// ^^ 8 P >> ^ _;iS- W ' '^ '^ ■ 1 :e3 SCHOOL BULLETIN PUBLICATIONS. This series of Books for Teachers began with the issue in 1875 of Common School Laic for Common School Teachers. Within six years more than one hundred books were issued, with an aggregate sale exceeding three hundred thousand copies. That no teacher's library- is fairly complete without at least several of these books is com- monly admitted, and the titles of some of the more important are hereto appended, those most recently published being in CAPITALS. Besides his own publications, the undersigned deals largely in all Teacher's Supplies. He makes a specialty of works on Pedagogy; in other words, of works intended for the use of Teachers, as distin- guished from Educational Text-Books. His catalogue of over 400 such works will be sent for two three-cent stamps; and he will endeavor to fill promptly and cheaply orders for any American or English publications of this character. It is his intention to keep constantly in stock every reputable pedagogical book now published; and he also keeps close watch of auction sales, both in this country and abroad, in order to secure such works as are now "out of print." but which have present or historical value. Correspondence is solicited, and will receive attention. C. W. BARDEEN, Syracuse, N. Y. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. ©j^HpXl^'^ijji^nji^J ;|tt, Shelf .. '3: ^ iil^ UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. *?ntirely T. Bar- '.n boxes to give tes, 120 f box.. Cards, Agalite SL new rece deen. It POST-P. satisfacti To cover 10) feet 200 feet 400 feet. Aids to Sc Checks. Suppli 15cts;C Aldeii (Joseph) First Principles of routicaL iLconomy. yAoWi, 16 mo. , pp. 153 - - Bradford (W. H.) The Thirty Possible Problems of Percentage. embracing a full and exhaustive discussion of the theory of General Percentage, with one hundred illustrative examples. Second edition, revised and enlarged. Flexible Cloth, 16mo., pp. 34 — Beebe (Levi N.) First Steps among Figures. A Drill Book in the Fundamental Rules of Arithmetic, based upon the Grube Meth- od. Teacher's Edition. Cloth, 16mo. , pp. 326 PupiVs Edition. Cloth, 16mo., pp.143.. BucklKim (Henry B.) HANDBOOKS FOR YOUNG TEACH- ERS. No 1, FIRST STEPS. Cloth, 24 mo., pp. 152 No. 2, Lessons and Discipline. In preparation. 00 75 25 OU 1 25 25 10 00 45 75 Bardeen (C. W.) Common School Law. A digest of statute and common law as to the relations of the Teacher to the Pupil, the Parent, and the District. With 400 references to legal decisions in 31 different states. To which are added the 1400 questions given at the first seven New York Examina- tions for State Certificates. 7th thousand. Cloth, 12mo., pp. 188 and Appendix _ 50 Hoderkk Hume. The story of a New York Teacher. Cloth, 16njo., pp. 295. 1 25 Bulletin Blank Speller. Designed by Principal H. B. Buckham, Buffalo Normal School. Boards, 5|x7i, round corners, pp. 40 15 Book-Keeping Blanks. Day-Book, Journal, Ledger. Cash Book, Sales Book. In sets or singly. Press board, 7x8^, pp. 28 15 Composition Book. Designed by Principal H. B. Buckham, Buffalo Normal School. Manilla, 7x9, pp. 34 15 Glass Register. Designed by Edward Smith, Superintendent of Schools, Syracuse, N. Y. Press board covers. Two Sizes, {a) 6x7,' for terms of twenty weeks, {h) 5x7, for terms of fourteen weeks. When not otherwise specified the smaller size is always sent. Pp.48 25 -r — School Ruler, marked on one side by inches and metres, and containing on the back an immense amount of condensed sta- tistical information. Two Styles, (a) Manilla, 12 inch, (b) Card- board, 6 inch. Each 3 cts. Per hundred 1 00 Colored Crf^^^on, for Blackboard, per box of one dozen, nine different olors — Red, orange, yellow, green, lake, brown, light brown, blue, lilac _ 25 Common School Thermometer, in box, post-paid 50 Cooke (Sidney G.) Politics and Schools. Paper, 8vo., pp. 23 25 Craig (As? H.) The Question Book. A general review of Com- mon School Studies, to be used in schools in connection with text-books. Invaluable to teachers as a means of givinc: a Normal Training. 42d Thousand. Cloth, 12mo., pp. 340.^.. 1 50 De Graff (E. V.) PRACTICAL PHONICS. A comprehensive study of Pronunciation, forming a complete guide to the study of the elementary sounds of the English Language, and con- taining 3000 words of difllcult pronunciation,"with diacritical marks according to Webster's Dictionary. Cloth, 12mo., pp. 108. 75 POCKET PRONUNCIATION BOOK, containing the 3000 words of difficult pronunciation, with diacritical marks accord- ing to Webster's Dictionary. Manilla, 16mo,, pp. 47 15 Ihe School Room Guide, embodying the instruction given by the author at Teachers' Institutes in New York and other States, and especially intended to assist Public School Teach- ers in the practical work of the school room. Tenth Edition, with many additions and corrections. Cloth, 12mo., pp. 449. . 1 50 —■ — The Song Budget. A collection of Songs and Music for schools and educational gatherings. Paper, small 4to., pp. 72 15 The School-Room Chorus. A collection of 200 Songs, suitable for Public and Private Schools. Boards, small 4to., pp. 147_. 35 By the Same Author. NORTHAM'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT.— Civil Government for Common Schools. Prepared as a Manual for Public Instruction in the State of New York. To which are appended the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution of the United States, and the Constitution of the State of New York, as recently amended. By Heniy C. Northam, Con- ductor of Teachers' Institutes. Seventh edition, 185 pages, bevelled cloth. Price, 75 cents. In the Legislatiu-e of 1878, 113 copies were ordered for the use of members of the Assembly. Its almost universal use has flooded us with recommendations, of which we can insert but a few.— A book not so much for teaching- young students to reason as to impress upon tlieir minds, at a period wlien they are luost retentive, that fundamental knowledge so important to every citizen.— ^Intire'w; D. White, LL. D., President of Ctn-neU Univer^itu- I commend the book for its directness of purpose, brevity of discus- sion, and comprehensiveness of subject-matter.— James IT. HootLORA- TiON, commencing 1492, ending with the first permanent settlenjont at Janu^ftown, Ya., 1607. \\, The Colonial Pekiod, 1007 to 1775. III. The Revolutionary Period, 1775 to 1781. lY The F^EiiiOD oe Oonfedekation, 1781 to 1789. Y. The Constitutional Pkriod, J 789 to 1882, etc. SECTION III. Period L~U92 to 1607. Columbus made four voyages. The following were the strongest ifations engaged in explorations, viz : Eng- land, France, Spain, and Holland. As a result of these explorations, England claimed all the territory from Labrador to Florida, extending west in- definitely. Spain claimed the region bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, including Florida. France claimed Canada, Acadia, and 'the district north of New York Bay, be- sides a portion in the south called Caro- lina. Holland claimed all the territory be- tween the mouth of the Delaware Bay and Acadia. PEBIOD I.~lJf92 TO 1607. 13 In some instances three nations claimed the- same territory, which, as settlements increased, brought on serious difficulties, as will be seen in the next period. The reigning Sovereigns in England during this period were — Henry YII., from 1485 to 1509, U years. Henry VIII., " 1509 to 1547, 38 '' Edward YL, " 1547 to 1553, 6 . ^' Mary, " 1553 to 1558, 5 '' Elizabeth, '' 1558 to 1603, 45 '' SECTION IV. Period II.— 1607 to 1775. During this period, the thirteen colonies were founded and settled. The names of these colonies can readily be recollected, from the tact that they included all the present states bordering on the Atlantic, from New Hampshire to Georgia, with Pennsylvania, as the '' Keystone," added. The first colony, Virginia, was founded in 1607, the last, Georgia, in 1733. Nearly every one of these colonies had been set- tled by people who were endeavoring to escape persecution of some sort. However, it followed them in the form of oppressive laws, for instance the Navigation Act^ which was: 1. That the American colonies must ship their goods to England alone. PERIOD 1L~1607 TO 1776. 15 2. That thej must there obtain all the foreign goods needed by them. 3. That they must not import or export anything except in British vessels. WARS. During this period, whenever war ex- isted between two foreign nations claiming territory in America, it also broke out be- tween the same nations in America ; for instance, King William'' s War, 1689, was between England and France. War im- mediately followed in America between the English and French, aided by the Indians, at which time Schenectady, N. Y., and many other settlements were destroyed. The Treaty of Jdyswick closed this war in 1697; each party retaining the same territory held at the commencement of the war. Peace lasted five years, when Queen Anne declared war against France in 1702, which lasted eleven years. The colonies suffered very much, Port Royal was cap- 16 AMERICAN RISTOBY. tured, and the Treaty of Utrecht^ in 1713, closed the war, giving Acadia to Great Britain. A dispute arose as to who should ascend the Austrian throne^ in 1744. Great Britain took one side, and France became an ally of the other. This war is known as King George's War^ and was closed by the Treaty Aix-la- Chapelle, 1748. Louisburgh, on Cape Breton Island, was captured by the English, but restored to France by the treaty. The next, called the InterGolonial War, grew out of a question of ownership of ter- ritory resulting from the conflict of claims previously mentioned. The claims of the Dutch were given up in 1674. Spain yielded her claim to Georgia in 1742, and the terrible conflict between the English against the French and Indians commenced in 1755, and was closed by the Treaty of Paris 1763, France giving up to England all her possessions east of the Mississippi river, except the island and city of New Orleans. PERIOD JI.—I607 TO 177S. 17 The colonies down to 1776 were under the dominion of the crown of England. But there were several different kinds of government in the colonies, which were changed from time to time. I. Pkoprietary, as Pennsylvania and Maryland. II. Royal, when the governor was ap- pointed directly by the king. III. Charter, a written instrument granting certain political rights. ly. Commercial Corporation, as the London Company^ consisting of English merchants for business operations. Y. YoLUNTARY ASSOCIATION, u govern- ment by the people, which was a pure devfiocracy. YiRGiNiA was at first a Gornmercial Cor- poration ; the London Company dissolved in 1624, when it became a Royal Province^ remaining as such one hundred and fifty years, except from 1675 to 1684, when it was Proprietary. In 1676, the people of Yirginia engaged 18 AMERICAN HISTORY. in a struggle for popular liberty, in oppo- sition to the oppression of Governor Berke- ley, which is known as the " Bacon Rebel- lion." During this struggle the village of Jamestown was burned. Bacon died, and Berkeley caused twenty-two of his fol- lowers to be hung. The King soon re- called Berkeley ior this vindictive conduct. Massachusetts was at first governed by Voluntary Association ; the Plymouth colony having a charter, the Massachusetts Bay colony not having one. In 1686, Massachusetts became a Royal Province^ and remained as such until 1776. New Hampshire was at first Proprie- to/ry ; in 1641, it was joined with Massa- chusetts ; in 1680, it became Royal,, and for a time it was alternately under Massa- chusetts, and separated from it. From 1741 to 1776, it was Royal. Maryland had a Propr^ietary govern- ment under Lord Baltimore. In 1691, it became Royal. In 17 ' 6, Proprietary, and remained as such until Independence. PERIOD 11.-1607 TO 1775. 19 Connecticut had what was known as three colonies, namelv : Sayhrook colony, under Proprietary rule ; Connecticut and New Haven colonies, both oroverned by Vohmtary Association. Sayhrook colony united with Connecticut colony 1644. A Royal charter was obtained 1662, uniting New Ua/mn colony with them; the consol- idation formed Connecticut proper. This charter was annulled by Kin^ James, and when his Governor, Andros, came in 1687 to seize it. Captain Wadsworth quietly hid it in the famous old " Oak." After Andros's rule was over, the old tree yielded up its hidden treasure. The chartered government was restored. Rhode Island was governed at first by Voluntary Association ; in 1644, Roger Williams obtained a charter from Parlia- ment ; in 1663, the king, Charles II. ^ granted a new charter which was almost the same as the original one, and which for nearly two hundred years continued to be the constitution of Rhode Island, until the Dorr rebellion in 1842. ^0 AMERICAN HI8T0BT. New York was at first a Praprieta/ry government under governors. It had no charter, but was allowed a le2:islature in 1683, and at this time was divided into ten counties, called Kings, Queens, Suffolk, New York, Richmond, Westchester, Duchess, Albany, Ulster, and Orange. It became Royal under James II., and so re- mained until Independence. New Jersey was also Proprietary^ hav- ing various political changes till in 1702 the proprietors gave up their claims and New Jersey became a Royal Province^ continu- ing as such until 1776. Pennsylvania was Proprietary under William Penn, who gave the people a charter, allowing them to elect members of the assembly and the governor's coun- cil — the proprietor appointing ihp gov- enor. For a brief period, about 1692, it was under the governor of New York, but the Proprietary government was restored and continued under Penn's son's until 1776. Delaware was Proprietary^ and in- PERIOD n.—1607 TO 1775, 21 eluded iii Peou^s province and under the same governor. North Carolina and South Carolina were under a Proprietary goyernment un- til 1729 ; after that tbej were Royal Provinces. Georgia was at first under trustees, and might be called Proprietary- in 1752 it became a Poyal Province, remaining as such till Independence. This tells in brief the story of the differ- ent kinds of government existing in America during the colonial period. The reigning Sovereigns in England during this period were — James L, 1603 to 1625, 22 years. Charles I., 1625 to 1649, 24 " Commonwealth, 1649 to 1660, 11 " Oliver Cromwell was elected Lord Pro- tector 1653, died 1658. Charles XL, 1660 to 1685, 25 years. James II,, 1685 to 1688, 3 " William & Mary, 1689 to 1702, 13 " Anne, 1702 to 1714, 12 " George I., . 1714. to 1727, , 13 " George II., 1727 to 1760, 33 '' ' SECTION V Causes Leading to the Revolution. The causes leading to the Revolution were numerous, among which may be mentioned : 1. The Navigation Act of 1760. As the prosperity of the colonies increased, other oppressive measures were taken to cripple them in their various industries ; hence, 2. In 1T64, Parliament levied the first tax upon a few articles imported into the colonies to defray the large expenses in- curred in the French and Indian wars. The colonies would not agree to this be- cause they had no representation. a. The Stamp Act followed in 1766, re- quiring all deeds, notes, bills and legal documents to be written upon stamped paper. The people were indignant, re- CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION 23 fusing to import goods or use stamps, and Parliament was really compelled to repeal both acts in 1766. 1770. 4. A collision took place March 5, 1770, between soldiers and a crowd of citizens, in which three of the latter were killed and eight wounded. This is known as the ^' Boston Massacre." General Gage put the entire colony under military rule. 5. April, 1770, the English government removed all of the duties except that of three- pence a pound on tea, which was retained at the express command of George III., who said that " there should always be one tax, at least, to keep up the right of taxing." 6. The objection on the part of the col- onies was not in regard to the amount of taxes required, but they were opposed to the principle of taxation without repre- sentation. 1773. 7. December 16, a band of men dis- 24 AMERICAN HISTORY. guised as Indians went on board three tea ships, whigh had recently arrived from England, emptied the tea into the water^ and quietly retired. 1774. 8. In March, Parliament passed the " Boston Port Bill " which closed that port to all commerce, and transferred the board of customs to Marblehead, whereby " Boston was to be starved out." 9. September 5,' 1774, the first Congress in which all the colonies were represented met at Carpenter's Hall, in Philadelphia,, and that body of men is known in history as the " First Continental Congress." It was composed oi fifty-three members, and among them were the following : Wash- ington, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, Edward and John Rutledge, Christo- pher Gadsden, Samuel Adams, John Adams, Roger Sherman, Philip Living- ston, William Livingston, and John Jay. On the second day Patrick Henry in a speech of surpassing eloquence, said, among GA USES OF THE REVOL UTION. 25 Other things, " British oppression has ef- faced the boundaries of the several colo- nies ; the distinctions between Virginians, Pennsylvanians, New Yorkers, and New Englanders are no more. I am not a Yir- ginian, but an American." Among the papers issued were a petition to the King, an address to the people of Canada, and one to the people of Great Britain, by John Jay, and a memorial to the colonies by Richard Henry Lee. This Congress adjourned October 26, having provided for another Congress to meet the following May, SECTION VI. Period III.— 1775 to 1781. 1775. General Gage, on the night of April 18, secretly dispatched a large force to de- stroy the colonist's stores at Concord ; the next morning, April 19, at Lexington, half-way between Boston and Concord, the first fighting took place; eight soldiers were killed and nine wounded. The British pushed on to Concord, destroyed some stores, but were hotly pursued by the Americans ; the American loss during the raid was 49 killed, 34 wounded. The British reached Boston, having lost in killed, wounded, and missing, 273. As the news from Lexington and Con- cord spread eastward and southward, the people everywhere rose to arms, and before PERIOD 111.-1775 TO 1781. 27 the close of summer the power of all the Royal Governors from Massachusetts to Georgia was at an end. Ticonderoga was captured by volunteers, commanded by Ethan Allen, May 10 ; the ■cannons and ammunition were of great ben- efit to the poor]y equipped American forces. The " Second Continental Congress " met at Independence Hall, in Philadelphia, May 10. John Hancock was elected Pres- ident of this Congress. It consisted of 56 members, and existed as a Congress during the war, some members going out and others being elected to take their places. Crown Point was captured May 12, by the Americans. The "Second Continental Congress" appointed George Washington command- er-in-chief of the American armies June 16. Before he could reach the seat of war, the battle of Bunker Hill had been fought, June 17. "Washington took command of the army July 4. 28 AMERICAN HISTORY. Quebec was attacked December 31, bj parties led bj Generals Montgomery and Arnold. Montgomery was slain, and Ar- nold severely wounded. 1776. Boston evacuated by the British, March 17. Battle of Fort Moultrie, S. C, June 28. Declaration of Independence, July 4. Having been engrossed on parchment, it was signed August 2, by 54 members, and subsequently by the other two. Battle of Long Island, ]^ew York, Au- gust 27 ; Fort Washington, i^ovember 16 ; and Trenton, December 26. 1777. Battle of Princeton, January 3; murder of Miss Jane McCrea, near Fort Edward, July 27 ; the battle of Oriskany, N. Y., August 6 ; Bennington, August 16 ; Bran- dywine, Pa., September 11 ; British enter Philadelphia, September 26 ; battle of Germ an town, Pa., October 4 ; surrender of Burgoyne, October 17 ; Washington PERIOD 111.-1775 TO 1781. 29 encamped at Yalley Forge, Pa., Decem- ber 11, for winter quarters. 1778. Evacuation of Philadelphia, June 18 ; battle of Monmouth, June 28 ; massacre in the Wyoming Yalley," Pa., July 3 ; Qua- ker Hill, R. I., August 29 ; massacre by Tories and Indians at Cherry Yalley, N. Y., November 11 and 12. 1779. Stony Point, iSi. Y., captured by the British, May 31; re-captured by the American army, under Wayne, July 15. Sullivan's chastisement of the Indians for their cold-blooded massacre, culmina- ting in the battle of Chemung, August 29. Paul Jones's Naval battle off the coast of England, September 23. 1780. Charleston, S. C, surrendered to the British, May 12 ; battle at Sanders's Creek, S. C, August 16. Arnold and Andre had a meeting Sep- 30 AMERICAN HISTORY. tember 21, extending into the morning of the 22. Andre was captured about noon, Septem- ber 23, executed at Tappan, N. Y., Octo- ber 2 ; forty years afterward his remains were taken to England, and laid in West- minster Abbey beneath a costly monu- ment. 1781. Battle of Cowpens, S. C, January 17. Battle of Guilford Court House, N. 0., March 15. Massacre at Fort Griswold, Ct., Septem- ber 6. Battle of Eutaw Springs, S. 0., Septem- ber 8. Siege of Yorktown, followed by its sur^ render October 19. George III was King of England during this period— from 1760 to 1820, 60 years. SECTION VII. The Revolution Reviewed by Grouping. The preceding facts of the Revolution dre given fo7' reference / the dates are not to he memorized except as they are associated with some great event that can he easily re- memhered The following plan is suggested for studying the events of seven years of the American Revolution, commencing with the battle of Lexington and extending to the close of the war, the surrender at Yorktown, Ya. Only one date for each year given in the following groups, is to be remembered at first ; then the events preceding the one whose date is given ; afterward the events that follow in the same year. The colonists were contending for rights 81 33 AMERICAN HI8T0BT of which they had been deprived, there- fore a hey -word which will suggest the events of these years is LIBERTY. The suggestive words vQ\)Ye^Qnimg events having dates given are printed in small capitals, and the iriitial letters of these several words used in regular succession will spell the key-word. LIBERTY. Fwst Group, 1775. L — ExiNGTON, April 19, followed by the capture of Ticonderoga, Crown Point, bat- tles of Bunker Hill, Montreal, and Quebec. Second Group, 1776. I — NDfiPENDENCE, July 4, preceded by THE REVOLUTION REVIEWED^ 33 the repulse of the British at Fort Moultrie, S. C. Followed by the battles of Lon^ Island, Fort Washington, and Trenton. Third Group, 1777, B — urgoyne's Suekender, October 17, preceded by the battles of Princeton, Oris- kany, Bennington, Brandy wine ; occupa- tion of Philadelphia by the British ; battle of Germantown. Followed by Washington's going into winter quarters at Valley Forge. Fourth Group, 1778„ E — vACDATioN of Philadelphia, June 18. Followed by the battle of Monmouth, N. J., the battles and massacre in the Wy- 34 AMERICAN HISTORY. oming Yalley, Penu,, battle at Quaker Hill, K I., massacre by Tories and In- dians at Cherry Yalley, N. Y. Fifth Group, 1779. R — ETRiBUTioN meted out by General Sullivan to the Indians in Western New York during the months of August and September. At Newtown, now Elmira, N. Y., he routed a body of the enemy in a fierce con- flict, known as the " Battle of Chemung," August 29 ; he then destroyed forty Indian villages.' • After that, their murderous assaults were less frequent. Sullivan's raid was preceded by the cap- ture of Stony Point by the British, and its re-capture by the Americans under Gen- eral Wayne. It was followed by the grand naval en- gagement, in which the Commander, John THE REVOLUTION REVIEWED. 35- Paul Jones, captured two British war- vessels. In sixteen hours after the battle, Jones's ship, the Bon Homme (horn) Richardy sank. The officers and men were trans- ferred to one of the captured vessels. Sixth Group, 1780. T-— REASON of Arnold ; his meeting Major Andre, September 21, at Haver- straw, six miles below Stony Point, for the purpose of negotiating the surrender of West Point to General Clinton. This event was preceded bj the surren- der of Charleston to the British ; the bat- tle at Sanders's Creek, in which Baron de Kalb, a German officer, and brave to the very last, had his horse shot from under him, and his head laid open by a sabre stroke. Wound followed wound, but he held his ground until he became exhausted. 36 AMERICAN BISTORT. haviug received eleven wounds ; he lived three days after this terrible conflict. The meeting of Arnold and Andre was followed by Andre's capture, at Tarrytown, by John Paulding, Daniel Williams, and Isaac Yan Wart, and his removal to North Castle, the nearest military station. He was afterward taken to Tappan, then Wash- ington's head-quarters, tried by a court- martial consisting of six major-generals and eight brigadiers, which found him guilty of being a spy, and sentenced liim to death. Seventh Group, 1781. Y — ORKTOWN gathered in for the Ameri- cans, October 19, a rich harvest— no less than Lord Cornwallis and over seven thou- sand soldiers. This was preceded by the battles of Cowpeus, S. C, Guilford Court House, N. C. ; massacre at Fort Griswold, Conn.; battle of Eutaw Springs. THE REVOLUTION REVIEWED. 37 Followed by a resolution on the part of Parliament to close the war. KECAPITULATION. 1T75, L — EXINGTON. 1776. I — NDEPENDENCE. 1777. B — ukgoyne's Surrender. 1778. E — VACUATION. 1779. R — ETRIBUTION. 1780. T— REASON. 1781. Y — ORKTOWN. Observe that the key-ioords^ represent- ing the important events with dates have been recapitulated, and by reading the first o,r initial letter of each word downward in the form of an acrostic, a picture-word is presented which is LIBERTY. The word Liberty is very easily remem- bered, and its initial letter L recalls Lex- 38 AMERICAN HI8T0BT. ington, 1775, and all the leading events of the year. ' I suggests Independence, 1776, which carries us back to the Continental con- gresses of 1774 and '75 : we recall the stir- ring debates of the one in session in 1776, ^nd the final action in which fifty-six mem- bers of that Continental Congress pledged their lives ^ their fortunes^ and their sacred honor. The initial letter B carries us back to England, w^here Burgoyne is starting out with an army, said to be the flower of the world : trace him across the ocean, his army is augmented in Canada by several thousand; trace him over the waters of Lake Champlaiu, to Fort Edward ; and finally over the country to Saratoga, the place of his surrender : associate with this the movements of the American army, and the story is complete. The letter E suggests the Evacuation of Philadelphia by the British army, their pursuit by Washington, culminating in the battle of Momraouth; — all taking place in 1778. THE REVOLUTION REVIEWED. 39 R is for Retribution, which is suggested from the chastisement meted out by Gen- eral Sullivan to the Tories and Indians as a just puishment for their raids and massa- cres among the settlements in the Mohawk,. Schoharie, and Cherry Yalleys in New York, and the Wyoming Yalley in Penn- sylvania. The untold horrors of nearly four years were closed by this event, which stands out very prominent in American History. Treason will suggest the ignoble part played by a Benedict Arnold, the capture of Major Andre, his death at Tappan, and a hundred incidents connected therewith. Finally, Y crowns the whole, by the surrender of the British army at York- town, thus closing up the bloody struggle for freedom, which had lasted more than seven years. SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS. This section may be taught in several ways, each being made very attractive. 1. Remember, and have the pupils rememb6r, the 40 AMERICAN HISTORY. word LIBERTY, and also that there are seven let- ters in it. 2. Talk about it, and make an application of it to the great object the colonists had in view. 3. Associate these seven letters with the seven successive years, beginning with 1775, as in the recapitulation. Drill upon this until your pupils can tell instantly in which year B belongs, Y, R, L, or any of the seven letters: there should be no hesi- tation about it. 4. Write on the blackboard 1775, and L at the right of it; and let the children suggest an event that happened that year commencing with L. Perhaps the children will name an event, using more than one word, as Battle of Lexington : say to them the word Lexington is suggestive, and we will use that as the first event in that year: a story can be told of Lexington ; then the children will find from their books another event which, if accepted by the teacher, will be placed in the group with Lexington: the story should be told by somebody ; then all the stories in the group should be reviewed : the teacher can have longer or shorter groups than these given in this section, depending largely upon the ability of the class. TEE REVOLUTION REVIEWED. 41 ANOTHER METHOD. 1. Do not give the word Liberty, but commence with 1775, and ask them to find in their books one or more important events that took place during that year. 2. The children will report, and, unless they have Lexington, you will suggest that you wish an event commencing with L. When obtained, write date and word upon the blackboard, — only one word, the L not separated as in the recapitulation. Work out a story as before. 3. The next lesson brings out the word to be used for 1776; children will probably name several, but you are to use the one as given in the recapitula- tion ; there must be a story, and it should be made just as interesting as possible ; tell the children the other words will be used in a few days; and further, tell the children that you are working for a picture, {word picture) which will show itself and be seen by all of you. We will suppose that you have con- tinued these dates each day, the seventh bringing out Yorktown. 4. If none of the children have discovered the picture as yet, and I should wish they would not, because it is better to have it burst upon their vision in an instant, it will make them all feel elated. 42 AMERICAN HISTORY. 5. The teacher should have a white and red crayon, and say to the children, I will re-write these words, and I wish to have you all watch them closely. 6. The teacher writes the letter L with the red crayon, finishing the word with the white, leaving a space between the L and e as in the recapitulation, then turns to the class to see what the effect is. 7. Then the second word in same way, using the red crayon for the initial letter, noticing each time the effect upon the class. 8. By the time you have reached the fourth word some member of the class raises his hand, which in- dicates that he sees the picture. 9. No pupil should be allowed to name the pic- ture until you have written the seven words. Please note the expression of faces in that class as they discover the picture by reading the red letters downward. 10. Now you can go back and enlarge your groups and in a short time you will master the im- portant points in the history of these seven years. 11. The Rebellion, commencing with 1860, is to be taught in the same manner. SECTION ^ail. Peeiod IV.— 1781 TO 1789. This period, which began in 1781, was the outgrowth of events that took place years before : for instance, in 1777 <;ongress adopted a constitution (called Articles of Confederation) which was to become binding when ratified by all the states. Within two years all the states except Maryland had done so. A very grave reason existed why Maryland should not ratify the same : she claimed that certain unoccupied lands, which are now known as the states of Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi,Yermont, and Maine should not be the individual state property of those states contiguous to, and claiming ownership of, the same — namely, Virginia, 43 44 AMEBWAN HISTORT. ISTorth and South Carolina, Georgia, New York, and Massachusetts — , but that these states should cede to the general govern- ment all the lands claimed by them beyond certain boundaries, to be erected at proper times into new states. This request was heeded by Congress, and in October, 1779, it requested Virginia and all other states similarly circumstanced to forbear settling- or issuing warrants for unappropriated lands, or granting the same during the continuance of the war. In October, 1780, Congress passed a resolution declaring that all unappropri- ated lands ceded or relinquished to the United States, should be disposed of for the common benefit of the United States, and be settled and formed into distinct republican states^ which should become members of the Federal Union. In pursuant of the recommendation, the following named states made cessions of territory to the Un:ted States on the dates respectively named : New York, March 1, 1781. PERIOD I v.- 1781 TO 1789. 45 Virginia, March 1, 1784. Massachusetts, April 19, 1785. South Carolina, August 9, 1787. North Carolina, February 25, 1790. Georgia, April 24, 1802. When satisfactory legislation had been accomplished, Maryland ratified the Arti- cles of Confederation in 1781, which in- augurates the period under consideration. These articles provided for only one department in government, namely, legis- lative : they granted to Congress so little power that it existed as a government scarcely more than in name. The national debt was very heavy, but Congress could take no steps to pay it. The states paid little or no attention to Congress in its appeals, and an* attempt to levy a tax in New England led to open re- bellion, headed by one Daniel Shay (1786). All the territory lying north of the Ohio river was, in 1784, set apart and named the << North West Territory." The present Tennessee and Kentucky 46 AMERICAN HISTOBT. were called the " Territory of the United States south of the Ohio" (1Y90). Alabama and Mississippi were known for a time as the "South-west Territory." In 1787 a convention was called to amend the Articles of Confederation, that they might better the wants of the Kepublic; but after mature deliberation an entire new Constitution was drafted, which became binding upon those states so ratifying, when two-thirds of the whole number of states had so consented. North Carolina and Rhode Island did not ratify till after the Constitution went into effect, hence all laws heretofore passed were extended to them by special acts. SECTION IX. The Constitution was ratified by the several states as follows : Delaware, December 7, 1787. Pennsjlvania, December 12, 1787. New Jersey, December 18, 1787. Georgia, January 2, 1788. Connecticut, January 9, 1788. Massachusetts, February 6, 1788. Maryland, April 28, 1788. South Carolina, May 23, 1788. New Hampshire, June 21, 1788. Yirginia, June 26, 1788. New York, July 26, 1788. North Carolina, November 21, 1789. Ehode Island, May 29, 1790. Congress decided, on the 13th of Sep- tember, 1788, that the Constitution had been ratified by eleven states, and should go into operation March 4, 1789. ^ On the first Wednesday in January, 47 48 AMERICAN HISTORY. 1789, the first presidential election was held ; and Monday, April G, 1789, the fol- lowing declaration was made by Congress: " Be it known, That the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, being convened in the city and state of New York, the sixth day of April, in the year of our Lord, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-nine, the under- written, appointed President of the Senate, for the sole purpose of receiving, opening and counting the votes of the electors, did, in the presence of the said Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and count all the votes of the electors for a President and a Vice President ; by which it appears that George Washington, Esq. , was unan- imously elected, agreeably to the constitution, to the office of the President of the United Staees of America. In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal. John Langdon. The following certificate of election was immediately forwarded to George Wash- ington : New York, April 6, 1789. Sir: — I have the honor to transmit to your Ex9el- lency the information of your unanimous election to the office of President of the United States of America. Suffer me, sir, to indulge the hope that so auspicious a mark of public confidence will meet your approbation and be considered as a sure pledge of the affection and support you are to expect from a free and enlightened people. I am, sir, with sentiments of respect, your obedi- ent humble servant. John Langdon. [To his Excellency, George Washington, Esq.] WASffJNQTOW INAUOURATBD. 49 A quorum of Congress did not assemble until April 6, consequently no declaration of the election of President had been made, and the iirst inauguration took place in the city of New York, on the 30th day of April, 1789, the oath of office being administered by Chancellor Living- ston, of the State of New York, in the presence of the Senate and House of Rep- resentatives. During the first forty-five years of our constitutional government, all the Presidents except two — John Adams and John Quincy Adams — were re elected; and during the last forty-five years, only two — Abraham Lincoln and Ulysses S. Grant — have been re-elected. SECTION X. Period V. — From 1789 to Present Time. FfRST Presidential Admin'istration. — 1789 to 1797. George Washington, President ; John Adams, Yice-President. The leading events of this administration were the establishment of several executive depart- ments — War, State, Treasury, Post Mas- ter General's, and Attorney General's ; at a later date two others were created, namely, Navy and Interior. These seven officers are appointed by the President, and are called the President's Cabinet, i^ Alexander Hamilton, the greatest finan- ■cier of this country, was, at the age of thirty-two, appointed Secretary of the Treasury. 50' ' FIRST ADMINISTRATION. 51 He made an elaborate report to Congress in regard to the public debt. 1. At his suggestion, Congress, in 1790, decided to pay every dollar of the national debt. 2. Also to assume the state debts contracted by the states in the prosecution of the late war. 3. Also to impose an excise duty on distilled liquors. 4. Also to establish a National Bank, 1791, with a capital of $10,000,000. All of bis measures were approved by a majority of the people. In 1790 Philadelphia became the capital of the United States. Benjamin Franklin died the same year. ^ In 1792 Washington was chosen as the capital of the Kepublic; and the same year Washington and Adams were re- elected President and Yice-President. ^ In 1793 the cotton-gin was invented by Eli Whitney. This invention gave a wonderful impetus to the raising of cotton, on account of the ease with which the m AMERICAN HISTORY. seeds could be separated from the cotton fibre. In 1794 a disturbance arose in Pennsyl- vania called the Whiskey Rebellion : it was an opposition to the collecting of the tajL on distilled liquors : it was soon quelled by the militia. In 1794 John Jay was appointed to ad- just all matters in dispute with Great Britain. 1. Great Britain had, contrary to the treaty of 1783, held possession of mili- tary posts in the west belonging to the United States. These were given up in 1796. 2. British emissaries had excited the hostility of the Indians, and to retaliate on France the English had captured our neutral vessels and impressed our seamen. 3. No indemnification had been -made for negroes carried away at the close of the Revolution by the English. Jay negotiated a treaty, which, though not entirely satisfactory, was, after a se- vere struggle, ratified by the Senate. FIEST ADMINISTRATION, 53 In 1795 a treaty was concluded with Spain, by which the boundary lines be- tween her territories of Louisiana and the United States were defined. During this administration, three states — Vermont, 1791 ; Kentucky, 1792 ; and Tennessee, 1796 — were admitted into the Union. The number of states at the close of Washington's administration was sixteen. SECTION XI. Second PREsroENTiAL Administration. — 1797 TO 1801. John Adams, President; Thomas, Jef- ferson, Vice President. — The internal affairs of the government were in a pros- perous condition. The foreign relations were not favorable, especially with France. An extra session of congress was called, 1797, which appointed a delegation to go to France to adjust the difficulties ; but the French agents would not receive them until they should pay into their treasury a large sum of money. American vessels were captured by the French, and war seemed inevitable. ^ War was finally declared, an army organized, and Washington appointed, 1798, commander-in-chief. 54 SECOND ADMINISTRATION. 55 A Navy Department was organized, 1798 ; and after a desperate fight, the American frigate Constellation captured a large French frigate. Napoleon Bonaparte, as ruler of France, made a treaty of peace in 1800. Two unpopular laws, called the Alien and Sedition laws, were passed in 1798 and approved by Mr. Adams. The first authorized the President to expel from the country any alien (not a citizen) who should be suspected of con- spiring against the government. The second authorized the fining or imprisoning any person who published anything false or malicious against the President or Congress. ^ ^ Washington died December 14, 1799. The seat of government was removed from Philadelphia to Washington in 1800. The erection of the capitol was com- menced in 1793. , SECTION XII. V Third Presidential ADMmisfBATioN. — 1801 TO 1809. Thomas Jefferson, President ; Aaron Burr, Geo Clinton, Yice-Presidents. — Tripoli declared war against the United States, 1801, because the merchant vessels would not pay tribute. President Jefferson sent a naval force there in 1803, which brought the Tripoiitans to terms, and a treaty of peace was effected, 1805. A section of the country lying princi- pally west of the Mississippi river, including a small portion on the east of the river near its mouth, originally belonged to France and was called Louisiana. In 1763 France ceded it to Spain ; in ISOO Spain ceded it back to France. The closing of the port of New Orleans in 1802, in violation of a former treaty, 56 'TSmD ADMINISTRATION. 57 produced great excitement throughout the western settlements. The first proposition by Congress was to take forcible possession of the territory; bttt a better judgment prevailed, and negotiations were soon made for its pur- chase, which were consummated in 1803, thereby giving the United States the entire control of the Mississippi river. This territory extended, according to our best authorities, north to the British possessions, and west to the Rocky moun- tains and Mexico. The price paid was $15,000,000^ and includes the following named states and territories : Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri^ Iowa, Minnesota, E'ebraska, Kansas, a part of Colorado, Montana, Wyoming, Dakota, and Indian Territory, containing more than a million of square miles. Alexander Hamilton was killed by Aaron Burr in a duel growing out of a political dispute. ^ Burr was arrested and tried in 1806 for a treasonable attempt to separa^te the coun- 58 AMERICAN HISTORY. try west of the Alleghanies from the Union ; but from lack of proof he was set at liberty. \/ War existed between England and France,the United States remaining neutral, England declared the ports of Europe in a state of blockade. France retaliated by declaring the blockade of the British Islands. American vessels attempting to carry on a trade with these foreign ports were cap- tured either by the English or French. More than this. Great Britain claimed that a British subject could never be- come a citizen of any other nation, assuming the right to board American ves- sels, seize American seamen on the plea that they were deserters from British serv- ice. The British government in 1806 issued its famous " Orders in Council," prohibit- ing all neutral nations from trading with France except upon paying tribute to Eng- land. Napoleon's " Milan Dem^ee^^^ 1806, de- THIBD ADMINISTRATION. 59 clared all vessels confiscated that had sub- mitted to search by an English ship, or had paid a tribute. Congress decreed in 1807 an ^^ Em- hargo^'' by which all American vessels and sailors were called home, and foreign ves- sels were prohibited from taking cargoes from our ports. In 1807 Robert Fulton made his first voyage from New York to Albany with his steamboat. The slave trade with foreign countries was abolished in 1808, the Constitution prohibiting its abolition prior to that time. Ohio was admitted as a state in 1802. There were seventeen states at the close of Jefi^rson^s administration. SECTIO]^ XIII. FouBTH Presidential Administration, — 1809 TO 181Y. James Madison, President; George Clin- ton and Elbridge Gerry, Yice-Presidents. In the eleventh Congress Mr. Madison had a majority of his political friends. vThe duration of each Congress is two years» • The fii-fet. session in this year (1882) will be the first session of the forty-seventh Congress. England and France continued to prey upon American commerce. The English, in 1811, sent armed ships into American waters, seizing American merchant vessels as prizes. The navy of Great Britain consisted ot almost nine hundred vessels, manned by one hundred and forty-four thousand men, but greatly scattered to protect her intier- ests in various parts of the globe. The American vessels of war of large size numbered only twelve, carrying about three hundred a:un8. 60 FOUBTH ADMINISTRATION. 61 MadiBon, by the authority of Congress, issued a proclamation in 1812 formallj declaring war against Great Britain. j,-- During the preceding year (1811), Brit- ish emissaries instigated the Indians to make war upon the settlers. The battle of Tippecanoe wa& fought at this time, General Harrison being com- mander of the United States forces. The naval and land engagements were fought with desperate will. Commodore Perry, after capturing all the British squadron on Lake Erie, (six vessels) in 1813, sent this famous message to General Harrison — " We have met the enemy and they are oursP It was on the frigate Chesapeake^ near Boston Harbor, that Lawrence was mor- tally wounded ; and, while being carried below, uttered these brave words, " DonH give up the ship?' ^' Francis Scott Key, a prisoner on board of one of the British vessels while it was bombarding Fort McHenry, at the entrance to Baltimore, in 1814, wrote the popular 62 AMERICAN BISTORT. national lyric entitled the '' Star Spangled Banner." The grandness of the scene no doubt gave him the inspiration in its full- est sense. '^ Treaty of peace between the United States and great Britain was made at Ghent, December 24, 1814, immediately followed by the battle of New Orleans, January 8, 1815. On February 17, 1815, the United States ratified the treaty, fol- lowed the next day by a proclamation of PEACE. The Alirerines renewed their depreda- tions on American commerce. Decatur was sent with a squadron in 1815 ; cap- turing two vessels, he sailed into the bay of Algiers and demanded an instant re- lease of all American prisoners and full indemnification for all property destroyed. A treaty to that eifect was signed, to take effect in two days. Louisiana was admitted as a state in 1812, and Indiana in 1816. There were nineteen states at the close of Madison's administration. SECTION XIT. /' / Fifth Presidential Administration. — 1817 TO 1825. James Monroe, President ; Daniel D. Tompkins, Yice-P resident. The leading statesmen of both parties devoted their energies to the payment of the national debt. Slave dealing and pi- Tatical establishments existed on Amelia Island, off the coast of Florida, and at Galveston, Texas, which were broken up by the United States in 1817. Seminole Indians, in Georgia and Ala- bama, joined by the Creeks and some ne- groes, committed depredations which were soon quelled by General Jackson. Among the great internal improvements was the commencement of the Erie and Cham plain canals by the state of New York. 63 64 AMERICAN HISTORY. The Erie cost $8,000,000. The first boat sailed on it Jrom Rome to Utica, October, 1819,carrying Governor Clinton, Chancellor Livingston, General Yan Rensselaer, and other distingujished citizens who had been instrumental in its building. It was finished in 1825, and the first flotilla of canal boats left Buff'alo October 26. It arrived at New York November 4, and was received by a large concourse of people, which proceeded to a place near Sandy Hook, where Governor Clinton poured into the briny deep a keg of fresh water brought from Lake Erie, thus sig- nalizing the marriage of the inland seas with the Atlantic ocean. It was enlarged and completed in 1862 at an additional expense of $32,000,000 ; total cost, $40,000,000. In 1819 Florida was ceded by Spain to the United States, on payment of $5,000,000, giving to the United States an extended gulf coast. In 1820 the Missouri Co'/njpromise was FIFTH ADMINISTRATION. 65 adopted by Congress. Its provisions were : 1. The admission of Missouri as a slave- holding state. 2. The division of the rest of the Louisi- ana purchase by the parallel of thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes. 3. The prohibition of slavery north of that parallel. 4. The admission of new states south of that line witk or without slavery, as the people might determine. In 1822 the United States recognized the independence of certain South Ameri- can republics. y A doctrine proclaimed by the President and known as the Monroe Doctrine^ was this : " That the American Continents are not subject to colonization hj any European jpowery General La Fayette visited this country in 1824, and remained till 1825. During this administration, the following states were admitted: Mississippi, 1817; 66 AMERICAN HISTORY, Illinois, 1818; Alabama, 1819; Maine, 1820; Missouri, 1821. There were twenty-four states at the close of this administration. King George III. died during this ad- ihinistration (1820), having reigned sixty years, and was succeeded the same year by George lY. SECTION XV. Sixth Presidential Admin istkation. — 1825 TO 1829. John Quincy Adams, President; John C. Calhoun, Vice-President. There bein^ no election of president by the people, it devolved upon the House of Representatives to choose a president from the three highest on the list which had been voted for by the electors for president, which three were Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and William H. Crawford. Twenty-four tellers (one from each state) were appointed, and the result declared as follows : Thirteen states for John Quincy Adams, seven states for Andrew Jackson, and four states for William H. Crawford. John Q. Adams was declared elected. Twenty -four years had intervened since 67 68 AMERICAN HISTORY. the father, John Adams, left the place now filled by the son. '^ The removal of the Creeks and « Chero- kees beyond the Mississippi to a rich wil- ■derness, was gradually accomplished. ^ On the fiftieth anniversary of the Dec- laration of Independence (July 4, 1826) two distinguished ex-presidents, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, died almost at the same hour. The leading event of this administra- tion was the determination to protect home manufactures ; consequently in 1828 a tar- iff, imposing heavy duties on foreign man- ufactures, was enacted by Congress. Northern manufacturers endorsed it. The cotton-growing states disliked it because they found in England a ready market for their raw cotton. Protection to northern manufacturers implied small sales of cotton in England, hence sectional feeling was engendered. When this administration closed, the country was at peace with the world, and the national debt nearly paid„ SECTION XVI, Seventh Presidential Administration, — 1829 TO 1837. Andrew Jackson, President ; John C. •Calhoun and Martin Van Bttren, Yice- Presidents. The balance of the national debt was paid /during Jackson's administration. In his first annual message he opposed re -chartering the United States bank. Congress passed a bill, in 1832, to re-charter it, but President Jackson promptly ve- toed it, the old charter expiring by limita- tion in 1836. )( \ Yice-President Calhoun resigned his of- fice in December, 1832, and was immedi- ately elected to the Senate. This is the only instance of a Yice-President resigning his oflice. 70 AMERICAN HISTORY. The President recommended the with- drawal of the public funds ($10,000,000) from the bank's custody, because he did not consider it a safe depository. Congress refused to authorize the re- moval ; and the President, on his own responsibility, directed the Secretary of the Treasury to withdraw all deposits and place them in certain state banks. The Secretary refused ; he was removed, and Mr. Taney appointed in his place, who complied with the order. A portion of this surplus fund (upwards of $3,000,000) was accepted by the state of New York in 1838, and is known as the United States Deposit Fund : additions have been made to it from time to time until it amounts to $4,014,620, the interest of which ($165- 000) is paid annually for the support of the public schools. During this administration, France paid $5,000,000 as indemnification for French spoliations on American commerce, under the operations of several decrees of Napo- leon, from 1806 to 1811. Opposition ta SEVENTH ADMINISTRATION. 11 the protective tariff of 1828 resulted in the ^^Nullification Trouhles^'^ in South Caro- lina, in 1833. President Jackson immediately issued a proclamation that the United States Laws would he enforced at alt hazards. It had its desired effect. The famous Webster-Hayne debate took place in 1830, the former opposing^ the latter sustaining ' Nullification.' Henry Clay's tariff compromise was passed by Congress in 1833; the follow- ing were its leading features : First. — Submission to the necessity of a gradual reduction of the tariff. Second, — To have the change effected so slowly and gradually that the manufac- turers might adapt themselves to it, and bear up against it. In 1832 the Indians in the north-west became troublesome, and the result was a war, in which Black Hawk, the chief, was captured. This is known as the Black Hawk war. In 1835 the Seminoles in Florida, under 72 AMERICAN HISTORY. Osceola, their chief, carried on a trouble- some war, refusing to comply with the terms of the treaty made by a few of their chiefs in regard to their emigrating west of the Mississippi river. Arkansas was admitted as a state in 1836, and Michigan in 1837. There were twenty- six states at the close of Jackson's administration. George lY. died during this administra- tion (1830), having reigned ten years, and was succeeded the same year by William lY. SECTION xvn. / Eighth Presidp:ntial Administration. — 1837 TO 1841. Martin Yan Buren, President ; Richard M. Johnson, Vice-President. There being no election of Yice-Presi- dent bj the electors, Richard M. Johnson was elected by the Senate, as provided by the Constitution. An unprecedented crisis was approach- ing. Commerce and manufactures were prostrate. Hundreds of wealthy mercan- tile houses in every quarter were bankrupt; and in two months from the inauguration the crash was consummated by the uni- versal suspension of specie payments by the banks. An insurrectionary movement in Canada in 1837, having found sympathizers within 74 AMERICAN HISTORY. our borders, the President issued proclama- tions enjoining upon all persons to refrain from violating the laws and treaties of thi& country. Some were unwilling to do so, thereby forfeiting their liberty or their lives. The Seminole war in Florida continued into this administration. The great leading measure of this term was the passage, June 30, 1840, of the " Sub-Treasury Bill," or, as it is sometimes called, the "Independent Treasury." There was to be a Sub-Treasury at Washington, with branch offices in various cities. Gold and silver were to be paid and re- ceived in all public transactions. The entire population at the close of this administration was seventeen millions. William lY. died during this adminis- tration (1837), having reigned seven years. Queen Victoria began to reign June 20, 1837, and is now (1882) on the throne. SECTION XVIII. / Ninth Presidential Administration. — 1841 to 1845. William H. Harrison, PresidoDt ; John Tyler, Yice-President. President Harrison died April 4, 1841 ; Yice-President Tyler, on the Tth of April, took the presidential oath of office. Pres- ident Harrison's cabinet officers were re- quested to remain, and did so until the veto of the " United States or Fiscal Bank Bill," whereupon all resigned except the Secretary of State, Daniel Webster ; the re- signing members published reasons for this step. Mr. Webster remained in the cabinet until the dispute in regard to the Nmthemtern houndary (Maine and Can- ada) was settled,and the treaty ratified (Au- gust, 1842), when he resigned. This is 75 76 AMERICAN HISTORY. known as the Wehster-Ashhrn'tori Treaty. The Dorr Rebellion in 1842, was the third instance of resistance to Federal authority. Among the prominent measures of this administration were — 1. The act establishing a uniform sys- tem of proceedings in bankruptcy, in 1841. 2. K protective tariff law, in 1842. 3. The act for the annexation of Texas, which was signed by the President, March 1, 1845. 4. Florida was admitted as a State, March 3, 1845, making twenty-seven States at the close of President Tyler's adminis- tration. SECTION XIX. Tenth Presidential Administration. — 1845 to 1849. James K. Polk, President ; Geokge M. Dallas, Vice-President. On the 4th of July, 1845, Texas formally approved of the measure of annexation, and that Republic became a State of the Unionr Mexico had never acknowledged the in- dependence of Texas; and, as had been predicted, a war was the result. The war with Mexico was the great event of this administration. The first blood was shed on the Texas bank of the Rio Grande, the 24th of April, 1846. On the 14th of September, 1847, General Scott entered the Mexican Capi- tal as conqueror, which virtually closed the war. 77 78 AMERICAN HISTORY. A treaty of peace was concluded be- tween the two governments, February 2, 1848. California and New Mexico were acquired, for which the United States paid $15,000,000, and assumed $3,000,000 more, due from Mexico to American citizens. Peace was proclaimed by the President, July 4, 1848. During 1846 the following named bat- tles were fought : Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, Monterey, Bracito. In 1847 Buena Yista, Sacramento, Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Churubusco, Molino del Rey, Chapultapec, Huamantla. The American commanders were Generals Taylor, Scott, Worth, Doniphan, and Lane. In 1848 gold was discovered in Califor- nia, and in the beginning of 1849 thou- sands of people were on their way to the land of gold. There were three routes of travel, — around Cape Horn, across the Isthmus of Panama, and over the great central plains of the Continent. TENTH ADMINISTRATION. 79 The Oregon Northern boundary was in dispute ; the line was chiimed on 54° 40', but President Polk after a negotiation di- rected the Secretary of State to offer as a boundary the parallel of 49°, which was accepted by Great Britain, 1845. The low tariff of 1846 superseded the protective tariff of 1842. The cabinet office, " Secretary of the In- terior," was created. Texas was admitted July 4, 1845 ; Iowa, 1846 ; and Wiscon- sin,' 1848. There- were thirty States at the close of this administration, with a population of twenty-three millions. i SECTION XX. Eleventh Presidential Administration.— 1849 to 1853. Zachary Taylor, President ; Millard Fillmore, Yiee-President. President Taylor died July 9, 1850. Vice-President Fillmore succeeded to the Presidency. This was the second time in the history of the United States in which the Yice-President had succeeded to the Presidency. The 4th of March, 1849, oc- curring on Sunday, the President took the oath of office on Saturday, the 3d of March, and was regularly inaugurated on the 5th of March. * The great event of this administration was the admission of California as a State. Of the thirty States, fifteen held slaves and 80 ^ ELEVENTH ADMINISTBATION. 81 fifteen did not hold slaves ; hence, a con- test arose in regard to its being a free or slave State. ' In February, 1850, her Rep- resentatives asked Congress to admit her as a State of the Union, under a constitu- tion which prohibited slavery forever. Henry Clay, on the 9th of May, 1850, in- troduced a compromise (the omnibus bill) with the following provision, the others being found in the treaty under its proper head ; 1. The admission of California as a free State. The compromise of Mr. Clay was adopted in instalments, and received the sanction of President Fillmore. General Lopez organized an expedition in the south, and attempted to conquer Cuba : there was no uprising in his favor. The next year he made another attempt, but was defeated, and he and the ringlead- ers were executed at Havana. During this administration, the following prominent statesmen died : John C. Cal- houn, March, 1850 ; Zachary Taylor, July, 82 AMERICAN HISTORY 1850; Henry Clay, June, 1852; Daniel Webster, October, 1852. / There were thirty-one states at the close of this administration. SECTION XXI. V Twelfth Presidential Administration. — 1853 TO 1857. Franklin Fierce, President ; William R. King, Yice-President. / Among the important events of this administration were the settlement of the dispute about the territory contiguous to Mexico, which resulted in the Gadsden Purchase, (named for our minister in Mexico), by which we obtained a large part of the present territory of Arizona ; this occurred in 1853, and $10,000,000 was the price paid : the exploration of the routes lor a proposed railroad from the Mississippi to the Pacific : the amicable settlement of the serious dispute with Great Britain about the fisheries : the com- mercial treaty with Japan in 1863 — the 88 84 AMERICAN HISTORY. first of the kind in the history of that country, negotiated by Commodore Perry. In 1854 the bill creating the territories of Kansas and ^Nebraska, was introduced and passed, which provided that people should have the right to determine whether they would have slavery or not ; these ter- ritories lay north of the line established by the Missouri Compromise of 1820. The passage of this bill virtually repealed the Missouri Compromise, and brought into existence a political party that, in six years (1860) from that time, succeeded at the presidential election. No states admitted during this adminis- tration. ^ Yice-P resident King died in office, April 18, 1853. ^ SECTION XXII, Thirteenth Pjresidential Administration. 1857 TO 1861. James Buchanan, President ; John C. Breckinridge, Vice-President. Shortly after Mr. Buchanan's official term commenced, a rebellion in Utah broke out, in which the Mormons resisted the national government, treated loyal people as enemies, and formed an alliance with the Indians. Colonel Thomas L. Kane, who had greatly befriended the Mormons in time of a famine, was sent to them by the Pres- ident, to endeavor to bring them to a peaceful submission to the laws ; and after- ward two citizens were appointed as peace- commissioners to accompany the army. This proved successful, and the rebellion ended. 85 86 AMERICAN HISTORY. Id October, 1859, John Brown, from Kansas, (formerly of New York), made an extraordinary raid into Virginia, for the ostensible purpose of setting the slaves free* His force numbered 22 persons, of whom 17 were negroes. He took possession of the United States Arsenal at Harper's Ferry, held it tor a time, but was finally overpowered, taken prisoner, and executed for treason Decem- ber 2. The following named states passed ordi- nances of secession : South Carolina, Deceoaber 20, 1860. Mississippi, January 9, 1861. Florida, January 10, 1861. Alabama, January 11, 1861. Georgia, January 19, 1861. Louisiana, January 26, 1861. Texas, February 1, 1861. These states, with the exception of Texas, early in 1861, organized the govern- ment of the " Confederate States of America." JeflPerson Davis was chosen THIRTEENTH ADMINISTRATION. 87 President, and Alexander H. Stephens, Vice-President. The first aggressive act was the firing, by the Confederates, upon a steamer, "Star of the West,'^ sent by the government with supplies lor the soldiers at Fort Sumpter. In 1858 the first Telegraphic Cable was laid across the Atlantic, connecting New Foundland, at Trinity Bay, with Ireland, at Yalentia Bay. Cyrus W. Field, of New York, was the great master spirit in the work. Minnesota was admitted as a state in 1858. Oregon was admitted as a state in 1859. At the close of this administration there were thirty-three states. SECTION XXIII. Fourteenth Presidential Administration. 1861 to 1865. Abraham Lincoln, President ; Hanni- bal Hamlin, Yice-President. The cabinet as first formed was as fol- lows: William H. Seward, Secretary of State ; Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of the Treasurj^ ; Simon Cameron, Secretary of War; Gideon Wells, Secretary of the Navy ; Caleb Smith, Secretary of the In- terior ; Montgomery Blair, Postmaster- General; Edward Bates, Attorney-Gen- eral. 1861. The leading events of the year were as follows : April 12, Fort Sumpter was bombarded FOURTEENTH ADMINISTRATION. 89 by the Confederates under General Beau- regard. April 14, Colonel Anderson capitulated and with his command sailed for New York. April 15, 75,000 troops were called for bj the President ; the call was immedi- ately responded to by the Free State^. April 19, (the anniversary of the battle of Lexington), a Massachusetts regiment was attacked by a mob in the streets of Baltimore, in which two soldiers were killed and a number wounded. The same day the President proclaimed a blockade of the ports in all the seceding States. May 3,* the President called for 42,000 three years' volunteers, and ordered 22,114 officers and men to the regular army, and 18,000 seamen for the navy ; total, 82,114. The following additional States seceded : Virginia, April 17. Arkansas, May 6. North Carolina, May 20. Tennessee, June 8. OtO AMERICAN EI8T0RT. An extra session of Congress (called April 15) assembled July 4, which author- ized the raising of 500,000 men, and ap- propriated $500,000,000 to defray the ex- penses of the war. July 21, the battle of Bull Eun was fought ; Union forces killed and wounded, 1,498; Confederates killed ^nd wounded, 1,593. This battle was preceded by bat- tles at Philippi, Big Bethel, E-omney, Eich Mountain, Centre ville, (all in Virginia), and Carthage, in Missouri. July 22, General McClellan assumed command of the army of Virginia and on the Potomac. The following battles occurred soon after the Bull Eun disaster: Dug Spring, Athens and Wilson's Creek, Missouri. General Lyon was killed at Wilson's Creek. Forts Hatteras and Clark, N. C, were captured. Battles of Lexington and Martinsburg followed. November 1, General Scott resigned the command of the army, and General Mc- FOURTEENTH ADMINISTRATION. 91 Clellan was appointed General-in-Chief of the armies of the United States. The Contederates sent Messrs. Mason and Slide] 1 Commissioners to Europe. They sailed from Havana in the English mail steamer, Trent ; They were captured November 7, by Captain Wilkes of the frigate San Jacinto^ in the Bahama Chan- nel, and brought to the United States, but were soon released and went to Europe. 1862. The leading events were the battle at Mill Spring, Kentucky, January 8 ; and the capture of Fort Donelson, Tennessee, February 16, when General Grant said, *''No terms, other than an unconditional and immediate surrender, can be accepted." First appearance of the Monitor^ March 9 : victory over the Virginia^ formerly the Meri'imaG. Battle of Shiloh, Tennessee, April 6, 7. Capture of Island Number 10, Missis- sippi river, April 7. New Orleans captured, April 25, by 92 AMERICAN HISTORY. Admiral Farragat, and occupied by Gen- eral B. F. Butler and army, April 28. IN'orfolk, Virginia, captured May 9, and Natchez, May 12. Battle of Fair Oaks, Virginia, May 31, June 1. Memphis,Tennessee, surrendered June 6. Seven-days-battles, Virginia, June 25 to July 1 ; Malvern Hill being the last, Gen- erals Lee and McClellan commanding. The President called for 300,000 soldiers, July 1. Surrender of Harper's Ferry to the Confederates, September 15. Battle of Antietam, Maryland, Septem- ber 17 ; followed immediately by the pre- liminary emancipation proclamation. Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia, De- cember 13. Battle of Murfreesborough, Tennessee, December 29 to January 4. 1863. The President's emancipation procla- mation, January 1., FOURTEENIH ADMINISTRATION. 93 Battle of Chancellorsville, May 2-3. General Grant's six battles in Missis- sippi, May 1-17. General Lee invaded Maryland in June. West Virginia admitted as a state, June 20. The President called for 100,000 soldiers in June- Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, July 1-3. Surrender of Yicksburg, July 4, Capture of Port Hudson, July 9, when the Mississippi was opened to the Gulf of Mexico. Great draft riot in New York, July 13- 16. Battle of Chickamauga, Georgia, Sep- tember 19. The President called, October 16, for 300,000 soldiers. Battle of Chattanooga, Georgia, Novem- ber 23, The iSational Cemetery at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, was dedicated November 19. President Lincoln made a brief address U AMEBIC AJ^ HISTOBT. which is, perhaps, the finest ever delivered on a similar occasion, and has become fa- miliar to the entire English reading world. An act establishing a National currency passed. 1864. The President called for 200,000 soldiers, March 15. Congress passed a bill reviving the grade of Lieutenant General, and March 9, the President commissioned General Grant to that position. As the General was about to launch out on his spring campaign, the President wrote him, April 30, as follows : '' Not expecting to see you before the spring cam- paign opens, I wish to express in this way my entire satisfaction with what you have done up to this time, so far as I understand it. The particulars of your plans I neither know nor seek to know. You are vigilant and self-reliant; and, pleased with this, I wish not to obtrude any restraints or constraints upon you. If there be any- thing wanting, which is in my power to give, do not fail to let me know it." The battles in the wilderness were May 5, 6, 7, in which it was said, " The dead lay thickly strewn around among the trees: FOURTEENTH ADMINISTRATION. 95 the wilderness lay throbbing with the wounded." Battle of Spottsylvania, May 10. Gen- eral Grant informed the Secretary of War from this place that, " I intend to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer." The fugitive slave law was repealed in June. June 19, Captain Winslow attacked and sunk the privateer Alabama^ commanded by Captain Semraes, off the coast of France. Semmes and forty of his crew were taken out ot the water by a British yacht, which, instead of delivering the rescued men to the United States authori- ties, steamed off to the English shore and landed them there. Early's raid down the Shenandoah across the Potomac, July 9, threatened "Washing- ton. In July there was a call for 500,000 soldiers. Sheridan attacked and routed Early at Winchester, September 19, and three days after met and routed him again. In a 96 AMERICAN BISTOBY. week he had destroyed or captured one- half of Early's army, and had di'iven the rest southward. For this victory, Sheri- dan received the thanks of Congress. General Slierman organized at Chatta- nooga an army of 100,000 men, fighting his way through to Atlanta, which place was evacuated September 1. " Atlanta is ours, and fairly w^on," telegraphed Sher- man. Leaving Atlanta the middle of Novem- ber, he pushed toward the sea, and, Decem- ber 21, obtained the surrender of Savannah, which he presented to the President as a Christmas gift. In December there was a call for 300,000 soldiers. 1865. Lincoln's second inauguration, March 4, 1865. A general movement against Richmond, March 29. Sheridan's advance led to the battle of Five Forks and victory, April 1. Lincoln visited the army before Petersburg, March FOURTEENTH ADMINISTRATION. 97 24, and remained with it until the fall of Richmond, which he entered April 4, ac- companied by his son, Admiral Porter, and a few sailors. Lee's army surrendered at Appomattox, April 9, and was paroled upon the fol- lowing conditions : *' That they shall not hereafter serve in the Confederate army, or in any military capacity against the United States, until properly exchanged in a man- ner approved of by proper authorities.'^ The number paroled was 27,805. General Lee retired to private life : his fortune had been almost entirely swept away during the war, and in October he accepted the Presidency of Washington College, at Lexington, Virginia, where in a short time the students numbered nearly 500. April 11, President Lincoln, two days after Lee^s surrender, delivered a public address, in which he discussed the question of reconstruction. He was assassinated on the evening of Good Friday, April 14, and died the next morning, remaining un- ^8 AMERICAN HISTORY. conscious from the time he was shot. J. Wilkes Booth, the assassin, fled, was pur- sued, and took refuge in a barn ; refusing to surrender, he was shot, dying soon after. Secretary Seward was attacked in his own house by an assassin and seriously wounded ; it became known that an elab- orate plot had been formed for murdering all the chief civil officers of the govern- ment. The conspiracy was participated in to a greater or less degree by at least nine persons, eight of whom were tried by a military commission, and four (including a woman) were executed ; three were sen- tenced to hard labor on the Dry Tort-ugas (a group of ten islets at the extremity of the Florida Keys) for life, and one for six years. Their names were O'Laughlin, Spangler, Arnold, and Mudd. O'Laugh- lin died there, the others were pardoned by the President. Kansas was admitted as a State in 1S61 ; West Yirginia, 1863; Nevada, 1864. There were thirty-six States at the time of President Lincoln's death ^FOURTEENTH ADMINISTRATION. 99 Andrew Johnson, inaugurated April 15, which was soon followed, April 25, by the surrender of Johnston's army. -- Jefferson Davis was captured May 10, incarcerated two years in Fortress Monroe, admitted to bail in 1867, finally discharged and included in the general amnesty in 1868. May 29, the President issued an amnestj proclamation, excepting 14 classes, as fol- lows : First, all who are or shall have been pretended civil or diplomatic officers or otherwise domestic or foreign agents of the pretended Confederate govern- ment. Second, all who left judicial stations under the United Slates to aid the rebellion. Third, all who shall have been military or naval officers of said pretended Confederate government above the rank of colonel in the army or lieutenant in the navy. Fourth, all who left seats in the Congress of the United States to aid the rebellion. Fifth, all who resigned or tendered resignations of their commissions in the army or navy of the United States to evade duty in resisting the rebel- lion. Sixth, all who have engaged in any way in treat- ing otherwise than lawfully as prisoners of war per- 100 AMERICAN BISTORT. sons found in the United States service, as officers, soldiers, seamen, or in otlier capacities. Seventli, all persons who have been, or are absen- tees from the United States for the purpose of aid- ing the rebellion. * Eighth, all military and naval officers in the rebel service, who were educated by the government in the Military Academy at West Point or the United States Naval Academy. Ninth, all persons who held the pretended offices of Governors of States in insurrection against the United States. Tenth, all persons who left their homes within the jurisdiction and protection of the United States, and passed beyond the Federal military lines into the pretended Confederate States for the purpose of aiding the rebellion. Eleventh, all persons who have l)een engaged in the destruction of the commerce of tlie United States upon the high seas, and all persons who have made raids into the United States from Canada, or been* engaged in destroying the commerce of the United States upon the lakes and rivers that separate the British Provinces from the United States. Twelfth, all persons who, at the time when they seek to obtain the benefits hereof by taking the oath herein prescribed, are in military, naval, or civil confinement, or custody, or under bonds of the civil, military, or naval authorities, or agents of the United States, as prisoners of war, or persons de- tained for offences of any kind, either before or after conviction. FOURTEENTH ADMINISTRATIOK 101 Thirteenth, all persons who have voluntarily par- ticipated in said rebellion, and the estimated value of whose taxable property is over twenty thousand dollars. Fourteenth, all persons who have taken the oath of amnesty as prescribed in the President's procla- mation of December 8th, A. D. 1863, or an oath of allegiance to the government of the United States since the date of said proclamation, and who have not thenceforward kept and maintained the same inviolate. This was succeeded by other proclama- tions, as follows : September 7, 1867, Julj 4, 1868, and December 25, 1868 ; in the last of which the President said, " I do herebj^ proclaim and declare, uncondition- ally^ and without reservation, to all and to every person who directly and indirectly participated in the late insurrection or re- bellion, a full pardon and amnesty for the offence of treason against the United States." June 23, the President proclaimed the blockade removed from all the ports in the Southern States. . August 29, a proclamation annulling all restrictions upon trade with them. 102 AMERICAN HISTORY. December 18, the Secretary of State de- clared the thirteenth amendment to the Constitution ratified, which declared that Blaverj shall not exist in the United States. 1866. April 2, the insurrection was proclaimed at an end in all the States except Texas. The same was made applicable to Texas August 20. April 9, the '^ Civil Rights Bil'l " was passed by Congress, over the President's veto. It declared '^ That all persons born in the United States, and not subject to any foreign power, excluding Indians not taxed, are hereby declared to be citizens of the 'United States, entitled to inherit, purchase, lease, sell, and convey real estate and personal property, and that all are equal before the law." The extension of the " Freedmen's Bu- reau " for the better care of the freedmen, and the restoration of industry and educa- tion in the region devastated by war was FOURTEENTH ADMINISTRATION. 103 passed over the President's veto, April 10. Aiiojust 28, the corner stone for the monument of Stephen A. Douglas was laid. The President of the United States and some members of the cabinet were present. 1867. March 2, " Tenure of office-bill " passed over President's veto, which deprived the President from removing officers without the consent of the Senate. The congressional plan of reconstruc- tion was developed in the act of March 2, supplementary acts of March 23 and July 19, each of which was passed over the President's veto. The states from Vir- ginia around to Arkansas were divided into five military districts, each having a military officer not below the rank of Brig- adier General. August 12, Secretary Stanton was sus- pended by the President, and General Grant appointed adinterim. When Congress assembled in December, 104 AMERICAN HISTORY. it refused to accept the reasons for his removal ; and Secretary Stanton resumed his place as Secretary of War. 1868. February 21, Secretary Stanton was again removed, and General Lorenzo Thomas appointed Secretary of War. The articles of impeachment of the Pres- ident of the United States were agreed to by the House of Representatives, March 3, and were presented to the Senate March 5, and contained eleven charges. The Senate, as a '' Court of Impeach- ment," commenced voting on the charges, against the President, May 16, and closed May 26 ; three counts were voted upon and the result each time was as follows : Guilty, 35 ; not guilty, 19. Judgment of acquittal was then ren- dered, and the Senate sitting as a '* Court for the trial of Impeachment " was ad- journed without day. Secretary Stanton afterward resigned, and was succeeded by General Schofield. FOURTEENTH ADMINISTRATIOK 105 July 28, the fourteenth amendment to the Constitution was declared ratified. ' Election of General Grant to the Presi- dency in November. General amnesty proclaimed December 25, granting full pardon to everybody that had participated in the rebellion. Nebraska admitted a State in 1867. The number of states at the close of Johnson's administration was thirty -seven. SECTION XXIV. Grouping. The following plan is given for studying the events of twelve years of American history, commencing wnth the Secession of South Carolina and extending through t\ni years of Rebellion and Reconstruction. Only one date for each year, as given in the following groups, is to be remembered at first, then the events preceding the one whose date is given, afterward the events that followed it. Slavery was the cause of the Rebellion, and since it was entirely eradicated by the war, therefore the two appropriate key- words suggesting the events of these years, are SLAVES FREED. The suggestive words, representing 106 THE REBELLION REVIEWED. 107 events haviog dates given, are printed in capitals^ and the initial letters of these several words in regular succession will «pell the key -words, SLAVES FREED. First Group. 1860. S — ECEssioN of South Carolina, Decem- ber 30. Second Group, 1861. L — incoln's Inauguration, March 4, pre- ceded by the firing upon the steamship Star of the West; the secession of six states heretofore named. 108 AMERICAN HISTORY. Followed by the fall of Fort Sumpter ; a call for 75,000 soldiers ; another call for 82,000, and another for 500,000 ; battle of Bull Run ; campaign in "West Yirginia ; the secession of four other states. Mason and Slidell go to Europe. Third Group. 1862. A — NTiETAM, September 17, preceded by Donelson ; the wonderful advent of the steamer Monitor^ which destroyed the Mer- rimac ; and close upon that, the battle of Shiloh ; in a lew days New Orleans was captured, then Norfolk, Natches, and Memphis. Seven days' battle on the Peninsula of Yirginia ; call for 300,000 men ; a second call for 300,000 men. The battle of Antietam was followed by THE REBELLION BEVlByVED. 109 the battles of Fredericksburg, Ya., and Murfreesborougb, Tenn. Fourth Group. 1863. y — icKSBURG, July 4, preceded by the Emancipation Proclamation ; Ohancellors- ville, a call for 150,000 soldiers ; battle of Gettysburg; Yicksburg, followed by the capture of Port Hudson ; Great Riot in New York; battles of Chicamauga and Chattanooga ; consecration of a National Cemetery. Fifth Group. 1864. ' E — arly's raid on Washington, July 9, preceded by the bloody battle of the 110 AMERICAN HISTORY. Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor ; Grant informed the Secretary ot War from this place that " I intend to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer." The raid followed by the battle of Win- chester, Sherman's march to Atlanta, and a little later to Savannah, the result of which was announced as follows : " I beg leave to present you, the President, a Christmas gift, the city of Savannah, with one hundred and fifty guns, plenty of am- munition, and also about twenty five thou- sand bales of cotton." Farragut's grand achievements with the Navy, Sixth Group. 1S65. S — urrende:r of Lee^s army at Appo- mattox, April 9, preceded by the battle of THE REBELLTON REVIEVED. Ill Five Forks ; flight of the Oonfederate President, Cabinet, and Congress. Lincoln gave a reception to armv officers in the parlors just vacated by Jefferson Davis ; the surrender followed by the as- sassination of Lincoln just forty days from his second inauguration ; the wounding of William H. Seward ; the succession of Andrew Johnson to the presidency ; the surrender of Johnston's army ; capture of Jefferson Davis ; the close of the Civil War. Seventh Group 1866. F — keedmen's Bureau bill vetoed by the President, and passed April 10 by Con- gress over his veto. It was preceded by the " Civil Right's bill," and proclamation of an end of the insurrection, followed by laying the corner stone of the Douglas' monument. 113 AMERICAN HISTOIiY. Eighth Group. 1867. R — EcoNSTRUCTiON and other acts pre- scribing the mode in which the Southern States might be admitted into the Union, passed March 23, preceded by the Tenure- of office bill ; suspension of the Secretary of War, Stanton, by the President ; his restoration by Congress, followed by the purchase of Alaska, a territory equal in size to twelve states like New York. Price paid. $7,200,000 in gold. Ninth Group. V 1868. E — LECTION of General Grant to the Presidency ; preceded by the attempt to impeach President Johnson ; followed by the general amnesty proclamation. THE REBELLION REVIEWED. US Tenth Group. 1869. E — LECTivE Franchise extended to the negroes ; the last of the seceding states re- stored to representation in Congress, and thus the re-construction of the Union was fully accomplished. Eleventh Group. 18Y0-1. D — ^EFEAT of the Annexation of San Domingo. The commissioners appointed by President Grant, consisting of Messrs. B. F. Wade, A. D. White, S. G. Howe, to investigate the matter, reported favor- ably, but the Senate withheld its approval of the treaties. A joint commission of five British and five American members met at Washing- ton, May 8, 1871, and signed a treaty on the subject of the coast fisheries, river nav- igation and the " Alabama claims." 114 AMERICAN HISTORY. The last named questiort was submitted to a court of arbitr-ition, consisting of one from each of the following named coun- tries, viz : United States, Great Britain, Italy, Switzerland, and Brazil. The court convened at Geneva, Septem- ber 14, 1872. The decision was that the British government should pay the United States the sum ot $16,500,000 (called the ■Geneva award) for damages to American Have the events in one decade all asso- ciated together, and let the story embrace the whole decade. CHART NO. 1, Period I. —1493 to 1607. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1490 * * * * * 1500 * * — 1510 * * * 1520 * — * « 1530 1540 * 1550 1560 * * 1 1570 1 1 1580 1 * * * 1590 1600 * * * Pekiod II. —1607 TO 1775. ! 1 1 i 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6| 1 7 8 9 i 1 1600 i * * * * * 1610 * * * * * 1 * * * *i 1 1620 * * 1630 * * * — * * * * * * * * * * » * i 1 1640 i 1650 i 1660 i * * * * 1 1870 * * * * * 1680 * * * * * * * * * *i ! 1690 * * * * * * * i * 1700 * * * * * * i 1710 * * 1720 * * 1730 * * 1 J Period II.— 1607 to 1775, 1 I 1 2 3 4 5- 6 7 8 1740 * * * 1750 * * * * * * * * « 1760 * * * * * * * * * i 1 1770 * * * * * * * . Period III .—1775 TO 1781. 1770 * * * * * * * * * * ** * * * * 1780 * * * *** *** * 1 1 Period IV. —1781 TO 1789. 1 j 1780 * * * * * * * » * « * , .. ., -1 KEY TO CHART NO. I. Period I. 1492. Columbus made his first voyage to America, and discovered San Salvador, taking posses- sion of it in the name of the Spanish Sov- ereigns. He then sailed southward and dis- covered Cuba and Hayti, 1493. Columbus made a second voyage, explored Jamaica and several other islands, founded the colony of Hispaniola, which was after- wards called San Domingo. The name Hayti was given to it after the French were expelled in 1803. 1497. John Cabot discovered and visited the North American continent near Cape Breton. 1498. Columbus made a third voyage, and discov- ered South America near the mouth of the Orinoco river. 1499. Amerigo Vespucci visited the coast of South America, and then again in two years : he made a very interesting report, from which a German geographer suggested the name America, which was by common consent acquiesced ia. 188 134 AMERICAN HISTORY. 1502. Columbus made his fourth voyage from Cadiz : was refused permission to refit from his own colony, Hispaniola: coasted on the south side of the Gulf of Mexico ; and after much suffering from famine and hardship, re- turned home in 1504. 1506. An old man, broken in body, although in full possession of his mental faculties, having, in his own words, "no place to repair ta except an inn, and often with nothing to pay for his sustenance, " the discoverer of the world died, in the act of repeating the words in Latin: "Lord, into thy hands I commit my spirit." 1512. John Ponce de Leon (Spanish) discovered Florida. 1513. Balboa, Governor of a Spanish colony on the isthmus, discovered the Pacific Ocean. 1517. Cordova (Spanish) discovered Mexico. 1521. Cortez sailed from Cuba with a fleet and six hundred soldiers, landed at Vera Cruz, and after much hard fighting obtained posses- sion of the capital. This wealthy country became a province of Spain, and remained as such for three centuries, till 1821, 1534, Cartier (French) discovered the St. Lawrence. 1535. Cartier explored the St. Lawrence to Mon- treal, and claimed the country for the French King. 1541, De Soto (Spanish) discovered the Mississippi river. KEY TO CHART NO. 1. 135 1562, Arrival of Huguenots in America. (A Hu- guenot was a French Protestant of the period of the religious wars in France, in the sixteenth century.) 1565. St. Augustine founded by Pedro Melendez, (Spanish), who proclaimed his king mon- arch of all North America, and was in- structed to drive away or destroy the French. He then fell upon the Huguenots and massacred about nine hundred men, women, and children. 1583. New England coast explored by Sir H. Gil- bert (English). 1585. Settlement attempted on Roanoke Island by Raleigh: it failed. 1587. Another settlement attempted on Roanoke Island : it failed. 1603. Cape Cod discovered and named by Bartholo- mew Gosnold. 1603. Maine discovered. 1606. London and Plymouth companies chartered. Period II. 1607. English land in Virginia, and found James- town. 1608. Quebec founded by Captain Champlain. 1609. The discovery of Lake Champlain. 1609. Voyage of Henry Hudson to America. 1609. Discovery of the Hudson River. ISO AMERICAN HISTOBY. 1610. Starving time in Virginia. 1612. Third Ciiarter granted to Virginia. 1614. Captain John Smith explores New England. 1619. First cargo of slaves brought to Virginia. 1620. The pilgrims land at Plymouth Hock. 1620. New Charter granted the Plymouth Company. 1621. The Dutch West India Company incorpo- rated. 1623. Albany on the Hudson founded. 1625. Permanent settlements in Maine begun. 1629. The Massachusetts Bay Company iiiunded. 1629. Lord Baltimore visits Jamestown. 1630. Settlement of Boston and neighboring towns. 1631. Arrival of Roger Williams at Boston. 1632. Maryland granted to Lord Baltimore. 1634. Settlement of Maryland. 1635. Permanent settlement of Connecticut by emi- grants from Massachusetts Bay. 1635. Roger Williams banished from Massachusetts. 1636. Providence founded by Roger Williams. 1637. War with the Pequod Indians. 1637. Harvard College founded. 1638. New Haven founded. 1638. First settlement in Delaware by Swedes. 1639. Newport founded. 1639. De Vries colonizes Staten Island. 1642. Hostilities between the Maryland Settlers and the Susquehanna Indians. 1644. Rhode Island obtains a charter. 1644. Clayborne and Ingle's insurrection in Mary- land. KEY TO CHART NO, 1. 137 1644. Charter for Providence Plantations granted to Roger Williams. 1644. Indian massacre in Virginia. 1647. Stuyvesant arrives at New Amsterdam. 1663. First settlement in North Carolina. 1664. First permanent settlement in New Jersey. 1664. First settlement of Central New York at Schenectady. 1670. First settlement in South Carolina. 1673. George Fox, founder of the Quakers, visits America. 1674. The Dutch gave up their claims to territory. 1675. Quakers settle West Jersey. 1675. Outbreak of Philips war in New England. 1676. Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia. 1680. Charleston, S. C, founded. 1683. The "Friends " buy East Jersey. 1682. William Penn sails for America. 1682. Philadelphia founded. 1682. Penn's Indian Treaty. 1684. Penn returns to England. 1687. Andros attempts to seize the Connecticut Charter. 1688. Revolution in England, and King James driven away. 1689. Deposition and arrest of Andros at Boston, 1689. King William's war breaks out. 1690 Schenectady destroyed by the French and Indians. 1692. Pennsylvania taken from William Penn. 1692. Witchcraft in Salem. 138 AMERICAN HISTORY. 1694. Rice introduced into South Carolina. 1694. Penn's rights in Pennsylvania restored. 1696. Captain Kidd sails from New York. 1697. Treaty of Ryswick. 1699. Penn returns to America. . 1701. Captain Kidd executed. 1701. 'Yale College founded. 1702. Queen Anne's War. 1703. Boundary line between Connecticut and Rhode Island fixed. 1704. Indian War in New England. 1713. Treaty of Utrecht. 1713. The Five Nations become Six, by the addi- tion of the Tuscarora Tribe. 1718. William Penn died. 1722. Third Indian war in New England. 1729. North and South Carolina separated. 1733. Georgia, the last colony, settled. 1736. The first printing press established in Virginia. 1741. Negro plot in New York. 1744. King George's War. 1748, Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. 1752. Spain yielded her claim to Georgia. 1755. Intercolonial war. 1755. Braddock's defeat. 1755. Battle of Lake George. 1756. Oswego, N. Y., captured by the French. 1757. Massacre at Fort William Henry, (Lake George). 1758. Lord Howe killed near Ticonderoga. 1758. The English repulsed at Ticonderoga. KEY TO CHART NO. 1. 139 1759. Wolfe captured Quebec. 1760. The Navigation Act passed by Parliament. 1760. King George III. ascends the throne. 1761. Attempt to enforce writs of assistance in Massachusetts. 1763. Treaty of Paris. 1763. The survey of Mason and Dixon's line com- menced. 1765. Stamp Act passed by Parliament. 1766. Repeal of the Stamp Act. 1767. Duties levied on glass, paper, etc. 1768. Arrival of British troops in Boston. 1770. Boston Massacre. 1770. British troops removed from Boston 1771. ■ Hutchinson Governor of Massachusetts. 1771. Battle with the "Regulators " in N. C. 1773. Destruction of tea in Boston Harbor. 1774. Boston Port Bill passed. 1774. First Continental Congress at Philadelphia. Period III. 1775. Fighting at Lexington and Concord. 1775, Capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point. 1775. Washington appointed Commander-in-chief. 1775. Battle of Bunker Hill. 1775. Montreal taken by Montgomery. 1775. Death of Montgomery at the assault on Quebec. 1776. Arrival of British fleet in New York. 1776. Declaration of Independence. 140 AMERICAN MISTOMT. 1776, Battle of Long Island. 1776. Americans abandon "New York. 1776. Surrender of Fort Washington. 1777. Battle of Princeton. 1777. Lafayette, accompanied by eleven ofiBcere, among them the German veteran, Baron de Kalb, landed at Georgetown, S. C, April 24. 1777. Flag of Stars and Stripes adopted. 1777. Burgoyne captures Ticonderoga. 1777. Howe's army sails from New York to Chesa- peake Bay. 1777. Battle of Oriskany. 1777. Battle of Bennington. 1777. Battle of Brandywine. 1777. Murder of Jane McCrea, near Fort Edward. 1777, Surrender of Burgoyne. Howe occupies Philadelphia. 1778. Philadelphia evacuated by the British. 1778. Battle of Monmouth. 1778. Battle and Massacre in the Wyoming Valley, 1778. Arrival of a French fleet under D,Estaing. 1778. Massacre by Indians and Tories at Cherry Valley. 1778. Capture of Savannah by the British. 1779. Try on attacks New Haven and other towns. 1779, Stony Point captured by the British, 1779, Sullivan's chastisement of the Indians for their cruel massacres, 1779. Paul Jones's victory off the coast of Great Britain. 1780, Surrender of Charleston to the British, May 13. KEY TO CHART NO, 1. 141 1780. Battle of Sanders's Creek, August 16. 1780. Capture of Major Andre, his trial, and finally his execution, October 2. 1781. Battle of Cowpens, S. C, January 17. 1781. Guilford Court House, N. C;, March 15. 1781. Articles of Confederation ratified by the thir- teenth state, Maryland, March 1. 1781. Massacre at Fort Griswold, Connecticut, September 6. 1781. Battle of Eutaw Springs, S. C, Septembers. 1781. Siege of Yorktown commenced October 9. 1781. Surrender of Cornwallis, October 19. Period IV. 1782. Preliminary Treaty of Peace signed. 1783. Final Treaty of Peace with Great Britain, 1783. Washington takes leave of his officers, and resigns his military office. 1784. Jefferson's Northwest Ordinance, establishing the "Northwest Territory," proposed. 1786. Shay's Rebellion in New England. 1787. Northwest Territory organized, and Ordi- nance adopted. 1787. Constitutional Convention met at Philadel- phia. 1788. Congress declared the Constitution ratified by eleven states. 1789. First Presidential election held the first Wednesday in January, 1789. Proclamation of the election announced April 6. 1789, Inauguration of Washington, April 30. KEY TO CHART NO, II. First Group. Acquisition of 7'erritory. Purchased of Date. Price. Louisiana, France, 1803. $15,000,000. Florida, Spain, 1819. 5,000,000. Texas (by Annexation), 1845. California, etc. . Mexico, 1848. 18,000,000. Arizona (Gadsden), Mexico, 1853. 10,000,000. Alaska, Russia, 1867. 7.200.000. Second Group. Financial Matters. 1. United States Bank chartered 1791. 2. Mint authorized ,^r. 1792. 8. Cents coined ..1793. 4. Silver Dollars coined. 1794. 5. Eagles coined 1795. 6. The re-charter for United States bank de- feated 1811. 7. Suspension of specie payment in all banks except New England 1814. 8. United States Bank re-chartered 1816. 9. The bill for a re-charter vetoed 1832. 142 KEY TO OHART NO. 2. 143 10. Deposits removed from the United States Bank by order of the President, and de- posited in State Banks 1833. 11. The universal suspension of specie pay- ment by the banks - - - 1837. 12. Failures in the city of New York alone, within two months after inauguration, $100,000,000 1837. 13. The "Independent Treasury" bill became a law in 1840. 14. The "Fiscal" or United States Bank bill vetoed 1841. 15. Suspension of specie payment in 1862. 16. The National Banking System inaugurated 1863. 17. Gold quoted at 280 -1864. 18. Resumption of specie payment 1879. Third Group, Tariffs. 1. A tariff for Revepue, and continued through a series of ^years from 1789. 2. First Protective tariff 1816. 3. Second Protective tariff more stringent 1828. 4. Third Protective tariff quite stringent 1832. 5. Clay's Compromise 1833, 6. Another Protective tariff 1842. 7. Revision of the tariff of 1842 made.. 1846. 8. Tariff revised in 1862. 9. Internal Revenue tax bill, requiring licenses on trades and occupations, specific 144 AMEUIGAN HISTOBY. duties on carriages, watches, and almost all articles manufactured : stamp duties on notes, mortgages, deeds, and other papers, etc 1862. Fourth Group. Treaties and Compromises. 1. Treaty with England 1794. 3. Treaty with Spain.. 1795. 3. Treaty with France 1800. 4. Treaty for the purchase of Louisiana 1803. 5. Treaty with Tripoli 1805. 6. Treaty with England 1814, 7. Treaty with Algiers. 1815. 8. Treaty with Spain for purchase of Florida 1819. 9. The Missouri Compromise 1820. 10. The Webster Ashburton Treaty 1842. 11. Northwestern Boundary Treaty 1846. 12. Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty 1848. 13. Clayton Bulwer Treaty 1850. 14. Clay's Compromise , 1850. 15. Treaty for the Gadsden purchase 1853. 16. Organizing the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, which repealed the Missouri Compromise 1854. 17. Treaty for the purchase of Alaska. 1867. Fifth Group. Wars and Rebellions. 1. Whiskey Rebellion .1794. 2. War with Tripoli 1808. KEY TO CHART NO. 2. 145 3/War with England.. _ 1813. 4. War with Algiers 1816. 5. An attempt at Nullification 1832. 6. Black Hawk War. 1833. 7. Seminole War 1835. 8. Dorr Rebellion '. 1843. 9. War with Mexico 1845. 10. The Civil War, or Great Rebellion 1861. 11. The Modoc War 1873. 12. The Sioux War 1876. Sixth Group, Important Proclamations. 1. The Monroe Doctrine 1833. 3. Jackson silenced Nullification 1833. 3. Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation 1863. Seventh Group. Great Inventions. 1. The Cotton Gin by Eli Whitney 1793. 2. Steamboats successfully introduced 1806. 3. Colt's Revolvers made 1839. 4. McCormick's Reaper 1834. 5. Lucifer Matches 1834. 6. Morse's Telegraph first operated 1837. 7. First Sewing Machine by J. J. Greenough 1843. 8. Professor Morse laid the first submarine cable in New York Harbor 1843. 9. The telegraph system was demonstrated to the world as a success in 1844. 10. Howe's sewing machine in 1846. UQ AMERICAN HI8T0BT. 11. Cyrus W. Field first attempts to lay the submarine cable 1855. 18. Second attempt failed 1857. 13. Third attempt was a success, but soon parted 1858. 14. The work siiccessfully accomplished, after twelve years of toil, in 1866. Mr. Field crossed the ocean fifty times to accomplish it. Eighth Group. Slavery. 1. Importation of slaves prohibited 1808. 3. Fugitive Slave Law 1820. 3. Re-enactment of the Fugitive Slave Law.. 1850. 4. Declared free by the President in 1863. 5. The Thirteenth Amendment whereby slavery was abolished by the Constitu- tion was ratified and announced in 1865. 6. The Fifteenth Amendment, conferring upon the negro the right to vote 1869. Ninth Group. Cholera and Yellow Fever. 1. Cholera was brought to Quebec, from thence up the lakes to Detroit, then among the United States troops engaged in the Black Hawk war in 1833. 2. Cholera again brought to New Orleans 1848. 3. Cholera in New York and elsewhere in 1866. 4. Yellow Fever along the Mississippi river. .. 1878. KEY TO CHART NO. 2. 147 Tenth Group. Disastrous Conjlagrations. 1. The first great fire in New York City 1835. 2 The first great fire in San Francisco 1849. 3. Great fire in Charleston, S. C _ 1861. 4. Columbia, S. C, almost entirely destroyed. 1865. 5. Richmond, Va., fired by the Confederates. 1865. 6. A destructive conflagration in Portland, Maine 1866. 7. The great Chicago fire ...1871. 8. Fire among the pines, Michigan 1871. 9. Destructive fire in Boston 1872. 10. The burning of the Brooklyn theatre 1876. 11. Great forest fires in Michigan 1878. 12. Fires and great loss of life in Michigan... 1881. Eleventh Group. States admitted into the Union. The thirteen original states date back to 1776. 14. Vermont .' 1791. ) 15. Kentucky 1792. [ Washington. 16. Tennessee 1796. ) 17. Ohio 1802.— Jefferson. 18. Louisiana 1812. ) -vr,,^-^ 19. Indiana 1816. [Madison. 20. Mississippi 1817. 21. Illinois... 1818. 22. Alabama 1819. 23. Maine 1820. 24. Missouri 1821. , 25. Arkansas 1836. 26. Michigan.. .1837. Monroe. Jackson. 148 AMERICAN HISTORY. 27. Florida 1845.— Tyler. ^8. Texas. 1845. ) 29. Iowa 1846. [-Polk. 30. Wisconsin 1848. ) 31. California 1850.— Fillmore. 32. Minnesota 1858. ) ^ , 33. Oregon 1859. [Buchanan. 34. Kansas- 1861. ) 35. West Virginia 1863. V Lincoln. 36. Nevada. 1864. ) 37. Nebraska 1867.— Johnson. 38. Colorado 1876.— Grant. Twelfth Group. Death and Resignation in the offices of President and Vice-President, 1. George Clinton, Vice-President, died at Wash- ington, D. C, April 20, 1812. 2. Elbridge Gerry, Vice-President, died at Wash- ington, D. C, November 23, 1814. 3. John C. Calhoun, Vice-President, resigned 1832. 4. William H. Harrison, President, died April 4, 1841. 5. Zachary Taylor, President, died July 9, 1850. 6. William R. King, Vice-President, died April 18, 1853, Being an invalid, he went to Cuba to spend the winter, and the oath of office was administered to him at Havana by the United States Consul, in ac- cordance with- a resolution of Congress. KEY TO GHAUT NO. '2. 149 7. Abraham Lincoln, President, died at Washing- ton/ D. C, April 15, 1865. 8. Henry Wilson, Vice-President, died at Wash- ington, November 32, 1875. 9. James A. Garfield, President, died at Long Branch, September 19, 1881, SECTION XXXI. Topics Geouped and Explained. 1763. Mason and Dixon^s Line. The parallel, 39° 43' 26.3", which sepa- rates Pennsjlvania from Maryland, wa& established by Charles Mason and Jere- miah Dixon, two distinguished English mathematicians. For about ninety years, dissension and conflict existed between the rival proprie- tors of Pennsylvania and Maryland and their partisans; and the vicinity of this line was the theatre of riot, invasion and bloodshed. These gentlemen commenced running this line in December, 1763, from the northeast corner of Maryland, due west 244 miles from the Delaware river ; but were compelled to suspend operations in consequence of opposition from Indians. 150 MASON AND DIXONB LINE, 151 At the end of every fifth mile, a stone was planted with the arms of the Penn family on one side, and Lord Baltimore on the other. The intermediate miles were marked with smaller stones, having a P on one side and an M on the other. These stones all came from England ; these sur- veyors were four years running this line. In 1782, the remaining distance, 36 miles, was run by other parties. In 1849, the former surveys were revised, and found correct in all the essential points. This line, in after years, separated the free states from the slave states, with the exception of the northern points of Dela- ware and Virginia. This line never ex- tended across Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. During the exciting debate in Congress, in 1820, on the question of excluding slavery from Missouri, the eccentric John Eandolph, of Eoanoke, made great use of this phrase, which was caught up and re- echoed by every newspaper in the land, and thus gained a celebrity which it still retains. SECTION xxxn. The American Flag. After the Declaration of Independence, the emblems of British union became in- appropriate, but thej were retained in the flag the following year. Congress resolved on June 14, 1777, *'that the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white ; that the Union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation." It is supposed that the flag was unfurled first by Paul Jones, on the Ranger^ to the command of which he was appointed on the same day that the resolution regarding the flag was passed. The stars were first arranged in a circle, which was changed in 1794, having fifteen stars and fifteen stripes, alternate red and 152 THE AMERICAN FLAG. 153 white. The reason for this was that two states had been added, making fifteen. In April, 1818, Congress made another change, returning to the original thirteen stripes, with as many stars as there were states — a new star to be added on the 4th of July following the admission of each state into the Union. No Congressional action has ever been taken in regard to the aTvangement of the stars on the flag. SECTIOJS^ XXXIII. Finances. The bank of England was established in 1694. The system originated with Samuel Lamb, a well-known merchant of London, as early as 1657. The United Colonies, in 1775, resolved to issue and borrow money to the amount of $300,000 of '' bills of credit " for the re- demption of which the faith of the colonies was pledged. Legal-tender acts of the most stringent character were adopted by Congress. Taxes were recommended in 1777 ; but the resolution passed was so indefinite that little or nothing was accomplished thereby. The states were requested the same year 154 FINANGE8. 155 to raise $5,000,000 ; only small sums were raised by some of the states. Congress, in an address to the people, said : " Your money has depreciated, be- cause you have imposed no taxes to carry on the war." Large sums of money were called for in 1779. In 1780, $186,000,000 were called for, but the actual amount received within the year was small. $9,000,000 in bills had been issued be- fore any depreciation took place. In March, 1778, $1.00 in coin was worth $1.75 in paper; in 1779, it was worth $10.00 in paper, and in 1780, it was worth $40.00 in paper. $200,000,000 in bills had been issued, and were worth only $5,000,000 in coin. In 1781, the depreciation was so great that from $200 to $500 were required to buy $1 in coin. It is said specie was very plenty in 1780, owing to the large sums expended by the British army in New York. 156 AMERIGAN HISTORY. A careful financier estimated the amount of specie, in 1780, in the thirteen states, at from $10,000,000 to $12,000,000. Daring the war the several colonies is- sued paper money ot their own, estimated in the aggregate, prior to 1783, at $209,- 000,000. ' In 1781, Congress created the office of Superintendent of the Finances, appoint- ing Robert Morris to that position. He proposed a plan for a bank, and Congress passed " an ordinance to incorpo- rate the subscribers to the bank of North America," with a capital of $400,000, of which the goverment took $254,000. This institution was considered a great assistance to the national finances. It was also incorporated by the State of Pennsylvania in 1782. This bank continued operation under the charter granted by Congress till 1787 ; it was then re-chartered by the State of Pennsylvania, and has from time to time been re-chartered, and now exists uader the National banking system. FINANCES. 157 The first Congress, in 1789, yjassed an act imposing duties on imports, and estab- lishing the pound sterling at $4.44. Coins from all parts of the world (and there were no others) were taken at the custom-house at their statutory value. In 1791, the United States Bank was organized, with a capital of $10,000,000, divided into 25,000 shares at $400 each. The bank was established in Philadel- phia, with branches at different places, i^' In 1792, a mint was authorized by Con- gress, and in 1793 the first copper cents were coined, and in 1794 the first silver dollars, and in 1795 the first gold eagles. The dollar was declared the unit of Fed- eral money. - Several states had, prior to this, estab- lished mints in which cents and half cents were coined, each state having its oMm pecu- liar design. In 1811, a bill re-chartering the United States Bank was defeated by the vote of Yice-P resident Clinton, the vote in the Senate being a tie. 158 AMERICAN R18T0BT. Its affairs were closed up, and within eighteen months the stockholders had received 88 per cent, of their stock. When the business was fully settled, the assets yielded to the stockholders a premium over the par value of 8 J per cent. Daring the war of 1812 to 1815, the government, which was embarrassed for the want of means, had to receive important aid from State banks. Most of these were now driven to a sus- pension of specie payment, and the finances of the government were now (1814) in a terrible condition, when Alexander J. Dallas was call to the head of the Treas- ury department. Recommendations were made, and finally, 1816, a bill was passed incorpora- ting the "Bank of the United States," with a capital of $35,000,000 of 350,000 shares of $100 each ; $7,000,000 of the stock was to be taken by the government, and the remaining $28,000,000 by individ- ual companies or corporations. The charter extended for twenty years FINANCES. 159 (to 1836) and then expired as a United States bank ; a bill for a re-charter having been vetoed in 1832. Pennsylvania, however, re-chartered it with the same capital, retaining the same name. It suspencj^d specie payment in 1837, during the great financial crisis, re- sumed "Specie payment in 1840, and during the year closed up its affairs, and after paying its debts there remained nothing for the stockholders, as the entire capital had been sunk. A charter for a '^ Fiscal Bank " being about the same, as the previous bank was vetoed in 1841. State Banks, Each State had its own system of bank- ing, until the great necessity, created by the Civil War, for National Banks. In 1863, an " Act to provide a National Currency, secured by a pledge of United States bonds," etc., was passed, which 160 AMERICAM HISTORY. brought into existence, under Secretary Chase, the successful National Banking System, that has been changed from time to time, and is the great system of to-day. Silver money having almost entirely gone out of circulation, fractional currency, of the denominations of 3, 5, 10, 15, 25, and 50 cents, were issued to take its place. The cause for the disappearance of silver and gold was the depreciation of " Green- backs " or National Currency, and gold quoted in 1864 $2.80; that is, $2.80 in currency was worth $1.00 in gold, or a paper dollar was actually worth only thirty-six cents. It remained at these fig- ures only a few days. In 1882, there were reported 2,132 National Banks in the United States. SECTION XXXIV. Trp:atie6 and Gompromisep. 1783. Treaty with Englwnd, Adams, Franklin, Jay, and Laurens, on the part of the United States, and Strachey, Oswald, and Fitzherbert, on the part of Great Britain, signed a preliminary treaty at Paris November 30, 1782 ; September 3, 1783, a definitive treaty was signed at Versailles, by which the United States were acknowledged by Great Britain to be free, sovereign, and independent. 1794. Treaty with England. This was made by John Jay, and in pursuance of that treaty, England surren- dered al! the western forts in 1796, 161 163 AMERICAN HISTORY. Its ratification exasperated the French government, which openly showed its dis- pleasure by decrees under which American, commerce suffered continual annoyance and losses. 1800. Treaty with France, Three envoys, C. C. Pinckney, Elbridge Gerry, and John Marshall, were sent to France with authority to adjust difficulties* The French government refused to re- ceive them, but intimated that a consider- able present of money would facilitate ne- gotiations, and a refusal to pay the bribe would lead to war. '^-War be it then," replied Pinckney; *' millions for defence, but not one cent for tribute." Pinckney and Marshall were ordered to leave France. A new embassy was sent, and Napoleon Bonaparte having obtained power, a treaty was promptly concluded, Sept. 30, 1800. It was during these troubles with France that the Alien and Sedition laws were passed by Congress. TREATIES. 163 1803. Treaty for the purchase of Louisiana. In 1800, Louisiana had been ceded by Spain to France ; and in 1802 the Presi- dent opened a private correspondence with the French government which resulted the succeeding year in the purchase of the entire territory for the sum of $15,000,000 ; the boundaries of which are defined by the treaty with Spain in 1819. 1805. Treaty with Trijpoli. The insolence of the piratical states on the Barbary coast was humbled by the bombardment ol Tripoli in 1804, and the invasion of that state by a small force from Egypt, led by Capt. Eaton, an Amer- ican officer. At the moment Eaton was preparing to fall upon Tripoli and release the Ameri- can captives, news reached him that a treaty had been concluded by Col. Tobias Lear, the American-consul-general at Algiers, one of the conditions of which was that 164 AMERICAN EI8T0BT. $60,000 should be- paid the Dey for the ransora of the Americaus Eaton soon returned to the United States, where he received many marks of popular tavor : the Legislature of Massa- chusetts voted him 10,000 acres of land. 1814. Treaty with England. The treaty at Ghent, Belgium, was made Dec. 14, 1814, by John Quincy Adams, James A. Bayard, Henry Clay, Jonathan Kussell, and Alexander Gallatin on the part of the United States, and Admiral Lord Gambier, Henry Goulbourn, and William Adams an the part of Great Britain. The treaty provided for the mutual restoration of all territory taken during the war, and for the mutual appointment of commissioners to determine the north- ern boundary of the United States. Nothing was said about the impress- ment of American seamen, one of the main causes of the war, but the practice was discontinued. TREATIES. 165 This was followed by a proclamation of peace, Feb. 18, 1815. 1815. • Treaty vnth Algiers. The practice of paying annual tribute to the pirates of the Barbary States did not always protect vessels. While the French fleet was in the Med- iterranean a check was put upon piracies; but as soon as peace was restored the Algerines commenced depredations; but the Americans, who in 1795 had been com- pelled to follow the example of European nations, and to subsidize the Dey for peace, now refused to pay tribute. In June, 1815, Commander Decatur encountered an Algerine squadron near Cartagena, took a frigate and a brig and sailed into the bay of Algiers, and on the 28th of June demanded the instant release of al] American prison ers,y^Z/ indemnifi- cation for all property, and absolute relin- quishment of all claims to tribute from the United States in the future. These terms 166 AMERICAN HISTORY. were agreed to, and' the Dey signed such a treaty. 1819. Treaty with Spain, Secretary of State John Quincy Adams^ who had carried on an important corres- pondence with Spain having reference to the boundaries of Florida and Louisiana, and claims on Spain for commercial depre- dations, now pushed American claims under the treaty, insisting that this cession included not merely Florida to the Perdido, but Texas to the Kio Grande. Finally in consideration of the cession of Florida, the United States agreeing to pay $5,000,000 for it, to be applied toward the extinction of American mercantile claims against Spain, Adams compromised matters by taking the Sabine, Bed, and Upper Arkansas, and the crest of the Rocky Mountains as the western boun- dary of Louisiana. This treaty was the principal achieve- ment of Secretary Adams. TREATIES. 167 1820. The Missouri Compromise After the admission of Maine as a State, a bill for the admission of Missouri, also, was presented to Congress. Its admission as a slave state was sharp- ly opposed by the tree state members ; but finally passed in the form of a compro- mise, as follows: Missouri should be ad- mitted as a slave state, its main southern boundary, lying on parallel 36° 30' North Latitude, should mark the line extending west as far as the United States then owned, north of which the territory should forever he free. Two questions arose: First, has Congress the constitutional right to prohibit slavery in a territory ? Second, was the term ^^ forever " used as meaning for all time, or simply during the existence of the territorial government ? On the first question the members of the cabinet were unanimous. On the second question John Quincy Adams thought the term ^^ forever " must mean forever, and 168 AMERICAN BISTORT, that the prohibitiou of slavery, instead of ceasing with the territorial condition of district, would, under this act, extend to any states that might at any time in the future be formed out of territory lyin^ north of 36° 30'. All the other members of the cabinet were of the opinion that the ''^forever " was a territorial forever, and would not prohibit the states from having slavery or not, just as they saw fit to incorporate in their constitutions. (Refer to Monroe's first cabinet and study the men). 1842. Webster- Ashhurton Treaty. The differences between the United States and England relative to the north- eastern boundary (Maine) which had nearly exhausted all diplomatic resources, were still unsettled. The affair of the steamboats Caroline and McLeod^ the detention and search of American vessels on the coast of Africa, TREATIES. 189 were subjects of controversy which imper- atively demanded attention. Lord Ashburton was sent as a special envoy to the United States, and with Daniel "Webster, then Secretary of State, the matter was compromised and a war avoided. The opposition in England, led hj Lord Palmerston, assailed it under the name of the " Ashburton Capitulation ; " and in the United States, Mr. Webster was charged with having been overreached ; but public opinion on both sides of the ocean has sanctioned it as a wise and statesmanlike transaction. 1846. Northwestern Boundary Treaty. England and the United States had both claimed the whole northwestern territory, that is, Oregon, etc. The protocol between Mr. Buchanan and Mr. Packenham induced England to accept the compromise line 49" North Latitude. Mr. Tyler had heretofore made 170 AMERICAN HISTORY. the same proposition, but it was then re- jected by Mr. Packenham. The British government were now wil- ling to accept Mr. Polk's offer, 49°, which was agreed to by Congress. Mr. Webster, though holding no executive office, was able, through private channels of influence in England, to contribute materially to this result. 1846. The Wilmot Proviso. In 1846, a bill was proposed in Congress making an appropriation to negotiate a peace with Mexico, an amendment by David Wilmot, known as the Wilmot proviso, which was, '^ That there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in any territory on the continent of Amer- ica, which shall hereafter be acquired by or annexed to the United States, by virtue of this appropriation." The proviso was rejected by the Senate, and never became a law. TEEATIBS. 171 1848, Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty. This name is from the town in Mexico in which the treaty was made February 2, 1848, and it stipulated that the Ameri- can army should evacuate the city of Mex- ico within three months. Mexico ceded to the United States California and New Mexico, and accepted the Rio Grande, from its mouth to El Paso, as the southern boundary of Texas. On the part of the United States, it was agreed that the sum of $15,000,000 should be paid for the territory thus acquired; and that debts due from Mexico to United States citizens, to the amount of .13,000,000, should be assumed. 1850. Clay ton- Bulwer Treaty. While John M. (^ayton was Secretary of State, the celebrated treaty with Eng- land, bearing the above name, was consum- mated, guaranteeing the neutrality of and the encouragement to lines of inter-oceanic 173 AMERICAN fflSTORY. communication across Nicaraugua, or otherwise. The difiSculty was this : since 1740, not- withstanding various treaties and negotia- tions with Spain, England had claimed a protectorate over the kingdom, and in 1848 seized San Juan, and made an attempt to extend the protectorate over all the adja- cent coast. The acquisition of California by the United States, had made that question one of practical importance, and in a short time San Juan was occupied by Americans en- gaged in opening the transit line to Cali- fornia, which occupation led to the treaty. 1850. Glay^s Compromise, It was provided, — 1. That California should be admitted as a free state. 2. That the territory of Utah should be established without the mention of slavery. 3. That the territory of New Mexico should be organized without mention of slavery. TREATIES. 173 4. The settlement of the Texas boundary question. 5. The abolition of the slave trade in the District of Columbia. 6. The re-enactment of the fugitive slave law. This is sometimes called the " Omnibus Bill."' 1853. The Gadsden Purchase. A great question that interested this ad- ministration was a boundary dispute with Mexico concerning a tract of land border- ing on New Mexico, and comprising about 45,535 square miles, which, by treaty and negotiation, became a part of the United States. The American minister's name was Gadsden, hence the name of the purchase : it forms a part of Arizona and New Mex- ico. Various expeditions were sent out that year to explore the railroad route from the Mississippi to the Pacific. Sev- eral years ago the road was finished from 174 AMERICAN EI8T0BT, San Francisco to a fort in Arizona, a dis- tance of 1,000 miles, and on the 30th day of December, 1881, the first through train started from both termini, namely New Orleans and San Francisco, the track being laid the entire distance. 1854. The Ostend Manifesto. The firing upon the American Steamer, the Black Warrior^ by a Spanish vessel during the administration of President Pierce threatened at one time to lead to hostilities. Since then the acquisition of Cuba has entered frequently into Ameri- can politics. The matter was confined to Mr. Soule, then the Minister to the court of Madrid ; but it was thought advisable that our Min- isters to England and France, Messrs. Buchanan and Mason, should act in con- cert with Mr. Soule. The result was a meeting at Ostend a town in Belgium, and the drawing up of a memorandum, popularly known as the TREATIES. 175 "Ostend Manifesto," in which the Minis- ters set forth the importance of Cuba to the United States, the advantages that would accrue to Spain from the sale of it at a fair price, the difficulty that Spain would encounter in endeavoring to keep possession of it by mere military power, the sympathy of the people of the United States with the inhabitants of the Island, and finally that Spain as a last resort might endeavor to Africanize Cuba, and become instrumental in re-enacting the scenes of Santo Domingo. Rather than have such an influence to act upon the slave popula- tion of the United States, we should be justified in wresting the Island from Spain by force. A proposition was urged in the United States Senate, to place $30,000,- 000 in the hands of the President, with a view to the acquisition of the Island, but after debate it was withdrawn ; and the "Ostend Manifesto" was at an end. 1854. Repeal of th^ Missouri Comjpromise, The bill reported for the organization of 176 AMERICAN niSTORT. two new territories, Kansas and Nebraska, lying north of 36' 30', was the repeal of the "Missouri Compromise" of 1820, and slavery was now allowed to enter where it had been form ally yb^^'y^/' excluded. The bill, after an intensely heated debate passed in the Senate by a vote of 37 to 14, and in the House, by a vote of 113 to 100. This bill aroused great excitement in the free states, and following so closely the *'Ostend Manifesto" was denounced as a flagrant breach of faith. 1867. Purchase of Alaska, A scientific corps passed through this country for the purpose of selecting a route for the Russo- American telegraph line, a project which was abandoned in conse- quence of the successful laying of the At- lantic cables. In 1867, a treaty was made through William H. Seward, Secretary of State, and Alexander II., Czar of Russia, for the purchase of Alaska by the United States. TREATIE8, 177 $7,200,000 in gold was the price agreed to be paid, and the treaty was ratified by the Senate, May 20, of the same year. Brig.-Gen. Lovell H. Eousseau was ap- pointed commissioner for that purpose, and took formal possession of the country in the name of the United States. The area of Alaska is equal to that of twelve states of the size of New York. 1871. Annexation of Santo Domingo. This treaty was not ratified by the Sen- ate, and failed. 1872. The Geneva Aivard. The court of arbitration at Geneva, awarded the sum of $15,500,000, for dama- ges, done by the confederate cruiser Ala- bama, to the United States shipping. SECTION xxxm. Disastrous Conflagrations. 1835. The first great conflagration in New York city took place in December, 1835, in what was then the main business portion of the city, the district lying east of Broad- way and north of Wall Street. There were burned the Merchant's Exchange, several banks, and 648 large warehouses, all filled with valuable merchandise; the entire loss was not less than $18,000,000. 1849. The first one in San Francisco, Cal., was December 4, 1849 ; loss about §1,000,000. This city had grown in a year after the discovery of gold from a small village to a city of 30,000 inhabitants. 178 DISASTROUS CONFLAGRATIONS. 179 The second fire in 1850 ; loss $3,000,000. The third fire in 1850 ; loss $3,000,000. The fourth fire in 1851 ; loss $7,000,000. The fifth fire in 1851 ; loss $2,000,000. In this series of confia<^rations following closely upon each other, the total loss was $16,000,000, an amount in proportion to population fuJlj equal to that caused bj the great fire in Chicago. 1861. A very great fire accidently kindled in a sash factory in Charleston, S. C, Decem- ber 11, 1861, destroyed several churches, and nearly all the public buildings; loss estimated at $11,000,000. 1865. Colombia, the capital of South Carolina, was almost entirely destroyed by fire on the 17th and ISth of February, 1865. Sherman had just entered the city with his army, after it was evacuated by Wade Hampton. It is said that a large quantity of cotton lay piled in the streets, bales of which were cut open and set on fire. A 180 AMEBIC AN EI8T0RT. strong wind carried the fire to various parts of the city, and it was only through the utmost exertions of the Union troops, that any portion of it was saved. 1865. The same thing happened in Kichmond, Ya., April 3, 1865. General Ewell who ■commanded the rear guard, gave orders for firing the warehouses in the central part of the city; when the Union advance entered they found a great conflagration raging, and before it could be extinguished, a third of the city was consumed, embracing the entire business portion. 1866. On July 4, 1866, a destructive confla- gration began in Portland, Maine, occa- sioned by a firecracker. The flames swept due north, destroying everything in its way for a space of a mile and a half long, by half a mile wide. More than fifty buildings were blown up, in the hope thereby to check the pro- gress of the flames. DT8ASTB0US CONFLAGRATION'S. 181 It was extinguished on the fifth, but not until nearly one half of the finest part of the city had been destroyed, The loss was not less than $10,000,000. 1871. The most destructive conflagration that ever occurred in the United States, was that at Chicago, October 8-10, 1871. Build- ings supposed to be fire-proof burned like tinder ; the area burned over contained 2,100 acres. There were 17,450 houses burned, among which were forty-one churches, thirty-two hotels, ten theatres, eight public schools, five elevators containing 1,642,000 bushels of grain, three railroad depots, nine daily newspaper offices, the court house, custom house, post office, chamber of commerce and gas works. Loss $198,000,000. No city ever recovered so speedily from such a blow. In a year the larger part was rebuilt; and within less than two years the business was supposed to be greater than before the fire. 182 AMERICAN HISTORY, About two hundred persons lost their lives, and 98,500 were left homeless. 1871. On the terrible day Chicago burned, a fire started among the pines in Michigan, and in a few hours several hundred families were homeless, being driven in a desperate flight toward the shores of the lake, leaving be- hind them, in the ruins of their little houses, or on the blackened ground of their now barren farms, scores of dead bodies, and the carcasses of nearly all their dead stock. 1872. In November, 1872, Boston was visited bj a conflagration second only to that of Chicago. About seventy acres were burned over, containing 800 buildings, many of them granite, five or more stories high, and they were almost entirely occupied for business and manufacturing purposes. But few persons were rendered homeless, DIS ASTRO US CONFLA GRA 2 JONS. 1 83 and not more than fifteen lis^es were lost. Loss of property about $80,000,000. 1876. The dreadful catastrophe, by which 284 persons lost their lives, the burning of the Brooklyn theatre, occured in 1876. 1878. In September, 1878, the forest fires spread over a large extent of country, for a distance of 160 miles along the shore of Lake Michigan. 1881. On the 5th of September, 1881, a fire was started in the eastern part of Michigan, bordering on Lake Huron, and a large part of the counties of Huron, Sanilac, Tuscola, embracing as area of twelve hundred square miles, equal to 768,000 acres, was entirely burned over. Thirty villages were reported burned, 1500 families or more rendered homeless ; 500 and perhaps 1,000 perished in the flames ; the exact number can never be as- 184 AMERICAN HI8T0BY, certaiiied, inasmuch as whole familieL dis- tant from each other were entirely swept away. ]N'ot a vestige of buildings, fences, hay, grain or anything remained upon the burnt district. The foregoing group simply embraces the worst of the fire casualties as recorded in this country. Many others in which property lost amounted to millions in each case may be grouped with these. SECTION XXXIV. Cholera. 1832. India seems to be the birth-place of the Asiatic cholera ; it having made its appear- ance there for many centuries, at intervals of twelve years, sometimes much more virulent than at others. Its progress is always westward. In 1820 it broke out at Hurdwar (India,) the great place of pilgrimage at the head of the Ganges. Several hundred thousand pil- grims go to Hurdwar every year, and fully 3,000,000 every twelfth year; from these great gatherings the cholera has been car- ried to most parts of Asia, into Europe, in- to the Polish armies, to Warsaw, and finally to London in 1831. It was then carried by ten or twelve 185 186 AMERICAN HISTORY. emigrant ships to Quebec in the spring of 1835, up the St. Lawrence river and across the lakes to Detroit, where it met the Uni- ted States troops, going to the Black Hawk war; its course was marked by devastation and death ; one company lost forty-seven out of seventy-eight, in fourteen days ; a regiment lost 200 soldiers in a week. It was distributed to nearly all the Na- tional posts in the West, going down the Mississippi river and reaching New Orleans October, 1832. Out of a population of 55,- 000, there died 6000 of its inhabitants. The disease was six years in coming from India to America. 1848. In 1848 cholera was again brought to New Orleans, by German emigrants from Havre. It was carried to all the landing places up the Mississippi and Ohio rivers to Cincinnati ; and over the emigrant route to San Francisco it is said that more than a thousand emigrants died on the road. This epidemic commenced in Bengal (!n- CHOLERA. 187 dia), 1841, and was seven years in reaching New Orleans. 1866. The next great twelve-yearly epidemic commenced in India, April 1865, moving westward across Europe ; from Havre and other places, it was quickly transported across the ocean to New York in 1866 ; from thence to places in the West, espegi^ ally where railroads were being built, the infection being carried by laborers and sol- diers. Yelloio Fever. 1878. This dreadful scourge raged with una- bated severity during the latter part of the summer and autumn, 18T8, along the Mis- sissippi river, almost annihilating some towns and villages; its ravages ceased in November ; total number of deaths from that disease 20,000. SECTION XXXV. History of Raileoads. The first railroad constructed in Amer- ica was projected by Gridley Bryant, in 1825, and built in 1826. It was designed to carry granite from the quarries of Quincy, Mass., to the nearest tide water, and is known as the Quincy railrqad. It is four miles in length, and the first cost was $50,000. Several of the first railroads built had wooden rails upon which were spiked plates of iron. The second American railroad was built in 1827 from the coal mines of Mauch Chunk, Pa., to the Lehigh river, and with its branches was thirteen miles long. The third American railway was built 188 RAILROADS, 189 in 1828-9, bj tlie Delaware and Hudson Canal Company, from the Honesdale coal mines to the terminus of their canal, and was operated by a locomotive brought from England. The fourth railroad, now known as the Baltimore and Ohio road, was commenced in 1828, and was gradually continued from Baltimore to Elicott's mills, a distance of 13 miles. In 1830 the first American loco- motive was built by Peter Cooper in Balti- more. The boiler stood upright, the whole en- gine weighing only about one ton, and over this route it drew an open car filled with the directors of the road and their friends at a speed which reached eighteen miles an hour. This was the first steam locomotive used for transporting passengers on this side of the Atlantic. In 1829 a railroad six miles in length was built, which when completed would connect Charleston, S. C, with the Savan- nah river. 190 AMERICAN HISTORY. This was at first operated by an engine worked by a horse, walking on an endless platform, and carried passengers at the rate of twelve miles per hour. The sixth was the Mohawk and the Hudson (now the New York Central), from Albany to Schenectady; it was commenced in August 1830, and in October 1831, it was carrying passengers and freight. In 1832 a locomotive with a load of eight tons traveled at the rate of thirty miles per hour. The New York Central now has its four tracks, and on an average a train of cars passes over it every ten minutes. This in brief is the history of the com- mencement of railroading in this country, which to-day is the most stupendous enter- prise on the continent. At the present time (1882), there are more than 80,000 miles of railroads in the United States. SECTION XXX\ I Historical Stories. , The following stories are only given as samples : These can be read, children can tell them in their own language, teachers will ques- tion about them, bringing in as much infor- mation from other books as possible ; finally the children can reproduce them in widting. Add other stories to the list as you find them in your reading. Paul Revere. In 1766, Paul engraved a print emblem- atical of the repeal of the stamp act, which was very popular, as was likewise another called " The Seventeen Rescinders." In 1770, he published a print of " The Boston Massacre;" he also engraved the plates, made the press, and printed the bills 191 192 AMERICAN HISTORY. of the paper money ordered by the Provin- cial Congress of Massachusetts. He was one of the party that destroyed the tea in Boston Harbor. When General Gage prepared an expe- dition to destroy the military stores of the colony at Concord, Warren despatched William Dawes through Roxbiiry to Lex- ington, and Paul Revere by way of Charles- town to the same place, to give notice of the event. About live minutes before General Gage's order prohibiting Americans leaving Boston had been received, Paul was rowed quickly across Charles river, and a little after midnight reached Lexington, arousing the inmates of every house on the way. This ride has been immortalized in verse, and is known as " Paul Revere' s Ride." The student should study it in connec- tion with this story, because legend and poetry have illustrated every minute of that night preceding the battle of Lexing- ton. Declaration or Independence. The "Declaration" was of slow growth like the " Emancipation Proclamation ;" neither of them was proclaimed to tlie world until it was supposed the people were ready to sustain it. The first moves were made in various towns and counties. Men- don, Mass., in 1773 was the first that de- clared, " That all men have an equal right to life, liberty and property ; " " That all just and lawful government must origin- ate in the free consent of the people." Other towns and counties followed in similar or stronger declarations. The committee appointed by Congress June 11, 1776, consisted of Thomas Jeffer- son, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and R. R. Livingston. Thomas Jefferson wrote the original "Declaration," but it was very much amended before being adopted. in 194 AMERICAN HISTORY. It was discussed from day to day, and on the 2d of July the formal " Declaration " of Independence was adopted in the follow- ing words : ^^Resolved, That these United Colonies are and ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are absolved .from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be totally dissolved." On the 4th of July, the reasons for es- tablishing an independent government were united with the " Declaration," and adopted in full. A tradition has come down to us, that during these anxious hours while members were hesitating and debating, the old bell- man had his hand on the rope and his little grandson stood where he could catch the first words of assurance that it was adopted, and at the proper time he shouted, " Ring, grandpa. Ring, oh Ring for Liberty." This bell was originally cast in 1752, and bore this inscription in the metal : THE ''DECLARATIONS 195 " Proclaim liberty throughout all the land, and to all the inhabitants thereof." The " Declaration " was signed on the 2d day of August by fifty-four delegates and subsequently by the other two. On the 4th of July, 1821, the fact that only four of the signers of the " Declara- tion of Independance " were still living was noticed in many of the newspapers. Of these William Floyd died thirty days after- ward ; John Adams and Thomas Jefferson died July 4, 1826, leaving Charles Carroll of Carrollton, Md., the only surviving signer. Mr. Carroll died November 14, 1832, having reached his 96th year. The following story in regard to Mr. Carroll is worth remembering. His name was among the lirst written, and as he affixed his signature a member observed, " There go a few millions ;^^ but adding, " hoicever^ there are many Charles Car rolls, and the British ivill not know which one it is^'' Mr. Carroll immediately added to his name " of Ca/rrollton, and was ever afterward known by that title." Nathan Hale. In September 1776, Nathan Hale with an associate captured, near New York, a British sloop, laden with provisions, taking her at midnight from under the guns of a frigate, and distributing her prize goods to the American soldiers. After the retreat of the army from Long Island, Washington applied for a discreet officer to enter the enemy's lines and pro- cure intelligence ; Hale volunteered for the service. He passed in disguise to the British camp, and made full drawings and memoranda of all the desired information. On his return he was captured, taken be- fore Sir William Howe, by whom he was ordered to be executed next morning. His last words were, "I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country." His whole life was one of marked noble- ness, and stands out in history as one of the most unselfish of patriots. Every student should read it. m Jane McCkea. The iinliappj fate of Jane McCrea, which was indirectly due to the employ- ment of sava.ges by the English, excited everywhere the deepest horror and indig- nation, not merely against the Indians, though that could hardly be increased, but against the invaders who had made these savages their allies and instruments. The manner of her death was at first not certainly known ; but as the story of her horrible death spread far and wide through the country, the romance of personal con- sideration gathered about this tragic inci- dent of war, and the feeling aroused was universal and intense. She was young ; she was beautiful ; she was gently nurtured and of high social position ; she was betrothed and about to be married to a young British officer by the name of Jones, a former inti- mate friend of Miss McCrea's brother. Mr. McCrea remained true, and fought for his country. Miss McCrea met a sudden death when in the company of two Indians, and the long 198 AMERICAN HISTORY. and beautiful hair, torn from her liead, was shown afterward at Burgoyne's liead-quar- ters. So much is known to be true ; the following is supposed to be an accurate ac- count of hei* death as comj)iled by best au- thorities. Mrs. McNeal, at whose house Jane was visiting, near Fort Edward, received warn- ing that there were Indians in the neighbor- hood, and that she must take refuge at Fort Miller. A party of twent}^ men w^as sent as an escort for the family. While waiting for the household goods to be packed, this little party made a recon- noissance in the neighborhood, fell into an ambuscade of savages, and twelve of Lieu- tenant Palmer's men and himself were killed at the first fire. The Indians rushed to the house, seized Mrs. McNeal and Miss McCrea, mounted them on horseback, and started to escape. The soldiers were in time, however, to fire upon the Indians, be- fore they were quite out of reach! The Indians stooped, but Miss McCrea sat up- right and was killed, as is supposed by her own friends. Battle of Monmouth. It is said, this battle continued longer than any other during the war, following right along after the winter of extreme suffering at Yalley Forge, where we have in all the world's history no record of purer devotion, holier sincerity or more pious self-sacrifice, than was exhibited in the camp of Washington. If there be a spot on the face of the broad earth whereon patrotism should delight to pile its highest and most venerated monu- ment, it should be in the bosom of that lit- tle vale on the banks of the Schuylkill. It was on the morning of the Christian Sabbath when the van of the two armies met on the plains of Monmouth. Seldom has a hotter day dawned, and the fiery sun rose unclouded. General Wayne opened the bloody dra- ma of the day, and had he not been checked in mid career by the order of General Lee, he would have decided the fortune of the 19d 200 AMERICAN HISTORY. day in favor of the Americans in a very short time. The commands of Lee caused the wliole division to fall back, which soon cans 3d a retreat, and the army was only saved by the appearance of Washington who commanded in person, thus saving the Americans from utter defeat. During the heat of the day " Capt. Molly," the wife of a gunner, was engaged in bringing water from a spring to the struggling soldiers; her husband was killed at his gun ; she im- mediately dropped her pail, seized the ram- mer, and vowed that she would take her husband's place at the gun, and avenge his death. On the following morning, she was rewarded for her bravery with the commis- sion of sergeant, which her husband held, and her name was placed on the list of half- pay officers for life. The bravery of this heroine commanded tlie respect of all tlie othcers, and the vener- able widow of General Hamilton who knew her, says that she was often the i-ecipient of many presents. " Capt. Molly " (she was known by this name) died near Fort Montgomery, in the Hudson Highlands. John Andre. Arnold was the American commander at West Point. In his correspondence, he had secretly planned to give the fortress over to the Britisli. Major Andre was appoint- ed by General Clinton to carry out the plan and settle the terms of the contem- plated treachery. After the meeting at Haverstraw, a se- lected spot, being unable to return to Kew York by water as had been previously arranged, he was obliged to cross the river and proceed by land. Kear Tarrytown he was stopped and searched, and in his boots were found the papers revealing Arnold's treason. Andre offered, for his freedom, his horse, saddle, bridle, watch, and a hundred guin- eas. Paulding said, '^ If you would give us ten thousand guineas, you should not stir one step." The officer that conveyed him to Tappan 201 202 AMERICAN HISTORY. Baid to Andre " I had a much loved clasfr- mate in Yale College by the name of Nathan Hale, who entered the army in 1775." The important services he rendered Gen- eral Washington were described, and Major Andre was asked for the seqnel ; he an- swered in the following words. " He was hanged as a spy ; but surely you do not con- sider his case like mine ? " The building in which he was confined at Tappan, was of brick and is now standing, and bears in large figures and letters, two feet or more in size, on its front, this in- scription ; '^ 76 House." His trial took place in the Eeformed Church just across the way, which has since been torn down, and a larger one erected in its place. The scene of Andre's execution was about one-half mile west of the village and about twenty rods from the New Jersey line, and it took place October 2, 1780, eight days after his capture. In 1831, his remains were disinterred and taken to England. JOHN ANDRE, 303 A small cedar tree that stood by the grave was also taken away and a box was made from it, lined with gold, and sent to the clergyman as an acknowledgement for ser- vices rendered at the disinterment. It bore the following inscription; "From his ErOyal Highness, the Duke of York, to the Eev. Mr. Demarest.^' A monument has lately been erected to mark the spot of execution and burial. Andre, the accomplice, suffered death. Arnold, the criminal was rewarded by a commission in the British army of Briga- dier-general, and six thousand three hun- dred and fifteen pounds sterling in money ; a pension of five hundred pounds sterling a year to Mrs. Arnold, and a hundred pounds a year to each of her children. Both England and America have reared monuments to the memory of Andre, but for noble N^athan Hale, accomplished,educated, young, and attractive, who suffered death in the same way, and technically for the same crime as Andre's, his countrymen have no monuments, no honors, and no tears for his memory. Bunker Hill Monument. In the centre of the grounds upon which the battle was fonglit, now stands the obe- lisk, known as Bunker Hill Monument. It is a square shaft built of Quincy granite, two hundred twenty-one feet high, thirty- one feet square at the base, and fifteen feet at the top. Its foundations are enclosed twelve feet under ground. Inside of the shaft is a round hollow cone, seven feet across at bottom and four feet two inches at top, encircled by a wind- ing staircase of two hundred ninety-four stone steps, which leads to a chamber im- mediately under the apex, eleven feet in diameter. This chamber has four windows, which afford a w^ide view of the surrounding 204 • MONUMENW, 205 country, and contains two cannon?, named respectively, Hancock and Adams, which were used in many engagements during the war. The corner stone of this monument w^as laid on the 50th anniversary of the battle, (when was that?) by General Lafayette, then the Nation's guest, when Daniel Webster pronounced an oration to an im- mense concourse of people. The monument was completed in 1842, at an expense of over $150,000 ; and just eighteen years from the time the corner stone was laid, it was dedicated, and another • oration was delivered by Daniel Webster. (In what year was that ?) Washington Monument. Baltimore is frequently designated as the "Monumental City.-' It contains the Wash- ington monument, the base of which is iifty feet square and thirty-live feet in height ; the white marble shaft rising from the centre of this base is a magnificent a06 AMERICAN SISTOMT. Doric column one hundred and sixty feet high and is surmounted by a colossal statue of Washington, fifteen feet high; it was commenced in 1809. Battle Monument. The battle monument is of white marble and fifty-three feet high ; and was erected to commemorate the memory of the citi- zens who fell in defence of Baltimore, September 12 and 13, 1814. The names of those who perished are inscribed upon this beautiful column. A great many other monuments have been erected since, by states, counties, towns, corporations, societies, and individu- als, to commemorate great events and great men. The Monitor. The essential feature of this vessel was a revolving turret composed of wrought iron plates an inch thick bolted together till a thickness of eight inches had been obtained. The turret was cylindrical, twenty feet in diameter and nine feet high, carrying two eleven-inch Dahlgreen guns, throwing solid shot weighing one hundred and sixty-six pounds, with a charge of fifteen pounds of powder. The hull of the vessel was entirely of iron, one hundred and twenty seven feet long, thirty-six feet wide, and twelve feet depth of hold. Her extreme length was one hundred and seventy-three feet, extreme width forty-one feet. Her smooth iron deck rose about two feet above the water, and there was nothing above this but the turret and a little box called the wheel house. 207 208 AMERICAN UISTORY. She was constructed by John Ericsson of New York, built at Greenpoint, Brook- lyn, in one hundred daj8,and cost $275,000. At the breaking; out of the Rebellion there lay in the harbor of Norfolk, Ya., one of the finest frigates, the Merrwiac, in the American navy, costing more than a million of dollars. Rather than have this ship fall into the hands of the Confederates, it was thought best by the officers commanding that it be destroyed. It w^as therefore sunk. The Confed- erates took possession of Norfolk, raised the Merri7nao iowwdi her machinery in good order, cut down her sides and converted her into an iron-clad, which they called the Vir- ginia. She was covered with railroad iron laid on an oak backing, inclined about 45° to the water's surface, presenting the appear- ance of the roof of a house. She was armed with ten nine-and-ten-inch guns, and on March 8, 1862, sailed out upon the ship- ping in Hampton Roads, sinking the fri- gate Cumberland by ramming, and subse- THE MONITOR, 209 quently destroying the Congress. Tlie next day she resumed operations and after a con- test with the frigate Minnesota she was met by the Monitor. The fearful combat Lasted two hours. The Monitor was much more easily man- aged than the Virginia and could easily keep out of her way. The Virginia be- came disabled and steamed back to Norfolk, leaving the Monitor master of the situa- tion. SECTION XXXVI. Brave and Noble Words. Who said them, and under what circum- stances ? TO THE TEACHER. Select one of these expressions, have it memorized, associating with it as many cir- cumstances connected with it as possible, the whole to be told in the form of a story ; select another, then another ; in the course of a term or two they will be learned and associated with many other events. Add to this list others that come to your know- ledge, and treat them in the same manner. 1. "British oppression has effaced the boundaries of the several colonies : the dis- tinctions between Yirginians, Pennsylva- nians, New Yorkers, and New Englanders ^re no more. I am not a Virginian, but an American.'' 2. " There go a few millions." 310 NOBLE WORDS. Jill 3. " Proclaim liberty throughout all the land and to the inhabitants thereof." 4. " Eing ! grandpa, ring ! oh ring for Liberty"! 5. ^'I only regret that I have only one life to lose for my coumtry." 6. " If you would give us ten thousand guineas, you should not stir one step." w^' 7. '' First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen." 8. " Don't give up the ship." 9. " War be it then, millions for defence, but not one cent for tribute." 10. "He was a truly honest man, as straightforward in action as his thoughts were unsophisticated." 11. "We have met the enemy and they are ours." 12. " That the American Continents are not subject to colonization by any Eu- ropean power. 13. "The United States laws will be enforced at all hazards." 14. " This is the last of earth, I am con- tent." 212 AMERICAN HISTORY. 15. '• From three and thirty years trial, I can &ay conscientiously, that I do not know in the world, a man of purer integrity, more dispassionate, disinterested, and de- voted to pure republicanism ; nor could I in the whole scope of America or Europe, point out an abler head." 16. " That the forts in that state in com- mon with the other forts, arsenals, and other property of the United States, are in charge of the President, and that if assailed, no matter from what quarter, or under what pretext, it is his duty to protect them by all means which the law has placed at his dis- posal." IT. '' If ^i\j one haul down the Ameri- can Flag, shoot him on the spot." 18. ''^0 terms other than an uncondi- tional surrender can be accepted." '^ I propose to move immediately on your works." 19. ''I propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer. 20. " Atlanta is ours and fairly won." 21. " I beg to present you, the President, ^/ NOBLE WORDS. 213 a Christmas gift, the city of Savannah, with one-himdred-fiftj guns, plenty of ammuni- tion, and also about twenty-five thousand bales of cotton." 22. "The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecmted it far above our power to add or detract." 23. You have no oatli registered in heaven to destroy the government ; while I shall have the most solemn one to preserve, pro- tect, and defend it." 24. " With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, etc." 25. " Fellow Citizens, God reigns, and the government at Washington still lives." SECTION XXXVII. The following sketches and tables of Presidents, Chief Justices, Cabinet Officers, and English Sovereigns are not to be mem- orized, but are to be referred to in connec- tion with that part of history, in which they were officially recognized. For instance associate Alexander Hamil- ton with Washington, and from what has been learned deduce your own story. Associate Webster with Fillmore ; Sew- ard, Chase, and Stanton with Lincoln, &g. Associate an English Sovereign with a great American event, as Henry YII., with the discovery of America ; George III. with the Revolution ; Victoria with the present time and back to 1837. You can make many instructive lessons from these biographies and tables. 214 Biographical Sketches of the Presi- dents. The important points in these biogra- phies can readily be grouped with their respective administrations. George Washinoton. The first President was born February 22, 1Y32 (that is one hundred and fifty years ago ;) died December 14, 1799. He was a surveyor, took an active part in the French and Indian Wars ; was a dele- gate to the First Continental Congress. He was Commander-in-Chief of the Federal armies of the Eevolntion ; and President of the convention which framed the IS'ational Constitution. 215 216 AMERICAN HJ STORY. Tlie words, '* First in war, jirst in peace^ and fi)'6t in the hearts of his countrymen" were :first used by General Henry Lee in a resolution appointing a committee .Decem- ber 19, 1799, to report measures suitable to the occasion and expressive of the Na- tion's profound sorrow at his decease. John Adams. The second President was born in Massa- chusetts, October, 1735, died July 4, 1826. He was a lawyer, an active patriot during the Revolution, a member of the "First Continental Congress," was sent on diplo- matic missions to Europe, and who the first Minister to England after the Revolution. Thomas Jefferson. The third President was born in Vir- ginia, April 2, 1743, died July 4, 1826. The substance of the Declaration of In- dependence having been agreed upon, Jef- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 217 ferson wrote i't out in proper form. He was a lawyer, a member of the " Continental Congress " in 1775 ; and Mmister to France from 1784 to 1789. Mr. Jefferson did more than any other man in directing the young Eepublic in its infancy. James Madison. The fourtli President was born in Vir- ginia, March 16, 1751, died June 28, 1836. He was a prominent advocate of the Con- stitution, took an active part in the debates upon it, ^nd held many important posi- tions. His character was admirably sum- med up by Thomas Jefferson in the follow- ing words : " From three and thirty years' trial, I can say conscientiously that I do not know in the world a man of purer integrity, more dispassionate, disinterested, and de- voted to pure republicanism ; nor could I, in the whole scope of America or Europe, point out an abler head." Madison was a very voluminous writer. 218 AMERICAN UISTOBT. His manuscripts were purchased by Con- gress, from his widow, for $30,000. James Monroe. The fifth President was born in Virginia, April 28, 1759, died in New York, July 4, 1831. He entered the Continental army at the age of eighteen, distinguishing himself in 1777 and 1778, in the battles of Brandy wine, Germantown, and Monmouth. He soon left the army and became active in legislative affairs. He opposed the adoption of the Constitution, being appre- hensive that it conferred too much power upon the general government. Monroe was a member of the first Senate, went to France as Minister in 1794, and held the the office of Governor in Vir- ginia. During his administration he promul- gated the measure known as the " Monroe doci/riyie?^ BIOORAPHICAL SKETCHES. 219 John Quinoy Adams. The sixth President was born in Massa- cliusetts, July 11, 1767, died in Wasliing- ton, D. C, Febniary 23, IS-tS. At the age of eleven, Jolm Quincy went with liis father to France, so that his pnblic life dates back to that period. He held many important positions before being elected President. In 1831, after laying aside the Presidential honors, he was chosen a Representative in Congress, and continued to represent the same district till his death, which was seventeen years. He opposed " Xnlliiication," and was a friend to the slave, always taking an active part in legislation. , It was through his inliuence that the Smithsonian Institute v^^as organized. He was taken sick in the Hall of Representa- tives, taken to the Speaker's room, and there he died. His last words were, '' This is the last of earth, I am content." 220 AMEBIC AN HISTORY. Andrew Jackson. The seventh President, was born in Korth Carolina, March 15, 1Y67, died at the Hermitage, near IS^ashville, Tenn., June 8, 1845. Little is known of Andrew's childhood except that in frolicksome sports he was rarely excelled. It is said that his mother was anxious to train him for the ministry. At the age of thirteen he took arms in defence of his country, and at the age of fourteen, was taken a prisoner by the Brit- ish ; but his mother soon effected an ex- change and he returned to his home, worked in a saddler's shop for a time, after- wards taught scliool. He studied law, was admitted to practice and soon gained a great reputation in his profession in the wild regions of Tennessee. In 1806 a duel was fought l^etween Jack- son and Charles Dickinson. Jackson was wounded in the arm. Dickinson was mor- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 321 tally wounded, dying the same night, May 30. In 1812, Jackson tendered his services to the government, which with 2500 men of his division of Tennessee militia were ac- cepted. In one of his marches during this year, his soldiers gave him the name of " Hickory " because of his toughness ; and in time this was changed to "Old Hick- ory." Jackson was shot by Jesse Benton in the shoulder, on account of a quarrel that existed between Jackson's friend, William Carroll, and Jesse Benton, in which Jack- son had consented to be Carroll's second, and would have lost his left arm but for his indomitable will in not allowing the physicians to amputate it. His future course as a military man was marked by great success on the Southern battle fields around the Gulf of Mexico, finally culmin- ating in the overwhelming victory (1815) at New Orleans, in which the British Com- mander General Packenham was killed. Jackson was appointed Governor of Flor- ida (1821), which position he held tor a short time; was offered a position as Minis- 222 AMERICAN HISTOR Y. ter to Mexico, but refused ; was elected to the United States Senate from Tennessee in 1823 ; was nominated for the Presidency in 1824, and received the greatest number of electoral votes, ninety-nine, but it not be- ing a majority of the whole, the election went to the House and John Quincy Adams was elected. He resigned his oflSce as Senator and retired from public life, but was elected President, 1828. In 1832, he vetoed the bill to re-charter the bank of the United States, and sup- pressed " Nullification "; he declared that the power to annul a law of the United States, assumed by an individual State, is "incompatible with the existence of the Union, contradicted expressly by the letter of the constitution, unauthorized by its spirit, inconsistent with every principle on which it was ioundedj and destructive of the great objects for which it was formed," and j}ledged himself at all events to exe- cute the laws. The foreign diplomacy of General Jack- son was very successful. Useful commercial BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 223 treaties were made with several nations; indemnities for spoliations on American commerce were obtained, and during his second term the National debt was extin- guished, the Cherokees were removed from Georgia, and the Creeks from Florida, the original number of States doubled by the admission of Arkansas and Michigan, and the gold currency ojreatly increased. One who knew him well says "he was a truly honest man, and straight-forward in action as his thoughts were unsophisti- cated." His charities were frequent and unosten- tatious ; and in his last days he made an open profession ot those religious senti- ments which he had always entertained. His chief intellectual gifts were energy and intuitive judgment. In private life at the Hermitage, he is described by Benton as a careful farmer, overlooking everything himself, seeing that the fences and fields were in good order, the stock well attended, and the servants com-' fortably provided for. 224 AMERICAN HISTORY. The political campaign of 1828 was un- doubtedly the most bitter and trying one this country has ever seen. Jackson's whole public career was severely assailed, and his private life was not spared. The circumstances of his marriage were grossly misrepresented, and it is said with fatal effect on Mrs. Jackson, who died only a few days after it became known that her husband had been elected President.' Martin Yax Buren. The eighth President was born in New York, December 5, 1782, died at Kinder- hook, July 24:, 1862. He began the study of law at the age of fourteen, was* admitted to practice 1803, was appointed surrogate of Columbia county 1808,was elected to the State Senate in 1812 and was Attorney General of the State 1816 to 19; in 1821 he was chosen to the United States Senate, but resigned on be- ing elected Governor, in 1828. As Gov- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 225 eruor be proposed the ''Safety Fund Bank- ing System" which was adopted by the legis- lature in 1829 ; he was Secretary of State under Andrew Jackson, but resigned to take the appointment as Minister to Eng- land, arriving there in September ; his ap- pointment was not con.iirmed by the Sen- ate. In 1S32, he w^as elected Vice-President and in 1836, President. The first part of his administration was marked by an un- precedented financial crisis. In 1848 he was nominated for the Presidency by what was then called the " Free soil party.'' William Henry Harrison. The ninth President of the United States was born in Virginia, February 9, 1773, died in Washington, April 4, 1841, just one month after his inauguration. At the age of nineteen he joined the army as an ensign, first under St. Clair, and afterwards under Wayne, against the- Indians, after- 226 AMERICAN HISTORY. wards becoming aide-de-camp of the latter. In 1799 he was chosen first delegate to Con- gress, from the Northwestern territory. The territory was soon divided and he was appointed Governor of the new terri- tory of Indiana, embraeiog the present states of Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. The battle of " Tippecanoe " which added mnch to Harrison's fame was fought ]S"ovember 7, 1811. He became Major-General in command of the Western frontier, which position he filled very ac- ceptably. In 1816, he was elected from the Cincinnati district a member oi Con- gress, and served three years. In 1819, he was elected to the State Senate, and in 1824 to the United States Senate ; in 1828, was appointed Minister plenipotentiary to Columbia but was recalled immediately on Jackson's accession to the Presidency. In 1836, he was nominated for the Presidency, but defeated ; on December 4, 1839, he was nominated the second time and for nearly a year the political watchwords of BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 227 liis party were, Log Cabin and Hard Ol- der. His election was triumphant, he re- ceiving 234 electoral votes. John Tyler. The tenth President was born in Yir- gina, March 29, 1790, died in Richmond, Januarj^ IT, 1862. He graduated at Wil- liam and Mary's College 1807, and was ad- mitted to the bar in 1809 ; in 1811, was elected to the legislature, and w^as re- elected for five successive years ; in 1816, he was elected to Congress, and was twice re-elected. He was Governor of Virginia by appoint- ment and election for two years, elected to the United States Senate in 1827, and re- elected in 1833. He opposed the tariff* of 1828, and made a three days speech in 1832, against a tariff for protection, but favoring one for revenue ; he finally voted for Mr. Clay's compromise. In 1832, he avowed his sympathy with 228 AMERICAN HISTORY. the "Nullification" movement in South Carolina. He was elected Vice-President in 1S40, and at the death of Harrison, succeeded to the Presidency. His inaugural address seemed to be satisfactory to his (the Whig) party, but in August he vetoed the bill in- corporating the " Fiscal Bank of the Uni- ted States," thus arraying himself against the party that had elected him. The Cabi- net appointed by President Harrison re- mained with him until the veto, when all resigned except Daniel Webster, Secretary of State. Mr. Webster remained until the important treaty with England, in regard to the north-eastern boundary question was settled, but resigned in 1843. Mr. Tyler favored the annexation of Texas, which was consummated and ap- proved March 1, 1845. At the time of his death he was a mem- ber of the " Confederate Congress." James Knox Polk. The eleventh President was born in BIOORAPHIVAL SKETCHES. 229 North Carolina, November 2, 1795; died in Nashville, Tenn., June 16, 1849. He graduated in 1818, and was admitted to the bar in 1820,and chosen to the State Leg- islature in 1823 ; in 1825, he was elected to Congress, and soon became a conspicu- ous opponent of the administration of John Quincy Adams. He served fourteen years in Congress, and was Speaker for two terms, commencing 1835 and 1837. Was elected President in 1844, and came into office at a very exciting time, (three days after the annexation of Texas). Mr. Polk, in his inaugural address, declared that ''our title to Oregon was clear -and unquestionable." The sentiment prevailed quite extensively that we would have the territory as far north as " 54° 40', or fight." Bat after an investigation, the President directed his Secretary of State to oifer as a boundary the parallel of 49°,' which was accepted by the English government when modified so as to give that government the whole of Vancouver's Island. The war with Mexico was prosecuted with 280 AMEIilGAN HISTORY. energy, and resulted in the defeat of the Mexican armies, and a settlement by treaty in which the United States acquired Cali- fornia, New Mexico, etc. Mr. Polk was grave, hut unostentatious andjamiable, and his private character was pure and upriglit. In a little more than three months after leaving the Presidency, he w^as seized with illness, and in a few days died. Zachary Taylor. ^The twelfth President of the United States was born in Virginia, September 24, 1784; died at Washington, D. C, July 9, 1850. He was a leading general in the Mexi- can war, and the hero of Buena Yista, Palo Alto, A,nd Pesaca de la Palma, and was called by his soldiers, " Old Rough and Ready." He took the oath of office on Saturday and was inaugurated on Mon- day, March 5, 1849. The admission of California as a state was one of the great BIOGRAPHIGAL SKETCHES. 231 questions of interest at that time, inas- much as California had adopted a free state constitution, and there were an equal number of free and slave states (fifteen each), and the admission of California would give the free states a preponderance in the Senate. President Taylor in his message recom- mended the admission of California, and that other territories form state constitu- tions, with or without slavery, as best suited themselves. This brought out Henry Clay's compro- mise of 1850 (sometimes called the " Om- nibus Bill "), which passed September 9, 1850, when California was admitted as a state. While this bill was before Con- gress, President Taylor was taken sick (July 4), dying the 9th. Millard Fillmore. The thirteenth President of the United States was born in New York, January 7, 1800 ; died in Buffalo, March 8, 1874. 232 AMERICAN HISTORY. At the ase of fourteen, he was appren- ticed to learn the fuller's trade. In 1819, he resolved to study law, but having yet two years' apprenticeship to serve, he suc- ceeded in getting released from the last two years by promising to pay his em- ployer $30. In 1821, he went on foot to Buffalo, where he arrived an entire stranger, with only $1 in his pocket. By severe drudgery, teaching school, and working as best he could, he passed through his course ot study, was admitted to the bar, and in a few years stood high in his profession. From 1828, and forward, he served three successive terms in the legislature of his state. He was elected to Congress in 1832, 1836, 1838 and 1840 ; and was the author of the tariff of 1842. In 1847, he was elected Comptroller of the State of New York; and in 1848, Yice-President of the United States. In 1826, Mr. Calhoun then Vice-Presi- dent, had established the rule that that BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 033 officer had no power to call Senators to order. During the stormy debates on the admmission of California, in which the most acrimonious language was used, Mr. Fillmore in a speech to the senate announced his determination to preserve order, and that, should occasion require, he should re- verse the usage of his predecessors upon that subject. Mr. Fillmore became President and took the oath of office July 10, 1850. It was during his term that the execu- tion of the fugitive slave law was resisted, and the slaves rescued from the custody of marshals, at Boston, Syracuse, and Christ- iana, Penn., in the last of which places one or two persons were killed. Prosecutions were instituted against the rescuers in various instances, but without convictions, owing to the unpopularity of the law. One important movement was the re- commendation, that Congress reduce con- siderably the rates of postage, and another was the expedition of Commodore Perry 234 AMEBIC AN HISTORY. to Japan, in a squadron which sailed in the Autumn of 1852, and which resulted in a favorable treaty with that country. Franklin Pierce. The fourteenth President of the United States was born in New Hampshire, No- vember 23, 1804, died in Concord, October 8, 1869. He graduated from Bowdoin College in 1824, was admitted to practice law 1827. From 1829 to 1833, he represented his town in the State Legislature ; and during the last two years was Speaker of the House. He was elected to Congress in 1833, and 1835. In 1837, he was elected to the Uni- ted States Senate of which he was the youngest member, being a little over legal age. He was a Brigadier-General in the Mexi- can War, and led his men in the battle of Churubusco, refusing to quit the field al- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 2^5 though severely injured by the falling of his horse. He resumed the practice of law, and continued in it until his election to the Presidency, *his term commencing March 4, 1853. Among the important events of his ad- ministration were the settling of the dis- pute respecting the boundary between the United States and Mexico, resulting in the acquisition of Arizona ; the exploration of the routes proposed for railroads from the Mississippi to the Pacific; the amicable settlement of a serious dispute with Great Britian about the fisheries ; the affair of Martin Koszta ; the repeal of the Missouri Compromise ; the " Ostend Conference," the treaty negotiated at Washington in 1855, between the United States and Great Britian, providing for commercial recipro- city between this country and Canadian provinces ; and the treaty with Japan. Sailors wrecked upon the coast of Japan had been harshly treated by the authorities of that country. The proceedings of Com. Perry were characterized throughout by 236 AMERICAN HISTORY. diplomatic skill, and were finally crowned with success, resulting in a treaty signed at Yokohoma, March 31, 1854, *' opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate as har- bors of refuge, supply, trade, and consular residence." Other ports were opened after- ward. James Buchanan. The fifteenth President of the United States was born in Pennsylvania, April 22,1791; died at Lancaster, Penn., June 1, 1868. He was elected to the Pennsylvania Leg- islature in 1814, and in 1821 was elected to Congress, where he remained ten years. In 1831, President Jackson sent him to St. Petersburg as minister plenipotentiary^ making the first commercial treaty be- tween United States and Kussia, which secured to our merchants and navigators important privileges in the Baltic and Black seas. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 237 In 1833, he was elected to the United States Senate, holding that position until appointed Secretary of State by President Polk. Mr. Buchanan and Mr. Packenham were instrumental in settling the Northwestern boundary on the parallel of 49° ; and it was so recommended by President Polk. He was appointed by President Pierce minister to England. A part of his mis- sion was the Central American question which the Clayton-Buliver ,treaty had not settled, and in conference with Messrs. Mason and Soule, ministers to Spain and France, at Ostend, Austria, the famous paper called the " Ostend Manifesto " was issued. In 185G, Mr. Buchanan was elected President. The Kansas difficulties were upon the nation, and as his administration drew to a close it was evident that a sec- tional conflict was pending. It was dur- ing his term tiiat the Dred* Scott decision was made (1857), and also the John Brown raid into Virginia (1859). After these 238 , AMERICAN HISTORY. troubles commenced the President argued that the constitution had given to Con- gress " No power to coerce into submisaion any state which is attempting to withdraw, or has actually withdrawn from the Con- federacy." On the secession of South Carolina, she sent commissioners to treat with the Pres- ident for the delivery of the public prop- erty in that state, and to negotiate for the continuance of peace and amity between that commonwealth and the government at Washington. The President replied '' That he had no power to enter upon such negotiations, and would only submit the whole question to Congress." Mr. Holt, Secretary of War, by order of the Presi- dent wrote the Governor of North Caro- lina, " That the forts in that state, in com- mon with the other forts, arsenals, and other property of the United States, are in charge of the President, and that if as- sailed, no matter from what quarter, or under what pretext, it is his duty to pro- tect them by all the means which the law BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 239 has placed at his disposal." After retiring from the Presidency, he resided at Lan- caster, Penn.. till the time of his death. Abraham Lincoln. The sixteenth President was born in Kentucky, 1809 ; died in Washington, D. C, April 15, 1865. The family removed to Indiana in 1816, the mother dying in 1818. Young Lincoln was a strong boy and worked with his father clearing up the new farm. He attended school only one year, became expert in figures, and read carefully all the books within his reach. After becoming of age, he spent several years in jobbing, clearing land, and all sorts of manual labor. He was six feet four inches high, and noted for his im- mense strength and agility, and his skill as a wrestler. His first speech was made about 1830, 240 AMERICAN HISTORY. and was delivered extemporaneously in reply to one by a candidate for the Legis- lature by the name of Posey. The family just about this time moved to Illinois. He enlisted as a private in a company raised for the Black Hawk War, and was at once chosen Captain. He was elected to the Legislature in 1834, re-elected in 1836, 1838, and 1840 ; admitted to the bar in 1837. He became noted tor his ability in jury trials, and finding that legislative service interfered with his practice, declined another re-elec- tion. He was an ardent admirer of Henry Clay, and was sorely disappointed at his defeat for the Presidency in 1844. In 1846, he was elected to Congress ; in 1849, he introduced a bill for abolishing slavery in the District of Columbia, and compensating the slave owners, provided a majority of the citizens should vote in favor of it. From 1855 to 1858, Mr. Lincoln and BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 241 Douglas discussed frequently the issues before the country, quite often appearing upon the same platform in a debate. Both were candidates for the office of United States Senator in 1858 ; Mr. Douglas was chosen by the Legislature. In 1860, Mr. Lincoln was elected Presi- dent. Being informed of a plot to assassi- nate him on his way through Baltimore, at the urgent solicitation of his friends, he went through on an earlier train than the one named, reaching Washington in Balety. In his inaugural address are found the following paragraphs : "In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-country- men, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. " The government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the ag- gressors. You have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the government; while I shall have the most solemn one to preserve, protect, and defend it. " The civil war was upon the country, and Mr. Lincoln was hard pressed by many parties to do this or that, but he listened candidly to all their pleadings, and then did what he thought best for the country. 242 AMERICAN niSTORY. In August, 1862, Mr. Greeley addressed an open letter to the President, and re- ceived the following reply : " My paramount object is to save the Union, and not either to save or destro^^ slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slaves, I would do it; and if I could d© it by freeing some and leav- ing others alone, I would also do that. "I shall try to correct errors when shown to be errors ; and I shall adopt new views as fast as they shall appear to be true views. "I have stated my purpose according to my views of official duty, and I intend no modification of my oft-expressed personal wish that all men everywhere should be free." Mr. Lincoln had decided that as soon as there was a federal victory, he would move in the matter; consequently, five days after the battle of Antietara (September 22, 1862), he published his first proclama- tion, requesting all those who were in arms against the government to retire quietly and peaceably to their homes, and they would be protected in all their rights and property ; but in case of their refusal so to do, he would, on the first of January, 1863, issue an Emancipation Proclamation. The ofi'er was not accepted, and January BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 243 1, 1863, a document, second onl)^ to the ^' Declaration of Independence," was pub- lished to the world. The war progressed, and soon victories began to follow defeat. On the 19th of November, 1863, Presi- dent Lincoln made a brief address, which is, perhaps, the finest ever delivered on a similar occasion, and should become famil- iar to the entire English-reading world : it was at the dedication of the Gettysburg (Pa.) cemetery, and in the following words : I "Fourscore and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to'the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are en- gaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. ' ' We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. " It is altogether fitting and proper that we should . do this. But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here have consecrated it far above our power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long re- member^ what we say here ; but it can never for- get what they did here. 1844 AMERICAN HISTORY. " It is for us, the living, rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. "It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us; that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people and by the people shall not perish from the earth. " \^, The strugfi^le went on, and President Lincoln advanced just as fast as the country would sustain him ; and as the people felt more and more confident of success, they again called him to be their ruler and guide for another four years. In his second inaugural, among other things, he said, "With malice toward none, and charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and his orphans, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations." The struggle being about over, the Presi- dent felt the heavy burden somewhat re- moved ; and just as the clouds were show- ing their silver lining, and he was about BIOGBAPEICAL SKETCHES. 245 to look beyond and see the bright future, the assassin's bullet did its work, and his eyes closed in death. Andreav Johnson. The seventeenth President of the United States was born in North Carolina, 1808 ; died July 31, 1875. At the age of 10, he was apprenticed to Mr. Selby, a tailor. He learned to read, and devoted his leisure time to the perusal of such books as he could get. In 1826, he went to Tennessee, and married at the age of twenty ; and under his wife's in- structions, he learned to write and cipher. In 1828, he began to take an active part in politics. A student of Greenville col- lege says this : " On approaching the village, there stood on the hill by the highway a solitary, little house about ten feet square. " It contained a bed, two or three stools, and a tailor's platform. ** Here we delighted to stop, because one lived 246 AMERICAN HISTORY. here whom we knew outside the school, and made us welcome; one who would amuse us by his social good nature, taking more than ordinary interest in catering to our pleasure." He was elected to the Legislature' of Tennessee in 1835; he opposed a bill appro- priating $4,000,000 for internal improve- ments, mostly for macadamized and turn- pike roads. The bill became a law, and was so popular that he was not returned in 1837; but the evils he predicted de- veloped themselves, and in 1839 he was re-elected. In 1841, he was elected to the State Senate. In 1843, he was elected a Representative in Congress. In 1853, he was elected Governor of Tennessee, and again in 1855. In 1857, he became United States Senator. In 1861, he was burnt in effigy in many of the cities of his State. In 1862, he was appointed military Gov- ernor of Tennessee by President Lincoln ; he issued several proclamations and warn- ings, but they produced little effect on the secession element in Tennessee. He was BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 247 elected Vice-President in 1864, and on the death of Lincoln, became President. The important events of his administra- tion will be found elsewhere. lie was not in sympathy with the party that elected him, hence frequent political collisions occurred. Ulysses S. Grai^t. The eighteenth President of the United States was born in Ohio in 1822. He entered West Point military acad- emy in 1839, graduating in 1843, ranking 21st in a class of 39. In 1845, he was ordered to Texas and commissioned lieu- tenant, taking active part in the battle of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, Monterey, and Vera Cruz. In 1852, he accompanied his regiment to California and Oregon, and while at Fort Vancouver, in 1853, he was commis- sioned captain. When the Civil War broke out, he was 248 AMERICAN HISTORY. chosen to command a company of volnn- teers. He soon became colonel ; and Au- gust 23, 1861, he was promoted to brigadier- general, and assumed Gommand of the troops at Cairo. He seized Paducah, at the mouth of the Cumberland. He moved, February, 1862, for the capture of Forts Donelson and Henry. They were soon captured ; and Fort Donelson with all its defenders, except General Floyd's brigade, yielded the first brilliant and substantial victory that had crowned the Federal arms. He was now commissioned major-general from the fact that " He proposed to move immediately on their works," and did so. Then followed the battle of Pittsburg landing, where, it is said, the loss on each side was about 12,000 : the enemy, de- feated, withdrew to Corinth, and before that could be attacked, the Confederates evacuated it. The department was extended by taking BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 249 in Yicksburg, which was surrendered July 4, 1863, with 27,000 soldiers. Congress passed a bill March 1, 1864:, which became a law, reviving the office of Lieutenant- General. General Grant was immediately appointed to that position, and confirmed. With 700,000 men under his command, Grant planned two campaigns, one under General Meade, to operate against Rich- mond — defended by General Lee—, the other under General Sherman, against At- lanta — defended by General Johnston. The principal events of these campaigns, are found under the proper date in Lincoln's administration. The whole thing culmi- nated in the surrender of Lee at Appomat- tox, followed shortly by the surrender of Johnston's army. General Grant was elected President in 1868, receiving 214 electoral votes, against 80 cast for Horatio Seymour. During the last session of the 42d Congress, 1872, the salary of the President was doubled, and those of the Yice-Presideot, Speaker of the 260 AMERICAN HISTORY. House, Justices of the Supreme Court, and Cabinet Officers were increased 25 per cent. For leading events see President Grant's administration. At the close of his second term, in 1877, he made the tour of the whole civilized world, visiting especially all the great na- tions of Europe and Asia, and receiving, as a great soldier and civilian of the United States, all the honors which rulers and people could bestow. As the unofficial representative of his country, in the nations he visited, his bear- ing was such as to win universal admira* tion and respect. His intercourse, moreover, with the rulers and other representative men abroad, was, no doubt, calculated to remove the prejudices and strengthen the good-will of foreign nations toward the great Repub- lic of the New World. On the return to his own country, he was greeted with magnificent demonstra- tions, and as he passed from city to city, he met with most cordial greetings. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 261 RUTHERFOKD B. HaYES. The nineteenth President was born in Ohio, October 4, 1822. He is of Scottish descent, and it is said that some of his an- cestors of noble blood fought side by side with Robert Bruce, He graduated at Kenjon College in 1842, and stood among the first in his class; was admitted to the bar at Marietta, Ohio, in 1845 ; removed to Cincinnati in 1849, and soon gained a remunerative practice. In 1861, when the Eebellion broke out, his position at the bar was of the first rank, but he resolved to take part in the defence of his country. He was commissioned major of the 23d Ohio volunteers. He took a prominent part in various expeditions necessary for the defence of the post where he was sta- tioned. He was promoted, but he preferred to remain with the 23d, which had been in- corporated with Burnside's command in the army of the Potomac. 263 AMERICAN HISTORY. Lee was now advancing toward Mary- land, and the first effort to resist him was at South Mountain, where the 23d, led by Hayes, was hotly engaged. More than one hundred of his command fell dead or woundedj under the enemy's fire, and his own arm was broken. He was engaged in several other battles, and his achieve- ments in the war made him exceedingly popular in Ohio. He was elected by a large majority to Congress, but refused to take his seat until, as he said, he could " come by the way of Richmond." He was re-elected to Congress in 1866. In 1867, he was elected Governor of Ohio, and again, in 1869, by an increased ma- jority. He was elected for the third time in 1876, and while in office was nominated and elected President of the United States. In his inaugural address, he marked out briefly his line of action, acknowledging that he owed his election to the suffrage and zealous labors of a political party, but he was mindful of the fact " That he serves BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 253 his party most who serves his country best." He was the first among all the Presi- dents to announce, at the commencement of his term, that he was not a candidate for reelection. Mr. Hayes deemed it his duty to with- draw the troops that had been stationed at points in Louisiana and South Carolina, doing it upon the ground that there did not exist in those states " such domestic violence as is contemplated by the consti- tution as the ground upon which the mili- tary power of the National Government may be invoked for the defence of a state." He was not sustained by many promi- nent members of his party, but time has abundantly vindicated alike the rightful- ness and wisdom of his action. Upon most questions he was in harmony with the party that elected him, and by his unflinching exercise of the veto power, the country was prepared to return to specie payments ; and measures calculated to postpone or prevent the desired object were thwarted. S54 AMERICAN HISTORY. Kutherford B. Hajes and Ulysses S. Grant are the only ex-Presidents now (1882) living. James A. Garfield. The twentieth President was born in Ohio, November 19, 1831 ; died atFranck- lyn cottage, Long Branch, September 19, 1881. The father died when James was only two years old.. His boyhood was spent in laboring on the farm and wood-chopping during the summer, to assist in the sup- port of the family, and in attending the pioneer district school about three months during each winter. When fourteen years old, he learned the carpenter's trade. His seventeenth summer was spent as a driver and helmsman on the Ohio canal. After attending a seminary for one term,, he commenced teaching in a district school ; and after his first term in the seminary, he received no pecuniary aid, except seven- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 255 teen dollars — all that his mother could possibly spare him — during his whole school life. While in the school at Hiram, from 1851, three years of his life were spent in per- forming, at first, the double duties of stu- dent and janitor, then student and teacher. When he left Williams College, he was in debt five hundred dollars, which he after- w^ards faithfully discharged. In 1858, he married Miss Lucretia Ku- dolph, a teacher, whose thorough culture in the classics, modern languages, and lit- erature, has enabled her to keep even pace w^ith her husband in his literary career. He was President of Hiram GoUege from 1857 to 1861. He was elected to the Ohio Senate in 1859, and was admitted to the bar during his second year in the Senate. He went into the army in 1861, being in service two years and three months. In 1863, he took his seat in the House of Representatives, being elected for nine consecutive terms. 256 AMERICAN HISTORY. The 3^ear 1880 witnessed General Gar- field's preferment to two of the highest official positions in the gift of the Ameri- can people, — United States Senator from Ohio, and President of the United States. He entered upon the duties of the second, March 4, 1881, the first passing into other hands. On the day after the assassination of President Lincoln, just as the great throng in Wall street was surging to and fro, there appeared in the midst of the crowd James A. Garfield, who uttered these immortal words which immediately quelled the pas- sions of *the assembled multitude : "Fellow citi/.eiis! Clouds and darkness are 'round about him! His pavilion is dark waters and thick clouds of skies! Justice and judgment are the es- tablishment of his throne ! Mercy and truth shall go before his face ! "Fellow citizens, God reigns, and the Government at Washington still liv^es. " The life of James A. Garfield is the fullest exemplification of the possibilities of American citizenship on record. He began life in the Ohio forest, poor as the poorest, and by his own exertion, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 257 ability, and cliaracter he made his way upward to the highest, place, which he had just entered upon, when stricken down July 2 by the bullet of Guiteau. The sufferer was careful to direct that his aged mother be kept constantly advised of his condition. Midway between his wounding and his death, he took advan- tage of his strength to send assurances of his loving remembrance to his mother. Slightly propped up in bed, he wrote : Washingt.on, D. C, August 11, 1881. Dear Mother: Don't be disturbed by conflicting reports about my condition. It is true I am still weak and on my back, ))ut I am gaining every day, and need only time and patience to bring me through. Give my love to all the relatives and friends, and especially to sisters Kitty and Mary. Your loving son, James A. Garfield. Mrs. Eliza Garfield, Hiram, Ohio. The following extract, from the pen of Mrs. Ellen Key Blunt, daughter of the author of " The Star Spangled Banner," is worth remembering : ' ' Fame has recorded him. Love has rewarded him, Mother, wife, children, and people wept over him. 2^58 AMERICAN HISTORY. England accounted him Kindred by blood. All that are great and good Have as his mourners stood, While he lay. day by day, passing away. A Queen sends comforting words of cheer, And flowers to fade on his bloody bier, God save the Queen when her last hour is near. Chester A. Arthur. The twenty-first President was born in Vermont, October 5, 1830. His father was a clergyman, a graduate of Belfast College, Ireland. He was suc- cessful as a preacher, and in authorship he made some mark. Chester A. Arthur graduated at Union College in 1848 : while there he attained a high rank in his classes, being an industri- ous student, meanwhile earning much of the money for paying his expenses by teaching school. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1852. Two of the most notable cases in which Mr. Arthur participated in BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, Wd a professional way, had connection with the colored race. The first was the cele- brated Lemmon suit. The Lemmons were Virginia slave-holders, who visited New York in 1852, with eight slaves, intending to take a steamer for Texas. These slaves were liberated on a writ of hobbeas corjnis ; an appeal was taken, in which the Attorney General of Virginia and Charles O'Connor were the attorneys for the slave-holders, and Wm. M. Evarts and Chester A. Arthur for the slaves. The slave-holders were beaten. The second case arose in 1856, in regard to rejecting Lizzie Jennings, a colored woman, from a car on Fourth Avenue Kailroad, N. Y. A suit was brought for damages, and Mr. Arthur appeared for the colored woman and won the case : this victory opened all the cars of New York City to the colored people. During the Civil War, he served on the staff of Governor E. D. Morgan, as Quar- termaster-General ; and no higher encomium could be passed upon him than to say that 260 AMERICAN HISTORY. all bis accounts were audited without the deduction of a single dollar. He returned again to the practice of law, in which he was eminently successful. He was appointed Collector of the Port of New York, which office he held till 1878, again resuming the practice of law. Was elected Yice-President, and entered upon the duties of the office, March 4, 1881 ; and September 20, 1881, became President. During President Garfield's illness, he often expressed himself in an emphatic manner, hoping that the duties of the office would not devolve upon him ; and once, when calling upon Mrs. Garfield to condole with her in her sorrow, said, *' God knows, madam, I do not wish to be Presi- dent ! " When the martyred chieftain's mantle fell upon President Arthur's shoulders, as the new President, he spoke out frankly, and the people caught up the bold lan- guage, till peace and quiet prevailed all through the land. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 261 In his inaugural, he said : "All the noble aspirations of my lamented prede- cessor, which found expression in his life ; the meas- ures devised and suggested during his brief adminis- tration, to correct abuses and enforce economy; to advance prosperity and promote general welfare; to insure domestic security, and maintain friendly and honorable relations with the nations of the earth, will be garnered in the hearts of the people; and it will be my earnest endeavor to profit, and see that the nation shall profit, by his example and experience." President Arthur attended the centen- nial anniversary of the battle of Yorktown, October 19 ; addressed the assembled thou- sands there : his administration has had a hearty approval thus far, and bids fair to go on to a successful termination. SECTION XXXVIII. Chief Justices of the Supreme Court op THE United States. 1. John Jay, Of New Yorh, From 1789 to l^m—aix years. He was born December 12, 1745 ; died May 17, 1829. He was of Huguenot descent. Jay was the youngest member, but one, in the first *' Continental Congress" that met at Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia, 1774, and participated largely in the de- bates of the session ; he was a member of the second "Continental Congress," and was a member of the committee of three appointed to draft an address to the people 263 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 2G3 of Canada^ soliciting their co-operation in the contest which had now become inevi- table. He held important positions on many other committees. Was a member of the committee to frame the first consti- tution for the State of New York, the report and draft of which were principally his own work ; was appointed Minister to Spain in 1779 ; in 1782, went to Paris to assist in negotiating a treaty with Great Britain. Of his colleagues^ Franklin only was there at first, the other being detained on account of sickness and business. The primary work of the treaty devolved upon Jay and Franklin. In 1794, he was appointed a special Minister to England ; and with Lord Gren- ville the difiiculties growing out of unset- tled boundaries and attacks on American commerce were arranged. While absent, his friends in New York nominated and elected him Governor by a very large majority, which was ofiicially announced two days before his arrival in New York ; he held the office for six years. 264 . AMERICAN BISTORT. In 1800, lie was again nominated, and confirmed by the Senate, to his former oflSce of Chief Justice, but he firmly de- clined, and bade adieu to public life. His public reputation as a patriot and statesman of the revolution was second only to that of Washington. 2. John Rutledge, Of South Carolina. 1795 — one term of court. He was appointed during a recess of the Senate, 1795 ; presided on the bench for one term only; when the Senate convened, it refused to confirm his nomination. He was born in Charleston in 1739, and died in 1800. He was in both of the Continental Con- gresses in 1774 and 1775. Wlien Fort Moultrie was attacked in June, he sent to it 400 pounds of powder, against the advice of General Lee, and di- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 265 reeled Colonel Moultrie not to evacuate it without an order from him. He was elected to Congress, appointed Associate Judge of the Supreme Court of the United States, and Chief Justice of South Carolina; but the Senate, for political reasons, refused to confirm his nomination as Chief Justice of the United States. 3. Oliver Ellsworth, ♦ Of Connecticut, From 1796 to 1800— four years. He was born in 1745; died in 1807; was a member of the convention that framed the National Constitution, and a member of the United States Senate from 1789 to 1796. He was appointed envoy to France, re- signed his office as Chief Justice, and with his associates negotiated a treaty with the French. Was afterward appointed Chief Justice of Connecticut, which office he de- clined on account of his feeble health. AMERICAN HISTOllY. 4. John Marshall, Of Virginia. Froml^OO to lS35—thirty- Jive years. He was born in 1755 ; died, 1835. He joined the military in 1775, and was conneoled with the " Culpepper minute men," who wore green hunting shirts with Liberty or Death in white letters upon the bosom, and whose banner displayed a coiled rattlesnake, with the motto, " Don't tread on me." He was in the battles of Brandy wine. Germ an town, and Monmouth, and shared the liardships and sufferings of Yalley Forge. He occupied many important positions in Congress and out of it. It is said that Marshall was in person ungraceful, and in dress and bearing presented the appearance of a plain countryman, ^'Ct no one was a greater social favorite. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 267 5. Roger B. Taney, Of Maryland. From 1836 to 1864: — tvnenty -eight years. He was born in 1777 ; died in Washing- ton, 1864. Mr. Taney was a firm friend of Andrew Jackson in the bank controversy in 1833, in regard to removing the deposits there- from to the state banks ; and was appointed Secretary of the Treasury for that purpose; but the Senate, when it convened, refused to confirm the nomination. The most noted decision, while he was Chief Justice, was in the " Dred-Scott case." 6. Salmon P. Chase, Of Ohio. From 1864 to 1873 — nine years. Mr. Chase was born in New Hampshire, 1808 ; died in New York, 1873. 268 AMERICAN HISTORY. He was a strong anti-slavery man, and on several occasions had been attorney for persons claimed as fugitive slaves. He acted with the '' Liberty Party " in 1844, and was President of the Free Soil convention that nominated Martin Van Buren in 1848; was elected Senator from Ohio in 1849. He opposed the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, and took a lead- ing part in its discussion ; was elected Governor of Ohio in 1855, and in 1857 was re-elected by the largest vote that had ever been given for a governor of Ohio. The financial policy that carried the nation through the war was mainly the work of Mr. Chase. Mr. Chase, as Chief Justice, presided at the trial of President Johnson, who had been impeached by the House of Kep- resentatives. 7. Morrison R. Waite, Of Ohio. From 1874 to the j) resent time. He was born in Connecticut in 1816. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, 269 In 1871 and '72, he was one of the counsel of the United States before the tribunal of arbitration at Geneva, where he displayed much legal abilit3^ SECTION XXXIX. Cabinet Officers. The following are the names of the cabi- net officers, appointed by the Presidents at the •commencement of their several terms ; many of these served for four years or more ; in some instances, men were ap- pointed who never qualified ; the table shows mainly those that rendered consider- able length of service. George Washington's Cabinet. First Term. Thomas Jefferson.Virginia.. Secretary of State. Alex. Hamilton, New York.Sec'y of the Treasury. Henry Knox, Massachusetts .Secretary of War. Samuel Osgood, Mass Postmaster General. Edmund Randolph, Virginia. Attorney General. 370 CABINET OFFICERS. 271 Second Term. Edmund Randolph, Virginia. Secretary of State. Oliver Wolcott, Connecticut. Sec'y of the Treasury. Timothy Pickering, Penn. ..Secretary of War. Joseph Habersham, Georgia. -Postmaster General. William Bradford, Penn Attorney General. John Adams's Cabinet. Timothy Pickering, Penn. . . Secretary of State. Oliver Wolcott, Connecticut. -Sec'y of the Treasury. JohnMcHenry, Maryland.. -Secretary Of War. Benj. Stoddert, Mary land.. -Secretary of the Navy. Joseph Habersham, Georgia. Postmaster General. Charles Lee, Virginia. Attorney General. The office ol Secretary of the Navy was created in 1798. Thomas Jefferson's Cabinet. First Termj. James Madison, Virginia Sec'y of State. Albert Gallatin, Penn Sec'y of the Treasury. Henry Dearborn, Mass Secretary of War. Robert Smith, Maryland Secretary of the Navy. Gideon Granger, Conn't Post Master General. Levi Lincoln, Massachusetts -Attorney General. 272 AMERICAN HISTORY. Second Term. James Madison, Virginia Secretary of State. George W. Campbell, Tenn..Sec'y of the Treasury. Henry Dearborn, Mass Secretary of War. Jacob Crowningshield, Mass. -Secretary of the Navy. Gideon Granger, Conn't Postmaster General. Robert Smith, Maryland Attorney General. James Madison's Cabinet. First Term. Robert Smith, Maryland Secretary of State. Albert Gallatin, Penns3dv'ia.Sec'y of the Treasury. William Eustis, Mass Secretary of War. Paul Hamilton, S. C Secretary of the Navy. Gideon Granger, Conn't Postmaster General. Caesar Rodney, Pennsylvania. Attorney General. Second Term. James Monroe, Virginia Secretary of State. Geo.W. Campbell, Tennessee -Sec'y of the Treasury. Wm. H. Crawford, Georgia --Secretary of War. B.W. Crowningshield, Mass. . Secretary of the Navy. Jonathan Meigs, Jr., Ohio. . -Postmaster General. Richard Kush,Pennsylvania-Attorney General. CABINET OEFICERS. 373 Monroe's Cabinet. First Terin. John Quincy Adams, Mass. .Secretary of State, Wm. H. Crawford, Georgia. .Sec'y of the Treasury. John C. Calhoun, S. C Secretary of War, Smith Thompson, New York. Secretary of the Navy. Jonathan Meigs, Jr., Ohio. -.Postmaster General. William Wirt, Virginia Attorney General . Second Term. John Quincy Adams, Mass. _ -Secretary of State. Wm. H. Crawford, Georgia. .Sec'y of the Treasury. JohnC. Calhoun, S. C Secretary of War. Smith Thompson, New York. Secretary of the Navy. Jonathan Meigs, Jr. , Ohio Postmaster General, William AVirt, Virginia Attorney General. John Quincy Adams's Cabinet. Henry Clay, Kentucky Secretary of State. Richard Rush, Pennsylvania. Sec'y of the Treasury. James Barbour, Virginia Secretary of War. Samuel L. Southard, N, J. .. Secretary of the Navy. John McLean, Ohio Postmaster General. William Wirt, Virginia Attorney General. 274 AMERICAN HISTORY. Andrp:w Jackson's Cabinet. First Term. 3Iartin YanBuren, N. Y Secretary of State. Samuel D. Ingham, Penn.-.Sec'y of tKe Treasury. JohnH. Eaton, Tennessee.. .Secretary of War. John Branch, North Carolina -Secretary of the Navy. William T. Barry, Kentucky .Postmaster General. John McPherson Berrien, Ga. .Attorney General. Second Term. Edward Livingston, La. Secrctar}-- of State. William J. Duane, Penn Sec'y of the Treasury. Mr. Duane was removed from office because he refused to place the money con- tained in the United States bank on deposit in the state banks named, and in his place was appointed Roger B Taney, Maryland.. Sec'y of the Treasury. Levi Cass, Ohio Secretary of War. Levi Woodbury, N. H Secretary of the Navy. William T. Barry, Kentucky. Postmaster General. Benjamin F. Butler, N. Y.. Attorney General. Benjamin F. Butler at the present time resides in Massachusetts. . CABINET OFFICERS. 275 Martin Yan Buren's Cabinet. Jolin Forsyth, Georgia .Secretary of State. Leji Woodbury, N. H .Sec'y of the Treasury. Joel R. Poinsett, S. C __ Secretary of War. James K. Paulding, N. Y. .. Secretary of the Navy. Amos Kendall, Kentucky.. -Postmaster General. Benjamin F. Butler, N. Y... Attorney General. William Henry Harrison's Cabinet. Daniel Webster, Mass Secretary of State. Thomas Ewing, Ohio Sec'y of the Treasury. John Bell, Tennessee Secretary of War. George E. Badger, N. C Secretary of the Navy, Francis Granger, N. Y Postmaster General. John J. Crittenden, Ky Attorney General, John Tyler's Cabinet. The members of President Harrison's Cabinet all resigned after the veto of the ^76 AMERICAN HIS TOBY. " Fiscal or United States Bank Bill," ex- cept Daniel Webster. It was at that time constituted as follows : Daniel Webster, Mass Secretary of State. Walter Forward, Penn Sec'y of the Treasury. John C. Spencer, N. Y Secretary of War. Abel P. Upshur, Virginia Secretary of the Navy. Charles A. Wickliffe, Ky Postmaster General. Hugh S. Legare, S. C Attorney General. Mr. Webster resigned in the spring of 1843, and Mr. Upshur, then Secretary of the Nav}^ was appointed in his place; and Thomas W. Gihiier,Yirginia,was appointed to the Navy. Secretaries Upshur and Gilmer were killed February 28, 1844, by the bursting of a large cannon on board the steam frig- ate Princeton, the trial and strength of which they were witnessing. John 0. Calhoun, South Carolina, be- came Secretary of State, and John Y. Mason, Virginia, Secretary of the Navy. CABINET OFFICERS. 377 James Knox Polk's Cabinet. James Buchanan, Penn Secretary of State. Robert J. Walker, Miss.. Sec'y of the Treasury. William L. Marcy, N. Y Secretary of War. George Bancroft. Mass Secretary of the Navy. Cave Johnson, Tennessee... Postmaster General. John Y. Mason, Virginia Attorney General. Zaciiary Taylor's Cabinet. John M. Clayton, Delaware. Secretary of State. William M. Meredith, Penn. .Sec'y of the Treasury, George Crawford, Georgia.. Secretary of War. William Ballard Preston, Va.. Secretary of the Navy. Jacob Collamer, Vermont Postmaster General. Reverdy Johnson, Maryland .Attorney General, Thomas E wing, Ohio Sec'y of the Interior. The last named office was created by Congress March 3, 1849, the day before the commencement of President Taylor's term. Millard Fillmore's Cabinet. Daniel Webster, Mass Secretary of State. Thomas Corwin, Ohio Sec'y of the Treasury. Charles M. Conrad, La Secretary of War. 278 AMERICAN HISTORY. William A. Graham, N. C. ..Secretary of the Navy. Nathan K. Hall, New York .Postmaster General. John J. Crittenden, Ky Attorney General. Alexander H.H. Stuart, Penn..Sec'y of the Interior. Daniel Webster died October 2-i, 1852, and was succeeded by Edward Everett, of Massachusetts. Fkanklin Pierce's Cabinet, "No change took place during his term of office. William L. Marcy, N. Y Secretary of State. James Guthrie, Kentucky ...Sec'y of the Treasury. Jefferson Davis, Miss Secretary of War. James C. Dobbin, N. C Secretary of the Navy. James Campbell, Penn Postmaster General. Caleb Cushing, Mass Attorney General. Robert McClelland, Mich Sec'y of the Interior. James Buchanan's Cabinet. Lewis Cass, Michigan Secretary of State. Howell Cobb, Georgia Sec'y of the Treasury. CABINET OFFICERS. 279 John B. Floyd, Virginia Secretary of AVar. Isaac Toucey, Connecticut- -Secretary of the Navy. Aaron V. Brown, Tennessee -Postmaster General. Jeremiah S. Black, Penn Attorney General. Jacob Thompson - Sec'y of the Interior. This cabinet was broken up during the last year of Mr. Buchanan's administration. John A. Dix, of New York, was ap- pointed Secretary of the Treasury in the place of Howell Cobb, who had resigned. At this time New Orleans was in the possession of the secessionists : two United States revenue cutters were there, and the new Secretary of the Treasury ordered them to New York. The captain of one of them, after con- sulting with the collector at New Orleans, refused to obey. Secretary Dix telegraphed the lieuten- ant to arrest the captain, and, in case he offered any resistance, to treat him as a mutineer; and closed his dispatch with the memorable words, " If any one haul down the Araerican flag^ shoot him on the spotP 280 AMERICAN HISTORY. Abraham Lincoln's Cabinet. First Term. William H. Seward, N. Y. .. Secretary of State. Salmon P. Chase, Ohio Sec'y of the Treasury. Simon'Cameron, Perm Secretary of War. Gideon Welles, Connecticut. Secretary of the Navy. 3Iontgomery Blair, Md Postmaster General. Edward Bates, Missouri Attorney General. Caleb B. Smith, Indiana Sec'y of the Interior. Mr. Cameron was succeeded by Edwin M. Stanton, January 14, 1862. Mr. Chase resigned, and was succeeded by William P. Fessenden, July 5, 1861. Second Term . William H. Seward, N. Y. . . Secretary of State. Hugh McCulloch, Indiana. .Sec'y of the Treasury. Edwin M. Stanton, Penn Secretary of War. Gideon^Welles, Conn Secretary of the Navy. William Dennison, Ohio Postmaster General. James S. Speed, Kentucky.. Attorney General. John P. Usher, Indiana Sec'y of the Interior. Andrew Johnson's Cabinet. William^H. Seward, N. Y. .. Secretary of State, Hugh^McCulloch, Indiana... Sec'y of the Treasury. CABINET OFFICERS. 381 Edwin M. Stanton, Penn Secretary of War. Oideon Welles, Connecticut. Secretary of the Navy. William Dennisou, Ohio Postmaster General. James S. Speed, Kentucky.. Attorney General. James Harlan, Iowa Sec'y of the Interior. In 1867, President Johnson suspended Secretary Stanton, and appointed General Grant Secretary of War ad interim. Mr. Stanton turned over the office under pro- test, denying the right of the President to remove him. When Congress assembled, the President sent to the Senate his reasons for the re- moval of Mr. Stanton ; but that body held that under the " tenure-of-office " act the President had no power to remove without the approval of the Senate. General Grant immediately transferred the office to Secretary Stanton. In 1868, the President removed Secre- tary Stanton, and appointed General Lo- renzo Thomas Secretary of War. The Senate, when officially informed, passed a resolution declaring that '^ the President had no power to remove the 382 AMERICAN HISTORY. Secretary of War and designate another person to perform the duties of that office." Ulysses S. Grant's Cabinet. First Term. Hamilton Fish, New York. -Secretary of State. George S. Boutwell, Mass. . . Sec'y of tlie Treasury. William W. Belknap, Iowa -Secretary of War. George M. Robeson, N. J Secretary of the Navy, John A. J. Creswell, Md Postmaster General, E, Rockwood Hoar, Mass. .-Attorney General. Jacob D, Cox, Ohio Sec'y of the Interior, Second Term. Hamilten Fish, N. Y .-Secretary of State. George S. Boutwell, Mass.. -Sec'y of the Treasury. Wifliam W, Belknap, Iowa- .Secretary of War, George M. Robeson, N, J Secretary of the Navy, John A. J. Creswell, Md Postmaster General, Geo, H, Williams, Oregon .-Attorney General, Columbus Delano, Ohio Sec'y of the Interior, KUTHERFORD B. HaYES's CaBINET. William M. Evarts, N, Y Secretary of State. John Sherman, Ohio Sec'y of the Treasury. CABINET OFFICERS. 383 Alexander Ramsey, Minn Secretary of War. Richard W. Thompson, Ind. .Secretary of the Navy. David M. Key, Tennessee. -.Postmaster General. Charles Devens, Mass. Attorney General. Carl Schurz, Missouri Sec'y of the Interior. During the last year, Mr. Thompson was succeeded by Nathan GofF, of West Virginia; and Mr. Key, by Horace May- nard, of Tennessee. James Abram Garfield's Cabinet. James G. Blaine, Maine Secretary of State. William Windom, Minn Sec'y of the Treasury. William H. Hunt, La Secretary of the Navy. Robert F. Lincoln, Illinois ..Secretary of War. Thomas L. James, N. Y Postmaster General. Wayne MacVeagh, Penn... Attorney General. Samuel J. Kirkwood, Iowa. -Sec'y of the Interior. Chester A. Arthur's Cabinet. Fred. T. Frelinghuysen,N. J.. Secretary of State. Charles J. Folger, N. Y Sec'y of the Treasury. Robert F. Lincoln, Illinois. -Secretary of War. William E. Chandler, N. H.. Secretary of the Navy. 284 AMERICAN HISTORT. Timothy O. Howe, Wis Postmaster General, Benjamin H. Brewster, Penn. .Attorney General. Henry M. Teller, Colorado. --Seo'y of the Interior. SECTION XLIII. Sovereigns of England — Early Norman Kings. yrs. Fi'om lOGG to 115 If, 88 years. — ^ Kings. Began to reigii. William I. (Tlie Conqueror) 1066 21 William II. (Ruf us), son .1087 13 Henry I. (Beauclerc), brother 1 100 35 Stephen (Count of Blois), nephew 1135 19 Plantagenet Family, Fi'om 115 If to 1399, 21^5 years.— 8 Kings. Henry II. (grandson of Henry I.) 1154 35 Richard I. (son).. .1189 10 John (brother) .1199 17 Henry III. (son) 1216 56 Edward I. (son) ..1272 35 Edward II. (son). 1307 20 Edward III. (son) .1327 50 Richard II. (grandson) 1377 22 285 386 SOVEREIONS OF ENGLAND. House of Lancaster. From 1399 to 1461, 62 years.— 3 Kings. Began to reign. ^ Henry IV. (son of John of Gaunt) 1399 14 Henry V. (son) ..1413 9 Henry VI. (son) ....1422 39 House of Yobk. From U61 to 14S5, 34 years.— S Kings. Edward IV. (son of Richard of York)... 1461 23 Edward V. (son) 1483 74 d's Richard III. (uncle) 1483 3 Tudor Family. From I486 to 1603, 118 years. — 3 Kings and 2 Queens. Henry VII ....1485 24 Henry VIII. (son)... 1509 38 Edward VI. (son) 1547 6 Mary (half-sister) 1553 5 Elizabeth (half-sister) 1558 45 Stuart Family. Fro9n 1603 to 1714, 111 years. — 6 Sovereigns. James I. (son of Mary, Queen of Scots). .1603 23 Charles I. (son) 1625 34 EARLY NORMAN KINGS. 287 Began to reign. ' Commonwealth, during which Cromwell ruled as Protector for five years, from 1653 to 1658 1649 11 Charles II. (son of Charles I. ) 1660 25 James II. (brother).. 1685 4 Wm. III. (nephew) Mary 11. (daughter), 1689 13 Anne (daughter of James II. ) .1702 13 House of Brunswick. I^Yo7ii 17 U to 18S3, etc., 168 years. — 6 Sovereigns. George I. (great-grandson of James I.).. 1714 14 George II. (son) .1737 33 George III. (grandson) 1760 60 George lY. (son) 1820 10 William IV. (brother) 1830 7 Victoria (niece) 1837 45 to the present time, 1882. Notes. The IS'ormans (the descendants of the l^orthmen who had settled in ll^ormandy, France), led on by William, Duke of Nor- mandy, with 60,000 men, met Harold and his army at Hastings. Harold was slain, the army defeated, and William the Duke became William the 288 SOVEREIGNS OF ENGLAND. Conqueror, the first king of the Norman dynasty. He entered London in triumph and was crowned, on Christmas day, at Westmin- ster- The name comes from Kormandy. Wil- liam II. was called Ruf us. The name Rufus was given him on ac- count of his red complexion and hair. Henry I. was called Beauclerc. He gained this surname, Beauclerc, or fine scholar, by translating ^ sop's Fables. Matilda, the daughter of Henry I., mar- ried Geoffrey Plantagenet, and Henry II. was Matilda's son ; hence, Henry II. was the first king in the Plantagenet family. Henry lY. was the oldest son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster ; hence, Henry lY. was the first king in the Lancastrian line. Before the flight of Henry YI. to Scot- land in 1461, Richard, Duke of York, the father of Edward lY., cautiously and grad- ually advanced his claim to the throne, gained the support of the powerful earls of EARLY NORM AN KINGS. 289 Warwick and Salisbury, took arms against Somerset, the last great nobleman in the Lancastrian branch. The adherents of the Honse of Lancas- ter wore as a bad^e the red rose, and those of the House of York, a white rose ; hence the name, " Wars of Roses." Richard^ Duke of. York, was slain in 1460 ; but young Edward immediately put himself at the head of Welsh mountaineers, defeat- ed his adversaries, marched directly to London, where he entered without oppo- sition, the House of York being in posses- sion of the throne. Hence the name, " House of York." On the death of Henry Y., his widow, Catharine, married Owen Tudor, a Welsh chieftain, by whom she had a son. This son married a descendant of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster. The issue of this marriage wsls Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, afterward Henry YII. Hence the name, " Tudor." James I. was the son of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots ; he was the representa- aSO SOVEREIGNS OF ENGLAND. tive of the royal families of England and Scotland, and so united both their crowns. The name Stuart Family came from Mary Stuart. The Hanov^erian succession was guaran- teed by treaty with Holland in 1706, 1709, and 1713, and by the treaty of Utrecht in 1713. The electress Sophia died May 28, 1714, and her son, Cieorge Lewis, became heir and succeeded Queen Anne at her death, August 1, of the same year. In spite of schemes to place upon the throne the son of James II., the accession of George I. was without disturbance. From this we get the House of Hanover <>r Brunswick. TOPICAL INDEX. Section I. Page, Early Discoveries - ^ Section II. Periods bounded by dates H Section III. Voyages of Columbus— Nations engaged in ex- plorations—Territory claimed by each— The reigning Sovereigns of England during the First Period - - - - 1^ Section IV. Settlement of the Colonies —Navigation Act- King William's War— Treaty of Pvyswick— Queen Anne's War— Treaty of Utrecht- King George's War— Treaty of Aix-la-Cha- pelle— Intercolonial War— Colonial Govern- ments—The reigning Sovereigns in England during the Second Period. 14 Section V. Causes leading to the Revolution 23 291 ^92 AMERICAN UISTORY. Section VI. Leading events of the Revolution — King of England.- 26 Section YII. Leading events of the Revolution grouped — Sug- gestions to teachers, and plans for teaching by group* 31 Section YIIL Ratification of the Articles of Confederation — Cessions of territory by several States — The Shay Rebellion— The Northwest Territory. 43 Section IX. Ratification of the Constitution— First Presi- dential election, and its declaration to Con- gress — Inauguration of Washington 47 Section X. Oeorge Washington's Administration... 50 Section XL John Adams's Administration 54 Section XII. Thomas Jefferson's Administration 56 Section XIII, James Madison's Administration 60 Section XIY. James Monroe's Administration. 63 INDEX. 393 Section XV. John Quincy Adams's Administration 67 Section XVI. Andrew Jackson's Administration 69 Section XVII. Martin Van Buren's Administration 73 Section XVIII. Harrison and Tyler's xldministration 75 Section XIX. James K. Polk's Administration 77 Section XX. Taylor and Fillmore's Administration 80 Section XXI. Franklin Pierce's Administration 83 Section XXII. James Buchanan's Administration 85 Section XXIII. Lincoln and Johnson's Administration 88 Section XXIV. Leading events of the Rebellion grouped 106 Section XXV. Statistics of the Rebellion 116 294 AMERICAN HISTORY. Section XXVI. Ulysses S. Grant's Administration 118 Section XXVII. Rutherford B. Hayes's Administration 121 Section XXVIII. James A. Garfield's Administration 124 Section XXIX. Chester A. Arthur's Administration 126 Section XXX. Suggestions to teachers— Chart No. I. — Keys to Charts Nos. I. and II 128 Section XXXI. Mason and Dixon's Line 150 Section XXXII. The American Flag 152 Section XXXIII. Finances. 154 Section XXXIV. Treaties and Compromises 161 Treaty with England 161 Treaty with France 162 Treaty for the purchase of Louisiana 163 Treaty with Tripoli. 163 Treaty with England. 16^ INDEX. 295 Treaty with Algiers 165 Treaty with Spain 166 The Missouri Compromise 167 Webster -Ashburton Treatj'' 168 Northwestern Boundary Treaty 169 The Wilmot Proviso 170 Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty 171 Clay ton-Bulwer Treaty 171 Clay's Compromise 173 The Gadsden Purchase 173 The Ostend Manifesto 174 Repeal of the Missouri Compromise 175 Treaty for the purchase of Alaska 176 Annexation of Santo Domingo 177 The Geneva Award 177 Section XXXV. Disastrous Conflagrations 178 New York 178 San Francisco, Cal ^ 178 Charleston, S. C 179 Columbia, S. C 179 Richmond, Va 180 Portland, Maine 180 Chicago, 111 181 Michigan Pines 182 Boston - - - 182 Brooklyn Theatre 183 Michigan forest fires 183 Michigan devastation, 1881 183 296 AMERICAN HISTORY. Section XXXVI. Cholera 185 Cholera 186 Cholera--- 187 Yellow Fever . 187 Section XXXVII. Histor}^ of Railroads 188 Section XXXVIII. Historical Stories 191 Paul Revere 191 Declaration of Independence 193 Nathan Hale 196 Jane McCrea 197 Battle of Monmouth 199 John Andre 201 Bunker Hill Monument 204 Washington Monument 205 Battle Monument 206 The Monitor 207 Section XXXIX. Brave and Noble Words 210 Section XL. Biographical Sketches 215 George Washington 215 John Adams ..- 216 Thomas Jefferson 216 James Madison. 217 James Monroe 218 INDEX. 297 John Quincy Adams 219 Andrew Jackson 220 Martin Van Buren 224 Wm. Henry Harrison 225 John Tyler 227 James K. Polk 228 Zachary Taylor 230 Millard Fillmore _• 231 Franklin Pierce 234 James Buchanan 236 Abraham Lincoln 239 Andrew Johnson 245 Ulysses S. Grant 247 Rutherford B. Hayes 251 James A. Garfield 254 Chester A. Arthur . 258 Section XLI. The Chief Justices 262 John Jay 262 John Rutledge 264 Oliver Ellsworth 265 John Marshall 266 Roger B. Taney 267 Salmon P. Chase 267 Morrison R. Waite 268 Section XLII. Cabinet Officers of George Washington 270 John Adams 371 298 AMERICAN HISTORY. Thomas Jefferson 271 James Madison 272 James Monroe 273 John Quincy Adams 273 Andrew Jackson 274 Martin Van Buren . 275 Wm. H. Harrison 275 John Tyler 275 James K. Polk 277 Zachary Taylor 277 Millard Fillmore 277 Franklin Pierce 278 James Buchanan 278 Abraham Lincoln 280 Andrew Johnson 280 Ulysses S. Grant_: 282 Rutherford B. Hayes 282 James A. Garfield 283 Chester A. Arthur 283 Section XLHI. Sovereigns of England 285 Early Xorman Kings 285 Plantagenet Family 285 House of Lancaster 286 House of York 286 Tudor Family 286 Stuart Family 286 House of Brunswick 287 Notes on English Sovereigns 287 Dijvis (W. W.) FRACTIONAL APPARATUS, consisting of eight wooden balls, three inches in diameter, one Avhole, and the others divided respectively into halves, thirds, quarters, sixths, eighths, tenths and twelfths. 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