-\ r n 
 
 
 &^m^P^m^k 
 
 . A*. . .' 'Ha *<> aAa,. i*m 
 
 ^W^' 
 
 ^%' 
 
 WW 
 
 
 :^; 
 
 v ;r/ /?^ 
 
 ■>/\Aryf^: ft' 
 
 vnr 
 
 
 ^.fif^A * £ A^ - - A ^ . 
 
 ■ - 
 
 
 ^ ^ ^ A' 
 
 ■LIBB, 
 
 CONGRESS, 
 
 
 W\aA^' 
 
 
 
 ^§^ 
 
 L^S 
 
 a*.*?,* 
 
 ' A 1 ' 
 
 W. 
 
 A. «! 
 
 * a- - A A^%? .' 'fw : ,^aA 
 
 /Vvw 
 
 / „fl£ 
 
 •/A ' rV \ 
 
 m>* 
 
 §i§«^^ 
 

 r\fi.r.r-fi- ;»nn 
 
 WW 
 
 
 W A AA \ 
 
 
 A ■ P £\ 
 
 Fly* rr 
 
 .^a.Aa'V 
 
 
 
 
 a/^ 
 
 ^CMO*/ 
 
 A A X A .A 
 
 
 A A ^ ' - *V „ * I 
 
 j, . 
 
 ' - YVfl a - 
 
 ,Ui A a A a a a a a ^ - - .^ 
 
 r a r- r\ - * 
 Cr ^ 4..A) 
 
 * ^ 
 
 
 - UA "AAA a 
 
 "^aa^-. a ;:;-;,^a v 0% v - 
 
 ^ r \ n **A A fi* ^ A, *A/ *W 
 
 - : a . - . 1 °V, - * . a 
 
 
 AAA. A 
 
 A AA ( /^ A AA^ 
 
 ^a;mV,?s^#, : a 
 
 •A**/! " ^ ' . AA 
 
 A 
 
 MaA 
 
 ^ § a 5 A & 
 
 A - ^ ,\ - * ■ 
 
 . aaAa^aAm^XWVV^vO n ^AA.A^ . 
 
 A - - • ■ Ja A /i 
 
 \n^n ^. v £^a*a/V 
 
 >a^a;a/ a ^^ 
 *a a . ? A S^^ ^ 
 .haaCw« 3j ' A^ ''" 
 
 - A V A n AAA'V ; 
 
 ^^Ai 
 
THE 
 
 MYSTERIES OF TOBACCO. 
 
 BY THE 
 
 
 
 REV. BENJAMIN I. LANE; 
 
 WITH AN 
 
 INTRODUCTORY LETTER 
 
 ADDRESSED TO THE 
 
 HON. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, LL.D., 
 
 BY THE 
 
 REV. SAMUEL HANSON COX, D.D., 
 
 PASTOR OF THE FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, BROOKLYN, NEW YORK. 
 
 t 
 
 NEW YORK : 
 WILEY AND PUTNAM, 161 BROADWAY 
 
 *7*%ffC 
 
 1845. 
 
 
 e^€> — 
 
 ^ ty<~^ $fpZ^ /Y; jj%f % 
 

 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1845, 
 
 BY BENJAMIN I. LANE, 
 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, 
 
 for the Southern District of New York. 
 
 
 STEREOTYPED BY T. B. SMITH, 
 216 WILLIAM STREET, NEW YORK. 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 V\ J\\ • •:■• ' * * • 
 
 
 
 > 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Inscription and Introduction, 5 
 
 Letter from the Hon. John Quincy Adams, LL.D., . . 31 
 
 Chapter I. — The Nature of Tobacco, .... 41 
 
 II. — The Influence of Tobacco upon the Body, . 53 
 
 III. — The Influence of Tobacco upon the Mind, . 71 
 
 IV. — The Influence of Tobacco on the Morals, . 83 
 
 V. — The Illusory Influence of Tobacco, . . 95 
 
 VI.— The Filthiness of Tobacco, .... 108 
 
 VII. — The Expensiveness of Tobacco, . . * 123 
 
 Supplementary Notes, 140 
 
INSCRIPTION AND INTRODUCTION. 
 
 TO THE RIGHT HONORABLE 
 
 JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, LL.D., 
 
 THE SENIOR EX-PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 
 AND THE PATRIARCH OF THE WHOLE NATION. 
 
 Honored and dear Sir : — 
 
 When I consented to comply with the request of 
 my excellent friend, the author of this volume, 
 to write an Introduction to his treatise, it seemed 
 proper to cast it in the epistolary form, and in a 
 familiar way, to inscribe it to some honored name, 
 that might command the homage of the nation. 
 And regarding the highest sense of fitness and pro- 
 priety, we were not long in the selection. That 
 any well-meant and well-done attempt to benefit 
 mankind, would obtain your favor, we well knew ; 
 and that many will read this volume for your sake, 
 who might otherwise omit the duty, we thought 
 more than probable : hence the liberty we take, 
 
4 INSCRIPTION 
 
 with your own consent, to prefix your name to our 
 publication. I call it ours — for no other reason 
 than my obvious connection with it and cordial 
 approbation of it ; and certainly not to deprive the 
 Reverend Mr. Lane of his due honors as the au- 
 thor and the producer of a work so learned, elo- 
 quent, and worthy, and at the same time so sea- 
 sonable and so needed in our menaced community. 
 I trust also, Honored Sir, that it will meet your 
 own high approbation ; and that before you leave 
 us in your venerable age, you will recommend to 
 your countrymen a full and honest consideration 
 of its contents ; nay, a prompt and principled 
 compliance with its luminous and friendly inculca- 
 tions. The time is coming when your opinions 
 will be quoted with great deference, by the gene- 
 rations that are to come after us, in this great and 
 incomparable republic. You are already regarded 
 by the nation as an honored relic of the olden 
 time, the by-gone age of the Revolution ; and 
 when you disappear from the light of the living, 
 as there will be no other specimen of the sort 
 remaining on the stage of time, so, for that reason, 
 as well as for other and nobler ones, will a grateful 
 
AND INTRODUCTION. 5 
 
 and admiring posterity respect all you said, and 
 wrote, and did, for the benefit of our common 
 country, and, indeed, for the good of universal 
 man, with a filial and high esteem — of which we 
 may not now attempt to graduate the altitude or 
 the influence. 
 
 The time is coming, as I trust in God, when 
 genuine piety to him, will demonstrate its nature 
 by acts, and principles of philanthropy, and when 
 it will be seen that true religion, like true phi- 
 losophy, 
 
 Gives Him his praise, and forfeits not her own. 
 
 There is much pseudo-affection for man abroad in 
 our age, that ought rather to be branded as lycan- 
 thropy than philanthropy ; since its short-sighted- 
 ness is so idiotic and unworthy the functions of a 
 rational mind. What is genuine seeks the true 
 interests of man, even at the hazard of displeasing 
 him for a moment. 
 
 Whatever may be the success of this work, and 
 we hope in God for much from man, it will be our 
 
b INSCRIPTION 
 
 solace in any event that we have done right, and 
 
 endeavored to benefit our fellow-creatures. When 
 
 the non-descript prodigy of the Wooden Horse 
 stood before the open gates of the wondering 
 
 Trojans, it looked as innocent, and friendly, and 
 desirable, on the whole, to them, as tobacco ever 
 does to our Americans. They were deceived by 
 appearances, and the advice of the silly and fash- 
 ionable Thymoetes was followed, against the un- 
 palatable warnings of Capys and Laocoon. The 
 words of the latter remind us of the faithful appeals 
 of our author; though he, I trust, will not so 
 vainly tell the truth to his countrymen. Let. us 
 recall them — 
 
 Et procul ; O miseri, quae tanta insania, cives ? 
 Creditis avectos hostes ? aut ulla putatis 
 Dona carere dolis Danaum ? sic notus Ulysses ? 
 Aut hoc inclusi ligno occultantur Achivi ; 
 Aut haec in nostros fabricata est machina muros, 
 Inspectura domos, venturaque desuper urbi ; 
 Aut aliquis latet error ; equo ne credite, Teucri. 
 Quicquid id est, timeo Danaos et dona ferentes. 
 
 Which we thus accommodate — 
 
 What madness this, with thundering voice he cries, 
 O citizens, your welfare to despise ? 
 
AND INTRODUCTION. 7 
 
 Trust ye the monster is indeed a friend ? 
 
 Or think these dainties may no poison blend 1 
 
 Judge ye this gift is all it would appear ? 
 
 And know ye not the death that slumbers here ? 
 
 Or foes insidious in this fabric lurk, 
 
 Or wanton on their way our doom to work. 
 
 A pest contrived to desolate our homes, 
 
 And change our cities into pompous tombs. 
 
 Or some untold and horrid mischief lies 
 
 Deceptive there our dotage to surprise. 
 
 Trust not the fallacy ! I dread a foe 
 
 Much more with smiles of goodness on his brow. 
 
 Be safe — be clear — be clean ; you'll die full soon 
 
 Without the fate disguised in such a boon. 
 
 To write against tobacco, with its mysteries and 
 its luxuries, may be an unpromising business. It 
 is easy to refute all our arguments, by saying, It 
 is the fashion ; or, Gentlemen do it, and it is 
 genteel." This is often their instar omnium in 
 the way of argumentation or replication. Still, we 
 object to such refutation, whoever is its advocate, 
 on grounds of its intrinsical absurdity. First, is 
 the fact certainly so ? What oracle has announced 
 it ? Second, what is a gentleman ? What the 
 criterion of proof? Or, is the subject of the propo- 
 sition left so elastic and vague on purpose to 
 sophisticate the truth ? A Gentleman ! 
 
b INSCRIPTION 
 
 There is probably no other very common word 
 so indefinitely accommodating, as much in vogue 
 with the pretending million, and, on that account, 
 worthless in dialectics,, as that of Gentleman. 
 Every country, every sphere of the social state, 
 every clique of upstarts, or sciolists, or pretenders, 
 from kings to beggars, and from saints to scoun- 
 drels, and from philosophers to dunces, nay, almost 
 every man and woman in the world, has a modi- 
 fied and varying idea of what is meant by the 
 term, and a criterion of its own sort by which to 
 determine the pretension of any candidate or 
 claimant. What then is a Gentleman ? Let us 
 inquire, if we dare, impartially. 
 
 Its etymology is rather heathenish. It is gens 
 in Latin, eOvos in Greek, and in Hebrew a synonyme 
 of more opprobrium. Gentilism is from the same 
 root, and means — Heathenism. A respectable 
 heathen, then, is a gentleman ; and many who 
 aspire to the honors of gentility are, too demon- 
 strably, and even obviously, practical and intellec- 
 tual heathen. If a gentleman^ then, were a 
 smoker, or a snuffer, or a chewer, it would not 
 
AND INTRODUCTION. V 
 
 prove much, in the estimate of a Christian or a 
 philosopher, in favor of tobacco. Is it proved — 
 fairly proved, by such a monstrosity ? 
 
 When Governeur Morris returned from his foreign 
 embassy in Paris, it is said, he was considered the 
 most accomplished illustration of the term among 
 our countrymen. F actus ad unguem, a person 
 of polished and consummate behavior, and of truly 
 polite and refined address, he deserved honors for 
 patriotism and intelligence not alone, but for man- 
 ners also. On occasion of a public dinner given 
 him by some select persons of distinction in Phila- 
 delphia, it is stated.* that the Reverend Doctor 
 
 , of the Pusey sympathy, was a guest. This 
 
 academical personage felt the power of Mr. Morris, 
 and breathed the same atmosphere, not without 
 restraint, in his presence. He was eminently ad- 
 dicted to the smoking mania — which Morris, with 
 elegant consistency, disdained. The Doctor sat 
 
 * This anecdote was communicated to me by my excellent and 
 accomplished friend, the scholar and the gentleman, as well as 
 the preacher and the Christian, the late Rev. Matthias Bruen, 
 A.M., of New York. S. H. C. 
 
 - 
 
10 INSCRIPTION 
 
 patient and attentive near him ; and through all 
 the well-cooked courses and dainties, he was spa- 
 ring and abstemious, waiting — for a cigar. All that 
 series of various excellence, preceding his favorite 
 luxury, he valued only as a tolerably tedious turn- 
 pike road to the pleasures of fumation. Presently, 
 some fine yellow Spaniards were served — when the 
 Doctor, recovering his spirits, reached prompt and 
 far to secure one, not unobserved by Mr. Morris. 
 The consciously awkward action occasioned a 
 mutual glance, when the following dialogue en- 
 sued, to the no small interest of the arrested circle. 
 
 Do Gentlemen smoke in France, Mr. Morris ? 
 
 Gentlemen^ Doctor, smoke no where. 
 
 What, Sir ? Oh ! Pardon — hope I don't offend, 
 Sir. 
 
 Oh! no. It takes all sorts to make a world. 
 Gentleman^ in Paris, means something, Doctor. 
 Smoke, then, if you choose ; we have old clothes 
 on. I was not, however, aware of your habit. 
 
AND INTRODUCTION. 11 
 
 The reproof was felt by more than the Doctor. 
 The cigars were not patronized. 
 
 And it ought to be immortalized in story, as 
 equally well done, well deserved, and well to be 
 remembered. The classical, theological, feast- 
 haunting, theatre-going, card-playing, Reverend 
 Gentleman, of the apostolical succession, via 
 Rome, was roasted, if not smoked in turn, very 
 unexpectedly, and in a way admonitory to Gen- 
 tlemen. It minished, and almost annihilated 
 him. His dinner of smoke was spoiled ; nor did 
 he soon recover from the shock. He was not wont 
 afterward, when fuming and stenching the atmo- 
 sphere, so often to exclaim in his devotions, through 
 the ascending coils of the fetid vapor — 
 
 For antidote against all care, 
 Give me, ye gods, a good cigar. 
 
 It is very plain that wherever smokers, or chewers, 
 
 or snuffers are, and abound, it were well for all 
 
 proximate persons to " have old clothes on ;" since 
 
 such exposure to a vicious and offensive ptyalism, 
 
 must defile their garments, even if it did not nau- 
 
 2 
 
12 INSCRIPTION 
 
 seate their refinement. Hence in every rail-car, 
 or steamer " abaft the wheel" Gentlemen are 
 '" not allowed" to smoke ; though it has been well 
 observed, that such an inhibition were in terms 
 superfluous — since Gentlemen are not the ones 
 that need to be reminded or forbidden. We recom- 
 mend that their public announcements should 
 rather read — Gentlemen never smoke, espe- 
 cially in the company of ladies or stran- 
 gers ; AND ALL OTHERS ARE WARNED AGAINST 
 THE NUISANCE AND ITS PENALTIES. 
 
 It is thought to be a practice of increasing 
 patronage of late among us, and in all the lower 
 and more vulgar ranks of life especially. Is it be- 
 cause the temperance reform has produced such a 
 reaction, and men, by way of reprisal for the loss 
 of alcohol, are betaking themselves to tobacco ? 
 We know not ; but of the fact we are too well cer- 
 tified. Even street-smoking, which was once con- 
 sidered too ignoble and execrable a practice for any 
 well-bred man to perpetrate, is becoming as fash- 
 ionable as almost any other folly of the times — not 
 even the vast bustles, or ' bishops, of strange and 
 
AND INTRODUCTION. 13 
 
 monstrous 'succession' — retrocession — on the other 
 sex, excepted ! 
 
 And what are the causes of this ? Men do not 
 love tobacco by nature. The dirty weed is poison- 
 ous and offensive. It revolts the taste of all ani- 
 mals, and produces the most spontaneous opposi- 
 tion and disgust in its contact with the stomach. 
 It is endured and liked only in a way of coereing 
 and perverting nature. But — there are causes ; 
 and either singly, or partially, or in aggregate, they 
 are mostly identified with the following : 
 
 1. duackery — pretending the medicinal virtues 
 of tobacco, especially as a specific in certain cases. 
 
 2. Idleness, with nothing to do, but smoke and 
 be stupefied. 
 
 3. A precocious and absurd aping of manhood 
 in boys, who wish to advertise or anticipate their 
 prospective virility, by enacting the fooleries of men. 
 
 4. The insidious power of a tobacco education, 
 
14 INSCRIPTION. 
 
 among parents, companions, and neighborhoods, 
 that luxuriate in the practice, at births, marriages, 
 funerals, and all other occasions. 
 
 5. Mental vacancy, and the itch for change. 
 
 6. The love of excitement. 
 
 7. The sleepy oblivion or grateful stupefaction it 
 induces. 
 
 8. Recklessness, never thinking properly on the 
 subject ; or, acting without reflection or any ma- 
 ture plan, and so gliding imperceptibly into the 
 habit and the slavery of the practice — ignorant of 
 their own damage. 
 
 9. False notions of what is genteel, and a wil- 
 lingness to be genteel on terms remarkably cheap 
 and low. 
 
 10. Exposures to the weather ; when they 
 smoke, or chew, or snuff; as others drink intem- 
 perately, because it is so cold — or so warm — or so 
 
AND INTRODUCTION. 15 
 
 wet— or so dry — or else so indescribably threaten- 
 ing, or peculiar, or of no particular character, and 
 therefore they must take — alcohol, or — tobacco ! 
 
 11. Troubles of life — possibly of conscience. 
 
 12. The sway of fashion ; who would not be in 
 the fashion ? 
 
 13. The power of habit ; fumo, fumavi, fumabo, 
 is with them the whole story in three words. 
 
 14. I can quit it when I will ; a deceptive idea 
 or fancy that they can so easily, and at any time 
 —which never comes, voluntarily — their will is so 
 free, reform : the reason why millions never repent 
 of any of their sins, and are never forgiven, they 
 can — so easily ! 
 
 And if there be any other cause, as possibly 
 there may, I only aver, that, with a few possible 
 exceptions, it is never a good one ! It is anything 
 but morally worthy, prudential, wise, and virtuous. 
 
 2* 
 
16 INSCRIPTION 
 
 Now, to the question in which way of the three 
 
 f SMOKING ] 
 
 Modern <j chewing } vulgar modes of self-defile- 
 
 i 
 
 [ SNUFFING J 
 
 ment, are we most disagreeable to real gentlemen, 
 true ladies, and genuine philosophers % I answer, 
 it may be difficult and useless to determine. 
 Enough that it is all wrong — that every man is 
 better without it — that its practice is hurtful and 
 injurious, without any real benefit or mark of wis- 
 dom in it. 
 
 I refer to the volume of Mr. Lane for the proof 
 of these positions, and of others, in this introduc- 
 tory. But I may go farther ; and be at least more 
 distinct and emphatic, when giving an inventory 
 or synopsis of the reasons of my own principled 
 and growing aversion — since my vestibule may not 
 be too long for his temple of mysteries. 
 
 1. It is unnatural, that is, positively contrary to 
 nature, and properly at war with it. 
 
AND INTRODUCTION. 17 
 
 2. It is abusive — certainly the weed, like opium 
 in similar relations, was never given for such ends 
 and purposes of consumption ; nor are our senses, 
 and our whole sympathetic bodies, to be so dis- 
 honored and abused with innocence or impunity. 
 
 3. It is unclean — that is, it is filthy — that is, 
 dirty — that is, very opposite to all elegance, purity, 
 and taste. 
 
 4. It is unwholesome — wasting and wearing the 
 organs and sympathies of our animal economy, and 
 precipitating the process of our too speedy dissolu- 
 tion. 
 
 5. It is offensive — to refinement, to decency, to 
 good breeding, to nature, to sense, and to propriety. 
 
 6. Its appearances and aspects are unattractive, 
 unpromising, and unhappy to all beholders. 
 
 7. It is not gentlemanly. 
 
 8. It is a wanton waste, in respect to its cost ! 
 
18 INSCRIPTION 
 
 How much in a year, often increasingly, is the 
 amount of money paid by some persons for this 
 luxury ! It is almost incredible — as often its sum 
 is purposely unknown. If all Christians paid as 
 much for evangelical missions, it would soon revo- 
 lution the world. 
 
 9. It tends to intemperance in drinking. 
 
 10. Its associations are low and bad, and even 
 immoral. 
 
 11. It is shameful and intolerable in a professed 
 minister of Christ. 
 
 12. It is not properly congruous with the sancti- 
 ty and the implications of a Christian profession — 
 as favoring not spirituality, but its opposites, all of 
 them, as sensualism and all that atmosphere of 
 srrwky obtuseness, to the moral perceptions and 
 instincts of a living and devoted Christian, which 
 is often seen to halo and surround it. 
 
 To the minister of Christ — what shall I say ? 
 
AND INTRODUCTION. 19 
 
 Your voice is injured, if you snuff. If you chew, 
 only think of the incongruity ! If you smoke, your 
 error is not to be concealed. If you are addicted 
 to it in any way, you are degraded, and your odor 
 follows you everywhere. Its offences are many, and 
 they adhere to your persons. Pernoctant nobiscum, 
 peregrinantur, rusticantur — dico aperte, nos, nos, 
 consules desumus.* 
 
 Large is the charter of our good Creator — using 
 the world as not abusing it. Like Adam 
 in Eden we have the grant of all, with only one 
 exception in the world — God forbids all abuse ! 
 It is sin ; it is perversion ; it is confusion ; it is 
 damage ; and it is transgression. Now, any thing 
 is abused or endamaged — 
 
 1. When not appreciated in its true nature ; 
 
 2. When not appropriated to its proper end ; 
 
 3. When taken and applied recklessly, and with- 
 out asking or thinking about the question of its 
 
 * Cicero. 
 
20 INSCRIPTION 
 
 legitimate and proper use, according to the excel- 
 lent will of God. 
 
 Do thyself no harm is a divine mandate, as ap- 
 plicable to each of us, as to the jailer at Philippi, 
 when about to " play the Roman fool" by falling on 
 his own sword. We sin against ourselves, when 
 we sin against God ; but here more directly. To 
 drink alcohol as a beverage, is abuse, is self-harm, 
 and often self-murder. On the same principle 
 we condemn tobacco and its mysteries, 
 when taken as a luxury. God never gave the 
 weed for such an end ! We abuse his gift, we 
 abuse ourselves, we hurt his creatures, we set a bad 
 example, we contravene his own benign and all- 
 wise constitution, in the hateful practice. We op- 
 press nature and pervert its products. How many 
 millions of years of human life in the aggregate 
 has it lost ! 
 
 Woes love a cluster, says Dr. Young. So do vices. 
 Every sin is social. It knows how to " increase, and 
 multiply, and replenish the earth," with a ven- 
 geance ! There is no other fecundity known to us, 
 
AND INTRODUCTION. 21 
 
 equaling the self-productiveness of sin. One aberra- 
 tion from propriety, or one false principle or error, may 
 in its train corrupt a world, explode a universe, and 
 astound eternity. All the methods of luxuriating 
 in tobacco tend to social wantonness, with aspects 
 and associations not of good report. Many a 
 clergyman has disgusted a congregation, lost a 
 good settlement, and injured the best of causes, by 
 his ignominious indulgences of this sort. Many 
 truly elevated and refined persons object to hearing 
 in the pulpit a notorious man of tobacco — their 
 feelings are so revolted at the thought, and some- 
 times at the sight, of the nuisance. On the other 
 hand, who does not respect a person who on prin- 
 ciple abstains — who can decline an obtrusive and 
 ill-bred challenge to participate — who, with good 
 manners and urbanity, can show on all occasions 
 the requisite courage to keep his own propriety, 
 and without ambiguity or hesitation, say, No, sir ! 
 I am no tobacco or snuff taker. And who is not 
 advantaged, in his person, his appearance, his dig- 
 nity, his health, his morals, and his respectability. 
 by a consistent, and principled, and self-respecting 
 abstinence ? When a lordling of great titles once 
 
22 INSCRIPTION 
 
 asked, in London, a distinguished friend of the 
 Temperance Reformation, What good does it ? the 
 reply was, The good it does, my Lord, is chron- 
 icled, ascertained, reported, and accredited by all 
 who are acquainted with the facts. Will your 
 Lordship be good enough to tell me what evil it 
 does ? whom it injures, or makes worse, or reason- 
 ably at all offends ? What harm is it ? 
 
 And can any one justly fear that total absti* 
 nence from this execrable narcotic, can in any way 
 harm him ? Or, can he say as much when he 
 does not abstain? As for excuses, poor is the 
 genius of a man who cannot command one, and 
 every one plausibly his own. Still, we hear them 
 all with diffidence. We know they feel the need 
 of vindicating what they love to do, and what they 
 are not yet ready to forego. We pity the man 
 who puts himself in the predicament to make ex- 
 cuses for such practices. What cannot an ingeni- 
 ous sinner speciously excuse ? The deceitfulness 
 of sin is at once deeply insidious and shrewdly in- 
 ventive, and many a tall and ponderous intellect 
 has become its easy and unconscious victim. 
 
AND INTRODUCTION. 23 
 
 What is the fact to the eye of calm and consider- 
 ate observation ? Look at the ways of revelry and 
 voluptuous infatuation in our thronged cities. 
 Look at our theatre-goers, our ball-frequenters, our 
 gambling-house loafers ; and mark all the tributa- 
 ry rills of influence that come to a fearful conflu- 
 ence in the great ocean of profligacy and perdition 
 — and say, if the dirty vice of tobacco-mongering, 
 in all its forms, degrees, and stages, of dishonor, is 
 not congenial, powerful, and even essential, in 
 the formidable result, as well as the stealthy 
 process. The genius of tobacco is properly bac- 
 chanalian, sensual, and deleterious to all the dig- 
 nity of man, in low life of savages and boors not 
 only. 
 
 In courts and palaces he also reigns, 
 And in luxurious cities, where the noise 
 Of riot ascends above their loftiest towers, 
 And injury and outrage ; and when night 
 Darkens the streets, then wander forth the sons 
 
 Of Belial, flown with insolence and wine. 
 
 ******** 
 
 Tobacco's curling fumes, or covert quid, 
 
 Or pungent dust, assists them in their course, 
 
 3 
 
24 INSCRIPTION 
 
 Congenial with ebriety and noise, 
 
 The prompter of profaneness, folly, crime.* 
 
 Our last appeal is to the ladies — to real ladies. 
 Tell me, ye educated and elegant fair ones, whose 
 sense is too genuine for affectation, and too much 
 your own for servility to the oracles of folly and 
 fashion, tell me, if the lords of your preference are 
 the steeped and pickled fumigators, salivators, ru- 
 minators, sternutators or olfactors, that patronize 
 the weed, and carry with them its atmosphere and 
 its elements and its insignia into your drawing- 
 rooms, your coaches, and your presence, on all 
 practicable occasions ? I should like to plead the 
 cause before a jury of a thousand ladies — but they 
 should be all initiated madams, married ladies, will- 
 ing to try the cause, and true deliverance make, 
 according to evidence. In such circumstances, 
 their verdict would be sure and final. Their 
 award would be, " Guilty, especially if there was 
 any hope of hanging, or drowning, or burning, the 
 dirty prisoner — Tobacco." 
 
 Men are weak enough physically, they are suf- 
 
 * The last four lines are not from Milton. 
 
AND INTRODUCTION. 25 
 
 ficiently vulnerable and sufficiently mortal, they are 
 transient and fleeting and vanishing like vapor in 
 their life ; and why not abstain from all the 
 causes which debilitate the body, enervate the fac- 
 ulties, and accelerate the catastrophe of death ? 
 This abstinence is the dictate equally of philoso- 
 phy and duty. But — I have said enough ; too 
 much, possibly, for one who only intends to call the 
 reader to a banquet of truth prepared by our au- 
 thor, with the conviction, that duly relished and 
 digested, it will aid mightily the health of the com- 
 munity. Oh ! that it might exorcise the dirty de- 
 mon from the body of our nation ! It is needed 
 everywhere, in colleges and halls, in Congress, and 
 all our places of State legislation, in schools and 
 shops, in houses of domestic interests, in forums 
 and in pulpits, and wherever there are men who 
 are willing to do right, who desire to be wise and 
 happy, long-lived and honored at last in their exit 
 from this crazy and wonderful world. 
 
 We must here add a word of solemn protest and 
 reprehension — respecting churches. Men are 
 not wont there indeed to smoke — but how lamen- 
 
26 INSCRIPTION 
 
 tably often do they chew, snuff, and spit*, to 
 the grand annoyance of all the cleanly, and all the 
 devout, who have to witness the shameful profana- 
 tion ! These abominations, we are credibly assu- 
 red, are observed — not frequently, yet sometimes — 
 even at the communion table ! ! Here indeed it 
 becomes horrible, and worthy of the disciplinary 
 animadversion of ecclesiastical authority ! I must 
 abhor it and pronounce it plainly impious. An in- 
 dulgence so filthy, so indolent, so reckless and irrev- 
 erent, in the very house and the holy presence of 
 God ! may it never be repeated, if it ever was 
 perpetrated ! Let a man think— have a little fore- 
 cast — look ahead — and remember how sinful it is 
 towards Him, who says, Ye shall keep my Sab- 
 baths AND REVERENCE MY SANCTUARY ; I AM 
 
 Jehovah. Let all things be done de- 
 cently, and in order. 
 
 In some churches the Trustees have taken the 
 nuisance in hand, and with the sword of Caesar, 
 
 * Some chewers seem to need a spittoon in their pew not only, 
 but two or three of them, large ones, with a pew to themselves 
 twenty feet from any decent person. 
 
AND INTRODUCTION. 27 
 
 have formally vetoed the practice in their domain, 
 and even made a public monument of their decree 
 in the vestibule of the sanctuary, in these or sim- 
 ilar words : The Trustees positively for- 
 bid THE USE OF TOBACCO, WITH ITS FILTHY 
 RESULTS, IN THIS SANCTUARY OF GoD, AND ES- 
 PECIALLY DURING DIVINE SERVICE, UNDER 
 
 penalty of the law. And many a worthy 
 officer of a congregation, whose usefulness is more 
 felt than seen, we mean the unappreciated sexton, 
 has reason to sound a trump of accusation against 
 a set of Gentlemen, well known to him, whose 
 filthy salivations so mark and desecrate the sacred 
 places of the sanctuary, as to offend him especially, 
 whose labors are execrably enhanced as the result ! 
 And should he publish the names of these Gen- 
 tlemen sat sapienti, non stulto ! sed — com- 
 
 jiressis venis, pitnitae impetum cohibe. 
 
 We extract the following from a late daily news- 
 paper, showing that we are not alone in our de- 
 nunciations. 
 
 Some of our cotemporaries are u out in no mea- 
 
 3* 
 
28 INSCRIPTION 
 
 sured terms against street-smoking in New York. 
 We learn that the Native American candidates for 
 the next councils are to be pledged to abate, among 
 many others, this crying nuisance." * * 
 
 " We need another most powerful Temperance 
 reformation against that filthy weed, tobacco. Its 
 effect taken at the nose or the mouth is always in- 
 toxicating, and it is also the mother of intem- 
 perate drinking. Ladies ! Clergymen ! ! Moral- 
 ists ! ! ! get up an influence against it ! See what 
 a robber it is ! 
 
 "In the year 1843 the people of Great Britain 
 and Ireland expended more than $> 40,000,000 for 
 tobacco alone. A contemporary says : If the weed 
 had been worked into pigtail, rather more than an 
 inch thick, it would have formed a line nearly 
 100,000 miles long, enough to go nearly five times 
 round the world. Whew ! 
 
 " Messrs. Schaer & Kustur, merchants of Balti- 
 more, shipped a few days ago, by the ship Henry 
 Shelton which sailed for St. Petersburg, seven hun- 
 
AND INTRODUCTION. 29 
 
 dred hhds. of tobacco, valued at $100,000. This 
 is the first entire cargo of tobacco ever shipped from 
 the United States to Russia." 
 
 And now, honored sir, in what remains of this doc- 
 ument, if I am more personal I shall not be less 
 deferential; assured also that your characteristic 
 magnanimity will liberally and well appreciate 
 what I freely write — and even if there should be 
 a lugged-in classical recreation, one or two, our 
 readers I hope, but especially yourself, will regard 
 it with no disfavor : duse de causa, pro mea con- 
 suetudine, beviter et simpliciter dixi, judices, ea 
 confido probata esse omnibus ; quae non fori, neque 
 judiciali [seu clerica] con suet adine, et de hominis 
 ingenio [perverso] et communiter de ipsius studio 
 [trupissimo] locutus sum, ea, judices, a vobis spero 
 esse in bonam partem accepta; ab eo. qui judicium 
 exercet, certe scio. 
 
 But, sir, with your letter granting consent to this 
 present use of your name, we have all been so 
 gratified, that I shall make no scruple of not with- 
 holding it from the public. It shall be transcribed 
 
30 INSCRIPTION 
 
 and inserted in this Introduction — and I wish I 
 could show to all men the original ! The chi- 
 rography of the writer, now, I think, in his 79th 
 year, is a commentary and a eulogium on those 
 habits of temperance in all things^ of which he 
 is such a rare and impressive example. The en- 
 velope, for the sake of the autograph, has been 
 begged away from me by a friend, to whom I re- 
 luctantly resigned it — mainly on account of the 
 seal, with its beautiful device and motto, of which 
 I must tell the reader and so preserve the memory. 
 An acorn, decorated with two oak leaves ; neither 
 guardant, nor rampant, nor couchant ; but simply 
 extant and verdant ; surmounted with the circular 
 motto, alteri seculo. This I view as very 
 happy ; as showing a republican independence of 
 all the beggarly barbarism of heraldic symbols and 
 inscriptions, so often badly usurped, and imitated, 
 and perpetuated in our own free country, whose 
 affinities and honors are neither feudal nor monar- 
 chical, but properly of another and a higher char- 
 acter. It also shows modesty, forecast, the esti- 
 mate of posterity anticipated, and an original wis- 
 dom of sentiment worthy alike of the philosopher, 
 
AND INTRODUCTION. 31 
 
 the republican, and the man — meaning, for a fu- 
 ture AGE, or another age ; the acorn fairly- 
 prospective of the noble oak it makes in other days ; 
 though humble now, and unobtrusive, and unseen, 
 yet to become the tall monarch of the wood, be- 
 neath whose giant branches and frequent foliage, 
 protection and refreshment may be yielded grateful 
 to many a weary traveller in other days and years. 
 How worthy were such sentiment of our statesmen, 
 our patriots, and our countrymen! especially if, 
 with revelation's light, far-sighted, and by faith, 
 their estimates were amplified and crowned with 
 the hope of heaven, and their alteri seculo 
 justly construed to mean, hereafter, in eter- 
 nity, is my reward. 
 
 the letter. 
 
 Quincy, Massachusetts, 19 Aug. 1845. 
 
 Dear Sir, — 
 
 I have received your letter of the 13th instant, 
 and shall deem myself honored by the inscription 
 
32 INSCRIPTION 
 
 to me of your introduction to the proposed publica- 
 tion of the Reverend B. J. Lane's work on To- 
 bacco and its Mysteries. In my early 
 youth I was addicted to the use of tobacco in two 
 of its mysteries, smoking and chewing. I was 
 warned by a medical friend of the pernicious 
 operation of this habit upon the stomach and the 
 nerves ; and the advice of the physician was for- 
 tified by the results of my own experience. More 
 than thirty years have passed away since I delib- 
 erately renounced the use of tobacco in all its 
 forms ; and although the resolution was not car- 
 ried into execution without a struggle of vitiated 
 nature, I never yielded to its impulses ; and in the 
 space of three or four months of self-denial, they 
 lost their stimulating power, and I have never since 
 felt it as a privation. 
 
 I have often wished that every individual of the 
 human race afflicted with this artificial passion, 
 could prevail upon himself to try but for three 
 months the experiment which I have made ! sure 
 that it would turn every acre of tobacco-land into a 
 
AND INTRODUCTION. 33 
 
 wheat-field, and add five years of longevity to the 
 average of human life. 
 
 I am, with great respect, Dear Sir, 
 
 Your friend and Christian brother, 
 
 JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. 
 
 Reverend Samuel H. Cox, D.D. Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 For this letter, Mr. Adams, I thank you with 
 all my heart, not only as an individual, but on be- 
 half of the country, posterity, and the human race. 
 In such feats as these, the statesman, and the pa- 
 triot, and the philanthropist, are identified, making 
 an unostentatious, but most useful exegi monu- 
 mentum jire perennius, which shades and 
 dishonors the proud pretensions of the warrior, the 
 demagogue, and the hero, of battles, victories, and 
 envied applause. I consider it the fitting index, 
 epitome, and eulogium too, of Mr. Lane's popular 
 and useful work, now forthcoming, " harnessed in 
 order serviceable," and intending a grand reform in 
 the usages of our American society. I view it as a 
 gem for the nation, that will not fail to be exten- 
 sively appreciated, widely beneficent, and frequent- 
 ly quoted, especially by the wise, alteri seculo, 
 
34 INSCRIPTION 
 
 as an oracle, plurimum in parvo, against this in- 
 sidious and hypocritical ravager, this dirty depre- 
 dator; on the interests and the hopes of improved 
 society in our noble Republic. And as to health, 
 you have touched the very point ! the stomach and 
 the nerves are its proximate victims. The stom- 
 ach, that wondrous laboratory of all the pabulum 
 of life, that central, and primary, and all-controlling 
 organ of our wonderfully coin pounded being in this 
 w T orld, first "gives signs of wo;" and then the 
 nerves, the glands with their secretiors, the mus- 
 cles and functions of the entire system, respond 
 to the shock, and reel under its deleterious power ; 
 according to that grand apothegm of the medical 
 schools, so worthy and so true, ventriculo languido 
 omnia languent ; when the stomach is disordered, 
 the total system droops in sympathetic weakness. 
 Yes ! the mind included — and I believe that, when 
 tobacco makes the morbid languor, the moral powers 
 are debilitated, their sense blunted, the very con- 
 science injured and corrosive, as the consequence. 
 
 I rejoice, Mr. Adams, that you are now set in 
 alto relievo before the world, as a witness, and 
 
AND INTRODUCTION. 35 
 
 an example, and a protester, against this treacherous 
 damager ; while the mild and hortatory manner of 
 the national patriarch, is too paternal and too po- 
 tential to receive anything less than universal ap- 
 probation, from the intelligent and the good of our 
 countrymen. It will, however, be quoted on the 
 other side of the Atlantic, and the exemplary pro- 
 testation of the old man eloquent, the ex-President 
 of the United States, will be remembered and felt, 
 in the argumentation of millions, who never heard 
 of King James' Counterblast against To- 
 bacco, and who, had they read it through, would 
 still prefer the wisdom of the republican sage to 
 that of the pedantic and prerogative-affecting 
 monarch. 
 
 But, I must ask pardon of the reader for the 
 longitude, if not the latitude, of these strictures, 
 and bidding farewell to yourself, Mr. Adams, with 
 my reiterated thanks for your letter, I devoutly 
 pray that this publication may be made a blessing 
 to our beloved country, to the civilized and the 
 savage world ; and that you, honored and dear 
 sir, may experience the large and genuine influ" 
 
36 INSCRIPTION 
 
 ences of the grace of God ; and, through the ac- 
 complished and eternal mediation of One, the Son 
 of God and the Son of man, whom all saints ap- 
 prehend and trust as their ineffably glorious Re- 
 deemer and inheritance, that you may be well 
 prepared for that great change sublime, which 
 death will soon realize to the best, and prove at 
 last and for ever the vision, the fruition, and the 
 perfection, of the divine glory, with all the saved, in 
 the presence of God Almighty and the Lamb ! 
 
 I commend you and myself, with all we love 
 and value, to his incomparable favor, looking for 
 the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ unto eternal 
 life ; and am, honored and dear sir, with distin- 
 guished consideration, 
 
 Your friend and servant for Jesus 1 sake, 
 
 SAMUEL H. COX. 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y. Aug. 25, 1845. 
 
 
THE MYSTERIES OF TOBACCO. 
 
 There is a hazard in placing one's self in oppo- 
 sition to the current of prevailing and long-establish- 
 ed habits. The cry of ultraism, or the frown of in- 
 dignation from the circles of pleasure and fashion, 
 or the curled lip of those who love to puff and be 
 puffed, has made many a daring spirit quail, and re- 
 main, at least silent, when they could not approve. 
 In the present instance our only hope of getting good 
 is in that of doing it, and this hope shall nerve us 
 to raise the note of warning and spare not. 
 
 Were we to appear as the apologist of Tobacco, 
 smiles and blessings would attend us. Garlands 
 
 of praise from those dreamy beings who sit amid 
 
38 
 
 THE MYSTERIES 
 
 clouds would be showered on our path. Then how 
 grateful, and how pleasing, 
 
 " To sing the praises of that glorious weed — 
 Dear to mankind, whate'er his race, his creed, 
 Condition, color, dwelling, or degree ! 
 From Zembla's snows to parched Arabia's sands, 
 Loved by all lips, and common to all hands ! 
 Hail, sole cosmopolite, tobacco, hail ! 
 Shag, long-cut, short-cut, pig-tail, quid or roll, 
 Dark negro-head, or Orinooka pale, 
 In every form congenial to the soul." 
 
 Such service would harmonize with the spirit of 
 the times. But smiles and blessings we cannot 
 purchase at such a price. We must not bear false 
 witness to save or condemn either friend or foe. 
 We have too deeply felt the lash of the tyrant to 
 become his eulogist ; and we purpose to show you 
 some of the wounds and scars which he is ever 
 inflicting with his whip of scorpions. 
 
 The habitual use of tobacco is one of the most 
 
 prevalent evils of the present day ; it is one of the 
 
 * most formidable. Few have been the efforts at 
 
OF TOBACCO. 39 
 
 reformation, and little success has attended them. 
 The sober light of reason and the scorching fire of 
 invective, have been spent upon this evil practice in 
 vain. In vain has chemistry developed the poison- 
 ous quality of the article ; in vain has experience 
 taught us that misery, disease, and death follow in 
 its train. The deceptive pleasure of its use, like 
 the charm of a serpent, has held us captive, and 
 none have been fully aware of its nature, until its 
 poisonous fangs have been felt. 
 
 The inroads that tobacco makes upon the body 
 and mind often lie concealed. It is a disguised foe. 
 It assumes the airs and tones of a friend, anxious 
 to relieve us, even when it is administering a deadly 
 poison. It is well understood that sickness and 
 death are the portion of poor, fallen, human nature ; 
 but do men ever think of looking to the tobacco 
 shop as one of the sources of these ills, when their 
 circle is prematurely invaded ? Inquiry is indeed 
 often made as to the cause of such and such a dis- 
 ease, but none ever think of pointing to that social, 
 smiling friend, tobacco. Indeed, he that in secret 
 has hurled the dart is kindly asked to step in and 
 
 A* 
 
40 THE MYSTERIES 
 
 heal or alleviate the distress. Arsenic appears with 
 a lowering brow, and the compressed lip of mad- 
 ness, and the naked dirk ; — it does its work quick, 
 and is known to be an enemy. Not so with to- 
 bacco : it has a smiling face, its tread is light, some 
 of its movements pleasing, and though it inflicts 
 more pain and misery than arsenic, it does its work 
 slowly and disguisedly ; and hence the food we eat, 
 the water we drink, and the air we breathe, are too 
 often charged with the evils which itself inflicts. 
 
 It will be a thankless task ; it may be a hapless 
 one, to convince men that the habitual use of to- 
 bacco is indeed a sore evil tinder the sun. But 
 we will set ourselves to the work, relying upon your 
 candor to look an enemy in the face ; and we 
 promise to 
 
 " Speak of it as it is : nothing extenuate, 
 Nor set down aught in malice." 
 
 It will be bad enough to say the truth of it. 
 Othello like, it stabs its lovers, and stabs them 
 while reposing in security. 
 
OF TOBACCO. 41 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE NATURE OF TOBACCO. 
 
 In prosecuting this subject, we will attend first to 
 the inquiry, What is Tobacco? It is, says the 
 Encyclopedia Americana, " a nauseous and poison- 
 ous weed, of an acrid taste and disagreeable odor ; 
 in short, whose only properties are deleterious." Dr. 
 Bigelow, in his American Medical Botany, says, 
 " In its external and sensible properties there is no 
 plant which has less to recommend it than the 
 common tobacco ; a small quantity taken into the 
 stomach excites violent vomiting, attended with 
 other alarming symptoms." 
 
 In an elaborate chemical analysis of Tobacco, 
 published by M. Yauquelin in the Annales de 
 Chimie, we have the following results. " The broad- 
 leaved tobacco furnishes from its juices the following 
 constituents. 1. A large quantity of animal mat- 
 
42 THE NATURE 
 
 ter, of an albuminous nature. 2. Malate of lime 
 with an excess of acid. 3. Acetic acid. 4. Nitrate 
 and muriate of potash in observable quantities. 
 
 5. A red matter soluble in alcohol and water, which 
 swells and boils in the fire, its nature undetermined. 
 
 6. Muriate of ammonia. 7. A peculiar acrid, vola- 
 tile, colorless substance, soluble in water and alco- 
 hol, and which appears different from any thing 
 known in the vegetable kingdom. It is this prin- 
 ciple which gives to prepared tobacco its peculiar 
 character, and it is perhaps not to be found in any 
 other species of plant. Its medicinal activity is 
 supposed to reside in this volatile portion, which is 
 the essential oil." A more recent analysis w^e take 
 from Boussingault. " The virtues of tobacco very 
 probably reside in the volatile vegetable alkali, 
 nicotine, which it contains. The analysis of M. 
 Posselt and Kiemann show the leaf of tobacco to 
 be composed as follows : Nicotine 0*07 ; extractive 
 matter 2-87 ; gum 1*74 ; a green resin 0-27 ; albu- 
 men 0-26 ; gluten 1*05 ; malic acid 0*51 ; malate 
 of ammonia 0*12 ; sulphate of potash 0*05 ; chlo- 
 ride of potassium 0*06 ; nitrate and malate of pot- 
 ash 0*21 ; phosphate of lime 017 ; malate of lime 
 
OP TOBACCO. 43 
 
 0*72 ; silica 0*09 ; woody matter 4*97 ; and water 
 86-84-= 100-00. During the fermentation of the 
 leaves there is always a formation of ammoniacal 
 salts. 
 
 The following are some of the experiments made 
 by Fontana. 1. " I made," says he, " a small inci- 
 sion in a pigeon's leg, and applied to it the oil of 
 tobacco. In two minutes it lost the use of its foot. 
 2. I repeated this experiment on another pigeon, 
 and the event was exactly the same. 3. I made a 
 small wound in the pectoral muscles of a pigeon 
 and applied the oil to it; in three minutes the 
 animal could no longer support itself on the left 
 foot. 4. This experiment, repeated on another 
 pigeon, resulted in the same way. 5. I introduced 
 into the pectoral muscles of a pigeon a small bit of 
 wool covered with this oil ; the pigeon in a few 
 seconds fell insensible. 6. Two other pigeons to 
 whose muscles I applied this oil, vomited several 
 times. 7. Two others with empty stomachs, 
 treated in the same mode, made every effort to 
 vomit." 
 
44 THE NATURE 
 
 Koempfer ranks it with the strong vegetable 
 poisons. A thread dipped in the oil of tobacco, and 
 drawn through a wound made by a needle in an 
 animal, killed it in the space of seven minutes. 
 Mr. Brodie found that two drops of the oil applied 
 to the tongue of a cat, with an interval of fifteen 
 minutes occasioned death. A single drop sus- 
 pended in an ounce of water, and injected into the 
 rectum of a cat, produced death in about five min- 
 utes. One drop suspended in an ounce and a half 
 of mucilage, and thrown into the rectum of a 
 dog, produced violent symptoms, and a repetition 
 of the experiment killed him. How then can any 
 man habitually use so noxious a plant without 
 realizing the most serious consequences to his 
 health, and constitution ? 
 
 Let us now glance at its medicinal qualities. 
 It is a most powerful narcotic, emetic : cathartic, 
 and diuretic. Its effects as a medicine upon the 
 system, are severe nausea, vomiting, cold sweats, 
 universal tremors, and extreme debility. "Even 
 the physician," says Dr. Alcott, " some of whose 
 medicines are so active that a few grains will 
 
OF TOBACCO. 
 
 45 
 
 destroy life, at once finds tobacco too powerful for 
 his use ; and in those cases where it is most clearly 
 required only makes it a last resort." As an emetic, 
 it is said to exceed all others in its promptness, 
 violence, and permanence of impression. In some 
 instances it has been used w T ith success in expelling 
 other poisons from the stomach on account of the 
 promptness and violence with which it acts. It 
 can be applied as well externally in the form of 
 a poultice to the stomach as internally, and 
 with the same effect. A surgeon in the U. S. 
 army says that the soldiers had an expedient to 
 exempt themselves from duty by wearing a piece 
 of tobacco under each armpit until the most alarm- 
 ing symptoms of illness appeared in the Avhole 
 system. Dr. Fowler has used it with success in a 
 few cases of dropsy and dysury. But it should be 
 remembered that not one of his cures w r as effected 
 by the pipe, the quid, or the snvff-box. The 
 forms in which he uniformly ordered it were either 
 infusion, tincture, or pills. Says Dr. Bigelow, 
 " Notwithstanding the common use, and extensive 
 consumption of tobacco in its various forms, it must 
 unquestionably be ranked among narcotic poisons 
 
46 THE NATURE 
 
 of the most active class. The great prostration, 
 excessive giddiness, fainting, and violent affections 
 of the alimentary canal, which often attend its 
 internal use, make it proper that so potent a drug 
 should be resorted to by medical men, only in 
 restricted doses, and on occasions of magnitude." 
 The remedy often proves more fatal than the dis- 
 ease, " A medical practitioner," says Paris, " after 
 repeated trials to reduce a strangulated hernia, 
 injected an infusion of tobacco, and shortly after 
 sent the patient in a carriage to the Westminster 
 Hospital for the purpose of undergoing the operation ; 
 but the unfortunate man arrived only a few minutes 
 before he expired." 
 
 "I knew a woman," says the same learned au- 
 thor, " who applied to the heads of three of her 
 children afflicted with the scald-head, an ointment 
 composed of snuff and butter ; but what was her 
 surprise to find them immediately seized with ver- 
 tigo, violent vomiting, fainting, and convulsions." 
 We once witnessed a case of the same kind with 
 the same results. 
 
OF TOBACCO. 47 
 
 Tobacco is, in fact, a violent, absolute poison. A 
 very moderate quantity-introduced into the system, 
 — even applying the moistened leaves over the stom- 
 ach, — has been known very suddenly to extinguish 
 life. 
 
 The fact that it is a powerful article of the 
 Materia Medica, and so powerful that the best phy- 
 sicians use it only in extreme cases as a dernier 
 resort^ and that then, in many instances, it proves 
 fatal, abundantly evidences that it never ought to 
 be used, as a luxury^ by men in health. No man 
 in his sober senses would think that because calo- 
 mel has been successfully used as a medicine, 
 therefore a person might be benefited by taking it 
 daily, when in health. Indeed, ninety-nine hun- 
 dredths of those who constantly use tobacco, would 
 not risk the consequences of a daily use of opium, 
 and yet the habitual use of tobacco is instrumental 
 in shortening many more lives, and when fairly 
 introduced into the system, proves equally as viru- 
 lent a poison. The oil of tobacco approaches 
 nearer than any other to that most deadly of all 
 poisons, the prussic acid. The only reason that 
 
48 THE NATURE 
 
 every quid and cigar does not produce complete 
 prostration or death is, that nature puts forth her 
 best efforts to resist its influence, and, as if mad at 
 the offence given her, either spits it out, or other- 
 wise ejects it from the system. Bat the constant 
 application of it from year to year, will, in the 
 course of time, so wear out her energies, that she 
 will sink under the reiterated assaults. 
 
 Most persons who have been in the habit of using 
 tobacco can recollect that sometimes, in taking the 
 pipe or quid, they have suddenly felt its influence go 
 over the whole system, like an electric shock, — in 
 a moment they have felt it to the very end of their 
 fingers, as if the nerves, like the strings of a harp, 
 were vibrating upon the surface. The sensation 
 would not be altogether unpleasant, were it not for 
 the apprehension which instantly arises, that na- 
 ture has received a terrible stroke, and that some 
 fearful result will be the consequence. This is 
 another evidence of the power of tobacco instantly 
 to affect the whole system, and that such assaults 
 cannot continue to be made without serious injury. 
 
OF TOBACCO. 49 
 
 Burton, a very popular and learned writer, says, 
 in his work entitled " The Anatomy of Melancholy," 
 and of melancholy it is certainly a most prolific 
 source, " Tobacco," you perceive he speaks satiri- 
 cally, " divine, rare, super-excellent tobacco, which 
 goes far beyond all their panaceas, potable gold, 
 and philosophers' stones, a sovereign remedy to all 
 diseases. A good vomit, I confess, a virtuous herb, 
 if it be well qualified, opportunely taken, and me- 
 dicinally used ; but as it is commonly abused by 
 most men, w T hich take it as tinkers do ale, 'tis a 
 plague, a mischief, a violent purger of goods, lands, 
 health : hellish, devilish, and damned tobacco, the 
 ruin and overthrow of body and soul." 
 
 " Tobacco." says the compiler of a Cyclopedia, 
 {i contains an oil of a poisonous quality, which is 
 used in some countries to destroy snakes, by putting 
 a little on the tongue ; on receiving it the snake is 
 seized with convulsions, coils itself up and dies, 
 and what is very singular, becomes almost as stiff 
 and hard as if it were dried in the sun." Many in- 
 sects die instantly by having tobacco smoke blowed 
 upon them. 
 
50 THE NATURE 
 
 Beck, in his Materia Medica, says, " The essen- 
 tial oil, obtained from tobacco by distillation, is 
 very highly narcotic, so that when introduced into 
 a wound, or injected into the rectum, it occasions 
 instant death." He further remarks as a singu- 
 larity in relation to the operation of narcotics, that 
 " the infusion of tobacco not only affects the ner- 
 vous system, but acts powerfully on the heart, 
 causing its contractions to cease, while the essential 
 oil has no such effect." The testimony of the cel- 
 ebrated Cullen, in his Materia Medica, and of Dar- 
 win in his Zoonomia, corresponds with that of 
 every other medical writer of eminence, in relation 
 to the poisonous quality, and the deleterious and 
 often fatal influence of the common use of tobacco. 
 
 Now supposing a chemical analysis should show 
 that strawberries possess as deleterious properties, 
 and medicinal qualities as powerful, and that phy- 
 sicians with united voice proclaimed them a poison 
 always injurious, and often fatal, who could be 
 persuaded to put them on his table as an article 
 of luxury ? What parent would suffer his child to 
 eat them ? Laws would be enacted at once, pro- 
 
OF TOBACCO. 
 
 51 
 
 hibiting the sale of them under severe penalties. 
 Why then is tobacco so generally used, and why 
 are so few efforts made to save the world from its 
 deadly influence ? Why ? Because of its intoxi- 
 cating property, — the appetite and habit is so strong 
 that the grave must open to make a man throw 
 away his pipe or his quid. Men are held captive 
 by it, in the same way that they are held captive 
 by alcohol. It does not, so generally, it is true, 
 make men stagger like alcohol, but it as really 
 blinds and deceives. Few of those who use alco- 
 hol apprehend any injurious results. And just so 
 it is with those who use tobacco ; some of both 
 classes have at times awful convictions that its use 
 is injurious, and will bring them through a wilder- 
 ness of woes, prematurely to the grave ; but the 
 cup in the one case, and the pipe or quid in the 
 other, lulls their fears. 
 
 " The common opinion," says Professor (now 
 President) Hitchcock, " that tobacco in some of its 
 forms is serviceable for headaches, weak eyes, 
 purifying the breath, cold and watery stomachs, &c, 
 is mere delusion." In process of time it produces 
 
 5* 
 
52 THE NATURE 
 
 all these, and numerous other ills. To take to- 
 bacco for a cold and watery stomach would be like 
 taking a portion of corrosive sublimate to antidote 
 the corrosions of a dose of arsenic. To take to- 
 bacco to purify the breath would be like turning a 
 current of air from a common sewer into our parlors 
 to sweeten them. And as to headache, and weak 
 eyes, we promise the inveterate user of tobacco 
 that as soon as he can get his system delivered 
 from its influence, the aches of his head and the 
 weakness of his eyes will leave him. But some 
 will say, " We have been afflicted with these ills, 
 and tobacco has given us relief." So says the 
 spirit drinker. But we positively know, from per 
 sonal experience, that all these ills have been pro- 
 duced by tobacco ; and a very little knowledge of 
 the nature of the article is sufficient to convince 
 any man that its direct tendency is to produce 
 them, unless it be employed to counteract the in- 
 fluence of other poisons already in the system. 
 
OF TOBACCO. 53 
 
 CHAPTER IT. 
 
 THE INFLUENCE OF TOBACCO UPON THE BODY. 
 
 We have in a measure, though quite naturally, 
 anticipated what we propose as a separate topic of 
 discussion. Let us now look directly at its physi- 
 cal effects upon the human system. 
 
 Tobacco is an article that ought not to be used 
 even as a medicine, except in extreme cases, and 
 in the hands of a very skilful physician. There 
 are few articles of medicine more powerful and 
 more dangerous in their use. The tea of a few 
 grains introduced into the human body to relieve 
 spasms, has been known to destroy life. Why 
 then, it may be asked, can a person survive the 
 swallowing of the juice of a large quantity ? Be- 
 cause it powerfully excites the salivary glands, there- 
 by diluting the juice and preventing its absorption, 
 and by its cathartic and diuretic properties quickly 
 
54 PHYSICAL EFFECTS 
 
 passes through the body. But it could not with 
 any safety be retained in the stomach, and if taken 
 into the system by being mixed with the food, 
 the consequence would be quickly fatal. (See 
 note A.) No man, in health, can make a daily 
 use of it, to gratify his appetite, without certain in- 
 jury to his constitution. He may not perceive the 
 injurious effects for years, on account *of the imme- 
 diate exhilaration ; but complicated chronic com- 
 plaints will, after a time, creep upon him, making 
 life a burden, and ending in premature dissolution, 
 though he may impute his sufferings to other 
 causes, and even die folded, in unsuspicious confi- 
 dence, in the arms of his murderer. 
 
 An individual, on observing how extensively 
 tobacco was used, and how much it was loved, 
 concluded there must be something very good in it ; 
 " and so," says he, " I stepped out and bought 
 myself a clean new pipe, and half an ounce of the 
 best tobacco in general use, determined to try for 
 myself, the boasted enjoyment I had heard great 
 smokers say there was in a pipe. On my return 
 home I commenced puffing away in good earnest, 
 
OF TOBACCO. 55 
 
 and as I watched the smoke ascend in clouds above 
 my head, I decided to persevere, until my pipe was 
 out, notwithstanding I began to feel queer, and it 
 made my tongue smart sorely ; however, I rued my 
 determination, for long ere I had done puffing my 
 head began to ache, and just when my pipe was 
 out, a cold sweat came over me, and then a shiver- 
 ing fit, and at last, nature, offended with the trick 
 I had played her, by a fit of sickness, threw off 
 some of the effects of the tobacco smoke." Such 
 is almost invariably the effect of the first use of 
 tobacco. It excites nausea, vomiting, dizziness, 
 and then indigestion, mental dejection, and in short 
 the whole train of nervous complaints. The very 
 nature of tobacco is such that its daily use must 
 ultimately derange the stomach and nerves, produce 
 weakness, low spirits, dyspepsy, vertigo, and many 
 other complaints. A man who can use tobacco for 
 many years without experiencing great mental 
 dejection, must possess an elasticity of constitution 
 which no pressure can overcome, and a buoyancy 
 of spirit which nothing but death can subdue. It 
 dries the mouth and nostrils, benumbs the senses 
 of smell and taste, impairs the hearing and eye- 
 
56 PHYSICAL EFFECTS 
 
 sight ; it creates thirst and loss of appetite, and, in 
 this, and other ways, often lays the foundation for 
 intemperance. 
 
 " I have long witnessed," says Dr. Agnew, " the 
 deleterious effects produced by the constant use of 
 that strong narcotic, such as vertigo, indigestion, 
 flatulence, &c, which must necessarily be the in- 
 separable concomitants of the application of such a 
 narcotic stimulus to so large a portion of the ner- 
 vous and secreting surface either in substance or 
 vapor." 
 
 Dr. Venner, in a work entitled Via recta ad 
 vitam longam, published at London in 1638, gives 
 a brief summary of the injuries done by tobacco. 
 " It drieth the brain, dimmeth the sight, vitiateth 
 the smell, hurteth the stomach, destroyeth the 
 concoction, disturbeth the humors and spirits, cor- 
 rupteth the breath, induceth a trembling of the 
 limbs, exsiccateth the wind pipe, lungs, and liver, 
 annoyeth the milt, scorcheth the heart, and causeth 
 the blood to be adusted ; in a word, it overthroweth 
 the spirits, perverteth the understanding, and con- 
 
OF TOBACCO. 57 
 
 foundeth the senses with sudden astonishment and 
 stupidity of the whole body." 
 
 As there is a great difference in the constitutions 
 of men, the effects of tobacco are not as speedily 
 manifested in all, nor in the same way. Its va- 
 rious, and sometimes apparently contrary effects, 
 constitute a part of what we have been pleased to 
 call the Mysteries of Tobacco. In some instances 
 it produces a sensation of coldness about the head, 
 in other instances a sensation of heat. It some- 
 times produces cold feet, and at other times an 
 unnatural heat. It causes the heart occasionally 
 to intermit its pulsations, and sometimes causes it 
 to palpitate, especially when lying upon the left 
 side. It is a fruitful cause of piles, and, by de- 
 ranging the system, prepares it for numerous dis- 
 eases which afflict our race. It causes a thousand 
 disagreeable and painful feelings which the poor 
 victim knows not to be the necessary results of his 
 pernicious indulgence. In mind and body he is 
 miserable ; if asked to describe his feelings, he can 
 only say, like the man possessed among the tombs, 
 their name is legion. To find relief he chews 
 
58 PHYSICAL EFFECTS 
 
 his quid, or sucks his pipe, or suffocates himself 
 with tobacco dust, but instead of light, behold 
 darkness and the shadow of death come upon 
 him. We speak what we do know, and testify 
 what we have seen ; — would that we knew less. 
 
 " The great virtues of a pipe taken in the morn- 
 ing fasting," says Mr. Jones, " are extolled by many, 
 because, say they, it pumps up a quantity of cold 
 phlegm from the stomach." Not to insist that 
 nothing can be taken out of the stomach but by 
 vomiting, let it be observed that the substance 
 which is forcibly hawked up by many who have 
 acquired this most disgustful habit is the mucus 
 secreted by the mucous membrane to lubricate and 
 defend the oesophagus, together with the saliva 
 secreted by the glands. And this mucus and 
 saliva are not less requisite in their respective places 
 than the blood itself, as they are not only absolutely 
 necessary for the defence of the parts already men- 
 tioned, but also for the important purpose of diges- 
 tion, which, if not properly promoted and carried 
 on, the body cannot long continue in a healthy 
 state. 
 
 Says Dr. Rush, " I once lost a young man of 
 
OF TOBACCO. 59 
 
 seventeen years of age, of a pulmonary consump- 
 tion, whose disorder was brought on by the intem- 
 perate use of cigars." Dr. Tissot ascribes sudden 
 death in one instance to excessive smoking. In 
 one instance ! The reformed smoker, who has felt 
 and noted the evil effects of tobacco, is prepared to 
 believe that thousands of sudden deaths are occa- 
 sioned by it. We have consulted some of the most 
 intelligent physicians in this country, and the 
 united testimony of all who have turned their 
 attention to this subject is, that it induces apoplexy, 
 and is a fruitful source of numerous other diseases. 
 Who then can witness groups of children in our 
 streets with cigars in their mouths, without trem- 
 bling for the results to themselves and posterity ? 
 We have known boys at the age of eighteen all 
 shrivelled up, and appearing like men in years, 
 simply from the use of cigars. Let parents and 
 guardians think of their responsibility. (See 
 note B.) 
 
 " By chewing tobacco," says Dr. McAllister, " all 
 
 its deadly powers are speedily manifested in the 
 
 commencement of the practice. In this mode, too. 
 
 6 
 
60 PHYSICAL EFFECTS 
 
 its nauseous taste, and stimulant property, excite 
 and keep up a profuse discharge from the mucous 
 fallicles and salivary glands. The great increase 
 of this just before and after eating, and the large 
 quantities swallowed about that time, is unequivo- 
 cal evidence of its importance to the digestive 
 economy. What then must be the state of that 
 man's digestion, who, until seated at table, keeps 
 his quid in his mouth, and immediately returns it 
 thither after rising from his meal? And when 
 we reflect that large quantities of saliva strongly 
 impregnated with this poison, and even particles of 
 the substance itself, are frequently swallowed, what, 
 again I ask, is the probable condition of such a 
 person's digestive organs V When such persons, 
 however, are afflicted with dyspepsy, they never 
 think of abandoning their tobacco as the cause, but 
 after suffering awhile place themselves under a 
 physician's care, and pour into their stomachs a 
 quantity of medicine, and raise nature to its, wonted 
 tone only to be knocked down again by tobacco. 
 
 If the habitual use of tobacco did not produce 
 the most fearful results, it w r ould be a mystery in 
 
OP TOBACCO. 61 
 
 the philosophy of causes and their effects. A wri- 
 ter in the Journal of Health says, " Experiments 
 on animals show, that if a decoction of opium or 
 tobacco be applied to the brain or spinal marrow, 
 there is at first increased excitation of the heart, 
 and ready contraction of the muscles : but after a 
 time the circulation becomes more languid, and 
 the muscles refuse to contract under any irritant 
 even directly applied to them. The person who 
 uses much tobacco has his nervous system affected 
 in the same way : various secretions, or natural 
 discharges from the different surfaces and glands, 
 as of saliva from the mouth — mucus expectorated 
 from the lungs — the gastric or digestive juice from 
 the stomach — bile from the liver and so on, are, at 
 first, all increased in quantity. But after a time, 
 under the prolonged excitation of this noxious 
 agent, all these are diminished — the mouth is dry 
 and parched — the breast feels hot, and there is often 
 hoarseness and dry cough — the stomach is per- 
 verted in its office, and indigestion follows : and 
 finally the liver, becoming sluggish and torpid, no 
 longer secretes the due quantity of bile, and the 
 
62 PHYSICAL EFFECTS 
 
 complexion losing its freshness, is of a turbid hue, 
 or decidedly jaundiced." 
 
 There are many persons, and especially ladies, 
 who would feel disgraced to be seen with a quid or 
 cigar in their mouth, who nevertheless daily, and 
 almost hourly, powder themselves with snuff. This 
 practice is quite as injurious, and equally as filthy, 
 as the use of tobacco in other modes. " Friend," 
 said one, " if Providence had designed that I should 
 make a dust-hole of my nose, he would have 
 turned it the other end up." 
 
 "A person of my acquaintance," says Dr. Clarke, 
 " who had been an immoderate snuff taker for 
 upwards of forty years, was frequently afflicted 
 with a sudden suppression of breathing, occasioned 
 from a paralytic state of the muscles which serve 
 for respiration. The only relief she got in such 
 cases was from a cup of cold water poured down 
 her throat. This became so necessary to her, that 
 she could never venture to attend even a place of 
 public worship without having a small vessel of 
 water with her, and a friend at hand to administer 
 
OF TOBACCO. 63 
 
 it ! At last she abandoned the snuff-box ; the mus- 
 cles re-acquired their proper tone, and in a short time 
 after she was entirely cured of her disorder, which 
 was occasioned solely by her attachment to her snuff- 
 box, and to which she had nearly fallen a martyr." 
 
 " The least evil," says M. De Bomare, " which 
 you can expect it to produce, is to emaciate the 
 body, enfeeble the memory, and destroy, if not en- 
 tirely, yet in a large measure, the delicate sense 
 of smelling." " Common snuff," says a sensible 
 medical practitioner, " in habitual snuff takers, has 
 been found to penetrate into the sinuses commu- 
 nicating with the nose, and into the antrum, 
 where it has formed horrid abscesses : it is often 
 carried down into the stomach, and by the use of 
 it the skin is tinged of a pale brown color. This 
 is sufficiently evident in all snuff takers. The 
 most delicate females have their complexion en- 
 tirely ruined by it. Strange that the snuff-box 
 should be deemed too great a sacrifice for that for 
 which most people are ready to sacrifice every 
 thing beside. Many cases have been observed 
 
 where the appetite has been almost destroyed, and 
 
 6* 
 
64 PHYSICAL EFFECTS 
 
 consumption brought on by the immoderate use of 
 this powder." We were well acquainted with one 
 aged gentleman, occupying a high station in socie- 
 ty, who was ever complaining of coldness and dis- 
 tresses in his head, to find relief from which he 
 took a variety of medicines, never thinking that his 
 difficulties were occasioned altogether by the use 
 of snuff. He, however, continued the practice, and 
 fell a victim. 
 
 Dr. Maynwaring, in his treatise on the scurvy, 
 has written largely against the use of this herb. 
 He asserts in the most positive manner that it is a 
 grand procuring cause of scorbutic complaints, 
 and that the scurvy has abounded much more in 
 those nations where it prevails, since the introduc- 
 tion of tobacco, than it had ever done before. 
 
 " The Indians," says Dr. Leake in the Encyclo- 
 pedia Britannica, " poison their arrows with the 
 oil of tobacco, which, infused into a fresh wound, 
 occasions sickness and vomiting, or convulsions 
 and death. With what safety then, setting aside 
 propriety, the subtile powder of this plant, called 
 
OF TOBACCO. 65 
 
 snuff, may be applied to the tender internal sur- 
 face of the nose, it may be proper to inquire ; for 
 if the oil of tobacco is a mortal poison when ap- 
 plied to the open vessels of a wound, surely this 
 plant, when taken in substance as snuff, must be 
 injurious. From the infinite number of nerves 
 diffused over the mucous membrane of the nose, it 
 is endowed with exquisite feeling, and the better to 
 preserve the sense of smelling, those nerves are 
 continually lubricated with moisture. By the almost 
 caustic acrimony of snuff this moisture is dried up, 
 and those fine delicate nerves, the organs of smell- 
 ing, are rendered useless and almost insensible. 
 To this self-evident bad effect, may be added the 
 narcotic, or stupefying power of tobacco, by which 
 not only the brain and nerves are injured, but also 
 the eyes, depending upon their influence." 
 
 A snuffer may always be distinguished by a 
 certain nasal twang — an asthmatic wheezing — 
 and a sort of disagreeable noise in respiration 
 which is nearly allied to incipient snoring. Snuff, 
 also, frequently occasions fleshy excrescences in the 
 nose, which, in some instances, end in polypi. In- 
 dividuals have oftentimes a predisposition to cancer 
 
66 PHYSICAL EFFECTS 
 
 in little scirrous intumescences, which, if kept easy 
 and free from every thing of an irritating character, 
 will continue harmless, but which the use of snuff 
 sometimes frets into incurable ulcers and cancers. 
 By the use of snuff, tumors are also generated in 
 and around the throat, which obstruct deglutition, 
 and even destroy life. Dr. Hill saw a female die 
 of hunger, who could swallow no nourishment, 
 because of a polypus which closed up the stomach, 
 the formation of which was attributed to snuff. 
 The drain of the juices by tobacco has a tendency 
 to injure the muscles of the face, to render them 
 flaccid, to furrow and corrugate the skin, and to 
 give a gaunt, withered, and jaundiced appearance 
 to the human face. 
 
 " I recollect," says a French medical writer, 
 " about twenty years since, while gathering simples 
 one day in the Forest of Fontainbleau, I encountered 
 a man stretched out upon the ground ; I supposed 
 him to be dead, when, upon approaching, he asked 
 in a feeble voice if I had some snuff; on my reply- 
 ing in the negative, he sunk back immediately 
 almost in a state of insensibility. In this condi- 
 
OF TOBACCO. 67 
 
 tion he remained till I brought a person who gave 
 him several pinches, and he then informed us that 
 he had commenced his journey that morning, sup- 
 posing he had his snuff-box with him, but found 
 very soon he had started without it ; that he had 
 travelled as long as he was able, till at last, over- 
 come by distress, he found it impossible to proceed 
 any further, and without my timely succor he 
 would certainly have perished." 
 
 Is it not strange that so many of our race are 
 addicted to this vile practice ! The fact seems in- 
 credible. It is at once amusing and painful to see 
 the various preparations of tobacco advertised in 
 our public prints. Invention is upon the rack to 
 find new modes of applying the article to the 
 human system. To chewing, smoking, snuffing, 
 and plugging, what will next succeed ? 
 
 " To such a height with some is fashion grown, 
 They feed their very nostrils with a spoon ; — 
 One, and but one degree is wanting yet 
 To make their senseless luxury complete, 
 Some choice regale, useless as snufF and dear, 
 To feed the mazy windings of the ear." 
 
68 PHYSICAL EFFECTS 
 
 For encouragement, we can assure those borne 
 down with disease and misery, and who groan for 
 freedom from their vile bondage to this unnatural 
 appetite and practice, that liberty is possible and 
 easy. The discontinuance of the practice will be 
 your resurrection to life and health. The corro- 
 sions and hankerings of your appetite will, in a 
 short time, be subdued ; and you will find your- 
 selves, without the article, happier, healthier, and 
 wiser. We will give you one or two cases from 
 McAllister's Dissertation. 
 
 " A clergyman of high standing informed me 
 that he acquired the habit of using tobacco in col- 
 lege, and had continued the practice for a number 
 of years ; but found, by experience, his health 
 materially impaired ; being often affected with 
 sickness, lassitude, and faintness. His muscles 
 also became flabby, and lost their tone, and his 
 speaking was seriously interrupted by an elongation 
 of the uvula. His brother, an intelligent physi- 
 cian, advised the discontinuance of his tobacco. 
 He laid it aside. Nature, freed from its depressing 
 influence, soon gave signs of returning vigor. His 
 
OF TOBACCO. 69 
 
 stomach resumed its wonted tone, his muscles 
 acquired their former elasticity, and his speaking 
 was no more annoyed by a relaxation of the 
 azygus uvulae. Another man, who used tobacco 
 very sparingly, became affected with loss of appe- 
 tite, sickness at the stomach, emaciation, and 
 melancholy. From a conviction that even the 
 small quantity he chewed was the source of his 
 trouble, he entirely left it off, and very soon re- 
 covered. 
 
 " I was once acquainted with a learned, respect- 
 able and intelligent physician, who informed me, 
 that from his youth he had been accustomed to the 
 use of this baneful plant, both by smoking and 
 chewing. At length, after using it very freely 
 while indisposed, he was suddenly seized with an 
 alarming vertigo, which, without doubt, was the 
 result of this destructive habit. This afflicting 
 complaint was preceded by the usual symptoms 
 which accompany a disordered stomach, and a 
 relaxation of nerves. After the application of a 
 variety of remedies to little or no purpose, he quit 
 the deleterious practice, and though his vertigo 
 
70 PHYSICAL EFFECTS 
 
 continued long and obstinate, he has nearly or 
 quite recovered his former health. And he has 
 never doubted that the use of tobacco was the 
 cause of all his suffering from this disagreeable 
 disease." We might present a much larger list of 
 cases which have fallen under our own observation, 
 illustrating the baneful influence of tobacco, and 
 the successful and happy results of forsaking it. 
 But at present we pass on. 
 
OF TOBACCO. 71 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE INFLUENCE OF TOBACCO UPON THE MIND. 
 
 We cannot subscribe to the opinion of a distin- 
 guished physician who was one day addressed by 
 a lady, " Doctor, do you think that snuff injures 
 the brain of those who use it ?" " No," he replied, 
 "for nobody that has any brains uses it." It is a 
 fact, however, worthy of note in the history of tobac- 
 co, that its use began among the ignorant savages. 
 And " although," says Dr. Alcott, " many people of 
 real intelligence become addicted to this practice, as 
 is the case especially among the learned in Ger- 
 many, yet it cannot be denied that, in general, those 
 individuals and nations, whose mental powers are 
 the weakest, are, (in proportion to their means of 
 acquiring it,) most enslaved to it." Zimmerman 
 says, " The Gypsies suspended their predatory 
 excursions, and on an appointed night in every 
 week assembled to enjoy their guilty spoils in the 
 
 7 
 
72 MENTAL EFFECTS 
 
 fumes of strong waters, and tobacco? The cen- 
 sure of Chesterfield upon snuff taking is rather 
 severe, although it applies equally to smoking and 
 chewing. After characterizing the use of tobacco 
 in any form as both vulgar and filthy, he adds, 
 " Besides, snuff takers are generally very dull and 
 shallow people, and have recourse to it merely as a 
 fillip to the brain ; by all means, therefore, avoid 
 the filthy custom." 
 
 Dr. Rush relates that Sir John Pringle was 
 afflicted with tremors in his hands, and had his 
 memory impaired by the %ise of snvff ; but on 
 abandoning the habit at the instance of Dr. 
 Franklin, he found his potver of recollection 
 restored, and he recovered the use of his hands." 
 This is but a common effect of tobacco in all its 
 forms, and the disuse of it will, in most instances, 
 be attended with the same happy results. Mac- 
 nish, in his Anatomy of Drunkenness, says, " The 
 effects of tobacco are considerably different from 
 those of any other inebriating agent. When used 
 to excess, instead of quickening, it lowers the pulse, 
 produces languor, depression of the system, giddi- 
 
OF TOBACCO. 73 
 
 ness, confusion of ideas, violent pain in the 
 stomach, vomiting, convulsions, and even death." 
 
 The disastrous influence of tobacco upon the 
 mind is no less fearful than upon the body. No 
 tongue or pen can describe the intellectual ruins 
 occasioned by it. If angels ever weep over self- 
 inflicted tortures, they have mingled their tears 
 over the unspeakable wretchedness of the tobacco 
 consumer. The mental misery occasioned by alco- 
 hol has often been affectingly set forth, and no one 
 doubts that, like the devil, it tortures its worship- 
 pers. But if the tobacco inebriate should tell his 
 tale of mental wretchedness, it would be equally 
 harrowing to every heart of tenderness. But it 
 never has been told, and though a picture, dark as 
 that midnight on which the Egyptian first born 
 were slain, could be drawn, the whole amount of 
 horror never can be told; because tobacco con- 
 sumers never impute their misery to tobacco ; and 
 because rum and tobacco often go hand in hand in 
 the work of destruction ; and because a great de- 
 gree of darkness still rests upon the whole commu- 
 nity in relation to the influence of tobacco; and 
 
74 MENTAL EFFECTS 
 
 because in proportion as the mind is weakened it is 
 incapable of knowing or describing the process by 
 which it has become so. 
 
 Clergymen, and men generally, in the habit of 
 public speaking, after using tobacco for a number 
 of years, have found occasionally considerable diffi- 
 culty in delivering their thoughts extemporaneously, 
 or without previously writing them. To their 
 astonishment and grief they have found themselves 
 very much dependent upon frames and feelings. 
 However well they may have studied their subject, 
 and made their thoughts familiar, a trifling cir- 
 cumstance has disconcerted them, and scattered all 
 their well-arranged ideas to the wind. It was not 
 always thus with them. Many have experienced 
 this difficulty for years without knowing the cause. 
 A glance at some individual of distinction in the 
 congregation has at once deprived them of their 
 wonted confidence and self-possession. This is the 
 natural effect of the long-continued use of tobacco. 
 It weakens the vigor of the intellect, so that with- 
 out some excitement to raise it, the perception is 
 dull, the ideas confused, the memory tardy, and 
 
OF TOBACCO. 75 
 
 the power of expression sluggish. The abandon- 
 ment of tobacco will, in the course of time, be the 
 restoration of the intellect to its wonted vigor ; if 
 its elasticity be not completely destroyed by the 
 withering influence of this strong narcotic. 
 
 After a person has learned to use tobacco, for 
 a while its effects are exhilarating, and it seems to 
 render the mind more vigorous, just like any other 
 stimulant. It may be years in some constitutions 
 before its work of destruction will be visible at all. 
 Then, on immediately taking the pipe, or quid, or 
 snuff, they seem rather to invigorate than to weak- 
 en. They repair, momentarily, their own desola- 
 tions. However obvious this may be to those who 
 have examined the subject, it is one of the myste- 
 ries of tobacco. Thousands are deceived thereby. 
 
 Tobacco usually begins its work upon the mind 
 by enfeebling the memory, by producing a confu- 
 sion of ideas, by impairing one's confidence and 
 self-possession, by weakening the power of concen- 
 tration, and so on. It is a more prolific source of 
 
 hypochondria than all other things united. It has 
 
 7* 
 
76 MENTAL EFFECTS 
 
 been known, like alcohol, to issue in delirium 
 tremens. (See note C.) Why should it not ? Its 
 nature is adapted to produce it. It has often 
 stupefied and discouraged the student, bewildered 
 the philosopher, and confused and darkened the 
 divine. Many a splendid sermon has it enveloped 
 in smoke. O, that some of its victims would speak 
 out, — that some of those gigantic powers which it 
 has prostrated could lift up their notes of warning ; 
 they would send a thrill of anguish through the 
 bones and marrow of every man who possesses the 
 least spark of humanity or religion. 
 
 " A respectable man of my acquaintance," says 
 McAllister, "about forty years of age, who com- 
 menced chewing tobacco at the age of eighteen, 
 was for a long time annoyed by depression of 
 spirits, which increased until it became a settled 
 melancholy, with great emaciation, and the usual 
 symptoms of that miserable disease. All attempts 
 to relieve him proved unavailing, until he was per- 
 suaded to dispense with his quid. Immediately 
 his spirits revived, his countenance lost its dejec- 
 
OF TOBACCO. 77 
 
 tion, his flesh increased, and he soon regained his 
 health." ' 
 
 Tobacco often produces insanity. We have the 
 clearest evidence on this subject, and could give the 
 names of persons, which, however, we are not at 
 liberty to do, without consulting them and receiv- 
 ing permission. The evidence of this, indeed, is 
 clear from the fact that old tobacco users often 
 become, at least, partially deranged when they, for 
 a time, forsake the practice. A little reflection may 
 convince us that any article, the discontinuance of 
 which will produce derangement, will by its long- 
 continued use produce the same results. If the 
 discontinuance produces insanity, it is because the 
 accustomed stimulus is removed. The system is 
 made to depend on this something, out of itself, for 
 its wanted vigor. A period then must arrive when 
 no quantity of the article will be sufficient to keep 
 the mind in equilibrium. It becomes like a harp, 
 which, by being long strung, has lost its power. 
 When this subject comes to be better understood, 
 by being more fully investigated, we have no 
 doubt it will be found to be as fruitful a source of 
 
78 MENTAL EFFECTS 
 
 insanity as alcohol. Why should it not ? What is 
 the nature of tobacco ? It contains as its basis a 
 most powerful narcotic poison, possessing properties 
 of the kind that opium does, with this addition, 
 that it is more immediately irritating to the tissues 
 of the body to which it is applied. Though for a 
 season the system rejects and expels the nicotine, 
 the most deadly of its properties, yet parts of its 
 deleterious qualities without doubt mix with the 
 chyle, which is to form part of the mass of blood, 
 and is carried with it into the circulation, and 
 courses through every vessel, and is exhaled at 
 every pore. Few articles more powerfully affect 
 the nervous system. No wonder that it impairs 
 the memory of those who use it, weakens all their 
 intellectual powers, and sends down its influence to 
 posterity, so that the children of those who use it 
 to excess are more liable to insanity. 
 
 With what propriety may we apply to this sub- 
 ject the language which is often used in reference 
 to alcohol. We may ask, in relation to it, and 
 with equal confidence, What organ in the human 
 body needs this narcotic poison in order to perform 
 
OF TOBACCO. 79 
 
 in the most perfect manner a healthy action? 
 There is none. What gland can extract from it 
 the least portion of nutriment, or any thing which 
 can contribute to health, or be in any way 
 useful in the animal economy? There is none. 
 The anatomist, the physiologist, the chemist, and 
 the physician examine with the minutest care 
 every part throughout the whole body, and they 
 can find none. God has made none, and there 
 is none. Nor is there an organ whose healthy 
 action is not disturbed by tobacco ; and which 
 does not instinctively reject it. This is not for 
 any want of kindness in the system towards 
 friends, but because tobacco is an enemy ; a mortal 
 enemy. It would be treason to harbor it, and 
 suicide to use it. Nature, through unerring laws 
 stamped by the divine hand, true to herself and 
 her God, is incapable of such an offence ; and, till 
 poisoned and perverted by the enemy, will never 
 submit to it. On every organ it touches, tobacco is 
 poison ; marking its course with irregularity of 
 action, and disturbance of function ; exciting 
 throughout the system a war of extermination, till 
 the last remnant of the enemy is expelled from the 
 
80 MENTAL EFFECTS 
 
 territory. Never, till vital power is prostrated, can 
 the enemy have a lodgment. And if through 
 decay of organic vigor, by the mighty force of the 
 intruder, by the long continuance of the war, and 
 by perpetual successions of new recruits, it cannot 
 be expelled, the work of death is done ; — the last 
 citadel of life surrenders, and the banner of univer- 
 sal ruin waves over all. Thousands of such con- 
 quests are made every year ; conquests of territories 
 more valuable than all the material wealth of 
 creation. Before, the prospect was like Eden, — 
 afterward, like a land of sepulchres, with the 
 shrivelled carcasses of tobacco consumers, sending 
 up in clouds their poisonous exhalations, wafting 
 contagion and death through the land. 
 
 As tobacco tends to derange the healthy func- 
 tions of the body, it tends also to disturb the regu- 
 lar action of the mind. Often has it been whispered 
 of the excessive tobacco consumer, " What is the 
 
 matter of ? He was once a man of talent 
 
 and influence, but his mind seems to be failing ; he 
 is forgetful, and amazingly foggy in his communi- 
 cations. What is the matter?" O, it is to be 
 
OF TOBACCO. 81 
 
 hoped that the time is not far distant, when it will 
 be understood what the matter is ! The use of 
 tobacco tends to derange healthy mental action in 
 another way, — by its irritating effect on the nerves. 
 This leads in many cases to total insanity ; as, we 
 believe, the records of every lunatic asylum in 
 Christendom would testify if an accurate examina- 
 tion and discovery could be made. 
 
 There are some who suppose that tobacco can- 
 not be very injurious to the body or mind, because 
 there are many w T ho have used it from childhood 
 to an advanced age. If the conclusion from these 
 premises be correct, then alcohol cannot be very 
 injurious, for there are many who have used that 
 also, from early youth to a great age. Neither can 
 opium be very injurious to the human system, for 
 there are many also who have used that to excess 
 for a great number of years. But alcohol destroys 
 the life and happiness of multitudes in a short 
 term of years ; so does opium, and so does tobacco. 
 Take a youth and give him a small quantity of 
 rum, and what is the consequence ? He is re- 
 markably exhilarated, but perhaps for the time 
 
82 MENTAL EFFECTS 
 
 being, no injurious effects are perceived. Give him 
 now a small portion of opium, and you lay him in 
 a gentle sleep. Now administer a small quantity 
 of tobacco, and mark its effects : presently he turns 
 pale, then a cold sweat comes over him, a general 
 lassitude, and a nausea, deadly, and painful in the 
 extreme. Judging from the effects, which now of 
 these poisons is the most fearful? As a person 
 continues the use of either of these drugs, it takes 
 a greater quantity of alcohol to produce exhilara- 
 tion, it takes more opium to produce sleep, and na- 
 ture, after struggling for a while, submits to the tyr- 
 anny of tobacco. It is no argument then in favor 
 of tobacco, that many use it Without apparent in- 
 jury for years. It is just this mode of reasoning 
 that has blinded the minds of thousands in relation 
 to alcohol. The reason why different individuals 
 use these drugs with different immediate effects is, 
 that there is a great variety of constitutions. Some 
 have constitutions of iron, and some of the most 
 frail materials. They are also used in very differ- 
 ent quantities; and the habits and business of 
 some is such as to enable them much longer to re- 
 sist the action of these poisons. 
 
OF TOBACCO. 83 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 THE INFLUENCE OF TOBACCO ON THE MORALS. 
 
 Looking at the moral influence of the habitual 
 use of tobacco, it is not singular that in the early 
 commencement of the habit, many thought it 
 originated with the devil. The Abbot Nyssens 
 thought it was the devil who first introduced it 
 into Europe. It was unquestionably the obviously 
 deleterious moral influence of the article which 
 gave rise to such an opinion. There are some 
 writers who have carried the original of tobacco 
 into the fabulous ages of Greece, and attributed to 
 Bacchus the glory of having discovered and dis- 
 closed its virtues. Thorius, as Dr. Clarke tells us, 
 very ominously ascribes the discovery and first use 
 of this herb to Bacchus, Silenus, and the Satyrs, 
 (drunkenness, gluttony, and lust,) and yet, observes 
 the Doctor, his poem was written in its praise. 
 
 Mr. Lamb in his poem has the same thought, and 
 
 8 
 
84 MORAL EFFECTS 
 
 farther adds as his belief that the tobacco plant 
 was the true Indian conquest for which the jolly 
 god has been so celebrated. He, moreover, inti- 
 mates that the Thyrsus of that deity was after- 
 wards ornamented with leaves of tobacco, instead 
 of ivy. 
 
 Shakspeare says, "O thou invisible spirit of 
 wine, if thou hast no name to be known by, let us 
 call thee — devil." But the very name of this plant 
 is supposed by some to be derived from Bacchus, a 
 principal leader in the camp of Satan. This is 
 particularly mentioned by Joseph Sylvester, as 
 quoted by Dr. Clarke, who wrote a poem on tobac- 
 co which he inscribed to Villiers, Duke of Buck- 
 ingham. The title of this tirade is characteristic 
 of the age in which it was written. It is quaint 
 indeed. " Tobacco battered, and the pipes shattered 
 (about their ears who idly idolize so base and bar- 
 barous a weed ; or at least- wise overlove so loath- 
 some a vanity) by a volley of holy shot from 
 Mount Helicon. 
 
 " For even the derivation of the name 
 Seems to allude and to include the same 
 
OP TOBACCO. 85 
 
 Tobacco as ru Ba*x&> (To Bakcho) one would say 
 To cup-god Bacchus dedicated ay." 
 
 Tobacco prepares its victims for acts of barbarity 
 in much the same way that alcohol does. We do 
 not insinuate that all who use tobacco are cruel, 
 nor are all those cruel who use rum. But tobacco 
 frets and irritates the nerves, and after the system 
 begins seriously to suffer from its use, it excites the 
 passions, and things are seen with a false shape 
 and coloring : 
 
 " As in the night, imagining some fear, 
 How easy is a bush supposed a bear." 
 
 Catherine de Medicis, the person said to have 
 prompted the horrible massacre of St. Bartholo- 
 mew's day at Paris, is commonly regarded as the 
 inventress of snuff taking. The placidity of to- 
 bacco in its first stages gives way at a more ad- 
 vanced period to irritability and fretfulness. 
 
 In the commencement, u when used in modera- 
 tion" says Macnish, " tobacco has a soothing effect 
 upon the mind, disposing to placid enjoyment, and 
 mellowing every passion into repose. Its effects, 
 
86 MORAL EFFECTS 
 
 therefore, are inebriating : and those who habitu 
 ally indulge in it may with propriety be denomi 
 nated drunkards." Again he says, " We considei 
 tobacco closely allied to intoxicating liquors, and 
 its confirmed votaries as a species of drunkards." 
 
 "What reception," says Dr. Rush, "may we 
 suppose would the apostles have met with had they 
 carried into the cities and houses to which they 
 were sent, snuff-boxes, pipes, cigars, and bundles of 
 cut, or rolls of hog, or pigtail tobacco." The 
 practice of using tobacco does even now, notwith- 
 standing its prevalence, produce in the minds of 
 many an impression very unfavorable with respect 
 to any minister or professed Christian : for, plead, 
 excuse, and disguise it as you will, it is the intoxi- 
 cating effect of tobacco that makes it loved and 
 used. 
 
 " Smoking and chewing tobacco," says Dr. Rush, 
 " by rendering water and simple liquors insipid to 
 the taste, dispose very much to the stronger stimu- 
 lus of ardent spirits. The practice of smoking 
 cigars has, in every part of our country, been more 
 
OF TOBACCO. 87 
 
 followed by a general use of brandy and water as 
 a common drink, more especially by that class of 
 citizens who have not been in the habit of drink- 
 ing wine or malt liquors. One of the greatest sots 
 I ever knew, acquired a love for ardent spirits by 
 swallowing cuds of tobacco, which he did to escape 
 detection in the use of it ; for he had contracted 
 the habit of chewing, contrary to the advice and 
 commands of his father. He died of a dropsy 
 under my care in the year 1780." It is unques- 
 tionably the greatest obstacle existing to the pro- 
 gress of temperance ; and never will this cause 
 triumph ; never will alcoholic drinks be discarded 
 as a beverage, until tobacco ceases to be used as a 
 luxury. They must both die the same death and 
 be interred in the same grave. " I am well ac- 
 quainted with a man in a neighboring county," 
 says Dr. McAllister, " whose intellectual endow r - 
 ments would do honor to any station, and who has 
 accumulated a handsome fortune, but whose habits, 
 of late, give unerring premonition to his friends of 
 a mournful result. This man informed me that it 
 was the fatal thirst occasioned by smoking his 
 
 cigar, in fashionable society, that had brought him 
 
 8* 
 
88 MORAL EFFECTS 
 
 into his present wretched and miserable condition. 
 Without any desire for ardent spirits, he first sipped 
 a little gin and water, to allay the disagreeable sen- 
 sation brought on by smoking, as water was alto- 
 gether too insipid to answer the purpose. Thus 
 he went on from year to year, increasing his stim- 
 ulus from one degree to another, until he lost all 
 control over himself, and now he stands as a bea- 
 con, warning others to avoid the same road to de- 
 struction." 
 
 That the use of tobacco bears very heavily 
 against the cause of temperance will appear, upon 
 reflection, to every one who wishes not to be de- 
 ceived. Tobacco prostrates a man, and when thus 
 prostrated no hand will lift him up like that of al- 
 cohol ; or, in other w^ords, tobacco often produces 
 sickness and a general lassitude, and alcoholic drinks, 
 better than any other, will relieve this sickness and 
 restore strength. Dyspepsy, produced by tobacco, 
 is remedied, for the time being, by some alcoholic 
 stimulant. When nature is bleeding under the 
 lash of tobacco, she pleads for alcohol to bind up 
 her wounds. Temperance men, therefore, who 
 
OF TOBACCO. 89 
 
 use tobacco, often use alcoholic drinks without vio- 
 lating their pledge ; for their pledge allows them to 
 take it as a medicine ; and under the thousand va- 
 rious ills occasioned by tobacco, they feel the need 
 of some alcoholic stimulant to restore them, and it 
 is often prescribed by their physician. But let them 
 throw aside their tobacco and they will need none ; 
 nature will move onward in her own strength, and 
 find her own enjoyment. As long also as temper- 
 ance men use their tobacco, others will plead it as 
 a justification for using their occasional glass. That 
 tobacco possesses an inebriating quality peculiarly 
 its own, no man who has carefully examined its 
 nature and effects, will presume to deny. It is as 
 rational then to expect that the cause of temper- 
 ance will triumph in China while they continue 
 their opium, as to expect its final triumph in Amer- 
 ica, while we continue our tobacco. ' (See note D.) 
 
 Tobacco has a tendency to stupefy the mind and 
 deaden the conscience. It holds its victims captive 
 by a secret power which hardly any consideration 
 can dispel. " Persons addicted to this habit," says 
 a sensible writer, "like those confirmed in habits 
 
90 MORAL EFFECTS 
 
 of intemperance, are lost to the influence of motives, 
 of arguments, and of facts." It certainly would 
 seem as if motives dissuading from this habit were 
 heard in every voice, and wafted on every breeze. 
 They are presented in the shrivelled aspect, in the 
 nasal twang, in the foetid breath, in the sallow 
 complexion, in the filthy habits, and in the numer- 
 ous diseases occasioned by tobacco. They are 
 thundered in our ears by the immoral companion- 
 ship, the irreligious tendencies, the useless expense, 
 and the suicidal nature of this habit. Yet all these 
 are often found too feeble to induce even a profes- 
 sor of religion to break off a habit which he is 
 ashamed to own has much power over him, and 
 for the continuance of which he cannot give one 
 substantial reason . Sinister motives will sometimes 
 accomplish what reason and religion fail to effect. 
 A physician of high respectability informnd us of 
 a lady under his care, moving in the higher circles 
 of society, who was an inveterate snuff taker. He 
 despaired of dissuading her from the practice by 
 any motive relating to health or religion, and he 
 therefore one day, as if by accident, remarked that 
 excessive snuff taking injured the skin and gave it 
 
OP TOBACCO. 91 
 
 a dark and dingy hue. She re-examined herself 
 in the glass, and could not but observe that her 
 complexion, which was formerly clear and beauti- 
 ful, was extremely sallow. She threw her snuff- 
 box in the fire, and it was but a short time before 
 her friends, without knowing the cause, had occa- 
 sion to congratulate her on her improved appear- 
 ance. 
 
 The Rev. Mr. Coan, an excellent missionary of 
 the A. B. C. F. M. to the Sandwich Islands, has 
 made the disuse of tobacco a test of church mem- 
 bership. He found the use of it among the natives 
 excessive, and its stupefying and intoxicating effects 
 an insuperable obstacle to the influence of the gos- 
 pel. The other missionaries, we believe, have 
 adopted the same course. And there can be no doubt 
 to a mind enlightened on this subject, that there is 
 nothing among ourselves, except alcohol, which so 
 obstructs the saving and sanctifying influence of 
 the gospel. In the first place, it unfits the mind to 
 receive the truth ; and in the second place, if it ob- 
 tains any lodgment there it is feeble, and soon ex- 
 pelled by this mighty spirit of evil. This, we are 
 
92 MORAL EFFECTS 
 
 well aware, will be thought strong language to use 
 in reference to tobacco, although it would not be 
 thought too strong in relation to alcohol. Let the 
 following question then be seriously considered, 
 How can a mind be prepared profitably to receive 
 and entertain religious truth, so much under the 
 influence of a powerful narcotic, that the absence 
 of it produces general uneasiness, a kind of vacan- 
 cy of thought, and, in some instances, distraction ? 
 It is in vain for those who use it to say that they 
 cannot perceive any sensible impression from it. 
 So says the spirit drinker when he has taken but 
 one or two glasses. Take away the man's tobacco, 
 and you put him to the torture. Has it then no 
 influence upon him ? Strange that men should 
 deny what is so perfectly obvious to those who 
 have gained the conquest over their appetite. " O 
 that men should put an enemy in their mouth to 
 steal away their brains !" 
 
 We may gather some idea of its influence upon 
 the physical, mental, and moral sense, from the 
 fact that it is generally thought much easier to 
 quit the habit of using ardent spirits than to quit 
 
OF TOBACCO. 93 
 
 the habit of using tobacco. So strong is its power 
 over a man, that those addicted to it have no confi- 
 dence in the final success of any attempt to leave 
 it off. If one speaks unfavorably of its use, the 
 question is, " How long since you quit the prac- 
 tice ?" " Six months," perhaps is the reply. " Don't 
 boast then," is the rejoinder, " before the year ex- 
 pires you will be as deep in guilt as ever." A man 
 must have quit it for years before any confidence 
 will be felt that his victory is complete. It is like 
 a right eye or a right hand, and how much soever 
 it may cause us to offend, few have the strength of 
 purpose to separate themselves from it forever. 
 
 It is said that only " a small quantity of ardent 
 spirits, taken so prudently as to leave a man in 
 possession of his reason and the control of his 
 limbs, is nevertheless adapted to bar the mind to 
 good, and open it to evil." Why then should to- 
 bacco be thought more favorably of? It as cer- 
 tainly affects both body and mind. The harmony 
 established by the divine hand between the men- 
 tal and moral powers — the appetites of the body 
 and the passions of the soul, it disturbs ; and brings 
 reason and conscience into vile subserviency to ap- 
 
94 MORAL EFFECTS 
 
 petite and passion. It weakens the motives to 
 good, and strengthens the motives to evil. In di- 
 rect and palpable violation of what the Saviour 
 teaches us as the proper daily petition of every soul 
 under heaven, it leads men into temptation, and 
 delivers them to evil. Taking tt day by day," not 
 " daily bread," but a poison of a most deceitful and 
 malignant kind, that divine agent, who loathes it 
 and all its effects as an utter abomination, and 
 who would otherwise illuminate, and purify, and 
 save with an everlasting salvation, is grieved away. 
 
OF TOBACCO. 95 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 THE ILLUSORY INFLUENCE OF TOBACCO. 
 
 The excitement occasioned by tobacco is illu- 
 sive. It is mysterious to those who have not 
 studied it. Many also are the illusions of men in 
 relation to it. This is clear from the fact that the 
 views of men, in reference to it, often undergo a 
 very great change. Mr. Thomas Harriot, who 
 first gave to the British public some account of to- 
 bacco, entertained at first a high opinion of its vir- 
 tues, but subsequently, after using it for a while, 
 changed his opinion. We extract the following 
 from the Medico-Chirurgical Review, vol. 37, No. 
 32, page 339. 
 
 "Harriot enlarges much on the virtues of this 
 herb, concluding his eulogium with the remark, 
 that those who employ it are not only freed from 
 all kinds of obstructions in the system, but are, in 
 
96 ILLUSORY INFLUENCE 
 
 addition j cured of those which they might chance 
 to have, even though the complaint be of long 
 standing. Master Harriot would seem, however, 
 to have taken a spite towards tobacco subsequently, 
 for in his Journal quoted by Knickerbocker, he 
 says, of the Susquehanocks — i Their tobacco pipes 
 were three quarters of a yard long, carved at the 
 great end with a bird, bear, or other device, suffi- 
 cient to beat out the brains of a horse !' (and how 
 many asses' brains are beaten out, or rather men's 
 
 brains smoked out, and asses' brains haled in, by 
 our lesser pipes at home !") 
 
 In the TEXNOFAMIA, or Marriage of the Arts 
 by Barton Holiday, 1680, there is a singular 
 poem on the subject of tobacco, where, in successive 
 stanzas, it is compared to a musician, a lawyer, a 
 "physician, a traveller, a cr it tike, an ignis fatuus, 
 and a whyjler. Beloe's Sketches, vol. 2, page 10. 
 
 It is indeed a Proteus. It is an insidious foe. 
 No man is aware of its power over him, no one is 
 sensible that it is doing him any injury, until it has 
 inflicted upon him the sting of a scorpion. Men 
 
OF TOBACCO. 97 
 
 under its influence often have, for a moment, most 
 horrible convictions that it is deeply injuring them, 
 but even then the very next instant they will resort 
 to its use, and persuade themselves that it is a com- 
 fort and a blessing. Out of the same mouth pro- 
 ceedeth blessing and cursing on this stupefying, 
 blinding weed. The extravagant and contradic- 
 tory notes of the poet, Lamb, will be perfectly un- 
 derstood by those who have been initiated into the 
 mysteries of tobacco. His health, it appears, had 
 suffered seriously from its immoderate use, in con- 
 sequence of which it was interdicted by his physi- 
 cian. Compelled to surrender his favorite enjoy- 
 ment, he vents his feelings in a spirited Farewell 
 to Tobacco, which exhibits a singular mixture of 
 opposite sentiments and of violent struggles between 
 his propensity to the habit, and his acquiescence in 
 the necessity which severs him from it, together 
 with a feeble attempt to curse that, without which 
 life to the unhappy poet seemed scarcely endura- 
 ble. Thus warbles his harp, discordant with the 
 perfumes of tobacco : 
 
 " Stinking' st of the stinking kind, 
 Filth of the mouth and fog of the mind, 
 
98 ILLUSORY INFLUENCE 
 
 Africa that brags her foyson, 
 Breeds no such prodigious poison ; 
 Henbane, night-shade, both together 
 Hemlock, aconite — 
 
 — Nay, rather, 
 Plant divine of rarest virtue ; 
 Blisters on the tongue would hurt you ; 
 'Twas but in a sort I blamed thee, 
 None e'er prospered who defamed thee." 
 
 No tyrant ever held a slave with such power — 
 vexed at their captivity, and yet planting a kiss 
 upon the hand that rules them. One instant they 
 will spit out their enemy, vexed at their imbecility 
 and folly, and the next deposit it in their cheek 
 with a smile. 
 
 To such a degree have the nature and influen- 
 ces of tobacco been misapprehended, that it has 
 been regarded as a grand panacea. The same ex- 
 travagant things have been said of it that have 
 been said of rum ; and if the Prince of darkness in- 
 cites men to the use of alcohol, he incites them to 
 the use of tobacco. To the practice of both the 
 same voice allures. Read the triple eulogy of 
 Bayle upon the Cardinal Santa Croce, tobacco, and 
 
OF TOBACCO. 99 
 
 the cross. First let me observe that the Cardinal 
 Santa Croce first introduced tobacco into Italy. 
 His ancestors had the reputation of having brought 
 into the same country the wood of the true cross. 
 Thus speaks Bayle as translated by M. de Maizeaux : 
 
 " The herb which borrows Santa Croce's name 
 
 Sore eyes relieves, and healeth wounds ; the same 
 
 Discusses the king's evil, and removes ' 
 
 Cancers and boils ; a remedy it proves 
 
 For burns and scalds, repels the nauseous itch, 
 
 And straight recovers from convulsion fits. 
 
 It cleanses, dries, binds up, and maketh warm ; 
 
 The head-ache, tooth-ache, colic, like a charm 
 
 It easeth soon ; an ancient cough relieves, 
 
 And to the reins, and milt, and stomach, gives 
 
 Quick riddance from the pains which each endures ; 
 
 Next the dire wounds of poisoned arrows cures ; 
 
 All bruises heals, and when the gums are sore, 
 
 It makes them sound and healthy as before. 
 
 Sleep it procures, our anxious sorrows lays, 
 
 And with new flesh the naked bones arrays. 
 
 No herb hath greater power to rectify 
 
 All the disorders in the breast that lie, 
 
 Or in the lungs. Herb of immortal fame ! 
 
 Which hither first by Santa Croce came, 
 
 When he (his time of nunciature expired) 
 
 Back from the court of Portugal retired ; 
 
 9* 
 
100 ILLUSORY INFLUENCE 
 
 Even as his predecessors great and good, 
 Brought home the cross, whose consecrated wood 
 All Christendom now with its presence blesses ; 
 And still the illustrious family possesses 
 The name of Santa Croce, rightly given, 
 Since they, in all respects resembling heaven, 
 Procure as much as mortal man can do, 
 The welfare of our souls and bodies too." 
 
 Now all this is as true as that alcohol is the " wa- 
 ter of life"' or the " Essence of life," as in its early 
 days it was thought to be, and that the taking a 
 portion every day would make a man live forever. 
 Recent discoveries have made it manifest that it is 
 the quintessence of death. Negative every asser- 
 tion of Bayle, and you will have a part of the sad 
 truth in relation to tobacco. It is indeed a most 
 fruitful source of poverty, misery, pain, disease and 
 death. 
 
 Most heroes and conquerors are proud of their 
 exploits, and wish them told by the trumpet tongue 
 of fame. Not so with the devil. He wishes a 
 dead silence about his victories and his means of 
 conquest. Thinking that the dedication of this 
 
OF TOBACCO. 101 
 
 weed to one of his prime agents, Bacchus, might 
 impair its wide-spread, deadly influence, he made 
 an effort to give it another name, and call it after 
 John Nicot, who first introduced it into France. 
 He succeeded, however, in affixing it, nicotiana, only 
 as its botanical surname. To us, however, it seems 
 exceedingly proper that it should take part of the 
 name of Nicot. " Old Nic, "would be an appropri- 
 ate name — it would foil the devil in his device — 
 and might help some to understand its nature. As 
 it is employed in his service, let it bear his name. 
 The Indians were accustomed to use it in order to 
 open a conference with the Spirit of evil. Says 
 Bigelow, in his Medical Botany, " Tobacco was in 
 use among the aborigines of America at the time 
 of its discovery. They employed it as incense in 
 their sacrificial ceremonies, believing that its odor 
 was grateful to their gods. The priests of some 
 tribes swallowed the smoke of it to excite in them 
 a spirit of divination, and this they did to a degree 
 which threw them into a stupor of many hours' con- 
 tinuance. When recovered from this fit of intoxi- 
 cation, they asserted that they had held a confer- 
 ence with the devil, and had learned from him the 
 
102 ILLUSORY INFLUENCE 
 
 course of future events. Their physicians also got 
 inebriated with this smoke, and pretended that 
 while under the influence of this intoxication, they 
 were admitted to the council of the gods, who re- 
 vealed to them the event of diseases." Let chris- 
 tian ministers beware of such influences. It is well 
 worth enquiry whether those pleasing dreams in 
 duced by tobacco, and those devotional feelings, are 
 not of a nature very different from what they pass 
 for. The Indians had not learned to be ashamed 
 of intoxication, and they were free to admit that 
 such was the influence of tobacco ; or, in other 
 words, they acknowledged its power to withdraw 
 them from the world of sensible realities, and in- 
 troduce them into the world of visions and dreams. 
 
 The excitement occasioned by tobacco is inebri- 
 ety ; and when a man is intoxicated he is not him- 
 self. He is happier, better, and richer than he in 
 reality is ; but, strange, as the influence passes 
 away he is poorer, and more wretched, and more 
 miserable. He pendulates from one extreme to an- 
 other. He must wholly recover from the effects of 
 tobacco, before he can look at things as they are. 
 
OF TOBACCO. 103 
 
 The excessive snuffer often appears, in many re- 
 spects, like a person intoxicated, although he is no 
 more so than he who chews or smokes. " The 
 smoker," says Macnish, in his Anatomy of Drunk- 
 enness, "while engaged in his occupation, is even a 
 happier man than the snuffer. An air of peculiar sat- 
 isfaction beams upon his countenance ; and as he 
 puffs forth volumes of fragrance, he seems to dwell 
 in an atmosphere of contented happiness. His il- 
 lusions have not the elevated and magnificent char- 
 acter of those brought on by opium or wine. There 
 is nothing of Raphael or Michael Angelo in their 
 composition — nothing of the Roman or Venitian 
 schools — nothing of Milton's sublimity or Areosto's 
 dazzling romance ; but there is something equally 
 delightful, and in its way equally perfect. There 
 is an air of delightful homeliness about them. He 
 does not let his imagination run riot in the clouds, 
 but restrains it to the lower sphere of earth, and 
 meditates delightfully in this less elevated region. 
 If his fancy be unusually brilliant, or somewhat 
 heated by previous drinking, he may see thousands 
 of strange forms floating in the tobacco smoke. He 
 may people it according to his temperature with 
 
104 ILLUSORY INFLUENCE 
 
 agreeable or revolting images — with flowers and 
 gems springing up as in dreams before him — or 
 with reptiles, serpents, and the whole host of dia- 
 blerie, skimming like motes in the sunshine, amid 
 its curling wreaths." We are aware that some 
 will scout the idea that tobacco is intoxicating. 
 Let such inform themselves of its nature. We will 
 also ask them, For what do you use tobacco ? It 
 is not that the taste is agreeable ; for, whatever 
 taste for it you may have succeeded in creating, 
 there are times when, owing to the peculiar state 
 of your system or mouth, it is unpleasant ; yet you 
 use it ; and why ? Is it not for its mild illusions — 
 its sketches of fancy — its scenes of delight ? Take 
 away that peculiar property by which it acts upon 
 the nerves, and no man would use a particle of it 3 
 any more than he would use wine when the alco- 
 hol is extracted. The intoxicating effects of tobac- 
 co are so mild and gentle, and they pass off so in- 
 sensibly, that the consumers of the article are 
 scarcely aware of its influence. Let them lay it 
 aside ; and the uneasiness, the vacuity and tremors, 
 occasioned by the discontinuance, may give them 
 some idea of the effects of its habitual use. Ex* 
 
OF TOBACCO. 105 
 
 cessive tobacco consumers are ever complaining of 
 disagreeable feelings, and yet so deceived are they 
 that they are ever resorting to the cause of their 
 ills to find relief. To hear them enumerate the 
 ills with which they are afflicted, you would sup- 
 pose them the greatest of valetudinarians ; and no 
 doubt many of them are, and have become so by 
 the use of the very plant which they think such a 
 sovereign remedy for all their diseases. If they are 
 too hot or too cold, too wet or too dry, on a jour- 
 ney or at home, busy or idle, or whatever their pe- 
 culiar circumstances are, they feel a pressing ne- 
 cessity for tobacco. Yet in most instances it is 
 adapted, in its very nature, to produce the com- 
 plaints it is taken to relieve ; and it is well known 
 in thousands of instances to produce them. We 
 have seldom seen a tobacco consumer, though con- 
 tending at the time that it is not injurious, but 
 would say, "I never advise any one to use it; I 
 recommend my children and others never to touch 
 it." Nearly all of them acknowledge that at times 
 it produces unpleasant feelings, and they are obli- 
 ged occasionally to forsake it. We this day con- 
 versed with a gentleman who said, respectfully, 
 
106 ILLUSORY INFLUENCE 
 
 that he could not agree with us in our views of to- 
 bacco, for he had used it twenty years, and it had 
 never injured him; but with almost the same 
 breath, he said, it often made him feel bad, and he 
 was obliged to moderate his dose for a time. 
 
 Many profess to use it to invigorate their intel- 
 lectual powers, though it is eminently calculated to 
 cloud and confuse them. Often has a clergyman 
 had a subject open to him with beauty and clear- 
 ness. Pleased with his prospect of producing an 
 interesting and useful discourse, he has resorted to 
 his pipe to regale himself, and sharpen his mind. 
 Smoking being over, he has taken his pen, and to 
 his surprise has found his thoughts sluggish ; a 
 cloud has settled upon his subject, the way-marks 
 which he had set appear indistinct, and after strug- 
 gling for awhile, he has felt obliged to lay down his 
 pen, take his hat and cane, and promenade for a 
 time to restore his mind to its former state. Many 
 subjects in this way have been lost to clergymen, 
 The tobacco which they have taken to quicken 
 them has been the cause of confusing their ideas, 
 and measurably expelling the subjects from their 
 
OF TOBACCO. 107 
 
 minds. Perhaps they have never understood that 
 tobacco has done the mischief. 
 
 You perceive that this child of Bacchus bloios 
 hot and blows cold. His is a universal panacea : 
 it is equally good for complaints the most opposite. 
 It comes labelled a cure all, but it is indeed a kill all. 
 O, it is 
 
 " False as the smooth, deceitful sea, 
 And mischievous as hell." 
 
 The man thinks it a servant, that will go and 
 
 come at his bidding ; but it is the master — he is 
 
 the servant. A clergyman of high respectability 
 
 informed us, that he had often put a quid in his 
 
 mouth, and wept like a child under a sense of his 
 
 vile bondage to this contemptible weed. For a 
 considerable length of time he continued, often 
 
 weeping over his impotency, (and he was one of 
 the last men you would have suspected as wanting 
 firmness and fortitude,) and making inefficient at- 
 tempts to sunder the bonds by which he was held, 
 until, at length, in the strength of the Lord, he pro- 
 tested he would be free, — and he was free. 
 
 10 
 
108 THE FILTHINESS 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 THE FILTHINESS OF TOBACCO. 
 
 That the use of tobacco is uncleanly and filthy, 
 is generally acknowledged, even by the consumers 
 themselves. Many who use it secretly, on account 
 of its filthiness, are ashamed to use it openly. 
 Some home thrusts which they occasionally receive 
 we should suppose sufficient to break up any habit. 
 A clergyman of our acquaintance of high standing, 
 and extensively known both in this country and in 
 Europe, and highly esteemed for the vastness of 
 his erudition, and his popular talents, informed us 
 that formerly, when he used tobacco, his excellent 
 wife would sometimes say, " My dear husband, why 
 will you use that loathsome weed ? you know not 
 how offensive it is. It is my privilege to find 
 pleasure in kissing you, but I am deprived of it by 
 the disagreeable odor of your tobacco !" 
 
 Which mode of using it is the most filthy is a 
 
OP TOBACCO. 109 
 
 point disputed, which clearly indicates all modes 
 to be nearly at par with each other. Of snuffing, 
 says Macnish, " If it were attended with no other 
 inconvenience, the black loathsome discharge from 
 the nose, and the swelling and rubicundity of this 
 organ, with other circumstances equally disagree- 
 able, ought to deter every man from becoming a 
 snuffer." Says a writer in the Methodist Quarter- 
 ly, " Whether the rock goat or the tobacco- worm 
 first taught imitative man to masticate tobacco, we 
 are ignorant. One thing, however, is most certain, 
 that of all modes of using it, chewing seems most 
 vulgar and ungentle manlike ; and it is worthy of 
 particular remark that in our country it is more 
 used in this manner, among the better classes of 
 society, than in any other part of the world." In 
 some parts of Europe a tobacco chewer is scarcely 
 regarded as a gentleman. Says Dr. Alcott, " Smo- 
 king is indecent, filthy, and rude, and to many in- 
 dividuals highly offensive. When first introduced 
 into Europe, in the sixteenth century, its use was 
 prohibited under very severe penalties, which in 
 some countries amounted even to cutting off the 
 nose. And how much better is the practice of vol- 
 
110 FILTHINESS 
 
 untarily burning up our noses by making a chim- 
 ney of them." The effects of smoking upon the 
 clothes and breath, and indeed upon the whole 
 body, are most offensive. What is more overpow- 
 ering than the stale smell, remaining in a room 
 where several persons have been smoking ? King 
 James does not forget to note this habit as a breach 
 of good manners. " It is," says he, " a great vanitie 
 and uncleannesse." One thing is certain, that be- 
 tween smokers, snuff takers, and chewers, boasting 
 is excluded. To each of the practices is awarded 
 by different judges, the infamy of being the most 
 injurious and uncleanly. 
 
 Art has employed its skill to render tobacco more 
 filthy than it is in its own nature. Simon Pauli, 
 physician to the King of Denmark, has written a 
 treatise on the danger of using this herb, and ob- 
 serves, that " the merchants frequently lay it in bog 
 houses, to the end that becoming impregnated with 
 the volatile salts of the excrements, it may be ren- 
 dered brisker, stronger and more foetid." "A deal- 
 er in this article once acknowledged to me," says 
 Dr. Clarke, " that he sprinkled his rolls and leaf 
 
OF TOBACCO. Ill 
 
 frequently with stale urine to keep them moist and 
 to preserve the flavor." A friend of mine whose 
 curiosity led him to see tobacco spinning, observed 
 that the boys who opened out the dry plants, had 
 a vessel of urine by them with which they moist- 
 ened the leaves to prepare them for the spinner !" 
 This practice may be discontinued in some places, 
 but the possibility of obtaining such an article we 
 should suppose would be an additional motive to 
 deter from its use. It is, we believe, a very gener- 
 al practice among cigar makers to take water into 
 their mouths, and spurt it upon the leaves to moist- 
 en them. 
 
 It may help to illustrate our position to give you 
 the history of " One day and a half in the life of a 
 Tobacco Chewer." We take it from an Eastern 
 periodical. 
 
 " Mr. Editor : — Do you chew tobacco ? I did 
 till last Sunday, when I put my veto on the 
 practice. The why and the wherefore I send you, 
 hoping that if you are guilty of using the Indian 
 
 10* 
 
112 FILTHINESS 
 
 weed, a leaf from my diary may be the means of 
 reforming you. 
 
 Saturday, Oct. 19, 1833. Took my hat for a 
 walk ; wife, as wives are apt to, began to load me 
 with messages, upon seeing me ready to go out. 
 
 Asked me to call at cousin M 's, and borrow for 
 
 her the " Sorrows of Werter." — Hate to have a wife 
 read such namby, pamby stuff — but must humor 
 her whims, and concluded that I had rather she 
 should take pleasure over "Werter's Sorrows" than 
 employ her tongue in making sorrows for your 
 humble servant. 
 
 Got to cousin M 's door. Now cousin M. is 
 
 an old maid, and a dreadful tidy woman. — Like 
 tidy women well enough, but can't bear your 
 dreadful tidy ones, because I am always in dread 
 while on their premises, lest I should offend their 
 superlative neatness by a bit of gravel on the soles 
 of my boot, or such matter. 
 
 Walked in — delivered my message, and seated 
 myself in one of her new cane-bottomed chairs, 
 
OP TOBACCO. 113 
 
 while she rumaged the book-case. Forgot to take 
 out my Cavendish before I entered, and while she 
 hunted, felt the tide rising. No spit-box in the 
 room. Windows closed. Floor carpeted. Stove 
 varnished. Looked to the fireplace — full of flow- 
 ers, and hearth newly daubed with Spanish brown. 
 Here was a fix. Felt the flood of the essence of 
 Cavendish accumulating. — Began to reason with 
 myself whether it were better, as a last alternative, 
 to drown the flowers, redaub the hearth, or flood 
 the carpet. — Mouth in the mean time pretty well 
 filled. To add to my misery, she began to ask 
 questions. " Did you ever read this book, Mr. 
 
 .?" "Yes, ma'am," said I, in a voice like a 
 
 frog in the bottom of a well, while I wished book, 
 aunt, and all, were with Pharaoh's host in the Red 
 Sea. " How did you like it V continued the inde- 
 fatigable querist. I threw my head on the back 
 of the chair, mouth upwards, to prevent an over- 
 flow. u Pretty well," said I. She at last found 
 the " Sorrows of Werter," and came towards me. — 
 " Oh dear, cousin Oliver, don't put your head on 
 the back of the chair, now don't, you'll grease it, 
 and take off the gilding." I could not answer her, 
 
114 FILTHINESS 
 
 having now lost the power of speech entirely, and 
 my cheeks were distended like those of a toad un- 
 der a mushroom. " Why, Oliver," said my perse- 
 vering tormentor, unconscious of the reason of my 
 appearance, " you are sick, I know you are, your 
 face is dreadfully swelled !" and before I could pre- 
 vent her, her hartshorn was clapped to my distend- 
 ed nostrils. As my mouth was closed imperturba- 
 bly, the orifices in my nasal organ were at that 
 time my only breathing places. Judge, then, what 
 a commotion a full snuff of hartshorn created among 
 my olfactories ! 
 
 I bolted for the door, and a hearty a-chee-he hee 
 relieved my proboscis : and tobacco, saliva, &c, 
 " all at once disgorged" from my mouth, restored 
 me the faculty of speech. Her eyes followed me 
 in astonishment, and I returned, and relieved my 
 embarrassment by putting a load on my con- 
 science. I told her I had been trying to relieve 
 the toothache by the temporary use of tobacco, 
 while, truth to tell, I never had an aching fang in 
 my head. I went home mortified. 
 
OP TOBACCO. 115 
 
 Sunday forenoon. Friend A— — invited my- 
 self and wife to take a seat with him, to hear the 
 celebrated Mr. preach. Conducted by neigh- 
 bor A. to his pew. Mouth, as usual, full of tobac- 
 co ! and, horror of horrors, found the pew elegantly 
 carpeted, white and green, two or three mahogany 
 crickets, and a hat stand ; but no spit-box ! ! The 
 service commenced ; every peal on the organ was 
 answered by an internal appeal from my mouth 
 for a liberation from its contents : but the thing 
 was impossible. I thought of using my hat for a 
 spit-box ; then of turning one of the crickets over ; 
 but I could do nothing unperceived. I took out 
 my handkerchief, but found that in the plenitude 
 of her officiousness, my wife had placed one of her 
 white cambricks in my pocket, instead of my ban- 
 danna. Here was a dilemma. By the time the 
 preacher had named his text, my cheeks had 
 reached their utmost tension, and I must spit or 
 die. I arose, seized my hat, and made for the 
 door. My wife (confound these women, how they 
 dog one about !), imagining me unwell (she might 
 have known better), got up and followed me. 
 "Are you unwell, Oliver?" said she, as the door 
 
116 FILTHINESS 
 
 closed after us. I answered her by putting out the 
 eyes of an unlucky dog with a flood of expressed 
 essence of Cavendish. "I wish," said she, "Mr. 
 
 A had a spit-box in his pew." " So do I." We 
 
 footed it home in moody silence. I was sorry my 
 wife had lost the sermon, but how could I help it ? 
 These women are so affectionate — confound them 
 — no, I don't mean so. But she might have known 
 what ailed me, and kept her seat. 
 
 Tobacco ! oh Tobacco ! But the deeds of that 
 day are not all told yet. After the conclusion of 
 service along came Farmer Ploughshare. He had 
 seen me go out of church, and stopped at the open 
 
 window where I sat. " Sick to-day, Mr. ?" 
 
 " Rather unwell," answered I, and there was an- 
 other lie to place to the account of tobacco. u We 
 
 had powerful preaching, Mr. : powerful 
 
 preaching; sorry you had to go out," My wife 
 asked him in, and in he came — she might have 
 known he would, but women must be so polite. 
 But she was the sufferer by it. — Compliments over, 
 I gave him my chair at the open window. Down 
 he sat, and fumbling in his pocket, drew forth a for- 
 
OP TOBACCO. 117 
 
 midable plug of tobacco, and commenced untwist- 
 ing it. "Then you use tobacco," said I. "A lit- 
 tle occasionally," said he, as he deposited from three 
 to four inches in his cheek. " A neat fence that of 
 yourn," as flood after flood from his mouth bespat- 
 tered a newly painted white fence near the window. 
 — " Yes," said I, " but I like a darker color." " So 
 do I," answered Ploughshare, and " yaller suits my 
 notion : it don't show dirt." And he moistened 
 my carpet with his favorite color. Good, thought 
 I, wife will ask him in again, I guess. We were 
 now summoned to dinner. Farmer Ploughshare 
 seated himself. I saw his long fingers in that par- 
 ticular position in which a tobacco chewer knows 
 how to put his digits when about to unlade. He 
 then drew them across his mouth — I trembled for 
 the consequences, should he throw such a load 
 upon the hearth or floor. But he had no intention 
 thus to waste his quid, and — shocking to relate — 
 deposited it beside his plate, on my wife's damask 
 cloth ! 
 
 This was too much. I plead sickness and rose. 
 There was no he in the assertion now, I was sick. 
 
118 FILTHINESS 
 
 I retired from the table, but my departure did not 
 discompose Parmer Ploughshare, who was uncon- 
 scious of having done wrong. I returned in season 
 to see Farmer Ploughshare replace his quid in his 
 mouth to undergo a second mastication, and the 
 church bell opportunely ringing, called him away 
 before he could use his plate for a spit-box ; for such 
 I am persuaded would have been his next move- 
 ment. I went up stairs, and throwing myself on 
 the bed, fell asleep. Dreams of inundations, floods 
 and fires harassed me. I thought I was burning 
 and smoked like a cigar. I then thought the Mer- 
 imack had burst its banks, and was about, to over- 
 flow me with its waters. I could not escape — the 
 water had reached my chin — I tasted it — it was 
 like tobacco juice. I coughed and screamed, and 
 awakening found I had been asleep with a quid in 
 my mouth. My wife entering at the moment, I 
 threw away the filthy weed. " Huz, if I were you 
 I would not use that stuff any more !" " I won't," 
 said I. Since Sunday I have kept my word. Nei- 
 their fig, nor twist, pig-tail nor Cavendish, have 
 passed my lips, nor ever shall they again." 
 
OF TOBACCO. 119 
 
 Notwithstanding the ludicrous turn which this 
 writer gives his thoughts, there is " more truth than 
 poetry" in his vivid description of the filthiness of 
 the practice upon which we are descanting. The 
 mucous discharges from the snuffer, the smoker, 
 and the chewer, are most disgusting and loathsome 
 to every living thing that moveth upon the earth. 
 
 What a public mortifying declaration of the fil- 
 thiness of this practice has sometimes been made 
 in the difficulty which ecclesiastical bodies have oc- 
 casionally experienced in obtaining a place in which 
 to hold their sessions ; — congregations being unwill- 
 ing to have their places of public worship polluted 
 with the filthy discharges of tobacco chewers. 
 What a public protestation of the filthiness of the 
 practice in the large prints suspended upon the 
 walls of some churches, " Gentlemen are requested 
 not to use tobacco in this house." Even in our 
 rail-road cars, and aboard our steamboats, which 
 sometimes appear as if mangled and scarred by to- 
 bacco, public testimony is borne to the indecency 
 and ungentlemanliness of the practice, in the notices 
 
 which, in glaring capitals, meet the eye : " No 
 
 11 
 
120 FILTHINESS 
 
 SMOKING IN THIS CAR." " No SMOKING ABAFT 
 
 the wheels." If men will practice what is re- 
 garded as so indecent and offensive, they are com- 
 manded to put themselves in a position where the 
 winds of heaven will most speedily scatter their un- 
 savory perfume. If the practice were decent and 
 gentlemanly, why should it be banished to the 
 greatest distance from the presence and influence 
 of females, and restricted to a part of the boat 
 marked out as the receptacle of unavoidable filthi- 
 ness and the filthy ? When gentlemen go forward 
 to puff their cigars they proclaim their own shame ; 
 — they say publicly, " We are not fit companions 
 for the decent and refined." Many houses of pub- 
 lic worship are rendered most disgustingly filthy 
 by this practice, and many pulpits present a spec- 
 tacle at sight of which the stomach of a decent 
 man heaves. No man who sets any value upon 
 decency or politeness, presumes, at the present day, 
 to smoke in presence of respectable people, or in 
 any decent room. Yet how large a proportion of 
 the community are indulging in the habit, either 
 secretly, or in the filthy apartments devoted to the 
 practice, or in the streets. Whoever witnessed with 
 
OP TOBACCO. 121 
 
 any other feelings than those of abhorrence, the 
 black drop on the nose, or the dirty lip of the snuff- 
 er, the foetid, sickening breath of the smoker, the 
 filthy mouth, yellow teeth, and nauseous puddle of 
 the chewer ? It is surprising that all tobacco users 
 are not cured by the sight of one another. The 
 son of a notorious drunkard once came home intox- 
 icated, and behaved in a very foolish and indecent 
 manner. The father looked on mortified — then 
 said to his wife, " Wife, tell me, do I act as silly 
 when I take too much, as Bill does ?" " Why yes," 
 she replied, " and a great deal more so." " Then," 
 said he, laying his hat on the table with a great 
 show of purpose, " by my old hat, I'll never taste 
 another drop." And he never did. Could tobacco 
 consumers once become a little sober from disuse, 
 and then come in contact with the persons who use 
 it, and enter the places polluted by the habit, and 
 inhale the stale perfumes, they might perhaps be 
 provoked to a similar purpose. Many smokers are 
 measurably aware of the disagreeable odor that 
 goes forth from them, and hence, when you ap- 
 proach, they will kindly draw back, or put their 
 hand to their mouth, that they may not offend 
 
122 FILTHINESS 
 
 you with their filthy breath. Even the children 
 in our Sabbath schools have been known to com- 
 plain that the breath of their teacher was so offen- 
 sive, they could not endure his presence. These 
 things are so. Observing men know them to be 
 so. But so they ought not to be. Will consider- 
 ate men, after the subject is brought before them, 
 so debase themselves to gratify an unnatural appe- 
 tite ! Will teachers in our Sabbath schools make 
 those bodies which should be the temples of the 
 Holy Ghost, so foetid and corrupt, that the associa- 
 tion to a child should be any thing but pure ? We 
 will now turn from this most disgusting picture^ 
 and glance at the expensiveness of tobacco. 
 
OF TOBACCO. 123 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 THE EXPENSIVENESS OF TOBACCO. 
 
 This is a serious evil, whether we regard the 
 necessities of most families, or the claims of individ- 
 uals and the public, upon our benevolence. The 
 expense, upon investigation, will be found much 
 more than is generally imagined. It is among " the 
 little foxes that spoil the vines" — one of the small 
 streams that dry up and exhaust a fountain of 
 wealth. Suppose a young man to spend twelve 
 and a half cents a week for this article ; — in fifty 
 years it would yield him at compound interest about 
 fifteen hundred dollars ; and at twenty-five cents a 
 week it would yield, in the same time, between 
 three and four thousand dollars. Six cents a clay 
 for cigars, allowing annual interest, would, in thirty 
 years, amount to three thousand. Jive hundred 
 and twenty-nine dollars, and thirty cents ! — A 
 
 handsome sum against the infirmities of declining 
 
 11* 
 
124 EXPENSIVENESS 
 
 years. But there are a very large number whose 
 cigars cost them more than seventy dollars a year 
 — Here then is a fortune smoked away in a few 
 years. When a young man is seen with a cigar 
 in his mouth it would be well to raise the alarm by 
 the cry of fire ! fire ! fire ! Put out his cigars and 
 you may save him a splendid house, and a life be- 
 side. If you see a little smoke issuing from a crev- 
 ice of your neighbor's building, you give the note 
 of alarm, and yet perhaps there is not half the dan- 
 ger, — not near the amount of damage would accrue, 
 were the whole to be consumed, that may result 
 from that young man's smoking. Sir Walter Ra- 
 leigh, who first brought tobacco into fashion in 
 England, was accustomed, at first, to smoke secret- 
 ly. One day having sent his servant for some beer, 
 he entered, and for the first time saw his master 
 fumigating his pipe. Supposing his master's head 
 on fire, on seeing the smoke issue from his mouth, 
 he threw the pot of beer directly in his face. Hap- 
 py would it have been for Sir Walter had he taken 
 the hint ; and thrice happy for every young man 
 who treats tobacco as Solomon teaches us to treat 
 
OF TOBACCO. 125 
 
 contention — "leave it off before it be meddled 
 with." 
 
 According to the best estimate that can be made, 
 tobacco to the amount of $16,000,000 is consumed 
 in the United States annually. Of this sum 
 $9,000,000 are supposed to be for Spanish cigars ; 
 $6,500,000 for smoking American tobacco and for 
 chewing it, and $500,000 for snuff. Add to this 
 sum, the value of the time lost, and the pauper 
 tax which it occasions, and it would amount at 
 least to $25,000,000 annually. What a sum spent 
 for that which is not only useless, but pernicious. 
 How small is the sum in comparison, which is 
 devoted annually to our Bible, Tract, and Mis- 
 sionary Societies. If the amount consumed in 
 the use of this worse than useless article, were ap- 
 propriated to the cause of education, or to any 
 other useful object, what might it not accomplish ? 
 
 Any individual can amuse himself by calculating 
 the expense of tobacco for an individual or family, 
 for thirty or forty years. Let these small sums be 
 carefully preserved, and but few aged people would 
 
126 EXPENSIVENESS 
 
 be found suffering from want. Yet this habit pre- 
 vails extensively among the poor. There are 
 many who subsist upon the bounty of others, who 
 nevertheless consume/ a daily supply of tobacco. 
 A considerable portion of the scanty pittance they 
 can command is thus thrown away. This ought 
 to receive the attention of benevolent societies, 
 and individuals, and no person should be aided by 
 public or private charity who will not abandon 
 this pernicious habit. " A pious clergymen," says 
 Dr. Clarke, " lately told me that he had a number 
 of very poor persons in his parish immoderately 
 attached to the use of tobacco. He plainly saw 
 that a large portion of their daily earnings was 
 destroyed in this way. He warned them in pri- 
 vate, and preached in public against it, but few of 
 them had resolution enough to lay it aside. The 
 expense of one very poor family in snuff and to- 
 bacco he calculated, and found it to amount to 
 nearly one third part of their yearly earnings." 
 In estimating its expense, we must not confine 
 ourselves to the bare amount expended to procure 
 it, but we must take into the account the cost of 
 the necessary utensils for using it, and the time 
 
OP TOBACCO. 127 
 
 spent in consuming it, which in value will be 
 found to exceed by far the article itself. 
 
 The following singular calculation was made 
 by Lord Stanhope : — " Every professed inveterate 
 snuff taker, at a moderate computation, takes one 
 pinch in ten minutes. Every pinch with the 
 agreeable ceremony of wiping and blowing the 
 2iose, and other incidental circumstances, consumes 
 a minute and a half. One minute and a half out 
 of every ten, allowing sixteen hours to a snuff- 
 taking day, amounts to two hours and twenty-four 
 minutes out of every natural day, or one day out 
 of ten. One day out of every ten amounts to 
 thirty-six days and a half in a year. Hence if we 
 suppose the practice persisted in forty years, two en- 
 tire years of the snuff taker's life will be dedicated 
 to tickling his nose, and two more to blowing it. 
 The expense of snuff, and snuff-boxes, and hand- 
 kerchiefs, will be the subject of a second essay," 
 he says, " in which it will appear that this luxury 
 encroaches as much on the income of the snuff 
 taker as it does on his time ; and that by a proper 
 application of the time and money thus lost to the 
 
128 EXPENSIVENESS 
 
 public, a fund might be constituted for the pay- 
 ment of the national debt." 
 
 If so much time is lost to the snuffer, what shall 
 be said of the habitual smoker ? His hour passes 
 away in a kind of reverie, ere he is aware. There 
 are many who consume six hours every day in fu- 
 migating their pipe or cigar. This will be disputed 
 by the guilty persons themselves, because time 
 passes so insensibly under the influence of smoke. 
 If they wish then to be convinced of the truth, let 
 them ask some friend to note the hours they pass 
 in smoking, when they feel themselves under no 
 restraint. When any habitual smoker quits his 
 pipe or cigar, one considerable source of uneasiness 
 is, that he has so much spare time. The days 
 seem longer. They were once consumed in smo- 
 king. Let any habitual smoker, who is a man of 
 business, throw away his pipe or cigar, and em- 
 ploy the time, which he has been accustomed to 
 waste, diligently in business, and he may literally 
 add hundreds, perhaps thousands, to his yearly in- 
 come. 
 
OF TOBACCO. 129 
 
 This work of filthiness and ruin — this waste of 
 health, of property, of time, and of happiness, is 
 looked upon by thousands with a tearless eye, and 
 without lifting a finger to stay its progress. Every 
 effort to check the onward, desolating, course of 
 the practice, is laughed to scorn. Some there are, 
 however, who dare to speak out fearlessly, — 
 even British statesmen. " In a debate in the 
 British House of Commons, Hunt told the minis- 
 ters : — Their change of resolution respecting the 
 duty on tobacco — that most filthy, disgusting, 
 abominable weed — he had not the least doubt 
 would be very generally approved of. Who would 
 pretend to say that this odious plant was held in 
 England a necessary of life ? or who take it upon 
 him to say that the execrable, beastly habit of 
 chewing tobacco was a rational custom, or a whole- 
 some comfort? Besides, no one can now-a-days 
 hope to walk in the public thoroughfares without 
 having: to endure continual whiffs of noisome 
 effluvia from half-burnt cigars, smoked by ambula- 
 tory, whiskered dandies — he would not call them 
 gentlemen — who puffed their smoke, and spat their 
 saliva, in the most offensive manner imaginable, 
 
130 EXPENSIVENESS 
 
 on every side around them, in both streetb and 
 stage-coaches at noon-day." 
 
 Who that attentively considers this subject in its 
 various relations, will yet continue the evil habit ? 
 Who ? Who that cares for his body or mind ? — 
 the cleanliness of his person or the vigor of his in- 
 tellect ? Who that cares for his family — their pu- 
 rity and necessities ? Who that considers himself 
 a steward, and would make such a disposition of 
 his Lord's money as to be approved of him at last? 
 Who that considers the relation of time to eterni- 
 ty ; and would so number his days as to apply his 
 heart unto wisdom ? Who ? Who will continue 
 a practice at once highly injurious to body and 
 mind, to morals and property and cleanliness, and 
 so utterly repugnant to " whatsoever things are 
 lovely and of good report ?" 
 
 We are fast treading in the steps of the Ger- 
 mans ; and the following vivid description of 
 the evils and misery resulting from the filthy prac- 
 tice of smoking is measurably realized in some 
 1 ^tions of our country already. 
 
OF TOBACCO. 131 
 
 u This plague, like the Egyptian plague of frogs, 
 is felt every where and in every thing. It poisons 
 the streets, the clubs, and the coffee houses ; — fur- 
 niture, clothes, equipage, persons are redolent of 
 the abomination. It makes even the dulness of 
 the newspapers doubly narcotic : every eatable and 
 drinkable, all that can be seen, heard, felt, or un- 
 derstood, is saturated with tobacco ; — the very air 
 we breathe is but a conveyance for this poison into 
 the lungs ; and every man, woman, and child, 
 rapidly acquires the complexion of a boiled chicken. 
 From the hour of their waking, if nine tenths of 
 their population can be said to awake at all, to the 
 hour of their lying down, the pipe is never out of 
 their mouths. One mighty fumigation reigns, 
 and human nature is smoked dry by tens of thou- 
 sands of square miles. The German physiologists 
 compute, that of twenty deaths between eighteen 
 and thirty-five years, ten originate in the waste of 
 the constitution by smoking." Look at that ! 
 Ten out of twenty deaths caused by smoking ! 
 The number seems incredible. But the physicians 
 of Germany who have examined the subject ought 
 
 to be informed. It is the opinion of some of the 
 
 12 
 
132 EXPENSIVENESS 
 
 best physicians in our country, that more than 
 twenty thousand die annually in the United States 
 by reason of the use of tobacco ! ! O the truth 
 in relation to this subject is not known. The 
 world is asleep on this subject. The church is 
 asleep. The friends of temperance are asleep. 
 The enemy is laughing to scorn our feeble at- 
 tempts to destroy intemperance, while we leave 
 untouched one of its principal sources. O that 
 men were wise, that they would consider this. 
 Many who know its evil — friends of temperance — 
 dare not touch it. They are afraid of the dislike 
 and contumely of its lovers. The evil they re- 
 gard as incurable. They know the love of it is 
 stronger than death, and they would as soon dare 
 disturb the lion in his lair. But disturbed he must 
 be. The note of warning must be sounded. 
 The cry, loud and long, must be utterred, or the 
 waves of intemperance will roll over the land, and 
 the earth will continue to open and swallow up its 
 victims. Something must be done. This sleep 
 of death must be broken. Help ! Men of Israel, 
 help ! With united voice proclaim the danger 
 and shake your garments from blood. The smoke 
 
OP TOBACCO. 133 
 
 of the land is going up as the smoke of a furnace, 
 and if nothing is done to arrest it, it will issue in a 
 tremendous earthquake, that will shake and over- 
 throw our altars and our liberties, and destroy our 
 lives. Say not I exaggerate : " Behold how great 
 a matter a litttle fire kindleth," especially when 
 that fire sends forth a smoke intoxicating, bewitch- 
 ing, spell-binding. Tobacco is an enemy that sel- 
 dom walks alone. He is in concert with the 
 powers of darkness, and the more to be dreaded 
 because he has. gained the confidence of the church, 
 and walks in arm with the ministers of the sanc- 
 tuary. No enemy has done the devil more ser- 
 vice — none on whom he depends more. He works 
 in secret when he cannot openly, — at all times, in 
 all places, among all classes. He throws his arm 
 around the neck of his victim, presses him to his 
 bosom, and by a means peculiarly his own, severs 
 the silken cord that binds man to life. He lays 
 him cold in death. He mingles with the bereaved, 
 sheds tears, condoles their loss, and keeps at his 
 work of misery and death. 
 
 Friends, Christians. Countrymen ! Will you 
 
134 EXPENSIVENESS 
 
 harbor such an enemy? Will you countenance 
 him and lend him your influence ? 
 
 " O," says one, " I have used tobacco several 
 years, and cannot perceive that it hurts me. I 
 think it does me good." So says the man of al- 
 cohol. No moderate drinker ever dreams he is 
 injured by it, nor does he conceive the least danger 
 until, when, awaking, he finds himself in the 
 gutter. Tobacco did injure you when you first 
 began its use ; and you had to whip and beat na- 
 ture into it. Contrary to all her likings, you have 
 forced upon her an unnatural appetite. And think 
 you there is no harm in this ? Will not oppressed, 
 enslaved, and violated nature, one day show that 
 you have dishonored and wronged her ? You 
 may not give heed to her wrongs till your flesh 
 and your body are consumed, and in an agony 
 you exclaim, " How have I hated instruction, and 
 my heart despised reproof." Men never think that 
 tobacco injures them, because the cancers, and 
 boils, and convulsions, and headaches, and colics, 
 and coughs, and consumptions which it begets, 
 are always laid to other causes. (See note E.) 
 
OF TOBACCO. 135 
 
 But tobacco does injure you. It is weaving your 
 winding sheet — it is digging your grave. But 
 though it is fitting' the grave for you, it is not 
 fitting you for the grave. Will you then take 
 warning ? If you will not, my soul shall weep 
 in secret places for you. 
 
 Says another, " I only take a little now and then 
 with friends, as a mere matter of courtesy." And 
 it is just this kind of courtesy that has made many 
 a man a drunkard. Play not with vipers as a 
 matter of courtesy. — No, I do not use too strong 
 language. Could I show you the fangs and sting 
 of tobacco, you would not say I did. But you can- 
 not see them. Your eyes will be holden until the 
 charm that binds you to it is broken. Let any 
 man quit the use of tobacco, and in a few weeks 
 he will gain from ten to twenty pounds of flesh ; and 
 is a force that operates thus powerfully upon nature 
 doing her no injury ? I beseech you then, touch 
 not, taste not, handle not. When invited to use 
 it, say as Omiah did, a native of Otaheite, when 
 a certain lord handed him his gold snuff-box, and 
 
 invited him to take a pinch, " Thank you," said he, 
 
 12* 
 
136 EXPENSIVENESS 
 
 "my lord, my nose is not hungry." Nature is 
 never hungry for tobacco. 
 
 Says another, " I object to saying much about 
 abstaining from tobacco, because it may injure the 
 cause of temperance. Men will not leave off rum 
 and tobacco too." Well, then, it is to be feared that 
 they will leave off neither permanently. Tobacco 
 so drains and exhausts nature that she pleads for 
 ardent spirits to revive and restore her. Under the 
 exceeding exhaustion produced by tobacco, it is to 
 be feared that something stimulating may be takeri 
 as a medicine, and thus an old appetite be revived. 
 I tremble for W ashing tonians who use tobacco. 
 Every friend of temperance who will take the pains 
 carefully to investigate this subject, will, for the 
 sake of temperance, put his tobacco among the 
 things that are not, and proclaim an exterminating 
 war against it, nailing his colors to the mast. Talk 
 about the final triumph of temperance while men 
 continue the use of tobacco ! why it is as simple 
 as it would be to talk about the final triumph of 
 temperance among the Chinese while they contin- 
 ue the use of their opium. " Many of the warm- 
 
OP TOBACCO. 137 
 
 est friends of temperance/ 1 it is said, " use tobacco, 
 and very freely too." So, likewise, many of the 
 loudest and warmest friends of temperance formerly 
 used their wine daily. But what now would be 
 thought of the professed friend of temperance who 
 should daily sip his wine 1 As killing a friend of 
 temperance will the smoker or chewer be thought, 
 when the same flood of light is poured upon tobacco, 
 that is now poured upon the wine cask. 
 
 But, says another, " Tobacco does not make a 
 man whip his wife, nor abuse his children, nor 
 waste his property." Nor will arsenic make a man 
 whip his wife : shall we therefore use arsenic ? 
 Like Cleopatra, put an asp in your bosom : it will 
 lay you into a gentle sleep, and will not make you 
 ibuse your family ; will you therefore invite the 
 iting of an asp ? As to its making a man waste 
 liis property, we have shown, that if the money 
 which a tobacco user expends in the course of forty 
 years were to be put to compound interest, it would 
 be quite a fortune. Again, tobacco, after being 
 used a great number of years, and rasping the 
 nerves, makes a man exceedingly fretful and irri- 
 table, and it would not be strange if, like rum, or 
 
138 EXPENSIVENESS 
 
 together with rum, it should make a man whip his 
 wife. Then, again, we have no doubt, if some 
 good-natured wives should speak out, and tell the 
 truth, they would say that their husbands have 
 whipped them a good many times by the filthiness, 
 foetid smell, and uncleanliness of tobacco. 
 
 Says another, " I acknowledge the truth of all 
 you say ; I believe it all, but I cannot throw away 
 my tobacco." What ? Have you a right hand 
 that causes you to offend, and will you say, I can- 
 not cut it off 7 What? can you not leave off the 
 use of tobacco ? I acknowledge its power. But 
 have you no power ? Are you such a slave ? 
 Why I should rather be a dog and bay the moon, 
 than such a man. But you have power. You 
 can leave it off. Be purposed that you will do it, 
 in the strength of the Lord, and it will be done. 
 It will indeed cost you something. The unnatural 
 appetite which you have created, may hanker and 
 distress you. But recollect that self-denial is one 
 of the first duties of religion — one of the best evi- 
 dences of decision of character — and one of the 
 finest specimens of heroism. Banish your tobacco, 
 
OF TOBACCO. 139 
 
 and quit yourself like a man. Say not. " I can't.'* 
 What can you do ? (See note E.) 
 
 We close with reluctance. We know the evil 
 effects of tobacco. We see your danger. Would 
 that from that noble head, that palace built for 
 reason and kindred graces, tobacco, usurping tobac- 
 co, were deposed and exiled forever. For the sake 
 of your property— of your time— of your voice — - 
 of your memory— of your judgment — of your 
 friends— of your health— and above all, for the sake 
 of your soul, banish tobacco from your lips and 
 face ? as far as the east is from the west. 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 
 
 NOTE A. 
 
 Death from Tobacco. — We learn from the 
 Dedham Democrat, that a little boy of six years 
 old, son of Mr. Lewis Cobbet, of West Dedham, 
 went to the store of Mr. Jason Ellis, Jr., in that 
 place, and asked the clerk, a boy by the name of 
 Hank, for some kind of confectionary — that he 
 was told they had no sugar-plums, but he could 
 have some tobacco. The child replied that tobacco 
 would make him sick. The clerk argued that it 
 would not, and took a cracker, and put on some 
 butter and molasses and tobacco, and succeeded in 
 some way in getting it down the child. The little 
 fellow was taken with vomiting soon after, and 
 continued to do so for several days, and at length 
 went into fits, and finally died on Thursday, the 
 6th inst. Mr. E. promptly discharged the clerk. 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 141 
 
 as soon as it was known that he had committed 
 the infamous transaction. Whether any farther 
 notice will be taken of it, we know not, but cer- 
 tainly if there is any punishment that can reach 
 him, he should not be permitted to escape " un- 
 whipt of justice." — New York Express. 
 
 It is not probable that the clerk imagined it 
 would injure the child. From his childhood he 
 had seen it sold and used as a luxury, and perhaps 
 had never heard it intimated that it was a poison ? 
 which would destroy life. 
 
 NOTE B. 
 
 Letter from Rev. William A. Hallock. 
 
 Rev. Mr. Lane, 
 
 I state for your encouragement, a fact in the life 
 of my father, the Rev. Moses Hallock, of Plain- 
 field, Ms. During the first thirty years of his 
 ministry, he smoked and chewed daily, but mode- 
 rately. One morning, when about the age of 
 sixty, he found the lads he was fitting for college, 
 
142 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 
 
 each with a long pipe, pleasing themselves with 
 the curling smoke ; he believed they were forming 
 an injurious habit, and that duty to them and their 
 parents required him to arrest it ; but how could 
 he do it while he smoked himself! He said to 
 them, " Now, all quit smoking, and I will." It was 
 done, and done effectually, A few months after 
 this, on returning home, I found he had quit chew- 
 ing also. I asked him if it was not more self-de- 
 nial than was necessary, at his years, and remarked 
 that the aged often seemed to enjoy the moderate 
 use of tobacco. " I will have no such habit that 
 I cannot master," was his reply. I think the 
 Temperance principle of total abstinence had nat- 
 urally led his mind to this state ; and to the age 
 of almost fourscore to which he was spared, he 
 touched neither tobacco, nor intoxicating drink. 
 It was parental influence, early exerted, that, un- 
 der God, guarded me from all these habits. I pity 
 the slave of any one of them, and beg you to 
 call on parents to guard their children against 
 these evil habits. 
 
 Your Brother in Christ, 
 
 William A. Hallock. 
 New York, July 8, 1845. 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 143 
 
 NOTE C. 
 
 The following letter was received in answer to 
 an enquiry concerning a person who was reported 
 to have died of delirium tremens, occasioned by the 
 use of tobacco. The writer is a very respectable 
 clergyman of Connecticut. 
 
 £ , July 10, 1845. 
 
 Rev. and dear Sir, 
 
 In reply to yours of the 7th inst, I will say to 
 you that the person of whom I spoke as having 
 died with delirium tremens from the use of tobac- 
 co, was B C , Esq., of T bt. A lawyer 
 
 by profession, deliberate, sober, phlegmatic. He 
 was for several years judge of the County Court in 
 
 W Co., Vt, w^hich is no mean office in that 
 
 part of the country. I was well acquainted with 
 
 Judge C for several years, as I resided in the 
 
 same county ; and he was very active and efficient 
 in all benevolent enterprises, and one of the main 
 
 pillars in the Congregational church at T . I 
 
 was not acquainted with his particular habits, or 
 
 private character. He lived two or three years 
 
 13 
 
144 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 
 
 after I came to Ct. I received the particulars of his 
 
 death by Rev. Mr. H , then pastor of that 
 
 church. He made no use of alcoholic drink — was 
 a distinguished friend of the Temperance Refor- 
 mation. He had some trials in the misconduct of 
 an adopted son whom he loved. I think he had 
 no children of his own. I believe he made no use 
 of tobacco, except for smoking, and for two or three 
 years that was incessant. He would smoke till he 
 came to the meeting'-house steps, and then light 
 his pipe on the steps after service. I was told that 
 for the last few months he shut himself in his 
 room, and mourned and smoked without cessation. 
 
 Very affectionately yours, 
 
 A. C. W. 
 
 NOTE D. 
 
 Ballston Centre^ August 26, 1845, 
 My dear Sir, 
 
 I am rejoiced to learn from your letter, this 
 
 day received, that you are about issuing a work 
 
 exposing the deleterious effects of the use of tobacco 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 145 
 
 upon the human constitution, and the pecuniary 
 loss in various ways it occasions the people of this 
 country. 
 
 I have had my fears for the safety of the Tem- 
 perance cause through the insidious influence of 
 tobacco. There can be no doubt that this vile weed 
 originates many diseases, causes premature death, 
 and much intemperance. It is my conviction that 
 while the use of tobacco continues intemperance 
 will continue to curse the world ; the use of tobacco 
 leads to the use of intoxicating drinks. They are 
 all of one family. 
 
 I have been not a little discouraged to see many 
 leaders in the temperance host in the constant use 
 of tobacco. It has appeared to me very inconsis- 
 tent. The opposers of the temperance cause note 
 this inconsistency. An argument in favor of total 
 abstinence, coming from a man under the influ- 
 ence of tobacco, cannot have much influence, nor 
 should it have. 
 
 I am in hopes that the publication you contem- 
 
146 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 
 
 plate will call attention to this important question. 
 There can be no doubt that the use of tobacco is 
 greatly on the increase. It is time that its delete- 
 rious qualities should be fully developed, and the 
 question agitated throughout the land. When the 
 whole truth shall be developed in regard to the poi- 
 sonous qualities of this plant, the use of it must ter- 
 minate with Christian people. 
 
 I am, dear Sir, 
 
 Yours truly, 
 Edward C. Delavan. 
 
 Letter from Dr. Edwards to the Editor of the 
 Temperance Journal. 
 
 Sir — In your Journal you say, "It would be a 
 profitable business to go through the United States 
 and see if the men that now consume intoxicating 
 drinks are not almost entirely the men that smoke ; 
 and, if the one vice is not so connected with the 
 other, that, to suppress drinking in the rising gen- 
 eration, it is absolutely necessary to make a bold 
 and general effort to suppress smoking. We do 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 147 
 
 not believe that while our young men and boys are 
 trained in such extravagant habits of smoking, we 
 can effectually fasten upon the nation the temper- 
 ance reformation. And if this be so, will not tem- 
 perance men, for the good of the cause, themselves 
 renounce entirely the filthy weed?" You have 
 here justly, I have no doubt, expressed apprehen- 
 sions that the use of tobacco promotes the use of 
 intoxicating liquors, and thus obstructs the temper- 
 ance reformation. It also promotes many other 
 physical and moral evils. The gratification which 
 it affords, I have no doubt, is the gratification of 
 one of those fleshly lusts which war against the 
 soul, and from which it is a duty to abstain. And 
 could such tracts as M'Allister, Mussey, and Fowler, 
 on tobacco, be generally circulated and read, they 
 would, with the Divine blessing, save many of our 
 youth from an untimely grave. Christians, and 
 especially Ministers of the Gospel who use this 
 filthy and poisonous weed, are, I fear, exerting an 
 influence, the consequences of which will be deeply 
 regretted for ever. 
 
 What right has one man, for his own gratifica- 
 
 13* 
 
148 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 
 
 tion, to poison the atmosphere which other men 
 must breathe, and set an example, which, if fol- 
 lowed by children and youth, will tend to injure 
 and destroy them ? Is it not plain, that all the 
 animal gratifications which men can safely enjoy, 
 or which they have a right to seek, can be found 
 in the proper gratification of the natural appetites 
 and passions which God has given them ; and that 
 the formation of a new, artificial, unnatural appetite 
 for tobacco, alcohol, or other poisons, for the sake 
 of increased animal gratification, is a violation of 
 a moral principle, and that the consequences must 
 prove, " the way of transgressors to be hard V 9 
 Perhaps you may find it convenient, from time to 
 time, to publish in your very useful paper some of 
 the principles and facts contained in the above- 
 mentioned pamphlets, and thus promote the cause 
 of abstinence from the ordinary use of all poisons 
 as well as that of Alcohol. 
 
 Truly yours, <fcc., 
 
 Justin Edwards. 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 149 
 
 NOTE E. 
 
 The following letters are from distinguished mem- 
 bers of the medical profession in the city of Troy. 
 Their character and standing are such as speak 
 their own praise. 
 
 Rev. Mr. Lane, 
 
 Sir, — In accordance with your request that 
 I would state some of the results of my observation 
 of the effects of the habitual use of tobacco, I 
 herewith present you a few remarks, together with 
 several cases, that are yet in my memory. My 
 opinion of the nature and uses of this drug, which 
 was first formed by professional reading, and after- 
 wards confirmed by seeing, is this. It is a power- 
 ful medicine, possessed of peculiar properties, adapted 
 to the cure of a certain class of diseases, and as such 
 not suitable to be used in any form by those who 
 are in health. The common experience of man- 
 kind teaches that strong medicines cannot be used 
 habitually on a healthy system without producing 
 disease, or shortening life. That it is 3 in many 
 
150 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. « 
 
 cases, a valuable medicine, is, therefore, an argu- 
 ment against, and not in favor of, its habitual use. 
 I believe it to be in its nature, what is termed a 
 sedative, that is, a substance which lessens vital 
 action directly, and tends to extinguish life. This 
 appears from its promptly reducing the normal ac- 
 tion of the digestive organs, as well as by its les- 
 sening the inflammatory action of any particular 
 part to which it is applied, and by its producing 
 death without the intervention of inflammation, 
 when taken in sufficient quantity. 
 
 In ascribing the fatal effects in the following 
 cases to tobacco as the cause, I would be understood 
 as inferring this as the most obvious or probable 
 cause, or that other sufficient causes seemed to be 
 wanting. This premised, I proceed to say that I 
 have witnessed several cases of fatal disease induced 
 by the use of tobacco. 
 
 1st. By chewing. Its fatal effects in produ- 
 cing epilepsy by this mode are well known to 
 some living witnesses to the following two instan- 
 ces which came to my knowledge. 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 151 
 
 A son of Mr. , of Troy, had acquired the 
 
 habit of chewing this drug long before he arrived 
 at the age of 20. He became subject to frequent 
 attacks of epilepsy. It was soon discovered by his 
 friends that the epileptic seizures never occurred 
 except when using tobacco. The experiment was 
 tried of depriving him of his beloved cud. This 
 could not be done in any other way than by con- 
 fining him to one room, which was done, I think, 
 in one instance, three months. During his con- 
 finement, and consequent abstinence, he had no 
 epileptic attacks. As soon as he was permitted to 
 go out, he would procure his favorite drug from 
 some friendly hand, and be very soon brought 
 home in one of his fits. These would occur daily 
 so long as he had access to the poisonous article, 
 until, at length, he became idiotic and died. The 
 particulars of this case I had from my partner, who 
 often attended the young man, and who, as well as 
 many of the neighbors that often performed the 
 friendly office of conducting him home senseless, 
 never doubted the agency of tobacco in inducing 
 those attacks. 
 
152 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 
 
 Another case, in this city, of later date, came 
 
 under my own care. A son of Mr. , of the 
 
 age of 15, was taken home from a public school 
 on account of having experienced several attacks 
 of epilepsy, and placed under my professional care. 
 After a few attacks, it was discovered, during one 
 of the seizures, that he had tobacco in his mouth. 
 Directions were given for regulating his diet, and 
 he was advised to omit the use of tobacco, which 
 he promised to do. Whilst he abstained from the 
 use of this, he was free from any epileptic attack. 
 The attacks, however, frequently returned,. and on 
 every occasion of the kind, notwithstanding his own 
 efforts at reformation, tobaoco was found either in 
 his mouth or pocket. The administration of med- 
 icines was finally given up as unavailing, and after 
 dragging out ten years of a life useless to his friends, 
 and perhaps to himself, he died. If it w^ere lawful 
 to make experiments on human beings to demon- 
 strate the effects of a particular noxious agent in 
 inducing disease or death, I know of no set of ex- 
 periments which could be more satisfactory in pro- 
 ducing undeniable results than those voluntarily 
 carried out by this young man. 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 153 
 
 2nd. By snuffing. A lady of this city, who 
 was in the habit, although otherwise neat, and a 
 good housekeeper, of taking snuff to an extent that 
 rendered her person, her room, and furniture offen- 
 sive, was seized with an unpleasant sensation on 
 the skin of the right temple, extending by degrees 
 to a part of the forehead. This was at first slight, 
 and accompanied with tingling sensations, or par- 
 tial numbness. She had taken medical advice and 
 used various remedies before applying to me. Be- 
 ing at first sanguine of success, I applied a great 
 variety of counter-irritants, with remedies for the 
 general health, and for improving the condition of 
 the digestive organs, without perceiving even a 
 temporary amelioration of her symptoms. The 
 sense of numbness slowly pervaded her right side, 
 and she became affected with turns of faintness, 
 sometimes even in the open air, so as to lose the 
 power of voluntary motion, but not her conscious- 
 ness. The numbness at last extended to the low- 
 er extremity of the right side, and she died paral- 
 ytic, after lying in a helpless state for many months. 
 Having been acquainted with the subject of the 
 above case for many years, and knowing her other- 
 
154 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 
 
 wise good and correct habits, and her excellent 
 constitution, I could impute her fatal disease to no 
 other cause than her excessive use of snuff. 
 
 A middle-aged gentleman of this city, very in- 
 dustrious, of regular habits, and temperate withal, 
 possessed of an excellent moral and religious char- 
 acter, had been, for a few years, addicted to the 
 excessive use of snuff. He was suddenly seized 
 with hemiplegia or palsy of one side. He partially 
 recovered, but in a year or two afterwards died 
 with a second attack of the same disease. The 
 only cause to which his disease could be reasonably 
 imputed seemed to be his use of this deleterious 
 narcotic. 
 
 3rd. By smoking. This mode of using the sub- 
 stance in question has sometimes produced apo- 
 plexy. It is true, there are not many recorded 
 facts to prove this, nor is it to be expected that di- 
 rect experiments can be instituted to demonstrate 
 clearly this sudden, overpowering, and irreparable 
 effect on the nervous system, except such as indi- 
 viduals may madly perpetrate on themselves. On 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 155 
 
 this point, the well known facts in relation to the 
 two Silesian brothers, mentioned by the celebrated 
 Tissot, are not irrelevant. They were smoking for 
 a wager, and both fell down and died in an apo- 
 plectic fit, the one in smoking his 17th, and the 
 other his ISth pipe. But as such experiments 
 must and ought to be rare, it may be proper to in- 
 stitute the inquiry, whether a more moderate use 
 of the pipe has a tendency to produce the above- 
 named disease. It is well known that two oppo- 
 site conditions of the brain obtain in different cases 
 of apoplexy ; the one attended with a high state 
 of arterial action, and great fulness of the vessels 
 of the brain, and denominated the sthenic or en- 
 tonic form ; the other occurring in a low state of 
 action, with an actual deficiency of blood and of 
 nervous power, and hence called the asthenic or 
 atonic form. If my view of the nature of tobacco, 
 given above, is correct, we should expect it to pro- 
 duce the latter form. If it can be shown that the 
 symptoms arising from the smoking of tobaccc 
 are similar to, or identical with the premonitory 
 and progressive symptoms of that form of apoplec- 
 tic seizure, I think the tendency is then fairly 
 
 14 
 
156 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 
 
 proved. But the symptoms of this form of apo- 
 plexy as given by a modern standard writer* are 
 the following : " alarming vertigo ; a feeling of 
 faintness ; sickness at stomach and vomiting ; dis- 
 turbance of the senses, especially of sight ; loss 
 of memory ; partial loss of sense, consciousness ; 
 and voluntary motion ; weak, irregular, and some- 
 times quick pulse, with more or less of sleepiness." 
 Now, the question of the similarity of these symp- 
 toms to those produced by tobacco smoking, may 
 be submitted to the memory and experience of 
 those who have some time or other been made sick 
 by smoking tobacco. On those who have never 
 had this experience, my argument is lost, unless 
 they will try the experiment. Further, as apoplexy 
 has its related and associated forms of nervous dis- 
 ease which fall short of real apoplexy, and, as the 
 degrees of excess in the use of tobacco may be less 
 or more in different individuals and different cases, 
 we should naturally expect to find lower or higher 
 degrees of nervous disease induced by its use in 
 different persons. Now, as there are some species 
 of apoplexy accompanied with palsy or terminating 
 **6ee Copland's Med. Diet. 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 157 
 
 in it, we should expect to find cases where smo- 
 king as well as snuffing has preceded a paralytic 
 attack. Accordingly, we do find that such cases are 
 more numerous than those of apoplexy. The in- 
 fluence of snuffing in aggravating the symptoms 
 of nervous disease which have been of increased 
 frequency within the last ten or twelve years, es- 
 pecially among females, will be readily admitted by 
 medical men, as I have often proposed the omission 
 of the habit with very obvious and successful re- 
 sults. 
 
 If it be asked whether these views are sustained 
 by the authority of medical writers, I would make 
 one or two references. The use of snuff and of 
 tobacco in any of its forms is named by Dr. Cop- 
 land, an eminent modern systematic writer, as an 
 exciting cause of apoplexy. By the same writer it 
 is numbered among the predisposing causes of the 
 same disease. The celebrated Dr. Cheyne, in giv- 
 ing an analysis of 50 perfect cases of apoplexy, 
 gives the following as causes : 1st. Drunkenness. 
 2nd. The form of the body. 3rd. The tempera- 
 ment. 4th. Gluttony. 5th. Indolence. 6th. Men- 
 
158 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 
 
 tal anxiety. 7th. Fits of passion. 8th. External 
 heat. 9th. The use of tobacco. 
 
 IV. By swallowing it. This is done to a 
 certain degree in ordinary chewing, as well as in 
 snuffing and smoking, but there are cases of chew- 
 ing in which the saliva is habitually swallowed. A 
 gentleman of my acquaintance informed me some 
 years since that he was well acquainted in New 
 York with a young man belonging to a very re- 
 spectable family in Liverpool, employed as a com- 
 mercial agentj who during a two years' residence in 
 New York, so far copied the manners of his new 
 associates as to acquire the habit of chewing to- 
 bacco. On his return to his home, unwilling to 
 give up his Yankee habit, and equally unwilling 
 to suffer the disgrace attached to the habit among 
 his respectable acquaintances, he adopted the plan 
 of swallowing his saliva whilst chewing, in order 
 to avoid discovery. His health soon began to fail, 
 and he was placed under the care of a physician, 
 who could discover no disease upon him ^except a 
 generally debilitated state of body, and whose rem- 
 edies were of no use in restoring him to health. 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 159 
 
 When reduced to a very low condition, he informed 
 his physician that he had been in the habit of 
 chewing tobacco and swallowing the saliva, but his 
 information was communicated too late, and he 
 shortly after died. 
 
 That the use of tobacco in its various modes is 
 often instrumental in producing and aggravating 
 morbid growths, both malignant and non-malig- 
 nant, has been held by some, and I think not with- 
 out reason. 
 
 Mr. -— , of this city, aged 70, a strictly tem- 
 perate man, who had been for many years in the 
 habit of smoking his pipe, and sometimes a rather 
 short one, was affected with a tumor of a scir- 
 rhous character on his under lip in the exact place 
 where he was accustomed to hold his pipe. Ex- 
 cision of the tumor was performed, and the wound 
 healed over smoothly. In the course of a few 
 months, however, the malignant affection reap- 
 peared lower on his face, affecting various portions 
 of the chin and parts below the jaw. The tumors 
 
 soon took on the form of cancer, the ulcers rapidly 
 
 14* 
 
160 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 
 
 spreading and destroying the coats of the blood- 
 vessels, until repeated hemorrhages entirely ex- 
 hausted him. A clergyman of Connecticut who 
 had regularly performed his pastoral duties for 
 forty years, and who had indulged in the habit of 
 smoking tobacco during his professional life, was af- 
 fected during the last few years of his life with an 
 indurated tumor of slow but constant growth, ex- 
 tending from under the left ear to the chin, and a 
 little distance around on the other side, compressing 
 the windpipe and filling up the space vertically 
 from the jaw to the collar bone. This tumor, al- 
 though not painful, occasioned great difficulty in 
 swallowing liquids, so that he was often in danger 
 of suffocation during his meals. It was at length 
 the probable cause of his death, for he died under 
 an attack of croup, which but for that might per- 
 haps have been cured. 
 
 I witnessed another fatal case of tumor, a few 
 years since, in an eminent clergyman, who had in- 
 dulged in the habit of smoking, many years, to an 
 extravagant degree. The tumor, which occu- 
 pied part of the cavity of the abdomen, attained, 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 161 
 
 in less than three years, an enormous size, involv- 
 ing one of the kidneys, and a portion of the liver, 
 and filling one side of the abdomen, and preventing 
 him, for many months before death, from lying in 
 a horizontal posture. 
 
 A gentleman with whom I had been acquainted 
 for many years, who had been accustomed to 
 chewing tobacco, became dyspeptic about 15 years 
 before his death, and left off, for a time, the perni- 
 cious habit. In about six weeks from that period, 
 he gained fourteen pounds of flesh, a result similar 
 to what I have often witnessed, and heard of, in 
 others. He resumed the practice, however, in less 
 than a year, a sequence which is also very com- 
 mon. About six or eight years afterwards, he ex- 
 hibited commencing symptoms of diseased liver. 
 During the last year of his life his complexion 
 grew sallow, he became weak and nervous, had 
 loss of appetite, a quick pulse, difficulty of breath- 
 ing, enlargement of the liver, which no remedies 
 seemed to control. He died suddenly, and on ex- 
 amination was found to have a scirrhous, tubercu- 
 lated liver, pancreas and omentum, and a scir- 
 
162 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 
 
 rhous stomach. The scirrhous portion of the 
 stomach, extended from near the lower orifice, over 
 a surface from 2 to 3 inches in width, entirely 
 around the stomach, the inner surface of which 
 was already in an ulcerated or cancerous state. 
 That the diseased condition above described bore 
 the relation to tobacco of an effect to a cause, may 
 not admit of positive certainty, inasmuch as the 
 predisposing and efficient causes of cancerous dis- 
 ease cannot in most cases be known, vet it is diffi- 
 cult to avoid the belief in this case that tobacco had 
 an important agency either in inducing or aggra- 
 vating the disease. 
 
 It may be proper in this connection, to inquire, 
 by a careful comparison of the symptoms of can- 
 cerous or malignant disease on the one hand, with 
 the artificial symptoms produced by the regular and 
 long-continued use of tobacco on the other, wheth- 
 er there may not be a tendency in the continued 
 use of tobacco to produce malignant disease. 
 
 Pathologists tell us " that the development of 
 malignant disease depends on a perversion of the 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 163 
 
 nutritive process — that the lymph which exudes 
 through the capillary vessels in the ordinary course 
 of nutrition or some accidental inflammation, ap- 
 pears to have its vitality perverted — so that instead 
 of forming in itself the normal cells out of which 
 the proper tissues of the body are developed, it 
 forms the irregular abnormal cells constituting a 
 malignant tissue. One of the causes of this per- 
 version of function is a peculiar cachexy, or mor- 
 bid state of constitution which is sometimes con- 
 genital, and sometimes appears to be caused by de- 
 pression of mind and other circumstances that im- 
 pair the powers of digestion and nutrition. An- 
 other cause is constant local irritation." Now let us 
 ask the veteran tobacco user if he has ever experi- 
 enced a perversion of function by the lessening of 
 the vital powers, a lowering of the appetite and 
 wasting of the flesh, an occasional depression of 
 spirits and weakening of the mental powers, espe- 
 cially after a tobacco debauch ? But as the influ- 
 ence of very obvious causes is not always readily 
 perceived by the person most affected by them, or 
 if perceived, not readily acknowledged, let us see 
 if the connection between the above symptoms and 
 
164 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 
 
 the alleged cause cannot be more satisfactorily 
 made out by the indirect or reversed mode of com- 
 parison. If, then, it can be shown that when a 
 person in the daily use of tobacco is laboring un- 
 der the above symptoms, they mostly disappear 
 soon after omitting the use of tobacco, the cause 
 of such symptoms is clearly made out. But nu- 
 merous cases within my own knowledge have oc- 
 curred in which the disuse of such practice has, in 
 a very few weeks, improved the appetite, increased 
 the flesh, increased the vital power and all the bod- 
 ily functions, and added cheerfulness to mental 
 activity. In fact, the habitual use of this drug is 
 in some cases adopted professedly to remove a cor- 
 pulent habit of body. — If, therefore, the identity 
 of symptoms in the two cases is established, is not 
 a tendency to produce the disease in question 
 clearly proved ? 
 
 Again, let us inquire how the treatment of the 
 " cancerous cachexy, as it is called, when the pa- 
 tient is languid, depressed, emaciated, the complex- 
 ion leaden and sallow, the appetite bad and diges- 
 tion imperfect," as recommended by modern medi- 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 165 
 
 cal writers, accords with the above views. Dr. 
 Druitt, an approved modern surgeon, directs " that 
 before resorting to extirpation, the general health 
 should be improved by a tonic course, or an altera- 
 tive plan of treatment. The same course should 
 be pursued, even if extirpation should be imprac- 
 ticable. But we have seen above that the general 
 health is more speedily improved, in the case of 
 those who use tobacco, by omitting its use, than by 
 any other means. This, then, in the case of one 
 using the drug, would naturally form one of those 
 means recommended. But if the disuse of a 
 thing would aid in removing a disease, it is reason- 
 able to infer that its use would have a tendency to 
 aggravate, if not to produce it. 
 
 In regard to the agency of tobacco in producing 
 or increasing malignant disease, there is some rea- 
 son to believe that what it may not accomplish 
 when used alone, it will accomplish when used in 
 conjunction with other poisons. Some observing 
 medical men have entertained the opinion that the 
 habitual use of tobacco with alcoholic drinks has 
 often been instrumental in inducing scirrhus of 
 
166 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 
 
 the stomach. It may be recollected by many that 
 this opinion was given by the attending physician 
 of the celebrated Dr. Holyoke, who made a post 
 mortem examination of his body. He testified be- 
 fore the legislature of Massachusetts, when about 
 passing the nine-gallon law, that the cause of his 
 death was a scirrhous state of the stomach, a re- 
 sult often witnessed in the case of those who were 
 in the daily and regular or moderate use of tobacco 
 and rum. 
 
 On the whole, from the few observations I have 
 made in my professional practice, of the peculiar 
 effects, on the human system, of the different 
 modes of using tobacco, I infer that chewing it has 
 a tendency to produce epilepsy ; snuffing, to pro- 
 duce palsy and various nervous affections ; smo- 
 king, to produce apoplexy ; and any or all of these 
 modes, single or combined, to produce malignant or 
 cancerous disease. 
 
 Respectfully yours, 
 
 Amatus Robbins. 
 
 Troy, August 9th, 1845. 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 167 
 
 Troy, N. Y., August 11, 1845. 
 My dear. Sir, 
 
 My attention was very forcibly directed to the 
 injurious effects of smoking tobacco many years 
 since, while I was pursuing my medical studies in 
 London, from the following occurrence. — I was one 
 evening induced to commence smoking a cigar, 
 and while so doing I became senseless, and re- 
 mained so several hours before my situation was 
 discovered by one of the inmates of the house. 
 Assistance was obtained, and I was relieved from 
 the dangerous condition I was in from the narcotic 
 effects of tobacco. Since that time, I have myself 
 refrained from the use of tobacco, in any of its 
 forms, and have watched its effects on the human 
 constitution for more than twenty years; and I 
 can truly say that its use is generally attended 
 with injury, — showing its effects more particularly 
 on the nervous system. I have, moreover, noticed 
 that tobacco chewers do not recover from sickness 
 so favorably as other patients ; their vital powers are 
 lessened. For although the tobacco chewer goes on 
 with his usual avocations in the semi-narcotic state 
 
 he is usually in, yet when any severe disease sets 
 
 15 
 
168 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 
 
 in he has a two-fold difficulty to contend with, — in 
 fact, I have in several instances seen the most 
 prominent symptoms of delirium tremens take 
 place from suddenly leaving off chewing tobacco — 
 as also in the commencement of the habit. 
 
 I can, I think, bear testimony that the use of to- 
 bacco, both by smoking and chewing, is a most 
 
 m 
 
 fruitful source of intemperance. 
 
 I remain, my dear sir, 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 James Thorn, Jr. 
 Rev. B. I. Lane. 
 
 NOTE F. 
 
 We give the reader the testimony of a few indi- 
 viduals respecting the deleterious influence of to- 
 bacco upon themselves, and the benefits resulting 
 from abandoning its use. We might extend the 
 list to a great length were it not for swelling the 
 volume to a size too great. These are the tes- 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 169 
 
 timonies of men of worth and standing in commu- 
 nity, and too well known to need any commenda- 
 tion from our pen. 
 
 Brooklyn^ July 15, 1845. 
 Rev. Mr. Lane, 
 Dear Sir, 
 
 In accordance with your request, I herewith 
 furnish some account of my experience in the use 
 of tobacco, and if it can be the means of inducing 
 any now in slavish bondage to the vile habit to 
 break away from it, or of preventing any who may 
 now be exposed, from acquiring this habit, I shall 
 be most glad. Like many other youths, I com- 
 menced the pernicious practice of chewing and 
 smoking from a mistaken notion that somehow or 
 other tobacco gave dignity and worth to the young 
 man, — alas, how many are deceived by this stupid 
 fallacy. It was at first pretty hard for me to learn, 
 — would it had been much harder, — but by dint 
 of perseverance, I was ultimately able to chew a 
 quid and smoke a cigar equal to the most thor- 
 oughly initiated. I continued thus to scourge my- 
 self for full fifteen years. At what time it began 
 
170 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 
 
 to discover its poisonous effects upon me I cannot 
 precisely state, as I suffered in many ways and for a 
 long time 3 before ever suspecting the cause or causes. 
 I very soon was made sensible that the use of 
 the vile stuff had destroyed my appetite ; but what 
 of that, — had I not acquired another, and one to 
 my vain youthful mind more manly than eating 
 food to satisfy nature's claims ? It is now in my 
 painful remembrance, that for years I did not eat 
 food with that relish which God and Nature de- 
 signed for me. As a natural consequence, when 
 I succeeded in destroying the healthy tone of the 
 stomach, dyspepsy, with its legion train of evils, 
 set in upon me. I regarded myself as unfortunate 
 in the loss of my health and vigor at so early an 
 age, and was ready to blame for my misfortune 
 every body and every thing, sooner than myself 
 and my tobacco. My nervous system was becom- 
 ing every day more and more irritable, my spirits 
 more and more desponding — and wretchedness 
 came upon me " as an armed man." I complained 
 of my lot as peculiarly hard in all this, and called 
 this a minister-killing age, thought the people ex- 
 acted too much pastoral labor of me, and won- 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 171 
 
 dered that any minister should ever be found will- 
 ing to assume a parochial charge in a city. My 
 pulpit preparations, always difficult enough under 
 the most favorable circumstances, became a bur- 
 den too hard to be endured. I went into my study 
 like the prisoner to his cell. It was a painful la- 
 bor to collect my thoughts, and still more difficult 
 to concentrate them upon a subject. Finally, a 
 crisis came to me. What I had begun to suspect 
 as at least half true, was forced upon me with all 
 the clearness and certainty of demonstration. My 
 sleep for a long time had been fitful and troubled, 
 but my convictions now came, and they were full 
 and settled. I confess myself greatly indebted to 
 the Rev. Mr. Colver, of Boston, for what followed 
 that crisis in my life. At his recommendation, I 
 drew up and signed an instrument, pledging my 
 honor as a man, as a Christian, and a minister, 
 against pursuing a course in my case manifestly 
 suicidal. This is nearly two years ago, since which 
 time I have been healthier and happier by far. It 
 is my determined purpose now to " stand fast in 
 
 the liberty with which Christ has made me free, 
 
 15* 
 
172 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 
 
 and not again to be entangled in the yoke of bon- 
 dage," 
 
 My prayer is that you, my dear brother, may be 
 abundantly successful in awakening public atten- 
 tion to this insidious and destructive evil. 
 
 Please accept my ardent wishes for your health 
 and happiness. 
 
 Affectionately yours in the Gospel 
 
 Of our common Lord, 
 
 James L. Hodge, 
 Pastor of 1st Baptist Church, Brooklyn. 
 
 New York, July 12th, 1845. 
 Dear Sir, 
 
 In answer to your inquiry, I have to say that 
 I was a tobacco chewer 27 years, swallowing the . 
 saliva the most of the time. During the first 12 
 or 14 months' practice in the swallowing process, I 
 was almost daily troubled by the stomach rejecting 
 the poison by vomiting; after some 15 or 20 min- 
 utes death-like sickness, accompanied by violent 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 173 
 
 retching. During the balance of the 27 years I 
 was frequently troubled in the same manner, say 
 once every 10 or 12 days. 
 
 I have always been a hearty eater, with very lit- 
 tle concern as to what was set before me, though 
 my taste was, and still is, very acute, for I eat to 
 live, and don't live to eat. While I was a tobacco 
 chewer I was seldom hungry, yet ate heartily to 
 preserve health, forcing myself when the appetite 
 failed. Very often, say one-fourth of the time, the 
 smell of cooked food made it necessary for me to 
 take a little raw brandy, or some other stimulant, 
 to bring the stomach to a right standard for the re- 
 ception of food without rejecting it. 
 
 During the first year or 18 months, I frequently 
 ate a second dinner, and now and then a third, be- 
 fore I could obtain a permanent lodgment of the 
 food, yet I persevered, knowing it was necessary 
 for me to chew, if the dentist, who advised me to 
 do so, was correct, of which I had no doubt, being 
 then but 17, and rather more credulous than at 
 present. While using it, a day seldom passed in 
 
174 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 
 
 which I had no feeling of sickness of the stomach, 
 for at least some 20 or thirty minutes. Most of the 
 time I endured it till it passed off, — if at home, a 
 little brandy settled the stomach, — if out, a small 
 piece of calamus answered the purpose. During" 
 almost the whole of the 27 years, I believed this 
 frequent recurrence of nausea was common to ev- 
 ery one, (as all complained from time to time of not 
 feeling well,) and was at least not inclined to be- 
 lieve it was occasioned by the tobacco, concluding 
 that the use of it for many years must have so 
 conformed me to it, that it could have no delete- 
 rious effect, at least it could certainly not so serious- 
 ly affect me after so many years constant use of it. 
 In addition to this, I knew I felt worse when I laid 
 it aside for three or four days, as I sometimes did. 
 In fact, my love for it perverted my judgment ; my 
 misery without it caused me to cleave to this great 
 comforter of life. The nauseous, horribly offensive 
 weed, by use became a most wondrous palatable 
 companion, especially when in trouble, when twice 
 as much as usual is used by all consumers of it. 
 
 After using it about eight or ten years I was fre- 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 175 
 
 quently in great agony by an affection of the heart, 
 which my physician said would some day take 
 me off as suddenly as a candle is snuffed. At first 
 these spells returned as often as once a week, then 
 every third or fourth day, and shortly, before I 
 quitted the use of it, as frequently as once a day ; 
 sometimes when depressed, from business or sick- 
 ness in my family, I would have returns of it three 
 or four times in the course of twenty-four hours, 
 generally at night when the bustle of the day was 
 over. For a long time I verily considered my life 
 as suspended on a very brittle thread, yet did not 
 surmise that the tobacco had any particular con- 
 cern in the affair. When first visited with this 
 muscular contraction and expansion of the heart, 
 or whatever it was, I feared I was about leaving 
 this world, but in time became familiar with it. 
 Each return was pretty nearly like the first visit, 
 there being but trifling shades of difference during 
 the following 17 or 18 years. I will describe its 
 first visit as nearly as possible : — 
 
 I had just finished dinner and was on my way 
 to my business, when I felt a severe pain in the 
 
176 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 
 
 heart on the left side, very similar to two or three 
 stitches, as they are commonly called ; that is, a 
 sharp flying pain, as though the place was pierced 
 by a needle ; this was succeeded by a dead, heavy 
 pain, as though a lever were affixed horizontally 
 across my breast, almost pressing it in, the fulcrum 
 being on the left side on the heart. This was ac- 
 companied by a fluttering, as well as contracting 
 and swelling of the heart, as though it first lost its 
 rotundity, and became perfectly flattened and 
 pulseless ; then after two or three minutes it would 
 flutter and expand as though it would burst its 
 bounds, and again, in a minute or two, seem to 
 lose its pulsation. During these spasmodic attacks, 
 which mostly continued violent about half an hour, 
 I was extremely feeble, pale, and sick at the stom- 
 ach ; a little clear brandy nearly always set all go- 
 ing right again, but when I refrained from this 
 cure it would hang on some two or three hours, 
 and gradually pass away. 
 
 Throughout my use of tobacco I was extremely 
 nervous, and was frequently troubled with a flut- 
 tering weakness at the pit of my stomach, which 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 177 
 
 sometimes caused a slight tremor of the voice in 
 talking, and made me feel it to be a great exertion 
 to retain an erect position. — In fact, I was often re- 
 minded of my position, being like an empty bag 
 attempting to stand upright. 
 
 Yet all my life I have called myself a hearty 
 man, three weeks being the extent of all the sick- 
 ness I have had in more than fifty years, though 
 naturally thin in flesh. 
 
 It is about ten years since I broke from the use 
 of tobacco ; it was an awful struggle for the first 
 10 or 12 days, with a longing after the weed for 
 some months, but that has now entirely passed 
 off. I uniformly have a good appetite, and am 
 more fleshy than at any time during, my tobacco 
 chewing. 
 
 I was never a heavy chewer, a common paper 
 of tobacco would last about ten days. After break- 
 ing from it my spasmodic and other nervous affec- 
 tions gradually passed away, so that I now very 
 seldom feel the remains of any of them. 
 
178 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 
 
 Knowing the deleterious effect of its use, since 
 I quit it, I have been enabled to induce many to 
 lay it aside ; but some have gone to the grave be- 
 cause they believed they could not follow my ad- 
 vice. 
 
 A proprietor of one of our daily papers, who 
 seemed to himself and others to be tottering on 
 the grave, and knew not the cause, after hearing 
 me tell of the effect of tobacco on myself, remarked, 
 " If I had attempted to describe my own feelings, I 
 should have found it utterly impossible to have 
 done it as accurately as you have ; and from, this 
 moment I quit the use of it." Whether he adhe- 
 red to his resolution is not known to me, as I never 
 saw him again : he died a few months after, as 
 the physician said, with an affection of the heart. 
 
 Another friend, Mr. Thompson, who had charge 
 of the establishment of the New York Mirror, till 
 his last sickness, told me a few months before his 
 death that he was thankful to me for my accurate 
 description of his feelings, and my good advice, but 
 that he had already made several fruitless attempts 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 179 
 
 to break from the habit, and had given up the 
 struggle as hopeless, knowing he must soon die a 
 martyr to tobacco. A few months after, he left a 
 wife and young family to struggle with the world, 
 because he could not break from the pernicious 
 habit. 
 
 Another friend, a Mr. Connor, but 27 years of 
 age, with whom, as well as Thompson, I frequent- 
 ly conversed on the subject, and who, like Thomp- 
 son, made several attempts to master the habit, 
 gave it up in despair, remarking that his inward 
 weakness was such, that he knew if any disorder 
 took violent hold of him, it could very easily shake 
 him out of the world. Some three or four months 
 afterwards he died of consumption, after a few 
 days' illness. I might tell of many who w T ere 
 gradually led to intemperance in drink from the 
 thirst and exhaustion occasioned by spitting away 
 the very substance or necessary nourishment of 
 their systems, but time and calling business forbid. 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 D. Fanshaw. 
 16 
 
180 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 
 
 New York, July 15th, 1845. 
 Rev. Mr. Lane, 
 
 Dear Sir, 
 
 With pleasure I comply with your request, 
 and willingly add my testimony to the list of wit- 
 nesses against that miserable scamp — tobacco. 
 
 I was induced by an older companion, at the age 
 of thirteen, to learn the science of chewing tobac- 
 co (as he called it), and were it not that he assured 
 me that it would make of me a gentleman, I 
 should have begged leave to decline after the first 
 or second attempt. — But perseverance and numer- 
 ous accomplished gentlemen (tobaccoly consider- 
 ed) sustained and urged me on till I could chew as 
 much — and with as perfect grace as my kind in- 
 structor. 
 
 You ask how it affected me ? — Well, sir, it made 
 me feel mean — look mean, and very probably act 
 mean — made my eyes weak — destroyed my appe- 
 tite — disturbed my rest — gave me severe and al- 
 most constant pains in my breast — made me low- 
 spirited, and at times very dejected — in short, se~ 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 181 
 
 riously injured me physically, morally, and intel- 
 lectually. 
 
 I have, after 8 years' steady sufferings thrown 
 aside my box, and need hardly add that with it 
 vanished all my ills. — I am now perfectly well — 
 have never enjoyed myself better — and only hope 
 that ill health will overtake me when there can be 
 found in my pocket an oblong box containing" 
 " Recipes for making Gentlemen." 
 Wishing you the success 
 
 Your labor of love entitles you to, 
 I am, sir, respectfully yours, 
 
 K. E. G. 
 
 Troy, June 16, 1845. 
 Dear Sir, 
 
 Since you requested me to make a short state- 
 ment of my experience with regard to the use of 
 tobacco, I have had no time to digest my ideas 
 upon the subject : of course they will be very crude 
 and disjointed, but such as they are I throw them 
 out, with the hope that they may be the means of 
 
J 82 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 
 
 arousing some of the slaves to this vile weed to see 
 the dangerous habit which they are cherishing. 
 
 I commenced the use of the weed when I was 
 about 12 years old, like thousands of others, with- 
 out any definite motive, except it may be seeing 
 persons older than myself using it : I concluded that 
 it was a very manly habit ; it could not have been 
 from its pleasant effects or taste. I commenced smo- 
 king for some time, and gradually got into the habit 
 of chewing : it at first created great disturbance in 
 the system, relaxing the nerves to the degree that 
 it became very difficult to respire, and while the 
 nerves were in that state proved a very easy emetic 
 and cathartic. After the seasoning was over, I 
 went on without much thought upon the subject 
 for six or seven years, when I became convinced 
 that it injured me, producing shaking of the hand, 
 and doubtless injured the memory. I made many 
 fruitless attempts to break the habit, until I had 
 been in it about eighteen years, when one fall I re- 
 solved that I would stop on the first of January. On 
 the eve of that day, I sat down with a full box to 
 smoke and chew the old year out and the new one 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 183 
 
 in, with the hope of making myself sick, but did 
 not succeed. The next morning I felt like a drunk- 
 ard the morning after a debauch, very dry about 
 the mouth, and as soon as out of bed started for 
 my box, found it empty, thought of my resolve and 
 put it away, dressed me and went about my busi- 
 ness as usual, and used none for more than three 
 years. 
 
 The effect at first was great hankering for the 
 weed, with some confusion of ideas, a want of some- 
 thing to stimulate the nervous system as usual : 
 this continued about three days, when I was taken 
 with a diarrhoea which lasted for five or six hours, 
 after which I had no more trouble than though I 
 never used it. I soon after found that a habit of 
 bleeding at the nose which I had been subject to 
 from a boy had stopped, showing the effect of to- 
 bacco to give the circulation a tendency to the head ; 
 I also gained in five or six months some 20 pounds 
 of flesh, and my wife said I had become rather 
 more fretful. 
 
 I will add for the warning of others, that after 
 
 16* 
 
184 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 
 
 three years I was in conversation with a friend, 
 when I took off a leaf from some tobacco near, and 
 put it into my mouth and chewed for a short time, 
 when I felt its effects in every nerve, which seemed 
 to vibrate like the strings of a harp : I immediately 
 spit it out, but the hankering returned with such 
 power that I was obliged to go on, and was unable 
 to stop until the use brought me almost to the 
 grave, when I succeeded in breaking the chain at 
 the same time of the year, and became, I hope and 
 trust, a free man forever. 
 
 The thirst produced by tobacco seems to be un- 
 quenchable, except by the use of alcoholic drinks, 
 the probable reason almost every drunkard is a to- 
 bacco chewer. I came near that vice myself by 
 this means : it also produced restlessness, wakeful- 
 ness, and when I had been using it to great excess, 
 it produced a curious nervous sensation, as though 
 ten thousand worms were wriggling under the skin, 
 almost producing distraction. In a few months af- 
 ter I had stopped this time I found I had gained 
 some thirty pounds ; it often produced palpitation 
 of the heart, but the great evil in my case was the 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. 185 
 
 causing a rush of blood to the head, which several 
 times almost produced a fit of apoplexy. I have 
 known a number of cases of this kind : one person 
 in this place told me that he dropped down in a 
 state of insensibility in his shop ; his wife came in 
 and found him, and got assistance and got him 
 into the house ; his physician told him it was pro- 
 duced by the use of tobacco ; he quit, and has re- 
 covered entirely. 
 
 I might write more if I had time. If you can 
 make the above remarks answer your purpose you 
 are at liberty to use them ; or if you can put them 
 into any other form without altering the facts, you 
 can do so. Wishing you all success in arousing the 
 slaves to see their situation, 
 
 I remain yours respectfully, 
 
 B. S. Lyman. 
 
y> 
 
 c&>c*^' a^T'^n^ r^^dUr&M&ns^ ajf , 
 
 <K 
 
 IsttJ^ 
 
 ' //. /s#s. 
 
 THE 
 
 MYSTERIES 
 
 OP 
 
 TOBACCO. 
 
 *'» 
 

 
 ^v^K 
 
 
 ^'^■wj^^ 
 
 V^^VVW 
 
 , ^ « . W v u '--;- ov ^V^ V .-3 V*> 
 
 ^i^iViuUj 
 
 ;v:^- 
 
 
 * 
 
 :^' vv ^ 
 
 jp^, 
 
 :ivvv, i'/ 
 
 -vVSV'VV/' 
 
 V 
 
 > V V 
 
 
 ^ I V W v 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^wvwwy v ^ Ww ^ w ^wWw^ 
 
 wgw\ 
 
 ' ^ ^ V 'V 
 
 
 
 J V V-'y ^ v. V 
 
 '^^ttW'W 
 
 ,w#^ 
 
 ,*v^' . .■■■■- . -^ y-^ 
 
 
 w v-. \, 
 
 
 v v 
 
 
 ^V V 
 
 Vv ,v v ^vv'Vv^^" - 
 
 ,W' W ^ 7 s - 
 
 ^«f«iSi^ 
 
 
 
 . J _/ ^- ^ 
 
 V v 'WVW v VW^ w w 
 
 yV u 
 
 ^^ WwuWv 
 
 
 " - 7« C 
 
 
 ^ s - . ^ \ 
 
 J- v vVV^-v 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 v ;V J 
 
 J '^ ^^^ > 
 
 i-^?^ 
 
 "wK'W^ 
 
 A : ^i*^^^v u 
 
 V V 
 
*!ff¥w 
 
 yVVvv" v W v 
 
 v vV 
 
 
 
 "• v v/ S/V^ 
 
 y\foy\j* 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 v V 
 
 ^ ' „w V 
 
 , v ■ o 
 
 v\,W 
 
 
 
 ;w^^V^^ — ,, 
 
 
 W 
 
 Vi 
 
 5>S&ft 
 
 w*/wv$ 
 
 ^v^ 
 
 ^*tf* V ' 
 
 : .. ^ w ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 w ^ 
 
 *w^ 
 
 
 * ^V.vlVV.S- 
 
 ,V V ^ 
 
 
 ,v^^ 
 
 JW 'WVg^.^^ 
 
 
 v'v S-/ 
 
 j ,■ v^^^w 
 
 v v ^/ 
 
 v W \, 
 
 J^ 
 
 -W*^ 
 
 
 i*v\ jWi 
 
 :'y.vv 
 
 O- V> 
 
 AA^V 
 
 ^ V 
 
 
 
 w w v ^ 
 
 v. ~ »v \J, 
 
 v'^'W ^ 
 
 w* v v* 
 
 
 ,-V^- ^v 
 
 v 
 
 ^ v^ ^ ^ 
 
 v ^w vw 
 
 ^WuW^Wv ,^-^ 
 
 
!?H ARY 0F CONGRESS 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■