18 » / MONUMENT ERECTED IN PROSPECT PARK, BROOKLYN, IN COMMEMORATION OF THE HEROISM OF MARYLAND SOLDIERS AT THE BATTLE OF LONG ISLAND. History of Maryland, WITH BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES OF DISTINGUISHED STATESMEN, PHILANTHROPISTS, THEOLOGIANS, ETC., AND The Constitution of the State. PREPAEED FOB THE SCHOOLS OF MARYLAND. PHILADELPHIA: PUBLISHED BY E. H. BUTLEK & CO. PREFACE. The province of a text-book in History designed for use in schools is to present briefly and clearly historical facts uncolored by personal prejudice. While it is possible in a book of this description to preserve a due regard for the " logic of events," and to render the story to a certain degree attractive, yet much that is of interest in biography, in incident, and in de- scriptions of manners and customs will, of necessity, be omitted. All that should be reasonably expected will have been accomplished, if, in addition to a knowledge of the outlines of History imparted by a work of this kind, the desire is awakened for more extended in- formation concerning the characters and events there- in mentioned or described. In accordance with these ideas, the author has written this History of Maryland, bringing to the task an ex- tended public-school experience. He has also been for tunate in having the advice and assistance of several prominent residents of the State, whose intimate know- ledge of its history affords a guarantee of the general correctness of the work. .k^'^ Copyright, 1886, by E. H. BUTLER & CO. Copyright, 1897 by E. H. BUTLER & CO. 8 CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. 1606-1632. PAGE London and Plymouth Companies. — Jamestown. — Governments : royal, charter, proprietary. — Sir George Calvert. — Attempt to settle Newfoundland. — Application for a grant on the Chesapeake. — His death. — Cecilius Calvert. — Patent obtained for Maryland. — Limits of territory. — Character of charter . 11 CHAPTER n. 1633-1634. Sailing of the Ark and the Dove. — Character of the colonists. — Touching at Jamestown.— Sailing up the Potomac. — Visit to, the "emi)eror" at Piscataway. — Selection of a site. — Settlement of St. Mary's. — Indian tribes. — Description of country. — Grant to Sir Edmund Plowden. — Colony at Cape May 16 CHAPTER III. 1634-1637. Disturbances with the Indians. — First legislative assembly. — Conflict with the Kent Islanders. — Claiborne's proceedings. — "Conditions of Plantation." — Redemptioners. — Progress of settlement. — Growth of St. Mary's. — First regular records. — Kent Island 21 6 6 CONTENTS. CHAPTER IV. 1638-1639. PAGE St. George's Hundred. — Proceedings of the Assembly. — Clai- borne's petition to the king. — Decision of the Privy Coun- cil. — Religious difficulties at St. Mary's. — Sickness. — Assem- bly of 1G39. — Lord Baltimore's concession. — Indian troubles. — Success-of the missions. — Claiborne's return from England. — His demands 25 CHAPTER V. 1642-1648. Civil war in England. — Position of the colonies.— Claiborne, king's treasurer. — Assembly of 1642. — Expedition against the Susquehannocks. — Governor Calvert's visit to England. — Condition of affairs on his return. — Claiborne's rebellion. — Death of Governor Calvert.— William Stone, governor .- 30 CHAPTER VI. 1649-1655. The Toleration Act. — Governor Stone's colonists. — Robert Brooke's colonists.— End of the civil war in England. — Parliament commissioners. — Their action in Maryland. — Treaty with the Susquehannocks. — Governor Stone rein- stated. — Two governments in the colony. — Assembly at Anne Arundel. — New counties.— Governor Stone's expedition against Patuxent. — Battle at Providence - • ' 34 CHAPTER VII. 1656-1674. Maryland restored to Lord Baltimore. — Josias Fendall gov- ernor. — Submission of the Providence government. — Charles, Anne Arundel, and Calvert counties.— Decrees against the Quakers. — Proceedings of the Lower House of the General Assembly.— Dismission and arrest of Fendall.— Settlements on the Eastern Shore.— Presbyterians.— Charles Calvert govern-'^j— or. — Somerset county. — Nationalities of inuuigrants.— Treaty of peace with the Indians. — Conviction for witchcraft ... 38 CONTENTS. 1 CHAPTER VIII. 1675-1687. PAGE Maryland currency. — Joint expedition against the Susquehan- nocks. — Death of Ceciliiis, Lord Baltimore. — Memorial from the bishop of London. — Lord Baltimore's answer. — His re- turn to Maryland. — Sedition of Fendall and Coode. — Contro- versy between the Upper and the Lower House. — Dispute between Lord Baltimore and William Penn on the bound- ary question. — Attempts to dispossess Lord Baltimore . . 43 CHAPTER IX. 1689-1697. The Protestant revolution in Maryland. — Action of the Lower House. — Address to King William and Queen Mary. — Mary- land a royal province. — Seat of government removed to Annapolis. — Passage of an act for the maintenance of free schools. — Pestilence among cattle and hogs. — Mail-route be- ^ tween Williamsburg and Philadelphia. — King W^illiam's war. — Presentation of a library to Annapolis. — Birds and wild animals sent to King William 47 CHAPTER X. 1698-1717. Charlotte Hall. — State-House struck by lightning. — Rev. Dr. Bray. — Queen Anne's war. — Attitude of the colony. — Exten- sion of the provisions of the Toleration Act. — Germaii immi- grants. — Death of Charles, Lord Baltimore, and of his son, Benedict Leonard Calvert — Restoration of Maryland to Lord Baltimore. — Claims of the Roman Catholics. — Annapolis. — Market regulations 52 CHAPTER XL 1721-1732. The "king's passengers." — Public education. — Tl.c Maryland Gazette. — Depredations of crows, squirrels, and wolves. — The town of Baltimore created. — One hundredth anniver- sary. — State of the colony. — Border difficulties. — Boundaries of Delaware. — Mason and Dixon's line. — Present limits of Maryland 57 8 CONTENTS. CHAPTER XII. 1744-1758. PAGE King George's war. — Maryland's resources. — Removal of the Nanticoke Indians. — Death of Charles, Lord Baltimore. — Worcester and Frederick counties. — Population of the prov- ince in 1754. — The French in Canada. — French and Indian war. — General Braddock. — ^^Defeat of Braddock. — French and Indian depredations. — Fort Frederick. — William Pitt prime minister 62 CHAPTER XIII. 1760-1770. Close of the French and Indian war. — Taxation. — Expenses of the war. — Taxation by Great Britain. — Feeling in the col- onies. — The Stamp Act. — First Colonial Congress. — Mary- land rejects the stamps. — Repeal of the act. — Duty on tea, etc. — Action of the Maryland Assembly. — Governor Eden. — The Church of England in the colony 68 CHAPTER XIV. 1770-1775. Tax retained on tea. — Death of the last Lord Baltimore. — Maryland in 1774. — Tea sent to the colonies. — Burning of the Peggy Stuart.— The First Continental Congress. — Pro- ceedings of the Maryland convention. — Second Continental Congress. — Battle of Bunker Hill. — Council of Safety. — Com- mittee of Observation and Correspondence 73 CHAPTER XV. 1776. Raising of troops. — Lord Dunmore. — Departure of Governor Eden.- -Proceedings of the convention. — Charles Carroll of Carrollton. — Montgomery, Frederick, and Washington coun- ties. — Maryland troops at the battle of Long Island. — At the battle of White Plains. — Capture of the Hessians at Trenton. — ^^Removal of Congress to Baltimore. — Commissioners to France 78 CONTENTS. 9 CHAPTER XVI. 1777-1782. PAGE Maryland under a State constitution. — Recruiting the Maryland Line. — Insurrection in vSomerset and Worcester counties. — Maryland troops at the battle of Germantown. — Count Pulas- ki. — France acknowledges the independence of the United States. — Battle of Monmouth. — Condition of the country. — Articles of Confederation. — Events of 1779.— Privateers. — Thomas Sim Lee governor 83 CHAPTER XVII. 1780-1782. Maryland troops in the South. — Battle near Camden. — General Greene succeeds General Gates. — Surrender of Cornwallis. — Washington's letter to Governor Lee. — Anecdote of La Fay- ette. — Condition of the country. — The soldiers at Newburg. — Population of Maryland. — Her record during the war , . 88 CHAPTER XVIII. 1783-1790. Treaty of peace with Great Britain.— Washington at Annapolis. — Resignation of his commission. — Annapolis offered as the seat of the national government. — Internal improvements. — (iovernor Smallwood. — Adoption of the present Constitution of the United States. — Election of Washington and Adams. —The District of Columbia 93 CHAPTER XIX. 1793-1815. Washington's second term. — Troubles with France. — The coun- try prosperous. — Hail-storms and floods in Maryland. — The plague. — College of medicine. — War of 1812. — Riot in Balti- more. — Admiral Cockburn's squadron. — Admiral Cochran and General Ross. — Destruction of Commodore Barney's flo- tilla. — Battle of Bladensburg. — Capture of Washington. — Attack on Baltimore. — Bombardment of Fort McHenry. — Fraacis S. Key 99 10 CONTENTS. CHAPTER XX. 1823-1853. PAGE Legacy of the war. — Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. — Visit of La Fayette. — Baltimore and Ohio Kailroad. — African coloniza- tion. — State constitution amended.— Financial crisis. — War with Mexico.— Revision of Mason and Dixon's survey. — Changes in the State constitution. — Completion of the Bal- timore and Ohio Railroad 105 CHAPTER XXL 1860-1865. Agitation of the slavery question. — Election of President Lin- coln. — Fall of Fort Sumter. — Secession. — The position of Maryland. — Riot in Baltimore. — Occupation of Federal Hill. — Election for governor. — The new Legislature. — In- vasion of Maryland. — Battles of South Mountain and An- tietam. — Second invasion of Maryland. — Battle of Gettys- burg. — Invasion of General Early. — Revision of the State constitution. — Surrender of General Lee - 110 CHAPTER XXII. 1866-1870. Southern Relief Society. — George Peabody. — Peahody Institute. — Present State constitution adopted. — Legis'ative, execu- tive, and judicial departments. — City of Baltimore. — County officers. — Floods. — Fifteenth Amendment rejected . . . 116 CHAPTER XXIIL 1875-1897. The City Hall, Baltimore.— Johns Hopkins University. — The p;reat seal. — Railroad strikes. — Baltimore's anniversary. — Enoch Pratt Free Library. — Monumental City.— Arbor Day. Calvert Monument. — Constitutional Amendments. — Re- pudiation Day.— Fort McIIenry.— La Plata.— Anniversary of the Battle of Long Island.— Election of 1895.- Laws of iy96._Election of 1896.— Present Conditions 120 General Notes . . . . 131 Governors of Maryland . . . 157 Biographical Notices . 135 Constitution of Maryland . . 159 Counties of Maryland. 157 Important Laws, etc. .. • • • 221 , Cop^igbt.lBae. byF..n Ruilop Se Co. HISTORY OF MARYLAND. CHAPTER I. FIBST ENGLISH SETTLEMENTS IN AMERICA. London Company. A com- pany composed chiefly of men living in London, England, whose object was to plant col- onies and to trade in America. Plymouth Company. A com- pany similar to the London Company, composed chiefly of men from Plymouth, England. Patient. Charter. A patent was an oflficial document giving the right to hold land and plant colonies. A charter, in addi- tion to this, conferred certain privileges in regard to govern- ment. Of Norman descent. Descend- ed from the Normans who con- quered and occupied England in 1066. Provincial (pro vin''shal). Per- taining to a province or foreign settlement governed by the mother-country. Prejudice (])red^ju dis). Dam- age, injury. 1. More than a century elapsed after the discovery of America by Columbus before a permanent Eng- lish settlement was made in the New World. In IGOG, James I., king of, England, granted all the territory between the thirty -fourth and forty-fifth parallels of north latitude to two associations known as the London and Plymouth Companies. To the former was assigned ail the land between the thirty- 11 12 mSTOEY OF MARYLAND. fourth and thirty-eighth parallels, and to the latter all between the forty-first and forty-fifth. The in- tervening space was to remain unoccupied. 2. In 1607 the London Company planted the first permanent English settlement in America, at James- town, in the province of Virginia. The main object of the first settlers was to search for gold, so that for a number of years the colony did not flourish. During this time one of their leaders. Captain John Smith, explored the Chesapeake and the rivers that flow into it, and designed the first map of this mag- nificent bay. 3. The province of Virginia was under the im- mediate control of the king, who appointed the gov- ernor and other principal officers, and hence it was called a Royal government. To certain other colonies the right was given by their charters to select their own officers, and, to a great extent, manage their own affairs; these were called Charter governments In some cases land was granted to persons, called Proprietaries, who undertook to settle the country in their own interest, and to whom full power and control were delegated by the king. Such govern meiits were called Proprietary governments; and t^t this class belonged the province of Maryland. 4. Sir George Calvert, the founder of Maryland, was an Englisli gentleman of Norman descent. He was a man of great ability, and stood high in the favor of King James L, who, in 1624, made him Lord Baron of Baltimore. During the same year HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 13 FIRST LORD BALTIMORE. Lord Baltimore professed the Roman Catholic faith. At that time there was a strong feeling in Eng- land against the Catholics, and his attention was turned toward founding a home in America where he could live in peace and se- curity. 5. After an unsuccessful attempt to settle in New- foundland, he visited Vir- ginia, in October, 16 2 9. Here he was requested by the governor and Council to take the oath of alle- giance, and to acknowledge the supremacy of the king as the rightful head of the Church in England. Un- willing to do the latter, he proceeded to explore the unsettled country on the shores of Chesapeake Bay, and decided to plant a colon}^ there. 6. Returning to England, he applied to the king for a grant of the country south of tlie James River, extending to the bounds of Carolina. For this he obtained a patent, but, through the opposition of the Virginia Company, was compelled to give it up. He then applied for a grant of the country on the Ches- apeake Bay north of the Potomac River. In this application he was successful, but, before the patent was made out, he died, in April, 1632. 7. He was succeeded in his title and estates by Cecilius, his eldest son, who now became Lord Balti- 14 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. more. On the 16th of June, 1632, the patent was signed giving him the territory for which his father had last applied. King Charles I., who in 1635 had succeeded his father, King James I., named the prov- ince Terra Marine, — that is, Maryland, — in honor of his queen, Henrietta Maria. 8. This patent was for a territory described as " hitherto uncultivated, and partly occupied by sav- ages," extending from Watkins Point, on the bay, opposite the mouth of the Potomac River, north- ward to the fortieth parallel of north latitude, and from the Atlantic Ocean and Delaware Bay on the east to the Potomac River on the west. 9. This grant included the territory now constitut- ing the States of Delaware and Maryland, Pennsyl- vania to the fortieth parallel of noi^th latitude, and a part of West Virginia. Settlements had already been made within these limits by the Dutch and Swedes, on' the Delaware River, and by William Claiborne, a member of the Virginia Council, on Kent Island, in Chesapeake Bay, and at the mouth of the Susquehanna River. Much trouble arose subsequently in adjusting the conflicting claims of these settlers and Lord Baltimore. 10. The charter of the colon}^ made all English im- migrants English subjects, with the rights and priv- ileges of such. It also gave them, in conjunction with Lord Baltimore, authority to make all needful local or provincial laws not conflicting with English law, without reference to the king or to Parliament. HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 15 11. It further provided that no mterpretation of the charter should be made by which God's holy rites of worship and the true Christian religion should in any wise suffer change, prejudice, or diminution. All churches to be built were to be consecrated ac- cording to the laws of England; nor was there to be any taxation by the king. QUESTIONS. 1. What grants of territory in America were made by King James I. in 1606? Name the limits of the territory granted to the London Company. To the Plymouth Company. 2. When and where did the London Company plant a colony ? What is said of it ? Of Captain John Smith ? 3. Qf what -character was the government of Virginia? What is meant by charter government? Proprietary government? 4. Give an account of Sir George Calvert. What led to his at- tempt to pLant a colony in America? 5. Give an account of his visit to Virginia. 6. What attempts did he make to secure a patent? When did he die? 7. By Avhom was he succeeded ? When was the patent granted ? What was the territory named, and why ? 8. How was Lord Baltimore's province described in the patent? 9. What did the grant include ? What settlements had ah-eady been made within its limits ? 10. Give the provisions of the charter in regard to English inniii- grants. • 11. What were its provisions in reference to religion? 16 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. CHAPTER 11. SETTLEMENT OF ST MARY'S. Maryland Plantation. The colony of Maryland. Yo a com^i co. New Albion. Albion (from alhun, " white") is the ancient name of Great Britain, said to have been given it on ac- count of the lofty white cliffs along the southern shores of the island. Earl Palatine. An earl or count palatine was one possess- ing royal jurisdiction — that is, delegated by the king to hold courts of justice in his own province. 1. After securing his patent for Maryland, Lord Baltimore at once began to make arrangements for planting a colony there. At a cost of nearly forty thou- ! sand pounds, he fitted out ' an expedition, which after many delays sailed from ' the Isle of Wight, Novem- ber, 1633, in two small ves- sels, the Ark and the Dove. Lord Baltimore himself de- cided to remain in England, cEciLius, SECOND LOKD BALTIMORE. 1^^^ i^^g brothcr, Lcouard Cah vert, accompanied the expedition as governor of the colony. 2. The colonists, about two hundred in number, were all English, and consisted of " .'7:entlemen ad- venturers," with their servants and hired laborers. HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 17 They were princij)ally of the Roman Catholic faith, and were accompanied by two Catholic priests, Fathers Andrew White and John Altham, with their attendants. After a long and ]3erilous voyage, they arrived at the mouth of the Potomac River in March, 1634. 3. Before reaching the Potomac they touched at Jamestown. Here, George Calvert, another brother of Lord Baltimore, and one of the " gentlemen ad- venturers," remained and settled. While at James- town, Governor Calvert notified Claiborne that he was now a member of the Maryland plantation, and that consequently he must relinquish his rela- tions with the Virginia colony. Claiborne laid this demand before the Virginia Council, by whom it was rejected. 4. After leaving Virginia the colonists sailed up the Chesapeake to the Potomac River. Proceeding up this beautiful stream, they landed on the 25t]i of March, 1634, at St. Clement's (now Blackis- ton's) Island, which at that time was more exten- sive in its dimensions than it is now. Governor , Calvert here took formal possession of his new ter- ^ ritory, and erected, with the appropriate ceremonies of his faith, a great cross hewn from the trunk of a tree. 5. Learning that many of the Indian tribes with- in the limits of his patent were subject to a great chief, or " emperor," who lived at Piscataway, eighty ' miles or mor ^ from the bay and nearly opposite what 18 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. is now Mount Vernon, Governor Calvert tliought it best to visit liim. The emperor, being apprised of his coming, collected five hundred warriors to oppose his landing ; but, after an interview with the governor on board of his vessel, the emperor was so far con- ciliated that he said he would neither bid Calvert go nor ask him to stay, but that he might use his own discretion. 6. Returning, the governor went down the Poto- mac till he came to a river some twelve miles from the bay, which he named St. George's River (now St Mary's). Sailing up this river a short distance, he reached a village of the Yoacomico Indians, and, finding it an excellent site for a settlement, he pur- chased from them a tract of land containing about one hundred and fifty thousand acres. This tract, which he named Augusta Carolina, was paid for in cloth, axes, hoes, and knives. 7. The natives gave up a part of their village for the immediate use of the colonists, and agreed to leave the whole town at the end of harvest. Ac- cordingly, the governor took formal possession on the 27th of March, 1634, and named the town St. Mary's. The settlers thus at once obtained houses, gardens, and fields. At the same time, the Indian men hunted deer and turkeys for them, and many of the women and children were domesticated with the English families and taught them how to make hominy and hoe-cake of their corn. 8. The Indians among whom the colonists settled HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 19 were of a gentle, friendly nature as compared with the fierce tribes of the Susquehannocks and Nan- ticokes, farther to the north. They lived principally in villages near the water-side, the men being en- gaged in hunting and fishing, while the women cul- tivated corn, tobacco, and other crops. Being treated with justice by the whites, they cheerfully submitted to their dominion. Whatever troubles arose on the part of the Indians were mainly due to the influence of those who were hostile to Lord Baltimore and his colony. 9. The country at the time of its settlement was thickly wooded. The forests abounded with deer, bear, wild turkeys, and other game, and the rivers swarmed with fish. The climate was moderate, and the soil fertile and easily brought under cultivation.^ These natural advantages, together with the just and liberal policy of Lord Baltimore toward the Indian tribes, and the sj)irit of religious toleration in which the colony was founded, seemed to assure peace and prosperity to Maryland. 10. In June, 1634, King Charles I. granted to Sir Edmund Plowden a patent of a territory which materially interfered with the one given by him to Lord Baltimore. It embraced the country north of a line running west from Cape May to the Poto- mac River, and was supposed to include the upper part of Kent Island, all of Maryland from near An- napolis northward, half of Delaware, and part of Pennsylvania. 20 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 11. This was the third grant that the king had made of the same territory. It was named New Albion, and Sir Edmund was constituted its earl palatine. He is said to have located his colony not far from Cape May; but he and his people were early cut off by the Indians, and we hear little afterward of New Albion. QUESTIONS. 1. Give an account of the expedition sent out by Lord Baltimore. Who was made governor of the colony ? 2. What is said of the colonists ? Of their faith ? When did they reach America? 3. What occurred at Jamestown? What demand was made of Claiborne? 4. What course did the expedition pursue after leaving Virginia? Describe the landing at St. Clement's Island. 5. Give an account of Governor Calvert's visit to the "emperor" at Piscataway. 6. Give an account of the selection of a place of settlement. What was the tract named, and how paid for? 7. What course was taken by the Indians? When did Governor Calvert take formal possession of St. Mary's ? Under what cir- cumstances ? 8. What is said of the Indians? Of their treatment by the whites ? 9. Describe the country at the time of settlement. What seemed to assnre peace and prosperity to the colony ? 10. What grant was made by the king in 1634 ? What territory did it include? 11. What is said of this grant? Of its name? Of the attempt to plant a colony ? HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 21 CHAPTER III PROGRESS OF THE COLONY. Manorial. Pertaining to a man- or, or tract of land belonging to a nobleman or great person- age. Quitrent. A rent reserved in grants of land, by the payment of which the tenant is quieted, or quit, from all other service. 1. Not long after the establishment of the colony at St. Mary's the friendly relations with the Indians were disturbed for a short time, through the efforts, it was alleged, of William Claiborne, who had refused to recognize the jurisdiction of Lord Baltimore over the settlement at Kent Island. By judicious action confidence was restored, but in the mean time the settlers had built a log fort for their protection. 2. In this log fort the first legislative assembly of Maryland met, early in 1635. This assembly was composed of the freemen of the colony who felt called to legislate for themselves. They passed a number of laws, of which, however, no record exists. These laws were not confirmed by Lord Baltimore, who claimed the right under his charter to originate all laws for the colony, leaving it with the people to accept or reject them. 3. In April of this year a serious conflict occurred between the colonists of St. Mary's and the settlers of Kent Island. A small vessel sent out by Clai- borne, under the command of RatclifFe Warren, was 22 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. met in the Pocomoke River by two armed boats de- spatched by Governor Calvert and commanded by Thomas Cornwaleys. A sharp contest ensued, which resulted in the killing of several men and the cap- ture of Claiborne's vessel. This was followed b}^ measures on the part of Governor Calvert to estab- lish his authority on Kent Island. , 4. In the mean time, Claiborne had fled to Vir- ginia, and Governor Calvert sent to Governor Harvey to demand his surrender as a rebel and a traitor. This request, however, was not complied with; and in 1637 Claiborne went to England, where he made a strong effort to secure the favor of the king in his behalf. In this he seems to have been in a meas- ure successful, as the king in 1638 enjoined Lord Baltimore not to disturb the Kent islanders while their case was being considered b}^ the commissioners of plantations. 5. Lord Baltimore's " conditions of plantation," issued in August, 1636, assigned one thousand acres of land, with manorial privileges, subject to an an- nual quitrent of twenty shillings, to ever}" immigrant from England bringing five men ; if he brought in ji less number, he should have assigned to him one hundred acres for himself, and one hundred for each GOVERNOR CALVERT. HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 23 servant ; and if he had a wife and children, one hundred acres for his wife and fifty for each child under sixteen years of age, subject to an annual quitrent of two shillings for every hundred acres. 6. Provision was subsequently made for those who wished to emigrate, but were unable to pay for their passage. Such persons bound themselves to redeem or repay their passage-money by four years . of service, — afterward reduced to three. This ser- vice or labor was sold on their arrival to the highest bidder. At the expiration of the term of service each redemptioner, as he was called, received fifty acres of land, with supplies of corn, clothing, and^- farming-implements, and became a freeman. 7. The settlements extending south of St. Mary's very soon reached the creeks and streams in that direction. One of these was called Trinity Creek. It was six miles from St. Mary's, and on its banks was erected Trinity church, the first place of Prot- estant worship on the Western Shore. Afterward it was removed to St. Mary's, and the church there still bears the name of Trinity. 8. In lGo6, St. Mary's town had fifty or sixty houses. That its growth was not more rapid may be accounted for by the fact that the planters resided on their plantations, many of which had good land- ing-places, from which their produce was shipped, and at which the goods received in return were landed ; each plantation was, in foct, a little town. At this time, instead of cash rents, Lord Baltimore 24 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. substituted grain, making seventy pounds of wheat equal to twelve and one-half pence. 9. During the following year Lord Baltimore reorganized his government and added to his governor's Council John Lewger, Esq., whom he made secretary of state and keeper of records and receiver of rents. Lewger arrived in the colony on the 28th of December, 1637, and from this period date the regular records of the province. 10. Almost the first record is under the date of December 31, — that Kent Island had in some meas- ure been reduced to obedience to Lord Baltimore. This submission, however, did not extend very far, as the followers of Claiborne, relying upon the suc- cess of his application to the king, refused to sub- mit to the warrants of the Maryland courts of law which had been established on the island. QUESTIONS. 1. Give an account of the troubles with the Indians. 2. When was the first legislative assembly held in Maryland ? What is said of its proceedings ? 3. Describe the conflict on the Pocomoke River. 4. Give an account of Claiborne's subsequent movements. 5. What were Lord Baltimore's ''conditions of plantation "? 6. What provision was made for the poorer classes of immigrants? 7. Give an account of the settlement at Trinity Creek. 8. What is said of the growth of St. Mary's in 1636? Of the payment of rents ? 9. Give an account of the reorganization of the government in 1637. 10. What was among the first records? What was the state of afikirs on Kent Island? HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 25 CHAPTER IV. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASSEMBLY. Hundred. A division or part of a county supposed originally to have contained a hundred families or freemen. Proxies. A proxy is a person who is empowered to act for another; also a writing hy which one person authorizes another to vote in his place. Indented Servants. Those bound out by indented writ- ings. Privy Council. A number of distinguished persons selected by a sovereign to advise in the administration of the govern- ment. Co ad ju^tor. The assistant of a bishop or other prelate. A fellow-helper. 1. On the 4th of January, 1638, a new hundred, named St. George's, was erected on the west side of St. George's River. This was a Protestant hundred, and in it was erected a Protestant church, at Poplar Hill, where one still stands. At this date twelve of the seventeen gentlemen who embarked for Mary- land in 1633 were either dead or had left the colony. 2. On the 25th of January the freemen of the province again met in assembly at the governor's summons. Those who could not attend in person at this time gave written authority, or " proxies," to others present to vote in their names. Some of the freemen in attendance had been brought over as indented servants, but had served out their time and become landholders. Of this class a number became leading citizens in the colony. 26 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 3. To this assembly Lord Baltimore had sent a code of laws to be passed ; but they were rejected by a large majority, the people still holding that the right to make laws belonged to them. They, how- ever, selected some of the laws and, with alterations, passed them. Meanwhile, Governor Calvert, having gathered a sufficient force, sailed up to Kent Island and fully established his authority there. 4. At an adjourned meeting of the Assembly, Claiborne's property on Kent Island was confiscated to Lord Baltimore's use, and shortly after a warrant was issued for the seizure of his "goods and chattels." In addition to this, Thomas Smith, one of Claiborne's officers in the battle on the Pocomoke in 1635, was tried for murder and sentenced to death ; but it is not certain that the sentence was carried into effect. The acts of this Assembly, except those referring to Claiborne, were subsequently vetoed by Lord Balti- more. 5. Claiborne in his petition to the king claimed possession of Kent Island on the ground of his having originally discovered and settled it,, pre- vious to Lord Baltimore's grant, which by its terms included only the land described as " hitherto un- cultivated." On the other hand, it was asserted that he had merely established a trading-post with the Indians, and not a settlement for the cultivation of the soil, and, further, that in any event the king had the right to grant the land to whom he pleased. 6. This latter view of the case was taken by the HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 27 Privy Council of England, to whom the matter had been referred. On the 4th of March, 1G38, they decided that the title to Kent Island was in Lord Baltimore, it being within the bounds of his prov- ince. Claiborne, therefore, for the present, gave up the contest. 7. Early in July a difficulty occurred at St. Mary's in regard to religious matters. William Lewis, a leading Roman Catholic, was brought to trial and fined five hundred pounds of tobacco for a viola- tion of the governor's proclamation prohibiting un- reasonable disputations and offensive speeches con- cerning religious beliefs. These disputes had been carried to such an extent that this action was thought necessary ; and the prompt approval of the sentence upon one of his own faith is an evidence of the impartiality of Governor Calvert. 8. The population of St. Mary's was now about three hundred, and that of Kent Island about two liundred. One of the priests and a coadjutor died this year, while the other priests did not escape what Father White calls the prevailing sickness. More than one-half, indeed, of the colonists of St. Mary's must have suffered from its attacks, and two of the remaining gentlemen who came over in 1G34 died this year. 9. In Febuary, 1639, another Assembly was con- voked. It was composed of the governor and Coun- cil, deputies appointed by the freemen, and those . whom the governor summoned individually. At 28 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. this time Lord Baltimore, moved by a desire for the welfare of his colony rather than for the mainte- nance of his individual rights, receded from his claim of proposing all the laws to be passed. He conceded this power to the Assembly, but reserved to himself the right to confirm or reject all laws passed by them. 10. At this meeting the acts of the last Assembly which had been vetoed were again passed, together with a number of others. Some of these acts indi- cated the existence of troubles with the Indians. These troubles seem to have been mainly with the more remote tribes to the north and north-east, who were the enemies of the peaceful natives among whom the colonists had settled and whom they had sought to convert and civilize. 11. The priests at this date had missions at Mat- tapony on the Patuxent, at Piscataway on the Poto- mac, on Kent Island, and at St. Mary's. They had succeeded in converting many of the Indians to Christianity. The most important conversion was that of the great chief, or " emperor," at Piscataway, who, with his family, was publicly baptized in the presence of Governor Calvert and the leading col- onists. This was accomplished by the ministrations of Father White, who had gained the confidence of the chief by bringing him safely through a dan- gerous illness. 12. In 1639, Claiborne returned from England. He found, however, that the governor of Virginia HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 29 had issued a proclamation forbidding the people of that colony to trade with the Indians of Maryland without a license from Governor Calvert. He then made a demand on the latter for the recovery of his debts, and also for his cattle and other jDroperty on Kent Island, but was informed that they had been confiscated to the use of Lord Baltimore. During the following years the Indians gave much trouble to the frontier settlements on both sides of the bay. QUESTIONS. 1. What is said of St. George's hundred? Of the original "gen- tlemen adventurers"? 2. Give an account of the Assembly which met in January, 1638. 3. What action was taken in regard to Lord Baltimore's code of laws? What was done by Governor Calvert? 4. What were the proceedings of the adjourned meeting? What action was taken by Lord Baltimore? 5. On what did Claiborne found his claim to Kent Island ? 6. What decision was made by the Privy Council ? 7. Give an account of the religious difficulty at St. Mary's. 8. What was the population of St. Mary's? Of Kent Island? What is said of tlie prevailing sickness? 9. Of what was the Assembly of 1639 composed? What was done by Lord Baltimore? 10. What was done by the Assembly ? What is said of Indian troubles ? 11. Give an account of the labors of the priests. What important conversion was made ? 12. When did Claiborne return from England? What course did he pursue ? What of the Indians ? 30 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. CHAPTER V CLAIBORNE'S REBELLION. Puritan. Originally a term of reproach applied to one who opposed the traditional and formal usages of the Church of England and advocated a simpler form of faith and worship. Block-houses. Structures of heavy timber or logs for mili- tary defence. They were gen- erally constructed with a pro- jecting upper story, and had their sides loop-holed 'for musketry. 1. In 1642 civil war broke out in England be-, tween King Charles I. and the Parliament, and, of course, soon affected the colonies in America. The Puritan settlements in New England w^ere in sym- pathy with the Parliament, while the people of Vir- ginia were mainly royalists, or adherents of the king. In Maryland the people were divided ; and although Lord Baltimore desired to remain neutral, yet, as a known friend of the king, he was made to feel the enmity of those who favored the Parliament. He met with opposition, also, on the part of many of the Protestants in the colony. 2. During this year Claiborne was appointed king's treasurer in Virginia for life. This appoint- ment shows him to have been on the king's side in the contest, although we hear of him later as one of the Parliament commissioners. Lord Baltimore at this time desired to visit his province of Mary- land, but was not allowed to leave England. HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 31 3. The General Assembly of Maryland in 1642 took away the power of adjournment from the gov- ernor, reserving the right to themselves. They also appointed Cornwaleys leader of an expedition against the Susquehannock Indians, who continued to harass the colonists. These Indians had been fur- nished with fire-arms by the Dutch, and so great was the alarm created by their depredations that on the 28th of August, Governor Calvert issued a proclama- tion directing the inhabitants of the more exposed districts to take shelter in their block- houses. 4. In view of the uncertainty of affairs. Governor Calvert early in 1643 decided to visit England to consult with his brother. Lord Baltimore. He left Captain Giles Brent, the commander of Kent Island, to act as governor in his absence. On his return, in September of the following year, he found the colony in a very disturbed condition. Claiborne had re- gained possession of Kent Island by force of arms, and Captain Richard Ingle, in command of an armed vessel, was threatening the safety of the colony at St. Mary's. The Indians also continued hostile. 5. Governor Calvert did what he could to restore order, but his enemies in the colony were constantly growing bolder and more numerous. He sent out an expedition to recover Kent Island, but it was unsuc- cessful. Emboldened by this failure. Captain Ingle, in the spring of 1645, made a sudden descent upon St. Mary's and captured it. The governor fled to 32 - HISTORY OF MARYLAND. Virginia, where he was kindly received; and the priests and many of the Roman Cathohcs were banished from Maryland. 6. For nearly two years Maryland was ruled by Claiborne. But little account was kept of the affairs of the colony during that period, and most of tlio previous records were destroyed, causing much sub- sequent trouble and confusion in the public busi- ness. Toward the close of 1646, however, Governor Calvert, having succeeded in raising a strong body of troops, returned from Virginia, regained posses- sion of St. Mary's, and re-established his govern- ment. 7. By the following Apr^il he had compelled the Kent Islanders to acknowledge his authority. Clai- borne and his chief associates fled from the province, - and the others who had taken part against Lord Bal- timore were pardoned. Thus ended wdiat is com- monly known as " Claiborne's Rebellion ;" and the subsequent defeat of the Indians in a great battle on the Eastern Shore restored for a time peace and security to Maryland. 8. Scarcely had this been, accomplished when the province met with a severe loss in the death of Governor Calvert, who for fourteen years had labored with wisdom and prudence for the pros- perity of the colonists. He expired peacefully at. St. Mary's on the 9th of June, 1647, being the last but one of the original company of gentlemen who had embarked from England in 1633. Previous to HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 33 his death Governor Calvert had appointed Thomas Green as his successor. 9. On the 17th of August, 1648, Lord Baltimore appointed William Stone as governor. He was a Protestant, from Northampton county, Virginia, and engaged to bring into the province five hundred colonists of British or Irish descent. By his oath of office he was required to make no distinction of persons on account of religious belief, and to permit no one to be disturbed or molested in the free exercise thereof. Special reference was made to the Roman Catholics, who at that time were most in fear of persecution. QUESTIONS. 1. How did the civil war in England affect the colonies of New England and Virginia? The colony of Maryland? 2. What is said of the appointment of Claiborne as the king's treasurer ? Of Lord Baltimore ? 3. What was done by the General Assembly in 1642? What of the Indians? 4. What was done by Governor Calvert? What did he find on his return from England? 5. Give an account of the subsequent events. 6. What was the condition of Maryland under the rule of Clai- borne? What occurred in 1646? 7. What followed during the succeeding year? 8. Give an account of the death of Governor Calvert. Who was appointed to succeed him ? 9. Wliat is said of the appointment of Governor Stone? What was required of him? -_ 3 34 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. CHAPTER VI. THE TOLERATION ACT. Cromwell. (Kriim^well or Krotn^well), Lord-Protector of the English Commonwealth. Born 1599 ; died 1658. Toleration. In religious mat- ters, the allowance of opinions and modes of worship that are not wholly approved. 1. In the Assembly of 1649 the liberal policy of Lord Baltimore in reference to religious freedom was made the law of the land by the famous Toleration Act. This act provided that " no person or persons whatsoever within this province professing to believe in Jesus Christ shall from henceforth be in any ways troubled or molested, or discountenanced, for or in respect of his or her religion nor in the free exercise thereof, nor in any way compelled to the belief or exercise of any religion against his or her consent." 2. Of the five hundred colonists engaged to be brought in by Governor Stone, about one hundred Protestants — known as Puritans — came from Vir- ginia, under the guidance of Richard Bennett. These settled on the Severn Piver, near where An- napolis now stands. They called the place Provi- dence. The rest of the colonists were mainly of the Church of England. Most of them came from Vir- ginia, and some from England. They settled on the bay and its tributaries soilth of the Severn down to the Patuxent, and soon had churches near St. Leon- HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 35 ard's Creek, at Herring Creek, and at South River. This region was called Anne Arundel county. 3. On the 20th of September, Eobert Brooke, Esq., of England, received a commission from Lord Balti- more to be one of the Council of Maryland. He came over with his colonists the following year, and settled in the territory south and south-west of the Patuxent ; from the bay, as far up that river as Benedict. The colonists were all of the Church of England, and with them came the first minister of that Church who set- tled on the Western Shore. This region was called Charles county. 4. The civil war in England was ended by the execution of King Charles I. in 1649 and the subse- quent defeat of his son, Charles II., by the Parlia- mentary forces under Cromwell. In Sej^tember, 1651, the government being in the hands of Parlia- ment, its " Council of State " sent over commissioners to receive the allegiance of Virginia. Maryland was included with Virginia by the commissioners, among whom were William Clayborne and Richard Bennett. 5. In March of the following year these two com- missioners came to Maryland and demanded the sub- mission of the colony to the Commonwealth, as the government of England was then called. Governor Stone declined to act under their authority, and the direction of affairs was placed in the hands of a Coun- cil, of Avhich Mr. Brooke was made president. Mary- land thus for the second time came under the govern- ment of the Protestants. 36 . HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 6. In July, 1652, the Susqueliannock Indians, by treaty, gave up to the province all their territory on the west side of the bay from the Patuxent River to the Susquehanna, and all on the east side from the Choptank River to the North-east Branch, near the Susquehanna. This territory includes the present Tal- bot, Queen Anne, Kent, Howard, Carroll, Baltimore, Calvert, Anne Arundel, and Harford counties, with the greater part of Cecil county. / 7. In June, 1652, Governor Stone agreed to act under the commissioners, and was reinstated iii office. Mr. Brooke, however, was dismissed by Lord Balti- more from his Council, and by his lordship's in- structions Governor Stone reassumed the government in the name of the proprietary and demanded an oath of fidelity to Lord Baltimore from all the colonists. Upon this the commissioners again asserted their authority, and for a time there were two govern- ments in the province. . 8. In October the commissioners called an As- sembly at Anne Arundel, excluding Roman Cath- olics and all who had borne arms against the Parlia- ment. This Assembly, composed chiefly of men who had themselves sought safety from persecution under the liberal laws of Maryland, proceeded to deny the riglit of religious freedom to those who differed from them in faith. During the government of the com- missioners Calvert county was organized, but the name was soon afterward changed to Patuxent, and that of Anne Arundel was changed to Providence. HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 37 9. By the direction of Lord Baltimore, Governor Stone attempted to bring these two counties under his jurisdiction. In March, 1655, with a miUtar}^ force of about two hundred men, gathered at St. Mary's, he marched to Patuxent and took possession of the pubHc records of the province. He also seized a quantity of arms belonging to the Puritans, and, placing his men on board of some vessels that were in the harbor, proceeded to Providence. 10. There a battle took place with the Providence men, under the command of Captain Fuller, on the neck of land south-east of where the State-house now stands. After a sharp action, Governor Stone was de- feated, with the loss of fifty men killed and wounded and the rest taken jDrisoners. Some of the latter were tried, condemned, and executed. Thus ended the St. Mary's expedition, and for the time being Lord Balti- more's government in the province. QUESTIONS. 1. When was the Toleration Act passed? What did it provide? 2. Give an account of Governor vStone's colonists. 3. Give an account of Eobert Brooke's colonists. 4. What ended the civil war in Eugland ? What was done by Parliament ? 5. What was done by the commissioners? 6. What treaty was made in 1652 ? What territory was given up by the Indians ? 7. What was done by Governor Stone in 1652? By Lord Balti- more? By the commissioners ? 8. What is said of the Assembly called at Anne Arundel? 9. What expedition was undertaken by Governor Stone? 10. Give an account of the battle at Providence. 38 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. CHAPTER VII. GROWTH OF THE COLONY. Ju^di ca ture. The power of distributing justice by legal trial and determination. Nat^u ral ized. Endowed with the rights and privileges of a native subject or citizen. 1. The conflicting parties in Maryland now ap- pealed to Cromwell, who at this time was ruler of England under the title of " Protector of the Com- monwealth." The matter was referred by him to the commissioners of trade and plantations, who in 1656 decided that the province should be" restored to Lord Baltimore. The latter appointed Josias Fendall gov- ernor, and Philip Calvert, a brother of the proprietary, was made secretary of the province and a member of the governor's council. 2. The government at Providence at once arrested Fendall and threw him into prison. Upon taking an oath not to disturb the existing government he was released, and soon after sailed for England. He re- turned in 1657, bringing with him the new great seal of the province, and on the 24tli of March, 1658, his authority was formally acknowledged by Captain William Fuller and others on behalf of the govern- ment at Providence, which had been obliged to come to terms with the proprietary. 3. Just previous to the last date St. Marj^'s county was divided, and that part of it lying nortli of the HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 39 junction of the Wicomico River with the Potomac was called Charles county. A few months afterward , the name of Providence county was changed back to Arundel, and that of Patuxent to Calvert. In this year, also, the Quakers, who appear to have gained some footing in the colony, were charged with dis- turbing the government in carrying out the princi- ples by which they professed to be guided, and w^ere ordered to leave the province, under penalty of being treated as rebels and traitors. 4. In August, 1659, the Quakers, having paid no attention to the decree of 1658, were ordered to be banished, and it was directed that if found in the province again they should be whipped thirty lashes at every constable's until they were out of it. No per- son was permitted to harbor or conceal them, under penalty of a fine of five hundred ]30unds of tobacco. This decree, like the former, was never severely en- forced ; and, though some of the Quakers were im- prisoned, the sect greatly increased in numbers and prosperity. 5. In the year 1659 the House of Delegates, or j Lower House of the General Assembly, declared [ themselves to be the Assembly and highest court of \ judicature, without dependence on any other power. They set aside the authority of Lord Baltimore, and demanded that the governor and Council should no longer sit as an LTpper House. Governor Fendall and two of the Council gave in their adherence, and took seats in the Lower House. The governor 40 HISTOBY OF MARYLAND. then became its president, and, resigning his com- mission from Lord Baltimore, accepted a commission from the Assembly. 6. This in due time coming to the ears of Lord Baltimore, he dismissed Fendall and appointed his brother, Philip Calvert, governor. Two months later he ordered the arrest of Fendall, who was found guilty of treason and sentenced to be banished from the province and to have his estates confiscated. He was afterward pardoned, a part of his estate, however, being confiscated. The two members of the Council who supported his cause received similar treatment. Charles II., son of Charles I., w^as now on the throne of England. 7. In 1G61 settlements were made in the lower parts of the Eastern Shore from the adjoining coun- ties of Virginia. These settlers were adherents of the Church of England. A few years afterward the}^ were joined by a considerable number of Presbyte- rians, who had emigrated from Scotland ; and the portion of Maryland thus settled may be regarded as the cradle of Presbyterianism in the United States. During this and the three following years the In- dians continued their depredations. 8. In 16(32, Philip Calvert was succeeded in the government by Lord Baltimore's son Charles. The population of the province was now nearl}^ sixteen thousand. Durius^ the administration of Charles Calvert, Maryland prospered greatly. Large num- bers of immigrants from difierent countries settled HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 41 within its limits, and agriculture and commerce flourished. In 1G66 the settlements on the Eastern Shore, near Virginia, were erected into a county-, which was named Somerset, in honor of Lady Mary Somerset, a sister of Lord Baltimore. 9. As showing not only the influx of immigrants, but also the various nationalities of which the pop- ulation of the province was composed, it may be here stated that in 1G66 persons from France, Bohemia, / and Spain, and subsequently from Holland, Italy, / and other European countries, were naturalized, ( and by act of Assembly made citizens. This act ] was the first of the kind passed by any American j legislative body. 10. During the year 1666 a general treaty of peace was made with the Indian tribes in the province. It provided that the proprietary should have the right to appoint the " emperor " of Piscataway, and to ar- range the boundaries of the sections occupied by the various tribes. It also provided that the Indians should be protected in their rights and privileges, and prohibited them from making war or peace without the consent of the governor. 11. As the English found it diflicultto distinguish one Indian from another, it was agreed that no Indian should come into any English plantation painted, and that all Indians should lay down their weapons when within three hundred yards of a settler's clearing and call aloud to give notice of their approach ; failing to do this, they should be considered as enemies. 42 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 12. In 1674, John Connor was convicted and con- demned for witchcraft, conjuration, sorcery, or en- chantment. The Lower House petitioned for his pardon, which was granted, with the proviso that the sheriff carry him to the gallows, and, the rope being round his neck, it there be made known to him how much he was beholden to the Lower House for its intercession. This is the only case of prosecution for this cause that is met with in the history of Maryland. During this administration we find the first legisla- tion in reference to negro slavery. QUESTIONS. 1. How were the conflicting claims of the two governments in Maryland settled ? 2. AVhat was done by the government at Providence ? By Gover- nor Fendall ? 3. When and where was Charles county formed ? What changes were made ? With Avhat were the Quakers charged ? 4. What is further said of the Quakers ? 5. What action was taken by the House of Delegates in 1G39 ? By Governor Fendall? 6. W^hat was done by Lord Baltimore ? How were Fendall and others punished ? Who was now king of England ? 7. What settlements were made in 1661 ? What of the Presbyte- rians? Of the Indians? 8. Wlio became governor in 1 662 ? What was the condition of tlie province? What county was formed in 1666? 9. What is said of the nationality of the immigrants? 10. Give an account of the treaty of 1666. 11. What was required of the Indians? 12. Give an account of the witchcraft case. What is said of negro slavery ? HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 43 CHAPTER VIII. DEATH OF CECILIUS CALVERT. Shell-money. AVarapuni; small beads made of shells, and used by the North American Indians as money, and also for orna- ment. Barter. The exchange of one commodity for another, in dis- tinction from a sale or purchase in which money is paid. Sedition. The raising of com- motion in a state, not amount- ing to insurrection. Quo Warranto (kwo wor ran^- to). A Avrit brought before a pi'oper tribunal to inquire by what warrant or authority a person or corporation exercises certain powers. 1. Tpie staple production of Maryland at this time was tobacco. Money was naturally scarce in a new country, and even the " shell-money " of the Indians circulated to some extent among the colonists. Trade was largely conducted by barter, and pub he dues were paid in produce. Lord Baltimore had coined and sent over a quantity of silver pieces, which went into circulation in 1662 ; but for many years the chief substitute for currency was tobacco, which ranged in value from a penny to twopence a pound. 2. In the summer of 1675 several murders were committed by the Indians, which led to a joint expe- dition on the part of ^laryland and Virginia against the Susquehannocks. These Indians had been driven by the Senecas from their homes, at the head of Chesapeake Bay, to the banks of the Potomac. They professed to be friendl}^ to the whites, and asserted 44 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. that the murders had been committed by other tribes. Their fort was attacked, however, and a number of Indians were slain, the remainder escaping at night, after a siege of six weeks' duration. Retreating south- ward, the}^ destroyed a number of plantations and killed about sixty of the Virginia colonists, 3. On the 3d of November, 1675, Cecilius, Lord Baltimore, died, aged about seventy. He was suc- ceeded in his title and estates by his son, Charles Cal- vert, who for the preceding thirteen years had been governor of the province. During his term of office the colony had prospered, the population at this time being estimated at thirty thousand. 4. In 1G77 the bishop of London, acting on infor- mation received from the province, stated, in a me- morial to the Privy Council, that in Maryland there was no settled maintenance for the ministry of the Church of England, the want whereof occasioned in many places a total absence of ministers and divine worship, except in the case of the Roman Catholics, who were held to amount to not more than one in a hundred of the people. 5. Lord Baltimore, who was at that time in Eng- land, was summoned to answer the complaint. He reminded the Council of the provisions of the Toler- ation Act, and that under its operation Mar^dand had been settled by people of various denominations. He asserted that three-fourths of the inhabitants of the province consisted of Presbyterians, Independents, Baptists, and Quakers, and declared that it would HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 45 be impossible to pass a law which should compel the majority of the people of Maryland to maintain ministers of a persuasion contrary to their own. 6. Having silenced this and other complaints, Lord Baltimore returned to Maryland, and in 1680 resumed the management of his government. His efforts for the welfare of the colonists led the As- / sembly to ask his acceptance of one hundred thou-/ sand j)oi-^i^ds of tobacco as a token of gratitude ; but/ he refused, on the ground of its being too great a charge on the province. 7. About this time Josias Fendall, a former gov- ernor of the colony, assisted by John Coode, taking advantage of the excited state of public feeling in England against the Catholics, endeavored to stir up a rebellion in Maryland against the proprietary, and to overthrow his government. In this they were not successful, and in 1681 they were arrested and tried for sedition. Fendall was convicted, and punished by fine and banishment ; Coode, however, was acquitted. 8. In the session of the Assembly of November, 1682, the following circumstance occurred, which may give some idea of the temper and customs of the times. The Lower House refused to receive mes- sages from the Upper House by its members haAdng their swords on ; the Upper House then voted that no one from the Lower should come in with a mes- • sage without taking off his hat. This was aimed at some of the Quakers. The controversy continued for some time, but finally the Upper House yielded. 46 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 9. During the year 1G82, William Penn came ovei to his province of Pennsylvania. He had an inter- view with Lord Baltimore in regard to the boundary question, the latter insisting that his jurisdiction ex- tended northward to the 40th parallel, while Penn claimed a wide strip of territory south of this. The two proprietaries failing to settle the dispute amicably, Penn went to England to have the matter adj listed there, and eventually secured a decision in his favor, although many years elapsed before the boundary question was finally settled. 10. In 1684, Lord Baltimore was ordered by the king to put all the offices in his province into the possession of the Protestants; but he returned to England the same year without doing so, leaving the government in the hands of a commission, of which William Joseph was president, under the nominal governor.ship of Benedict Leonard Calvert, the infant son of the proprietary. In 1685, Charles II. died, and was succeeded by his brother, the duke of York, under the title of King James II. 11. In xlpril, 1687, a writ of quo ivarranto was issued by King James, requiring Lord Baltimore to show cause why his charter- should not be forfeited. Be- fore the proceedings could be terminated. King James himself was deposed, and his son-in-law, William, prince of Orange, and his wife, Mary, the daughter' of the exiled king, became king and queen of Eng- land. The charter was thus saved for a time to the proprietary. HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 47 QUESTIONS. 1. What was used by the colonists as currency ? 2. Give an account of the expedition against the Susquehannock Indians. 3. When did Cecilius, Lord Baltimore, die ? By whom was he succeeded ? 4. What charge was made by the bishop of London ? 5. How was it met by Lord Baltimore ? 6. How did the Assembly show its appi-eciation of Lord Balti- more's efforts for the welfare of the colony? 7. Give an account of Fendall and Coode's attempt to incite re- bellion. 8. What singular proceedings of the Assembly of 1682 are noted ? 9. Give an account of William Penn's interview with Lord Bal- timore. 10. What order was received by Lord Baltimore in 1684? What was done by him ? 11. What writ was issued by King James in 1687 ? What pre- vented further proceedings? CHAPTER IX. THE PROTESTANT REVOLUTION Impeachment. The act of charging an official with mis- behavior in office. "Wi com^i CO. Ryswick (riz^vik). A village of the Netherlands, in South Holland, two miles south-east of The Hague. 1. On the 1st of August, 1689, occurred what is known as the Protestant revolution in Maryland, when Lord Baltimore's officials surrendered to the Protestants in arms ; and the government passed into the hands of a Protestant association. This was 48 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. the third time that the Protestants had come into its possession during the fifty-five years of its existence. 2. Previous to this, much dissatisfaction had ex- isted in the province, growing mainly out of the dif- ference in rehgious behef between the adherents of the proprietary and those of the Protestant faith, the latter by this time being largely in the majority. The Lower House in their last session had presented a long list of grievances, and had even prepared arti- cles of impeachment against Lord Baltimore. 3. On the 26th of August, 1689, the Protestant association convened an assembly at St. Mary's. They issued an address to King William and Queen Mary, in which they asserted that their action in taking possession of the government was in conse- quence of the oppression of Lord Baltimore and his agents, who, they alleged, were dangerous to the ex- istence of the Protestant religion in Maryland. They therefore entreated their Majesties to assume the government of the province. 4:. In 1691 the king and queen appointed Lionel Copley governor, and Maryland became a royal province. On the arrival of Governor Copley, in 1692, he called a meeting of the General Assembly ; and at this Assembly the second act passed was one making the Protestant religion of the Church of Eng- land the established religion of Maryland. Under this law the ten counties were divided by the county justices and freeholders into thirty parishes. 5. Governor Copley died the following year, and HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 49 was succeeded by Sir Francis Nicholson. In October, 1694, the seat of government was transferred from St. Mary's to Annapohs, where it still continues. This removal was fatal to the prosperity of the former town, which gradually fell into decay. Some trouble was caused at this time by the Jacobites, the adherents of the exiled King James, who were con= siderable in numbers and influence. 6. In 1694 the Assembly passed an act for the maintenance of free schools. This was the first act of the kind in the history of the province. It was re-enacted the next year, and for the support of the schools duties were laid on certain exports, espe- cially furs, in which the colonists had a large and profitable trade. The first important school estab- lished under this act was the King William's Free School, at Annapolis, in 1696. 7. A remarkable pestilence broke out in 1694 among the cattle and hogs of the province. The governor ordered returns to be made to him by the sheriffs of the counties of the numbers thus taken off. According to these returns, there had died 25,429 cattle and 62,373 hogs, being an average of three and one-half to each inhabitant, or more than seventeen to every famil}^ in the province. In Decem- ber of this year Queen Mary died, and her husband reigned alone, under the title of William III. 8. On the 20th of May, 1695, proclamation was made of an agreement entered into with Captain Perry to be post between the Potomac and Philadel- 4 50 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. phia eight times a year. Starting from Newton's Point, on the Wicomico River, at the Potomac, he was to go by w^ay of Benedict, Leonard Town, An- napolis, Kent Island, Oxford, and Newcastle, Dela- ware. This was the earliest mail-route in Maryland. It connected AVilliamsburg, the seat of government in Virginia, with Philadelphia. WILLIAM AND MARY. 9. In 1697 the war between England and France commonly known as King William's War was ended by the Treaty of Ryswick. During this war the col- onies of New York and New England suffered severely from the French, who had possession of Canada, and from their Indian allies. The Southern colonies, including Maryland, escaped active hostilities, but were called on to furnish men and money for the assistance of their less fortunate neighbors. 10. In 1697 the king presented to Annapolis a val- uable library, the remains of which are now in the library of St. John's College. On the burning of the HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 51 State-house, in part, in 1704, the hbrary was removed to King William's School, and the books that re- mained were transferred to its successor, St. John's, when that came into existence, in 1784. Many of those rare and curious old works are still to be found scattered about the State. 11. In 1697 the governor received from the king a command to send him all the wild deer, turkeys, partridges, mocking-birds and other song-birds, and wild animals that could be procured. It was there- fore ordered that as many as possible be obtained as a token of gratitude to his Majesty, who had done so much for his subjects in Maryland. The mocking- birds appear to have specially pleased King William, as the next year he sent for a hundred more. QUESTIONS. 1. What is said of the Protestant revolution in Maryland? 2. What dissatisfaction existed? What was done by the Lower House ? 3. What action was taken by the Protestant association ? 4. When did Maryland become a royal jtrovince ? What was done by the Assembly ? 5. Who succeeded Governor Copley ? When was the seat of government removed? What was the eflect on St. Mary's? 6. Give an account of the first legislation for free schools. 7. What is said of the pestilence of 1694? 8. Describe the post-route established in 1695. 9. What was the effect on the colonies of King William's War ? 10. Give an account of the library presented to Annapolis. 11. What requisition was made by King William in 1697? 52 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. CHAPTER X MARYLAND RESTORED TO LORD BALTIMORE. Com^mis sa ry. One to whom is committed some charge, duty, or office by a superior power. Dissenters. Those who sepa- rate from the service and wor- ship of an established Church, especially of the Church of England. Leveies. Requisitions for troop& or assessments of taxes, made by authority or by force for the public service. Disfranchised. Dispossessed of the rights of a citizen, or of a particular right, such as that of voting, holding office, etc. 1. In 1698 a spring having medicinal properties was discovered in St. Mary's county, at which a great many poor people soon assembled, hoping to be bene- fited by the use of its waters. Being informed of this, Governor Nicholson appointed a man to read prayers there every day, sent the people Bibles and prayer books, and, besides other provisions, gave them a lamb every week. The place is now known as Charlotte Hall. Soon after this, Nicholson was appointed governor of Virginia, and was succeeded in Maryland by Nathaniel Blackistone. 2. In 1G99 the State-house was struck by lightning while the Assembly was in session. The flag-staff was splintered, the vane shaken down, the flag burnt, the door-posts and window-frames shattered, and sev- eral of the delegates struck down, one of them being killed. A shower of rain falling^ immediatelv, the State-house was saved by the exertions of ifche mem- HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 53 bers. A public thanksgiving was ordered soon after- ward. During this year the frontiers of Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia were threatened with an Indian war. 3. In 1700 the Rev. Dr. Bray, the bishop of Lon- don's commissary for Maryland, arrived in the prov- ince. Soon after, he held a visitation of the clergy at Annapolis, at which were present eighteen clergy- men, ministering in twenty-one of the thirty parishes. At this meeting was originated the first missionary effort made by the Church of England on this conti- nent. Not long after this meeting the commissary returned to England, for the purpose of furthering the interests of the Maryland Church. 4. In 1702, King William died, and, leaving no children, was succeeded by his sister-in-law, the second daughter of King James II., under the title of Queen Anne. A second war with France, known as Queen Anne's War, began this year, and, as before, the col- onists in America were soon involved. A requisition for supplies from Maryland in aid of New York was met by the answer from the Lower House of Assem- bly that the Indians were threatening the frontiers of Maryland, their depredations in the last few years having cost the province one hundred thousand pounds of tobacco, and that the colonists were obliged to defend themselves from the attacks of French armed vessels in the Chesapeake. 5. It was stated in addition that to raise sup2:)lies by a money-tax was impossible, few of the families 54 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. having so much as fiA^e shilhngs of ready money, and the greater part being without the means to raise it ; that heavy expense had been incurred, which had not yet been discharged, in building a State-house, a free school, a church, and a prison at Annapolis ; that none but laborers or the best men of the prov- ince ought to be sent ; and that if they were sent it would lessen the ability to meet the public expenses. In view of this state of afiairs, the Assembly asked to be excused from the requisition, and to be permitted to employ such money and troops as they could raise in the defence of their own province. 6. In 1702 the provisions of the English Toleration Act were, extended to Protestant dissenters, and the Quakers were declared to be entitled to the benefit of the English law permitting their affirmation to be received, instead of an oath. At this time the gov- ernor's chair was provisionally filled by Thomas Tench, a member of the Council. He was succeeded in 1703 by Governor John Seymour, who died in 1709. Edward Lloyd, the president of the Council, then administered the government until tlie arrival of Governor Hart in 1714. 7. In 1710 many German immigrants came into the province, and they appear to have settled in what afterward became Frederick county, where some years later they were joined by a large number of German and Swiss Protestants, known throughout the colony as " Palatines." In order to encourage their industry, they were released for the time being HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 55 from the payment of their assessment in all public levies. From this class of immigrants have sprung the various German denominations of Christians now existing in Maryland. 8. In February, 1714, Charles, Lord Baltimore, died, aged eighty-four, and was succeeded by his son, Benedict Leonard Calvert, who had conformed to the Church of England. The new proprietary survived his father little more than a year, dying in April, 1715, somewhat over thirty years of age. His title and estates descended to his minor son, Charles Cal- vert, under the guardianship of Lord Guilford. 9. On the death of Queen Anne, in 1714, George I. became king of Great Britain. He restored the prov- ince of Maryland, with all the rights and privileges of the original charter, to young Lord Baltimore, who had been educated a Protestant. Thus ended the royal government of Maryland, after an existence of more than twenty years. During this time two new coun-^ ties had been formed, and the population had in- creased to forty -four thousand. 10. On the restoration of Lord Baltimore, Gov- ernor Hart, the last royal governor of the province, was continued in office. The Roman Catholics now claimed an equal part in the government with the Protestants. The governor, however, decided that their claim was contrary to the terms of the charter. In this he was sustained by the General Assembly, and the Roman Catholics consequently remained disfranchised. 56 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 11. Annapolis had now been the seat of govern- ment for more than twenty years. It contained a number of fine residences, and was becoming a centre of refinement, and even of luxury. A curious mar- ket-regulation in 1717 ordered that purchases of pro- visions, oysters excepted, should be made at the flagge- staffe on the State-house hill until such time as there should be a market-house built, under. a penalty of sixteen shillings eight pence, current money. A drum-beat gave notice of the opening of the mar- ket, on Wednesday and Saturday mornings, and no person was permitted to buy anything until the drum had ceased beating. QUESTIONS. 1. What is said of the medicinal spring in St. Mary's county? What was done by Governor Nicholson ? 2. What occurred in 1699? 3. What is said of Dr. Bray ? What was organized at the meet- ing of the clergy in Annapolis? 4. By whom was King William sncceeded ? What ensued? What was done by the Upper House? 5. What further statement was made in regard to the condition of the colony? 6. How were the provisions of the Toleration Act extended ? Who filled the governor's chair from 1703 to 1714? 7. What is said of the German immigrants? 8. Who succeeded Charles, Lord Baltimore ? What is said of the new proprietary ? 9. What was done by King George T. ? 10. Who was the last royal governor? What was claimed by the Catholics? What was the result? 11. What is said of Annapolis? Of the market-regulations? -*-" '"^ '^' HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 57 CHAPTER XI. ADJUSTMENT OF BOUNDARIES. Preston. A town of England, in the county of Lancaster, situ- ated on the river Kibble, twenty- eight miles north-east of Liver- pool. Chancery. The highest Eng- lish court of judicature, next to the Parliament. Tangent. Touching at a single point. Arms. The armorial ensigns of a family, consisting of figures and colors, borne in shields, banners, etc., as marks of dig- nity and distinction, and de- scending from father to son. 1. In 1721 a cargo of Scotch prisoners arrived in Maryland. They had been taken six years before, at the battle of Preston, when fighting for the restoration to the throne of Great Britain of James Stnart, son of the deposed king, James II. A still larger number were brought out after another defeat, thirty years later. They were known as the " king's passengers," and many of them became valuable citizens. The Scotch have formed a large element of the popula- tion of Maryland, and have been noted for their energy and success in life. 2. The interest in public education was revived in 1723, and a number of prominent gentlemen through- out the province were appointed trustees and school- visitors, with power to establish schools in the various counties. These schools were accordingly established and endowed after the manner of King William's School at Annapolis, created under the act of 1694. 58 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 3. In 1727 the Maryland Gazette, the first news- paper of the province, was established at Annapolis by William Parks. At that time there w^ere bnt six other newspapers published in America. The Gazette was discontinued in 1736. In 1745 it was revived under the management of Jonas Green, and it still continues in existence, " the flourishing patriarch of American journals." 4. About the year 1727 the planters of Mary- land were so much annoyed by the depredations of the crows and squirrels upon their grain-fields, and of the wolves upon their live-stock, that it became necessary to ask for legislative action for protection against their ravages. Accordingly, it was enacted that the head of every family should be required to produce every year three crows' heads or three squir- rels' scalps for each taxable member of the family. For a'wolf 's head a reward of two hundred pounds of tobacco was offered. 5. In 1729 the town of Baltimore was created by an act of the General Assembly. It was located at the head of Patapsco Bay, about twelve miles from the Chesapeake, where for more than sixty years scattering settlements had existed. In 1730 sixty acres of land were purchased of Charles and Daniel Carroll and divided into acre-lots. The north-western corner -lot is that on which St. Paul's church now stands. For some years the growth of Baltimore was slow, but its commercial advantages finally at- tracted population, and its limits became extended HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 59 by the incorporation of adjoining settlements. At the beginning of the Revolution it contained about six thousand people, and from this time it rose rap- idly in importance.^ 6. The year 1734 was the hundredth year of the existence of Maryland as a province. Notwithstand- ing the wise and liberal policy of the founders, it had not escaped troubles from without and dissensions among its own people. In spite of these, however, the colony had prospered. It possessed great natu- ral advantages, and its settlers were not adventurers in search of fortune, but men of various beliefs and nationalities seeking peaceful and secure homes in the New World. 7. The population at this time numbered about one hundred and twenty thousand, apportioned among some twenty towns "and five thousand plan- tations. Over one hundred vessels were employed in trade, a large portion of which was in tobacco, which was still the staple of Maryland and the general cur- rency of the province. The records ten years later show an exportation of fifty thousand hogsheads of tobacco. Wheat and Indian corn were also exported in large quantities. 8. In 1735 the border difficulties which had long existed between Pennsylvania and Maryland culmi- nated in tumults, violence, and even bloodshed. Ref- erence has already been made to the conflicting claims growing out of the terms of the charters granted to William Penn and to Lord Baltimore, and to the 60 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. earlier attempts to adjust these claims. In 1732 com- missioners had been appointed to settle the boundary question, and in 1735 the king directed proceedings in chancery to be instituted. In the mean time, land- grants had been made by both the proprietaries in the disputed districts. The chancery decision was not obtained till 1750, and was in favor of the Penn family. 9. The boundaries of Delaware, as agreed upon by the commissioners in 1732, were as follows : A line drawn due west from Cape Henlopen to the centre of the peninsula, thence northward to the most western point in the circumference of a circle of twelve miles' radius, having the town of Newcastle for its centre. From this tangent-point the line ran due north to a parallel passing fifteen miles below the most southern limit of Philadelphia. Here the east-and-west bound- ary-line between Pennsylvania and Maryland — known as Mason and Dixon's line — commenced. 10. Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon were cele- brated mathematicians and astronomers. They ar- rived in Philadelphia in November, 1763, and at once began to lay out the boundaries. Having fixed the point of intersection of the Pennsylvania, Delar ware, and Maryland lines, the}?' continued their line due west two hundred and forty-four miles. At the end of every fifth mile a stone was placed, graven with the arms of the Penn family on one side and those of Lord Baltimore on the other. The interme- diate miles were denoted by smaller stones having an HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 61 M on one side and a P on the other. The work was completed in December, 1767. 11. It will be seen from the map that the present limits of Maryland differ considerably from those claimed under the charter granted to Lord Baltimore. The territory surrendered by Maryland includes the whole of Delaware and a wide strip of Pennsylvania, comprising nearly two million acres. In addition to this, Maryland still claims half a million of acres, now included in West Virginia, between the North and the South branch of the Potomac. The southern boundary-line between Maryland and Virginia was finally settled in 1877 by a joint commission ap- pointed by the two States, who established the line claimed by the former State. QUESTIONS. 1. Give an account of the "king's passengers." 2. What was done in 1723 in regard to public education? 3. Give an account of the Maryland Gazette. 4. What was done in reference to the depredations of crows, squirrels, etc. ? 5. Give the history of Baltimore. 6. What is said of Maryland in 1734? 7. Of its population and trade? 8. Give some account of the border difficulties between Maryland and Pennsylvania. 9. Describe the boundary-lines arranged in 1732. 10. Describe the work of Mason and Dixon. 11. What territory was surrendered by Maryland ? When and how was the southern boundary-line between Maryland and Virginia settled ? 62 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. CHAPTER XII. THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. Aix - la - Chapelle , (aiks-lah- shah-peF). A frontier city of Khenish Prussia, forty miles west-south-west of Cologne. Conecocheague (kon-e-ko- cheeg''). Duquesne (du-kain^). Prime Minister. The respon= sible head of a ministry or ex- ecutive government ; applied particularly to that of Eng- land. 1. In 1744 war again broke out between England and France. This war — historically known as King George's war — may be considered i\\Q commencement of the grand final struggle, of nearly twenty years' duration, for supremacy in America. Beyond some depredations of French privateers upon the planta- tions along the Chesapeake, Maryland was not in- volved in the conflict. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1748, put a stop to active hostilities, which, how- ever, were renewed a few years later. 2. From the answers to queries of the Board of Trade and Plantations in 1748, we find that there were about fifty vessels owned by Marylanders en- gaged in trade ; that there were a great many iron- mines, some of which Vv^ere very productive; that eight furnaces made pig-iron, and nine bar-iron ; and that the white population, which had been much increased by the influx of the Germans, numbered ninety-four thousand, and the black thirty-six thousand. HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 63 3. The number of Indians had greatly decreased. They had before this begun by degrees to remove from the province, and during 1748 the great body of the . Nanticokes departed from the Eastern Shore and sought homes in Pennsylvania and New York, near the head-waters of the Susquehanna. Others went to Canada. In accordance with a singular custom, they carried with them the bones of their dead. The Choptank Indians remained in the province until thfey finally became extinct. 4. In 1751, Charles, Lord Baltimore, died. From 1720 to 1727 he had been governor of Maryland, and again from 1733 to 1735. During his proprietorship Worcester county had been erected out of Somerset in 1742, and Frederick county out of Prince George in 1748. He was succeeded by his son Frederick, who was the sixth and last Lord Baltimore. 5. In answer to further inquiries by the Board of Trade and Plantations in 1754, the number of white inhabitants was stated to be one hundred and ten thousand, and that of the blacks forty-six thousand. Since 1748 two thousand eight hundred Germans had been" brought into the province, and five thou- sand immigrants from Great Britain and Ireland. Of the Indians of the province, there remained only one hundred and forty. According to the returns of the sherifis to the governor, the Roman Catholics at this time constituted one-twelfth of the population, and their landed estate was estimated to be one-thir- teenth of the whole. 64 HISTORY OF 3IAEYLAND. 6. The French in Canada had at this time under- taken to establish conimnnications between Quebec and New Orleans along the Alleghany, Ohio, and Mississippi rivers. They claimed all the country west of the Alleghany Mountains, and sought to protect their claim by a line of forts and military posts along the above-named rivers. The English also claimed the same territory, and grants of half a million acres near the head-waters of the Ohio River were made by the king to a company called The Ohio Compan}^ The latter found that the French were encroaching on this territory, and measures were taken to build a fort at the junction of the Alle- ghany and the Monongahela. The French promptly interfered, drove the English away, and finished the fort themselves, calling it Fort Duquesne. 7. This was before the war now known as the French and Indian war was formally declared be- tween England and France. The province of Mary- land raised two companies of soldiers for the assist- ance of Virginia and for the protection of her own borders. The command of all the forces raised to oppose the French on the Ohio was conferred by a royal commission on Governor Sharpe. Fort Cum- berland, on the frontier, was built to protect the bor- der settlements, and the Assembly voted six thousand pounds for the defence of their own and the neigh- boring province. Provision was also made for any of the soldiers who should be wounded in the service of Maryland. HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 65 8. In 1755, General Braddock, as commander-in- chief, was sent out to America with two regiments of British troops. On his arrival at Alexandria, Vir- ginia, he held a conference with the governors of VIEAV NEAR CU3IBEKLAND. Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Vir- ginia. Several expe- ditions were agreed upon, the one against Fort Duquesne being led by Braddock himself. In June he left Fort Cum- berland with a force of nearly two thousand regular and colonial troops. 9. General Braddock, though a brave officer and experienced in European warfare, had but little knowledge of the Indian methods of fighting. He 66 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. rejected with scorn the advice of Colonel George Washington, who was one of his aids, and who had experience in warfare against the savages. On the 9th of July, 1755, when within a few miles of Fort Duquesne, the troops were assailed by a small force of French and Indians in ambush, and sixty-four out of eighty-five of the officers, with nearly one-half of the men, were killed or wounded. General Brad- dock himself was killed, and the remnant of the army, saved by the skill and courage of Washing- ton, finally reached Philadelphia. 10. The French and Indians followed up their victory by invading and laying waste the frontier settlements of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. Universal terror prevailed, and in Maryland the panic extended even to the Chesapeake, Upward of twenty plantations were devastated and their occupants mas- sacred or carried into captivity. The savages came within sixteen miles of Frederick. From that place west to the Conecocheague River, but two families remained in 1756. 11. For the better protection of the people of Mary- land, Fort Frederick was built in 1756, near where the town of Hancock now stands. During the same year war was formally declared between England and France, and several expeditions were sent against the enemy, but without success. In fact, the only success of the year was the defeat of the Indians at Kittanning and the destruction of their town. The operations of 1757 were also disastrous to the Eng- HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 67 lish ; and so great was the dissatisfaction of the na- tion with the conduct of the war that a new admin- istration was formed, with WilHam Pitt as prime minister. 12. Pitt began his work by persuading the colonies to raise twenty-eight thousand men, to co-operate with twenty-two thousand sent from England. In November, 1758, a j)ortion of these troops, mainly from the colonies, moved against Fort Duquesne, which the enemy were forced to abandon. The fort was occupied by the English and colonial troops, and named Fort Pitt. Maryland and the adjoining colonies were at once relieved from the burden of war, and Governor Sharpe, by proclamation, ordered a public thanksgiving. QUESTIONS. 1. What war broke out in 1744? How was Maryland affected? When and how was the war closed ? 2. What is said of Maryland in 1748 ? 3. Give an account of the removal of the Indians. 4. When did Charles, Lord Baltimore, die? What occurred during his proprietorship ? Who succeeded him ? 5. Describe the state of affairs in Maryland in 1754. 6. What efforts were made by the French to secui-e the territory claimed by them ? What was done by the English ? 7. What was done by Maryland ? 8. Give an account of the movements of General Braddock. 9. What is said of General Braddock ? Describe his defeat. 10. What results followed ? 11. What was done in 1756? In 1757? 12. What measures were taken by Pitt? Give an account of the second expedition against Fort Duquesne. 68 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. CHAPTER XIII. TAXATION OF THE COLONIES. Null and Void. Of no legal or binding force or effect what- soever. Dead Letter. That which has fallen into disuse. Circular Letter. A letter ad- dressed to a number of persons having a common interest. Prorogued. Adjourned for an indefinite time. 1. The tide had now turned in favor of the Eng- lish, and success followed success, until the capture of Quebec, in 1759, virtually closed the war in Amer- ica. In 1763, by the Treaty of Paris, France gave up all her American possessions east of the Mississippi and north of the Iberville River, in Louisiana. In addition to effecting this important acquisition of territory, the long conflict had brought the colonies into closer relations with one another, and had de- veloped the self-reliance which enabled them at a later period to resist successfully the encroachments of the mother-country. 2. To meet the expenses of the war, the General Assembly of Maryland in 1758 had resorted to taxa- tion. Various articles of luxury were taxed ; all per- sons twenty-five years of age and upward who were worth one hundred pounds and less than three hun- dred were taxed five shillings, and those who were worth more than three hundred pounds were taxed twenty shillings, per annum. A list of these persons HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 69 was required to be returned to the governor annually by the vestries of the several parishes. This tax was paid for five successive years. 3. The expenses of the French and Indian war amounted to three hundred millions of dollars, and the British ministry declared that the colonies ought to pay their share. True, the colonists had spent eleven millions of dollars of their own, and had suffered untold hardships throughout their widely- extended frontiers; but this, in the judgment of Brit- ish statesmen, was but a small proportion of the cost of the war. 4. Accordingly, in March, 1764, the British House of Commons resolved " that Parliament had the right to tax America ;" and, following up this resolution, an act was passed in April laying duties on certain articles imported into the colonies. At the same time, iron and lumber were classed among a list of articles which could be exported only to England. This was an attempt to destroy American manufac- tures and make the colonists more dej)endent upon the mother-country. 5. The conduct of the ministry and Parliament tended to alienate the feelings of those who still had a deep veneration for '' home," as England was yet fondly called. The colonists protested against the invasion of their liberties, declaring that they had contributed more than their share in the late wars, that they were now able to protect themselves, and that " taxation without representation was t^^iiinny." 70 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 6. This independent spirit on the part of the colo- nists irritated England, and in March, 1765, the odious Stamp Act passed the House of Commons by a large majority ; in the House of Lords it met with no oppo- sition. The act provided that stamps bought of the British government should be placed on all news- papers, and made null and void all legal documents issued in America on unstamped materials. 7. This measure thoroughly aroused the colonists. The Maryland Assembly, as soon as it could be con- vened, entered an earnest protest against this and every other attempt to infringe upon the rights of the people. Thomas Ringgold, William Murdock, and Edward Tilghman were appointed delegates to a general convention of the colonies which had been called to meet in New York in October, 1765. This convention is known as the First Colonial Congress. It issued an address and petition to the king and Parliament, in which the rights and grievances of the colonists were fully set forth. 8. In the mean time, the people of Maryland had taken vigorous action in the matter of stamps. The distributor appointed for the province met with great opposition, and was finally compelled to leave the country. In Frederick county the court boldly de- clared the Stamp Act to be unconstitutional. An association called the " Sons of Liberty " was formed, which compelled the courts and public officers at Annapolis to transact business without the use of stamps. The act became a dead letter in Maryland, HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 71 and so great was the opposition throughout the whole country that in March, 1766, it was repealed. 9. In 1767 the EngUsh Parliament enacted a new tax-bill. By this act, tea; paints, paper, glass, and lead were subjected to a duty, and revenue commissioners were sent over to enforce the law. When the news reached America, the excitement was revived, and the agreement not to use imported articles was renewed. The Massachusetts Legislature sent a circular letter to the other colonial Assemblies advising them to draw up petitions to the Crown, and urging con- sultation and co-operation. 10. The Maryland Assembly met in May, 1768, and, disregarding the advice and warning of the governor, proceeded to prepare a petition as sug- gested. Upon this, the}^ were at once prorogued by Governor Sharpe, who had received instructions from England to that effect. Throughout the province associations were formed to discourage the use of certain British goods. The trade of Baltimore suf- fered in consequence, but the people stood firm in their opposition. 11. In 1769, Governor Sharpe was succeeded by Robert Eden, the last provincial governor of Mary- land. Soon after his arrival he purchased of Ed- ward Jennings, by whom it had been built, what has since been called the Government House. From Governor Eden it passed into the possession of the State, and was occupied for nearly a hundred years by the governors of Maryland. During this year, 72 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. paper money, or "bills of credit," were issued by Maryland for use in the province, and an appropri- ation of seven thousand pounds sterling was made by the General Assembly for building a State-house at Annapolis. 12. The Church of England, which had been es- tablished by law in Maryland, was supported by tithes, or taxes. These at first were at the rate of forty pounds of tobacco a head, which was afterward reduced to thirty. The colonists, in their growing independence, felt this to be a burden, and the proc- lamation of Governor Eden, in 1770, announcing the restoration of the former rates, was received with every manifestation of opposition and defiance. QUESTIONS. 1. What virtually closed the war in America ? What did France surrender? What effect had tlie war on the colonies? 2. What taxes were imposed by the General Assembly ? 3. What was the cost of the French and Indian war? , 4. W^hat was done by tlie British House of Commons? 5. What effect had their action on the colonies? 6. Give an account of the Stamp Act. 7. What was done by the Maryland Assembly? Give an account of the First Colonial Congress. 8. What course did Maryland pursue in regard to the use of stamps? When was the act repealed? 9. Give an account of the tax-ldll of 1767, and of its reception by the colonies. 10. What was done by the Assembly of 1708? What followed? 11. Give an account of Governor Eden. Of paper money. 12. How was the Church of England supported in Maryland? What was the efiect of Governor Eden's proclamation ? HISTORY OF MARYLAND, 73 CHAPTER XIV. EVENTS PRECEDING THE REVOLUTION. Boston Port Bill. A bill passed by the British Parliament, March 31, 1774, shutting up the harbor of the city of Boston. Minute-men. Men enlisted for service wherever required, and ready to march at a moment's notice. 1. The determination of the colonies not to pur- chase British goods had a marked effect in England. Commercial depression followed, and public opinion demanded some concession to the Americans. The ministry, accordingly, in 1770, repealed all the taxes except that of threepence per pound on tea. This was retained more for the purpose of asserting their right to tax the colonies than for the amount of reve- nue to be derived therefrom. The colonists, who were contending for a principle, refused to paj even this small ' tax, imposed without their consent. 2. In 1771 the last Lord Baltimore died, leaving no children by his marriage. His character was such that he was held in very little respect throughout the province, in which, indeed, he took no interest beyond the collection of his annual revenues, amounting, it is said, to sixty-four thousand dollars. By his will his Maryland possessions passed to an illegitimate son, Henry Harford, the last proprietary of Mar}^- land. 3. In 1774, Maryland claimed a population of 74 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. three hundred and twenty thousand. Virginia and Massachusetts were the only colonies that reported a greater number. The Revolution was making rapid progress, and the last provincial General Assembly was held iii March of this year. A convention, called by the people, met in June and proposed the severing of all commercial relations with Great Britain. It also provided that subscriptions should be taken in every county for the relief of the people of Boston, who were then suffering from the effects of the Boston Port Bill. Matthew Tilghman, Thomas Johnson, Jr., Robert Goldsborough, William Paca, and Samuel Chase were appointed delegates to attend the Con- tinental Congress. 4. In the mean time, large quantities of tea had been sent to America. The people of Boston threw a cargo overboard, and were punished by the pas- sage of the Port Bill. New York and Philadelphia sent their cargoes back to England. In Charleston the tea was stored in damp cellars, and thereb}^ spoiled. In Maryland the people acted with equal energy and determination. 5. On the 19th of October a vessel named the Peggy Stuart arrived at Annapolis, bringing seven- teen packages of tea from London. On this tea the owner paid the duty. AVhen this became known, great excitement ensued, and a meeting was held to prevent its landing. To appease the general indig- nation, the owner at first proposed to land the tea and destioy it; but, acting on the advice of Charles HISTORY OF MAUYLAND. 75 Carroll, Avho was then prominent in public affairs, he set fire to the vessel with his own hands, in open day, and destroyed it in the presence of the assembled citizens.* 6. The Second Colonial, or First Continental, Con- gress met at Philadelphia on the 5th of September, 1774. Every colony had a representation except Georgia, whose governor would not permit it. The delegates were men of wisdom and influence, but had not at that time formed any very definite ideas of .independence. They passed a declaration of rights, framed addresses to the king and people of England, and recommended the suspension of commercial rela- tions with the mother-country. They then adjourned to meet on the 10th of May, 1775. 7. The Maryland convention assembled for the second time in November, 1774. They resolved "that every person in the province ought strictly and inviolably to observe and carry into execution the articles of association agreed on by the Conti- nental Congress." They also recommended that " during the present time of calamity balls and dancing-parties be discontinued." In December the third convention was held. It prepared for active hostilities by providing for the organization of troops, and for raising ten thousand pounds for their equip- ment. 8. The fourth convention met on the 24th of April, 1775, and on the 28th received news of the battle of Lexington. Still they did not lose hope of a final 76 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. reconciliation with the mother-country. It was re- solved that " George III. is lawful and right king of Great Britain and of the dominions thereto belong- ing, and that the people of this province do owe, and will bear, faith and true allegiance to him." At the same time, particular attention was recommended to be paid to forming and exercising the militia in every county. 9. Throughout the province every settlement was now engaged in preparing for active hostilities, and those who were not infected with the general excite- ment were considered enemies to the cause of liberty. On the 10th of May, 1775, the Continental Congress again assembled at Philadelphia, and elected John Hancock for its president. It assumed authority over the " United Colonies of America," and voted to raise an army of twenty thousand men. George Washington was nominated for commander-in-chief by Thomas Johnson of Maryland, and unanimously elected. 10. The fifth Maryland convention met in An- napolis in July. By this time the battle of Bunker Hill had been fought and Washington had taken command of the Continental army at Cambridge, Massachusetts. This convention resolved that the articles of association for the maintenance of peace, good order, and law should be subscribed by all the freemen of the province, and those who should refuse were to be noted. Forty companies of minute-men, of eighty-two each, were called for, and all able- HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 11 bodied men from sixteen to forty-five years of age were to be enrolled. 1 1 . A council of safety, composed of sixteen mem- bers, was appointed by the convention to carry on the government, and paper money to the amount of two hundred and sixty -six thousand dollars was issued. A declaration of the Association of the Freemen of Maryland was issued at this time, preceding by nearly a year the Declaration of Independence adopted by the Continental Congress in Philadel- phia on the 4th of July, 1776. 12. At the sixth convention, held on the second Tuesday in September, 1775, committees of observa- tion and correspondence were appointed. The provin- cial government still had a nominal existence, though the real power was in the hands of the convention. Three of the leading clergymen of the Established Church left the province and went to England, and three were arrested and imprisoned. The larger por- tion, however, were on the side of American liberty. QUESTIONS. 1. What was the effect of the determination of the colonies not to purchase British goods? What was done by the British minis- try ? By the colonists ? 2. What is said of the last Lord Baltimore ? 8. What was the condition of Maryland in 1774? Give an account of the convention held that year. 4. What was done by the colonists with the cargoes of tea sent them ? 5. Give an account of the Peggy Stuart. 78 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 6. Give an account of the First Continental Congress. 7. What was done by the second Maryland convention ? The third ? 8. Give an account of the fourth convention. 9. When and where did the Second Continental Congress meet ? What was done by this Congress ? 10. What was done by the fifth Maryland convention ? 11. What is said of the council of safety ? Of paper money ? Of the declaration of the Association of Freemen ? 12. Give an account of the sixth Maryland convention. What is said of the clergymen of the Established Church ? CHAPTER XV. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. Battalion. A body of infantry consisting of from two to ten companies. White Plains. A village in White Plains township, about twenty-two miles north by east of New York City. Hessians. Troops from Hesse- Cassel, in Germany, who had been hired to fight for Great Britain. Flying-camp. A camp or body of troops formed for rapid move- ment from one place to another. 1. On the 1st of January, 1776, the seventh Mary- land convention assembled. A battalion of regular troops, consisting of eleven hundred and forty men, was ordered to be raised, and William Smallwood was appointed colonel. Still wishing to avoid an absolute separation from Great Britain, though reso- lutely bent on maintaining their rights, instructions were given to their delegates in the Continental Con- gress not to assent to any proposition declaring the HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 79 colonies independent without the approbation of the convention. They were also directed to support any effort toward an honorable reconciliation. 2. In March the British were compelled to evac- uate Boston, and, soon after, Washington marched his army to the defence of New York. About this time the people of Maryland were much annoyed by Lord Dunmore, the late royal governor of Virginia. He had been obliged the year before to seek refuge on board a British man-of-war, and in revenge he now harassed the colonists on both sides of the Chesapeake. He also succeeded in stirring up disaffection on the Eastern Shore, but was thwarted in the full accom- plishment of his designs by the Committee of Safety. ^ Baltimore and Annapolis erected batteries for the defence of their harbors, and thus escaped the fate of Norfolk, which was burned by Dunmore. 3. The eighth convention met in May, 1776. All oaths taken to the proprietary government were declared null and void, prayers for the king were directed to be omitted in churches and chapels, and all the powers of government were to be exer- cised under the authority of the people. In addition to this, Governor Eden, who had hitherto remained undisturbed in the province, was requested to leave, in consequence of the interception of letters of instruction to him from the British ministry. He was allowed to depart unmolested on one of Lord Dunmore's vessels. 4. On the 18th of June the ninth convention met, 80 HISTORY OF 3IARYLAND. and after considerable discussion agreed to instruct their delegates in the Continental Congress, then in session, to concur in declaring the united colonies free and independent, proAdded "that the sole and exclusive right of regulating the internal govern- ment of this colony be reserved to the people there- of." These instructions reached Philadelphia on the 2d of July, and on the 4th the Declaration of Independence was adopted, and the thirteen colo- nies became a nation, under the title of The United States of America. 5. On the same day the Maryland convention elected Charles Carroll to fill a vacancy in Congress, and, though not present at the passage of the Decla- ration of Independence, he afterward signed it, adding to his name the words " of Carrollton " — the title of his estate — in order that there might be no mistake as to his identity. In the mean time, provision had been made for the election of a new convention, with power to form a new government, and three thousand four hundred of the militia had been called out, to constitute a flying-camp. 6. The convention for forming a State constitution met on the 14th of August, and continued in session till the 11th of November. Frederick county was divided into three counties — Montgomery, Frederick, and Washington. The State constitution was formed, the proprietary government swept away, and a new and independent government organized. The Church of England ceased to be the established Church, the HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 81 tithes for its sii2")port were abolished, and, in conse- quence, many of the churches were closed. 7. In August, 1776, the British general Sir AVilliam Howe commenced operations against New York. His troops were landed on Long Island, and on the 27t]i a battle was fought, in which the Americans were defeated. In this battle Major Mordecai Gist's bat- talion of Colonel Smallwood's Maryland regiment displayed the most determined bravery. They checked the advance of the entire British army until the Americans made good their retreat. Out of less than four hundred men composing tlie bat- talion, two hundred and fifty-nine were killed or wounded. 8. The defeat on Long Island compelled Washing- ton to abandon New York. He retreated northward to White Plains, followed by Howe. Here a battle was fought, in which the Maryland troops participated, and Colonel Smallwood was wounded. The advan- tage was with the British, and, soon after, Washing- ton crossed the Hudson and retreated through New Jersey, closely pursued by Lord Cornwallis. In December the American army, half starved and poorly clad, crossed the Delaware River near Trenton, and the enemy abandoned the pursuit. 9. The close of 1776 found the people of the United States greatly depressed over these reverses. The American soldiers had displayed great courage and endurance, but they were disheartened by suffering and defeat. The Maryland Line had made a glorious 82 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. record, but their numbers were reduced to a mere handful. At this critical period Washington by a brilliant movement surprised and captured a force of Hessians at Trenton, and soon after skillfully avoided an engagement with Cornwallis and defeated a detachment of the enemy at Princeton. 10. During this memorable retreat through New Jersey, Congress removed for safety to Baltimore. Its sessions were held in a building on the south-east corner of Baltimore and Liberty streets. At this time endeavors were made to obtain assistance from Europe, and Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee were despatched as commissioners to the court of France. To meet the emergency of the times, Washington was invested with almost unlimited powers. QUESTIONS. 1. What was done by the seventh Maryland convention ? 2. Give an account of the proceedings of Lord Dunmore. 3. What was done by the eighth convention? 4. What was done by the ninth convention ? 5. What is said of Charles Carroll ? Of a new convention? 6. What was done by the convention for forming a State consti- tution ? 7. Give an account of the battle of Long Island. 8. What is said of Washington's subsequent movements? 9. What was the condition of aflfairs at the close of 1776? 10. Where was Congress now in session? Who were sent as com- missioners to France ? HIISTORY OF MARYLAND. 83 CHAPTER XVI PROGRESS OF THE REVOLUTION. Reciprocal. Done by each to the other ; mutual. Maryland Line. The regular infantry of Maryland, as dis- tinguished from her militia, cavalry, artillery, etc. Monmouth (Mon^muth). (Now Freehold.) The county-seat of Monmouth county, N. J., twen- ty-five miles east of Trenton. Loyalists. Those who adhered to the British government. Con^fiscate. To appropriate, as a penalty, to the public use. 1. The first Legislature of Maryland under the new constitution met on the 5th of February, 1777, and on the 13th elected Thomas Johnson, of Anne Arundel county, governor. He was inaugurated at Annapolis on the 21st of March. Upon the principle that in every State allegiance and protection are re- ciprocal, and that no man is entitled to the latter who refuses the former, all who declined to take the oath of allegiance to the State were disfranchised and made subject to treble tax. 2. At this session of the Legislature provision was made for recruiting the Maryland Line. It was finally increased to seven battalions, which were divided into two brigades. Colonel Smallwood, now promoted to the rank of a brigadier-general, was placed in command of the First Brigade, while the other was assigned to General Deborre, a French officer who had entered into the service of the United States. 84 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 3. About this time an insurrection of several hun- dred Tories from Somerset and Worcester counties and from Sussex county, Delaware, took place near Salisbury, and was of so threatening a character that General Smallwood and Colonel Gist, with a Virginia regiment, were sent from Annapolis to quell it. Not long after this a party of loyalists congregated near Pipe Creek, in Frederick county ; but the appearance of a party of militia put them to flight. In neither instance was any blood shed. Some of the Tories were taken and imprisoned, but they were after- Avard pardoned. 4. In September, 1777, the British occupied Phila- delphia, having advanced by way of the Chesapeake — without, however, molesting the people of Mary- land. Washington had endeavored to protect the city, but was defeated at the battle of the Brandy- wine. He afterward attacked the British at German- town, but was repulsed with severe loss. In this battle the Maryland troops, under the command of Major John Eager Howard and other brave officers, were prominently engaged, and were the last to leave the field. As an offset to these reverses, the British army under Burgoyne surrendered at Saratoga on the 17th of October. 5. During 1778, Maryland, in response to the de- mands of Congress, furnished more than three thou- sand three hundred regular troops. ^This number, in proportion to what was asked for, was one-third greater than that furnished by any other State except HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 85 Delaware. In addition to these, Count Pulaski, a Polish nobleman in the service of the United States, organized in Baltimore an independent company of horse and foot, known as " Pulaski's Legion." Many of the States were slow in sending provisions and other supplies to the army, but through the energy and patriotism of her- citizens the demands upon Maryland were promptly met. 6. In March, 1778, the independence of the United States was acknowledged by France, and in July a French fleet was sent to their assistance. Before this fleet reached the Delaware, however, the British had left Philadelphia and retreated across New Jersey to New York. They were pursued by Washington, who overtook them at Monmouth, where an indecisive battle was fought on the 28th of June, the British retreating during the night. In this battle a blunder of General Lee endangered the American army, but the Maryland troops checked the advance of the enemy and enabled Washington to recover the ad- vantage. 7. At the close of 1778 the British held only New York and Newport in the North. They had gained a foothold in the South, but had lost Philadelphia, the whole of New Jersey, and the settlements north of the Ohio. Moreover, the Americans had become inured to war, and were in much better fighting con- dition than ever before. The financial condition of the country, however, was not so hopeful. Congress had issued paper money until it had become almost 86 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. worthless. From bills still in existence, we find that at this time the price, in paper money, of a pound of sugar was eight dollars, and of a barrel of flour five hundred dollars. 8. During the year the Articles of Confederation ^proposed by Congress were signed by eleven of the States, but were not ratified by all the States until 1781. In these articles Virginia had succeeded in inserting the provision that no State should be de- prived of her territory for the benefit of the United States, she at the same time claiming westward to the Mississippi River. Against this the Assembly of Maryland entered a protest, and refused to sign the articles till that clause was stricken out. 9. The year 1779 was not marked by any decisive events. The seat of war was mainly in the South, and the Americans were generally unsuccessful in their operations against the enemy. The French fleet also accomplished but little. In October an assault was made upon the British then in possession of Savannah. The attack was repulsed, and the gallant Count Pulaski was killed while bravely fighting at the head of his legion. 10. During the early part of the war, Congress had authorized the fitting out of private armed vessels. In this, Maryland took the lead ; and during the Revo- lution, upward of two hundred privateers sailed out of the Chesapeake. Immense damage was done to British commerce, and large quantities of important supplies were captured. Among those who especially HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 87 distinguished themselves in this service was Joshua Barney, who was made a lieutenant in the American navy. In 1782, while in command of the Hyder Ally, he captured the British vessel General Monk, of superior force, after one of the most brilliant naval actions on record. 11. In November, Thomas Sim Lee was elected governor of Maryland, to succeed Thomas Johnson. During the session of the Legislature this year it was proposed to confiscate the property of those who had taken sides with Great Britain. After considerable opposition, the act was passed the following year, to go into effect in March, 1782. In the mean time, those who desired could take the oath of allegiance to the State, and thus save their propert}^ QUESTIONS. 1. Give an account of the proceedings of the first Legislature under the new constitution. 2. What provision was made in regard to troops? 3. Give an account of the insurrection near Salisbury. In Fred- erick county. 4. What other events occurred in 1777 ? 5. What is said of the Maryland troops ? Of Count Pulaski ? 6. What was done by France in 1778 ? Give an account of the battle of Monmouth. 7. What was the condition of affairs at tlie close of 1778 ? 8. AVhat is said of the Articles of Confederation ? Of the claims of Virginia? 9. WJ)at is said of the events of 1779? 10. What is said of privateers? Of Lieutenant Joshua Barney? 11. Who was elected governor? What was done by the I^egisla- ture ? 88 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. CHAPTER XVII. CLOSE OF THE REVOLUTION. Marquis de la Fayette. A Baron de Kalb. John, baron French nobleman who at the , de Kalb, Avas a trained German age of nineteen fitted out a ship i soldier who had entered the at his OAvn expense and came ' French service in 1743. At to America to take part in the | the breaking out of the Amer- caiise of independence. He ican Kevolution he offered his became the intimate friend of [ services to the colonies, and Washington, and served with | was awarded the rank of major- distinction throughout the war. j general. He came over with He died in Paris, May 30, 1834. ! La Fayette in 1777. 1. In the spring of 1780, Washington sent a de- tachment of troops, under the command of Major- General Baron de Kalb, to assist the strugghng patriots of the South. It was composed chiefly of two Maryland brigades, commanded by Generals Smallwood and Gist. They were joined in North Carolina by General Gates, who had been appointed to the chief command of the Southern forces in con- sequence of the reputation he had acquired through the surrender of Burgoyne at Saratoga. 2. In August the British and American armies, while seeking to surprise each other, met near Cam- den, South Carolina. A hard-fought battle ensued, which resulted disastrously to the Americans. De Kalb, with his two Mar3dand brigades and a Dela- ware regiment, made a desperate final bayonet-charge. HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 89 but was overpowered by numbers and forced to re- treat with great loss, De Kalb himself being mortally wounded. Colonels Williams and Howard fought- with distinguished bravery, and Generals Small- wood and Gist received the thanks of Congress for their skill and courage, so ably supported by the heroic troops under their command. 3. General Gates was soon after succeeded by Gen- eral Greene, a brave and prudent officer who stood high in the estimation of Washington. His move- ments against Cornwallis — whose plan at this time was to move north and join the British forces in Virginia — were conducted with varying success. At times defeated and forced to retreat, and again as- suming the offensive with renewed patience and courage, he made steady progress, and in less than nine months he had limited the British rule in the South to the cities of Wilmington, Charleston, and Savannah. In the mean time, Cornwallis had left Wilmington, and joined General Philips at Peters- burg, Virginia, in May, 1781. 4. In these operations in the South the Maryland troops added to their well-earned reputation. Re- duced to a single regiment after the first battle at Camden, they were placed under the command of Colonel Otho H. Williams, and a further demand was made upon their State for recruits, which was promptly met. In every important engagement, from Camden to Yorktown, they took a prominent part, and no troops in the American army surpassed 90 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. them in courage or in devotion to the cause of free- dom. The encomiums of the brave De Kalb and the repeated thanks of Congress bear witness to the high estimation in which they were justly held/ 5. But their arduous labors were soon to close. Cornwallis had finally entrenched himself at York- town, where he was besieged by the combined French and American forces, while the French fleet blockaded the harbor. On the 19th of October, 1781, he was obliged to surrender his entire army ; and this vir- tually ended the war, though it was not until two years later that jDcace was formally declared and the American army disbanded. 6. Soon after the surrender Washington addressed a letter to Governor Lee, in which he shows his ap- preciation of the patriotic efforts of Maryland during ths war. In this letter he says, " My present engage- ments will not allow me to add more than my con- gratulations on this happy event, and to express the high sense I have of the powerful aid which I have derived from the State of Maryland in comply- ing with my every request to the executive of it." 7. An anecdote of La Fayette may here be men- tioned. On his way South to operate against Corn- wallis previous to the siege of Yorktown, he halted for some time at Baltimore. At a ball given in honor of his arrival he was observed to appear sad, and, on being questioned by one of the ladies as to the cause, he replied, " I cannot enjo}^ the gayet}" of the scene while so many of the poor soldiers are in want of HTSTOnr OF MARYLAND. 91 clothes." — "AVe will supply them," was the prompt response ; and the next morning the ball-room was turned into a clothing-manufactory. One lady with her own hands cut out five hundred garments, and superintended the making of them. 8. Although the Americans had triumphed, the situation of the country at this time was most peril- ous. The treasury was bankrupt, commerce destroyed, business neglected, and the army unpaid. The sol- diers, most of whom had been sent into encamp- ment at Newburg on the Hudson, became restless, im- patient, and finally mutinous. Failing to obtain from Congress the relief which it was powerless to provide, they besought Washington to make himself king and manage affairs according to his own judgment. This proposal was spurned with indignation. Through his efforts and influence, however, a compromise was made and the danger averted. 9. In 1782 the population of Maryland, as enu- merated by assessors, was found to be one hundred and sevent}^ thousand six hundred and eighty-eight white, and eighty-three thousand three hundred and sixty -two colored, making a total of two hundred and fifty-four thousand and fifty. The population of the State of New York at the same time was two hundred, and thirty-eight thousand eight hundred and ninety- seven — over fifteen thousand less than that of Mary- land. 10. In the war that resulted so gloriously, Mary- land had nobly done her part. Though no battle 92 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. had been fought within her borders, her soldiers^ numbering one-twelfth of the forces of the thirteen States, had gone north and south, and of the twenty- three thousand whom she sent out few returned. By emigration to England and elsewhere, in slaves car- ried off, and in the casualties of war, Maryland had lost sixty-six thousand of her population in seven years. 11. During the last three years of the war her land had depreciated one-third in value. Thirty thousand acres were confiscated, exclusive of what belonged to the proprietor. The war-expenses of the State were seven million six hundred thousand dollars, two- thirds of the value of all her real estate. Of specie there remained in circulation only one hundred thousand pounds.^ QUESTIONS. 1. What was done in the spring of 1780? 2. Describe the battle near Camden. 3. Give an account of General Greene's operations in the South. 4. What is said of the Maryland troops ? 5. Give an account of the surrender of CoruAvallis. 6. How did "Washington show his appreciation of the patriotic efforts of Maryland ? 7. Kepeat the anecdote of La Fayette. 8. What was the condition of the country at the close of the Eevolution? What was done by the soldiers at Newbnrg? 9. What was the population of Maryland in 1782? Of New York ? 10. What is said of Maryland's part in the war? How had it affected her population? 11. How else was the State affected? HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 9e3 CHAPTER XVIII. ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTION. Black-w^ater. AVater at rest, as distinguished from running water. Memorial. A written repre- sentation of facts made to a legislative or other body. 1. In September, 1783, a treaty of peace between Great Britain and the United States was signed, and during the following month the American army was disbanded. In November, New York was evacuated by the British; and Washington, accompanied by his officers, soon after entered that city. Here he bade them an affectionate farewell, and proceeded to Annapolis, where Congress was then in session. 2. On his arrival he was met by Major-Generals Gates and Smallwood and escorted to Mann's Hotel. After receiving many calls, he visited the president of Congress. On the 10th he gave a public dinner to the president and members of Congress and the civil and military officials. At night a grand ball was given by the Maryland Assembly at the State- house. There Washington received an address from the city authorities, to which he replied in fitting terms. 3. On the 23d he had a public audience in Con- gress. On being informed by President Mifflin that they had ass^nibled to receive his communications, 94 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. Washington arose and said that the events on which his resignation depended had taken place. He re- ferred to the reasons for his acceptance of the com- mand conferred upon him, and spoke of the suc- cessful termination of the war as having realized his most sanguine expectations; of his gratitude to divine Providence and to his countrymen, increasing upon every review; and of his good fortune in the choice of his confidential ofiicers, commending all then in service to the care of Congress, and tliex whole country to Almighty God. 4. Then, amidst a display of the most profound emotion, in the presence of the representatives of the nation and the brilliant assemblage of ladies and gentlemen who had thronged to witness the crowning act of a glorious career, Washington de- livered to the president his commission as con> mander-in-chief, and became once more a private citizen. An appropriate address from the j)resi- dent closed the impressive scene.*^ 5. At this time, William Paca, of Harford county, was governor of Maryland. At the April session of the General Assembly in 1783, acting upon a me- morial from the corporation of Annapolis, the two houses tendered to Congress, for the purposes of the national government, the use and possession of the State-house, the public square, the governor's house as a residence for the President, thirteen dwelling- houses to be built at the expense of the State, and jurisdiction over the city and people of Annapolis. HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 95 Congress, as we have seen, had adjourned to Annap- oKs, but in October it determined on the selection of a site on the Potomac near Georgetown. STATE CAPITOL, ANNAPOLIS. 6. In the November session of 1784 the subject ol internal improvements was taken up, and an act was passed establishing a company for opening and ex- tending the navigation of the river Potomac '•' from tide-water to the highest place practicable on the north branch, by dams, slack- water canals, etc." 96 HISiTORY OF MARYLAND. This would open a way of travel and transportation between the Atlantic and the AVest, leaving only forty miles of land-travel before reaching the Ohio. General Washington took great interest in this com- pany, and was made its first president. At a later date it was merged into the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company. 7. In 1785, General William Smallwood, of Revo- lutionary fame, was elected governor. He came from an old and prominent family of Charles county, and was a personal friend of Washington. He was a faithful, modest, and brave man, and was the first and highest officer appointed by Maryland at the breaking out of the war, during which he rose to the rank of major-general. At the expiration of his term as governor he was taken ill, and died on his way home from Annapolis. Through private sub- scription, a monument was erected over his grave in 1876. 8. During Governor Smallwood's administration the present Constitution of the United States was framed. In order to preserve the union of the States, it was believed that a stronger central government was necessary. Accordingly, delegates from five of\ the States met at Annapolis in September, 1786. They decided to recommend the calling of a con- vention to revise the Articles of Confederation. This convention met in Philadelphia in 1787, and after a stormy session agreed upon a new constitution, to be submitted to conventions called in the several States ; HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 97 if nine out of the thirteen should give their consent, it was to go into operation on the 4th of March, 1789. 9. On the 28th of April, 1788, the Constitution was adopted by the Maryland convention by a vote of sixty-three to eleven. Before the close of the year, eleven States had ratified the important instrument, thus securing its going into effect on the appointed day. Congress had fixed upon the first Wednesday in January, 1789, as the day for choosing presidential electors, and had selected New York as the place where the new government should assume its duties. When the electoral votes were counted, it was found that Washington was unanimously elected President of the United States. John Adams, by a majority vote, was chosen Vice-President. 10. In 1788, Colonel John Eager Howard became governor of Maryland. He was a native of Balti- more county, and had signally distinguished him- self during the Eevolution. Howard was a man whom the people delighted to honor, and whom they called on to fill the most important offices within their gift. Under his administration as governor, the Maryland representatives in Congress were au- thorized to cede to the United States, for the purposes of the general government, a district in the State not exceeding ten miles square. 11. In 1790, Congress accepted the proposal of Maryland, and appointed commissioners, who pro- ceeded to lay out a district ten miles square, on the Potomac, the site having been previously selected by 7 98 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. Washington. This district was not wholly within the limits of Maryland, but included a portion of Virginia, which was afterward ceded back to that State. The seat of government was then trans- ferred to Philadel]Dhia, where it was to remain till 1800, when it was to be permanently fixed at a new city to be located within this district, on the Maryland side of the Potomac, and to be called Washington. The district itself at first received the name of " The Territory of Columbia." QUESTIONS. 1. When was the treaty of peace between the United States and Great Britain signed ? What followed ? 2. How was Washington received at Annapolis ? 3. Give an account of his audience in Congress. 4. Give an account of his resignation as commander-in-chief. 5. What proposition was made to Congress by the Maryland Assembly? What was done by Congress? 6. What act was passed in 1784 ? What was the object of this undertaking ? 7. What is said of General Sraallwood? 8. What steps were taken in regard to the Articles of Confeder- ation? By the convention? 9. W^hen was the present Constitution of the United States adopted by Maryland ? When did it go into operation ? 10. What is said of Colonel Howard? Wliat was done during his administration ? 11. What was done by Congress in 1790? What did the district include ? What is said of the seat of government ? HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 99 CHAPTER XIX. WAR OF 1812. Federalists. Members of the political party which favored a strong general government. The An ti- Federalists wished to give more power to the State governments. Cockburn (Ko burn). Impress. To take by force for the public service. Flotilla, A fleet of small ves- sels. Ghent (gent), A fortified city of Belgium, thirty-one miles north-west of Brussels. 1, In 1793, Washington entered upon the second term of his Presidency. Political feeling between the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists began at this time to grow very bitter, and the bitterness was intensi- fied by the action of Genet, the French ambassador in the United States. Presuming upon the friend- ship of the country for France, he began to enlist soldiers and to fit out privateers against the English commerce. The President was displeased with his conduct, and was finally compelled to ask for his recall. In 1798 troubles again arose with France; war was threatened, and the United States forces were placed under the command of Washington, who designated John Eager Howard of Maryland as one of his brigadier-generals. 2. By this time the country at large was again prosperous. Credit had been established and pro- vision made for the public expenses and for the payment of the national debt. Agriculture and 100 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. commerce were in a thriving condition, and several new States had been added to the Union. In Mary- land much attention had been paid to internal im- provements. Turnpikes, public roads, and canals were projected, and the western part of the State was rapidly filling up with settlers. 3. In 1803-4, Maryland suffered severely from droughts, hail-storms, and floods, which destroyed large quantities of produce. During these years, also, epidemics of various kinds — one of which was known as " the plague " — carried off great numbers of people. In 1807 an act was passed to establish a' college of medicine in Baltimore. This afterward became part of the University of Maryland, created in 1812 under State patronage, and including colleges of arts and sciences, law, and divinity. 4. For- some time the conduct of Great Britain had been causing intense irritation throughout the country. England and France were at Avar, and in endeavoring to retaliate upon each other had resorted to various measures that wrought great injury to American commerce. France finally modified her oppressive enactments, so far as the United States was concerned, but England continued to seize. American vessels and impress American seamen. This finally led to a declaration of war by the United States, on the 19th of June, 1812. 5. This act did not meet with popular approval. It was generally condemned by the Federalists, chiefly on the ground of the unprepared condition HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 101 of the country. In Baltimore the Federal Republican violently denounced the war, and a riot ensued, in which the office of the newspaper was torn down and General Lingan killed. The military operations of the year, principally against the British in Canada, were signally unsuccessful, but the navy, by a series of brilliant victories, aroused the enthusiasm of the country ; and the war was approved by the re-election of Madison to the Presidency. 6. In April, 1813, Admiral Cockburn, in command of a British squadron, sailed up the Chesapeake. He plundered and burnt Frenchtown, Havre de Grace, Fredericktown, and Georgetown, at the head of the bay. Women and children did not escape savage and disgraceful outrages. Going down the bay, the enemy lit up its shores and waters by night with incendiary fires. During the whole year the British held a close blockade along the Atlantic coast. 7. In the middle of August, 1814, another British fleet, commanded by Admiral Cochrane, arrived in the Chesapeake, having on board a large body of troops under the command of General Eoss. This fleet was joined by the squadron under Admiral Cockburn. A detachment under Captain Gordon was sent up the Potomac, and another under Sir Peter Parker threatened Baltimore, while the main expedition proceeded up the Patuxent and landed the troops at Benedict. 8. One of the special objects of this expedition was the capture or destruction of the American flotilla, 102 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. which, under the command of Commodore Barney, had greatly harassed the British fleet. This flotilla had been for some time blockaded in the Patuxent, and on the approach of the enemy the commodore and his men abandoned their vessels and joined the land forces under the command of General Winder. The boats were then set on fire, to prevent their fall- ing into the hands of the British. 9. It soon became evident that the next object of - the British was the capture of Washington, but, in- stead of marching directly upon that city, they took the road to Bladensburg, where they arrived Augus^ 24th. Here they were met by the hastily-collected forces under General Winder ; but his raw militia could not be induced to attack the enemy, and they met with little resistance except from a few brave marines, under the gallant Barney, and a regiment of regulars. Barney was severely wounded, and fell into the hands of the British, who entered Wash- ington without further opposition. 10. Here they burned the Capitol, the President's house, and other public buildings, together with some private dwellings, after which they hastily retreated to the fleet, which was still in the Patuxent. While this was taking place, Alexandria was attacked by the expedition under Captain Gordon, and its shipping and merchandise were surrendered to the enemy. Sir Peter Parker was less successful. In attemjiting to surprise a company of militia in Kent county his troops were repulsed, and he himself was fatally wounded. HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 103 11. Baltimore was the next point of attack. In anticipation of this, large numbers of militia had collected to defend the city. They were placed under the command of General Samuel Smith, assisted by Generals Strieker and Winder. On the 12th of Sep- tember, Ross landed his troops at North Point, four- teen miles from the city, while the fleet moved up the Patapsco River to bombard Fort McHenry, then two miles from Baltimore, the entrance to which it guarded. General Strieker opposed the advance of General Ross, who was killed in the skirmish that ensued. The command of the British then devolved upon Colonel Brooke, and in the engagement which followed the Americans were forced to retire within their defences ; these, however, the British hesitated to attack. 12. On the evening of the 13th the bombardment of the fort commenced, and continued for thirty-six hours. The garrison, under Colonel Armistead, made a brave defence. During the night an assault Avas attempted by the enemy in boats and barges, but they were repulsed by the fire of the fort and bat- teries, and forced to retire with a heavy loss. After embarking the troops, the fleet on the 16th of Sep- tember sailed down the Chesapeake, destroying, as before, the property of the defenceless. On the 24th of December a treaty of peace was signed at Ghent. This treaty was ratified by the United States in Feb- ruary, 1815 ; and thus ended the second war with England. 104 HISTORY OF MARYLAjSID. 13. Just previous to the bombardment of Fort McHenry, Francis S. Key, under a flag of truce, had gone on board the enemy's flagship to obtain the release of a friend who had been arrested and was then confined on board the ship. Mr. Key was de- tained by the commander till after the bombardment. During the night he composed that noble national song " The Star-Spangled Banner," which has made his name famous. QUESTIONS. 1. What troubles arose with France during Washington's admin- istration ? 2. What was the condition of the country at this time? What had been done in Maryland? 8. What occurred in 1803 and 1804 ? AVhat is said of the college of medicine ? 4. What troubles arose with Great Britain and France ? What was the result ? 5. How was the declaration of war received ? What is said of the military and naval operations of 1812? 6. Give an account of Cockburn's expedition. 7. Give an account of Cochrane's expedition. 8. Give an account of the destruction of Commodore Barney's flotilla. 9. Describe the British march on Washington. Give an account of the battle at Bladensburg. 10. What was done by the British in Washington? By Captain Gordon? By Sir Peter Parker? 11. Describe the land attack on Baltimore. 12. Give an account of the bombardment of Fort McHenry. When and where was the treaty of peace signed ? 13. What is said of Francis S. Key ? HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 105 CHAPTER XX. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. Liberia. A republic on the west coast of Africa, founded as a colony of free blacks in 1820 by the American Coloni- zation Society. Apportionment. The act of assigning in just proportions or shares. Judiciary. The judges taken collectively. 1. The war of 1812 left the usual legacy of debt and depression ; it gained, however, for the United States the respect of Europe and a recognized place among the powers of the world. The States, relieved from the burden of conflict, once more turned their attention to internal improvements, and the immense natural resources of the country soon enabled it to recover its former prosperity. 2. The rich mines of iron-ore, the inexhaustible beds of coal, and the immense quantities of timber in the western part of Maryland made it highly im- portant that the early designs of the Potomac Com- pany should be fully carried out.' With this view, a convention of delegates from Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania w^as held in Washington City in No- vember, 1823, and in 1824 the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company was incorporated. It succeeded to the privileges of the old Potomac Company, and designed to construct a canal from the Ohio River to Georgetown, on the Potomac. 106 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 3. During the year 1824, La Fayette made a visit to the United States, more than forty years having elapsed since he fought by the side of Washington for American independence. He remained in the country somewhat over a year, and during that time RELAY-HOUSE STATION, BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD. , IS^ travel ed through all of the twenty- ^--**'^N..^ four States, being everywhere wel- comed with expressions of the ut- most gratitude and affection. Maryland received the " guest of the people " with distinguished honors, and by a special act of the Legislature he and his heirs for ever were made citizens of the State. 4. At this time railroads were coming into use. HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 107 The people of Baltimore, desirous of bringing di- rectly to their city the trade of the great West, which they feared would be diverted to other cities by the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, took steps toward the construction of a railroad from Baltimore to the Ohio River. In 1827 the Legislature granted a charter to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, and on the Fourth of July the following year the first stone of this great work was laid by the venerable Charles Carroll of Carrollton, who at that time had passed his ninetieth year. 5. At the session of 1831 the Legislature, " highly approving of African colonization," directed its treas- urer to pay one thousand dollars to the American Colonization Society for the settlement of free colored people in Africa, and provided for the payment of the same sum each year thereafter. At a later period a branch of this society was incorporated in Mary- land and established a colony in Liberia, to which the name of the State was given. 6. At the session of the Legislature in March, 1837, an act was passed amending the constitution and form of government of the State. It gave the election of the governor directly to the people, in- stead of to two electors from each county, as there- tofore. It also abolished the council to the governor and changed the apportionment of delegates. 7. In 1835 a serious riot occurred in Baltimore in connection with the suspension of the Bank of ^lar}^- land. Two years later a great national financial 108 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. crisis spread bankruptcy and distress throughout the country. Maryland had subscribed Hberally to the construction of public works, and now found her- self greatly embarrassed to meet her obligations; but through the wise and energetic measures rec- ommended by Governor Pratt her credit was restored and a loan negotiated in London. In 1844 the first telegraph-line in the country was constructed, from Baltimore to Washington. 8. In 1846 a war with Mexico followed the annex- ation of Texas to the United States. Foremost among the Maryland officers who distinguished themselves in this war was Major Samuel Ringgold, who was mortally wounded at Palo Alto while gallantly and effectively serving his battery of light artillery. Among the other brave officers who nobly sustained the reputation of their State were Colonel William H. Watson, who was killed at Monterey, Captain Oden Bowie, afterward governor of Maryland, Lieu- tenant Randolph Ridgeley, and Captain John Eager Howard, grandson of the Revolutionary hero. 9. The stone at the north-east corner of Maryland having been removed, a revision of the survey made by Mason and Dixon was determined upon in 1849. Commissioners were appointed by the States of Del- aware, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, who verified in all important points the work of their predecessors. As an evidence of the accuracy of the first survey, it may be stated that the changes made increased the area of Maryland by less than two acres.^ HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 109 10. In 1850 a convention met for the purpose of revising the State constitution. The principal changes were as follows : imprisonment for debt was abolished, lotteries were declared illegal, the judiciary was made elective by the people, biennial sessions of the Legis- lature were established, all fees of any office in excess of three thousand dollars were to be paid into the State treasury, and the representation of the coun- ties in the Legislature was conformed to the change in the population. 11. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was finished to the Ohio River by the end of 1852, and on New Year's day, 1853, the first train passed ove^^ the road. The president of the road at this time was Thomas Swann, afterward governor of the State, and it was largely owing to his energy and ability that this important work was successfully completed. QUESTIONS. 1. What results followed the close of the war of 1812? 2. What is said of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company ? 3. Give an account of La Fayette's visit to the United States. 4. Give an account of the organization of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company. 5. What was done in regard to African colonization ? 6. How was the State constitution amended in 1837 ? 7. Plow was Maryland afiected by the financial crisis of 1837 ? 8. What officers were distinguished in the war with Mexico? 9. Give an account of the revision of Mason and Dixon's survey. 10. What changes were made in the constitution in 1850? 11. When was the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad completed? What is said of its president at that time? J 10 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. CHAPTER XXI. THE CIVIL WAR. Confederate. United in a league. Raid. A sudden and rapid in- vasion of a cavalry-force. Federal. Composed of a union of states or districts which re- tain only a subordinate and limited sovereignty. 1. A CRITICAL period in the history of the country was now approaching. From the beginning there had been a wide difference of opinion as to the rights which should be retained by the States and those which should be delegated to the United States. The violent agitation of the slavery question at this time united the South in asserting the supremacy of " State rights," and in claiming protection to slavery. On the other hand, the people of the North generally favored a strong central government, and were op- posed, if not to the existence of slavery, at least to its further extension. 2. Various conflicting measures on the part of Congress and of the individual States tended to widen the breach between the North and the South, and the election of President Lincoln, in 1860, by the votes of the Northern States alone, brought mat- ters to a crisis. In December, South Carolina with- drew from the Union, and by the middle of 1861 eleven States had seceded, and had organized a sepa- -«r HISTORY OF MARYLAND. Ill rate government, called The Confederate States of America, of which Richmond became the capital. In April the Confederates captured Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, and President Lincoln at once issued a call for seventy-five thousand troops. ,3. Maryland had always been a stanch supporter of the Union, yet, as a slaveholding State, many of her people were naturally in sympathy with the South. In addition, the geographical position of the State made its possession a matter of great import- ance to the Confederate government, as the leading highways to the North were through its territory and the national capital was within its limits. The same reasons, however, prompted the United States govern- ment to make every eflbrt to prevent the State from seceding ; and this condition of affairs, together with the belief that the destruction of every material in- terest would follow secession, led to the endeavor on the part of Maryland to assume a neutral position between the two contending parties. 4. In the midst of the intense excitement following the fall of Fort Sumter, a Massachusetts regiment, in passing through Baltimore on its way to Washington, was assailed by a mob ; and a terrible riot ensued, j,n which a number of lives were lost on each side. To prevent further scenes of violence, the authorities de- stroyed the bridges north and east of the city, which obliged the troops to seek other routes to Washington. At the request of the governor of the State and the mayor of Baltimore, the President ordered that there 112 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. should be no further transportation of troops through that city. 5. Soon after this, General B. F. Butler was placed in command of the Military Department of Annap- olis, which also included the Washington Railroad as far as Bladensburg. In May he occupied Federal Hill, on which batteries were afterward erected com- manding the city of Baltimore. In the mean time, a special session of the Legislature had been called, and resolutions were passed protesting against the war and favoring neutrality on the part of Mary- land. In September the members from Baltimore city and county were arrested and imprisoned by order of the Secretary of War. 6. The regular election for governor and members of the State Legislature was held in November, and Augustus W. Bradford, the Union candidate, was elected governor by a large majority. The new Legislature, in a series of resolutions addressed to the United States Senate, declared their attachment to the Union and approved of the course pursued by the President, but at the same time called attention to the dangers growing out of the use of such ex- treme measures as those to which the State had been subjected. They also appropriated seven thousand dollars for the relief of the families of the Massachu- setts volunteers who were killed or wounded in Balti- more on the 19th of April. 7. During this time there had been numerous battles, principally in Virginia and Missouri, result- HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 113 ing in great sacrifice of life and property. The year 1861, however, was virtually one of preparation for the terrific struggle that was to follow. In the fall of 1862, General Lee, having thwarted the efibrts of the Federal forces to capture Richmond, crossed the Potomac below Harper's Ferry with a large army and occupied the city of Frederick. On the 14th of September he was attacked at South Mounta-in by General McClellan, and defeated. 8. General Lee then retreated to the Potomac and took up a position at Sharpsburg, with Antietam Creek in front. Here he was joined by General Jackson, who had just eflPected the capture of Har- per's Ferry ; and on the 17th of September the great battle of Antietam was fought. The Confederates were considerably outnumbered, but withstood the Federal attacks during the entire day ; and the loss on each side was over ten thousand men in killed, wounded, and prisoners. On the 18th neither army was in condition to renew the confiict, and during the night General Lee retired from the field and recrossed th-e Potomac into Virginia. 9. In June, 1863, General Lee again invaded Maryland, with greater numbers than before. Cross- ing the Potomac in Washington count}^, at Williams- port, he marched through the State into Pennsylvania. Strict orders were issued to respect private propert}^ but the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, being in the service of the United States, was destroyed from Cum- berland to Harper's Ferry. At Gettysburg, in Penn- 114 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. sylvania, the Confederate army was confronted by the Union forces under the command of General Meade, and was defeated after a terrible battle which con- tinued during the 1st, 2d, and 3d of July. On the night of the 4th, General Lee commenced his retreat to Virginia. 10. Maryland was again invaded in the summer of 1864, by General Early, with a force of twenty thousand men. On the 9th of July he met and de- feated General Wallace at the Monocacy River, near the city of Frederick. Soon after, he threatened Fort Stevens, one of the defences of Washington ; but, re- inforcements arriving, he was compelled to retreat across the Potomac. During this raid the citizens of Frederick were obliged to pay two hundred thou- ..sand dollars to save their town from destruction, and a contribution of one hundred thousand dollars in money and goods was levied on the citizens of Hagerstown. 11. In April, 18G4, a convention was held for the further revision of the State constitution. By this convention a registration of voters was provided for, the principle of representation according to popula- tion was adopted, the power of appointing magistrate^ was restored to the governor, and a State board of education was created, consisting of the governor, the lieutenant-governor, the speaker of the House of Delegates, and the State superintendent of education. It was also declared "that hereafter, in this State, there shall bo neither slavery nor involuntary servi^ HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 115 tilde, except in punishment of crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted ; and all persons held to service or labor as slaves are hereby declared free." 12. On the 9th of April, 1865, General Lee surren- dered to the Army of the Potomac, commanded by General Grant; and a few weeks later saw the termi- nation of the most desperate conflict of modern times. In spite of the prophecies of other nations to the con- trary, the armies of the North and the South were disbanded ra^^idly and without disturbance, and at the close of the year most of the soldiers had re- turned to their homes and quietly resumed the occupations of peace. QUESTIONS. 1. What state of feeling existed previous to the civil Avar? 2. What brought matters to a crisis? When was secession effected? What occurred in April, 18G1 ? 3. What was the position of Maryland at the beginning of the civil war? 4. Give an account of the riot in Baltimore, 5. What was done by General Butler? By the State Legislature? 6. What was the result of the November election ? What Avas done by the new Legislature? 7. What is said of the events of 1861 ? What occurred in the fall of 1862? 8. Give an account of the battle of Antietam. 9. What occurred during the second invasion of Maryland ? Give an account of tlie battle of Gettysburg. 10. Give an account of General Early's invasion of Maryland. 11. What was done by the convention of 1864? 12. Give ai\ account of the surrender of General Lee. 116 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. CHAPTER XXII. NEW STATE CONSTITUTION. Comptroller (kon-troFler). A title given to a public officer whose duty it is to examine and certify accounts. Circuit (sir^kit). A division of a state or a country established by law for a judge or judges to visit for the administration of justice. Supreme bench. The persons who sit as judges of the supreme court. Fiscal. Pertaining to the pub- lic treasury or revenue. 1. The people of the Confederate States had suf- fered most severely by the war. To alleviate in some measure their wide-spread distress, the ladies of Balti- more organized a Southern relief society, and in 1866 opened a fair, which realized a large sum of money. Other States and countries joined in the good work, and George Peabody, a former resident of Baltimore, then living in London, contributed the immense sum of two million dollars as a fund for the establishment and support of schools throughout the South. 2. In addition to this, he munificently endowed the institute which bears his name, and which was in- augurated in October, 1866. The object of the Pea- body Institute is to provide for the citizens of Balti- more a free library and gallery of art, together with courses of lectures and an academy of music. Mr. Peabody also gave liberally to the Maryland Histor- ical Society, and the greater part of his vast fortune HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 11? was distributed for benevolent purposes. He died, universally regretted, in 1869. 3. In 1867 the present State constitution was adopted, that of 1864 being unsatisfactory to the people. The government consists of three branches — legislative, executive, and judicial. For political purposes, the State is divided into twenty-three counties, which constitute six congressional dis- tricts, eight judicial districts, and twenty -six sena- torial districts. The counties are subdivided into election districts, and the election districts into school districts. 4-. The legislative department consists of a Senate and a House of Delegates, and is styled the General Assembly of Maryland. The Senate is composed of twenty-six members, one from each county and three from Baltimore City. They are elected for four years, one-half of the number being chosen every second year. The House of Delegates consists of ninety-one members, elected for two y^ars. Sessions of the Gen- eral Assembly are held biennially, and cannot be ex- tended over ninety days. Extra sessions may be convened by proclamation of the governor, but such sessions shall not continue longer than thirty days. 5. The executive department consists of a governor, a secretary of state, a comptroller of the treasury, a treasurer, and an attorney -general. The governor, attorney -general, and comptroller are elected by the people — the first two for four years, the latter for two years. The treasurer is elected by the General 118 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. Assembly for two years. The governor appoints a secretary of state, commissioner of the Land-office, State hbrarian, and State board of education. A tax commissioner is elected by the board of public works. 6. The judicial department consists of a court of appeals, circuit courts, special courts for Baltimore City, orphans' courts, and justices of the peace. The court of appeals is composed of the chief-judges of the first seven judicial circuits and a judge specially elected in the city of Baltimore. The governor des- ignates the chief-justice of this court from among this number. 7. In the city of Baltimore there is a special system of courts, consisting of the supreme bench, the supe- rior court, court of common pleas, city court, circuit court, and criminal court. The judges of all these courts are elected by the people, and hold office for fifteen years. Each count}^, and also the city of Balti- more, has an orphans' court, composed of three judges elected for four years. Justices of the peace are ap- pointed by the governor, and constables are appointed by the county commissioners and by the ma3^or and Council of Baltimore City. They hold office for two years. 8. Each county in the State elects the following officers for the term designated : a clerk of the circuit court and a register of w^ills, wdio acts also as clerk of the orphans' court, six years ; a board of county commissioners, two to six years; sheriff, two years; State's attorney, four years ; and surveyor, two years. HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 119 Other county officers are tax-collectors, in some coun- ties treasurers, board of school commissioners, and county examiner of schools. The county commis- sioners have control of the fiscal affairs of the county, its roads, paupers, etc., and they appoint a clerk, tax- collector, constables, judges of elections, and road su- pervisors. Maryland constitutes part of the Fourth Judicial Circuit of the United States. 9. The new constitution was adopted by over twenty thousand majority, and Oden Bowie, who had served with honor in the Mexican war, was elected the first governor under its provisions, in November, 1867. In the following July a tremendous flood oc- curred in the valley of the Patapsco, resulting in seri- ous loss of life and great damage to property. The lower parts of the city of Baltimore were submerged, and at Ellicott City thirty -four lives were lost. 10. The Legislature of 1870 was composed entirely of members belonging to one political party. It re- fused by a unanimous vote to accept the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. This amendment, however, having received the assent of the requisite number of States, became part of the Constitution, and, in consequence, of "the supreme law of the State." Under its provisions the colored population of the State are entitled to all political^ privileges. QUESTIONS. 1. Give an account of the Southern Relief Society. What was done by George Peabody ? 120 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 2. What is said of the Peabody Institute ? 3. When was the present State constitution adoptwl ? How is the State divided for political purposes ? 4. Of wliat does the legislative department consist? 5. What constitutes the executive department ? 6. Of what does the judicial department consist? 7. What is said of the courts of the city of Baltimore ? 8. What officers are elected in each county, and for how long ? 9. What is said of Governor Bowie ? Of the great flood of 1867 ? 10. Give an account of the Legislature of 1870. Of the Fifteenth Amendment. CHAPTER XXIII. RECENT EVENTS. Legend (le^jend). An inscrip- tion on a medal or a coat of arms. Civic. Kelating to a city or citizen. Romanesque (ro-man- esk^). The style of architecture adopt- ed by the later Roman empire. Colossal. On a large scale; aigantic. 1. In 1875 the new city-hall of Baltimore — one of. the finest structures of the kind in the country — was. appropriately dedicated. The building is faced with white marble from the quarries of Baltimore county, and cost nearly two and one-half millions of dollars to erect. A year later the Johns Hopkins University was opened. This institution was established in ac- cordance with the will of Johns Hopkins, a wealthy citizen of Baltimore, who died in 1873 and left a be- quest of six millions of dollars to found a university and a hospital. The magnificent hospital buildings HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 121 were completed some years later, and are admirably arranged for the purpose for which they were de- signed. A home for colored orphans was also in- cluded in the provisions of Mr. Hopkins's will. 2. By a resolution of the General Assembly in 1876, the great seal of the State was altered so as to conform to the seal furnished the province in 1648 by Cecilius, Lord Baltimore. The motto is " Fatti maschii, parole femine " — " manly deeds, wom- anly words," or, by a more liberal rendering, " cour- age and courtesy." The legend surrounding the shield — " Scuto house voluntatis tuss corondsti nos " — is translated "Thou hast crowned us with the shield of thy favor," referring to the kindness and lib- erality of the king to Lord Baltimore. 3. The first great seal of Maryland was brought over by Leonard Calvert in 1634, and was taken from the province by Richard Ingle during the Claiborne rebellion. In 1648, Lord Baltimore issued a new seal, which was lost or stolen during the government of Crom- well's commissioners. Another was sent over in 1658, and was used until 1726, Avhen a different seal was substituted. In 1765, however, the former seal was resumed, and continued in use, with some later STATE SEAL. 122 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. modifications, until the act of Assembly restored the original. The great seal is committed to the care of the governor, and is kept in the executive chamber of the State-house, at Annapolis. 4. In 1877 an extensive " strike " of the railroad- men commenced on the Baltimore and Ohio road, and rapidly extended throughout the country. Great damage was done to railroad property through the riots which ensued, and travel and transportation were seriously interfered with. Military force was finally resorted to, and after considerable bloodshed the riots were suppressed. Owing to the promptness of the military movements in Maryland, less destruc- tion occurred there than in some other States. 5. In 1880 the city of Baltimore celebrated the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of her foundation. The precise date of that event was January 12th, but, in order to have a favorable season for outdoor dem- onstrations, October was designated as the time for the celebration. The festivities began on the 11th, and ended on the 19th with a grand illumination of the city. A leading feature of the various civic pro- cessions was the illustration of progress as shown in the contrast between the rude appliances of the early colonial days and the labor-saving inventions of modern science. The colors of the Calvert family — black and orange — were everywhere profusely dis- played. 6. Early in the year 1882, Mr. Enoch Pratt, a mer- chant of Baltimore, gave to that city over a million HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 123 dollars to secure an annuity for a free library which he designed to found and equip. The building for the library — which is now in successful operation — was completed in 1885. It is of the Romanesque style of architecture, and contains space for two hun- dred thousand volumes. 7. In 1882 a monument was dedicated in Balti- more to Colonel Armistead, who commanded Fort McHenry during its bombardment by the British fleet in 1814. On account of its numerous memo- rials of this character, Baltimore is often called the " Monumental City." The Battle Monument — erected to the memory of those who fell at the battle of North Point in de- fence of the city — was raised in 1815. The Washington Monument was com- pleted in 1829; it consists of a lofty column of white marble surmounted by a colossal statue of Washington. In 1883 provision was made for raising a monument at An- napolis in honor of Baron de Kalb, and in 1886 the General Assembly appropriated fifteen thousand dollars for the erection BATTLE MONUMENT, BALTIMORE. 124 HISIORY OF MARYLAND. in Baltimore of a similar testimonial in memory of Francis Scott Key.^ 8. In 1884 the General Assembly authorized and directed the Governor to issue a proclamation annually designating a day in April for the planting of forest trees by the people, this day to be known and desig- nated as "Arbor Day." The General Assembly recommended that par- ents, and teachers in the public schools, " encour- age their children, or those under their influ- ence, to plant, or trans- plant, at least one forest shade tree on that day by the side of a public road or about their jfj^ school-houses or homes." 9. In 1891, on the site of the ancient set- tlement of St. Mary's, a monument was erected to the memory of Leonard Calvert, the first proprietary governor of Maryland. This monument is a shaft of American granite, thirty- Calvert Monument. HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 125 six feet high, bearing the coat of arms of the State, together with appropriate inscriptions. On the 3d of June it was unveiled, with simple but impressive ceremonies, in the presence of the Governor of the State and other distinguished citizens. 10. In 1891 six amendments to the State Constitu- tion which had been passed by the General Assembly in 1890 were submitted to the vote of the people at the general election, November 3. Five of these amendments were adopted, and were declared part of the Constitution by the Governor's proclamation issued December 3, 1891. 11. The General Assembly of 1894 designated November 23 as a bank half-holiday in Frederick County under the title of " Kepudiation Day," in commemoration of the repudiation of the Stamp Act in 1765 by the court of said county, this being the first official repudiation of the act that England sought to impose upon the American colonies. 12. September 12, 1894, was the hundredth anni- versar}^ of the transfer of the defences on AVhetstone Point, now Fort McHenry, by the State of Maryland to the United States government. This fort, which successfully defended Baltimore from the attack of the British fleet in 1814, was named in honor of James McHenry of Baltimore, the first Secretary of War under President Washington. 13. By vote of the electors of Charles County taken June 4, 1895, the county seat was changed from Port Tobacco, where it had been located since 126 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 1658, to La Plata. The latter is on the line of the Baltimore and Potomac railroad, which runs through Charles County near the centre. 14. August 27, 1895, was the one hundred and nineteenth anniversary of the battle of Long Island, wherein such conspicuous braver}^ was shown by Gist's battalion of less than four hundred men of Smallwood's Maryland regiment. {See jiage 81, § 7.) General Stirling, having ordered a retreat, placed himself at the head of these sons of Maryland, and the little band prepared for assault upon five times their number of the troops under Cornwallis. For four hours the}^ held the enemy in check, and thus secured the safe retreat of Washington's army across Gowanus Creek. From an eminence within the Amer- ican lines General Washington witnessed the dreadful massacre, and exclaimed, in agony of heart, " Good God ! what brave fellows must I this day lose !" Like the three hundred Spartans at Thermopylse, nearly every one of these soldiers laid down his life for his country, only nine of the survivors having escaped across the creek. 15. In commemoration of this heroic achievement, the Maryland Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, in August, 1895, dedicated a beautiful monument of polished granite and marble, which they had erected in Prospect Park, Brooklyn, near the scene of the patriotic sacrifice in Eevolutionary days. [See frontispiece^ ^° The following verses were written for the occasion by Mr. J'rank Squier : HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 127 The daisy was red on tliat August day, The buttercup yellow was stained with blood ; Their young lives went out in that dreadful fray, As fought by the side of the tide at the flood. The daisy to-day is snowy white, The buttercup yellow is bright as gold, But the song and story of that fearful fight For long, long ages will still be told ; And not till our country has passed away Shall be forgotten that August day. 16. On November 5, 1895, Lloyd Lowndes of Alle- gany County was elected governor by tlie Eepubli- cans, who also elected their entire State ticket, a majority of the House of Delegates, and the Mayor and a majority of the City Council of Baltimore. In this city a dispute soon arose between the Ma^^or and the Republican members of the City Council, who not only refused to confirm the Mayor's appointees, but also passed over his veto ordinances depriving him of the power of appointment and vesting the same in their own body. In a case growing out of this difficulty, the Court of Appeals decided that these ordinances were illegal. In April, 1897, how- ever, this Court decided that the appointment of School Commissioners was legally vested in the City Council, there being a clearly defined line of dis- tinction between this and the former case. 17. The most important laws passed at the session of the General Assembly in 1896 were the Assess- ment Law, the Election Law, the Free School-book 128 HISTORY OF 3IARYLAND. Law, and the act submitting the merit system of appointment to office to the vote of the people, No- vember, 1897, in the form of a constitutional amend- ment. The Free School-book Law has not been satisfactory, owing to the insufficiency of the appro- priation of money to supply free books in all the grades of the State public schools. , 18. At the Presidential election in 1896, the Republican.^ again carried the State of Maryland, thus recording the eight electoral votes of the State for William McKinley. In the city of Baltimore the election also went largely Republican — that party electing a large majority of the First Branch of the City Council, and an additional judge on the Supreme^ Bench of the city. 19. More than two centuries and a half have elapsed since the Ark and the Dove disembarked at- St. Mary's the handful of adventurous spirits who sought security and religious freedom in the New World. The province founded in the spirit of justice and toleration has become a great and prosperous commonwealth, and the few struggling colonies in existence along the Atlantic have grown into a mighty empire stretching from sea to sea. Regard- ing the wonderful growth both of the State and of the nation, Maryland may well adopt the higher meaning of the legend on her great seal of state: "Thou hast crowned us with the shield of Thy favor." I- HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 129 QUESTIONS. 1. Describe the city hall. Johns Hopkins University and hos- pital. 2. Describe the great seal of the State. 3. Give its history. 4. Give an account of the railroad "strike" in 1877. 5. Describe the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the founding of Baltimore. 6. What was done by Mr. Enoch Pratt in 1882? 7. What is said of the monuments of Baltimore City? 8. When is ''Arbor Day" ?— How observed? 9. Give an account of the Calvert monument at St. Mary's. 10. When and how were constitutional amendments made? 11. When is " Kepudiation Day"?— Why established? 12. What is said of Fort McHenry? 13. What change was made in the county seat of Charles County ? 14. Describe the conduct of Maryland soldiers at the battle of Long Island. 15. When and where was a monument erected and dedicated to their memory ? Eecite poem. 16. What was the result of the State elections of 1895 ? What occurred in Baltimore? 17. What important laws were passed by the General Assembly of 1896? 18. What of the elections of 1896? 19. What is said of the progress of the State and of the Nation ? NOTES. 1. Page 19, par. 9. Mean Temperature of Maryland by Climatic Divisions. Eastern Maryland .... Southern Maryland . . . Western Maryland .... Northern Central Maryland Spring. 51.7° 53.1° 49.4° 50.6° Summer. 74.5° 75.5° 717° 73.5° Autumn. 55.8° 57.2° 52.7° 54.3° Winter. 36.1° 36.9° 31.7° 33.1° 2. Page 59, par. 5. Commerce of Baltimore, 1896. Leading Exports. Corn 25,599,875 bu. Oats . 6,701,171 " Wheat 6,558,455 " Flour 3,025,017 bbl. Canned goods . . . $1,458,196 Tobacco leaf . . . 74,218,390 lbs. Petroleum (Kef.) . 45,276,688 gal. Lard 87,973,467 lbs. Lumber 45,253,000 ft. Copper . . • ... 81,392,574 lbs. Glucose 10,000,567 " Beef (fresh) . . . 10,410,180 " Cured meats . . . 47,581,864 " Tallow 9,185,695 " Hams 2,320,341 " Oleo. oil 26,386,572 '* Leading hnports. Iron ore 365,903 tons. Tin plate .... 17,626,109 lbs. Eice 7,666,375 " Coffee 17,916,180 *' Cement 119,999,442 " Muriate of soda . 11,988,454 " Sugar 36,993,831 " Brimstone . . Salt Licorice root Chloride of lime Caustic soda . . Soda ash . . . 10,385 tons. 20,301 " 3,401,771 lbs. 8,775,618 " 3,670,093 " 33,742,576 " The Custom House receipts for 1896 amounted to $2,262,007. 3. Page 75, par. 5. October 19 is the anniversary of the burning of the brig Peggy Stewart in 1774 at Annapolis by her owner, Alexander Stewart. In commemoration of this event this day is ^ow 131 132 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. called "Peggy Stewart's Day" in Maryland, and is appropri- ately celebrated each recurring year by the Maryland Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. 4. Page 90, par. 4. A granite block, dedicated to the memory of the soldiers of the Maryland line, who made the famous charge at Guilford, in North Carolina, has been erected on the battle-field by the Historical Society of Maryland. 5. Page 92, par. 11. In 1896 the assessed value of property in Maryland, for State taxation, was $540,461,747, of which amount $293,398,275 was credited to the city of Baltimore. These figures show an increase of $61,993,719, or nearly 13 per cent., for the last twenty years. The amount of State tax levied on this assessment, at the rate of 17f cents on each hundred dollars, was $959,319.53. The funded debt of the State on September 30, 1896, was $9,284,986.24. This was offset by productive and sinking-fund investments amounting to $5,946,433.11, leaving a net indebtedness of $3,338,553.13. 6. Page 94, par. 4. Gen. Bradley T. Johnson, of Baltimore, in a recent address on the State House of Maryland, said it was the most interesting to him of all the historical places in America. It is associated with more patriotic traditions than Faneuil Hall or Carpenters' Hall. Its predecessor was built soon after the Protestant revolu- tion and the accession of William and Mary in England, and was named " The State House" in honor of the Dutch King. It has been 'Hhe State House" ever since. While in other States the government building is the capitol, in Maryland alone it is " the State House." General Johnson gave the interesting programme of the ceremonies when the Congress sat covered and George AVashington stood uncovered and resigned his commission. He bowed when he was retiring after the address, while the Congress returned the courtesy by uncovering without bowing. General. Johnson said that the Marylanders hoped at some future time to restore the Senate chamber as it was December 23, 1783. It will be remembered that the chamber was put in its present shape during the administration of Governor Carroll. NOTES. 133 7. Page 105, par. 2. The eastern and southern parts of Maryland lie in the Atlantic Coast Plain. The chief mineral deposits of this section of the State are sand, marl, iron ore, and brick-, potter's-, and fire-clay. West of this region is the Piedmont Plateau, comprising all or the greater part of Baltimore, Carroll, Frederick, Harford, Howard, and Montgomery counties. Here are found granite, gneiss, slate, limestone, sandstone, serpentine, flint, feldspar, kaolin, and mica, together with marble and iron ore of superior quality. Ores of gold, copper, chrome, lead, and zinc also occur. West of the Piedmont Plateau are the parallel ranges of the Appalachian region, embracing Washington, Allegany, and Garrett counties and part of Frederick. The mineral products of this section are sandstone, limestone, cement, fire-clay, iron ore, and coal. The latter is found in immense deposits in Allegany and Garrett counties. It is of the semi-bituminous variety, and is extensively used for domestic and manufacturing purposes and by ocean steamers. 8. Page 108, par. 9. The Maryland Geological Survey has undertaken ' the investi- gation of the magnetic conditions afiecting that part of the earth's crust within the borders of Maryland. These investigations include the most detailed magnetic survey yet undertaken in America. They will be of great practical benefit to land sur- veyors, as they will determine for all parts of the State the magnetic declination or variation of the compass, which ranges from about 6° west of a true north and south line in the north- eastern corner of the State, to about 2° west in the northwestern part. The Maryland Legislature in 1870 authorized the county commissioners to erect near the court house in each county, for the use of surveyors, two stone pillars, 100 feet apart, on the true meridian or north and south line. This line is determined by astronomical observations. 9. Page 124, par. 7. The appropriation for the Key monument by the General Assembly of 1886 is conditional on subscriptions from other sources aggregating $35,000 having been paid in, and the work of buildino; said monument beo;un. This additional amount has 134 HISTORY OP MARYLAND. not yet been subscribed. The General Assembly of 1896 also appropriated $5000 to aid in the erection of a monument to the poet at Frederick. This monument consists of a circular pedes- tal of granite thirteen feet high surmounted by a bronze statue of Key, nine feet high. It is to be completed in time for unveil- ing, June 14, 1898. The site selected is an elevated plat facing the main entrance to Mt. Olivet Cemetery. The bodies of Key and his w^ife will rest beneath the monument. 10. Page 126, par. 15. In February, 1897, marble tablets commemorating the valor of the Marylanders who fell in the defence of Long Island were placed in the sidewalks of Brooklyn near the localities where they fought and died. One of these is on Third Avenue between Seventh and Eighth streets, and another near the corner of Fifth Avenue and Third Street. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF MARYLAND PATRIOTS, STATESMEN, THEOLO- GIANS, AND PHILANTHROPISTS. Joshua Barney, a commander in the United States navy, was born in Baltimore, July 6, 1759. He early manifested an inclination for a sea-life, and made sev- eral voyages before he was sixteen years old. In 1775 he was master's mate on the sloop-of-war Hornet, and, while recruiting for volunteers, carried the first United States flag ever displayed in Maryland. At the age of seventeen he was made lieutenant for gallant conduct. He was engaged in many naval fights during the Revolutionary war, and was twice taken prisoner. He was kept in England for some time, but at length es- caped, and reached Philadelphia in March, 1782. He was at once appointed to the command of the Hyder Ally, a small vessel of sixteen guns, with which he captured the British war-vessel General Monk, of twenty guns, after a fight of less than half an hour. In 1795 he was appointed captain in the French navy, but in 1800 he resigned his commission and returned home. During the war of 1812 he commanded the Chesapeake flotilla. He also took part in the battle of Bladensburg, in which he was severely wounded. 135 136 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. In 1815 he was sent on a mission to Europe. He died in 1819, while on his way to Kentucky, aged sixty years. He was a thorough seaman, of indomitable courage, rough and impetuous, but possessed of good principles and a kind heart. Commodore Barney was in public service forty-one years, fought twenty-six battles, and was voted a sword by the Legislature of Pennsylvania, and one by the cor- poration of Washington. Charles Carroll of Carrollton was born at Annap- olis, September 20, 1737, and died November 14, 1832. He was a patriot of the American Revolution, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, and the last survivor of that eminent band, having lived to see the republic increase in popula- tion from three millions to over thirteen millions. He was educated in France. His vast estate made him in 1776 the richest man in America ; but he risked all his wealth in the cause of political free- dom, urging the people to resistance and advising the burning of a vessel which had brought tea into the harbor of Annapolis. In 1775 he was a member of the committee of obser- vation, and a delegate to the provincial convention. In 1776 he went with Dr. Franklin, Judge Chase, and Rev. John — afterward Archbishop — Carroll, to induce the Canadians to unite witli the colonies. When he signed the Declaration, he appended the name of his CHARLES CARROLL. BIOGnAPHlCAL NOTICES. 137 estate to his signature, so that no other of the numerous family of Carrolls might suffer by his act. In 1788 he was elected a senator of the United States, and he con- tinued in public life till 1810, when he retired and de- voted himself to the care of his estate. On the Fourth of July, 1828, he laid the corner-stone of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, in the presence of a vast concourse of citizens. He died in the ninety-sixth year of his age, honored and revered by the American people. John Carroll^ born at Upper Marlboro' in 1735, was an eminent prelate of the Roman Catholic Church, and the first archbishop of that Church in the United States. He was educated in France, and when ordained a priest gave his estate to his brother and took the vow of poverty required by the Society of the Jesuits. At the outbreak of the Revolution he left an honor- able position in England, and returned to America to share the trials of his coun- trymen. He went with his cousin, Charles Carroll of Car- rollton, Samuel Chase, and Benjamin Franklin, on a mis- sion to Canada, returning home with the latter, with whom he formed a warm and enduring friendship. He was consecrated bishop in 1789, in England, with the title of bishop of Baltimore. He Avas of a kind and liberal spirit, and was loved and respected by all denominations of Chris- tians. He died December 3, 1815, at the age of eighty ARCHBISHOP CARROLL. 108 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. years. During his episcopate the cathedral in Baltimore was begun. This was for many years the most costly ecclesiastical building in the United States. It contains two valuable paintings presented by the king of France. Samuel Chase, a signer of the Declaration of In- dependence, and a judge of the United States supreme court, was born in Somerset county in 1741. The son of an Episcopal clergyman, he received a thorough edu- cation, and at the age of twenty years began the practice of the law in Annapolis. He was an ardent patriot, a leader of the friends of liberty, and a member of the Continental Congress of 1774. In 1776 he went with the Carrolls and Franklin on the mission to Canada. On his return he traveled through Maryland, arousing the people to resist British oppression. Through his eloquence and influence the delegates were instructed to vote for the Declaration, of which he was the ardent supporter. In 1783 he went as commissioner to England to re- cover funds belonging to Maryland, and secured pay- ment of six hundred and fifty thousand dollars. He was made chief-justice of the State court, and in 1796 was aj^pointed by Washington an associate justice of the supreme court. In 1804 he was impeached for misdemeanor in conducting political trials, but was acquitted by the Senate. The reputation of Samuel Chase is that of a pure pa- triot and a learned judge, although he was sometimes overbearing and irascible. No statesman of the Revolu- tion was more earnest, or contributed more to secure for his State the noble record which she won in the great struggle for independence. He died June 19, 1811, aged seventv. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 139 Thomas John Claggett was born October 2, 1743, near Nottingham, Prince George coiint}^ He was the son of the Rev. Thomas Claggett, who died rector of William and Mary parish, Charles county, in August, 1756. His mother died soon after his birth. Left thus early an orphan, he was placed under the care of the Rev. Mr. Eversfield, his uncle, rector of the parish where he was born. After having been prepared therefor at the Lower Marlboro' Academy, in Calvert county, he entered Princeton College, New Jer- sey, where he graduated in September, 1764. Having pursued a course of theological study under Mr. Evers- field, he repaired to Eng- land, and was ordained there as deacon by the bishop of London, September 20, 1767, and as priest, October 11. 1767. Bishop Claggett's ancestor Thomas Claggett had come over from England and set- tled in Calvert county in 1671. He was the son of Colonel Edward Claggett, of BISHOP CLAGGETT. London, a maternal ancestor of whom had been lord mayor of London, and a paternal ancestor lord mayor of Canterbury. Finding descend- ants of his ancient relatives in England, ]\Ir. Claggett prolonged his stay there nearly a year, with great pleas- ure and advantage to himself On his return to Maryland, in the spring of 1768, he was placed in charge of St. Ann's church, Annapolis, during a vacancy in the rectorship, and in March, 1769, he became rector of All Saints parish, Calvert county. 140 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. There very early in his ministry he succeeded in build- ing a large new church, which still remains. Soon after this he married Miss Gantt, the daughter of one of his parishioners. Mr. Claggett had entered the ministry in the trou- blous and exciting times preceding the Revolution ; and when it began, he was found on the side of American liberty, and was placed on the county committee of cor- respondence. When, however, the convention wished to absolve the clergy from their canonical oaths, he refused to comply, and for some time performed the usual ser- vices at the point of the bayonet, but soon removed to his estate in Prince George county. On the death of the old rector, he took charge of the parish, though he had been invited to the charge of Queen Caroline parish, in Anne Arundel, and to that also of St. Thomas, Baltimore county. The result of the contest with Great Britain he hailed as a " glorious revolution." In 1786 he became rector of St. James parish, Anne Arundel county, and while there, in 1792, was made bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Maryland. Soon after this he re- moved to his estate in Prince George, where he was also again rector of the parish. He suffered in his later years from frequent attacks of illness, but continued in his episcopate till his death, which took place in 1816, at the age of seventy -three. John Eager Howard. — This renowned Revolu- tionary soldier and statesman was born in Baltimore county, June 4, 1752. In 1776 he commanded a com- pany in the flying-camp under General Mercer, and took part in the battle of White Plains. He was Avith General Washington, as major of a Maryland regiment, in the battles of Germantown and Monmouth. As BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 141 lieutenant-colonel he was with De Kalb in the South, and fought at Camden, South Carolina. At the battle of Cowpens, January 17, 1781, he turned the fortune of the day, and secured a victory for the Americans, by a gallant bayonet-charge. This was the first occasion during the war in which the bayonet was effectively used by the Americans. At one period of the day Colonel Howard held the swords of seven British officers who had surrendered to him. In testimony of his valor, he received from Congress a silver medal. He commanded the Second Maryland Regiment at Eutaw Springs. In the effort to dislodge the enemy, his command was reduced to himself, a single commis- sioned officer, and thirt}^ men. With this little band he Avas returning to the charge, when he received a wound from Avhich he never entirely recovered. Colonel Howard was highly esteemed by the people of Maryland. He held the office of governor three years. He was United States senator six 3^ears. In 1798 he was selected by Washington as one of his brigadier-generals, war with France being then ex2:»ected. In 1814, when Baltimore was threatened by the British, the veteran patriot was active in preparing for defence, declaring that he would rather see his property in ashes and his sons in their graves than capitulate to the foe. He died October 12, 1827, aged seventy-five years, universally lamented. Of Howard, General Greene said that " he deserved a statue of gold no less than Grecian and Roman heroes." Francis Scott Key^ the author of the "Star- Spangled Banner," was a native of Maryland. He was born in Frederick county, August, 1779, and died / 142 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. on a visit to his daughter, Mrs. Howard, in Baltimore City, January, 1843. He graduated at St. John's College, Annapolis, at the early age of seventeen. In his class were Robert Henry Goldsborough, subsequently United States senator, and his friend, Daniel Murray, Dr. John Shaw, and others, called by their distinguished president his " tenth legion," on account of their brilliant success in their studies. After leaving college he studied law, and became a member of the bar in Frederick. Soon after, he married, in Annapolis, the youngest sister of Governor Edward Lloyd, and removed to the District of Columbia. There he attained to high prominence in the neighboring county courts and in the United States supreme court, where from the first he received encouraging notice from Chief- Justice Marshall. In person, Mr. Key was above the medium height, and slender in form. His voice was sonorous, but flex- ible and pleasing. His articulation was distinct, and his gestures were natural and graceful. His self-pos- session was complete, and his style of speech was clear, chaste, and beautiful. As an orator he had few equals, and fewer sujDcriors. Mr. Key's poem " The Star-Spangled Banner " will cause his name to be ever remembered by his coun- trymen. An account of the circumstances under which it was composed was written by his brother-in-law, the late Chief- Justice Taney, and is substantially as follows : The British troops, returning to their ships after hav- ing burned the public buildings and records at Wash- ington, while passing through Prince George county arrested Dr. Beanes, a well-known and influential citi- zen. ]\Ir. Key obtained permission to visit the admiral and endeavor to procure the release of the prisoner. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 143 While on this errand, Mr. Key Avas detained by the commander of the fleet until an attack about to be made upon Baltimore should be over. He was placed on his own vessel, under a guard of marines, and remained on deck during the night, watching the course of every shell as it was fired, and waiting with the utmost anxiety ior the dawn of day. As the light came, he turned his glass toward the fort, and saw that " our flag was still there." Under the ex- citement of the night-watch, " The Star-Spangled Ban- ner "was com^^osed. Brief notes were penciled upon the back of a letter while the enemy was retreating, and the song was finished in the boat on the way to the shore. Mr. Key was a polished Christian gentleman, hos- pitable, cheerful, social, and widely known both in his civic and in his professional reputation. He was an orator, a poet, a patriot, and a philanthropist, — one whose memory Maryland delights to honor. John McDonogli, the fouxider of the McDonogh Institute for the relief of destitute boys, was born in Baltimore, December, 1779, and died in New Orleans, October 26, 1850. His father fought in the hottest bat- tles of the Revolutionary struggle. Young McDonogh received from pious parents a plain education. In 1803 he removed to New Orleans, where he engaged in mercantile business with distinguished success. In the war of 1812 he served in the ranks, under General Jackson, Unmarried, and with no expensive tastes or habits, Mr. McDonogh soon became wealthy. His investments were chiefly in real estate near New Orleans, which rap- idly increased in value. 144 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. By will, he devised all his property to the cities of Baltimore and New Orleans for the support of free schools for the poor of both sexes, irrespective of color. In these schools certain branches are to be taught, the Bible is to be used at all times, singing- classes are to be established, and the children are to be instructed in a knowledge of their duty to God and to man. By litigation the estate suffered great diminution, so that the benevolent plans of the liberal j)rojector were not fully carried out. The city of Baltimore, however, received about five hundred thousand dollars, with which an institution was established in accordance with the will of the donor. A monument was erected to the memory of John McDonogh, July 13, 1865, in Greenmount Cemetery, by the authorities of Baltimore and New Orleans, in the presence of a large assembly. William Paca, a patriot of the Revolution, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence, was born in Harford county, October 31, 1740. He enjoyed the ad- vantages of a thorough classical and legal education. He was a member of the provincial Legislature in 1771, and was eminent for his advocacy of the rights of the colonies, and for his o^^position to the tyranny of the king. As a member of the Continental Congress, he affixed his name to the Declaration of Independence. He held many offices (5f dignity and trust. For two years he Avas a senator ; from 1778 to 1780, judge of the supreme court; and in 1782, governor of Maryland, to which office he was re-elected in 1786, being then a member of Congress. In 1789 he was appointed judge of the district court BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 145 of the United States for Maryland, Avhich office he held at the time of his death, in 1799. He is represented to have been a man of great worth, distinguished for a highly-cultivated intellect, for pol- ished manners, and for public and social virtues. The State-house at Annapolis is adorned by a splendid por- trait of this eminent citizen and patriot. Charles Wilson Peale, an American painter, was born in Chestertown, Kent county, Aj^ril 16, 1741. He was by trade a saddler, but, having an almost universal genius, he followed at different times the occupations of watch and clock maker, silversmith, preserver of animals, dentist, and public lecturer. He received instruction in the art of painting from Hesselius, a German, to whom he gave a saddle for the privilege of seeing him paint. Peale made for himself a violin and a guitar, and was the first dentist in America who prepared sets of enamel teeth. In all these arts he was chiefly self-taught. By the aid of friends he went, in 1770, to London, where he became a pupil of the renowned Benjamin West. Returning to America, he first established him- self in Annapolis, but afterward settled in Philadelphia, where for many years he was the chief portrait-painter in North America. Mr. Peale was a patriot, and commanded a company in the battles of Trenton and Germantown. He was opposed to slavery, and, as a member of the Legislature of Pennsylvania, urged the passage of an emancipation act. In 1785 he commenced in Philadelphia the celebrated Peale's Museum, which for many years was the largest and most valuable collection of natural curiosities in 10 146 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. the United States. Its principal attraction was an entire skeleton of a mammoth. He also established a museum in Baltimore. Mr. Peale died, after a life of extraordinary exertion and temperance, in 1827, aged eighty-five years. His son Rembrandt was an artist of great merit. William Pinkney, one of the most eminent law- yers and statesmen of Maryland, was born at Annapolis, March 12, 1764. Early in life he gave indication of un- usual talent. At eighteen years of age he commenced the study of medicine, but soon abandoned it for the law. His first efforts in this field established his repu- tation. In 1788 — then only twenty-four years old — he was a member of the convention which ratified the Constitution of the United States, and subsequently he was elected to the House of Delegates, to the Senate, and to the Council. In 1796 he was sent to Lon- don by President Washington as commissioner, and in 1804 returned to be attorney-gen- eral of his native State. In 1806 he went to England as minister, returning in 1811 to be Attorney-General of the United States. In the war of 1812 he was a captain of volunteers, and was severely wounded at the battle of Bladensburg. He was afterward a member of Congress, minister to Russia, and special minister to Naples. In 1819 he was elected to the United States Senate. WILLIAM PINKNEY. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 147 Here he was one of the leading orators, and possessed great influence. He advocated the Missouri Compro- mise, by which it was determined that slavery should be excluded from all States erected out of territory north of latitude 36° 30'. Pinkney died February 22, 1822, aged fifty-eight years. He was by general acknowledgment at the head of the American bar, occupying the same position as that held by Daniel Webster some years later, and afterward Ijy an eminent Maryland lawyer and statesman, Reverdy Johnson. Edgar Allan Poe, a famous author, was born in Boston, January 19,1809. His pa- rents were con- nected with the theatrical profes- sion, and at the time of his birth were fulfilling an engagement in that city. His father, Daniel Poe, was a Baltimorean of good family. In 1811, Poe's father and mother died, and he was adopted by his godfather, Mr. Allan, a wealthy merchant of Balti- more THE POE MEMORIAL. , who sent him to school in England. After re- 148 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. maining there some years, he was placed at an academy in Richmond, Virginia, and at the age of seventeen en-, tered the University of Virginia. While here he became alienated from his godfather, and disappeared for two years, returning to Richmond in 1829. The next year he entered West Point, but his literary inclinations led to neglect of duty and disobedience of orders, which finally resulted in his dismissal. Poe's first literary success was in 1833, when he was awarded the prize for a story in one of the Baltimore papers. The rest of his life was devoted to literature, and he was for fifteen years connected with magazines in Richmond, New York, and Philadelphia. The asser- tion that he was for a great part of this time incapaci- tated for permanent employment by reason of intem- perate habits seems to be utterly unfounded, though it appears that toward the close of his life, through do- mestic anxieties and other causes, he had recourse to stimulants. He died in Baltimore in 1849. A monu- ment was erected to his memory some years later by the teachers and scholars of the Baltimore public schools. Poe's writings include a large number of poems, tales, essays, and criticisms which display great inventive power. They combine remarkable grace and smooth- ness with weird and terrible impressiveness, and show in vivid colors the heights and depths of human pas- sion and sentiment. Samuel Ringgold, an officer of the regular army of the United States, was born near Hagerstown, in Washington county, in 1800. Having received a thor- ough military education at West Point, he was commis- sioned second lieutenant when only eighteen years old. He was much esteemed by General Scott, under whom BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 149 he served as aide-de-camp. For gallant conduct in the Florida war against the Seminole Indians, he was bre- vetted major. Major Ringgold organized a corps of flying-artillery, which he brought to a high degree of efficiency. His bat- tery was stationed at Fort Mc- Henry, near Baltimore, and attracted the attention of citi- zens and strangers, who wit- nessed with admiration the rapidity and precision of the evolutions. He was killed at Palo Alto, in Texas, May 11, 1846, during the war with Mexico. His ^ funeral in Baltimore was at- tended by a large number of citizens and soldiers, and witnessed by vast crowds of people. The mansion where Ringgold was born is now the College of St. James. SAMUEL RINGGOLD. John Rodgers, an eminent naval commander, was born in Harford county in 1771. He entered the nav}^ as lieutenant in 1798, and continued in the service till his death, in 1838. He was a gallant and valuable officer, and rendered efficient service both on land and at sea. His first fight was with a French frigate, which he captured and brought into port. With a very weak prize crew, lie kept down the prisoners, who were in- clined to mutiny, and worked the ship through a gale of three days' continuance. He had command in the war with Tripoli, and was actively engaged during the war of 1812. For many 150 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. years he served as president of the board of navy commissioners. Moses Slieppard. — The founder of the Sheppard Asylum for the Insane was born in 1773, and died Feb- ruary 1, 1857, aged eighty-four years. It was not until he was dead that the world knew of the grand design which he had entertained through life. His object Avas, by diligence in business and by prudent economy, to acquire the means to do good to his fellow-men. When quite young, he served in a store at Jericho Mills kept by Jesse Tyson. In 1793 he went to Balti- more and obtained employment in a grocery and pro- vision store on Cheapside. His good behavior, diligence, and integrity won the confidence of his employer, and the poor orphan boy became successively chief assistant, partner, and sole proprietor. By practicing rigid econ- omy and exercising a judicious discretion in his invest- ments, he eventually increased his fortune to the sum of six hundred thousand dollars. His religious sentiments were those of the Society of Friends, and his attendance upon meeting was constant almost to the time of his death. After he died, the pur- pose for which he had labored so diligently and lived so prudently was found to be to benefit those afflicted creat- ures who most need sympathy and i3rotection. He wished the experiment to be tried, to ascertain how much good can result from close attention, with ample means, to everything which can alleviate the condition of the insane. The asylum which bears his name is a splendid edi- fice, a noVjle monument to the memory of a good man and a true philanthropist. The plan of the building was suggested by Dr. D. T. Brown, who visited Europe BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 151 to examine insane hospitals with special reference to their being curative in construction and administration. Much more space is afforded to the patients than is cus- tomary in such institutions. The structure is fireproof throughout, and great care has been directed to ventilation, warming, and the sup- ply of water. In addition to the usual arrangement of wards, there is a convalescent department, which affords ^^ ^ — ^ ^ »A \«tSA -RtiVa** SHEPPARD ASYLUM. the comforts and conveniences of a first-class country residence. Free from all appearances of restraint, it offers to the inmates facihties for probationary treat- ment before they finally return to their homes. The grounds attached to the asylum comprise three hundred and seventy-five acres, which are provided with roads and paths for exercise, that patients may have every advantage without the exposure of riding or walking on public highways. Thomas Stone, the youngest of the Maryland 152 HISTORY OF MARYLAND, signers of the Declaration of Independence, was a lineal descendent of William Stone, who was governor of the province during the protectorate of Oliver Cromwell. He was born in Charles county in 1743, and received his education under the care of a Scotch gentleman of erudition and taste. He studied law at Annapolis, and commenced its practice at Fredericktown in 1769, but soon removed to Charles county. As a member of the Continental Congress, he stood forth a champion of his country's rights and honor. He was again a member of Congress when Washington resigned his office of com- mander-in-chief, and witnessed that sublime ceremony. In 1787 he was appointed a delegate to the convention which formed the Constitution of the United States, but was obliged to decline. He died during the autumn of this year, at the early age of forty-four years, greatly la- mented by all patriotic citizens. He was repeatedly a member of the Senate of Maryland, and was in a variety of waj^s devoted to the liberty and welfare of the colonies. His early death deprived Maryland of the counsels of a citizen who, by his prudence, energy, and wisdom, had won the respect and confidence of all classes of the people. Koger Brooke Taney, whose ancestors on both sides were among the early settlers of Maryland, was born in Calvert county on the 17th of March, 1777, and was educated at Dickinson College, Carlisle, where he graduated in 1795. In the spring of 1796 he commenced the study of the law at the city of Annapolis, and was admitted to the bar in the spring of 1799. On his return to liis native county, lie was in the fall of the same year elected to the House of Delegates, and, having removed in 1801 to Frederick City, he was BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 153 ROGER BROOKE TANEY. in 1816 elected a member of the Senate of Maryland, and continued in that body until 1821. In 1823 he removed to the city of Baltimore, and in 1827 was appointed attorney- general of Maryland by the governor and Council, though belonging to a different politi- cal party. He continued to hold the office of attorney- general of Maryland until June, 1831, when he was ap- pointed Attorney-General of the United States. This of- fice he resigned in September, 1833, upon being appointed Secretary of the Treasury. His nomination for that position was rejected by the Senate in June, 1834, and he then resumed the prac- tice of his profession. During the brief period that he held the office of Sec- retary of the Treasury, the Senate had an anti-adminis- tration majority, which favored the renewal of the United States Bank and opposed the policy of removing the de- posits of government funds to local banks selected by the Secretary. This subject caused much debate be- tween the political parties then known as Whigs and Democrats. In 1835, Mr. Taney was nominated as associate justice of the supreme court; but the Senate, being still opposed to the President, did not act upon the nomination. In March, 1836, upon the death of Chief-Justice Marshall, Mr. Taney w\as confirmed by the Senate (which had changed its political majority) as chief-justice of the supreme court of the United States upon his nomina- 154 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. lion to that office by President Jackson. He took his seat upon the bench of the supreme court of the United States in January, 1837, retaining this position until his death, which took place, in the city of Washington, on the 12th of October, 1864, in his eighty-eighth year. Since the foundation of the government there have been six chief-justices, two of whom — Marshall and Taney — held the seat for sixty-four years, from 1800 to 1864. Mr. Taney was esteemed for his high moral and re- ligious character as well as for his legal attainments. Though reaching an unusual age, he retained the vigor and clearness of mind which characterized his earlier years, and continued to occupy his seat upon the su- preme bench almost to the day of his death. Otlio Holland Williams, a distinguished Revo- lutionary officer, was born in Prince George count}^, Maryland, in 1749. His ancestors were Welsh, and came to America soon after Lord Baltimore became proprietor of Maryland. He was early left an orphan, and spent a number of years in the clerk's office of Frederick county, and in a similar position in the city of Baltimore. In the beginning of the Revolutionary struggle he was made lieutenant of a rifle company, and joined the American army at the siege of Boston. In 1776 he was appointed major of a rifle regiment, and was in command of the regiment Avhen it was cap- tured at the taking of Fort Washington, New York, by the British. In this action Major Williams withstood the attack of the Hessian column with determined bravery, and was severely wounded. After the sur- render of Burgoyne he was exchanged, and was ap- pointed colonel of the Sixth Maryland regiment. He took an active part in the campaigns at the South, and BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. 155 after the reduction of Charleston accompanied Baron de Kalb to South Carolina, and was made adjutant- general when General Gates assumed the chief com- mand. He ably seconded General Greene at Guilford and Hohkirk, and by his brilliant charge at Eutaw he decided the fortune of the day. In recognition of his distinguished services he was made brigadier-general in 1782. After the war he was appointed collector of cus- toms for the State of Maryland, and held that office until his death, in 1794. William Wirt was born in Bladensburg, Novem- ber 8, 1772. His father was a native of Switzerland ; his mother, of Germany. At the age of eight years he was left an orphan under the care of his uncle. He attended school four years, and when fifteen years old had com- pleted the course of Latin and Greek classics usually tauoht in the academies. Not having the means of procuring a college educa- tion, he taught school for two 3^ears. He then commenced the study of law, and at the age of twenty was admitted to practice at Culpeper court, in Virginia, where he became acquainted with Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe. He was clerk of the House of Delegates and chancellor of the Eastern Shore. In 1807 he assisted at the trial of Aaron Burr, and displayed learning and eloquence which established his reputation as one of the leading orators of the day. WILLIAM WIRT. 156 HISTORY OF MARYLAND. In 1816 he was attorney of the United States for Vir- ginia. In 1817 he was apjDointed by President Monroe Attorney-General of the United States, which office he held twelve years. Eetiring from public life, he re- moved to Baltimore and devoted himself to the practice of his profession. In 1832 he was the candidate of the Anti-Masonic party for the Presidency of the United States. He died February 18, 1834, aged sixty-two years. The reputation of Wirt as a scholar and a writer was high, and in all the relations of private life, as a man and as a Christian, he was regarded with affection and veneration. He published several works, of which the " Life of Patrick Henry " is the most popular. It has been styled " a most masterl}^ handling of the pen of biography." SEAL OF LORD BALTIMOKE. COUNTIES AND GOVERNORS. 157 COUNTIES OF MARYLAND. C'ouuties. Orgaoizcd. ropulation, 1890. County-Seats. St. Mary's . . . 1634 15,819 Leonard town. Anne Arundel . 1650 34,094 Annapolis. Kent 1650 17,471 Chestertown, Calvert . . 1654 9,860 Prince Fredericktown. Charles . . 1658 15,191 La Plata. Baltimore . 1659 72,909 Towson. Talbot . . 1660 19,736 Easton. Somerset 1666 24,155 Princess Anne. Cecil . . . 1674 25,851 Elkton. Prince George 's' 1695 26,080 Upper Marlboro. Dorchester . 1699^. 24,843 Cambridge. Queen Anne 1706-^ 18,461 Centreville. Worcester . 1742 19,747 Snow Hill. Frederick . 1748 - 49,512 Frederick. Harford . . 1773 28,993 Bel Air. Caroline . . 1773 13,903 Denton. Washington 1776 39,782 Hagerstown. Montgomery 1776- - 27,185 Rockville. Allegany 1789 41,571 Cumberland. Carroll . . 1836 32,376 Westminster. Howard . . 1851 16,269 Ellicott City. Wicomico . 1867 19,930 Salisbury. Garrett . . 1872 14,213 Oakland. Note.— Baltimore City is an independent municipality. GOVERNORS OF MARYLAND. PROPRIETARY GOVERNORS. 1633 — Leonard Calvert. 1647 — Thomas Green. 1649— William Stone. 1654 — Bbnnett and Matthews, Par- liament Commissioners. 1658 — JosiAS Fendall. 1661— Philip Calvert. 1662 — Charles Calvert. 1667 — Charles, Lord Baltimore. 1678 — Thomas Notlv. 1681 — Charles, Lord Baltimore. 1685 — Wm. JoSEPHjPres. of Dejmties. 1689 — Convention op Protestant Association. 158 HISTORY OF 3IARYLAND. ROYAL GOVERNORS. 1691 — Sir Lionel Copley. 1693 — Sir Edmond Andros. 1694 — Francis Nicholson. 1699 — Nathaniel Blackistone. 1703 — Thomas Tench, Pres. 1704 — John Seymour. 1709 — Edward Lloyd, Pres. 1714 — John Hart. PROPRIETARY GOVERNORS. 1715 — John Hart. 1720 — Charles Calvert. 1727 — Benedict Leonard Calvert. 1732— Samuel Ogle. 1733 — Charles, Lord Baltimore. 1735 — Samuel Ogle. 1742— Thomas Bladen. 1747 — Samuel Ogle. 1752 — Benjamin Tasker, Pres. 1753 — Horatio Sharpe. 1769 — Robert Eden. STATE GOVERNORS. 1777 — Thomas Johnson. 1779 — Thomas Sim Lee.. 1782— William Paca. 1785 — William Smallwood. 1788 — John Eager Howard. 1791 — George Plater. 1794 — John H. Stone. 1797 — John Henry. 1798 — Benjamin Ogle. 1801 — John Francis Mercer. 1803 — Robert Boavie. 1806 — Robert Wright. 1809 — Edavard Lloyd. 1811 — Robert Bowie. 1812 — Levin Winder. 1815— ^Charles Ridgeley. 1818 — Charles Goldsborough 1819 — Samuel Sprigg. 1822 — Samuel Stevens, Jr. 1825 — Joseph Kent. 1828 — Daniel Martin. 1829 — Thomas King Carroll. 1896— 1830 — Daniel Martin. 1831 — George Howard. 1832 — James Thomas. 1835— Thomas W. Veazey. 1838 — William Grason. 1841 — Francis Thomas. 1844— Thomas G. Pratt. 1847 — Philip Francis Thomas. 1850 — E. Louis Lowe. 1854 — T. Watkins Ligon. 1857 — T. HoLLiDAY Hicks. 1861 — Augustus W. Bradford. 1865 — Thomas Swann. 1867 — Oden Bowie. 1871 — William Pinkney WhytEo 1874 — James Black Groome. 1876 — John Lee Carroll. 1880— William T. Hamilton. 1884 — Robert M. McLane. 1885 — Henry Lloyd. 1888 — Elihu E. Jackson. 1892— Frank Brown. Lloyd Lowndes. CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND, ADOPTED BY THE CONVENTION WHICH ASSEMBLED AT THE CITY OF ANNAPOLIS ON THE EIGHTH DAY OF MAY% EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND SIXTY-SEVEN, AND ADJOURNED ON THE SEVENTEENTH DAY^ OF AUGUST, EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND SIXTY^-SEVEN. DECLARATIOISr OF RIGHTS. We, the People of the State of Manjland, grateful to Ahnighty God for our civil and religious lihej^tij, and taking into our serious consideration the best means of establishing a good Constitution in this State for the sure foundation and more permanent se- curity thereof declare: Article 1. That all Government of right originates from the People, is founded in compact only, and instituted solely for the good of the whole ; and they have, at all times, the inalienable right to alter, reform or abolish their Form of Government, in such manner as they may deem expedient. Art. 2. The Constitution of the United States and the Lavrs made, or which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, are, and shall be the Supreme Law of the State ; and the Judges of this State, and all the People of this State, are, and shall be bound thereby; anything in the Constitution or Law of this State to the contrary notwithstanding. Art. 3. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution thereof, nor prohibited by it to the States, are re- served to the States respectively, or to the people thereof. Art. 4. That the People of this State have the sole and exclu- 169 160 CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND. sive ri^ht of regulating the internal government and police thereof, as a free, sovereign and independent State. Art. 5. That the Inhabitants of Maryland are entitled to the Common Law of England, and the trial by Jury, according to the course of that Law, and to the benefit of such of the English Stat- utes as existed on the Fourth day of July, seventeen hundred and seventy-six ; and which, by experience, have been found applicable to their local and other circumstances, and have been introduced, used and practiced by the Courts of Law or Equity ; and also of all Acts of Assembly in force on the first day of June, Eighteen hundred and Sixty-seven •, except such as may have since expired, or may be inconsistent with the provisions of this Constitution ; subject, nevertheless, to the revision of, and amendment or repeal by, the Legislature of this State. And the Inhabitants of Mary- land are also entitled to all property derived to them from, or under the Charter granted by His Majesty Charles the First to Csecilius Calvert, Baron of Baltimore. Art. 6. That all persons invested with the Legislative or Execu- tive powers of Government are the Trustees of the Public, and, as such, accountable for their conduct ; Wherefore, whenever the ends of Government are perverted, and public liberty manifestly endano-ered, and all other means of redress are inefi'ectual, the O 7 ' People may, and of right ought, to reform the old, or establish a new Government ; the doctrine of non-resistance against arbitrary power and oppression is absurd, slavish and destructive of the good and happiness of mankind. Art. 7. That the right of the People to participate in the Leg- islature is the best security of liberty and the foundation of all free Government ; for this purpose, elections ought to be free and frequent; and every white* male citizen, having the qualifications prescribed by the Constitution, ought to have the right of suffrage. Art. 8. That the Legislative, Executive and Judicial powers of Government ought to be forever separate and distinct from each other ; and no person exercising the functions of one of said De- partments shall assume or discharge the duties of any other. Art. 9. That no power of suspending Laws or the execution of Laws, unless by, or derived from the Legislature, ought to be ex- ercised or allowed. * Under the 15th amendment to the Constitution of the U. S., and the laws passed in pursuance thereof, colored male citizens have now the right of suffrage. CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND. 161 Art. 10. That freedom of speech and debate, or proceedin mitted as that each amendment shall be voted on separately. Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to provide by Law for taking, at the general election to be held in the yeav eighteen hundred and eighty-seven, and every twenty years there- after, the sense of the People in regard to calling a Convention for altering this Constitution •, and if a majority of voters at such election or elections shall vote for a Convention, the General Assembly, at its next session, shall provide by Law for the assem- bling of such Convention, and for the election of Delegates there- to. Each County, and Legislative District of the City of Balti- more, shall have in such Convention a number of Delegates equal to its representation in both Houses at the time at which the Con- vention is called. But any Constitution, or change, or amendment of the existing Constitution, which may be adopted by such Con- vention, shall be submitted to the voters of this State, and shall have no effect unless the same shall have been adopted by a ma- jority of the voters voting thereon. MISCELLANEOUS. ARTICLE XV. Section 1. Every person holding any office created by, or ex- isting under the Constitution, or Laws of the State, (except Jus- tices of the Peace, Constables and Coroners,) or holding any appointment under any Court of this State, whose pay, or com- 220 CONSTITUTION OF" MARYLAND. pensation is derived from fees, or moneys coming into his hands for the discharge of his official duties, or, in any way, growing out of, or connected with his office, shall keep a book in which shall be entered every sum, or sums of money, received by him, or on his account, as a payment or compensation for his perform- ance of official duties, a copy of which entries in said book, veri= fied by the oath of the officer, by whom it is directed to be kept, shall be returned yearly to the Comptroller of the State for his inspection, and that of the General Assembly of the State, to which the Comptroller shall, at each regular session thereof, make a report showing what officers have complied with this Section ; and each of the said officers, when the amount received by him for the year shall exceed the sum which he is by Law entitled to retain, as his salary, or compensation for the discharge of his duties, and for the expenses of his office, shall yearly pay over to the Treasurer of the State the amount of such excess, subject to such disposition thereof as the General Assembly may direct-, if any of such officers shall fail to comply with the requisitions of this Section for the period of thirty days after the expiration of each and every year of his office, such officer shall be deemed to have vacated his office, and the Governor shall declare the same vacant, and the vacancy therein shall be filled as in case of va- cancy for any other cause, and such officer shall be subject to suit by the State for the amount that ought to be paid into the Treas- ury ; and no person holding any office created by, or existing under this Constitution, or Laws of the State, or holding any ap- pointment, under any Court in this State, shall receive more than three thousand dollars a year as a compensation for the discharge of his official duties, except in cases specially provided in this Constitution. Sec. 2. The several Courts existing in this State at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall, until superseded under its provisions, continue with like powers and jurisdiction, and in the exercise thereof, both at Law and in Equity, in all respects, as if this Constitution had not been adopted ; and when said Courts shall be so superseded, all causes, then depending in said Courts, shall pass into the jurisdiction of the several Courts, by which they may, [he] respectively, superseded. CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND. 221 Sec. 3. The Governor, and all officers, civil and military, now holding office under this State, whether by election, or appoint- ment, shall continue to hold, exercise and discharge the duties of their offices (unless inconsistent with, or otherwise provided in this Constitution), until they shall be superseded, under its pro- visions, and until their successors shall be duly qualified. Sec. 4. If at any election directed by this Constitution, any two or more candidates shall have the highest and an equal number of votes, a new election shall be ordered by the Governor, except in cases specially provided for by this Constitution. Sec. 5. In the trial of all criminal cases, the Jury shall be the Judges of Law, as well as of fact. Sec. 6. The right of trial by Jury of all issues of fact in civil proceedings in the several Courts of Law in this State, where the amount in controversy exceeds the sum of five dollars, shall be inviolably preserved. Sec. 7. All general elections in this State shall be held on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the month of November, in the year in which they shall occur ; and the first election of all officers, who, under this Constitution, are required to be elected by the People, shall, except in cases herein specially provided for, be held on the Tuesday next after the first Monday of November, in the year eighteen hundred and sixty-seven. Sec. 8. The Sheriffs of the several Counties of this State, and of the City of Baltimore, shall give notice of the several elections authorized by this Constitution, in the manner prescribed by ex- isting Laws for elections to be held in this State, until said Laws shall be changed. Sec. 9. The Term of office of all Judges and other officers, for whose election provision is made by this Constitution, shall, ex- cept in cases otherwise expressly provided herein, commence from the time of their Election ; and all such other officers shall qualify as soon after their election as practicable, and shall enter upon the duties of their respective offices, immediately upon their qualifica- tion 5 and the Term of office of the State Librarian and of the Commissioner of the Land Office shall commence from the time of their appointment. 222 CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND. Sec. 10. Any officer elected or appointed in pursuance of the provisions of this Constitution, may qualify, either according to the existing provisions of Law, in relation to officers under the present Constitution, or before the Governor of the State, or before any Clerk of any Court of Record in any part of the State ; but in case an officer shall qualify out of the County in which he resides, an official copy of his oath shall be filed and recorded in the Clerk's office of the Circuit Court for the County in which he may reside, or in the Clerk's office of the Superior Court of the City of Baltimore, if he shall reside therein. IMPORTANT LAWS, ETC. BALLOT LAW OF MARYLAND. The Election Law of Maryland, approved April 2, 1896, con- tinues the Australian Ballot System, but provides additional safe- guards. Some of the leading features of the present system are as follows : The voting booths are to be so constructed that voters shall be screened from observation in marking their ballots. The ballot boxes must have glass sides and bottoms, and the ballots must be printed on white paper. In order to secure assistance in marking his ballot, a voter must make oath to the judges of election that he cannot read or' write. He will then be helped by two clerks, one representing each of the two leading parties. No one is permitted to vote who has been convicted of felony, briber}'-, or other infamous crime, and has not been pardoned for the same. In the city of Baltimore the polling places are re- quired to be opened at 6 o'clock a. m., and closed at 5 o'clock p. M. In the counties they are to be opened at 8 o'clock a. m., and closed at 6 o'clock p. m. Watchers or challengers have the right to witness the counting of the ballots. Independent nominations for the whole State require 500 signatures ; for Congressional districts, 300 •, for the entire cities of Baltimore, Cumberland, Hagerstown, Frederick, and Annapo- lis, 200. KEGISTRATION OF VOTERS. The Supervisors of Elections are appointed by the Governor. They comprise three persons for each county, and three for the city of Baltimore, and in each Board there must be a minority representation. The other election officials are selected equally from the Republican and Democratic parties. 223 224 IMPORTANT LAWS, ETC. The Supervisors are required to have an office, and to provide registration books, ballots, ballot boxes, and all else necessary for conducting the elections according to law. They appoint Judges of Election and Clerks, the former being also officers of regis- tration. Any voter may be present at the place of registration in any precinct of his city or county, and shall have the right to challenge any applicant for registration. An annual registration of voters is ordered for Baltimore City, and once in every eight years for the counties, beginning in 1896. The next new registration for the entire State will therefore occur in 1904. The revision of the lists for additions and changes is made annually. TAXATION LAW OF MARYLAND. • The General Assembly of Maryland passed a series of acts in 1896 amending the revenue and tax laws of the State and pro- viding for the reassessment of property. In 1896, therefore, the first general assessment of property took place in the State since the year 1876. The new assessment law directs the county com- missioners and the Appeal Tax Court of Baltimore City to revise the assessments and valuations every two years. They will also require a biennial listing to be made by the owners of all personal property. Property exempt from taxation in Maryland is as follows: United States bonds and stocks. United States property. State, county and municipal property. Churches and furniture, par- sonages and grounds, grave-yards and cemeteries not for profit, private grave-yards, church cemeteries. Crops or produce in hands of producer or his agent, provisions and fuel for use and consumption, working tools of mechanics or artisans worked exclusively by hand, farming implements worth not more than $300, wearing apparel, fish in hands of packers unsold. Hospitals, asylums, charitable or benevolent institutions, and adjacent grounds not exceeding 40 acres, buildings, furniture, equipment, or libraries of incorporated, educational or literary institutions, and adjacent grounds not exceeding 40 acres. Personal property of corporations, whose shareholders are subject to taxation. IMPORTANT LAWS, ETC. 225 Shares of stock in railroads worked by steam and subject to gross receipt tax. Book accounts, bills receivable or evidences of debt given for such accounts of any person engaged in commercial business. THE JUDICIARY SYSTEM. The judges of the Courts in Maryland, except the Orphans' Court, are elected for 15 years. They are required to be not less than 30 years of age at the time of election, and are re-eligible until the age of 70 years, but not thereafter, though the Legisla- ture, by joint resolution, may enable any judge in office to fill out an unexpired term beyond the limit. The counties are grouped into seven circuits, and the city of Baltimore i^ designated as the eighth circuit. A chief judge and two associate judges are pro- vided for each circuit in the counties. The chief judges of the county circuits, and a judge specially elected in Baltimore City, constitute the Court of Appeals. The Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, designates the member of the Court of Appeals who shall be the chief or presiding judge of that tribunal. A court is required to be held in each county of the State, to be styled the Circuit Court for the county in which it may be held. No two of the associate judges shall reside in the same county. Baltimore City, the eighth judicial circuit, is provided with a Supreme Bench, — a chief and seven assof>^te judges, elected by the people, as in the county circuits. The total number of judges is thirty. The salaries of judges are as follows: '^ourt of Appeals. $4,500; Associates of the Circuit Courts, $?, 600; Supreme Bench Baltimore City, $5,000, of which $4,500 is paid by the State and $500 by the city of Baltimore. CIVIL-SERVICE AMENDMENT. At the election to be held in Maryland, November 2, 1897, a civil-service amendment to the Constitution of the State will be submitted to the vote of the people. This amendment provides that all civil-service appointments of the State, of municipalities and counties, except those subject to confirmation by the Senate, 226 IMPORTANT LAWS, ETC. shall be made according to merit and fitness, to be ascertained, as far as practicable, by competitive examination. LEGAL HOLIDAYS. The following days have been established in Maryland as Bank Holidays : — 1. New Year's day, January 1. — 2. AYashington's birth- day, February 22. — 3. Decoration day, May 30. — 4. Indepen- dence day, July 4. — 5. Christmas day, December 25.-6. Good Friday. — 7. General Election day. — 8. Congressional Election day. — 9. All special days that may be appointed or recommended by the Governor of this State or the President of the United States as days of thanksgiving, fasting and prayer, or other religious observance, or for the general cessation of business. — 10. Sundays. Labor's Holiday. — The Governor may declare and proclaim the first Monday in September a legal holiday, in accordance with an act of the Congress of the United States approved June 28, 1894. Defenders' Day. — September 12, known as ''Defenders Day," is a municipal holiday in the "ity of Baltimore, in memory of the successful resistance to the British invasion in 1814. The Go^'^'rnor may by proclamation declare it a legal or bank holiday throughout the State. SaturdaJ"^^lf-Holidays.— By act of the General Assembly approved April < , ^^92, it was made lawful for the banks in the city of Baltimore to close their doors for business at 12 o'clock, noon, every Saturday in the year. In 1894 this law was extended to the city of Annapolis. Repudiation Day. — The General Assembly of 1894 made November 23 a bank half-holiday in Frederick County, under the title of " Repudiation Day," in commemoration of the repu- diation of the Stamp Act in 17C5. Arbor Day. — The Governor is authorized by act of Assembly approved in 1884 to designate one day in April of every year, to be known as " Arbor Day," for tree-planting. IMPORTANT LA WS, ETC. 227 DAYS OF GRACE. "Days of grace" were abolished by act of the General Assembly approved March 27, 1896. The act provides that, unless there is some express stipulation to the contrary, no grace, according to the custom of merchants, shall be allowed on notes, drafts, checks, acceptances, bills of exchange, bonds, or other evidences of indebtedness, but that they shall be due and payable as therein expressed, without grace. Days of grace have been abolished in many of the States, and it is expected that they will be in all. STATE GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY. The Legislature of Maryland in 1896 passed an act for the establishment of a State Geological and Economic Survey, the objects of which are as folloAvs: 1. An examination of the geological formations of the State, with especial reference to their economic products, viz.: building stones, clays, ores, and other mineral substances. 2. An examination and classification of the soils, and a study of their adaptability to particular crops. 3. An examination of the .jnhysical features of the State with reference to their practical bearing upon the occupations of the people. 4. The preparation of special geological and economic maps to illustrate the resources of the State. 5. The preparation of special reports, with necessary illustra- tions and maps, which shall embrace both a general and a detailed description of the geology and natural resources of the State. 6. The consideration of such other scientific and economic questions as, in the judgment of the commissioners, shall be deemed of value to the people of the State. The commissioners to whom this survey has been entrusted, in connection with the State Geologist and his associates, have already made a preliminary study of the resources of the State, and the work is now thoroughly inaugurated. 228 IMPORTANT LAWS, ETC. EASTERN SHORE LAW. The State law or compact governing the election of United States Senators in Maryland and known as the " Eastern Shore Law" provided that "one of the Senators shall always be an inhabitant of the eastern shore, and the other of the western shore of this State."' This compact, which was incidentally repealed in the passage of the Elections bill of 1896, had been in existence since 1809. It was once repealed in favor of Thomas Swann, and re-enacted immediately after his election. KISSING THE BIBLE. By an act of the General Assembly approved March 27, 1896, that portion of the form of making an oath or affidavit which required the kissing of the Bible was abolished. The method now required by law is to place the hand upon the open pages of the Bible or New Testament and then make oath in the usual manner. In the case of a Hebrew affiant the hand must be placed upon the open pages of the Pentateuch. LBAp'15 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 014 369 241 3 § ¥jl-: