LIBRARY FOR YOUNG PEOPLE \ COLLECTION OF THE BEST READING FOR BOYS AND GIRLS WALTE R CAM P EDITOR-IN-CHIEF, ASSISTED BY THE FOLLOWING EDITORIAL STAFF CHARLES WELSH ARTHUR T. HADLEY BENJAMIN IDE WHEELER SIR EDWIN ARNOLD ANSON PHELPS STOKES, JR. BUSS CARMAN CVNTHIA WESTOVER ALDEN HOWARD PYLE EDWIN KIRK RAWSON RICHARD H. DANA LIEUTENANT ROBERT E. PEARY EDWARD BROOKS PROFESSOR W. P. TRENT C. G. D. ROBERTS HENRY S. PRITCHETT OPIE READ ABBIE FARWELL BROWN NATHAN H. DOLE THOMAS WENTWORTH HIGGINSON WITH A GENERAL INTRODUCTION BY MELVIL DEWEY ARRANGED BY PHILIP P. WELLS OF THE YALE LAW UBRARY. AND HARRY T. CUNTON ILLUSTRATED IN COLOR AND BLACK AND WHITE N EW YORK P. F. COLLIER & SON M CMIII BOARD OF EDITORS WALTER CAMP, Editor-in-Chief. MELVIL DEWEY, Director of New York State Library. PHILIP P. WELLS, Librarian Yale Law School. C. G. D. ROBERTS, Editor and Historian. CHARLES WELSH, Author, Lecturer, Managing Editor "Young Folks' Library." ARTHUR T. HADLEY, President Yale University. BENJAMIN IDE WHEELER, President University of California. SIR EDWIN ARNOLD, Author, Traveller, and Poet. Author of "The Light of Asia," etc. ANSON PHELPS STOKES, Jr., Author and Educator. Secretary Yale University. CYNTHIA WESTOVER ALDEN, Author, Editor. Founder Interna- " tional Sunshine Society. HOWARD PYLE, Artist-Author. Author and Illustrator of "The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood." EDWARD KIRK RAWSON, Author. Superintendent Naval War Records. BLISS CARMAN, Journalist and Poet. HENRY S. PRITCHETT, President Massachusetts Institute of Tech- nology. RICHARD HENRY DANA, Lawyer, Author and Lecturer. ROBERT E. PEARY, Lieutenant and Civil Engineer, U. S. N. Arctic Explorer, Author and Inventor. W. P. TRENT, Professor of English Literature, Columbia University. ABBIE FARWELL BROWN, Author of Children's Stories. EDWARD BROOKS, Author, Superintendent Public Schools of Phila- delphia. THOMAS WENTWORTH HIGGINSON, Author. OPIE READ, Journalist and Author. NATHAN H. DOLE, Writer and Translator. Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2011 with funding from Tine Library of Congress iittpV/www.archive.org/detaiis/sportsgamesOOcamp Bmateur flDaatc -Vol. XIV, p. 45- Xibrar^ for l^oung people SPORTS AND GAMES ARRANGED AND EDITED BY WALTER CAMP ILLUSTRATED BY C. M. RELYEA NEW YORK P. F. COLLIER y SON 1903 THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, Two Copies Reeeiveif JUL 29 1903 Copyright Entry CLASS CU XXc. No COPY B. .C J5- Copyright 1903 By p. F. collier & SON INTRODUCTION UST a word to those who may prove readers of this book. To the children who in an idle moment wonder what to do next; to the boys and girls who have outgrown some of the games of childhood and who are looking for more interesting sports and pastimes ; to the young men and women who, already suspecting there is a more serious side of life, are still as keen as ever for out-of-doors, the breath of the fresh air, and the tan- ning touch of the sun ; and, finally, to the parents who are living over all these things in their children, and who are so often asked for suggestions that it some- times seems their originality and patience must give out. Some parts of this book are meant for each. When I first undertook to gather together, into a single volume, all the things I should like to tell yau about sports and games, and all the suggestions I should like to make as to following them up, I found that I should notonlyhave a volume, but that I should i Vol. 14 — I Introduction have a complete library, with nothing in it except sports and games. As I had undertaken for the pub- lishers of this Series a set of volumes of which Sports and Games should make up one-twentieth, I found that my first method could not be followed. Study- ing upon the problem with the hope of a satisfactory solution, it finally occurred to me that many times I myself would have been very grateful if I could have found only the name and title of a book on some par- ticular sport that I wished to follow. I could then procure that book and read all I wanted to in it. This suggested the idea that I have adopted in this volume. I have taken the main sports and given some outlines and suggestions about them. I have tried to put clearly as many suggestions for fun, amusement and good health as possible within the number of pages allotted. Then, in addition, I have added a kind of index of books from which a reader may gain the best idea of the principles of any sport, and thus make himself or herself thoroughly familiar with it. If my plan should succeed in disseminating more pleas- ure among my friends in school and out, I shall be contented. I can not leave the subject without some comment upon the ethics of sport. It has been my good fortune to know so many boys and girls, young men and young Introduction women who have, in school and college, found such worlds of enjoyment in the things that might be called outside of the curriculum, that I can not forbear this opportunity to talk with them all just a few minutes in print. In the first place, play fair. Nothing counts more than that. Not only does the sport go out of the con- test and the sun go behind a cloud, but the very chance of winning grows less when any other means are considered. The victory is only worth winning when it leaves no scar behind. Make the rules strict and then live up to them. Don't study to find where they can be evaded, but rather to ensure their enforce- ment, and then you will have nothing to regret. In your games try to give every one a chance. Don't make them all games of strength. Don't make them all games of skill. Don't get so much enamored of any one that you can not see the fun in another. But when you go in for a sport in school or college follow it up and make the most of yourself. Don't be deluded, moreover, by the people who tell you to "play only for sport, never mind who wins." That spirit might come with the millennium, but I doubt it. A good live American boy or girl has a right to win and to play to win, and if he is on a team or crew or nine, or if she be on a basketball team or golf team, or iii Introduction anything else, where upon individual effort depends somewhat the success of others, then that boy or girl must play to win. It is not a bad thing to feel a pleas- ure in success and a depression in defeat so long as neither of these feelings lasts too long. They ought to come, and they will. They are part of the training and discipline,, of the education and development, and without them life at school or college would lose a good deal of its savor. Of course there are better things than winning, and there are a good many worse things than losing, but you don't need a preacher to tell you that, and it is generally only the lazy, careless, and indifferent who go upon the principle of never minding who wins or loses. The great physicians, no less among them than Sir Morell Mackenzie, have many times taken occa- sion to emphasize the statement that exercise should have some pleasurable excitement to be of the greatest value. Young people and grown folk of the present day have come to realize this, and, appreciating the fact, are making greater their hours of pleasure and profiting thereby. To those for whom there is an opportunity I can only say. Take as much of your pleasure out of doors as possible. There is nothing that can compare with fresh air. No amount of gymnasium exercise or in- iv Introduction door amusement can make up for the lack of the real benefit which comes from pleasurable sport out of doors. Don't keep children in because it is cloudy or windy, or because the day seems disagreeable. Boys and girls should be out of doors, and it is only the exceptional case where, no matter what the weather is, the boy or girl is not the better for being out every day. But the long winter evenings come and there are times, as every one knows, for indoor games and amusement of all kinds. For these hours certain se- lections in this book have been adapted, and if I add a few hours of amusement to the time of the boys and girls who read this volume, and at the same time do not encroach upon the longer hours they all should spend out of doors, the ultimate purpose of this vol- ume will be achieved. Just one word more. Sports and games out of doors ought to teach you unselfishness. The narrow, cramped, confining four walls of a house ought to be forgotten, and with them anything small and con- temptible. Growth of the body comes from out-of- door exercises and the fresh air and sunshine, and with it ought to come growth of the mind, not in the sense of book knowledge which the school and even- ing reading can furnish, but in the sense of greater V Introduction breadth of view and wider horizon. This may seem like preaching, but everybody knows how much harder it is to be cross and mean and stingy when out of doors than when cooped up in the house. But just as you grow strong in body by these out-of-door sports through constant exertion, so the mind and heart, even though well disposed, should have the same amount of exertion along the right lines to make them broad and true. So I say, be generous to a fault, forget self and selfishness and grow. Walter Camp. VI SPORTS AND GAMES CONTENTS Indoor Amusements • i BLIND man's buff I BLIND man's wand 2 SHADOW BUFF 2 THE donkey's TAIL 3 PUSS IN THE CORNER 3 UP JENKYNS, OR CODDAM 4 FLY away! 4 DRAWING-ROOM ACROBATICS 5 PARLOR FOOTBALL 6 POTATO RACE 7 FIRE-BUCKETS -. 7 HEADS, BODIES, AND TAILS 8 PICTURES TO ORDER 8 HANGING 9 SIMON SAYS II PICTURES AND TITLES II TOWNS AND PRODUCTS I3 ROADSIDE WHIST I3 TWIRL THE TRENCHER I4 CROSS QUESTIONS AND CROOKED ANSWERS 1 5 THE FAMILY COACH p , . 16 ix Contents Indoor Amusements — (Continued). MAGIC MUSIC o o . o . . . 17 THE DWARF o « . . . . o I7 dumb crambo , . . i8 gate's cradle <,........ 19 MAGIC WRITING o ... 21 THE "band-box" CHARADE .......... 24 acting proverbs ..... 32 shouting proverbs 33 proverbs 34 animal,, vegetable, or mineral . 38 the game of conversation . ......... 39 rachel and jacob 40 speculation 4i pope joan 42 beggar my neighbor 44 Amateur Magic 45 a plate balanced on a needle 45 to balance a pencil on its point 45 to balance an egg on the neck of a bottle .... 46 the divided rear 46 to drill a hole with a needle through a pin ... 47 a startler for a careful housekeeper 48 to drive a needle through a cent 49 an acrobatic bottle 49 pencils balanced in mid-air 5^ the shovel and the tongs = .51 a miniature diving-bell 5^ red, white and blue . • • • • 53 Contents Amateur Magic — {Continued). a miniature vesuvius 55 water changed to wine 56 the performing fish 58 a queer kind of candlestick 60 how to weigh a letter with a broomstick . . . . 61 bewitched soap-bubbles 62 the camphor scorpion 64 a novel water engine ,65 a miniature steamboat 67 a paper fish made to swim at pleasure ..... 68 a curious coin trick 7o bubble-blowing extraordinary 70 a play acted in a looking-glass 73 the tri-colored star 74 the tight-rope dancer 75 candle lighting under difficulties ...... yj a problem in gymnastics 78 another gymnastic puzzle 78 Boating 80 effect of the wind on a boat 8o splices^ knots and tackles 90 the small open sailing-boat i06 open boats with boom-sails, and half-decked boats i29 seamanship i46 open boat sailing i78 Rowing 193 Football 212 Baseball . . . . 229 xi Contents Track Athletics 241 Swimming ^4o Squash Ball ^59 Lawn Hockey ^"9 Cricket ^75 Lawn Bowls • • • • ^5 Croquet ^9^ Ice Hockey . 3^5 Water Polo 347" Table Tennis 357 Bowling 3P3 Basketball for Women 37^ Lawn Tennis 3^2 APPENDIX 393 xu SPORTS AND GAMES INDOOR AMUSEMENTS BLIND man's buff r>LIND MAN'S BUFF is one of the best, oldest, ■^-* and simplest of games. One player is blind- folded, is turned round two or three times to confuse his ideas as to his position in the room, and is then told to catch whom he can. If he catches some one, yet can not tell who it is, he must go on again as blind man ; but if he can tell who it is, that person is blind- folded instead. Where there is a fireplace, or where the furniture has sharp corners, it is rather a good thing for some one not playing to be on the lookout to protect the blind man. Sometimes there are two blind men, who add to the fun by occasionally catch- ing each other. But this is rather dangerous. There is also a game called Jinglers, where every one is blind except one player with a bell, whom it is their object to catch. But this is more dangerous still. A good variety of Blind Man's Bufif is the silent one. Directly the man is blindfolded, and before he begins to seek, all the players take up positions in corners, on chairs, or wherever they think most pru- I Sports and Games dent, and there they must stop without making a sound. The task for the blind man is thus not catch- ing the others, but, on finding them, deciding upon who they are. As chuckling or giggling is more likely to tell him than his sense of touch, it is tre- mendously important to make no noise if you can help it. Sometimes this game is played (without any standing on chairs) by a blind man armed with two spoons, with which he feels the features of those whom he runs against. In this case it is practically impossible to avoid laughing. The sensation pro- duced by the bowls of two spoons being passed over the face in the attempt to recognize its owner is over- whelming. BLIND man's wand Here the blind man has a stick, one end of which is grasped by the other players in turn. The blind man puts three questions to each player, and his aim is to recognize by the voice who it is that replies. The aim of the players, therefore, is to disguise their voices as much as possible. Sometimes, instead of merely asking questions, the blind man instructs the holder of the wand to imitate some animal — a cock or a donkey, for example. SHADOW BUFF A sheet is stretched across the room. One player stands on one side, and the rest, who remain on the other, pass one by one between the sheet and the can- 1 Indoor Amusements die which throws their shadows upon it. The aim of the single player is to put right names to the shadows on the sheet, and the aim of the others is, by performing antics, to keep him from recognizing them. If it is not convenient to use both sides of a sheet, the single player may sit on a hassock close to it w^ith his back to the others, while they pass be- tween his hassock and the candle. THE donkey's tail A good-sized donkey without a tail is cut out of brown paper and fixed on a screen or on a sheet hung across the room. The tail is cut out separately and a hatpin is put through that end of it which comes nearest the body. Each player in turn then holds the tail by the pin, shuts his eyes honestly, and, ad- vancing to the donkey, pi;is the tail in what he be- mistake. lieves to be the^j^ght pl-adip The fun li^in his f^J ^.^U^S IN TOE CORNER EacfSfe^yer save One takes a corner. The other, who isjhe puss, stands in the middle. The game be- gins by one corner player beckoning to another to change places. Their object is to get safely into each A)ther's corner before the cat can. Puss's aim is to find a corner unprotected. If she does so, the player who has just left it, or the player who was hoping to be in it, becomes puss, according to whether or not they have crossed 4^ their journey. Sports and Games UP JENKYNS, OR CODDAM The players sit on opposite sides of a table, or in two opposite rows of chairs with a cloth spread over their laps. A sixpence or other small object is then passed about among the hands of one of the sides under the table or cloth. At the word "Up Jenkyns !" called by the other side, all these hands tightly clenched must be at once placed in view on the table or the cloth. The first player on the other side then carefully scans the faces of his opponents to see if any one bears an expression which seems to betray his possession of the sixpence, and, having made up his mind, reaches over and touches the hand in which he hopes the sixpence is, saying, "Tip it." The hand is then opened. If the guess is right the guessing side take the sixpence and hide it. If wrong, the same side hide it again, and the second player on the guess- ing side tries his luck at discovering its whereabouts. A score is decided on before the game begins, and the winning side is that which first makes that number of right guesses. FLY away! The player who is chosen as leader sits down and places the first finger of her right hand on her knee. The others crowd round her and also place the first finger of their right hands on her knee, close to hers. The game is for the leader to raise her finger sud- denly, saying, "Fly away [something]." If that 4 Indoor Amusements something is not capable of flight the other fingers must not move, but if it can fly they must rise also. Thus, "Fly away, thrush!" "Fly away, pigeon!" "Fly away, butterfly!" should cause all the fingers to spring up. But of "Fly away, omnibus!" "Fly away, cat!" "Fly away, pig!" no notice should be taken. The game is, of course, to catch players napping. DRAWING-ROOM ACROBATICS There are various feats which can be performed in a small room without injury to furniture. To lie flat on the floor on one's back and be lifted into an upright position by a pair of hands under the back of the head, keeping stiff all the time, is a favorite ac- complishment. Another is to bend over and touch the floor with the tips of the fingers without bending the knees. Another is, keeping your feet behind a line, to see who, by stretching along the ground sup- ported on the left hand only, can place a penny with the right hand the furthest distance and get back again to an upright position behind the line without moving the feet or using the right hand for a sup- port. The penny must be recovered in the same way. Another feat is, keeping your feet together and one arm behind you, to see how far back from the wall it is possible to place your feet (remembering that you have to get into an upright position again) while you lean forward supported by the other hand laid flat against the wall. 5 sports and Games Another is to keep the toes to a line, and kneel down and get up again without using the hands. Another is to make a bridge of your body from chair to chair, resting the back of your neck on one and your heels on the other. This is done by begin- ning with three chairs, one under the back, and then when you are rigid enough having the third one re- moved. If you hold your hands across your chest in a straight line with the tips of the forefingers pressed together, it will be impossible for any one else, how- ever strong, to hold by your arms and pull those finger-tips apart. It is quite safe to stand a person against the wall with his heels touching it, and, laying a shilling on the floor a foot or so in front of him, to say it will be his if he can pick it up without moving his heels from the wall. Another impossible thing is to stand sidewise against the wall with your left cheek, left heel, and left leg touching it, and then raise the right leg. PARLOR FOOTBALL In this game goals are set up at each end of the room, the players are provided with fans, and the football is a blown hen's egg, which is wafted back- ward and forward along the floor. An air-ball would also do, but in that case the goal should be scored in the Rugby way — over instead of through. 6 Indoor Amusements POTATO RACE This is a good game for a hall or landing. Two baskets are needed, which are placed at one end of the hall about two yards apart, and then in a line from each basket are placed potatoes, at intervals of a yard or so all down the floor, an equal number to each line. Any even number of competitors can play, the race being run in heats. Each competitor is armed with a long spoon, and his task is to pick up all the potatoes on his line and return them to the basket before his opponent can. Each potato must be carried to the basket in turn, and if dropped on the way must be picked up again before another can be touched, and the spoon only must be used. Any help from the other hand or from the foot disqualifies. FIRE-BUCKETS At a fire in the country, where there is no hose, a line of men extends from the burning house to the nearest pond, and buckets are continually being passed along this line. Hence the name by which this excellent game is called here. It is played thus. A large number of miscellaneous and unbreakable arti- cles — balls, boots, potatoes, books, and so on — are di- vided into two exactly equal groups, and each group is placed in a clothes basket. The company then forms into two equal lines, and each chooses a captain. Each captain stands by the basket at one end of his line, at the other end being a chair and another player stand- 7 sports and Games ing by that. At the word "Start," the articles are handed one by one by the captain to the first player in the line, and passed as quickly as possible without dropping to the player by the chair. As they come to him he piles them on the chair (without dropping any) until all are there, and then returns them with equal speed until the basket is filled again. The side which finishes first is the winner. If an article is dropped it must be picked up before any other of the articles can pass the player who dropped it. HEADS, BODIES, AND TAILS For this game sheets of paper are handed round and each player draws at the top of his sheet a head. It does not matter in the least whether it is a human being's or a fish's head, a quadruped's, a bird's, or an insect's. The paper is then turned down, two little marks are made to show where the neck and body should join, and the paper is passed on for the body to be supplied. Here again it does not matter what kind of body is chosen. The paper is then folded again, marks are made to show where the legs (or tail) ought to begin, and the paper is passed on again. After the legs are drawn the picture is finished. PICTURES TO ORDER Each player sits, pencil in hand, before a blank sheet of paper, his object being to make a picture con- taining things chosen by the company in turn. The 8 Indoor Amusements first player then names the thing that he wants in the picture. Perhaps it is a tree. He therefore says, "Draw a tree," when all the players, himself in- cluded, draw a tree. Perhaps the next says, "Draw a boy climbing the tree"; the next, "Draw a balloon caught in the top branches" ; the next, "Draw two lit- tle girls looking up at the balloon" ; and so on, until the picture is full enough. The chief interest of this game resides in the difficulty of finding a place for everything that has to be put in the picture. A com- parison of the drawings afterward is usually amusing. HANGING This is a quite difficult game, very suitable for a tiring journey. The two players sit side by side, and one of them dots out on a piece of paper the words of a proverb or well-known line of poetry. Thus, "I met a little cottage girl" would be set down so: Underneath this a small gallows is erected. Thus The game is for the other player to discover the line. In order to do this he is permitted to ask his 9 sports and Games opponent for letters. Perhaps he will begin by ask- ing, "May I have an 'a,' " because there are few sen- tences that do not contain an "a." His opponent will then put the first "a" in. Thus : Then perhaps another "a" will be asked for, and the line will come out thus : Then perhaps an "e" : . e . a . , So far all has gone favorably with the guesser, and the gallows is still untouched. But perhaps he will now venture to ask for a consonant (which is much more risky than a vowel), and will say, "May I have an 's'?" As there is no "s" in the line the reply will be against it, and the opponent will at once ap- pend to the rope of the gallows a small head. Thus : / o This means that the guesser has lost one out of a possi- ble six points, the others being his body, his two arms and two legs. For each letter he asks for in vain he loses one of these, and when all have gone he has lost lO Indoor Amusements the game too. Sometimes, however, the quotation can be detected very quickly. SIMON SAYS Seat yourselves in a circle and choose one of the company to be the leader, or Simon. His duty is to order all sorts of different things to be done, the fun- nier the better, which must be obeyed only when the order begins with "Simon says." As, for instance, "Simon says: 'Thumbs up!'" which, of course, all obey; then perhaps comes: "Thumbs down!" which should not be obeyed, because the order did not com- mence with "Simon says." Each time this rule is forgotten a forfeit must be paid. "Hands over eyes," "Stamp the right foot," "Pull the left ear," etc., are the kind of orders to be given. PICTURES AND TITLES Each player draws on the upper half of the paper a historical scene, whether from history proper or from family history, and appends the title, writing it along the bottom of the paper and folding it over. The drawings are then passed on and each player writes above the artist's fold (or on another sheet of paper) what he thinks they are meant to represent, and folds the paper over what he has written. In the accompanying example the title at the bottom of the paper is what the draughtsman himself wrote; the others are the other players' guesses. II sports and Games Various Descriptions by the Players The Abbot of Christchurch, near Bournemouth, surveys the scaffolding of the abbey. The end of the Paris Exhibition. An old man coming back to the home of his childhood, looks across the river, where a duck is swimming, to the dilapidated cathedral and town which represent the stately piles he remembered. The building of the Ark. The Artist's Description The Last Man surveying the ruins of the Crystal Palace. 12 Indoor Amusements TOWNS AND PRODUCTS This is a somewhat similar game bearing on geog- raphy. Suppose there are three players. One chooses a well-known place, say Boston, and begins, "I know a place where they sell boots," or whatever it may be beginning with B. The next player then knows what letter the place begins with and at once starts thinking of what place it is likely to be. Per- haps she settles on Birmingham, in which case she would say, to indicate that the second letter of the word was "I," "I know a place where they sell isin- glass" (or icicles, or ingle-nooks). "No," says the first player, and the third therefore has to try. Per- haps she decides that the place is Brighton, in which case she will say, "I know a place where they sell rockets" (or rump-steak, or raisins). "No," says the first player again, and then it being her turn she gives them another light on the right word by saying, "I know a place where they sell oranges" (or oil, or ocarinas), and so on, until the place is spelled through ROADSIDE WHIST In the Channel Islands visitors riding about in large wagonettes pass the time by playing a game called Roadside Whist. The people on the left seat of the carriage take the right side of the road, and those on the right seat take the left. The conductor teaches them the rules at the beginning of the drive. 13 Sports and Games In our case it is better perhaps to make them for ourselves, to suit our own particular country. Let us suppose that — If you see A baby in arms you score A baby in a perambulator A white horse A ladder against a house A woman in a white apron A butcher's cart A street gate A postman Then there should be a few things for which marks have to be taken off. Let us suppose that — If you see A pug dog A piebald horse An open gate A flock of sheep A soldier you lose 2 4 2 3 ID No matter what the score is, whichever side sees a cat on a window-ledge wins the game. TWIRL THE TRENCHER This is a game which almost any number of chil- dren can play. The players seat themselves in a circle, and each takes the name of some town, or flower, or whatever Indoor Amusements has been previously agreed upon. One of the party stands in the middle of the circle, with a small wooden trencher, or waiter, places it upon its edge, and spins it, calling out as he does so the name which one of the players has taken. The person named must jump up and seize the trencher before it ceases spinning, but if he is not very quick the trencher will fall to the ground, and he must then pay a forfeit. It is then his turn to twirl the trencher. A very similar game to this is "My Lady's Toi- let." The only difference is that each player must take the name of some article of a lady's dress, such as shawl, earring, brooch, bonnet, etc. CROSS QUESTIONS AND CROOKED ANSWERS To play this game it is best to sit in a circle, and until the end of the game no one must speak above a whisper. The first player whispers a question to his neigh- bor, such as: "Do you like roses?" This question now belongs to the second player, and he must re- member it. The second player answers: "Yes, they smell so sweetly," and this answer belongs to the first player. The second player now asks his neighbor a question, taking care to remember the answer, as it will belong to him. Perhaps he has asked his neighbor, "Are you fond of potatoes? And the answer may have been, "Yes, when they are fried!" 15 sports and Games So that the second player has now a question and an answer belonging to him, which he must remem- ber. The game goes on until every one has been asked a question and given an answer, and each player must be sure and bear in mind that it is the question he is asked, and the answer his neighbor gives, which be- longs to him. At the end of the game each player gives his ques- tion and answer aloud, in the following manner. "I was asked: 'Do you like roses?' and the answer was : 'Yes, when they are fried !' " The next player says: "I was asked: 'Are you fond of potatoes?' and the answer was : 'Yes, they are very pretty, but they don't wear well.' " / ■t THE FAMILY COACH This is a very good old game, and is most amus- ing if you can find some one who is a good story- teller. The players sit in a circle and every one, except the story-teller, takes the name of some part of a coach or its equipments; for instance: door, step, wheels, reins, box-seat, and so on. When all are ready the story-teller begins a tale about an old coach and what happened to it, how it went on a journey, came to grief, was mended, and started off again. The story should be told fluently, but not too i6 Indoor Amusements quickly. Every time any part of the coach is men- tioned, the player who has taken that name must rise from his seat, and then sit down again. Whenever "the coach" is mentioned, all the play- ers, with the exception of the story-teller, must rise. Any one who fails to keep these rules must pay a for- feit. MAGIC MUSIC One of the players is sent out of the room, and the rest then agree upon some simple task for her to per- form, such as moving a chair, touching an ornament, or finding some hidden object. She is then called in and some one begins to play the piano. If the per- former plays very loudly the "seeker" knows that she is nowhere near the object she is to search for. When the music is soft, then she knows she is very near, and when the music ceases altogether, she knows that she has found the object she was intended to look for. THE DWARF This is a most amusing game if well carried out. The two performers must be hidden behind two cur- tains in front of which a table has been placed. One of the performers slips his hands into a child's socks and little shoes. He must then disguise his face, by putting on a false mustache, painting his eyebrows, sticking pieces of black court plaster over one or two of his teeth, which will make it appear as though he has lost several teeth. This, with a tur- 17 sports and Games ban on his head, will prove a very fair disguise. The second performer must now stand behind the first and pass his arms round him, so that the second per- former's hands may appear like the hands of the dwarf, while the first performer's hands make his feet. The figure must, of course, be carefully dressed, and the body of the second performer hidden behind the curtains. The front player now puts his slippered hands upon the table and begins to keep time, while the other performer follows suit with his hands. The Dwarf can be used either to tell fortunes, make jokes, or ask riddles, and if the performers act their parts well, the guests will laugh very heartily. DUMB CRAMBO Divide the company into two equal parts, one half leaving the room; the remaining players should i8 Indoor Amusements then select a word, which will have to be guessed by those outside the door. When the word has been chosen — say, for instance, the word "will" — the party outside the room are told that the word they are to guess rhymes with "till." A consultation then takes place, and they may think that the word is "ill." The company then enter and begin to act the word "ill," but without speaking a word. The audience, when they recognize the word that is being performed, w^ill immediately hiss, and the actors then retire and think of another word. Thus the game goes on until the right word is hit upon, when the company who have remained in the room, clap their hands. The audience then change places with the actors. cat's cradle Take a piece of string and knot the ends together and slip it over your hands, as in Fig. i. Next wind the string round your hands, not in- cluding the thumb, as in Fig. 2. Slip the second fingers through the string on '9 sports and Games your hands and you have your cat's cradle, as in Fig. 3- . You must now ask a second person to put his thumbs and first fingers through the cradle, as in Fig. 4. Draw out the string and take it under the cradle, and you will have Fig. 5. Slip the thumbs and first fingers again into the side pieces of the cradle, draw the string sidewise and take it under the cradle, and you will have Fig. 6. 20 Indoor Amusements Now curl the little fingers round the string, slip- ping one under the other as shown, and draw out the side pieces. Slip the thumb and first fingers under the side string, bring them up the middle, and you have your original cat's cradle again. MAGIC WRITING In this game a confederate is necessary. The player states to the company, after a few remarks on ancient sign-language, that he is able to read signs 21 Vol. 14 — 2 Sports and Games made with a stick on the floor, and agrees to leave the room while the company decide upon some word or sentence. The game is played as follows: It is agreed by the player and his confederate that one tap on the floor shall represent A, two taps E, three taps I, four taps O, and five taps U, and that the first letter of each remark the confederate makes shall be one of the con- sonants of the word or sentence decided upon by the company. The consonants must be taken in order. On the player's return, supposing the word chosen to be "March," his confederate would commence: ''Many people think this game a deception" (initial letter M). One tap on the floor (A). "Really it is very simple" (initial letter R). "Coming to the end soon" (initial letter C). "Hope it has been quite clear" (initial letter H). A few more signs are made so as not to finish too abruptly, and the player then states the word to be "March." If carefully conducted, this game will interest an audience for a considerable time. 22 Indoor Amusements CHARADES A BACK DRAWING-ROOM with folding doors makes a very nice theatre for acting charades. Almost any- thing may be used for dressing-up — shawls, anti- macassars, tablecloths, handkerchiefs, cast-off dresses, or a dressing-gown. The latter is a very useful gar- ment in representing an old gentleman, while tow or white fire shavings make excellent wigs. The great thing in a charade is to try and puzzle your audience as much as you can. You must choose a word of two or more syllables, such as "Bagpipe." First you must act the word "Bag." and be sure that the word is mentioned, though you must be careful to bring it in in such a way that the audience shall not guess it is, the word you are acting. Next comes the word "Pipe," and this must be brought in in the same manner. When you have acted the two syllables, you must act the whole: "Bagpipe." Before beginning the charade you should arrange who is to bring in the charade word or syllable. You must also settle what you are going to say, or at least, what the act is to be about. Let every scene be well thought out and be as short as possible. You must be as quick as ever you can between the acts, for all the fun will be spoiled if you keep your audience wait- ing. If you have no curtain or screen the actors must simply walk off the stage at the ends of the scenes. 23 Sports and Games To act charades well one requires a little practice, and plenty of good temper, for, of course, only one or two can take principal parts, and therefore some of the children must be content to take the smaller ones. It is a good plan to take it in turns to play the best parts, and if the elder children are kind and thought- ful, they will try to make some easy little parts, so that their younger brothers and sisters may also join in the fun. Here we give you a very simple charade, the words of which you may learn, and then act, after which you will very likely be able to make up cha- rades for yourselves. THE "band-box" charade Scene i : A Street This can be made by placing a row of chairs with open backs near the wall facing the audience; a child is stationed behind each chair, and, looking through the open back, pretends to be looking out of a win- dow. BAND ist Child behind chair.— Oh! dear, how dull our street always is. I declare nothing nice ever comes this way. 2d Child.— No, I quite agree with you. Why, I haven't seen a "Punch and Judy" for months. I wish my mother would go and live in another street. 3d Child.— Never mind, let us go out and have a game. 24 Indoor Amusements (Enter five or six children — or a lesser num- ber, if more convenient — carrying toy musi- cal instruments.) I St Child. — Hurrah! Here comes a German Band. Come along children; let's go and listen to it. (The band groups itself at the end of the street, and the children stand round. After tuning up, the band begins to play.) 2d Child. — Now, Mary Jane, we can dance. I'll dance with you. 3d Child. — No, / want to dance with Mary Jane, ist Child. — I don't want to dance at all. 2d Child. — You must. 3d Child. — ^Yes, you must. (Band ceases playing and one of the bandsmen comes round for money.) ist Child. — I haven't any money. 2d Child. — ^But we haven't begun to dance yet. Bandsman. — You shouldn't have been so long arguing then. Surely you'll give the band a penny, after all the pretty music it has played? ist Child. — I won't. 2d Child. — ^7 won't. 3d Child. — And 7 wont. Bandsman. — Well, you are mean. Come along. (Beckoning to the rest of the band.) We'll go, and it will be a long time before vv^e come down this street again. Curtain falls. 25 Sports and Games BOX Scene 2: A Room Tommy (hopping about the room, waving a let- ter in his hand).— Hurrah! hurrah! Uncle Dick is coming. Hurrah! hurrah! (Enter Tommy's brother and sister and papa and mamma.) Papa.— What's the matter, Tommy? Tommy.— Uncle Dick has written to say he is coming to spend Christmas with us, and he is brings iag me a Christmas box. Mamma.— How kind of him! But be sure you are careful not to ofifend him. Tommy. He is rather a touchy old gentleman. Sister.— I wonder what it will be. Tommy. Brother.— I hope it will be a set of cricket things, and then we can play cricket in the summer. Tommy.— Oh! yes, I hope it will be, but what- ever it is, it is sure to be something nice. (Begins hopping about again. Enter Uncle Dick, a very old gentleman with a gouty foot. Tommy does not see him and goes banging into him, treading on his gouty foot.) Uncle Dick.— Oh ! oh ! oh ! oh, my toe ! Tommy.— Oh! Never mind your toe! Where's my Christmas box? Uncle Dick.— Your Christmas box, you young scamp ! Think of my toe. 26 Indoor Amusements Tommy. — Please, Uncle, I'm very sorry, but I do so want to know what you have brought me for a Christmas box. Uncle Dick (roaring). — Here's your Christmas box, and may it teach you to be more careful in fu- ture. (Boxes Tommy's ears.) Curtain falls. BAND-BOX i Scene 3 : Milliner's Shop Mistress (to new apprentice). — Now, Mary, you must take Lady Fasion's new bonnet home, and be sure you wait to hear if her ladyship approves of it. Mary. — Yes, madam, and what shall I say if she doesn't? Mistress. — Oh! you must listen to what she has to say and then answer: "Very good, your ladyship; the alterations shall be made." Now, take the bonnet and go. (Mary takes the bonnet and prepares to start.) You don't mean to say you are going to take it like that? Mary. — ^Why not, madam? Mistress. — You must wrap it up, of course. (Mistress busies herself with other bonnets while Mary wraps up the bonnet in a news- paper.) Mary. — Is that right, madam? Mistress. — Good gracious! no; the idea of taking home her ladyship's bonnet in a newspaper. You 27 Sports and Games must put it in a band-box with some nice, soft paper. Here, give the bonnet to me and I will pack it up. (Mistress packs up the bonnet and gives the box to Mary, who goes off stage.) Mistress. — Well, I'm sure. I hope that girl will make no more mistakes, but really she is too trying for anything, and I'm afraid she will never make a good milliner. Fancy a milliner who doesn't know the use of a band-box! Ha! ha! ha! Oh! it is too funny for anything. Exit laughing, and curtain falls. Here is a list of words which will divide easily into charade words: Brides-maids Rail-way Port-man-teau (toe) Hand-some Cur-tail In-no-cent Mad-cap Sweet-heart Hand-i(I)-craft Sea-side Fox-glove A-bun-dance Key-hole Nose-gay Car-pen-try Pat-riot Turn-key In-do-lent To make your charades a real success, you will of course require a curtain. A very effective one can be made with a little trouble and at a small cost; indeed, the materials may be already in the house. First you must fix a couple of supports on each side of the room, taking care that they are screwed firmly into the wall and also taking care not to dam- age the paper. 28 Indoor Amusements If you are a neat workman, you will find on tak- ing out the screws that the two small screw-holes on each side will scarcely be noticed, as of course the supports must be fixed very near the ceiling. You must then put up your curtain-pole, which should be as thin as possible, so that the rings may run easily. A cheap bamboo pole is the best. Two wide, deep curtains are required; very likely the nursery curtains may be suitable. On to these curtains you sew a number of small brass rings, which you can buy for about five cents a dozen, or even less. The rings should be sewn on the curtains, as you see in the illustration, right across the top, and from the extreme top corner of the curtain, slantingwise across to the middle. The top rings are passed along the curtain-pole, a string (marked in the illustration Ai) is sewn on to the curtain, and threaded through the rings until it reaches A2. It is then threaded through the rings on the pole until it reaches A3, when it is allowed to fall loose. The same arrangement is gone through with string B. The bottom of the curtain must be weighted with shot, or any other weights that may be convenient. When the curtain is to be raised, the stage man- ager and his assistant stand on each side of the stage with the strings ready in their hands, and at a given 29 sports and Games signal — the ringing of a bell is the usual sign that all is ready — they each p.uU a string, and the curtains glide to each side, and may be fixed to hooks, put up on purpose. 30 Indoor Amusements When the curtain is to fall, the two in charge of it must simply loosen the strings and let them go, and the weights cause the curtains to fall to the centre. 31 Sports and Games All sorts of useful and ornamental "properties" may be made at home for a very small cost. Card- board, and gold and silver paper, and glue go a long way toward making a good show. Swords, crowns, belts, gold-spangled and gold- bordered robes can be made from these useful ma- terials, and look first-rate at a distance. An old black dress with little gold stars glued or gummed to the material would make an excellent dress for a queen. The swords or belts must first be cut out in cardboard, then covered with gold or sil- ver paper. To make a good wig, you should shape a piece of calico to fit the head! then sew fire shavings or tow all over it. If you wish for a curly wig, it is a good plan to wind the shavings or tow tightly round a ruler, and tack it along with a back stitch, which will hold the curl in position after you have slipped it off the ruler. These few hints will give you some idea of the very many different costumes which can be made by children out of the simplest materials. ACTING PROVERBS The best way to play this game is for the players to divide themselves into two groups, namely, actors and audience. Each one of the actors should then fix upon a proverb, which he will act, in turn, before the audience. As, for instance, supposing one of the players to have chosen the proverb, "A bad workman 3* Indoor Amusements quarrels with his tools," he should go into the room where the audience is seated, carrying with him a bag in which there is a saw, a hammer, or any other implement or tool used by a workman; he should then look round and find a chair, or some other arti- cle, which he should pretend requires repairing; he should then act the workman, by taking off his coat, rolling up his sleeves, and commencing work, often dropping his tools, and grumbling about them. If this game be acted well, it may be made very entertaining. Sometimes the audience are made to pay a forfeit each time they fail to guess the proverb. SHOUTING PROVERBS This is rather a noisy game. One of the company goes outside the door, and during his absence a pro- verb is chosen and a word of it is given to each mem- ber of the company. When the player who is out- side re-enters the room, one of the sompany counts "One, two, three," then all the company simultane- ously shout out the word that has been given to him or her of the proverb that has been chosen. If there are more players present than there are words in the proverb, two or three of them must have the same word. The effect of all the company shout- ing out together is very funny. All that is necessary is for the guesser to have a sharp ear; then he is pretty sure to catch a word here and there that will give him the key to the proverb. 33 Sports and Games PROVERBS This is a very interesting game, and can be played by a large number at the same time. Supposing there are twelve persons present, one is sent out of the room, while the others choose a proverb. When this is done the "guesser" is allowed to come in, and he asks each person a question separately. In the an- swer, no matter what question is asked, one word of the proverb must be given. For illustration we will take "A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush." I. John must use the word "A" in his answer. 2. Gladys, "bird" in hers. 3. Nellie, "in" in hers. 4. Tommy, "the" in his. 5. Estelle, "hand" in hers. 6. Ivy, "is" in hers. 7. Wilfrid, "worth" in his. 8. Lionel, "two" in his. 9. Vera, "in" in hers. 10. Bertie, "the" in his. 11. Harold, "bush" in his. The fun becomes greater if the answers are given quickly and without allowing the special word to be noticed. It often happens that the "guesser" has to try his powers over several times before succeeding. The one who by giving a bad answer gives the clew, in turn becomes guesser, and is then obliged to go out of the room while another proverb is chosen. Here is a list of proverbs : A bad workman quarrels with his tools. , A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. A cat may look at a king. Aching teeth are ill tenants. A creaking door hangs long on the hinges. 34 Indoor Amusements A drowning man will catch at a straw. After dinner sit a while, after supper walk a mile. A friend in need is a friend indeed. A good servant makes a good master. A good word is as soon said as an evil one. A little leak will sink a great ship. All are not friends that speak us fair. All are not hunters that blow the horn. All is fish that comes to the net. All is not gold that glitters. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. A penny saved is a penny earned. A pitcher goes often to the well, but is broken at last. A rolling stone gathers no moss. A small spark makes a great fire. A stitch in time saves nine. As you make your bed, so you must lie on it. As you sow, so you shall reap. A tree is known by its fruit. A wilful man will have his way. A willing mind makes a light foot. A word before is worth two behind. A burden which one chooses is not felt. Beggars have no right to be choosers. Be slow to promise and quick to perform. Better late than never. Better to bend than to break. Birds of a feather flock together. 35 Sports and Games Care killed a cat. Catch the bear before you sell his skin. Charity begins at home, but does not end there. Cut your coat according to your cloth. Do as you would be done by. Do not halloo till you are out of the wood. Do not spur a willing horse. Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise. Empty vessels make the greatest sound. Enough is as good as a feast. Faint heart never won fair lady. Fine feathers make fine birds. Fine words butter no parsnips. Fire and water are good servants, but bad masters. Grasp all, lose all. Half a loaf is better than no bread. Handsome is as handsome does. Happy is the wooing that is not long in doing. He that goes a-borrowing goes a-sorrowing. Hiders are good finders. Home is home though it be ever so homely. Honesty is the best policy. If wishes were horses, beggars would ride. It is an ill wind that blows nobody good. It is never too late to learn. It is not the cowl that makes the friar. It is a long lane that has no turning. It's a good horse that never stumbles. 36 Indoor Amusements It's a sad heart that never rejoices. Ill weeds grow apace. Keep a .thing for seven years, and you will find a use for it. Kill two birds with one stone. Lazy folks take the most pains. Let sleeping dogs lie. Let them laugh that win. Make hay while the sun shines. Many a true word is spoken in jest. Many hands make light work. Marry in haste, repent at leisure. Never look a gift horse in the mouth. Necessity is the mother of invention. Old birds are not to be caught with chafif. Old friends and old wine are best. One swallow makes not a spring, nor one wood- cock a winter. People who live in glass houses should never throw stones. Possession is nine points of the law. Procrastination is the thief of time. Short reckonings make long friends. Safe bind, safe find. Strike while the iron is hot. Take care of the pence and the pounds will take care of themselves. The cobbler's wife is the worst shod. The more the merrier, the fewer the better cheer. 37 sports and Games The darkest hour is just before the daylight. There's njany a slip 'twixt the cup and the lip. There's a silver lining to every cloud. Those who play with edge tools must expect to be cut. Time and tide wait for no man. Too many cooks spoil the broth. Union is strength. Waste not, want not. What the eye sees not the heart rues not. When rogues fall out honest men get their own. When the cat's away, the mice play. Wilful waste makes woful want. You can not eat your cake and have it also. ANIMAL, VEGETABLE, OR MINERAL This is a capital game for a large party, for it is both instructive and amusing. One player is selected who has to guess what word or sentence the remain- der of the company has chosen. He goes out of the room, and when the subject has been decided upon, returns and asks a question of each of the company in turn. The answer must be either "Yes" or "No," and in no case should more words be used, under penalty of paying a forfeit. The first important point to be found out is whether the subject is "Animal," "Vege- table," or "Mineral." Supposing, for instance, the subject chosen is a cat which is sleeping in the room by the fire, the questions and answers might be like 38 Indoor Amusements the following: "Is the subject chosen an animal?" "Yes." "Wild animal?" "No." "Domestic ani- mal?" "Yes." "Common?" "Yes." "Are there many to be seen in this town?" "Yes." "Have you seen many this day?" "Yes." "In this house?" "No." "Have you seen many in the road?" "Yes." "Do they draw carts?" "No." "Are they used for working purposes?" "No." "Is the subject a pet?" "Yes." "Have they one in the house?" "Yes." "In this room?" "Yes." "Is it lying in front of the fire at the present time?" "Yes." "Is the subject you all thought of the cat lying in front of the fire in this room?" "Yes." The subject having been guessed, another one is chosen and the game proceeds. THE GAME OF CONVERSATION To play this game successfully two of the com- pany privately agree upon a word that has several meanings. The two then enter into a conversation, which is obliged to be about the word they have chosen, while the remainder of the company listen. When a member of the party imagines that he has guessed the word, he may join in the conversation, but if he finds he is mistaken, must immediately retire. To give an illustration : Supposing the two play- ers who start the conversation decide upon the word box. They might talk about the people they had seen at the theatre and the particular part of the house in which they were sitting. Then they might say how 39 Sports and Games nice it looked in a garden, and one might mention that it grew into big trees. Perhaps one of the com- pany might imagine that he had guessed the word correctly and join in, when the conversation would be immediately changed, and the two would begin to converse about a huge case in which a very great number of things were packed away. By this time, possibly the person who joined in the conversation will leave ofif, completely mystified. If, however, the word should be correctly guessed, the person guessing it chooses a partner, and they together select a word, and the game begins again. RACHEL AND JACOB ^ One player is blindfolded, the rest dance in a cir- cle round him till he points at one of them. This per- son then enters the ring, and when the blindman calls out, "Rachel," answers, "Jacob," and moves about within the circle so as to avoid being caught by the blindman, and continues to answer, "Jacob," as often as the blindman calls out, "Rachel." This continues until "Rachel" is caught. "Jacob" must then guess who it is he has caught; if he guesses correctly, "Rachel" takes his place, and the game goes on; if he guesses wrongly, he continues to be "Jacob." 40 Indoor Amusements CARD GAMES SPECULATION Speculation is a game at which any number of persons may play. The stakes are made with count- ers or nuts, and the value of the stakes is settled by the company. The highest trump in each deal wins the pool. When the dealer has been chosen, he puts, say, six counters in the pool and every other player puts four; three cards are given to each person, though they must be dealt one at a time; another card is then turned up, and called the trump card. The cards must be left upon the table, but the player on the left-hand side of the dealer turns up his top card so that all may see it. If it is a trump card, that is to say, if it is of the same suit as the card the dealer turned up, the owner may either keep his card or sell it, and the other players bid for it in turn. Of course, the owner sells it for the highest price he can get. The next player then turns up his card, keeps it or sells it, and so the game goes on until all the cards have been shown and disposed of, and then the player who holds the highest trump either in his own hand or among the cards he has bought takes the pool, and there is another deal. Should none of the other players have a trump 41 sports and Games card in his hand, and the turn-up card not having been purchased by another player, the dealer takes the pool. If any one look at his cards out of turn he can be made to turn all three up, so that the whole com- pany can see them. POPE JOAN This amusing game is for any number of players, and is played with a wooden board which is divided into compartments or pools, and can be bought cheaply at any toy-shop for a small sum. Failing a board, use a sheet of paper, marked out in squares. Before dealing, the eight of diamonds is taken out of the pack, and the deal is settled by cutting the cards, and whoever turns up the first knave is dealer. The dealer then shuffles the cards and his left- hand neighbor cuts them. The dealer must next ''dress the board," that is, he must put counters into the pools, which are all marked differently. This is the way to dress the board : One counter to each ace, king, queen, knave, and game, two to matrimony, (king and queen), two to intrigue (queen and knave), and six to the nine of diamonds, which is the Pope. On a proper board, you will see these marked on it. The cards are now dealt round to the players, with the exception of one card, which is turned up - 42 Indoor Amusements for trumps, and six or eight, which are put aside to form the stops; the four kings and the seven of dia- monds are also always stops. If either ace, king, queen, or knave happen to be turned up for trumps, the dealer may take whatever is in the compartment with that mark; but when Pope is turned up for trumps the dealer takes all the counters in Pope's compartment as well as those in the "game" compartment, besides a counter for every card dealt to each player, which must of course be paid by the players. There is then a fresh deal. It is very seldom, however, that Pope does turn up for trumps; when it does not happen, the player next to the dealer begins to play, trying to get rid of as many cards as possible. First he leads cards which he knows will be stops, then Pope, if he has it, and afterward the lowest card in his suit, particu- larly an ace, for that can never be led up to. The other players follow when they can ; for instance, if the leader plays the two of diamonds, whoever holds the three plays it, some one follows with the four, and so on until a stop occurs; whoever plays the card which makes a stop becomes leader and can play what he chooses. This goes on until some person has parted with all his cards, by which he wins the counters in the "game" compartment and receives from the players a counter for every card they hold. Should any one 43 Sports and Games hold the Pope he is excused from paying, unless he happens to have played it. Whoever plays any of the cards which have pools or compartments takes the counters in that pool. If any of these cards are not played the counters remain over for the next game. BEGGAR MY NEIGHBOR The cards are dealt equally to the players. The first player puts down a card, face upward, upon the table. If it be a common card, that is, a one, two, or three, or anything but a picture card or an ace — his neighbors put down in turn their cards until a court card (that is a picture card or an ace) turns up. If at last an ace be played, the neighbor of the one who plays it must pay him four cards, if a king three cards, if a queen two, and if a knave one. The one who played the court card also takes all the cards that have been played, and puts them under his own pack. If, however, in paying for a court card, one of the players puts down another court card, then his neighbor must pay him^ and he takes the whole pack instead of the previous player. Sometimes, it hap- pens that a second player, in paying, puts down a court card, and the third player in paying him puts down another, and so on, until perhaps the fourth or fifth player actually gets the cards in the end. 44 AMATEUR MAGIC A PLATE BALANCED ON A NEEDLE ^PLIT a couple of corks down the middle, and into ^ each of the four halves thus obtained thrust the prongs of a table-fork, forming with the flat surface made by the cut a little less than a right angle. Place the four corks thus weighted round the plate at equal distances, taking care that the teeth of the forks are well home against the edge of the plate, so as to pre- vent "wobbling." The plate thus loaded may be balanced upon the point of a needle thrust head downward into the cork of a bottle. By careful manipulation, so as to pre- vent slipping, you may set the plate spinning. The rotatory movement once started will continue for a considerable time, the friction at the point of contact with the needle being practically nil. TO BALANCE A PENCIL ON ITS POINT You have merely to dig the blade of a half-open penknife into the pencil, a little above the point, and to open or close the blade, little by little, till you find that the balance is obtained. The combination of pencil and penknife thus placing itself in equilibrio is an illustration of a fa- 45 sports and Games miliar law of mechanics ; the centre of gravity of the combination falls below the point of support (the finger, edge of the table, or the like), and thus stable equilibrium is obtained. By varying the degree of opening of the penknife, you impart corresponding degrees of inclination to the pencil. When the centre of gravity of the two combined falls in the same line as the axis of the pencil, the latter will assume a perpendicular posi- tion. TO BALANCE AN EGG ON THE NECK OF A BOTTLE Insert into an ordinary cork, one on either side, two forks of exactly equal weight. Hollow slightly the lower end of the cork, so that it may adapt itself with tolerable exactness to the larger end of the egg. Place the opposite extremity of the egg on the edge of the neck of a bottle, holding it as upright as possi- ble. After one or two attempts, you will find that the combination rests in equilibrium. In this, as in the last instance, equilibrium is ob- tained by lowering the centre of gravity. THE DIVIDED PEAR Problem: To find the position in which a knife must be held that a pear, suspended high up near to the ceiling, shall, on the severing of the thread to which it is attached, so fall as to cut itself in half upon the blade. There is no necessity for line or plum- 46 Amateur Magic met; we need only dip the suspended pear in a glass of water, which we forthwith remove. The water drips from it; we note the exact spot on floor or table where the drops fall, and make a private mark on such spot. This is done privately beforehand, so that the company, on their arrival, find the pear suspended in readiness for the feat, and know nothing of the tell-tale "drop." At the proper moment you hold the knife, edge upward, immediately over the point which you have marked, while some one applies a lighted match to the thread. If you have duly followed our instruc- tions, the pear, in falling, shoti^ld cut itself in half upon the blade. For the experiment as above described one knife only is used; but it may also be performed with two knives, as shown in our illustration. The knives must cross each other over the precise point where the drop falls. The pear will then cut itself into four pieces, which may be caught on a plate or tray held just be- low the knives. A few preliminary trials will be desirable before attempting to show the experiment in public. TO DRILL A HOLE WITH A NEEDLE THROUGH A PIN The pin is stuck in the head of a cork, into which are thrust, one on either side, two penknives of equal weight. (Should there be a trifling difference in 47 Sports and Games this particular, it may be got over by varying the de- gree of opening.) Place the head of the pin on the end of your finger, and open or close the blades of the knives, bit by bit, till the pin rests exactly hori- zontal; then transfer it to the point of a needle, stuck head downward in the cork of a bottle. By blowing upon the cork which holds the penknives, you may set the combination in movement, revolving on the point of the needle. Further, the needle being of harder metal than the pin, it will speedily begin to work a hole in the latter, and if the experiment is continued long enough, will in due time make its way completely through it. A STARTLER FOR A CAREFUL HOUSEKEEPER You are required to balance a coffee-cup on the point of a carving-knife. The accessories are simple enough ; in fact, you find them all at hand when you take your seat at the dinner-table — a cork, a table- fork; nothing more is required, save, indeed, the knowledge "how it's done," and the skill to do it. Pass the cork through the handle of a cofifee-cup. It should fit tightly enough to be a close fit, but not so tightly as to part cup and handle. Next thrust the fork into the cork, two of its teeth on either side the handle of the cup, in such manner that the opposite end of the fork shall incline slightly toward the bot- tom of the cup. The centre of gravity of the whole being thus 48 Amateur Magic made to fall below the cup, you place the latter on the point of the knife, and by successive trials you will, in due time, find the exact spot on which it will rest in equilibrium. The under side of tea-cups be- ing usually enamelled, there must be no trembling of the hand which holds the knife, or the cup would slip and fall. At the outset it is well to keep the opposite hand close to the handle of the fork, so as to be able to seize it and save the cup in case of a fall. TO DRIVE A NEEDLE THROUGH A CENT All you have to do is to thrust the needle through a cork, allowing the point to project slightly, and then, with a pair of cutting-pliers, nip off all that re- mains exposed at the opposite end. Place the cork and the cent on a piece of soft v/ood,* and hammer away vigorously on the top of the cork. The needle, being steel, is harder than the bronze of the coin, and the cork preventing it from bend- ing to either side, it may be driven through the cent, or any other coin of like substance, with per- fect ease. AN ACROBATIC BOTTLE The problem in this instance is to make a wine- bottle balance itself on a slack cord extending across * It is hardly necessary to remark that the cork should be kept in position with the left hand, while receiving the blows of the hammer. 49 Sports and Games the room. In order that we may do this, we have only to thrust into its mouth the curved handle of an um- brella. To prevent slipping, it will be well to rub with chalk that portion of the cord whereon the bottle rests, as acrobats chalk the soles of their shoes for the same reason. PENCILS BALANCED IN MID-AIR The object of this experiment, which we specially dedicate to young gentleman at school, is to balance in space two lead-pencils; the one in a horizontal position, with its point resting on a needle, or sus- pended by a thread; the other upright, with its point resting on the opposite end of the first pencil. 50 Amateur Magic Our readers are by this time so familiar with the principles of balancing, as illustrated in our previous experiments, that this will require but little explana- tion. The two knives, of equal weight, keeping the pencil horizontal (see the illustration), will recall the experiment of the pin perforated by a needle, as described at page 47. The balancing of the second pencil, kept perpendicular by the aid of a couple of penholders, is a very hackneyed feat. But the com- bination of the two seems to us sufficiently original to be worthy of special notice. If our young readers have rigged up the arrange- ment with sufficient care, they may even set it spinning round the point of suspension. Once started, it will revolve for a considerable time. THE SHOVEL AND THE TONGS Here is one of a very simple kind. The shovel and the tongs are the only apparatus needful. Place the shovel with its flat portion resting on the floor; and invite one of the company to keep it balanced in that position without any other aid than that of the tongs. The extremity of one arm of the tongs must be placed on the flat part of the shovel, and the extrem- ity of the opposite arm beneath the handle. After one or two trials you will get the desired balance, and the two articles will retain their position. You should give the preference to a shovel and 51 sports and Games tongs having each a good knob by way of handle. This will give them the extra weight necessary for the success of the experiment. If the extremities of the tongs chance to be too much rounded on the under side, a rub with a file will produce a little tract of flattened surface, on which you can make them rest without oscillation. A MINIATURE DIVING-BELL If we plunge an inverted tumbler into water, we observe that the level of the water in the glass is much below that of the water outside. This well-known fact enables us to give an amusing illustration of the working of the diving-bell, beneath which the work- men, though far below the surface, can breathe and work without inconvenience. In order that all present may be able to witness the experiment, arrange it as we are about to explain. The vessel to hold the water should be an inverted glass bell (such as may be seen in a confectioner's window covering a wedding or christening cake), and should be supported on a pickle-jar, the mouth of the jar accommodating the knob of the bell. You thus have a transparent vase, enabling you to see all that passes within it. If you now lower an inverted tumbler into the water, you will see clearly that the level of the water within the glass is much below that of the water outside. Taking advantage of this principle, you may 52 Miniature Vesuvius— A Volcanic EruptiDn with Red Wine Sports and Games — yol. Fourteen^ p. 55 Amateur Magic safely propound the following "poser." To place a lump of sugar under water without wetting it. You have only to place the lump of sugar on the cork be- longing to the pickle-jar, and to cover the cork with the inverted tumbler; lower the tumbler quite per- pendicularly (lest the cork should turn over), and hold it down, with its edge to the bottom, as long as may be desired. On again withdrawing the glass, and in due course the sugar and its supporting cork, you will find the lump of sugar quite dry, the air contained in the glass having prevented the water from coming in contact with it. RED, WHITE, AND BLUE Most people are aware that if you pour wine very gently upon water, the wine will float upon the sur- face. The experiment is too well known to need more than a passing mention; but we now propose to place the wine at the bottom of the glass, and the water at the top, without the two liquids intermin- gling. To efifect this we take advantage of the vary- ing density of water, according as it is hot or cold. Half fill a glass (tempered for preference, to avoid the risk of breakage) with boiling water. Then, by the aid of a funnel passing quite to the bottom (Fig. i), pour in wine made as cold as pos- sible with ice. If you do this slowly and carefully, you will see the wine form a well-defined red stratum 53 Vol. 14—3 Sports and Games at the bottom of the glass. Gently withdraw the fun- nel, and in like manner pour upon the surface of the water some bluish liquid of less specific gravity than water, say rectified spirit tinged with ink {Fig. 2). You will thus have a layer of blue on the top, and by the aid of a light behind the glass you will be en- abled to exhibit upon the wall the French tricolor. So much by way of illumination; but we may have a firework display in addition. If you allow 54 Amateur Magic the water in the glass to grow cold — or if, for greater expedition, you place the glass in a vessel containing cold water — you will see the wine rise through the water in fine red threads, which (if, like the March- ioness, you "make believe very much") may be re- garded as a flight of rockets (Fig. 3) . The different fluids will gradually intermingle; and the blue col- umns descending amid ascending columns of red will give you the curious spectacle of a pyrotechnic dis- play in a glass of water. A MINIATURE VESUVIUS Place at the bottom of a glass bowl, three-parts full of water, a little bottle containing red wine. It should be corked, but the cork must have a very small hole bored through it perpendicularly from top to bottom. We know that, by reason of the difference of specific gravity between the two liquids, the water will make its way into the bottle and force out the wine, which will escape upward in a thin red line, and finally spread itself over the surface of the water. The experiment is one very generally known, but it may be presented in a more picturesque guise as follows: — Mold with clay or plaster of paris, at the bottom of the bowl, a miniature mountain, high enough to just cover the bottle. In the apex make a minute opening for the wine to flow through. This will form a "crater." Agitate the water a little, so that the rising stream of wine may the more nearly 5S sports and Games resemble the wind-tossed smoke and flame of the vol- cano, and you will be enabled to offer the spectators a really very fair representation (on a small scale) of an eruption of Vesuvius. WATER CHANGED TO WINE The experiment to which we have given this name has nothing in common with the miracle of Cana; but it will be found very interesting by those who have a taste for such matters. Take two drinking-glasses of equal diameter, which, for facility of reference, we will call A and B respectively, and plunge them into a pail of water, holding the first in its normal position, the other in- verted. When both are completely full of liquid, without even a single air-bubble, place them mouth to mouth, one upon the other, keeping both upright (A still mouth upward and B upside down), and lift them out of the pail. Let the external moisture drain off upon a plate, and carefully wipe them. You will note that the upper glass, B, remains full of water, even if you shift it infinitesimally to one side, so as to leave between its edge and that of A a minute open- ing, whose object we shall see presently. Upon the foot of B place a smaller glass (which we will call c) full of red wine, and boldly announce that without touching either of the three glasses, without even claiming the conjurer's privilege of covering them with a handkerchief, you will make the wine in C pass 56 Amateur Magic visibly into B without one single drop finding its way into A. It will be observed that there are two effects to be produced — first, to make the wine pass out of the top- most glass, C; and secondly, to compel it to make its way into the inverted glass, B. A bit of fingering wool plunged into the wine in the smaller glass, with its two ends hanging over the brim, will form, by reason of its capillarity, a very effective syphon. After a little while you will see gather on each end of the wool a single drop of wine, which will grow larger and larger till it falls on the foot, and thence runs over on to the sides of B. The wine will then run gently down till it reaches the joined edges of the two larger glasses; but, having reached that point, in- stead of continuing its downward course under the influence of gravitation, we shall see it (strange to say) sucked in, so to speak, between their edges, and drawn into the upper glass. This curious phenomenon is due to capillary at- traction, and recalls the familiar experiment of a liquid made to rise between two slips of glass placed one against the other, or up a tube of sufficiently mi- nute diameter. We shall see the wine, having once found its way between the glasses, rise in red thread- like streaks to the surface of the water in B, coloring it with a more or less rosy tint, growing fainter and fainter, as it nears the lower edge of the glass. By allowing sufficient time for the experiment, 57 sports and Games which, as will be seen, is automatic in its working, we shall reach the final result following, viz. : — The glass A full of clear water, B full of rosy fluid, and C empty. THE PERFORMING FISH For this experiment a blown egg is required. You make a little hole at each end, blow through the one and the contents of the egg will pass out through the other. If you have a liking for raw eggs a single hole will suffice, and you may effect the object by suction. If not, make two holes as above mentioned, and afterward stop one of them with a little wax. Next, draw upon the empty eggshell, with a very black pencil, two large ey«s. In the next place you must have a little bag, made of two pieces of red flannel, stitched together as shown by the dotted lines in our diagram. You must ballast it with small shot so that it may keep right side uppermost in the water, and half-way into its open end you in- sert the blown egg, the hole innermost. Secure the edge of the bag to the egg with red sealing-wax, and behold your fish ready for use. The two pieces of flannel may be cut out at the edges as shown in the figure, but the number and shape of the fins may be varied at pleasure, so as to give your fish any form you may desire, however fantastic. Whatever be the shape you give your fish, it will form a capital diving toy. It should be placed in a 58 Amateur Magic glass jar full of water (closed by a piece of india-rub- ber tied tightly round its mouth), and may then, by pressing with the hand upon the india-rubber, be made to rise or sink at pleasure. The weight of your "ballast" should be so regu- lated that the fish rests normally at the surface, but that a very slight depression of the india-rubber shall make it sink to the bottom. When you do this, keep- ing the hand upon the cover, and pressing lightly, a small portion of water is forced into the egg through the little hole, rendering it heavier; and the fish, thus weighted, sinks. On removing the pressure of the hand, the air which the water, on entering the egg, 59 Sports and Games had temporarily forced into a smaller space, will ex- pand, and forces the water out again. The fish, thus lightened, returns to the surface, doing so in appar- ent obedience to your command, the very slight move- ment of the hand being practically invisible to the spectators. A QUEER KIND OF CANDLESTICK Take a short piece of candle, and into its lower end thrust, by way of ballast, a nail. You should choose a nail of such a size that the candle-end shall be all but immersed, the water just rising to its upper edge, though not so high as to overflow the top and wet the wick. Now, light the candle, and you may safely make a wager that, in spite of the apparently unfavorable circumstances in which it is placed, it will burn com- pletely to the end. This may, at first sight, appear a rash assertion, but after a little reflection, you will see how the ar- rangement works. The candle, of course, grows shorter as it burns, and it seems, therefore, as if the water must overflow the top and reach the wick; but on the other hand, it grows proportionately lighter, and therefore rides higher in the water. Further, the external surface of the candle, kept cool by the surrounding liquid, melts much more slowly than it would in the open air, so that the flame hollows out for itself a sort of little well. 60 Amateur Magic This hollowing process further lightens the can- dle, and the wick will burn to the very end. HOW TO WEIGH A LETTER WITH A BROOMSTICK For the purpose of weighing light objects, as, for instance, a letter, a very delicate balance is required; and as such we recommend to our readers our new broomstick letter-weighing machine. Cut off the end of an ordinary broom-handle, to a length of about ten inches, and plunge it into a tall glass jar full of water — first, however, weighting it at bottom in such manner that about seven inches of its length shall be under water. Attach to the upper end, by means of a tack, an ordinary visiting card. This will form the tray or scale of the apparatus — and behold your weighing-machine, complete. All that remains to be done is to graduate it. Place on the scale a one-ounce weight, note how far the stick sinks, and mark thereon, with a very black pencil, the point where it meets the surface of the water. The apparatus being so far graduated, take off the weight, and lay on the card, in its stead, the letter you desire to weigh. If the pencil mark remains above the surface of the water, your letter weighs less than an ounce, and two cents will pay the postage ; if, on the contrary, the mark sinks below the surface, your letter is overweight, and you must pay accordingly. Other marks, representing other weights, may be added in like manner. 6i sports and Games BEWITCHED SOAP-BUBBLES For the purpose of this experiment, we shall re- quire a supply of carbonic acid gas. We will there- fore, in the first place, describe a ready method of procuring it. Take a tall glass, say a soda-water tumbler, and a siphon of soda-water. By alternately pressing and releasing the lever, squirt the soda-water by little jets into the tumbler, and forthwith remove it again by sucking it through a straw, never leaving more than half an inch or so of the liquid in the glass at a time. Proceeding as above, you will find that by the time the soda-water is all used up, the glass will be filled with the carbonic acid gas which it has thrown off, and which, by reason of its greater density, will remain (though invisible) at the bottom. It would, however, gradually intermingle with the atmosphere, to prevent which you may temporarily cover the glass with a saucer. This done, you are ready to perform the interesting experiments with soap-bubbles which follow. You must, however, in the first place, have pre- pared the bubble-producing liquid, which should be done as follows:— Rub down soap of good quality in warm water, at a temperature of about 60 degrees. When you have made a strong solution, strain it through a cloth in order to remove any undissolved particles of soap, and mix with it pure glycerine, in the proportion of two parts of glycerine to three of 62 Amateur Magic the soap solution. Shake the vessel about so that they may be thoroughly intermingled, and then stand it in a cool place till you see a whitish scum form on the surface. Skim this off, and decant the clear liquid into a bottle; cork it well, and the solution may be kept for any length of time. Having thus provided yourself with the needful material, take a straw, split one end in four half an inch up, and turn back the four segments at right an- gles to the remainder. Dip this prepared end of the straw into the soap solution, blow a bubble, and let it fall into the glass, which we will suppose to be half- full of carbonic acid gas. So soon as it reaches the gas, half-way down, you will see it rebound and jump out of the glass, the impulse of the rebound being stronger than its own weight. A second bubble, dropped into an unprepared glass, will fall to the bottom of the glass and break. 2. If, instead of letting it fall, you lower the bub- ble gently on to the surface of the carbonic acid gas, you will observe a curious phenomenon. The bubble will grow larger and heavier, and gradually sink lower and lower in the glass, increasing in diameter, till it ultimately reaches the sides of the glass and bursts. The reason of this is that the carbonic acid gas, by what is called endosmosis, gradually finds its way into the ball (previously filled with air only) and thereby increases its size and weight. If you find a difficulty in procuring the special (>3 Sports and Games solution above referred to, ordinary soap and water, if sufficiently strong, may be made to serve your pur- pose. THE CAMPHOR SCORPION Place on the surface of the water in a glass or basin a number of small pieces of camphor of vari- ous sizes, together representing the form of some ani- mal, say a scorpion. After a little while the scorpion will begin to stir in the water; you will see him move his claws, as though trying to swim, and curl his tail convulsively, as if in pain. This amusing experiment is easy to perform, and costs practically nothing, for camphor is to be found in every household ; but in spite of its simplicity we may deduce from it, as you will see, several interest- ing observations. 1. Our scorpion floats on the water, but lies al- most entirely below the surface. This proves to us that the specific gravity of camphor is nearly, but not quite, equal to that of water. As a matter of fact, if we regard that of water as unity, that of camphor is •995- 2. The animal does not dissolve. Camphor is therefore insoluble in water. If we had placed it in spirit, we should have found, on the contrary, that it speedily dissolved. 3. The different fragments of which our scorpion consists do not separate, but remain one against the other as we orginally placed them. This is because 64 Amateur Magic they are held together by the force known as co- hesion. 4. Lastly, the eccentric movements we have men- tioned depend on a well-ascertained but mysterious property of camphor, viz., that when placed on the surface of water, it moves spontaneously. It is a well-known fact that a morsel of camphor placed in a glass of water will, after a few moments, begin to move either with a sidelong or rotatory movement; such movement being due, according to some authori- ties, to the recoil produced by an escape of liberated vapors; according to others, to a mysterious force in- herent in the surface of liquids, and known as super- ficial tension. A NOVEL WATER ENGINE A bit of rye straw, a walnut, a couple of Spanish nuts, a bottle, and a cork, will be the requirements for our next experiment. Cut off the broad end of the walnut, take out the kernel (eat it, if you like), and then bore on either side, close to the point, two round holes, in diameter exactly corresponding with your straw. Bore in one of your Spanish nuts two holes, one in the soft grayish portion furthest from the point, the other somewhat smaller, in the side; and, with a little piece of iron wire bent into a hook, rake out the kernel. Treat the second nut in like manner, and join the pair to the walnut by means of two pieces of the straw about 65 Sports and Games three and a half inches in length, one end of each be- ing thrust into the holes in the walnut, the opposite ends into the holes bored in the ends of the smaller nuts. Into the two holes bored in the sides of the lat- ter thrust two short pieces of straw, say three-quar- ters of an inch in length, and a shade less in diameter than the longer tubes; the nuts must be so arranged that the openings of these shorter tubes face in oppo- site directions. This done, place the pointed end of the walnut on the cork of the bottle. The arrange- ment will balance itself, and if you now pour gently into the open end of the nut a slender stream of water, it will flow down the two straws into the smaller nuts, whence it will escape through the little pipes pro- jecting from their sides ; in so doing will compel the apparatus to revolve, by reason of the backward pres- sure of thewater against the opposite faces of the nuts. This is in effect the appliance described in trea- tises on physical science, under the name of the hy- draulic tourniquet, but the rustic elements of which we here construct it give it a new character, and make it worth while to call the attention of our readers to this, its latest form. In boring the holes in the various nuts, some little care will be necessary in order not to split the shells or break the point of your penknife. The best plan is to bore the holes with a bit of wire, made red-hot, which will enable you to enlarge the holes gradually until they reach the required diameter. 6G Amateur Magic Whatever be the method selected, some little ad- dress and patience will be necessary, but the prelimi- nary labor will enhance the pleasure of success. A MINIATURE STEAMBOAT Two empty egg-shells are all that is needed to constitute the moving power of a little cardboard boat, which by their aid will be transformed into a steamboat. The construction of the boat is simplicity itself; it should be made of fairly stout cardboard, and caulked at the seams with sealing-wax, so as to render it thoroughly water-tight. A few pins and some black thread will represent the bulwarks, and at the stern you must fix a rudder working on a pin by way of stern-post, and attached to the bulwarks by two threads of unequal length, so that your helm shall be constantly "hard a-port," i.e., set at a considerable angle to the axis of the boat. This is on the assump- tion that the sea is represented by a tub, which the boat is required to circumnavigate. Two bits of iron wire, each resting in a minute notch in the side of the tgg, form a bed to support a blown egg-shell with a little hole in its smaller end, and so far filled with water that, when the egg is in a horizontal position, the water shall be all but level with such hole. The egg-shell, thus half filled with water, will constitute the boiler; we place it on the two bent wires, the little hole pointing to the stern a 67 sports and Games little above the level of the bulwarks. By way of furnace, we will place beneath it a half egg-shell placed on the centre of a pickle-cork, scooped into a ring, and secured to the bottom of the boat with wax. This half-shell should contain a little tow or wadding. Let us now pour on the wadding a little spirit of wine, and set it on fire. After a few seconds the wa- ter will boil, and you will see a minute jet of steam gush out of the perforated end of the egg-shell. By reason of the resistance of the air to this jet of steam, the boat will begin to move in the opposite direction, and you will have the curious spectacle of a minia- ture steamboat worked without engine, paddle- wheels, or screw. A PAPER FISH MADE TO SWIM AT PLEASURE Cut out of ordinary paper a fish as shown (actual size) in our illustration. In the centre of the body must be a circular opening, a, communicating with the tail by a narrow canal, a b. Place water in some oblong vessel (a fish-kettle will answer the purpose for want of a better) , and lay the fish carefully on the water, so that its under side shall be thoroughly wetted, though its upper surface remains dry. You may then challenge the company to set the fish in mo- tion without touching or blowing upon it. They will probably "give it up." This is all you have to do. Pour delicately one or two drops of oil within the circular opening, a. The oil will strive 68 Amateur Magic to spread itself over the surface of the water, but it can only do so by travelling along the little canal, a b. iBy a reactive effect, of which we have already given examples, the fish will be impelled in a direction opposite to that in which the oil escapes, or, in other words, forward; and the movement will last long enough to set the spectators wondering at this strange movement of a mere bit of paper on the surface of the liquid; a movement which, if they are not initiated into the mystery, they will be wholly unable to ac- count for. 69 Sports and Games A CURIOUS COIN TRICK Take a wine-glass of conical shape, whose largest diameter is a shade larger than that of a half dol- lar. Place at the bottom a dime, and above it the half dollar, which should rest about a quarter of an inch below the edge, and act as a sort of lid. You may now announce that without touching either the glass or the larger coin you will make the dime fly out of the glass. To do this you have only to blow smartly on the nearer the edge of the half dollar. The coin turns on its own axis, assuming a vertical position, and at the same moment the compressed air, forced by your breath under the dime, makes this latter jump out of the glass, after which the half dollar reverts to its original condition. The experiment will succeed with wine-glasses of various shapes, but the conical form is to be preferred. BUBBLE-BLOWING EXTRAORDINARY We have already (page 62) given a formula for the preparation of a special liquid for blowing soap- bubbles. We proceed to give a few more experi- ments of a simple character, which may be performed with the liquid in question. To blow your bubbles, you may use either a clay tobacco-pipe or a straw, of which you have split one end in four, and turned back the four segments at right angles to the stem. You may likewise operate 70 Amateur Magic with a paper tube (the thickness of your little finger) , one end of which has been treated in the same way. With a tube of this kind you may frequently obtain bubbles as large as your own head, and exhibiting the most beautiful prismatic colors. Make, out of stout iron wire, a little support con- ^■ae^ sisting of a ring resting on three feet, and moisten the ring with the bubble-producing liquid. If you blow a bubble and gently lower it on to this little support, it will attach itself thereto, letting go the tube. A bubble thus placed, screened from draught, will keep its shape unbroken for a considerable time. (See diagram at foot of illustration, in centre.) 71 sports and Games Make, in addition, a second wire ring, supported in this- case by a vertical stem from above, and, like the first mentioned, about two and a half inches in diameter. If, after moistening this ring with the liquid, you lower it gently down over the soap-bubble reposing as above, you will find this latter attach it- self to the upper ring so strongly that, by raising the ring, you may transform it from the spherical shape into something very like a cylinder; "right" or "oblique," according as the upper ring is or is not held perpendicularly above the lower. (See dia- gram at right hand of illustration.) If you grad- ually depress the hand, the cylinder once more be- comes a sphere, and it is extremely curious to see a soap-bubble thus assume two utterly different geo- metrical forms, as though it were formed of some plastic material. ■For the further prosecution of our experiments, we must add to our apparatus a little cube, two and a half inches square, of iron wire, with a stem or handle of the same material on its upper side. The wire should be somewhat rusty, so as not to offer too smooth a surface. (See upper diagrams.) Immerse this cube in the bubble-producing fluid. If you withdraw it with sufficient care, a surprise awaits you. You will see in the centre a film of fluid, square in shape and of infinitesimal substance, of which each side is united to the corresponding side of the cube by another film, as in the right hand cube. 7a Amateur Magic If you again plunge the lower face only of the cube into the liquid, and again withdraw it, you will observe a new transformation. The liquid will have formed in the centre of the wire cube a smaller cube, each of whose faces is but a film of soapy water, and whose sides are united by other films of soapy water to the side of the larger cube. These latter films form, in conjunction with the six faces of the smaller cubes, six truncated pyramids exactly alike in size, and the whole, like the soap-bubbles, present the iri- descent colors of the rainbow. Now break, by touch- ing it with a strip of blotting paper, one of the faces of the smaller cube, and the former figure (in which the central cube is replaced by a simple square) will immediately reappear. A PLAY ACTED IN A LOOKING-GLASS In front of a looking-glass, hung from the wall at a greater or less angle as may be found convenient, place a table, covered with a cloth, reaching on its hinder side to the ground. Beneath this table is con- cealed the person who is to manipulate the "char- acters." These latter must be fixed at right angles to the end of sticks or wires of appropriate length. They are worked through the back scene by means of an H-shaped opening cut in such scene. This open- ing is partly disguised by the proscenium, which is attached to the back scene by means of corks or small blocks of wood, glued or nailed in position, so as to 73 Sports and Games leave a depth of a couple of inches or so between the proscenium and the back scene. Part of the cut-out portion of the former, which is made of mill-board, is folded back at bottom so as to represent the "boards." The front of the theatre must be so arranged as to be parallel with the mirror, and the characters held in like manner. They will then appear upright in the glass. If these instructions be duly carried out, the spectator will be able to follow the action of the play in the mirror, just as if he were looking di- rectly at the characters. The theatre and actors should be strongly illumi- nated by means of a lamp placed on the floor, as shown in the illustration. THE TRI -COLORED STAR Take a sheet of cardboard and double it in half along its greatest length. In one of the two leaves thus obtained, cut out a four-pointed star, the one pair of rays being vertical, and the other, consequently, horizontal. Fold down this leaf upon the other, and with a pencil trace the outline of the star upon the second leaf. Mark its centre (which will be at the point of intersection of its diagonals), and make this point the centre of a second star, also four-pointed, but whose diagonals shall make an angle of 45° with those of the first star. After having traced the outline of this second star, 74 Amateur Magic you must cut it out carefully, and place the perforated cardboard on a table whereon are two lighted candles of the same height, and in front of a sheet of white cartridge paper fixed to the wall, and forming the necessary "screen." You must so regulate the angle formed by the two leaves of the cardboard, that in the middle of the shadow which it throws on the screen, the luminous shapes of the two stars shall lie one upon the other, producing the effect of a single luminous star with eight points. If you now cover one of the two openings with a piece of colored glass, green for example, you will have a tri-colored star; the eight external points will be red and green alternately, and a smaller eight- pointed star, in white, will appear in the centre of the image. The piece of colored glass may be replaced by a wine-glass filled with variously colored liquids, when the alternate points of the star will in each case ex- hibit the color of the liquid, and the color comple- mentary to it. THE TIGHT-ROPE DANCER You all know that if we hold a needle upright on a plate, and above it a magnet, at a proper distance above its head (such distance varying according to the strength of the magnet) , we can release the needle, which will remain upright by reason of the magnetic force exercised through the intervening space. It 75 Sports and Games will not stand quite still, but will have a slight "wob- ling" movement, of which we take advantage in the construction of the little toy we are about to describe. Cut out, in the first place, from a sheet of card- board (an old almanac will answer the purpose) the proscenium of a miniature theatre, with a rectangu- lar opening in the centre. The back scene will be formed of a similar sheet of cardboard, the two being joined together by corks, secured by pins. Behind the proscenium, and against its upper portion, fix an ordinary horseshoe magnet, so placed as to be unseen by the spectators. Two or three inches below the magnet stretch across the opening a piece of iron wire, on which you will place the point of an ordi- nary needle. The exact height of this wire must be determined by successive trials, being so regulated that the needle shall not be drawn into contact with the magnet, but by virtue of its attractive force shall be compelled to stand upright on the wire. When you have duly settled the elevation of the wire, cut out of stiflf paper a little figure, say that of a ballet-girl standing on one leg. Make her of ex- actly the same height as the needle, and, with two lit- tle dabs of sealing-wax, fix the needle behind the little figure, the point of the needle exactly corresponding with that of the foot of the dancer. Then place her on the iron wire, just beneath one of the arms of the magnet, and she will balance herself on the wire, with sundry little quivering movements, having a fairly 76 Amateur Magic close resemblance to the movements of rope-danceiS while engaged in the performance of their feats. As your magnet has two arms, there is nothing to prevent your placing on the wire, if you so please, two figures instead of one. Again, you may replace the wire "rope" by a little trapeze, made of a lucifer match and two bits of thread, and having placed your rope-dancers upon this trapeze, you may set them swinging without fear of their falling, for the head of the needle will always remain automatically at the same distance from the magnet. CANDLE LIGHTING UNDER DIFFICULTIES The feat to be performed is as follows : Two per- sons kneel on the ground, facing each other. Each holds in his left hand a candle in a candlestick, at the same time grasping his right foot in his right hand. This position compels him to balance himself on his left knee. One of the candles is lighted ; the other is not. The holders are required to light the unlighted candle from the lighted one. The conditions, as will be seen, are simple enough, but you would hardly believe how often the perform- ers will roll over on the floor before they succeed in lighting the candle. It will be found desirable to spread a newspaper on the floor between the combatants. Many spots of candle-grease will thus be intercepted, and the 77 sports and Games peace of mind of the lady of the house proportion- ately spared. A PROBLEM IN GYMNASTICS Place a low stool on the floor close against the wall, and yourself facing the wall, with your feet dis- tant from it just double the width of the stool. Stoop down and grasp the stool with one hand on either side, and rest your head against the wall. Now lift the stool from the floor, and slowly raise yourself to the erect position — or rather, endeavor to do so. It is better to try the experiment for the first time on a well-carpeted floor. On polished oak or parqueterie you would probably have a nasty fall. We have here a curious effect of the displacement of the centre of gravity of the body, which renders it almost impossible to stand upright without first re- placing the stool on the ground, and resting the hand upon it to get the needful support. ANOTHER GYMNASTIC PUZZLE Fland a broom-handle or long stick to some per- son who has never seen this feat performed. Invite him to rest one end of it in the angle made by the floor and the wall, and then to pass his whole body underneath it, within the space comprehended be- tween the floor and his hands. If he does not know the secret of the trick, he will stand with his face to the wall, and in endeavoring 78 Amateur Magic to pass under the stick will inevitably lose his balance and fall. If, on the other hand, he places himself with his back to the wall, in such manner that his feet and the lower end of the stick form the lower angles of an isosceles triangle, he will succeed with- out difficulty; and having passed under the stick will rise again on the opposite side, in as stable a position as he occupied at the outset of his experiment. 79 BOATING EFFECT OF THE WIND ON A BOAT YVT" HEN a boat is floating on the water with sail '^ set, the wind produces on her various effects. It tends to heel her over; to propel her forward; to drive her sidewise away from the wind ; and to turn one end or other of her round, according to the bal- ance of her sails and the distribution of her weight. By a scientific construction of hull, sails, and rud- der, these different effects are so utilized or counter- acted as to enable the helmsman to sail his vessel in any direction he pleases, and even to work the appar- ent miracle of making her travel against wind and tide combined, with the aid of his canvas only. HEELING — STABILITY One of the above-mentioned effects of the wind on a sailing-boat is to heel her over. This effect, being wholly antagonistic to the object for which a boat is built — her forward progression — has to be resisted by giving her sufficient stability. Most of us remem- ber how the model boats we used to carve out of blocks of deal in our boyhood lacked stability when placed in the water, and, refusing to float upright, swam on their sides until we had placed lead on their 80 Boating keels. If a boat is long and narrow, it is as impossible for her to maintain an upright position in the water as for a plank to float on its edge, for in that position her centre of gravity is high above the water-line; she is, in short, top-heavy, and must fall over till she assumes a position in which she is in stable equi- librium. To give her stability, therefore, her centre of grav- ity must be lowered. This is done by placing ballast in her bottom, or by putting lead or iron on her keel ; and it is obvious that the lower the weight the more effective it will be. A deep boat with a heavy lead keel can not capsize. She heels over readily to the wind at first, but becomes stiffer as the angle in- creases ; for the more she heels over to the wind, with the greater leverage does her lead keel tend to right her again, and the greater force must the wind exert in order to heel her further. On the other hand, a broad, shallow boat needs no ballast to enable her to float upright. Thus the ordi- nary, beamy, flat-floored, cat-boat of America, with its wooden centre-board, is as often as not sailed with- out ballast. Such a boat is very stiff at first; she does not heel readily; but having no heavy keel to right her, she capsizes so soon as she has heeled beyond a certain angle. Of the effects of the wind on a vessel, the one which has to be utilized to the utmost extent is the propelling efifect; therefore every boat is constructed 8i Sports and Games so that the water may offer the least resistance to her forward motion. Thus the bow is made sharp, like a wedge, so that it cuts through the water easily and 4 with little friction; while the stern is tapered ofif gently — the boat, if she be properly built, having what is termed a clean run, which enables the water to glide away from her stern without fuss, instead of ■forming a following wave to act as a drag on her speed, as is the case if the stern be finished off too abruptly. LATERAL RESISTANCE — LEEWAY But when a boat is sailing with the wind on her side, the effect of the wind is not only to drive her forward, but sidewise as well, and she makes what is called leeway. A boat of very shallow draft will, when close-hauled, drift bodily to leeward, and make no headway at all. This tendency to make leeway has to be checked as much as possible by increasing the lateral resistance of the water; and this is done by giving the boat a deep keel or a centre-board, or by otherwise providing an extensive area of lateral surface below the water-line. The lateral resistance opposed by the water to a ship's side acts through a point which is, roughly speaking, the centre of the immersed portion of the vessel's side, and this point is termed the centre of lateral resistance. Thus, in Fig. i, ^ s 1 K 1 K 'k i 1 'o 1 1 1 1 1 k — L— 1 CUARO/N(^ 293 sports and Games "Guarding" — After the jack has been thrown by the leader, and the second player has rolled his ball to the jack, it is the point of play to guard the rested ball near the jack by rolling his own ball in front of it as a protection from its being driven out of its favorable position by the ball from an adversary. To "Draw" a ball is to roll it to the mark where the skip desires it to lie. To "Block" a ball is for a player to roll the ball so that it may lie as an obstacle to the played ball of his succeeding opponent. The terms "Rub" and "Set" are applicable to a ball which carroms off a played ball, and rests nearer the jack after carroming. A "Point" or "Shot" is to be credited to each player whose ball rests nearer the jack than any of the balls of the opposite side. The "Overman" is the title of a referee called in to settle a disputed point in which the umpires fail to agree. A "Greened" ball is a ball that has been rolled to a resting place. "Jack High" is a position which outsiders at a match must occupy; that is, they must stand back of the line of the mat, cloth, or standpoint of the player who delivers the ball. The "Mat" is the "cloth" on which the player places his foot when he first plays the ball. It is an- 294 Lawn Bowls other term used to designate the "cloth" or "footer." Its size is twenty-two by fourteen inches. A ball is regarded as "Dead" the moment it ceases to roll on the field. Also if it be rolled beyond the limit of the rinks. An "Innings" consists of the playing of two balls — after the jacks have been played — by each of the contestants of each side. The term "head" or "sub" is used in place of the word "innings" by old players. A rolling ball is called a "Running" ball. A "Shot" is the point made by the ball which lies nearest the jack at the close of the head or innings. 295 CROQUET /^~^ ROQUET is a comparatively modern game. It ^^-^ has not thie weight of years on its side to in- crease love and regard for it. The name seems to indicate France as its origin, and it is said to have been brought from there to Ire- land, thence to England. Public match games were played in England as long ago as 1867. As a lawn game it became exceed- ingly popular, and the formation of the "All Eng- land's Croquet Club" was succeeded by several an- nual contests for Championship at Wimbledon. When introduced in this country, it was character- ized as a game simple and almost devoid of opportu- nities for the display of any very great skill. The game was also modified; the number of arches in- creased, their positions changed, and the size of the grounds diminished. The finest playing at that time, and till within a few years, was upon lawns with closely mown grass and generally level surface; but now the scientific player prepares a ground better adapted to his needs and the exhibition of his skill. Although much genuine pleasure and excellent exercise can be obtained from a so-called sod ground, yet for delicacy and accuracy of play and exercise ■296 Croquet of sometimes marvellous skill, the modern ground is made a perfectly level, hard-rolled, sanded field. All tournament games must be played on a ground of this kind. It has ceased, therefore, to be a so-called lawn- sport among scientific players. The sanded surface gathers no dampness as evening hours approach (the most common time for play, especially in warm weather), and the caution against damp feet on the dew-covered grass is unnecessary. It is very little trouble to maintain a good ground when once properly prepared, and the natural soil in most localities serves as an excellent basis for the top-soil, which should be sifted if necessary to free it from stones and pebbles, and covered after hard roll- ing with a very slight sprinkling of fine sand. Croquet needs no special dress. The absence of excessive physical exertion is suited to those who would, if compelled to change suits, take no exercise at all, and they can return to business or any avoca- tion after an hour of croquet with linen and clothes none the worse for their effort, and with an exhila- ration that outdoor exercises invariably secure. It is especially adapted to sedentary persons and those in mature life, to whom the vigorous roughness of base- ball and the lively skirmishing of lawn tennis would be anything but a pleasure. An organized club reduces the items of expense to a minimum, and it requires but two to play the game. 297 sports and Games In England lawn tennis has almost displaced it; but it has done so because prepared grounds were, we believe, never used there. Lawn playing only was indulged in. Lawn tennis is a rival in this country, though not at all similar; but we doubt if all its at- tractions have ever persuaded one whose faith has been firmly fixed and whose skill has made fair prog- ress in croquet, to give up his first love. Croquet is as scientific as billiards. There is a greater field (literally as well as otherwise) for strat- egy, the exercise of deliberate judgment, nerve, cool- ness and boldness of play in croquet than in billiards, much as some may question the truthfulness of the as- sertion. The eye and the hand become trained. Lawn tennis calls for muscular action in immediate response to counter-play. Judgment must be instan- taneous and muscular movements rapid and fa- tiguing. Croquet stands in strong contrast with its deliberate strokes, its moderate exercise and non- fatiguing efforts even when prolonged. It is richly deserving of increased interest. The high degree of skill of which the game by the introduction of narrow arches, hard rubber balls and the most approved implements of play has been made capable, prevents it from being regarded as fit only for children. The average age of the contestants at several tournaments of the National Association at Norwich was over forty years. The chief points of excellence in croquet are: 298 Croquet First — Accuracy in croqueting or making one ball hit another from the blow of the mallet. Here the accurate eye and the trained hand are needed, for at a distance of seventy feet a ball three and one- fourth inches in diameter subtends a very small an- gle, and a very small divergence of the line of direc- tion of the impinging mallet will cause the struck ball to go wide of its desired course. Second — Ability to take position in front of arches so as to pass through them successfully, for the arches being only three and one-half inches wide give little chance of passing through to a ball of three and one-fourth inches when in a "wild position." Third — "Wiring" or "staking" an adversary's ball so as to leave no ball "open" or "exposed." This is done sometimes from a distance of fifteen or twenty feet; and fourth and greatest of all is good general- ship, for without this all excellence attained in the three preceding points will be manifested in vain in a hard-fought game. Closely associated with the first is the ability to "drive" or "block" the ball at a cer- tain angle to reach a position desired. This will be attempted only when the balls are near together, for at a long range roquet only is attempted. It is possi- ble that "jump shooting" ought to be added to these, for this, at first thought seemingly impossible method of play, is a special feature with some players, and not infrequently they are relieved from an otherwise inextricable position by a timely jump shot, by which 299 Sports and Games a ball from a peculiar downward stroke of the mal- let may be made to pass over one or more intervening arches and "capture" a ball supposed to be safe from all danger. The wickets should be sunk into the ground six or eight inches or set in blocks of wood buried under the surface to ensure stability. The mallets may be made of boxwood, seven or seven and one-half inches long by two and one-fourth to two and one-half inches in diameter, and the han- dle from eight to fifteen inches in length, as best suits the player. Individual taste has caused a great va- riety of mallets. The steel (or brass) tube is becom- ing increasingly popular, mainly from its strength to endure hard blows. It has a hard and a soft rubber end, being filled with wood driven in hard. The best balls are of hard rubber. They can be easily painted by using a preparation of shellac dissolved in alcohol, mixing with Chinese vermilion for red, Prussian blue and zinc or flake white for blue, and zinc or flake white for white. Thus painted they will dry in a few minutes and wear for several days. TO THE BEGINNER In this, as in every other game, there are certain general principles which should guide one in his play. Before referring to these we will notice first, mallets; and second, the position taken in the use of the mallet. A mallet should be from seven to eight 300 Croquet Lower Stake b 301 sports and Games inches in length by about two and one-fourth inches in diameter, with handle from twelve to eighteen inches long. The size and weight should be that which, after trial, the player likes the best. As regards position in striking, let every man be a law unto himself. My way might not suit you, and your way would not suit me; yet while occupying very different positions, we may aim and execute with equal accuracy. Do not be too long in your aim; a quick stroke after getting your line between two balls is generally the most accurate; but there is one point that all must observe if the ball is to hit the mark: after getting your line of aim, and your mallet resting ready for the stroke, keep your eyes fixed on your own ball. Any deviation from this rule, either for short or long shots, will end in failure. And now as to a few general principles to be ob- served : First. Keep your own balls together, and sepa- rate those of your adversary. Second. Keep with you or your partner the "in- nocent" or last played ball of your adversary. Third. Keep the "guilty" or next playing ball of your adversary wired as much as possible. Fourth. When you can make no further run, give your partner the best set up you can. Fifth. Do not play for the guilty ball when, if you miss, you give him a chance better than he has before. 302 Croquet Sixth. If you have but a poor chance to make a run, set up the balls for your partner. Seventh. In making a run, provide as much as possible for points ahead. Do not leave balls be- hind you if you can avoid it. TERMS USED IN CROQUET To Roquet: to hit with one's own ball another ball for the first time. To Croquet: to place player's ball against the ro- queted ball and then striking his own ball, moving both. Carrom: a rebounding from an arch, a stake, or the border. In Play: a ball is in play so long as points are made, or balls hit in accordance with the rules. Dead Ball: a ball on which the player has played since making a point. It is then "dead" to the player till he makes another point or has another turn. Direct Shot — Roquet: this is a direct shot, whether the ball in passing to its destination does or does not carrom from a wire, or a stake or the border. Drive or Block — English "Rush": a roquet played so as to send the object ball to some desired spot. Cut: to drive the object ball to a desired position, by causing player's ball to hit it on one side. Run or Break: the making of a number of points in the same turn. 3^3 Sports and Games Set Up : to locate the balls so as to afiford f acili-ty for making the next point or run. Wiring: to leave the balls so that the next finds a wire between his ball and the object ball. Object Ball: the ball at which the player aims. Jump Shot: striking the ball so as to make it jump over any obstacle between it and the object aimed at. To do this, the ball should be struck with consider- able force on the top just back of the centre. Guilty or Danger Ball : the next played on the ad- versary's side. Innocent Ball : the last played ball of the adver- sary. Rover: a ball that has made all the points except the last. Tight Croquet: is holding with the hand or foot the ball placed against another for the sake of cro- quet, thus allowing only the latter to be moved. Loose croquet: is striking a ball when it is in con- tact with another, where it has been placed for the purpose of croquet, thus moving both balls. 304 ICE HOCKEY f T is difficult to precisely say from which particular ^ sport "shinny" and hockey are directly sprung. The warlike Romans enjoyed a peculiar game that was most likely the precursor of hockey in England, "hurley" in Ireland and "shinty" in Scotland, which, in point of fact, are now one and the same. A leather ball stufifed with feathers, and a bat or a club, were the essential requisites of the game, and the object was to knock the ball to a certain boundary line and thereby score a point. The original Scotch "shinty" resembled it more closely than did "hurley" or English hockey, but savored a trifle more of Canada's winter sport, al- though, in the mildest of sarcasm, it is not probable that the votaries of the former sport would find any- thing of excitement in ours. It was played on the hard, sandy sea-beach, with two or three hundred on each side, and their materials, or rather weapons, consisted of roots of trees, with a hard wood knob for a ball. History does not relate the number of casual- ties that occurred in these matches, of which the most important took place on New Year's day, but if our imagination be given scope the effect is anything but pleasant. 305 Sports and Games Of all the games that developed from the old Roman sport the British hockey alone shaped the destiny of ours. There can be but little doubt that "shinny," the forerunner of our scientific hockey, is the interpretation of the game as played on this side of the water, adapted in its application to the climate of the country. Hockey in England is played in the winter on the frozen ground. It consists in driving a ball from one point to another by means of a hooked stick. The players are divided into two teams, each of which has its goals, which are fixed toward either end of a tolerably spacious ground. The goals are two upright posts, about six feet apart, with a cross pole placed at the height of four feet. Through these the ball must be driven in order to score a point. As regards the playing of the game, it is unnecessary fur- ther to speak, because it bears but little reference to hockey as played in Canada and the United States. Suffice it to say that in the shape of the sticks, not limited in their proportions, in the nature of the ob- ject that was used as a ball, in the unlimited number of the players and in its principles, it is the parent of "shinny on the ice." Twenty-five years ago hockey, as played to-day, was an unknown sport. Shinny was played on the lakes, rivers, and canals throughout the country, but only a discerning eye could discover in this crude, but infatuating amusement, the grand possibilities that a refined game could ofifer. Without restrictions as to 306 Ice Hockey the proportions of the stick, the nature or quality of the puck, the size of the playing space on the ice, or the number of the players, the sport could not develop into a scientific game until such time as it would be discussed and regulated by those who sought its ad- vancement. To the McGill College and Victoria hockey teams of Montreal the game of hockey owes its present state. These two were the first regularly organized hockey clubs in the world, the former preceding the latter by a very short time. Previous to the forma- tion of the above organizations about 1881, teams ex- isted in Montreal and Quebec, but the only rule that was well defined was the one which demanded that every man should "shinny on his own side." Do what you might, play on what you liked or with what you liked — and as long as you shinnied on your own side you were within the law. All kinds of sticks were used, long knotted roots, broom handles, clubs, and all kinds of skates were employed, from long, dangerous reachers to short, wooden rockers. On each particular occasion the captains agreed, before the game, upon the rules that they would abide by or disregard, so that the rules that governed one match might be null and void for another. The puck was a square block of wood, about two cubic inches in size, on which a later im- provement was the bung of a barrel, tightly tied round with cord. Body checking was prohibited, 307 Sports and Games so was lifting the puck; if the puck went behind the goal line it had to be faced; the referee kept time and decided the games; the goal posts, placed, at times^ like ours, facing one another, were also fastened in the ice in a row, facing the sides, so that a game might be scored from either road, the forward shooting in the direction of the side of the rink, instead of toward the end, as we do. The game was first introduced into the United States by a gentleman from Montreal, Mr. C. Shearer, who was studying in the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. He formed a team among the students of the col- lege, and was successful in inducing the Quebec team, which was the first Canadian seven to play across the border, to travel to the Oriole city for a series of games. In 1895 the Shamrocks and Montrealers, of Montreal, delighted audiences in New York, Wash- ington, and Baltimore. Since that time the Queen's College team has played in Pittsburg, and nearly all of Canada's leading clubs have sent their representa- tives to play in the different American rinks. The game in the United States now made rapid strides. Colleges and schools took an interest in the game and organized teams, schedules were drawn up, the public flocked to the rinks to see the games, and now it Is a most popular winter sport. Artificial rinks are found in the principal cities of the country, and afford to players a great advan- 308 Ice Hockey tage, as there is never a scarcity of ice. They are opened in the autum and remain open for skating until spring; besides, being comparatively warm, spectators are not kept away from them, however in- clement the weather may be. A short time ago al- most any Canadian team could defeat, with compara- tive ease, the best seven that could be found in the United States. But now a different complexion col- ors the comparison between the clubs, because several teams have arrived at such a high degree of science in the game, that the excellence of their playing makes them eligible to honorably compete with the peers of the game in Canada. Indeed, it seems that the day is not far distant when the holders of the highest honors in hockey matters will have to look to themselves if they wish to successfully defend their laurels against a worthy opponent. Hockey was first played in Europe by another Montrealer, Mr. George A. Meagher, world's cham- pion figure skater, and author of "Lessons in Skat- ing." In Paris the first European team was formed, and the gay Parisians took most enthusiastically to it. London boasted of the second club in Europe, and in less than one season more than five teams chased the rubber disk in that city. Scotland was the next country to enjoy the game. In the artificial ice palace, Sauchiehall street, Edin- burgh, the first practices were held, and so proficient 309 Vol. i^-ii Sports and Games did the canny Scotchman become that a game with the team of the Palais de Glace in Paris was ar- ranged. A series of six matches was played in one week with the French team, and the crowds that wit- nessed the games fairly raised the roof with their clamorous applause. The "Figaro," the leading newspaper in France, described hockey as a game that promised to excel all other sports in Paris in point of popularity and "scientific possibilities." HOCKEY AS A GAME Every game, any game, aids considerably in de- veloping a player's mind, and for hockey, a follower of the game may claim all the good effects in mental training that any other branch of sport provides, and more. The very adhering to the rules, the spirit of fair play that characterizes a manly game, the over- coming of all fears and all difficulties, the modest victory, the fr^nk acknowledgment of defeat, all tend to build up, to educate, the mental faculties, just as the long practice, the swift race, and the hard check help to develop the physical man. At a dinner once tendered to a champion team a prominent banker, in speaking of the effects of sport in general and hockey in particular, said "that a good, clean sportsman was an acquisition to any com- mercial house," and his statement is correct. A fast game like hockey, when the scoring of a goal, the winning of a match, often depends upon the 310 Ice Hockey immediate execution of an idea that a player has scarcely the time to grasp, accustoms a man to think quickly and act promptly. Surrounded so closely by thousands of inquisitive eyes, the hockey player is almost prevented, through the reasonable fear of be- ing promptly called to order, from indulging in any unbecoming work, of which, perhaps, in other games he might be guilty. Besides, the referee of a hockey match is so strongly backed by a clear code of rules, and has such an unobstructed view of the game, that the strict and continued observance of his omnipo- tence develops a certain character in a player, that has its good efifects in after life. As a muscular developer it stands without an equal, which to doubt would be a confession of one's ignorance of the game. The act of skating front- ward and backward, not to mention the numerous times when occasion demands that we should go sidewise, too, develops the muscles of the legs and back and expands the lungs, and the rush down the ice, twisting and turning, and being twisted and turned, exercises the muscles in the neck, the sides and the stomach. The multiplex movements required in manipulat- ing the stick, call into play, by shooting in the differ- ent ways, in checking, and in dodging, nearly every other muscle in the human frame, and, as in other games of great dexterity, the eye is quickened, bright- ened to a degree of judgment. 311 sports and Games The proof that in a game of hockey every muscle receives its due exercise, is this, that after the first few practices, before he is "in condition," a player feels sore and stifif in every muscle of his body. Being practically an out-door sport it is exhilar- ating and healthy, and productive of an absorbing appetite, which latter is borne out by the statement of a hotel keeper who once said that "a hockey team can eat more in a limited time than a team of foot- ballers or a lacrosse twelve with spares and coaches." Speaking of skating as an exercise, Solzman, in his incomparable work on the subject, says: "I am come to an exercise superior to anything that can be classed under the head of motion. I know nothing in gymnastics that displays equal elegance, and it ex- cites such divine pleasures in the mind of the per- former that I would recommend it as the most effica- cious remedy to the misanthrope and the hypochon- driac. Pure air, piercing, bracing cold, the promo- tion of the circulation of the different fluids of the body, the unalloyed and mental satisfaction of the various skilful movements, must have a powerful in- fluence, not only on the frame of man, but on his mind likewise. I wish that skating were univers- ally introduced, as I know of no kind of motion so beneficial to the human body or more capable of strengthening it." Add to this the pleasure, the ex- citement afforded by a good, clean game of hockey, and we have an ideal sport. 312 Ice Hockey The men who play are, as a general rule, those who excel in other lines of athletic sport. If it is an easy matter to point out a footballer, or a lacrosse player, who is ignorant of other games, it is difficult to mention a hockey player who does not shine as an athlete in other branches. It seems that a hockey player, in playing the game, makes use of all the science he acquires in practicing other sports, with- out the roughness. So much time is required to mas- ter the science of the game, to merit the name of ex- pert, that circumstances have excluded from it the ruder, undesirable element, and it shall remain our royal game, because, in the clearness, the conciseness of its rules, in the scientific points of its play, in the social standing and the "bonhomie" of its players, it has yet to find an equal. So long as it remains free from the taint of professionalism it will remain dear to the hearts of all true sportsmen, all good athletes, but as soon as this vice creeps in the knell will sound for its death as a popular pastime. Because when a monetary consideration depends upon the result of a match in which professionals figure as participants, roughness, brutality, will characterize it, to the dis- gust of the spectators, whose attendance sustains the interest and provides the sinews of war which keep the game alive. Moreover, the athletic vice of pro- fessionalism should be stamped out for this reason, es- pecially, that when a young man sees his way clear to earn a livelihood at sports, he will seldom fail to 3^3 Sports and Games throw away on them the most valuable time of his life, by neglecting the duties that his age demands of him. The sight afforded by a scientific hockey match acts upon the spectators in a variety of ways. Cold, uncomfortably cold, before the game begins, they are gradually worked into a state of warmth by an excite- ment that makes them forget the weather, their friends and everything but the keen scientific play in progress. Without comparing it to an oil painting of a chariot race, an Indian buffalo hunt or a fierce battle, what is prettier than the spectacle that a good game presents, of four stalwart, shapely forwards tearing down the ice, playing their lightning combination, of a brilliant rush stopped by an equally brilliant de- fence play, of a quick dash through a struggling mass of excited players, or a zig-zag, twisting, twirling, dodging run to score a deciding goal? The pure air, the bright lights, the merry, laugh- ing girls, the noisy enthusiastic boys, and age that's not too old to still enjoy the pleasure of a fascinating game, all combine, with the keen ice and the fast play, to make hockey the king of infatuating sports. Essentially an exciting game, hockey thrills the player and fascinates the spectator. The swift race up and down the ice, the dodging, the quick passing and fast skating, make it an infatuating game. From Ice Hockey the time that the whistle blows for the face-off until the exciting moment when the gong announces the end of the match, the players are rushing, struggling, and the spectators straining their eyes to catch every glimpse of the play. Fast! It eclipses other games in this respect. Never a second to lose, never a moment to spare — an opportunity once lost is gone forever— and even one little slip, one miss, one fumble, is oftentimes the loss of a match. So fascinating is the game to a man who rivets his attention on the play, that even the most thunderous applause, if he hears it at all, sounds like the far-ofif echo of a rippling brook, because he is engaged heart and soul in his work. The convincing, the clinching proof of the fasci- nation of the game is this, that even the gentler sex, not satisfied with enjoying it from the standpoint of spectators, have graciously added their own to the many charms that it already boasts, by bravely lining up to meet, in gentle combat, their tender adver- saries. It is surprising how many ladies' teams exist in Canada, and although we do not read of fast, exciting games between these graceful votaries of the sport, it is a slow, small town that can glory in not one such. Thus, hockey players may flatter themselves that their game is honored in a way that no other of the kind may claim. 3^5 Sports and Games EQUIPMENTS FOR HOCKEY For many reasons the quality and species of the skate is a most important consideration to a hockey player. The hockey skate should be just high enough to prevent the plate or the sole of the boot from touching the ice when turning or cutting corners, because a low skate is not so straining on the ankle as a high one. The blade should be long enough and sufficiently fiat on the ice to admit of great speed, but should not pro- ject at the toe or heel so much as to trip the skater on any occasion, and should be curved slightly in front and behind in order to allow of quick turning. Al- though it should be so pointed as to enable a player to begin a rush by running on the toes, these should not have a distinct, projecting point, but should be so shaped that they will admit of this start, because a sharp projection is often the cause of a nasty fall and also of a dangerous cut to the wearer of the skates or to one of his opponents. A good hockey skate should be a combination of great strength and lightness of weight. It should be strong because the thousand twistings and turnings of a player strain every inch of the blade, each plate and every rivet; it should be light because the. lightness of the skate adds to the swiftness of the skater, and be- cause a heavy skate is tiring. To again refer to the length of the skate, the blade should project about an inch in front of the toe of the boot and an inch or a 316 Ice Hockey little more behind the heel, and the width of the bot- tom of the blade should retain the same thickness from toe to heel, or rather on that part of blade that touches the ice when a skater maintains a standing position. The two ends back and front should taper slightly in width, becoming thinner toward the points. A player's clothes should be light enough to be of no perceptible weight, and warm enough to insure him against catching cold. A moderately heavy sweater, pants padded at the hips and knees and heavy stockings with a suit of light underwear are the neces- sary articles of clothing for a hockey player. Hats are not needed if the hair is allowed to grow moderately long; in fact, they are an unneces- sary extra. Gloves, thin enough to permit the player to retain a firm, sure grasp of his stick, are used to prevent the hands from being cut on the rough ice after a fall. It is advisable to wear shin guards and any other appli- ances that afiford protection. Unless a player's ankles are weak, or his boots too large, straps should not be used, because they are of no other value than to strengthen the ankles, which, with plenty of practice and well-fitting boots, do not, or should not, need support. The hockey stick Is the requisite next in impor- tance, but as it will be treated further on no mention of it will be made here. 317 Sports and Games POINTS OF A GOOD PLAYER Coolness, in hockey parlance, is the power and practice of taking time to think out a move. A player must be cool-headed to a degree that verp;es on slow- ness, because, so fast a game is hockey, that an expert player, an experienced team, should take advantage of every opportunity that the changing plays present, and this to do, even in the quickest rushes, the swiftest combinations, the fiercest "mix-ups," it is necessary that one should remain as cool as the proverbial cu- cumber. As a hockey axiom, it might be said that "it is bet- ter to think more and rush less, than to rush more and think less." The cool, collected, calculating player is worth more to a team than two or three of the class whose main object seems to be the possession of the puck for a "big" rush down the ice. If any man among your opponents is to be feared, let it be the one who thinks out each move, who makes no useless plays, who shoots for the goals only when there is an opening, because "such men are danger- ous." Many a game is lost, many a chance is missed by the man who will not, can not take time enough to think out a play. Another requisite is confidence, both in your as- sistants and in yourself. Just as that regiment whose soldiers rely upon one another is a better one than another in which the members have no confidence in 318 Ice Hockey their comrades, so, in a hockey team it is absolutely necessary that each player should be able to depend upon his confreres. A team should feel that it can defeat any seven that opposes it, and each individual man of a team ought to believe that, if necessary, he can pass any one of his adversaries. A team that goes on the ice thinking that defeat is probable is already beaten; a player v^ho fears that he can not elude certain of his opponents is a factor of success for the opposing team. Care should be taken, however, that confidence may not be exaggerated. Over-confidence is a greater fault than confidence is a virtue. While each team should feel that it can probably defeat its opponents, it should also bear in mind that until the game is ended its own goals are in danger, and act accord- ingly. "A spirit that could dare The deadliest form that death could take, And dare it for the daring's sake." Pluck is an essential to a man who aspires to per- fection in the game, and is as indispensable to him as it is to a football player or a soldier. The calculating player often saves himself by avoiding unnecessary dangers, but occasion demands, at times, a fast rush through a "bunch" of fighting players, through swinging, smashing sticks that, in noise and move- ments, resemble a threshing machine — a desperate jump, or a block of the puck, at the expense of a sore 319 Sports and Games punishment, to score or save a single goal, and the risk must be run. The cringer, the man who waits outside of a scrimmage until by chance the puck slides to him, the man who fears an opponent, is not a hockey player. It is, of course, scientific play on certain occasions to wait until the puck is shoved out of a crowd, or from the side, but reference is made above to the time when a "dive" is needed. Even if a man knows that an opponent is mean, unfair, this should be but a poor excuse to fear him, because the referee is on the ice for the protection of all the players. A hockey player must necessarily be strong physi- cally and constitutionally. If his muscles be well developed, well trained, and his constitution weak, so violent a game as this will do him an irreparable injury. Hockey is so fast, so trying on a forvv^ard player, who is rushing continually from the opening to the closing of a match, that, in order to play with- out hurting himself he must be in perfect condi- tion. This condition means both the state of his health and the condition of his mind and muscles. Training for the game of hockey is the simplest, perhaps, of any, and consists for the most part in care- ful practice. Nothing prepares a player for the opening of a hockey season so well as a thorough course in gym- nastics. This to do properly, it is necessary to make use of every appliance that the gymnasium affords 320 Ice Hockey (except the heavy weights), because the game of hockey calls into play every muscle that a complete gymnasium develops, which is attested to by the stiff- ness in every muscle after a good, hard game. Exer- cises that aid in enlarging and hardening the muscles in the arms, back, chest and stomach are specially recommended. The legs are quickly brought into condition by skating and walking. It is difficult to lay down rules regulating the manipulation of the stick. What there are of them are few and undefined. The stick should be held in both hands. The right hand should hold it firmly at the end of handle and the left lower down, according to the reach of the player, because, even if most plays are made with both hands on the stick, there are times when it is necessary to use only one, in which case, holding the stick as above, the right hand is al- ready in place without any change. The stick should be held in both hands, because in that position a man is always ready to shoot for the goals or to pass the puck. Besides, he can check better, dodge better, resist a heavy check more easily and sustain his position on his skates more securely when he has the stick thus held upon the ice. Stick-handling, like confidence, coolness, strength and speed, is acquired by practice, and by practice alone. The more you play the sooner you will become an adept in the art, and the better you can handle your 321 Sports and Games stick the more efifective a player you will be, because stick-handling is one of the essentials of the game. THE SCIENCE OF HOCKEY What is the objective point, the central idea, in the game of hockey? To score — to lift, slide, push or knock the puck through your opponents' goals. A team, and each individual member of a team, should concentrate- every idea, every thought on this one desire, and each play, each move should point to it, as the rays of the sun are converged through a glass to the focus. That play is vain w^hich does not tend to bring a team, or a member of a team, to a position from which the desired point can be gained — a useless move af- fects the position of a team, throws the players out of poise. The fancy play, the grand-stand play, is a waste of energy, childish, worthless. The play that counts, the play that shows the science of the man who makes it, is the immediate execution, in the simplest manner,, of the plan that a player conceives when he considers the object of his playing. In other (geometrical) words the shortest distance between two points is a straight line, and applied to the science of hockey, it means that a player should take the shortest and quickest way of obtaining the desired effect, which, by analysis, is oftentimes the most scientific. When it is said that every player of a team should 322 Ice Hockey strain neive and muscle to score a goal, the meaning is not that each individual member should strive to do the act himself, but that he should use every efifort to assist him to score who is in the most advantageous position to do so. The selfish desire on the part of even one man to make the point oftentimes entails the loss of a match. Although by nearing his opponents' defence with the puck a player naturally approaches the position from which to shoot, he will invariably confuse his adversaries more successfully, and often secure for himself or his partner a much more desirable vantage ground, by passing the puck to the latter before reaching the cover-point. Indeed, if the question of praise be mentioned, there is often more due to the player who assists by a clever bit of combination work than to the man who scores the game. The secret of a team's success is combination play, in other words, unselfishness. It means the giving of the puck to a player of one's own side who is in a bet- ter position to use it than the man who first secures the rubber. It is the science of mutual help. As in lacrosse and football, it is a "sine qua non." The team that indulges most in this scientific play has the less hard work to do and is necessarily the freshest when the trying end of the match comes round, be- cause combination play minimizes the work in this arduous game. As soon as a player secures the puck he should first sports and Games look for an opening and then size up, at a glance, the position of his confreres. It is, indeed, a question whether it be not more scientific, more successful to first look for a good opportunity to pass the puck to a partner, and then, if none such presents itself, to force a clearing. It happens that a fast forward can, by his own personal efforts, score one, two or perhaps three goals, but toward the close of the game he is no longer able to do effective work, because his selfish exertions have played him out, and when necessity demands that, because of poor assistance from his partners, a good man should indulge in individual work, such may be permissible, but the team thus handicapped can not expect to win from a well-balanced aggregation. Combination in hockey is the scientific means to the end at which the players aim, viz., the placing of a man of the team that makes the play in the best ob- tainable position to shoot a goal, and should be car- ried on only until that position is attained. It is possible to indulge even too much in com- bination work, necessary as it is on most occasions, and thus the virtue may be turned into a vice. It should not be played too freely by men in front of their own goals, and as it is merely a means to an end, an over-indulgence in it is a loss of time, of which hockey is too fast a game to allow. In close quarters the puck should be passed to a man's stick, and not in a line with His skates. A 3H Ice Hockey scientific player, rushing down the ice with a partner, will give the puck to the latter, not in a direct line with him, unless they are very close together, but to a point somewhat in advance, so that he will have to skate up to get it. The advantage in this style of pass- ing is that the man who is to receive the rubber will not have to wait for it, but may skate on at the same rate of speed at which he was going before the puck was crossed and proceed in his course without loss of time. The puck should be passed in such a manner that it will slide along the ice and not "lift," because it is difficult to stop and secure the rubber when it comes flying through the air. There are times, of course, when a "lifted" pass is necessary; for instance, when the line on the ice between the passer and the receiver is obstructed, but otherwise the "sliding" pass is ad- visable. When two "wing" men play combination together in an attack, the puck should scarcely ever be passed directly to each other, but should be aimed at the cushioned side of the rink, some distance in advance of the man, so that he may secure it on the rebound. The rink is so wide that it is difficult to pass the puck accurately from one side to the other, especially dur- ing a rush, so the above means is recommended. When three or four forwards are making a rush, the puck should be held by one of the centre players until the cover-point is reached, because in such a sports and Games play the latter does not know to which man the rub- ber is to be passed, for it may be given to the right or the left wing or even to the other centre player, but when, in an attack, a wing man has the puck, the cover-point knows that he must necessarily cross it out to the centre and is prepared for the play. When the forwards of a team are operating around their opponents' goal and can not get an opening, it is sometimes advisable for them to slide the puck to their cover-point if he is well advanced to- ward the middle of the rink, because this will prob- ably coax out the defence, and the change of positiona may create the desired effect. One of the most successful, and, perhaps, the most neglected of combination plays is the following: when a player secures the puck behind or to the side of his opponents' goal, he should, if he has time, slide it to his assistant who is in the best position to receive it, or, if not, to the side where he knows that one of his men, by a preconcerted, practiced arrange- ment, awaits it, but he should never send it, with a blind, trust-to-luck shot directly in front of the goals, because the point and cover-point should be, and usually are, stationed there. This simple play is of- ten attended with great success. To guard against this play the defence men and forwards of the at- tacked goal should see that, when the puck is around the goal line, each of their opposing forwards is care- fully checked. 226 Ice Hockey Each player should be careful to remain in his own position, and in order to acquire the habit of so doing, every man should make it a point in each prac- tice, however unimportant, to cling to the particular position on the team which he is intended to fill. It is a grievous mistake for a wing man to leave his posi- tion and play in the centre of the ice or on the side to which he does not belong, or for a centre player or rover to wander to the wings, because as each man has a cover, a check, on whom, in turn he should bestow his attention, he gives his opponent, when he leaves his place, an opening that the latter should not and would not have if he were properly watched, besides, the forwards and the defence men of an experienced team ought to be able to know where their assistants are or, rather, should be by judging from their own positions. When a man strays from his own territory, a brilliant combination play may easily be lost through his absence from his proper place. Each player of a team should occupy his position so unfailingly in practice, and the team should in- dulge in combination work to such an extent, that, in a match, a forward ought, at times, to be able to slide the puck to an assistant vv'ithout even having to look to know where the latter is. If perfection be aimed at, and it should, the point of following up should be so regular, so systematic that this play may be suc- cessfully indulged in, because, with every man work- ing in his position, like so many movements in a clock, 3^7 Sports and Games a forward with the puck, in advance, should know without looking, where each of his partners follows. The prettiest spectacle afforded by a good hockey match, is the rush down the ice, four abreast, of the forwards. This play to a man of sporting instincts, verges on the beautiful. When four men in a line, racing at lightning speed, approach the defence of their opponents, it is then that the goal-keeper of the attacked party sees danger signals floating in the air, because the assist- ance he will receive from his defence men, is, on these occasions, problematical. If they crowd in upon him, his view of the play is obstructed; if the cover rushes out he may not use the body-check, because he does not know which man will have the puck, and there- fore can not afford to waste time and energy on one who has already passed the rubber, or who will do so, and the point man must necessarily keep his position unless some fumbling occurs. But should the forward line advance four abreast? This is a serious question. When such a rush is being made, one slip, one fumble, a fraction of a second lost, will throw at least three of the forwards off-side, out of play. It is a good deal safer and more satisfactory for one man, say the rover, to follow the three other forwards, slightly in the rear, so that if such a slip, such a fum- ble occurs, he will be close on hand to recover the puck, and quickly place his men in play. More than two forwards should never be behind 328 Ice Hockey their opponents' goal at the same time, because it is necessary that some should be in front, in case the puck should be passed out to them, and, moreover, if it be lifted down by their adversaries, they have a chance of stopping it in a good position to shoot for the goal. At least two men should be in front, in order to follow up any attack that their opponents might make on their goal. It is surprising how much trouble can be caused a forward line by a persistent forward who nags at them from behind. He can often break up a combination, and create more confusion among them than a defence man, because they know what to expect from the latter and are on the lookout for him, but find it difficult to deal with a fast man who bothers them in this way. It is in this work that a fast skater shows to advantage. Should a forward who has gone down the ice alone attempt to pass the cover-point and point of the opposing team, before shooting? Yes and no. If the cover-point is well up toward the middle of the rink and the point is not too near the goal, let him strain every nerve and muscle to dodge them both and then shoot, but if the defence men are bunched in front of the poles, he should lift without trying to pass the cover-point. His shot, in this case, will often prove effective, because, having his two assistants directly in front of him, obstructing his view of the play, the goal keeper can not easily stop a low, hard, well-di- 3^9 Sports and Games rected "puck," besides, he will deprive the cover- point of the pleasure of "using his body." On approaching the cover-point, a forward, be- fore passing the puck, should incline a good deal to- ward the opposite side to which he is going to send it, because in so doing he will force the cover-point to leave his place, and thereby create a better clearing for action. It is a peculiar fact that defence men, in their po- sitions, are usually less apt than forwards to get ex- cited, which might be accounted for by this that it is a great deal easier for them to prevent a man from scoring than it is for him to score, and, besides, they are in their own territory moving at comparative ease, while the rushing forward tears down at full speed and has time enough only to think of how he may pass the puck or how elude the cover-point. The forward player has more to think of, more to do in order to score, than the defence men have in preventing him. It is in the attack on goal that a forward's cool- ness will assist him. For a man to know what to do, when he is near his opponents' defence, requires thought. The ever-varying changes in conditions and positions prevent a man from having any set line of action in an attack. Every rush is confronted by a different combination of circumstances, and a for- ward must know, on each separate occasion, the play that is best calculated to effect the desired result. This knowledge is the attribute of an experienced player, 330 Ice Hockey and must go hand in hand with coolness. Practice teaches a man what to do, coolness enables him to do it. It is singular, but remarkably true, that a for- ward who could not win even a "green" skating race, can excel as a lightning hockey player. It is one of the ingenious paradoxes of the game, that can not be explained. A man who can beat another in a race is not necessarily a faster forward than that man. Ex- amples on every team prove the contention. Perhaps the possession of the puck, the excitement of the game, the attraction that an assistant has when skat- ing near him, gives to the man who may not claim distinction as a racer, a power, a speed, that a simple race can not make him exercise; perhaps the superior science of a player who can not skate as well as an- other, may enable him to surpass that man in general speed, by minimizing his work and by allowing him to husband his strength for the great efforts that occur at different stages of the game. When a forward skates down the rink near the side, his easiest way of dodging an opponent is by carroming the puck against the boards, which act as a cushion, passing his man on the outside, and recover- ing the puck, which bounces out to meet him. In this play the puck should invariably be lifted, because the dodge is expected, and if the puck slides along the ice to the side it may often be easily stopped. When a forward, rushing down the ice, is well 33^ Sports and Games followed by another of his side, he should not try to dodge the cover-point, but should draw out that man by inclining to the side, and pass the puck to his part- ner, taking care to then place himself in the best pos- sible position to receive it back, if the latter can not shoot. A man should check his opponents' stick heavily, as a gentle stroke, an easy check, has seldom any effect. Experience teaches that in a low, bent position, a man can get up speed a good deal quicker than when he keeps his body upright, and, moreover, he is less liable when skating thus to suffer from the body check of an opponent. A body check means the striking of a man with your hip or shoulder in order to cause him to stop or even fall. The most effective check of this kind is striking a man with the hip, upon his hip, because this is more or less the centre of gravity in a human being, and a good, solid weight catching a person in this spot, especially when that person is balancing on his skates or rushing up the ice, seldom fails in the desired result. The forward player who indulges in body-checking makes a fatal mistake, for although he may gain a momentary advantage, he wastes so much energy in the act, that in the long run he is a heavy loser. This is an incontrovertible fact, and any forward will readily bear out the statement. He should avoid body-checking with even greater 32'^ Ice Hockey care than he should being checked, because the former requires a great effort, and the latter only seldom injures the man who is encountered. A de- fence man, however, who has but few rushes up the ice, can afford to enjoy the pleasure of "throwing" himself at an opponent, and often to great advantage. He is in a good position to catch his adversary "on the hip," especially when the latter is "on the wing," as it were, and can thus often put a short-stop to a dangerous run. The effect of a body-check is not so "striking" when the object of it steadies himself in as low a position as possible, while the man who is using the play attains his end better by catching his oppo- nent, as stated above, in the centre of his weight, or higher, when the latter is not steadily placed. This practice of body checking is permissible, and, to a cer- tain degree, scientific, but it is questionable whether it be not a less noble way of overcoming a dangerous opponent, than by expert stick handling, or by some gentler means. It can not be said to be directly in ac- cordance with the strictest, the highest sense of pol- ished, fair, scientific play. It certainly is a feat, diffi- cult of accomplishment, to stop a man who is rushing toward you with the speed of an express train, and upset him without the slightest injury to yourself, but is this the fairest way of defending your flags? It savors too much of roughness, and can be the cause of a serious accident, because a fall on the ice, at any time, is usually painful and dangerous enough, with- 333 sports and Games out any additional impetus from without. If it is al- lowable, it is most unfair to "body" a man into the side of the rink. Among some of the senior teams the practice of interference is becoming prominent, and should be severely checked, because it is an unfailing cause of unnecessary roughness. No player, however mild, who is rushing down the ice to secure an advan- tageous position, will allow himself to be deliber- ately interrupted, stopped by an opponent who has not, and should not have the right to oppose his course, without picking a bone or two with him. An- other innovation that is calculated to injure the game, is mass plays. This rupture of the rules was con- spicuous among certain teams one year. It might be hard to imagine or detect such a thing in hockey, but it, nevertheless, occurs. It is practically, "concen- trated interference," in technical terms, and, as in football, is used by the team which attempts to score, a point which distinguishes it from simple interfer- ence as used by an attacked team to prevent scoring. To be properly carried out it involves the disregard for the rule regulating on-side movements, and is therefore, though difficult to detect, a breach of the same. The teams in cities where the practice of in- terference in football is more popular, are the most given to this play. It is essential that the two centre men and the right wing should be able to shoot the puck as well 334 Ice Hockey from the right side as from the left, because the chances of scoring in either ways are about equal. As for the left wing, he is called upon so seldom to shoot from the right, that is presuming that he holds his stick correctly, with the blade to his left side, that it is not so important for him. The most dangerous, successful lift for the goal, is raising the puck about to the level of the knee. This height is too great to allow the goaler's stick to be of any use, and is not high enough to be stopped by his bulky body. The lift is not obtained by strength, but by knack and a good stick. Of course the more strength there is in the act of lifting the greater will be the velocity of the shot. But strength minus knack is not so suc- cessful as knack minus strength. To lift the puck, the edge of the blade of the hockey stick must touch the puck lower than half its thickness, and the practiced "twist of the wrist" ac- complishes the rest. This form of ridding yourself of the rubber is most important, because by a lift the puck travels further and faster than it would along the ice, which gets cut up soon after the opening of a match, besides, it is much harder for an opponent to stop a lift than an ordinary sliding puck. It is a mistake to lose courage because your oppo- nents score the first three or four goals. Do not begin to play roughly because you are los- ing; and do not purposely and ostentatiously avoid 33S sports and Games scoring against a team that has already lost, because even if a bad beating does discourage them they would rather suffer it than be humiliated by any such show of pity. Do not imagine that after winning a few games the match is won, because "accidents" occur, and do not dream of laurel wreaths and championships on account of your success in the opening of the series. Attend every practice but do not become over- trained. A man should not lose his temper because he suf- fers a sore knock. A display of "fireworks" is often the cause of an undesirable rest among the spectators. Do not question the decision of the umpire or referee. Let your captain plead the case. I. THE GOAL-MINDER Goal-keeping is one of the easiest and at the same time one of the most difficult positions to fill success- fully on the team. It is simple because it is not altogether essential to be an expert skater or stick handler. It is difficult because it requires a quick and true eye together with agility of motion and good judgment. Besides keeping his eye on the puck, he must have a good idea where his opponents are placed so as to be prepared to stop a shot resulting from a sudden pass in front of goals. I am of the opinion that the goaler should only 33^ Ice Hocke y o GOAL • POINT • COVER POINT • R. CENTRE « o R. WING • L. CENTRE • L. WING • • L. CENTRE • L. WING • R. CENTRE e COVER POINT • POINT • R. WING o • GOAL o POSITIONS OF THE TEAMS 337 Sports and Games leave his goal under the following conditions : First, when he is quite sure that he can reach the puck be- fore an opponent, and when none of his own team are near enough to secure it instead; secondly, when one of the attacking side has succeeded in passing the de- fence and is coming in (unsupported) toward the goal, then the goaler, judging the time well, may skate out to meet him, being careful that he is directly in line between the shooter and goal. This sudden movement surprises the man and he is liable to shoot the puck inaccurately or against the goaler's body. In stopping the puck, the feet, limbs, body, and hands are all used according to the nature of the shot. The stick is used to clear the puck from the goal af- ter stop has been made, but rarely to make the stop. Some goalers use the hands much more frequently than others and make splendid stops in this way. But this depends on the individual's handiness, those ac- customed to play baseball and cricket excelling. The most difficult shot to stop results from a quick pass in front of goal at the height of about one foot off the ice. Goalers should use a good broad-bladed skate, not too sharp, so as to allow easy change of position from one side to the other of the goal. He should dress warmly and protect his body and limbs with the usual pads which at the same time help to fill up the goal. He must not get "rattled" by the spectators, and never lose confidence in himself. 338 Ice Hockey II . THE POINT The defence of a successful team must neces- sarily be as proportionately strong as the forward line. Although their territory, their sphere of ac- tion, is more limited than that of their forwards, the defence men have work to do that is, in its efifect, as important as the rushes of the latter. The goal-keeper should consider that he is in- closed in a magic circle, and should scarcely ever leave his position, but if he does he should return to it as soon as possible. He should not depend upon his defence to stop the puck. The point and cover- point should play as if they were one man in two po- sitions. The position of the point should be deter- mined by that of the cover-point. If the cover-point is on one side, the point should be on the other, to such an extent only, though, that each may have an equally good view of the play, and that a forward who ad- vances toward their goal will have tv/o distinct men to pass, instead of two men, one directly and close behind the other. When two forwards approach their goal, the cover-point should devote his attention to the man who has the puck and block him as well as he may, and the point should advance slightly to meet the other, and, incidentally, to intercept any pass that may be attempted. During a tussle behind or to the side of the goal, the point and cover-point should never leave their 339 sports and Games positions vacant. If the one leaves his place the other should remain in front, but never should both be away, because the absence of these two men from their proper positions is the cause of more games being lost than any other fault they may commit. The position of the point man is essentially de- fensive. The distance between him and the goaler is determined by the proximity of the play. He should not stray too far from his place, because oftentimes he is practically a second goal-minder, able, through the practice that his position gives him, to stop almost equally well as the latter, but although he should re- main close to his goal-keeper, he should never ob- struct that man's view of the puck. Whenever it be- comes necessary for the goaler to leave his place, it is the duty of the point man immediately to fill it, and remain there until the latter returns. He should, as a rule, avoid rushing up the ice, but if he has a good opening for such a play he should give the puck to one of his forwards on the first op- portunity, and then hasten back to his position, which has been occupied in the interim by the cover-point. When it is absolutely necessary, combination play may be carried on by the point and cover-point in front of goal, but only with the greatest care. When three or four forwards skate down together it is advisable for the defence men to retire toward their goal and block them until assistance from the forwards arrives. 340 Ice Hockey The defence men should not allow themselves to be coaxed, drawn out, by their opponents. A lifting competition between the defence men of the opposing teams is fatiguing to the forwards, and very tiresome to look at. The position of the cover-point is the best adapted for the captaining of a team, because a man in this place is in touch with the defence and the forward players. III. THE COVER-POINT The cover-point is a combination of a defence man and a forward, and is allowed, in virtue of the fact, more latitude with respect to leaving his posi- tion than any man on the team, except the rover. In his capacity of a defence player he should lin- ger around his goal as long as the puck is near, and be very careful when he secures it in fi:ont of the poles. When the play is at the other end of the rink, the cover-point should advance to about the middle, so that when the puck is lifted down he may return it without loss of time, in order to keep the game cen- tred around his opponents' goal and to save his for- wards the trouble of skating up to him so that they may again "get into play." It is by playing far up under these circumstances that a clever cover-point can shine to the advantage of his team. If he has a good opening, he should shoot well for the goal, but if not he should return the puck instantly. When in this position, far from his goal, a cover- Vol. 14 — 12 Sports and Games point is suddenly confronted by an opposing forward who rushes down the ice, he should skate toward his defence, watching that man and gradually closing in upon him. I am an advocate of legitimate body-checking, and consider that the most successful way of stopping a man who approaches alone is by blocking him — ob- structing his course in any way that does not violate Section 8. It requires less effort and is less dangerous to block an opponent than to "body" him. A forward player, nine times out of ten, or even oftener, will try to pass the cover-point by first feint- ing to the left, then dodging to the right. If this be remembered, the cover-point will not bother about that feint to the left, which is to his right, but will almost invariably expect to be passed on his left, or the forward's right, and will act accordingly. He should be careful to prevent a forward player who is advancing toward him from sliding the puck between his feet, a common and successful dodge, which, however, in its execution requires a good deal of confidence on the part of the man who attempts it. The puck should be stopped, from a lift, by the hand, and in such a way that it will drop "dead." In lifting the puck, attention should be given to direct it so that it shall not be sent to an opponent, but to the side or to an opening, in order to enable the forwards to follow it up and block the return. It is advisable for the defence to be so placed that 342 Ice Hockey if the cover-point is directly in front of the goal- minder the point will be either to the left or right, between the two, because they will thus all have a clear view of the play. On no occasion should the three defence men be in Indian file. A cover-point, in lifting the puck, should be guided by the positions of his players. If they are around his opponents' defence, he should quickly lift the puck in their direction, in order to keep the play in that territory. In this case he should lift, and not dribble or slide the puck, because a lift is more diffi- cult for his adversaries to secure. If his forwards are around his own defence and he is forced clear, he should shot the puck in such a direction that will cause his opponents the most trouble to recover it, thus enabling his forwards to follow up with a chance of securing the return. When the cover-point secures the puck, and only a short distance exists between himself and his for- wards, he should advance, pass the puck to them and bring them all into play, then return to his post. He should attempt an individual rush only when an exceptional opportunity offers itself. In the early part of a match the cover-point should not leave his position more than is absolutely necessary, but to- ward the end, when his opposing forwards are played out he may assume, to great advantage, a decidedly offensive position. The stick of a cover-point should be somewhat 343 sports and Games heavier than a forward's. It should be long In the handle, in order to increase a man's reach, and the blade should taper, becoming thinner toward the end, which aids in raising the puck. His dress and skates are the same as used by the forwards. IV. THE FORWARD The essentials of a forward are science, speed, coolness, endurance and stick-handling, which em- braces shooting, and the success of a forward line is combination play. Science and speeed are exercised at all times during the game; coolness is essential, es- pecially when a forward is near his opponents' goal; endurance is taxed in the second half of the match, stick-handling is a necessary quality whenever the player has the puck. The centre player, the right and the left wing men must stick closely to their positions, but the rover, as his name indicates, may use his judgment as to what particular place is most in need of extra help. If the defence be weak or crippled, the rover should lend his aid to that part of the team when he is not abso- lutely needed by the forwards, but he should also fol- low up every rush that is made by the latter. He should be the busiest man on the team, because, as a forward, he must attack, and follow up every attack on his opponents' goal; he should also be the particu- lar player to return to help his own defence against every rush by his adversaries. 344 Ice Hockey It is necessary that a forward should be in the "pink of condition," and that he should take great care of himself in practice, because even the slightest injury will proportionately lessen his usefulness. Be- sides the ordinary training, it is advisable to diet, in order to get into the proper condition. "Early to bed, early to rise," should be a player's maxim, be- cause sleep before midnight is much more beneficial than it is after that time. Dodging depends upon the ingenuity of a player, and no rule can be laid down to regulate the science, because each separate dodge must be adapted to the circumstances of his own and his opponents' positions. To resist a body-check a player should take care to make himself as solid on the ice as he can, but at the same time allowing the upper part of his body to remain limber, so that the shock may not be so strongly felt. When advancing toward a man who he knows is going to body-check him, a player should, on meeting him, slide the puck forward to such a place, and in such a manner, that after the encounter, he may have a better chance of recovering it. I think, however, that a clever forward can nearly al- ways avoid a body-check, because, advancing at a high rate of speed, he has the advantage over an op- ponent who awaits him. The forward should never body-check, because this exhausts his strength. The most successful shot for the goal is a lift which raises the puck only as high as the goal- 345 sports and Games minder's knee. A player should accustom himself to shoot from both sides. Most goals are scored on a rush, not from a scrim- mage, and for this reason it is advisable not to lose too much energy in tussling for the puck behind the goal-line. It is a mistake to attempt to score a game when too far removed from the goal, or at too great an angle to the side. The forwards should be careful not to "bunch," nor to crowd around the puck, which can be avoided if each man plays in his own position. A forward's dress and skates should be light. His stick should be strong, light and not too flexi- ble, having a long blade and handle, which will in- crease his reach. It should be made of second growth ash, which is the most serviceable wood, because it combines strength with lightness, and does not, like most other woods, absorb the water which frequently appears on the ice. When a player gets a stick that suits him, he should carefully note its particular points, so that when that one breaks, he may secure others of the same shape. A player should use the stick that he himself prefers, and should not be guided by the choice of others, although, of course, he should always look for an improvement of his own. 346 WAT E R POLO INTRODUCTION T^HE game of water polo has perhaps done more ^ during recent years to popularize and to cause an interest to be taken in swimming than any other branch of aquatic sport. It is essentially a game for swimmers, and one that affords ample opportunity for the exhibition of skill and the development of staying power. Its practice tends to improve the speed of all those who participate in the pastime, as well as to inculcate in the minds of its followers good ideas as to the best methods of obtaining command over themselves in the water. In long-distance swims only one style of swimming is, as a rule, adopted, but in water polo the rapid changes of position which are necessary compel players to constantly alter their style. This is in itself a beneficial phase of the game, and one which teaches a swimmer how complete may become his power. INDIVIDUAL WORK OF THE PLAYERS Owing to the ever-varying methods necessary to good play, regular practice is important. It must not merely consist of the mere tossing of the ball here and there, the arrangement of friendly matches or other 347 Sports and Games impromptu scrimmages. A man who aspires to be an expert water poloist must devote considerable time to the study of the game. During the past few years the game has been far more scientifically played than it was at the outset. Up to 1888 the system prevalent was but an exhibition of brute strength. Dribbling, punting and passing the ball were things unknown,' except in very rare cases. A good plan is to divide a team up as follows : goal, two backs, half-back and two forwards. The office of captain is a very important one. But it is hardly necessary to say that he must be well versed in the rules of the game, but also those of the compe- tition in which his club may at the time be contend- ing. He should organize regular and frequent prac- tices, take careful note of the faults or merits of each individual player, and be careful that none of them, including himself, infringes the laws, or gives cause for complaint by another club. It is his duty to in- struct and advise the players on all points of the game, to teach them what positions they should take up in relation to each other so that the play of each of them may be effective, and 'to see that they do not leave their opponents free at any time for attack or defence. No selfishness in scoring should be allowed by him, and the urgent need of good combination plays should be frequently pointed out. Quick, short passing should be practiced rather than long shots, as to make a long shot effective one has to get into a 348 Water Polo certain position, and in doing so, time — an all im- portant essential in a fast game — is lost. The swiftness with the ball and accuracy of throw of each player should be individually tested by the captain before the man is admitted to the team. A player may have plenty of strength, but bad judg- ment in the use of it. Above all, absolute obedience to the captain's signs or orders must be insisted upon. Forwards. — The forwards must be good swim- mers who can catch a ball, quickly judge distances, pass, dribble, and shoot strongly and accurately. One of them should take up a position either on the right or left of the opponents' goal, but outside the pre- scribed limit. The other should take the opposite side but be a little further away from the goal. Both should always be on the alert for the ball, but in place of holding it, should make quick, short passes to each other, the ball in all cases being passed to the side furthest away from goal, and never direct into the other's hands, unless uncovered by the opposing back. If it be passed directly to a covered player, he will al- most to a surety be tackled with it; whereas, if it be passed on the outside of him he at once gets an oppor- tunity, if he be a fast swimmer, of clearing himself from the cover. The forwards should always hold themselves ready for a quick stroke or two, so as to clear; but this ability will come by practice. When dribbling the ball the forwards should clear on the outside and pass rapidly if likely to be tackled by an 349 Sports and Games opposing player. They should keep well up toward the opponents' goal. It is the duty of the forwards to keep free, as far as possible, from the opposing side, and when a change has taken place, owing to their opponents' defence play, to get back to position as quickly as possible. -Ihey should take care not to infringe the rule pro- hibiting a player from taking up a position within a yard of the opposing goal, and should also avoid placing themselves too far over to the side of the bath or field of play. When engaged in attacking, the op- posing back should in this case be hard pressed, com- pelled in self-defence to concede a corner. Half-Backs.~The half-back has the most onerous position on a team. With the forwards a certain amount of individual play is necessary, but a half- back must make combination the essential feature of his play. He must be ready to assist the attack at all times, and be as much in touch with his backs as pos- sible. If he keep cool, he will prove of immense service to his side. The forwards should be well fed by him, and left to score when able. It is only by a bare chance that a half-back can score, and in good matches the attack is spoiled if the half-back, instead of passing, selfishly tries to make a goal. He should be a good swimmer, well able to dribble or punt, and throw or pass with either hand under any conditions. At the starting of the game either the half-back or one of the forwards should be told off by the captain 350 Water Polo according to speed — the fastest swimmer for prefer- ence — to sprint for the ball, and if he obtain posses- sion to pass it back. If the centre forward be allotted this duty, he should pass to the half-back and then swim to his position, while the forwards are also tak- ing up their places. If the half-back has to go for the ball, he should pass to his backs and return to his proper place, which is some two or three yards in ad- vance of the backs. As soon as the backs receive the ,ball, it should be held until the forwards are up in position, and then passed to them. Upon the play of the half-back greatly depends the success of the team, and a clear-headed, sure and swift swimmer should be appointed to fill this post. He must by practice learn to know instinctively the place of every man in the team, must never stand, and always be ready to accept a pass, no matter how fast it may come. Backs. — The backs should take up a position near to their opponents' forwards in order to prevent them from scoring, but they should never allow them to be between them and their own goal. They must closely watch them, and be ever ready to move rapidly when in danger. It is usual to appoint the heaviest men in the team as backs, but judgment must of course be used as to their capabilities; because it is better to have a strong defence and a weak attack than a weak defence and a strong attack. This is particularly no- ticeable when the game is played in open water. The sports and Games backs are very often called upon to save under very- difficult circumstances, as when hard pressed by speedier swimmers than themselves, and thus it is very necessary that they should keep close watch of their opponents. They should be somewhat tactical, be alive to the necessity of giving away a corner, or of passing to their goal-keeper when the goal is in dan- ger. They must be also capable of passing to one another, or else forward to the half-back. There must be no hesitation in their work. They should never leave their places after passing, or allow the opposing forwards to get away from them. Their passes should be short, so that the half-back may reach them easily. The work of the half-back and backs should be so regular and combined that the forwards may place confidence in them. This will prevent the lat- ter from leaving their own positions to assist in the defence. Goal-Keeper.— The position of goal-keeper is not eagerly sought after, and in many instances the post is given to a wretched swimmer. It is not difficult to find the reason of this. The goal-keeper has the cold and thankless task of keeping in one place dur- ing the game, and can not exercise himself by swim- ming. Men who can swim well are chary of having the arduous task thrown on them of guarding the goal, which is made doubly difficult if the team lack combination. Notwithstanding this a good swimmer should be appointed, and one well able to float and 3S^ Water Polo support himself with his legs. To properly defend a goal requires skill, rapidity of action, keen judg- ment, quick and sure catching, and the ability to throw or punch out, immediately the ball comes, in a direction which will be of service to the side. If half a dozen forwards are put on for shooting prac- tice, each with a ball, the goal-keeper's play will sen- sibly improve after a very short time, as he will thereby become accustomed to exercise judgment, and also quickness of sight. One thing which often happens to a goal-keeper is a sudden obscuration of sight after going under water. This can be at once remedied by rubbing the eyelids, and thus preventing the water remaining on the body from dropping over the eyes. To all players this hint may be of service. When likely to be tackled by the opposing forwards the goal-keeper should pass out to the backs quickly. He must never get flurried, or a goal is certain to be scored against him. HOW TO THROW THE BALL As may be easily imagined, ability to throw the ball and pass it accurately only comes with practice, and no amount of description will assist a feeble player. A few hints as to the various methods may, however, be useful. If, when using the breast stroke, the player wishes to pass the ball back, the hand should be placed un- der it and the arm quickly raised. As soon as the 353 Sports and Games arm is above the surface, it is thrown over the head rapidly, and the ball forced to travel high or low, ac- cording to the distance and direction in which it is re- quired to be sent. Either hand can be used, but it is always best to throw with the arm which is furthest away from the nearest opponent. When throwing, a stroke with the legs should be taken, and the disen- gaged arm forced downward, to stop the slip given to the body by the throw. If this be done well, it will enable the player to apply more force to the throw or pass. The throw from the shoulder or side of the head is a very old plan, and is generally used when a de- liberate shot can be taken. The ball is picked up and carried to the shoulder, being somewhat after the fashion of a shot-put in athletic competitions. It is rested against the side of the head for accuracy of aim and the better send-off that is obtainable, and is then sent forward with as much force as possible. The legs and disengaged hand are driven down rap- idly in the water, and the body shot forward as the aim is taken. Another breast-stroke pass is that from side to side with either hand when outstretched. The hand is turned with the palm outward, and placed under the ball, which is at once lifted out. This is a valuable pass when pressed, especially if it can be done with right or left hand. The pass, when swimming on the side, is man- 354 Water Polo aged by placing the hand under the ball. In this po- sition it can be thrown straight back, and, with prac- tice, to the blind side of the body as well as out to the other side. To pass to the blind side, the arm, when it raises with the ball, must be rapidly forced over the body, and the impetus to the ball given from the lower part of the forearm, wrist and hand. Many players can perform this difficult pass so accurately as to know almost exactly in what part of the tank the ball will fall, There is plenty of scope for a back-swimmer at water polo, especially when long shots are required. The body is thrown back, and the arm outstretched. As the legs are closed, the arm shoots forward, and the ball is driven at a great pace. As before stated, the "Trudgeon" stroke offers the best opportunities for a brilliant water polo player. The over-arm pass can be done with either hand, and the ball placed without the player having to turn round for aim. The arms are so placed that the pass out to right or left can be accomplished instantly, and the disengaged arm and legs used to maintain steadiness. With the "Trudgeon" stroke the ball may be punted rapidly up or across the path, the player at the same time being free from tackling, be- cause in punting the ball is driven forward by either hand, as the player swims, and is not held. This stroke is again of essential service in dribbling, which is accomnlished by allowing the ball to get between 3SS Sports and Games 1 the arms. Then, as the swimmer progresses, the ball goes with him, it hitting first one arm and then the other, or the chin, but not getting out from between the arms. There are many other little points of the game which come naturally after a time. The sending out of play into touch, if we may use the term, is some- times of use, although it requires judgment. 350 TABLE TENNIS nPABLE TENNIS, Whiff-Whaff, Pom-Pom, Ping-Pong or any other name which an inven- tive mind can think of, are all played alike; there is absolutely no difference of any description in the tables on which they are played, the racquets, the balls, the nets, or in the rules which govern them. The game originated in Japan, and has been played there on and off for nearly two thousand years; it was introduced into England some years ago under the name of Whiff- Whaff, but did not take well, as no one seemed, at that time, to realize the amount of skill necessary to play the game well, and it was not until 1900 that it became popular, and its popularity can be directly traced to the substitution of celluloid balls in place of the rubber ones with which the game had been previously played. With celluloid balls the possibilities of the game were increased a thou- sand-fold, and a game which, with the old rubber balls, had been considered at the best only fit for chil- dren and old women, developed into one of the most skilful games played with a ball. There are two associations in England — The Table Tennis Association, the championship meet- 357 Sports and Games ings of which have been held at the Royal Aquarium, and the Ping-Pong Association, with its champion- ships decided at the Queen's Hall. It seems a pity, of course, that there should be two associations un- der different names, both playing exactly the same game under the same rules, but it is owing to the fact that Messrs. John Jaques & Son and Hamley Bros, own the copyright, and in England, unless with their consent, no, one is allowed to use the word Ping- Pong. Table tennis seems to be a much more sensi- ble name, as it is lawn tennis played on a table, and although no one ever uses the courts which are marked out on the table as a variation for a foursome, it makes rather an interesting game. Ping-Pong received its name from the sounds which the banjo head of the racquets gave out when striking the little celluloid balls, and as now not one man in a hundred plays with anything except a wooden racquet, the appropriateness of the name seems to have been done away with. There is almost as much argument now as to the rival merits of wooden, vellum, cork, leather covered, sandpapered faces, gut and metal racquets as there used to be over the merits and demerits of different heads of golf clubs, but a great deal of the talk is nonsense, and the best are most assuredly the wooden ones, at least the writer has never found any one who was not perfectly willing to discard his old vellum or gut racquet as soon as he tried a wooden one. 35^ Table Tennis RULES The game is for two players. They shall stand one at each end of the table. The player who first delivers the ball shall be called the server, and the other the striker-out. At the end of the first game, the striker-out shall becom.e the server, and the server shall become the striker-out, and so on alternately. The service shall be strictly underhand, and de- livered from behind the end of the table. The ball served must drop anywhere on the table- top beyond the net, and is then in play. If it drop into the net or off the table, it counts to the striker- out There is no second service, as in lawn tennis. In serving, it is a let if the ball touch the net in passing over. If the ball in play strikes any object above or round the table before it bounces on the table-top itself (net or post excepted), it counts against the player. The server wins a stroke if the striker-out fails to return the service, or return the service or ball in play off the table. The striker-out wins a stroke if the server serve a fault, or fails to return the ball in play, or return the ball in play so that it falls off the table. No volleying is allowed; but as long as the ball touches the table-top it is in play, and can be taken at ZS9 sports and Games half volley. The striker-out loses a point if he takes the ball on the volley. Scoring. — On either player winning his first stroke, the score is called 15 for that player; on either player winning his second stroke the score is called 30 for that player; on either player winning his third stroke, the score is called 40 for that player; and the fourth stroke won by either player is scored game for that player except as below. If both players have won three strokes (40 all), the score is called deuce ; and the next stroke won by either player is scored advantage to that player. If the same player win the next stroke, he wins the game; if he loses the next stroke, the score is again called deuce, and so on, until either player wins the two strokes immediately following the score of deuce, when the game is scored for that player. The player who first wins six games wins a set. The game may also be scored by points, twenty up. The players, in this case, change the service af- ter every five points scored, like "overs" at cricket, and they set three at (19 all), the player who first wins three strokes, winning the game. Best of three games counts. PLAYING THE GAME When serving stand about a yard and a half be- hind the table, and remember, the service must be un- derhand and the wrist must not be above the level 360 Table Tennis of the waist. Grasp your racquet close to the head and put your thumb down the centre of the racquet for backhand play, and your fingers down the back for forehand strokes. By doing this, you have perfect control over the racquet and your hand follows your wrist, and as the whole game is practically wrist play, you can readily see how important it is that your wrist and the racquet shall work together as closely as possible. When striking the ball, if you hold the racquet straight up and down and at the moment of striking draw it sharply upward, you will serve a "drop" ball, which, when it strikes the table on the opposite side of the net, will shoot forward very quickly. If you draw the racquet across the ball from left to right, it will make it break almost at right angles to your opponent's right; if you draw it from right to left, it will break to his left; and if you hold your racquet parallel to the floor and draw it across the ball laterally, it will break straight back into the net or toward it. Half-volleying is very necessary in order to get the ball up, but it is a purely defensive stroke, and the strokes which count are made after the ball has bounced and you can return it hard. Placing is the A B C of the game and you have to keep watching your opponent all the time, and try to return the ball wherever you think he is least expecting it. Although you are only allowed to serve underhand, you can smash the ball with an overhand stroke any time after the service. 361 sports and Games You can use any kind of a racquet — gut, vellum, wood, cork, wood covered with sand-paper, or scored up in any kind of a way with the idea of imparting twist to the ball, but when it comes down to real play, and it is necessary to get the very best results, there is only one kind to use, and that is plain wood, with a nearly round face and a very short, thick handle; if you have never tried one, do so, and your game is im- mediately 50 per cent better; there is absolutely no comparison with any other kind. The average weight of a wooden racquet is about five ounces, and the balls are made of celluloid. 36^ BOWLING T^HE game of bowling, which at the present time ^ is about the most popular winter sport of the country, is also one of the oldest games known to the civilized world. Our ancestors hundreds of years ago indulged in a pastime, which, excepting a few radical changes during the last century or so, was materially the same as our present game of bowling and seems to have been just as popular. Bowling seems to have originated early in the Middle Ages. It was at that time a purely outdoor game. As was the rule with everything of that period, the sport was known by a variety of names. It was called "bowles," French "boules" and "carreau." These three names seem to have been the most com- mon, but there were others, quite a number purely local. As played at that time, the game was very dif- ferent from our present sport, but there was much similarity. The game was played with sides or teams, as to-day. The balls or bowls were made of stone, one-half spherical, the other half oval shape. This gave the ball a curve, which appears to have been very desirable as it sped down the bowling green. The scene of the game was a plot of ground called a rink or bowling green. At each end was 3^3 Sports and Games placed a cone, which was the mark for the bowlers. The cones were bowled from one end of the rink and then from the other. As in the game of quoits or "horseshoes," the object of the game was for one side to place their ball nearer the cone than their adver- saries. The side bowling last would, of course, try to knock the opponents' ball away from the cone, supplanting it with their own, the one nearest the cone scoring a point for his side. Skill was required to bowl in such a way as to curve around an oppo- nent's bowl, so as to get nearer the cone without knocking the other ball closer. Later, the stone bowl was supplanted by one made of lignum-vitae. The latter was made perfectly spherical, the outside of the tree being lighter than the heart, naturally gave the bowl the desired bias, though often one side of the ball was loaded with lead to obtain the desired effect. The cones were finally done away with, and superseded by a stone or earthen ball about three and a half inches in diameter, and known as a "jack." Instead of having a stationary mark at which to bowl, the jack was knocked all over the green, while strat- egy and skill were required to play a good game. The bowling green of that period was one of the most cared for spots about a village or an estate. A plot of ground as level as it was possible to find was picked out for it. Draining was the first process in the making. This was done in such a thorough man- ner that even the hardest rains would not soak the 364 Bowling ground and put it in a muddy condition. After draining properly it was rolled, the grass kept cut to the proper length, and, by the most assiduous care, this spot would be made as hard and level as a table. The size of the plot was usually about 90 x 150 feet, surrounded by a ditch or gutter four or five inches deep. During the reign of Queen Anne and the first three Georges, a bowling green was as popular and necessary an adjunct to a gentleman's country seat as a billiard table is to-day. Usually this plot of ground was surrounded by evergreens, which kept the grass from being scorched by the burning rays of the sun, as well as protecting the spectators and play- ers. In m.any places this formed one of the most picturesque spots about a well-kept park or garden, though very frequently it was situated in close prox- imity to the dining-room, from which it could be reached by a flight of stairs leading from a glass door or bay window. As an after-dinner sport of our burly British and Dutch ancestors, it was very popu- lar, aiding in the digestion of their heavy meals of that time, consisting principally of beef and pudding, lubricated with heavy ale and potent punch. The game was first introduced into America early in the eighteenth century, and possibly the lat- ter part of the seventeenth. It seems to have been very popular in New York early in the eighteenth century. An old map of that city of the date 1728 shows a bowling green on the north side of the public 3^S Sports and Games garden situated near the King's farm, near the foot of Murray and Warren Streets. Also in 1732, the locality called Bowling Green, at the foot of Broad- way, and known by the same name at the present day, was leased from the city government and laid out as a public bowling green. From the time that the sport was introduced into America it has really never died out, though the outdoor game has long since given way to the indoor game. As an indoor sport the game originated from sev- eral games, cayles, French quilles, skittles, loggetts, and sayles being the most prominent. In cayles and loggetts conical shaped pins made of bone were set up in rows of six or eight, and the players tried to knock them down by hurling clubs of "sheepe's joyntes" at them. Knocking the pins down by bowl- ing a ball at them came at a later period. In the game of carreau, the players bowled at a fixed mark, which in skayles, closh, French quilles, clossynge, kittles, skittles, Dutch pins, four corners, half bowl, rolly-poUy and ninepins the marks bowled at were pins similar to those of the present day and bowled at with a ball. The games were immensely popular for a long time, until some laws were passed prohibit- ing ninepins and similar games. For a while this stopped the game, but it did not die out. The ob- jectionable features were cut out, and instead of nine pins set up in diamond frame, ten pins were set up in a triangular frame. 1,66 Bowling The first mention of a game being played in- doors on a covered alley is found in William Fitz- Stephens' Survey of London, about the twelfth cen- tury. The first record of a match game played in- doors in America was a game played on the Knicker- bocker alleys in New York City on January i, 1840. Since that time the game has continued to grow in popular favor. Until 1875, when clubs became very numerous, there was much diversity as to the length of the al- leys and the size of the pins and balls, as no standard had ever been adopted. Before that time the pins used were larger and heavier than the ones used now, and it was a much easier matter to knock all the pins down by hitting only one or two, making the score of 300 the limit. In 1875 a large number of bowders, representing most of the cities of this country, held a meeting and adopted rules and regulations, which at that time answered the purpose. For the next ten or fifteen years, or up to 1890, bowling was a sort of "go as you please" game. In the East they played under the rules of the National Bowling League, while in the West, where a sudden boom started, any rule went. Under these conditions the boom west of the Alleghenies lived but a few years. In 1895, ^^ with the birth of the American Bowling Congress, which at once wiped out the old rules and substituted new ones, which brought the playing of the game down to a somewhat scientific order, things began to wake up 367 sports and Games again and the bowler from that day to this has been looked upon as an important factor not only in sport- ing circles but in social circles as well. The agitators of the Congress tried hard to interest their former Western brethren in the sport, but it was no easy task. A New York team was then organized, made a short tour of the West, and found but very little interest in the game and some exceptionally poor alleys. The trip, however,, had its desired effect, for the wide- awake Westerners at once came to the conclusion that under the new conditions the game could be made a go. The narrow alleys gave way to wider ones. The old solid ball was replaced by one with finger holes and the i8 and 1 6-inch pins gave way to those of regulation sizes. Good scores and rare sport was the result of the changes, wherever they were made, and the game has now come to stay. HOW TO BOWL There are about as many opinions on this sub- ject as there are grains of sand on the seashore, all of which are worthy of some commendation. The physical anatomy of bowlers makes it almost compul- sory that each should adapt himself or herself to the style best fitted to them. Now it will be the object at the beginning to learn how to properly handle a ball. These balls vary in weight from one to fifteen pounds, and from the size of a baseball to a ball twenty-seven inches in circumference. It hardly ap- 368 Bowling pears necessary to warn the novice about the folly of beginning with the largest balls; it is an unwritten law of physical culture to begin with light weight first and gradually increase it; this every athlete will respect; but bowling is different and, while the same rule applies with equal force, there seems to be an all-powerful inclination to begin with heavy balls. This has the effect of straining the nerves in the back, arms and legs, and gives the novice the feeling next morning that he must have run up against something hard during the night. He also finds after an hour's steady practice that the ball is very stubborn, and that he has made little or no progress. Stick to the small ball until you acquire that familiarity with it which will assure you a certain amount of gracefulness as well as accuracy. In lifting a ball from the runway don't grab it with both hands, one hand is plenty strong enough to handle it. Turn the ball over until the holes in it are facing upward, insert the thumb and second finger and lift it from its position, letting the arm hang naturally by the side. Then walk to the position you desire behind the foul line. If you are inclined to roll a side or cross ball, naturally take up your place at the right-hand side of the alley; if you are a left-handed bowler, the left-hand side should then be used. Step back about nine feet, holding the ball with both hands against the chest, or downward about opposite the knee; then draw an imaginary line by a glance of the eye from the head 369 Sports and Games pin to the foul line; then start slowly until you have acquired the knack of getting the ball down toward the pins without it going into the gutter. This can be done with but very little practice. To the player whose desire it is to begin bowling by rolling a centre ball, the same will hold good, that is, draw an imagi- nary line from either side of the head pin to the foul line, as the one object should be not to hit the head pin full in the centre, but a little to either side, so as to avoid some difficult plays. Whichever style a nov- ice adopts it should not be departed from, if an im- provement is desired. Before stepping up to the run- way for a ball, the soles of the shoes, unless tennis or rubber-soled ones are worn, should be well chalked from the chalk-box at the head of the alleys; this will prevent any possibility of slipping while delivering the ball. Don't take a ball from the runway while another ball is on its way down; this will prevent the fingers from being smashed between two balls. Don't try to learn all about bowling in one day. Don't use too much speed at first. Don't grip the ball too tight. It's not going to get away from you. Don't lift or throw the ball, roll it. Don't swing the ball too often before delivering it. This will cause you to lose all accuracy. Don't start with a jump; walk one and run tw^ steps. 370 Bowling Don't deliver the ball with the right foot in front. Don't step on or over the foul line. Don't think you can change the course of the ball after it has left your hand. Don't expect a "strike" every time. Don't throw away a "spare" because you think you were entitled to a "strike." Mr. W. V. Thompson, one of Chicago's best roll- ers, and who has already won championships in all parts of the country, has this to say about beginners: "Of course, any one can learn to bowl. Let all beginners step back from the foul line five steps. Stand erect, face the pins and let the weight of the ball rest on your left hand; take a firm grip with the right hand, swing the ball and see if the grip is all right. Now, don't run, just walk fast four steps, starting with your right foot, and deliver the ball with the left foot in front. Do not bend your arm or your back; keep your feet far apart and bend your knees. Form an imaginary line to the right side of the head pin and bowl on that line. Do not force the ball at first, you will have speed to burn in a week. Get the swing and delivery and you will get the pins." 371 BASKETBALL FOR WOMEN jg ASKETBALL was invented by Dr. James Nai- smith, about January of 1892. It was invented particularly for the Y. M. C. A. Training School, at Springfield, Mass., and in all probability Dr. Nai- smith had no idea it would ever be played by women. However, directors of gymnasia for women saw at once that it was, perhaps, the game they were eagerly seeking— one that should not have the rough element of football, yet should be a quick, spirited game— should cultivate strength and physical endur- ance, and should be interesting enough to become a part of physical training for women as football and baseball are for men. They saw at once that it had many elements of success required for such a game and forthwith attempted it as part of their gymnastic work. Its success proved far beyond their expecta- tions. It was only necessary to try it to have it be- come most popular wherever it was played. The colleges for women found it a boon. The physical training schools took it up, and their women gradu- ates spread it all over the country. To-day there are few gymnasia for women where basketball is not a part of their curriculum, and hundreds of basketball teams are formed yearly in all our cities by women 372 Basketball for Women who play the game at regular times during the win- ter. It is by far the most popular game that women play. THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS By Luther Gulick, M.D. It is not my purpose to discuss the details of team - play, nor to explain especial plays or formations. I desire to call attention to the bearings of the psy- chology of team-play upon some of the more funda- mental matters concerning the nature of woman and her place in our civilization. By team-play I mean the play of individuals in such a way as to advance the interests of the team as contrasted with the interests of the individual. To il- lustrate: a player (A) has the ball and can throw for goal, or she can pass the ball to a player (B) nearer to the goal and having a better opportunity to cage the ball. Individual interest will lead (A) to throw for the goal. She may take it, and thus win for her- self the credit for a brilliant play. This is one of the faults of beginners and always of selfish players. If (A) looks mainly to the interests of the team, she must forego her own chance for prominence and must play the ball to (B) who will secure from the crowd the credit, much of which in this case really belongs to (A). In case (A) throws directly for the goal and makes it, she is not thereby justified in the play; she should be censured by the coach or captain. In the 373 Vol. 14—13 Sports and Games long run such a player, who puts her own interests above that of the team, will prove a detriment to the team. Team-work means the frequent subordination of self-interests to the interests of the team. The indi- vidual shines mainly in the general glory of the team. The single instance given is but a simple illustra- tion of what characterizes basketball. A team of moderate players, but who play well together, who play a strong team game, will defeat a team of ex- perts who play each one for himself. This has been repeatedly demonstrated. It was clearly shown in the national championships in which a team of the best of experts was beaten for two years by teams whose individual players did not excel, but whose team-work was better. This subject of team-play has most important bearings. The necessity for team-play is character- istic of baseball, football, cricket, and a few subsid- iary games, such as lacrosse, hockey, etc. It is not characteristic of track and field sports, nor of any other great national sports. These games demanding team-play are played by Anglo-Saxon peoples, and by these peoples alone, and may thus be said to be a differentiating characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon adolescent male. It is also important to notice that these games are not played till the teens are reached. Little boys may 374 Basketball for Women play these games, but they rarely play more than an individual game; real team-work is rare among them. This fact acquires significance when we remember that during adolescence great psychological changes occur in the boy, among which the growth of altruism is prominent. What is its nature? What are the mental and moral demands of team-work? They are, of course, higher than those of individual play. One may or may not choose to use the word altruism in such a relation, but this loyalty to the team when such loyalty puts self in the background certainly is made out of the same kind of stuff as is altruism. It is loyalty to a larger unit than self. It is, ethically, of a higher order than is individual play. This team loyalty is very like the tribal loyalty of early savage life. Those tribes in whom the men were loyal to the tribe, even more than to self, would, other things be- ing equal, conquer those who were still on the indi- vidual plane. The deep nature of the instinct that has led to the development of these games is thus shown. My experience and observation ever since Mr. Naismith invented the game is that it is more difficult to get women to do team-work than it is to get men to do so. In what way may this be explained? It is idle to say that men are more self-sacrificing than are women. A comparative study of men's and women's relation to their children is ample evidence 375 Sports and Games on this point. What facts may be explanatory? Boys play games in a way that girls do not. Boys play on the street, and have a kind of rough and "give and take" education among their fellows that is far more intense than is the corresponding education of girls. But this is insufficient to account for the marked dif- ference in the interest and adaptability that women seem to have for team games. In cases that I have seen where there has been equal opportunity for girls to acquire the team spirit, they have not acquired it to anything like the same extent that boys have. We must look deeper than the mere circumstances of early environment to account for this phenomena. In a careful study of boys' gangs, not yet published, that has been made by Mr. T. J. Browne, this spirit of loyalty to the team, or loyalty to the gang, has been worked out with thoroughness. He has shown that most boys during adolescence form spontaneous groups that often maintain their personnel for years, exerting a great influence upon the life of the indi- vidual. The boy will be loyal to the group to which he belongs often more than he will to even his own parents. One finds corresponding spontaneous grouping among girls, but not to the same extent, nor are the societies so persistent nor so inclusive of all the interests of the individual. Another class or group of facts that would de- mand investigation bearing upon this general topic is the treatment that women give each other on the 376 Basketball for Women street, in the electric car, and while shopping. It is a matter of common comment, for which there must be a modicum of ground, that women are more often inconsiderate of each other as strangers than are men. I do not attempt to justify the comment, but suggest the line of inquiry. It is a patent fact also that men form societies to an indefinitely larger extent than do women ; not only secret societies, but societies for all sorts of purposes. Man's life appears to take more naturally to organi- zation than does woman's. Man's life appears to be related more to loyalty to groups, while the woman's life seems to be more related to loyalty to the home and its interests. Geddes & Thomson, Fiske, Drum- mond, and others, have called attention to the great significance of the maternal instinct in the develop- ment of altruism in the individual, and indeed main- tain that this instinct is the tap root of altruism in the race. Without going into an extended discussion of the matter, I wish to call attention to the fact that the kind of altruism displayed by men is more related to teams or groups than it is to the family, while the al- truism of women does dominate with reference to husband and children and the more remote relations that constitute the larger family. This apparent large digression I have entered into in order that we might see the significance of the discipline that comes to woman through the playing of such a game as basketball. When it is done in a 377 sports and Games thoroughly scientific way with primary attention to team-work, it calls for qualities that are rather un- usual, or at least calls for these qualities to an unusual extent. We are in a time of great unrest in regard to the status of woman. She is entering many lines of work that hitherto have been carried on entirely by men. We are hearing such brilliant voices as that of Mrs. Stetson, who voices and brings to consciousness the feelings of many women. Whatever may be the out- come of this time of unrest, there certainly must grow among women a kind of loyalty to each other, of loyalty to the groups in which they naturally are formed, that is greater than obtains at present. Loyalty to the team and the playing of team-work ap- pears to me to be no mean factor in the development and expression of this quality upon which our civi- lization rests — the capacity for co-operation, the ca- pacity for being willing to set aside a part even of one's own rights in order to win the larger benefits of co-operative endeavor. There is a great physiological use of games like basketball in physical training. Gymnastic work ex- cels all other work in corrective value, and is needed in the conditions of our modern school life for this reason. There can also be no doubt that it can and as 378 Basketball for Women far as possible, ought to be given so as to train a cer- tain amount of what is called endurance; that is, the ability to maintain moderate work for long periods of time, or vigorous work for fairly long periods of time. But gymnastics is not a convenient, and it is very doubtful if it is ever a practical means of doing all in this direction that an all-round physical train- ing demands. With the exception of marching and running, gymnasium work involves rather the vigor- ous use of muscles for very short periods at a time rather than the continuance of muscular activity for longer periods of time. It is the latter form of work which adds up most in the end, and produces the largest quantities of carbon-dioxide, and so calls on the heart and the respiratory apparatus for most vig- orous work. And this very vigorous work is the only means of training the heart and respiratory apparatus to that degree of strength and endurance which en- able them to meet any demand that the conditions of life may make upon them. This, of itself, is a strong reason for the use of such exercises, of which no bet- ter example can be found than basketball. We can refer only in the most general way to the hygienic effect of such vigorous exercise; that is, the effect in maintaining health each day. Muscular ex- ercise is one of the physiological conditions of health ; it produces conditions in the organism without which its Inherited structure can not maintain for long a healthy life. These physiological conditions are 379 sports and Games numerous and complicated ; one of them, however, is so closely connected with what has already been ex- plained that it may be used as an example of the rest: The increased breathing movements make them- selves felt beneficially in all parts of the body, aiding in the flow of the nutrient fluids (lymph) around the cells and so in the nutrition of the living units of the organism. The man or woman who does nothing to induce vigorous breathing is running a far greater hygienic risk than when one drinks a glass of water from the notoriously bad water supply of some of our American cities. There is a third important physiological effect of such games. In the history of individual develop- ment no fact is so plainly written as that "whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also reap." Especially is this true of the nervous system which requires effi- cient control over the movements of the body only as the body carries out, over and over again, such move- ments as demand the most rapid and complicated response on the part of the nervous system; and it requires but a moment's reflection to see that these games meet these requirements to a remarkable ex- tent, probably, indeed, as nothing else does. The writer has heard of a case where it became necessary for two young ladies who had played basketball to dodge a runaway horse, which they did successfully. They themselves believe that they would not have es- caped uninjured except for having played a game of 380 Basketball for Women the kind. The cautious scientist is slow in express- ing an opinion on a specific case of this kind, but he need have no hesitancy in asserting that such games train to a remarkable degree the power of the nerv- ous system to do the right thing at the right time in order to meet sudden and unexpected situations ; and this is a kind of muscular control which it is well worth while to acquire. We may sum up the results of the previous discus- sion as follows: Basketball involves a large amount of work with a proportionately small element of con- scious fatigue. It consequently makes larger de- mands on the heart and other organs of respiration than the player realizes, and in this lies its danger. This danger can be successfully avoided, however, by proper attention to training and by proper regulation of the game itself ; indeed, we may add that few other games can be so easily regulated to meet this end. When so regulated, it is in every way a good thing for the heart which it trains to strength and endurance. It moreover trains the co-ordinating nerve centres to a high degree of muscular control, and, above all, it is a most efficient agent in producing those general hygienic effects of muscular exercise which consti- tute the chief reason for the use of muscular exercise at all. 381 LAWN TENNIS ¥ N treating of Tennis I shall not go into any except •■■ the simple game of Lawn Tennis. Court Tennis and Rackets deserve books of their own, owing to the greater complication of the play. A lawn tennis court may be either scalped or turfed, the former being the bare ground without any grass, the other the ideal of the English lawn. The game requires a space of, at least, one hundred feet by forty, although the court itself is only seventy- eight feet long and twenty-seven feet wide. By ref- erence to the accompanying diagram, the following description will show how the court is laid out. It is a parallelogram, and, as already stated, seventy-eight feet long and twenty-seven feet wide. Across the middle is a net supported by two posts, this net being three feet six inches high at the posts, and three feet high in the middle. This net, there- fore, is thirty-nine feet from each end of the court. The lines at the end are called the base lines. On each side of the net and twenty-one feet from it, and parallel with the base lines, are drawn two other lines across the court. These are called the service lines. These two lines are connected by a line through the middle of the court parallel with the 382 Lawn Tennis side lines. This completes the marking of the court. The game is played with a rubber ball covered with felt, measuring not less than two and one-half inches, nor more than two and nine-sixteenths in diameter and weighing not less than one and fifteen- sixteenths ounces, nor more than two ounces. The players use rackets made of wood strung with cat- gut to bat this ball back and forth across the net. The game may be played by two, three or four. Where two play on a side the court is extended to thirty-six feet in width, but four and one-half feet inside the side lines, and parallel wth them, are drawn the service lines. In a three-handed game, a single player plays in a single court, while the two others are in a court lined for doubles. In a four-handed game, both courts, are, of course, double courts. The rules of the game follow: The choice of sides, and the right to serve in the first game, shall be decided by toss; provided that, if the winner of the toss choose the right to serve, the other player shall have the choice of sides, and vice versa, or the winner of the toss may insist upon a choice by his opponent. If one player choose the court, the other may elect not to serve. The players shall stand on opposite sides of the net; the player who first delivers the ball shall be called the server, and the other the striker- out. 383 Sports and Games At the end of the first game the striker-out shall become server, and the server shall become striker- out; and so on alternately in all the subsequent games of the set and following sets. The server shall serve with both feet behind; i.e., further from the net than the base line. It is not a fault if one of the server's feet does not touch the ground at the moment at which the service is de- livered. He shall place both feet on the ground immediately before serving, and shall not take a running or walking start. He shall deliver the ser- vice from the right and left courts alternately, beginning from the right. The ball served must drop between the service line, half-court line, and side line of the court, diagonally opposite to that from which it was served. It is a fault if the server fails to strike the ball, or if the ball served drop in the net, or beyond the service line, or out of court, or in the wrong court; or if the server does not stand as directed by previous law. After a fault, the server shall serve again from the same court from which he served that fault, un- less it was a fault because he served from the wrong court. A fault can not be claimed after the next service is delivered. The server shall not serve till the striker-out is 384 Lawn Tennis ready. If the latter attempt to return the service, he shall be deemed ready. A service or fault delivered when the striker-out is not ready, counts for nothing. The service shall not be volleyed; that is, taken, before it has touched the ground. A ball is in play on leaving the server's racket, except as provided for in law^, and remains in play till the stroke is decided. It is a good return, although the ball touch the net; but a service, otherwise good, which touches the net, shall count for nothing. The server wins a stroke, if the striker-out volley the service; or if he fail to return the service or the ball in play; or if he return the service or the ball in play so that it drops outside of his opponent's court; or if he otherwise lose a stroke, as provided by subsequent law. The striker-out wins a stroke, if the server serve two consecutive faults; or if he fail to return the ball in play; or if he return the ball in play so that it drops outside of his opponent's court; or if he otherwise lose a stroke, as provided by subsequent law. A ball falling on a line is regarded as falling in the court bounded by that line. Either player loses a stroke, if the ball touch him, or anything that he wears or carries, except his racket in the act of striking; or if he touch the ball 3^5 sports and Games with his racket more than once; of if he touch the net or any of its supports while the ball is in play; or if he volley the ball before it has passed the net. In case a player is obstructed by an accident, not within his control, the ball shall be considered a "let." But when a permanent fixture of the court is the cause of the accident, the point shall be counted. The benches and chairs placed around the court shall be considered permanent fixtures. If, however, a ball in play strike a permanent fixture of the court (other than the net or posts) before it touches the ground, the point is lost; if after it has touched the ground, the point shall be counted. On either player winning his first stroke, the score is called fifteen for that player; on either player win- ning his second stroke, the score is called thirty for that player; on either player winning his third stroke, the score is called forty for that player; and the fourth stroke won by either player is scored game for that player, except as below. If both players have won three strokes, the score is called deuce; and the next stroke won by either player is scored advan- tage for that player. If the same player win the next stroke, he wins the game; if he lose the next stroke, the score returns to deuce, and so on, until one player wins the two strokes immediately following the score of deuce, when game is scored for that player. The first player who wins six games wins the 386 \ Lawn Tennis set, except as follows : If both players win five games the ^ore is called games all ; and the next game won by ei';her player is scored advantage game for that player, If the same player win the next game, he wins the set; if he lose the next game, the score re- turns to games all; and so on, until either player wins the two games immediately following the score of games all, when he wins the set. But the committee having charge of any tournament may in their dis- cretion modify this rule by the omission of advan- tage sets. The players shall change sides at the end of every set; but the umpire, on appeal from either pb.yer before the toss for choice, shall direct the players to change sides at the end of the first, third, fifth, and every succeeding alternate game of each set; but if the appeal be made after the toss for choice, the um- pire can only direct the players to change sides at the end of the first, third, fifth, and every succeed- ing alternate game of the odd, or deciding set. If the players change courts in the alternate games throughout the match, as above, they shall play in the first game of each set after the first in the courts in which they respectively did not play in the first game of the set immediately preceding. In all contests the play shall be continuous from the first service till the match be concluded; provided, however, that at the end of the third set each player is entitled to a rest which shall not ex- 387 Sports and Games ceed seven minutes; and provided, further, tha^ in case of an unavoidable accident, not within the con- !rol of the contestants, a cessation of play which shall not exceed two minutes may be allowed between points; but this proviso shall be strictly construed, and the privilege never granted for the purpose of allowing a player to recover his strength or wind. The referee in his discretion may at any time post- pone the match on account of darkness or condition of the ground or weather. In any case of postpone- ment, the previous score shall hold good. Where the play has ceased for more than an hour, the player who at the cessation thereof was in the court first chosen shall have the choice of courts on the recom- mencement of play. He shall stay in the court he chooses for the remainder of the set. The last two sentences of this rule do not apply when the players change every alternate game, as provided by pre- vious law. If a player serve out of his turn, the umpire, as soon as the mistake is discovered, shall direct the player to serve who ought to have served. But all strokes scored before such discovery shall be counted. If a game shall have been completed before such dis- covery, then the service in the next alternate game shall be delivered by the player who did not serve out his turn, and so on, in regular rotation. The above laws shall apply to the three-handed and four-handed games, except as below: 388 Sports and Games who served in the second game shall serve in the fourth, and the same order shall be maintained in all the subsequent games of the set. At the beginning of the next set, either partner of the pair which struck out in the last game of the last set may serve; and the same privilege is given to their opponents in the second game of the new set. The players shall take the service alternately throughout the game ; a player can not receive a ser- vice delivered to his partner; and the order of service and striking out once established shall not be altered, nor shall the striker-out change courts to receive the service, till the end of the set. It is a fault if the ball served do not drop between the service line, half court line, and service side line of the court, diagonally opposite to that from which it was served. It is a fault if the ball served do not drop as provided in previous law, or if it touch the server's partner or anything he wears or carries. The game in the United States is governed by an Association called the United States Lawn Tennis Association,being made up of two classes of members. Clubs and Associated Clubs. The annual champion- ship is played under the jurisdiction of this Associa- tion at Newport, R. I. 390 APPENDIX Lawn Tennis For the three-handed and four-handed games, the court shall be thirty-six feet in width; four and one half feet inside the side lines, and parallel with them, are drawn the service side lines. The ser- vice lines are not drawn beyond the point at which they meet the service side lines. WET A C E 6. K L B I > F k t/ZT TENNIS COURT A B and G H, base lines, 27 feet long A G and B H, side lines, 78 feet long K L = 42 feet long E G , F H, A C, and B D, 18 feet long In the three-handed game, the single player shall serve in every alternate game. In the four-handed game, the pair who have the right to serve in the first game shall decide which partner shall do so; and the opposing pair shall de- cide in like manner for the second game. The partner of the player who served in the first game shall serve in the third, and the partner of the player 389 APPENDIX REFERENCE LIST FOR SPORTS AND GAMES Acted Ballads. Hale, Lucretia P. Fagots for the Fireside. Houghton, Mif- flin & Co. Boston. $1.25. Acted Charades. Hale. Acted Charades. Valentine, Mrs. Games for Family Parties and Children. Frederick Warne & Co. 50c. Acted Solution of Problems. Hale. Advice. White, Mary. Book of Games. Scribner's Sons. New York. $1.00. Aerial Fish and Dragons. Paper Dragons or Fish for Kite Strings — A Live Man Kite. Outdoor Handy Book. By Daniel C. Beard. Scribner's Sons. New York. 1900. $2.00. All Hallow Eve. Bobbing for Apples. Halloween Parties. Kaling. Melted Lead. Nutshell Boats. Three Luggies. Roasting Nuts. The Magic Mirror. Three Tin Cups. The Ring Cake. The Ghostly Fire. The Fairy's Gifts. American Girl's Handy Book. By Daniel C. Beard. Scrib- ner's Sons. New York. 1S98. $2.00. Alliteration. Hale. Alliterative Literature. White. Alphabet Story. Hale. Amusing Tricks. Valentine. Anagrams. Hale. Ancestors. Hale. Animals. White. Animate Art. White. Apple Target Shooting. American Girl's Handy Book. Apprentice My Son. Hale. April First. White. Aquatic Plants in the House or Flower Garden. Water Lily. Cat Tails. American Boy's Handy Book. By Daniel C. Beard. Scrili- ner's Sons. New York. $2.00. Aquatic Sports. Rowing Clothes. 393 Appendix Bathing Suit. Sunburn. Points About Canoeing. Outdoor Handy Book. ASHTA-KOSHTA. Falkener, Edward. Ancient and Oriental, mans, Green & Co. $ Games Long- 5.00. ASSAFOETIDA. Gibson, W. Hamilton. Camp Life and the Tricks of Trap- ping. Harper & Bros. New York. $1.00. Assumed Characters. American Girl's Handy Book. Athletics. Shearman, Montague. Athlet- ics. Longmans. 1898. $3.50 and $5.00. Auction. White. Austrian Army. Hale. Autumn Leaves. ■ Fresh Autumn Wild Flowers. Buckeye Portiere. Panel of Fall Decorations. Louis Quintze Screen. A Panel of Field Corn. Ornamental Gourds. Gourd Dippers and Bowls. Vases. Small Decorations. Brackets. American Girl's Handy Book. Averages, Game of. Hale. Baby Show. White. Backgammon, Turkish and Ger- man. Falkener, Backgammon, Russian, Hoyle. Badger, The. Gibson. Baiting the Steel Trap, Gibson. Ball, Game of. Town Ball. One or Two Old Cat, House Ball. Hand Up. Bailie Callie. Crackabout. Over the Barn. Stool Ball. Corner Ball. Black Baby. Hat Ball. Outdoor Handy Book. Banjo. American Boy's Handy Book. Barber Shop. White. Barberry Bush. Hale. Bark Shanty, The, Gibson. Barrel Trap. Gibson. Bat Fowling Nest, The. Gibson. Bean Bag Contest. Hale, Bear Trap. Gibson. Beasts, Birds and Fishes. Hale. Beaver, The. Gibson. Beds and Bedding When Camp- ing. Gibson, 394 Appendix Bequests. White. Bicycling for Girls. American Girl's Handy Book. Bicyclists^ Practical Hints For. A Cleaning Rack and a Bicycle Stand. A Collector's Box. A Photographer's Outfit on a Wheel. A Rope Tire. An Extemporized Handle-bar. Baggage, and How to Carry It. How to Deal with Punctures. Outdoor Handy Book. Billiards. American Four Ball Game. American Pyramid Pool. Balk-line Game. Bottle Pool. Chicago Pool. Continuous Pool. Cushion Carrom Game. Fifteen Ball Pool. High, Low, Jack, Game Pool. Pin Pool. Plant Game of Pool. Spanish Billiards. Three Ball Carrom Game. Hoyle. Billiards, Old and New. Thatcher, J. A. Champion- ship Billiards, Old and New. Rand, 1898. 75c. and $1.00. Biographical Nonsense. American Girl's Handy Book. Biography. White. Bird Lime. Gibson. Bird Nesting. How to Collect and Preserve Eggs. Birds' Nests. Preserving Nests. American Boy's Handy Book. Bird, Singers, Etc. The Block Bird Singer. The Corn Stalk Fiddle. The Pumpkin Vine Fife. A Pumpkin Vine Flute. Cane Fife. The Voice Disguiser. The Locust Singer. The Hummer. American Boy's Handy Book. Bird Whistle Described. Gibson. Blind Artists. White. Blind Man's Singing School. American Girl's Handy Book. Blind Man's Stocking. American Girl's Handy Book. Blockade. White. Blow Guns, Elder Guns, Etc. To Make a Blow Gun. Squirt Gun. Elder Guns and Pistols. The Spring Shot Gun. American Boy's Handy Book. Blowing the Feather. White. Board Flap, The. Gibson. Boarded. Hale. Boats. Boat-Building. Gibson. Home-Made Boats. Birth of the "Man Friday" Cata- maran. 395 Appendix Boats — (Continued) A Canvas Canoe. A Floating Camp or the Boy's Own Fiat-Boat. How to Build a Birch Bark Canoe. How to Build a Siwash Canoe. Indian Birch Bark Canoe. Slab Canoe. The Crusoe Raft. The Dug-out. The Scow. The Yankee Pine. American Boy's Handy Book. Indian or Birch Bark Canoe. Gibson. Land Lubber's Chapter, The. Boat Rigs, Gibson. Light Home Made Boat. Gibson. Rough and Ready Boat, A. Outdoor Handy Book. Single Shells and Umbrella Canoes. How Old Shells can be Turned into Boy's Boats. Landing from and Embarking in a Shell. The Cause of Upsets. What an Umbrella Canoe is, and How It is Made. Outdoor Handy Book. Small Boats. Cat Rig. Hints to Beginners. How to Make a Sail. Lateen Rig. Leg-of-Mutton Rig. Simplest Rig Possible. American Boy's Handy Book. Advantages of the Sloop. Merits and Defects of a Cat Boat. Ship, Bark, Brig, and Schooner. Rigs for Canoes. Buckeyes and Sharpies. Outdoor Handy Book. Boats. See also Yachts. Bonbon Box. American Girl's Handy Book. Bookbinder. White. Booths at a Fair. The Tables. Flowers for Decoration. The Months. The Five Senses. Walls. Grab-Bags. The Lady ©f the Lake. Fortune's Wheel. Rag-Balls. American Girl's Handy Book. Boston Telegrams. White. Bow Trap. Gibson. Bowl Traps. Gibson. Box Bird Trap. Gibson. Box Dead Fall, The. Gibson. Box Owl Trap. Gibson. Box Pit Fall. Gibson. Box Snare. Gibson. Boxing. Trotter, J. C. Boxing. Penn- sylvania Publishing Co. Phila- delphia. 1900. 25c. 396 Appendix Boy's Baby Ballister. Blow Guns and Their Use. Blow Gun Parachutes. The Lariat. Outdoor Handy Book. Boy's Pockets, A. White. Bran Pie. American Girl's Handy Book. Brick Trap. Gibson. Broken Quotations. White. Bubble Blowing. American Girl's Handy Book. Buffalo, The. Gibson. Buried Cities. Hale. Butterflies. White. Button, Button Negatively. White. Buying Forfeits. White. Buz Fiz. Hale. C.A.GE Trap. Gibson. Camping Out. Gibson. Camping Out. How to Make a Fire in the Woods on a Rainy Day. To Get a Light Without Matches. The Diamond Hitch and a Home- Made Cinch. Outdoor Handy Book. 397 Camping Out Without a Tent. Hints to Amateur Campers. Provisions. Shelter. Choosing Companions. American Boy's Handy Book. Canada Lynx, The. Gibson. Capping Verses. Hale. Card Games. Hoyle's Games. Dick and Fitzgerald. New York. 50c. 7SC., and $1.25. Card Tricks. Valentine. Castoreum or Barkstone. Gibson. Cat's Concert. Hale. Cayenne. Hale. Cayenne Whist. Hoyle. Celebrities. White. Cento Verses. Hale. Chauser and Chawput. Falkener. Chautaurauya or Indian Chess. Falkener. Checkers. Hoyle. Ellsworth's Checker Book. Call, W. T. W. T. Call. New York. 1899. 250. Turkish Draughts. Falkener. Appendix Chess. Hoyle. Art of Chess. Mason, J. Scribner's Sons. New York. 1898. $2.50. Burmese Chess. Falkener. Chess for Beginners. Swinton, R. B. New Amster- dam Book Co. New York. 1891. $1.00. Chess Notations : A ' New Sys- tem. Falkener. Chess Problems. Falkener. Chess Strategetics Illustrated. Young, F. K. Little, Brown & Co. Boston. 1898. $3.50. Common Sense in Chess. Lasker, E. New Amsterdam Book Co. New York. 1901. 75c. Tamerline's Chess. Falkener. Turkish Chess. Falkener. Children's Party for Grown People. White. China Painting. American Girl's Handy Book, China Painting. White. Chinese Chess. Falkener. Choosing Up and "It." "Which Hand is It In?" "Pick 'er Up, Wipe 'er Off Stone-Holder." "Last One Over." Short Straw. Handy, Dandy, Riderly Ro. "Whole Fist or Four Fingers?" "Odd or Even?" "Wet or Dry?" Outdoor Handy Book. Christmas. Christmas, the Cross. Kaye, Jay. Christmas Enter- tainments. W. H. Baker & Co. Boston. 1901. 25c. Christmas Games. Valentine. Christmas Plays. Kaye. Christmas Trees. Kaye. Home-Made Christmas Gifts. American Girl's Handy Book. Cipher Puzzle, The. Hale. Cities. White. Clap Net, The. Gibson. Clog, The. Gibson. Clothes Pins. Hale. Clumps, or the Two Captains. Hale. Cobweb Party. Hale. Collecting. Hints for Collectors. Moths and Butterflies. A New Cabinet. Outdoor Handy Book. Colored Lights. Valentine. 398 Appendix Comet. Hale. Comic Historic Tableaux. American Girl's Handy Book. Commerce. White. Commercial Traveller. White. Composite Photographs. Hale. Composite Pictures. White. Compositions. White. Conjuring for Amateurs. Stanyon, E. Scribner's Sons. New York. 40c. Consequences. Hale. Conundrums. White. Conversation Party. Hale. Coop Trap. Gibson. Cork Frame. American Girl's Handy Book. Corn Husk and Flower Dolls. American Girl's Handy Book. Corrall or Hopo of Africa, The. Gibson. Counting Out Rhymes. An American Version of an Ancient Rhyme. Causes of Variations. Rhymes of Different Nationali- ties. Outdoor Handy Book. Cricket. Lyttleton, R. H. Hadley & Matthews. New York. 1898. 75c. Cross Questions and Silly An- swers. White. Cum-je-cum. Hale. Cummin - Fenugreek - Lavender Compound Medicines. Gibson. Curing Skins. Gibson. Dancing Fairies, the Bather and the Orator. American Boy's Handy Book. D.\TES, The Game of. Hale. Dead Fall, The. Gibson. Decorated Frame. American Girl's Handy Book. Decorating Mantelpieces and Fireplaces. American Girl's Handy Book. Decorative Language. The Field and the Points of Heraldry. Divisions. Colors. How to Make a Design in Decorative Language. Book Plates. Floral Vocabulary. American Girl's Handy Book. Decorative Sisters, The. Hale. Decoys. Duck Decoys. Snipe and Plover Decoys. American Boy's Handy Book. 399 Appendix Deer, The. Gibson. Description of Acting Ballads. Hale. Dice. Hoyle. Dogs. How to Choose a Dog. How to Train Dogs. To Teach a Dog to Retrieve. Pointers and Setters. Pet Dogs. American Boy's Handy Book. Domestic Architecture. White. Dominoes. Hoyle. Domino Whist. Hale. Domino Whist. Hoyle. Double Box Snare. Gibson. Double Chess. Falkener. Double-Ender. The. Gibson. Doublets. Hale. Doubt It. Hale. Down Fall, The. Gibson. Draughts. Falkener. Draughts. Hoyle. Drawing. How to Draw. How to Enlarge or Reduce a Picture. 400 How to Enlarge or Reduce by Squares. How _ to Make a Camera for Drawing. American Boy's Handy Book. Dream of Fair Women. Hale. Dream Tableaux. Kaye. Duck on a Rock. Hale. Dumb Motions. White. Easter Cards. Easter Customs in Other Lands. Easter Egg Dolls. Easter Egg Games. American Girl's Handy Book. English. Hale. Epitaphs. Hale. Eye Guessing. White. Eye Puzzle. Hale. Fairy Chariot, The. Kaye. Fairy Tree, The. Kaye. Falls of Niagara, The. Hale. Famous Characters. White. Fan-Ball. White. Fans. How to Make a Fan. Butterfly Fan. Appendix Mikado Fan. Daisy Fan. Cardboard Fan. American Girl's Handy Book. Farewell. Hale. Farmer, The. Hale. Farmyard. Hale. Faro. Hoyle. Fashion Notes. White. Fencing. "Angelo" Later Day English Schools. Danet and Numerical Nomen- clature of the French School. Early Schools of Fence. Elizabethan Fencing. Girard Thibault, d'Anvers. Sainct Didier and Viggiana. Spanish and German Schools. The Art of Fence in England during the 17th and i8th Cen- turies. The Decline and Fall of the Narvaez School. The Devel- opment of the Modern Italian Sword Play. The Kreussler- sche Schule in Germany. The Decline of the Rapier and Dawn of the French School. The Great Bolognese Schools. The Great Italian Masters of Sword and Dagger in the 17th Centurj'. The Rise of the French School. The Sword During the i6th, 17th, and i8th Centuries. Castle, Egerton. Geo. Bell & Sons. Covent Garden, Lon- don. Figure Four Ground Snare, The. Gibson. Fire. White. Firework Making for Amateurs. Blue Candles, Star Lights and Flower Pots. Brilliant, White and Colored Bengal Fires. Crackers. Case Colors for Wheels, Etc. Compound Fireworks and Set Pieces. Fire and Gas Balloons. Gerbs and Jets of Chinese Sparkling and Brilliant Fires. Lance and Lance Work. Material and Appliances. Maroons. Mines of Serpents, Crackers and Stars. Pin or Catherine Wheels. Parlor Fireworks. Plain, Brilliant, and Illuminated Saxons. Plain and Brilliant Tourbillons. Rockets. Roman Candles. Squibs. Saucissons. Shells and the Mortars from which they are Fired. Wheel Cases and Small Wheels. Browne, William H. L. Up- cott Gill, 170 Strand, W. C, London. ( Scribner's Sons, New York.) $1.00. First of April Party. American Girl's Handy Book. Fish Oil. Gibson. Fish Trap, A. Gibson. Fisher, The. Gibson. Fishing. The Floating Tip-Up. 401 Appendix Fishing (continued) The Goose Fisherman. The Pistol Reporter. American Boy's Handy Book. Angling. Blakely, Robert. Routledge. $1.25. Angle Worms. Bait, Live and Dead. Crawfish. Crickets. Frogs. Grasshoppers. Hellgramites. Lampers : How to Catch and Keep Them. Minnows. Salt Water Worms that Live on Land. Outdoor Handy Book. Book of the All Round Angler. Bickerdyke, J. S c r i b n e r's Sons. New York. 1900. $2.20. Common Sense Precautions in Fishing. Outdoor Handy Book. Fishing, Dredge, Trawl and Tangle. A New Sport. A Tin Pail Dredge. Hints and Suggestions to Ama- teurs. How to Make a Bake Pan Dredge. How to Make a Broomstick Tangle. The Old Chain Tangle. The Tangle. The Trawl. The Use of the Tangle. American Boy's Handy Book. Five Minutes' Conversation. American Girl's Handy Book. Five Points. Hale. Five Senses, Game of. Hale. Flags of all Nations. White. Fling the Towel. Hale. Fly Paper. Gibson. Fly Rods and Fly Tackle. Wells, H. P. Harper Bros. New York. 1901. $1.75. A Home-Made Minnow Bucket. Fisherman's Movable Shanties. Fishing for Fresh Water Clams. Home-Made Fishing Tackle. Home-Made Nets. How to Build a Fishing House. Inhabitants of the Water. Jugging for Cats. Novel Methods of Fishing. Smelt Fishing and the Smelt Fisher's House. Snaring Fish. Spearing Fish. Tin and Spool Reel. The Bell Pole. Toy Boats for Fishing. The Dancing Fisherman. The Forked Stick Reel. The Rod. The Spearsman's Shanty. The Wooden Otter. Winter Fishing, Spearing and Snaring. American Boy's Handy Book. Fly Trap. Gibson. Food and Cooking Utensils. (When Camping.) Gibson. Fooley Ann. Hale. "Fool's Lap" Trap, The. Gibson. 402 Appendix Forfeit Games. Valentine. Fortune Teller''s Box, Etc. American Boy's Handy Book. Fortune Telling. American Girl's Handy Book. Fortune's Wheel. American Girl's Handy Book. Four Fans of Five. Hale. Fourth of July Balloons. American Boy's Handy Book. Fox Trap. Gibson. Frame Covered with Tinfoil. American Girl's Handy Book. Fresh Water Aquarium. Aquarium Cement. Gold Fish Versus Bass. Stocking. The Frog. American Boy's Handy Book. Frost Tree, The. Kaye. Forfeits. White. Fur and the Fur Trade. Gibson. Games of Elderly People. Valentine. Gardening. White. Garotte, The. Gibson. Geographical Letters. White. German. How to Give a German. How to Lead It. How to Dance It. The Hostess. Dancers, Points. The Leader. Simple Figures with Properties. Hall Figures. Getting Up Figures. Estimates. The German by Two Amrtcur Leaders. McClurg & Co. Chi- cago, 111. $1.00. German Constitution. Hale. Gift Arbor, The. Kaye. Girls' Clues. How to Form a Club. The Name and the Constitution. How to Organize. How to Conduct a Regular Meeting. Effectiveness in Speaking. How to Make and Treat a Mo- tion. American Girl's Handy Book. Girl's Fourth of July. Bombs. Declaration of Independence. Fireworks. Fourth of July Jackstraws. Indoor Illumination. Interior Decoration. Out-of-Door Decoration. Parachute. Pin Wheels. Progressive Mining. Thunderbolts. Toss. Whirls and Winged Fancies. American Girl's Handy Book, Going to Jerusalem. Hale. 403 Appendix Golf. Hearts. Book of Golf and Golfers. Hale. Hutchinson, H. G. Longmans. $5-0o. Hedge Nooses. Gibson. How to Play Golf. Hide in Sight. Whigham, H. G. H. S. Stone Hale. & Co. Chicago. $1.50. Historic Scenes. Practical Golf. Hale. Travis, W. J. Harper & Bros. New York. 1901. $2.00. Historical Pictures. Hale. Gopher, The. Home Games and Parties. VJIUo'-'ll. Mott, Mrs. H. Doubleday, Gorilla. Page & Co. New York. 50c. Hale. and $1.00. Grabouge. Home Gymnasium. Hale. Course of Exercises. Grappling Iron, The. American Girl's Handy Book. Gibson. Home-Made Candy. Ground Snares. Butter Scotch and Molasses Gibson. Candy. Chocolate Caramels. Guessing Match. Marshm.allow Paste. White. Peanut Candy. Pop-corn Balls. Gun Trap, The. Walnut and Fruit Glace. Gibson. American Girl's Handy Book Honey Bee Messengers. Hallowe'en. Outdoor Handy Book. White. Hook Trap. Hammocks. Gibson. Barrel Hammock. Hoops and Wheels. How to Make a Hammock. Outdoor Handy Book. Materials. American Girl's Handy Book. Hoop Noses. Gibson. Hanging. Horn Monkey. Hale. White. Hanging the Stockings. Horn of Plenty. Kaye. Kaye. Hawk Trap. Horse Hair Nooses. Gibson. Gibson. 404 Appendix Household Fragrance. White. How ? Where ? When ? White. How Do You Go? Hale. HUMPTY DUMPTY. American Girl's Handy Book. Hunt the Feather. Hale. Hunt the Whistle. White. Hunting. Chase and Road. Nimrod. Brentano's. 1901. $1.00. Home-Made Hunting Appara- tus, etc. How to Make a Fish Spear. . How to Make the Boomerang. How to Make the Torches and Jack-Lights. Spearing Fish. The Bird Bolas. The Elastic Cross Bow. The Miniature Boomerang. The Whip Bow. Throw Sticks. To Throw a Boomerang. American Boy's Handy Book. An Essay on Hunting. Artificial Coverts. Artificial Earths. Babbling. Badget, The. Bag-Foxes. Beagles, Size of. Beckford. Belvoir, The. Bilsdale, The. Bloodhound, The. Blue-Mist. Breeding Hounds. Breeding Hunters. Hunting — {Contiiiued) Bridle, The. Brocklesby, The. Buckhound, The. Casting Beagles. Casting Hounds. Changing Hares. Chase, The. Conceit in Huntsmen. Conditioning Hounds. Cottesmore, The. Courtesy of the Hunting Field. Coverts. Cruelty. Cub-Hunting. Cunning of a Fox, The. Damage to Crops. Deer, Fallow. Deer, Red. Description of a Cub-Hunt. Description of a Run. Devon and Somerset. Discipline in Hounds. Drag-Hunt. Drawing a Covert. Drawing for a Hare. Earths. Essay on Hunting. Exercising Hounds. Exmoor. Fallow Deer. "Farmer, The." Feeding. Fog. Foot-Beagles. Forage. Forage-Dealers. "Fox, The." Fox Beagle, The. Fox Coverts. Fox Cubs. Fox Earths. Fox Mange. Foxes, Turned Down. Funk. Going to the Meet. Goodall. Goosey. Grafton, The. Halloas. 405 Vol. 14- 14 Appendix Hunting — (^Continued ) Hand Canter. "Hands." Harborer, The. "Hare Hunting." Hare's Trail, The. Hares, Where Found. Harriers. Harriers, Size of. Hawking. Holding Up Cubs. Horse Buying. Horse Dealer. Horse Dealing. Horsemanship. "Hound, The." Hunt Horses. Hunter, Value of a. Hunters, Breeding of. "Huntsman, The." Keenness in a Huntsman. Keeping Field in Order. Kennels, Site for. Love of Hunting. Loyalty to Master. Mange in Foxes. Marten-Cat, The. "Master, The." Milton, The. Mute Hounds. Nerve. New Forest, The. Otter, Artificial Drain for. "Otter Hunting." Otters Breeding. Pace at a Fence. Peterborough Show. Poultry Claims. Pressing on Beagles. Quorn, The. "Riding, The." Rocking Horse. .Run, Description of a. Running Heel. Scent. Second Whip, The. Sheep-Dogs. Skirting. Sloan. Sobriety in Hunt Servants. Somerville. Southern-Hound, The. "Stag Hunting." Stallion Hound, Selection of a. Subscriptions to Hounds. Thoughts on Hunting. Tongue. Tufters. Voice. "Whipper in, The." Paget, J. O. J. W. Dent & Co. Aldine House, Bedford St., London, W. C. 1900. $3.00. I Love My Love. Hale. I Spy. Outdoor Handy Book. Ice Boats. Tom Thumb Ice Boat and Larger Craft. American Boy's Handy Book. Idiot's Joy. Hale. Illustrated Library. Hale. Illustrated Proverbs. Hale. Impossible Cat, The. White. Impression Album. American Girl's Handy Book. Impromptu Newspaper. Hale. Improved Spingle. Gibson. Indian Games. Mandan Ring. Squaw. Saddle Bags, or Sky Shinny. Outdoor Handy Book. 406 Appendix Indoor Amusements. A Literary Sketch Club. Bric-a-Brac, or the Tourist's Curiosities. Mind Reading. American Boy's Handy Book. Indoor Games. Valentine. Industrial Fair. White. Initials. Hale. Initials. White. Insect Ointments. Gibson. Game of It. Hale. Jacob's Ladder. Kaye. Jacoby. Hale. Japanese Chess. Falkener. Jar Trat, The. Gibson. Jenkins. White. Johnny's Trade. Hale. JUKLAPP. American Girl's Handy Book. Kaleidoscope, A. American Boy's Handy Book. Key and Button-Hook Rack and Paper Weight. American Girl's Handy Book. Kites. A Boy Kite. Butterfly Kite. Chinese Dragon Kite. Fish Kite. Frog Kite. Japanese Square Kite. King Crab Kite. Man Kite. Moving Star. Shield Kite. Star Kite. Tailless Holland Kites. The Woman Kite. Turtle Kite. American Boy's Handy Book. Cannibal and Chinese Butterfly Kites. Kites as Motive Power. Kites in Tandem. Life-Savers. Malay Variety. Malay and Other Tailless Kites. Men Lifters and Other Novel Forms. Steering Kites. Outdoor Handy Book. Kites, War. Armed Kites. Armed Kite Fighting. How to Make the Cutters. How to Make the Knives. Kite Clubs. Unarmed Kites. American Boy's Handy Book. Knots, Bends, and Hitches. How to Make a Horse Hair Watch Guard. Miscellaneous. Splices. Timber Hitches, Etc. Whip Lashes. American Boy's Handy Book. KOPAK. Hale. 407 Appendix Lantern, American Girl's Handy Book. Lawn Skittles. Hale. Leap Frog. Dick's Hat Band. Foot-an'-Half. Spanish Fly. With First Back and a Leader. Outdoor Handy Book. Leather Suckers and Live Suckers. Outdoor Handy Book. Literati. Hale. "Little Brown Squirrel." American Girl's Handy Book. Little Quakeress. American Girl's Handy Book. Lively Water Fairies. American Girl's Handy Book. Living Catalogue. White. Living Christmas Cards. American Girl's Handy Book. Location. White. Log Coop Trap. Gibson. Magic Lantern. American Boy's Handy Book. Magic Music. ■ Hale. Magic Music. White. Magic Squares. Even Squares Whose Halves are Even. 408 Even Squares Whose Halves are Uneven. Figures of the Knight's Tour. Hollow and Fancy Squares, Indian Magic Squares. Magic Circles and Pentagons. Magic Squares in Compart- ments. Magic Squares in Borders. Odd Squares. The Knight's Magic Square. The Knight's Magic Square Be- ginning at Any Cell. The Knight's Tour. To Form a Magic Square Be- ginning at Any Cell. Falkener. Mandolin. American Girl's Handy Book. Maple Wax Easter Eggs. American Girl's Handy Book. Marbles. Duck in a Hole. Fat and Other Famous Games of Marbles. Follerings. Games From Bull in the Ring to Long Ring. How Marbles are Made. Knucks. Marble Expressions. Marble Names. Marble Terms. Sakya Muni and Humphrey Potter. Stand Up Marbles. The Long Ring and Patterson. The Scientific Bull Ring. "Yank" or "Yankey." Outdoor Handy Book. Marine Aquarium. Cement for Marine Aquarium. American Boy's Handy Book. Marine Picture Frame. American Girl's Handy Book. Appendix Market Value of Fur Skins. Gibson. Masqueraders. Eyebrows, Mustache, and Beard. Home-Made Masquerade and Theatrical Costume. How to Make a Handkerchief Hood. The Baby. The Doublet. "The Fourteenth Century Young Man." The Mediaeval Hat. The White Man of the Desert. The Wig. Tights. To Dress. Trunks. American Boy's Handy Book. May Baskets. American Girl's Handy Book. May Day Combat. American Girl's Handy Book. AIay-Pole. American Girl's Handy Book. May-Pole Dance. American Girl's Handy Book. ^Iay-Day Sports. American Girl's Handy Book. Meal Bag Race. Hale. Medicine or Scent Baits. Gibson. ^Iemory. White. MemorYj Games of. Valentine. Merry Juvenile Games. Valentine. Messenger, Thk. Kaye. Metamorphosis. Hale. Minister's Cat. Hale. Mink, The. Gibson. Mirror, The. American Girl's Handy Book. Mirror Tableaux. American Girl's Handy Book. Mirth. White. Miss Roly Poly. American Girl's Handy Book. Missing Letters. White. Modeling in Clay and Wax. American Girl's Handy Book. Mole Trap. Gibson. Moose, The. Gibson. Motto Cross, The. Kaye. Most Improbable Story. White. Miss Plinlimmin's Tea. Hale. Mumbly Peg, Hop Scotch and Jack Stones. Outdoor Handy Book. Music Roll. American Girl's Handy Book. Musical Games. Valentine. Muskrat. The. Gibson. 409 Appendix My Lady's Toilet. White. Names. Hale. Natural History. White. Natural Magic. Valentine. Needle Work. Applique and Original Designs for Portieres, Button Holes. Drawn Work. Embroideries. Fancy Stitches. How to Mend a Kid Glove. How to Patch. How to Sew on a Button. Lace. Plain Sewing. Ribbons. American Girl's Handy Book. Net Trap. Gibson. New Alliterations. Hale. New Fern-Leaf Game. American Girl's Handy Book. New Sea Shore Game. Good Beach Needed. The Game. The Next Move. The Sides. Tit-Tat Played With Living Figures. American Girl's Handy Book. Newspaper. White. New Year's and a Leap Year Party. Pantomime of an Enchanted Girl. American Girl's Handy Book. New Year's Resolutions. White. Nicknames of Cities. White. , Noah's Ark Peep Show. American Girl's Handy Book. Nonsense Rhymes. White. Noted Men, A Game of. American Girl's Handy Book. Novel. Hale. Nutting Parties. American Girl's Handy Book. Objective Library. White. Oil Colors. American Girl's Handy Book. Oil of Amber. Gibson. Oil of Ambergris. Gibson. Oil Anise. Gibson. Oil of Rhodium. Gibson. Oil of Skunk. Gibson. Old Fashioned Spingle, The. Gibson. Opossum, The. Gibson. Orchestra. White. Otter, The. Gibson. 410 Appendix Outdoor Games for Frosty Weather. Valentine. Palette. White. Pantomime of An Enchanted Girl. American Girl's Handy Book. Paper Fireworks. Parachutes. Paper Whirligigs. American Boy's Handy Book. Paper Puppets. American Boy's Handy Book. Parcheesi, or Indian Backgam- mon. Falkener. Parodies. White. Pass the Quarter. Hale. Patchwork Illustrations. White. Patent Medicines. Hale. Patience, Games of. Hale. Peanut Hunt. White. Pendant Box.The. Gibson. A Penny for Your Thoughts. White. Personal Conundrums. White. Personal Preference Pictures. White. Philopena. White. Photographic Paper. American Boy's Handy Book. Photograph Whist. White. Physical Culture for Girls. An Habitual Good Carriage. Arise Correctly. Breathing. One Nostril. Breathing Rules. Full Breathing. How to Breathe. How to Stand. How to Walk and Sit Correctly. Lift Up Your Chest. Shoulders Down. Sit Correctly. Stand Correctly. Walk Correctly. American Girl's Handy Book. Picnics, Burgoos, and Corn Roasts. A Burgoo. Burgoo Stew. A Corn Roast. American Girl's Handy Book. Pine Marten, The. Gibson. Pitfall, The. Gibson. Plaintain Test, The. American Girl's Handy Book. Planting Introductions. Hale. Pla.ster Casts. American Girl's Handy Book. Platform Snare, The. Gibson. Poacher's Snare, The. Gibson. 411 Appendix Poetic Names. Hale. Poetry a la Carte. Hale. Polish Custom. American Girl's Handy Book. Polish Draughts. Falkener. Pool (See Billiards). Hoyle. Portable Snare, The. Gibson. Postman. White. Potato Race. Hale. Problems. Hale. Progressive Dinner Party. Hale. Progressive Puzzle. White. Prong Horn Antelope. Gibson. Puma, The. Gibson. Puppets and a Puppet Show. How to Make the Stage. The Scenery. The Old Mill. Puss. Corsando and the Donkey. The Royal Coach. Carabas. How to Work the Puppets. Stage Effects. How to Make a Magical Dance. How to Make a Sea Scene. American Boy's Handy Book. Puss in Boots Dramatized and Adapted for a Puppet Show. Act I., Scene i. Landscape, with Trees, Bridge, and Mill at One Side. Scene 2. Woods. — Act II., Scene i. King's Palace. Scene 2. High-Road. — Act III., Scene i. Interior of Ogre's Castle. Boy's Handy Book. Put in Proverb. Hale. Pyramid Tree No. i. Kaye. Pyramid Tree No. 2. Kaye. Quail Snare. Gibson. Queries. Hale. Quotations. Hale. Rabbit, The. Gibson. Raccoon, The. Gibson. Raft That Will Sail. A Home- Made Catamaran. Outdoor Handy Book. Revolving Tree, The. Kaye. River Conundrums. Hale. Rocky Mountain Sheep. Gibson. Royal Lady. White. Santa Claus Box. Kaye. 412 Appendix Santa Claus' Shadow. Kaye. St. Nicholas at Home and Abroad. Kaye. St. Nicholas' Sleigh. Kaye. St. Valentine's Day. White. Sapolio. Hale. Scouts. White. Scow, The. Gibson. SCRAP-BoOK AND HoME-MaDE COV- ERS. An Album. Home-Made Book Cover. Mother Goose Scrap-Book. Transformation Scrap-Book. American Girl's Handy Book. Seaside Cottage Decoration. Crab Net Work Basket. Hat Rack. Horseshoe Crab Bag. How to Dry Starfish and Polish Shells. Marine Screen. Rowboat Book Shelves. Sea Urchin Vase and Candle- stick. Window Decorations. American Girl's Handy Book. Seasons, The. White. Season for Trapping. Gibson. Self-Setting Trap. Gibson. 413 Sequels to Mother Goose Rhymes. White. Shadow Pantomime. Hale. Shadow Pictures. American Boy's Handy Book. Shadow Picture. White. Shadow Verbs. American Girl's Handy Book. Ship, The. Kaye. Shooting and Poisoning. Gibson. Shouting Poets. Hale. Shouting Proverbs. Hale. Sieve Trap, The. Gibson. Sight Unseen. White. Silhouettes. White. Silhouettes in Disguise. White. Siamese Chess. Falkener. Simple Net Trap. Gibson. Skating. Lessons in Skating. Meagher, G. A. Dodd, Mead & Co. New York. 1901. $1.00. Begin to Learn Young. Cutting a Circle. On the Ice. Appendix Plain and Fancy Skating. The Bull Frog. The Danger of "Follow the Leader." The Grapevine Garland. To Spread Eagle. Outdoor Handy Book. A Country Rig. Bat Wings. The Cape Vincent Rig. The Danish Rig. The English Rig. The Norton Rig. . The Norwegian Rig. Winged Skaters and How to Make the Wings. American Boy's Handy Book. Skating. See also Ice Boats. Skeleton Story. Hale. Skunk, The. Gibson. Sleds. "Get There" and Double-Run- ner Sleds. A Safety Double-Runner. Outdoor Handy Book. Sleds, Chair Sleighs, and Snow Shoes. A Chair Sleigh. Folding Chair Sleigh. Snow Shoes or Skates. Toboggan. American Boy's Handy Book. Snowball Battle and Snow Tag. Rome and Carthage. Snowball Battle. Snow Tag. Outdoor Handy Book. Snowball Warfare. A Snow Battle. Company Rest. How to Build Snow Forts. How to Bind a Prisoner With- out Cord. How to Build the Fort. How to Make the Ammunition Sled. How to Make Shields and Am- munition Sleds. How to Make the Shield. Rules of the Game. American Boy's Handy Book. Snow House and Statuary. Snow Statuary. American Boy's Handy Book. Snow Shoes. American Boy's Handy Book. Snow Shoes. Gibson. Snowstorm, The. Valentine. Soap Bubbles. American Boy's Handy Book. Soap Bubbles. White. Every Boy His Own Bubble Pipe. Novelties in Soap Bubbles. American Boy's Handy Book. Songs for Several People. White. Sonnets. Hale. Spanish Backgammon. Hale. Spirits. White. Spoonful of Fun. White. Spring Net Trap. Gibson. 414 Appendix Spring Pole. Gibson. Squirrel, The. Gibson. Stage Coach. Hale. Steel Trap. Gibson. Stop. Hale. Stray Syllables. White. Stretchers. Gibson. Stuff and Nonsense. White. Stunning Muskrats and Fish. Outdoor Handy Book. Swaps. White. Sweet Fennel. Gibson. American Girl's Handy Book. Swimming. A Wooden "Swimming Master." Chump's Raft and Tub Races. Suspension Bridge. Outdoor Handy Book. Swimming. How to Swim. Dalton, D. Putnam. New York. 1899. $1.00. Symphonious Verses. Hale. Tableaux Vivants. Valentine. Tag, Games of. Black Man. Cross Tag. Iron Tag. King's X. Last Tag. Old Bloody Tom. Origin of this Sport. Prisoner's Base and Other Vari- ations. Outdoor Handy Book. Talking Shop. White. Tanning Skins. Gibson. Table^ The. American Girl's Handy Book. Tat Kettle Game. Hale. Tau Maharajah and Tau Se- poys. Falkener. Taxidermy for Boys. A New Manner of Preserving Fish. Design for Sketching Aquarium. How to Make Beautiful or Comical Groups and Designs of Insects. Marine Animals. Morse Insect Box. Preserving Insects. The Lawrence Breeding Box. Skinning. Spiders. StuiBng. American Boy's Handy Book. Teapot. White. Telegrams. White. Telephone. How to Make a Telephone. American Girl's Handy Book. 415 Appendix Tennis. Lessons in Lawn Tennis. Miles, E. H. Scribner's Sons. New York. 1899. 40c. Ten Pins. Hoyle. Tents. Gibson. Tent Carpeting. Gibson. Thanksgiving Tableaux and Games. A Suggestion. Devastation by the Indians. First Harvest. Impromptu Burlesque Tableaux. Landing of the Pilgrims. Peace and Plenty. Rebellion. Slavery. The Game of the Headless Tur- key. The Revolution. American Girl's Handy Book. Theatrical Adjectives. Hale. Theatrical Titles of Books. White. Three-Handed Whist. Hale. Three-Legged Race. Hale. Three Lives. Hale. Three Rhyming Game. White. Throw a Light. Hale. Tierce. Hale. Tip Cat. American Cat. Country Cat. English Cat. Outdoor Handy Book. Tobogganing, or the Indian Sledge. Gibson. TOPSY TURVY AND ChRISTMAS Party. White. Trades. White. Trail, The. Gibson. Trapping. Art of Trapping. Box Trap. Simple Net Trap. Gibson. Traps and Trapping. Figure-Four Mole Trap. Hen Coop Trap. Jug Trap. Partridge Snare. Rats. Set Line Snares. Spring Snare. The Mole and How to Trap Him. The Paper Pitfall. Tollgate Trap. American Boy's Handy Book. Trap Cage, The. Gibson. Trapper's Shelter, The. Gibson. Travelling Alphabet. Hale. Travelling Whist. Hale. 416 Appendix Triangle Tree Snare, The. Gibson. Trolley Car. White. Turtle Fishing With Suckers. Outdoor Handy Book. Turtle Hunting. Snappers and Terrapin. Outdoor Handy Book. 'TWAS I. Hale. Twenty Questions. Hale. Twister Animals. White. Twitch Up, The. Gibson. Uncle Sam. Hale. Umbrella. Kaye. United States Mail. Hale. Universe in a Card Box. American Boy's Handy Book. Upright Net, The. Gibson. Uses of American Furs at Home and Abroad. Gibson. Useless Information. White. Valentine Party. American Girl's Handy Book. Ventriloquism. Practical Ventriloquism and Tts Sister Arts. Ganthony, R. Scribner's Sons. New York. $i.oo. 4 Verbarium. Hale. Vice Versa. White. Walking Club. American Girl's Handy Book. Washington's Birthday. White. Water Colors. American Girl's Handy Book. Water Telescope. How to Make a Wooden Water Telescope. American Boy's Handy Book. Wei Ki and Go. Falkener. What is My Thought Like? White. What is My Thought Like? Hale. What Will You Take to the Picnic? American Girl's Handy Book. What Would You Do If — ? White. Whirligigs. Potato Mill. Paradoxical Whirligig. Phantasmoscope. Rainbow Whirligig. Saw Mill. American Boy's Handy Book. Whispers. Hale. Whist. French Whist. Hoyle. 17 Appendix Standard Whist for Beginners. Ames, F. Scribner's Sons. New York. 1900. 75c. Laws and Principles of Whist. Jones, H. Scribner's Sons. New York. $1.50 and $2.00. Who Am I? Hale. Who Am I? White. Who Are You? . Hale. Who Is My Neighbor? White. WiGQLES. Hale. Wild Birds. Bluebirds. How to Rear Wild Birds. Humming Bird. Owls. Robins. Sea Birds, Squabs. Strange Domestic Fowls. The Bluejay. The Bobolink. The Brown Thrush or Thrasher. The Catbird. The Cow Blackbird. The Crow, Hawk, and Other Large Birds. The Hawk as a Scare Crow. The Hawk as a Decoy. The Summer Yellow Bird. The Wood Thrush. Thrushes. • Wrens, Sparrows, and Finches. Wrens and Other Small Birds. American Boy's Handy Book. Wild Cat, The. Gibson. Wild Duck Net, The. Gibson. Wild Flowers and Their Pres- ervation. Color of Flowers Changed. Crystallized Flowers. Cut Wild Flowers. How to Preserve the Perfume of Flowers. Leaves and Ferns for Decora- tion. Natural Wax Flowers. Preserved Flowers. Pressed Flowers and Leaves. Sending Flowers by Mail. Several Methods of Preserving Flowers. Spring Flowers in Winter. To Freshen Cut Flowers. The Four-Leaved Clover. Transplanting Wild Flowers. American Girl's Handy Book. Wild Goose Trap, The. Gibson. Window Decorations. Drapery of Very Small Scraps. Painting Window Panes. Painting on Lawn. Oriental Window Sash. Ribbon Curtain. To Imitate Stained Glass. Windows of Imitation Ground Glass. American Girl's Handy Book. Winter Landscape. American Girl's Handy Book. Wolf, The. Gibson. Wolverine, The. Gibson. WoMAN^s Book of Sports. Paret, J. P. D. Appleton & Co. New York. 1901. $1.00. WooDCHucK, The. Gibson. 418 Appendix Word- Ma KING. Hale. Wordy Word. White. Work Basket. American Girl's Handy Book. Wrestling. Handbook of Wrestling. Leonard, H. F. J. R Taylor & Co. New York. $3.00 and $5-00. Writing. Hale. Writing Ballads. Hale. Written Geography. Hale. Yachting. Franklin, A. C. Spon & Chamberlain. New York 1900. 50C. Yachts and Yacht Handling. Day, T. F. Rudder Pub. Co New York. 1901. $1.00. Zoological Game. White. 419 JUL 99 1903 31|77-2