed between 1872 and 1888, as follows: Archer, Baylor, Brewster, Callahan, Camp, Carson, Chilldress, Clay, Coleman, Concho, Crosby, Dimmitt, Donley, Duval, Eastland, Edwards, El Paso, Fisher, Franklin, Goliad, Greer, Gregg, Hale, Hardeman, Haskell, Howard, Jeff Davis, Jones, Kimble, Knox, La Salle, Lee, Limpscomb, Martin, McCulloch, McMullen, Menard, Midland, Mitchell, Morris, Nolan, Oldham, Pecos, Potter, Presidio, Reeves, Rockwall, Runnels, Scurry, Shackelford, Somerville, Stephens, Taylor, Throckmorton, Tom Green, Val Verde, Waller, Webb, Wheeler, Wichita, Wilbarger, Wilson, Young, Zavala. Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are noted : County. 1884. 1888. Austin 217 (R.) 917 (D.) Colorado 341 (R.) 226 (D.) Comal 63 (R.) 257 (D.) Gillespie 10 (R.) 366 (D.) Gregcc 113 (R.) 162 (D.) Harrison 435 (R.) 1,151 (D.) Jackson 13 (R.) 8(D.) Kinney 143 (D.) 120 (R.) Variations in the County Vote, 1888-1890. — Considering the vote for Presi- dent in 1888 with that for Governor in 1890, the following vari- ations are recorded : 300 STATES AND TERRITORIES. County. 1888. 1890. Jackson 8 (D.) 129 (R.) Kendall 192 (R.) 34 (D.) Kinney 122 (R.) 48 (D.) La Salle 136 (R.) 403 (D.) Robertson 266 (R.) 926 (D.) Victoria 120 (R.) 36 (D.) From the foregoing statements it will be seen that 8 counties changed sides in 1888, and 6 in 1890. Jackson and Kinney Counties changed sides twice. The following counties voted for the first time in 1890, ac- cording to the record. The vote cast and plurality are as fol- lows: County. Total vote 1890. Plurality. Armstrong 232 232 (D.) Coke 417 417 (D.) Deaf Smith 91 91 (D. ) Floyd 186 186 (D.) Hansford 122 18 (D.) Irion 185 183 (D.) Kins 25 25 (D.) Ochiltree 64 36 (D.) Randall 67 67 (D.) Roberts 91 55 (D.) Sherman 11 9 (D.) Stonewall 226 226 (D.) Sutton 164 164 (D.) Swisher 51 51 (D.) According to the latest reports (1891-1892), there are 50 un- organized counties. Marion County (no vote recorded for 1888) gave a gradually increasing Republican plurality from 1872 to 1884, as follows: 263, 367, 661, 731. The following counties gave a gradually increasing Demo- cratic plurality for President from 1872 to 1888: County. 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 Angelena 193. . . .193. . . .770. . . .894. . . .968 Bell 284. . 1,916. . 2,749. . 4,009. . 4,130 Bexar 194. .. .521 ..1,060.. 1,329.. 1,578 Bosque 406. . . .682. . 1,413.. 1,658.. 1,671 Burnet 131. . . .483. . . .599. . 1,010. . 1,082 Cherokee 596. . . .648. . . .892. . 1,253. . 1,317 Coleman — . . . .123. . . .414. . . .705. . . .858 Collin 497. . 1.909. . 3,061. . 4,203. . 5,091 Dallas 694. . 2,221. . 2,605. . 3,845. .4,030 Delta 170. . . .416. . . .647. . . .866. . 1,312 Ellis 543. . 1,781. . 2,731. . 3,681. . 4,031 Fannin 268. . 1,225. . 2,501. . 2,881. . 3,939 Franklin 466. . . .639 901 921 Hayes 216 345 748 790 911 Hunt 421. . 1,518. . 2,388. . 3,269. . 3,817 Kaufman 458. . 1,351. . 1,909. . 2,785. . 3,025 Kimble 9 88. . . .265. . . .319 Lavaca 447. . . .648. . . .893. . 1,105. 1,890 Live Oak 120. . . .154. . . .255. . . .292. . . .322 STATES AND TEKRITORIES. 301 County. 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 McCulloch — . . . .121. . . .169. . . .368. . . .375 Orange 27 50 145 383 — McLennan 237. . 1,201. . 1,726. . 1,760. . 2,234 Menard — — 141 158 224 Navarro 684. . 1,099. . 1,707. . 2,294. . 2,545 Sabine 79. . . .341. . . .429. . . .458. . . .680 Shelby 245. . . .674. . 1,308. . 1,485. . 1,732 Tom Green . . . .192 313 460 Van Zandt 290 579.. 1,204.. 1,801.. 1,854 Wilson . . . .205. . . .213. . . .888. . 1,416 Rockwall — 200 518 660 979 No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 245 counties in Texas. Population— The population of the State, 1880, was 1,591,749; 1890, 2,235,- 523. The five most populous counties are : Dallas (67,042); Gray- son (53,211); Bexar (49,266); Tarrant (41,142), and McLennan, (39,204). Eor Congressional and city figures see Appendix, 302 STATES AND TERRITORIES. VERMONT. I No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 303 VERMONT. Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Grant (R.) received 5 votes; 1876, Hayes (R.), 5; 1880, Garfield (R.), 5; 1884, Blaine (R.), 4; 1888, Harrison (R.), 4. There will be 4 votes in 1892. Total State Vote. —1872, 53,001; 1876, 64,460; 1880, 64,593; 1884, 59,382; 1888, 63,440; 1890 (Gov.), 54,226. Pluralities.— 1872, 29,961 (R.); 1876, 23,838 (R.); 1880, 26,909 (R.); 1884, 22,183 (R.); 1888, 28,404 (R.); 1890 (Gov.), 14,163 (R.). Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popoular vote between 1872 and 1888 was 10,439. Variations in the County Vote since 1872. — Every county in Vermont has given a Republican plurality at each Presidential election since 1872; and a similar record is shown as the result of the vote tin- Governor in 1890. No of Counties. — There are 14 counties in Vermont. Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 332,286; 1890, 332,422. The five most populous counties are Rutland (45,397); Chit- tenden (35,389); Windsor (31,706); Franklin (29,755), and Wash- ington (29,606). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 304 STATES AND TERRITORIES. VIRGINIA. II No change in Congressional districts urder reapportionment act of 1890. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 305 VIRGINIA. Electoral Vote.— In 1872 Grant (R.) received 11 votes; 1876, Tilden (D.), 11; 1880, Hancock (D.), 11; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 12; 1888, Cleve- land (D.), 12. There will be 12 votes in 1892. Total Slate Vote.— 1872, 185,164; 1876,235,228; 1880,212,135; 1884, 334,505; 1888, 304,093; 1889 (Gov.), 284,028. Pluralities.— -1872, 1,772 (R.); 1876, 44,112 (D.); 1880, 43,956 (D.); 1884, 6,141 (D.); 1888, 1,539 (D.); 1889 (Gov.), 42,177 (D.). Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 and 1888 was 118,929. New Counties. — Dickenson County has been formed since 1872. Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are noted : County. 1884. 1888. County. 1884. 1888. Fluvanna 221 (D.). . . .735 (R.) Rockingham 1 (D.) 280 (R.) Montgomerv 108 (D.) 181 (R.) Spottsylvania. . . .24 (D.) 46 (R.) Northumberland . 31 (D.). . . .354 (R.) Wise 49 (D.) 20 (R.) Orange 228 (D.) 27 (R) Wythe 8 (D.). . , .181 (R.) Page 68 (D.). . . .138 (R.) Isle of Wight ... .76 (R.) 84 (D.) Princess Anne. . . .15 (D.) 160 (R.) Lunenburg 201 (R.) 399 (D.) Rockbridge 102 (D.) 44 (R.) Variations in County Vote since 1888 — Considering the vote for President in 1888 as compared with that for Governor in 1890, varia- tions as under are recorded: County. 1888. 1889. (Gov.) County. 1888. 1889.(Gov.) Alleghany 236 (R.) 69 (D.) Nansemond 704 (R.) 113 (D.) Appomattox 98 (R.) 23 (D.) Norfolk 1,771 (R.). . . .496 (D.) Buchanan 65 (D. ) 46 (R. ) Northumberland . 54 (R. ) 163 (D. ) Buckingham 336 (R.) 171 (D.) Orange 27 (R.). . . .374 (D.) Caroline 146 (R.) 53 (D.) Page ) 138 (R.) 20 (D.) Essex 314 (R.) 5 (D.) Princess Anne. . 160 (R.) 217 (D.) Fluvanna 735 (R.). . . .475 (D.) Rockbridge 44 (R.) 538 (D.) Greenessville. . . .179 (R.) 50 (D.) Rockingham 280 (R.) 784 (D.) Henrico 614 (R.) 25 (D.) Southampton. . ..557 (R.) . . .547 (D.) King George 178 (R.) 32 (D.) Spottsylvania. . ..46 (R.) 196 (D.) Kin-- William. . .347 (R). . . .257 (D.) Stafford 288 (R.) 11 (D.) Louisa 520 (R.) 190 (D.) Surrey 440 (R.). . . .152 (D.) Lancaster 89 (R.) 94 (D.) Wythe 181 (R.). . . .372 (D.) Montgomery . . . .181 (R.). . . .425 (D.) York 477 (R.) 41 (D.) From the foregoing statements it will be seen that 13 counties changed sides in 1888 and 28 in 1890. Fluvanna, Montgomery, Northumberland, Orange, Page, Princess Anne, Rockbridge, Rockingham, Spottsylvania ami Wythe Counties changed twice. No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 101 counties in Virginia. Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 1,512,565; 1890, 1,655,- 980. The five most populous counties are: Henrico (103,394); Nor- folk (77,038); Pittsylvania (59,941); Campbell (41,087), and Augusta (37,005). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 306 STATES AND TERRITORIES. WASHINGTON. {__J3NVMOdS I "• 1 1 "TT'nTTo'sTI 2- o a LI > _J o o V90NV)I0/ J-T Washington having but one Congressman is not divided into Congression- al districts. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 307 WASHINGTON". Electoral Vote. — Washington was admitted to the Union November 11, 1889. There will be 4 votes in 1892. Total State Vote.— The vote for Congress, 1888, was 46,353; Governor, 1889, 58,443; Congress, 1890, 54,803. Pluralities.— 1888 (Cong.), 7,371 (R.); 1889 (Gov.), 8,979 (R.); 1890 (Cong.), 6,322 (R,). Increase in tlie Popular Vote. — Considering the vote for Congress in 1888, as compared with that for Governor in 1889, there has been an in- crease of 12,090 in the popular vote. Variations in Hie County Vote, 1888-1890.— The following variations are noted: County. 1888. (cong.) 1889. (cwv.) 1890. (cono.) Clallam 21 (R.) 10 (D.) 216 (R.) Columbia 1 (D.) 18 (R.) 87 (D.) Skamania 30 (D.) 10 (D.) 3 (R.) Wahkiakum 85 (R.) 149 (D.) 75 (R.) Whitman 244 (R.) 305 (R.) 81 (D.) No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 34 counties in Washington. Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 75,116; 1890, 349,390. The five most populous counties are: King (63,989); Pierce (50,940); Spokane (37,487); Whitman (19,109), and Whatcom (18,591). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 308 STATES AND TERRITORIES. WEST VIRGINIA. No change in Congressional districts under reapportionment act of 1890. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 309 WEST VIRGINIA. Electoral Vote.— In 1872, Grant (R.) received 5 votes; 1876, Tilden (D.), 5; 1880, Hancock (D.), 5; 1884, Cleveland (D.), 6; 1888, Cleveland (D.), 6. There will be 6 votes in 1892. Total State Vote,— mi, 62,366; 1876, 34,563; 1880, 112,713; 1884, 132,157; 1888, 159,440. Pluralities.— -1872, 2,264 (R.); 1876, 12,384 (D.); 1880, 11,148 (D.); 1884, 4,221 (D.); 1888, 1,873 (D.). Increase in the Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 and 1888 was 96,822. Neto Comities. — McDowell and Pleasants Counties have been formed since 1872. Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are noted : County. 1884. 1888. Berkeley 77 (D.) 172 (R.) Clay 30 (D.) 50 (R.) McDowell 17 (D.). 173 (R.) Mercer 486 (D.) 28 (R.) Mineral 92 (D.) 42 (R.) Wyoming 20 (D.) 125 (R) Marion , 2 (R.) 23 (D.) Logan County is recorded as having given a gradually in- creasing Democratic plurality for President since 1872, as fol- lows: 98, 622, 743, 862, 1,140. Wetzel has a corresponding Democratic record as follows: 159, 778, 834, 889, 910. No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 54 counties in West Virginia. Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 618,457; 1890, 762,794. The five most populous counties are: Kanawha (42,756); Ohio (41,557); Wood (28,612); Cabell (23,595), and Mason (22,- 863). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix. 310 STATES AND TERRITORIES. WISCONSIN. (FLORENCE.. < I | LANGLADE J °0 S ^\ /; / Of Mr/ ii ? r »MILWAUKEEC0. As redistricted in 1890. WISCONSIN. Electoral, Vole.— In 1872 Grant (R.) received 10 votes; 1876, Haves (R ) 10- 1880, Garfield (R), 10; 1884, Blaine (R), 11; 1888, Harrison (K.), 11. There will be 12 votes in 1892. Total Slate Vote— 1872, 192,308; 1876, 357,312; 1880, 207.172; 1884, 319 942- 1888, 354,614; 1890 (Gov.), 309,149 Pluralities.— 1872, 17,686 (R.); 1876, 5,205 (R); 1880, 29,763 (R); 1884 14- 098 (R); 1888, 21,321 (R.) ; 1890 (Gov.), 28,320 (D ). STATES AND TERRITORIES. 311 Increase in tlie Popular Vote. — The increase in the popular vote between 1872 and 1888 was 162,306. New Counties. — Florence, Forest, Langlade, Lincoln, Marinette, Oneida, Price, Sawyer, Taylor and Washburn Counties have been form- ed since 1872: Variations in the County Vote, 1884-1888. — The following variations are noted : County. 1884. 1888. Crawford 75 (D.) 235 (R.) Dane 189 (D.) 401 (R.) Marquette 138 (D.) 114 (R.) Sheboygan .475 (D.) 629 (R.) Waukesha 57 (D.) 383 (R.) Variations in the Count// Vote since 1888. — Considering the Presidential vote of 1888 with that for Governor in 1890, variations as under are recorded : County. 1888. 1890. (Gov.) Chippewa 179 (R.) 379 (D.) Crawford 235 (R.) 147 (D.) Dane 401 (R.) 580 (D.) Eau Claire 791 (R.) 137 (D.) Forest 17 (R.) 14 (D.) Green 561 (R.) 23 (D.) Green Lake 287 (R.) 390 (D.) Iowa 227 (R.) 13 (D.) Kenosha 3 (R.) 286 (D.) La Crosse 227 (R.) 718 (D.) Lincoln 106 (R.) 497 (D.) Marinette 8 (R.) 237 (D.) Marquette 114 (R.) 442 (D.) Milwaukee 4,092 (R.) 6,207 (D.) Monroe 557 (R.) 76 (D.) Oconto 167 (R.) 253 (D.) Portage 281 (R.) 602 (D.) Price 295 (R.) 19 (D.) Racine 621 (R.) 150 (D.) Sauk 762 (R.) 246 (D.) Taylor 73 (R.) 315 (D.) Washburn 151 (R.) 4 (D.) Waukesha 383 (R.) 1,714 (D.) Winnebago 327 (R.) 578 (D.) From the foregoing statements it will be seen that 5 counties changed sides in 1888 and 24 in 1890. Crawford, Dane, Marquette and Waukesha Counties changed sides twice. Barron County is recorded as having given an increased Re- publican plurality at every Presidential election since 1872, as follows: 82, 387, *633, 903, 915. No. of Counties. — According to the latest reports, there are 68 counties in Wis consin. Population.— The population of the State, 1880, was 1,315,497; 1890, 1,686,- 880. The five most populous counties arc: Milwaukee (236,101); Dane (59,578); Winnebago (50,097); Dodge (44,984), and Fond du Lac (44,088). For Congressional and city figures see Appendix 312 STATES AND TERRITORIES. WYOMING. ^-*- r* l—i — r ... , i ]--. ~i ^ < % > 1 I 2 > i i -i j » < [ 1 1 o o i ° i „ i co en i J ; tr z ! < < 1 Z ° o ; j_ T t I I I 2 o I.I 1 •. I • * K COLFAX I O < \ I- /- V*„ mora p "/ ""*** BERNALILLO P^sAnTJB rE — — — V V ' V \ > \ *>, \ SAN MIGUE. L VALE NCI A "* [ I . ± _ \ SOCORRO ! - i SIERRA I •*i I ^* \ , — Y DO hi A ANA LINCOLN GRANT | i { _.. -,. » 1 r New Mexico having but one Congressman is not divided into Congres- sional districts. 316 STATES AND TERRITORIES. OKLAHOMA. r o '< r«o TL-,. •/fell ~r;77 t > < ca *-*" i — .J Oklahoma having but one Congressman is not divided into Congressional districts. STATES AND TERRITORIES. 317 UTAH. ..,. N (. 1 TOOELE 'CAGHF* x I ' ^\f SUMMIT ^ *SALT LAKE CITY, ^- v WASATCH I UTAH \ JUAB V — r x -*? -I MILLARD BEAVER 4— < 4* i <,/ / /$EVIER f L PI UTE EMERY I--- RON r GARFIELD _.L. I f SAN JUAN WASHINGTON L. KANE. __, Utah having but one Congressman distincts. is not divided into Congressional 318 STATES AND TERRITORIES. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. \ \ Land area, 60 square miles; water, 10 square miles; total, 70 square miles. O Naval Observatory, the point from which longitude is reckoned from Washington. APPENDIX. THE MILLS BILL. Principal Provisions Concerning Imports. Be it enacted, etc., That on and after the 1st clay of October, 1888, the following articles mentioned in this section, when imported, shall be exempt from duty: Timber, hewed and sawed, and timber used for spars and in building wharves. Timber squared or sided. Wood unmanufactured, not specially enumerated or provided for. Sawed boards, planks, deals, and all other articles of sawed lumber. Hubs for wheels, posts, last-blocks, wagon-blocks, oar-blocks, gun-blocks, heading-blocks, and all like blocks or sticks, rough, hewed, or sawed only. Staves of wood. Pickets and palings. Laths. Shingles. Clapboards, pine or spruce. Logs. Provided, That if any export duty is laid upon the above-mentioned arti- cles, or either of them, by any country whence imported, all said articles imported from said country shall be subject to duty as now provided by law. Salt, in bags, sacks, barrels, or other packages, or in bulk, when imported from any country which does not charge an import duty upon salt exported from the United States. Flax straw. Flax, not hackled or dressed. Tow of flax, or hemp. Hemp, manila, and other like substitutes for hemp Jute-butts. Jute. Suun, sisal-grass, and other vegetable fibers. Burlaps, not exceeding 60 inches in width, of flax, jute, or hemp, or of which flax, jute, or hemp, or either of them, shall be the componenl material of chief value. Bags of jute for grain. Machinery designed for the con versi< m of jute or jute hulls into cotton bagging, to wit, cards, roving-frames, winding-frames, and softeners. Iron or steel sheets, or plates, or taggers iron, coated with tin or lead, or with a mixture of which these metals is a component part, by the dipping or any other process, and commercially known as tin-plates, terne-plates, and taggers tin. 310 320 APPENDIX. Beeswax. Glycerine, crude, brown, or yellow, of the specific gravity of 1.25 or less at a temperature of 60° Fahr., not purified by refining or distilling. Phosphorus. Soap-stocks, fit only for use as such. Soap, hard and soft, all which are not otherwise specially enumerated or provided for. Sheep-dip. Extract of hemlock, and other bark used for tanning. Indigo, extracts of, and carmined. Iodine, resublimed. Oil, croton. Hemp-seed and rape-seed oil. Petroleum. Alumina — alum, patent alum, alum substitute, sulphate of alumina, and aluminous cake, and alum in crystals or ground. All imitations of natural mineral waters, and all artificial mineral waters. Baryta, sulphate of, or barytes, unmanufactured. Boracic acid, borate of lime, and borax. Copper, sulphate of, or blue vitriol. Iron, sulphate of, or copperas. Potash, crude, carbonate of, or fused, and caustic potash. Chlorate of potash and nitrate of potash, or saltpeter, crude. Sulphate of potash. Sulphate of soda, known as salt-cake, crude or refined, or niter cake, crude or refined, and Glauber's-salt. Nitrate of soda. Sulphur, refined, in rolls. Wood-tar. Coal-tar, crude. Aniline oil and its homologues. Coal-tar, products of, such as naphtha, benzine,benzole, dead oil, and pitch. All preparations of coal-tar not colors or dyes, and not acids of colors and dyes. Logwood and other dyewoods, extracts and decoctions of. Alizarine, natural or artificial. Spirits of turpentine. Ocher and ochery earths, umber and umber earths. Olive-oil, salad-oil, cotton-seed oil, whale-oil, seal-oil and neat's-foot oil. All barks, beans, berries, balsams, buds, bulbs, bulbous roots, and ex- crescences, such as nut-galls, fruits, flowers, dried fibers, grains, gums, and gum-resins, herbs, leaves, lichens, mosses, nuts, roots, and stems, vegetables, seeds, and seeds of morbid growth, weeds, woods used expressly for dyeing, and dried insects, any of the foregoing which are not edible and not specially enumerated or provided for. All non-dutiable crude minerals, but which have been advanced in value or condition by refining or grinding, or by other process of manufacture, not specially enumerated or provided for. All earths or clays un wrought or unmanufactured. Glass plates or discs unwrought, for use in the manufacture of optical in- struments, spectacles, and eyeglasses. Opium, crude and not adulterated, containing 9 per cent, and over of morphia, for medicinal purposes. Iron and steel cotton ties for hoops, for baling or other purposes, not thinner than No. 20 wire gauge. Needles, sewing, darning, knitting, and all others not specially enumer- ated or provided for in this act. THE MILLS BILL. 321 Copper, imported in the form of ores, regulus of, and black or coarse copper and copper cement, old copper fit only for remanufacture. Antimony, as regulus or metal. Quicksilver. Chromate of iron or chromic ore. Mineral substances in a crude state and metals unwrought not specially enumerated or provided for. Brick, other than tire-brick. German looking-glass plates, made of blown glass and silvered. Vegetables in all their natural state or in salt or brine, not specially enu- merated or provided for. Chicory-root, ground or unground, burned or prepared. Acorns and dandelion-root, raw or prepared, and all other articles used, or intended to be used, as coffee or substitutes therefor, not specially enumer- ated or provided for. Cocoa, prepared or manufactured. Dates. Currants, Zante or other. Figs. Meats, game and poultry. Milk, fresh. Egg-yolks. Beans, pease, and split pease. Bibles, books, and pamphlets, printed in other languages than English, and books and pamphlets and all publications of foreign governments, and publications of foreign societies, historical or scientific, printed for gratuitous distribution. Bristles. Bulbs and bulbous roots, not medicinal. Feathers of all kinds, crude or not dressed, colored, or manufactured. Finishing powder. Grease. Grindstones, finished or unfinished. Curled hair, for beds and mattresses. Human hair, raw, uncleaned and not drawn. Hemp and rape seed, and other oil-seeds of like character Garden seeds. Osier or willow, prepared for basket-makers' use. Broom-corn. Brushwood. Rags, of whatever material composed. Rattans and reeds, manufactured but not made up into finished articles. Stones, manufactured or undressed, freestone, granite, sandstone, and all building or monumental stone. All strings of gut or any other like material. Tallow. Waste, all not specially enumerated or provided for. Sec. 2. That on the 1st day of October, 1888, in lieu of the duties here tofore imposed on the articles hereinafter mentioned, (here shall he levied, collected, and paid the following rates of duty on said articles severally: Glycerine, refined, 3 cents per pound. Acid, acetic, acetous, or pyroligneous acid, exceeding the specific gravity of 1.047, 5 cents per pound. Castor beans or seeds, 25 cents per bushel of 50 pounds. Castor-oil, 40 cents per gallon. Flaxseed or linseed oil, 15 cents per gallon. Licorice, paste or rolls, 5 cents per pound. 322 APPENDIX. Licorice juice, 35 per cent, ad valorem. Baryta, sulphate of, or barytes, manufactured, one-eighth of 1 cent per pound. Chromate of potash, 2% cents per pound. Bichromate of potash, 2J£ cents per pound. Acetate of lead, brown, 2 cents per pound. Acetate of lead, white, 3 cents per pound. White lead, when dry or in pulp, or when ground or mixed in oil, 2 cents per pound. Orange mineral, and red lead, 1% cents per pound. Litharge, 1% cents per pound. Nitrate of lead, 2 cents per pound. Magnesia, medicinal, carbonate of, 3 cents per pound. Magnesia, calcined, 7 cents per pound. Magnesia, sulphate of, or Epsom salts, one-fourth of 1 cent per pound. Prussiate of potash, red, 7 cents per pound. Prussiate of potash, yellow, 3 cents per pound. Nitrate of potash, refined, or refined saltpeter, 1 cent per pound. Sal-soda, or soda crystals, one-eighth of 1 cent per pound. Bicarbonate of or supercarbonate of soda, and saleratus, calcined or pearl- ash, three-fourths of 1 cent per pound. Hydrate or caustic soda, one-half of 1 cent per pound. Soda silicate or other alkaline silicate, one-fourth- of 1 cent per pound. Sulphur, sublimed or flowers of, $12 per ton. Ultramarine, 3 cents per pound. Paris green, 12}^ per cent, ad valorem. Colors and paints, including lakes, whether dry or mixed, or ground with water or oil, not specially enumerated or provided for, 20 per cent, ad valorem. Zinc, oxide of, when dry, 1 cent per pound; when ground in oil, IJ2 cents per pound. All medicinal preparations known as cerates, conserves, decoctions, emul- sions, extracts, solid or fluid, infusions, juices, liniments, lozenges, mixtures, mucilages, ointments, oleo-resins, pills, plasters, powders, resins, suppositories, sirups, vinegars, and waters, of any of which alcohol is not a component part, which are not specially enumerated or provided for, 20 per cent, ad valorem. All ground or powdered spices not specially enumerated or provided for, 3 cents per pound. Proprietary preparations, to wit: All cosmetics, pills, powders, troches or lozenges, sirups, cordials, bitters, anodynes, tonics, plasters, liniments, salves, ointments, pastes, drops, waters, essences, spirits, oils, or preparations or compositions recommended to the public as proprietary articles or prepared according to some private formula as remedies or specifics for any disease or diseases or affections affecting the human or animal body, including all toi- let preparations whatever used as applications to the hair, mouth, teeth, or skin, not specially enumerated or provided for, 30 per cent, ad valorem. Morphia or morphine and all salts thereof, 50 cents per ounce. Acid, tannic or tannin, 50 cents per pound. China, porcelain, parian, and bisque, earthen, stone, or crockery ware composed of earthy or mineral substance, including plaques, ornaments, charms, vases, and statuettes, painted, printed, enameled, or gilded, or other- wise decorated in any manner, 50 percent, ad valorem. China, porcelain, parian, and bisque ware not decorated in any manner, 40 per cent, ad valorem. While granite, common ware, plain white or cream-colored, lustered or printed under glaze in a single color; sponged, dipped, or edged ware, 35 per cent, ad valorem. THE MILLS BILL. 323 Brown earthenware, common stoneware, gas-retorts, and roofing-tiles, not specially enumerated or provided for, and not decorated in any manner, 20 per cent, ad valorem. All other earthen, stone, and crockery ware, white, colored, or bisque, composed of earthy or mineral substances, not specially enumerated or pro- vided for in this act, and not decorated in any manner, 35 per cent, ad valorem. Paving-tiles, not encaustic, 20 per cent, ad valorem. Encaustic tiles, not glazed or enameled, 30 per cent, ad valorem. All glazed or enameled tiles, 40 per cent, ad valorem. Slates, slate pencils, slate chimney-pieces, mantels, slabs for tables, and all other manufactures of slate, 20 per cent, ad valorem. Green and colored glass bottles, vials, demijohns, and carboys (covered or uncovered), pickle or preserve jars, and other plain, molded, or pressed green and colored bottle-glass, not cut, engraved, or painted, and not special- ly enumerated or provided for, 1 cent per pound; if filled, and not otherwise provided for, and the contents are subject to an ad valorem duty, or to a rate of duty based on their value! the value of such bottles, vials, or other vessels shall be added to the value of the contents for the ascertainment of the duti- able value of the latter; but if filled and not otherwise provided for, and the contents are not subject to an ad valorem duty or to a rate of duty based on their value, they shall pay a duty of 1 cent per pound in addition to the duty, if any, on their contents. Cylinder and crown glass, polished, above 24 by 30 inches square and not exceeding 24 by 60 inches square, 20 cents per square foot; all above that, 30 cents per square foot. Unpolished cylinder, crown, and common window-glass, not exceeding 10 by 15 inches square, 1% cents per pound; above that, and not exceeding 16 by 24 inches square, 1 p 8 cents per pound ; above that and not exceeding 24 by 30 inches square, 2 cents per pound; all above that 2>y 2 cents per pound: Provided, That unpolished cylinder, crown, -and common window- glass, imported in boxes containing 50 square feet as nearly as sizes will per- mit, now known and commercially designated as 50 feet of glass, single thick and weighing not to exceed 55 pounds of glass per box, shall be entered and computed as 50 pounds of glass only; and that said kinds of glass im- ported in boxes containing, as nearly as sizes will permit, 50 feet of glass, now known and commercially designated as 50 feet of glass, double thick and not exceeding 90 pounds in weight, shall be entered and computed as 80 pounds of glass only; but in all other cases the duty shall be computed ac- cording to the actual weight of glass. Cast polished plate-glass, silvered, or looking-glass plates, above 24 by 30 inches square and not exceeding 24 by 60 inches square, 25 cents per square foot; all above that, 45 cents per square foot. Porcelain and Bohemian glass, chemical glassware, painted glassware, stained glass, and all other manufactures of glass, or of which glass shall be the component material of chief value, not specially enumerated or provided for, 40 per cent, ad valorem. Iron in pigs, iron kentledge, $6 per ton. Iron railway bars, weighing more than 25 pounds to the yard, $1 1 per ton. Steel railway bars and railway liars made in part of sled, weighing more than 25 pounds to the yard, $11 per ton. Bar-iron, rolled or hammered, comprising flats not less than 1 inch wide nor less than three-eighths of 1 inch thick, seven-tenths of 1 cent per pound; comprising round iron not less than three-fourths of 1 inch in diameter, and square iron not less than three-fourths of 1 inch square, and Hats less than 1 inch wide or less than three-eighths of 1 inch thick, round iron less than three-fourths of 1 inch and not less than seven-sixteenths of 1 inch in diam- 324 APPENDIX. eter, and square iron less than three-fourths of 1 inch square, 1 cent per pound : Provided, That all iron in slabs, blooms, loops, or other forms less finished than iron in bars, and more advanced than pig-iron, except castings, shall be rated as iron in bars, and pay a duty accordingly; and none of the above iron shall pay a less rate of duty than 35 per cent, ad valorem : Pro- vided further, That all iron bars, blooms, billets, or sizes or shapes of any kind, in the manufacture of which charcoal is used as fuel, shall be subject to a duty of not less than $20 per ton. Iron or steel T-rails, weighing not over 25 pounds to the yard, $14 per ton; iron or steel flat rails, punched, $15 per ton. Round iron, in coils or rods, less than seven-sixteenths of 1 inch in diam- eter, and bars or shapes of rolled iron, not specially enumerated or provided for, 1 cent per pound. Iron or steel, flat with longitudinal ribs, for the manufacture of fencing, four-tenths of 1 cent per pound. Sheet-iron, common or black, thinner- than 1 inch and not thinner than No. 20 wire gauge, 1 cent per pound; thinner than No. 20 wire gauge and not thinner than No. 25 wire gauge, one and one-tenth of 1 cent per pound; thinner than No. 25 wire gauge and not thinner than No. 29 wire gauge, one and one-fourth of 1 cent per pound; thinner than No. 29 wire gauge, and all iron commercially known as common or black taggers iron, whether put up in boxes or bundles or not, 30 per cent, ad valorem: Provided, That on all such iron and steel sheets or plates aforesaid, excepting on what are known commercially as tin-plates, terae-plates, and taggers tin, when galvanized or coated with zinc or spelter, or other metals, or any alloy of those metals, one- fourth of 1 cent per pound additional when not thinner than No. 20 wire gauge; thinner than No. 20 wire gauge and not thinner than No. 25 wire gauge, one-half cent per pound additional, and when thinner than No. 25' wire gauge, three-fourths of 1 cent per pound additional. Hoop or band or scroll or other iron, 8 inches or less in width, and not thinner than No. 10 wire gauge, 1 cent per pound; thinner than No. 10 wire gauge and not thinner than No. 20 wire gauge, 1.1 cent per pound; thinner than No. 20 wire gauge, 1.3 cent per pound : Provided, That all articles not specially enumerated or provided for, whether wholly or partly manufac- tured, made from sheet, plate, hoop, band, or scroll iron herein provided for, or of which such sheet, plate, hoop, band, or scroll iron shall be the material of chief value, shall pay one-fourth of 1 cent per pound more duty than that imposed on the iron from which they are made, or which shall be such ma- terial of chief value. Cast-iron pipe, six-tenths of 1 cent per pound. Cut nails and spikes, of iron or steel, 1 cent per pound. Cut tacks, brads, or sprigs, 35 per cent, ad valorem. Iron or steel railway fish-plates or splice burs, eight-tenths of 1 cent per pound. Wrought-iron or steel spikes, nuts and washers, and horse, mule, or ox shoes, 1 \4> cents per pound. Anvils, anchors, or parts thereof, mill-irons and mill cranks, of wrought- iron, and wrought-iron for ships, and forgings of iron and steel, for vessels, steam-engines, and locomotives, or parts thereof, weighing each 25 pounds or more, 1 ' ., cents per pound. lnm or steel rivets, bolls, with or without threads or nuts, or bolt-blanks, and finished hinges or hinge blanks, 1% cents per pound. Imn or steel blacksmiths' hammers and sledges, track-tools, wedges, and crow bars, l 1 , cents per pound. Iron or steel axles, parts thereof, axle-bars, axle-blanks, or forgings for axles, without reference to the stage or state of manufacture, \% cents per pound. THE MILLS BILL. 325 Horseshoe nails, hob-nails, and wire nails, and all other wrought-iron or steel nails, not specially enumerated or provided for, 2% cents per pound. Boiler-tubes or other tubes or flues or stays, of wrought-iron or steel, 1% cents per pound. Chain or chains, of all kinds, made of iron or. steel, less than three-fourths of 1 inch in diameter, l l 4 cents per pound; less than three-fourths of 1 inch and not less than three-eighths of 1 inch in diameter, 1% cents per pound; less i ban three-eighths of 1 inch in diameter, 2 cents per pound. Hand, back, and all other saws, not specially enumerated or provided for, 30 per cent, ad valorem. Files, tile-blanks, rasps, and floats of all cuts and kinds, 35 per cent, ad valorem. Iron or steel beams, girders, joists, angles, channels, car-truck channels, TT columns and posts, or parts or sections of columns and posts, deck and bulb beams, and building forms, together with all other structural shapes of iron or steel, six-tenths of 1 cent per pound. Steel wheels and steel-tired wheels for railway purposes, whether wholly or partly finished, and iron or steel locomotive, car, and other railway tires, or parts thereof, wholly or partly manufactured, 2 cents per pound ; iron or steel ingots, cogged ingots, blooms or blanks for the same without regard to the degree of manufacture, \% cents per pound. Iron and steel wire and iron and steel wire galvanized, and all manufac- tures of iron and steel wire and of iron and steel wire galvanized shall pay the duties now provided by law: Provided, That no such duty shall be in ex- cess of 60 per cent, ad valorem. Clippings from new copper, fit only for manufacture, 1 cent per pound. Copper in plates, bars, ingots, Chili or other pigs, and in other forms, not manufactured, 2 cents per pound; in rolled plates, called braziers' copper, sheets, rods, pipes, and copper bottoms, 30 per cent, ad valorem. Lead-ore and lead-dross, three-fourths of 1 cent per pound. Lead, in pigs and bars, molten and old refuse lead run into blocks, and bars and old scrap lead fit only to be remanufactured, 1 )i cents per pound. Lead in sheets, pipes, or shot, 2 1 ^ cents per pound. Sheathing or yellow metal, 30 per cent, ad valorem. Nickel, in ore or matte, 10 cents per pound on the nickel contained therein. Zinc-ores, 20 per cent, ad valorem. Zinc-spelter, or tutenegue, in blocks or pigs, and old worn-out zinc fit only to be remanufactured, 1' 4 ' cents per pound; zinc, spelter, or tutenegue, in sheets, 2 cents per pound. Hollowware, coated, glazed, or tinned, 2% cents per pound. Needles for knitting and sewing-machines, 20 per cent, ad valorem. Pens, metallic, 35 per cent, ad valorem. Type metal, 15 per cent, ad valorem. New type for printing, 15 per cent, ad valorem. Manufactures, articles, or wares, not specially enumerated or provided for, composed wholly or in part of copper, 35 per cent, ad valorem ; manu- factures, articles, or wares, not specially enumerated or provided for, com- posed of iron, steel, lead, nickel, pewter, tin, zinc, gold, silver, platinum, or any other metal, or of which any of the foregoing metals may be the coin ponent material of chief value, and whether partly or wholly manufactured, 40 per cent, ad valorem. Cabinet and house furniture of wood, finished, 30 per cent, ad valorem. Manufactures of cedar wood, granadilla, ebony, mahogany, rosewood, and satinwood, 30 per cent, ad valorem. Manufactures of wood, or of which wood is the chief component part, not specially enumerated or provided for, 30 per cent, ad valorem. All sugars not above No. 13 Dutch standard in color shall pay duty on their polariscopic test as follows, namely: 326 APPENDIX. All sugars not above No. 13 Dutch standard in color, all tank bottoms, sirups of cane-juice or of beet-juice, melada, concentrated melada, concrete and concentrated molasses, testing by the polariscope not above seventy-five degrees, shall pay a duty of 1.15 cents per pound, and for every additional degree or fraction of a degree shown by the polariscopic test they shall pay thirty-two thousandths of 1 cent per pound additional. All sugars above No. 13 Dutch standard in color shall be classified by the Dutch standard of color, and pay duty as follows, namely: All sugars above No. 13 and not above No. 16 Dutch standard, 2.20 cents per pound. All sugars above No. 10 and not above No. 20 Dutch standard, 2.40 cents per pound. All sugars above No. 20 Dutch standard, 2 .80 cents per pound. Molasses testing not above fifty-six degrees by the polariscope shall pay a duty of 2% cents per gallon; molasses testing above fifty-six degrees shall pay a duty of 6 cents per gallon: Provided, That if an export duty shall here- after be laid upon sugar or molasses by any country whence the same may be imported, such sugar or molasses so imported shall be subject to duty as provided by law at the date of the passage of this act. Sugar-candy, not colored, 5 cents per pound. All other confectionery, 40 per cent ad valorem. Potato or corn starch, rice-starch, and other starch, 1 cent per pound. Rice, cleaned, 2 cents per pound; uncleaned, or rice free of the outer hull and still having the inner cuticle on, l 1 ^ cents per pound. Rice-flour and rice-meal, 15 per cent, ad valorem. Paddy, or rice having the outer hull on, 1 cent per pound. Raisins, 1}4 cents per pound. Peanuts or ground-beans, three-fourths of 1 cent per pound; shelled, 1 cent per pound. Mustard, ground or preserved, in bottles or otherwise, 6 cents per pound. Cotton thread, yarn, warps, or warp yarn, whether single or advanced beyond the condition of single by twisting two or more single yarns together, whether on beams or in bundles, skeins, or cops, or in any other form, valued at not exceeding 40 cents per pound, 35 per cent, ad valorem; valued at over 40 cents per pound, 40 per cent, ad valorem. On all cotton cloth, 40 percent, ad valorem. Spool-thread of cotton, 40 per cent, ad valorem. Flax, hackled, known as dressed line, $10 per ton. Brown and bleached linens, ducks, canvas, paddings, cot-bottoms, diapers, crash, huckabacks, handkerchiefs, lawns, or other manufactures of flax, jute, or hemp, or of which flax, jute, or hemp shall be the component ma- terial of chief value, not specially enumerated or provided for, 25 per cent. ad valorem; Provided, That cuffs, collars, shirts, and other manufactures of wearing apparel, made in whole or in part of linen, and not otherwise pro- vided for, and hydraulic hose, 35 per cent, ad valoi'em. Flax, hemp, and jute yarns, and all twines of hemp, jute, jute-butts, sunn, sisal-grass, ramie, and China-grass, 15 per cent, ad valorem. Flax or linen thread, twine, and packed thread and all manufactures of flax, or of which flax shall be the component material of chief value, not specially enumerated or provided for, 25 per cent, ad valorem. Oil-cloth foundations or floor-cloth canvas or burlaps, exceeding 60 inches in width, made of flax, jute, or hemp, or of which flax, jute, or hemp, or either of them, shall lie the component material of chief value, 25 per cent, ad valorem. Oil-cloths for floors, stamped, painted, or printed, and on all other oil- cloth (excepl silk oil ('loth), and on water-proof cloth, not otherwise provided for, 25 per cent, ad valorem. THE MILLS BILL. 327 Gunny-cloth, not bagging, 15 per cent, ad valorem. Bags and bagging, and like manufactures, not specially enumerated or provided for, including bagging for cotton composed wholly or in part of flax, hemp, jute, gunny-cloth, gunny-bags, or other material, three-eighths of 1 cent per pound. Tarred cables or cordage, 25 per cent, ad valorem. Untarred manila cordage, 25 per cent, ad valorem. All other untarred cordage, 25 per cent, ad valorem. Seines and seine and gilling twine, 25 per cent, ad valorem. Sail-duck, or canvas for sails, 25 per cent, ad valorem. Russia and other sheetings of flax or hemp, brown or white, 25 per cent, ad valorem. All other manufactures of hemp or manila, or of which hemp or manila shall be a component material of chief value, not specially enumerated or provided for, 25 per cent, ad valorem. Grass-cloth and other manufactures of jute, ramie, China and sisal-grass, not specially enumerated or provided for, 25 per cent, ad valorem: Provided, That as to jute, jute-butts, sunn, and sisal-grass, and manufactures thereof, except burlaps, not exceeding sixty inches in width, this act shall take effect Jan. 1, 1889; and as to flax, hemp, manila, and other like substitutes for hemp, and the manufactures thereof, upon July 1, 1889. See. 3. On and after Oct. 1, 1888, there shall be admitted, when imported, free of duty: All wools, hair of the alpaca, goat, and other like animals. Wools on the skin. Woolen rags, shoddy, mungo, waste, and flocks. On and after Jan. 1, 1889, in lieu of the duties heretofore imposed on the articles hereinafter mentioned in this section, there shall be levied, collected, and paid the following rates of duty on said articles severally: Woolen and worsted cloths, shawls, and all manufactures of wool of every description, made wholly or in part of wool or worsted, not specially enumerated or pro- vided for, 40 per cent, ad valorem. Flannels, blankets, hats of wool, knit goods, and all goods made on knit- ting-frames, balmorals, woolen and worsted yarns, and all manufactures of every description, composed wholly or in part of wool or worsted, the hair of the alpaca, goat, or other animals, not specially enumerated or provided for, 40 per cent ad valorem: Provided, That from and after the passage of this act, and until the 1st day of October, 1888, the Secretary of the Treasury be, and he is hereby, authorized and directed to classify as woolen cloth all imports of worsted cloth, whether known under the name of worsted cloth, or under the name of "worsteds" or "diagonals," or otherwise. Bunting, 40 per cent, ad valorem. Women's and children's dress-goods, coat-linings, Italian cloths, and goods of like description, composed in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the alpaca, goat, or other animals, 40 per cent, ad valorem. Clothing, ready-made, and wearing apparel of every description, not spe- cially enumerated or provided for, and balmoral skirts and skirting, and goods of similar description or used for like purposes, composed wholly or in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the alpaca, goat, or other animals, made up or manufactured wholly or in part by the tailor, seamstress, or manufac- turer, except knit goods, 45 per cent, ad valorem. Cloaks, dolmans, jackets, talmas, ulsters, or other outside garments for ladies' and children's apparel, and goods of similar description or used for like purposes, composed wholly or in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the alpaca, goat, or other animals, made up or manufactured wholly or in part by the tailor, seamstress, or manufacturer (except knit goods), 45 per cent, ad valorem. Webbings, gorings, suspenders, braces, beltings, bindings, braids, gal- loons, fringes, gimps, cords, cords and tassels, dress-trimminus, head-nets, buttons, or barrel buttons, or buttons of other forms for tassels or ornaments 328 APPENDIX. wrought by hand or braided by machinery, made of wool, worsted, the hair of the alpaca, goat, or other animals, or of which wool, worsted, the hair of the alpaca, goat, or other animals is a component material, 50 per cent, ad valorem. Hemp and jute carpeting 6 cents per square yard. Floor-matting and floor-mats exclusively of vegetable substances, 20 per cent, ad valorem. "All other carpets and carpetings, druggets, bockings, mats, rugs, screens, covers, hassocks, bed-sides of wool, flax, cotton or parts of either or other material, 40 per cent, ad valorem." Endless belts or felts for paper or printing machines, 30 per cent, ad valorem. Sec. 4. That on and after the 1st day of October, 1888, in lieu of the du- ties heretofore imposed on the articles hereinafter mentioned, then' shall be levied, collected, and paid the following rates of duty on said articles sever- ally: Paper, sized or glued, suitable only for printing paper, 15 per cent, ad Valorem. Printing paper, unsized, used for books and newspapers exclusively, 12 per cent, ad valorem. Paper boxes, and all other fancy boxes, not otherwise provided for, 25 per cent, ad valorem. Paper envelopes, 20 per cent, ad valorem. Paper hangings, and paper for screens or fire-boards, surface-coated paper, and all manufactures of which surface-coated paper is a component material, not otherwise provided for, and cardboard, paper antiquarian, demy, draw- ing, elephant, foolscap, imperial, letter, note, and all other paper not spe- cially enumerated or provided for, 25 per cent, ad valorem. Beads and bead ornaments of all kinds, except amber, 40 per cent, ad valorem. Blacking of all kinds, 20 per cent, ad valorem. Bonnets, hats, and hoods for men, women, and children, composed of hair, whalebone, or any vegetable material, and not specially enumerated or provided for, 30 per cent, ad valorem. Brooms of all kinds, 20 per cent, ad valorem. Brushes of all kinds, 20 per cent, ad valorem. Canes and sticks, for walking, finished, 20 per cent, ad valorem. Card clothing, 20 cents per square foot; when manufactured from tem- pered steel wire, 40 cents per square foot. Carriages, and parts of, not specially enumerated or provided for, 30 per cent, ad valorem. Dolls and toys, 30 per cent, ad valorem. Fans of all kinds, except palm-leaf fans, of whatever material composed, 30 per cent, ad valorem. Feathers of all kinds, when dressed, colored, or manufactured, including dressed and finished birds and artificial and ornamental feathers and flowers, or parts thereof, of whatever material composed, not specially enumerated or provided for, 35 per cent, ad valorem. Friction and lucifer matches of all descriptions, 25 per cent, ad valorem. Gloves of all descriptions, wholly or partially manufactured, 40 per cent., ad valorem: Provided, That gloves made of silk taffeta shall be taxed 50 per rent, ad valorem. Gun wads of all descriptions, 25 per cent, ad valorem. Gutta-percha, manufactured, and all articles of hard rubber not specially enumerated or provided for, 30 per cent, ad valorem. Hair, human, if clean or drawn, but not manufactured, 20 per cent, ad valorem. THE MILLS BILL. 329 Bracelets, braids, chains, rings, curls, and ringlets composed of hair, or of which hair is the component material of chief value, and all manufactures of human hair, 25 per cent, ad valorem. Hats, materials for: Braids, plaits, flats, willow sheets and squares, fit only for use in making or ornamenting hats, bonnets, and hoods, composed of straw, chip, grass, palm-leaf, willow, hair, whalebone, or any vegetable ma- terial, not specially enumerated or provided for, 20 per cent, ad valorem. Hat-bodies of cotton, 30 per cent, ad valorem. Hatter's plush, composed of silk or of silk and cotton, 15 per cent, ad valorem. Inks of all kinds, and ink-powders, 20 per cent, ad valorem. Japanned ware of all kinds not specially enumerated or provided for, 30 per cent, ad valorem. Kaolin, crude, $1 per ton. China clay or wrought kaolin, $2 per ton. Marble of all kindsT in block, rough, or squared, 40 cents per cubic foot. Marble, sawed, dressed, or otherwise, including marble slabs and marble paving-tiles, 85 cents per cubic foot. All manufactures of marble not specially enumerated or provided for, 30 per cent, ad valorem. Papier-mache, manufactures, articles, and wares of, 25 per cent, ad valorem. Percussion caps, 30 per cent, ad valorem. Philosophical apparatus and instruments, 25 per cent, ad valorem. Umbrella and parasol ribs, and stretcher frames, tips, runners, handles, or other parts thereof, when made in whole or chief part of iron, steel, or any other metal, 30 per cent, ad valorem; umbrellas, parasols, and shades, when covered with silk or alpaca, 50 per cent, ad valorem; all other umbrellas 30 per cent, ad valorem. Watches, watch-cases, watch-movements, parts of watches, watch-glasses, and watch-keys, whether separately packed or otherwise, and watch materials not specially enumerated or provided for in this act, 25 percent, ad valorem. Webbing, composed of cotton, flax, or a mixture of these materials, not specially enumerated or provided for in this act, 30 per cent, ad valorem. Sec. 5. That the following amendments to and provisions for existing laws shall take effect on and after the passage and approval of this act : Section 6 of the act of March 3, 1883, entitled ' 'An act to reduce internal • revenue taxation, and for other purposes, " providing a substitute for title 33 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, is hereby amended as to certain of the sections and parts of sections or schedules in such substituted title, so that they shall be as follows, respectively : "Sec. 2,499. Each and every imported article not enumerated or pro- vided for in any schedule in this title, which is similar, either in mate- rial, quality, textures, or the use to which it may be applied, to any article enumerated in this title as chargeable with duty, shall pay the same rale of duty which is levied on the enumerated article which it most resembles in any of the particulars before mentioned; and if any non-enumerated article equally resembles two or more enumerated articles on which different rates of duty are chargeable, there shall be levied on such non-enumerated article the same rate of duty as is chargeable on the article which it resembles pay- ing the highest rate of duty; and on articles, not otherwise provided for, manufactured from two or more materials, the duty shall be assessed al the rate at Which the dutiable component material of chief value maybe charge- able; and the words ' component material of chief value,' whenever used in this title, shall be held to mean that dutiable component material which shall exceed in value any other single component material found in the article; and the value of each component material shall be determined by the ascer- 24b 330 APPENDIX. tained value of such material in its last form and condition before it became a component material of such article. If two or more rates of duty shall be applicable to any imported article, it shall pay duty at the highest of such rates: Provided, That any non-enumerated article similar in material and quality and texture and the use to which it may be applied to any article on the free list, and in the manufacture of which no dutiable materials are used, shall be free of duty." Sec. 2,502. Schedule A — Chemical products. — By striking out from this schedule the words "distilled spirits containing 50 per cent, of anhydrous alcohol, $1 per gallon;" also, by striking out the words "alcohol containing 1)4 per cent, anhydrous alcohol, $2 per gallon." THE FREE LIST. Sec. 2, SOB. By striking out the clause in this section commencing with the words "articles the growth, produce, and manufacture of the United States," and inserting in lieu thereof the following: "Articles the growth, produce and manufacture of the United States, when returned after having been exported without having been advanced in value by auy process of manufacture or by labor thereon; casks, barrels, car- boys, bags, and other vessels of American manufacture exported filled with American products, or exported empty and returned filled with foreign products, including shooks when returned as barrels or boxes; but proof of the identity of such articles shall be made under general regulations to be prescribed by the Secreta*^ of the Treasury; and if any of such articles are subject to internal tax at the time of exportation, such tax shall be proved to have been paid before exportation, and not refunded: Provided, That this clause shall not include any article upon which an allowance of drawback has been made, the reimportation of which is hereby prohibited except upon payment of duties equal to the drawbacks allowed." The clause relating to "wearing apparel," etc. (tariff, paragraph 815), is hereby amended so that it shall read as follows : "Wearing apparel, implements, instruments, and tools of trade, occupa- tion, or employment, professional books, and other personal effects (not mer- chandise) of persons, arriving in the United States, not exceeding in value $500, and not intended for the use of any other person or persons, nor for sale; but I his exemption shall not be construed to include machinery or other articles imported for use in any manufacturing establishment or for sale : Provided, however, That the limitation in value above specified shall not apply to wearing apparel and other personal effects which may have been taken from the United States to foreign countries by the persons.returning therefrom : and such last-named articles shall, upon production of evidence satisfactory to the collector or officer acting as such that they have been previously exported from the United States by such persons, and have not been advanced in value or improved in condition by any process of manufacture or labor thereon since so exported, be exempt from the payment of duty: And provided fur- ther, That all articles of foreign production or manufacture which may have in en once imported into the United Slates and subjected to the payment of duty shall, niton reimportation, if not improved in condition, except by repairs, by any means, since their exportation from the United States, be entitled to exemption from duly upon their identity being established, under such rules and regulations as may he prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury. "Theatrical scenery and actors' and actresses' wardrobes brought by the- atrical managers and professional actors and actresses arriving from abroad, for their temporary use in the United States; works of art, drawings, engrav- ings, photographic pictures, and philosophical and scientific apparatus brought THE MILLS BILL. 331 by professional artists, lecturers, or scientists arriving from abroad for use by them temporarily for exhibition, and in illustration, promotion, and encour- agement of art, science, or industry in the United States ; and wearing apparel and other personal effects of tourists from abroad visiting the United States shall be admitted to free entry under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe; and bonds shall be given, whenever required by the Secretary of the Treasury, for the payment to the United States of such du- ties as may be imposed by law upon any and all such articles as shall not be exported within six months of such importation: Provided however, That the Secretary of the Treasury may, in his discretion, extend such period for a further term of six months in cases where application therefor shall be made. " Wearing apparel, old and worn, not exceeding $100 in value, upon pro- duction of evidence satisfactory to the collector and naval officer (if any) that the same has been donated and imported in good faith for the relief or aid of indigent or needy persons residing in the United States, and not for sale." TEXT OF THE McEXBTLEY BILL. (PKOVISIONS KELATING TO IMPORTS.) This Law Took Effect From October 6, 1890. An Act to reduce the revenue and equalize duties on imports, and for other purposes. Be it enacted by tJie Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That on aud after the sixth day of October, eighteen hundred and ninety, unless otherwise specially provided for in this act, there shall be levied, collected, and paid upon all articles im- ported from foreign countries, and mentioned in the schedules herein con- tained, the rates of duty which are, by the schedules and paragraphs, re- spectively prescribed, namely: Schedule A. — Chemicals, Oils, and Paints. Acids. — 1. Acetic or pyroligneous acid, not exceeding the specific gravity of one and forty-seven one-thousandths, one and one-half cents per pound ; exceeding the specific gravity of one and forty -seven one-thousandths, four cents per pound. 2. Boracic acid, five cents per pound. 3. Chromic acid, six cents per pound. 4. Citric acid, ten cents per pound. 5. Sulphuric acid or oil of vitriol, not otherwise specially provided for, one-fourth of one cent per pound. 6. Tannic acid or tannin, seventy -five cents per pound. 7. Tartaric acid, ten cents per pound. 8. Alcoholic perfumery, including cologne water and other toilet wate~s, two dollars per gallon and fifty per centum ad valorem; alcoholic compounds not specially provided for in this act, two dollars per gallon and twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 9. Alumina, alum, alum cake, patent alum, sulphate of alumina, and aluminous cake, and alum in crystals or ground, six-tenths of one cent per pound. Ammonia. — 10. Carbonate of, one and three-fourth cents per pound; muriate of, or sal-ammoniac, three fourths of one cent per pound; sulphate of, one half of one cent per pound. 11. Blacking of all kinds, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 12. Blue vitriol, or sulphate of copper, two cents per pound. 13. Bone-char, suitable for use in decolorizing sugar, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 14. Borax, crude, or borate of soda, or borate of lime, three cents per pound; refined borax, five cents per pound. 15. Camphor, refined, four cents per pound. 16. Chalk, prepared, precipitated, French, and red, one cent per pound; all other chalk preparations not specially provided for in this act, twenty per centum ad valorem. 17. Chloroform, twenty-five cents per pound. 332 Hon. WILLIAM MrKIXLEY, .Ik. TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 333 Coal-tar preparations. — 18. All coal-tar colors or dyes, by whatever name known, and not specially provided for in this act, thirty-rive per centum ad valorem. 19. All preparations of coal-tar, not colors or dyes, not specially provided for in this act, twenty per centum ad valorem. 20. Cobalt, oxide of, thirty cents per pound. 21. Collodion and all compounds of pyroxyline, by whatever name known, fifty cents per pound; rolled or in sheets, but not made up into articles, sixty cents per pound ; if in finished or partly finished articles, sixty cents per pound and twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 22. Coloring for brandy, wine, beer, or other liquors, fifty per centum ad valorem. 23. Copperas or sulphate of iron, three-tenths of one cent per pound. 24. Drugs, such as barks, beans, berries, balsams, buds, bulb, and bulbous roots, and excrescences, such as nutgalls, fruits, flowers, dried fibers, grains, gums, and gum resins, herbs, leaves, lichens, mosses, nuts, roots and stems, spices, vegetables, seeds (aromatic, not garden seeds), and seeds of morbid growth, weeds, woods used expressly for dyeing, and dried insects, any of the foregoing which are not edible, but which have been advanced in value or condition by refining or grinding, or by other process of manufacture, and not specially provided for in this act, ten per centum ad valorem. 25. Ethers, sulphuric, forty cents per pound; spirits of nitrous ether, twenty-five cents per pound ; fruit ethers, oils, or essences, two dollars and fifty cents per pound; ethers of all kinds not specially provided for in this act, one dollar per pound. 26. Extracts and decoctions of logwood and other dyewoods, extract of sumac, and extracts of bark, such as are commonly used for dyeing or tan- ning, not specially provided for in this act, seven-eighths of one cent per pound; extracts of hemlock bark, one-half of one cent per pound. 27. Gelatin, glue, and isinglass or fish-glue valued at not above seven cents per pound, one and one-half cents per pound; valued at above seven cents per pound, and not above thirty cents per pound, twenty-five per centum ad valorem; valued at above thirty cents per pound, thirty per centum ad valorem. 28. Glycerin, crude, not purified, one and three-fourth cents per pound; refined, four and one-half cents per pound. 29. Indigo, extracts, or pastes of, three-fourths of one cent per pound ; carmiued, ten cents per pound. 30. Ink and ink-powders,' printers' ink, and all other ink not specially provided for in this act, thirty per centum ad valorem. 31. Iodine, resublimed, thirty cents per pound. 32. Iodoform, one dollar and fifty cents per pound. 33. Licorice, extracts of, in paste, rolls, or other forms, five and one halt' cents per pound. 34. Magnesia, carbonate of, medicinal, four cents per pound; calcined, eight cents per pound; sulphate of, or Epsom salts, three-tenths of one cent per pound. 35. Morphia, or morphine, and all sails thereof, fifty cents per ounce. Oils. — 36. Alizarine assistant, or soluble oil, or oleate of soda, or Turkej red oil, containing fifty per centum or more of castor oil, eighty cents per gallon; containing less than fifty per centum of castor oil, forty cents per gallon; all other, thirty per centum ad valorem. 37. Castor oil, eighty cents per gallon. 38. Cod-liver oil, fifteen cents per gallon. 39. Cotton-seed oil, ten cents per gallon of seven and one-half pounds weight. 40. Croton oil, thirty cents per pound. 334 APPENDIX. 41. Flaxseed or linseed and poppy-seed oil, raw, boiled, or oxidized, thirty-two cents per gallon of seven and one-half pounds weight. 42. Fusel oil, or amylic alcohol, ten per centum ad valorem. 43. Hemp-seed oil and rape-seed oil, ten cents per gallon. 44. Olive oil, tit for salad purposes, thirty-five cents per gallon. 45. Peppermint oil, eighty cents per pound. 46. Seal, herring, whale, and other fish oil not specially provided for in this act, eight cents per gallon. 47. Opium, aqueous extract of, for medicinal uses, and tincture of, as laudanum, and all other liquid preparations of opium, not specially provided for in this act, forty per centum ad valorem. 48. Opium containing less than nine per centum of morphia, and opium prepared for smoking, twelve dollars per pound; but opium prepared for smoking and other preparations of opium deposited in bonded warehouse shall not be removed therefrom without payment of duties, and such duties shall not be refunded. Paints, colors, and varnishes. — 49. Baryta, sulphate of, or barytes, includ- ing barytes earth, unmanufactured, one "dollar and twelve cents per ton; manufactured, six dollars and seventy-two cents per ton. 50. Blues, such as Berlin, Prussian, Chinese, and all others, containing ferrocyanide of iron, dry or ground in or mixed with oil, six cents per pound; in pulp or mixed with water, six cents per pound on the material contained therein when dry. 51. Blanc-fixe, or satin white, or* artificial sulphate of barytes, three- fourths of one cent per pound. 52. Black, made from bone, ivory, or vegetable, under whatever name known, including bone-black and lampblack, dry or ground in oil or water, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 53. Chrome yellow, chrome green, and all other chromium colors in which lead and bichromate of potash or soda are component parts, dry, or ground in or mixed with oil, four and one-half cents per pound; in pulp or mixed with water, four and one-half cents per pound on the material con- tained therein when dry. 54. Ocher, and ochery earths, sienna and sienna earths, umber and umber earths not specially provided for in this act, dry, one-fourth of one cent per pound; ground in oil, one and one-half cents per pound. 55. Ultramarine blue, four and one-half cents per pound. 56. Varnishes, including so-called gold size or japan, thirty-five per centum ad valorem ; and on spirit varnishes for the alcohol contained therein, one dollar and thirty-two cents per gallon additional. 57. Vermilion red, and colors containing quicksilver, dry or ground in oil or water, twelve cents per pound. 58. Wash blue, containing ultramarine, three cents per pound. 59. Whiting and Paris white, dry, one-half of one cent per pound; ground in oil, or putty, one cent per pound. 60. Zinc, oxide of, and white paint containing zinc, but not containing lead, dry, one and one-fourth cents per pound; ground in oil, one and three- fourth cents per pound. 61. All oilier paints and colors, whether dry or mixed, or ground in water or oil, including lakes, crayons, smalts, and frostings, not specially provided for in this act, and artists' colors of all kinds, in tubes or otherwise, twenty- live per centum ad valorem; all paints and colors, mixed or ground with water or solutions other than oil, and commercially known as artists' water- color paints, thirty per centum ad valorem. Lead products. — 62. Acetate of lead, while, five and one-half cents per pound; brown, three and one half cents per pound. 0;i. Litharge, three cents per pound. TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 335 64. Nitrate of lead, three cents per pound. 65. < Mange mineral, three and one-half cents per pound. 66. Red lead, three cents per pound. 67. White lead, and white paint containing lead, dry or in pulp, or ground or mixed with oil, three cents per pound. 68. Phosphorous, twenty cents per pound. Potash. — 69. Bichromate and chromate of, three cents per pound. 70. Caustic or hydrate of, refined in sticks or rolls, one per cent, per pound. 71. Hydriodate, iodide, and iodate of, fifty cents per pound. 72. Nitrate of, or saltpetre, refined, one cent per pound. 73. Prussiate of, red, ten cents per pound; yellow, five cents per pound. Preparations — 74. All medicinal preparations, including medicinal pro- prietary preparations, of which alcohol is a component part, or in the prepara- tion of which alcohol is used, not specially provided for in this act, fifty cents per pound. 75. All medicinal preparations, including medicinal proprietary prepara- tions, of which alcohol is not a component part, and not specially provided for in this act, twenty-five per centum ad valorem; calomel and other mer- curial medicinal preparations, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 76. Products or preparations known as alkalies, alkaloids, distilled nils, essential oils, expressed oils, rendered oils, and all combinations of the lure going, and all chemical compounds and salts, not specially provided for in this act, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 77. Preparations used as applications to the hair, mouth, teeth, or skin, such as cosmetics, dentifrices, pastes, pomades, powders, and tonics, includ- ing all known as toilet preparations, not specially provided for in this act, fifty per centum ad valorem. 78. Santonine, and all salts thereof containing eighty per centum or over of santonine, two dollars and fifty cents per pound. 79. Soap: Castile soap, one and one-fourth cents per pound; fancy, per- fumed, and all descriptions of toilet soap, fifteen cents per pound ; all other soaps, not specially provided for in this act, twenty per centum ad valorem. Soda. — 80. Bicarbonate of soda or supercarbonate of soda or saleratus, one cent per pound. 81. Hydrate of, or caustic soda, one cent per pound. 82. Bichromate and chromate of, three cents per pound. 83. Sal-soda, or soda crystals, and soda ash, one-fourth of one cent per pound. 84. Silicate of soda, or other alkaline silicate, one-half of one cent per pound. 85. Sulphate of soda, or salt cake, or niter cake, one dollar and twenty five cents per ton. 86. Sponges, twenty per centum ad valorem. 87. Strychnia, or strychnine, and all sails thereof, forty cents per ounce. 88. Sulphur, refined, eight dollars per ton; sublimed, or flowers of, ten dollars per ton. 89. Sumac, ground, four-tenths of one cent per pound. 90. Tartar, cream of, and patent tartar, six cents per pound. 91. Tartars and lees crystals, partly relincd. four cents per pound. 92. Tartrate of soda and potassa, or Rochelle salts, three cents per pound- Schedule B. — Earths, Earthenware, and Glassware. Brick and Tile. — 93. Fire brick, not glazed, enameled, ornamented, or decorated in any manner, one dollar and twenty-five cents per ton; glazed, enameled, ornamented, or decorated, forty-five per centum ad valorem. 94. Tiles and brick, other than fire brick, not glazed, ornamented, painted, 336 APPENDIX. enameled, vitrified, or decorated, twenty-five per centum ad valorem; orna- mented, glazed, painted, enameled, vitrified, or decorated, and all encaustic, forty-five per centum ad valorem. Cement, Lime, and Plaster. — 95. Roman, Portland, and other hydraulic cement, in barrels, sacks, or other packages, eight cents per one hundred pounds, including weight of barrel or package; in bulk, seven cents per one hundred pounds; other cement, twenty per centum ad valorem. 96. Lime, six cents per one hundred pounds, including weight of barrel or package. 97. Plaster of Paris or gypsum, ground, one dollar per ton; calcined, one dollar and seventy-five cents per ton. Clays or Earths. — 98. Clays or earths, unwrought or unmanufactured, not specially provided for iu this act, one dollar and fifty cents per ton; wrought or manufactured, not specially provided for in this act, three dol- lars per ton; china clay or kaolin, three dollars per ton. Earthenware and China. — 99. Common brown earthenware, common stoneware, and crucibles, not ornamented or decorated in any manner, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 100. China, porcelain, pariau, bisque, earthen, stone and crockery ware, including plaques, ornaments, toys, charms, vases, and statuettes, painted, tinted, stained, enameled, printed, gilded, or otherwise decorated, or orna- mented in any manner, sixty per centum ad valorem; if plain white, and nt it ( irnamented or decorated in any manner, fifty-five per centum ad valorem. 101. All other china, porcelain, parian, bisque, earthen, stone, and crock- ery ware, and manufactures of the same, by whatsoever designation or name known in the trade, including lava tips for burners, not specially provided tor in this act, if ornamented or decorated in any manner, sixty per centum ad valorem; if not ornamented or decorated, fifty-five per centum ad valorem. 102. Gas retorts, three dollars each. Glass and Glassware. — 103. Green, and colored, molded or pressed, and flint and lime glass bottles, holding more than one pint, and demijohns, and carboys (covered or uncovered), and other molded or pressed green and col- ored and flint or lime bottle glassware, not specially provided for iu this act, one cent per pound. Green, and colored, molded or pressed, and flint, and lime glass bottles, and vials, holding not more than one pint, and not less than one-quarter of a pint, one and one-half cents per pound; if holding less than one-fourth, of a pint, fifty cents per gross. 104. All articles enumerated in the preceding paragraph, if filled, and not otherwise provided for in this act, and the contents are subject to an ad valorem rate of duty, or to a rate of duty based upon the value, the value of such bottles, vials, or other vessels, shall be added to the value of the con- tents for the ascertainment of the dutiable value of the latter; but if filled, and not otherwise provided for in this act, and the contents are not subject to an ad valorem rate of duty, or to rate of duty based on the value, or are free of duty, such bottles, vials, or other vessels, shall pay, in addition to the duty, if any, on their contents, the rates of duty prescribed in the preceding paragraph: Provided, That no article manufactured from glass described in the preceding paragraph shall pay a less rate of duty than forty per centum ad valorem. 105. Flint and lime, pressed glassware, not cut, engraved, painted, etched, decorated, colored, printed, stained, silvered, or gilded, sixty per centum ad valorem. 106. All articles of glass, cut, engraved, painted, colored, printed, stained, decorated, silvered, or gilded, not including plate glass silvered, or looking- glass plates, sixty per centum ad valorem. 107. Chemical glassware for use in laboratory, and not otherwise specially provided for in this act, forty-five per centum ad valorem. TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 337 108. Thin blown glass, blown with or without a mold, including glass chimneys and all other manufactures of glass, or of which glass shall be the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, sixty per centum ad valorem. 109. Heavy blown glass, blown with or without a mold, not cut or deco- rated, finished or unfinished, sixty per centum ad valorem. 110. Porcelain or opal glassware, sixty per centum ad valorem. 111. All cut, engraved, painted, or otherwise ornamented or decorated glass bottles, decanters, or other vessels of glass, shall, if filled, pay duty in addition to any duty chargeable on the contents, as if not filled, unless other- wise specially provided for in this act. 112. Unpolished cylinder, crown, and common window glass, not exceed- ing ten by fifteen inches square, one and three-eighth cents per pound; above that, and not exceeding sixteen by twenty-four inches square, one and seven- eighth cents per pound; above that, and not exceeding twenty-four by thirty inches square, two and three-eighth cents per pound; above that, and not exceeding twenty-four by thirty-six inches square, two and seven-eighth cents per pound ; all above that, three and one-eighth cents per pound : Pro- vided, That unpolished cylinder, crown and common window glass, imported in boxes, shall contain fifty square feet, as nearly as sizes will permit, and the duty shall be computed thereon according to the actual weight of glass. 113. Cylinder and crowned glass, polished, not exceeding sixteen by twenty-four inches square, four cents per square foot; above that, and not exceeding twenty -four by thirty inches square, six cents per square foot; above that, and not exceeding twenty-four by sixty inches square, twenty cents per square foot; above that, forty cents per square foot. 114. Fluted, rolled, or rough plate glass, not including crown, cylinder, or common window glass, not exceeding ten by fifteen inches square, three- fourths of one cent per square foot; above that, and not exceeding sixteen by twenty-four inches square, one cent per square foot; above that, and not exceeding twenty-four by thirty inches square, one and one-half cents per square foot; all above that, two cents per square foot; and all fluted, rolled, or rough plate glass, weighing over one hundred pounds per one hundred square feet, shall pay an additional duty on the excess at the same rates herein imposed : Provided, That all of the above plate glass when ground, smoothed, or otherwise obscured, shall be subject to the same rate of duty as cast polished plate glass unsilvered. 115. Cast polished plate glass, finished or unfinished and unsilvered, not exceeding sixteen by twenty-four inches square, five cents per square foul ; above that, and not exceeding twenty-four by thirty inches square, eight cents per square foot; above that, and not exceeding twenty -four by sixty inches square, twenty -five cents per square foot; all above that, fifty cents per square foot. 116. Cast polished plate glass, silvered, and looking-glass plates, not ex- ceeding sixteen by twenty-four inches square, six cents per square foot; above that, and not exceeding twenty-four by thirty inches square, ten cents per square foot; above that, and not exceeding twenty-four by sixty inches square, thirty-five cents per square foot; all above that, sixty cents per square foot. 117. But no looking-glass plates, or plate glass silvered, when framed, shall pay a less rate of duty than that imposed upon similar glass of like de- scription not framed, but shall pay in addition thereto upon such frames the rate of duty applicable thereto when imported separate. 118. Cast polished plate glass, silvered or unsilvered, and cylinder, crown, or common window glass, when ground, obscured, frosted, sanded, enam- eled, beveled, etched, embossed, engraved, stained, colored, or otherwise 338 APPENDIX. ornamented or decorated, shall be subject to a duty of ten per centum ad valorem in addition to the rates otherwise chargeable thereon. 119. Spectacles and eyeglasses, or spectacles and eyeglass frames, sixty per centum ad valorem. 120. On lenses, costing one dollar and fifty cents per gross pairs, or less, sixty per centum ad valorem. 121. Spectacle and eyeglass lenses with their edges ground or beveled to fit frames, sixty per centum ad valorem. 122. All stained or painted window glass and stained or painted glass win- dows, and hand, pocket, or table mirrors, not exceeding in size one hundred and forty-four square inches, with or without frames or cases, of whatever material composed, lenses of glass or pebble, wholly or partly manufactured, and not specially provided for in this act, and fusible enamel, forty-five per centum ad valorem. Marble and stone, manufacturers of . — 123. Marble of all kinds in block, rough or squared, sixty-five cents per cubic foot. 121. Veined marble, sawed, dressed, or otherwise, including marble slabs and marble paving-tiles, one dollar and ten cents per cubic foot (but in meas- urement no slab shall be computed at less than one inch in thickness). 125. Manufactures of marble, not specially provided for in this act, fifty per centum ad valorem. Stone. — 126. Burr stones, manufactured or bound up into millstones, fif- teen per centum ad valorem. 127. Freestone, granite, sandstone, limestone, and other building or mon- umental stone, except marble, unmanufactured or undressed, not specially provided for in this act, eleven cents per cubic foot., 128. Freestone, granite, sandstone, limestone, and other building or mon- umental stone, except marble, not specially provided for in this act, hewed, dressed, or polished, forty per centum ad valorem. 129. Grindstones, finished or unfinished, one dollar and seventy-five cents per ton. Slate. — 130. Slates, slate chimney pieces, mantels, slabs for tables, and all other manufactures of slate, not specially provided for in this act, thirty per centum ad valorem. 131. Roofing slates, twenty -five per centum ad valorem. Schedule C. — Metals and Manufactures of. Iron and Steel. 132. Chromate of iron, or chromic ore, fifteen per centum ad valorem. 133. Iron ore, including manganiferous iron ore, also the dross or residu- um from burned pyrites, seventy-five cents per ton. Sulphur ore, as pyrites, or sulphuret of iron in its natural state, containing not more than three and one-hall' per centum copper, seventy : fivc cents per ton: Provided, That ore containing more than two per centum of copper shall pay, in addition thereto, one-half of one cent per pound for the copper contained therein : Provided, also, That sulphur ore, as pyrites, or sulphuret of iron in its natural state, containing in excess of twenty-five per centum of sulphur, shall be free of duty, except on the copper contained therein, as above provided: And pro- vided further, That in levying and collecting the duty on iron ore no deduc- tion shall be made from the weight of the ore on account of moisture which may be chemically or physically combined I herewith. 134. Iron in pigs, iron kentledge, spiegeleisen, ferro-manganese, ferro- silicon, wrought and cast scrap iron, and scrap steel, three-tenths of one cent per pound; but nothing shall be deemed scrap iron or scrap steel except waste or refuse iron or steel tit only to be reinanufactured. 135. Bar iron, rolled or hammered, comprising flats not less than one inch TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 339 wide nor loss than three-eighths of one inch thick, eight-tenths of one cent per pound; round iron, not less than three-fourths of one inch in diameter, and square iron, not less than three-fourths of one inch square, nine-tenths of one cent per pound; flats less than one inch wide or less than three-eight lis of one inch thick; round iron, less than three-fourths of one inch and not less than seven-sixteenths of one inch in diameter; and square iron less than three-fourths of one inch square, one cent per pound. 136. Round iron, in coils or rods, less than seven-sixteenths of one inch in diameter, and bars or shapes of rolled iron, not specially provided for in this act, one and one-tenth cents per pound: Provided, That all iron in slabs, blooms, loops, or other forms less finished than iron in bars, and more ad- vanced than pig iron, except castings, shall be rated as iron in bars, and be subject to a duty of eight-tenths of one cent per pound; and none of the iron above enumerated in this paragraph shall pay a less rate of duty than thirty- five per centum ad valorem : Provided, further, That all iron bars, blooms, lets, or sizes or shapes of any kind, in the manufacture of which charcoal is used as fuel, shall be subject to a duty of not less than twenty -two dollars per ton. 137. Beams, girders, joists, angles, channels, car-truck channels, TT columns and posts or parts of sections of columns and posts, deck and bulb beams, and building forms, together with all other structural shapes of iron or steel, whether plain or punched, or fitted for use, nine-tenths of one cent per pound. 138. Boiler or other plate iron or steel, except saw plates hereinafter pro- vided for, not thinner than number ten wire gauge, sheared or unsheared, and skelp iron or steel sheared or rolled in grooves, valued at one cent per pound or less, five-tenths of one cent per pound; valued above one cent and not above one and four-tenth cents per pound, sixty-five hundreths of one cent per pound; valued above one and four-tenth cents and not above two cents per pound, eight-tenths of one cent per pound; valued above two cents and not above three cents per pound, one and one-tenth cents per pound ; val- ued above three cents and not above four cents per pound, one and five- tenth cents per pound ; valued above four cents and not above seven cents per pound, two cents per pound; valued above seven cents and not above ten cents per pound, two and eight-tenth cents per pound; valued above ten cents and not above thirteen cents per pound, three and one-half cents per pound; valued above thirteen cents per pound, forty-five per centum ad valorem: Provided, That all plate iron or steel thinner than number ten wire gau^e shall pay duty as iron or steel sheets. 139. Forgings of iron or steel, or forged iron and steel combined, of what- ever shape, or in whatever stage of manufacture, not specially provided for in this act, two and three-tenth cents per pound; Provided, That no forgings of iron or steel, or forgings of iron and steel combined, by whatever process made, shall pay a less rate of duty than forty-five per centum ad valorem. 140. Hoop, or band, or scroll, or other iron or steel, valued at three cents per pound or less, eight inches or less in width, and less than three-eighths of one inch thick and not thinner than number ten wire gauge, one cent per pound; thinner than number ten wire gauge and not thinner than number twenty wire gauge, one and one-tenth cents per pound; thinner than number twenty wire gauge, one and three-tenth cents per pound: Provided, Thai hoop or band iron, or hoop or band steel, cut to length, or wholly or partial ly manufactured into hoops or ties for baling purposes, barrel hoops oi iron or steel, and hoop or band iron or hoop or band steel flared, splayed or punched, with or without buckles or fastenings, shall pay two tenths ,,1 one cent per pound more duty than that imposed on the hoop or band iron or steel from which they are made. 141. Railway bars, made of iron or steel, and railway bars made m part 340 APPENDIX. of steel, T-rails, and punched iron or steel flat rails, six-tenths of one cent per pound. 142. Sheets of iron or steel, common or black, including all iron or steel commercially known as common or black taggers iron or steel, and skelp iron or steel, valued at three cents per pound or less: Thinner than number ten and not thinner than number twenty wire gauge, one cent per pound; thinner than number twenty wire gauge and not thinner than number twenty- five wire gauge, one and one-tenth cents per pound ; thinner than number twenty -five wire gauge, one and four-tenth cents per pound; corrugated or crimped, one and four-tenth cents per pound ; Provided, That all common or black sheet iron or sheet steel not thinner than number ten wire gauge shall pay duty as plate iron or plate steel. 143. All iron or steel sheets or plates, and all hoop, band, or scroll iron or steel, excepting what are known commercially as tin plates, terne plates, and taggers tin, and hereinafter provided for, when galvanized or coated with zinc or spelter, or other metals, or any alloy of those metals, shall pay three-fourths of one cent per pound more duty than the rates imposed by the preceding paragraph upon the corresponding gauges, or forms, of com- mon or black sheet or taggers iron or steel; and on and after July 1st, eight- een hundred and ninety-one, all iron or steel sheets, or plates, or taggers iron coated with tin or lead or with a mixture of which these metals or either of them is a componeut part, by the dipping or any other process, and com- mercially known as tin plates, terne plates, and taggers tin, shall pay two and two-tenth cents per pound: Provided, That on and after July first, eighteen hundred and ninety-one, manufactures of which tin, tin plates, terne plates, taggers tin, or either of them, are component materials of chief value, and all articles, vessels, or wares manufactured, stamped or drawn from sheet iron or sheet steel, such material being the component of chief value, and coated wholly or in part with tin or lead or a mixture of which these metals or either of them is a component part, shall pay a duty of fifty- five per centum ad valorem: Provided further, That on and after October first, eighteen hundred and ninety-seven, tin plates and terne plates lighter in weight than sixty-three pounds per hundred square feet shall be admitted free of duty, unless it shall be made to appear to the satisfaction of the Pres- ident (who shall thereupon by proclamation make known the fact) that the aggregate quantity of such plates lighter than sixty-three pounds per hun- dred square feet produced in the United States during either of the six years next preceding June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and ninety-seven, has equaled one-third the amount of such plates imported and entered for con- sumption during any fiscal year after the passage of this act, and prior to said October first, eighteen hundred and ninety-seven: Provided, That the amount of such plates manufactured into articles exported, and upon which a drawback shall be paid, shall not be included in ascertaining the amount of such importations: And provided further, That the amount or weight of sheet iron or sheet steel manufactured in the United States and applied or wrought in the manufacture of articles of wares tinned or terne plated in the United Stales, with weight allowance as sold to manufacturers or others, shall be considered as tin and terne plates produced in the United States with- in the meaning of this act. 144. Sheet iron or sheet steel, polished, planished, or glanced, by what- ever name designated, two and one-half cents per pound: Provided, That plate or sheet or taggers iron or steel, by whatever name designated, other than the polished, planished, or glanced herein provided for, which has been pickled or cleaned by acid, or by any other material or process, or which is cold rolled, smoothed only, not polished, shall pay one-quarter of one cent per pound more duty than the corresponding gauges of common or black sheet or taggers iron or steel. TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 341 145. Sheets or plates of iron or steel, or taggers iron or steel, coated with tin or lead, or with a mixture of which these metals, or either of them, is a component part, by the dipping or any other process, and commercially known as tin plates, terne plates, and taggers tin, one cent per pound until July first, eighteen hundred and ninety-one. 146. Steel ingots, cogged ingots, blooms, and slabs, by whatever process made; die blocks or blanks; billets and bars and tapered or beveled bars; steamer, crank, and other shafts; shafting; wrist or crank pins; connecting rods and piston rods; pressed, sheared, or stamped shapes; saw plates, whol- ly or partially manufactured; hammer molds or swaged steel; gun-barrel molds not in 'bars; alloys used as substitutes for steel tools; all descriptions and shapes of dry sand, 'loam, or iron-molded steel castings; sheets and plates not specially provided for in this act; and steel in all forms and shapes not specially provided for in this act; all of the above valued at one cent per pound or less, four-tenths of one cent per pound ; valued above one cent and not above one and four-tenth cents per pound, five-tenths of one cent per pound; valued above one and four-tenth cents and not above one and eight- tenth cents per pound, eight-tenths of one cent per pound ; valued above one and eight-tenth cents and not above two and two-tenth cents per pound, nine- tenths of one cent per pound; valued above two and two-tenth cents, and not above three cents per pound, one and two-tenth cents per pound; valued above three cents and not above four cents per pound, one and six-tenth cents per pound ; valued above four cents and not above seven cents per pound, two cents per pound ; valued above seven cents and not above ten cents per pound, two and eight-tenth cents per pound; valued above ten cents and not above thirteen cents per pound, three and one-half cents per pound; val- ued above thirteen cents and not above sixteen cents per pound, four and two-tenth cents per pound; valued above sixteen cents per pound, seven cents per pound. Wire.— 141. Wire rods: Rivet, screw, fence, and other iron or steel wire rods, and nail rods, whether round, oval, flat, square, or in any other shape, in coils or otherwise, not smaller than number six wire gauge, valued at three and one-half cents or less per pound, six-tenths of one cent per pound; and iron or steel, flat, with longitudinal ribs for the manufacture of fencing, val- ued at three cents or less per pound, six-tenths of one cent per pound: Pro- vided, That all iron or steel rods, whether rolled or drawn through dies, smaller than number six wire gauge, shall be classed and dutiable as wire. 148. Wire: Wire made of iron or steel, not smaller than number ten Avire gauge, one and one-fourth cents per pound; smaller than number ten, and not smaller than number sixteen wire gauge, one and three-fourth cents per pound; smaller than number sixteen and not smaller than number twenty six wire gauge, two and one-fourth cents per pound; smaller than number twenty-six wire gauge, three cents per pound: Provided, That iron or sled wire covered with cotton, silk, or other material, and wires or strip sled, commonly known as crinoline wire, corset wire, and hat wire, shall pay a duty of five cents per pound: And provided further, That Hat steel wire, or sheet steel in strips, whether drawn through dies or rolls, untempered or tempered, of whatsoever width, twenty-five one-thousandths of an inch thick or thinner (ready for use or otherwise), shall pay a duty of titty per centum ad valorem: And provided further, That no article made from iron or steel wire, or of which iron or steel wire is a component part of chief value, shall pay a less rate of duty than the iron or steel wire from which it is made either wholly or in part: And provided further. That iron or steel wire cloths, and iron or steel wire nettings made in meshes of any form, shall pay a duty equal in amount to that imposed on iron or steel wire used in the manufac- ture of iron or steel wire cloth, or iron or steel wire nettings, and two cents per pound in addition thereto. 342 APPENDIX. There shall be paid on iron or steel wire coated with zinc or tin, or any other metal (except fence wire and iron or steel, flat, with longitudinal ribs, for the manufacture of fencing), one-half of one cent per pound in addition to the rate imposed on the wire of which it is made; on iron wire rope and iron strand, one cent per pound in addition to the rate imposed on the wire of which it is made; on steel wire rope and wire strand, two cents per pound in addition to the rate imposed on the wire of which they or either of them are made: Provided further, That all iron or steel wire valued at more than four cents per pound shall pay a duty of not less than forty-five per centum ad valorem, except that card wire for the manufacture of card clothing shall pay a duty of thirty-five per centum ad valorem. General Provisions. 149. No allowance or reduction of duties for partial loss or damage in consequence of rust or of discoloration shall be made upon any description of iron or steel, or upon any article wholly or partly manufactured of iron or steel, or upon any manufacture of iron and steel. 150. All metal produced from iron or its ores, which is cast and malleable, of whatever description or form, without regard to the percentage of carbon contained therein, whether produced by cementation, or converted, cast, or made from iron or its ores, by the crucible, Bessemer, Clapp-Griffiths, pneu- matic, Thomas-Gilchrist, basic, Siemens-Martin, or open-hearth process, or by the equivalent of either, or by a combination of two or more of the processes, or their equivalents, or by any fusion or other process which pro- duces from iron or its ore a metal either granular or fibrous in structure, which is cast and malleable, excepting what is known as malleable-iron cast- ings shall be classed and denominated as steel. 151. No article not specially provided for in this act, wholly or partly manufactured from tin plate, terne plate, or the sheet, plate, hoop, band, or scroll iron or steel herein provided for, or of which such tin plate, terne plate, sheet, plate, hoop, band, or scroll iron or steel shall be the material of chief value, shall pay a lower rate of duty than that imposed on the tin plate, terne plate, or sheet, plate, hoop, band, or scroll iron or steel from which it is made, or of which it shall be the component thereof of chief value. 152. On all iron or steel bars or rods of whatever shape or section, which are cold rolled, cold hammered, or polished in any way, in addition to the ordinary process of hot rolling or hammering, there shall be paid one-fourth of one cent per pound in addition to the rates provided in this act; and on all strips, plates, or sheets of iron or steel of whatever shape, other than the polished, planished or glanced sheet iron, or sheet steel hereinbefore pro- vided tor, which are cold rolled, cold hammered, blued, brightened, tem- pered, or polished by any process to such perfected surface finish or polish better than the grade of cold rolled, smooth only, hereinbefore provided for, there shall he paid one and one-fourth cents per pound in addition to the rates provided in this net upon plates, strips, or sheets of iron or steel of common or black finish; and on steel circular saw-plates there shall be paid our cent per pound in addition to the rate provided in this act for steel saw plates. Manufactures of Iron mid Steel. 153. Anchors, or parts thereof, of iron or steel, mill irons and mill cranks of wrought iron, and wroughl iron for ships, and forgings of iron or steel, or of combined iron and steel, for vessels, steam engines, and locomotives, or parts thereof, weighing each twenty live pounds or more, one and eight- tenth cents per pound. 154 Axles, or parts thereof, axle bars, axle blanks, or forgings for axles, Whether of iron or steel, without reference to the stage or state of manufac- TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 343 ture, two cents per pound: Provided, That when iron or steel axles are im- ported fitted in wheels, or parts of wheels, of iron or steel, they shall be dutiable at the same rate as the wheels in which they are fitted. 155. Anvils of iron or steel, or of iron and steel combined, by whatever process made, or in whatever stage of manufacture, two and one-half cents per pound. 156. Blacksmiths' hammers and sledges, track tools, wedges, and crow- bars, whether of iron or steel, two and one-fourth cents per pound. 157. Boiler or other tubes, pipes, flues, or stays of wrought iron or steel, two and one-half cents per pound. 158. Bolts, with or without threads or nuts, or bolt blanks and finished hinges or hinge blanks, whether of iron or steel, two and one-fourth cents per pound. 159. Card clothing, manufactured from tempered-steel wire, fifty cents per square foot; all other, twenty-five cents per square foot. 160. Cast iron pipe of every description, nine-tenths of one cent per pound. 161. Cast iron vessels, plates, stove plates, andirons, sad-irons, tailors' irons, hatters' irons, and castings of iron, not specially provided for in this act, one and two-tenth cents per pound. 162. Castings of malleable iron not specially provided for in this act, one and three-fourth cents per pound. 163. Cast hollow ware, coated, glazed, or tinned, three cents per pound. 164. Chain or chains of all kinds, made of iron or steel, not less than three- fourths of one inch in diameter, one and six-tenth cents per pound; less than three-fourths of one inch and not less than three-eighths of one inch in diam- eter, one and eight-tenth cents per pound ; less than three-eighths of one incli in diameter, two and one-half cents per pound, but no chain or chains of any description shall pay a lower rate of duty than forty-five per centum ad va- lorem. Cutlery. — 165. Pen-knives or pocket-knives of all kinds, or parts thereof, and erasers or parts thereof, wholly or partly manufactured, valued at not more than fifty cents per dozen, twelve cents per dozen; valued at more than fifty cents per dozen and not exceeding one dollar and fifty cents per dozen, fifty cents per dozen; valued at more than one dollar and fifty cents per doz- en and not exceeding three dollars per dozen, one dollar per dozen; valued at more than three dollars per dozen, two dollars per dozen; and in addition thereto on all the above, fifty per centum ad valorem. Razors and razor blades finished or unfinished, valued at less than four dollars per dozen, one dollar per dozen; valued at four dollars or more per dozen, one dollar and seventy-five cents per dozen; and in addition thereto on all the above razors and razor blades, thirty per centum ad valorem. 166. Swords, sword blades and side arms, thirty-five per centum ad valo- rem. 167. Table knives, forks, steels, and all butchers', hunting, kitchen, bread, butter, vegetable, fruit, cheese, plumbers', painters', palette, and artists' knives, of all sizes, finished or unfinished, valued at not more than one dol- lar per dozen pieces, ten cents per dozen; valued at more than one dollar and not more than two dollars, thirty-five cents per dozen; valued at more than two dollars and not more than three dollars, forty cents per dozen; valued at more than three dollars and not more than eight dollars, one dollar per doz- en; valued at more than eight dollars, two dollars per dozen; and in addition upon all the above-named articles, thirty per centum ail valorem. Allearv- ing and cooks' knives and forks of all sizes, finished or unfinished, valued at not more than four dollars per dozen pieces, one dollar per dozen; valued at more than four dollars and not more than eight dollars, two dollars per dozen pieces; valued at more than eight dollars and not more than twelve dollars, three dollars per dozen pieces: valued at more than twelve dollars, fivedol- 344 APPENDIX. lars per dozen pieces; and in addition upon all the above-named articles, thirty per centum ad valorem. 168. Files, file blanks, rasps, and floats, of all cuts and kinds, four inches in length and under, thirty-five cents per dozen; over four inches in length and under nine inches, seventy -five cents per dozen; nine inches in length and under fourteen inches, one dollar and thirty cents per dozen; fourteen inches in length and over, two dollars per dozen. Fire- Arras. — 169. Muskets and sporting rifles, twenty -five per centum ad valorem. 170. All double-barreled, sporting, breech-loading shot gxins valued at not more than six dollars each, one dollar and fifty cents each ; valued at more than six dollars and not more than twelve dollars each, four dollars each; val- ued at more than twelve dollars each, six dollars each; and in addition there- to on all the above, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. Single-barrel, breech- loading shot-guns, one dollar each and thirty-five per centum ad valorem. Re- volving pistols valued at not more than one dollar and fifty cents each, forty cents each; valued at more than one dollar and fifty cents, one dollar each; and in addition thereto on all the above pistols, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 171. Iron or steel sheets, plates, wares, or articles, enameled or glazed with vitreous glasses, forty-five per centum ad valorem. 172. Iron or steel sheets, plates, wares, or articles, enameled or glazed as above with more than one color, or ornamented, fifty per centum ad valorem. Nails, spikes, tacks, and needles. — 173. Cut nails and cut spikes of iron or steel, one cent per pound. 174. Horseshoe nails, hob nails, and all other wrought iron or steel nails, not specially provided for in this act, four cents per pound. 175. Wire nails made of wrought iron or steel, two inches long and lon- ger, not lighter than number twelve wire gauge, two cents per pound; from one inch to two inches in length, and lighter than number twelve and not lighter than number sixteen wire gauge, two and one-half cents per pound; shorter than one inch and lighter than number sixteen wire gauge, four cents per pound. 176. Spikes, nuts, and washers, and horse, mule, or ox shoes, of wrought iron or steel, one and eight-tenth cents per pound. 177. Cut tacks, brads, or sprigs, not exceeding sixteen ounces to the thou- sand, two and one-fourth cents per thousand; exceeding sixteen ounces to the thousand, two and three-fourth cents per pound. 178. Needles for knitting or sewing machines, crochet needles and tape needles, and bodkins of metal, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 179. Needles, knitting, and all others not specially provided for in this act, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. Plates. — 180. Steel plates engraved, stereotype plates, electrotype plates, and plates of other materials, engraved or lithographed, for printing, twenty- five per centum ad valorem. 181. Railway fish plates or splice bars, made of iron or steel, one cent per pound. 182. Rivets of iron or steel, two and one-half cents per pound. 183. Saws: Cross-cut saws, eight cents per linear foot; mill, pit, and drag saws, notovernine inches wide, ten cents per linear toot ; over nine inch- es wide, fifteen cents per linear foot; circular saws, thirty per centum ad valorem; hand, back, and all other saws, not specially provided for in this act, forty per centum ad valorem. 184. Screws, commonly called wood screws, more than two inches in length, five cents per pound; over one inch and not more than two inches in length, seven cents per pound; over one-half inch and not more than one inch in length, ten cents per pound; one-half inch and less in length, four- teen cents per pound, TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 345 185. Wheels, or parts thereof, made of iron or steel, and steel-tired wheels for railway purposes, whether wholly or partly finished, and iron or steel lo- comotive, car, or other railway tires or parts thereof, wholly or partly manu- factured, two and one-half cents per pound; and ingots, cogged ingots, blooms, or blanks for the same, without regard to the degree of manufacture, one and three-fourth cents per pound: Provided, That when wheels or parts thereof, of iron or steel, are imported with iron or steel axles fitted in them, the wheels and axles together shall be dutiable at the same rate as is provided for the wheels when imported separately. Miscellaneous Metals and Manufactures of. 186. Aluminium or aluminum, in crude form, alloys of any kind in which aluminum is the component material of chief value, fifteen cents per pound. 187. Antimony, as regulus or metal, three-fourths of one cent per pound. 188. Argentine, albata, or German silver, unmanufactured, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 189. Brass, in bars or pigs, old brass, clippings from brass or Dutch met- al, and old sheathing, or yellow metal, fit only for remanufacture, one and one-half cents per pound. 190. Bronze powder, twelve cents per pound; bronze or Dutch metal, or aluminum, in leaf, eight cents per package of one hundred leaves. Copper. — 191. Copper imported in the form of ores, one-half of one cent per pound on each pound of fine copper contained therein. 192. Old copper, fit only for remanufacture, clippings from new copper, and all composition metal of which copper is a component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, one cent per pound. 193. Regulus of copper, and black or coarse copper, and copper cement, one cent per pound on each pound of fine copper contained therein. 194. Copper in plates, bars, ingots, Chili or other pigs, and in other forms, not manufactured, not specially provided for in this act, one and one-fourth cents per pound. 195. Copper in rolled plates, called braziers' copper, sheets, rods, pipes, and copper bottoms, also sheathing or yellow metal of which copper is the component material of chief value, and not composed wholly or in part of iron, ungalvanized, thirty -five per centum ad valorem. Gold and Silver. — 196. Bullions and metal thread of gold, silver, or other metals, not specially provided for in this act, thirty per centum ad valorem. 197. Gold leaf, two dollars per package of five hundred leaves. 198. Silver leaf, seventy-five cents per package of five hundred leaves. Lead. — 199. Lead ore and lead dross, one and one-half cents per pound: Provided, That silver ore and all other ores containing lead shall pay a duty of one and one-half cents per pound on the lead contained therein, according to sample and assay at the port of entry. 200. Lead in pigs and bars, molten and old refuse lead ruu into blocks and bars, and old scrap lead fit only to be remanufactured, two cents per pound. 201. Lead in sheets, pipes, shot, glaziers' lead, and lead wire, two and one half cents per pound. 202. Metallic mineral substances in a crude state and metals unwrou^ht, not specially provided for in this act, twenty per centum ad valorem; mica, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. Nickel. — 203. Nickel, nickel oxide, alloy of any kind in which nickel is the component material of chief value, ten cents per pound. 204. Pens, metallic, except gold pens, twelve cents per gross. 205. Penholder tips, penhofders, or parts thereof, and gold pens, thirty per centum ad valorem. 206. Pins, metallic, solid head or other, including hair pins, safety pins, and hat, bonnet, shawl, and belt pins, thirty per centum ad valorem. 346 APPENDIX. 207. Quicksilver, ten cents per pound. The flasks, bottles, or other ves- sels in which quicksilver is imported, shall be subject to the same rate of duty as they would be subjected to if imported empty. 208. Type metal, one and one-half cents per pound for the lead contained therein; new types, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 209. Tin: On and after July 1, 1893, there shall be imposed and paid upon cassiterite or black oxide of tin, and upon bar, block, and pig tin, a duty of four cents per pound: Provided, That unless it shall be made to ap- pear to the satisfaction of the President of the United States (who shall make known the fact by proclamation) that the product of the mines of the United States shall have exceeded five thousand tons of cassiterite, and bar, block, and pig tin in any one year prior to July 1, 1895, then all imported cassiter- ite, bar, block, and pig tin shall after July 1, 1895, be admitted free of duty. Watches.— 210. Chronometers, box or ship's and parts thereof, ten per centum ad valorem. 211. Watches, parts of watches, watch cases, watch movements, and watch glasses, whether separately packed or otherwise, twenty-five per cent- um ad valorem. Zinc or Spelter.— 212. Zinc in blocks or pigs, one and three-fourth cents per pound. 213. Zinc in sheets, two and one-half cents per pound. 214. Zinc, old and worn out, fit only to be remanufactured, one and one- fourth cents per pound. 215. Manufactures, articles, or wares, not specially enumerated or pro- vided for in this act, composed wholly or in part of iron, steel, lead, copper, nickel, pewter, zinc, gold, silver, platinum, aluminum, or any other metal, and whether partly or wholly manufactured, forty-five per centum ad va- lorem. Schedule D.— Wood and Manufactures op. 216. Timber, hewed and sawed, and timber used for spars and in building wharves, ten per centum ad valorem. 217. Timber, squared or sided, not specially provided for in this act, one- half of one cent per cubic foot. 218. Sawed boards, plank, deals, and other lumber of hemlock, white- wood, sycamore, white pine, and basswood, one dollar per thousand feet board measure; sawed lumber, not specially provided for in this act, two dol- lars per thousand feet board measure; but when lumber of any sort is planed or finished, in addition to the rates herein provided, there shall be lev- ied and paid for each side so planed or finished fifty cents per thousand feet board measure; and if planed on one side and tongued and grooved, onedol- la r per thousand feet board measure; and if planed on two sides, and tongued and grooved, one dollar and fifty cents per thousand feet board measure; and in estimating board measure under this schedule no deduction shall be made on hoard measure on account of planing, tonguing and grooving: Provided, That in case any foreign country shall impose an export duty upon pine, spruce, elm, or other logs, or upon stave bolts, shingle wood, or heading blocks'exported to the United Slates from such country, then the duty upon the sawed lumber herein provided for, when imported from such country, shall remain the same as fixed by the law in force prior to the passage of this 219. Cedar: That on and after March 1, 1891, paving posts, railroad ties, and telephone and telegraph poles of cedar, shall be dutiable at twenty per centum ad valorem. 220. Sawed boards, plank, deals, and all forms of sawed cedar, lignum vitaa, lancewood, ebony, box, granadilla, mahogany, rosewood, satinwood, and all oilier cabinet woods not further manufactured than sawed, fifteen per TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 347 centum ad valorem; veneers of wood, and wood, unmanufactured, not spe- cially provided for in this act, twenty per centum ad valorem. 221. Pine clapboards; one dollar per one thousand. 222. Spruce clapboards, one dollar and fifty cents per one thousand. 223. Hubs for wheels, posts, last blocks, wagon blocks, oar blocks, gun blocks, heading blocks, and all like blocks or sticks, rough hewed or sawed only, twenty per centum ad valorem. 224. Laths, fifteen cents per oue thousand pieces. 22."). Pickets and palings, ten per centum ad valorem. 226. White-pine shingles, twenty cents per one thousand; all other, thirty cents per one thousand. 227. Staves of wood of all kinds, ten per centum ad valorem. 228. Casks and barrels (empty), sugar-box shooks, and packing boxes and packing-box shooks, of wood, not specially provided for in this act, thirty per centum ad valorem. 229. Chair cane or reeds wrought or manufactured from rattans or reeds, and whether round, square, or in any other shape, ten per ceutum ad valorem. 230. House or cabinet furniture, of wood, wholly, or partly finished manufactures of wood, or of which wood is the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. Schedule E. — Sugar. 231. That on and after July 1, 1891, and until July 1, 1905, there shall be paid, from any moneys in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, under the provisions of Section 3,689 of the Revised Statutes, to the producer of sugar testing not less than ninety degrees by the polariscope, from beets, sorghum, or sugar-cane grown within the United States, or from maple sap produced within the United States, a bounty of two cents per pound; and upon such sugar testing less than ninety degrees by the polariscope, and not less than eighty degrees, a bounty of one and three-fourth cents per pound, under such rules and regulations as the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, shall prescribe. 232. The producer of said sugar to be entitled to said bounty shall have first filed prior to July 1st of each year with the Commissioner of Internal Revenue a notice of the place of production, with a general description of the machinerv and methods to be employed by him, with an estimate of the amount of sugar proposed to be produced in the current or next ensuing year, including the number of maple-trees to be tapped, and an application for a license to so produce, to be accompanied by a bond in a penalty, and with sureties to be approved by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, conditioned that he will faithfully observe all rules and regulations that shall be pre- scribed for such manufacture and production of sugar. 233. The Commissioner of Internal Revenue, upon receiving the applica- tion and bond hereinbefore provided for, shall issue to the applicant a license to produce sugar from sorghum, beets, or sugar-cane grown within the United States, or from maple sap'produced within the United Stales al the place and with the machinery and by the methods described in the application; but said license shall not extend beyond one year from the date thereof. 234. No bounty shall be paid to any person engaged in refining sugars which have been imported into the United States, or produced in the United States upon which the bounty herein provided for has already been paid or applied for, nor to any person unless he shall have first been licensed as herein provided, and only upon su«-ar produced by such person from sorghum, beets, or sugar-cane grown within the United Slates, or from maple sap pro- duced within the United States. The Commissioner of Internal Revenue, with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, shall from time to time 348 APPENDIX. make all needful rules and regulations for the manufacture of sugar from sorghum, beets, or sugar-cane grown within the United States, or from maple sap produced within the United States, and shall, under the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury, exercise supervision and inspection of the manu- facture thereof. 235. And for the payment of these bounties the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to draw warrants on the Treasurer of the United States for such sums as shall be necessary, which sums shall be certified to him by the Com- missioner of Internal Revenue, by whom the bounties shall be disbursed, and no bounty shall be allowed or paid to any person licensed as aforesaid in any one year, upon any quantity of sugar less than five hundred pounds. 236. That any person who shall knowingly refine or aid in the refining of sugar imported into the United States or upon which the bounty herein provided for has already been paid or applied for, at the place described in (lie license issued by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, and any person not entitled to the bounty herein provided for, who shall apply for or receive the same, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction thereof, shall pay a fine not exceeding $5,000, or be imprisoned for a period not ex- ceeding five years, or both, in the discretion of the court. 237. All sugars above number sixteen Dutch standard in color shall pay a duty of five-tenths of one cent per pound: Provided, That all such sugars above number sixteen Dutch standard in color shall pay one-tenth of one cent per pound in addition to the rate herein provided for, when exported from, or the product of any country when and so long as such country pays or shall hereafter pay, directly or indirectly, a bounty on the exportation of any sugar that may be included in this grade which is greater than is paid on raw sugars of a lower saccharine strength; and the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe suitable rules and regulations to carry this provision into effect: And provided further , That all machinery purchased abroad and erected in a beet-sugar factory and used in the production of raw sugar in the United States from beets produced therein shall be admitted duty free until the first day of July, 1892: Provided, That any duty collected on any of the above- described "machinery purchased abroad and imported into the United States for the uses above indicated since Jan. 1, 1890, shall be refunded. 238. Sugar candy and all confectionery, including chocolate confectionery, made wholly or in part of sugar, valued at twelve cents or less per pound, and on sugars after being refined, when tinctured, colored, or in any way adulterated, five cents per pound. 239. All other confectionery, including chocolate confectionery, not specially provided for in this act, fifty per centum ad valorem. 240. Glucose, or grape sugar, three-fourths of one cent per pound. 241. That the provisions of this act providing terms for the admission of imported sugars and molasses and for the payment of a bounty on sugars of domestic production shall take effect on the first day of April, 1891: Pro- vided, That on and alter the first day of March, 1891, and prior to the first day of April, 1891, sugars not exceeding number sixteen Dutch standard in color may lie refined in bond without payment of duty, and such refined sugars may be transported in bond and stored in bonded warehouse at such points of destination as are provided in existing laws relating to the immediate trans- portation of dutiable goods in bond, under such rules and regulations as shall be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury. Schedule P. — Tobacco and Manufactures op. 242. Leaf tobacco suitable for cigar wrappers, if not stemmed, two dol- lars per pound; it' stemmed, two dollars and seventy-five cents per pound: Provided, That it any portion of any tobacco imported in any bale, box, or TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 349 package, or in bulk shall be suitable for cigar wrappers, the entire quantity of tobacco contained in such bale, box, or package, or bulk shall be dutiable; if not stemmed, at two dollars per pound ; if stemmed, at two dollars and seventy-five cents per pound. 243. All other tobacco in leaf, unmanufactured and not stemmed, thirty- five cents per pound; if stemmed, fifty cents per pound. 244. Tobacco manufactured, of all descriptions, not specially enumerated or provided for in this act, forty cents per pound. 245. Snuff and snuff flour, manufactured of tobacco, ground dry, or damp, and pickled, scented, or otherwise, of all descriptions, fifty cents per pound. 246. Cigars, cigarettes, and cheroots of all kinds, four dollars and fifty cents per pound and twenty-five per centum ad valorem; and paper cigars and cigarettes, including wrappers, and shall be subject to the same duties as are herein imposed upon cigars. Schedule G.— Agricultural Products and Provisions. Animals, Live— -247 '. Horses and mules, thirty dollars per head: Provided, That horses valued at one hundred and fifty dollars and over shall pay a duty of thirty per centum ad valorem. 248. Cattle more than one year old, ten dollars per head; one year old or less, two dollars per head. 249. Hogs, one dollar and fifty cents per head. 250. Sheep, one year old or more, one dollar and fifty cents per head; less than one year old, seventy-five cents per head. 251. All other live animals, not specially provided for in this act, twenty per centum ad valorem. Breadstuff* and Farinaceous Substances.— 252. Barley, thirty cents per bushel of forty-eight pounds. . 253. Barley malt, forty-five cents per bushel 'of thirty-four pounds. 254. Barley, pearled, patent, or hulled, two cents per pound. 255. Buckwheat, fifteen cents per bushel of forty-eight pounds. 256. Corn or maize, fifteen cents per bushel of fifty-six pounds. 257. Corn meal, twenty cents per bushel of forty-eight pounds. 258. Macaroni, vermicelli, and all similar preparations, two cents per pound. 259. Oats, fifteen cents per bushel. 260. Oatmeal, one cent per pound. 261. Rice, cleaned, two cents per pound; uncleaned rice, one and one- quarter cents per pound; paddy, three-quarters of one cent per pound; rice Hour, rice meal, and rice, broken, which will pass through a sieve known commercially as number twelve wire sieve, one-fourth of one cent per pound. 262. Rye, ten cents per bushel. 263. Rye flour, one-half of one cent per pound. 264. Wheat, twenty-five cents per bushel. 265. Wheat flour, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. Dairy Products. — 266. Butter, and substitutes therefor, six cents per pound. 267. Cheese, six cents per pound. 268. Milk, fresh, five cents per gallon. 269. Milk, preserved or condensed, including weight ot packages, three cents per pound; sugar of milk, ei«;ht cents per pound. _ Farm and Field Products— -270. Beans, forty cents per bushel of sixty pounds. .... 271. Beans, pease, and mushrooms, prepared or preserved, in tins, jars, bottles, or otherwise, forty per centum ad valorem. 272. Broom-corn, eight dollars per ton. 350 APrENDix. 273. Cabbages, three cents each. 274. Cider, five cents per gallon. 275. Eggs, five cents per dozen. 276. Eggs, yolk of, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 277. Hay, four dollars per ton. 27S. Honey, twenty cents per gallon. 279. Hops, fifteen cents per pound. 280. Onions, forty cents per bushel. 281. Pease, green, in bulk or in barrels, sacks, or similar packages, forty cents per bushel of sixty pounds; pease, dried, twenty cents per bushel; split pease, fifty cents per bushel of sixty pounds; pease in cartons, papers, or other small packages, one cent per pound. 282. Plants, trees, shrubs, and vines of all kinds, commonly known as nursery stock, not specially provided for in this act, twenty per centum ad valorem. 283. Potatoes, twenty-five cents per bushel of sixty pounds. Seeds. — 284. Castor beans or seeds, fifty cents per bushel of fifty pounds. 285. Flaxseed or linseed, poppy seed and other oil seeds, not specially provided for in this act, thirty cents per bushel of fifty-six pounds; but no drawback shall be allowed on oil cake made from imported seed. 286. Garden seeds, agricultural seeds, and other seeds, not specially pro- vided for in this act, twenty per centum ad valorem. 287. Vegetables of all kinds, prepared or preserved, including pickles and sauces of all kinds, not specially provided for in this act, forty -five per centum ad valorem. 288. Vegetables in their natural state, not specially provided for in this act, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 289. Straw, thirty per centum ad valorem. 290. Teazles, thirty per centum ad valorem. Fish. — 291. Anchovies and sardines, packed in oil or otherwise, in tin boxes, measuring not more than five inches long, four inches wide, and three and one-half inches deep, ten cents per whole box; in half-boxes, measuring not more than five inches long, four inches wide, and one and five-eighth inches deep, five cents each; in quarter-boxes, measuring not more than four and three-fourth inches long, three and one-half inches wide, and one and one-fourth inches deep, two and one-half cents each; when imported in any other form, forty per centum ad valorem. 292. Fish, pickled, in barrels or half-barrels, and mackerel or salmon, pickled or salted, one cent per pound. 293. Fish, smoked, dried, salted, pickled, frozen, packed in ice, or other- wise prepared for preservation, and fresh fish, not specially provided for in this act, three-fourths of one cent per pound. 294. Herrings, pickled or salted, one-half of one cent per pound ; herrings, fresh, one-fourth of one cent per pound. 295. Fisli in cans or packages made of tin or other material; except an- chovies and sardines and fish packed in any other manner, not specially enumerated or provided for in this act, thirty per centum ad valorem. 296. Cans or packages, made of tin or other metal, containing shell fish admitted free of duty, not exceeding one quart in contents, shall be subject to a duty of eight cents perdozen cans or packages; and when exceeding one quart, shall be subjecl to an additional duty of four cents per dozen for each additional half-quart or fractional pari thereof: Provided, That until June 30, 1891, such cans or packages sh,d] he admitted as now provided by law. Fruits mill Xiitx. — 297. Fruits: Apples, green or ripe, twenty-five cents per bushel. 298. Apples, dried, desiccated, evaporated, or prepared in any manner, and not otherwise provided for in this act, two cents per pound. TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 3'51 299. Grapes, sixty cents per barrel of three cubic feet capacity or frac- tional part thereof; plums and prunes, two cents per pound. 300. Figs, two and one-half cents per pound. t 301 Oranges, lemons, and limes, in packages of capacity of one and one- fourth cubic feet or less, thirteen cents per package; in packages of capacity exceeding one and one-fourth cubic feet and not exceeding two and one-halt cubic feet, twenty-five cents per package; in packages of capacity exceeding two and one-half cubic feet and not exceeding five cubic feet titty cents per package; in packages of capacity exceeding five cubic feet for every addi- tional cubic foot or fractional part thereof, ten cents; in bulk, one dollar and fifty cents per one thousand; and in addition thereto a duty •! thirty per centum ad valorem upon the boxes or barrels containing such oranges, lemons, or limes. 302. Raisins, two and one-half cents per pound. 303. Comfits, sweetmeats, and fruits preserved in sugar, sirup, molasses, or spirits, not specially provided for in this act, and jellies of all kinds, tlurty- five per centum ad valorem. 304. Fruits preserved in their own juices, thirty per centum ad valorem. 305. Orange peel and lemon peel, preserved or candied, two cents per 306. Nuts: Almonds, not shelled, five cents per pound; clear almonds, shelled, seven and one-half cents per pound. 307. Filberts and walnuts of all kinds, not shelled, three cents per pound; shelled, six cents per pound. 308. Peanuts or ground beans, unshelled, one cent per pound ; shelled, one and one-half cents per pound. . 309. Nuts of all kiuds, shelled or unshelled, not specially provided tor in this act. one and one-half cents per pound. Meat Products— 310. Bacon and hams, five cents per pound. 311. Beef, mutton, and pork, two cents per pound. 312. Meats of all kinds, prepared or preserved, not specially provided tor in this act, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. _ 313 Extract of meat, all not specially provided for in this act, thirty-nve cents per pound; fluid extract of meat, fifteen cents per pound; and no sep- arate or additional duty shall be collected on such coverings unless as such they are suitable and apparently designed for use other than in the importa- tion of meat extracts. 314. Lard, two cents per pound. 315. Poultry, live, three cents per pound; dressed, five cents per pound. 316 Tallow, one cent per pound; wool grease, includingthat known com- mercially as degras or brown wool grease, one-half of one cent per pound. Miscellaneous Products.— 317. Chicory root, burned or roasted, ground or granulated, or in rolls, or otherwise prepared,, and not specially provided for in this act, two-cents per pound. 318. Chocolate (other than chocolate confectionery and chocolate coin mercially known as sweetened chocolate), two cents per pound 319. Cocoa, prepared or manufactured, not specially provided tor in tins act, two cents per pound. , . • 320. Cocoa butter or cocoa butterine, three and one-half cents per pound. 321. Dandelion root and acorns prepared, and other articles used as eot fee, or as substitutes for coffee, not specially provided for in tins act, one and one-half cents per pound. Salt.— 322. Salt in bags, sacks, barrels, or other packages, twelve cents per one hundred pounds; in bulk, eighl cents per one hundred pounds: Provided, That imported salt in bond may be used in curing fish taken by vessels licensed to engage in the fisheries and in curing fish on the shores of the navigable waters of the United States, under such regula- 352 APPENDIX. tions as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe ; and upon proof that the salt has been used for either of the purposes stated in this pro- viso, the duties on the same shall be remitted: Provided, further, That ex- porters of meats, whether, packed or smoked, which have been cured in the United States with imported salt, shall, upon satisfactory proof, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe, that such meats have been cured with imported salt, have refunded to them from the Treasury the duties paid on the salt so used in curing such exported meats, in amounts not less than one hundred dollars. 323. Starch, including all preparations, from whatever substance pro- duced, fit for use as starch, two cents per pound. 324. Dextrine, burned starch, gum substitute, or British gum, one and one-half cents per pound. 325. Mustard, ground or preserved, in bottles or otherwise, ten cents per pound. 326. Spices, ground or powdered, not specially provided for in this act, four cents per pound; cayenne pepper, two and one-half cents per pound, unground; sage, three cents per pound. 327. Vinegar, seven and one-half cents per gallon. The standard for vin- egar shall be taken to be that strength which requires thirty-five grains of bicarbonate of potash to neutralize one ounce troy of vinegar. 328. There shall be allowed on the imported tin plate used in the manu- facture of cans, boxes, packages, and all articles of tinware exported, either empty or filled with domestic products, a drawback equal to the duty paid on such tin plate, less one per centum of such duty, which shall be retained for the use of the United States. Schedule H. — Spirits, Wines, and Other Beverages. Spirits. — 329. Brandy and other spirits manufactured or distilled from grain or other materials, and not specially provided for in this act, two dol- lars and fifty cents per proof gallon. 330. Each and every gauge or wine gallon of measurement shall be counted as at least one proof gallon; and the standard for determining the proof of brandy and other spirits or liquors of any kind imported shall be the same as that which is defined in the laws relating to internal revenue; but any brandy or other spirituous liquors, imported in casks of less capacity than fourteen a;allons, shall be forfeited to the United States: Provided, That it shall be lawful for the Secretary of the Treasury, in his discretion, to authorize the ascertainment of the proof of wines, cordials, or other liquors, by distillation or otherwise, in case where it is impracticable to ascertain such proof by the means prescribed by existing law or regulations. 331. On all compounds or preparations, of which distilled spirits are a component part of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, there shall be levied a duty not less than that imposed upon distilled spirits. 332. Cordials, liquors, arrack, absinthe, kirschwasser, ratafia, and other spirituous beverages or bitters of all kinds containing spirits, and not specially provided for in this act, two dollars and fifty cents per proof gallon. :::',::. No lower rate or amount of duty shall be levied, collected, and paid on brandy, spirits, and other spirituous beverages, than that fixed bylaw for the description of first proof; hut it shall be increased in proportion for any greater strength than the strength of first proof, and all imitations of brandy or spirits or wines imported by any names whatever shall be subject to the highest rate of duty provided "for the genuine articles respectively intended to be represented, "and in no case less than one dollar and fifty cents per gallon. 334. Bay rum or bay water, whether distilled or compounded, of first TEXT OP THE McKINLEY BILL. 353 proof, and in proportion for any greater strength than first proof, one dollar and fifty cents per gallon. Wines. — 335. Champagne and all other sparkling wines, in bottles con- taining each not more than one quart and more than one pint, eight dollars per dozen; containing not more than one pint each and more than one-half pint, four dollars per dozen; containing one-half pint each or less, two dol- lars per dozen; in bottles or other vessels, containing more than one quart each, in addition to eight dollars per dozen bottles on the quantity in excess of one quart, at the rate of two dollars and fifty cents per gallon. 336. Still wines, including ginger wine or ginger cordial and vermuth, in • casks, fifty cents per gallon; in bottles or jugs, per case of one dozen bottles or jugs, containing each not more than one quart and more than one pint, or twenty-four bottles or jugs containing each not more than one pint, one dollar and sixty cents per case; and any excess beyond these quantities found in such bottles or jugs, shall be subject to a duy of five cents per pint or fractional part thereof, but no separate or additional duty shall be assessed on the bottles or jugs: Provided, That any wines, ginger cordial, or vermuth im- ported containing more than twenty-four per centum of alcohol shall be forfeit- ed to the United States: And provided further, That there shall be no construc- tive or other allowance for breakage, leakage, or damage on wines, liquors, cordials, or distilled spirits. Wines, cordials, brandy, and other spirituous liquors imported in bottles or jugs shall be packed in packages containing not less than one dozen bottles or jugs in each package; and all such bottles or jugs shall pay an additional duty of three cents for each bottle or jug un- less specially provided for in this act. 337. Ale, porter, and beer, in bottles or jugs, forty cents per gallon, but no separate or additional duty shall be assessed on the bottles or jugs; otherwise than in bottles or jugs, twenty cents per gallon. 338. Malt extract, fluid, in casks, twenty cents per gallon; in bottles or jugs, forty cents per gallon; solid or condensed, forty per centum ad valorem. 339. Cherry juice and prune juice, or prune wine, and other fruit juice, not specially provided for in this act, containing not more than eighteen per centum of alcohol, sixty cents per gallon ; if containing more than eighteen per centum of alcohol, two dollars and fifty cents per proof gallon. 340. Ginger ale, ginger beer, lemonade, soda water, and other similar waters, in plain green or colored molded or pressed glass bottles, containing each not more than three-fourths of a pint, thirteen cents per dozen; con- taining more than three-fourths of a pint each and not more than one and one-half pints, twenty-six cents per dozen; but no separate or additional duty shall be assessed on the bottles; if imported otherwise than in plain green or colored molded or pressed glass bottles, or in such bottles containing more than one and one-half pints each, fifty cents per gallon, and in addition thereto, duty shall be collected on the bottles, or other coverings, at the rates which would be chargeable thereon if imported empty. 341. All mineral waters, and all imitations of natural mineral waters, and all artificial mineral waters not specially provided for in this act, in green or colored glass bottles containing not more than one pint, sixteen cents per dozen bottles. If containing more than one pint and not more than oik; quart, twenty-five cents per dozen bottles. But no separate duty shall be assessed upon the bottles. If imported otherwise than in plain green or col- ored glass bottles, or if imported in such bottles containing more than one quart, twenty cents per gallon, and in addition thereto duty shall be collected upon the bottles or other covering at the same rates that would be charged if imported empty or separately. 354 APPENDIX. Schedule I.— Cotton Manufactures. 342. Cotton thread, yarn, warps, or warp yarn, whether single or advanced beyond the condition of single, by grouping or twisting two or more single yarns together, whether on beams or in bundles, skeins, or cops, or in any other form, except spool thread of cotton, hereinafter provided for, valued at not exceeding twenty-five cents per pound, ten cents per pound; valued at over twenty-five cents per pound and not exceeding forty cents per pound, eighteen cents per pound; valued at over forty cents per pound and not ex- ceeding fifty cents per pound, twenty-three cents per pound; valued at over . fifty cents per pound and not exceeding sixty cents per pound, twenty-eight cents per pound; valued at over sixty cents per pound and not exceeding- seventy cents per pound, thirty-three cents per pound; valued at over sev- enty cents per pound and not exceeding eighty cents per pound, thirty-eight cents per pound; valued at over eighty cents per pound and not exceeding- one dollar per pound, forty-eight cents per pound; valued at over one dollar per pound, fifty per centum ad valorerh. 343. Spool thread of cotton, containing on each spool not exceeding one hundred yards of thread, seven cents per dozen; exceeding one hundred yards on each spool, for every additional one hundred yards of thread or fractional part thereof in excess of one hundred yards, seven cents per dozen spools. 344. Cotton cloth not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, and not exceeding fifty threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, two cents "per square yard; if bleached, two and one-half cents per square yard; if dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, four cents per square yard. 345. Cotton cloth not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, exceeding fifty and not exceeding one hundred threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, two and one-fourth cents per square yard; if bleached, three cents per square yard; if dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, four cents per square yard: Provided, That on all cotton cloth not exceeding one hundred threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, valued at over six and one-half cents per square yard ; bleached, valued at over nine cents per square yard; and dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, val- ued at over twelve cents per square yard, there shall be levied, collected, and paid a duty of thirty -five per centum ad valorem. 346. Cotton cloth, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, exceeding one hundred and not exceeding one hundred and fifty threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, three cents per square yard; if bleached, four cents per square yard; if dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, five cents per square yard: Provided, That on all cotton cloth ex- ceeding one hundred and not exceeding one hundred and fifty threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, valued at over seven and one-half cents per square yard; bleached, valued at over ten cents per square yard; dyed, col- ored. Stained painted, or printed, valued at over twelve and one halt cents per square yard, there shall he levied, collected, and paid a duty of forty per centum ad valorem. 347. Cotton cloth, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, orprmted, exceeding one hundred and fifty and not exceeding two hundred threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, three and one-half cents per Bquareyard; if bleached, four and one-hall' cents per square yard; if dyed, colored^ stained, painted, or printed, five and one-half cents per square yard: Provided, Thai on all cotton cloth exceeding one hundred and fifty and not exceeding two hundred threads to the square inch, counting the warp and filling, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, valued at TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 355 over eight cents per square yard; bleached, valued at over ten cents per square yard ; dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, valued at over twelve cents per square yard, there shall be levied, collected, and paid a duty of forty-rive per centum ad valorem. 348. Cotton cloth, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, exceeding two hundred threads to the square inch, counting the warp and tilling, four and one-half cents per square yard; if bleached, five and one-half cents per square yard; if dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, six and three-fourth cents per square yard: Provided, That on all such cotton cloths not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, valued at over ten cents per square yard; bleached, valued at over twelve cents per square yard; and dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, valued at over fifteen cents per square yard, there shall be levied, collected, and paid a duty of forty-five per centum ad valorem: Provided farther, That on cotton cloth, bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, containing an admixture of silk, and not otherwise provided for, there shall be levied, collected, and paid a duty of ten cents per square yard, and in addition thereto thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 349. Clothing, ready-made, and articles of wearing apparel of every de- scription, handkerchiefs, and neckties or neckwear, composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, or of which cotton or other vegetable fiber is the com- ponent material of chief value, made up or manufactured wholly or in part by the tailor, seamstress, or manufacturer, all of the foregoing not specially provided for in this act, fifty per centum ad valorem: Provided, That all such clothing ready-made and articles of wearing apparel having India rub- ber as a component .material (not including gloves or elastic articles that are specially provided for in this act), shall be subject to a duty of fifty cents per pound, and in addition thereto fifty per centum ad valorem. 350. Plushes, velvets, velveteens, corduroys, and all pile fabrics composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, not bleached, dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, ten cents per square yard and twenty per centum ad val- orem; on all such goods if bleached, twelve cents per square yard and twenty per centum ad valorem; if dyed, colored, stained, painted, or printed, four- teen cents per square yard and twenty per centum ad valorem; but none of the foregoing articles in this paragraph shall pay a less rate of duty than forty per centum ad valorem. 351. Chenille curtains, table covers, and all goods manufactured of cot- ton chenille, or of which cotton chenille forms the component material of chief value, sixty per centum ad valorem. 352. Stockings, hose, and half-hose, made on knitting machines or frames, composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, and not otherwise specially pro- vided for in this act, and shirts and drawers composed of cotton, valued at not more than one dollar and fifty cents per dozen, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 353. Stockings, hose, and half-hose, selvaged, fashioned, narrowed, or shaped wholly or in part by knitting machines or frames, or knit by hand. including such as are commercially known as seamless stockings, hose or half-hose, all of the above composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, tin ished or unfinished, valued at not more than sixty cents per dozen pairs, twenty cents per dozen pairs, and in addition thereto twenty per centum ad valorem; valued at more than sixty cents per dozen pairs and not more than two dollars per dozen pairs, fifty cents per dozen pairs, and in addition there to thirty per centum ad valorem; valued at more than two dollars per dozen pairs and not more than four dollars per dozen pairs, seventy five cents per dozen pairs, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem; valued at more than four dollars per dozen pairs, one dollar per dozen pairs, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem; and all shirts and drawers 356 APPENDIX. composed of cotton or other vegetable fiber, valued at more than one dollar and fifty cents per dozen and not more than three dollars per dozen, one dol- lar per dozen, and in addition thereto thirty-five per centum ad valorem; valued at more than three dollars per dozen and not more than five dollars per dozen, one dollar and twenty-five cents per dozen, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem; valued at more than five dollars per dozen and not more than seven dollars per dozen, one dollar and fifty cents per dozen; and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem; valued at more than seven dollars per dozen, two dollars per dozen, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 354. Cotton cords, braids, boot, shoe, and corset lacings, thirty-five cents per pound ; cotton gimps, galloons, webbing, goring, suspenders, and braces, any of the foregoing which are elastic or non-elastic, forty per centum ad valorem: Provided, That none of the articles included in this paragraph shall pay a less rate of duty than forty per centum ad valorem. 355. Cotton damask, in the piece or otherwise, and all manufactures of cotton, not specially provided for in this act, forty per centum ad valorem. Schedule J. — Flax, Hemp, and Jute, and Manufactures op. 356. Flax straw, five dollars per ton. 357. Flax, not hackled or dressed, one cent per pound. 358. Flax, hackled, known as "dressed line," three cents per pound. 359. Tow, of flax or hemp, one-half of one cent per pound. 360. Hemp, twenty-five dollars per ton; hemp, hackled, known as line of hemp, fifty dollars per ton. 361. Yarn, made of jute, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 362. Cables, cordage, and twine (except binding twine composed in whole or in part of istle or Tampico fiber, manila,. sisal grass, or sunn), one and one-half cents per pound; all binding twine manufactured in whole or in part from istle or Tampico fiber, manila, sisal grass, or sunn, seven-tenths of one cent per pound; cables and cordage made of hemp, two and one-half cents per pound; tarred cables and cordage, three cents per pound. 363. Hemp and jute carpets and carpeutings, six cents per square yard. 364. Burlaps, not exceeding sixty inches in width, of flax, jute, or hemp, or of which flax, jute, or hemp, or either of them, shall be the component material of chief value (except such as may be suitable for bagging for cot- ton), one and five-eighth cents per pound. 365. Bags for grain made of burlaps, two cents per pound. 366. Bagging for cotton, gunny cloth, and all similar material suitable for covering cotton, composed in whole or in part of hemp, flax, jute, or jute 1 butts, valued at six cents or less per square yard, one and six-tenth cents per square yard; valued at more than six cents per square yard, one and eight- tenth cents per square yard. 367. Flax gill-netting, nets, webs, and seines, when the thread or twine of which they are composed is made of yarn of a number not higher than twenty, fifteen cents per pound and thirty-five per centum ad valorem; when made of threads or twines, the yarn of which is finer than number twenty, twenty cents per pound, and in addition thereto forty-five per centum ad valorem. 368. Linen hydraulic hose, made in whole or in part of flax, hemp, or jute, twenty cents per pound. 369. Oil-cloth for floors, stamped, painted, or printed, including linoleum, corticene, cork carpets, figured or plain, and all other oil-cloth (except silk oil-cloth), and water-proof cloth, not specially provided for in this act, valued at twenty -five cents or less per square yard, forty per centum ad valorem; valued above twenty-five cents per square yard, fifteen cents per square yard and thirty per centum ad valorem. TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 357 370. Yarns or threads composed of flax or hemp, or of a mixture of either of these substances, valued at thirteen cents or less per pound, six cents per pound; valued at more than thirteen cents per pound, forty-five per centum ad valorem. 371. All manufactures of flax or hemp, or of which these substances, or either of them, is the component material of chief value, not specially pro- vided for in this act, fifty per centum ad valorem: Provided, That until Jan- uary 1st, 1894, such manufactures of flax, containing more than one hun- dred threads to the square inch, counting both warp and filling, shall be subject to a duty of twenty-five per.centum ad valorem, in lieu of the duty herein provided. 372. Collars and cuffs, composed entirely of cotton, fifteen cents per dozen pieces and thirty-five per centum ad valorem ; composed in whole or in part of linen, thirty cents per dozen pieces and forty per centum ad valorem; shirts, and all articles of wearing apparel of every description, not specially provided for in this act, composed wholly or in part of linen, fifty-five per centum ad valorem. 373. Laces, edgings, embroideries, insertings, neck rufflings, ruchings, trimmings, tuckings, lace window curtains, and other similar tamboured articles,, and articles embroidered by hand or machinery, embroidered and hemstitched handkerchiefs, and articles made wholly or in part of lace, ruf- flings, tuckings, or ruchings, all of the above-named articles, composed of flax, jute, cotton, or other vegetable fiber, or of which these substances or either of them, or a mixture of any of them, is the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, sixty per centum ad valo- rem : Provided, That articles of wearing apparel, and textile fabrics, when embroidered by hand or machinery, and whether specially or otherwise pro- vided for in this act, shall not pay a less rate of duty than that fixed by the respective paragraphs and schedules of this act upon embroideries of the materials of which they are respectively composed. 374. All manufactures of jute, or other vegetable fiber, except flax, hemp, or cotton, or of which jute or other vegetable fiber, except flax, hemp, or cotton, is the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, valued at five cents per pound or less, two cents per pound; val- ued above five cents per pound, forty per centum ad valorem. Schedule K. — Wool and Manufactures of Wool. 375. All wools, hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, and other like animals, shall be divided, for the purpose of fixing the duties to be charged thereon, into the three following classes: 376. Class one, that is to say, merino, mestiza, metz, or metis wools, or other wools of merino blood, immediate or remote, Down clothing wools, and wools of like character with any of the preceding, including such as have been heretofore usually imported into the United States from Buenos Ayres, New Zealand, Australia, Cape of Good Hope, Russia, Great Britain. Canada, and elsewhere, and also including all wools not hereinafter described or designated in classes two and three. 377. Class two, that is to say, Leicester, Cotswold, Lincolnshire, Down combing wools, Canada long wo<51s, or other like combing wools of English blood, and usually known by the terms herein used, and also hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, and other like animals. 378. Class three, that is to say, Donskoi, native South American, Cordo- va, Valparaiso, native Smyrna, Russian camel's hair, and including all such wools of like character as have been heretofore usually imported into the United States from Turkey, Greece, Egypt, Syria, and elsewhere, excepting improved wools hereinafter provided lor. 35S APPENDIX. 379. The standard samples of all wools which are now or may be hereaf- ter deposited in the principal custom-houses of the United States, under the authority of the Secretary of the Treasury, shall be the standard for the classification of wools under this act, and the Secretary of the Treasury shall nave the authority to renew these standards and to make such additions to them from time to time as may be required, and he shall cause to be depos- ited like standards in other custom-houses of the. United States when they may be needed. 380. Whenever wools of class three shall have been improved by the ad- mixture of merino or English blood from their present character as repre- sented by the standard samples now or hereafter to be deposited in the principal custom-houses of the United States, such improved wools shall be classified for duty either as class one or as class two. as the case may be. 381. The duty on wools of the first class which shall be imported washed shall be twice the amount of the duty to which they would be subjected if imported unwashed; and the duty on wools of the firsl and second classi - which shall be imported scoured shall be three times the duty to which they would be subjected if imported unwashed. 382. Unwashed wools shall be considered such as shall have been shorn from the sheep without any cleansing — that is, in their natural condition. Washed wools shall be considered such as have been washed with water on the sheep's back. Wool washed in any other manner than on the sheep's back shall be considered as scoured wool. 383. The duty upon wool of the sheep or hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, and other like animals, which shall be imported in any oilier than ordinary condition, or which shall be changed in its character or condition for the purpose of evading the duty, or which shall be reduced in value by the ad- mixture of dirt or any other foreign substance, or which has been sorted or increased in value by the rejection of any part of the original fleece, shall be twice the duty to which it would be otherwise subject: Provided, That skirted wools as now imported are hereby excepted. Wools on which a duty is assessed amounting to three times or more than that which would he assessed if said wool was imported unwashed, such duty shall not be doubled on account of its being sorted. If any bale or package of wool or hair spec- ified in this act imported as of any specified class, or claimed by the importer to he dutiable as of any specified class, shall contain any wool or hair subject to a higherrate of duty than the class so specified, the whole bale or package shall be subject to the' highest, rate of duty chargeable on wool of the class subject to such higher rate of duty, and if any bale or package be claimed by the importer to be shoddy, mungo, Hocks. 'wool, hair, or other material of any class specified in this act, and such bale contain any admixture of any one or more of said materials, or of any other material, the whole bale or package shall be subject to duty at the highest rate imposed upon any article in said hale or package. 384. The duty upon all wools and hair of the tirsj rl;i- shall be eleven cents per pound, and upon all wools or hair of the second class twelve cents per pound. 385. On wools of the third class and on camel's hair of the third class. the value whereof shall be thirteen cents or less per pound, including charg s, the duty shall be thirty two per centum ad valorem. 386. On wools ,,!' the third class, and on camel's hair of the third class, the value whereof shall exceed thirteen cents per pound, including charges, the duty shall be fifty per cent, ad valorem. 387. Wools on the skin shall pay the same rate as other wools, the quan- tity and value to he ascertained under such rules as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe. 388. On noils, shoddy, top waste, slabbing waste, roving waste, ringwaste, TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 359 yarn waste, garneted waste, and all other wastes composed wholly or in part of wool, the duty shall be thirty rents per pound. 389. On woolen rags, mungo, and Clocks, the duty shall he ten cents pei- pound. 390. Wools and hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or Other like animals, in the form of roping, roving or tops, and all wool and hair which have been advanced in any manner or by any process of manufacture beyond the washed or scoured condition, not specially provided lor in this act, shall he subject to the same duties as an' imposed upon manufactures of wool not specially provided lor in this act. 391. On woolen and worsted yarns made wholly or in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other animals, valued at not more than thirty cents per pound, the duly per pound shall he two and one- half times the duty imposed by tins act on a pound of unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto thirty-live per centum ad valorem; valued al more than thirty cents and not more than forty cents per pound, the duty per pound shall he three times the duly imposed by this act on a pound of unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto thirty-five per centum ad valorem; valued at more than forty cenls per pound, the duty per pound shall he three and one-half times fche duty imposed hy this act on a pound of unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 392. On woolen or worsted cloths, shawls, knit fabrics, and all fabrics made on knitting-machines or frames, and all manufactures of every descrip- tion made wholly or in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other animals, not specially provided for in this act, valued at not more than thirty cents per pound, the duly per pound shall be three limes the duty imposed by this act on a pound of unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem; valued at more than thirty and not more than forty cents per pound, the duty per pound shall he three and one-half times the duty imposed by this act on a pound of unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem; valued at above forty cents per pound, the duty per pound shall be four times the duly imposed by this act on a pound of unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto fifty per centum ad valorem. 393. On blankets, hats of wool, and flannels for underwear composed wholly or in part of wool, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other ani- mals, valued at not more than thirty cents per pound, the duly per pound shall be the same as the duly imposed by this act on one pound and one half of unwashed wool of the firsi class, and in addition thereto thirty per centum ad valorem; valued at more than thirty and nol more than forty cents per pound, the duty per pound shall he twice the duty imposed by liiis act on a pound of unwashed wool of the fust class; valued at more I han forty cenls and not more than filly cents per pound, the duly per pound shall be three times tin" duty imposed by this act on a pound of unwashed wool of the first class; and in addition thereto upon all the above-named articles thirt\ five per centum ad valorem. On blankets and hats of wool composed wholly or iu part of wool, the hair of the camel, goal, alpaca, or other animal, valued al more than fifty cents per pound, the duty per pound shall he three and a half times the duty imposed hy this act on a pound of unwashed wool of ihe first class, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. Flannels composed wholly or in part of wool, the hair of the camel, goal, alpaca, or other animals, valued at above fifty cenls per pound, shall he classified and pay the same duty as women's and children's dress goods, coat linings. Italian cloths, and goods of similar character and description provided by this act. 394. On women's and children's dress goods, coat linings, Ilahan cloths, and goods of similar character or description of which the warp consists 360 APPENDIX. wholly of cotton or other vegetable material, with the remainder of the fabric composed wholly or in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other animals, valued at not exceeding fifteen cents per square yard, seven cents per square yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem; valued at above fifteen cents per square yard, eight cents per square yard, and in addition thereto fifty per centum ad valorem: Provided, That on all such goods weighing over four ounces per square yard the duty per pound shall be four times the duty imposed by this act on a pound of un- washed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto fifty per centum ad valorem. 395. On women's and children's dress goods, coat linings, Italian cloth, bunting, and goods of similar description or character composed wholly or in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other animals, and not specially provided for in this act, the duty shall be twelve cents per square yard, and in addition thereto fifty per centum ad valorem: Provided, Tbat on all such goods weighing over four ounces per square yard the duty per pound shall be four times the duty imposed by this act on a pound of un- washed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto fifty per centum ad valorem. 396. On clothing, ready made, and articles of wearing apparel of every description, made up or manufactured wholly or in part, not specially pro- vided for in this act, felts not woven and not specially provided for in this act, and plushes and other pile fabrics, all the foregoing, composed wholly or in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other ani- mals, the duty per pound shall be four and one half times the duty imposed by this act on a pound of unwashed wool of the first class, and in addition thereto sixty per centum ad valorem. 397. On cloaks, dolmans, jackets, talmas, ulsters, or other outside gar- ments for ladies' and children's apparel and goods of similar description, or used for like purposes, composed wholly or in part of wool, worsted, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other animals, made up or manufactured wholly or in part, the duty per pound shall be four and one half times the duty im- posed by this act on a pound of unwashed wool of the first class, aud in addi- tion thereto sixty per centum ad valorem. 398. On webbings, gorings, suspenders, braces, beltings, bindings, braids, galloons, fringes, gimps, cords, cords and tassels, dress trimmings, laces and em- broideries, head nets, buttons, or barrel buttons, or buttons of other forms, for tassels or ornaments, wrought by hand or braided by machinery, any of the foregoing which are elastic or non-elastic, made of wool, worsted, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other animals, or of which wool, worsted, the hair of the camel, goat, alpaca, or other animals is a component material, the duty shall be sixty cents per pound, and in addition thereto sixty per centum ad valorem. 399. Aubusson, Axminster, rnoquctte, and chenille carpets, figured or plain, carpets woven whole for rooms, and all carpets or carpeting of like character or description, and Oriental, Berlin, and other similar rugs, sixty cents per square yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem, 400. Saxony, Wilton, and Tournay velvet carpets, figured or plain, and all carpets or carpeting of like character or description, sixty cents per square yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 401. Brussels carpet, figured or plain, and all carpets or carpeting of like character or description, forty-four cents per square yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 402. Velvet and tapestry velvet carpets, figured or plain, printed on the warp or otherwise, and all carpet or carpeting of like character or descrip- tion, forty cents per square yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 361 403. Tapestry Brussels carpets, figured or plain, and all carpets or carpet- ing of like character or description, printed on the warp or otherwise, twen- ty-eight cents per square yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 404. Treble ingrain, three-ply, and all chain Venetian carpets, nineteen cents per square yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 405. Wool Dutch and two-ply ingrain carpets, fourteen cents per square yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 406. Druggets and bockings, printed, colored, or otherwise, twenty-two cents per square yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. Felt carpeting, figured or plain, eleven cents per square yard, and in addition thereto forty per centum ad valorem. 407. Carpets and carpeting of wool, flax, or cotton, or composed in part of either, not specially provided for in this act, fifty per centum ad valorem. 408. Mats, rugs, screens, covers, hassocks, bedsides, art squares, and other portions of carpet or carpeting made wholly or in part of wool, and not spe- cially provided for in this act, shall be subjected to the rate of duty herein imposed on carpets or carpetings of like character or description. Sciiedule L. — Silk and Silk Goods. 409. Silk partially manufactured from cocoons or from waste silk, and not further advanced or manufactured than carded or combed silk, fifty cents per pound. 410. Thrown silk, not more advanced than singles, tram, organzine sew- ing silk, twist, floss, and silk threads or yarns of every description, except spun silk, thirty per centum ad valorem; spun silk in skeins or cops or on beams, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 411. Velvets, plushes, or other pile fabrics, containing, exclusive of sel- vages, less than seventy -five per centum in weight of silk, one dollar and fifty cents per pound and fifteen per centum ad valorem; containing, exclu- sive of selvages, seventy-five per centum or more in weight of silk, three dollars and fifty cents per pound and fifteen per centum ad valorem; but in no case shall any of the foregoing articles pay a less rate of duty than fifty per centum ad valorem. 412. Webbings, gorings, suspenders, braces, beltings, bindings, braids, galloons, fringes, cords and tassels, any of the foregoing which are elastic or non-elastic, buttons, and ornaments, made of silk, or of which silk is the com- ponent material of chief value, fifty per centum ad valorem. 413 Laces and embroideries, handkerchiefs, neck Turnings and ruchirigs, clothing ready made, and articles of wearing apparel of every description, including knit goods, made up or manufactured wholly or in part by the tailor, seamstress, or manufacturer, composed of silk, or of which silk is the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, sixty per centum ad valorem: Provided, That all such clothing ready made and articles of wearing apparel when composed in part of India-rubber (not including gloves or elastic articles that are specially provided for in this act), shall be subject to a duty of eight cents per ounce, and in addition thereto sixty per centum ad valorem. 414. All manufactures of silk, or of which silk is the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, tilt v per centum ad va- lorem: Provided, That all such manufactures of which wool, or the hair of the camel, goat, or other like animals, is a component material, shall be classified as manufactures of wool. 36b 362 APPENDIX. Schedule M.— Pulp, Papers and Books. Pulp and Paper. — 415. Mechanically ground wood pulp, two dollars and fifty cents per ton dry weight; chemical wood pulp unbleached, six dollars per ton dry weight; bleached, seven dollars per ton dry weight. 416. Sheathing; paper, ten per centum ad valorem. 417. Printing "paper unsized, suitable only for books and newspapers, fif- teen per centum ad valorem. 418. Printing paper sized or glued, suitable only for books and newspa- pers, twenty per centum ad valorem. 419. Papers known commercially as copying paper, filtering paper, silver paper, and all tissue paper, white or colored, made up in copying books, reams, or in any other form, eight cents per pound, and in addition thereto, fifteen per centum ad valorem; albumenized or sensitized paper, thirty -five per centum ad valorem. 420. Papers known commercially as surface-coated papers, and manufac- tures thereof, cardboards, lithographic prints from either stone or zinc, bound or unbound (except illustrations when forming a part of a periodical, news- paper, or in printed books accompanying the same), and all articles produced either in whole or in part by lithographic process, and photograph, auto- graph, and scrap albums, wholly or partially manufactured, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. Manufactures of Paper. — 421. Paper envelopes, twenty-five cents per thousand. 422. Paper hangings and paper for screens or fireboards, writing paper, drawing paper, and all other paper not specially provided for in this act, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 423. Books, including blank books of all kinds, pamphlets and engrav- ings, bound or unbound, photographs, etchings, maps, charts, and all printed matter not specially provided for in this act, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 424. Playing cards, fifty cents per pack. 425. Manufactures of paper, or of which paper is the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. Schedule N. — Sundries. 426. Bristles, ten cents per pound. 427. Brushes, and brooms of all kinds, including feather dusters and hair pencils in quills, forty per centum ad valorem. Buttons, and Button Forms. — 428. Button forms: Lastings, mohair, cloth, silk, or other manufactures of cloth, woven or made in patterns of such size, shape, or form, or cut in such manner as to be fit for buttons exclusively, ten per centum ad valorem. 429. Buttons commercially known as agate buttons, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. Pearl and shell buttons, two and one half cents per line button measure of one fortieth oi one inch per gross, and in addition thereto twenty- five per centum ad valorem. 430. Ivory, vegetable ivory, bone or horn buttons, fifty per centum ad valorem. 431. Shoe buttons, made of paper, board, papier-mache, pulp, or other similar material not specially provided for in this act, valued at not exceeding three cents per gross, one cent per gross. 432. Coal, bituminous, and shale, seventy -five cents per ton of twenty- eight bushels, eighty pounds to the bushel: coal slack or culm, such as will pass through a half-inch screen, thirty cents per ton of twenty -eight bushels, eighty pounds to the bushel. TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 363 433. Coke, twenty per centum ad valorem. 434. Cork bark, cut into squares or cubes, ten cents per pound; manu- factured corks, fifteen cents per pound. 435. Dice, draughts, chess men, chess balls, and billiard, pool, and baga- telle balls, of ivory, bone or other materials, fifty per centum ad valorem. 436. Dolls, doll heads, toy marbles of whatever material composed, and all other toys not composed of rubber, china, porcelain, parian, bisque, earthen, or stone ware, and not specially provided for in this act, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 437. Emery grains, and emery manufactured, ground, pulverized, or re- fined, one cent per pound. Explosive Substances. — 438. Firecrackers of all kinds, eight cents per pound, but no allowance shall be made for tare or damage thereon. 439. Fulminates, fulminating powders, and like articles, not specially pro- vided for in this act, thirty per centum ad valorem. 440. Gunpowder, and all explosive substances used for mining, blasting, artillery, or sporting purposes, when valued at twenty cents or less per pound, five cents per pound; valued above twenty cents per pound, eight cents per pound. 441. Matches, friction or lucifer, of all descriptions, per gross of one hun- dred and forty-four boxes, containing not more than one hundred matches per box, ten cents per gross; when imported otherwise than in boxes contain ing not more than one hundred matches each, one cent per one thousand matches. 442. Percussion caps, forty per centum ad valorem. 443. Feathers and downs of all kinds, crude or not dressed, colored or manufactured, not specially provided for in this act, ten per centum ad valorem; when dressed, colored, or manufactured, including quilts of down and other manufactures of down, and also including dressed and finished birds suitable for millinery ornaments, and artificial and ornamental feathers and flowers, or parts thereof, of whatever material composed, not specially provided for in this act, fifty per centum ad valorem. 444. Furs, dressed on the skin but not made up into articles, and furs not on the skin, prepared for hatters' use, twenty per centum ad valorem. 445. Glass beads, loose,unthreaded or unstrung, ten per centum ad valorem. 446. Gun-wads of all descriptions, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 447. Hair, human, if clean or drawn but not manufactured, twenty per centum ad valorem. 448. Haircloth, known as "crinoline cloth," eight cents per square yard. 449. Hair cloth, known as "hair seating," thirty cents per square yard. 450. Hair, curled, suitable for beds or mattresses, fifteen per centum ad valorem. 451. Hats for men's, women's, and children's wear, composed of (lie fur of the rabbit, beaver, or other animals, or of which such fur is the compo- nent material of chief value, wholly or partially manufactured, including fur- hat bodies, fifty-five per centum ad valorem. Jewelry and Precious Stones.- — 452. Jewelry: All articles, not elsewhere specially provided for in this act, composed of precious metals or imitations thereof, whether set with coral, jet, or pearls, or with diamonds, rubies, cameos, or other precious stones, or imitations thereof, or otherwise, and which shall be known commercially as "jewelry," and cameos in frames, fifty per centum ad valorem. 453. Pearls, ten per centum ad valorem. 454. Precious stones of all kinds, cut but not set, ten per centum ad va- lorem; if set, and not specially provided for in this act. twenty live per centum ad valorem; imitations of precious stones composed of paste or glass not exceeding one inch in dimensions, not set, ten per centum ad valorem , 364 APPENDIX. Leather and Manufacture* of. — 455. Bend or belting leather and sole leather, and leather not specially provided for in this act, ten per centum ad valorem. 456. Calf skins, tanned, or tanned and dressed, dressed upper leather, in- cluding patent, enameled, and japanned leather, dressed or undressed, and finished; chamois or other skins not specially enumerated or provided for in this act, twenty per centum ad valorem; book-binders' calf skins, kangaroo, sheep, and goat skins, including lamb and kid skins, dressed and finished, twenty per centum ad valorem; skins for morocco, tanned but unfinished, ten per centum ad valorem ; pianoforte leather and pianoforte action leather, thirty-five per centum ad valorem; japanned calf skins, thirty per centum ad valorem; boots and shoes, made of leather, twenty-five per centum ad valorem. 457. But leather cut into shoe uppers or vamps, or other forms, suitable for conversion into manufactured articles, shall be classified as manufactures of leather, and pay duty accordingly. 458. Gloves of all descriptions, composed wholly or in part of kid or other leather, and whether wholly or partly manufactured, shall pay duty at the rates fixed in connection with the following specified kinds thereof, fourteen inches in extreme length when stretched to the full extent, being in each case hereby fixed as the standard, and one dozen pairs as the basis, namely: Ladies' and children's schmaschen of said length or under, one dollar and seventy-five cents per dozen; ladies' and children's lamb of said length or under, two dollars and twenty-five cents per dozen; ladies' and children's kid of said length or under, three dollars and twenty-five cents per dozen; ladies' and children's Suedes of said length or under, fifty per centum ad valorem; all other ladies' and children's leather gloves, and all men's leather gloves of said length or under, fifty per centum ad valorem; all leather gloves over fourteen inches in length, fifty per centum ad valorem; and in addition to the above rates there shall be paid on all men's gloves one dollar per dozen, on all lined gloves, one dollar per dozen ; on all pique or prick seam gloves, fifty cents per dozen; on all embroidered gloves, with more than three single strands or cords, fifty cents per dozen pairs: Provided, That all gloves represented to lie of a kind or grade below their actual kind or grade shall pay an additional duty of five dollars per dozen pairs: Provided further, That none of the arti- cles named in this paragraph shall pay a less rate of duty than fifty per centum ad valorem. Miscellaneous Manufactures. — 459. Manufactures of alabaster, amber, asbestos, bladders, coral, catgut, or whipgut or wormgut, jet, paste, spar, wax, or of which these substances or either of them is the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, twenty-five per centum ad valorem; osier or willow prepared for basket-makers' use, thirty per cciil uni ad valorem; manufactures of osier or willow, forty per centum ad valorem. 460. Manufactures of bone, chip, grass, horn, India-rubber, palm-leaf, straw, weeds, or whalebone, or of which these substances or either of them is the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, thirty per centum ad valorem. 461. Manufactures of leather, fur, gutta-percha, vulcanized India-rubber, known as hard rubber, human hair, papier-mache, indurated-fiber wares and other manufactures composed of wood or other pulp, or of which these sub- stances or either of them is the component material of chief value, all of the above not specially provided forin this act, thirty-five per centum ad valorem. 462. Manufactures of ivory, vegetable ivory, mother-of-pearl, and shell, or of which these substances or either of them is the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this act, forty per centum ad valorem. 463. Masks, composed of paper or pulp, thirty-five per centum ad va- lorem. TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 365 464. Matting made of cocoa fiber or rattan, twelve cents per square yard; mats made of cocoa fiber or rattan, eight cents per square foot. 465. Paintings, in oil or water colors, and statuary, not otherwise provided for in this act, fifteen per centum ad valorem; but the term "statuary" as herein used shall be understood to include only such statuary as is cut, carved, or otherwise wrought by hand from a solid block or mass of marble, stone, or alabaster, or from metal, and is the professional production of a statuary or sculptor only. 466. Pencils of wood filled with lead or other material, and pencils of lead, fifty cents per gross and thirty per centum ad valorem; slate pencils, four cents per gross. 467. Pencil leads not in wood, ten per centum ad valorem. Pipes and Smokers' Articles. — 468. Pipes, pipe bowls, of all materials, and all smokers' articles whatsoever, not specially provided for in this act, in- cluding cigarette books, cigarette-book covers, pouches for smoking or chew- ing tobacco, and cigarette paper in all forms, seventy per centum ad valorem ; all common tobacco pipes of clay, fifteen cents per gross. 469. Plush, black, known commercially as hatters' plush, composed of silk, or of silk and cotton, and used exclusively for making men's hats, ten per centum ad valorem. 470. Umbrellas, parasols, and sunshades, covered with silk or alpaca, fifty-five per centum ad valorem; if covered with other material, forty -five per centum ad valorem. 471. Umbrellas, parasols, and sunshades, sticks for, if plain, finished or unfinished, thirty-five per centum ad valorem; if carved, fifty per centum ad valorem. 472. Waste, not specially provided for in this act, ten per centum ad valorem. FREE LIST. Sec. 2. On and after the sixth day of October, 1890, unless otherwise specially provided for in this act, the following articles when imported shall be exempt from duty: 473. Acids used for medicinal, chemical, or manufacturing purposes, not specially provided for in this act. 474. Aconite. 475. Acorns, raw, dried or undried, but unground. 476. Agates, unmanufactured. 477. Albumen. 478. Alizarine, natural or artificial, and dyes commercially known as ali- zarine yellow, alizarine orange, alizarine green, alizarine blue, alizarine brown, alizarine black. 479. Amber, unmanufactured, or crude gum. 480. Ambergris. 481. Aniline salts. 482. Any animal imported specially for breeding purposes shall be admit- ted free- Provided, That no such animal shall lie admitted free unless pure bred of a recognized breed, and duly registered in the book of record established for that breed: And -provided further, That certificate of such record and of the pedigree of such animal shall be produced and submitted to the customs officer, duly authenticated by the proper custodian of such book of record, together with the affidavit of the owner, agent, or importer that such animal is the identical animal described in said certificate of record and pedigree. The Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe such additional regulations as may be required for the strict enforcement of this provision. 483. Animals brought into the United States temporarily for a period not exceeding six months, "for the purpose of exhibition or competition for prizes 36G APPENDIX. offered by any agricultural or racing association; but a bond shall be given in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury ; also, teams of animals, including their harness and tackle and the wagons or other vehicles actually owned by persons emigrating from foreign countries to the United States with their families, and in actual use for the purpose of such emigration under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe; and wild animals intended for exhibition in zoological collections for scientific and educational purposes, and not for sale or profit. 484. Anuatto, roucou, rocoa, or Orleans, and all extracts of. 485. Antimony ore, crude sulphite of. 486. Apatite. 487. Argal, or argol, or crude tartar. 488. Arrow root, raw or unmanufactured. 489. Arsenic and sulphide of, or orpiment. 490. Arseniate of aniline. 491. Art educational stops, composed of glass and metal and valued at not more than six cents per gross. 492. Articles in a crude state used in dyeing or tanning not specially pro- vided for in this act. 493. Articles the growth, produce, and manufacture of the United States, when returned after having been exported, without having been advanced in value or improved in condition by any process of manufacture or other means; casks, barrels, carboys, bags, and other vessels of American manu- facture exported filled with American products, or exported empty and re- turned filled with foreign products, including shooks when returned as bar- rels or boxes; also quicksilver flasks or bottles, of either domestic or foreign manufacture, which shall have been actually exported from the United States; but proof of the identity of such articles shall be made, under general regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury; and if any such articles are subject to internal tax at the time of exportation such tax shall be proved to have been paid before exportation and not refunded: Pro- vided, That this paragraph shall not apply to any article upon which an al- lowance of drawback has been made, the reimportation of which is hereby prohibited, except upon payment of duties equal to the drawbacks allowed; or to any article manufactured in bonded warehouse and exported under any provision of law: And provided further, That when manufactured tobacco which has been exported without payment of internal-revenue lax shall be reimported it shall be retained in the custody of the collector of customs mil il internal-revenue stamps in payment of the legal duties shall be placed thereon. 494. Asbestos, unmanufactured. 495. Ashes, wood and lye of, and beet-root ashes. 496. Asphallum and bitumen, crude. 497. Asafcetida. 498. Balm of Gilead. 499. Barks, cinchona or other from which quinine may be extracted. 500. Baryta, carbonate of, or witherite. 501. Bauxite, or beauxite. 502. Beeswax. 503. Bells, broken, and bell metal broken and fit only to be remanu- factured. 504. Birds, stuffed, not suitable for millinery ornaments, and bird skins, prepared for preservation, but not further advanced in manufacture. 505. Birds and land and water fowls. 506. Bismuth. 507. Bladders, including fish bladders or fish sounds, crude, and all in- teguments of animals not specially provided for in this act. 008. Blood, dried. TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 367 509. Bologna sausages. 510. Bolting cloths, especially for milling purposes, but not suitable for the manufacture of wearing apparel. 511. Bones, crude, or not burned, calcined, ground, steamed, or other- wise manufactured, and bone dust or animal carbon, and bone ash, fit only for fertilizing purposes. 513. Books, engravings, photographs, bound or unbound etchings, maps, and charts, which shall have been printed and bound or manufactured more than twenty years at the date of importation. 513. Books and pamphlets printed exclusively in languages other than English; also books and music, in raised print, used exclusively by the blind. 514. Books, engravings, photographs, etchings, bound or unbound, maps and charts imported by authority or for the use of the United States or for the use of the Library of Congress. 515. Books, maps, lithographic prints, and charts, specially imported, not more than two copies in any one invoice, in good faith, for the use of any society incorporated or established for educational, philosophical, literary, or religious purposes, or for the encouragement of the fine arts, or for the use or by order of any college, academy, school, or seminary of learning in the United States, subject to such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe. 516. Books, or libraries, or parts of libraries, and other household effects of persons or families from foreign countries, if actually used abroad by them not less than one year, and not intended for any other person or per- sons, nor for sale. 517. Brazil paste. 518. Braids, plaits, laces, and similar manufactures composed of straw, chip, grass, palm leaf, willow, osier, or rattan, suitable for making or orna- menting hats, bonnets, and hoods. 519. Brazilian pebble, unwrought or unmanufactured. 520. Breccia, in block or slabs. 521. Bromine. 522. Bullion, gold or silver. 523. Burgundy pitch. 524. Cabinets of old coins and medals, and other collections of antiquities, but the term "antiquities" as used in this act shall include only such articles as are suitable for souvenirs or cabinet collections, and which shall have been produced at any period prior to the year 1700. 525. Cadmium. 526. Calamine. 527. Camphor, crude. 528. Castor or castoreum. 529. Catgut, whipgut, or wormgut, unmanufactured, or not further manufactured than in strings or cords. 530. Cerium. 531. Chalk, unmanufactured. 532. Charcoal. 533. Chicory root, raw, dried, or undried, but unground. 534. Civet, crude. 535. Clay — common blue clay in casks suitable for the manufacture of crucibles. 536. Coal, anthracite. 537. Coal stores of American vessels; but none shall be unloaded. 538. Coal tar, crude. 539. Cobalt and cobalt ore. 540. Cocculus indicus. 541. Cochineal. 368 APPENDIX. 542. Cocoa, or cacao, crude, and fiber, leaves, and shells of. 543. Coffee. 544. Coins, gold, silver, and copper. 545. Coir, and coir yam. 546. Copper, old, taken from the bottom of American vessels compelled by marine disaster to repair in foreign ports. 547. Coral, marine, uncut, and unmanufactured. 548. Cork wood, or cork bark, unmanufactured. 549. Cotton, and cotton waste or nocks. 550. Cryolite, or kryolith. 551. Cudbear. 552. Curling stones, or quoits, and curling-stone handles. 553. Curry, and curry powder. 554. Cutch. 555. Cuttle-fish bone. 556. Dandelion roots, raw, dried, or undried, but unground. 557. Diamonds and other precious stones, rough or uncut, including glaziers' and engravers' diamonds, not set, and diamond dust or bort, and jewels to be used in the manufacture of watches. 558. Diyi-divi. 559. Dragon's blood. 560. Drugs, such as barks, beans, berries, balsams, buds, bulbs, and bul- bous roots, excrescences, such as nut-galls, fruits, flowers, dried fibers, and dried insects, grains, gums, and gum-resin, herbs, leaves, lichens, mosses, nuts, roots, and stems, spices, vegetables, seeds aromatic, and seeds of mor- bid growth, weeds, and woods used expressly for dyeing; any of the forego- ing which are not edible and are in a crude state, and are not advanced in value or condition by refining or grinding, or by other process of manu- facture, and not specially provided for in this act. 561. Eggs of birds, fish, and insects. 562. Emery ore. 563. Ergot. 564. Fans, common palm leaf and palm leaf unmanufactured. 565. Farina. 566. Fashion plates, engraved on steel or copper or on wood, colored or plain. 567. . Feathers and downs for beds. 568. Feldspar. 569. Felt, adhesive, for sheathing vessels. 570. Fibrin in all forms. 571. Fish, the product of American fisheries, and fresh or frozen fish (except salmon) caught in fresh waters by American vessels, or with nets or other devices owned by citizens of the United States. 572. Fish for bait. 573. Fish skins. 574. Flint, flints, and ground flint stones. 575. Floor matting manufactured from round or split straw, including what is commonly known as Chinese matting. 576. Fossils. 577. Fruit plants, tropical and semi-tropical, for the purpose of propaga- tion or cultivation. Fruits and Nuts. — 578. Currants, Zante or other. 579. Dates. 580. Fruits, green, ripe, or dried, not specially provided for in this act. 581. Tamarinds. 582. Cocoanuts. 583. Brazil nuts. TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 309 584. Cream nuts. 585. Palm nuts. 586. Palm-nut kernels. 587. Furs, undressed. 588. Fur skins of all kinds, not dressed in any manner. 589. Gambier. 590. Glass, broken, and old glass, which can not be cut for use, aud fit only to be remanufactured. 591. Glass plates or disks, rough cut or unwrought, for use in the manu- facture of optical instruments, spectacles, and eyeglasses, and suitable only for such use: Provided, however, That such disks exceeding eight inches in diameter may be polished sufficiently to enable the character of the glass to be determined. Grasses and Fibers.— 592. Istle or Tampico fiber. 593. Jute. 594. Jute butts. 595. Manila. 596. Sisal grass. 597. Sunn, and all other textile grasses or fibrous vegetable substances, unmanufactured or undressed, not specially provided for in this act. 598. Gold beaters' molds and gold beaters' skins. 599. Grease, and oils, such as are commonly used in soap-making, or in wire-drawing, or for stuffing or dressing leather, and which are fit only for such uses, not specially provided for in this act. 600. Guano, manures, and all substances expressly used for manure. 601. Gunny bags and gunny cloths, old or refuse, fit only for remanufac- ture. 602. Guts, salted. 603. Gutta percha, crude. 604. Hair of horse, cattle, and other animals, cleaned or uncleaned, drawn or undrawn, but unmanufactured, not specially provided for in this act; and human hair, raw, uncleaned, and not drawn. 605. Hides, raw or uncured, whether dry, salted, or pickled; Angora goat skins, raw, without the wool, unmanufactured; asses' skins, raw or un- manufactured, and skins, except sheepskins with the wool on. 606. Hide cuttings, raw, with or without hair, and all other glue-stock. 607. Hide rope. 608. Hones and whetstones. 609. Hoofs, unmanufactured. 610. Hop roots for cultivation. 611. Horns and parts of, unmanufactured, including horn strips and tips. 612. Ice. 613. India-rubber, crude, and milk of, and old scrap or refuse India-rub- ber which has been worn out by use, and is fit only for remanufacture. 614. Indigo. 615. Iodine, crude. 616. Ipecac. 617. Iridium. 618. Ivory and vegetable ivory, not sawed, cut, or otherwise manufac- tured. 619. Jalap. 620. Jet, unmanufactured. 621. Joss-stick or joss light. 622. Junk, old. 623. Kelp. 624. Kieserite. 625. Kyanite, or cyanite, and kainite. 370 APPENDIX. 626. Lac dye, crude, seed, button, stick, and shell. 627. Lac spirits. 628. Lactarine. 629. Lava, unmanufactured. 630. Leeches. 631. Lemon juice, lime juice, and sour-orange juice. 632. Licorice root, unground. 633. Life-boats and life-saving apparatus specially imported by societies incorporated or established to encourage the saving of human life. 634. Lime, citrate of. 635. Lime, chloride of, or bleaching powder. 636. Lithographic stones not engraved. 637. Litmus, prepared or not prepared. 638. Loadstones. 639. Madder and munjeet, or Indian madder, ground or prepared, and all extracts of. 640. Magnesite, or native mineral carbonate of magnesia. 641. Magnesium. 642. Magnets. 643. Manganese, oxide and ore of, 644. Manna. 645. Manuscripts. 646. Marrow, crude. 647. Marsh-mallows. 648. Medals of gold, silver, or copper, such as trophies or prizes. 649. Meerschaum, crude or manufactured. 650. Mineral waters, all not artificial. 651. Minerals, crude, or not advanced in value or condition by refining or grinding, or by other process of manufacture not specially provided for in this act. 652. Models of inventions and of other improvements in the arts, includ- ing patterns for machinery, but no article shall be deemed a model or pattern which can be fitted for use otherwise. 653. Moss, sea-weeds, and vegetable substances, crude or unmanufac- tured, not otherwise specially provided for in this act. 654. Musk, crude, in natural pods. 655. Myrobolau. 656. Needles, hand-sewing and darning. 657. Newspapers and periodicals; but the term " periodicals " as herein used shall be understood to embrace onty unbound or paper-covered publica- tions, containing current literature of the day, and issued regularly at stated periods, as weekly, monthly, or quarterly. 658. Nux Vomica. 659. Oakum. 660. Oil cake. 661. Oils: Almond, amber, crude and rectified ambergris, anise or anise seed, aniline, aspic or spike lavender, bergamot, cajeput, caraway, cassia, cinnamon, cedrat, camomile, citrouella or lemon grass, civet, fennel, jasmine or jasimine, juglandium, juniper, lavender, lemon, limes, mace, neroli or orange flower, nut oil or oil of nuts not otherwise specially provided for in this act, orange oil, olive oil for manufacturing or mechanical purposes unfit . for eating and not otherwise provided for in this act, ottar of roses, palm and cocoanut, rosemary or anthoss, sesame or sesamum seed or bean, thyme, origanum red or white, valerian, and also spermaceti, whale and other fish oils of American fisheries, and all other articles the produce of such fisheries. 662. Olives, green or prepared. TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 371 663. Opium, crude or unmanufactured, and not adulterated, containing nine per centum and over of morphia. 664. Orange and lemon peel, not preserved, candied, or otherwise prepared. 665. Orchil, or orchil liquid. 666. Orchids, lily of the valley, azaleas, palms, and other plants used for forcing under glass for cut flowers or decorative purposes. 667. Ores of gold, silver, and nickel, and nickel matte: Provided, That ores of nickel, and nickel matte, containing more thau two per centum of cop- per, shall pay a duty of one-half of one cent per pound on the copper con- tained therein. 668. Osmium. 669. Palladium. 670. Paper stock, crude, of every description, including all grasses, fibers, rags (other than wool), waste, shavings, clippings, old paper, rope ends, waste rope, waste bagging, old or refuse gunny bags, or gunny cloth, and poplar or other woods fit only to be converted into paper. 671. Paraffine. 672. Parchment and vellum. 673. Pearl, mother of, not sawed, cut, polished, or otherwise manufactured. 674. Peltries and other usual goods and effects of Indians passing or re- passing the boundary line of the United States, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe: Provided, That this exemption shall not apply to goods in bales or other packages unusual among Indians. 675. Personal and household effects not merchandise of citizens of the United States dying in foreign countries. 676. Pewter and britannia metal, old, and fit only to be remanufactured. 677. Philosophical and scientific apparatus, instruments and preparations; statuary, casts of marble, bronze, alabaster, or plaster of Paris; paintings, drawings, and etchings, specially imported in good faith for the use of any society or institution incorporated or established for religious, philosophical, educational, scientific, or literary purposes, or for encouragement of the fine arts, and not intended for sale. 678. Phosphates, crude or native. 679. Plants, trees, shrubs, roots, seed cane, and seeds, all of the foregoing imported by the Department of Agriculture or the United States Botanic Garden. 680. Plaster of Paris and sulphate of lime, unground. 681. Platina, in ingots, bars, sheets, and wire. 682. Platinum, unmanufactured, and vases, retorts, and other apparatus, vessels, and parts thereof composed of platinum for chemical uses. 683. Plumbago. 684. Polishing stones. 685. Potash, crude, carbonate of, or "black salts." Caustic potash, or hydrate of, not including refined in sticks or rolls. Nitrate of potash, or saltpeter, crude. Sulphate of potash, crude or refined. Chlorate of potash. Muriate of potash. 686. Professional books, implements, instruments, and tools of trade, oc- cupation, or emplo} r ment, in the actual possesssion at the time of persons arriving in the United States; but this exemption shall not be construed to include machinery or other articles imported for use in any manufacturing establishment, or for any other person or persons, or for sale. 687. Pulu. 688. Pumice. 689. Quills, prepared, or unprepared, but not made up into complete articles. 690. Quinia, sulphate of, and all alkaloids or salts of cinchona bark. 691. Rags, not otherwise specially provided for in this act 372 APPENDIX. 692. Regalia and gems, statues, statuary and specimens of sculpture, where specially imported in good faith for the use of any society incorporated or established solely for educational, philosophical, literary, or religious pur- poses, or for the encouragement of fine arts, or for the use or by order of any college, academy, school, seminary of learning, or public library in 'the United States; but the term "regalia" as herein used shall be held to em- brace only such insignia of rank or office or emblems, as may be worn upon the person or borne in the hand during public exercises of the society or institution, and shall not include articles of furniture or fixtures, or of regular wearing apparel, nor personal property of individuals. 693. Rennets, raw or prepared. 694. Saffron and safflower, and extract of, and saffron cake. 695. Sago, crude, and sago flour. 696. Salacine. 697. Sauerkraut. 698. Sausage skins. 699. Seeds: anise, canary, caraway, cardamom, coriander, cotton, cum- min, fennel, fenugreek, hemp, hoarhound, mustard, rape, Saint John's bread or bene, sugar-beet, mangel-wurzel, sorghum or sugar-cane for seed, and all flower and grass seeds; bulbs and bulbous roots, not edible; all the foregoing not specially provided for in this act. 700. Selep, or saloup. 701. Shells of all kinds, not cut, ground, or otherwise manufactured. 702. Shot-gun barrels, forged, rough bored. 703. Shrimps, and other shell fish. 704. Silk, raw, or as reeled from the cocoon, but not doubled, twisted, or advanced in manufacture in any way. 705. Silk cocoons and silk waste. 706. Silk-worms' eggs. 707. Skeletons and other preparations of anatomy. 708. Snails. 709. Soda, nitrate of, or cubic nitrate, and chlorate of. 710. Sodium. 711. Sparterre, suitable for making or ornamenting hats. 712. Specimens of natural history, botany, and mineralogy, when im- ported for cabinets or as objects of science, and not for sale. Spices. — 713. Cassia, cassia vera, and cassia buds, unground. 714. Cinnamon, and chips of, unground. 715. Cloves, and clove stems unground. 716. Ginger root, unground and not preserved or candied. 717. Mace. 718. Nutmegs. 719. Pepper, black or white, unground. 720. Pimento, unground. 721. Spunk. 722. Spurs and stilts used in the manufacture of earthen, porcelain, and stone ware. 723. Stone and sand : Burr stone in blocks, rough or manufactured, and not bound up into millstones; cliff stone, unmanufactured, pumice stone, rottenstone, and sand, crude or manufactured. 724. Storax, or styrax. 725. Strontia, oxide of, and protoxide of strontian, and strontianite, or mineral carbonate of strontia. 726. Sugars, all not above number sixteen Dutch standard in color, all tank bottoms, all sugar drainings and sugar sweepings, sirups of cane juice, melada, concentrated melada, and concrete and concentrated molasses, and molasses. TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 373 727. Sulphur, lac or precipitated, and sulphur or brimsLone crude, in bulk, sulphur ore, as pyrites, or sulphuret of iron in its natural state, con- taining in excess of twenty-five per centum of sulphur (except on the copper contained therein) and sulphur not otherwise provided for. 728. Sulphuric acid which at the temperature of sixty degrees Fahrenheit does not exceed the specific gravity of one and three hundred and eighty thousandths, for use in manufacturing superphosphate of lime or artificial manures of any kind, or for any agricultural purposes. 729. Sweepings of silver and gold. 730. Tapioca, cassava or cassady. 731. Tar and pitch of wood, and pitch of coal tar. 732. Tea and tea plants. 733. Teeth, natural or unmanufactured. 734. Terra alba. 735. Terra japonica. 736. Tin ore, cassiterite or black oxide of tin, and tin in bars, blocks, pigs, or grain or granulated, until July the first, 1893, and thereafter as otherwise provided for in this act. 737. Tinsel wire, lame or lahn. 738. Tobacco stems. 739. Tonquin, tonqua, or tonka beans. 740. Tripoli. 741. Turmeric. 742. Turpentine, Venice. 743. Turpentine, spirits of. 744. Turtles. 745. Types, old and fit only to be remanufactured. 746. Uranium, oxide and salts of. 747. Vaccine virus. 748. Valonia. 749. Verdigris, or subacetate of copper. 750. "Wafers, unmedicated. 751. Wax, vegetable or mineral. 752. Wearing apparel and other personal effects (not merchandise) of per- sons arriving in the United States, but this exemption shall not be held to include articles not actually in use and necessary and appropriate for the use of such persons- for the purposes of their journey and present comfort and convenience, or which are intended for any other person or persons, or for sale: Provided, however, That all such wearing apparel and other personal effects as may have been once imported into the United States and subjected to the payment of duty, and which may have been actually used and taken or exported to foreign countries by the persons returning therewith to the United States, shall, if not advanced in value or improved in condition by any means since their exportation from the United States, be entitled to ex- emption from duty, upon their identity being established, under such rule and regulations as may be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury. 753. Whalebone, unmanufactured. 754. Wood. — Logs, and round unmanufactured timber not specially enu- merated or provided for in this act. 755. Fire wood, handle bolts, heading bolls, stave bolts and shingle bolts, hop poles, fence posts, railroad ties, ship timber, and ship planking, not specially provided for in this act. 756. Woods, namely, cedar, lignum vitse, lance-wood, ebony, box. gran- adilla, mahogany, rosewood, satinwood, and all forms of cabinet woods, in the log, rough, or hewed; bamboo and rattan unmanufactured; brier root or brier wood, and similar wood unmanufactured, or not further manufactured than cut into blocks suitable for the articles into which they are intended to 374 APPENDIX. be converted ; bamboo, reeds, and sticks of partridge, hair wood, pimento, orange, myrtle, and other woods not otherwise specially provided for in this act, in the rough, or not further manufactured than cut into lengths suitable for sticks for umbrellas, parasols, sunshades, whips, or walking canes; and India malacca joints, not further manufactured than cut into suitable lengths for the manufactures into which they are intended to be converted. 757. Works of art, the production of American artists residing tempo- rarily abroad, or other works of art, including pictorial paintings on glass, imported expressly for presentation to a national institution, or to any state or municipal corporation, or incorporated religious society, college, or other public institution, except stained or painted window glass or stained or painted glass windows; but such exemption shall be subject to such regula- tions as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe. 758. Works of art, drawings, engravings, photographic pictures, and philosophical and scientific apparatus brought by professional artists, lectur- ers, or scientists arriving from abroad for use by them temporarily for ex- hibition and in illustration, promotion and encouragement of art, science, or industry in the United States, and not for sale, and photographic pictures, paintings, and statuary, imported for exhibition by any association established in good" faith and duly authorized under the laws of the United States, or of any State, expressly and solely for the promotion and encouragement of science, art, or industry, and not intended for sale, shall be admitted free of duty, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe; but bonds shall be given for the payment to the United States of such duties as may be imposed by law upon any and all of such articles as shall not be exported within six months after such importation: Provided, That the Sec- retary of the Treasury may, in his discretion, extend such period for a further term of six months in cases where applications therefor shall be made. 759. Works of art, collections in illustration of the progress of the arts, science, or manufactures, photographs, works in terra -cotta, parian, pottery, or porcelain, and artistic copies of antiquities in metal or other material here- inafter imported in good faith for permanent exhibition at a fixed place by any society or institution established for the encouragement of the arts or of science, and all like articles imported in good faith by any society or asso- ciation for the purpose of erecting a public monument, and not intended for sale, nor for any other purpose than herein expressed ; but bonds shall be given under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe, for the payment of lawful duties which may accrue should any of the articles aforesaid be sold, transferred, or used contrary to this provision, and such articles shall be subject, at any time, to examination and inspection by the proper officers of the customs: Provided, That the privileges of this and the preceding section shall not be allowed to associations or corpora- linns engaged in or connected with business of a private or commercial character. 760. Yams. 761. Zaffer. Sec. 3. That with a view to secure reciprocal trade with countries pro- ducing the following articles, and for this purpose, on and jitter the first day of January, 1892, whenever and so often as the President shall be satisfied that the government of any country producing and exporting sugars,_ molas- ses, coffee, tea, and hides," raw and' unciired, or any of such articles, imposes duties or other exactions upon the agricultural or other products of the United States, which in view of the free introduction of such sugar, molasses, coffee, tea, and hides into the United States he may deem to be reciprocally unequal and unreasonable, he shall have the power and it shall be his duty to suspend, by proclamation to that effect, the provisions of this act relating TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 375 to the free introduction of such sugar, molasses, coffee, tea, and hides, the production of such country, for such time as he shall deem just, and in such case and during such suspension duties shall be levied, collected, and paid upon sugar, molasses, coffee, tea, and hides, the product of or exported from such designated country as follows, namely: All sugars not above number thirteen Dutch standard in color shall pay duty on their polariscopic tests as follows, namely: All sugars not above number thirteen Dutch standard in color, all tank bottoms, sirups of cane juice or of beet juice, melada, concentrated melada, concrete and concentrated molasses, testing by the polariscope not above seventy-five degrees, seven-tenths of one cent per pound; and for every ad- ditional degree or fraction of a degree shown by the polariscopic test, two hundredths of one cent per pound additional. All sugars above number thirteen Dutch standard in color shall be classi- fied by the Dutch standard of color, and pay duty as follows, namely: All sugar above number thirteen and not above number sixteen Dutch standard of color, one and three-eighth cents per pound. All sugars above number sixteen and not above number twenty Dutch standard of color, one and five-eighth cents per pound. All sugars above number twenty Dutch standard of color, two cents per pound. Molasses testing above fifty-six degrees, four cents per gallon. Sugar drainings and sugar sweepings shall be subject to duty either as molasses or sugar, as the case may be, according to polariscopic test. On coffee, three cents per pound. On tea, ten cents per pound. Hides, raw or un cured, whether dry, salted or pickled; Angora goat skins, raw, without the wool, unmanufactured; asses' skins, raw or unmanu- factured, and skins, except sheepskins, with the wool on, one and one-half cents per pound. Sec. 4. That there shall be levied, collected and paid on the importation of all raw or unmanufactured articles, not enumerated or provided for in this act, a duty of ten per centum ad valorem; and on all articles manufac- tured, in whole or in part, not provided for in this act, a duty of twenty per centum ad valorem. Sec. 5. That each and every imported article, not enumerated in this act, which is similar, either in material, quality, texture, or the use to which it may be applied, to any article enumerated in this act as chargeable with duty shall pay the same rate of duty which is levied on the enumerated arti- cle which it most resembles in any of the particulars before mentioned: and if any non-enumerated article equally resembles two or more enumerated articles on which different rates of duty are chargeable there shall be levied on such non-enumerated article the same rate of duty as is chargeable on I he article which it resembles paying the highest rate o'f duty; and on articles not enumerated, manufactured of two or more materials, the duty shall be assessed at the highest rate at which the same would be chargeable if com- posed wholly of the component material thereof of chief value; and the words, "component material of chief value," wherever used in this act, shall be held to mean that component material which shall exceed in value any other single component material of the article; and the value of each com ponent material shall be determined by the ascertained value of such mate- rial in its condition as found in the article. If two or more rates of duty shall be applicable to any imported article it shall pay duty at the highest of such rates. Sec. 6. That on and after the first day of March, 1891, all articles of foreign manufacture, such as are usually or ordinarily marked, stamped, branded, or labeled, and all packages containing such or other imported 376 APPENDIX. articles, shall, respectively, be plainly marked, stamped, branded, or labeled in legible English words, so as to indicate the country of their origin; and unless so marked, stamped, branded, or labeled, they shall not be admitted to entry. Sec. 7. That on and after March first, 1891, no article of imported mer- chandise which shall copy or simulate the name or trade-mark of any domes- tic manufacture or manufacturer, shall be admitted to entry at any custom- house of the United States. And in order to aid the officers of the customs in enforcing this prohibition, any domestic manufacturer who has adopted trade-marks may require his name and residence and a description of his trade-marks to be recorded in books which shall be kept for that purpose in the Department of the Treasury under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe, and may furnish to the Department fac-similes of such trade-marks; and thereupon the Secretary of the Treasury shall cause one or more copies of the same to be transmitted to each collector or other proper officer of the customs. Sec. 8. That all lumber, timber, hemp, manila, wire rope, and iron and steel rods, bars, spikes, nails, plates, ties; angles, beams, and bolts and cop- per and composition metal which may be necessary for the construction and equipment of vessels built in the United States for foreign account and own- ership or for the purpose of being employed in the foreign trade, including the trade between the Atlantic and Pacific ports of the United States, after the passage of this act, may be imported in bond, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe; and upon proof that such ma- terials have been used for such purpose no duties shall be paid thereon. But vessels receiving the benefit of this section shall not be allowed to engage in the coastwise trade of the United States more than two months in any one year, except upon the payment to the United States of the duties on which a rebate is herein allowed: Provided, That vessels built in the United States for foreign account and ownership shall not be allowed to engage in the coast- wise trade of the United States. Sec 9. That all articles of foreign production needed for the repair of American vessels engaged in foreign trade, including the trade between the Atlantic and Pacific ports of the United States, may be withdrawn from bonded warehouses free of duty, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe. Sec. 10. That all medicines, preparations, compositions, perfumery, cos- metics, cordials, and other liquors manufactured wholly or in part of domes- tic spirits, intended for exportation, as provided by law, in order to be man- ufactured and sold or removed, without being charged with duty and with- out having a stamp affixed thereto, shall, under such regulations as the Sec- retary of the Treasury may prescribe, be made and manufactured in ware- houses similarly constructed to those known and designated in Treasury regulations as bonded warehouses, class two: Provided, That such manufac- turer shall first give satisfactory bonds to the collector of internal revenue for the faithful observance of all the provisions of law and the regulations as aforesaid, in amount not less than half of that required by the regulations of the Secretary of the Treasury from persons allowed bonded warehouses. Such goods, when manufactured in such warehouses, may be removed for exportation under the direction of the proper officer having charge thereof, who shall be designated by the Secretary of the Treasury without being charged with duty, and without having a stamp affixed thereto. Any man- ufacturer of the articles aforesaid, or any of them, having such bonded ware- houses as aforesaid, shall heat liberty, under such regulations as the Secre- tary of the Treasury may prescribe, to convey therein any materials to be used in such manufacture which are allowed by the provisions of law to be exported free .from tax or duty, as well as the necessary materials, imple- TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 377 ments, packages, vessels, brands, and labels, for tbe preparation, putting up, and export of the said manufactured articles: and every article so used shall be exempt from the payment of stamp and excise duty by such manufac- turer. Articles and materials so to be used may be transferred from any bonded warehouse in which the same may be, under such regulation as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe, into any bonded warehouse in which such manufacture may be conducted, and may be used in such manu- facture, and when so used shall be exempt from stamp and excise duty; and the receipt of the officer in charge as aforesaid shall be received as a voucher for the manufacture of such articles. Any materials imported into the Unit- ed States may, under such rules as the Secretary of the Treasury may pre- scribe, and under the direction of the proper officer, be removed in original packages from on shipboard, or from the bonded warehouse in which the same may be, into the bonded warehouse in which such manufacture may be carried on, for the purpose of being used in such manufacture, without pay- ment of duties thereon, and may there be used in such manufacture. No article so removed, nor any article manufactured in said bonded warehouse, shall be taken therefrom except for exportation, under the direction of the proper officer having charge thereof as aforesaid, whose certificate, describing the articles by their mark or otherwise, the quantity, the date of importation, and name of vessel, with such additional particulars as may from time to time be required, shall be received by the collector of customs in cancel- lation of the bond or return of the amount of foreign import duties. All labor performed and services rendered under these regulations shall be un- der the supervision of an officer of the customs, and at the expense of the manufacturer. Sec. 11. All persons are prohibited from importing into the United States from any foreign country any obscene book, pamphlet, paper, writ- ing, advertisement, circular, print, picture, drawing, or other representation, figure, or image on or of paper or other material, or any cast, instrument, or other article of an immoral nature, or any drug or medicine, or any article whatever, for the prevention of conception, or for causing unlawful abortion. No such articles, whether imported separately or contained in packages with other goods entitled to entry, shall be admitted to entry; and all such arti- cles shall be proceeded against, seized, and forfeited by due course of law. All such prohibited articles and the package in which they are contained in the course of importation shall be detained by the officer of customs, and proceedings taken against the same as prescribed in the following section, unless it appears to the satisfaction of the collector of customs that the obscene articles contained in the package were inclosed therein without the knowledge or consent of the importer, owner, agent, or consignee: Provided, That the drugs hereinbefore mentioned, when imported in bulk and not put up for any of the purposes hereinbefore specified, are excepted from the operation of this section. Sec. 12. That whoever, being an officer, agent, or employe of the gov eminent of the United States, shall knowingly aid or abet any person engaged in any violation of any of the provisions of law prohibiting importing, adver tising, dealing in, exhibiting or sending or receiving by mail obscene or inde- cent publications or representations, or means for preventing conception or procuring abortion, or other articles of indecent or immoral use or tendency, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall for every offense he pun ishable by a fine of not more than five thousand dollars, or by imprisonment at hard labor for not more than ten years, or both. Sec. 13. That any judge of any district or circuit court of the United States, within the proper district, before whom complaint in writing of any violation of the two preceding sections is made, to the satisfaction of such judge, and founded on knowledge or belief, and if upon belief, setting forth 27b 378 APPENDIX. the grounds of such belief, and supported by oath or affirmation of the com- plainant may issue, conformably to the Constitution, a warrant directed to the marshal or any deputy marshal, in the proper district, directing him to search for, seize, and take possession of any such article or thing mentioned in the two preceding sections, and to make due and immediate return thereof to the end that the same may be condemned and destroyed by proceedings, which shall be conducted in the same manner as other proceedings in the case of municipal seizure, and with the same right of appeal or writ of error. Sec. 14. That machinery for repair may be imported into the United States without payment of duty, under bond, to be given in double the appraised value thereof, to be withdrawn and exported after said machinery shall have been repaired; and the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized and directed to prescribe such rules and regulations as may be necessary to protect the revenue against fraud, and secure the identity and character of all such importations when again withdrawn and exported, restricting and limiting the export and withdrawal to the same port of entry where import- ed, and also limiting all bonds to a period of time of not more than six months from the date of the importation. Sec. 15. That the produce of the forests of the State of Maine upon the Saint John River and its tributaries, owned by American citizens, and sawed or hewed in the Province of New Brunswick by American citizens, the same being unmanufactured in whole or in part, which is now admitted into the ports of the United States free of duty, shall continue to be so admitted under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall, from time to time prescribe. Sec. 16. That the produce of the forests of the State of Maine upon the Saint Croix river and its tributaries owned by American citizens, and sawed in the Province of New Brunswick by American citizens, tbe same being unmanufactured in whole or in part, shall be admitted into the ports of the United States free of duty, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall, from time to time, prescribe. Sec. 17. That a discriminating duty of ten per centum ad valorem, in addition to the duties imposed by law, shall be levied, collected, and paid on all goods, wares, or merchandise which shall be imported in vessels not of the United States; but this discriminating duty shall not apply to goods, wares, and merchandise which shall be imported in vessels not of the United States, entitled, by treaty or any act of Congress, to be entered in the ports of the United States on payment of the same duties as shall then be paid on goods, wares, and merchandise imported in vessels of the United States. Sec. 18. That no goods, wares, or merchandise, unless in cases provided for by treaty, shall be imported into the United States from any foreign port or place, except in vessels of the United States, or in such foreign vessels as truly and wholty belong to the citizens or subjects of that country of which the goods are the growth, production, or manufacture, or from which such goods, wares, or merchandise can only be, or most usually are, first shipped for transportation. All goods, wares," or merchandise imported contrary to this section, and the vessel wherein the same shall he imported, together with her cargo, tackle, apparel, and furniture, shall be forfeited to the United States; and such goods, wares, or merchandise, ship, or vessel, and cargo shall he liable to be seized, prosecuted, and condemned, in like manner, and under the same regulations, restrictions, and provisions as have been hereto- fore established for the recovery, collection, distribution, and remission of forfeitures to the United States by the several revenue laws. Sec 19. That the preceding section shall not apply to vessels or goods, wares, or merchandise imported in vessels of a foreign nation which does not maintain a similar regulation against vessels of the Untied States. Sec. 20. That, the importation of neat cattle and the hides of neat cattle Y * O r * so i — ^ * o o o * * * * ^ Fold-out Placeholder This fold-out is being digitized, and will be inserted at a future date. Fold-out Placeholder This fold-out is being digitized, and will be inserted at a future date. TEXT OF THE McKINLEY BILL. 379 from any foreign country into the United States is prohibited: Provided, That the operation of this section shall be suspended as to any foreign coun- try or countries, or any parts of such country or countries, whenever the Secretary of the Treasury shall officially determine, and give public notice thereof that such importation will not tend to the introduction or spread of contagious or infectious diseases among the cattle of the United States: and the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby authorized and empowered, and it shall be bis duty, to make all necessary orders and regulations to carry this section into effect, or to suspend the same as therein provided, and to send copies thereof to the proper officers in the United States, and to such officers or agents of the United States in foreign countries as he shall judge neces- sary. Sec. 21. That any person convicted of a willful violation of any of the provisions of the preceding section shall be lined not exceeding five hundred dollars, or imprisoned not exceeding one year, or both, in the discretion of the Court. Sec. 22. That upon the reimportation of articles once exported of the growth, product, or manufacture of the United States, upon which no inter- nal tax has been assessed or paid, or upon which such tax has been paid and refunded by allowance or drawback, there shall be levied, collected, and paid a duty equal to the tax imposed by the internal-revenue laws upon such articles, except articles manufactured in bonded warehouses and exported pursuant to law, which shall be subject to the same rate of duty as if origi- nally imported. Sec. 23. That whenever any vessel laden with merchandise in whole or in part subject to duty has been sunk in any river, harbor, bay, or waters subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, and within its limits, for the period of two years, and is abandoned by the owner thereof, any person who may raise such vessel shall be permitted to bring any merchandise recovered therefrom into the port nearest to the place where such vessel was so raised, free from the payment of any duty thereupon, and without being obliged to enter the same at the custom-house; but under such regulations as the Secre- tary of the Treasury may prescribe. Sec. 24. That the works of manufactures engaged in smelting or refining metals in the United States may be designated as bonded warehouses under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe: Provided, That such manufacturers shall first give satisfactory bonds to the Secretary of the Treasury. Metals in any crude form requiring smelting or refining to make them readily available in the arts, imported into the United States to be smelted or refined and intended to be exported in a refined but unmanu- factured state, shall, under such rules as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe and under the direction of the proper officer, be removed in origi- nal packages or in bulk from the vessel or other vehicle on which it lias been imported, or from the bonded warehouse in which the same may be into die bonded warehouse in which such smelting and refining may be carried on, for the purpose of being smelted and refined without payment of duties thereon, and may there be smelted and refined, together with other metals of home or foreign production : Provided, That each day a quantity of re- fined metal equal to the amount of imported metal refined Ilia) day shall be set aside, and such metal so set aside shall not, be taken from said works except for exportation, under the direction of the proper officer having charge thereof as aforesaid, whose certificate, describing the articles by their marks or otherwise, the quantity, the date of importation, and the name of vessel or other vehicle by which it was imported, with such additional particulars as may from time to time be required, shall be received by the collector of cus- toms as sufficient evidence of the exportation of the metal, or it may be removed, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may pre. 380 APPENDIX. scribe, to any other bonded warehouse, or upon entry for and payment of duties, for domestic consumption. All labor performed and services ren- dered under these regulations shall be under the supervision of an officer of the customs, to be appointed by the Secretary of the Treasury, and at the expense of the manufacturer. Sec. 25. That where imported materials on which duties have been paid, are used in the manufacture of articles manufactured or produced in the United States, there shall be allowed on the exportation of such articles a drawback equal in amount to the duties paid on the materials used, less one per centum of such duties: Provided, That when the articles exported are made in part from domestic materials, the imported materials, or the parts of the articles made from such materials shall so appear in the completed arti- cles that the quantity or measure thereof may be ascertained: And "provided further, That the drawback on any article allowed under existing law shall be continued at the rate herein provided. That the imported materials used in the manufacture or production of articles entitled to drawback of customs duties when exported shall in all cases where drawback of duties paid on such materials is claimed, be identified, the quantity of such materials used and the amount of duties paid thereon shall be ascertained, the facts of the manufacture or production of such articles in the United States and their exportation therefrom shall be determined, and the drawback due thereon shall be paid to the manufacturer, producer, or exporter, to the agent of either or to the person to whom such manufacturer, producer, exporter or agent shall in writing order such drawback paid under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe. THE BLAINE REPORT ON RECIPROCITY. ADOPTED BY THE INTERNATIONAL AMERICAN CONFERENCE AND SUB- MITTED TO CONGRESS BY PRESIDENT HARRISON, JUNE 19, 1890. Department of State, ) Washington, June A, 1890. ) To the President: I beg leave to submit herewith the report upon " Customs Union " adopted by the International American Conference. The act of Congress, approved May 24, 1888, authorizing the President to invite delegates to "this conference, named as one of the topics to be consid- ered, "Measures toward the formation of an American Customs Union, un- der which the trade of the American nations shall, so far as possible and prof- itable, be promoted." The committee of the conference to which this topic was referred inter- preted the term "Customs Union" to mean an association or agreement among the several American nations for a free interchange of domestic prod- ucts, a common and uniform system of tariff laws, and an equitable divis- ion of the customs dues collected under them. Such a proposition was at once pronounced impracticable. Its adoption would require a complete revision of the tariff laws of all the eighteen na- tions, and most, if not all, of our sister republics are largely, if not entirely, dependent upon the collection of customs dues for the revenue to sustain their governments. But the conference declared that partial reciprocity be- tween the American republics was not only practicable, but " must necessa- rily increase the trade and the development of the material resources of the countries adopting that system, and it would in all probability bring about as favorable results as those obtained by free trade among the different States of this Union." The conference recommended, therefore, that the several governments rep- resented negotiate reciprocity treaties "upon such a basis as would be accept- able in each case, taking into consideration the special situations, conditions, and interests of each country, and with a view to promote their common wel- fare." The delegates from Chili and the Argentine Republic did not concur in these recommendations, for the reason that the attitude of our Congress at that time was not such as to encourage them to expect favorable responses from the United States in return for concessions which their government might offer. They had come here with an expectation that our government and people desired to make whatever concessions were necessary and possible to increase the trade between the United States and the two countries named. The President of the Argentine Republic, in communicating to his Congress the appointment of delegates to the International Conference, said: "The Argentine Republic feels the liveliest interest m the subject, and hopes that its commercial relations with the United Stales may find some practical solution of the question of the interchange of products between the two countries, considering that this is the most efficacious way of strengthen- ing the ties which bind this country with that grand republic whose institu- tions serve us as a model." It was therefore unfortunate that the Argentine delegates, shortly after their arrival in Washington, in search of reciprocal trade, should have read 381 382 APPENDIX. in the daily press that propositions were pending in our Congress to impose a heavy duty upon Argentine hides, which for many years had heen upon the free list, and to increase the duty on Argentine wool. Since the adoption of the recommendations of the conference, which I herewith inclose, hides have been restored to the free list, but the duty upon carpet wool remains, and, as the Argentine delegates declared, represents the only concession we have to offer them in exchange for the removal of duties upon our peculiar products. Only those who have given the subject careful study realize the magni- tude of the commerce of these sister nations. In 1888 the combined imports of Chili and the Argentine Republic reached the enormous sum of $233,127,- G98. The statistics of Chilian commerce for 1889 have not yet been received, but the imports of the Argentine Republic for that year were $143,000,000. These imports consisted in the greater part of articles that could have been furnished by the manufacturers of the United States; yet in 1888, of the total of $233,000,000 imports, we contributed but $13,000,000; while England con- tributed $90,000,000; Germany, $43,000,000; and France, $34,000,000. With our extraordinary increase in population, and even more extraordi- nary increase in material wealth, our progress in trade with South America has been strangely hindered and limited. In 1868 our total exports to all the world were $375,737,000, of which $53,- 197,000 went to Spanish America — 14 per cent. In 1888 our exports to all the world were $742,368,000, an increase of 100 per cent,, while but $69,273,000 went to Spanish America, little more than 9 per cent. ; and the greatest gain (nine millions) has been noticed during the last two years. It was the unanimous judgment of the delegates that our exports to these countries and to the other republics could be increased to a great degree by the negotiation of such treaties as are recommended by the conference. The practical, every -day experience of our merchants engaged in the trade demon- strates beyond a question that in all classes of merchandise which we have long and 'successfully produced for export, they are able to compete with their European rivals in quality and in price; and the reiterated statement that our Latin- American neighbors do not buy of us because we do not buy of them, or because we tax their products, has been annually contradicted by the statistics of our commerce for a quarter of a centuiy. The lack of means for reaching their markets has been the chief obstacle in the way of increased exports. The carrying trade has been controlled by European merchants who have forbidden an exchange of commodities. The merchandise we sell in South America is carried there in American ships, or foreign ships char- tered by American commission houses. The merchandise we buy in South America is brought to us in European vessels that never take return cargoes, but sail for Liverpool, Havre, Bremen, or Hamburg with wheat, corn and cotton. There they load again with manufactured goods for the South Amer- ican markets, and continue their triangular voyages, paying for the food they are compelled to buy of us with the proceeds of the sale of their manufactures in markets that we could and would supply if we controlled the carrying trade. France taxes imports as we do, and in 1880, her merchants suffered, as ours do now, for the lack of transportation facilities with the Argentine Re- public. Under liberal encouragement from the government , direct and regu- lar steamship lines were established between Havre and Buenos Ayres, and as a direct and natural result, her exports increased from $8,292,872 in 1880 to $22,996,000 in 1888. The experience of Germany furnishes an even more striking example. In 1880 the exports from Germany to the Argentine Republic were only $2,365,- 152. In 1888 they were $13, 310, 000. ' ' This result, " writes Mr. Baker, our most THE BLAINE REPORT ON RECIPROCITY. 383 useful and intelligent consul at Buenos Ayres, "is due, first, to the establish- ment of quick and regular steam communication between the two countries; second, to the establishment of branch houses by German merchants and manufacturers; and third, to the opening of a German Argentine bank to fa- cilitate exchange." _ There is no'direct steamship communication whatever between the United States and the Argentine Republic; and there are no direct banking facili- ties. The International American Conference has earnestly recommended the establishment of both; but reciprocal exchanges of tariff concessions will be equally effective in stimulating commerce and in increasing the export of the products of which we have the largest surplus not only to the progressive re- public named, but to all the other American nations. The conference believed that while great profit would come to all the countries if reciprocity treaties should be adopted, the United States would be by far the greatest gainer. Nearly all the articles we export to our neighbors are subjected to heavy customs taxes; so heavy, in many cases, as to prohibit their consumption by the masses of the people. On the other hand, more than 87 per cent, of our imports from Latin America are admitted free, leav- ing but 12 per cent, upon which duties may still be removed. But mindful of the fact that the United States has, from time to time, removed the duties from coffee, cocoa, India-rubber, hides, cinchona bark, dye and cabinet woods, and other Latin-American products, our government may confidently ask the concession suggested. The increased exports would be drawn alike from our farms, our facto- ries, and our forests. None of the Latin- American countries produce building lumber; the most of them are dependent upon foreign markets for their breadstuff s and provisions; and in few is there any opportunity or inclination for mechanical industry. The effect of such reciprocity would be felt in every portion of the land. Not long ago the Brazilian Mail Steamship Company took the trouble to trace to its origin every article that composed the cargo carried by one of its steamers to Rio de Janeiro, and the investigation disclosed the fact that thirty- six States and Territories contributed to the total, as follows: New York $74,546 00 Vermont 96 00 Delaware 20,908 00 Illinois 19,331 47 New Jersey 17,054 40 Pennsylvania 43,065 00 Connecticut 11,874 00 Kansas 11,332 00 Indiana 9,098 00 Massachusetts 7,190 00 Ohio 6,230 00 New Hampshire 6,035 00 Missouri 5,773 00 Georgia 5,096 00 Rhode Island 4,020 00 Michigan 3,732 00 Virginia 3,704 54 Maine 2,765 00 Minnesota 2,668 00 North Carolina $2,647 00 Maryland 2,359 00 Mississippi 2,056 00 Louisiana 2,111 00 Wyoming 1,800 00 Oregon 1,183 00 Tennessee 1,150 00 Iowa 807 00 South Carolina 587 00 Kentucky 781 00 Wisconsin 576 00 California 239 00 Dakota 220 00 Texas 162 00 Nebraska 125 00 Alabama 56 00 Florida 40 00 Total $301,417 41 The 12 per cent, of our imports from Latin America upon which duties are still assessed consists only of raw sugar and the coarse grades of wool used in the manufacture of carpets. 384 APPENDIX. The sugar-growing nations comprise four-fifths or forty millions, of Latin America; but with geographical conditions against them, their free labor can not successfully compete with the coolie labor of the European colonies. A slight discrimination in their favor would greatly stimulate their agricul- tural interests, enlarge their purchasing power, and tend to promote friendly sentiments and intercourse. The wool-growing nations are Chili, Uruguay, and the Argentine Repub- lic, and from them our manufacturers of carpets receive a great portion of their supply. It was most strongly urged by the delegates who had carefully studied this subject that the free admission of coarse wools from these coun- tries could not prove injurious to the wool growers of the United States, be- cause the greater profit derived by them from the higher grades discourages, if it docs not actually prohibit, their production. On the contrary, they maintained that the free importation of the coarse wool would result in a large reduction in the cost of the cheaper grades of carpets, and enable the manufacturers of the United States to secure an enormous export trade in these fabrics. It was also suggested that the use of the coarse wools fur the purpose of adulteration in the manufacture of clothing might be prevented by requiring that imports withdrawn for the manufacture of carpets should be so designated to exempt them from customs dues, and the existing duty retained upon those used for other purposes. The wool growers of the Argentine Republic protest against what they consider a serious discrimination against their products in the tariff laws of the United States, which impose a duty upon the gross weight instead of the value of the article. The Argentine wools are much heavier in grease and dirt than those from Australia and New Zealand, which is said to be due to unavoidable climatic conditions, and sell at a lower price. But the imports from the three coun- tries are subject to the same duty. This fact was very strongly urged, to the end that at least equal advantages should be given to the products of a friendly country with which we are endeavoring to build up a trade. The Argentines desire the free admission of their coarse wool, and other Latin- American states desire the free admission of their sugar to the ports of this country, with the understanding that our peculiar products shall, in turn, be admitted free into their ports. At present, by reason of the high duties levied by them, the chief articles of our production are beyond the purchas- ing power of the great mass of the people in those countries, and are luxuries which only the wealthy can enjoy. Excepting raw cotton, our four largest exports during the last fiscal year were breadstuffs, provisions, refined petroleum, and lumber. The following statement shows the total exports of each of said articles in 1889, and the proportion exported to Latin America: Exported to AKTICLES. Total Exports. Latin America. Breadstuffs $123,876,423 $5,123,528 Provisions 104,122,328 2,507.375 Refined Petroleum 44,830,424 2,94S, 14!> Wood and Lumher 26,907, 161 5,039,886 These figures should be closely studied. It would be difficult to under- stand, but for the explanations given in the conference, why, out of the three hundred millions of staples exported from this country, only fifteen millions should be consumed in all Latin America with its population of 50,000,000 people, when the United States is the only source of supply for those articles which are regarded by us as the necessaries of life. The foreign delegates all agreed that this proportion could be increased many fold by extending to their people the ability to purchase; and the abil- ity to purchase rests, in their opinion, upon reciprocal concessions. THE BLAINE REPORT ON RECIPROCITY. 385 Attached hereto is a statement showing the duties charged by the South American countries of the largest commerce upon the articles which they import chiefly from the United States, and also a statement showing the meagre amounts of our peculiar exportable products shipped to the several Latin- American states. By a comparison of these statements the effect of the removal of the duties upon these articles by the countries of Latin America will at once be apparent. Fifteen of the seventeen republics with which we have been in conference have indicated, by the votes of their representatives in the International American Conference, and by other methods which it is not necessary to de- fine, their desire to enter upon reciprocal commercial relations with the United Slates; the remaining two express equal willingness, could they be assured that their advances would be favorably considered. To escape the delay and uncertainty of treaties it has been suggested that a practicable and prompt mode of testing the cpiestion was to submit an amendment to the pending tariff bill, authorizing the President to declare the ports of the United States free to all the products of any nation of the American hemisphere upon which no export duties are imposed whenever and so long as such nation shall admit to its ports free of all national, pro- vincial (State), municipal, and other taxes, our flour, corn meal, and other breadstuffs, preserved meats, fish, vegetables, and fruits, cotton-seed oil, rice, and other provisions, including all articles of food, lumber, furniture, and all other articles of wood, agricultural implements and machinery, mining and mechanical machinery, structural steel and iron, steel rails, locomotives, railway cars and supplies, street cars, and refined petroleum. I mention these particular articles because they have been most frequently referred to as those with which a valuable exchange could be readily effected. The list could no doubt be profitably enlarged by a careful investigation of the needs and advantage of both the home and foreign markets. The opinion was general among the foreign delegates that the legislation herein referred to would lead to the opening of new and profitable markets for the products of which we have so large a surplus, and thus invigorate every branch of agriculture and mechanical industry. Of course, the ex- changes involved in these propositions would be rendered impossible if Con- gress, in its wisdom, should repeal the duty on sugar by direct legislation instead of allowing the same object to be attained by the reciprocal arrange- ment suggested. v Respectfully submitted, James G. Blaine. THE SILVER BILL OF 1890. APPROVED BY PRESIDENT HARRISON, JULY 14, 1890. "The Secretary of the Treasury is hereby directed to purchase, from time to time, silver bullion to the aggregate amount of 4,500,000 ounces, or so much thereof as may be offered in each month, at the market price thereof, not exceeding $ 1 for 371.25 grains of pure silver, and to issue in pay- ment for such purchases of silver bullion, Treasury notes of the United States to be prepared by the Secretary of the Treasury in such form and of such denominations, not less than $1 nor more than $1,000, as he may prescribe, and a sum sufficient to carry into effect the provisions of this act, is hereby appropriated out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated. " Sec. 2. That the Treasury notes issued in accordance with the provi- sions of this act shall be redeemable on demand, in coin, at the Treasury of the United States or at the office of any assistant treasurer of the United States, and when so redeemed, may be reissued; but no greater or less amount of such notes shall be outstanding at any time than the cost of the silver bullion, and the standard silver dollars coined therefrom, then held in the Treasury purchased by such notes; and such Treasury notes shall be a legal tender in payment of all debts, public and private, except where other- wise expressly stipulated in the contract, and shall be receivable for customs, taxes, and all public dues, and when so received may be reissued; and such notes, when held by any national banking association, may be counted as a part of its lawful reserve. That upon demand of the holder of any of the Treasury notes herein provided for, the Secretary of the Treasury shall, under such regulations as he may prescribe, redeem such notes in gold or silver coin, at his discretion, it being the established policy of the United States to maintain the two metals on a parity with each other upon the pres- ent legal ratio, or such ratio as may be provided by law. " Sec. 3. That the Secretary of the Treasury shall each month coin two million ounces of the silver bullion purchased under the provisions of this act into standard silver dollars until the 1st day of July, 1891, and after that time he shall coin of the silver bullion purchased under the provisions of this act as much as may be necessary to provide for the redemption of the Treas- ury notes herein provided for, and any gain or seigniorage arising from such coinage shall be accounted for and paid into the Treasury. " Sec. 4. That the silver bullion purchased under the provisions of this act shall be subject to the requirements of existing law and the regulations of the mint service governing the methods of determining the amount of pure silver contained, and the amount of charges or deductions, if any, to be made. " Sec. 5. That so much of the act of Feb. 28, 1878, entitled 'An act to authorize the coinage of the standard silver dollar and to restore its legal- tender character,' as requires the monthly purchase and coinage of the same into silver dollars of not less than $2,000',000nor more than $4,000,000 worth of silver bullion, is hereby repealed. " Sec. 6. That upon the passage of this act the balances standing with the Treasurer of the United States to the respective credits of national banks for 386 THE SILVER BILL OF 1890. 387 deposits made to redeem the circulating notes of such banks, and all depos- its thereafter received for like purpose, shall be covered into the Treasury as a miscellaneous receipt, and the Treasurer of the United States shall redeem from the general cash in the Treasury the circulating notes of said banks which may come into his possession subject to redemption; and upon the cer- tificate of tbe Comptroller of the Currency that such notes have been received by him, and that they have been destroyed, and that no new notes will be issued in their place, reimbursement of their amount shall be made to the Treasurer, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may pre- scribe, from an appropriation hereby created, to be known as ' National bank notes: Redemption account,' but the provisions of this act shall not apply to the deposits received under section 3 of the act of June 20, 1874, requiring every national bank to keep in lawful money with the Treasurer of the United States a sum equal to 5 per cent, of its circulation, to be held and used for the redemption of its circulating notes; and the balance remaining of the deposits so covered shall, at the close .of each month, be reported on the monthly public debt statement as debt of the United States bearing no interest. "Sec. 7. That this act shall take effect thirty days from and after its THE MILLS BILL. EXTRACTS FROM MR. MILLS'S SPEECH, 1889, INTRODUCING HIS PRO- POSED TARIFF-REFORM MEASURE. "Mr. Chairman, during our late civil war the expenditures required by an enormous military establishment made it necessary that the burdens of taxation should be laid heavily in all directions authorized by the Constitu- tion. The internal-revenue and direct taxes were called into requisition to supplement the revenues arising from customs, to aid the Treasury to respond to the heavy demands which were being daily made upon it. The duties on imports were raised from an average on dutiable goods of 18.84 per cent. in 1861 to an average of 40.29 per cent, on dutiable goods during the five years from 1862 to 1866, inclusive. This was recognized at the time as an exceptionally heavy burden. It was stated by the distinguished gentlemen who then presented to the House the bill so largely increasing the duties, and which to-day bears his honored name, that it was demanded by the exigencies of war, and must cease on the return of peace. In his own words he said : ' This is intended as a war measure, a temporary measure, and we must as such give it our support.' More than twenty years have elapsed since the war ended. A generation has passed away and a new generation has appeared on the stage since peace has returned to bless our common country; but these war taxes still remain; and they are heavier to-day than they were on an average during the five years of the existence of hostilities. The average rate of duty during the last five years— from 1883 to 1887 inclusive — on dutiable goods, amounts to 44.51 per cent., and during the last year the average is 47.10 per cent. Instead of the rate of taxation being reduced to meet the wants of an efficient administration of government in time of peace, it con- tinues to grow and fill the coffers of the government with money not required for public purposes, and which rightfully should remain in the pockets of the people. • ' The greatest evil that is inflicted by it is in the destruction of the values of our exports. Remember that the great body of our exports are agricul- tural products. It has been so through our whole history. From 75 to over 80 per cent, of the exports of this country, year by year, are agricultural products. Cotton is first, then bread-stuffs, pork, beef, butter, cheese, lard. These are the things that keep up our foreign trade, and when you put on or keep on such duties as we have now — war duties, winch were regarded as so I enormous even in the very midst of hostilities that they were declared to be ' temporary — when you put on or retain those duties, they limit and prohibit importation, and that limits or prohibits exportation. It takes two to make a trade. All the commerce of all the countries of the world is carried on by an exchange of commodities — commodities going from the country where they are produced at the least cost to seek a market in those countries where they can either not be produced at all or where they can be produced only at the highest cost of production. We are the great agricultural country of the world, and we have been feeding the people of Europe, and the people of Europe have got to give us in exchange the products of their labor in their shops; and when we put on excessive duties for the purpose of prohibiting the importations of their goods, as a necessary result we put an excessive duty upon the exportation of our own agricultural products. And what does that do ? It throws our surplus products upon our own markets at home, which becomes glutted and oversupplied, and prices go down. So it is with 388 THE MILLS BILL. 389 the people of Europe who are manufacturing and producing things that we can not produce, but which we want. Their products are thrown upon their home markets, which are glutted and oversupplied, and their prices likewise go down. And whenever, from any cause, prices start up in Europe, our tariff being levied mainly by specific duties upon quantity, not upon value, the tariff goes down, and then we see large importation, and, as a result, large exportation. Then we see a rise in agricultural products; then we see the circulation of money all thi-ough the whole of our industrial system; we see our people going to work, our manufactories starting up, and prosperity in every part of the land. "We are the greatest agricultural people in the world. We exceed all others in the products of manufacture, but we export next to nothing of our product. Why should we not export the three hundred and seventy-live millions of cotton goods which England is now exporting? She buys her cotton from us, pays the cost of transportation to her factories, makes the goods, and sends them all over the world. That trade, at least the most of it, is ours whenever we get ready to take it. Why should we not make and send out the hundred millions of woolen goods which she is annually exporting? We have the advantage of her in almost everything except cost of materials. Why should we not make and export the hundred millions of iron and steel which she is making and sending away annually? There is no reason except that high tariff and trusts and combinations are in our way, and they muster all their forces to prevent us from taking the place which our advantages entitle us to take. We are the greatest people in the world. We have the highest standard of civilization; we have the highest and best diffusion of knowledge among our people. We utilize the power of machinery more than any people in the world. We produce by our labor more than any people in the world. We have everything to command success in any con- test over any rival. We are the first cotton-producing country. We have wool, flax, hemp; our country is full of coal and ores and lumber, and yet with all these advantages over all others we have pursued a suicidal policy of protection, which has closed the markets of the world against us; and not content to stop here, we have plundered the great body of our agricultural people out of a large part of their wealth. We must make a departure. In- stead of laying the burdens of taxation upon the necessaries of life, instead of destroying our foreign commerce, we should encourage it as we would encoiu - age our home commerce. We should remove every unnecessary bur- den. We should lay taxes to obtain revenue, but not restrict importation. We should place every material of manufacture on the free list, start up our fires, put our wheels in motion, and put all our people to work at good wages." After arguing that it is increased production that makes cheap goods and high wages, Mr. Mills said, in regard to the effect of the existing tariff on labor: "I have taken from the first annual report of the Commissioner of Labor and the report of the census on wages some figures given by manufac- turers themselves of the total cost of the product and the labor cost of the articles they are making. I have put the tariff duty by the side of them to show whether in the little reductions we are asking in tins hill we have gone beyond that pledge we as a party have made that we would not reduce taxation so low as to injure our laborers, or as not to cover the difference in cost of labor between American and foreign products. This will show, and 1 ask your attention to it, that the tariff is not intended to, and does not. benefil labor. It will show that the benefit of the tariff never passes beyond the pocket of the manufacturer, and to the pockets of his workmen. "I find in this report one pair of five-pound blankets. The whole cost, as stated by the manufacturer, is $2.51. The labor cost lie paid for making them is 35 cents. The present tariff is $1.90. Now here is $1.55 in this I a r iff over and above the entire labor cost of these blankets. Why did not that 390 APPENDIX. manufacturer go and give that money to the laborer? He is able to do it. Here is a tariff that gives him $1.90 on that pair of blankets for the benefit of his laborer; but notwithstanding that the tariff was imposed for the bene- fit of American labor and to preserve high wages, every dollar of that tariff went into the manufacturer's pocket. The poor fellow who made the blankets got 35 cents and the manufacturer kept the ft 1.90. "Here is one yard of flannel, weighing four ounces; it cost 18 cents, of which the laborer got 3 cents; the tariff on it is 8 cents. How is it that the whole 8 cents did not get into the pockets of the laborer? Is it not strange that those who made the tariff and fastened upon the people these war rates in a time of profound peace, and who are now constantly assailing the Dem- ocratic party because it is untrue to the workingman, did not make some provision by which the generous bounty they gave should reach the pocket of him for whom they said it was intended? They charge that we are trying to strike down the labor of the country. Why do they not see that the money they are taking out of the hard earnings of the people is delivered in good faith to the workman? One yard of cassimere, weighing 16 ounces, cost $1.38; the labor cost is 29 cents; the tariff duty is 80 cents. One pound of sewing-silk costs $5.66; the cost for labor is 85 cents; the tariff is $1.69. One gallon of linseed-oil costs 46 cents; the labor cost is 2 cents; the tariff cost is 25 cents. One ton of bar-iron costs $31; the labor cost is $10; the tariff fixes several rates for bar-iron. I give the lowest rate, $17.92. One ton of foun- dry pig-iron costs $11; the labor costs $1.64; the tariff is $6.72. "Now, Mr. Chairman, I have gone through with a number of articles taken from these official reports made by the manufacturers themselves, and I have shown that the tariff was not framed for the benefit of the laborer, or that if it was so intended by those who framed it, the benefit never reaches the laborer, not a dollar of it. The working people are hired in the market at the lowest rates at which their services can be had, and all the ' boodle ' that has been granted by these tariff bills goes into the pockets of the manu- facturers. It builds up palaces; :t concentrates wealth; it makes great and powerful magnates; but it distributes none of its beneficence in the homes of our laboring poor." As to the spirit of the protective system which is sometimes called the American policy, Mr. Mills said: "I repel it, sir; it is not American. It is the reverso of American. That policy is American which clings most closely to the fundamental idea that underlies our institutions and upon which the whole superstructure of our government is erected, and that idea is freedom — freedom secured by the guarantees of government; freedom to think, to speak, to write; freedom to go where we please, select our own occupations; free- dom to labor when we please and where we please; freedom to receive and enjoy all the results of our labor; freedom to sell our products, and freedom to buy the products of others, and freedom to markets for the products of our labor, without which the freedom of labor is restricted and denied; free- dom from restraints in working and marketing the products of our toil, ex- cept such as may be necessary in the interest of the government; freedom from all unnecessary burdens; 'freedom from all exactions upon the citizen except such as may be necessary to support an honest, efficient and econom- ical administration of the government that guarantees him protection to ' life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness;' freedom from all taxation ex- cept that which is levied for the support of the government; freedom from taxation levied for the purpose of enriching favored classes by the spoliation and plunder of the people; freedom from "all systems of taxation that do not fall with 'equal and exact justice upon all' — that do not raise the revenues of government in the way that is least burdensome to the people and with the least possible disturbance to their business. That, sir, is the American policy." TARIFF MESSAGE OF PRESIDENT CLEVELAND. SENT TO CONGRESS DECEMBER 6, 1887. To the Congress of the United States: You are confronted at the threshold of your legislative duties with a con- dition of the national finances which imperatively demands immediate and careful consideration. The amount of money annually exacted through the operation of present laws from the industries and necessities of the people largely exceeds the sum necessary to meet the expenses of the government. When we consider that the theory of our institutions guarantees to every citizen the full enjoyment of all the fruits of his industry and enterprise, with only such deduction as may be his share toward the careful and economical maintenance of the government which protects him, it is plain that the exac- tion of more than this is indefensible extortion and a culpable betrayal of American fairness and justice. This wrong, inflicted upon those who bear the burden of national taxation, like other wrongs, multiplies a brood of evil consequences. The public Treasury, which should only exist as a conduit conveying the people's tribute to its legitimate objects of expenditure, be- comes a hoarding-place for money needlessly withdrawn from trade and the people's use, thus crippling our national energies, suspending our country's development, preventing investment in productive enterprise, threatening fin- ancial disturbance, and inviting schemes of public plunder. This condition of our Treasury is not altogether new; and it has more than once of late been submitted to the people's representatives in the Congress, who alone can apply a remedy. And yet the situation still continues, with aggravated incidents, more than ever presaging financial convulsion and wide- spread disaster. It will not do to neglect this situation because its dangers are not now palpably imminent and apparent. They exist none the less cer- tainly, and await the unforeseen and unexpected occasion when suddenly they will be precipitated upon us. On the 30th day of June, 1885, the excess of revenues over public expen- ditures after complying with the annual requirement of the sinking-fund act. was $17,859,735.84. During the year ended June 30, 1886, such excess amounted to $49,405,545.20, and during the vear ended June 30, 1887, it reached the sum of $55,567,849.54. The annual contributions to the sinking fund during the three years above specified, amounting in the aggregate to $138,058,320.94 and deducted from the surplus as stated, were made by call- ing in for that purpose outstanding threc-per-cent. bonds of the government. During the six months prior to June 30, 1887, the surplus revenue had grown so large by repeated accumulation and it was feared the withdrawal of this great sum of money needed by the people would so affect the business of the country, that the sum of $79,864,100 of such surplus was applied to the pay- ment of the principal and interest of the three-per-cent. bonds still outstand- ing, and which were then payable at the option of the government. The precarious condition of financial affairs among the people still need- ing relief, immediately after the 30th day of June, 1887, the remainder of the threeqDer-cent. bonds then outstanding, amounting with principal and inter- est to the sum of $18,877,500, were called in and applied to the sinking-fund contribution for the current fiscal year. Notwithstanding these operations of the Treasury Department, representations of distress in business circles not 391 392 APPENDIX. only continued but increased, and absolute peril seemed at hand. In these circumstances the contribution to tbe sinking fund for the current fiscal year was at once completed by the expenditure of $27,684,283.55 in the purchase of government bonds not yet due, bearing four and four and one half per cent, interest, the premium paid thereon averaging about twenty-four per cent, for the former and eight per cent, for the latter. In addition to this the interest accruing during the current year upon the outstanding bonded indebtedness of the government was to some extent an- ticipated, and banks selected as depositories of public money were permitted to somewhat increase their deposits. _ While the expedients thus employed to release to the people the money lying idle in the Treasury served to avert immediate danger, our surplus revenues have continued to accumulate, the excess for the present year amounting on the 1st day of December to $55,258,701.19, and estimated to reach the sum of $113,000,000 on the 30th of June next, at which date it is expected that this sum, added to prior accumulations, will swell the surplus in the Treasury to $140,000,000. There seems to be no assurance that, with such a withdrawal from use of the people's circulating medium, our business community may not in the near future be subjected to the same distress which was quite lately produced from the same cause. And while the functions of our national Treasury should be few and simple, and while its best condition would be reached, I believe, by its entire disconnection with private business interests, yet when, by a per- version of its purposes, it idly holds money uselessly subtracted from the chan- nels of trade, there seems to be reason for the claim that some legitimate means should be devised by the government to restore in an emergency, with- out waste or extravagance, such money to its place among the people. If such an emergency arises there now exists no clear and undoubted Ex- ecutive power of relief. Heretofore the redemption of three-per-cent. bonds, which were payable at the option of the government, has afforded a means for the disbursement of the excess of our revenues; but these bonds have all been retired, and there are no bonds outstanding, the payment of which we have the right to insist upon. The contribution to the sinking fund which furnishes the occasion for expenditure in the purchase of bonds has been al- ready made for the current year, so that there is no outlet in that direction. In the present state of legislation the only pretense of any existing Exec- utive power to restore, at this time, any part of our surplus revenues to the people by its expenditure consists in the supposition that the Secretary of the Treasury may enter the market and purchase the bonds of the government not yet due, at a rate of premium to be agreed upon. The only provision of law from which such a power could be derived is found in an appropriation bill passed a number of years ago; and it is subject to the suspicion that it was intended as temporary and limited in its application, instead of confer- ring a continuing discretion and authority. No condition ought to exist which would justify the grant of power to a single official, upon his judg- ment of its necessity, to withhold from or release to the business of the peo- ple, in an unusual manner, money held in the Treasury, and thus affect, at liis will, the financial situation of the country; and if it is deemed wise to lodge in the Secretary of the Treasury the authority in the present juncture to purchase bonds, it' should he plainly vested, and* provided as tar as possi- ble, with such checks and limitations as will define this official's right and dis- cretion, and at the same time relieve him from undue responsibility. In considering the question of purchasing bonds as a means of restoring to circulation the surplus money accumulating in the Treasury, it should be borne in mind that premiums must, of course, be paid upon such purchase, that there may be a large part of these bonds held as investments which can not be purchased at any price, and that combinations among holders, who are TARIFF MESSAGE OF PRESIDENT CLEVELAND. 393 willing to sell, may unreasonably enhance the cost of such bonds to the gov- ernment. It has been suggested that the present bonded debt might be refunded at a less rate of interest, and the difference between the old and new security paid in cash, thus finding use for the surplus in the Treasury. The success of this plan, it is apparent, must depend upon the volition of the holders of the present bonds; and it is not entirely certain that the inducement which must be offered them would result iu more financial benefit to the Govern- ment than the purchase of bonds, while the latter proposition would reduce the principal of the debt by actual payment, instead of extending it. The proposition to deposit the money held by the government in banks throughout the country, for use by the people, is,' it seems to me, exceeding- ly objectionable in principle, as establishing too close a relationship betweeu the operations of the government Treasury and the business of (he country, and too extensive a commingling of their money, thus fostering an unnatural reliance in private business upon public funds. If this scheme should he adopted it should only be done as a temporary expedient to meet an urgent necessity. _ Legislative and Executive effort should generally be in the oppo- site direction, and should have a tendency to divorce, as much and as fast as can safely be done, the Treasury Department from private enterprise. Of course it is not expected that unnecessary and extravagant appropria- tions will be made for the purpose of avoiding the accumulation of an excess of revenue. Such expenditure, besides the demoralization of all just concep- tions of public duty which it entails, stimulates a habit of reckless improvi- dence not in the least consistent with the mission of our people or the high and beneficent purposes of our government. I have deemed it my duty to thus bring to the knowledge of my country- men, as well as to the attention of their representatives charged with the re- sponsibility of legislative relief, the gravity of our financial situation. The failure of the Congress heretofore to provide against the dangers which it was quite evident the very nature of the difficulty must necessarily produce, caused a condition of financial distress and apprehension since your last ad- journment, which taxed to the utmost all the authority and expedients with- in Executive control; and these appear now to be exhausted. If disaster re- sults from the continued inaction of Congress, the responsibility must rest where it belongs. Though the situation thus far considered is fraught with danger which should be fully realized, and though it presents features of wrong to 1 he peo- ple as well as peril to the country, it is but a result growing out of a perfect ly palpable and apparent cause, constantly reproducing the same alarming circumstances— a congested national Treasury and a depleted monetary con dition in the business of the country. It need hardly he staled that while t he present situation demands a remedy, we can only be saved from a like predic- ament in the future by the removal of its cause.' Our scheme of taxation, by means of which this needless surplus is taken from the people and put into the public treasury, consists of a tariff or duty levied upon importations from abroad, and internal revenue taxes levied up- on the consumption of tobacco and spirituous and malt liquors. It, must he conceded that none of the things subjected to internal revenue taxation are strictly speaking, necessaries; there appears to be no just complaint of this taxation by the consumers of these articles, and there seems to lie nothing so well able to bear the burden without hardship to any portion of the people. But our present tariff laws, the vicious, inequitable, andillogical source of unnecessary taxation, ought to be at once revised and amended. These laws, as their primary and plain effect, raise the price to consumers of all articles imported and subject to duty, by precisely the sum paid for such duties. Thus the amount of the duty measures the tax paid by those who purchase 28b 394 APPENDIX. for use these important articles. Many of these things, however, are raised or manufactured in our own country, and the duties now levied upon foreign goods and products are called protection to these home manufactures, because they render it possible for those of our people who are manufacturers to make these taxed articles and sell them for a price equal to that demanded for the imported goods that have paid customs duty. So it happens that while com- paratively a few use the imported articles, millions of our people, who never used and never saw any of the foreign products, purchase and use things of the same kind made in this country, and pay therefor nearly or quite the same enhanced price which the duty adds to the imported articles. Those who buy imports pay the duty charged thereon into the public Treasury, but the great majority of our citizens, who buy domestic articles of the same class, pay a sum at least approximately equal to this duty to the home manufactur- er. This reference to the operation of our tariff laws is not made by way of instruction, but in order that we may be constantly reminded of the manner in which they impose a burden upon those who consume domestic products as well as those who consume imported articles, and thus create a tax upon all our people. It is not proposed to entirely relieve the country of this taxation. It must In extensively continued as the source of the government's income; and in a readjustment of our tariff the interests of American labor engaged in manu- facture should be carefully considered, as well as the preservation of our man- ufacturers. It may be called protection, or by any other name, but relief from the hardships and dangers of our present tariff laws should be devised with especial precaution against imperiling the existence of our manufactur- ing interests. But this existence should not mean a condition which, without regard to the public welfare or a national exigency, must always insure the realization of immense profits, instead of moderately profitable returns. As the volume and diversity of our national activities increase, new recruits are added to those who desire a continuation of the advantages which they con- ceive the present system of tariff taxation directly affords them. So stub- bornly have all efforts to reform the present condition been resisted by those of our fellow-citizeus thus engaged, that they can hardly complain of the sus- picion, entertained to a certain extent, that there exists an organized combi- nation all along the line to maintain their advantage. We are in the midst of centennial celebrations, and with becoming pride we rejoice in American skill and ingenuity, in American energy and enter- prise, and in the wonderful natural advantages and resources developed by a century's national growth. Yet when an attempt is made to justify a scheme which permits a fax to be laid upon every consumer in the land for the bene- fit of our manufacturers, quite beyond a reasonable demand for governmental regard, it suits the purposes of advocacy to call our manufactures infant industries, still needing the highest and greatest degree of favor and fostering care that can be wrung from Federal legislation. It is also said that the increase in the price of domestic manufactures re- sulting from the present tariff is necessary in order that higher wages may be paid to our workingmen employed in manufactories than are paid for what is called the pauper labor of Europe. All will acknowledge the force of an argument which involves the welfare and liberal compensation of our laboring-people. Our labor is honorable in the eyes of every American citi- zen; and as it lies at the foundation of our development and progress, it is entitled, without affectation or hypocrisy, to the utmost regard.. The stand- ard of our laborers' life should not be measured by that of any other coun- try less favored, and they are entitled to their full share of all our advan- tages. By the last census it was made to appear that of the 17,393,099 of our pop- ulation engaged in all kinds of industries, 7,(170,493 are employed in agrieul- TARIFF MESSAGE OF PRESIDENT CLEVELAND. 395 ture, 4,074,238 iu professional and personal service (2,934,876 of whom are domestic servants and laborers), while 1,810,256 are employed in trade and transportation, and 3,837,112 are classed as employed in manufacturing and mining. For present purposes, however, the last number given should be consider- ably reduced. Without attempting to enumerate all, it will be conceded thai there should be deducted from those which it includes 375,143 carpenters and joiners, 285,401 milliners, dressmakers, and seamstresses, 172,726 blacksmiths. 133,756 tailors and tailoresses, 102,473 masons, 76,241 butchers, 41,309 bak- ers, 22,083 plasterers, and 4,891 engaged in manufacturing agricultural im- plements, amounting in the aggregate to 1,214,023, leaving 2,623,089 persons employed in such manufacturing industries as are claimed to be benefited by a high tariff. To these the appeal is made to save their employment and maintain their wages by resisting a change. There should be no disposition to answer such suggestions by the allegation that they are in a minority among those who la- bor, and therefore should forego an advantage, in the interest of low prices for the majority; their compensation, as it may be affected by the operation of tariff laws, should at all times be scrupulouly kept in view; and yet with slight reflection they will not overlook the fact that they are consumers with the rest; that they, too, have their own wants and those of their families to supply from their earnings, and that the price of the necessaries of life, as well as the amount of the wages, will regulate the measure of their welfare and comfort. But the reduction of taxation demanded should be so measured as not to necessitate or justify either the loss of employment by the workiugman nor the lessening of his wages; and the profits still remaining to the manufactur- er, after a necessary readjustment, should furnish no excuse for the sacrifice of the interests of his employes either in their opportunity to work or in the diminution of their compensation. Nor can the worker in manufactures tail to understand that while a high tariff is claimed to be necessary to allow the payment of remunerative wages, it certainly results in a very large increase in the price of nearly all sorts of manufactures, which, in almost countless forms, he needs for the use of himself and his family. He receives at the desk of his employer his wages, and perhaps before he reaches his home is obliged, in a purchase for family use of an article which embraces his own labor, to re- turn, in the payment of the increase in price which the tariff permits, the hard- earned compensation of many days of toil. The farmer and the agriculturist; who manufacture nothing, but who pay the increased price which the tariff imposes, upon every agricultur al implement, upon all he wears, and upon all he uses and owns, except the increase of his flocks and herds and such things as his husbandry produces from the soil, is invited to aid in maintaining the present situation; and he is told that a high duty on imported wool is necessary for the benefit of those who have sheep to shear, in order that the price of their wool may he in creased. They of course are not reminded that the farmer who has no sheep is, by this scheme obliged, in his purchases of clothing and woolen goods, to pay a tribute to his fellow-farmer as well as to the manufacturer and mei chant; nor is any mention made of the fact that the sheep-owners themselves and their households must wear clothing anil use other articles manufactured from the wool they sell at tariff prices, and thus as consumers must return their share of this increased price to the tradesman. I think it maybe fairly assumed that a large proportion of the sheep owned by the farmers throughout the country are found in small flocks num- bering from twenty-five to fifty. The duty on the grade of imported wool which these sheep yield is ten cents each pound if of the value of thirty cents or less, and twelve cents if of the value of more than thirty cents. If 396 APPENDIX. the liberal estimate of six pounds be allowed for each fleece, the duty thereon would be sixty or seventy -two cents, and this may be taken as the utmost en- hancement of its price to the farmer by reason of this duty. Eighteen dol- lars would thus represent the increased price of the wool from twenty-five sheep, and thirty-six dollars that from the wool of fifty sheep; and at present values this addition would amount to about one-third of its price. If upon its sale the farmer receives this or a less tariff profit, the wool leaves his hands charged with precisely that sum, which in all its changes will adhere to it, until it reaches the consumer. When manufactured into cloth and other goods and material for use, its cost is not only increased to the extent of the fanner's tariff profit, but a further sum has been added for the benefit of the manufacturer under the operation of other tariff laws. In the meantime the day arrives when the farmer finds it necessary to purchase woolen goods and material to clothe bimself and family for the winter. When he faces the tradesman for that purpose he discovers that he is obliged not only to return, in the way of increased prices, his tariff profit on the wool he sold, and which then perhaps lies before him in manufactured form, but that he must add a considerable sum thereto to meet a further increase in cost caused by a tariff duty on the manufacture. Thus in the end he is aroused to the fact that he has paid upon a moderate purchase, as a result of the tariff scheme, which, when he sold his wool seemed so profitable, an increase in price more than sullicient to sweep away all the tariff profit he received upon the wool he produced and sold. When the number of farmers engaged in wool-raising is compared with all the farmers in the country, and the small proportion they bear to our pop- ulation is considered; when it is made apparent that, in the case of a large part of those who own sheep, the benefit of the present tariff on wool is illu- sory; and, above all, when it must be conceded that the increase of the cost of living caused by such tariff becomes a burden upon those with moderate means and the poor, the employed and unemployed, the sick and well, and the young and old, and that it constitutes a tax which, with relentless grasp, is fastened upon the clothing of every man, woman, and child in the land, reasons are suggested why the removal or reduction of this duty should be included in a revision of our tariff laws. In speaking of the increased cost to the consumer of our home manufac- tures, resulting from a duty laid upon imported articles of the same descrip- tion, the fact is not overlooked that competition among our domestic pro- ducers sometimes has the effect of keeping the price of their products below the highest limit allowed by such duty. But it is notorious that this compe- tition is too often strangled' by combinations quite prevalent at this time, and frequently called trusts, which have for their object the regulation of the supply and price of commodities made and sold by members of the combi- nation. The people can hardly hope for any consideration in the operation of these selfish schemes. If, however, in the absence of such combination, a healthy and free com- petition reduces the price of any particular dutiable article of home poduc t ion below the limit which it might otherwise roach under our tariff laws, and if, with such reduced price, its manufacture continues to thrive, it is entirely evident that one thing has been discovered which should be carefully scrutinized in an effort to reduce taxation. The necessity of combination to maintain the price of any commodity to the tariff point, furnishes proof that some one is willing to. accept lower prices for such commodity, and that such prices are remunerative; and lower prices produced by competition prove the same thing. Thus, where either of these condition's exists, a case would seem to be presented for an easy reduction of taxation. The considerations which have been presented touching our tariff laws TARIFF MESSAGE OF PRESIDENT CLEVELAND. 397 are intended only to enforce an earnest recommendation that the surplus revenues of the government be prevented by the reduction of our customs duties, and, at the same time, to emphasize a suggestion that in accomplish- ing this purpose, we may discharge a double duty to our people by granting to them a measure of relief from tariff taxation in quarters where it is mosl needed and from sources where it can be most fairly and justly accorded. Nor can the presentation made of such considerations be, with any degree of fairness, regarded as evidence of unfriendliness toward our manufacturing interests, or of any lack of appreciation of their value and importance. These interests constitute a leading and most substantial element of our national greatness and furnish the proud proof of our country's progress. But if, in the emergency that presses upon us, our manufacturers are asked to surrender something for the public good and to avert disaster, their patriot- ism, as well as a grateful recognition of advantages already afforded, should lead them to willing cooperation. No demand is made that they shall forego all the benefits of governmental regard; but they can not fail to be admonished of their duty, as well as their enlightened self-interest and safety, when they are reminded of the fact that financial panic and collapse, to which the present condition tends, afford no greater shelter or protection to our manufactures than to our other important enterprises. Opportunity for safe, careful, and deliberate reform is now offered; and none of us should be unmindful of a time when an abused and irritated people, heedless of those who have resisted timely and reasonable relief, may insist upon a radical and sweeping rectification of their wrongs. The difficulty attending a wise and fair revision of our tariff laws is not underestimated. It will require on the part of the Congress great labor and care, and especially a broad and national contemplation of the subject, and a patriotic disregard of such local and selfish claims as are unreasonable and reckless of the welfare of the entire country. Under our present laws more than four thousand articles are subject to duty. Many of these do not in any way compete with our own manufac- tures, and many are hardly worth attention as subjects of revenue. A con- siderable reduction can be made in the aggregate, by adding them to the free list. The taxation of luxuries preseats no features of hardship; but the necessaries of life, used and consumed by all the people, the duty upon which adds to the cost of living in every home, should be greatly cheapened. The radical reduction of the duties imposed on raw material used in man- ufactures, or its free importation, is of course an important factor in any effort to reduce the price of these necessaries; it would not only relieve them from the increased cost caused by the tariff on such material, hut the manu- factured product being thus cheapened, that part of the tariff now laid upon such product as a compensation to our manufacturers for the present price of raw material could be accordingly modified. Such reduction, or tree im portation, would serve, besides, to largely reduce the revenue. Ii is doI apparent how such a change could have any injurious effect upon our manu- facturers. On the contrary, it would appear to give them a belter chance in foreign markets with the manufacturers of other countries, who cheapen their wares by free material. Thus our people might have the opportunity of extending their sales beyond the limits of home consumption, saving them from the depression, interruption to business, and loss caused by a glutted domestic market and affording their employes more certain and steady labor with its resulting quiet and contentment. The question thus imperatively presented for solution should be ap- proached in a spirit lrigher than partisanship and considered in the lighl of that regard for patriotic duty which should characterize the action of those intrusted with the weal of a confiding people. But the obligation tpdeclared party policy and principle is not wanting to urge prompt and effective action. 398 APPENDIX. Both great political parties now represented in the government have by re- peated and authoritative declarations condemned the condition of our laws which permits the collection from the people of unnecessary revenue, and have in the most solemn manner promised its correction, and neither as citizens nor partisans are our countrymen in a mood to condone the deliberate violation of these pledges. Our progress toward a wise conclusion will not be improved by dwelliug upon the theories of protection and free trade. This savors too much of bandying epithets. It is a condition which confronts us — not a theory. Relief from this con- dition may involve a slight reduction of the advantages which we award our home productions, but the entire withdrawal of such advantages should not be contemplated. The question of free trade is absolutely irrelevant; and the persistent claim, made in certain quarters, that all efforts to relieve the people from unjust and unnecessary taxation are schemes of so-called "Free Traders" is mischievous and far removed from any consideration for the public good. The simple and plain duty which we owe the people is to re- duce taxation to the necessary expenses of an economical operation of the government, and to restore to the business of the country the money which we bold in the Treasury through the perversion of governmental powers. These things can and should be done with safety to all our industries, with- out danger to the opportunity for remunerative labor which our workingmen have, and with benefit to them and all our people, by cheapening their means of subsistence and increasing the measure of their comforts. The Constitution provides that the President "shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the Union." It has been the custom of the Executive, in compliance with this provision, to annually ex- hibit to the Congress, at the opening of its session, the general condition of the country, and to detail with some particularity the operation of the differ- ent Executive Departments. It would be especially agreeable to follow this course at the present time and to call attention to the valuable accomplish- ments of these departments during the fiscal year. But I am so much im- pressed with the paramount importance of the subject to which this commu- nication has thus far been devoted, that I shall forego the addition of any other topic, and only urge upon your immediate consideration the "state of the Union " as shown in the present condition of our Treasury and our gen- eral fiscal situation, upon which every element of our safety and prosperity depends. The reports of the heads of departments, which will be submitted, con- tain full and explicit information touching the transaction of the business intrusted to them, and such recommendations relating to legislation in the public interest as they deem advisable. I ask for these reports and recom- mendations the deliberate examination and action of the legislative branch of the government. There are other subjects not embraced in the depart- mental reports demanding legislative consideration, and which I should be glad to submit. Some of them, however, have been earnestly presented in previous messages, and as to them I beg leave to repeat prior recommend- ations. As the law makes no provision for any report from the Department of State a brief history of the transactions of that important department, together with other matters' winch it, may hereafter be deemed essential to commend to the attention of Congress, 'may furnish the occasion for a future com- munication. Groveh Cleveland. Washington, Dec. G, 1887. the Mckinley bill. MR. McKINLEY'S SPEECH, APRIL 16, 1890, INTRODUCING HIS PRO- POSED TARIFF-REFORM MEASURE. "If any one thing was settled by the election of 1888 it was that the pro- tective policy, as promulgated in the Republican platform and heretofore inaugurated and maintained by the Republican party, should be secured in any fiscal legislation to be had by the Congress chosen in the great contest and upon that mastering issue. I have interpreted that victory to mean, and the majority in this Rouse and in the Senate to mean, that a re vision of the tariff was not only demanded by the votes of the people, but that such revisit »n should be on the line and in "full recognition of the principle and purposes of protection. The people have spoken; they want their will registered and their decree embodied in public legislation. " The bill which the Committee on Ways and Means have presented is their answer and interpretation of that victory and in accordance with its spirit and letter and purpose. We have not been compelled to abolish the internal-revenue system that we might preserve the protective system, which we were pledged to do in the event that the abolition of the one was essential to the preservation of the other. That was unnecessary. "The bill does not amend or modify any part of the internal-revenue taxes applicable to spirits or fermented liquors. It abolishes all the special taxes and licenses, so-called, imposed upon the manufacture of tobacco, cigars, and snuff, and dealers thereof, reduces the tax upon manufac- tured tobacco from eight to four cents per pound, and removes all restrictions now imposed upon the growers of tobacco. With these exceptions the inter- nal-revenue laws are left undisturbed. "From this source we reduce taxation over $10,000,000, and leave with the people this direct tax which has been paid by them upon their own products through a long series of years. "The tariff part of the bill contemplates and proposes a complete revision. It not only changes the rates of duty, but modifies the general provisions of the law relating to the collection of duties. These modifications have recei ved the approval of the Treasury Department, and are set forth in detail in the report of the committee, and I will not weary this committee in restating them here. A few of the more important changes, however, are deserving our attention. . "There has been for many years a provision in the law permitting tne United States to import for its use any article free of duty. Under t Ins pro- vision gross abuses have sprung up, and this exemption from dutj -ranted the United States has served as an open doorway to frauds upon our revenue and unjustifiable discriminations against our own producers. "Not only has the government imported supplies from abroad, Dul its officers, agents, and contractors have been held to enjoy the same privilege, which has been exercised to the injury of our own citizens. I he result has been that supplies imported by contractors for governmental work, have, m many instances, been in excess of the demand lor such public work ami been applied to other and different, uses. " This provision of law has been eliminated in the proposed revision, and if approved by the House and Senate and the President, the government, its officers, agents, and contractors, will hereafter have to pay the same duties :399 400 APPENDIX. which its citizens generally are required to pay. Your committee have been actuated in this by the belief that the government should buy what it needs at home; should give its own citizens the advantage of supplying the United States with all of its needed supplies, and that the laws which it imposes upon its own people and taxpayers should be binding upon the government itself. "The committee have also fixed a limit upon the amount and value of personal effects accompanying the passenger returning from foreign travel to $500. It has been too common for citizens of the United States visiting oilier countries to supply themselves not only for their immediate uses, but for future uses and for the uses of their friends, and there has heretofore been no limit to the amount and value of foreign articles which could be brought in free of duty under the designation of "personal effects " if accom- panied by the returning passenger. "The practical effect of this provision was that the wealthy classes who were able to visit distant countries secured exemption from the payment of duties, while the average citizen, unable to go abroad, was compelled to pay a duty upon the articles which he might want to use. The limit of $500 is believed to be sufficient for all honest purposes. "We have also introduced a new provision in the bill which requires that foreign merchandise imported into the United States shall be plainly stamped with the name of the country in which such articles are manufac- tured. There has been a custom, too general in some foreign countries, to adopt American brands, to the injury of our own manufacturers. Well- known articles of American production with high reputation have been copied by the foreigner, and then by the addition of the American brand or Amer- ican marks have fraudulently displaced American manufacture, not in fair competition, but under false pretenses. The counterfeit has taken the place of the genuine article, and this we propose to stop. "Section 49 of the bill provides that goods, wares, and merchandise, and all articles manufactured in whole or in part in any foreign country by con- vict labor shall not be entitled to entry at any of the ports of the United States, and the importation thereof is prohibited. Nearly, if not all of the States of the Union have laws to prevent the products of convict labor in the State penitentiaries from coming in competition with the product of the free labor of such States. The committee believed that the free labor of this country should be saved from the convict labor of other countries, as it has been from the convict labor of our own States, and so recommend this pro- vision. It will be of small account to protect our workmen against our own convict labor and still admit the convict-made products of the world to free competition with our free labor. "By way of encouraging exportation to other countries and extending our markets, the committee have liberalized the drawbacks given upon arti- cles or products imported from abroad and used in manufactures here for the export trade. Existing law refunds 90 per cent, of the duties collected upon foreign materials made into the finished product at home and exported abroad, while the proposed bill will refund 99 per cent, of said duties, giving to our citizens engaged in this business 9 percent, additional encouragement, the government retaining only 1 percent, for the expenses of handling. " We have also extended the drawback provision to apply to all articles imported which maybe finished here for use in the foreign market. Hereto- fore this privilege was limited. This, it is believed, will effectually dispose of l lie argument so often made that our tariff on raw materials, so-called, con- lines our own producers to their own market and prevents them from enter- ing' the foreign market, and will furnish every opportunity to those of our citizens desiring it to engage in the foreign trade. "Now, the bill proposes that the American citizen may import any product the Mckinley bill. 401 he desires, manufacture it iuto the finished article, using, in part, if necessary, in such manufacture domestic materials, and when the completed product is entered for export refunds to him within 1 per cent, of all the duty he paid upon his imported materials. "In the same direction we have made, hy section 23, manufacturing establishments engaged in smelting or refining metals in the United States bonded warehouses under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe, and have provided that metals in auy crude form requiring smelting or refining to make them available in the arts imported into the United States to be smelted or refined and intended for export in a refined state, to be exempt from the payment of duties. This, it is believed, will encourage smelting and refining of foreign materials in the United Stales, and build up large industries upon the sea-coast and elsewhere, which will make an increased demand for the labor of the country. ' ' It completely, if the provision be adopted, disposes of what has some- times seemed to be an almost unanswerable argument that has been pre- sented by our friends on the other side, that if we only had free raw mate- rial we could go out and capture the markets of the world. We give them now within 1 per cent, of free raw material, and invite them to go out and capture the markets of the world. " It is asserted in the views of the minority, submitted with the report accompanying this bill, that the operation of the bill will not diminish the revenues of the government; that with the increased duties we have imposed upon foreign articles which may be sent to market here we have increased taxation, and that therefore instead of being a diminution of the revenues of the government there will be an increase in the sum of fifty or sixty million dollars. "Now, that statement is entirely misleading. It can only be accepted upon the assumption that the importation of the present year under this bill, if it becomes a law, will be equal to the importations of like articles under the existing law ; and there is not a member of the Committee on Ways and Means, there is not a member of the minority of that committee, there is not a member of the House, on either side, who does not know that the very instant that you have increased the duties to a fair protective point, putting them above the highest revenue point, that very instant you diminish im- portations, and to that extent diminish the revenue. "The bill recommends the retention of the present rates of duty on cart lien and china ware. No other industry in the United States either requires or deserves the fostering care of government more than this one. It is a busi- ness requiring technical and artistic knowledge, and the most careful atten- tion to the many and delicate processes through which the raw material must pass to the completed product. For many years, and down to L863, the pottery industry of the United States had had little or no success, and made but slight progress in a practical and commercial way. Al Hie close of the low-tariff period of 1860 there was but one pottery in the United Stales with two kilns. There were no decorating kilns at thai lime. " In 1873, encouraged by the tariff and the gold premium, which was an added protection, we had increased to 20 potteries, with lis kilns, but still no decorating kilns. The capital invested was $1,020,000, and the value of the product was $1,180,000. In 1882 there were 55 potteries, '.Ml kilns, 20 decorating kilns, with a capital invested of $5,076,000; and the value of the product was $5,299,140. "The wages paid in the potteries in 1882 were $2,387,000 and the Dum- ber of employes engaged therein 7,000; the ratio of wages lo sales in 1SS2 was 45 per cent. In 1889 there were 80 potteries, loi kilns, and decorating kilns had increased from 26 in 1882, to 188 in 1889. The capital invested in the latter year was $10,597,357, the value of the product was $10,389,910; 402 APPENDIX. amount paid in wages $6,265,224, and the number of employes engaged, 16,- 900. The ratio of wages to sales was 60 per cent, of decorated ware and 50 per cent, of white ware. "The per cent, of wages to value of product, it will be observed, has ad- vanced from 45 per cent, in 1882 to 60 per cent, in 1889. This increase is not due, as might be supposed, to an advance in wages, but results in a re- duction of the selling price of the product and the immense increase in sales of decorated ware in which labor enters in greater proportion to materials. "In 1882 au assorted crate of ware sold for $57.89, and the same, only a better ware, is now sold for $46.30. In 1864 we paid for the same crate of ware $210.75. On decorated ware the immense benefit to the consumer is even more apparent. The selling price of all decorated ware was from 50 to 100 per cent, higher in 1882 than in 1890. "In 1852, with the low revenue-tariff duty of 24 per cent, and no domes- tic manufactures, an assorted crate of white ware sold at $95.30; in 1890, witli the 55-percent, duty and domestic competition, with large potteries, which are the pride of the' country, employing labor and capital at home, buying our own raw material, the same assorted crate is selling for $46.30. "We have recommended an increase of duties upon glassware. Since the tariff act of 1883, by which duties were reduced, importations from the other side have been constantly increasing, and our own workmen have not been employed at full time as a result. Our sharpest competition comes from Belgium, where the labor, skilled and unskilled, is much lower than in the United States. There they work seven days in every week. "It will appear that the cost of labor in Germany may be set down at one- third of the cost in the United States; that of Great Britain at five-eighths, and that of France at a medium between Germany and Great Britain. The American Flint-Glass Workers' Union, through their president, stated before the committee that this large difference in the cost of labor between foreign countries and the United States makes it impossible for the home product to compete with the foreign-made goods in the market of the United States un- der the present duty, and that to maintain the present rates of wages an in- crease of duty is demanded. ' ' Tiie agricultural condition of the country has received the careful atten- tion of the committee, and every remedy which was believed to be within the power of tariff legislation to give has been granted by this bill. The de- pression in agriculture is not confined to the United States. The reports of the Agricultural Department indicate that this distress is general; that Great Britain, France, and Germany are suffering in a larger degree than the farm- ers of the United States. Mr. Dodge— statistician of the department— says, in his report of March, 1890, that the depression in agriculture in Great Britain has been probably more severe than that of any other nation, which would indicate that it is greater even in a country whose economic system differs from ours, and that this condition is inseparable from any fiscal sys- tem, and less under the protective than the revenue-tariff system. ' ' It has been asserted in the views of the minority that the duty put upon wheat and other agricultural products would be of no value to the agricul- turists of the United States. The committee, believing differently, have ad- vanced the duty upon these products. As we are the greatest wheat-pro- ducing country of the world, it is habitually asserted and' believed by many that this product is safe from foreign competition. AVe do not appreciate that while the United States last year raised 490,000,000 bushels of wheat, France raised 316,000,000 bushels'; Italy raised 103,000,000 bushels; Russia, 189,000,000 bushels; and India. 243,000.000 bushels; and that the total pro- duction of Asia, including Asia Minor, Persia, and Syria, amounted to over 315,000,000 bushels. Our sharpest competition conies "from Russia and India, and the increased product of other nations only serves to increase the world's the Mckinley bill. 403 supply and diminish proportionately the demand for ours; and if we will only reflect on the difference between the cost of labor in producing wheat in the United States and in competing countries we will readily perceive how near we are, if we have not quite reached the danger-line, so far even as our own markets are concerned. ' ' The cost of farm labor in Great Britain, estimated by the statistician of the Agricultural Department, is $150 per annum; in France, $125; in Holland and Austria, $100; in Germany, $90; in Russia, $60; in Italy, $50; and in India, $30; while the same labor costs in this country $220. The farmers of the United States have therefore come to appreciate that with the wonderful wheat development in India and Russia, with the vast sums of money which have been expended on irrigation and in railroads for trans- porting this wheat, taken in connection with their cheap labor, the time is already here when the American farmer must sell his product in the markets of the world in competition with the wheat produced by the lowest-priced labor of other countries, and that his care and concern must in the future be to preserve his home market, for he must, of necessity, be driven from the foreign one, unless by diminishing the cost of his production he can success- fully compete with the unequal conditions I have described. Now as to other products of agriculture. " During the last year Canada exported to the United States eggs to the value of $2^59,725; horses, $2,113,782; sheep, $918,334; poultry, $110,793; wool, $21(5,918; barley, $0,454,603; beans, $435,534; hay, $822,381; malt, $105,183; potatoes, $i92,576; planks and boards, $7,187,101. There were exported of fish of various kinds, lumber, and other commodities to the amount of at least $20,000,000 more. " The increase of importations in agricultural products has risen from $40,000,000 in 1850, to $256,000,000 in 1889. "We imported in the last ten years more than $60,000,000 worth of hors- es, cattle, and sheep. We imported tobacco from the Netherlands for the six months ending Dec. 31, 1889, to the value of $5,000,000. "The present rate of duty on first-class wool is 10 cents per pound, and upon second-class 12 cents per pound. We have recommended in this bill that the duty on first-class wool shall be increased from 10 cents to 11 cents a pound and that the duty now fixed on second-class wools shall remain as at present. On third-class wool the present rate of duty is 2% cents per pound upon all wool costing under 12 cents, and 5 cents a pound on wools costing above 12 cents. " The Committee on Ways and Means will offer an amendment when this schedule is reached, providing that on carpet wools the dividing line shall be changed from 12 to 13 cents, and that the duty on wool under 13 cents, commonly known as carpet wool, shall be 32 per cent, ad valorem, and above 13 cents per pound shall be 50 per cent, ad valorem. It will be noted that we make on first-class wool an increase of 1 cent a pound, and that the existing rate on second-class wool shall be maintained, and the pro- posed ad valorem rate will raise the duty on carpet wools of certain grades according to their value. "If there is any one industry which appeals with more force than an- other for defensive duties it is tins, and to no class of our citizens should I his House more cheerfully lend legislative assistance, where il can properly In- done, than to the million fanners who own sheep in the United States. We can not afford as a nation to permit this industry to he longer crippled. " It is also to be noted, Mr. Chairman, that having increased the duties on wools we have also increased the duties on the product — the manufactures of wool — to compensate for the increased duty on the raw product. "In the metal schedule, which is probably the schedule in which the country is as deeply interested as any other — in the metal schedule, starting 404 APPENDIX. out at the very foundation, iron ore, we have left the duty on that precisely as it exists under the present law, namely, 75 cents per ton, and we left it at the same duty which was proposed by my distinguished friend from Texas (Mr. Mills) in the bill which he presented to the last Congress. The same is also true of coal. "Pyrites or sulphurct of iron containing in excess of 25 per cent, of sul- phur has been put upon the free list. Pig iron, scrap iron, and steel we have left at $6.72 a ton, the present duty, while the Mills bill made it $6 per ton. On bar iron the difference between the proposed bill and the Mills bill is one tenth of 1 cent per pound. On round iron not less than three- fourths of an inch in diameter the present duty is 1 cent per pound ; the Mills bill retained it at that rate, and the present bill reduces the duty to nine-tenths of 1 cent per pound. On cast iron pipe the existing law is 1 cent per pound; we have reduced it to nine-tenths of 1 cent per pound, and the Mills bill reduced it to six-tenths of 1 cent per pound. The existing tariff presents the anomaly of placing a higher duty upon the sheet iron and steel, which constitute the chief element in the production of tin-plate, than upon the tin-plate itself, which is a manifest wrong demanding correction, inde- pendent of the question of encouraging the manufacture of tin-plate in the United States. " The duty recommended in the bill is not alone to correct this inequality, but to make the duty on foreign tin-plate high enough to insure its manufac- ture in this country to the extent of our home consumption. The only rea- son we are not doing it now and have not been able to do it in the past is inadequate duties. We have demonstrated our ability to make it here as successfully as in Wales. We have already made it here. Two factories were engaged in producing tin plate in the years 1873, 1874, and 1875, but no sooner had they got fairly under way than the foreign manufacturer re- duced his price to a point which made it impossible for our manufacturers to continue. ' ' When our people embarked in the business foreign tin-plate was selling for $12 per box, and to crush them out before they were firmly established the price was brought down to $4.50 per box; but it did not remain there. When the fires were put out in the American mills, and the manufacturing thought by the foreigners to be abandoned, the price advanced, until in 1879 it was selling for $9 and $10 a box. "Our people again tried it, and again the prices were depressed, and again our people abandoned temporarily the enterprise, and as a gentleman slated before the committee, twice they have lost their whole investment through the combination of the foreign manufacturers in striking down the prices, not for the benefit of the consumer, but to drive our manufacturers from the business; and this would be followed by an advance within six months after our mills were shut down. " We proposed (his advanced duty to protect our manufacturers and con- sumers against, the British monopoly, in the belief that it will defend our capital and labor iu the production of tin-plate until they shall establish an industry which the English will recognize has come to stay, and then com- petition will insure regular and reasonable prices to consumers. It may add a little temporarily to the cost of tin-plate to the consumer, but will eventuate in steadier and more satisfactory prices. At the present prices for foreign tin plate, the proposed duly would not add anything to the cost of the heav- ier grade of tins to the consumer. If the entire duty was added to the cost of the can it would not advance it more than one-third or one-half of 1 cent; on a, dozen fruit, cans the addition would only be about 3 cents. "Now, Mr. Chairman, the important part of the metal schedule, and that which will probably be most harshly assailed, is that proposed in con- nection with the duty on* tin plate. THE McKINLEY BILL. 405 "The bill proposes to advance the duty from 1 cent per pound, the pres- ent rate, to 1.85 and 2.15 cents per pound, varying according to gauge. "We have increased the duty, as I have already said, upon carpet wools, and that has necessitated an increase of the duty upon carpets themselves. The committee believed that this increased duty would be doing even justice not only to the wool grower, but also to the carpet maker and to the con- sumers of the United States. There is no industry in this country which so splendidly illustrates the value of a protective tariff as the carpet industry, which has had such marvellous growth iu the last twenty-three years. " In 1810 the entire product of carpets in this country was about 10,000 yards. The tariff of 1828 gave some encouragement, and in 1834 there were twenty carpet factories in the country, operating 511 hand looms producing annually about 1,000,000 yards of carpet. In 1860, under the low tariff, there were only 8,000,000 pounds of wool consumed in making carpets iu the United States, and only 13,000,000 yards of carpet were produced, valued at a little over $7,000,000. Six thousand six hundred and eighty-one hands were employed, andthewages paid were less than a million and a half dollars annually. The value of the plants in 1860 was less than $5,000,000. Under the tariff of 1867, that first protective tariff law so far aswool and the manu- factures of wool were concerned, this industry grew and prospered, and in 1870 there were 215 factories in the United States, valued at over $12,500,- 000, consuming more than 33,000,000 pounds of wool, employing 13,000 hands, and paying in wages $4,681,000 annually, and producing 22,000,000 yards of carpet every twelve months. "One-fourth of our total consumption was imported from England in 1872. Iu that year there were 170 looms manufacturing body Brussels; in 1880 the manufacture had risen to 590 looms. In 1872 our product in Brus- sels was 1,275,000 yards; in 1880 we produced over 7,000,000 yards of Brus- sels carpet. In 1872 we imported 1,500,000 yards of body Brussels; in 1880 we imported only 80,000 yards. We doubled the looms for manufacturing Wiltons between"'l870 and 1880. "Now take tapestry Brussels— the poor man's carpet, if you please. In 1872 we had 143 looms; in 1880 Ave had increased to 1,073 looms. In 1872 we produced 1,500,000 yards of tapestry Brussels; in 1880 we produced 16,- 950,000 yards of tapestry Brussels. fn'l872 we imported 3,670,000 yards of tapestry Brussels from England; in 1880 we imported only 10(1,000 yards of tapestry Brussels from England. All this time prices, were being reduced. In 1872 the price of body Brussels by the wholesale was over $2 per yard; in 1880 the wholesale price had gone below $1.50 a yard, and today you can buy them for 93 cents a yard. "In 1872 tapestry carpets averaged $1.46 per yard; in 1880 the price had gone down to 90 cents per yard, and to-day you can buy the best quality foi 65 cents per yard. The extra super ingrain carpet which in 1872 sold for $1.20 can be bought to-day for 45 cents per yard, all wool and a yard w ide. The total production of carpets in the United' States (estimated) in 1880 was 39,972,000 yards; capital invested, $21,486,000; operatives employed, 30, 371; paid out in wages, $6,435,000. It is estimated that to-day there are 204 car pet factories in this country, running 11,500 looms (of which 7,597 are power looms), employing 43,000 hands, iu 1.889 consuming over 90,000,000 pounds of wool and turnino; out 76,880,000 yards of carpet. "Why, sir, in the city of Philadelphia alone there was produced 20,000,- 000 yards of carpet annually— 16,000,000 less than the entire output of the United Kingdom of Great Britain. And all the while the price of carpel had gone down. But the ad valorem has gone up; and that is what troubles the gentlemen on the other side. It is the high ad valorems thai you gentlemen advocating tariff reform keep before your eyes. You shut your eyes to the diminishing prices. The favorite assault of the Democratic Eree trader or 406 APPENDIX. revenue-tariff reformer is to parade these high percentages and ad valorem equivalents to show the enormous burdens of taxation that we impose upon the people of the United States. "Now, let us look at this for a moment while we are passing. When steel rails were $100 a ton we had a duty on them of $28 a ton. What would be the equivalent ad valorem? Twenty-eight per cent. That is not enormous. My friend from Texas even would not hold that as too high an ad valorem equivalent. But the very instant we reduced the price of steel rails to $50 a ton, because of that duty of $28, which encouraged our own producers to engage in this business — when the price went down to $50 a ton the ad val- orem equivalent went up to 56 per cent. ; for $28 a ton duty, with steel rails at $50 a ton, would be equivalent to 56 per cent. They are troubled about the ad valorem equivalent. They look to percentages; we look at prices. We would rather have steel rails at $50 a ton and an ad valorem equivalent of 50 per cent, than to have steel rails at $100 a ton and an ad valorem equivalent of only 28 percent. They pursue a shadow; we enjoy the substance. What do we care about ad valorems? But you will hear of high ad valorems in this debate from its beginning to its close. "Why, sir, when you bought a crate of ware in 1855 at $96, the ad val- orem was only 24 per cent. You buy the same crate of ware to-day for $46, but the ad valorem has gone up to 55 per cent. Which would you rather have, low ad valorem equivalents and high-priced goods, or high ad valorem equivalents and low-priced goods. "What is the nature of the complaint against this bill? That it shuts us out of a foreign market? No, for whatever that is worth to our citizens will be just as accessible under this bill as under the present law. We place no tax or burden or restraint upon American products going out of the country. They are as free to seek the best market as the products of any rival com- mercial power, and as free to go out as though we had absolute free trade. Statistics show that protective tariffs have not interrupted our export trade, but that it has increased under them. "In the year 1843, being the first year after the protective tariff of 1842 went into operation, our exports exceeded our imports $40,392,229, and in the following year they exceeded our imports $3,141,226. In the two yeai's fol- lowing, the excess of imports over exports was $15,475,000. The last year under the tariff the excess of exports over imports was $34,317,249. So dur- ing the five years of the tariff of 1842 the excess of exports over imports was $62,375,000. Under the low tariff of 1846 this was reversed, and, with the single exception of 1858, the imports exceeded the exports (covering a period of fourteen years) $465, 553, 625. "During the war and down to 1875 the imports with two exceptions ex- ceeded the exports. From 1876 down to 1889 inclusive (covering a period of fourteen years) there were only two years when our imports exceeded our ex- ports, and the total excess of exports over imports was $1,581,906,871 of the products of our own people more than we brought into the United States. The balance of trade has been almost uninterruptedly in our favor during the pro- tective-tariff periods of our history, and against us with few exceptions dur- ing revenue-tariff periods. This would seem to indicate a healthful business condition with the outside world, resulting from the Republican economic system, and an unhealthful condition, where we had to send money out of tiie country to pay our balances under the Democratic system. The chief complaint against this bill comes from importers and consignees here, on the one hand, and the foreign merchants and consignors abroad. Why do they complain? Manifestly because in some way this bill will check their busi- ness here and increase the business cf our own manufacturers and producers; it will diminish the importation of competing foreign goods, and increase the consumption of our home-made goods. This may be a good reason to in- the Mckinley bill. 407 fluence the foreigner to oppose its passage, but is hardly a sound reason why Americans should oppose it. "If the bill cheeks foreign importations of goods competing with ours, it will increase our production and necessarily increase the demand for labor at home. This may be a good reason why the cheap labor of other countries should be unfriendly to this bill, but furnishes the best of reasons why the workmen of the United States should favor it as they do. We do not conceal the purpose of this bill— we want our own countrymen and all mankind to know it. It is to increase production here, diversify our productive enter- prises, enlarge the field, and increase the demand for American workmen. " What American can oppose these worthy and patriotic objects'? Others, not Americans, may find justification for doing so. This bill is an American bill. It is made for the American people and American interests. "The press of other countries have denounced the bill with unmeasured severity, the legislative assemblies of more than one distant country have Siven it attention in no friendly spirit. It has received the censure of diplo- mates and foreign powders— for all of which there is manifest reason— it may pinch them, but no American citizen surely can object to it on that account. We are not legislatin g for any nation but our own; for our people and for no other people are we charged with the duties of legislation. We say to our foreign brethren: 'We will not interfere in your domestic legislation; we ad- monish you to keep your hands off of ours.' " Contrast the imports and exports of the United Kingdom under tree trade and unrestrained commerce with the imports and exports of the United States In 1870 the total value of imports and exports of the United King- dom was $2, 663, 620, 718 ; in 1888 it was $3, 336, 087, 844, an increase in eighteen years of $672,467,126, equivalent to 25.25 per cent. . "The. total value of the imports and exports of the United States inl«/U was $917,794,421; in 1889, $1,487,533,027, an increase of $569,738,606, or an equivalent of 62 per cent., so that it will be observed that under the rev- enue-tariff system of Great Britain her imports and exports between 1870 and 1888 increased but 25.25 per cent., while under the protective system of the United States, which is characterized by our opponents as exclusive and re- strictive and like a Chinese wall, the imports and exports of the United btates increased between 1870 and 1889 62.8 per cent., a gain over Great Britain ot nearly 37 per cent., and we sent out in those years more than we brought in. "Notwithstanding the complaint that is made about the decadence ot our foreign commerce Mulhall informs us that Great Britain's proportion in the foreign commerce in 1830 was 27.2 per cent, of the commerce of the world; but in 1S70 it had fallen to 24.5 per cent., and in 1880 Great Britain s propor portion was but 21.2 per cent. In 1830 the United Stales had but 8. i per cent, of the commerce of the world; in 1870 it had risen to 9.2 per cent., and in 1880 she had 11.5 per cent of the foreign commerce ol the world. •' While Great Britain lost, between 1870 and 1880, 13 percent, ot her trade. the United States gained 22 percent.; and if the United Mates would give the same encouragement to her merchant marine and her steamship lines as is dven by other nations, this commerce on the seas under the American Dag would increase and multiply. When the United States will expend from her treasury from five to six millions a year, as do France and Great Britain, to maintain their steamship lines, our ships will plow every sea in saceesst.il competition with the ships of the world. Will you, gentlemen, 30m us m en- couraging our merchant marine? . "But Mr. Chairman, in the presence of our magnificent domestic com- merce, the commerce along our inland seas, our lakes and rivers and great railroad lines, why need we vex ourselves about foreign commerce/ 1 lie domestic trade of the United States is 95 per cent, of the whole of our trade Nowhere is the progress of the country so manifest as in this wonderiui 408 APPENDIX. growth and development. Our coasting trade more than doubled our foreign trade in 1880. Thirty-four million tons as against 16,000,000 of foreign, in- cluding all our exports and imports, carried in all the ships of the world in 1880. Our inland water tonnage was 25,000,000, our foreign 16,000,000. "The water carriage of the United States along its coasts and its rivers is five times greater than the foreign commerce of the United States. "Why, the movement of tonnage through the Detroit river in 1889 was 10,000,000 tons more than the total registered entries and clearances at all the seaports of the United States, and it was 3,000,000 tons in excess of the combined foreign and coastwise registered tonnage of the ports of Liverpool and London. What higher testimony do we want of the growth of our in- ternal commerce? "We try nations as they appear on the balance sheet of the world. We try systems by results; we are too practical a people for theory. We know what we have done and are doing under the economic system we advocate. AVe know that almost every month the balance of trade in our favor is in ex- cess of $20,000,000. We know the manufactures of the United States in 1880 amounted to $1,126,000,000, as against $816,000,000 of Great Britain. " We know that in 1887 we manufactured 3,339,000 tons of steel rails, and that the manufacturers of England turned out only 3,170,000. We know that the United States in 1887 produced 2,308,000 tons of iron and England 1,711,000 tons. On the Atlantic seaboard there will be produced this year 100,000 tons of steel shipping built in our own ports from our own material. " Our railroad mileage and tonnage further illustrate the growth and ex- tent of our domestic trade and commerce. In 1865 the number of miles of railroad in operation in this country was 35,085; in 1887 it equaled 150,000 miles. We now have one-half of the railroads of the world. Estimating the cost of road and equipment at $35,000 per mile, the amount expended in twenty-two years equaled $4,037,495,000, a yearly expenditure of over $183, 000,000. According to Poor's " Manual," the total tonnage for 1882 was 360,- 490,375 tons; for 1883, 400,453,439 tons; for 1884, 399,074,749 tons; for 1885, 437,040,099 tons; for 1886, 482,245,254 tons; for 1887, 552,074,752 tons. " According to the statement of Mr. Poor, the tonnage of the Pennsylva- nia Railroad for 1865 was 2,555,706 tons; in 1887, 30,147,635 tons, the in- crease equaling 27,591,929 tons; the rate of increase in the twenty-two years being nearly 1,100 per cent. The tonnage of the New York Central Railroad increased from 1,767,059 in 1865 to 14,626,951 in 1887, the rate of increase being over 700 per cent. The tonnage of the Erie Railroad in 1865 was 2,234,350, and in 1887 13,549,260, the rate of increase being over 500 per cent. The tonnage of the three roads in 1865 equaled 6,557,115; in 1887, 58,323,848 tons, the increase equaling 51,766,732, the rate of increase being very nearly 800 per cent. " .Mr. Poor estimates that the net tonnage of 1887 of all the railroads in the country equaled 412,500,000. The number of gross tons moved in 1887 on all the railroads of the United States per head of population equaled 9 Ions. In 1865 the gross tonnage moved equaled only 2 tons per head. The same authority estimates that the value of the total'net tonnage of the rail- roads of the United States is equal to the sum of $13,327,830,000, and at this estimate the value of the tonnage moved in 1887 equaled $222 per head of the population of the country. "The increase in value of the railroad tonnage of the country in 1887 equaled $1,660,000,000, or $900,000,000 in excess of the value of the exports for the same year. Could all this have been secured under your economic sys- tem V Would they have been possible under any other than the protective system ? " We have now enjoyed twenty-nine years continuously of protective tariff laws — the longest uninterrupted period in which that policy has prevailed the Mckinley bill. 409 since the formation of the Federal Government — and we find ourselves a I the end of that period in a condition of independence and prosperity the like of which has never been witnessed at any other period in the history of our country, and the like of which has no parallel in the recorded history of the world. "In all that goes to make a nation great and strong and independent we have made extraordinary strides. In arts, in science, in literature, in manu- factures, in invention, in scientific principles applied to manufacture and ag- riculture, in wealth and credit and national honor, we are at the very Iron?, abreast with the best and behind none. "In 1800, after fourteen years of a revenue tariff, just the kind of a tariff that our political adversaries* are advocating to-day, the business of the coun- try was prostrated, agriculture was deplorably depressed, manufacturing was on the decline, and the poverty of the government itself made this nation a by-word in the financial centers of the world. " We neither had money nor credit. Both are essential; a nation can get on if it has abundant revenues, but if it has none it must have credit. We had neither, as the legacy of the Democratic revenue tariff. We have both now. _ We have a surplus revenue and a spotless credit. I need not si ale what is so fresh in our minds, so recent in our history, as to be known to ev- ery gentleman who hears me, that from the inauguration of the protective tariff laws of 1861, the old Morrill tariff — which has brought to that veteran statesman the highest honor and will give to him his proudest monument— this condition changed. Confidence was restored, courage was inspired, the government started upon a progressive era under a system thoroughly Amer- ican. " With a great war on our hands, with an army to enlist and prepare for service, with untold millions of money to supply, the protective tariff never failed us in a single emergency, and while money was flowing into our Treas- ury to save the government, industries were springing up all over the land — the foundation and corner-stone of our prosperity and glory. "With a debt of over $2,050,000,000 when the war terminated, holding on to the protective laws against Democratic opposition, we have reduced that debt at an average rate of more than $02,000,000 each year, $174,000 ev- ery twenty- four hours of the last, twenty-five years, and what looked to he a burden almost impossible to bear has been removed under the Republican fiscal system until now it is $1,020,000,000, and with the paymenl of this vast sum of money the nation has not been impoverished. The individual citizen has not been burdened or bankrupted. National and individual prosperity have gone steadily on until our wealth is so great as to be almost incompre- hensible when put into figures. "The accumulations of the laborersof the country have increased, and (he working classes of no nation in the world have such splendid deposits in sav- ings banks as the working classes of the United States. " Listen to its own story. The deposits of all the savings banks of New England in 1886 equaled $.">r)4,532,434. The deposits in the savings hanks of New York in 1886 were $482,686,730. The deposits in the savings hanks of Massachusetts for the year 1887 were $302,948,624, and the number of depos itors was 944,778, or $320.67 for each depositor. The savings banks of nine States have in nineteen years increased their deposits $628,000,000. The lain lish savings banks have in thirty-four years increased I heirs $350,000,000. Our operatives deposit $7 to the English operative's $1. Thesevasl sums rep resent the savings of the men whose labor has been employed under the pro- tective policy which gives, as experience has shown, the largest possible re- ward to labor. "There is no one thing standing alone that so surely tests the wisdom of a national financial policy as the national credit, what it costs to maintain it, 29b 410 APPENDIX. and the burden it imposes upon the citizen. It is a fact which every Ameri- can should contemplate with pride, that the public debt of the United States per capita is less than that of any other great nation of the world. Let me call the roll: Belgium's public debt, per capita, is $72.18; France, $218.27; Germany, $43.10; Great Britain, $100.09; Italy, $74.25; Peru, $140.06; Por- tugal, $104.18; Russia, $35.41; Spain, $73.34; United States, $33.92 on a population of 50,000,000; and now, with our increased population, the per capita would be under $25. England increased her rate of taxation between 1870 and 1880 over 24 per cent., while the United States diminished nearly 10 per cent. " We lead all nations in agriculture, we lead all nations in mining, and we lead all nations in manufacturing. These are the trophies which we bring after twenty-nine years of a protective tariff. Can any other system furnish such evidences of prosperity V Yet in the presence of such a showing of prog- ress there are men everywhere found who talk about the restraints we put upon trade and the burdens we put upon the enterprise and energy of our people. There is no country in the world where individual enterprise has such wide and varied range and where the inventive genius of man has such encouragement. " There is no nation in the world, under any system, where the same re- ward is a;iven to the labor of men's hands and the work of their brains as in the United States. We have widened the sphere of human endeavor and given to every man a fair chance in the race of life and in the attainment of the highest possibilities of human destiny. " To reverse this system means to stop the progress of the Republic and re- duce the masses to small rewards for their labor, to longer hours and less pay, to the simple question of bread and butter. It means to turn them from am- bition, courage, and hope, to dependence, degradation and despair. No sane man will give up what he has got, what he is in possession of, what he can count on for himself and his children, for what is promised by your theories. "Free trade, or, as you are pleased to call it, 'revenue tariff,' means the opening up of this market, which is admitted to be the best in the world, to the free entry of the products of the world. It means more— it means that the labor of this country is to be remitted to its earlier condition, and that the condition of our people is to be leveled down to the condition of rival coun- tries; because under it every element of cost, every item of production, in- cluding wages, must be brought down to the level of the lowest paid labor of the world. No other result can follow, and no other result is anticipated or expected by those who intelligently advocate a revenue tariff. We can not maintain ourselves against unequal conditions without the tariff, and no man of a Hairs believes we can. "Under the system of unrestricted trade which you gentlemen recom- mend, we will have to reduce every element of cost down to or below that of our commercial rivals, or surrender to them our own market. No one will dispute thai statement, and to go into the domestic market of our rivals would mean that production here must be so reduced that with transportation added we could undersell them in their own market, and to meet them in neutral markets and divide the trade with them would mean that we could profitably sell side by side with them at their minimum price. "First, then, to retain our own market under the Democratic system of raising revenue by removing all protection would require our producers to sell at as low a price and upon as favorable terms as our foreign competitors. How could that lie done? In oneway only — by producing as cheaply as those who would seek our markets. What would that entail ? An entire revolution in the methods and condition and conduct of business here, a lev- eling down through every channel to the lowest line of our competitors; our habits of living would have to be changed, our wage cut down 50 per cent., THE McKINLEY BILL. 4 11 or upward, our comfortable homes exchanged for hovels, our independence yielded up, our citizenship demoralized. "These are conditions inseparable to free trade; these would be necessary if we would command our own market among our own people, and if we would invade the world's markets harsher conditions and greater sacrifices would be demanded of the masses. Talk about depression, we would then have it in its fullness. We would revel in unrestrained trade. Everything would indeed be cheap, but how costly when measured by the degradation which would ensue ! When merchandise is the cheapest, men are the poor- est, and the most distressing experiences in the history of our country — ay. in all human history — have been when everything was the lowest and cheap- est measured by gold, for everything was the highest and the clearest meas- ured by labor. We want no return of cheap times in our own country. We have no wish to adopt the conditions of other nations. Experience has demonstrated that for us and ours and for the present and the future the protective system meets our wants, our conditions, promotes the national de- sign, and will work out our destiny better than any other." MR. CARLISLE'S VIEWS ON THE TARIFF. EXTRACTS FROM A SPEECH MADE IN A DEBATE ON THE MILLS BILL, MAY 19, 1888. "It appears from the last official statement that there was in the Treasury at the close of the last month, including subsidiary and minor coins, the sum of $136,143,357.95 over and above all the current liabilities of the govern- ment. This was $56,676,602.65 more than the surplus on hand on the 1st day of December, 1887, and shows that there has been since that date an av- erage monthly increase of $11,335,332.15. The surplus accumulation each month under'the existing system of taxation is more than the total cost of the government during the first two years of Washington's administration, while the aggregate sum is considerably in excess of the whole expenditure of the government during the first eighteen years of its existence under the Consti- tution, including civil and miscellaneous expenses, war, navy, Indians, pen- sions, and interest on the public .debt. "Every dollar of this enormous sum has been taken bylaw from the pro- ductive industries and commercial pursuits of the people at a time when it was sorely needed for the successful prosecution of their business, and under circumstances which afford no excuse whatever for the exaction. There is not a monarchical government in the world, however absolute its form or how- ever arbitrary its power, that would dare to extort such a tribute from its subjects in excess of the proper requirements of the public service; and the question which Congress is now compelled to determine is whether such a policy can be longer continued here in this country, where the people are supposed to govern in their own right and in their own interest. "On the 17th day of last month the Secretary of the Treasury, in pursu ance of authority conferred upon him by the law of March, 1881, as inter preted by the two Houses of Congress, issued a circular inviting proposals for the sale of bonds to the government. The first purchase was made under this invitation on the 18th day of April, and between that date and the close of business yesterday, a period of one month, he has purchased on account of the government 4 per cent, bonds to the amount of $13,456,500, upon which interest had accrued at the date of the purchase to the amount of $53,172.07. For these bonds he was compelled to pay the sum of $17,046,- 136.06, which was $3,536,464 more than the principal and accrued interest, or a premium of 26 % per cent. During the same time and under the same authority he purchased 4*2 P er cet >t. bonds to the amount of $12,404,450, upon which interest had accrued to the amount of $108,086.55. For these bonds he paid the sum of $13,379,188.37, which was $866,652.37 in excess of the principal and interest. The premium paid upon this class of bonds was nearly 7 per cent. "This is the situation into which the government has been forced by the failure of Congress in past years to make provision for a reduction of taxa- tion. Millions of dollars which ought to have remained in the hands of the people who earned the money by their labor and by their skill in the prose- cution of business have been taken away from them by law to be paid out to (lie bondholders in excess of their legal demands against the government. And, sir, if the present Congress shall adjourn without applying a remedy, this unjust process must go on for an indefinite length of time. In the pres- ence of such a situation we cannot afford to quarrel about trivial details. A reduction of the revenue — not by increasing taxation, as some propose, but by diminishing taxation in such manner as will afford the largest measure of relief to the people and their industries— should be the great and controlling object to which everything else should be subordinated. I do not mean that every interest, however small and insignificant, should not be carefully con- sidered in a friendly spirit, but I do mean that the general interests of the many should not be subordinated to the special interests of the few. 412 MR. CARLISLE'S VIEWS ON THE TARIFF. 413 " Although the question now presented is purely a practical one, it neces- sarily involves, to some extent, a discussion of the conflicting theories of taxation which have divided the people of this country ever since the organi- zation of the government. There is a fundamental and irreconcilable differ- ence of opinion between those who believe that the power of taxation should be used for public purposes only, and that the burdens of taxation should be equally distributed among all the people according to their ability to bear them, and those who believe that it is the right and duly of the government to promote certain private enterprises and increase the profits of those engaged in them by the imposition of higher rates than are necessary to raise revenue for the proper administration of public affairs; and so long as this difference exists, or at least so long as the policy of the government is not permanently settled and acquiesced in, these conflicting opinions will continue to embar- rass the representatives of the people in their efforts either to increase or re- duce taxation. '• While no man in public life would venture to advocate excessive taxation merely for the purpose of raising excessive revenue, many will advocate it, or at least excuse it, when the rates are so adjusted or the objects of taxation are so selected as to secure advantages, or supposed advantages, to some parts of the country or to some classes of industries over other parts and other classes; and this, Mr. Chairman, is the sole cause of the difficulties we are now en- countering in our efforts to relieve the people and reduce the surplus. It is the sole cause of the unfortunate delay that has already occurred in the re- vision of our revenue laws, and if the pending bill shall be defeated, and dis- aster in any form shall come upon the country by reason of overtaxation and an accumulation of money in the Treasury, this unjust feature in our present system will be responsible for it. " Whenever an attempt is made to emancipate labor from the servitude which an unequal system of taxation imposes upon it, whenever it is pro- posed to secure as far as possible to each individual citizen the full fruits of his own earnings, subject only to the actual necessities of the government. and whenever a measure is presented for the removal of unnecessary re- strictions from domestic industries and international commerce, so as to' per- mit freer production and freer exchanges, the alarm is sounded and all the cohorts of monopoly are assembled to hear their heralds proclaim the imme- diate and irretrievable ruin of the country. "Mr. Chairman, it has been stubbornly contended all through this debate that high rates of duty upon imported goods are beneficial to the greal body of consumers, because such duties, instead of increasing the price of the do mestic articles of the same kind, actually reduce the prices. II this he true, all the other arguments in support of the existing system are not only super tluous, but manifestly unsound. The proposition that a high tariff enables the producer to pay higher wages for his labor, and the proposition thai it also reduces the prices of the articles he has to sell, which arc the products of that labor, are utterly inconsistent with each other, and no ingenuity of the casuist can possibly reconcile them. Labor is paid out of in own product, and unless that product can be sold for a price which will enable the em- ployer to realize a reasonable profit and pay the established rales of wages, the business must cease or the rates of wages must be reduced. When the price of the finished product is reduced by reason of the increased efficiency of labor, or by reason of the reduced cost of the raw material, the employer may continue to pay the same or even a higher rate of wanes and still make his usual profits. But the tariff neither increases the efficiency of labor nor ■"•educes the cost of the raw material. "I do not deny that prices have greatly fallen during the lasl fifty year/, not only in this country, but all over the civilized world — in lice trade coun- tries as well as in protectionist countries. Nor do 1 deny that during the 414 APPENDIX. same time the general tendency lias been toward an increase in the rates of wages; and this is true also of all civilized countries, free-trade and protec- tion alike. It is not possible for me now to enumerate, much less discuss, all the causes that have contributed to these results. One of the most efficient causes, in fact the most efficient cause, is the combination of skilled labor with machinery in the production of commodities. The introduction and use of improved machinery has wrought a complete revolution in nearly all our manufacturing industries, and in many cases has enabled one man to do the work which it required one hundred men to do before. Here is a statement furnished by the United States Commissioner of Labor to the chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means, showing the value of the product of a week's labor in spinning cotton yarn by hand and the value of the product of a week's labor combined with machinery in the same industry: In 1813, one man working sixty hours by hand could turn out three pounds of cotton yarn, worth $2.25, or seventy-five cents per pound; now the same man, if he were living, could turn out in sixty hours with the use of machinery 3,000 pounds of cotton yarn of the same character, worth $450, or fifteen cents per pound. The cotton-spinner now receives as wages for his week's work more than three times as much as the total value of the product of a week's work, including the value of the material, in 1813; and yet labor is far cheaper to the employer now than it was then. Although the employer now receives only one-hfth as much per pound for his cotton yarn as he did in 1813, he realizes from the sale of the products of a week's labor just two hundred times as much as he did then. "I have also a statement prepared by the same official, showing the rela- tive production and value of product of a weaver using hand and power ma- chinery, from which it appears that a weaver by hand turned out, in seventy- two hours in 1813, 45 yards of cotton goods (shirting), worth $17.91, while a weaver now, using machiuery, turns out in sixty hours 1,440 yards, worth $108. Substantially the same exhibit could be made in regard to a very large number of our manufacturing industries. " Is it strange, Mr. Chairman, in view of these facts, that the prices of manufactured goods have fallen or that the wages of the laborers who pro- duce them have risen? Is it not, on the contrary, remarkable that there has not been a greater fall in prices and a greater increase in wages'? Undoubt- edly there would have been a greater reduction in prices and a greater in- crease in wages if there had been a wider market for the products and a lower cost for the material. " The tremendous productive forces at work all over the world iu these modern times, and the small cost of maual labor in comparison with the value of the products of these combined forces, can not be realized from any general statement upon the subject. In order to form some idea of the magnitude of these natural and mechanical forces, and the efficiency of manual labor and skill when connected with them, let us look at the situation in six of our own manufacturing industries. In the manufacture of cotton goods, woolen goods, iron and steel, sawed lumber, paper, and in our flouring and grist mills, there were employed, according to the latest statistics, 517,299 persons, not all men, but many of them women and children. This labor was sup- plemented by steam and water power equal to 2,496,299 horse-power. This is equal to the power of 14,977,794 men; and thus we find that a little oyer 517,000 persons of all ages and sexes are performing, in connection with steam and water power, the work of 15,495,093 adult and healthy men. "The railroad, the steam-vessel, the telegraph, the improved facilities for the conduct of financial transactions, and many other conveniences intro- duced into our modern systems of production and distribution and exchange have all contributed their share toward the reduction of prices, and it would be interesting 1<> inquire what their influence has been, but I can not pursue this particular subject further without occupying too much time." o, THE CENTENNIAL MESSAGE. EXTRACT FROM PRESIDENT CLEVELAND'S MESSAGE TO THE FIF- TIETH CONGRESS, SENT DECEMBER 3, 1888. The second session of the Fiftieth Congress convened on Monday, Dec. 1888; and the President sent in his fourth annual message, as follows: To the Congress of the United States: As you assemble for the discharge of the duties you have assumed as tin- representatives of a free and generous people, your meeting is marked by an interesting and impressive incident. With the expiration of the present sea sion of the Congress the first century of our constitutional existence as a nation will be completed. Our survival for one hundred years is not sufficient to assure us thai we no longer have dangers to fear in the maintenance, with all its promised blessings, of a government founded upon the freedom of the people. The time rather admonishes us to soberly inquire whether in the i>asi we have always closely kept in the course of safety, and whether we have before us a way plain and clear which leads to happiness and perpetuity. When the experiment of our government was undertaken, the chart adopted for our guidance was the 'Constitution. Departure from the lines there laid down is failure. It is only by a strict adherence to the direction they indicate and by restraint within the limitations they lix that we can furnish proof to the world of the fitness of the American people for self- government. The equal and exact justice of which we boast as the underlying principle of our institutions should not be confined to the relations of our citizens to each other. The government itself is under bond to the American people that in the exercise of its functions and powers it will deal with the body of our citizens in a manner scrupulously honest and fair and absolutely just. It has agreed that American citizenship shall be the only credential necessary to justify the claim of equality before the law, and that no condition in hie shall give rise to discrimination in the treatment of the people by then- government. ..,,.. , f „ The citizen of our republic in its early days rigidly insisted upon tub compliance with the letter of this bond, and saw stretching out before him a clear field for individual endeavor. His tribute to the support ol his u r. eminent was measured by the cost of its economical maintenance, and lie was secure in the enjoyment of the remaining recompense of Ins steady ami contented toil. In those days the frugality of the people was stamped upon their government, and was enforced by the free, thoughtful, and intelhgenl suffrage of the citizen. Combinations, monopolies, and aggregations oi cap ital were either avoided or sternly regulated and restrained. The pomp and glitter of governments less free offered no temptation and presented no delu- sion to the plain people who, side In side, in friendly competition wrought for the ennoblement and dignity of man, for the solution ol the problem ol free government, and for the achievement of the grand destiny awaiting the land which God had given them. A century has passed, our cities are the abiding-places ol wealth ami luxury; our manufactories yield fortunes never dreamed ol' by the fathers oj the republic; our business men are madly striving in the race for riches, and 416 APPENDIX. immense aggregations of capital outrun the imagination in the magnitude of their undertakings. We view with pride and satisfaction tins bright picture of our country's growth and prosperity, while only a closer scrutiny develops a somber shad- ing. Upon more careful inspection we find the wealth and luxury of our cities mingled with poverty and wretchedness and unremunerative toil. A crowded and constantly increasing urban population suggests the impover- ishment of rural sections and discontent witli agricultural pursuits. The farmer's son, not satisfied with his father's simple and laborious life, joins the eager chase for easily acquired weal! h. "We discover that the fortunes realized by our manufacturers are no lon- ger solely the reward of sturdy industry and enlightened foresight, but that they result from the discriminating favor of the government, and are largely built upon undue exactions from the masses of our people. The gulf be- tween employers and the employed is constantly widening and classes are rapidly forming, one comprising the very rich and powerful, while in an- other are found the toiling poor. As we view the achievements of aggregated capital, we discover the ex- istence of trusts, combinations, and monopolies, while the citizen is struggling far in the rear or is trampled to death beneath an iron heel. Corporations, which should be the carefully restrained creatures of the law and the ser- vants of the people, are fast becoming (he people's masters. Still, congratulating ourselves upon the wealth and prosperity of our country, and complacently contemplating every incident of change insepar- able from these conditions, it is our duty as patriotic citizens to inquire, at the present stage of our progress, how the bond of the government made with the people has been kept and performed. Instead of limiting the tribute drawn from our citizens to the necessities of its economical administration, the government persists in exacting, from the substance of the people, millions which, unapplied and useless, lie dor- mant in its Treasury. This flagrant injustice, and this breach of faith and obligation, add to extortion the danger attending the diversion of the cur- rency of the country from the legitimate channels of business. Under the same laws by which these results are produced, the govern- ment permits many millions more to be added to the cost of the living of our people and to be taken from our consumers, which unreasonably swell the profits of a small but powerful minority. The people must still be taxed for the support of the. government under the operation of tariff laws. But to the extent that the mass of our citizens are inordinately burdened beyond any useful public purpose, and for the benefit of a favored few, the government, under pretext of an exercise of its taxing power, enters gratuitously into partnership with these favorites to their advantage and to the injury of a vast majority of our people. Tins is not equality before the law. The existing situation is injurious to the health of our entire body politic. It stifles, in those for whose benefit it is permitted, all patriotic love of coun- try, and substitutes in its place selfish greed and grasping avarice. Devotion to American citizenship for its own sake and for what it should accomplish as a motive to our nation's advancement and the happiness of all our people is displaced by the assumption that the government, instead of being the embodiment of equality, is but an instrumentality through which especial and individual advantages are to be gained. The arrogance of this assumption is unconcealed. It appears in the sor- did disregard of all but personal interests, in the refusal to abate for the ben- efit of others one iota of selfish advantage, and in combinations to perpetuate such advantages through efforts to control legislation and improperly influ- ence the suffrages of the people THE CENTENNIAL MESSAGE. 417 The grievances of those not included within the circle of these benefici- aries, when fully realized, will surely arouse irritation and discontent. Our farmers, long-suffering and patient, struggling in the race of life with the hardest and most unremitting toil, will not fail to sec, in spite of misreprc sentations and misleading fallacies, that they are obliged to accept such prices for their products as are fixed in foreign markets where they compete with the farmers of the world ; that their lands are declining in value while their debts increase; and that without compensating favor they are forced by the action of the government to pay for the benefit of others such enhanced prices for the things they need that the scanty returns of their labor fail to furnish their support, or leave no margin for accumulation. Our workingmen, enfranchised from all delusions, and no longer fright- ened by the cry that their wages are endangered by a just revision of our tariff laws, will reasonably demand through such revision steadier employ ment, cheaper means of living in their homes, freedom for themselves and their children from the doom of perpetual servitude, and an open door to their advancement beyond the limits of a laboring class. Others of our citi- zens, whose comforts and expenditures are measured by moderate salaries and fixed incomes, will insist upon the fairness and justice of cheapening the cost of necessaries for themselves and their families. When to the selfishness of the beneficiaries of unjust discrimination under our laws there shall be added the discontent of those who sutler from such discrimination, we will realize the fact that the beneficent purposes of our government, dependent upon the patriotism and contentment of our people, are endangered. Communism is a hateful thing, and a menace to peace and organized government. But the communism of combined wealth and capital, the out- growth of overweening cupidity and selfishness, which insidiously under- mines the justice and integrity of free institutions, is not less dangerous than the communism of oppressed poverty and toil which, exasperated by injustice and discontent, attacks with wild disorder the citadel of rule. He mocks the people who proposes that the government shall protect the rich and that they iu turn will care for the laboring poor. Any intermediary between the people and their government, or the least delegation of the care and protection the government owes to the humblest citizen in the land, makes the boast of free institutions a glittering delusion, and the pretended boon of American citizenship a shameless imposition. A just and sensible revision of our tariif laws should lie made for l he re- lief of those of our countrymen who suffer under present conditions. Such a revision should receive the support of all who love that justice and equality 1 due to American citizenship, of all who realize that in this justice and equal- ity our government finds its strength and its power to protect the citizen and his property, of all who believe that the contented competence and comfort of many accord better with the spirit of our institutions than colossal fortunes unfairly gathered in the hands of a few, of all who appreciate that the for- bearance and fraternity among our people which recognize the value of every American interest, are the surest guarantee of our national progress, and oJ all who desire to see the products of American skill and ingenuity in every market of the world with a, resulting restoration of American commerce. The necessity of the reduction of our revenue is so apparent as to he gen erally conceded. But the means by which this end shall he accomplished and the sum of direct benefit which shall result to our citizens present a con- troversy of the utmost importance. There should he no scheme accepted as satisfactory by which the burdens of the people are only apparently removed. Extravagant appropriations of public money, with all their demoralizing consequences, should not be tolerated, either as a means of relieving the Treasury of its present surplus or as furnishing pretext for resisting a proper 418 APPENDIX. reduction in tariff rates. Existing evils and injustice should be honestly rec- ognized, boldly met, and effectively remedied. There should be no cessa- tion of the struggle until a plan is perfected, fair and conservative toward existing industries, but which will reduce the cost to consumers of the neces- saries of life, while it provides for our manufacturers the advantage of freer raw materials aud permits no injury to the interests of American labor. The cause for which the battle is waged is comprised within lines clearly and distinctly denned. It should never be compromised. It is the people's cause. It can not be denied that the selfish and private interests which are so persistently heard, when efforts are made to deal in a just and comprehensive manner with our tariff laws, are related to, if they are not responsible for, the sentiment largely prevailing among the people that the general govern ment is the foundation of individual and private aid;' that it may be expected to relieve with paternal care the distress of citizeus and communities, and from the fullness of its Treasury it should, upon the slightest possible pre- text of promoting the general good, apply public funds to the benefit of lo- calities and individuals. Nor can it be denied that there is a growing as- sumption that, as against the government and in favor of private claims and interests, the usual rules and limitations of business principles and just deal- ing should be waived. These ideas have been unhappily much encouraged by legislative acqui- escence. Relief from contracts made with the government is too easily accorded in favor of the citizen; the failure to support claims against the government by proof is often supplied by no better consideration than the wealth of the government and the poverty of the claimant; gratuities in the form of pensions are granted upon no other real ground than the needy con- dition of the applicant or for reasons less valid; and large sums are expended for public buildings and other improvements, upon representations scarcely claimed to be related to public needs and necessities. The extent to which the consideration of such matters subordinates and postpones action upon subjects of great public importance, but involving ho special, private, or partisan interest, should arrest attention and lead to reformation. CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS. PLURALITIES OR MAJORITIES, REPUBLICAN, DEMOCRATIC, PEOPLE'S PARTY, LABOR PARTY OR INDEPENDENT, RECORDED AT THE CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS OF 1886, 1888 AND 1890, IN EVERY DISTRICT OF THE UNITED STATES AND THE TERRITORIES. Idaho Illinois CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS— Continued. _ 43 3 £ Plurality or Majority v - Plurality or Majority State •^ State — 5 6 1886 1888 1890 5 3 1886 1888 1890 Louisiana,Con. 9,250 D 7,764 D 6,611 D New Jersey- 637 |R 2,593 D 4,518 l> Maine 1 1,326 K 2,433 1! 1,827 R Continued. 4 123'D 73 D 4,684 H 2 6,429 R 5,462 It 4,812 R 5 2,836 |R 1,072 R 1,356 li 3 4,991 R 6,531 It 3,515 R 6 1,773 R 774 R 1,810 I) 4 3,574 R 4,345 It 4,593 It 7 4,253 I) 6,074 D 5,114 I) Maryland 1 1,151 1) 482 I) 2,380 D New Mexico.. . 1 3,888 D 1,650 D 2,064 1) 2 3,654 1) 1,882 1) 5,610 I» New York 1 926 I) 1,663 D 4.914 I) 3 10,334 1> 5,289 1) 5,(141 I) 2 11,099 li 5,872 D 6,581 D 4 7,524 D 80 It 6,634 D 3 172 R 2,871 R 18 1) 5 2,729 I> 181 1) 1,618 D 4 3,628 D 6,927 D 9,762 D 6 413 R 1,634 It 165 l> 5 472 I) 2,144 D 5,656 li Massachusetts 1 3,648 l: 9,485 R 9. (85 R 6 13,133 li 3,246 D 4,596 1) 2 1,822 R 3,684 R 3,684 R 7 5,023 li 1,914 D 6,504 I) 3 1,761 D 1,558 D 1 ,558 D 8 3S0 li 5,049 D 12,118 D t 7,372 l» 8,031 D 8,031 D 9 5,495 I) 10,947 D 9,790 1) 5 3,358 i: 1,464 It 1,464 It in 527 I> 1,733 D 8,596 D 6 728 K 5,294 It 5,294 It 11 21,201 D 4,454 D 8,183 l> 7 1,374 R 4.572 It 4.572 R 12 5,206 D 13,273 D 12,073 D s 532 K 3,220 It 454 D 13 3,672 R 9,168 D 16,448 li 9 211 l> 2,036 R 131 D 1 1 2,436 li 4,129 D 6,180 D in 751 D 1,915 R 7'00 R 15 461 D 74 R 1,579 D 11 4,562 R 3,816 It 150 1> Hi 4,002 it 12,542 R 9,046 R 12 815 It 2,027 R 382 D 17 3,488 II 1,609 R 2,010 D Michigan 1 1,566 D 3,103 1> 5,930 D is 1,263 D 3,922 R 1,246 R 2 1,032 11 1,564 It 1,903 I) Ml 167 n 2,306 D 5,079 D 3 4,716 R 6,602 R 2,263 It ■.'(1 6,304 R 3,301 R 1,581 |R 4 2,513 i: 4,185 R 394 It '.'I 9,327 R 20,298 R 3.191 R 5 447 1) 2,667 R 2,298 D 2" 5,330 R 10,727 R 4,747 R 6 1,886 l: 367 R 681 1) 23 1,184 R 1,732 R 514'D 7 813 li 406 li 1,987 D 21 1,765 R 1,259 It 198 D 8 688 li 2,085 R 76 D 25 4,589 R 17,981 R 5,828 R 9 3,023 R 4,374 It 60 I) 26 6,793 R 7,312]R 3,402 R in 2,147 D 115 R 66 1) 27 9,786 R 9,524 lR 1,992 R 11 2,243 R 3,358 It 2,118 R 28 2,313 R 1,258 R 89 D Minnesota 1 2,828 li 1,844 It 2,323 1) 29 14,038 R 4,825 R 1,353 R ■_> 9,684 l: 9,219 R 182 R 30 2,661 R 5,704 ;r 251 D 3 1,205 li 2,868 R 4,533 D 31 4,589 R 5,424 R 11,110 R 1 5,125 I' 10,006 R 5,728 1) 32 3,333 R 1,609|R 4,973 D 5 12,698 R 7,519 It 2,142 P 33 1,133 R 564 D 1,792 D Mississippi .... 1 3,113 D 9,621 I) 3,501 I) 31 7,661 It 15,426 R 5,726 R 2 3,066 1) 8,161 1) 4,814 I) North Carolina 1 2,755 D 1,158 D 3,753 D 3 2,136 I) 7,010 1> 5,972 D 2 2,098 I> 453'R 1,230 R 1 2,842 D 10,459 li 5,181 1) 3 5,395 ii 3,984 I) 8,807 D 5 4,262 1) 12,255 li 6,305 D 4 1,138 R 2,558iD 6,578 D 6 4,459 D 6,116 1) 6,572 D 5 1,580 R 675 ]R 1,939 1) ; 4,502 1> 8,390 D 4,250 D 6 6,602 D 5,705 1) 8,396 D Missouri 1 2,868 ]> 3,510 1> 5,154 1) 7 9,104 1) 2,997 |D 3,966 D 3 7:30 D 4,659 li 7,389 I) 8 4,672 1) 3,108 D 713 D 1 3 4,362 D 3,671 li 7,455 D 9 4,740 D 518lR 1,128 D 1 4 2,087 li 3,137 I) 3,309 D North Dakota 1 — 9,509 1! 6,535 R .') 785 It 2,136 li 5,882 D Ohio 1 2,356 R 1,899 R 2,288 R 6 2,88(1 I) 3,880 1) 7,662 li 2 1,799 R 1,596 R 7,730 R 7 2,077 D 1,963 D 4,980 l> 3 1,133 R 415 R 2,631 D 8 1,364 D 1,816 K 2.H5S l> 4 6,206 li 7,796 D 1,410 D 9 100 D 2,450 It 3,614 li 5 11,973 D 5,994 1> 4,206 D in 1,0*48 D 2,094 R 1,649 D 6 1,377 R 95 R 1,712 D 11 2,598 li 2,259 li 4,106 l> 7 2 li 858 It 2,05(1 D Id 3,665 I) 1,623 D 7,115 1) s 1,388 It 3,270 R 191 I) 1.1 1,958 It 2,879 It 2,760 l> '.1 1,869 R 2 224 R 2,132 D 11 7,866 D 5,739 li 6.275 li 10 1,588 R U41 U 3,784 R Montana 1 3,718 I) 5,126 It 283 11 11 4,348 It 4,985 R 2,953 I) Nebraska 1 7,023 D 3,407 R 6,713 1) 12 1,258 R 680 R 7,037 R 2 5,058 R 9,757 R 1 1,328 1) 13 2,580 1> 2,571 I> 1,466 D 3 7,774 1! 11,071 It 6,391 I 1 1 1,071 It 962 R 3,420 D Nevada 1 1,030 R 1 ,23! 1! 874 1! L5 1,4701 R 2,307 II 3,748 D New Hamps'ire 1 205 I> 359 R 1,138 II 16 3,971 D 1.625 D 302 I) 2 1,166 R 977 It 35 1 D 17 3,613 R 5,004'R 701 D New Jersey 1 3,334 R 5,461 R 2,710 It 18 2.559' R 4,099, R 5,210 R 2 2,703 It 3,303 It 1,163 R 19 9,876 R 11,900 R 7,447 R 420 CONGRESSIONAL ELECTIONS— Continued. «3 '■~ Plurality or Majority o "C Plurality or Majority State State 5 1886 1888 1890 5 1886 1888 1890 Ohio- ■.'(I 877 i; 2,098 R 7,924 II Tennessee — 5 7,546 Ii 9,358 H 8,550 H Continued. 21 1,433 1) 616 II 3,390 Ii Continued. 6 5,701 l> 6,279 H 8.9 IS D Oklahoma 1 — 2,032 R 7 3,721 l> 3,855 l> 1.998 D Oregon.. 1 1,6135 R 7,407 R 9,913 II s 2,097 Ii 2,480 1> 7,975 D Pennsylvania.. 1 6,399 i; 5. lis.", R 7,669 H 9 4,338 D 7,090 l> 8,232 D 2 5,633 1! 4,408 R 6,539 R 10 3.996 li 8,419 l» 6,1 16 li 3 11 320 D 17,53(1 U 3,084 12,265 H Texas 1 6,500 15,733 Ii 1.996 l» 8,045 H 1 ll'509 R 9,039 11 B li 9,554 Ii 12,917 D 5 11,188 I 6,685 i: 11,403 r| 3 9,336 Ii 10,882 li 11,369 li (i 1,312 i: 6,500 R 4,105 B 4 12,533 n 24,300 D 11,151 D 7 2,135 B 1,011 R 187 1) 5 3,459 H 22,524 I) 20,856 I> s 4,815 D 6,340 I) 6,875 1) ii 7,329 n 14,689 li 21,971 D 9 9,634 B 9,659 I) 11,193 D 7 17.2 IS i) 3,547 li 9,479 D in 20,671 n 11,174 1! 9,768 I: s 20.99(1 n 12,760 Ii 13,267 1) 11 17,560 D 1,086 R 303 D 5,823 D 5,385 Ii 16.210 I) 12 650 I) 1,499 B 1,484 B 10 19,317 li 11,828 D 29.763 l> 13 774 1! 688 I) 1,480 1) 11 14,236 li 23,231 D 37,470 D 14 2 031 |; 6,262 R 3,487 .> o.>.> l; Utah 1 19,673 l> 6,643 D 9,111 D 1.-. 5^660 1! 6|339 R i; Vermont 1 9,977 B 14,146 II 8,531 R Hi 4,826 II 3,054 R 51 II 2 10,509 R 14,614 i: 9,132 II. 17 899 I! 2,056 1) 5,944 II Virginia 1 1,895 B 414 i; 2,463 I) 18 3,247 R 4,716 II 609 R 2 5,434 B 6,095 K 1,167 D !'.! 3,940 1) 4,579 1) 7,109 D 3 1,452 D 261 II 13,937 1) 20 153 i; 4,281 11 526 R 4 8,475 II 642 H 3,334 li 21 255 t; 5,221 II 1,498|R 5 3,159 R 1,363 I) 9,209 l> 22 4,005 u 8,905 u 7,905 R 6 450 L 3,730 H 10,71 I li 23 5,039 K 7,288 B 7,116 R 7 764 n 2,820 D 8,942 l> 24 4,440 R 4,338 11 123 11 8 2,562 n 1,123 D 3,318 l> 25 1,622 R 7,155 II 3,161 1) 9 3,570 R 478 D 3,317 l> 26 531 R 3,072 11 888 R 10 1,654 B 583 li 8,779 1) •y t 1,213 1) 4,212 i; 3,313 R Washington.. . 1 2,192 li 7,371 R 6,322 11 •Is 2,089 D 4,692 D West Virginia. 1 827 i: 19 D (its I) Rhode Island . . 1 1,145 R 2,090 II 1,008 1) 2 90 D 378 H 2,065 Ii 2 577 1) 2,891 B 10'D 3 895 D 1,313 I> 4,655 D South Carolina 1 3,315 D 7,2(4 I) 5,900! D 4 747 D 3 U 1 .925 I" 2 5,212 D 9,299 Ii 8,285! D Wisconsin 1 573 R 4,314 II 323 li 3 4,402 D 8,758 D 8.139 I) ■ i 4,228 i: 2,954 li 8,560 l> 4 4,470 1) 11,410 I) 8,114 1) 3 3,510 u 2,929 H 1,002 l> 5 4,090 1) 4,532 D 8,111 1) I 3,710 L 1,527 II 7,074 li 6 4,411 l> 8,386 1) 6,670 I> ."> 5,548 D 4,226 li 9,615 I) 7 5,961 i; 1,355 I) 476 I) 6 4,457 R 3,764 II 2,164 H South Dakota. 1 — 19,860 B 3,027 B 7 4,803 B 4,485 II 2,002 D Tennessee 1 5,440 i: 7,171 n 747 R 8 10,435 11 12,007 II 2,348 R g 8,057 ii 13,524 ii 5,382 R 9 2.763 i; 4,753 R 5,830 D i* 347 n 288 ii 523 D Wyoming 1 7,141 R 2,894 1; 2,859 R 4 1.649 i) 8,094 D 6,884lD 421 VOTE OF CITIES. City Baltimore, Md Boston, Mass Brooklyn, N. Y Burlington, Vt Cheyenne, Wyo Chicago, 111 Cincinnati, O Hartford, Conn Lewiston, Me Milwaukee, Wis Nashville, Tenn New Orleans, La New York, N. Y Philadelphia, Pa Providence, R. I Richmond, Va St. Louis, Mo San Francisco (County). Cal Seattle, Wash Trenton, N. J Wilmington, Del President, 1888. Governor, 1889-189$ Total Plurality >a Total Plurality >> u Year Vote Ph Vote Ah 85,415 5,045 D 72,250 17,537 D 1891 65,169 8,853 I) 60,995 13,558 1> 1891 147,561 12,235 i> 143,866 17,642 L 1891 2,212 503 R 1,284 44 R 1890 — — — 2,316 326 R 1890 125,497 3,604 D — — — — — — — 54,816 4,216 R 1891 11,351 322 D 9,875 725 U 1890 2,918 458 R 2,882 9 1> 1890 37,057 2,544 R 37,754 5,299 I) 1890 5,917 89 D 2,971 385 \) 1890 23,286 7,760 D 37,989 7,073 D 1892 269,204 57,174 D 239,108 59,502 D 1891 205,444 18,572 R 191,973 20,888 R 1890 13,954 493 R 20,584 669 L> 1892 14,474 1,9:38 D 14,235 5,445 L> 1889 62,856 6,255 R — — — — 54,407 2,991 D 55,266 211 D 1890 — — — 4,463 711 R 1890 12,434 590 R 11,670 350 D 1889 8,428 1,708 D 11,223 419 R 1890 422 ADDENDA. FARMERS' ALLIANCE. There have been several meetings in States where the Alliance is best represented ; but there is nothing of vital importance to record beyond what is stated elsewhere. THE AUSTRALIAN BALLOT. Steps are being taken in several States to reform the voting system now in operation. THE NATIONAL COMMITTEES. The names of National Committeemen appointed at the Convention are mentioned in Part I. THE TARIFF. Legislation under this heading is now pending in the Fifty -second Con- gress. RECIPROCITY. A treaty has been signed with Austria-Hungary. THE SILVER QUESTION. Legislation under this heading is now pending in the Fifty-second Con- gress. STATE AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNORS, 1892-93. Indiana.— Governor Alvin P. Hovey (R.) died November 23, 1891; succeeded by Lieutenant-Governor Ira J. Chase (R). Nebraska. — Governor John M. Thayer (R.) was succeeded on January 8, 1891, by James E. Boyd (D.), who was removed from office May 5, 1891, by decree of the State Supreme Court, and John M. Thayer again assumed the functions of Governor, continuing in office until January, 1893. Wyoming. — Governor, Amos W. Barber (acting). STATE AND TERRITORIAL LEGISLATURES, 1892-93. Mississippi.— At the State election, November, 1891, 45 Senators and 133 Assemblymen were elected; all regular Democrats, except :'> Republicans, 1 Greenbacks and 7 Independents. Nevada. — No figures available at this time. New Mexico.— Apportionment by the Governor not yet made available. Texas. — No figures available at this time. Utah— Council, 8 Democrats, 4 Liberals; House, 16 Democrats and 8 Lib- erals. 433 424 ADDENDA.. CHANGES IN THE FIFTY-SECOND CONGRESS. SENATE. State.. Name. Died. Successor. Kansas Preston B. Plumb Dec. 20, 1891 Bishop W. Perkins. Virginia John S. Barbour May 14, 1892 Gen. Eppa Hinton. HOUSE. District. Name. Died. Successor. lOtb New York. .Francis B. Spinola. ...Apr. 13, 1891. .W. Bourke Cockran. 5th Michigan Melbourne H. Ford. . .Apr. 20, 1891. .Charles E. Belknap. 2d Tennessee Leonidas C. Houk. . ..May 25, 1891. .John C. Houk. South Dakota John R. Gamble Aug. 14, 1891. .John L. Jolley. 8th Virginia Wm. H. F. Lee Oct." 15, 1891 . .Elisha E. Meredith. 10th Kentucky. . . John W. Kendall. . . .March 7, 1892.. Joseph M. Kendall. No successor has been appointed to Roger Q. Mills, who represented the 9th Texas district, and who was appointed to the Senate. THE NEW APPORTIONMENT. Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 9 in all. 1. Counties of Marengo, Choctaw, Clarke. Monroe, Washington and Mobile. 2. Counties of Montgomery, Pike, Crenshaw, Covington, Butler, Cone- cuh, Escambia, Baldwin and Wilcox. 3. Counties of Lee, Russell, Bullock, Barbour, Dale, Henry, Coffee and Geneva. 4. Counties of Dallas, Chilton, Shelby, Talladega, Calhoun and Cle- burne. 5. Counties of Lowndes, Autauga, Tallapoosa, Elmore, Macon, Coosa, Chambers, Randolph and Clay. 6. Counties of Sumter, Pickens, Greene, Tuscaloosa, Lamar, Fayette, Marian and Walker. 7. Counties of DeKalb, Marshall, Etowah, Cullman, St. Clair, Winston, Cherokee and Franklin. 8. Counties of Jackson, Madison, Limestone, Morgan, Lauderdale, Law- rence and Colbert. 9. Counties of Jefferson, Bibb, Hale, Perry and Blount. ARKANSAS. Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 6 in all. 1. Counties of Clay, Craighead, Crittenden, Cross, Greene, Jackson, Lawrence, Lee, Mississippi, Phillips, Poinset, Randolph, St. Francis, Sharp and Woodruff. 2. Counties of Bradley, Cleveland, Dallas, Drew, Garland, Grant, Hot Springs, Jefferson, Lincoln, Montgomery, Polk, Saline, Scott and Sebastian. 3. Counties of Ashley, Calhoun, Clark, Columbia, Hempstead, Howard, Lafayette, Little River, Miller, Nevada, Ouachita, Pike, Sevier and Union. 4. Counties of Franklin, Johnson, Logan, Perry, Pulaski, Pope and Yell. 5. Counties of Benton, Boone, Carroll, Conway, Faulkner, Madison, Newton, Searcy, Van Buren and Washington. 6. Counties of Arkansas, Baxter, Cleburne, Fulton, Independence, Izard, Lonoke, Marion, Monroe, Prairie, Stone and White, ADDENDA. 425 CALIFORNIA. Entitled to one additional representative, or 7 in all. 1. Counties of Del Norte, Siskiyou, Modoc, Humboldt, Trinity, Shasta, Lassen, Tehama, Plumas, Sierra, Mendocino, Sonoma, Napa and Marin. 2. Counties of Butte, Sutter, Yuba, Nevada, Placer, El Dorado, Amador, Calaveras, Mono, Inyo, Alpine, Tuolumne, Mariposa, San Joaquin and Sac- ramento. 3. Counties of Colusa, Yolo, Lake, Solano, Contra Costa and Alameda. 4. County of San Francisco (part). 5. Counties of San Francisco (part), San Mateo and Santa Clara. 6. Counties of Santa Cruz, Monterey, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Ventura and Los Angeles. 7. Counties of Stanislaus, Merced, San Benito, Fresno, Tulare, Kern, San Bernardino, Orange and San Diego. COLORADO. Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 2 in all. 1. Counties of Arapahoe, Boulder, Jefferson, Lake, Larimer, Logan, Morgan, Park, Philips, Sedgwick, Washington, Weld and Yuma. 2. Counties of Archuleta, Baca, Bent, Chaffee, Cheyenne, Clear Creek, Conejos, Costilla, Custer, Delta, Dolores, Douglas, Eagle, Elbert, El Paso, Fremont, Garfield, Gilpin, Grand, Gunnison, Hinsdale, Huerfano, Kiowa, Kit Carson, La Plata, Las Animas, Lincoln,; Mesa, Montezuma, Montrose, Otero, Ouray, Pitkin, Prowers, Pueblo, Rio Blanco, Rio Grande, Routt, Saguache, San Juan, San Miguel, Summit and Weld. Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 11 in all. I. Counties of Chatham, Burke, Screven, Emanuel, Bulloch, Effingham, Bryan, Tatnall, Liberty and Mcintosh. 2 Counties of Quitman, Clav, Randolph, Terrell, Calhoun, Dougherty, Worth, Early, Baker, Miller, Mitchell, Colquitt, Berrien, Decatur and Thomas. , _ , .,,,... „ , , 3. Counties of Stewart, Webster, Sumter, Lee, Dooly, Wilcox, Schley, Pulaski, Twiggs, Houston, Mason, Taylor and Crawford. 4. Counties of Muscogee, Marion, Talbot, Harris, Meriwether, Troup, Coweta, Heard, Carroll and Chattahoochee. 5. Counties of Fulton, Douglas, Campbell, Clayton, DeKalb, Rockdale, Newton and Walton. 6. Counties of Bibb, Baldwin, Jones, Monroe, Upson, Pike, Spalding, Fayette, Henry and Butts. *7 Counties of Haralson. Paulding, Cobb, Polk, Floyd, Bartow, Chat- tooga, Gordon, Walker, Dade, Catoosa, Whitfield and Murray. 8. Counties of Jasper, Putnam, Morgan, Greene, Oconee, Clark, Ogle- thorpe, Madison, Elbert, Hart, Franklin and Wilkes. 9 Counties of Fannin, Union, Towns, Rabun, Habersham White, Lumpkin, Dawson, Gilmer, Pickens, Cherokee, Forsyth, Milton, Gwinnett, Jackson, Hall and Banks. -. 10 Counties of Richmond, Columbia, Lincoln, Jefferson, Glascock, Mc- Duttie, Warren, Taliaferro, Washington, Wilkinson and Hancock. II. Counties of Glynn, Johnson, Laurens, Montgomery, Podge, Telfair, Irwin, Coffee, Appling, Wayne, Pierce, Ware, Echols, Lowndes, Brooks, Charlton, Camden and Clinch. 30b 426 ADDENDA. Entitled to 2 additional representatives, or 22 in all. The last Legislature did not redistrict the State, so that the twoad di- tional representatives will be voted for at large at the next election. KANSAS. i Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 8 in all. The last legislature did not redistrict the State, so that the additional representative will be voted for at large at the next election. MASSACHUSETTS. Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 13 in all. 1. Counties of Berkshire, Franklin (part), Hampshire (part) and Hamp- den (part). 2. Counties of Franklin (part), Hampshire (part), Hampden (part) and Worcester (part). 3. Counties of Worcester (part) and Middlesex (part). 4. Counties of Worcester (part), Middlesex (part) and Norfolk (part). 5. Counties of Essex (part) and Middlesex (part). 6. County of Essex (part). 7. Counties of Essex (part), Middlesex (part) and Suffolk (part). 8. Counties of Middlesex (part) and Suffolk (part). 9. County of Suffolk (part). 10. Counties of Suffolk (part) and Norfolk (part). 11. Counties of Suffolk (part). Middlesex (part) and Worcester (part). 12. Counties of Norfolk (part), Plymouth (part) and Bristol (part). 13. Counties of Barnstable, Dukes, Nantucket, Plymouth (part) and Bris- tol (part). MICHIGAN. Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 12 in all. 1. Thirteen wards of Detroit, Wayne County. 2. Counties of Lenawee, Monroe, Jackson, Washtenaw, and Wavne (part). 3. Counties of Branch, Kalamazoo, Calhoun and Eaton. 4. Counties of St. Joseph, Cass, Berrien, Van Buren, Allegan and Barry. 5. Counties of Ottawa, Kent and Ionia. 6. Counties of Oakland, Genesee, Livingston, Ingham and Wayne (part). 7. Counties of Macomb, Lapeer, St. Clair, Sanilac, Huron and Wavne (part). 8. Counties of Clinton, Schiawassee and Tuscola. 9. Counties of Muskegon, Oceana, Newaygo, Mason, Lake, Manistee, Wexford, Benzie, Leelanavv and Manitou. 10. Counties of Bay, Midland, Gladwin, Arenac, Ogemaw, Iasco, Alcona, Oscoda, Crawford, Montmorency, Alpena, Presque Isle, Otsego, Chebovuan and Emmet. 11. Counties of Montcalm, Gratiot, Isabella, Mecosta, Oxala, Clare. Ros- common, Missaukee, Kalkaska, Grand Traverse, Antrim and Charlevoix. 12. Counties of Delta, Schoolcraft, Chippewa, Mackinac, Ontonagon, Marquette, Menominee, Dickinson, Baraga, Houghton, Keweenaw, Isle Royal, Alger, Luce, Iron, Cass and Gogebic. MINNESOTA. Entitled to 2 additional representatives, or 7 in all. 1. Counties of Houston, Fillmore, Mower, Freeborn, Waseca, Steele, Dodge, Olmsted, Winona and Wabasha, ADDENDA. 42? 2. Counties of Faribault, Martin, Jackson, Nobles, Rock, Pipestone, Murray, Watonwan, Blue Earth, Nicollet, Brown, Redwood, Lyon, Lincoln, Yellow Medicine, Lac qui Parle, Chippewa and Cottonwood. 3. Counties of Goodhue, Dakota, Rice, Scott, Le Sueur, Sibley, Carver, McLeod, Renville and .Meeker. 4. Counties of Ramsey, Washington, Chisago, Isanti and Kanabec. 5. County of Hennepin. 6. Counties of Cook, Lake, St. Louis, Itasca, Carlton. Aitkin, Crow Wing, Pine, Mille Lacs, Anoka, Sherburne, Wright, Stearns, Benton, Mor rison, Todd, Cass, Wadena, Hubbard and Beltrami. 7. Counties of Kittson, Marshall, Polk, Norman, Clay, Wilkin, Traverse, Big Stone, Swift, Kandiyohi, Stevens, Pope, Douglas, Grant, Otter Tail and Becker. Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 15 in all. The last Legislature did not redistrict the State, so that the additional representative will be voted for at large at the next election. NEBRASKA. Entitled to 3 additional representatives, or G in all. 1. Counties of Cass, Johnson, Lancaster, Lincoln, Otoe, Pawnee, Rich- ardson and Wehama. 2. Counties of Douglas, Sarpy and Washington. 3. Counties of Antelope, Boone, Burt, Cedar, Colfax, Cuming, Dakota, Dixon, Dodge, Knox, Madison, Merrick, Nance, Pierce, Platte, Stanton, Thurston and Wavne. 4. Counties of "Butler, Gage, Fillmore, Hamilton, Jefferson, Polk, Saline, Saunders, Seward, Thayer and York. 5. Counties of Adams, Chase, Clay, Dundy. Franklin, Frontier, Furnas, Gosper, Hall, Harlan, Hayes, Hitchcock, Kearney, Nuckolls, Perkins, Phelps, Red Willow and Webster. 6. Counties of Arthur, Banner, Blaine, Box Butte, Brown, Buffalo, Chey- enne, Cherry, Custer, Dawes, Dawson, Deuel, Garfield, Greeley, Bolt, Hooper, Howard. Keya Paha, Keith, Kimball, Lincoln, Logan, Loup. Me Pherson, Rock, Scott's Bluff, Sheridan, Sherman, Sioux, Thomas, Valley and Wheeler. NEW JERSEY. Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 8 in all. 1. Counties of Camden, Cumberland, Cape May, Gloucester and Salem. 2. Counties of Atlantic, Mercer, Burlington and < >cean. 3. Counties of Somerset, Middlesex and Monmouth. 4. Counties of Sussex, Warren, Hunterdon, .Morn's and Essex (parti. 5. Counties of Bergen, Passaic and Hudson (part). 6. City of Newark, in the county of Essex. 7. Cities of Jersey City and Hoboken, and the townships of Harrison and Kearney, county of Hudson. 8. The counties of Union, Essex (part) and Hudson (pari I OHIO. The redistricting of Ohio bv the State Legislature may be seen on map of Ohio, p. 284. 428 ADDENDA. OREGON. Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 2 in all. 1. Counties of Benton, Clackamas, Coos, Curry, Douglas, Jackson, Jos- ephine, Klamath, Lake, Linn, Lane, Marion, Polk, Tillamook, Washington and Yamhill. 2. Counties of Baker, Clatsop, Columbia, Crook, Gilliam, Grand, Har- ney, Malheur, Morrow, Multnomah, Sherman, Umatilla, Union, Wallowa and Wasco. PENNSYLVANIA. Entitled to 2 additional representatives, or 30 in all. The last Legislature did not redistrict the State, and the two additional representativesVill be voted for at large at the next election. Entitled to 2 additional representatives, or 13 in all. The last Legislature did not redistrict the State, and the two additional representatives will be voted for at large at the next election. WASHINGTON. Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 2 in all. The last Legislature did not redistrict the State, and the additional repre- sentative will be voted for at large at the next election. WISCONSIN. Entitled to 1 additional representative, or 10 in all. 1. Counties of Racine, Kenosha, Walworth, Rock, Green and Lafayette. 2. Counties of Jefferson, Dodge, Dane and Columbia. 3. Counties of Adams, Juneau, Vernon, Sauk, Richland, Crawford, Grant and Iowa. 4. County of Milwaukee (part). 5. Counties of Sheboygan, Ozaukee, Washington, Waukesha and Mil- waukee (part). 6. Counties of Waushara, Marquette, Green Lake, Fond du Lac, Winne- bago, Calumet and Manitowoc. 7. Counties of Pepin, Eau Claire, Buffalo, Trempealeau, Jackson, Mon- roe and La Crosse. 8. Counties of Wood, Portage, Waupaca, Outagamie, Brown, Kewau- nee and Door. 9. Counties of Clark, Taylor, Price, Ashland, Oneida, Lincoln, Mara thon, Shawnee, Langlade, Forest, Florence, Marinette and Oconto. 10. Counties of ^Bayfield, Douglas, Burnett, Sawyer, Washburn, Polk Barron, Chippewa, St. Croix, Dunn and Pierce. ADDENDA. 429 CONDITION OF THE UNITED STATES NAVY IN 1893, WHEN VESSELS NOW BUILDING ARE COMPLETED. Type Unfit for sea service Avail- able Total Armored : 13 4 2 6 1 4 •> 13 6 1 Total 13 13 26 Unarmored : - 10 12 1 1 1 1 10 12 Torpedo vessel 1 1 1 1 Total - 26 26 Iron and wooden steam vessels of obsolete type and little value 8 9 5 14 9 5 Hulks 8 14 Total 8 28 36 31 67 88 RANK OP THE U. S. NAVY. If 9 battleships and :so torpedo boats are Rank of the navies In 1860 the United added to U. S. Navv, of the world when States ranked after eliminating i lie ques- vessels for U. S. In 1886 the United the following oat inns tion of organizal ion Navy now building States ranked thus : and ahead of all the and p e rSO n Ii e 1 ill are completed. rest : which Germany is much superior, we will rank Great Britain. Great Britain. Great Britain. Great Britain. France. France. France. France. Italy. Italy. Russia. Italy. Russia. Russia. Spain. Russia,. Germany. Germany. Sweden and Norwa v. United Slates. Spain. Spain. United States. Germany, el c. United States. Austria. Austria. China. China. Japan. Japan. Holland. Holland. Sweden and Norway. Sweden and Norway. Turkey. Turkey. Denmark. Denmark. Greece. (Jl'eeee. Brazil. Brazil. Argentina. Argentina. Chile. Chile. Portugal. Portugal. United States. Peru. Peru. Mexico. Mexico. 430 ADDENDA. PERSONNEL U. S. NAVY, 1860 AND 1892. (Active list, exclusive of Marine Corps.) Ranks. 1860 1892 No. Total No. Total Officers of the line : 80 114 194 409 148 64 174 34 175 238 6 10 45 85 Commanders - Total number having command or flag rank 325 34 50 74 250 76 173 146 Total number in subordinate grades - - 573 164 94 Officers of the engineer branch Chaplains, professors, naval constructors, and civil 192 70 138 28 312 1,436 1,717 7,600 *8.250 ♦Number allowed by law ; the actual number is 100 to 200 less, varying from month to month. INCREASE OF THE NAVY.— ACT OF 1892. "That for the purpose of further increasing the Naval Establishment of the United States, the President is hereby authorized to have constructed, by contract, one armored cruiser of about eight thousand tons displacement of the general type of armored cruiser numbered two (New York), to cost, exclusive of armament, not more than three million five hundred thousand dollars, excluding any premium that may be paid for increased speed and the cost of armament. The contract for the construction of said cruiser shall contain provisions to the effect that the contractor guarantees that when completed and tested for speed, under conditions to be prescribed by the Navy Department, it shall exhibit a speed of at least twenty knots per hour; and for every quarter knot of speed so exhibited above said guaranteed speed, the contractor shall receive a premium over and above the contract price of fifty thousand dollars; and for every quarter knot that such vessel fails of reaching said guaranteed speed, there shall be deducted from the contract price the sum of fifty thousand dollars. In the construction of said vessel all the provisions of the act of August third, eighteen hundred and eighty-six, entitled " An act to increase the Naval Establishment," as to ma- terial for said vessel, its engines, 1 toilers, and machinery, the contract under which it is built, the notice of and proposals for the same, the plans, draw- ings, specifications therefor, and the method of executing said contract, shall be observed and followed, and said vessel shall be built in compliance with the terms of said act, save that in all its parts said vessel shall be of domestic ADDENDA. 431 manufacture. If the Secretary of the Navy shall be unable to contract at reasonable prices for the building of said vessel, then he may build such Ni- sei in such navy -yard as he may disignate. (34) Also one sea-going coast-line battle ship, designed to carry tin- heaviest i if /nor and most powerful ordnance, with a displacement of about nine thou- sand tons, to have the highest practicable speed for vessels of its duns, and to cost, exclusive of armament and of any premiums that may be paid for in- creased speed, not exceeding four million dollars; one harbor-defense double- t u r ret ship of the monitor type, with a displacement of about seven thousand five hundred tons, to have the highest practicable spent for vessels of Us class, and to cost, exclusive of armamt nl and of any premiums that may be paid for increased speed, not exceeding three million dollars; and if said ship is built on the Pacific Goast the Secretary of the Treasury is authorised to allow three per centum on the cost thereof to the contractor, in addition to the contract price, to cover the cost of the transportation of material used in the construction thereof; four light-draft gunboats of from eight hundred to one thousand two hundred tons displacement, with the highest practicable speed for vessels of their class, and to cost, exclusive of armament and of any premiums that may be paidfor increased speed, not exceeding four hundred and fifty thousand dollars each; and six torpedo boats, at a cost of not exceeding one hundred and u n thousand, dollars each; and not more than two of said torpedo boats shall be built at one establishment. (35) In the construction of all said vessels, following the provision for the construction of the one armored cruiser of about eight thousand tons displace- ment, the provisions of the act of August third, eighteen hundred and eighty- six, entitled " An act to increase the Naval Establishment," shall be obst rr< d and followed in the same manner that the provisions of said act a re appln