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 ' f 
 
 FRUIT RAISERS^ AxNB FAH.MEK?>' 
 
 GUIDE AND EECEIPT BOOK; 
 
 CONTAI.MNv; 
 
 f 
 
 . MANY GOOD iiUJ.ES W>R 
 
 RAISING FRUIT, 
 
 UPON THL DIFFERENT FORMS AND ARTS: 
 
 i.'OLLrCTKD WlXrr GRKAT CAHE 
 
 FROM THE BEST AUTHORITIES THAT COULD BE HAD. 
 
 BY DAYID seaman; 
 
 ART AND INDUSTRY, 
 
 A1»D HOW TO PROTSCT AGAINST DISEASES BT WORXXNG WITH THE 
 
 COURSE OF NATURE. 
 
 Entered according to act of Congress in the year 1863, by 
 
 DAVID SEAMAN, 
 
 In the Chrk^i Office of the District Court of the United 
 
 States for the District of Ohio, 
 
 i 
 
^ %> > 
 
FRUIT RAISERS' AND fJ^^ 
 
 GUIDE AND RECEIPT BOOK; 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 MANY GOOD RULES FOR 
 
 RAISING FRUIT, 
 
 UPON THE DIFFERENT FORMS AND ARTS: 
 
 COLLECTED WITH GREAT CARE 
 
 FROM THE BEST AUTHORITIB6 THAT COULD BE HAD. 
 
 BY DAVID SEAMAN 
 
 Entered according to act of Congress in the year 1853, by 
 
 DAVID SEAMAN, 
 
 In the Clerk'' s Office of the District Court of the United 
 
 States for the District of Ohio, 
 

 7^^' 
 
FRUIT RAISERS AND FARMER'S 
 
 GUIDE AND RECEIPT BOOK: 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 MANY GOOD RULES FOR 
 
 EAISING FRUIT, 
 
 UPOIf THE DIFFERENT FORMS AI^D ARTS : 
 
 COLLECTED WITH GREAT CARE 
 
 FROM THE BEST AUTHORITIES THAT CAN BE HAD. 
 
 BY DAVID SEAMAN 
 
 It 
 
 CINCINNATI 
 1863. 
 
• ••.■ 
 
 
 NOTE TO THE READER. 
 
 This work was written out for publication in the years 
 1850-1-2, but has been neglected. It is not written out 
 in great style, like some v/orks, but it is designed to give 
 the reader some knowledge of some new, very interesting^ 
 and good modes, rules, &c., in the ways of our days and 
 times. 
 
 )y traasfer /ro» 
 Pali. Offlo« iiib. 
 
 
The writer of this work has kept a journal of all his 
 travels and work for many years, and when any timber 
 was cut, or any work done, it was set down, and by taking 
 notice of the different times in the year, and how and when 
 timber was cut to season, dry and light, or hard and heavy, 
 &c. ; a long experience in trying different modes in set- 
 ting out fruit trees, and horticultural arrangements in its 
 many forms, will prove how one should do to get rid of 
 the many diseases that the farmer has to contend with in 
 his agricultural pursuit. No one can tell how the many 
 diseases come on, unless he has a long experience and 
 close observation in all these arrangements. Many people 
 say that the time for doing any work whatever has nothing 
 to do with the moon ; but they may be satisfied by close 
 observation. Let us look into a few things. In the first 
 place, the earth and ocean are joint bodies connected to- 
 gether. The moon attracts the water, so that it rises and 
 falls, and w^ien the moon runs high the tides are high, 
 and when the moon runs low the tides are low ; and if the 
 moon will attract the water, why not, then, suppose that 
 the moon has some effect on the earth. When the moon 
 is five times nearer to the earth than the sun is, and the 
 sun is invisible often when the moon is visible, and when 
 the moon runs high the weather is cold, and w^hen low the 
 weather is warm. These facts are well known, and why, 
 then, should we doubt the effect of many things on the 
 earth? At one' time I did not think that the moon had 
 any effect on the earth, but in taking notice for a long time 
 I discovered that many things often were affected by the 
 moon, and if people will do so they may be convinced. 
 And a good many things are more or less affected, and 
 how and when. Pine timber, many years ago, when cut 
 
(4) 
 
 and put in use, the worms would soon eat it up so that it 
 was worth but little. I cut sap pine timber and put it in 
 a house in the year 1828. at the time of new moon, and 
 the moon running or rising high, and that timber is still 
 good and sound. Some say that flour keeps best if ground 
 at that time in the month of March. 
 
 Some people may consider these statements a whim and 
 simple, therefore they will never know what could or might 
 be done, but there would be no harm in trying what could 
 be done, or might, &c. Again, some do say that all things 
 come by chance, or happen to be so. But let us look at 
 things more particularly. It is the men of study and 
 thought who, in the long run, govern the world; the great- 
 est moral truths spring from their discoveries. It is their 
 writings which render their truths fruitful, which popular- 
 ize them, which make them penetrate the minds of the 
 people at large, and impress upon them an indelible char- 
 acter of rectitude. The spirit of union among men of 
 science is the certain presage of the union of nations. 
 There are several kinds of attraction, as the attraction of 
 electricity, of magnetism, and of gravitation. But the lat- 
 ter is the only principle of attraction by which the motions 
 of the celestial bodies are either regulated or disturbed. 
 Gravitation or gravity is a principle, property, power, or 
 law of nature, by which all matter; universally and recip- 
 rocally attacts all matters. It is gravity w^iich occasions the 
 weight of bodies on the earth, or on the surface of any 
 planet or globe. Gravity belongs equally to all matter, 
 and acts without the least intermission. The power or 
 influence of gravity varies inversely with the square of the 
 distance. A body therefore weighing twelve and a quar- 
 ter pounds at the surface of the earth, if conveyed ten thou- 
 sand miles above the surface, would there weigh but one 
 pound. We must suppose its weight to be tested, however. 
 
by means of an elastic spring, for by scales or steelyards 
 it would weigh the same as at the earth's surface, because 
 the counterbalance would be subject to the same diminu- 
 tion in weight. A rock, in like manner, weighing 3,600 
 pounds at the surface of the earth, if conveyed to the dis- 
 tance of the moon, would there weigh but one pound, for 
 the square of the moon's mean distance is 3,600 times as 
 great as the square of the earth's semi-diameter, and the 
 force of gravity diminishes as the square of the distance 
 increases. 
 
 Cycle. Any certain period of time in which all the cir- 
 cumstances to which cycle has reference regularly return. 
 The most noted chronological cycles are the four follow- 
 ing : 1. The solar cycle, a period of 28 years, after which 
 the days of the month will fall on the same days of the 
 week as in the same year of a former cycle. 2. The me- 
 teoric or lunar cycle, a period of 19 years, after which the 
 change, full, and other phases of the moon will return to 
 the same days of the month as in the same year of a for- 
 mer cycle. 3. The Eoman indiction, a period of fifteen 
 years, first instituted by Constantine in A. D. 312, and 
 observed among the Romxans as a period for collecting 
 certain taxes. It was afterwards introduced into chronology. 
 4. The great Julian Perion, a cycle of 7,980 years, after 
 which the years of the solar cycle, lunar cycle, and indiction 
 will all be the same as in thesame year of a former cycle ; 
 provided the course of nature shall continue without inter- 
 ruption. The number of years in cycle arises from the 
 multiplication of the years of the other three cycles to- 
 gether. The com.mencemxent of this period is of ante- 
 mxundane date, for no later than the year B. C. 4713 could 
 the other three cycles begin together. In what manner 
 are we to ascertain the quantity of matter contained in a 
 planet ? As the precious ores of gems, which exist be- 
 
(6) 
 
 neath the surface of the earth, are not to be obtained with- 
 out the application of the spade, and sometimes of the 
 mattock, in like manner those philosophical truths which 
 do not lie naked upon the surface of things, cannot be dis- 
 covered without investigation. Here we see that all things 
 that do exist and are, have their regular turns, &c. If all 
 these matters are by chance, then in the same rules by 
 chance at certain lengths of time all have their turns. 
 
 All farmers should have this work. Many fine horses 
 and cattle can be saved by some of these instructions. — 
 Many very good receipts for families, w^hich are every day 
 needful, and often save life ; which in all cases will do no 
 harm, and if risrhtlv carried out will give satisfaction. 
 There is so much humbuggery afloat these days that peo- 
 ple are in fear of being cheated ; but this work will give 
 light on some of the most important subjects that ever have 
 been discussed. Some may doubt, but let them try and 
 see if they can do better. 
 
 There are many things afloat in the world to make money 
 with, and many cures for many complaints, to sell, and 
 when you get a thing you do not know what you have got ; 
 but all that is in this you can see, and do with ease, and 
 save your trees and stock, and m^uch money, and some- 
 times much labor. The way and plans are all easy, and 
 are laid before one so that any good, industrious man can 
 get along with ease for 37 years, with good experience, 
 will give much light on the subject of fruit -raising, &c. 
 
 It is natural for trees to grow, and when any thing 
 crosses that line, it will have some eflect ; therefore much 
 trimming when the branches are large is not good ; and 
 trees will not do so well and will not live as long as when 
 taken out very small — say six inches long, and the scar is 
 such that it will soon heal over and do no harm. All 
 trees used in this way will have much larger apples on 
 
tiian other treatments, and bear sooner and better, &c. 
 
 The frost has done much damage to fruit-raisers, and in 
 some places some trees will have fruit on, and trees near 
 by will not have any on ; and the cause is seldom found 
 out ; but is sometimes owing to a cold damp that is in the 
 ground, as well as cold, for cold, dry ground is not so often 
 affected, nor even warm, dry ground, for there will some 
 heat arise, so that in some cases it will prevent the frost. 
 And grafts, in crab-apple stumps the roots run deep in 
 the ground, and these do not put out so soon, and that is 
 one cause of safety. All roots should run deep in the 
 earth ; but when chip, heap manure, or any other kind, 
 is near the tree, the roots will stay there, which has a bad 
 effect, and is so easily remedied. 
 
 When one wishes to hnve fruit growing in wet, low 
 lands, they should set out young cotton woods or syca- 
 more, and graft in them, and they seldom, if ever, will 
 have any complaints. Young cotton wood is very hardy, 
 and one may cut off limbs and place them in the ground, 
 like sugar cane, or have one. end a little out, and graft or 
 bud in them ; and by so doing one may have hardy or- 
 €hards, and a plenty of delicious fruit, which takes the eye 
 so, and which there is often so much said about, and which 
 sells so well. But after all, the many kinds of fruit one 
 may get and pick out a lot of them, and put all together, 
 and eat' in the dark, and then he will not be able to tell 
 what kind he is eating, let it be grafted or natural fruit. 
 So when fairly looked into, the best way is for to do as 
 lands will suit for fruit, and be the easiest raised, and most 
 perfect, for which the reader hereafter will find out by 
 reading, when taking a fair view of the subject. Some 
 say different soil for different kinds of fruit. That is all 
 a notion, one may see ; for the grafting will not alter the 
 stump in the ground, which i§ mostly seedlings. 
 
FRUIT-RAISING. 
 
 Fruit-Raising has for many years been a matter of 
 some interest, and attended with many diseases, and many 
 cures have been sought and failed to a great extent, and 
 much labor lost, &c. ; and as for my part I have been for 
 thirty-five years past trying to cure diseases, and finally 
 come to the conclusion that it is better and much easier to 
 remedy than to cure. Many set out fruit trees and do no 
 more with them, and think that they will grow and do 
 well ; but let the same rule work with corn ; plant it and 
 not tend it, and let the weeds grow, and how much corn 
 will you get per acre ? I think the crop will be smalL 
 Just so with the fruit-raising. You must cultivate your 
 fruit trees to make them do well and be healthy. The 
 tree is full of veins ; the sap flows up the tree, and then 
 returns under the bark, and when the tree is bruised any 
 way, it will have a bad effect sooner or later. A limb 
 should be taken off when the sap is flowing, and then 
 seared with some paste, to keep the water and weather 
 from the sap, while healing, over, and by so doing you will 
 find much benefit will arise. Manuring around th^ butt 
 of the tree is a bad thing ; it will cause insects to get m 
 the tree, and the roots will keep neer the top of thiS ground 
 and not spread from the tree, and is much exposed to in^ 
 sects, and is easily blown over by winds, &c. If the 
 ground is good and your trees set out right, the roots will 
 go deep in the ground, as they should to do well. Many 
 put straw around the tree when the ground is in frost, to 
 keep in the frost and keep the tree back, so as to keep the 
 
(9) 
 
 bud from swelling it ; this will do some good, but it will 
 bring insects also, bugs and worms, which will do much 
 harm to the tree, and therefore you cannot be too careful 
 with them. Let us look to the thing right. When you 
 cut off a limb it will bleed, and if your finger is cut off you 
 know that it is very bad, and why, then, should you think 
 for one moment, or have any doubt but that all these 
 things will have a bad effect, -and make the tree barren 
 and have poor fruit thereon. It is well understood that 
 the apple bloom is bitter, and the twig and bark all bitter, 
 and when so how can one think to have good fruit on a 
 tree that is in a foul state ? If any, it will be knotty or 
 poor, &c. Apple trees that have the bitter rot are caused 
 from this treatment ; for nine times out of ten the rot be- 
 gins before the fruit is ripe, and when in that state how 
 can it be but bitter and poor. Keep fruit trees from all 
 grass, and grain, and weeds, some distance from the roots 
 or butt of the tree. Grain and grass will bring many in- 
 sects in ; and orchards and oats sowed near the roots of 
 peach trees a few times, will soon kill them. All small 
 grain is bad among fruit trees, but oats are the most inju- 
 rious. Some will set out fruit trees and not trim at all, 
 but that will not do vv^ell, for the tops will soon become 
 too large for the roots, and then some of the branches will 
 die ; and w^hen so much top, how can it do well and bear 
 good fruit? Very often, when in this state, the fruit will 
 wilt and drop off for want of sap — the top being too long 
 for the roots. A little whitewash will sometimes do good 
 to trees, to keep off insects ; but the tree-bug or worm in 
 the butt of the tree v/ill do much harm, and often kill the 
 tree ; and you may prevent this with a little lime, a small 
 ring around the tree, but be careful or you may put on so 
 much as too kill the tree. A tree that has pure sand for 
 some inches around the butt or trunk of the tree, will 
 
(10) 
 
 hardly ever have any thing to do much harm about the 
 roots ; and when orchards kept in the above state are rightly 
 managed, you will not have much plague with insects, for 
 you will not have much harbor for them. 
 
 In the fall when the miller comes about, they will do 
 much harm, for the miller makes the deposit on the 
 branches of trees, and they will stay there until the fol- 
 lowing spring, which makes many catapillars, and when 
 the leaves fall off in the fall, you may find and destroy 
 them with a little labor; and very often in the summer, 
 while the sap is flowing, you may see some leaves rolled 
 together, and if you examine you will find for the most 
 part a living insect, and sometimes very many, so bad as 
 to do much harm. Some would say that these may cause 
 the blight, or bitter rot, and they may help, and should be 
 taken ofi'and destroyed as soon as discovered. The blight 
 is a disease that many have suffered much loss from, and 
 the causes they cannot tell, and sought many cures, and 
 often failed : but, as I have said before, to remedy it is 
 the best w^ay ; and if you keep 3=^our trees, as I have said 
 before, clear and clean, and suffer no ponds of water to 
 stand around them — for too much water will be as bad as 
 any thing else. Whenever a tree is not free from all these 
 incumbrances, it is subject to some of these diseases. Too 
 much wet or too much dry sometimes has a bad effect, 
 but when the ground is rolling, very little danger w^ill hap- 
 pen ; and when a drought, if the ground is in good order, 
 and your trees rightly trimmed, you need not fear. But 
 some may say that it is too much work, and I do not think 
 proper to do so, and may not get labor or pay for my work. 
 But my friend, what kind of pay can you get for half 
 labor, and what can a man do that will meet him better 
 pay than good fruit, for you should always put the or- 
 chards on the most rolling and stony ground that you have 
 
(11) 
 
 — north hill sides are the best, but never set trees in a ba- 
 sin of ground rolling south, for the frost will have much 
 more effect than elsewhere ; for all such places have much 
 dampness and are cold and liable to frost. A basin that 
 lies warm to the south, and the north winds are broken off" 
 and kept warm a few hours in the middle Df the day, and 
 the frost is still in the ground. All such trees are very- 
 subject to thaw on the south, and the following night freeze 
 again ; they are very apt to beat the bark from, the tree, 
 and all such trees should have a wide plank to shade them 
 while the sun shines on them. Many people have said" 
 that no fruit like grafted fruit ; but I cannot agree with them 
 all around ; for how did the fruit come in the first place ? 
 Look at this, if you please. There must have been a va- 
 riety of kinds. You may plant the apple core, and when 
 the seeds come up, one of them generally grows larger 
 than the rest, and is apt to bear the same kind of fruit. — 
 Natural fruit is as good to dry, and much better for cideT 
 than the grafted fruit ; and the' trees are apt to stand more 
 hardships, and are not so likely for the frost to kill the 
 iVuit. I never have found any better way to improve fruit 
 than to culture well. You may take two trees of one kind, 
 and cut and turn all the roots north on one tree, and the 
 other one turn south, and it will make something like four 
 weeks difference in ripening, and a tree standing on a north 
 point will be later in blooming than one on a south point. 
 In the year sixteen or seventeen I had some plum trees 
 that bore very knotty plums, and I trimmed up the trees 
 and loosened some of the old bark, and cleaned all the 
 ground off the roots for one foot around, and make a smalls 
 box two feet square and four inches deep, and filled it up, 
 with pure white sand, and as long as I staid there the plums 
 were good after that time. I had one apple tree that had 
 a few hard, knotty apples on it, the; ^ame year^ and I gavd 
 
(12) 
 
 it the same treatment, but added a little. I took and cut 
 a ring around all the butts of the limbs near the body of 
 the tree one inch broad through the bark, so as to take off 
 the old and outside bark, bnt not come to the wood of the 
 tree, so as to bruise it ; and then I took and scored a few 
 places on the limbs and the main body of the tree, and 
 that gave the thing a new start, and the fruit soon became 
 good. This treatment to barren trees is very good, and 
 will usually bring them to. Many a man understands 
 fruit -rai si nn- very well, and says but little about it, for it is 
 to his interest to have fruit, while his neighbors have none. 
 But some will say that if every one would raise fruit, there 
 v/ould be no sale for it. But it is only the farmers who 
 wish to raise fruit, and if they have more than they can 
 dry and sell, the hogs can make way with it, which will 
 'save corn, &c. 
 
 Let us look into the manner of setting out fruit trees, for 
 this is the main point, and it should be done with much 
 care, and in good order. And now for the moon. Some 
 say that they always go in the ground, and the moon has 
 nothing to do with any thing planted. Well, what does 
 it do ? All will admit that the moon, tide, and course of 
 nature work together, and if so, then why will not the 
 moon have something to do with the trees, &c. And by 
 that means it is believed by many that the sap starts and 
 flows the most in the fight of the moon, and by that means 
 I o-o in for setting out at that time, and it is as easy to do 
 it then as at any other time, and more particularly in 
 the spring than in the fall. If trees are set out in the fall 
 of the year they will have all winter to stand and get the 
 o-round well settled around the roots, and do much better 
 than sprmg setting out ; but fall setting out is more apt t© 
 bear fruit the first year than the spring of the year. But I 
 liave set out trees in the spring and had fruit the same year 
 
(13) 
 
 of setting out ; but this mode of setting out is to take up 
 as soon as the frost is out of the ground, before the bud 
 swells much, and be careful to set the tree the same depth 
 in the earth that it was before taken up, and mark so as to 
 not turn the tree around, for when turned halfway round, 
 it is apt to stop the first year's growth, and all backsets 
 that a tree gets help to bring on diseases, and every mark 
 a tree gets, that mark the sap will cease to flow in, and 
 when a tree has many sores on it how can it do well and 
 bear good fruit, or have any at all on. For mj part, in 
 traveling through many States, I have made many discov- 
 eries, and have often wondered that there was any fruit on 
 trees that v/ere in such a foul state, and at the same time 
 m.any were wondering that they did not have more fruit. 
 Many there are who w^ill cut small saplings when the sap 
 flow^s high in them, and prop fruit limbs up with them, 
 and the worm very often gets in the fruit tree in so doing, 
 v/hich is very easily prevented. No dea,d stick nor cross- 
 ing limbs should be suffered long to remain about fruit 
 trees. The frost for many years has been a great harm, 
 and always kills more or less fruit, and ha*s caused many 
 to give up raising and cuituring fruit ; and that can for the 
 most of times be remedied in setting out, for when you 
 come to set out your treesj prepare some, small flat stones 
 -— som.e call them flat rocks— place your tree as it should 
 set, and tmrn the large roots north, and after putting some 
 earth over the roots, then lay on your rocks so as to be at 
 or near the top of the ground, and have them so laid as 
 not to bind the main body of the tree ; leave them a small 
 distance apart, and fill up wdth some gravel or coarse sand. 
 This mode of ^doing will keep the ground in good order 
 much better and longer than any other way, and will keep 
 the frost in the ground in the wintertime so as to keep the 
 bud from swelling ; and by so doing you will prevent the 
 
(14) 
 
 frost from killing some of the branches, as well as the 
 fruit. Many changes in the winter weather are what kills 
 so much fruit, and some of the trees, also; and when the 
 spring comes, all trees that have been set out this w^ay 
 will hardly ever put out in bud or bloom until the hard 
 frosts are so far gone by, that bi:t little injury is done in 
 killing fruit. Trees set out in the fa?ll in this way always 
 wall bear fruit every year. I have in some seasons in the 
 month of May seen some cold nights that I thought would 
 bring frost after the bloom was out, and then about sun- 
 down I would make some few smokes about in the orchard, 
 and that will save the fruit from being killed by frost. 
 When these rules are carried out, I will warrant the or- 
 chards to bear good fruit. Be careful in making smokes, 
 for you may make them too large, so as to heat the tree, 
 and that w^ould do more harm than the frost. A few small 
 Jires will chansfe the air and have much more effect than 
 any one would think who had never tried the experiment. 
 The frost is more apt to kill fruit on sandy lands than on 
 limestone lands, or even on heavy loom soil, and that is a 
 thing that many have not looked into. I have in my time 
 :>een the bushes in low, sandy basins, that have been en- 
 tirely killed by frost, and a small distance off all around, 
 where land was more elevated, the frost had not killed any 
 thing whatever. Why all such places are so affected I 
 shall not undertake to tell for the present, but shall leave 
 the public to put their opinions on it, for I think that they 
 may see into it very easily; but I will say that trees ought 
 not to be put out in such places, for they are more subject 
 to take tlie blight and die, than in any other place that can 
 1)6 found where the ground is dry. Where trees are near 
 salt water they ver}^ seldom do well, and salt pickle poured 
 around fruit trees is very injurious, and pickle pourod around 
 at certain times will kill trees very soon. Old diseased 
 
(15) 
 
 trees should be cut down, for they do but little good. 
 Some say that the bees will carry diseases from one tree 
 to another, while the tree is in bloom ; and others say 
 that the scent of one tree to the other will cause all to get 
 the same complaint ; but I do not agree with them, for it 
 is more in cultivating than any thing else. I have set out 
 trees in the way I have been recommending, and no one 
 could discover my plan. They always did well. 
 
 Apple trees and peach trees that have been set out for 
 some time can be saved from frost by cleaning off the grass, 
 and then put on a. little lime, as before stated, and if there 
 are no insects around the trees a little pure sand will do 
 for a time ; and then he may pile some small rocks or hard 
 brickbats, or some coarse gravel, and by so doing you may 
 keep the frost in the ground, as I have said before ; and 
 the earth will keep in a good moist state for fruit-raising 
 for some time. But for much benefit, one should look to 
 his trees often, and not let any thing go undone, and when 
 one commences right, a little will keep the ball moving. 
 Fruit trees that have stone some distance around them 
 will not want any tending, for the ground will keep moist, 
 if the weather is not extremely dry. Good thrifty-looking 
 apple trees sometimes do not bear much fruit, and many 
 cannot tell the cause. Sometimes the tops run up very 
 straight, and they should be trimmed often when growing, 
 so as to keep the branches in proper form of apple trees ; 
 and sometimes they want the girdling, as I have said be- 
 fore. Pear trees are much more healthy, and will stand 
 more hardships than the apple tree, and do better to graft 
 into than many other trees ; and apples grafted into pear 
 stumps are very good, and are more hardy than others in 
 most of the lands. Pear trees trimmed like apple trees, 
 i.e. often trimming, are more apt to bear sooner and bet- 
 ter than to let them run up straight, as they mostly da. 
 
(16) 
 
 If one wishes to have pears soon, they should take grafts 
 from bearing trees, and graft in as soon aa they are long 
 enough to do so, and by so doing they would have pears in 
 much less time than to graft very young, like apple trees 
 are mostly done. Peach trees and cherry trees are v6ry 
 often set out in fence rows, and look more like fence hedges 
 than like fruit trees. Still, the owners think and wish to 
 have good fruit, and fail very often, when a little trimming 
 and the tree put in order, as I have said, then the tree would 
 be productive. Apple, peach, pear, and cherry trees 
 should be all treated much alike, to do well. A quince 
 tree will do the best in wet or level lands, as it is often 
 raised, and is more hardy than some other trees. I have 
 seen them set out in dry lands, and they did not often do 
 well in such places. In the West they are very scarce, 
 and would do well if set out. They are much better for 
 preserves than plums. 
 
 Some few apple trees have been brought to bear apples 
 that have no seeds in, but the plan will not do where a 
 man wants apple seeds to plant out nurseries with, and 
 when a man has planted out a large nursery, and has many 
 young trees coming on, and all seedlings, then he will have 
 many kinds of fruit, and late and early. I have seen as 
 good fruit in this way as from grafted trees, and then I 
 have seen grafted fruit much larger and better than the 
 fruit was where the grafts were taken from. One may 
 trim and graft, and make fruit still earlier or later, but the 
 best mode is to culture well. The blight very often comes 
 on in a way that many would not think of, for which I 
 shall not say how at this time, and if the rules are carried 
 out that is already laid down, they will not have any diffi- 
 culty in getting along. The fruit is killed sometimes in 
 the fall, 'for after the sap goes down, and a small frost, 
 then comes a warm spell and swells the bud that should 
 
(17) 
 
 stand for the next spring ; and peach trees are more injuri- 
 ous than others in this way. When trees have a plenty of 
 rocks about the roots they will keep them back, for cold 
 weather, and it is not the cold weather so much as the 
 warm changes that causes so much damage to the fruit- 
 raiser. One may have too many rocks about his trees, 
 but for the most they do not have enough. Stony land 
 is the best for fruit-raising, especially for peaches. Where 
 there are two or three rocks, one above another, the heat 
 will not strike through soon, and they will keep cold for a 
 longtime. 
 
 A man may construct a tree in such a way as to have 
 one part in bloom and the other part not put forth but little. 
 I carried a pear tree from New Jersey to Clermont Coun- 
 ty, Ohio, in the year 1832, and moved it twice after, the 
 same year, and it still lived, and if the tree is moved in the 
 way I have said, you need not fear. The heat of the sun 
 is what causes the tree to come forth soon, when it shines 
 on or near the roots. Shade the roots and keep the sun 
 off, and you will soon see what the effect is. Some men 
 may in some cases disagree with me, especially those 
 whose interest this work may be opposed to, but the thing 
 will prove itself, only give it a chance. 
 
 Note. If the Agricultural Society will give me what 
 they have said they would give some one, concerning the 
 blight and bitter rot, I will carry out the many complaints 
 in its branches, and give full view and satisfaction ; for a 
 tree never need to take the blight if rightly managed. If 
 the rules here laid down are carried out, they will get along. 
 
 The best way to trim is, never suffer a branch to reach 
 any size, that should not remain on; and then all will be 
 healed over in a short time. The twig should be taken 
 off when a little sprout. I have seen apples bitter when 
 nearly ripe, and sound ; but it was from poor management 
 
 2* 
 
(18) 
 
 ofculturing; but if girdled they will soon get well, and a 
 little lime about the roots, tobacco stems, or juice, will 
 soon kill all worms about the roots ; or saltrx'tre, in small 
 quantities; raising tobacco in the o cha^ds is gocd. One 
 may read mudi about fruit, but he will have to [ ut the 
 hands to, if he finds out, and watches closely, nnd tries 
 what can le done, for the point is in the hai.ds, ai.d much 
 depends in trying. 
 
 Grafting f;u!t is a subject that many believe i;^, and it is 
 a good way to change fruits, and get any kind one would 
 wish. Therefore many vrays have been tried for that pur- 
 pose, and it is thought best ly the most of gralters to use 
 paste made of rosin, beeswax and tallow ; equal parts of 
 rosin and beeswax^ one-fif.h tallow. Some say only rosin 
 and tallow, and one-third of that tallow; to be used ^^hen 
 the graft is set, so that the laik comes even with the main 
 part it is set in ; then your paste, being a 1 tt!e warm, 
 serves all the open places, so that no sap can leak, and 
 no weather get thereabouts. By so doing you will have 
 no trouble, as is sometimes the case, from earth g-afting 
 by ants, &c. Grafts should be but one year's gro\v;h, and 
 not very long. 
 
 Peach stones should be put out in the w'nter, and cov- 
 ered over with three inches of earth, so as to get one good 
 freeze, and in this way they will comie up in the spring. 
 Nice apple seeds put in one pint bags, or less, and laid 
 where the mice or rats cannot get at them, and so that 
 they will keep a little moist, and covered the same as the 
 peach ; and one clever or good freeze will do them. Be 
 carelul and not let them mould, or they will rot. As soon 
 as the grass begins to start, then the seeds will sprout or 
 swell. They should be put where you want them to grow. 
 When I was a small boy, nearly fifty years ago, we had 
 many ^ood apples and peaches, but when I became older 
 
(19) 
 
 and saw much grafting, and no culturing, and soon there 
 came on the many plagues with fruit trees, and then I had 
 an anxiety to find out what the cause was, and I sought 
 minv remedies, and found out that the natural fruit trees 
 would bear more often with the same treatment than the 
 grafted fruit trees wouM. and when I took it into market 
 it would sell as qui (.4 as any, and taste as good, keep bet- 
 ter, and look as well. The trees lived longer, and were 
 much hardier, and it was less trouble toput upthe orchard. 
 Bat the many ideas ailoat in the world, and many do not 
 look to any th:ng only what is told them, and think noth- 
 ing is like grafted fruit. Bat as for the best, try some few 
 seedlings, and it will be no harm. When the rules here 
 laid down are carried out, I will v/arrant them to have 
 fruit eveAj year, as long as the trees are kept good. 
 
 Old trees that have been on the decay for some time 
 can be helped in the way I have said ; but they cannot 
 last long at most, for the many dead spots in th?m, the sap 
 will not fiow in, and how can they do much good ? The 
 thing, when rightly understood, will show for itself, and 
 who can say to the contrary. Lime or whitewash, once 
 a year, should be done, but when trees are thrifty, once in 
 two years will do. The whitewash is very good to keep 
 insects off. As soon as one sees the sap running, and glue 
 forming on fruit trees, they should look and take out the 
 insect, and rub a little paste thereon. In such cases a little 
 whitewash will keep them off; but a liniment made of 
 whisky, sulphur, red pepper, and camphor, will make small 
 insects leave, and is good for bedbugs, 
 
 BLOODY MURRAIN. 
 
 Many farmers in the West, and many other places have 
 lost cattle with the murrain, and the fault is in the owner, 
 for if he would keep a trough with some slackened lime and 
 
(20) 
 
 salt in it, so that the cattle could get it as they want it, 
 there would be no murrain. But when they have got the 
 complaint, get poke, or pote tops, some may call the weed, 
 and make a strong tea, and give from one pint to a quart, 
 and one gill of spirits of turpentine ; and rub and stir them 
 a little, and it will soon be over. When you cannot get 
 that, give one pint of hog's lard ; sometimes bleed heavy, 
 and that will do, for bleeding is very good. Cattle kept 
 in this way will hardly ever get the poison-milk complaint, 
 as above stated. 
 
 POLL EVIL OE FISTULA. 
 
 When a horse has this complaint coming on, and as 
 soon as one finds out the complaint, poke-juice and oil of 
 spike, and bathe often, and it will soon die. Use one 
 thing at a time, but when the hard gristle has formed, and 
 and is near breaking, then treat as follows : Put half an 
 ounce of aqua fortis in a two ounce vial, then put in quick- 
 silver the size of two large peas, leave the stopple out until 
 it is done boiling ; then put in blue vitriol about twice as 
 much as quicksilver, and then use with a quill and work in 
 the hole, or wet a lint and lay there in the centre, and you 
 will soon kill, so that you can take it out by the roots, and 
 then use a little oil of spike, and it will soon get well and 
 leave but few scars to be seen. When you doctor this 
 way, keep your horse in from cold rains, and no danger. 
 When this composition is put on flesh, and it smokes, 
 dilute it. The same method will kill the most of cancers, 
 warts and corns, with a little sweet oil, ointing after the 
 above. Corns can be cured by often ointing with spirits 
 of turpentine. Warts may be cured with young poke juice 
 made near to a salve, or burn paper on a blacksmith's 
 anvil, and bathe with the sweat that will be on the anvil, 
 and a few times ointing will cure. 
 
(21) 
 
 MOLE-TRAP. 
 
 How to kill gophers and moles in the ground. Take a 
 thick plank— say two inches thick, and ten inches broad, 
 and three feet long — and then one foot from one end lay- 
 off fifteen or twenty holes, and put in some iron teeth in 
 the form of a hemp hackel, about one foot long— shorter 
 ones will do for moles — and then make three sticks to set 
 it with ; make the standard with an offset wide at bottom, 
 and cut the notch on the long stick on the lower side, that 
 when the mole raises the stick the flyer will throw the 
 long stick from under the trap. In setting, dig open the 
 hole and place the end of the long stick so that when he 
 comes along he will raise the stick, and then away goes 
 all. When the trap has been carefully set, there should 
 be some earth put back in the hole, so that all will be dark 
 and right, and in so doing you will soon kill them off. 
 
 SORE EYES. 
 
 I had the sore eyes a long time, and spent some money 
 in buying eye-water, and found out that the most of such 
 trash v/as more to sell than to cure ; and by chance I tried 
 the use of giauber salts, and found them very good ; hop 
 tea is still better for some; when used hot it will kill the 
 humor. Sometimes a pain in the head will cause the sore 
 eyes ; and in that case I would take broken doses of salts ; 
 and in so doina: I would always be relieved in a little time. 
 Sometimes often washing with pure cold water will do 
 much good. 
 
 HOG'S SORE THROAT. 
 
 Hogs often get the sore throat, and sometimes it is 
 caused by their eating acorns after the acorn has sprouted, 
 and the farmers often lose hogs through neglect. If the 
 
(22) 
 
 farmer would always give his hogs plenty ©f soap suds and 
 swill, they never would get the sore throat ; or even plenty 
 of salt would do much good. When the hogs have the 
 complaint, one should drench with some strong suds, and 
 wash and rub the outside of ihe throat well, and sometimes 
 this will cure. 
 
 HORSE FOUNDER. 
 
 When a horse has drank too much water when hot, and 
 one can see that he is inclined to lie down and is taking 
 the founder, move him about middling la t for ten or fiiteen 
 minutes, and he will go to eating, and soon be well with- 
 out any more trouble. For grain iounder, use the same 
 means, if in time, and if not, my mode is to bleed in the 
 legs freely, and then put a half a spoonful of turpentine ir* 
 the frog of each foot, have it some warm ; and then turn 
 your hoise on grass, and he will soon be well. Cows> 
 when full of grass, sometimes drink too muth water. 
 Move them about in the same way, until some operation, 
 
 BOTS IN HORSES. 
 
 There are many ways to cure a horse that has th» bots. 
 Many give too many things, and kill the horse with med- 
 icine, and then say this, that and the other would have 
 done or not done ; but I have given a half pint of spirits of 
 turpentine and then moved about and all is over in a little 
 while. Sometimes a horse has the dry colic, and then a 
 half gallon of weak lye will cure the horse ; but strong 
 lye may kill th^ horse, so in all cases much care is want= 
 ing. If horses always get plenty of salt and hickory ashes 
 or slacked lime, one hardly ever will have to doctor for 
 this complaint. 
 
(23) 
 
 HOW TO CURE THE KIDNEY WORM. 
 
 Hogs sometimes have the kidney worm, and die with it. 
 The comp'aint can be cured by giving a small dose of 
 arsenick, and bathing a few times with spirits of turpen- 
 tine across the loins, along the back bone, and he will 
 soon be well. A smrill dose of sulphur and saltpetre will 
 do mo. h good, for it is very good for the kidnf^ys. 
 
 HOW TO CURE WARTS AND WENS ON CATTLE 
 
 When cattle have warts or wens on them, take and tie 
 Bome hiir close down to the body, or near the roots, draw 
 tight, so as to prevent the blo-'^d from liowing in, and it 
 will soon fall off. The wen, when young, served the same 
 way will soon die, so thit one may open and roll out the 
 dead lump. When so large th'^t th's ru'e can not work, 
 then use the poll evil {^reparation in much the same way 
 as for poll evil. 
 
 LICE ON CATTLE AND HOGS. 
 
 When cattle have lice on them, put some soft grease 
 around heir eyes and nose, and then boil up some tobacco 
 and mix in some lye, but not so strong as to take off the 
 hair, and n.b on along the back and where the lice are, 
 and they will soon be gone. 
 
 SCRATCHES ON HORSES. 
 
 When a horse has thf* greeseags scratches, take some 
 blue vitriol dissolved in water and apply, and let it stay 
 on for SIX hours, and then wa^h with soap suds, and keep 
 clean, and in a bttie while it will be well. If inclined to 
 crack, apply a little Oil of spike. 
 
(24) 
 
 SNAKE BITES. 
 
 For snake bites, as soon as one is bit, drink one pint of 
 whiskey — which is an Indian cure — and use a poultice of 
 bitter weeds and tar and corn meal, put on the bitten place, 
 change often. The names of weeds — tanzy, wormwood, 
 horse weed and catnip. 
 
 When bayberry root bark can be had — black elder bark 
 is good ; up sumack is good, but either will do, when poi- 
 soning is bad and swelled, boil said bark, weeds, &c., in 
 vinegar and salt, and have all middling strong, bathe with 
 as hot as you can bear it, and it will soon have a good 
 effect. When the poultice is put on last, with the tar in, 
 and thickened with corn meal, do not let the meal get 
 cooked done. A few applications of this will cure any 
 kind of poisoning, or bad felons, &c. I have seen these 
 cures many years ago by a good old Indian doctor. 
 
 Again, take house yard plantain leaves, pound them up 
 and mix the juice with new milk ; use freely in drink and 
 on the bite — a good cure for snake bites. 
 
 Again, a bottle of whiskey, with the stopple out, turned 
 upwards, the most on the bite, the poison will go up in 
 the whiskey. 
 
 RAT KILLING. 
 
 There are many ways to kill rats. Mix equal parts of 
 corn meal and unslacked lime, and lay where it will keep 
 dry, so that they can eat, and little water near, and the 
 lime slacking in them will kill them. Spanish fly essence 
 in diluted brandj^, is very good for drink in the place of 
 water, and is a fatal destroyer with rats. 
 
 Again, take dog butten and grate fine, and mix with a 
 little flour and molases, and give it, it is very good. Do 
 not put grease in it ; it will kill poisoning sometimes. 
 
(26) 
 
 TO STOP A HOESE FEOM BLEEDING. 
 
 When a horse has been bled in the mouth, and is hard 
 to stop from bleeding — and some bleed to death — take a 
 bunch or string of horse hair and tie it around the tail close 
 to his body, and twist tight with a stick, and the blood 
 will soon stop. This is what is called cording the tail of 
 a horse. 
 
 TO KILL INSECTS ON TREES. 
 
 When insects are very bad on peach or apple trees, take 
 a center bit — three quarters of an inch bit — and commence 
 a hole, and cut around, so as to save the bark piece to put 
 back again ; then bore in a little more than half way 
 through the tree on the side most affected, near the butt, 
 and fill the hole with pulverized sulphur, and then drive in 
 a plug tight, so as not to let the sap leak, even wdth the 
 wood, so that the bark chip wall come even, so that all will 
 be smooth by rubbing on a little paste. This treatment 
 w^iil make old trees healthier, and is good for the bitter 
 rot, &c. 
 
 PRESERVING BUDS AND GRAFTS. 
 
 Putting buds and grafts up in moist saw dust has proved 
 superior to any other way ; it being lighter than sand, and 
 has no grit in it to rub or injure a knife. Grafts cut in 
 February and put up in this way will keep a long while ; 
 but they must be kept from frost or heat, and water, or 
 water-soaking will be the result, and mould or rot. A 
 good dry cellar is the best place — north side. Dust right 
 from the saw is best, from half-seasoned logs. 
 
 Sweet potatoes will keep best in right dry saw dust, and 
 from frost and wet ; keep them and you will have no 
 trouble. 
 
( 2^ ) 
 
 Many people cut off the tops of old fruit trees wheit 
 they have decayed, and graft in anew, but nine times out 
 of tew the roots near the butt of the tree are affected, and 
 when that is the case, it is no use to gafr, for they will be 
 small. Some trimming may help. Tha best way is to 
 clear away some ea th, and take a ket'le of hot water and 
 a little sulphir- in it and pour around the Lutt of the tree; 
 and it is for th » m->st part better thin ploa^hing the tree. 
 Peach trees treated this way will do well for some length 
 of ti.mo. A 1 (t!e sulphur is good to g've fruit a good 
 relish. App^v as I have said, or one can open the bark 
 on the Inrgo limbs, aid put sulphur in, a littie like bud- 
 ding, a .d c'ose up again in gord order; and in th's way 
 of doing one can make fruit sweet or sour, and make roses 
 blu'^ with a I'ttle indigo, and have ranny colors on one 
 bush, by diflerent stains. Some individuals put salt in 
 trees, 1 ut salt should never be put near fruit trees, and too 
 mu. h lime or lol acco will also spoil the taste of fruit, 
 wh^n too mu. h about a tree ai;d near ihe roots. Sonne 
 kill th ir fruit by doctoring wrong. A very good way to 
 get rid cf i a^np'llars is to get rolled brimstone ar^d make 
 a few mat hes, and smoke them like taknfr bres, and a 
 treatment in this way will soon do away the webs, and 
 they seldom return. The matches should be held oft' be- 
 low, so as not to singe the leaxes. When the sulphur 
 pulverized is spnnkled on the web trie dfws will soon give 
 them a taste. Sometimes pear trees have pears on and 
 they rot in ih-^ core, and in such a case pour the hot water 
 and sulphur, as a.ound the peach tree. The rot is some- 
 times can ed hy being too much choked up with other 
 trees a.sd b u-h ; and very often the roots run near the top 
 of the g;vnu: d, and many sprouts come up and are sculped 
 off so as to do much harm. In this case the best way 
 would be to cut the root off'close to ihatree buU, and cover 
 
(27) 
 
 it over with psste, and the lower roots will increase and 
 run deep, if rightly managed, as all roots should run to do 
 well. Apple trees, to do well, should be forty feet from 
 one to another; and pear trees also. Peach trees should 
 be at least twenty feet— thirty is letter. When fruit trees 
 are set out close under a steep hill, on a small table of 
 land, th? water often comes in floods, and stands for some 
 time around the trees, which is very injurious, and in such 
 cases some mode should be adopted to turn off the water 
 as it falls ; or the loss of trees may often occur, and tree* 
 often take the blight when sufTered to remain in water in 
 hot weather. Too n;u h water and many olher thinff* 
 will affect the sap in fruit trees, and do much harm, espe- 
 cially in June, about the time the days are the longest, and 
 the sap begins to decrease, and the length of diysalso, and 
 about the time that the days are at full length, and the 
 moon fulls at the same time, then is the best time in the 
 year to kill g owing trees. 1 have seen cold, east winda 
 and storms at such times kill many young, thrifty trees,, 
 and in such cases a small scar often will kill a tree Al^ 
 trimming sap sprouts, and all catapillars and web worms, 
 should be removed some time before the alove stated time^ 
 to do well. 
 
 The best and ri"ht time for trim mi nor fruit trees is the 
 first new moon in June. The wind' oiten blows young 
 trees about, wh?re they stand in heavy soil, in times of 
 much rain, and the ground being soft, the tree will wave 
 around so as to make a la-ge hole in the ground, and then 
 the water gets in around the tree and stat.ds there, and very 
 often kills the tree. Water standing about trees the second 
 year a ter setting out is more likely to kill the tree than at 
 any othsr season. The hotter the weather is, the more 
 danger of losing by water. Early in the spring, after th^e- 
 ground dries off, large cracks form along the large roots^^ of 
 
(28) 
 
 the tree, which leave a place for the water to stand in 
 when heavy rains come, which sometimes will do harm, 
 and they should be attended to and the evil remedied. 
 Many people say, , as daddy has done, so will I do; and 
 will have their way, right or wrong. They w^ll heat up 
 the fruit trees with manure, and forward them to meet 
 frost, and the man)^ insects, and by so doing often lose the 
 the fruit, and finally the trees, also. Although the 
 manure made them grow so finely for a while, but they 
 do not consider that the manure keeps the roots near the 
 top of the ground. A fruit tree usually has one large root, 
 and that is the regulator of the tree, and if that is near the 
 top of the ground the tree is worth but little. Heaping up 
 much earth around a tree is not good, for the tree will not 
 do well. 
 
 I have often seen manure in large piles around fruit 
 trees, six inches to one foot deep, and that will keep the 
 ground from freezing all winter around the tree, and in 
 such cases in warm spells in winter the buds will sw^ell, 
 and then in freezing again the buds will be killed, whereas 
 if the manure had been kept awa}^, and there had been 
 plenty of stones on top of the roots to have kept them cold, 
 the Lud would not have swollen, and then the fruit might 
 have been saved, and it would have been much better for 
 the trees. Sometimes fruit trees grow too fast to have 
 much fruit on, and in such cases the center high branches 
 must be topped to bear well. The topping should be done 
 when the last sap flows in the latter part of summer, so 
 that the bud will form for the following year. Fruit trees 
 sometimes have hard knots about on the limbs, and are 
 scurvy, and that is often caused by insects, and no care is 
 taken to keep them thrifty. Such trees are hard to cure 
 and make good, but they can be helped by some trimming, 
 and cleaning the roots; whitewash the tree and sulphur 
 
(29) 
 
 plugging in the main trunk inside, and scald the roots as 
 in other cases, for this is the best for old trees ; and in the 
 case of the bitter rot in old trees, shave off some of the 
 old outside bark, and give the tree a new start. When 
 fruit trees are very full of fruit, and sap sprouts are running 
 up, and the weather is very dry, many buds will fail to 
 to form for the following year. People often destroy the 
 buds in gathering fruit, where plum trees have charcoal 
 dust and sand in boxes around them, or hogs running abont 
 them., the insects seldom do much harm. Apple and 
 peach trees, to do well, should be planted one hundred feet 
 apart, and then one could farm the ground and receive some 
 benefit from it and fruit also. When trees are a good dis- 
 tance apart they will dry off soon, and there will not be 
 so much wet about them to freeze, and be in danger of 
 killing the buds. When the ground is not frozen and cov- 
 ered with snow, the buds often will swell and get killed, 
 but the stones w^ill keep them back and preserve them. 
 Where hogs are running among fruit trees, care should be 
 taken and not let them root much about the roots of trees, 
 or they may cause some damage to the trees. When the 
 snow is on the ground, and the ground is not frozen, the 
 snow will keep the ground warm and cause things to grow 
 under the snow, while the tops are getting killed by frost. 
 Some large fruit trees would need a wagon load of stones 
 around each one, to do well. One reason why natural 
 fruit will stand more hardships is, the bud is harder and 
 smaller than the bud of grafted fruit. Some people have 
 got a kind of composition to put around trees, to keep the 
 insects off, and if they are not careful they may kill the 
 tree, for some minerals and acids will do so. 
 
 One can turn the color of fruit or wood, while in the 
 sap, or make the wood hard with acid ; and make it black. 
 Tan bark is a non-conductor of heat, and if put around 
 
(30) 
 
 fruit trees when the frost is in the ground, it will kt?ep the 
 tree back and prevent the i.ud from swelling. Tlie sap 
 will flow every new moon in I he yea", if the weatht.T is a 
 little warm at nevv' moon, at.d then the bud w.Jl swell. 
 Water early in the spring, ai.d cold weather around fruit 
 trees, do not often kill the trees, but after the middle of 
 June ihen is the damage. Matiy peop'e think that the 
 frost kilied the peach t ees last winter in the sontlicrn part 
 of Ohio, but it is mostly on account of the dry weather 
 last falj^ for ihe insects worked about the roots and caused 
 them to bleed, and the weather was so dry that the sap 
 failed to go up in one new rnoon, in many trees. In this 
 case many trees put out in the spring following, and live 
 a m.onth or so, and die ; aiA these things are not often 
 looked into by the most of larmers. Ths vear, ]852, 
 the moon will be full in June the 2nd, ai:d change. In 
 this case the fruit trees will not Le so much nffect(d, and 
 the ruht on grain will be small, and do but litt'e d";mage. 
 Some people are for trimming trees in the fall of the year, 
 and the places from trimming will season had and seldom 
 rot as th y do when trimmed in June, when the scars are 
 left open to the wet weather. But all should be prevented 
 from (o'd and wet, for all will be more or less injurious 
 to fiuit trees where the scars are left open to the weather. 
 
 THE BLIGHT IN FRUIT TREES. 
 
 Many people say the blight is caused by hard rains, but 
 if the fruit trees stand on rolling land^, heavy rains wil} 
 not hurt them, so 1 hirdly call it the b ight ; but if they 
 i^tand on flat land, and the water stands in ponds around 
 the trees, then the water often overpowers the sap and 
 sometimes kills the tree. The blight is caused from many 
 ft;ources, but in most cases it is caused for the want of sap 
 to bear out the growth. In June, when the moon is aew 
 
(31) 
 
 and the g-ound well moistened, then there will be a fiiU 
 rush of young shoots on fruit trees, &c. ; and after the 
 moon fulls and ihe sap is on the decrease, then tlie ground 
 is often getting d-y, and the trees slandijig \ery ihick, and 
 much grain or weeds around them, and sometimes some 
 manu-e to help heat the tree hot, then the blight comes 
 on, for (he tree cannot get moisture enough to continue 
 growing arid has to fall bat k. The fruit tree is like the corn, 
 and when there are twelve stalks in one hill there may 
 be some shoots for corn, but when it comes to fill out, if 
 d-'Y, (he corn will Le small, and so will] the fruit trees, 
 when too th'ck and cankered with grain and grass the tree 
 cannot support its brarfches, and ihey will dry i'or want of 
 sap; hut when trees stand far enough dpmt and are kept 
 in good order, then the roots run well in th^ earth, and 
 will he able to continue moist and bear out the necessary 
 branches. Sometimes trees are far enough apart to do 
 well, bet they have too much top for the roots, and when 
 f, rush of sap comes then many young sprouts put Ibrth 
 again, and when the days come to full length ar.d the moon 
 is full, and at that time the sap begins to cease flowing, 
 and at that t'me if a cold, dry speil ccmes on, then the sap 
 will cease to How in all the branches, and then comes the 
 blight. But if the tree had been rightly t imme d and there 
 had not been too much top for the rocts, and (he ground 
 had been in a moist state, then the blight wcuM not have 
 taken eiiect. Open trimming always does well in fruit 
 raisin <j. 
 
 There is always a good time in the year to kill timber, 
 and that is after the days are at full length and after th& 
 full moon, and if the ground is haid and dry you can soon 
 kill trees or cause the blight. Some men often trim and 
 prune at that time and do much harm to the trees. Cut- 
 ting off limbs and leaving them to take the rain, sun, and 
 
(32) 
 
 frost, they will make a black speck into the heart of the 
 tree and cause much damage very often ; but if taken off 
 in the spring with a saw, and a little paste put on, then 
 the sap will come up, and they will heal over and do well. 
 Some say the blight is from some cause in the heat. It 
 may be in some degree. Thus far, as I have said, when 
 there is too much top to the tree, too much dry, too much 
 verj^ hot sun will wilt the young shoots, and the sap will 
 cease to flow in them, and they must perish ; and they 
 could be very easily remedied if taken when young. The 
 leaves are the lungs, no plant can grow if it cannot breathe 
 and if it is prevented from breathing it must soon die. 
 Some persons dig many feet into the soil to eradicate rots 
 — a much easier way is to keep the tops buried by repeated 
 ploughing, or by a thick coat of tan or saw dust. Alders 
 and willows may be very easily killed without grubbing by 
 merely keeping them closely cut to the surface and pulling 
 off the sprouts as they appear. Cut them off in the spring 
 or early summer, burn the branch upon the stubs and then 
 remove the sprouts during the season, and the work is 
 complete. A few things only need any killing in the hor- 
 ticulturist, and very often more harm is done than good. 
 Fruit trees aie often injured by hilling up much earth or 
 some other substance that will contain heat and cause in- 
 sects. 
 
 TO MAKE CATTLE DO WELL. 
 
 Cattle to do well in all the West and where they get no 
 salt hay, should always have some slacked lime and salt 
 as often as they will eat it ; and in so doing they seldom 
 ever take the poison milk complaint. In the winter time 
 they are often neglected, and green grass is scarce, and 
 then cattle will browse on many poison weeds and vines, 
 and drinking mineral water, and no salt in the system. 
 
( 33 ) 
 
 then the poison will take effect, when the two come to- 
 gether. Some springs in the West are poison, so as t6 
 kill cattle in a little while. Whenever water has a bad 
 taste or a milky color, one may test the amount of poison 
 by a proper process ol' analyzing, and thus avoid all acci- 
 dents. Many springs and wells can be made healthy by 
 cleanng oi'ten and putting charcoal or a little lime in the 
 well or spring. When cha/coal and lime are so arrano-ed 
 as to let th^ water seep ih/ougb, or stand in said coal of 
 i.me, it will be rectilied, and a very small portion of lime 
 will do. One may use too nmih lime in water. Cattle 
 often drink water that stands in small, stagnated places, 
 which is very bad water, and will be the means of causino- 
 sickness by using the milk from cows that drink such wa- 
 ter. Cattie sometimes take the red water, and some men 
 would say it was the murrain. Whenever cattle appear 
 uixwell by neglect, a dose of salt and sulphur sometimes 
 will do much g^od. Miik sickness is sometimes caused 
 by a kind of gas a..d mineral that are in some lands, while 
 the daw is on the grass, shrubs, &c. The cattle eating 
 feed at that time wn.:e the dew is on, will cause the com- 
 plaint to take effect, while, if the cattle were kept up until 
 the dew is all gone off, the complaint would seldom come, 
 or have a bad effect When the milk disease comes on 
 it will create a hot, Lurnlng fever, and all the pores are 
 closed, and the blood will become dross and clod and the 
 rest w.ll settle inside; of tli3 system in red water, &c. New 
 milk and house yard plantain leaves ; take the juice of 
 plantain leaves and drink freely ; and a little saltpeter once 
 in a while, to open the pores and cause sweat or moisture 
 on th3 system; and by so doing the complaint can be 
 cured in most cases. The juice of the plantain should be 
 mixed with the milk. Some persons say that saltpeter is 
 dangerous. It may be, if one should take too much. A 
 
 3* 
 
(34) 
 
 man may take a piece the size of a large grain of com. A 
 horse may take even a spoonful, and nothing is better to 
 start the urine, and it is good to cause a sweat and check 
 the fever. What will cause the complaint sometimes will 
 fail at other times, for it is altogether owing to what state 
 the system is in, and the poisoning substance. One is 
 much stronger sometimes than at others, especially min- 
 eral substances. When the springs are low they are much 
 stronger, especially in freezing weather. The frost will 
 have some effect to separate the poisoning substance from 
 the pure water — it freezing and drying up. Take pieces 
 of bright steel and lay them in the water, where it is bad, 
 and if it is poisoning, the rust will be green or some color 
 different from common iron. 
 
 Cherry tree tops will sometimes kill cattle when tl^ey 
 eat much of them. There is a kind of mushroom which 
 will sometimes kill cattle when they eat it, and have not 
 been salted well and have been drinking impure water. 
 Cattle will fatten on small portions of the poisonous sub- 
 stances, and b}^ mixing them with other feed the poison 
 will work off, but when they are in that state drive them, 
 and heat them, and the disease will come to perfection 
 very often, especially when caused by drinking impure wa- 
 ter. The trembles, or milk disease is a complaint that is 
 caused or comes on where the lands have blue limestone 
 on them, and where there are mineral substances ; where 
 there are small portions of water, the minerals are of the 
 nature to cause the action of the system to stop, and cause 
 a heat on the stomach, similar to the sick wheat bread 
 that people often feel. The different kinds of substances 
 that cause the disease are not very poisonous, but enough 
 to cause all action in the system to cease, and this is act- 
 ing for some time before it is discovered ; but when chang- 
 ed into the milk and butter, it is with more action, in par. 
 
(33) 
 
 taking of the animal nature — some may call it so — where 
 the disease rages. When the lands are tilled and cleared 
 up the mineral substances and the most of other substances 
 are destroyed, so that they often have no effect. What is 
 in the earth, it being tilled, that substance will lose its 
 strength, where it is near the top of the ground, and be- 
 come dead ; and where the water is mixed with other sub- 
 stances it will sometimes become more pure. The butter 
 and milk can be detected by causing a heat and sweat on 
 a piece of bright steel or iron, so as to make a green rust, 
 &c. To cure a person, give a plenty of good whiskey or , 
 brandy, with a little saltpetre,^ to cause a reaction and 
 sweat, and then use some sulphur and spirits of turpentine, 
 and then there will be some chance to operate on the 
 bowels for a speedy cure. Doctor cattle in like manner. 
 This complaint is usually attended with much fever, and 
 the bowels become very dry, and are hard to operate on^ 
 and in such cases a little yeast is very good to be given for 
 SI purgative. I have never known a case of milk sickness 
 where there is soft water and sandy land, or white lime- 
 stone lands ; but where there is blue limestone and hard, 
 blue clay, then you may often find milk sickness. Where 
 the water has a bad taste, sometimes there is a kind of 
 sulphuric or hydrogen air in vallies and certain pieces of 
 land, as above stated ; and when one takes that kind of air 
 into his lungs, it sometimes has a bad effect. A person 
 may take some poison into the stomach, and the effect 
 may not be discovered, but in breathing similar poisons 
 into the lungs it may kill ; say, for instance, how is it in 
 wells ? Sometimes in cleaning out deep wells some peo- 
 ple are killed by what is called damps in wells. People 
 often differ in regard to healthy air. One thing ia certain. 
 Take and make a fire of charcoal in a small room where 
 there is no fireplace, and the room is kept tight, and it 
 
( 36 ) 
 
 will consume all the oxygen and death may occur, as the 
 case has often occurnd. Lime is thought to be very 
 healthy when slacked, but in s'a^king lime one cculd 
 cook eggs over the steam and heat and it' they thruld eat 
 them death might be ttie result. In much water tliat is 
 heated in a tea kettle it scon forms a thick dieli in the 
 kettle, which all such water is \ery unhealthy to most of 
 people. 
 
 And as for milk s'ckness, I always have frund to exist 
 on such locations as above stated ai.d as the ibllowing 
 statements are. The w^ater from JVLDoLaid far.n, Mt. 
 Oram, Brown Co., Ohio, has been analyzed by some of 
 tha best chemists in CincinLati, O., ai.d the qualities are 
 as follows : 
 
 MOUNT OORAM UPPER WELLS. 
 
 This, like the water of llie Wh te Sulphur Springs of 
 Virginia, is highly impregnated w^ith sul|.;hurettcd hydro- 
 gen in combination with oxy(7,enized nitrogen — with traces 
 of the following salts, in su h small quantities however, 
 as to be wholly imperceptible to ihe taste, and only appa- 
 rent by analysis with ihe most delicate tests. Thc^ ibllow- 
 ing are some of the saUs in solution: The Sulf. hates of 
 Lime, Magnesia and Scda. There is no trace, whatever, 
 of any Salt of Iron. 
 
 The following was from Mount Ooram Lower Wells : 
 Medical Collkge of Ohio, March 29lh ifc53. 
 
 Sir: The first specimen of water brou-ht by you for 
 analysis (No. 14 in a green g'ass porter bottle), contained 
 as follows: Iron, medium ; Chlorine; Lime, rather large; 
 Sulphuric acid; Carbonic acid in the form of Bi-carbon- 
 ates; Soda; Magnesia. 
 
 These were in the following form : 
 
 Carbonate of Iron; Bi-caibonate of Magnesia; Bi-car- 
 bonate of Lime; Muriate of Soda (common salt) ; Muriate 
 
(37) 
 
 of Magnesia; Siilphate of Magnesia. 
 
 The above with the exception of the Lime, are in small 
 quantities. 
 
 The following was from the spring: 
 The second specimen brought by you (No. 13, in a 
 wine bottle not stakd) contained as follows: Iron, slight^ 
 Chlorine; Sulphuric acid; Carbonic acid, large; Lime, 
 medluin; Magaesia; Soda. 
 
 These were in the for.n of Carbonate of Iron; Bi- Car- 
 bonate of Lime; Bicarbonate of Magnesia; Mur ate of 
 Magnesin; Muriate of Soda, (common salt); Sulphate of 
 Magnesia; Free Carbonic acid. 
 
 Joseph M. Locke. 
 Cincinnati, July 22d, 1££3. 
 Dear Sir: The water left by ycu, some weeks since, 
 to be analyzed qualitively has been foui.d to coutain as 
 follows: 
 
 Carbonic acid, Large quantity, 
 Muriatic " Mtdiurn " 
 Sulphuric " Medmm " 
 Phosphoric Small " 
 Lime, Large " 
 
 Magnesia, Small " 
 
 Aiumina, Small " 
 
 Soda, Medium " 
 
 The above exist in the lorm of 
 Carbonate of Lime, 
 Carbonate of Magnesia, 
 Free or uncombined Carbonic aei4i 
 Chloride of Lime, 
 Chloride of Magnesium, 
 Chior.de of Aluminum, 
 Chloride of Sodium, (common salt) 
 Sulphate of Lime, 
 
(38) 
 
 Sulphate of Magnesia, 
 Sulphate of Alumina, (Alum) 
 Phosphate of Lime, 
 Phosphate of Alumina, 
 Yours respectfully, 
 To Mr. Seaman, Esq. J. Morris Locke. 
 
 The first three qualities of waters are from where people* 
 have died with the milk sickness. The last is not the 
 case as far as we can tell but some people that is not used 
 to the water is often affected in the way of purgatives, &c. 
 
 When water operates much on the bowels it is not 
 healthy, especially to some people for it has some ten- 
 dency to injure the blood by som.e fever being created and 
 sometimes lingering diseases are caused by the use of bad 
 water. Some people use the above kinds of water and 
 apparently are well and pass unobserved of any small 
 fevers, shortness of breath, &c. From some observations 
 it appears that the irony minerals with the blue lime, clay 
 and the other things spoken of above, are the most and 
 principal things used where the people die with the milk- 
 sickness, &c. If not the milksick, they have similar dis- 
 eases, and often die with the typhoid fever. It is not to 
 the advantage of professional men to acknowledge these 
 statements, but it is well known that bad water is un- 
 healthy. 
 
 Note. — In the year 1814, a small boy of two years old, 
 eat some of the poison ivy vine and it caused him to have 
 a high fever and a breaking out all over the system similar 
 to rash and milksickness. A doctor was called in and a 
 cure sought for which had a good effect. The boy is still 
 living, but the wild poison ivy vines have no more effect 
 on said boy, but he has had the dropsy for about six 
 months. 
 
 When some people are poisoned by handling it and 
 
( 39 ) 
 
 1)reak out in water blisters and finally becomes yellow 
 matter. Some people do say that this complaint and 
 poison destroys blood or has some effect to do so as in 
 milk sickness and when doctors do examine people after 
 death, then the public will be more convinced of the 
 above diseases, &cl 
 
 Some people say that swamp shumake and some other 
 poison vines are not poison &c. It is true that they do 
 not hurt some people and finally these that have been 
 spoken of, may be considered as not poison and cause a 
 costiveness and fever so as to stop the action of the sys- 
 tem and then death is the result. Salt licks where salt 
 bitrans are will kill whatever uses it, and some may say, 
 that what causes the milksick is only enough poison so as 
 to cause a lingering complaint and some no poison. 
 
 The most of people will say that the above qualities of 
 waters are healthy, &c. They may be to some people 
 but the ravv^ qualities are quite different to some others 
 again. And when these minerals and certain kinds of 
 vegetables come together, and at a certain degree of heat, 
 and the system out of order, and receiving some of the 
 kinds of air above spoken of in the lungs, which is mostly 
 after mght or early in the mornings. When cattle are 
 neglected and get the same vegetables and not these kinds 
 of water, they take the murrain. 
 
 I always have found sick wheat and the milk sick to 
 exist not many miles from each other and it appears that 
 from some cause in the ground these things do exist to 
 some extent in certain kinds of lands. 
 
 In the year 1834, the moon fulled on the 2Ist of June, 
 and that year the rust on wheat was very bad on many 
 farms and a great quantity of sick wheat. The wheat 
 took the spot so bad that a great quantity of it was not 
 worth cutting. In the fall of '33 I cleared a new piece of 
 
(40) 
 
 ground, and the fire burnt all over the ground in burning 
 brush, log-heaps, &c. And after the ground was clea'ed 
 and plowed, I sowed it down in whfat, ai.d ihe year '34 
 the wheat on that ground was good, while all around on 
 oth^r lands was not worth lutting. 1 was inclined to be- 
 lieve that the fire had destroyed the substance th;U was 
 near the top of the g ound, let it be what it was, raw 
 lime, salt or minerals of some o her kii d, the small quan- 
 tities of ashes on it would form some pota^h and likely 
 would kill the o'h^r wilds, and if not destroyed will at 
 certain times cause a kind ol air \^h"ch affect all vegeta- 
 tions, &c. In the year 1853 the moon lulls on the 21st 
 of June, and the wheat in n any f)lacfs w 11 le subject to 
 rust, &c., as in thp year '34. Very dry weather some- 
 times will sa\e fiom rot. Alter the moon is full the sap 
 descends and the days getting shorter, the scales are 
 downwad and all vegetables are more subject to rots, 
 rust bl ghrs, &c. Wh^n the moon changes about the 17th 
 of June, the sap is ris'ng while the grain is ripening and 
 the straw ripens at the bottom as well as top. But in the 
 reverse, the sap sinks to the bottom, and the gram ripens 
 first at the top and this is the case when fogs and changes 
 of weather, &c., is the straw bursts and takes the rust. 
 In getting the hot rays of sun on the ground and rise of 
 air therelrom cause destruction to grain, &c., by the ab- 
 sence of electricity in lunar system. 
 
 POTATOE RAISING 
 
 For many years has been a subject of great business and 
 has been attended with many d fficulties. But let us lock 
 back and see how^ they grew w.ld and done well when a 
 natural production of that country. 
 
 When I plant potatoes I never cut them and I make the 
 seed go as far as to cut, and they stand the dry w^eather 
 
(41) 
 
 better and are not so apt to rot in cold wet spells of wea- 
 ther, and the shoots come up more large ahd stroiig, and 
 are able to stand hard hips and dew letter. In the year 
 1818, I kiicw the potatoe to take the rot, ai.d in Ihe year 
 18S9, also, and some at other years to a small e> tent, tut 
 this year 1 have seen ihe potatoe rot from east to west, in 
 diffe-ent land?, and all the forms of the rot. The rot is 
 caused in diflFerent ways and is easily remedy d. The 
 most of farmers can tell how to plow corn so a,s not to 
 lire it. The potatoe is oilen fired and the p' tat e caused 
 to rot by plowing wet, heav y f:0 1 up on ihe vines ai ter the 
 young potatoes ha\e Kt. l"he hot sun and wet soil burns 
 the vihes and causes the vine to rot and then the potatoe 
 also will rot. Potatoes to do well never shou'd le h lied 
 up any after the bloom is seen, lor if h.ikd up a. ter that 
 time it v/ill cause an extra setting of young potaloe? and 
 often will injure the fi st setting. When the potatoes lay 
 in wet grou.id they will Oiten take ihe rot. Wash ng po- 
 /\>""' tatoes when the ^'me is tender and la.d away damp in 
 piles, then they will often take the rot. potatoes always 
 shou d be la d where they will get well driCCi before bur.ed 
 to do well, &c. But of all the lots in prtatc( s, the little 
 bug is the worst of a 1. They are so poison that they will 
 draw a blister equal to the Spanish lly. '1 hey light on 
 the potatoe tops and trail oft' the leaves and pOiSon the 
 tops and the tops turn bla«. k and set the potatoes to rotting. 
 Otie should watch close and not let them stay on the po- 
 tatoe vines, for they can be driven off. But ii the tops are 
 somev. hat eaten off by the bugs when iou.d out one can 
 save the potatoes by cutting off the tops, and kee[>ii g the 
 poison from going to the potatoe. Aii this must be done 
 bel'ore the tops get black. 
 
 Potatoe stalks are full of juice, and the poison will soon 
 run to the potatoe and if the tops aie young they will 
 
(42) 
 
 grow again and if near ripe, they will finish out. These 
 are my rules and I always save my potatoes, and never 
 fail. Lime, sprinkling strong ashes and all heating things 
 should be kept from the tops for they often do more harm 
 than good. Potatoes sometimes are injured by tending 
 and nursing them too much. When potatce tops are 
 robbed of the leaves or the stocks bruised it is far more 
 injurious to the potatoe than to cut off the tops and take 
 them away, which I always do when I cut them off. Po- 
 tatoe tops bruised at some times will do no harm, and at 
 other times will do much harm. And by that means care 
 is advisable always. 
 
 Potato tops cut off when young will grow again and do 
 well. Sometimes the grasshoppers and other insects will 
 eat off the potatoe tops and cause them to rot. The grass- 
 hopper comes from crickets and might be destroyed where 
 the grass can be burnt, and also give the turkeys a chance 
 to catch them, &c. Sometimes the potatoe tops will 
 take the blight and cause a rot where they are planted in 
 heavy, Avet soil, and after heavy rains falls on the grounds 
 and after the rain is over the hot sun comes out and scalds 
 the tops and causes a rot. Potatoes planted in soil that 
 has been yarded and where much urine has been on the 
 ground, after rains often such places a heat will arise and 
 cause the rot in potatoes. The potatoe tops sometimes - 
 will take the dry rot and die close to the ground. Some- 
 times I have seen the dry rot take the potatoe tops in some 
 way on lands where lime or log heaps have been burned. 
 Too much lime or ashes will often have a bad effect, and 
 sometimes a small amount will cause a rot in hot wet 
 weather. The best way is not to plant potatoes in soil 
 that has any of the above statements, in lime, ashes or 
 urine yards. Potatoes to grow well and good and do well 
 should not be planted on one piece of ground more than 
 
(43) 
 
 one year, or one time in a place,, on- tl^e same ground-o- 
 Potatoe tops sometimes will often have young shoots put- 
 ting up like sap sprouts and keeping the young potatoes 
 ^ from growing and in such cases they may be topped, but 
 never disturb the main stock, but take the young small 
 shoots in the new of the moon, at the time of increase of 
 sap and turn it to the growth of the potatoes. 
 
 Sometimes the potatoe tops take the blight and turn- 
 black as they die, but in most of cases, when examined, 
 the tops even v/ith the ground, and downv^^ards are dead 
 and dry and rotten as before stated. Any thing that kills 
 the outside on the tops even with the ground and downward 
 will cause the dry rot in the tops in the ground. Cabbage 
 and vines sometimes take this complaint. All the above 
 stated things should not be planted in such ground as 
 above named although if the ground is rolling the cabbage 
 and vines may do well. Potatoes planted in ground where 
 it has been yarded and much urine has been thereon, if 
 the potatoes come good, they will often have black hearts 
 and become faulty after putting away. Onions sometime& 
 take the rot when set out in the above named ground^ 
 where it is wet and they get heated or scalded. 
 
 A little sulphur sifted about on vines will keep off all 
 bugs and the most of insects and potatoes planted in dry 
 mellow rolling ground or soddy land and strict attention 
 paid and when any insects appears use a little sulphur and, 
 the buggs will soon be off and you will not have the po-. 
 tatoe rot if done in good time and dug in good season. 
 After potatoes are planted a good way is to keep them 
 healthy. Sift over some fine charcoal and by so doing in 
 a few years they will become healthy, for no insects will 
 like coal or sulphur of brimstone. 
 
 When potatoes are planted in this way deep or well 
 held up, and in ground not much adopted to weeds they. 
 
(29) 
 
 will not want any more tend-niT. Snuff sometlmps is good 
 to drive off insects. Sometimes whj'n Mie ground is dry, 
 the buggs will liffht on the main stalks, and are nrt any 
 notice taken of th^m and by getting a small bnuh they 
 tail down th'^ stock and lay th^re con. ealcd in the dry cirds 
 but a Htt'e snuff or su]|:bur of brimstone will drive them 
 avv^ay. The bugs very o.ten s'ing the main potatop stalks 
 and depo^ite the ebb which forms the insect in the stalk 
 and are se'dom found oi-t until too late to sa\ethe potatoes 
 from rotting. The main stalk iorms or has ihe large po- 
 mostiy ai.d they being ?tu;.ig or trimmed of the leaves the 
 potatoe rots. Sometirns tlie buf^ is driven off and do not 
 affect the small outs'de staik and in th s case there will 
 come some small potatoes. In all cnscs one ^boii d vvaich 
 his potatoe tops and not let them turn blatk Leirre ihey 
 are cut off if they have been stung or he may not be able 
 to save the potatoes. After tlip tops are cut otf and taken 
 away, \he bugs will leave and soon bt gonf . A ter the 
 tops are cut off lime or aehes sprinkled on may do more 
 harm than good for alter the tops are cut off tbey ; hould 
 have the pu e air, and not ha\e thrm coveicd up*, Lut 
 leave (hem clear to do well. More damage very oiten is 
 done in doctoring potatoe tops and oiher vines ihan good. 
 For the most part of the blight in all tops of potatoes 
 and vines they are stung by insect^ and a small poition 
 3f sulphur will remove them so easy and will do no more 
 harm to the sap nor stop the giowih of any thing and 
 vhen the sulphur is with the sap scarciy any inset will 
 ouch it or come about where it is. Potatoe grcund to 
 lo well should be plowed in the fall for the ne>;t spring 
 o as to give distruction to insects when potatoes are plan- 
 ed early in spring, they mostly will get nearly or quite 
 heir growth lefore the many insects come to aflect the 
 )Otatoe. Snails sometimes work on Potatoes and other 
 
(45) 
 
 matters and at some times have a bad effect. Salt will 
 drive them Itoqi cabbage and will not hurt the cabbage. 
 Potatoe tops sometimes will take the blight in dry weather 
 and dry up and the potatoe will only wilt. Potatoes 
 sometimes rot in w^ t, heavy soil, by laying too long after 
 they get their growth, and some times before they are 
 grown where there is too much wet weather. ALout the 
 24th of June, the days mostly are at full length and if the 
 mooi lulls at that time, and about the middle of the day 
 then tliere is mu^h dinger in all vines and many other 
 things being killed by hot suns, rains, logs and honey 
 dews, &c'. The spot on wheat and the lust and the many 
 diseases ihat the iarnier has to put up w^ilh in his horti- 
 cultural anangements. The iarmers should ha\e theri 
 lands d.y snA warm so as to i'orward their crops and get 
 their sjiali grain a:.d potatoes out of danger Lei'ore the 24th 
 of Jane. Potatoe tops cut oft' at that time woo'd be apt 
 to kill ihem. Potatoes being you.;g very often and full 
 of sap and when the days are on a stand and the mooD 
 also, or on the decline then the many diseases comt 
 on, whi h can be remedied by care and pains. The long 
 red potatoes seldom jct as muLh as other potatoes and' thf 
 cause iS, they have a long string or stem that connects the 
 potatoe to the tops and when the potatoes get near growi 
 then the string becon.es son.ewhat dry end hard and th< 
 poison will not go from the tops to the potatoes as whei 
 young and green. Some people say that the moon has m 
 effect on cuituring, but they haAe become satittied that 'th 
 rot and many other diseases are certainly in their potatoe 
 and grain, if the people will take notice of the moo; 
 full and changing and fogs, dews, hot scalds by the sur 
 cold blasts of the wind, &c., at and after the full lengt 
 of days they will soon find out the cause of the rot, cho 
 ria and other fatal diseases in their agricultural arrang( 
 
(46) 
 
 'inents and at what time to kill, &c. Potatoes will lay in 
 dry ground all winter and not rot but cut and plant in the 
 spring and summer, they are subject to the above state- 
 ments. Plant a row of potatoes and a row of tobacco 
 and so on in a patch together they will do well. 
 
 When the days are getting longer, and the moon is run- 
 ning high, the sap is on the increase, and all things grow- 
 ing out of the earth are on a rush of growth; but, after 
 the days are at full length, the moon running low and on 
 the decline, then one may look out for danger. When the 
 moon runs low the tides will run low, and sap and many 
 ECrowing things are near to a stand and are easily affected. 
 When the ground is very dry there is but little sap flowing, 
 and the string: that connects the Potatoe to the vine is so 
 dry that the poison, or disease, will not go from, the vines 
 to the potatoes, and in such case the potatoes ar^ some- 
 tim.es saved from rottini^, more especially v/hen near grown. 
 The buo[s stiufxin^^ the vines is somethini^ like the locusts 
 stinging the trees ; they deposit the insects and disappear. 
 In hot Aveather, v/hen the ground is very wet, and v/ater is 
 'standing about the vines, then it affects the sap ; and the 
 .un shininor hot and not much wind ffoi^^^? Ihe air will be- 
 Some so impure that the most of vegetation, and even 
 Tuit trees, will be more or less afiected, &c. 
 ' Some people think if they plant potatoes in March and 
 ^ime in the hill a little, that w^ill keep them from rotting ; 
 Sut it is a mistake, occasionally. The early planting is 
 Vhat m^akes the difference, for the potatoe v/ill get near 
 Town, and the connecting string gets hard before the dis- 
 ease comes on. Sometimes lime will do some good to 
 'elp dry the string, and sometimes it will do harm and 
 ^ause a blight in hot and wet weather. Plow in the fall, 
 ^nd liming would be of some use to kill insects, and get 
 'ie ground in good order. Planting year after year on 
 
(47) 
 
 one piece of ground, the disease will, to some extent, re- 
 main in the ground, when the ground lays rolling from the 
 sun, or is fiat, and contains mineral substances and con- 
 fined air, then after the above stated the potatoes will rot, 
 but when care is taken, and doing what is written here, 
 one will save the potatoes. 
 
 Potatoes should be planted so as to get the early sun- 
 shine, and dry off before the heat of the day comes on, 
 and have pure air. Some people say that all air is pure, 
 and there is no confined air; but what is in saying con- 
 fined air is sometimes ; there is but little air stirrino- in the 
 heat of the day, and the hot sun shining on the wet ground 
 and vines, there will be hot and cold breezes of air, and 
 sometimes makes one feel bad by the different rans;es of 
 air and a small circulation of wind to be felt stirring. 
 Where insects on vines in the above situation, the vinei? 
 often are more or less affected. Sometimes the leaves on 
 vines and fruit trees curl up, and people often cannot tell 
 what is the cause ; but if they would take a magnifying 
 glass and look through on the under side of the leaf they 
 would see living things at work, &c. 
 
 Note. — The Japanese gardeners, and many others of 
 old countries, display the most astonishing art to farmers, 
 lunar electricity. In her increase the moon supplies more 
 electricity to the atmosphere ; hence, all. vegetation de- 
 pending on atmospherical electricty should be sown or plant- 
 ed near the second quarter; they grow thrifty without 
 bearing many flowers ; trimming and setting out fruit trees, 
 esculent roots, &Co depending for nourishment on terres- 
 trial magnetism; (instead of atmospheric electricity), 
 should be sown or planted in the decrease of the moon. 
 The soil of different regions attracts different tints and 
 qualities of electricity to their atmospheres ; hence, the 
 difference in atmospheric phenomena ; also, in climater 
 iiationality, &c. | 
 
(48) 
 
 The Dandelion, in medicine, is considered an excellent 
 tonic and corrector of any dera igenient of the lunjtions 
 of th ^ liver, dyspepsia, and ch 'onic diseases of the diges- 
 tive o'gans; it may be used for these pu poses in two 
 ways, viz: in decoction and in the form of an ext^'act. 
 For decoction tike, say, roots and herbs, wash ciea.i, half 
 pou.id; soit water, hilf a gallon; boil down to a pint; 
 th? dise fro.n oae to two wine glasses full, twice a da}^ 
 To make the extract: take fresh roots, say a pouiid a.xl a 
 haT, b:"ivise them ; pure soi't wa'er, boJing, two gillons; 
 let it stand twenty-four h^u's. then boil down to a gallon ; 
 strain it wh le hot, and sim:ner it away gently to a ih'ck, 
 waxy iu'jstan^e ; be care!'u! not to burn it in the latter et^ge 
 of th.-^ process; it should b^ a brown, bitter, aro riatic 
 substance, and eas 'y d;ssol- ed in water. The dose of 
 this 's from ten to thirty g ah,s. Li.'e Everlastingj some 
 ca'l it. Old Fie'd Balsom is good in some cas-^s: equal 
 
 , parts of Dandelion and Lite Everlasting, made into a 
 syrup: say, to the above put in one ounje of sweet oil, 
 
 J four ounces of loaf sugar; and, when using, put in vine- 
 gar enough to taste ; and it will cu'e the Asthma without 
 
 ,^ fail. If people wou'd use ths medlcin3in bad colds, they 
 
 'never would die with the Co.isumption. 
 
 ■^THE DRY BELLY-ACHE AND DRY MURRAIN. 
 
 ■; Cattle sometimes take th's complaint, and many are 
 ijlcst for not knowing how to doctor for the complaint, and 
 .^sometimes do not doctor right. They should always know 
 •what the complaint is before giving anything. When 
 jcither of these cases are bad, give an injection of h-^g's 
 (lard and tobacco, and give them some as a drench. When 
 t^he case is not bad, a dose of from one pint to a quart will 
 ^oon give relief. After a full operation, give some sul- 
 l,ihur and saltpetre. Dose, in bad cases, one ounce ; at 
 
(49) 
 
 most of times half an ounce ; sulphur, two large spoon- 
 fuls ; and the suiphur and saltpetre will soon put the sys- 
 tem in a good condition. Some say that sulphur and salt- 
 petre is dangerous to give or take ; but there is no more 
 danger in it than m any other medicine. I have taken 
 large doses very often, and the next day went into the 
 water ; and if I ever caught cold I did not know it. Keep 
 in the dry for the first twelve hours, then the danger is 
 over. For stock to do well — both swine and cattle — they 
 should have some once a month at least. People who 
 take suiphur twice a month seldom have the rheumatic 
 pains. 
 
 BLACK TONGUE IN HORSES AND CATTLE. 
 
 This disease has prevailed indifferent States, and many 
 fine horses and cattle have been lost for the want of know- 
 ing how to doctor them. When the tongue or mouth gets 
 sore, take a little blue vitriol, pound to a powder, and 
 wrap a small portion in a rag, and tie to the bridle bitts 
 and let the horse chew and work in the mouth, and the 
 canker will soon be killed and be as other sores ; a good 
 strong white oak juice is very good to heal up such sores, 
 and many other sores on a horse. Blue vitriol will cure 
 any kind of canker or sore throat, by rubbing on a time 
 or two, and then use some kind of healing mouth water — - 
 strong white. oak juice is very good. 
 
 RING-BONE ON HORSES. 
 
 This can be cured with the oil of vitriol. Take and 
 burn the place with the oil of vitriol so as to kill the gris^ 
 tie ; a little at a time applied will soon stop it fro . i grow- 
 ing; and then use some oil of spike or some healing salve, 
 and a cure will soon be effected. 
 
 4* 
 
(56) 
 SPAVIN ON HORSES. 
 
 'i-hLs diBccise can be. cured in most of casesc Take one 
 ha].^ ]vy]t of sweet oil, tv/o ounces of spirits of tarpentiae, 
 on: (K oil of spike, one ounce of oil of amber, one 
 
 ou:iwC cl arganum, one ounce of seneca oil, one oimce o.f 
 spirits of hartshornj half an ounce of camphor, quarter pf 
 an-oir.ico of ' opiiirnj and luix y/ell together, D.nd rub on 
 every few days.' This will reduce the bone and slop it 
 A'Oiii growing, and take away the soreness, &c. This is 
 
 ■/\'\] 10 Mexican Mustang Liniment, or better. 
 
 OUEE FOR Tl^EE IMPLICATION IN THE 
 KIDNEYS. 
 
 Th;.:; disease often kilis horses, and the cause is not 
 •vnov/n, Syniploms : the horse will often stretch and try 
 i'o rnakc water and becoixie weak and sore across the loins, 
 
 :.' d by holdiEig one ear close on the horse near the ki(J- 
 neys, they can hear the water drop when the horse isx^vell^ 
 but' all drop faih:5 m case of the disease. Cure : give sul- 
 pbi?i' e,;d saltpetre, mixed in ffin, and bathe the back with 
 wdiisky and spirits of turpentine, and repeat tlie do^-es until 
 cared, - 
 
 A GOOD LINIMENT FOE HEAD-ACHE, AND* 
 xMANF PAINS, 
 
 Take one quart of alcohol or good whisky, three ounce* 
 of spirits of turpentine, half an ounce of camphor, quar- 
 ter of an ounce of opium, one onnce of hartshorn, and 
 mix well together, and shake up when usingc This is the 
 way most of the Liniments are made for the rheumatism, 
 and are very good for man and horse, and will sametime* 
 cure the rheumatism pains. Some old settled rheumatisia 
 paims are hard to cure where they have been of long stand- 
 ing and the joints are much swollen. In such c^ma oint 
 
(61) 
 
 with the oil extracted from the joints of horse bones : 
 but, when the system is much affected and swollen, take 
 pond lilly and make a strong tea, and bathe often; some- 
 times make it into poltices, thickened with corn meal ; 
 and a speedy cure will be effected, for which I never knew 
 to fail, if good attention is carried out. 
 
 HOW TO CURE BAD CUTS AND OLD SORES. 
 
 Make a liniment of two ounces of good whisky, half 
 an ounce of loaf sugar, two drachms of opium, and wet 
 a linen lint with the liniment, and lay on the sore after 
 washing the so^e with Castile soap. When sores have 
 proud flesh in, a little fine rosin should be sometimes put 
 on the sore, for sores very often have bad flesh in, when 
 they have been created by colds, or by drinking strong, 
 intoxicating liquors ; as when one drink much strono- 
 drinks these kinds of liniments will seldom do much good ; 
 but when a man keeps from strong drinks and keeps tem- 
 perate, in food and work, these cures will soon be effected. 
 
 A PAIN-KILLING LINIMENT. 
 
 This is similar to what is selling very high. One pint 
 of brandy, quarter of an ounce of camphor, two drachms 
 of opium, one ounce of spirits of turpentine, and as much 
 Cayenne pepper as to make it hot ; some severe pains need 
 it more hot than others. 
 
 Judkins' ointment is very good for manv sores, burns, 
 kc. How to make it : rosin, linseed oil, and spirits of 
 turpentine, equal parts ; but, to make it better, put in 
 beeswax and mutton tallow — all equal parts. This salve, 
 or ointment will sometimes cure scald-h ead, by wearing 
 bladder caps. This kind of ointment will cure the scab, 
 cancers, and the most of bad humors, by mixing in some 
 red precipitate and seneca oil, and keep the system free 
 
(52) 
 
 from fever and the blood pure, by taking some sulphur or 
 salts, or some burdock and dogwood, or wild cherry bit- 
 ters, &c. 
 
 WORTH NOTICE TO ALL. 
 
 The most of disease is caused by intemperance — by 
 drink, food, or some hard exposure. The dyspepsia, for 
 one, comes on often, incessant uneasiness, and pain in the 
 stomach ; two or three times a day the pain increases so 
 as to make ihem complain with agony. These attacks 
 happen after food, and sometimes when none has been 
 taken they will raise much sour clear tluid from the stom- 
 ach in the morning; the stomach swells much at night; 
 tongue coated and clammiy; much thirst, no appetite, 
 bowels costive, dull, stupefying sensation in the forehead, 
 sometimes sick at the stomach, &c. Cases of the diges- 
 tion of the stomach after death frequently occur in the 
 history of medical experience, which shows conclusively 
 that there must be some powerful digestive principle in 
 the membranes or glands of that organ.. Lpon this deep- 
 ly interesting point. Dr. Dunglison says : " Powerful as 
 the action of the gastric juice may be in dissolving food, 
 it does not exert it upon the coats of the stomach during 
 life. Being endowed with vitality they effectually resist 
 it; but when the stomach has lost its vitality its walls 
 yield to the chemical power of the digestive fluid which 
 they contain, and become softened, and in part destroyed. 
 Numerous examples of this have been observed. The 
 fact is one of great importance, and were it not understood 
 might be set down as strong corroborative evidence in 
 cases of suspected poisoning. 
 
 PROCESS AND PHYSIOLOGY OF DIGESTION. 
 
 BY J. S. HOUGHTON, M. D. 
 
 *' The process of Digestion consists, from first to Ir 
 
(53) 
 
 of the breaking up and dissolving of the food, and of ist 
 conversion into a homogeneous fluid called chyle, and then 
 into blood. The first, and one of the most important 
 parts of the process, is the mastication or chewing of the 
 food in the mouth. The object of this is not only to 
 break up the food into small particles, but to mix and 
 moisten it thoroughly with the mucuous and salivary fluids 
 of the mouth. It has been shown, by abundant experi^ 
 ments, that, unless properly chewed and mixed with saliva, 
 the food is not so easily nor so perfectly digested in the 
 stomach. Now, if the teeth be bad, so as not to chew 
 the food swallowed w^ithout chewing, or the sources of 
 saliva be destroyed by the too free use of tobacco, or other 
 substances, the process of digestion in the stomach must 
 be delayed or imperfect. 
 
 "The human stomach is a soft, thin bag, capable, usual- 
 ly. Of holding about two or three pints— sometimes four 
 or five pints. It is slightly muscular; not very powerfully 
 so, as a general thing. Its motions are chiefly caused by 
 the act of breathing, which moves the stomach along 
 with the lungs' diaphragm and bowels. The process of 
 digestion in the stomach is ch"efly one of chemical solu- 
 tion, and is performed by the agency of a fluid which 
 flows from its inner lining, called the gastric juice. The 
 true digestive principle or active property of this gastric 
 juice is a peculiar substance called pepsin. This pepsin 
 may be obtained from the gastric juice or from the solid 
 material of the stomach itself, 
 
 '' While the stomach is free from food the gastric juice 
 does not flow into it ; but as soon as its food is taken, it 
 begins freely to exude from its inner surface, provided the 
 organ be in a state of health. The fluid portions of the 
 of the food, as tea, coflfee, spirits, water, &c., are first 
 absorbed by the veins and lymphatic vessels of the stom- 
 
ach before the digestion of the solid food begins. It is 
 also thought that the gastric juice does not flow into the 
 rtomach with much rapidity until the fluids are ail ab- 
 sorbed. Nor will the gastric juice make its appearand 
 while the stomach is cooled below 100 degrees of heat ; 
 and hence the impropriety of using much iced water at 
 dinner to chill the stomach and retard digestion. The 
 gastric juice must penetrate the food to act upon it and 
 dissolve it easily and rapidly. This shows the necessity 
 of through chewing and of motion, to toss the i\)od about 
 and mix it with the fluids. Grease is rarely dissolved in 
 the stomach, and greasy food can not readily be penetra- 
 ted by the gastric juice. Lean roast beef and mutton, if 
 not too hard cooked, dissolve in the stomach in about 
 three hours; roast pork requires nearly six hours. Lying 
 down after dinnei, or cramping the stomach by sitting 
 down and leaning forward, after a full meal, retards diges- 
 tion. Food thrown too rapidly into the stomach causes 
 cramps and distressing pains. The too frequent use of 
 mustard, pepper, spiced food, vinegar, salt, ardent spirits, 
 beer, &c., destroys the capacity of the stomach lor pro- 
 ducing gastric juice. Over-eating distends the stomach 
 unnaturally, and throws more food into it than it can fur- 
 nish gastric juice to dissolve. Eating between meals and 
 before going to bed, keeps the stomach constantly at work, 
 and breaks ,down its natural powers. Many people eat 
 mustard enough with their dinner to create a blister over 
 the whole surface of the chest, and then wonder that they 
 have indigestion. If a proper quantity of food be taken, 
 and properly chewed, and the stomach be in a healthy 
 condition and furnish a due quantity of gastric juice, the 
 food is dissolved in about three hours, without causing any 
 uneasiness, and converted into a fluid called chyme. As 
 fast as the chyme is formed it is passed off through the 
 
^ { DO ; 
 
 • 
 lower end of t-be stomach into the ilrst portion of tbfe 
 intestiiiesj called the duodenum, there to be mixed with 
 Ihe gall or bile produced hj the liver, the pancreatic jiiice 
 furnished by the 'pancreas or sweat bread and the nattiM 
 iBUc<3^as of the intestines. This is^ in fact^ another stom- 
 ach; and here another process Oa^ digestion takes' placso 
 If the food has keen well digested in the stomach,- and'-ff 
 tfie liver be healthy and furnish plenty of bile orga'L d.xm 
 the ether requisite juices or flnids be present, then ifw 
 chyme received from the stomach is converted into '&■ new 
 fluid called chyle ; the nutritious portion is sepairnted from 
 the iiinntritious portion^ and the process of dh:/ \ is 
 
 complete. The nutritious portion of the n;- '\ :.:aid 
 (the pure chyle) is now absorbed by a set o-:' ; called' 
 
 lacteals, ivhich literally drink it up and pass it- into -cer- 
 tain channels^ which conduct it into the onrv^-t of-the^ 
 blood flowing to the heart. The innulritn. : [QT'-naif 
 
 thus taken up5 passes off by the intestines, to be riiscllargv-. 
 ed from the body aG useless, 
 
 •*VNow, notice this: if the food has not been w^i' di» 
 gested in the stomachj and if the liver be diseaEed -aHd'? 
 does not furnish bile to the intestines, why then the' process ' 
 of digestion in the intestines will not be properly perforii^i^ 
 ^d, and the precious materials of the food will not be t^^^ 
 en up or converted into blood, the unforiunate subject at' 
 this disease will fail to be properly nourished, and' great ' 
 debility must ensue. Again: the bile is the Dnta;ii.> pur- ' 
 gative of the intestines, and if it fail to be supplied in ud-^'i 
 equate quantity the severest form of costivenefs' ?/ilb B#^ 
 the inevitable result. And, further^ if the bile ' ■ . ■ ■•■^o- 
 arated from the blood by the liver, then it will, of course, 
 remain in the blood, and will continue to flow through the' '^ 
 circulation to the brain and other organs, to whiqh.'it?i'pia ; 
 poison^ tinging the eyes and skin with its natural je I i'otr»' : 
 
color — the hue of jaundice. The blood, instead of being 
 red, vital, and stimulating, will be black, thick, tar-like, 
 cold, and full of impurit}'. Without a healtliy stonmch, 
 and plenty of good gastrie juice, it will be readily per- 
 ceived, there can be no good d'gestion, nor any proper con- 
 version of food into blood. Rob the stomach of its gastric 
 juice, and all the horrors of indigestion, dyspepsia, jaun- 
 dice, liver complaint, and costlveness, must ensue. The 
 gastric juice is not only the gi-eat chemical solvent of the 
 food, but it is the purifying, preset ving, and stimulating 
 agent of the stomach and intestines. It will sweeten pu- 
 trid meat more effectually than saleratus, and will retard 
 putrefaction as powerfully as alcohol. It is also highly 
 stimulating to the nervous system and to the stomach, and 
 other organs. A half dead, weak, or injured stomach 
 can not produce good gastric juice, or a sufficient quantity 
 of it. 
 
 '' But this want may readily be supplied, by extracting 
 the digestive principle — pepsin — from the stomachs of an- 
 imals, resembling man's ; thus forming an artificial fluid, 
 precisely like the natural gastric juice in its chemical pow- 
 ers, and furnishing a complete and perfect substitute for it. 
 By the aid of this artificial digestive fiuid the pains and 
 evils of indigestion, dyspepsia, and liver complaint, are 
 speedily removed, just as they would be by a healthy 
 stomach; the food is properly converted into blood, the 
 body is nourished, good health and vigor are rapidly im- 
 parted to the whole organization, and the digestive organs 
 share with the rest in the happy results." 
 
 The dyspepsia is one of the diseases that are hard to 
 mre, when not rightly understood, and so ofen wTongly 
 loctored for, 
 
 A very good medicine for this complaint is ; take one 
 tint of brandy, one ounce of Peruvian bark, one ounce of 
 
( 57 ) 
 
 Virginia snake root, one ounce of dandelion roots, and one 
 ounce of white roots, all in one bottle ; and when well 
 mixed it will soon be fit for use. Dose : one spoonful 
 twice a day, after eating; this will keep the food from 
 souring on the stomach, and stimulate, &c. This mode 
 of doctoring has cured some very bad crs^s. 
 
 BLEEDING AT THE LUNGS. 
 
 Take a hop-toad and lay it on a hot shovel, and while 
 it is broiling hold the face over the steam, so as to get the 
 sm«ll and scent good, and the blood v/iil soon stop. If 
 the dose cannot be 'got, then take a piece of fresh 
 beef, and put some sugar of lead on it, and cook in 
 same form. This mode of doing one w^ill not get the lead 
 cholic, as some do get it in taking sugar of lead, to stop 
 the bleeding at the lungs. 
 
 WARTS. 
 
 There are many ways to kill warts, but the following is 
 very easy and good : pare it a little, so as to make it ten- 
 der; flash gunpowder on the warts, and they will soondis- 
 appear. 
 
 A SORE BREAST OF FEMALES. 
 
 A very good salve, made of molasses or su2;ar and hog's 
 lard and tobacco, and a little tar in it, or spirits of turpen. 
 tine ; if near gathering it will come to a head ; and if not,^it 
 will soon disappear without "fail. The same is good for a 
 cow's spoilt bag. 
 
 THE GEMS OF THE TWELVE MONTHS 
 
 Is a Polish superstition, that each month has a particular 
 gem attached to it, which governs it, and is supposed to in- 
 
flueiice the destiny of persons born in that month. It !&, 
 therefore, customary amo.ig friends and lovers, particular- 
 ly, to present each other oa their natal days, some trinket 
 containing their tutelary gems, accompanied with its ap- 
 propriate wish ; this kind fate, or perhaps kinder fancy, 
 generally contrives to realize according to their expecta- 
 tion. 
 
 Janairy — Jiein-h or garnet — denotes constancy and f- 
 delitv in every engageiiient. 
 
 February — Amethyst — preserves mortals from stron<; 
 pass ens, and ensures peacr of mind. 
 
 March — Bloodstone — denotes coui'affe and secrecv in 
 dangerous enterprises. 
 
 Ap il — Sapphire or dimond — denotes repentance and in- 
 nocence. 
 
 Miy — E nerald — successlui love. 
 
 Ju ic — A^fit" — ansures loaj^ Ufa and health. 
 
 July — Ruby or CorneLan — ensures the forgetfulness or 
 bure oi" evils sjjringing tVo.i i'riendship or love. 
 
 Au::(ust — Sirdonic — ensures conjugal felicity. 
 
 September — Chrysolite — preserves from or cures folly. 
 
 October— Aquamarine or Ophale — denotes misfortunes' 
 and hope. 
 
 Novenber — Topas — eusures fidelity and friendship. 
 
 December — Turqnorse or Malakite — denotes the mott 
 brilliant success and happiness in every circnmstance of 
 life. 
 
 SIGNS. 
 
 To hear a death watch denotes that there is a little in- 
 sect iiear you. A ringiig m the sar is a sign^that you 
 have taken a little cold. To see strange sights, or to hear 
 dismal souids, is a sign there is something to cause them, 
 or th it your head or a tvous system is disordered. To 
 
(59) 
 
 have frightful dreams, is a sign that you ate too much sup- 
 per. To see an apparition, or to be bewitched, is an in- 
 controvertible evidence that you are lacking common 
 
 sense. 
 
 TO JOIN STONE OR GLASS. 
 
 Heat the glass or stone and gum shellac over a heat un- 
 til the gum is dissolved, and press hard together until cold; 
 <rr thus :melt a little isinglass in spirits of wine, and add 
 a small quantity of water ; warm the mixture gently over 
 !!, moderate fire ; when mixed it will form glue, perfectly 
 transparent, which will re-unite broken glass nicely and 
 firmly. 
 
 THE CROUP. 
 
 This complaint is, in most cases, perfectly efficient. 
 Treatment thus : a mustard plaster on the stomach, and a 
 strip of flannel wet with a little spirits of turpentine and 
 hartshorn applied to throat, and nauseating doses of hive 
 syrup, to be continued as long as the croup remains. This 
 is simple, safe and easy, and if done in time a speedy 
 cure. 
 
 THE BLOODY FLUX. 
 
 This is one of the fatal diseases, and very often many 
 die with it, in not knowing how to doctor for it ; for it is 
 not like the common diarrhoea and summer complaint ; it 
 is a seep of the blood into the bowels ; and the blood must 
 be operated on as well as the bowels, or a fever in the 
 head will settle, and death will follow. Treatment thus : 
 good strong white oak bark tea, with a little loaf sugar 
 and sulphur of brimstone, in small doses, often, until 
 checked up, and then work off with a little castor oil. Or 
 
(60) 
 
 thus: sometimes loaf sugar and sulphur and good old 
 brandy will cure. Castor oil is very good to heal the 
 bowels, and in mild cases of the flux sometimes will effect 
 a cure. 
 
 HOW TO KEEP EGGS. 
 
 Pack them up in fine charcoal, in boxes or casks, so 
 that you can turn them upside down every day in hot 
 weather, and the charcoal will keep them pure and good 
 for a long time ; but they must be kept in the dry to da 
 well in most of cases. 
 
 LOCK JAW. 
 
 The application of beef's gall to the wound is said to be 
 a certain preventive and remedy for lock jaw. Beside its 
 anti-spasmodic qualities, the gall draws from the wound 
 any particles of wood, glass, iron, or other substances 
 that may cause irritation, when other applications have 
 failed to do so. Beef's gall, English garlic, and spirits of 
 turpentine, given in small doses, is very good for children 
 that have worms, and often cures fits. When Endish grar- 
 lie is not at hand, take assafoetida. Children that get this 
 treatment sometimes in mornings will be hearty. 
 
 DROPSY. 
 
 This disease is often caused by exposure and neglect. 
 When people have the fever and ague, and some other 
 complaints, the blood becomes very bad, and in doctoring 
 wrong, they sometimes get the Dropsy. This complaint 
 has often been cured with a tea made of wandering milk 
 weed root, winter green and seneca root; the same is very 
 good for the gravel and kidney complaints. Winter green 
 is sometimes called tea berry ; in the fall it has a little red 
 berry on and a pleasant scent. The wandering milk weed 
 
(61) 
 
 has a long, slim leaf and cotton pods, and little, slim 
 bunches like bean pods, and the root is black and bitter. 
 la doctoring lor Dropsy one should take some sulphur oc- 
 casionally and the tea for a constant drink. 
 
 MAD DOG BITE. 
 
 When bit by a mad dog they must diet nine daj^s, and 
 take inwardly plenty of good brandy and as much tincture 
 of iron and a preparation of arsenic, or dog button, medi- 
 cine as a skillful doctor would allow for doses. Apply to 
 the wound or place bitten, a poultice made of good whis- 
 ky, dandelion, and Ledf s gall, thickened with corn meal ; 
 the gall and a few drops of spirits of turpentine should be 
 spread on the plaster when made ready for use. This 
 poultice should be renewed often at first, and give as free 
 access to blood coming out as possible, if there should be 
 any seeping. Dog button is more poisoning to v/hat comes 
 into the world for nine days than it is for man, and m.an 
 is hard to kill with it; therefore it would be better to use 
 for hydrophobia than what arsenic v/ould be. In the 
 above disease and snake bite, a person can drink much 
 more brandy without being intoxicated than at other times. 
 I never knsw any person to die with hydrophobia that has 
 doctored in the above mode, but knew one that has had 
 the hydrophobia for twenty-three years, and still is living 
 in a lingering way, and has only used a part of the medi- 
 cine, and not at first, as it ought to have been used* 
 
 SORE THROAT AND HOARSENi;SS. 
 
 When the throat is sore and the amnons of the ears are 
 down, a good cure is to take the marrow from a hog's jaw 
 bone, and steep it in black pepper and vinegar, and bind 
 it on the throat with a flannel rag, and take some vinegar, 
 butter, molasses, and onions, and go to bed. Sometimes 
 
(62) 
 
 . before going to bed eat an onion or two ; it is very good for 
 bad colds. 
 
 BOTS IN HORSES. 
 
 To expel bots from a horse, take one dog button and 
 grate fine, and put it into spirits of milk, sweetened with 
 molasses, and add a quarter of a pound of blue clay, and 
 mix well, and give for a dose to a horse ; in two hours af- 
 ter the above has been given then give some oil to work 
 off. The above is the best to kill bots that has been found 
 out, as I have ever been able to learn. But of either of 
 the one, button or clay in milk has often expelled bots. 
 Said clay, when hird and dry, a small piece put into vin- 
 egar will set the vinegar to boiling, and its qualities at 
 large are but little known. The above is very good to 
 expel leaches from cattle. 
 
 GATHERING IN THE HEAD. 
 
 This complaint was cured many years ago by the Indians 
 as follows : bind oysters on the ear, one after another, as 
 fast as they would smell bad, and a speedy and sure cure 
 will ensue. The oyster must be fresh from the shell. 
 When the oyster can not be had a hop-toad wall do ; use 
 one-half at a time. They should be warmed a little be- 
 fore they are applied. 
 
 LAME BACK. 
 
 Sometimas people get a pain in the back or side from 
 >ame hurt or cold. Cure : take a little oats or hops, heat 
 them up ir> vinegar, and bind on where the pain is, and 
 renew often in bad cases, and the pain will soon cease. 
 The above, in all cases, will not do an/ harm^ and seldom 
 i'iUa to cure if properly applied. 
 
(63) 
 
 CURE FOR AN ACHING, HOLLOW TOOTH, 
 
 The following is an old cure : take half a grain each 
 of opium and yellow sulpate of quick silver, formerly 
 called turpith mineral ; make them into a pill, and place 
 it in the hollow of the tooth some hours before bed-time, 
 with a small piece of wax over the hole, when it is said 
 never to fail effecting a complete cure. 
 
 POWDER FOR SILVERING. 
 
 20 grains of Silver in Powder ; 
 120 '.' '' Cream of Tartar; 
 120 " '' Salt; 
 10 ■^' <-' Alum ; 
 A little Salamoniac— ail well mixed. 
 The plate or work must be clean and free from 
 grease. Then rub the plate with salt and water, and next 
 with the above powder ; then rinse well and dry the work 
 a:id varnish with white varnish. 
 
 WiiTK Vaknish. — Mastic,- half an ounce; White 
 Frankincense, quarter of an ounce; Sandarac, half an 
 ounce ; Benzoin, half an ounce ; and highly rectified Al- 
 cohol, one pint. 
 
 The following should have succeeded the remarks on 
 the potato rot, but was unintentionally omitted : 
 
 As I have before, in sorne other statements, said that 
 last year was a fruitful season; and gave my reasons for 
 it, with the exception of frost, and extremely dry as they 
 may occur; and this year is a year for insects, for they 
 have their turn as the locusts do. The blights, also, are 
 ia same rotations ; sometimes extremely dry weather pre- 
 vents, to some extent, but as soon as rain comes thea the 
 nights will be some colder and blights begin. Fruits are 
 ^ome subject to blights in July and August, in all feaj* 
 
( 64 ) 
 
 when certain things occur as I have said in other places. 
 The Grape-culturing men should begin to prune their 
 grape vines in the first quarter of the moon, so as to pre- 
 vent as little dead spots in the vines as possible, and give 
 i'ree access to sap. Ail places where vines are cut off 
 should be seared with some wax to keep the vines from 
 bleeding, and keep all weeds and other obstructions from 
 the vines, so that they may be able to stand the dry weath- 
 er better, and then the other complaints would not be so 
 liable to aliect them. Fall plowing and a little liming is 
 a good way to get rid of insects, &c., and may help to 
 prevent blights. When small quantities of lime have been 
 put on the tanning lands in the fall, and the water kept 
 from standing on the ground while culturing the next 
 year, it will, to some extent, prevent the blight. The use 
 of sulphur is very good to keep off insects, and Vv^ll do 
 some good otherwise to the vines; and more depends on 
 keeping the vines good than anything else. Vines should 
 not be too close together; the}^ should have a chance for 
 oxygen before the heat of the day arrives. Trimming in 
 the decrease of the moon the sap is descending, and in so 
 doing jou make black spots in the vines, and when a full 
 fiow of sap rises, then often impurity is caused. Very of- 
 ten people want to have raspberries, grapes, and apple 
 trees, and many things, all mixed together, and the result 
 is often attended with difficulties and damage. 
 
 Grapes, fruits, etc., take the blights, rots, and so on, 
 more from the impurity of the sap than from anything 
 else ; but when the days are shortening and the moon de- 
 creasing, a little damp weather often will start them to 
 rotting by the vines being on the decrease ; and in all such 
 yrears as this one may look for more or less of diseases 
 imong grapes, fruits, potatoes, grain, etc. : but if it is ex- 
 fremely dry they sometimes escape the above complaints. 
 
(65) 
 
 But the graia is often small or sunk, and the fruits and 
 vegetables are in like manner, but grapes in dry weather. 
 Sometimes a little insect works on one side of the leaf, 
 and it rolls up, and is so injured that the vines do not re- 
 ceive a regular quantity of oxygen, and in this case the 
 grapes are liable to wilt or rot, and by the use of sulphur 
 of brimstone in hot water poured on the main body of the 
 vine all around it, at the surface of the ground, very often 
 has a good effect, and they become healthy; very often 
 the disease is at the root, and in that case the hot water is 
 very beneficial. Sometimes fruits and some vegetalles do 
 well to cross or graft, and so on ; it improves the quality. 
 And again; some others will not do at all; they are too 
 thick; they do not receive the oxygen as they should. It 
 may be said in this case that when some kinds of fruits are 
 too close together, and will not mix, they arritate, and one 
 or the other will be impure, and sometimes the tree or 
 vine dies, by receiving the scent of eat h other, and not 
 the oxygen, as they should. If the above rules are car- 
 ried out all will do well, and the leaves of the trees and 
 vines will die with old age. The above work was written 
 for the United States, but will serve with little variation 
 for other countries. 
 
 Note.— In the year 1829, in Gloucester county, N. J., 
 on the first of June, a heavy hail storm fell for some dis- 
 tance around the country, and cut down all the rye and 
 young corn, and the potatoes, &c. My potato tops were 
 in bud for bloom, and they were all cut down to the ground, 
 and I took my knife and trimmed off the top butts, and 
 they sprang up and grew very fine again, and were not much 
 damaged, and I had very fine potatoes in good season. A 
 man one half mile off took a scythe and mowed his green 
 rye off even and near the ground, and it sprang up and was 
 ■a middling crop. This was at the time of moon chang- 
 
 6* 
 
(66) 
 
 ing. The rest of the farmers did not cut off their rye, 
 and it did not come to anything, and was all lost. Some 
 years insects are much worse than at other years, and 
 then lUst, blights, &c., are worse on grain, fruit trees, 
 vegetables, &c. Sometimes the rust in places does no 
 damagje, by the weather being extremely dry ; but in these 
 cases the grain is not so large, and some of it shrink up 
 as in lormer years, for let ihe seasons be as they may, the 
 grain will not be tliasame as at other years spoken of. 
 
 Note. — Worth Heeding. — If men gave three times as 
 much attention as they now do to ventilation, ablution, 
 and exercise in the open air, and one-third as much to eat- 
 ing, furnishing, and late hours, the number of doctors, 
 dentists, and apothecaries, and amount of neuralgia, dys- 
 pepsia, gout, fever, and consumption would be changed 
 in a corresponding ratio. Mankind would rapidly pre- 
 sent the aspect of not only of a far healthier and thriftier, 
 but a far more beautiful and more virtuous race. In the 
 most of diseases, in man, beast, and other matters^ some 
 simple modes of doctoring will cure, and what is prescrib- 
 ed by some to cure, others will say that it will not do at 
 all. Doctors disagree as well as others. Look back to 
 forty and fifty years ago and see what was the mode of 
 doctoring. In these days people rely on strong medicines, 
 some are cured with what is called of but little use, and 
 if they had known what was used their faith would have 
 failed them. Faith and a contented and calm mind will 
 do something sometimes to human nature. 
 
 A WORD TO LADS AND OTHERS. 
 
 Of the three modes of using tobacco, smoking is that 
 which seems to have insinuated itself most extensively 
 -among the youth of our community. Tobacco employed 
 in this way, being drawn in with the vital breath, conveys 
 
(67) 
 
 its poisoning influences into every part of the lungs, Ther 
 the various fluids are entangled in the minute, spongy air 
 cells and have time to exert their pernicious influences on 
 the blood, not in vivifying but in vitiating it. The blood 
 imbibes the stimulant, narcotic principle and circulates it 
 through the whole system. It produces, in consequence,- 
 a febrile action in those of delicate habits. Where ther§ 
 is any tendency to phthesis, and the tubercular deposit iri 
 the lungs, debility of those organs consequent on the us6 
 of tobacco in this way must favor the deposit of tubercu- 
 lous matter, and thus sow the seeds of consumption. Thi^ 
 practice impairs the natural taste and relish for foodj 
 lessens the appetite, and weakens the powers of the stom- 
 ach, &c. The dyspepsia is a disease often caused from 
 the use of tobacco. Many diseases are caused when eat- 
 ing too much of food that is not good for the stomach and 
 the system ; the course of nature is to be healthy, bust 
 crossing it with food and bad medicine will soon destrojl 
 the whole system. More people are killed in taking muhh: 
 medicine than cured, very often, where the complainti is 
 contrary to the medicine. :is\ 
 
 Note. — ^This should have followed the article on tne 
 potato rot, but was unintentionally omitted: 
 
 The small end of the potato, which is full of eyes} is 
 the part which produces the earliest ; the middle and body 
 of the potato the late and larger ones. OH 
 
 MADDER RED. ; r 
 
 One pound of Alum to every seven pounds of gpt>W, 
 adding, if you have it, one half pound crude tartar ; Mik 
 your goods out of the preparation, and, after airing them 
 well, lay them away in a warm room, in a heap, and well 
 covered over with some old blankets, and let them sour 
 till the day following ; empty and re-fill your kettle with 
 
(68) 
 
 pure soft water; take three 'pounds of good madder, and 
 wet it up with good, sharp vinegar, set it aside in some 
 warm place to become sour till the next day, then put fire 
 under the kettle, and put in the Madder, stir the dye and 
 let it steep half an hour ; heat not, as boiling tarnishes the 
 color; put in your goods three hours ; airing two or three 
 times during the process ; take them out of the dye, rinse 
 and dry them, scour in strong soap suds. 
 
 For deep red, add one ounce of otter, two ounces muri- 
 atic acid ; mix them as before, and let them stand two or 
 three days, and then follow as above. 
 
 TO DYE GREEN. 
 
 After dyeing yellow with oak bark and alum, add into 
 your yelllow dye, little by little, a compound prepared as 
 follows : Take one ounce of good indigo ; reduce it to a 
 fine powder; put it into a clean, well glazed earthen ves- 
 sel ; pour on three ounces of very pure oil of vitriol, with 
 a tea-spoonful of salt ; stir it together well ; and, when 
 fermentation ceases, set it one side till next day, when it 
 will be fit for use. Let this be done a day or two before 
 you dj^e ; now add to this, say a table-spoonful at a time 
 to your yellow dye ; stir up the dye well each time before 
 putting in your goods ; continue the dips till the color suits. 
 
 HOW TO MAKE HAIR OR CHAMPAIGN LIQUID. 
 
 Take half a pint of spirits of wine, half an ounce of 
 borax, and pulverize fine, and some colored water or bur- 
 gam^ ; in some cases dilute the spirits of wine. 
 
(69) 
 
 The Fruit-Raiser's and Farmer's Guide and Receipt Book, with 
 some other useful Receipts for the Farmer. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 
 
 Page 
 
 Fruit Raising and Bitter Rot, 
 
 3-13 
 
 How to protect against Frost, 
 
 13-17 
 
 Bloody Murrain, . . . . 
 
 19 
 
 Poll Evil, 
 
 20 
 
 Mole Trap, 
 
 21 
 
 Hog's Sore Throat, - . 
 
 22 
 
 Horse's Founder, .... 
 
 ib 
 
 Bots in Horses, 
 
 ib 
 
 How to Cure the Kidney Worm, 
 
 23 
 
 Warts and Wens, .... 
 
 ib 
 
 Scratches on Horses, - - - 
 
 ib 
 
 Snake Bite, 
 
 24 
 
 Rat Killing, 
 
 ib 
 
 Horse Bleeding, .... 
 
 26 
 
 How to Kill Insects on Trees, 
 
 ib 
 
 Pruning Buds and Grafts, - - - 
 
 ib 
 
 The Blight in Fruit Trees, - 
 
 30-1 
 
 The Milk Sickness, - - 
 
 32-40 
 
 Rust on Grain, - . . - 
 
 39-40 
 
 Potato Raising and Rot, - 
 
 . 40-47 
 
 Belly- Ache aid Dry Murrain, 
 
 48-'9 
 
 Black Tongue in Horses and Cattle, - 
 
 49 
 
 Ring Bone on Horees, 
 
 ib 
 
 Spavin on Horses, - - - 
 
 60 
 
 Implication in the Kidneys, 
 
 ib 
 
 Liniments - - - - 
 
 60-^1 
 
.(70) 
 
 INDEX— Continued. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Bad Cuts and Sores, 51 
 
 Worth Notice to All, ... - 62 
 
 Bleeding at the Lungs, ... - 57 
 
 Sore Breasts, ------ in 
 
 Signs, - - o8-'9 
 
 To Join Stone and Glass, - - - • 59 
 
 Bloody Flux, i^ 
 
 Lockjaw, GO 
 
 Dropsv^ ---.--- lb 
 
 Mad Dog Bite, 61 
 
 Sore Throat and Hoarseness, - . - ib 
 
 Bots in Horses, 62 
 
 Head Gathering, ib 
 
 Lame Back, -..--- ib 
 
 Tooth Aching, .... - 63 
 
 Powder for Silvering, . _ - - ib 
 
 The Grape Rot, 64 
 
 G<-ain Cut down by Hurricane, - - 65 
 
 Worth Heeding, 66-'7 
 
 Madder Red, ..... 67-'8 
 
 To Dye Grten, 68 
 
 To make Hair or Champaign Liquid, • i>^ 
 
 683 
 


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