CONDITIONS 
 
 AND 
 
 PROGRESS 
 
 OF 
 
 EDUCATION 
 
 IN 
 
 LOUISIANA 
 
 rock 
 GARDENS 
 
LOUISIANA STATE COMMISSION 
 
 j* OF ^ 
 
 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION 
 
 ST. LOUIS, MO. 
 
 Governor WILLIAM WRIGHT HEARD, President. 
 Major JORDAN GRAY LEE, Baton Rouge, La. 
 Col. CHARLES SCHULER, - - . Keachle, La. 
 Gen. I. M. LEVERT, - - New Orleans, La. 
 Hon. HENRY L. GUEYDAN, Gueydan, La. 
 
 Dr. WILLIAM CARTER STUBBS, ROBERT GLENK, 
 
 State Commissioner. <Asslstant to State Commissioner. 
 
 Don't fail to see the Louisiana State Building, a replica of the Cabildo, in which the 
 transfer of Louisiana took place in 1803. 
 
 See also Louisiana's exhibit in the following buildings: Agriculture, Horticulture, 
 
 Education, Forestry, Fish and Game, Mines and Minerals, Liberal Arts, 
 
 Transportation and Anthropology. 
 
THE STATE OF LOUISIANA IS MAKING THE FOLLOWING DISPLAY 
 AT THE WORLD'S FAIR, ST. LOUIS : 
 
 1st. Louisiana State Building — An 
 *xact reproduction of the "Cabildo" ot 
 New Orleans in which the actual trans- 
 fer of Louisiana from France to the 
 United States on December 20th, 1803, 
 took place. Tt is furnished throughout 
 with furniture of the Empire and Colo- 
 nial styles. 
 
 2nd. A grand display of agriculture 
 in the Agricultural Palace, showing the 
 products of Hip field and the machinery 
 by which they are wrought into mer- 
 chantable forms. A complete sugar house, 
 a rice mill, an irrigation plant, cotton 
 gins and presses, cot tun seed oil mill, 
 etc. arc shown in perfect terms on a 
 reduced scale. Forage and garden crops : 
 tobacco (yellow leaf, cigar leaf and 
 cigars, and the famous Perique in all of 
 its forms! ; fibre plants and products; 
 grains, grasses, clovers, alfalfa, etc., are 
 shown in profusion. 
 
 3rd. A line display of fruits and 
 plants In the Horticultural Building — 
 
 on the floor of the main building and in 
 the conservatory. In this display will 
 be found tin- best collection of the finest 
 pecans grown. 
 
 ■4th In the Forestry Building will be 
 found all the trees of her forest, and the 
 products manufactured from them. 
 
 5th. lu I be Forestry Building, but ou 
 a different space, will also be found all 
 of the birds, tishes and wild animals of 
 the Si, He. 
 
 6th. In the Education Building will 
 be found the school exhibits of the 
 State, from ths kindergarten to the uni- 
 versities. 
 
 7th. In the Mines and Minerals Build- 
 ing, the "Devil in sulphur." a "Pyramid 
 in sulphur," Lot's Wife in salt, crude 
 and refined petroleums, marbles, -coal, 
 etc., fresh from the mines of Louisiana, 
 are exhibited. 
 
 Nth. In the Liberal Arts Building will 
 be fuund topographic maps of the levees 
 of the State (30 ft. by 4 ft.), New Or- 
 
 leans of 1803 (2 ft. by 2 ft.), and New 
 i nl. mis of 1903 (15 ft. by 15 ft.). Two 
 hundred maps of the Gulf Coast from 
 1500 to the present time, some rare old 
 books, and a working model of the great 
 United States Dock in New Orleans. 
 
 0th. In the Transportation Building 
 are illustrations of transportation on the 
 Mississippi Kiver, past and present, be- 
 -inning with the Indian canoe and end- 
 ing with the monster ocean liner of to- 
 day. 
 
 Kith. In the Anthropological Build- 
 ing is a line collection of Indian relics, 
 including a. number of baskets of rare 
 and beautiful types 
 
 Descriptive pamphlets of each exhibit 
 may be had on application. For fuller 
 information of the state, apply at the 
 Louisiana State Building for "Handbook 
 of Louisiana." Louisiana has a fully 
 equipped Department of Agriculture and 
 Immigration, which will cheerfully sup- 
 ply any information desired. 
 
 Apply to MAJOR '• G. LEE, Commissioner of Agriculture and Immigration, Baton Rouge, La. 
 
 and your wants will be filled. 
 
 J W 10 1905 
 O.cfD, > 
 
Education in Louisiana* 
 
 PHIS pamphlet has been prepared by Prof. 
 Brown Ayres, of Tulane University, and gives a 
 concise statement of the conditions and progress 
 of education in Louisiana. 
 
Extract from State Constitution of 1S9S, Regarding Public Education. 
 
 PUBLIC EDUCATION. 
 
 "Art. 24S. There shall be free public schools for the 
 white and colored races, separately established by the 
 General Assembly, throughout the State, for the educa- 
 tion of all the children of the State between the ages 
 of six and eighteen years; provided, that where kinder- 
 garten schools exist, children between the ages of four 
 and six may be admitted into said schools. All funds 
 raised by the State for the support of public schools, ex- 
 cept the poll-tax. shall be distributed to each parish in 
 proportion to the number of children therein between the 
 ages of six and eighteen years. The General Assembly 
 at its next session shall provide for the enumeration of 
 educable children." 
 
 "Art. 249. There shall be elected by the qualified elect- 
 ors of the State a Superintendent of Public Education, 
 who shall hold this office for the term of four years and 
 until his successor is qualified. His duties shall be pre- 
 scribed by law, and he shall receive an annual salary of 
 two thousand dollars. The aggregate annual expenses 
 of his office, including his salary, shall not exceed the 
 sum of four thousand dollars." 
 
 "Art. 250. The General Assembly shall provide for Lhe 
 creation of a State Board and Parish Boards of Public 
 Education. The Parish Boards shall elect a Parish Su- 
 perintendent of Public Education for their respective 
 parishes, whose qualifications shall be fixed by the Legis- 
 lature, and who shall be ex-officio secretary of the Parish 
 Board. The salary of the Parish Superintendent shall 
 be provided for by the General Assembly, to be paid out 
 of the public school fund accruing to the respective par- 
 ishes." 
 
 "Art. 251. The general exercises in the public schools 
 shall be conducted in the English language; provided, 
 that the French language may be taught in those par- 
 ishes or localities where the French language predomi- 
 nates, if no additional expense is incurred thereby." 
 
 "Art. 252. The funds derived from the collection of 
 the poll tax shall be applied exclusively to the mainten- 
 ance of the public schools as organized under this Con- 
 stitution, and shall be applied exclusively to the support 
 of the public schools in the parish in which the same 
 shall be collected, and shall be accounted for and paid 
 by the collecting officer directly to the treasurer of the 
 local school board." 
 
 "Art. 253. No funds raised for the support of the pub- 
 lic schools of the State shall be appropriated to or used 
 for the support of any private or sectarian schools." 
 
 "Art. 254. The school funds of the State shall consist 
 of: First, not less than one and one-quarter mills of the 
 six mills tax levied and collected by the State; second, 
 the proceeds of taxation for school purposes as provided 
 by this Constitution; third, the interest on the proceeds 
 of all public land heretofore granted or to be granted 
 by the United States for the support of the public schools, 
 and the revenue derived from such lands as may still 
 remain unsold; fourth, of lands and other property here- 
 tofore or hereafter bequeathed, granted or donated to the 
 State for school purposes; fifth, all funds and property, 
 other than unimproved lands, bequeathed or granted to 
 the State, not designated for any other purpose; sixth, 
 the proceeds of vacant estates falling under the law to 
 the State of Louisiana; seventh, the Legislature may 
 appropriate to the same fund the proceeds of public 
 
lands not designated or set apart for any other purpose, 
 and shall provide that every parish may levy a tax tor 
 the public schools therein, which shall not exceed the 
 entire State tax; provided, that with such a tax the whole 
 amount of parish taxes shall not exceed the limits of 
 parish taxation fixed by this Constitution. The City 
 of New Orleans shall make such appropriation for the 
 support, maintenance and repair of the public schools of 
 said city as it may deem proper, but not less than eight- 
 tenths of one mill for any one year; and said schools 
 shall also continue to receive from the Board of Liquida- 
 tion of the City Debt the amounts to which they are now 
 entitled under the Constitutional Amendment adopted in 
 the' year 1892." 
 
 "Art. 255. The Louisiana State University and Agri- 
 cultural and Mechanical College, founded upon the land 
 grants of the United States to endow a seminary of learn- 
 ing and a college for the benefit of agriculture and the 
 mechanic arts, now established and located in the City 
 of Baton Rouge, is hereby recognized; and all revenues 
 derived and to be derived from the Seminary fund, the 
 Agricultural and Mechanical College fund, and other 
 funds or lands donated or to be donated by the United 
 States to the State of Louisiana for the use of a semin- 
 ary of learning or of a college for the benefit of agricul- 
 ture or the mechanic arts, shall be appropriated exclu- 
 sively to the maintenance and support of said Louisiana 
 State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Col- 
 lege; and the General Assembly shall make such addi- 
 tional appropriations as may be necessary for its main- 
 tenance, support and improvement, and for the establish- 
 ment, in connection with said institution, of such addi- 
 tional scientific or literary departments as the public 
 necessities and the well-being of the people of Louisiana 
 may require; provided, that the appropriation shall not 
 
 exceed fifteen thousand dollars per annum for its main- 
 tenance and support." 
 
 "The Tulane University of Louisiana, located in New 
 Orleans, is hereby recognized as created and to be de- 
 veloped in accordance with the provisions of the legisla- 
 tive act, No. 43, approved July 5, 1884, and by approval 
 of the electors, made part of the Constitution of the 
 State." 
 
 "Art. 256. The Louisiana State Normal School, estab- 
 lished and located at Natchitoches; the Industrial Insti- 
 tute and College of Louisiana, whose name is hereby 
 changed to the Louisiana Industrial Institute, established 
 and located at Ruston, and the Southern University, now 
 established in the City of New Orleans, for the education 
 of persons of color, are hereby recognized, and the Gen- 
 eral Assembly is directed to make such appropriations 
 from time to time as may be necessary for the mainten- 
 ance, support and improvement of these institutions; 
 provided, that the appropriation for the maintenance 
 and support of the Louisiana Industrial Institute shall 
 not exceed fifteen thousand dollars per annum, and that 
 for the Southern University shall not exceed ten thou- 
 sand." 
 
 "Arl. 257. The debt due by the State to the free school 
 fund is hereby declared to be the sum of one million one 
 hundred and thirty thousand eight hundred and sixty- 
 seven dollars and fifty-one cents in principal, and shall be 
 kept on the books of the Auditor and Treasurer to the 
 credit of the several townships entitled to the same;- 
 the said principal being the proceeds of the sales of lands 
 heretofore granted by the United States for the use and 
 support of free public schools, which amount shall be 
 held by the State as a loan, and shall be and remain a 
 perpetual fund, on which the State shall pay an annual 
 interest of four per cent, and that said interest shall 
 
be paid to the several townships in the State entitled to 
 the same, in accordance with the Act of Congress, No. 68, 
 approved February 15th, 1843." 
 
 "Art. 258. The debt due by the State to the seminary 
 fund is hereby declared to be one hundred and thirty-six 
 thousand dollars, being the proceeds of the sale of lands 
 heretofore granted by the United States to this State for 
 the use of a seminary of learning, and said amount shall 
 be kept to the credit of said fund on the books of the 
 Auditor and Treasurer of the State as a perpetual loan, 
 and the State shall pay an annual interest of four per 
 cent, on said amount." 
 
 "Art. 259. The debt due by the State to the Agricul- 
 tural and Mechanical College fund is hereby declared to 
 be the sum of one hundred and eighty-two thousand three 
 hundred and thirteen dollars and three cents, being the 
 proceeds of the sale of lands and land scrip heretofore 
 granted by the United States to this State for the use 
 of a college for the benefit of agricultural and mechan- 
 ical arts; and said amount shall be kept to the credit of 
 said fund on the books of the Auditor and Treasurer of 
 the State as a perpetual loan, and the State shall pay 
 an annual interest of five per cent, on said amount." 
 
 "Art. 260. The interest due on the free school fund, 
 the seminary fund and the Agricultural and Mechanical 
 College fund, shall be paid out of a tax that may be 
 levied and collected for the payment of the interest on 
 the State debt." 
 
 "Art. 261. All pupils in the primary grades in the 
 
 public schools throughout the Parish of Orleans, unable 
 to provide themselves with the requisite books, an affi- 
 davit to that effect having been made by one of the par- 
 ents of such pupils, or if such parents be dead, then by 
 the tutor or other person in charge of such pupils, shall 
 be furnished with the necessary books, free of expense, 
 to be paid for out of the school fund of said parish; and 
 the School Board of the Parish of Orleans is hereby di- 
 rected to appropriate annually not less than two thou- 
 sand dollars for the purpose named, provided such 
 amount be needed." 
 
 Since the adoption of the above Constitution of 1898, 
 the General Assembly of Louisiana, by Act 162 of the 
 session of 1S9S, has established the "Southwestern Lou- 
 isiana Industrial Institute," located at Lafayette. The 
 first session opened September IS, 1901. 
 
 "Under the impulse given by the new Constitution of 
 Louisiana, the school system of the State has made as- 
 tonishing progress within a few years. Excellent school 
 houses have been built, and many more are now build- 
 ing; special school taxes (prohibited by the former Con- 
 stitution) have been voted by towns, wards, districts and 
 entire parishes; skilled supervision has been made pos- 
 sible by the removal of the restriction upon salary of 
 Parish Superintendents; modern text-books have been 
 placed in all the schools by the State Board of Educa- 
 tion; and the General Assembly (July, 1902) has made 
 the largest appropriation for the public school fund ever 
 made by any Southern State — $450,000 a year." 
 
Extract from Message to Legislature, 1904, by the Retiring Governor, 
 
 Wm. W. Heard. 
 
 PUBLIC EDUCATION. 
 
 "There can be no doubt that the department of the 
 State government nearest the popular heart is that of 
 Public Education." 
 
 "There has been a general awakening in Louisiana 
 upon this subject. It finds expression in the zeal and 
 energy displaj'ed by local, district and State organiza- 
 tions toward the betterment of the school system and 
 in the efforts and desire of those charged with the ad- 
 ministration of public affairs to augment and increase, 
 as much as possible, the funds for school purposes." 
 
 "Going back two decades, we find that in 1883 the total 
 State enrollment in the public schools was only 59,491. 
 In 1902 this number had increased to 192,420, and last 
 year was still further increased by 16,511, making a total 
 for 1903 of 208,937, and for the current year a similar 
 gratifying improvement will probably be shown. The 
 increase in the number of school houses, in the number 
 of teachers and in the funds for school purposes have 
 increased in like proportion." 
 
 "Including balances the amounts from police juries, 
 corporation taxes and all other sources of revenue, the 
 increase to the funds for the support of the common 
 
 schools as applied in 1903, over those of 1902, was $191,- 
 962." 
 
 "I am gratified also to be able to say that both the 
 professional standing and compensation paid teachers 
 have been raised. The secona and third grade certifi- 
 cates, except in the colored schools, have become almost, 
 or quite worthless, as testimonials upon which to secure 
 employment in the branch of the service. This result 
 has been largely brought about by the efficient work 
 of the preparatory schools for teachers, and the number 
 and quality of male and female teachers sent out by 
 these schools." 
 
 "The average salary of the white male teachers is 
 $42.50, female $33.25, both of which are improvements 
 upon former allowances and yet they are not adequate 
 compensation for those who require so high a degree of 
 proficiency, and to whom we entrust, not only the educa- 
 tion of our youth, but the formation of their characters." 
 
 The newly elected Governor, Judge Newton C. Blan- 
 chard, has in his inaugural message, indicated that the 
 educational interests of the State will be his first care; 
 and has proposed the issuance of one million dollars of 
 bonds for the building of school houses throughout the 
 State. The Legislature meeting this year (1904) will 
 probably adopt his suggestion. 
 
Extracts from State School Law. 
 
 (Adopted by Regular Session of the Genebax Assembly, 1902.) 
 
 "Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of 
 the State of Louisiana, That the Governor, Superintend- 
 ent of Public Education, and the Attorney General, to- 
 gether with seven citizens appointed by the Governor, 
 one from each Congressional District of the State, shall 
 be a body politic and corporate by the name and style 
 of the Board of Education for the State of Louisiana, 
 with authority to sue and defend suits in all matters re- 
 lating to the public schools." 
 
 "Sec. 2. Be it further enacted, etc., That the Governor 
 shall be ex-officio the President, and the State Superin- 
 tendent, Secretary." 
 
 "Sec. 3. Be it further enacted, etc., That the State 
 Board of Education shall appoint for each parish in the 
 State, except the Parish of Orleans, a Board of School 
 Directors consisting of not less than one member for 
 each ward in the parish, provided that no parish shall 
 have less than five directors. They shall be citizens of 
 the parish possessed of the requisite scholastic and moral 
 qualifications for their important office. The Governor 
 shall issue a commission to each of said directors. The 
 State Board of Education shall prepare rules, by-laws 
 and regulations for the government of the public schools 
 of the State, which shall be enforced by the parish Su- 
 perintendents and the several school boards, and shall 
 give such directions as it may see proper as to the 
 branches of study which shall be taught. The State 
 Board shall strictly enforce a uniformity of text books 
 in all the public schools, and shall adopt a list thereof, 
 which shall remain unchanged for four years after such 
 adoption. For satisfactory reasons shown to said Board, 
 
 it may change said list or adopt a list generally pre- 
 ferred by teachers and parents in certain localities, 
 maintaining as far as possible a uniformity of text books, 
 and without placing parents and guardians to further 
 expense. The adoption of such list and apparatus shall 
 be by contract to the lowest bidder subject to the change 
 aforesaid, and to the best advantage as to cost to pupils." 
 
 "Sec. 5. Be it further enacted, etc., That the term of 
 office of the members of the parish school boards and of 
 the parish superintendents shall be for four years from 
 the time of their appointment." 
 
 "Sec. 7. Be it further enacted, etc., That the several 
 school boards are constituted bodies corporate, with 
 power to sue and be sued under the name and style of 
 
 the 'Parish Board of Directors of the parish of ,' 
 
 as the case may be. Citations shall be served on the 
 President of the Board." 
 
 "Sec. 8. Be it further enacted, etc., That the parish 
 boards of directors shall elect from among their number 
 a President. They shall elect or appoint for a term of 
 four years a parish Superintendent, who shall be ex- 
 officio Secretary of the board. He shall be a person of 
 high moral character, recognised executive ability, and 
 possessed of the educational qualifications required for 
 examining applicants for certificates of qualifications to 
 teach in all grades of the public schools, and to examine 
 pupils in all the different grades, so as to make a reliable 
 report thereof to his parish board, and the State Super- 
 intendent, or the State Board of Education, according to 
 law. The parish board of directors shall report to the 
 State Board of Education all deficiencies in the schools. 
 
or neglect of duty on the part of teachers, Superintend- 
 ent or other officer." 
 
 "Sec. 11. Be it further enacted, etc., That the parish 
 school board shall have authority to establish graded 
 schools, and to adopt such a system in that connection 
 as may be necessary to assure their success; central or 
 high schools may be established when necessary. The 
 ordinances establishing such schools adopted by the 
 parish school boards shall be submitted to the State 
 Board of Education, and no high school shall be opened 
 without its sanction; and no such school shall be estab- 
 lished unless the amount be donated for the site, and 
 suitable buildings are provided for without any expense 
 out of the school fund; provided, that the board of direc- 
 tors of the parish of Orleans shall not require the sanc- 
 tion of the State Board for the purposes aforesaid." 
 
 "Sec. 13. Be it further enacted, etc., That no school 
 of less than ten pupils shall be opened or maintained in 
 any locality." 
 
 "Sec. 14. Be it further enacted, etc., That the parish 
 boards of directors of the several parishes of this State 
 are prohibited from entering into any contract, agree- 
 ment, understanding, or combination, tacitly or expressly, 
 directly or indirectly, with any church, monastic or other 
 religious order or association of any religious sect or 
 denomination whatsoever, or with the representatives 
 thereof, for the purpose of running any public school or 
 schools of this State, together or in connection or in 
 combination with any private or parochial school, or 
 ether institution of learning which may be under the 
 control, authority, supervision, administration or man- 
 agement of any church, monastic or other religious order 
 or association of any religious sect or denomination 
 whatsoever." 
 
 "Sec. 15. Be it further enacted, etc., That it shall be 
 
 the duty of the parish board with the parish superin- 
 tendent to divide the parish into school districts of such 
 proper and convenient area and shape as will best ac- 
 commodate the children of the parish." 
 
 "Sec. 18. Be it further enacted, etc., That whenever 
 one-third of the property taxpayers of any one parish, 
 municipality, ward, or school district in this State shall 
 petition the police jury of such parish, or the municipal 
 authorities of such municipality, to levy a special tax 
 for the support of public schools and for the purpose 
 of erecting and constructing public school houses, the 
 title to which shall be in the public, the said police jury, 
 or municipal authorities shall order a special election 
 for that purpose and shall submit to the property tax- 
 payers of each parish, municipality, ward or school dis- 
 trict, the rate of taxation, the number of years it is to 
 be levied and the purposes for which it is intended; pro- 
 vided, that such election be held under the general elec- 
 tion laws of the State, and at the polling places at which 
 the last preceding general election was held, and not 
 sooner than thirty days after the official publication of 
 the petition and ordinance ordering the election." 
 
 "Sec. 19. Be it further enacted, etc., That the petition 
 mentioned in Section 18 of this act shall be in writing, 
 and shall designate the object and amount of tax to be 
 levied each year, and the number of years during which 
 it shall be levied." 
 
 "Sec. 20. Be it further enacted, etc., That if a major- 
 ity in number and value of the property taxpayers of 
 such parish, municipality, ward or school district voting 
 at such election, shall vote in favor of such levy of said 
 special tax, then the police jury, on behalf of such parish, 
 ward or school district, or the municipal authorities, 
 the authorities for and on behalf of such municipality, 
 shall immediately pass an ordinance levying such tax. 
 
and for such time as may have been specified in the 
 petition, and shall designate the year in which such 
 taxes shall be levied and collected." 
 
 "Sec. 21. Be it further enacted, etc., That all tax- 
 payers voting at said election shall be registered voters, 
 except women taxpayers, who shall vote without regis- 
 tration. All taxpayers entitled to vote shall do so in 
 person, except women, who shall vote either in person 
 or by their agents, authorized in writing." 
 
 "Sec 22. Be it further enacted, etc., That the police 
 jury of any parish, ward or school district, or the mu- 
 nicipal authorities of any municipality, shall, when the 
 vote is in favor of the levy of such taxes, levy and collect 
 annually, in addition to other taxes, a tax upon all taxa- 
 ble property within such parish, municipality, ward or 
 school district, sufficient to pay the amount specified to 
 be paid in such petition, and such police jury and author- 
 ities shall have the same right to enforce and collect any 
 special tax that may be authorized by such election, as is 
 or may be conferred by law upon them for the collection 
 of other taxes, which taxes so collected shall be used for 
 the purpose named in said petition, and in the case of 
 a tax being named for the support of a public school, 
 or for the purpose of erecting a public school house, the 
 same shall from time to time, as the same is collected, 
 be paid to the board of school directors of the parish in 
 which said tax is levied, and be used for the purpose 
 stated in the petition." 
 
 "Sec. 23. Be it further enacted, etc., That the branches 
 of orthography, reading, writing, drawing, arithmetic, 
 geography, grammar. United States history, the laws of 
 health, including the evil effects of alcohol and narcotics, 
 shall be taught in every district. In addition to these, 
 such other branches shall be taught as the State Board 
 of Education and the parish school boards may require; 
 
 provided, that these elementary branches may also be 
 taught in the French fenguage in those localities where 
 the French language is spoken; but no additional ex- 
 pense shall be incurred for this cause. No public school 
 in the State shall be opened later than 9 a. m. or closed 
 earlier than 3 p. m.; this shall not be construed so as 
 to prevent half-day sessions where the school accommoda- 
 tions are insufficient for all the pupils of the district in 
 a whole day session. Nor shall it interfere with any 
 arrangement made for the conduct of the Kindergarten 
 Schools; provided, that in the parish of Orleans the 
 board of school directors may fix the hours of session 
 of the public schools." 
 
 State Superintendent of Public Education. 
 
 "Sec. 28. Be it further enacted, etc., That the State 
 Superintendent of Public Education shall have general 
 supervision of all parish school boards in the parishes, 
 and of all common, high and normal schools of the State, 
 and shall see that the school system of the State is car- 
 ried properly into effect. He shall be ex-officio a member 
 of the board of supervisors of the State University and 
 Agricultural and Mechanical College, the State Normal 
 School, the State Industrial School at Ruston, the State 
 Industrial School at Lafayette, The Institute for the 
 Deaf and Dumb, the State Institute for the Blind, the 
 Southern University, and of all other institutions of 
 learning under the control of the State or aided in whole 
 or in part by the State." 
 
 Parish Superintendent. 
 
 "Sec. 35. Be it further enacted, etc., That the parish 
 directors shall elect for the term of four years, a parish 
 school superintendent who shall be ex-officio secretary 
 of the parish school board in each parish of the State, 
 the parish of Orleans excepted, and who shall be pos- 
 
sessed of mora! character, scholarly training, and admin- 
 istrative ability to manage the public school interests 
 of the parish; he shall be of age, a qualified elector and 
 resident of the parish. His salary shall be fixed by the 
 parish school board, provided that in no case shall it 
 be less than two hundred dollars ($200.00) nor more 
 than twelve hundred dollars ($1,200.00) per annum." 
 
 "Sec. 36. Be it further enacted, etc., That he shall 
 during the year visit, once at least, each district school 
 in the parish, and he shall exert his best endeavors to 
 promote the cause of public school education. To this 
 end he shall faithfully carry out the requirements of 
 the State school law and the rules and regulations made 
 for the schools by the State Board of Education." 
 
 "Sec. 38. Be it further enacted, etc.. That it shall be 
 the duty of each parish superintendent, on or before the 
 tenth day of January of each year, to cause to be placed 
 in the hands of the State Superintendent of Public 
 Education the official report of his parish schools for 
 the previous year, showing in tables an aggregate of the 
 school districts in his parish, the districts in which the 
 schools are taught, and the length of time taught, the 
 number of children at school, the cost of tuition of each 
 child per month and for the session, the number of 
 private schools, colleges, and academies taught in the 
 parish, and the length of the session of the same; the 
 number of teachers employed, male, female, white and 
 colored, the average wages of male teachers, female 
 teachers, the amount of money raised for school pur- 
 poses in the parish by local taxation or otherwise, and 
 for what purpose it was disbursed; the number and 
 kind of school houses, the actual or approximate value 
 of each, the number built during the year preceding the 
 report, the number of school libraries and the number 
 
 of volumes in each and the increase during the year, and 
 the amount received and expended for them." 
 
 Teachers' Institutes. 
 
 "Sec. 43. Be it further enacted, etc., That whereas a 
 majority of the public school teachers of the State have 
 not had the advantage of professional training, and 
 whereas the Slate should make an effort to put this 
 training within the reach of those teachers who by rea- 
 son of their age, their family ties and other obstacles, 
 cannot pursue the full course of the State Normal School, 
 there shall be established and maintained by the State 
 Institute Fund, in conjunction with the Peabody Insti- 
 tute Fund, Summer Normal Schools in the State, with 
 sessions of not less than four weeks." 
 
 "Sec 44. Be it further enacted, etc., That other insti- 
 tutes may be held when ordered by the State Board of 
 Education or under special laws ordering such institutes 
 to be held. These shall be held at any time ordered by 
 authority between the first day of April and the first day 
 of October. Every teacher of a common school must at- 
 tend the sessions upon penalty for non-attendance, and 
 if satisfactory excuse has not been rendered to the parish 
 superintendent, of forfeiting two days' pay. Those ses- 
 sions, i. e., those provided for by this section, shall not 
 be held during a longer time than four days, during 
 which there shall be vacation of the common schools of 
 the parishes, to give opportunities to the teachers to at- 
 tend; and no reduction of the teacher's salary shall be 
 made during said vacation, provided he was in attend- 
 ance the full time of the session of the institute. These 
 institutes, held under this section, shall, as far as 
 possible, be held in some town centrally located, and 
 teachers from as many parishes as can conveniently 
 attend shall be notified to attend. This notice they shall 
 
obey, under the penalty before mentioned. That at each 
 session of the institute every subject embraced in the 
 common school course shall be brought before the insti- 
 tute; also, the whole work of the teacher shall be con- 
 sidered, and the common school laws of the State shall 
 be read and expounded." 
 
 "Sec. 45. Be it further enacted, etc., That the State 
 Superintendent of Public Education and the president of 
 the State Normal School shall be a Board of State Insti- 
 tute Managers, and in their discretion shall select an 
 experienced institute conductor who shall have general 
 charge of the summer normal work, and whose services 
 shall be paid for out of the institute fund in such manner 
 as shall be agreed upon by the State Superintendent of 
 Public Education and the principal of the State Normal 
 School." 
 
 "Sec. 46. Be it further enacted, etc., That the mana- 
 gers of the summer normal schools shall issue certificates 
 of attendance to every teacher present during the whole 
 of their sessions, and the parish boards of school direc- 
 tors shall give preference, other things being equal, to 
 the holders of said certificates in the selection of 
 teachers for the public schools." 
 
 Examinations. 
 
 "Sec. 48. Be it further enacted, etc., That examinations 
 of applicants for certificates of qualifications to teach in 
 the public schools of the State shall be held on dates 
 designated by the State Board of Public Education." 
 
 "Sec. 50. Be it further enacted, etc., That before the 
 examiners shall commence their examination of appli- 
 cants, they shall take an oath that they will faithfully 
 discharge their duties. They shall not give to any per- 
 son a certificate before examining the candidate, touching 
 his or her qualifications to teach, and who is not quali- 
 
 fied to teach as required by the public school law. They 
 shall be satisfied that the applicant is possessed of good 
 moral character. If at any time a teacher becomes in- 
 competent, inefficient, or unworthy of the endorsement 
 given him or her, the parish superintendent may re- 
 voke the same and notify the board of his action for its 
 approval or disapproval. Any teacher may be discharged 
 at any time under the above provisions, but shall be 
 entitled to receive payment for services only up to the 
 time of such dismissal." 
 
 Grades of Certificates. 
 
 "Sec. 51. Be it further enacted, etc., That to obtain a 
 third grade certificate the applicant must be found com- 
 petent to teach spelling, reading, penmanship, drawing, 
 arithmetic, English grammar, geography, the history of 
 the United States, the Constitution of the United States, 
 the Constitution of the State of Louisiana, physiology, 
 ami hygiene, with special reference to the effects of stim- 
 ulants and narcotics upon the human system, and the 
 theory and art of teaching." 
 
 "Sec. 52. Be it further enacted, etc., That to obtain 
 a second grade certificate the applicant must be found 
 competent to teach all the foregoing branches, and also- 
 grammatical analysis, physical geography, and elemen- 
 tary algebra." 
 
 "Sec. 53. Be it further enacted, etc., That to obtain 
 a first grade certificate the applicant must be found com- 
 petent to teach all the branches required for a third 
 grade and a second grade certificate, and also higher 
 algebra, natural philosophy, and geometry." 
 
 "Sec. 54. Be it further enacted, etc., That a third 
 grade certificate shall entitle the holder to teach for 
 one year; the second grade certificate shall entitle the 
 holder to teach in the public schools for three years from 
 
its date; a first grade certificate shall entitle the holder 
 to teach for five years from its date." 
 
 "Sec 55. Be it further enacted, etc., That special cer- 
 tificates in studies of high grade may be issued on a sat- 
 isfactory examination in branches to be taught in any 
 special academic department, which certificates shall 
 entitle their holders to special appointment in a depart- 
 ment where such studies may be taught." 
 
 "Sec 56 Be it further enacted, etc., That no person 
 shall be appointed to teach without a written contract 
 for the scholastic year in which the school is to be 
 taught and who shall not hold a certificate of a grade 
 sufficiently high to meet the requirements of the school; 
 unless he or she holds a certificate or diploma provided 
 for by this Act, which exempts him or her from exam- 
 ination." _, . .. , 
 
 "Sec 59 Be it further enacted, etc., That diplomas 
 conferred by the Peabody Normal School, located at 
 Nashville Tennessee, upon graduates of that institution, 
 as also diplomas conferred by the State Normal School 
 at Natchitoches, Louisiana, shall entitle the holders 
 thereof to a first grade certificate, valid in any town or 
 parish of this State for four years from the date ot 
 graduation, at the expiration of which time certificates 
 Swarded to the graduates of the Peabody Normal may 
 be renewed by the State Superintendent of Public Edu- 
 cation upon satisfactory evidence of the ability, progress 
 and moral character of applicants asking for such re- 
 newal- certificates awarded to graduates of the State 
 Normal School may in like manner be renewed at the 
 expiration of four years by the board of administrators 
 by whom they were originally issued." 
 
 "Sec 61 Be it further enacted, etc., That the teacher 
 shall faithfully enforce in the school the course of study 
 and the regulations prescribed in pursuance of law; and 
 
 if any teacher shall wilfully refuse or neglect to comply 
 with such requirements, the parish superintendent, on 
 petition or complaint which shall be deemed sufficient by 
 the board, may remove or dismiss him or her. Every 
 teacher shall have the power and authority to hold every 
 pupil to a strict accountability in school for any disor- 
 derly conduct on the play-grounds of the school or during 
 intermission or recess, and to suspend from school any 
 pupil for good cause; provided, that such suspension 
 shall be reported in writing as soon as practicable to 
 the parish superintendent, whose decision shall be final; 
 and provided further, that in the parish of Orleans the 
 principals of schools shall suspend and report the same 
 to the superintendent for approval or further action." 
 Revenues. 
 "Sec. 62. Be it further enacted, etc., That the State 
 Superintendent of Public Education shall, in the months 
 of February, June, and November, in each year, appor- 
 tion the funds appropriated by the General Assembly for 
 the support of the public schools of the State among all 
 the parishes of the State according to the number of chil- 
 dren between the ages of six and eighteen years in each 
 parish; provided, that all the poll tax collections in any 
 parish shall be appropriated to said parish. The amount 
 so apportioned shall be paid by the State Treasurer to 
 the school treasurer of each parish upon the warrant ot 
 the State Superintendent of Public Education." 
 
 "Sec. 63. Be it further enacted, etc., That the police 
 jurors of the several parishes, and the boards of trustees, 
 councilmen, and legal representatives of cities, towns 
 and villages (except the parish of Orleans) may levy 
 for the support of the public schools of their respective 
 parishes a tax for the public schools which shall not 
 exceed the entire State tax; provided, that with this 
 
 13 
 
tax the whole amount of parish taxes shall not exceed 
 the limit of ten mills parish taxation fixed by the Con- 
 stitution; and provided also, that no police jury of any 
 parish shall levy for the support of its schools less than 
 one and a quarter mills on the dollar of the assessed val- 
 uation of the property thereof. Such taxes shall be paid 
 to the school treasury of the parish or town where col- 
 lected, monthly by the tax collector; provided, towns not 
 exempted under their charters from the payment of 
 parish taxes, and subjected to the same burden of tax- 
 ation as the parishes are, shall not pay this tax, for the 
 same is included in the taxes imposed by the parish in 
 which the town is situated." 
 
 "Sec. 64. Be it further enacted, etc., That all fines 
 imposed by the several District Courts for violation of 
 law, and the amounts collected on all forfeited bonds in 
 criminal cases, after deducting commissions, shall be 
 paid over by the Sheriff of the parish in which the same 
 are imposed and collected, to the treasurers of the school 
 boards in said parishes, and shall be applied to the sup- 
 port of the public schools as are applied the other funds 
 levied for the purpose, the parish of Orleans excepted." 
 
 City Schools. 
 
 "Sec. 71. Be it further enacted, etc., That all the public 
 schools of the parish of Orleans, and the property and 
 appurtenances thereof, and the course of study and 
 grading thereof, shall be under the direction and control 
 of a board of directors. Said board shall consist of 
 twenty members, eight of whom shall be appointed by 
 the Governor, by and with the consent and approval of 
 the State Board of Education, and twelve members there- 
 of shall be elected by the city council of New Orleans." 
 
 "Sec. 72. Be it further enacted, etc., That said board 
 of directors of the public schools of the parish of Or- 
 
 leans shall be a body corporate in law, with power to 
 sue and be sued. Said board shall have control of all 
 buildings, records, papers, furniture and property of 
 any kind pertaining to the administration of the schools, 
 and shall have management of all the public schools 
 within the limits of the City of New Orleans. The said 
 board shall also have power to pledge its revenue for 
 the year then current, whether received from the State, 
 parish, Board of Liquidation of City Debt, or otherwise, 
 for the purpose of promptly paying its obligations, or 
 for such other purposes as to said board may seem 
 proper." 
 
 "Sec. 73. Be it further enacted, etc., That in addition 
 to the powers and duties hereinbefore granted to and 
 imposed upon parish boards, the powers and duties of 
 said board of directors of the parish of Orleans shall be 
 as follows: 
 
 "First. It shall adjust and fix equitably the salaries 
 of teachers and janitors, also of the Superintendent, 
 Secretary, employees, and of such assistant superintend- 
 ents as it may deem necessary for an efficient supervi- 
 sion of the schools, provided, that no salary to be paid 
 by the school board under this section shall exceed the 
 sum of twenty-five hundred dollars per annum. 
 
 "Second. It shall limit the annual expenses of main- 
 taining the schools to the annual revenue, and the ex- 
 pense for any one month shall not exceed the one-ninth 
 part of the whole amount provided for the schools. 
 
 "Third. It shall prescribe rules for subjecting teach- 
 ers or candidates for teachership to a careful competitive 
 examination on all such branches as they are expected 
 to teach, and no person shall be elected to a position as 
 teacher without a favorable report on his moral or men- 
 tal qualifications by an organized committee of examin- 
 ers appointed by the board. Teachers regularly exam- 
 
 14 
 
ined and elected shall not be removed from the schools 
 during the time for which employed, except on written 
 charges of immorality, neglect of duty, incompetency or 
 malfeasance of which he has been found guilty by a ma- 
 jority of the members of the board at a regular monthly 
 meeting. The said board may except from said exam- 
 ination any person who has passed a satisfactory exam- 
 ination, as required by Act No. 23 of 1877, approved 
 March twenty-sixth (26th), eighteen hundred and sev- 
 enty-seven (1877). 
 
 "Fourth. It shall elect all teachers from among the 
 candidates holding certificates in the order of their 
 merit, as shown by the averages attained at the regular 
 competitive examinations. 
 
 "Fifth. All certificates shall be good for five years 
 and shall be graded by the said board; provided, teach- 
 ers in service shall not be required to stand future exam- 
 inations. 
 
 "Eighth. It may establish, when practicable, evening 
 or night schools for the instruction of such youths as 
 are prevented by their daily vocations from receiving 
 instructions during the day. 
 
 "Ninth. It may establish, when deemed advisable, one 
 or more normal schools for the professional training and 
 improvement of candidates for teacherships, including 
 in the course of instruction and training, lectures in the 
 natural sciences, and on the method of teaching and dis- 
 ciplining children, and the practical exercises of non- 
 teaching students in model classes organized for that 
 purpose by the faculty of the institution. To graduates 
 of these normal schools, also to proficient students in 
 the city high schools the board may, in its discretion, 
 award diplomas. Graduates of these normal schools 
 may be deemed preferred candidates for vacant positions 
 in the city public schools. Diplomas awarded to grad- 
 
 uates of these normal schools shall be deemed equiva- 
 lent to teaching certificates of the highest grade for 
 public schools; provided, that the final examinations for 
 graduation from said normal school shall be conducted 
 in the same manner and include the same subjects as 
 the public competitive examinations required by para- 
 graph three (3) of this section." 
 
 "Sec. 74. Be it further enacted, etc., That no schooL 
 director of the City of New Orleans shall receive com- 
 pensation for his services as a school director." 
 
 "Sec. 75. Be it further enacted, etc., That the said 
 Board is authorized to appoint for the constant super- 
 vision and periodical examinations of the public schools 
 of the parish of Orleans, a competent and experienced 
 educator to be designated as superintendent. He shall 
 aid the directors in organizing the schools and in im- 
 proving the methods of instruction therein, in examining 
 candidates for teacherships, and in conducting periodical 
 examinations of pupils for promotion through the re- 
 spective grades of the. schools, and in maintaining general 
 uniformity and discipline in the management of all the 
 schools. He shall make monthly reports on the condi- 
 tion and needs of the schools to his board of directors 
 at their regular monthly meetings. For the information 
 of the Common Council, the city school directors, and the 
 public generally, he shall, on or before the fifteenth day 
 of January of each year, publish a printed report, in 
 book form, showing the condition and progress, and pos- 
 sible improvements to be made in the public schools of 
 the city, the amount and condition of the school funds, 
 how the revenues have been distributed during the past 
 year, the amount collected and disbursed for common 
 school purposes from the general current school fund of 
 the State, from local taxation or appropriation, and from 
 all the other sources of revenue, and how the same was 
 
expended for buildings, repairs, salaries, furniture, and 
 apparatus, and all other items of expenditure. The re- 
 port shall show also, the number of pupils enrolled, 
 male, female, white and colored, the number and loca- 
 tion of school houses, the number of teachers employed 
 in the various grades, in the normal, high, grammar, 
 primary, and kindergarten schools; it shall contain also, 
 an account of examinations held for teacherships, the 
 number of certificates of each grade awarded, the names 
 of applicants who received them, and generally all other 
 items of information which should be contained in a re 
 port upon the annual operation of the school system of 
 a large city. Copies of this report shall be forwarded, 
 one each, to the Governor and members of the State 
 Board of Education, the State Superintendent of Educa- 
 tion, the members of the Common Council of the City 
 of New Orleans, members of the Board of School Direc- 
 tors of the City of New Orleans, and to other officials and 
 persons interested in the welfare and progress of the city 
 schools. Whenever notified to be present, he shall attend 
 meetings of the State Board of Education. He shall hold 
 his office for the term of four years, subject to removal by 
 the board for incompetency, neglect of duty or malfeas- 
 ance, of which, after an impartial hearing by the board, 
 he shall have been adjudged guilty. He shall be ex-officio 
 a member of said board, entitled to participate in its de- 
 liberations and debates, and in the examination of can- 
 didates for teacherships; but he shall not cast a vote in 
 the board." 
 
 "Sec. 79. Be it further enacted, etc., That in addition 
 to the duties imposed upon the parish board of directors, 
 it shall be the duty of said board for the parish of Or- 
 leans to present to the Common Council of the City of 
 New Orleans, on the 10th day of December of each year, 
 a full report of the condition of the city schools, showing 
 the number of teachers and other employees and their 
 salaries; the number and location of school houses, with 
 the condition thereof, and the estimated cost of keeping 
 all appurtenant grounds in good repair during the ensu- 
 ing year, also a detailed exhibit of all receipts and ex- 
 penditures of the board for the schools during the 
 previous twelve months; said report shall be accompa- 
 nied with a statement certified by the officers of the 
 board of the daily average attendance of pupils during 
 the annual session, and the average expenses per capita 
 of their instruction." 
 
 "Sec. 80. Be it further enacted, etc., That it shall be 
 the duty of the Common Council of the City of New Or- 
 leans, in making up their budget of annual expenses, to 
 include therein the amount necessary to meet the ex- 
 penses of the schools, as shown by the statement of the 
 actual attendance, and the cost of instruction required 
 by the preceding section, with such additional allowance 
 for probable increased attendance and contingent ex- 
 penses as may seem just and reasonable to the City 
 Council, and to keep in good repair all school houses and 
 school grounds belonging to the city." 
 
Tulane University of Louisiana. 
 
 The Tulane University of Louisiana, as now consti- 
 tuted, is the result of a contract entered into in 1884 by 
 the State of Louisiana and the Board of Administrators 
 of the Tulane Educational Fund, by which the existing 
 University of Louisiana was placed under the perpetual 
 care of the Tulane Administrators, with all its property, 
 powers, privileges, immunities, and franchises, and with 
 such other powers as might be necessary to enable them 
 to "foster, maintain and develop a great University in 
 the city of New Orleans." By the act, No. 43 of the Ses- 
 sion of 1884, making this contract, the name of the insti- 
 tution was changed to The Tulane University of Lou- 
 isiana. 
 
 The starting point of the University of Louisiana was 
 the organization of the "Medical College of Louisiana," 
 in September, 1S34. This institution was chartered April 
 2, 1835, and in March, 183G, it issued the first degrees in 
 medicine or science ever conferred in Louisiana, or the 
 Southwest. The State Constitution of 1845 ordained as 
 follows: 
 
 "Art. 137. An University shall be established in the 
 city of New Orleans. It shall be composed of four facul- 
 ties, to-wit: One of law, one of medicine, one of the nat- 
 ural sciences, and one of letters." 
 
 "Art. 138. It shall be called the University of Lou- 
 isiana, and the Medical College of Louisiana, as at pres- 
 ent organized, shall constitute the faculty of medicine." 
 
 "Art. 139. The Legislature shall provide by law for its 
 further organization and government, but shall be under 
 no obligation to contribute to the establishment or sup- 
 port of said University by appropriations." 
 
 The act of organization (Act of 1847, No. 49), with 
 some trifling changes, was re-enacted in 1S55, and is sub- 
 stantially embodied in the revised statutes of 1856 and 
 1870. 
 
 The Law Department was organized under a plan 
 adopted by the Board of Administrators on May 4, 1847. 
 With some intermissions it has been in operation contin- 
 uously since that time. 
 
 An effort at the inauguration of an academic depart- 
 ment was made by the Administrators of the University 
 at a meeting held June 1, 1847, when a committee was 
 appointed "to report on the expediency of organizing the 
 department of letters and natural sciences, and on the 
 means that can be commanded to that effect." The 
 legislature having provided no funds for the support of 
 the University, suggestions were made at that time to- 
 wards raising funds for the purpose. The only practical 
 outcome of the effort was a donation of $500 by Glendy 
 Burke and a like sum by Judah Touro, two public spir- 
 ited citizens, which funds were dedicated to the estab- 
 lishment of prizes in elocution and Hebrew.* 
 
 The department closed in 1859, and the civil war inter- 
 vening, no efforts were made for sixteen years to sustain 
 an academic department. After the restoration of civil 
 government in Louisiana in 1876, the newly appointed 
 Board of Administrators determined to put in operation 
 again the academic department so long contemplated. 
 It was organized, and on November 4, 1878, it reopened 
 its doors. The board memorialized the constitutional 
 
 * These funds, largely augmented by accumulated compound 
 interest, are still used lor the purposes intended by tbeir donors. 
 
conv< niion of L879, and. through its action, aid was given 
 for the first time to the academic department. The con- 
 stitution of 1S79 contained the following provisions: 
 
 Concerning a State University. 
 
 "Art. 320. The University of Louisiana, as at present 
 established and located at New Orleans, is hereby recog- 
 nized in its three departments, to-wit: the law. the med- 
 ical, and the academical departments, to be governed 
 and controlled by appropriate faculties. The general 
 ably shall, from time to time, make such provisions 
 for the proper government, and maintenance and sup- 
 port of said State University of Louisiana, and all the 
 departments thereof, as the public necessities and well 
 ol the peopli ol the Stale of Louisiana may re- 
 quire, im! to exceed $10,000 annually." 
 
 Under this provision the legislature made an annual 
 ol $10,000 until 1884, $50,000 in all. when it was re- 
 lieved from this obligation by its contract with the Ad- 
 ministrators of the Tulane Educational Fund. 
 
 The Academic Department thus recognized and mod- 
 iupported made marked progress during the six 
 years of its existence before it was taken hold of by the 
 Tulane Administrators. But it was seriously handi- 
 capped for lack of funds, and a great development was 
 not then possible. 
 
 The greatest epoch in the educational history of tin 
 State, however, was the donation by Paul Tulane, in 
 1882, of. his New Orleans property for the higher educa- 
 tion of "(he white young persons in the City of New Or- 
 leans." Mr. Tulane was at the time a resident of Prince- 
 ton. New Jersey, but had been for many years a mer- 
 chant in New Orleans, where the foundation of his for- 
 tune was laid. He called in consultation General Ran- 
 dall Lei Gibson, United States Senator from Louisiana. 
 
 and together they selected a board of trustees who incor- 
 porated themselves under the title of "The Administra- 
 tis ol the Tulane Educational Fund," and to whom Mr. 
 Tulane transferred the property which he desired to 
 donate to educational purposes. 
 
 Mr. Tulane's first donation of his real estate was val- 
 ued at about $3G3,000. He subsequently made other do- 
 i, until the amount given by him aggregated $1,- 
 
 050, i. yielding an annual revenue of about $75,000. It 
 
 us expressed intention to add largely to this sum, 
 but. as he died without a will, these intentions were 
 never carried out. 
 
 In 1SSI (he Board of Administrators of the Tulane 
 Educational Fund were given by the legislature of Lou- 
 isiana (by Act 43, of that year) complete and perpetual 
 control of the University of Louisiana, and exemption 
 from taxation of income producing property that might 
 be acquired by the Tulane Administrators up to the 
 amount of $5,000,000. 
 
 This act was ratified at a general election in April, 
 1S87, and has been later ratified in the Constitution of 
 1898. The status of the University as a state institution 
 has thus been fully maintained. 
 
 In 1SS6, Mrs. Josephine Louise Newcomb, of New York 
 City, whose husband, Warren Newcomb, was formerly a 
 highly esteemed sugar merchant of New Orleans, do- 
 nated to (he Tulane Educational Fund "the sum of $100.- 
 000, to be used in establishing the H. Sophie Newcomb 
 Memorial College, in the Tulane University of Louisiana, 
 for the higher education of white girls and young wom- 
 en." In thus perpetuating the memory of an only child, 
 Mrs. Newcomb enabled the Tulane Administrators to 
 round out the ideal of a University and to create an in- 
 stitution that would give to women all the educational 
 
advantages which had before been offered by it only to 
 men. 
 
 The Newcomb College was a matter of the greatest 
 personal interest to Mrs. Newcomb to the time of her 
 death. She added largely to her original endowment, 
 and enabled it to build the handsome group of buildings 
 in which it is now domiciled. By her will the University 
 is made her residuary legatee, and it is expected that a 
 large addition to the endowment of the Newcomb Col- 
 lege will be derived from her estate. 
 
 In 1891, Mrs. Ida A. Richardson, whose husband, Dr. 
 T. G. Richardson, had been for many years associated 
 with the Medical Department of the University, as Pro- 
 fessor of Surgery and Dean, and who had been one of 
 the original members of the Board of Administrators of 
 the Tulane Educational Fund, gave a sum sufficient to 
 build a new and modern building for the Medical Depart- 
 ment, on a site purchased by the Tulane Board, and to 
 equip the building with every needed appliance for the 
 most approved methods of instruction in Medicine and 
 Pharmacy. 
 
 During the past year, Mr. A. C. Hutchinson willed to 
 the Medical Department of the University an amount 
 approximating $500,000 for the erection and maintenance 
 of a hospital in connection with that department. This, 
 in addition to the great Charity Hospital of the State, 
 will give it unrivalled clinical advantages. 
 
 In February, 1900, Mrs. Caroline Tilton donated to the 
 Tulane Administrators the sum of $50,000, for the erec- 
 tion of a Library building as a memorial to her husband, 
 to be known as the "F. W. Tilton Memorial Library." 
 This building is a valuable addition to the splendid group 
 of buildings now occupied by the academic department of 
 the University. 
 
 In accordance with the terms of Act 43, of the session 
 
 of 1884, the Administrators give to each member of the 
 State legislature the right to keep one well-prepared 
 student in the academical department of the University 
 without payment of tuition fees. The number of such 
 scholarships is now one hundred and fifty-one. Twenty 
 scholarships are open to appointees of the Mayor of New 
 Orleans. More than fifty others are given by the Board 
 of Administrators to well-qualified applicants. No 
 worthy young man will be denied the privilege of attend- 
 ing the University for lack of ability to pay the tuition 
 fees. It is the purpose of the Administrators to extend 
 its benefits as widely as possible with the means at their 
 command. 
 
 Location and Buildings.' 
 
 The University, in all its departments, is located in the 
 City of New Orleans. The Colleges of Arts and Sciences 
 and Technology and the Graduate Department are on St. 
 Charles Avenue, opposite Audubon Park, an ideal loca- 
 tion, in the handsomest and most rapidly improving 
 suburban residential district. The H. Sophie Newcomb 
 Memorial College is located on Washington Avenue, in 
 the midst of the homes of many of the most cultured and 
 refined families in the city. The handsome new building 
 of the Medical Department is on Canal street, corner of 
 Villere, in close proximity to the great Charity Hospital, 
 the unrivalled facilities of which are freely used in its 
 instruction. 
 
 The grounds of the University on St. Charles Avenue 
 are extensive and admirably adapted for the purpose. 
 About eighteen acres have been set apart as a campus, 
 and upon this the following buildings have been erected: 
 Gibson Hall, The Physical Laboratory; The Chemical 
 Laboratory; a group consisting of the Mechanical and 
 Electrical Laboratories, Drawing Rooms and Workshops; 
 
the Dormitory building and the Dining Hall; and the F. 
 W. Tilton Memorial Library. 
 
 Gibson Hall is the largest of these structures. It is of 
 Bedford stone, and has a frontage of 250 feet 8 inches, a 
 depth of 69 feet G inches, with basement, two stories and 
 attic, making a height of 70 feet from the ground. 
 
 The Physical and Chemical Laboratories, are of Egyp- 
 tian pressed brick, trimmed with Bedford stone, each 125 
 feet in length by 53 feet in depth. They were planned 
 with great care and attention to detail and are unusually 
 satisfactory buildings for the scientific work carried on 
 in them. 
 
 The Engineering group of buildings consists of work- 
 shops and laboratories and is the most extensive in the 
 Southern States. Five large rooms are devoted to draw- 
 ing instruction, and five large workshops are fully 
 equipped for metal work, pattern making, carpentry, 
 blacksmithing and foundry work. There are also ample 
 laboratories, lecture rooms and libraries for Mechanical 
 Engineering, Electrical Engineering, and other engineer- 
 ing departments. 
 
 The dormitory building, as now erected, is planned to 
 allow of the building of additions, either in the form of 
 extensions in a line at the ends of the present houses, or 
 the construction of wings running at right angles to 
 them. There are three houses, each having three floors, 
 and separated from its adjoining house by a brick wall 
 without openings. They have been named, LaSalle, 
 Bienville and Gayarre Halls, respectively. The houses 
 are well constructed and nicely furnished, having water 
 service throughout, beautifully tiled and finished bath 
 rooms, with porcelain tubs, on each floor (nine in all), 
 are heated by steam, electrically lighted, and provided 
 with fire escapes. There is an abundance of light and 
 air in every room. A handsome building, located near 
 
 the dormitories has been erected and equipped as a din- 
 ing hall. 
 
 The new library building, donated to the University by 
 Mrs. Caroline Stannard Tilton as a memorial to her hus- 
 band, is of stone, and similar in architectural style to 
 Gibson Hall. It affords ample space for the library and 
 the Linton Surget Art Collection, and contains a number 
 of Seminar rooms. Its acquisition marks a distinct step 
 forward in the University's progress. 
 
 The spacious grounds afford ample light and ventila- 
 tion for the requirements of the various buildings. Im- 
 mediately in the rear of the college campus are the ath- 
 letic grounds, covering about six acres. The climate 
 allows out-door exercise during the entire session. 
 
 The grounds of the Newcomb College are in every 
 respect charming. Newcomb Hall and its annexed Acad- 
 emy Building are attractive within and without, and fur- 
 nish ample space for offices, classrooms, library, labora- 
 tories and assembly hall. 
 
 An Art Building, about 127 feet in length, extending 
 diagonally across the corner of Camp and Sixth streets 
 has been erected on the College grounds. This building 
 contains lecture rooms, art libraries, drawing and de' 
 signing rooms, with accommodations for about 200 stu 
 dents, suited to the favorable prosecution of art studies 
 A new building has been provided for the work in Pot 
 tery, in which are located work rooms, potter's wheels, 
 kilns, etc. 
 
 The College Chapel is a handsome stone building and 
 affords seating capacity for about 500 persons. Its me- 
 morial windows, by Louis Tiffany, are among the most 
 beautiful in the United States. 
 
 The Josephine Louise House, so named as a token of 
 respect for Mrs. Newcomb, is located on Washington 
 avenue, opposite to and facing the College. It is in the 
 
 JO 
 
Florentine style of architecture, constructed of brick, 
 with ornamental mouldings and carvings. It is hand- 
 somely furnished throughout. Superior advantages are 
 offered to boarding students. Four additional dormitory 
 buildings have teen opened to meet the needs of the in- 
 creasing number of boarding students. 
 
 The Medical Department occupies its new building on 
 Canal street, which was erected and equipped through 
 the munificence of Mrs. Ida A. Richardson as a memorial 
 of her late husband, Dr. T. G. Richardson, for so many 
 years Dean of the Medical Department. Great care was 
 exercised in its planning, and it is believed to be excep- 
 tionally well designed for its use. 
 
 In all its departments the University occupies twenty 
 distinct buildings, all of which have been constructed in 
 the past ten years and are in every respect modern in 
 their design and appointments. 
 
 General and Statistical. 
 
 The University. — The Tulane University of Louisiana 
 comprehends the following departments: the Graduate 
 Department, the College of Arts and Sciences, the Col- 
 lege of Technology, the H. Sophie Newcomb Memorial 
 College for Young Women, the Law Department, and the 
 Medical Department. 
 
 Courses. — In the various departments there are offered 
 the following courses: 
 
 1. In the Graduate Department: Courses leading to the 
 
 degrees of Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy; 
 open to men and women. 
 
 2. In the College of Arts and Sciences, the usual Clas- 
 
 sical, Literary and Scientific courses, and special 
 courses preliminary to medicine, law and teaching; 
 open to men. 
 
 3. In the College of Technology: Courses in Mecjianical 
 
 and Electrical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chem- 
 ical Engineering, and Sugar Engineering; open to 
 men. 
 
 4. In the Newcomb College: Classical, Literary and Sci- 
 
 entific courses of full college grade, for women. Ex- 
 tensive courses in Art. 
 
 5. In the Law Department: professional course in law; 
 
 open to men and women. 
 
 6. In the Medical Department: a full four years' course 
 
 in Medicine, open to men, and a two years' course in 
 Pharmacy, open to men and women. 
 
 Details of all this work are given in the Annual Regis- 
 ter, which will be sent on application. 
 
 Admission. — The requirements for admission are those 
 of the Association of Colleges and Preparatory Schools 
 of the Southern States, of which the University is a 
 member. They are the usual requirements exacted by 
 the better grade institutions. (See Register.) 
 
 Statistics. — During the current session (1903-04) the 
 University has had the following number of professors 
 and instructors: 
 
 Graduate Department, 27; College of Arts and Sci- 
 ences, 19; College of Technology, 23; H. Sophie New- 
 comb Memorial College, 33; Law Department, 8; Medi- 
 cal Department, 30; total, exclusive of duplication, 95. 
 
 During the current session the University has had the 
 following number of students: 
 
 The University Department for Graduate-work, 35; 
 College of Arts and Sciences, 86; College of Technology, 
 152; Teachers' courses, 130; Newcomb, including High 
 School and Art Department, 460; Law Department, 71; 
 Medical Department, including Pharmacy Students, 445. 
 Total, 1,379. 
 
The Louisiana State University. 
 
 In 1806, 1811, and 1827, the National Congress made 
 certain grants of lands "for the use of a seminary of 
 learning." To utilize these grants the Louisiana Legis- 
 lature founded the Louisiana State Seminary of Learn- 
 ing and Military Academy in 1855, locating it three miles 
 north of Alexandria in the parish of Rapides. The first 
 session of this institution hegan on January 2, 1SG0, with 
 Col. William Tecumseh Sherman as superintendent. Its 
 work was suspended from April 23, 1863, to October 2, 
 1865, on account of the ciyil war. On October 15, 1869, 
 the Seminary buildings were burned, hence the institu- 
 tion was moved in IJanui House, where it resumed work 
 on November 1, 1869, m the large building erected for 
 the Deal' and Dumb. By legislative act, approved March 
 16, 1870, the name of the institution was changed to 
 Louisiana State University. To utilize another dona- 
 tion of land made by Congress in 1862 for the support 
 of an Agricultural and Mechanical College, the Legisla- 
 ture created the Louisiana State Agricultural and Me- 
 chanical College in 1873, locating it at Chalmette, near 
 New Orleans. In 1877, in compliance with a legislative 
 act of 187G, the State University and the Agricultural and 
 Mechanical College were merged into one institution 
 under the legal title "Louisiana State University and 
 Agricultural and Mechanical College," and temporarily 
 located at Baton Rouge in the building belonging to the 
 Deaf and Dumb. The permanent site of the University 
 is the historic government reservation at Baton Rouge, 
 occupied in 1886 with the permission of Congress, and 
 owned by the institution in fee simple under a congres- 
 sional act approved in 1902. It will thus be seen that 
 the University has survived the vicissitudes of war, fire. 
 
 reconstruction, and homelessness, holding aloft in those 
 years of darkness the beacon of higher education, over- 
 coming difficulties that threatened its very existence, 
 and training young men for the political, social, and 
 economic regeneration of their country. These sacri- 
 fices and services have prepared the institution for that 
 era of permanency and larger efficiency that began with 
 the occupation of its present beautiful home. 
 
 The University's vitality and usefulness, the pledge of 
 the past : its permanent home and growing efficiency, 
 the augury of the future, together promise a develop- 
 ment that will enable it to satisfy fully the growing de- 
 mands of a civilization based on education. Its income 
 is derived from two sources — federal and state. Con- 
 gressional grants of land made in 1806, 1811, 1827, and 
 1862, and a congressional act passed in 1890, provide 
 about two-thirds of its regular receipts. Supplementary 
 appropriations are made by the state biennially for 
 maintenance and improvements. Special donations of 
 buildings by public spirited citizens like Wm. Garig of 
 Baton Rouge, John Hill of West Baton Rouge, and the 
 alumni of the University have greatly increased the 
 comfort and efficiency of academic work, besides setting 
 an example of private munificence that will contribute 
 materially to the development of the institution. 
 
 No statement of the University's advantages would be 
 complete without, a description of the beautiful grounds 
 and massive buildings, the latest gift of the national gov- 
 ernment. These could not be duplicated for $400,000. 
 Including the buildings erected by the state and by pri- 
 vate benefactors, the University's home represents an 
 outlay of more than $500,000. The L-shaped grounds, 
 
having an area of 210 acres, are on the first bluff above 
 the Gulf. The wide portion, with an area of 53 acres 
 overlooking the Mississippi River, is the campus proper; 
 the narrow portion, intersected by a lake and extending 
 back a mile from the river, is used by the agricultural 
 department for experiment purposes. Symmetrical elms, 
 magnolias, live oaks, water oaks, and pecans, and well- 
 kept grass, give the campus the appearance of a beauti- 
 ful park. Historic associations of international signifi- 
 cance hallow this spot. France, England, Spain, and 
 America have striven for and held it in turn as one of 
 the commanding strongholds of the Mississippi Valley. 
 It has been conspicuous in every development of the 
 Louisiana purchase. No spot in the Mississippi Valley 
 symbolizes so weil the history of that great territory. 
 
 The University is organized into nineteen departments 
 of instruction grouped as follows: 
 
 The Biologic Sciences include the departments of 
 botany, zoology and entomology, agriculture, horticult- 
 ure, and veterinary science. The Agricultural Hall, the 
 Experiment Station Laboratory, the Horticultural Build- 
 ing, and the Veterinary Infirmary provide quarters for 
 their work. Each department has suitable apparatus. 
 charts, models, and museum specimens. Experiment 
 fields furnish ample facilities for practical work. 
 
 The Languages, including Greek, Latin, English, 
 French, German and Spanish, are taught in the depart- 
 ments of ancient languages, English, and modern lan- 
 guages. The Hill Memorial Library and special class 
 rooms in the pentagon buildings afford quarters and fa- 
 cilities for their work. 
 
 The Mathematical Sciences are in charge of the de- 
 partments of mathematics, and civil engineering. The 
 class room for mathematics is in Building D of the penta- 
 gon group. The department of civil engineering occupies 
 
 the second floor of Heard Hall. Both are well provided 
 with facilities for their work. 
 
 The Mechanical Sciences include the departments of 
 drawing and mechanic arts, and mechanical engineer- 
 ing. All of Robertson Hall, a two-story brick building 
 80 by 200 feet, is used by the department of drawing and 
 mechanic arts. A one-story brick building and a two- 
 story frame building on the eastern side of the campus 
 furnish quarters for mechanical engineering. The 
 shops and laboratories of these departments are well 
 equipped with suitable machinery and apparatus. 
 
 The Physical Sciences are divided among the depart- 
 ments of physics and electricity, chemistry, and geology. 
 The first floor of Heard Hall is carefully designed and 
 equipped for the department of physics and electricity. 
 All of a two-story brick building with complete equip- 
 ments is used by the department of chemistry. Quar- 
 ters for geology are in the first floor of U building. 
 
 The Social Sciences, including commerce, history, 
 economics, sociology, and law, are taught in the depart- 
 ments of commerce, and history and political science. 
 The department of commerce is quartered in Building A 
 of the pentagon group. It is carefully equipped with 
 furniture and fixtures needed for practical business op- 
 erations. Quarters for history and political science are 
 in the Hill Memorial Library, whose contents the depart- 
 ment constantly uses. 
 
 Besides these regular college departments there is a 
 Sub-Freshman Class organized and instructed for the 
 benefit of young men 1G years of age and older who need 
 special preparation for college work. 
 
 The nourishing center of all departments of instruc- 
 tion is the Hill Memorial Library, located in the center 
 of the quadrangle. The handsome two-story brick build- 
 ing contains seminar and class rooms on the first floor, 
 
and a reading room, a reference room, and a stock room 
 on the second floor, arranged around a central rotunda. 
 Twenty-three thousand volumes and selected periodicals 
 for departmental and general readers furnish material 
 for supplementing and enriching student work. 
 
 The University offers the following courses of study: 
 
 1. The Agricultural Course of four years, leading to 
 the degree of B. S. 
 
 2. The Civil Engineering Course of four years, leading 
 to the degree of B. S. 
 
 3. The Commercial Course of four years, leading to the 
 degree of B. S. 
 
 4. The General Science Course of four years, leading 
 to the degree of B. S. 
 
 5. The Latin Science Course of four years, leading to 
 the degree of B. A. 
 
 6. The Literary Course of four years, leading to the 
 degree of B. A. 
 
 7. The Mechanical Course of four years, leading to the 
 degree of B. S. 
 
 8. The Sugar Course of five years, leading to the de- 
 gree of B. S.. and the Diploma of the Audubon Sugar 
 School. 
 
 9. The Short Course in Agriculture of two years, for 
 which no degree is given. 
 
 10. The Electrical Engineering Course, which will be 
 begun in 1903-04 and outlined in the catalogue for 1904. 
 
 In each of the above courses there is a certain amount 
 of required work, to guarantee a symmetrical develop- 
 ment of the student, while considerable opportunity is 
 given for election of additional subjects. Full details of 
 each course are given in the Annual Catalogue, which 
 will be sent on request. 
 
 The age of admission to the University is sixteen 
 years (at nearest birthday) or over, but applicants well 
 
 prepared for the Freshman class are received as young 
 as fourteen. Applicants must be of good character, free 
 from any contagious or infectious disease, and must 
 show by examination or certificate proficiency in Eng- 
 lish grammar and composition, mathematics including 
 algebra through quadratics and two books of plane 
 geometry, and any three of the following subjects: His- 
 tory of the United States, Political Geography, Physical 
 Geography, Physiology, Physics, Botany, and Zoology. 
 Latin is included for applicants who wish to take the 
 Latin Science or Literary Course. 
 
 The faculty consists of twenty-five professors and in- 
 structors, mostly young men fresh from their studies in 
 the best American and European Universities, with suc- 
 cessful experiences obtained by work done here and 
 elsewhere. They have the training and the enthusiasm 
 of specialists: many of them have done original work 
 that has received wide recognition; all of them are 
 keenly alive to the requirements of the University's new 
 career. 
 
 The attendance at the University has increased more 
 than 500 per cent, since 188G, the year when its perma- 
 nent home was occupied. 
 
 Every part of Louisiana is represented, and eight 
 states, one territory, and six foreign countries besides 
 (1902-1903). The size and representative composition of 
 the student body enhance the value of associations and 
 friendships formed therein, a consideration of the ut- 
 most importance in a civilization dependent upon co- 
 operative effort. The character and esprit de corps of 
 its students are matters upon which the University 
 justly prides itself. 
 
 Opportunities for self-help offered students have stead- 
 ily multiplied in recent years, affording one of the best 
 signs of the University's growth. In 1891-'92 there were 
 
three young men in attendance supporting themselves 
 wholly or partly by work; during the session of 1902- 
 1903 there were forty such students. These young men 
 are among the best students in the institution. They 
 command the respect and esteem of all, and lead in all 
 social and student activities. Nothing in the University 
 illustrates so well both the manliness and the fruitful- 
 ness of work as the efforts of this growing body of self- 
 supporting students. 
 
 The University's advantages, summarized, are (1) a 
 history full of inspiring examples and fruitful traditions; 
 (2) a home whose natural beauty and historic associa- 
 tions are in the highest degree educative; (3) nine 
 courses of study that provide fully for liberal culture 
 
 and technical efficiency; (4) a faculty of earnest work- 
 ers who use every effort to develop the best type of men- 
 tal, moral, and physical manhood; (5) a student body 
 representative of every section of the state, and of other 
 states and countries as well, in which social ties of ines- 
 timable value are formed; (6) a growing system of self- 
 help that enables an increasing number of deserving 
 young men of limited means to enjoy the blessings of a 
 liberal education; (7) student organizations and social 
 influences that develop clean, wholesome living; (8) a 
 system of discipline that cultivates methodical habits; 
 (9) in fine, growth of the best sort in efficiency, in num- 
 bers, in influence, and in results. 
 
 Louisiana State Normal School. 
 
 The most important agency for the training of teach- 
 ers maintained by the State is (.he State Normal School 
 at Natchitoches. In the latest session the students en- 
 rolled exceeded 700, representing most of the parishes 
 of the State and some coming from Arkansas, Texas 
 and Mississippi. The normal buildings stand upon a hill 
 overlooking the valley of Cane river, one of the channels 
 of Red River, which is three miles away. This valley 
 is one of the richest and most beautiful, and the school 
 is located on the eminence or plateau, where the pine 
 hills verge upon the alluvial lands. The grounds include 
 over one hundred acres under fence, about fifty acres 
 of lawns, studded with live oaks, pines, elms, cedar and 
 China trees, with fine avenues of pines and Chinas, and 
 fifty acres of unbroken forest pines, cleared of under- 
 brush and set in grass, with drives and good paths for 
 bicycles. The front lawn borders on Chaplin lake, a 
 sheet of clear water about a mile and a half long. 
 
 The buildings are situated near the middle of the 
 grounds, and are about a half mile distant from the cen- 
 tral portion of the town of Natchitoches. There are four 
 buildings, besides the President's cottage. The matron's 
 building is a large two and a half story residence, in 
 Virginia style of architecture, erected for a plantation 
 mansion about 1840. It has a fine gallery in front sup- 
 ported by lofty columns. The rooms are very large, well 
 lighted and conveniently arranged. This building con- 
 tains the matron's room, reception room, the infirmary, 
 two halls and five large bedrooms. 
 
 Adjoining this is the convent building, a large two- 
 story brick building, with attic, in the mission style of 
 architecture, erected in 1857 for the convent of the 
 Sacred Heart, at a cost it is said of $75,000. During the 
 current year this building has been thoroughly recon- 
 structed for the purpose of adapting it for use as the 
 ladies' dormitory. It is now in better condition than 
 when it was erected, is finished in natural wood, painted 
 
and papered throughout, and contains as comfortable 
 and attractive bedrooms as are to be found in any 
 school in the country. In this building are the presi- 
 dent's office, the library and reading-room, two large 
 halls for the literary societies, the supply room and 
 thirty-five bedrooms. About 20 feet from the convent 
 building is the new normal building, a handsome struc- 
 ture of modern design, erected in the summer of 1895 at 
 a cost of $20,000. This contains the assembly room, an 
 audience room with a seating capacity of 800, ten large 
 class rooms, two smaller recitation rooms, the chemical 
 and physical laboratory, two dressing rooms, two cloak 
 rooms, three practice school rooms and three janitor's 
 closets. The new building is connected with the other 
 buildings by a covered walk way. The fourth building 
 is known as the dining room building. It has been re- 
 constructed the past summer, being more than double in 
 size, and connected with the others by double galleries. 
 This contains a dining hall 58x38 feet, to accomodate 
 
 200 persons, a large kitchen, serving room, two store- 
 rooms, and on the second floor eight bedrooms and nine 
 bathrooms. The president's cottage, a neat residence 
 for the use of the president of the Normal School, occu- 
 pies a position near the buildings. 
 
 The school comprises two departments — the normal 
 department, which has for its object to furnish scholas- 
 tic and pedagogical training for the teacher's profession, 
 and the practice school in which methods of teaching 
 are exemplified, and in which the normal students of the 
 senior class do one year of actual teaching, under the di- 
 rection and guidance of the training teachers. The 
 Normal course covers a period of four years, each ses- 
 sion being divided into two terms of four months each. 
 New Normal classes are organized at the beginning of 
 each term, Oct. 1st and Feb. 1st, so that students who 
 cannot attend continuously until graduation, may attend 
 either term of several successive sessions, until they 
 complete the course of study. 
 
 Louisiana Industrial Institute, Kuston. 
 
 The Louisiana Industrial Institute was created by the 
 legislature of 1894, Act No. 68 of that body providing for 
 the organization and support of an institution for the 
 industrial education of both sexes. It is recognized in 
 the Constitution of 1898 as a part of the educational 
 system of the State. It opened its doors in September, 
 1895, with a faculty of five members, and enrolled dur- 
 ing the first session 202 students. It has now twelve 
 teachers In the faculty with an enrollment of more 
 than 700. Its growth in all the elements contributing to 
 its usefulness and efficiency has been steady and rapid. 
 Since the first session the quarters for academic and 
 industrial work have been more than doubled, and the 
 equipments for practical and scientific instruction have 
 
 been increased more than tenfold. A two-story brick 
 dormitory for girls has been built. 
 
 The school is organized into the following depart- 
 ments: Languages and Literature, Pure and Applied 
 Mathematics, History and Civics, Biology, Physics and 
 Chemistry, Mechanics, Business. Domestic Science, 
 Printing, Telegraphy, and Music. The work in each is 
 intensive and practical; in the higher classes it becomes 
 technical. In the department of Domestic Science, sew- 
 ing, cooking, domestic dairying and gardening are taught. 
 
 The following equipments have been provided for the 
 work of these departments: 
 
 For English and History: 1,000 volumes of standard 
 works; wall maps, relief maps. 
 
For Mathematics : Mathematical models, surveying in- 
 struments. 
 
 For Biology: Twenty-four Reichert's microscopes, one 
 extra bacteriological microscope, one microtome, camera 
 lucida, dissecting microscopes, reagents for microscopic 
 work, rearing cages, aquarium, collection of marine in- 
 vertebrates, collection of marine fishes, etc. 
 
 For Physics and Chemistry: Thirty sets of apparatus 
 for individual use, chemicals for course, analytical bal- 
 ance, spectroscope, barometer (Bunsen), thermometers, 
 induction coil, Edison Lalande battery, platinum cruci- 
 bles, dishes and cones, graduated cylinders, flasks and 
 pipettes, burettes, water baths, distilling apparatus, blast 
 lamps, reagent bottles, etc., etc. 
 
 For Drawing: Twenty drawing tables, twenty sets 
 drawing instruments. 
 
 For Mechanics: Woodshop, twelve double work 
 benches, twenty-four complete sets of tools, one power 
 rip and cross-cut saw combined, twelve wood-turning 
 lathes, one band saw, complete assortment of special 
 tools. 
 
 Forge Shop: Twelve blast forges, twelve anvils, com- 
 plete set of sledge hammers, tongs, etc. 
 
 Machine Shop: Six engine lathes, one planer, one 
 shaper, one drill press, two speed lathes, eight vises. 
 
 sets of wrenches, taps, dies, hammers, chisels, etc., for 
 constructing all kinds of machine work. 
 
 Steam Plant: One GO-horse power Corliss Engine, one 
 GO-horse power water tube boiler, one steam pump, one 
 Hancock inspirator, one Crosby engine indicator, calor- 
 imeters, thermometers, etc., for testing engines and 
 boilers. 
 
 For Business: Six Remington typewriters, eight com- 
 plete tables for bookkeeping, office outfit. 
 
 For Domestic Science: Five cabinet sewing ma- 
 chines, cutting and fitting outfit, food charts, one steel 
 range, one coal oil stove, one Aladdin oven, kitchen 
 utensils, dining room outfit. 
 
 For Printing: One Prouty news press, one Chandler 
 & Price job press, one paper cutter, one stapler, complete 
 assortment of type. 
 
 For Telegraphy: Batteries, instruments and wire con- 
 nections for twelve students. 
 
 All class rooms are furnished with single desks and 
 slate blackboards. 
 
 Note. — The Louisiana Industrial Institute, though in- 
 adequately represented at the World's Fair, must not be 
 overlooked in forming an idea of the State's educational 
 forces. Its growth has been remarkable, and it has be- 
 come an excellent model of an industrial high school. 
 
 Southwestern Louisiana Industrial Institute, Lafayette. 
 
 Establishment. 
 
 The Southwestern Louisiana Industrial Institute was 
 created by Act 162 of the General Assembly of Lou- 
 isiana, July 14, 1898. The Board of Trustees was ap- 
 pointed during the year following, and in June, 1901, 
 the main building, completed and equipped, was for- 
 mally opened with appropriate exercises. The first ses- 
 sion was held from September 18, 1901, to May 26, 1902. 
 
 Purpose of the Institution. 
 
 The Industrial Institute was established for the educa- 
 tion of the white children of Louisiana in the arts and 
 sciences. It was called "industrial" in order to empha- 
 size the importance of education as a factor in the in- 
 dustrial development of a State or country, and in order 
 to express a recognition of the comparatively new dis- 
 covery in education that the curriculums of the past 
 
 27 
 
have neglected the motor and creative activities of hand 
 and brain, and have not taken into account the whole 
 boy and the whole girl. The name "industrial school" 
 does not mean specifically trade school in a sense distin- 
 guishing it from a place where art and literature and 
 academic culture are in the atmosphere, nor has it any 
 of the "reformatory," "house of correction," or o.ther 
 sinister significance that is somehow associated with 
 the word in other sections and countries. It corre- 
 sponds rather to what elsewhere is understood by the 
 name Manual Training School, and provides fully for 
 regular academic training in the essentials nf an English 
 education, as well as for shopwork in wood and iron for 
 boys, sewing and cooking for girls, and stenography, 
 typewriting, bookkeeping, telegraphy and other useful 
 studies and exercises for both. 
 
 The purpose of the Industrial Institute is to provide 
 broad and varied courses of instruction for boys and 
 girls, both in academic studies and in practical and use- 
 ful arts; the better preparing each and every one for 
 whatever career in life he or she may undertake. 
 Location. 
 
 The Act of Establishment provided that the institu- 
 tion should be located in that part of the Thirteenth 
 Senatorial District which should offer the best induce- 
 ments therefor to the Board of Trustees. The people of 
 the parish of Lafayette offered a self-imposed tax of 
 two mills on the dollar of the assessed valuation of their 
 property for ten years, supplemented by liberal appro- 
 priations from the municipal corporation of Lafayette 
 and from the parish, by cash subscriptions from private 
 citizens, and by the private gift of a valuable site of 
 twenty-five acres. This offer proved to be the best 
 among several that were submitted in active competi- 
 tion, and was accepted by the Board of Trustees at its 
 meeting held in New Iberia, January 5, 1900. 
 
 Buildings. 
 
 With the resources made available by the issuance crt 
 negotiatiable bonds upon the ten-year tax voted by the 
 people, liberally supplemented by appropriations from 
 the State, the Board was enabled to erect and equip a 
 complete group of buildings, adequate to the needs of 
 the most thoroughly organized secondary institution of 
 learning of the present day, both for academic instruc- 
 tion and for manual training. 
 
 The Main Building is a handsome two-story brick 
 structure, one hundred and sixty-three feet long by sixty- 
 five feet wide, with an eight-foot basement and two 
 large rooms, forty feet by sixty-five, on the attic floor. 
 
 The Dormitory for Girls is also a two-story brick 
 building, one hundred and forty feet in length by fifty- 
 eight feet in width, and of sufficient capacity to accom- 
 modate eighty persons. 
 
 The Workship is a single-story frame building pro- 
 tected by a covering of galvanized iron, and is of the 
 general dimensions of one hundred feet by twenty-five, 
 with a boiler and engine room, pump room and fuel 
 room adjacent. It contains full equipment for work in 
 wood and iron. 
 
 A neat and substantial two-story frame residence for 
 the President of the Institute has been erected near the 
 main building on the grounds. 
 
 Regular Courses. 
 
 The Institute offers six regular courses of study, one 
 academic and five industrial, as follows: 
 
 1. The Academic Course. 
 
 2. The Manual Training Course. 
 
 3. The Course in Domestic Science. 
 
 4. The Course in Stenography and Typewriting. 
 
 5. The Commercial Course. 
 
 6. The Course in Telegraphy. 
 
The academic course extends through four years, and 
 is intended both to give the students a well rounded sec- 
 ondary education and also to prepare them for the more 
 advanced studies of the college and the university. 
 With the third year the academic course branches into 
 two sub-courses, the Latin and the French. 
 
 In each of the five industrial courses the students de- 
 vote a third of their school time to the industrial or 
 manual training branches. The courses in domestic sci- 
 ence and manual training each extend through three 
 years; the course in stenography and typewriting re- 
 quires two years, and the commercial course one year. 
 In nearly all of these courses two minor subjects are 
 required and two are elective. The required subjects 
 are mostly mathematics and English, since these are 
 the most necessary and important educational subjects 
 for thore pursuing industrial branches. The elective 
 subjects may be chosen from the remaining studies in 
 the curriculum, subject to the approval of the President. 
 Requirements for Admission. 
 
 Candidates for admission to the first-year class must 
 be fourteen years of age, or older, and prepared for a 
 simple entrance examination in reading, writing, spell- 
 ing, arithmetic to percentage, elementary geography and 
 history. A certificate from the principal of an officially 
 approved high school, or from such other schools as have 
 been accredited upon investigation, showing that the 
 candidate has done satisfactory Sixth Grade work, will 
 be accepted for entrance in lieu of an examination. The 
 
 entrance requirements have purposely been made thus 
 easy in order to give the greatest opportunity to the 
 greatest number; students not thoroughly prepared for 
 the first year's work will find it possible to remain in 
 the school only through the most faithful and diligent 
 effort. 
 
 Students of more advanced standing may enter any 
 class for which they are qualified, upon presenting sat- 
 isfactory evidence. 
 
 Successful applicants for admission may enter at any 
 time during the session, but the most suitable time is 
 at the beginning of the term — that is, at the opening of 
 the school, in September. 
 
 All applicants must give satisfactory evidence of good 
 health and good moral character. 
 
 Tuition is free. 
 
 Graduation. 
 
 Students satisfactorily completing the academic 
 course will receive the regular diploma of the Institute 
 authorized by the State. Completion of the manual 
 training or domestic science course entitles the student 
 to a special diploma. The course in bookkeeping and 
 stenography lead to the Institute certificates. 
 
 Candidates for graduation must have been in attend- 
 ance at the Institute during at least one whole session; 
 the remaining portion of the several courses — or its 
 equivalent — may be done at other institutions. 
 
 No fees are charged for graduation, diplomas, or cer- 
 tificates. 
 
 Louisiana State Institute for the Deaf and Dumb, Baton Rouge. 
 
 Until 1852, the deaf children of Louisiana were sent 
 to the Danville, Kentucky, Institute, at the expense of 
 the State. 
 
 By an act of the Legislature, approved March 18th, 
 
 1852, the Board of Managers "purchased the property 
 heretofore known as the 'Baton Rouge College,' together 
 with three other squares of ground lying immediately 
 back of, or east of said property, with the exception of 
 
three lots, for the price and sum of six thousand, three 
 hundred and ninety-five ($0,395.00) dollars. The price 
 paid for the same, we are happy to say, is reasonable, 
 and the location at the lower end of the corporation, pos- 
 sessing a beautiful and commanding view of the river, 
 render it, in the opinion ot the Board, for such an insti- 
 tution, one of the most desirable in the City of Baton 
 Rouge." Thus ran the first words in the first annual 
 report of the administrators. 
 
 The members of the first Board were: Gen. Jos. Ber- 
 nard, president; William S. Pike, secretary and treas- 
 urer; Dr. B. P. Harney, Col. Nolan Stewart, Major James 
 N. Brown, Dr. Thomas J. BufQngton, and Major Augustin 
 Duplantier. Of these, only one. Dr. Buflington, is alive. 
 
 Mr. James S. Brown, M. A., was the superintendent 
 during the infant days of this institute. Thirteen pupils 
 was the first record in attendance on the Sth of Decem- 
 ber, 1852. 
 
 Prom this year the preparatory arrangements, as well 
 as .the progress of the school, went along nicely — the 
 Board of Administrators, and all connected with the 
 school, showing the highest enthusiasm. At the outset 
 Superintendent Brown maintained the advantage of 
 having the deaf and blind together, affirming that the 
 former in their intercourse with the latter improve 
 themselves in the general use of language, the most 
 important part of their education. 
 
 Mr. Martin H. Hanson, a deaf mute, was Mr. Brown's 
 first assistant. 
 
 In 1854, as a compliment due to the founder of this 
 Institute, the trustees ordered a large portrait of Mr. 
 Richardson to be hung in the reception room. It was 
 the exhibition of this portrait that called forth the fol- 
 lowing remarks: 
 
 "On the 18th of March, 1852, Gov. Walker approved 
 and signed a bill appropriating $25,000 for establishing 
 a Deaf and Dumb Institute at Baton Rouge. This bill 
 
 originated with the Hon. F. D. Richardson, and from 
 whose influence, popularity and pure intentions united 
 with industry and eloquence, he was enabled to triumph 
 over his opponents and pass the bill by a large majority. 
 The building, now nearly completed, never fails to at- 
 tract the attention of every traveler that passes the 
 capital, and in its unadorned beauty towers with simple 
 grandeur over the laborious details that deck the Gothic 
 structure of our State House. The admiration of our 
 acquaintances, the respect of our neighbors, the love of 
 our friends, are things which all men covet and admire, 
 and though they are all abundantly bestowed on Mr. 
 Richardson, and surely give him pleasure, we doubt if 
 they can give him that consolation which he receives 
 from the blessings of those who feel that through his 
 agency they are much relieved of those misfortunes 
 which chance has inflicted upon their sinless lips." 
 
 For the erection of the stately building that now 
 stands as a beautiful and useful ornament to our State, 
 $350,000 was at different times appropriated. Slowly but 
 steadily did the school grow. 
 
 In 1800 Mr. Brown was removed, and the entire corps 
 of instructors resigned. Mr. A. K. Martin, then the su- 
 perintendent of the Mississippi School, was appointed 
 in his place. 
 
 At the commencement of the war the number of 
 pupils (both deaf and blind) was 77. During the struggle 
 the list dwindled down to 25 or 30. "For several months 
 the school was left to its own resources, and all were 
 supported by the products of cakes, etc., made in part 
 by the girls and sold by the little boys, and by the sale 
 of vegetables from the garden, and by means advanced 
 by benevolent individuals. When these resources failed, 
 rations were received from the Federal authorities, which 
 continued until I860, when they evacuated other build- 
 ings, the larger portion of which they had been using 
 since January, 1863, for hospital purposes. The Legis- 
 
lature of 1865 made an appropriation of $18,000 for the 
 benefit of the institute, but owing to the depleted con- 
 dition of the treasury, very little of it could be drawn, 
 and the institution continued in a crippled, discouraging 
 state. In the succeeding year more life and spirit was 
 breathed into our affairs, and since that period the insti- 
 tution has Deen steadily going forward in its benevolent 
 mission." — A. K. Martin. 
 
 In 18G7 arrangements were made with the Board of 
 Trustees of the Mississippi School, Drs. Poindexter and 
 Cabaniss and Judge Porter, to have the pupils of that 
 State in ours, their building having been burned down. 
 The Legislature of that State agreed to pay $250 a year 
 per pupil. 
 
 In 18G9, the Board of Administrators, with J. A. 
 McWhorter as superintendent, yielding to the recom- 
 mendation of Gov. H. C. Warmoth, gave half of the build- 
 ing for the use of the State Seminary and Military 
 Academy. With the growth of these institutions the 
 buildings became crowded. The blind were removed to 
 other quarters in 1871, and this resulted in the provision 
 for them, by law, of a separate institution. This re- 
 moval of the blind only paved the "way for forcing an 
 exclusive removal of the deaf, and, finally, to result in 
 the ostensible temporary occupation by the State Uni- 
 versity of our buildings, planned and erected for our 
 peculiar wants, being made permanent." 
 
 The deaf were removed to the building known as the 
 "Hermann Building," almost in the heart of the city. 
 This dingy old structure soon became overcrowded. 
 Small frame cottages were erected around it and were 
 used as boys' dormitories. They remained in this un- 
 comfortable condition until 1S77. During all this time 
 the Board of Trustees was keeping an eye on the build- 
 ings originally erected for the deaf and were endeavor- 
 ing to re-possess them. They were finally rewarded in 
 1887, when the University was removed to the United 
 
 States Garrison. Governor Samuel D. McEnery ordered 
 the institution restored to its original buildings in the 
 summer of that year. 
 
 The two institutes, one for the deaf and the other for 
 the blind, which had for nearly twenty years been sup- 
 ported as independent institutions, were by the Legisla- 
 ture of 18SS combined under one management. A pro- 
 viso was, however, added to the act by which the two 
 were combined for restoring, on a specified condition, 
 the separate organization of the "School and Industrial 
 Home for the Blind." That condition was met by the 
 purchase of a property and the erection of a building at 
 an outlay of $30,000, without cost to the State. 
 
 The great storm of the' 19th and 20th of August, 1888, 
 did great damage to the buildings. Eight thousand 
 dollars were borrowed from the Louisiana National Bank 
 and the Canal Bank of New Orleans. The Board of 
 Trustees pledged the sum of $5,400 in warrants, which 
 had been appropriated by the Legislature for repairs. 
 
 Our present superintendent. Dr. John Jastremski, took 
 hold of the reins in 1S84, and since then our school has 
 been steadily increasing its breadth of usefulness. 
 
 For several years Dr. Jastremski caused canvasses to 
 be made and has succeeded in making the institution 
 known far and wide over the State, and the result is a 
 larger and larger attendance every year, for parents are 
 coming to see their moral obligations to their afflicted 
 children. We may reasonably expect an enrollment of 
 130 during the next two years. But the best estimation 
 of the healthy growth of the school can be seen in rbe 
 foundation of the Industrial Department, which was 
 begun in 1S90, when the superintendent recommended to 
 the General Assembly the following: 
 
 "The industrial training of the deaf mute is a matter 
 of prime importance, for upon this depends his means 
 and facilities of earning a livelihood. It is more import- 
 ant than for those possessed of all their senses. The 
 
deaf mute must be more perfect in his work in order to 
 compete with the man endowed with all his faculties, 
 as preference is always shown to those that accomplish 
 with the most exactness that which is expected of them. 
 In view of this fact it becomes my most important duty 
 to call your attention to cur lack of proper appliances, 
 to urge upon you most strenuously the necessity of pro- 
 viding this institution with furniture and shoe shops. 
 The boys in learning these trades would assist in keep- 
 ing the buildings and outhouses in repair and assist in 
 the mending of the pupils' shoes. This addition could 
 be made with only a small outlay of money, and would 
 almost be self-sustaining." 
 
 In 1892 industrial training received its fullest impetus, 
 for, in addition to the classes in sewing and printing, 
 the carpenter and cabinet shop and the shoe shop were 
 put in running order. As time passed on improvements 
 were made, such as giving the carpenter shop the build- 
 ing formerly used by the blind as a broom shop, when 
 they were located on these premises. If the ratio of 
 
 increase in the number of pupils keeps on, this industrial 
 department will certainly have to be enlarged. Out in 
 the busy walks of life, we have graduates making a 
 success in the vocations they learned here. 
 
 Since 1892 numerous improvements have been made, 
 notably the establishment of an infirmary, with modern 
 conveniences; the construction of an iron railing on 
 the south, west and north fronts of the grounds; new 
 improvements for the printing office, the workshops, the 
 culinary department, dining room, dormitories, etc.; 
 sewerage has been laid, and painting and other repairs 
 to the buildings have been done, by which the institu- 
 tion has kept pace with the best conducted in other 
 States. 
 
 This year there are eleven instructors, including those 
 in the industrial department. 
 
 Since its foundation, eighty-one gentlemen have served 
 the institution as members of the Board of Trustees. It 
 has had six superintendents, forty-two instructors, eight 
 matrons, six physicians. 
 
 Southern University & Agricultural & Mechanical College, New Orleans. 
 
 The Constitutional Convention of the State of Lou- 
 isiana, in 1879. in its wisdom, established in the City of 
 New Orleans an institution to be devoted to the higher 
 education of persons of color, to be entitled the "South- 
 ern University." 
 
 The support of this institution was secured by consti- 
 tutional provisions, entitling it to an annual appropria- 
 tion for its current expenses by the State Legislature, 
 of not more than ten thousand dollars, nor less than five 
 thousand dollars. 
 
 At the session of the General Assembly of Louisiana, 
 in April, 1880, an act was passed "To establish in the 
 City of New Orleans a university for the education of 
 
 persons of color; and to provide for its proper govern- 
 ment." 
 
 On the 3rd of March, 1S81, the "Act of Incorporation 
 or Charter" was signed by I. N. Marks, George H. Fayer- 
 weather, S. D. Stockman, Edwin H. Fay, John J. Carter, 
 Robert H. Jones, J. B. Wilkinson, M. D., T. T. Allain, 
 Zebulon York, N. C. Blanchard, John S. Billieu, and W. 
 Sanders, as incorporators. The same body of men com- 
 posed the first Board of Trustees. 
 
 Although this charter was gotten out in March, 1881, 
 we find that the school was in existence half a year or 
 more previous to that date. For, on October 10th, 1880, 
 the Board of Trustees held a meeting and passed laws 
 
designating the proper officers of the faculty of the 
 school. And another meeting was held December 1st, 
 1880. 
 
 The school started in a very slow way at first and 
 continued at that pace for some years. 
 
 When the act was passed by the Legislature estab- 
 lishing the school, through some oversight, the idea 
 seemed not to occur to any one that a building would 
 be necessary in which this school should hold its daily 
 sessions. A building was essential. The Board of Trus- 
 tees did about the only thing it could do under the cir- 
 cumstances. Money annually appropriated to pay teach- 
 ers' salaries was applied to secure the first essential — 
 a school building, although a number of the teachers 
 had to be dispensed with. 
 
 A building was purchased on Calliope street, New 
 Orleans, and as much money as could be spared was 
 paid toward the same, while a mortgage was given on 
 the house for the rest. Annual payments were made 
 from the teachers' fund to liquidate this debt. But it 
 necessitated a lack of teachers and the holding back 
 of the school. 
 
 The first president of the school was one of its trus- 
 tees — Mr. George H. Payerweather (colored). He held 
 the office for one year. 
 
 President Fayerweather was succeeded by Dr. C. H. 
 Thompson, a colored Episcopal minister. He occupied 
 the position for one year also, when the Board of Trus- 
 tees concluded to apply to the trustees of Vanderbilt 
 University, Nashville, Tenn., for recommendation of one 
 of their graduates to take the position. Rev. J. H. Har- 
 rison, a graduate of the Vanderbilt University, took 
 charge of the university in the fall of 1883, as its presi- 
 dent. Professor 'Harrison possessed the intuitions and 
 correct training of the true teacher. The school made 
 a very decided advance under President Harrison's man- 
 agement. The Girls' Industrial Department and Chem- 
 
 ical and Physical Departments had their beginning under 
 his administration and direct promotion. The grade of 
 the school was generally raised. President Harrison 
 remained in charge three years and then resigned and 
 returned to Tennessee. 
 
 The next president of the school was Rev. George W. 
 Bothwell from northwest Ohio. Mr. Bothwell was elected 
 in 1886, and occupied the position of president of the 
 university just one year. 
 
 In 188C the school was moved from its quarters on 
 Calliope street to its present position on Soniat and 
 Magazine streets, permission having been previously 
 obtained from the Legislature to sell the school's inter- 
 est in the old quarters, and purchase a whole square of 
 ground in the then outskirts, on Soniat and Magazine 
 streets, and to build thereon the present, much more 
 commodious and suitable, substantially built, three- 
 story brick building. The money obtained from the sale 
 of the old building was applied as part payment for the 
 new. The Legislature also appropriated State warrants, 
 then at a considerable discount in the market, to assist 
 in paying for the new quarters. Only about $7,500 was 
 realized. A debt of $12,000 at 8 per cent interest was 
 left on the building and grounds. The debt was grad- 
 ually reduced to $9,000 by payment from the fund for 
 the salaries of the teachers. Last year it was reduced 
 to $8,000, and interest reduced to 6% per cent. The 
 grounds, however, in the meantime have appreciated in 
 value until they are now worth over three times their 
 original cost. 
 
 The Board of Trustees then, in 1887, elected as pres- 
 ident a native of Louisiana — H. A. Hill, the present In- 
 cumbent. 
 
 The greatest difficulty to overcome was the discipline 
 of the school, which is now equal, if not superior, to 
 that of any similar institution. 
 
 There were no graduates in the school before 1887. 
 
Since, including candidates for 1903, the total from all 
 departments is 253 graduations. The highest number 
 for one year, 40, is in 1903. 
 
 The university is divided into the following depart- 
 ments: 
 
 I. College. 
 
 II. Normal School. 
 
 III. High School (College Preparatory). 
 
 IV. Grammar School. 
 
 V. Department of Music. 
 
 VI. Industrial School, Girls' Industrial School, Agricul- 
 tural School, Mechanical School. 
 
 Arrangements have been effected with the officers of 
 the New Orleans public schools, by which those colored 
 pupils who complete the public school course are trans- 
 ferred to the grade of the university for which they 
 prove themselves prepared. 
 
 The Girls' Industrial School has trained hundreds of 
 girls in the use of the needle and machine, and in the 
 making of clothing and various other articles. It has 
 proven a success, is very popular with the students, and 
 is a department that reflects great credit on the pupils. 
 
 The work is regularly and systematically graded, be- 
 ginning with the plain and simple, and advancing to the 
 costly and intricate. The pupils furnish their own 
 materials. There are 153 girls in the department. Stu- 
 dents in this department are thoroughly instructed in 
 all manner of needle work, and in cutting and fitting. 
 Those pupils who complete a course in this department 
 receive a certificate stating the same. 
 
 Professor Millard F. Mithoff, a practical mechanic of 
 experience and reputation, was elected principal of the 
 Mechanical School. The studies embrace both the theory 
 and practice of mechanics. 
 
 A large and substantial building, 36 by 80 feet, two 
 stories high, for a mechanical building, was completed 
 on the grounds of the university. This building was 
 fitted up with work benches of the most improved pat- 
 
 34 
 
 tern (made in the building), a complete outfit of tools 
 for each bench and later on, a steam engine with shaft- 
 ing, pulleys, grindstones, turning lathes, band and scroll 
 saws, etc., all run by steam, was added. Fifty-three boys 
 are at present working in this department. A tin-shop 
 has been added which has 52 boys in training. 
 
 An excellent farm of over one hundred acres of tilla- 
 ble land has been purchased by the Governor with an 
 appropriation of eight thousand dollars made by the 
 Legislature of the State in 1895. It is in operation 
 near the upper suburbs of New Orleans, and fronting 
 on the Mississippi River. The place has been stocked 
 with teams and implements necessary for the cultiva- 
 tion of the various agricultural products of Louisiana. 
 
 Some dormitories for agricultural students and a room 
 for class exercises have been erected on the farm. The 
 farm is used, in connection with class recitations of 
 pupils of the university in agriculture and agricultural 
 chemistry, to systematically and scientifically cultivate 
 every important field and vegetable crop of Louisiana. 
 A few other crops are cultivated experimentally. The 
 pupils are taught theoretical, scientific farming in classes 
 and the result is shown in the practical application in 
 the fields. The soil is analyzed in the chemical labora- 
 tory of the university and its deficiencies supplied on 
 the farm. There have been erected on this farm hog- 
 yards and houses, poultry-yards and poultry-houses 
 which have been stocked with the best breeds. Water 
 piping has been laid over the grounds and a wind-mill 
 pumps the water. 
 
 A Dairy school was opened on the farm at the begin- 
 ning of the session of 189G-97, with a two-years' course 
 in dairying. Twenty-one graduates have gone out from 
 this department. 
 
 The university is supported by an" annual appropria- 
 tion by the State Legislature, supplemented by an ap- 
 propriation from the United States Government for the 
 Agricultural and Mechanical Department. 
 
Soule Commercial College and Literary Institute, New Orleans. 
 
 This institution was established in 185G by Geo. Soule, 
 who is still its president. 
 
 The new Soule College Building (erected 1903) is sit- 
 uated at the southwest corner of St. Charles and Lafay- 
 ette streets, opposite the City Hall, and overlooking the 
 beautiful Lafayette Square. It is owned and occupied 
 exclusively by Soule College for its own educational pur- 
 poses, and is a beautiful four-story building, constructed 
 of pressed colonial red brick, with white terra cotta 
 base, trimmings and ornamentation. 
 
 The style of the building is very imposing, and is con- 
 sidered by competent critics to be one of the most at- 
 tractive edifices in New Orleans. 
 
 The building is surmounted by a very ornamental 
 clock tower, which contains one of the most remarkable 
 clocks in the country. The main feature of the college 
 clock is a mechanical device that regulates the appear- 
 ance and disappearance, every half hour, of a life-size 
 automaton, dressed as a college student, with cap and 
 gown. This figure rings the large tubular bell or chime 
 every half hour, and it is this feature which makes the 
 clock one of the most novel time-pieces in the world. It 
 is provided with an illuminated dial. The clock tower 
 is crowned by the figure of a large owl, the bird of wis- 
 dom, in white terra cotta. 
 
 First Floor. 
 
 The entire lower floor is beautifully tiled with Italian 
 and Georgia marble, and marble wainscoting extends the 
 entire length of both entrance halls. The three rooms 
 on the right of the public entrance are reserved tor 
 the college offices, and embrace a general reception office, 
 president's office and private office. 
 
 Opposite the college offices, across the entrance hall. 
 
 are the ladies' reception room and ladies' lunch room. 
 A great deal of space has been allotted to the lady 
 students. Their needs and comforts have been most 
 carefully considered. 
 
 The Ladies' Lunch Room is amply provided with 
 chairs and tables and umbrella stands and separate cab- 
 inets for keeping lunch baskets. The ladies' reception 
 room, which overlooks the beautiful Lafayette Square, 
 is supplied with comfortable modern furniture. Reading 
 matter is provided and the ladies' reception room of 
 Soule College is the most pleasant and attractive room 
 of its kind in the city. 
 
 To the right of the gentlemen's entrance is the large 
 college stock room, containing the college publications, 
 book plates, and the stationery supplies for the college 
 store. 
 
 Opposite the stock room is a large and convenient 
 bicycle room, adjoining which is the boiler room, con- 
 taining a complete hot water heating plant. The gen- 
 tlemen's waiting room is located next to the stock room. 
 It is provided with book shelves and comfortable settees. 
 The men's lavatory is at the extreme end of the building 
 on the lower floor and is one of the most complete and 
 sanitary lavatories in the city. A special janitor is in 
 constant attendance to supply clean towels and soap to 
 the students. 
 
 Second Floor. 
 
 The second floor of the building is entirely reserved 
 for the Shorthand and the Typewriting Schools, and the 
 General Assembly hall. 
 
 The Shorthand School embraces five rooms, devoted 
 exclusively to shorthand instruction, and shorthand dic- 
 tation with accompanying lessons in English, etc. The 
 
Typewriting School has very convenient separate quar- 
 ters on the same floor. The shorthand and typewriting 
 grammar classes meet in the Assembly Hall. 
 
 This separation of rooms avoids all confusion, facili- 
 tates individual instruction, insures proper student clas- 
 sification, and thus guarantees the most rapid progress 
 to each student. 
 
 The Ladies' Hat and Cloak Room 
 
 is located on the second floor. The ladies lavatory is 
 also on the second floor, and is in charge of a maid, at 
 all hours. This convenience is much appreciated by the 
 ladies. 
 
 The General Assembly Hall 
 
 is very conveniently located on the second floor. It is 
 adequately equipped for all lecture purposes. Com- 
 fortable settees seat nearly 600 students, and the ele- 
 vated stage gives a good view of the lecturer at all 
 times. The acoustic properties are excellent. Large 
 cases contain valuable apparatus for illustrating lectures 
 on Commercial Law, Finance, Physiology, Phrenology, 
 Astronomy, etc. 
 
 Third Floor. 
 
 The third floor is occupied by the Advanced Commer- 
 cial Department, the Business Practice Department, the 
 Soule College Store, the Soule College Bank, and the 
 Wholesale, Real Estate and Insurance Offices known as 
 the Merchants' Exchange. 
 
 Between the Advanced Commercial Department and 
 the Business Practice Department, the Soule College 
 Store is located. This store constitutes the actual busi- 
 ness department, and students of the Commercial School 
 serve by turn in the store work. Actual goods and actual 
 cash are handled by the student bookkeepers and sales- 
 men. ' 
 
 Fourth Floor. 
 
 The fourth floor is devoted to the three English 
 schools and the Initiatory Bookkeeping Department. 
 
 The Initiatory Bookkeeping Department occupies the 
 first room, and includes the entire St. Charles street 
 frontage. The light and ventilation are perfect. Ad- 
 joining the Initiatory Commercial, is the Higher English 
 room. It is a very well arranged class room and is spe- 
 cially adapted to the grade of work done in the Higher 
 English School. 
 
 There is a large spare room next to the Higher Eng- 
 lish that is held in reserve for emergencies. On the op- 
 posite side of the hallway, the Academic and Interme- 
 diate Schools have most comfortable quarters. The 
 Intermediate English room is well supplied with modern 
 desks, recitation settees and blackboards. The Academic 
 School occupies the large room opposite the Interme- 
 diate English. It is fitted up with beautiful cherry 
 desks of the most approved style. 
 
 Soule College, as it exists to-day, comprises the fol- 
 lowing schools on the eclectic or graded plan, as may be 
 desired: 1. An Intermediate English School for stu- 
 dents from 9 to 12 years of age. 2. A Higher English 
 and Grammar School. 3. An Academic- or Secondary 
 School. 4. An English Night School for Working Boys. 
 5. A thoroughly appointed Shorthand and Typewriting 
 School. 0. A high grade full course Commercial School 
 with superior equipments, business offices, bank, store, 
 etc. All these schools have separate rooms and each 
 has a separate staff of faithful and efficient teachers. No 
 superficiality, no smattering and no cramming are al- 
 lowed in any school of Soule College. All known and 
 approved methods of developing the mind and of in- 
 creasing the energies and the potency of its faculties 
 are employed. 
 
Home Institute 
 
 The Home Institute of New Orleans, an English and 
 Classical School for Young Ladies and Children, is an 
 institution the present status of which is the outcome 
 of a steady and progressive development. 
 
 The first stage of the Home Institute was that of a 
 primary school. This school was founded by the present 
 principal of the Institute, Miss Sophie B. Wright, in 
 January, 1S82. 
 
 The primary school met with such steady and gener- 
 ous support as to warrant the establishment of a high 
 grade institution, and, accordingly, in 1889, the Home 
 Institute was incorporated under the laws of the State 
 of Louisiana, with power to award diplomas and to 
 confer degrees. 
 
 The success of the Home Institute is, in no small de- 
 gree, due to the fact that its basic purposes are laid 
 deep' in those principles which tend to the truest de- 
 velopment of womanly character. 
 
 That education is the truest and best which unfolds 
 the potential faculties of the child into an harmonious 
 perfection. In this ideal education, Christian influence 
 is an important factor, and therefore, one of the constant 
 purposes of the school is to weave this influence into 
 the character of the pupils. 
 
 The present high grade curriculum of the school is 
 the result of much care, thought and long and practical 
 
 experience. „.,**. u * *i 
 
 Arithmetic and Grammar are studied throughout the 
 
 entire course because experience has demonstrated the 
 
 fact that these essentials are too often neglected in 
 
 the high school grades. 
 
 French Latin, German and Spanish are taught as part 
 
 of the regular course, that is, no extra charge is made 
 
 for any or all of these languages. 
 
 of New Orleans. 
 
 The Art Course embraces a practical and thorough 
 study of Free Hand Drawing, Painting and Modeling. 
 Lectures are given on Composition, Prospective and 
 Artistic Anatomy. Students who so desire are prepared 
 for teaching and diplomas are awarded them. 
 
 Competent lecturers are engaged from time to time 
 ; to give "Studies from Shakespeare." 
 
 An important feature of the school is the Normal 
 Course, in which one year's tuition is offered free to 
 all graduates. This course offers advanced work for 
 those who desire to teach. Or if they so desire, grad- 
 uates may take a thorough business course, including 
 Bookkeeping, Stenography and Typewriting. 
 
 There are daily gymnastic exercises from which no 
 student can be excused unless by a physician's certifi- 
 cate. 
 
 In fact, the entire work of the school is based upon 
 practical principles and the wisdom of its methods has 
 been attested by gratifying results. 
 
 The boarding department is limited in order that the 
 spirit and influence of true home life may be combined 
 with proper discipline. 
 
 The majority of the Southern States are represented 
 upon the attendance roll and for several sessions past 
 boarding pupils have been entered from Mexico, Central 
 America and Cuba. 
 
 Another factor in the success of the school is the 
 personal contact, influence and association of the teach- 
 ers and the students. 
 
 Cordial co-operation, earnest sympathy and intellec- 
 tual companionship are the influences which are mutual 
 aids of the leaders and those who are led. 
 
 Class societies are an important feature in the school 
 life and they have been found to be the conservers of 
 
 37 
 
much of the loyalty which operates as a vital element 
 in the success of the institute. 
 
 The thorough and perfect discipline for which the 
 
 Home Institute is noted is, in no small measure, the 
 result of the inculcation of principles of self-control and 
 of upright conduct. 
 
 Ursuline Academy, New Orleans. 
 
 This establishment for the education of young ladies 
 ;s the most ancient in the United States, having been 
 founded in 1727, under the auspices of Louis XV, King 
 of France. 
 
 The brevet received from this monarch and many 
 other interesting documents, all bearing testimony to the 
 high esteem in which the community was held during 
 French and Spanish rule in Louisiana, are still preserved 
 in the archives of the Monastery. Even after the horrors 
 of the Revolution in France, the government of that 
 country failed not to recognize the good wrought by the 
 zeal of the Ursulines, in teaching the youth of all classes 
 how to become exemplary daughters, wives, and mothers. 
 
 In the years immediately following the Louisiana Pur- 
 chase, Presidents Jefferson and Madison addressed to 
 the Ursuline Ladies letters expressive of their apprecia- 
 tion and esteem. 
 
 While sacredly preserving the spirit of piety and zeal 
 which animated their venerable predecessors, and which 
 served to render them so successful in educating the 
 youth of Louisiana and the adjacent States, the Ursu- 
 line Ladies of the present day have deemed it their duty 
 to adopt the most approved methods of imparting knowl- 
 edge. 
 
 The new convent, to which the community removed 
 in 1824, is situated on an extensive plantation about two 
 miles below New Orleans. The establishment is so very 
 large, that many have affirmed that had they not visited 
 It, they could not have formed a just estimate of its 
 
 vastness, or of the various advantages it possesses for 
 educational purposes. 
 
 Course of Studies. 
 
 The programme of studies in this institution has been 
 modified as often as required, to correspond to the pro- 
 gress of the times and the demands of society. At pres- 
 ent it embraces French and English Grammar, Rhetoric, 
 Literature, Logic, Ancient and Modern History, Geog- 
 raphy, Astronomy, Arithmetic. Algebra, Geometry, Trig- 
 onometry and Bookkeeping, Physics, Botany, Geology, 
 Physiology and Chemistry. Lessons in Penmanship, 
 Reading and Elocution are daily given. 
 
 The Academy possesses a library containing over four 
 thousand volumes, philosophical and chemical appara- 
 tus, a telescope, a large assortment of the most improved 
 globes and maps, and a fine collection of minerals, etc., 
 etc. 
 
 N. B. — Among other advantages, the system of teach- 
 ing adopted offers the following peculiar one, viz: the 
 French and English languages both receive equal atten- 
 tion, being taught not only by theory, but by practice. 
 The recreation hours are alternately superintended by 
 American and French religieuses. and, during these 
 hours, the pupils are required to converse in the lan- 
 guage of the sister who presides. Consequently, the 
 young ladies who observe this point of their rule, and 
 follow the course of grammar and literature adopted in 
 the establishment, acquire a thorough knowledge of 
 
 * The Oldest School in the Louisiana Purchase. , 
 
 38 
 
"both languages, and speak them with fluency and ele- 
 gance. 
 
 Musical Department. 
 
 This department is conducted by competent professors, 
 whose pupils rarely, if ever, fail to attain a high degree 
 ■of proficiency both in the theory and practice of music. 
 Concerts are given from time to time, and, on these oc- 
 
 casions, all those who learn music are required to 
 execute the pieces indicated by their professors. 
 Drawing and Painting. 
 Special attention is given in the Art Course, which 
 embraces free-hand work from cast and nature; copying 
 in crayon, sepia and India ink from models representing 
 landscapes, fruits, flowers, etc. Pastel, oil and water- 
 color studies; oriental painting on satin, silk, etc. China 
 painting, etc. Gilding and firing done at the institution. 
 
 Holy Cross College, New Orleans. 
 
 This institution was opened in 1879, under the name 
 of "St. Isidore s College," and was chartered by an act 
 of the General Assembly of the State of Louisiana, June 
 20th, 1S90. It was then, and still continues to be, con- 
 ducted by the members of the "Congregation of the Holy 
 Cross," a community composed of Priests and Brothers, 
 who devote themselves to the education of young men 
 and boys, preparing them for the learned professions, 
 and for commercial pursuits. 
 
 In the year 1895 it was determined to begin the erec- 
 tion of new and more commodious buildings, and on the 
 8th of September,. 189C, the main building of the new 
 college was solemnly blessed by the Most Rev. Francis 
 Janssens, D. D., Archbishop of New Orleans, and the 
 name changed to "Holy Cross College" as being more 
 in keeping with the original charter of the Congregation. 
 
 The college buildings are within the limits of the 
 "Crescent City," situated on rising ground overlooking 
 the Mississippi, and while central, are retired, and un- 
 surpassed for health. The main building is new and 
 •complete in its appointments. The play grounds are 
 spacious and beautiful, the fragrant Magnolia and other 
 trees affording a grateful shade, while the refreshing 
 
 breezes from the Gulf are almost continually wafted 
 along the bosom of the "Father of Waters" rendering 
 this an ideal home for the student. Beyond the college 
 property are delightful promenades, extending along the 
 levee to the United States Barracks, about a mile distant, 
 thence to Jackson's Monument and the historic Chal- 
 mette, where was fought and won one of the most mem- 
 orable battles recorded in the annals of the world, and 
 commonly known as the "Battle of New Orleans." 
 
 The aim of the institution is to give its pupils a thor- 
 ough education. The system of education is practical, 
 calculated to form both the heart and the intellect of 
 the student. The regular courses comprise all that is 
 requisite for either a finished classical, literary or com- 
 mercial education. The program of studies has been 
 carefully graded, and the text books of the various 
 classes are by authors of acknowledged merit. The 
 right moulding of character, and the gradual develop- 
 ment of the mental and moral faculties need constant 
 and vigilant care, and the members of the Congregation 
 of Holy Cross have made this great task their life- 
 work. Experienced teachers are employed in the various 
 departments. 
 
 39 
 
Commercial Course. 
 
 Particular attention is given to the Commercial Course, 
 and when the character and needs of the country are 
 considered, it will appear the most practical and one of 
 the most important that an educational institution can 
 offer. 
 
 The routine of study in the course of Bookkeeping 
 embraces the following: Preparatory Instructions and 
 Definitions; Initiatory Sets by Double Entry, embracing 
 the Buying and Selling of Merchandise on Private Ac- 
 count; on Account of Others; Buying and Selling the 
 same on Joint Account; Importing and Exporting on 
 Private Account, on Account of Others, and on Account 
 
 ot Ourselves and Others in Company; Receiving and 
 Forwarding Merchandise, the Management and Settle- 
 ment of Executors' Accounts, Buying and Selling, Re- 
 mitting, Collecting. Discounting, Accepting and Paying 
 Bills of Exchange, Banking — Private and Joint Stock — 
 Steamboating, Railroading, Retailing by Double Entry, 
 Farming, Mechanics' Accounts. Particular attention is 
 paid to the explanation of the Law of Negotiable Paper. 
 
 Elementary Studies. 
 
 Students not prepared to enter the foregoing course, 
 are carefully instructed in Reading, Writing, Spelling, 
 the first principles in Arithmetic, Grammar, etc., until 
 they are able to follow a regular course. 
 
 Other Schools in the State. 
 
 In addition to the State institutions sketched above, 
 most of whom have exhibits at the World's Fair, there 
 are many private and denominational schools in the 
 State, each doing good work in proportion to its oppor- 
 tunities and facilities. There are a large number of 
 institutions conducted by the various Catholic orders, 
 such as the Jesuits, the Marists, the Sisters of the Sa- 
 cred Heart, the Dominicans, the Sisters of Notre Dame, 
 etc. The Protestant denominations conduct several in- 
 stitutions of good grade, notably Centenary College 
 (Methodist), at Jackson; Mt. Lebanon University (Bap- 
 tist) ; Silliman Collegiate Institute for Young Women 
 (Presbyterian), at Clinton; Louisiana Female College 
 (Baptist), at Keatchie. The State is well supplied with 
 higher institutions for the education of colored youth 
 of both sexes, there being in New Orleans alone four 
 Universities for them. In addition to the State institu- 
 
 tion, the Southern University and A. and M. College, 
 there are three others supported by their respective 
 churches: Straight University (Congregational), Le- 
 land University (Baptist), and New Orleans University 
 (Methodist). Several praiseworthy efforts at their in- 
 dustrial training are being made at various points in 
 the country districts. 
 
 There are several excellent private academies fitting 
 for colleges of the first grade, notably the University 
 School, Ferrell's Academy and Rugby Academy, in New 
 Orleans, and the !>ixon Academy, in Covington. 
 
 "Educational ir'rogress" is the watchword of the pres- 
 ent State administration, as it has been of those that 
 have immediately preceded it, and the advance that has 
 marked the past two decades will undoubtedly be accel- 
 erated in those to follow. 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 021 780 236 2 • 
 
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