Class _._. LA^AS- Book ^_^._l(b^_ GopyiightN" copypiGHT DEPosrr. A HISTORY Schools of C CHOOLS OF LJNCINNATI BV JOHN B. SHOTWELL CINCINNATI THE SCHOOL LIFE COMPANY 1902 TMfe LibRARY OF CONGRESS, Two Copies Received JAN ? 1903 Copyright Entry CLASS CLr XXo, No >^%%%^ COPY B, Copyrighted, 1902, John Erough Shotwell V V PRI]FACE. THE duty of a historian, says Lord Bacon, is "to represent the events themselves, together with the counsels, and to leave the observations and conclusions thereupon to the liberty and faculty of every man's judgment." Thus, it is claimed that Bacon throws the moral re- sponsibility upon the readers, not upon the writers, of history. This is a comfortable position for a writer to be in, and I cheerfully recommend that all writers assume it, for the burden of getting together hundreds of facts frorji all imaginable sources is responsibility enough for one person to carry. This volume was mostly written by myself ; contri- butions are easily recognized. Thanks are due many persons for assistance, notably. Howard Ayers, President of the University of Cincinnati ; John B. Peaslee, for- mer Superintendent c^f Schools ; John H. Brawley (photo of Charles McMicken ) ; and Judge Samuel F. Hunt. A"(9 errata is published. The errors found are cor- rected in the index. John B. Shotwell. Chiciuiiati, O., Dec, 1902. DEDICATED TO JULIUS FLEISCHMANN, MAYOR OF THE CITY OF CINCINNATI. CONTENTS. PagR. General Sketch 3 Board of Education 29 Superintendents — N. Guilford (60), Joseph Merrill {62), Andrew J. Rickoff(63), Isaac J. Allen (64 and 85), Lyman Harding (65), John Han- cock ( 65 ) 60 Superintendents — John B. Peaslee.. 68 " Isaac J. Allen 85 Emerson E. White 89 •' Richard G. Boone 97 Board of Examiners loi Walnut Hills High School 107 Sign School for the Deaf 113 Oral School for the Deaf 115 Hughes High School 122 Woodward High School 13:^ Domestic Science 153 'Woodward in the Civil War 157 Music in the Public Schools 166 Penmanship 171 Drawing Department 1 74 Cincinnati Museum Association 180 University of Cincinnati .. 186 Howard Ayers 200 The Observatory 206 Charles McMicken 210 Medical College of Ohio 22^ Ohio College of Dental Surgery 238 Contents. Page. The University Organization. 231 Asa Van Wornier 340 Technical School ■ 247 Cincinnati College and Its Law vSchool 251 Outings 266 Public Night »Schools : 369 Carnivals 278 Physical Culture 282 German Department 289 College of Journalism 310 Lane Theological Seminarv 312 .School Architecture 317 Hebrew Union College 329 Miami Medical College 334 Y. M. C. A. Law .School 339 Natural History Society 3z|6 Cuvier Club, Audubon .Society 351 Hay ward School of Elocution 354 Normal School 356 Agnostic Sunday School 361 Public Library 365 College of Music 369 and 468 Cincinnati Conservatory of Music 371 Ohio Militarv Institute 373 Eclectic Medical Institute 379 Laura Memorial Woman's Medical College 382 Ohio Mechanics Institute 387 Cincinnati College of Dental Surgery 392 Nelson Business College 397 Watters Business College 399 School Journals 401 Cincinnati College of Pharmacy 406 School Libraries 409 Contents. Principals Association 414 House of Refuse 419 Teachers Club ^2^ Bartholomew-Clifton School 431 Cincinnati Teachers Association 434 Mathesi? 4^6 Bible 442 Colored Schools 447 Aledals and Prizes 461 Fall Festival Parades 465 Colleg-e of Music /j68 Ehrgott Vocal School, Miss Satlers School 477 Calvin E. Sto'we's Report 481 College of Teachers 489 Wesley an Female College 491 Spanish- American War 1^00 Christine G. vSullivan tjo National Educational Association i^iS Early Chronicles c^z^ Ohio Conservatory of Music :;34 Institutions now Closed.. c^:^9 Miscellaneous c^c;i American Book Company. c:^6 H. Thane Miller School.. ^64 Franklin School :^66 Personal , ^()S Kindergartens [^86 New Citizens Educational League, etc c^oi Athletics c^grj Cincitmati Veterinary vJollege 604 INDEX ' ILLUSTRATIONS liii-c-tsro Aiken, Walter H. 170 A Albers, Dr. H. W. 536 Allen, Isaac J. S6 Allison, James 420 Allison, Robert. 88 Andrew, M. F. 527 Anderson, "VY. L. 503 Arnold, Brent. 205 Art Academy. 185 Art Museum. 181 Authors Grove. 69 Ayers, Howard. 203 B. Baily, Hezekiah B. 429 Bardes, Georg-e. 70 b Barney, H. H. 123 Bartholomew-Clifton School. 43 Benedict, W. R. 443 Bishop, J. Remsen. 108 Bloom, LaFayette. 270 Bloom, Simeon. 272 A Bode, August H. 273 Bolenbaugh, G. B. 64 A T5ooth, E. R. 248 Boone, R G. 100 Braam, Maximilian. 519 Braun, Geo. F. 154 Brandt, James M. 437 Brooks, Charles J. 533 Brown, Albert T. 300 Brown, Wm. K. 492 Brown, Mrs. McClellan. 493 Bundy, Wm. E. 292 Burns. Geo. AV. 426 Caldwell, John A. 20 Carnegie Library. 488 Cash, Denis F. Ill Champlin, Howard. 559 Chickering, J. B. 546 Church, John A. 298 Cincinnati Conservatory of Music. 372 Cincinnati College Building. 563 Cincinnati College of Dent. Surg. 394 Cincinnati Kindergarten Training School. 587 Cincinnati Wesleyan Female College. 495 (old); 496 (new) City Hall. 158 Clark, Peter H. 450 Cleveland, Harlan. 264 a Columbian School. 302 Comegys, C. G. 219 Conner, Dr. P. S. 553 Cook, Dr. Louis P. 605 Cooper, James. 169 Cormany, Jacob E. 5 Cornish, Louis A. 505 Cox, Benjamin H. 547 Coy, E. W. 125 D. Dabney. W. P. 503 Danziger, Henry. 285 Darby, Thomas H. 473 Davis, Wm. Henry. 413 Dearness, Fred W. 92 Dehner, John P. 410 DeHart, A. J. 452 Deppe, "W. P. 513 Dickson, W. L. 544 Disque. H. J. .561 De Witt, John D. 552 E. Eclectic Medical Institute. 380 Ehrgott, Oscar J. 478 Eichberg, Julius H. 408 Eighteenth District School. 427 Ellis, ^Vade H. 112 b Ely, Rev. John Hugh. 374 F. Falls, Dr. Wm. H. 12 a h'ennel, Chas. T. P. 407 Ferris, Howard. 342 Ferry, Francis. 607 Fick, H. H. 526 First District School. 439 Fisher, T\^m. Hubbell. 352 b Fleischmann, Julius. 156 Flinn, W. S. 114 Floral Parades. 466, 509-272 B Flowers. Montaville. 357 B'ogel, L. J. 34 Foraker, Joseph B. S3 Franklin School. The. 507 Frey, Theodore. 12 B G. Gaines, John I. 448 Garfield School. 360 Gault, W. P. 499 Giauque, Florien. 571 Glendale Public School. 64 b Glenn, James M. 172 Good, W. Rankin. 585 Gordon, Harry L. 467 Grossman, Louis. 396 Guilford, Nathan. 482 Gusweiler, Frank R. 501 H. Haarmeyer, H. J. 275 Hancock, Harris. 230 A Hancock, John. 484 Hanna, Henry. 217 Hanna Hall. 195 . Halstead, Murat. 311 Hannaford, Samuel. 318 Hartzell, W. F. 596 Harper, George W. 145 Harper, J. C. 118 Harding, Lyman. 66 Hauck, H. G. 17 Hauer, John S. 593 Hayward, Francis R. 355 Hays, George W. 507 Hebrew Union College. 331 Hefner, Edward. 445 Heintz, M. G. 14 Heizer, John A. 592 Henshaw, A. S. 600 Herholz, Alfred. 590 Herrmann, August. 94 Heywood, John C. 79 Hickenlooper, Andrew. 141 Hinkle, Thorton M. 260 Historical Society Room. 201 Hodges, N. T>. C. 366 Hoffman School. 322 Hoffman School Carriage. 509 Hoffman L. Fred'k. 480 Hoffheimer, Harry M. 529 Hosea, L. M. 490 Hopkins, William A. 524 House of Refuge. 421 Hughes High School, (new) 557 Hughes High School, (old) 127 Hunt, Charles J. 47 Hunt, Samuel F. 256 Hyndnian, J. G. 226 I. Ingalls, M. E. 183 Island Queen. 267 J. Jackson, George H. 540 James, F. B. 131 Johnson, Francis W. 456 A Johnson, A. B. 63 Johnson, Harry S. 58 Jones, Frank J. 193 Jones, Rankin D. 211 Junkermann, G. F. 167 Junkerman, G. S. 393 Kaefer, William. 520 Kemper, Caleb. 187 Kemper, James B. 162 King, Rufus. 236 Klein, W. J. 324 Knost, Herman. 290 Kuhn, Oscar W. 232 L. Lane Seminary. 313 Langdon, Dr. Frank W. 352 Laura Memorial College. 384 Law School. 264 Laycock, John H. 12 b Lewis, Samuel J. 505 Lindahl, Josua. 483 Lincoln Public School. 328 Logan, Samuel T. 438 Long, C. C. 30 Longworth, Nicholas. 112 A Luhn, J. Wm. 207 M. Madisonville High School. 133 Mallon, Guy. 26 Malsbary, Chas. F. 424 Mann, Jennie O'Keefe. 364 Mannheimer, Jennie. 471 Marcus, Dr. Joseph C. 12 A Martin, Isaac M. 402 Markbreit, Leopold. 475 Marvin, Dr. S., B. 515 Matthews, Alex. 423 Header, Joseph F. 403 Mechanics' Institute. 388 Medical College of Ohio. 225 Merrill, Joseph. 482 Miami Medical College. .337 Miller. H. Thane. 565 Miller. H. Thane (School). 564 Miller, Charles A. 417 Minning, Arthur C. 573 Mitchell, Dr. Giles S. 531 Mithoefer, H. H. 75 Moch, M. E. 262 Monfort, E. R. 105 Morgan, W. H. 315 Morris, R. Proome. 529 Moses, Joseph. 359 Myers. P. V. N. 221 Mt. Adams Public School. 595 McCallister, \Vm. 41 McClure, Henry B. 151 McDonald, Alex. 343 McFarlan, Frank G. 241 McL.aughlin, James W. 320 McLeish, John Lewin. 197 McMicken, Charles. 213 McMicken Homestead. 215 N. Natural History Society. 349 Nelson, Richard J. 398 Niederhelman, Fred'k E. 287 Nineteenth District Floral Parade. 509 Nlppert, Carl L. 11 O. Observatory. 209 - Ochiltree, R. M. 340 Ohio College of Dental Surgery. 230 Ohio Conservatory of Music. 5.35 Ohio Mechanics' Institute. 388 Ohio Military Institute. 376 Ohio Military Institute Co. A. 377 Oliver, John C. 335 Oral School. 116 Oyler, George T\^ 61 O'Hara, Joseph W. 23 O'Neil, W. J. 98 P. Parker, Jos. 569 Parham, W. H. 454 Peaslee, John B. 43 Phillips, Richard C. 498 Philipson, David. 333 Pitman, Benn. 352 A Pflueger, Theo. B. 149 Powell. James. 147 Prichard. Edward H. 279 R. Ravogli, Dr. A. 475 Ray, Dr, Joseph. 435 Rehm, Ernst. 53 Reed, Dr. C. A. L. 234 Remley, W. H. 415 Renner, Otto J. 103 Rendigs, Wm. 8 Rethnian, George. 582 Rickoff, A. J. 484 Riverside School. 281 Rogers, John C. 294 Rogers. W. P. 264 B Rothenberg, Louis. 45 Ruehrwein, Wm, 326 Rulison, Hiram. 49 Runyan. D. L. 462 .S. Sadler, L. L. 120 Sanders, Alan. 164 Sands, Geo. F. 516 Sawyer, Louis B. 529 Sayler, John R. 254 Schwaab, John. 25 Scudder, John K. 381 Senior, Edward. 386 Shay, Thos. F. 562 Shearer, John L. 390 Sherman School. 306 Sherman School Carriage. 272 B Sherwood, J. E. 486 Shotwell, John B. 405 Shuff, John L. 143 Siewers. Dr. Sarah M. 36 Siling, Wilmer L. 375 Sinton, David. 345 Sixteenth District School. 3."* Slate Work Arithmetic. 73 Slate Work Spelling. 77 Smedes, John M. 55 Smith, J. H. Chas. 15 Smith, H. A. 229 Smith, Amor Jr. 196 B Smith, Sam'l W. 578 Sparl^s, Charles S. 362 Spencer, Dr. J. R. 602 Spiegel, Fred. S. 412 Springer, Reuben R. 368 Sproull, W. O. 223 Stephen.s, Chas. H. 542 Sterling, W. S. 370 Stevenson, Prank W. 238 Strickland, W. S. 283 Struble, Stanley, 555 Strunk, Wm. 70 A St. Xavier College. 441 Sullivan, Christine G. 511 Surdo. Jos. 576 Swain, Chas. L. 575 Swing. P. E. 569 T. Taft, Alphonso. 199 Taff, Charles P. 277 Taft. Wm. H. 258 Tenth District School House. 522 Thirtieth District School. 81 Thorns, M. H. 196 A Toelke, Joseph H. 19 Trisler, Jno. R. 589 Trisler, Earl C. 517 Turrell, Isaac H. 160 Turrill, M. S. 444 Twenty-second District School. 245 Twenty-sixth District Floral Parade. 466 Twenty-seventh District School, 271 Twenty-eighth District School. 308 Twenty-third District School. 538 U. University of Cincinnati. ISO V. Vander Stucken, Prank. 469 Van Dyke, A. M. 139 Van Wormer Library. 191 Van Wormer, Asa. 243 Venable, Emerson. 598 Vogel, W. H. 175 Voorhes, O. P. 580 W. Wald, Gustavus H. 252 Walden, John M. 463 Walnut Hills High School. 109 Washburn, W. C. 178 Waters, Jabez M. 549 Walters, J. Harry. 400 Webster School. 71 Weidner, Jr., Chas. Frontispiece ^Veil, Samuel. 32 Wesleyan Female College. 495-6 White, Laura Heinrich. 304 White, Emerson E. 90 Whittier School. 250 ■\^^ilson, Francis E. 51 ■Wilkinson, E. W. 64 A Windsor Public School. 64 Withrow, Dr. John M. 383 Wise, Isaac M. 330 Woodward High School. 137 Woodward Homestead, The. 530 Y. Y. M. C. A. Building. 347 Youmans, Fred. M. 96 rowell, R. C. 176 Z. Ziegler, Carl. 584 Zoological Gardens. 268 Zumstein, Prank C. 296 Charles Weidner, Jr., President Board of Education, 1899-1902 A member since April, 1888. SCHOOLS OF CINCINNATI. CHAPTER I. {;e\'?:kai. sketch of system. \V. H. Morgan. THE idea of the free education of the masses at the expense of the public treasury is a genn of Anglo- Saxon conception. In the early settlers, this germ found swift and industrious husbandmen. This Western coun- try was an inyiting field for all movements and ideas which had for their purpose the eleyation and improye- ment of man's estate. As population increased, so did this idea strengthen ; and, as the settlers moyed west- ward, the spelling book and the arithmetic were the inseparable accompaniments of the rifle and the plow. The settlers of the Ohio Valley were no ordinary men. Many of them were heroes of the American Revo- lution which had so recently and successfully been con- coiicluded, and the women were the heroines of that time — the wives, sisters, and mothers of these same men. Under the ordinance of 1787, the Northwest Territory had just been opened for settlement, and, with the immortal provisions as to education, religion, and mor- ality, the people were deeply inspired. They were the " salt of the earth." It is no wonder then that, as soon as a community had been formed, steps were taken to organize churches and schools. The original efforts in these directions, especially of schools, although of the intensest nature, seem to us ex- (3) 4 vScnooLs ov Cincinnati. ceeding crude and primeval, but the desire and will were there. The settlers first "got up a purse," each con- tributing as he could. The very impecunious ones were relieved from any promise to pay. This collection was the beginning of the present school system and the impel- ling influence which caused our city to become eventually the first of the cities in the Northwest Territory, and the first to have a public school system. The spread of general education in the infant city kept pace with the general growth in population and trade, and, as each new family entered its gates, its members became imbued with the same impulses. In the first decade of the century there was organized the Cincinnati College, and this was the great agency in the encouragement of the better and broader training in intellectual pursuits. Among its promoters and projectors were Peyton Symmes, Daniel Gano, Melancthon Wade, Jacob Wheeler, Martin Baum, Dr. Daniel Drake, and Christ Zeigler. These men had been in the colony since its foundation. This organization continued in existence until 1850 and was a powerful influence in the promotion of those virtues which ^vere so conspicuously portrayed in the great ordinance of 1787. Among those who first came to the settlement was John Filson, a teacher who manifested his professional propensities by suggesting the name of Losantiville for the new metropolis. This man added to his pedagogical attainments those of surveyor and civil engineer, and one day, while in the wilderness (now near the corner of Seventh and Elm Streets), engaged in the then dan- gerous calling of laying out new additions or subdivi- sions, he was killed or carried away captive by the Indi- ans ; at least, such was the accepted explanation of a dis- appearance which has never been fully accounted for. This man was an early victim from the teachers' corps Genekai. Sketch of vSystem. 5 to savage cruelty. Tliis lamentable occurrence did not preclude the coming of the schoolmasters, ami by the second decade there were several schools. Jacob E. Cormanv, Vice-President Board of Education, 1899-1902. A member since April, 1880. About this time the settlement put (ni the dress of an incorporated city, with mayor and other municipal officers, and soon there were divisions and subdivisions, wards and districts, with an independent school in each 6 Schools of Cincinnati. section. General education, ho\vever, was in a chaotic state, and there was held just prior to this period, and partly under tne auspices of the Cincinnati College, for the encouragement of learning, a meeting of the College of Professional Teachers, which had recently been organ- ized. At this time the increasing population and import- ance of the State justified an agitation of the question of a general statute touching the passage of laws making provision for such general free education as the times demanded. This agitation continued for some time, and finally State Senators Nathan Guilford and Samuel Lewis, the pioneer heroes of Ohio schools, were successful in urging legislators to create such laws. The agitation resulted in 1835 in the passage of the common school law, which provided for Cincinnati a "Board of Trustees and Visitors," who, in conjunction with the City Council, should levy and collect taxes for school purposes. The title, "Board of Trustees and Visitors," remained until the year 1878, when "Board of Education" was sub- stituted as the official title. The Visitors and Trustees consisted at first of five men chosen by the city, and whose business it was to establish and maintain common schools, to be supported by public taxation. It was empowered to appoint six residents as a " Board of Examiners and Inspectors of Common Schools," whose duties were to examine and inspect such persons as desired to teach. At the first opening of the schools in 1828, there were required two buildings of two or three rooms each, and there were in all about 70 or 80 pupils. One of these buildings stood on the river bank just east of the present Front Street Pumping Works, and the school was Ji'c/>^ by two men, one Mr. Stephen Wheeler, who had previously lost his right arm, was a cousin of the late Principal W. B. General Sketch of vSystem. 7 Wheeler, and tlie other was Mr. J. F. Easterbrook. The second building was on Sycamore Street, near Fifth. The infant system grew apace, and soon another building was hired on Franklin vStreet, which afterwards became known as the First- District School ; then another on Congress Street was secured, where now stands the great liquor establishment of Mihalovitch, Fletcher & Co. To this was given the title Fourth District School ; then another on Fourth Street, west of Smith, which became known to the school boys of the day as the "Frogtown" School. Another was hired on Race Street, near Front, and was known as the Fifth District School. In the summer of 1S33, the first printed report of the schools appeared. The number of pupils enrolled was 1,900, and the city was divided into ten school districts, two in each ward. This report was signed by E. Hinman, Samuel W. Davies, and W. G. Pendleton. The amount expended for schools in 1833, of ■ which the report was made, was $7,778. (There were other reports made pre- vious to this report of 1833, but they did not appear in print and w^ere not preserved.) Of this amount ex- pended for the schools in that year, $175 was in premium books, and banners used in the great school procession of fune, 1833. This procession seems to have been a dem- onstration in behalf of the schools, to awaken and inspire enthusiasm. Thus it seems that every one at that early day was not in favor of public schools, and we of this day are not in full position to criticise, for this spirit is with us even now, and there are some who do not consider the public schools quite the place for their children. The course of study and books pursued at this time were embraced in the following, each member and local trustee being authorized to select such books and to make such course of study, as he deemed proper without reference 8 vSciIOOI-S OF ClXCIXXATI. to Other schools : Hall's School Companion, Fierpoint's National Reader, Rater's Arithmetic, Talbott's Primary Geotrraphy, Parley's First Book of History, Kirkham's English Grammar, Webster's Spelling Book and Alpha- l^et. The report of 1833 closes as follows : "The J^oard is free to state that the common schools of Cincinnati, although they have not yet realized all the anticipations of their en- lightened and patriotic founders, are by no means in a condition to warrant discoiu'agement or doubt as to their final destiny. Though planted in the soil lately rescued from the savage and among people gathered promis- cuously from every clime, these noble institutions are yet slowly but surely advancing toward the ac- complishment of all thev were destined to pro- mote, and will in due time, if properly fostered and sustained, contrib- ute their full share toward the general conviction, now happily attained, that universal intelligence is the only sure foinidation of liberty and virtue. (vSigned) Pkyton Symmks, George Graham, Jr., J. R. Bai.dridge, Henry B. Funk, Wm. S. Ridgei.ey." William Rendigs, Member Board of Education, 1887-92. President, 1890-92. (JKXKKAI, SkKTCH OK SvSTK.M. 9 We approacli now the second decade ot" the connnon schools, at whicli time the growing numbers and improved conditions made loud and strenuous demands for more and better accommodations, and during the next five years five or six new buildings were erected, as follows : Front Street, corner of Parsons ; Sycamore Street, near Fifth ; Congress Street, near Lawrence ; London (or Eighth) Street, near John; Race .Street, near Front; Franklin Street, near ALiin. These houses were located on the sites of the rented buildings. Each had four com- modious rooms, and were afterwards enlarged and improved by the additions of another story and the divi- sions of some of the larger rooms. One of these build- ings, the one on Front Street, remains, and as such tells the story of the second stage of school buildings in our city. In some of these the fire engines were housed, and when the city was visited by a conflagration the clanging of the bells in the cupolas put an end to learning and reciting and, in the pulling of the ropes and "run- ning with the machine," furnished amusement as well as work for the wanton school boy. The Trustees and Visitors were faithful to duty and gave diligent attention to the wants of the schools. With the construction of the six buildings above referred to, there came a quietus to such matters, and the intellectual wants of the schools absorbed most of the time and attention of the authorities. In 1837 the Board was changed, and new districts were formed, until in 1844 there were ten districts already organized, and in 1846 two additional buildings were erected, the Tenth District, on Vine Street near Thirteenth, and the Eleventh District, on Clinton Street. At this time the number of pupils had increased to about 7,000, with a daily attendance of about 4,000, and the number of teachers had increased lo Schools ok Cincinnati. from 28 ill 1834, to 76 in 1844, including one teacher of penmanship and one of music. The salaries of the teachers had been increased from a maximum of .$200 a year to a maximum of .|S40- The wisdom of the Board at this time was conspicuous in refusing to assign more than forty-five pupils to a teacher. There had been various amendments made to the school laws, some increasing the number of trustees, some affecting the studies to be pursued, some limiting and specifically prescribing the duties of the Board, and all rules and appropriations being subject to the action of the City Council. The course of study at this time em- braced what was to be found in the works of thirty-five different authors, and on subjects from the alphabet to Blair's Rhetoric, It covered more branches and a greater range of subjects than we now attempt in all grades through the first year of high school. Up to this time (1846) uniform work had never been suggested. If such thought had been in existence, it had not been made prominent. The same text-books were not used in all the schools, and each principal con- ducted his school in his own way, testing his own work and that of his assistants at such times and in such man- ner as he and his local trustees thought best. It occurred to some members of the Board of Trustees and Visitors, of whom there were now twenty, to make a general and uniform examination of the schools. Heretofore all for- mal examinations of pupils had been done orally by the trustees or principal. This plan consumed much time and put to a severe test the patience and devotion of the different trustees. The reports of these years contained the printed statements made by the various members touching the examinations, giving the name of the teacher in each school and his opinion of the work. LAKL L. XlFPKKI, Member Board of Education. Elected Lieutenant-Governor of Ohio, November, 1901. (n^ 12 Schools op' Cincinnati. The city at this time had a population of 45,000 to ^0,000 people, and it was fast assuming metropolitan airs. It soon began to be whispered about that a high school and superintendent were necessary. At the mention of these, some of our hitherto enthusiastic school men stood aghast and extended their hands in horror, but, like all such movements, there was a substratum of determination under them, which, whenever thei-e was any encourage- ment, came to the surface. Mr. William Hooper, who was president of the Board in 1847, in his annual report, says : " What is desirable is the establishment of a central school, to which the ambitious scholars from the senior class of every school might pass,*' etc., and as the duties of the Trustees and Visitors were becoming so exacting,_ he suggests, " The Board feel that they will not have discharged their dutv without bringing before you for consideration the propriety of appointing a superintend- ent of all the schools," etc. These were two radical and important measures and came to be fixed conditions very soon. The establish- ment of the high school came in the autumn of that year, and the appointment of a superintendent came two years later, when the Hon. Nathaniel Guilford w^as chosen for the office. This man and Samuel Lewis, previously referred to, were the moving spirits in securing legisla- tion in behalf of the schools. This year the number of teachers increased to loi, and the special committee of the schools consisted of William Goodman, Charles Bryant, William Hooper, Bellamy Storer, D. K. Cady, and John A. Warder ; and in the Board were such men as A. J. Pruden, Alfonso Taft, Rufus King, John Hirsch- berg, and William Greene. A new era now seemed to dawn upon the schools. After a long and serious controversy, a high school was (jen'ekal Sketch ok System. i _^ established (1847). It was organized in the basement of the German church on Wahiiit Street, near Ninth, with H. H. Barney as princiapl, and with 97 boys and girls as pupils. This school r'nnained in these quarters only three or four months, when it was removed to Center (or Longworth) Street, to a building leased by the Board of Education. (The Murdock Building, 120 Longworth, now occupies this site.) About three years thereafter the Woodward and Hughes bequests became effective, and the school was divided, one part being assigned to the old Woodward College Building, the other portion reinaining on Center Street until the Hughes Building was coinpleted. Up to 1895 the high schools ran in- dependently of the common schools and were not under the superintendent. The number of pupils by 1850 had increased to over 11,000, and the number of teachers to 124, including 2 teachers of penmanship, 3 of music, and i of drawing. Among the teachers employed at this time were I^. H. Edwards, Henry Peppelman, Obed Wilson, W. B. Wheeler, D. G. A. Davenport, A. J. Rickoff, Herman Schultz, Cyrus Knowlton, Charles Aiken, E. Locke, W. F. Hurlburt. Retracing our steps to the year 1840, we find the study of German introduced, but in a perfunctory and half-hearted way. At first two teacliers were engaged on this branch of work. In the third year there were four, and in 1849 the number had increased to eight, and the number of pupils to about 600. The men mostly in- terested in the introduction of this branch were Louis Weitzel and C. S. Kaufman. In 1851 , w^hen Superintend- ent Guilford assumed tlie duties of his office, a systeinatic educational scheme was adopted, and in his report for 1852 he outlines and presents the plan of work. The 14 ScirOOLS OK CiNCIXXATI. use of oral as well as ^vl■ittene xamination was referred to, and also tabular reports concerning the enrollment, attend- ance, absence, results of examination, the standing of the different schools in the various branches, the mmiber Michael G. Heintz, Member Board of Education, April, 1900-02. admitted to high school, etc., were presented. With great honor and usefulness Mr. Guilford continued his work until the spring of 1854, when he was succeeded by Andrew J. Rickoff, who afterwards became one of the most renowned of American school men, and now resides at Yonkers, New York. (Just as I finished the above (jhnkkal vSkkpcm ok Svstkm. sentence, a telejiTam was received, announcinjy the sudden demise of Mr. RickofF, in San Francisco, Cal.) In the summer of 1851 the agreement between the Trustees and Hug'hes Fund on the one part, and the Board of Education on the other, w^as consummated, and this ao^reement was continued until 1895, when authority was oriven to the difterent parties to amend it. The change referred to affected the rehitive numbers of members composing tlie Union Board. By it, the Board of Edu- cation was given seven out of fourteen mem- bers. Heretofore this Board had had but six out of thirteen. The high schools also were put under the super- \ ision of the Super- intendent of Schools, and such an amount of money was appro- priated by the Board of Education for the use of the Union Board as was deemed necessary, without further report to the Board of Education. In 1851 Dr. Joseph Ray was made principal of the Woodward School and continued as such until his death in 1855. Mr. H. H. Barney was made principal of Hughes and continued his position until elected State School Commissioner in 1854. From the division of the Central .School, each division pursued its onward and J. H. Charles Smith, Member Board of Education, 1882-84. l6 ScirOOI.S OF ClXCIXXATI. upward course for more than forty years, until another separation took phice (1895), when the Wahiut Hills High School District was formed. The organization of this school was necessary owing to the large and rapidly growing section of Walnut Hills and our eastern suburbs. The building is one of the most beautiful and substantial in the United States. In 1852 it became apparent that some new school buildings were required, as none had been erected during the previous five or six years. A lot on Piatt (now Bay- miller Street), near Hamilton Road (now McMicken Avenue), was purchased, and an eight-room house built and called the Fourteenth District. This house, now in- creased in size to 24 rooms, is occupied by the Fourth In- tennediate. Another lot was purchased on Findlay Street , west of Vine, and an eight-room house constructed and called the Thirteenth District. This building, which was opened and dedicated with much pomp and cere- mony, has been razed to the ground and replaced by one of modern proportions and architecture — the Webster. The old frame structure on Buckeye Street now presents itself as the ne-plus-iilti-a of school buildings. These 1852 rooms were about of the same pattern as those previously constructed, and were the last of this class of parallelogram buildings. In 1853 it was decided to try the experiment of the intermediate school — that is, a combination of the highest two grades of the district schools, taking them from four or more of these districts and combining them into one school, to be kno\vn as an "intermediate." In Decem- ber, 18^4, the new house on Baymiller Street having been completed, there were taken from the Eighth, Eleventh, and Twelfth Districts, 547 pupils, being from the upper Generai. Skktch ok vSvstkm. 17 ^Tildes just referred to of these scliools, and the First Intermediate School was thus organized. The pupils were divided into twelve classes, and certain teachers were assigned to the diflFerent classes in departmental work — one teacher having charge of history, another of geography, and another of arithmetic, etc. Thus was the organization of the intermediate or grammar school system, which has continued with some slight changes until this day. Other interme- diate schools were subsequently or- ganized, one on Ellen Street, one on Elm, and one on Race. It was thought that by combining these grades from the different schools the instruction could be provided at less expense, and the pupils would con- tinue in the schools for longer periods ; and, besides that, their association with larger num- bers of their own grade and standing would stimulate them to better and more successful work. We now have four schools of purely intermediate character, with an enrollment of over r-^1 Member Board of Education, April, 1900-02. i8 Schools ok Cincinnati. 4,000 scholars, and 2^ district schools, containing about 4,500 pupils in mixed grades. The propriety of continuing the purely intermediate schools is now receiv- ing some consideration. [In September, 1900, the Second Intermediate was closed as an intermediate and opened as a colony.] Annexation now engrossed the attention, and Mt. Auburn and Fulton were taken into the city, and tiie number of pupils was increased to 22,000, and teachers to 341, with an annual expenditure, for all purposes, of $291,000. The Fulton territory was annexed in 18"^=;; Storrs Township in 187 1 ; Cumminsville and Woodburn in 1872 ; Avondale, AVestwood, Linwood, Riverside, and Clifton in 1895. The Mt. Auburn ward added the school property on Southern Avenue, and the Fulton ward brought in several small properties of inconsiderate value. The present Seventeenth District Building was soon erected, and since then the Mt. Auburn edifice and the half-dozen new and modern building's in the East End. CHAPTER II. GENERAL SKETCH OF SYSTEM. IT has always been the policy of the Board to employ male principals for special supervision — men who have been assisted bv one or more male assistants, and as many lady teachers as the number of pupils would permit, allowing an average of 45 or 50 pupils to the teacher. Previous to 1870 there were six grades in the district and intermediate schools, beginning with the D Grade, the lowest ; and in this D Grade were included the pupils of Gk.\ki{AL .Sketch of vSvsikm. 19 I lie Hrst three ve;irs of school life. The highest grade in the district schools was denominated the A Grade of the district department, and there were two, sometimes three, grades in the intermediate department, called A, B, and C Grades. At one time the different grades were numbered according to tlie digital numbers, beginning w ith one and going up to eight. The question of salaries has always received attention, and they have not often been dis- turbed. The pres- ent salary schedule was fixed in 18O5, after a voluntarv re- duction of salaries, suggested by the teachers themselves four years previous. At the outbreak of th« Civil War many of the voung- er men in the schools enlisted. Those who did not, forined a military company and maintained this organi/.ati<^n until the fall of 1863, when they were mustered into service as Com- pany E, 138th Regiment, O. V. I. The Board of Education had always acted with great conservatism in its management of the schools, and in 187"^ the full control of levvincj taxes and takintjf care of Joseph H. Toelke, Member Board of Education, April, 1900-02. Schools ok Cincinnati. the school funds were confided to it, with no supervision by any other city board. The amount of the levy has always been limited by State statute. There has been great injustice done to the city of Cincinnati for many years, by reason of the fact that the pro- portion paid by our city to the State fund was largely in excess of what was dis- tributed to it from this general State fund, amounting for a great many years to betw^een $60,000 and $75,000. This surplus paid by the city of Cincinnati has gone to other parts of the State for the education of citizens of other counties than our own, and who are as well able to pay for the education of their children as the city of Cincinnati is to pay for hers. When this law was enacted some portions of our State were partially populated, and at that time there seemed to be justice in this general distribution of school funds ; but those con- ditions have passed, and there is no reason why the citi- zens of Cincinnati should pay for the education of the children in remote parts of the State. The law should be modified. [A part of Cincinnati school tax is still (1902) given to help the Cleveland schools. — Ed,] John A. Caldwell, Judge Court Common Pleas, 1902-07. An Ex-Teacher, 1876. Gknkkai. .Sketch of .Svstk.m. 21 During the four ye;irs of the Civil War, there was very little of special interest outside of the ordinary course of educational events, but these are always of special interest, and we enter the fifth decade of the history of the schools wdth increased numbers, increased expenses, higher ambitions, greater scholastic demands, and with greater expectations. Among the members of the Board during this decade were Dr. William B. Davis, James F. Irwin, Henry L. \Vehmer, L. W. Goss, W. J. O'Neill, David William, and J. P. Epply. Mr. Rickoff was succeeded as superintendent by Issac J. Allen, then a member of the Board of Education from the old Eighth Ward. Mr. Rickoff had laid strong and broad the foun- dation of a permanent school system. Ilis devt^tion, determination, and desire were of the most intense nature, and his strength of character and pedagogical acumen were the forerunners of success unequaled in common school annals, and they constituted the most salient features of many of the school systems of our country, copied from those of schools he had superintended and directed. The idea of a normal school originated with him, and, although it was not for ten years later that the scheme was consummated, under the auspices of the Board of Education, through a committee consisting of Messrs. A. D. May, Francis Ferry, H. L. Wehmer, Abner L. Frazier, and J. B. Powell, yet the wonderful influence of sufch an organization may be traced back through the decade to Mr. RickoiT's efforts. Superin- tendent Allen ser\ed until 1S62, when he was appointed by President Lincoln as a national representative of this country to the Chinese Empire, at Hong Kong, and in this capacity he gave brilliant and useful service to the nation. Lyman Harding, then a member of the Board of Education from the Fourteenth Ward, was next 22 vSciiooLs OF Cincinnati. chosen superintendent. He was re-elected annually until 1868. The subject of reading was a favorite one with him, and the principals and teachers of that day now- living will recall the impetus given to this very important subject by his persevering efforts in its behalf. Superin- tendent Harding was succeeded in 1868 by John Hancock, principal of the First Intermediate, with a record of twenty years' service. This year (186S) the Normal vSchool was opened with an attendance of about thirty. Miss S. D. Dugan was placed in charge as principal, and Miss E. M. Marion as assistant. Miss Dugan's relations with the schools were brief, as at the end of the year she married. Miss D. A, Lathrop was secured to succeed Miss Dugan, and there was an enrollment of 35 pupils. The course of instruction at this time covered one year. In 1873 the number of pupils had increased to 61, and, with an annual increase of more or less importance each year, the number at this time (1899) has nearly reached 200. In 1890 the length of the course of instruction was increased from one year to a year and a half, and additional in- struction was provided for, together with the German department. The public schools of the city have until the last year offered positions as teachers to all the gradu- ates of this school, until now from 75 to 80 per cent, of the teaching force is made up of the graduates of the Normal School. The Board of Education encourages the Normal School students to hope for employment, by a rule that, other qualifications being equal, our own pre- pared pupils shall have preference in the selection of teachers. The school has proved to be a " governor" in the regulation of professional preparation, and its influ- ence upon education in our city is far beyond computation and has abundantly proven the wisdom and good judg- ment of its promoters. Prominent among the members (teneual Sketch of Svsthm, of the Board of Education at this time were Colonel J^. ,S. Fisher, A. T- Rickoft", Christ Von Seggern, and Timothy J. Davis. John Hancock continued in ofHce until June ^a. 1874, and his administration was of a solid and substantial type, much after the same type as that of .Superintendent Rickoft'. There was a healthy and pure moral tone in- fused into the corps of teachers, and Mr. Hancock's hio;h moral character and rich experience were found per- meating the whole. John B. Peaslee was chosen to suc- ceed him. Mr. Peaslee continued in oilice for twelve vears, the longest period on record, and during this time there w^ere manv features es- tablished in the schools ; among them were the svs- teniatic prepara- tion of slate work, the cultivation of author study and literary gems, the celebration of Arbor Day and forestry stuily. Some of the most interesting events were the celebration of the annuallv returning seasons bv visits to, and tree planting in, our parks. Joseph W. O'IIara, Member Board of Education, April, 1890, September, 1899. 24 Schools of Cincinnati. About the time of Mr. Hancock's entrance to office, the question of the " Bible in the schools " came up again for discussion, and after much earnest and vigorous agitation it was, in the spring of 1869, decided to exclude the reading of the " Scriptures of the Old and New Testament " from the public schools of Cincinnati. The subject was not a new one, for nearly twenty years occasional breaks had occurred, but they never until this time could secure an opposition majority. The matter was carried to the State Supreme Court, and there the action of the Board of Education was upheld. During this decade there seemed very little to agitate the school men, save an occasional change in text-books or courses of study, in which matters our authorities have been con- servative and careful. The McGuffey Readers were in use for nearly fifty years, and the Ray Arithmetics for nearly the same length of time. No course of study has been entered upon solely because it appeared hiror and ric/i, but there has ever been a determination to pursue a steady, solid, and practical plan. It may seem a little odd, but during the last fifty years there has not been any increase in the number of studies pursued in our schools. The curriculum of the forties was as extensixe as at the present day, but I think the exactness and thoroughness w^ere not what they are at the present time. The subject of evening schools has always received attention, but they have had seasons of depression, alter- nating with those of enthusiasm. This subject, being fully treated of in another part of this work, will receive no more attention here. The Board of Education at this time was placed imder the operations of a new law. The old law, which pn^vided for two members from each ward, \vas repealed. (jKNfEKAL SKPrrCir OK v^^STKM. ;iiul a new one, in which proN i^ion was made tor one member from each ward and twelve members " at hirge,'" was enacted and went into et^'ect in the spring of 1880. The following named persons were the first ones chosen under this law: For three years, Sami\el Bailey, Jr., Dr. |. W. Vnderhill, \V. H. Morgan, E. Court Wil- liams; for two years, C Kieehler, M. Reynolds, Jr., John Straehley, Theo- dore llorstman; for one year, J. E. Cor- manv, Fred S. Spie- gel, Dr. W. \V. Daw- son, and Vincent Hess. The law continued in force until 1887, when it was declared uncon- stitutional, and was supplanted by a law which pro\'ided for one member from each ward, to be elected by the citizens of the vari - ous wards. In 1896 the present law was enacted, going into force April, 1897. A school for inifor- tunate (deaf) chikl- dren (previously sent to Columbus) was organized and placed in charge of Robert McGregor, in 1875, at the Second Intermediate, Ninth vStreet, near Main, with an attendance of about 35. Teaching the sign methods w^as followed until the year 1886, when the school for oral teaching of deaf was organized umlcr private auspices. John Schwaab, Memljer Board of Education, April, 1894-1902. 26 Scii(K)Ls (IK Cincinnati. In 1888 this oral school was absorbed by the Board of Education, and a division of the pupils in both schools was made. Since then there have been two schools for the deaf, one teaching the sign method, and the other the oral. For the last ten years the Legislature has made annual ap- propriations of ,$2,500 to $3,500 for the support of these schools, and at its last session a law Avas passed appropri- ating $150 per annum for each deaf mute in the school district. This provision, so wisely and op- portunely made, puts the school beyond perad- \'enture and guarantees work upon a higher plane of usefulness. The school has attained a national reputation, and other cities of our State have followed our example in thus making provisions for the deaf. The Board of Education for many years held the weekly meetings on Monday afternoons ; the time of the day was once changed to evening, and later the law was amended to require bi-weekly sessions until 1884. These sessions were held in the old City Building, on Eighth and Plum vStreets (the site of the present City Hall). Guy W. Mallon, Woodward Medal Winner, i^ Gexkkai. Skkicii ok Svstkm. 1"i vSiibsecjuentlv, when the Hoard of Education was em- powered to levy its own taxes and appropriate its tinuls without reference to the City Council, it was that this latter body fixed an amount which the Board of Edu- cation was required to pay to the Coimcil for the use of their quarters at the City l^uilding. In the meantime the new Public Library Building on Vine Street became the property of the Board of Education, and a comfortable and convenient room was foimd here. This was appropri- ated to educational purposes. There had been many places of meeting for the Board : In College Hall, after- wards in one of the school-houses, then in the Mechanics' Institute, at one time in the old Central School Building, then in the Eighth .Street City Hall. For sixtv years the Board has organized in the spring of each year by electing a president, clerk, and delegates to the Union Board. In 1886 Dr. Peaslee \vas succeeded in the superin- tendency by Dr. E. E. White, who has been a prominent educator in Ohio and Indiana, and for many years a noted figure in national educational institutes and other such assemblies. He was also author of several text- books, among them a series of arithmetics, which have liad a great circulation. Dr. White remained in the superintendency for three years. Among the changes made during this time was the system of promotion on the recommendation of the teacher, leaving out of consideration any reference to examinations. Previous to this arrangement the pupils were divided into classes, and the half of the pupils in each room wdio had attained the highest standing during the year in their several studies were promoted as honor pupils ; the other half were expected to stand an examination to test their knowledge and ability. During Dr. White's adminis- tration there also came a change in the vState statute 28 Schools of Cincinnati. toiicliing the management of the scliools. Before that time the teachers \vere appointed on the recommendation or nomination of the local trustees. By the conditions of the amended law all nominations of teachers are made by the superintendent, to be confirmed or rejected by the Board of Education. This law was again amended in 1S95, by modification of what is called the "Pension Law." Dr. White's term continued until 1889, when he was succeeded by the writer. The latest and crowning provision relating to teach- ers, and thus indirectly to the pupils, is that referring to the perpetuity of the teachers' tenure of olfice and the financial arrangement touching those who have taught out the days of their usefulness and who, from approach- ing age or mental or bodily infirmities, are compelled to relinquish their places to those who, by reason of youth or greater mental or physical vigor, are better qualified for public service. These conditions justify our school authorities in making very exacting the preparation for the teacher's profession, and should insure the truest, most vigorous, and earnest workers in this field of municipal economy. There is also furnished a stimulus to make the best preparation for the teacher's work, encouraged by the hope of protection when the profession's " dead line " is crossed, and the period of unproductiveness is reached. Those who enter the work no\v are assured of their con- tinued employment, if success justifies it. [Superinten- dent Morgan was stricken with paralysis Monday evening. May 22, 1899, at exactly 9.10, while he was in the act of addressing the Board of Education. He was lead to his private office, and later removed to the City Hospital. At 3.15 Saturday afternoon, January 6, 1900, he died at his home on Price Hill. In August he resigned the suoerintendency, and Richard G. Boone was elected to Gexehai. .Skktcii ok System. 29 succeed him on September 5th. Mr. Morgan was a strong man politically. He was a Republican, and his wife was a sister of Asa S. Bushnell, then Governor of Ohio. Dr. Boone's administration will be treated of later,] CHAPTER HI. BOARD OF EDUCATION. Jacoli E. Cormany. IN no department of public affairs is the progressive spirit of a people more conspicuously shown than in their public school system. When we look upon our fine school buildings, the best in this line that the architect and builder can furnish, and consider the splendid educational opportunities offered to even the poorest child, we feel a justifiable pride. Few, however, stop to think of the humble beginnings and the constant struggle against obstacles that the friends of education have been obliged to maintain in order that the schools might keep their place in the march of progress. The history of the school board is a record of these struggles and of the means by which the steady advance- ment of the cause of education has been insured ; for it is the school board that secures fimds, divides the city into districts, selects sites for school buildings, attends to the building and furnishing of the latter, appoints jani- tors, selects subjects and arranges courses of study, chooses text-books, elects the Board of Examiners, con- firins teachers, fixes salaries, and makes rules for the .Schools ok Cixcixnati. management of the schools. In fact, there is no detail of school building or of school administration that is not controlled by rules made by the Board of Education. The name " Board of Education " was given to the body in 1868. From the establishment of the schools in 1829 until 1868, the directing body was known as " The Board of Trustees and Visitors." This Board consisted of one member from eacii ward, elected for one year. In 1845 the term of office was length- ened to two years. For twenty years after the establish- ment of the public schools, there was no superintendent, the Trustees taking upon themselves a large part of the work afterward as- sumed by the super- intendent. Thev visited and inspect- ed the schools per- sonally, giving gen- erously of their time to what they considered the du- ties of their office. In those early days the Trustees labored under many disheartening conditions. Although working zealously to enlarge the usefulness of the public schools, they wei^e handicapped by an insufficiencv of funds. A report of 1831 tells us that " manv of the schools were poorly C. C. Long, Ex-Frincipal Eighth District, Author of " Language Lessons," Etc. iiOAKI) OK EdI'CAIIOX. 3I lighted and situated in imhealthful localities, and con- sequently were patronized by those only who iiad not tiie means to study elsewhere." It was the Board of Trustees and X'isitors that de- \ ised and carried out plans to arouse public interest in the cause of education, and thus to secure funds to carry out their project. One of the most noteworthy means of enlisting public attention was the annual examination ot pupils. The Trustees invited to these examinations public men, teachers from other States, members of the press, and relatives and friends of those to be examined. In 1833 these exercises terminated in a street procession ot the girls and boys who had participated in the examina- tions. The greatest enthusiasm pre\'ailed throughout the city, and within the year a model school house was built, and within two years the remaining nine districts of the city boasted of like structures. The attendance rapidly increased, the schools be- came more popular, and the citizens more determined to make the public schools a feature of thecity. As a result the Board became a more important body, and the nimiber of members from each ward was increased to two. The schools, in 1840, gained a wider popularity by the establishment of a German Department in certain schools and bv the opening of night schools. In 1841 the emplovment of special teachers of penmanship was authorized. The public examinations continued to be an attractive feature, as the following from the annual report of 1844 will show : " The recent public examination of the schools was well attended, both bv the ofhcers of the respective boards and bv the citizens generally ; indeed, some of the rcH)ms were so crowded, especial Iv at the ^2 Schools of Cixcixxati concluding exercises of each day, that persons desirous of being present were exchided for want of room." In 184c; the term of otEce of each member was lengthened to two years. The growth of the s^chools Samuel Weil, Jr., Member Board of Education, April, 1886, October 31, 1892. multiplying, the duties and responsibilities of the IJoard lead to the election, in 1850, of a Superintendent of Schools. The responsibilities of the Board were increased in Board of Education. 33 i85i,when they were empowered to elect six of tlieir tiuniber to the Union Board of High Schools. [In 1853 the school hiw of Ohio was amended, making provision for school libraries at public cost. A tax of one-tenth of a mill on the dollar was levied for this purpose. On December 18, 1854, President Rufus King, of the Board of Education, had adopted a resolution that there should be but one school library in Cincinnati, and that it should be kept in the building in which the sessions of the School Board were held. In 1856 1,500 volumes were purchased by Mr. King and Mr. II. H. Barney and placed in the third floor of the old Central High School Building on Longworth Street. The School Board had its sessions in a room upstairs in the same building. May 28, 1855, J. A. Caldwell was elected clerk of the School Board and public librarian. He is still living (1902). In 1867 the name of the library was changed to the Public Library of Cincinnati, and it was governed by a Board of Managers chosen mainly by the Board of Trustees and Visitors. — Ed.] In 1880 a law was passed making the Board to consist of one member from each ward, term of ofHce two years, and twelve members at large, elected four for one year, and four for two years, and four for three vears. This law continued in force until February, 1887, when it was repealed and a new law enacted, making the Board to consist of one member from each ward, term of office two years. In 1897 ^^^^ present law went into effect; this provides for the election of one member from each ward, terni of office three years. Considering the magnitude of the work accomplished by the Board that have had charge of the schools, it is not surprising to find on the list of members the names of some of the best citizens of Cincinnati. From the foun- 34 Schools of Cincinnati. dation of the schools in 1829, successful business men, doctors, lawyers, and politicians, prominent in city and State affairs, have been proud to be identified with the schools, and members of the Board have lent their best energies to promoting the cause of popular education. It is a noteworthy fact that these services have always been given without recompense ; that, while other muni- cipal boards receive salaries, members of the Board of Education take time from their regular occupations to serve the public without pay. April 24, 1894, the State passed a law giving women a voice in school affairs on equal terms with men. The first city election under this law was April, 1897, when 5,144 women voted, and one ran for member of the Board of Edu- cation in the 14th Ward. This lady. Miss Anna Laws, was defeated by 92 votes, her op- ponent having a total of i ,018. Miss Laws was indorsed by the Democratic Party. Her opponent was a Republican. In 1900 two women were candidates. Dr. Sarah M. vSiewers in the 17th Ward, and LilLie Wuest in the 19th; both were defeated. A strange feature in Miss Wuest's case is that, while she received 636 votes, only 32 women turned out to vote. The failure of the women to make a showing has had a depressing effect upon those who favor women suffrage. It is held to be conclusive evidence Dr. L. J. FoGEL, Member Board of Educa- tion, April, 1893- 1900; Union Board, 1898- 1900. l^oAKD OF Education, 35 thitt women as a class do not care to exercise the rights of full citizenship. The following table shows the vote cast by w^omen for members of the Board of Education : i&,7. UK». i.S,,7. upo. April 5. April 2. April 5. April 2. 1 407 ^5 n 86 193 y -23 447 18 42 3 7 16 19 20 3-' 4 575 189 20 457 85 S 16 H 2 1 71 316 6 151 34 22 127 ^9 7 119 1-3 -3 171 41 8 96 64 -4 136 63 9 75 18 ^^ 396 53 lO 104 69 26 -'3^ 95 1 1 69 10 -7 136 ^5 13 63 43 28 54 43 13 82 170 29 196 lOI H 174 20 30 ^55 106 IS ^45 509 31 84 41 16 399 126 Total Loss. \ 1897. / 1900. 5^H4 3^170 1,974 Again, in 1897 over 7,000 women registered to vote, but over 2,000 failed to come out on election day. Election officers say that many women refused to answer questions put to them respecting age, nativity, marriage, etc, and they predict that future elections will not see many women out. 36 Schools ok Cincinnati. Dr. Sarah M. Siewers, in discussing the vote cast, says " The fact that so few women voted does not prove indifference. It simply shows that voting for one trustee every third year does not make it worth while. It is a noted fact that men took no interest in school elections Dr. Sarah M. Siewers, Independent Candidate for Board of Education, 17th Ward, April 2, 1900. when these took place on a separate day. The time of voting had to be changed to secure a vote. If our trustees were elected at large, as they should be, instead of one from each ward, a capable woman could easily be elected, Bdaki) ok Education. 37 and women would have more incentive to register and vote. In many wards there is no choice, perhaps a can- didate on only one ticket, or a choice between two inferior candidates, in which case women have refused to vote for either. What women want is the full ballot. They will be satisfied with nothing less. This is the only way to secure equal pay for equal work, as was demonstrated in Colorado. There the spectacle is not seen, of men principals drawing $1,900 a year, while women teachers receive $400 and .$500 for hard work. A city that pays its primarv teachers from .$400 to ifiyoo a year should not pay the principals more than $1,000 per annum. Many teachers and other working women fear to declare their wish for the ballot, lest they may be dismissed ; and their fears are not unfounded. Then, many women have hus- bands who object, and nothing less than full citizenship would protect these wives in the exercise of their rights. The women who registered and voted were of the best and niost intelligent in the city. When they are fully enfranchised, they will gradually draw the best men back into politics, instead of leaving the management of public affairs to the lowest strata of society." [For an account of the Union Board of High Schools and of the Colored Board of Education, see the respective chapters on those subjects. — Ed.] CHAPTER IV. BOARD OF KDUCATION MEMBERS. THE Board of Education records of early times are very meager. In fact, they are very hard to under- stand, owing to their brevity. The following is the only 38 Schools of Cincinnati. statement of the first meeting, as recorded in the official minute book at the City Hall : MINUTES OF THE TRUSTEES AND VISITORS OF THE COMMON SCHOOLS OF CINCINNATI. A meeting of the Board of Trustees and Visitors was held at the house of N. Guilford on the day of July, 1829, when the Board proceeded to the appointment of a Board of Examiners and Inspectors of Common Schools, according to the provisions of the statute, when the Rev. Timothy Flint and Mr. Lewis Howell were appointed to serve for the term of three years, Henry Starr and Calvin Washburn were appointed to serve two years, Bellamy Storer and Enos Woodruff to serve one year. After which the Board adjourned. N. Guilford, Chairman. It will be noticed that Mr. Guilford neglected to date the meeting, but as the next meeting is dated July 'jth the first date is not hard to approximate. On July 14th Mr. (juilford, who was a lawyer, was made secretary of the Board, and O. M. Spencer chairman (president). 1829. The Board members were : ist Ward, Oliver M. Spencer; 2d, Nathan Guilford; 3d, Moses Brooks; 4th, Calvin Fletcher; 5th, David Root. The second Board meeting was held in the office of Mr. Spencer, who seemed to have served as president up to April, 1832, when Nathan Guilford succeeded him. At the time the Board organized, the city had five wards. There seems (1830) to have been 16 different schools, with an enrollment of 2,103, '^"^ daily attendance of 1,558. There were 22 teachers, with 70 pupils to each. Wood and coal were used for fuel. One of the first acts of the Board was to appoint a committee to draw up rules to regulate the schools, and Board of Education Members. 39 on February 8, 1830, Mr. Guilford reported tlie following code for adoption (the council chamber was now the meeting place) : HULKS TO HE OHSERVKD IN THE COMMON SCHOOL.S. I. The scholars must all keep their hands, faces, and clothes cleaned. Sixteenth District School House, Southern Avenue, Mt. Auburn; erected 1892; cost, $84,870; 24 rooms, seats 1,350 pupils ; John C. Heywood, Principal; Charles Weidner, Jr., Trustee. 2. They must not stop to play or loiter on the way going to or coming from school. 3. While in school they must obey their teachers and the rules of the schools. 4. They must make no unnecessary noise. 5. Must attend closely to their studies. 6. Must not study aloud. 4© Schools of Cincinnati. 7. Must not talk or whisper to each other. 8. Must not leave their seats without permission. 9. Must always speak the truth. 10. Must not quarrel or injure each other. 11. Must not use profane or indecent language. 12. Must be polite and respectful in their conduct to every one. One hundred copies of the above were ordered printed and distributed in the schools. In pages to follow is a roster of Board of Trustees and Visitors. The lists were made up from the official records and are valuable, showing, as they do, .several things, viz. : Places of meetings, wards of the city, number of members, names of distinguished citizens, etc. In fact, it would be hard to find a more interesting list of names. Many illustrious families of to-day are represented, and some of their descendants are still in public life. Bellamy Storer, minister to Madrid, is a son of Bellamy Storer mentioned above ; Col. Jeptha Garrard is a son of Jeptha D. Garrard; Dr. Victor Ray is a grandson of Dr. Joseph Ray ; and so the list might be continued indefinitely. April, 1830. ist Ward, O. M. Spencer; 2d, Nathan Guilford; 3d, Moses Brooks; 4th, Wm. Oliver; 5th, Jeptha D. Garrard. April, 1831. ist Ward, O. M. Spencer; 2d, Nathan Guilford; 3d, Elisha Bingham, vice John F. Keys, resigned; 4th, Calvin Fletcher, vice Dr. Wm. S. Ridgeley, resigned ; 5th, Jeptha D. Garrard. April, 1832. ist Ward, John Jones, vice Samuel Lewis, resigned ; 2d, George Graham, Jr., vice Nathan Guilford, resigned ; Board of EnircATioN Memheks. 3d, Ennion Singer; 4th, Dr. Win. Mulford ; 5th, Wm. R. Morris. Nathan Guilford resigned on July 9th. He had been president of the Board since April. Messrs. Guilford and Lewis, the fathers of the public school system, seemed to be in sympathy with each other in all things. Mr. Lewis resigned December loth. Apr 11., 1833. ist Ward, Henry B. Funk, vice Wm. Neff, resigned ; 3d, George Graham, Jr. ; 3d, Peyton iS. Symmes ; 4th, Dr. W. S. Ridgeley, vice Dr. Wm. Mul- ford, resigned ; 5th, James R. Bald- ridge, vice James Challen, resigned. (Peyton S. Symmes president). William Neff was the uncle of Peter Rudolph Neff and William Howard Neff, of the College of Music. William McCallister, Member Board of Education, April, 1893, April, 1899. April, 1834. ist Ward, Henry B. Funk ; 2d, George Graham, Jr. ; 3d, Peyton S. Symmes; 4th, Wm. S. Ridgeley ; 5th, James R. Baldridge. (P. S. Symmes, president.) 42 Schools of Cincinnati, July i, 1835. (note the change in month of organization.) ist Ward, Elam P. Langdon ; 2d, Dr. Wm. Wood, vice Marcus Smith, resigned; 3d, Peyton S. Symmes ; 4th, James R. Baldridge ; 5th, George Graham, Jr. (Mr. Symmes is still president.) July 5, 1836. ist Ward, Salmon P. Chase (who later became Chief Justice of the United States) ; 2d, Dr. Wm. Wood, vice Wm. Green, resigned; 3d, Peyton S. Symmes; 4th, W. H. McCracken ; 5th, George Graham, Jr. (Mr. Symmes, president.) July 5, 1837. The law had been amended, giving two members froni each ward, as follows : ist Ward, Elam P. Langdon, Allison Owens ; 2d, Dr. Wm. Wood, Nathan Guilford ; 3d, Peyton S. Symmes, John Howard; 4th, Wm. H. McCracken, E. Singer; 5th, Thomas 1. Matthews, vice George Graham, Jr., S. S. L'Hommedieu, vice Oliver Lowell, resigned. (P. S. Svmmes was president). July 5, 1838. (note that two more wards are added.) ist, 2d, and 3d Wards remain the same; 4th Ward, E. Singer, Mark P. Taylor; 5th, Thomas I. Matthews; 6th, John P. Foote, R. De Charms; 7th, Nathaniel Holley, Wm. L. Hodgson. (Elam P. Langdon elected president.) July 3, 1839. ist Ward, Allison Owens, Elam P. Langdon; ;2d, Wm. Wood, Win. S. Ridgeley ; 3d, P. S. Symmes, Benj. John B. Peaslee, Elected Superintendent of Schools June 15, 1874. Served from July I, 1874, to August 15, 1886, longest term on record. u,v) 44 ScHooi.s OF Cincinnati. F. Bedginer ; 4th, Daniel F, Meader, James H. Looker; 5th, Thomas I. Matthews, George Graham ; 6th, Joseph Bonsall, John P. Foote ; 7th, Nathaniel Holley, Wm. L. Hodgson. (Mr. Langdon, president.) July 3, 1840. ist Ward, Elam P. Langdon, D. C. Cassat ; 2d, Ebenezer Hinman, Wm. E. White; ^^d, E. Singer, Stephen Wheeler; 4th, Daniel F. Meader, T. E. Mason ; 5th, Albert Pickett, Thurston Crane; 6th, James H. Perkins, Joseph Bonsall; 7th, Nathaniel Holley, E. S. Williams. (Mr. Langdon, president.) July 6, 1841 . ist Ward, Elam P. Langdon, Gardner Lathrop ; id, Erastus Poor, Wm. E. White ; _:^d, Peyton S. Symmes, Edward D. Mansfield; 4th, Daniel F. Meader, Wm. Mulford ; 5th, D. K. Cady, Thurston Crane ; 6th, James H. Perkins, John C. Vaughn; 7th, E. S. Williams, E. C. Roll. (Mr. Langdon, president.) July 5, 1842. Minutes defective. Members apparently were : Samuel Morrison, Erastus Poor, P. S. Symmes, D. K. Cady, D. T. Snelbaker, James H. Perkins, Joseph Bonsall, E. S. Williams, and Messrs. Roll, Meader, White, Lathrop, Mansfield, Mulford — 14 in all, showing seven wards. (James H. Perkins, president.) July i, 1843. (now there are nine wards.) ist Ward, Samuel Morrison, Edward D. Mansfield; 2d, Erastus Poor, W. E. White; 3d, P. S. Symmes. Daniel H. Morton ; 4th, John D. Thorpe, Dr. Wm. Mulford; 5th, Dr. Frederick Rolker, D. K. Cady ; 6th, Board of Education Members. 45 Wm. Goodman, Chas. Cist; 7th, Wm. Phillips, S. W. Smith; 8th, vS. B. Halley, I. Dillingham; 9th, Dr. Joseph Ray. (Joseph Ray, president.) July 2, 1844. ist Ward, E. D. Mansfield, vSamuel Morrison ; 2d, Erastus Poor, Wm. E. White; 3d, P. S. Symmes, S. Startsman ; 4th, Dr. Wm. Mulford, John D. Thorpe; 5th, David K. Cady, Dr. F. Rolker; 6th, Wm. (iaodman; 7th. Silas Smith, Wm. Rankin ; 8th, Samuel B. Halley, Wm. B. Moores; 9th, G. Lathrop, Dr. Joseph Ray. (Dr. Ray, president.) July 7, 1845. ((^NE moke \\ akd, AND MEMBERS HERE- AFTER TO BE ELECTED FOR TWO YEARS.) I St Ward, Wm. Phillips, Jr., 2 yrs.. Dr. John A. Warder, i yr. ; 2d, Erastus Poor, P. S. Symmes, 2 yrs., . R. Baldridge, 2 yrs.. Louis Rothenberg, Principal Fifteenth District School, 1 886 1902. 2 yrs., Wm. Hooper, i yr. ; 3d, Samuel Startsman, i yr. ; 4th, James Gilmore, i yr. ; 5th, David K. Cady, 2 yrs., Benj Dennis, i yr. ; 6th, Wm. Goodman, 2 yrs. , Chas. S. Bryant, 1 yr, ; 7th, Wm. Rankin, 2 yrs. ; 8th, John M. Bradstreet, 2 yrs., James Dunlap, i yr. ; 9th, Dr. Joseph Ray, 2 yrs.. 46 Schools of Cincinnati. R. K. Cox, I yi'- ; loth, B. I. Irwin, z yi's., Stephen Molitor, I yr. (Dr. Ray, president.) July 7, 1846. ist Ward, John A. Warder, 2 yrs., Wm. Phillips, Jr., 1 yr. ; 2d, Wm. Hooper, 2 yrs., Erastus Poor, i yr. ; 3d, Thomas G. Schaeffer, 2 yrs., P. S. Symmes, i yr. ; 4th, George A. Peters, 2 yrs., J. R. Baldridge, i yr. ; 5th, Bellamy Storer, 2 yrs., D. K. Cady, i yr. ; 6th, Chas. S. Bryant, 2 yrs., Wm. Goodman, i yr. ; 7th, Arthur Hill, 2 yrs., Wm. Rankin, i yr. ; 8th, A. L. Bushnell, 2 yrs., John W. Bradstreet, i yr. ; 9th, Gardner Lathrop, 2 yrs. (vice H. W. Borchalt, resigned) , Joseph Ray, i yr. ; loth, Lewis Weitzel, 2 yrs., B. I. Irwin, i yr. ^r. Ray was elected president, August 31st, after a contest that started in July. October 20th he resigned from the Board on account of a proposed re-adoption of his books and a revision in the course of study. Wm. Hooper succeeded him as president. A complete list of the Trustees and Visitors would disclose some interesting facts. For example, Jeptha D. Garrard married a daughter of Israel Ludlow, while Salmon P. Chase, who entered the Board in 1836, married a grand-daughter of the same man. George Graham, Jr., bf the Board of 1832, and later dates, was a noted scientist. He early identified himself with students of natural history, and his picture can be seen to-day in the Society rooms, 312 Broadway. When La Fayette visited this city in 1825, the administering of the Masonic obligation devolved upon Mr. Graham. Peyton S. Symmes, who appears in 1833, was a brother of Captain John Cleves Symmes, of "Symmes Hole" fame, and son of Timothy Symmes. He was on the Board many years, and was president from 1833 to 1838. HoAHi) OF Ediication Membehs. 47 Symmes is said to have been a very critical man, and on one occasion was examining a portrait, as he supposed, for the benefit of the artist, when the figure sneezed. He is described as a curious old man, who walked about with his pockets full of leadpencils and papers that he was constantly consult- Elam P. Lang- don was a wealthy man, who lived at Sixth and Syca- more. He founded tlie Langdon fami- lies of this city. He was president of the Board 1838- 1842. John P. Foote ( 1838) wrote a his- tory, "■ vSchools of Cincinnati." Ed- ward D. Mansfield was an editor and lecturer. He wrote several books on Ohio history and was one of the learned men of the city. In 1843 Charles Cist, the local historian, became a member of the Board, and in 1843 Dr. Joseph Ray's name first appears. He was at once elected president, and his influence seems to have been very great. S. S. L'Hom- medieu (1837) was a noted man. Charles j. Hunt, Winner Woodward Mathematical (Ray) Medal, 1877. 48 Schools of Cincinnati. Dr. John A. Warder ( 1845) was a physician and scien- tist. He loved forestry and botany, and had a national reputation. He ^finally moved to a farm at North Bend, O., w^here he spent his time in cultivating trees and his favorite plants. Reuben H. Warder, ex-superintendent of parks, is a son. In 1845 William Hooper, the capitalist, was a member. He was president in 1847. Judge Bellamy Storer came in as a member in 1846. It is said of O. M. Spencer that he was one of the best men ever on the Superior Court Bench. The Spencer house, Front and Broadway, was named after him. Following will be a partial list of prominent Board members, showing when they began to serve : July 6, 1848, Cyrus Davenport, John »S. Powers, .Stephen Molitor. Molitor was editor of the \^olks Blatt. (Molitor Street gets its name here.) Bellamy vStorer was first elected president this year. July 10, 1849, Robert W. Burnet, Jonathan Cilley. Mr. Storer again president. July 2, 1850 (eleven wards), B. vStorer, president ; John Schiff, Christian Ziegler. Mr. Ziegler is still living here (1903) and is the oldest survivor of the Board of Trustees and Visitors. He was born in Germany. At the age of 13 became to this country, and while on the way an incident occurred that is worthy of publication . The vessel became disabled in the English Channel and put in at Plymouth, England, for repairs. Various persons visited her on sightseeing excursions, and one day Mr. Ziegler said to his son : "My boy, do you see that little girl.?" pointing to a visitor who was accompanied by a gentleman. ■ "Yes," came the reply. Board of Education Members. 49 "Well, take a good look at her. vShe may someday be queen of England." It was the youthful Victoria, and in later years Mr. Ziegler discovered that his birthday was the same as hers. July I, 1851, Bellamy vStorer, president (16 wards) ; Hiram Rulison, Member Board of Education, April, 1883, to April, 1887. Rufus King, probably the most noted man ever on the Board (he was from the 3d Ward) ; Charles Anderson, who became governor of Ohio ; James Cooper, deputy sheriff, superintendent of water works, etc, (uncle of the compiler of this book) ; John Schiff, noted man. [4] 50 vScHOOLs OF Cincinnati. July 6, 1853, Rufiis Kin<^, president; C. B. Aspin- wall ; Dr. David Judkins, father of the late Chas. P. Judkins and of Dr. William Judkins. July 5, 1853, Rufus King, president ; Joseph Herron, principal of Herron's Seminary, a very learned man, father of Dr. Thomas G. Herron; John Horton, Joseph Burgoyne, Dr. John Davis, Rev. W. P. Stratton. July 3, 1854, Rufus King, president; Thomas Mc- Lean, a noted squire ; John C. Wright, celebrated school man and educator ; Absolem Death ; Lyman Harding who had a private school, and who became superintendent of schools. July 3, 1855, Rufus King, president (17 wards, 34 members) ; Dr. W. B. Davis, brother of Dr. John Davis and fathet of Dr. Clark W. Davis, health officer of city, 1902; W. M. Hubbell; W. H. Harrison, wholesale druggist and brother of L. B. Harrison, president First National Bank; F. H. Rowekamp ; Dr. C. G. Comegys, the noted physician and father of Attorney Charles G. Comegys. July I, 1856, Rufus King, president; John W. Herron, the attorney; Judge Charles P. James; Charles G. Broadwell ; John W. Dale, still (1902) treasurer of The Robert Clark Company. August 11, 1856, the minutes state: "The Board met for the first time in their neat and commodious session room on the first floor of The Ohio Mechanics Institute." The room vacated was in the Central High School Building, 53 Center (Longworth) Street. July 7, 1857, Rufus King, president ; Isaac J. Allen, elected superintendent of schools August 23, 1858; H. Thane Miller, founder of a noted school for girls ; James F. Irwin. Board ok EniTCATiox Mp:mrkks. July 6, 1858, Rufus Kinj4-, presitlent ; tl. Lackinaii ; Christ. Von Seggern, still living (1902); James M. Doherty. July 5, 1859, Rufus King, president; the late Dr. C P. Brent; Lemuel H. Sargent; C. F. Wilstach (Wilstach Street). July 3, i860, Rufus King, presi- dent ; Max Lilien- thal, rabbi ; Dr. J. M. Scudder, founder Eclectic Medical In- stitute. July 2. 1 86 1, Rufus King, presi- dent ; Her m a n Eckel, an editor; John J. Hooker; Lyman Harding, a member of the Board, elected su- perintendent. July 1, 1 862, Ru- fus King, president. July 7, 1863, Rufus King, presi- dent ; Colonel S. S. Fisher. July 5, 1864, Rufus King, president; Andrew J. Rickot^'; Robert Allison; Thomas J. Melish ; Jabez M. Waters. July 4, 1865, Andrew J. Rickotl", president; Bishop y. M. Walden. Salary of Lyman Harding, as superin- tendent, raised from .$1,730 to $8 per day. 18 wards. Francis E. Wilsox, Principal Windsor School 1888-89. Founder" Public School Journal." 53 vScHOOLS OF Cincinnati. July 3, 1866, S. S. Fisher, president; E. P. Brad- street. July 2, 1867, S. S. Fisher, president. Hot contest for superintendency. A. J. Rickoff elected, but on July 23d he declined to serve. That evening the salary was raised to $3,500. Eight or ten meetings were held, and on September the 9th John Hancock was elected to the office. July 7, 1868, vS. S. Fisher, president. John Hancock re-elected superintendent by acclamation. Name " Board of Education" first used. July 6, 1869, H. L. Wehmer, president ; W. J. O'Neil, Joseph P. Carberry, S. A. Miller, the geologist (Mr. Miller is really the man who threw the Bible out of the schools) ; J. F. Wisnevvski, father of Edward Wis- newski, manager of the Cincinnati Enquirer ; Thomas Vickers, the librarian. (20 wards, making 40 members. ) July 5, 1870, Francis Ferry, president; S. S. Davis, later mayor of city ; D. J. MuUaney ; Howard Douglass ; Rev. A. D. Mayo; W. vS. .Scarborough. (24 wards, 48 members.) July 4, 1871, J. M. Waters, president; Gustav Tafel, mayor, 1897-1900; Wm. Strunk ; L. W. Goss. Clerk W. F. Hulbert resigned, and B. O. M. DeBeck succeeded him. July 2, 1872, L. W. Goss, president; Chester W. Merrill, later elected librarian ; Moses F. Wilson ; Chas. H. Stephens. July I, 1873, L. W. Goss, president. (25 wards, 50 members. ) April 20, 1874 (note change in time of organization) , L. W. Goss, president. June 15th John B. Peaslee was elected superintendent on the fourteenth ballot, after exciting contest. BoAKi) OK Education Memhkks. 53 April 19, 1875, W. j. O'Neil, president; Chas. W. Whiteley ; Drausin Wulsin ; Benj. H. Cox; John Frey, manager Dennison House. April 17, 1076, W. J. O'Neil, president; Dr. W. H. Mussey; Dr. J. W. Underhill ; W. H. Morgan, late superintendent ; Robert J. Morgan, of U. S. Playing Card Co. April 16, 1877, A. C. vSands, presi- dent. April 15, 1878, A. C. Sands presi- dent ; Samuel Bailey, Jr. ; Fred Raine, late county auditor ; Theo- dore liorstman (aged 21), corporation counsel, head of Fu- sion movement, 1894, as candidate for may- or ; Gideon C. Wilson, county solicitor, 1902. • April 21, 1879, Dr. W. H. Mussey, president ; Charles A. Miller, late county treasurer; Thos. F. Shay; Dr. W. H. Falls ; J. H. Rendigs ; Major Jacob A. Remley, father of W. H. Remley, principal Twenty- eighth District School. April 19, 1880, Dr. J. W. Underhill, president. Board has 37 members, 12 elected at large, and i from each of the 25 wards. E. Cort Williams ; John Straehley ; Jacob E. Cormany ; Fred S. Spiegel, now a judge. Ernst Rehm, Member Board of Education, April, 1889, December 10, 1894. 54 l^oAKi) OK Education. April i8, 1881, J. W. Underbill, president; H. P. Boyden, city auditor, 1897-1900; B. F. Ehrman ; G. R. Wahle, postmaster ; George Eniig. April 17, 18S3, Howard Douglass, president; Thomas E. Matthews, brother of Alex Matthews, a member in 1902; H. J. Buntin ; Robert (t. Stevenson, clerk. April 16, 1883, Howard Douglass, president ; W. A. Hopkins, assistant public librarian (1902); J D. Wells. April 21, 1884, John F. McCarthy, president; H. H. Mithoefer; August Herrmann; August H. Bode; H. M. Rulison ; John P. Dehner ; George O. Deckebach. April 20, 1885, (jeorge Emig, president; L. M. Hadden ; .Samuel Weil, Jr. April 19, 1886, L. L. vSadler, president ; Lee R. Keck; ^Vm. Ruehrwein, superintendent Work House, 1902; B. Bettman, collector U. vS. Internal Revenue, 1902. Superintendents to be elected at first meeting in May, to take office second meeting in August. Dr. E. E. White elected May 24th; Wm. (xrautman, assistant clerk. April 18, 1887 (members at large abolished), L. L. .Sadler, president; Wm. Rendigs ; J. M. Robinson. 25 members, (jeorge R. (yriffiths elected clerk. He died October i, 1900. April 16, 1888 (30 wards, 30 members), L. M. Hadden, president; Chas. Weidner, Jr., president, 1899- 1903; F. W. Hartzell ; Herman Knost. W. C. Ziegler elected clerk to superintendent of schools December 3d. April 15, 1889, L. M. Hadden, president; Ernst Rehm; A. L. Herrlinger. May 6th W. H. Morgan elected superintendent; took office August 1st. Board ok Education Members. 55 April 7, 1890, Wm. Rendigs, president; Phillip Renner; Jos.O'Haru; Oscar Kuhn, president University Board (1902). April 20, 1891, Wm. Rendigs, president; Dr. H. W. Albers; J. C. Harper; Joseph Parker. April 18, 1892, A. L. Herrlinger, president; E. R. Monfort, postmas- ter (1902). April 17, 1893, A. L. Herrlinger, president; John Grimm, Jr. ; Wm. McCallister; Geo. Friedlein; Dr. L. J. Fogel. April 16, 1894, A. L. Herrlinger, president; Alex Matthews; John Schwaab ; J. O. Woodward. April 15, 1895, A. L. Herrlinger, president. April 20, 1896, E. R. Monfort, president; Dr. J. C. Culbertson. (31 wards.) April 19, 1897, E. R. Monfort, president ; Theo. A, Frey; L. E. Keller; Aug. Meltzer ; George Rethman : Thomas J. Whalen. April 18, 1898, Captain E. R. Monfort, president. John Marshall Smeades, Chairman Business Men's Club Committee on Education. 56 Schools of Cincinnati. April 17, 1899, Charles Weidner, Jr., president; Dr. B, F. Lyle ; Dr. S. B. Marvin ; Nicholas Long- worth ; J. G. O'Connell. Superintendent W. H. Mor- gan resigned August 14th, to take effect September 15th; retired September 5th, and R. G. Boone elected at once. April 16, 1900-2, Charles Weidner, Jr., president. ROLL OF MEMBERS. Election April 2, 1900, for three years (April 16, 1903). Ward. Member. I John G. O'Connell, attorney-at-law. 3 Dr. Felix G. Cross, insurance agent. 3 Jos. II. Toelke, saloonist. 4 F. W. Hartzel, agent. 5 S. B. Marvin, physician, druggist. 6 Theo. A. Frey, superintendent, chemist. 7 H. G. Hauck, attorney-at-law. 8 J. I. Bonar, physician, vice P. D. Spaeth. 9 H. W. Albers, physician. 10 John Grimm, Jr., agent. 11 George Friedlein, clerk to city auditor. 12 Wm. Fahrenbruck, insurance. 13 Chas. A. Stammel, physician, druggist. 14 Wm. J. Klein, attorney-at-law. 15 M. G. Heintz, attorney-at-law. 16 J. M. Robinson, manufacturer. 17 Jos. C. Marcus, physician. 18 Dr. J. C. Culbertson, editor Lancet-Clinic. 19 Joseph J. Parker, grocer and saloonist. 20 Dr. C. W. Cullen, J. W. Moffatt, E. D. Bolger. 2\ George Rethman, clerk. 22 Alex Matthews, manufacturer. 23 August Meltzer, collector. 24 J. E. Cormany, deputy sheriff. Board of Education Mkmbers. 57 Ward. Member. -:i Louis E. Keller, hardware dealer. 26 John Schwaab, attorney-at-law. 27 Chas, Weidner, Jr., clerk Court Common Fleas. 28 Fred. H. Ballman, manufacturer. 29 B, F. Lyle, physician. 30 Geo. H. Morris, foundryman. 31 Louis J. Dauner, vice C. L. Nippert, resigned. OFF"ICERS of the BOARD IN I903. Chas. Weidner, Jr., president; Jacob E. Cormany, vice-president; VVm. Grautman, clerk, third floor, City Hall; Fred AL }Iolder, assistant clerk, third floor, City Hall. Office of the Board, southeast rooms on third floor of City Hall, Eighth and Plum Streets ; telephone 263. OFFICERS OF THE SCHOOLS. R. G. Boone, superintendent of schools; F. B. Dyer, H. H. Fick, assistants, offices third floor. City Hall, extreme southeast rooms ; Henry Klein, superintendent of buildings, office 910 Main Street; Wm. C. Ziegler, clerk superintendent of schools, office third floor. City Hall ; A. B. Clement, truant officer, office third floor. City Hall. The following are the eighteen regular standing committees : Auditing, 3; boundaries, transfers, and hygiene, 3 ; buildings and repairs. 5 ; course of study, text-books, and apparatus, 5; deaf-mute school, 3; discipline and morals, 5 ; funds and claims, 5 ; furniture and supplies, 5 ; german department, 5 ; heating, fixtures, and fuel, 5 ; law, 3 ; lots, 3 ; night schools, 5 ; normal school and Teachers' Institute, 3 ; printing, 3 ; rules and regulations, 3; special teachers, 3; teachers and salaries, 5. 58 Schools of Cincinnati. The Board meets every two weeks, on Monday evenings at 8 o'clock. Committees usually meet in the afternoon at 4. Bill days occur once a month, and the Fridays following bill days are pay days for teachers, clerks, etc. The Board organizes on Monday afternoons Harry S. Johnson, Hughes Class, 1887; Superintendent Central Union Depot. at 3, previous to the regular meeting of that evening. Organization day is usually a gala affair. Board members receiving flowers and presents from friends and constit- uents. At the meeting of April 16, 1900, the session Board of Education Members. 59 room, City Hall, was crowded to suffocation with admir- ing friends of the Board members, while the desks of the members were completely covered with great bouquets. The clerk administers the oath of office to the president, who in turn swears in the other officers. Formerly the mavor officiated at organizations. PRESIDENTS. )uly, 1829 (one meeting), X. Guilford (chairman.) April, 1829, April, 1832, Oliver M. Spencer. April, 1832, July 9th, Nathan Guilford. July 9, 1832, July 5, 1838, Peyton S. Symmes. |uly 5, 1838, Julv 6, 1842, Elam P. Langdon. July 6, 1842, July I, 1843, James H. Perkins. July I, 1843, October 20, 1846, Joseph Ray. October 20, 1846, July 6, 1848, William Hooper. July 6, 1848. July 6, 1852, Bellamy Storer. July 6, 1852, July 4, 1865, Rufus King. July 4, 1865, July 3, 1866, Andrew J. Rickoff. July 3, 1866, July 6, 1869, vS. vS. Fisher. July 6, 1869, July 5, 1870, H. L. Wehmer July 5, 1870, July 4, 1871, Francis Ferry. July 4, 187 1, July 2. 1872, J. M. Waters, July 2, 1872, April 19, 1875, Len W. Goss. Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr 19, 1875, April ]6, 1877, Wm. J. O'Neil. 16, 1877, April 21, 1879, A. C. vSands. 21, 1879, April 19, 1880, Dr. W. H. Mussey. 19, 1880, April 17, 1882, Dr. J. W. Underbill. 17, 1882, April 21, 1884, Howard Douglass. 21, 1884, April 30, 1885, John F. McCarthy. 20, 1885, April 19, 1886, George Emig. 19, ]886, April 16, 1888, L. L. Sadler, 16, 1888, April 7, 1890, L. M. Hadden. 7, 1890, April 18, 1892, William Rendigs. 6o Schools of Cincinnati. April i8, 1892, April 20, 1896, A. L, Herrlinger. April 20, 1896, April 17, 1899, E, R. Monfort. April 17, 1899, April, 1902, Chas. Weidner. (Note. — The date 1902 under pictures, and in the foregoing, means that the parties are still in office at -writing.) CHAPTER V. SUPERINTENDENTS. CINCINNATI has had ten superintendents of public schools, only one of whom came directly from the teachers' ranks. This one was John B. Peaslee. He was a principal when elected. The rest had taught school some, a few had taught in this city, and six of the ten had been members of the Board of Education. The act of March 23, 1850 (a special act) , authorized the election of a superintendent of public schools by popular vote, and Nathan Guilford was chosen the first Monday in April. He took hold the week of the 24th following, and served to June 30, 1852, when Dr. Joseph Merrill succeeded him. Dr. Merrill had been elected by the people at the polls. He is described as a "good fellow " who knew considerable about the schools. In President Storer's annual i-eport of June 30, 1850, is the following : "At the spring election Nathan Guilford, Esq., was chosen superintendent of the common schools. The law under which he was appointed was passed by the last legislature, and the Board was authorized to prescribe his duties and provide for his salary. His salary has been SUPKRINTENDENTS. 6 1 fixed at -$Soo per annum. Though Mr. Guilford has been but a short time in office, he has visited all the schools," etc. That Mr. Guilford had some contest with his Board is apparent, but what it was cannot be learned from the minutes, which are strangely silent, although they commend Mr. Guilford for his scholarship, success, etc. On July 5, 1H53, is recorded the follow- ing : " An applica- tion of Nathan Guil- ford, to be appointed s u ji e r i n t e n d e n t o t common schools, was read and filed." Mr. Guilford seems to have had modern ideas on edu- cation. In his annual report of June 30. 1853, he says : "No one can visit a school in which the teacher has the art, tact, and force of character to govern without the rod, and witness the love and confidence existing between the teacher and pupils, and the beautiful order and progress in their studies, without being convinced of the infinite superiority of this kind of government. I am happy to say that we have many instructors of this kind in our schools. Such teachers should, if possible, be retained and well paid, and all such as find it necessary to have frequent recourse to the rod and, like so many petty GEuRtiK W. OVLER, Ex-Principal, after Whom the George W. Oyler School Was Named. 62 Schools of Cincinnati. tyrants, can govern only by brute force, should be dis- missed as having wholly mistaken their profession." Mr. Guilford was born in Massachusetts, 1786. He graduated from Yale in 181 2, and began the practice of law in Cincinnati in 1816. He published a letter on free education, urging an ad valorem tax ( 1823) , which was published by the General Assembly in 1823-4. ^^ ^^^ elected to the State Senate for the express purpose of having enacted a law providing for means of education (1824). This law provided for half a mill on taxable property and was passed by the Senate January 26, 1825, by a vote of 28 to 8, and passed House February ist by vote of 48 to 24, April 20, 1852, Joseph Merrill notified the Board that he had been elected and qualified as superintendent of common schools and was ready to begin service. The matter was referred to a committee, wliich reported a week later as follows : " The law creating the office of superintendent has no provision fixing the time when his term of office shall commence. Your committee recommends that the official term of office shall commence annually on the first day of July, and terminate the end of one year thereafter." This was adopted. The schools were opened the first Monday in August. One year sufficed for Dr. Merrill, who seems to have received $600 for his services, or ^c,o less than principals. Mr. Merrill was born in Rocking- ham County, New Hampshire, the same county John B. Peaslee was born in. The legislature of 1853 gave the Trustees and V^isitors the power to appoint their superintendent, and on October nth following Henry A. Barnard, of Hartford, Ct., was elected ; but on December 37th of the same year he wrote a letter declining the position, owing Superintendents. probably to tlie smiill salary. vSalaries were not very hifrh at this time. VV. B. Wheeler was a principal at .$65 per month. John Hancock was an assistant at $35 per month. Women teachers received as low as $16 per month, and most (rot only $20 to $25. H. II. Harney, principal of Hughes, received .$125. For some months the siiperintendency was vacant. April II, 1853, Mr. Rickoff had resigned the principalship of the Sixth District School, to enter private busi- ness. (He was suc- ceeded by John Han- cock.) The Board tendered him the va- cancy, but he declined until the salary had been fixed at $1,200, when he accepted. This was March 6, 1854. Mr. Guilford was a candidate that night, and was nomi- nated, receivinga few votes. In a few months Mr. Rickoff 's salary was raised to $1,500 per annum. He served to June 30, 1858, when he declined re-election. No election could be made at once, but on August 23, 1858, Mr. Speer nominated for superintendent Lyman Harding and H. H. Barney; Mr. Milfer nomi- nated Isaac J. Allen ; Dr. W. B. Davis nominated Cyrus A. 13. Johnson, Principal Avondale Schools, 1854 to 1902. 64 Schools of Cincinnati. Nason ; and Mr. Hopkins nominated John Hancock. On the second ballot Mr. Allen received 19 votes and was therefore elected. He asked for one week to consider, and this was granted. He was then vice-president of the Board. August 30th he accepted the situation and resigned as a member of the Board. The salary was raised that evening from .|i,5oo to $1,700. Windsor Public School, Windsor Street, Walnut Hills; erected 1886-92; cost, $60,004; 16 rooms, seats 840 pupils; James E. Sherwood, Principal; Dr. J. C. Culbertson, Trustee. Mr. Allen later became a national character. He was a friend of President Lincoln's and had a strong liking for politics. He declined to .serve after July 2, 1861, and went to Columbus O., where he bought an interest in the OJiio State yoiirjial. Later he was appointed consul to Hong Kong. He is still living at Morristown, N. J. The picture shows him at the age of 86. ^ ^ O I' -« o .2 I; « tn 3 =« ^ ^ ^ .S t« p r^ Si I' n o « 5 i-' '5- O O 3 _ o a bjj "2 "=« .5 o -c ^ C O _ O "" O !« ■^ 2 S a\iniller Streets. April JO. 1S61. the teachers of Cincinnati organized a military coinpan\ of home guards, and in 1863 the teachers of the public and private sciiools were organized into the " Teachers Rifle Company,"' which. May 2, 1864, became part of the 138th Regiment, (). \'. 1.. in camp under Col. ,S. S. P^isher, ex-president of the Board. Superintentlent John Hancock was a iiri\ate in this regiment. After the war. Air. Hancock resigned the principal- ship of the First Intermediate .School and became super- intendent of Nelson's Commercial College. In 1866 he was employed by Wilson, Hinkle & Co. (now iVmerican Book Company) to collect material for a new series of readers. He remained but one year, for in September he was elected superintendent, which office he filled with great success until Mr. Peaslee was elected. Mr. Hancock was at once elected superintendent of the Dayton, ()., schools, remaining until 1884 imder Republicati city rule, and he was retired by a strictly party vote when the Democratic Party came in power. In 1885 he was elected superintendent of schools at Chillicothe, O. He resigned in 1889 to take the office of State school commissioner, to which he was appointed by Governor Foraker, to fill the iniexpired term of Eli T. Tappan. November, 1889. he was elected commissioner. He died of apoplexy June I, 1891, while sitting at his desk in the State House at Columbus. One of Mr. Hancock's sons went recently (1901) to the Philippines where he is serving in the army. 68 Schools ov Cincinnati. CHAPTER VI. SUPERINTENDENTS. JOHN B. PEASLEE, aged .:^_', was elected June 15, 1874, but did not take charge until July ist, so as to allow Mr, Hancock to close the schools properly. Mr. Peaslee's salary was $3,500 through his entire term of 12 years, i month, and 15 days. He enjoyed to a remarkable degree the love and respect of the teachers and pupils, and his term might well be called the golden age in Cincinnati school history. He was the only teacher in Cincinnati promoted directly to the superin- tendency, and his familiarity with details no doubt gave him that wonderful hold which he had upon his position. Mr. Peaslee was born at Plaistow, Rockingham County, New Hampshire, September 3, 1842, and he was, it is believed, the youngest man ever elected superintendent of so large a system of schools in this country. He was educated in the schools of his native village ; also at Haverhill, Mass., at Atkinson and Gilmanton Academies. He graduated at Dartmouth College in 1863. Soon after he was elected principal of the North Grammar School, Columbus, O., reaching Ohio on his twenty-second birthday. October 3, 1864, he resigned and came to Cincinnati as first assistant of the Third District School. In 1867 he was elected principal of the Fifth District School ; in 1869, of the Second Intermedi- ate (grammar) School; in 1873 the Ninth District School was placed under his charge also. During the twelve years he was superintendent, Mr. Peaslee inaugurated a number of reforms and improve- 70 v'^CHOOLS OK ClXCIXXATI. ments, one being a method of teachin*;- addition and subtraction in the primary grades, and called by him the " Tens Method," published by Dr. John Mickleborough, and called the '' Peaslee Method." Mr. Peaslee also started the system of ruling slates and paper, thus requir- ing the pupils to do neat work and inculcating habits of carefulness that did not formerly prevail in school work. He was a strong advocate of moral instruction, and his "Memory Gems" were extensively taught. Pupils committed to memory these quotations and short poems, and on stated occasions they were recited in class rooms and in public, In this connection Mr. Peaslee inaugu- rated the celebration of authors' birthdays and the cel- ebration of Arbor Day, bv planting and dedicating trees, by the pupils, in honor and memory of American authors. On October 18, 1889, the American Forestry Con- gress planted near Agricultural Hall, in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, an oak tree, and dedicated it to Mr. Peaslee, " in recognition of his distinguished services in promoting the cause of popular forestry, and especially in introducing the celebration of Arbor Day by the public schools of Cincinnati, and thereafter of the country." (From the resolution passed by the congress.) The " Peaslee Oak " is one of five planted and dedicated at that meeting. Publications. — First. A book containing gems of literature for young and old, entitled " (traded Selections for Memorizing, Adapted for Use at Home and in School," published by the American Book Company. Second. A pamphlet of 64 pages, entitled " Trees and Tree-planting, w'ith Exercises and Directions for the Celebration of Arbor Day," published in 1883 bv the United States Government. Third: An address, ''.School Celebration of Arbor Day," delivered before the .Superintendents' Section of -r> ^^. . \ / William Strunk, Attorney-at-law; former principal of 12th Dist. and 2d Int.; six years school examiner; two years Public Library trustee, one as president ; four years member Board of Education ; eight years director University of Cincinnati. Identified with Cin- cinnati schools as teacher 14 years, as official 20 years. (70A) George Bardes. Member Board of Education 1893 to 1900. Through Mr. Bardes' efforts the Webster School was erected, 1897-8 He also secured the Christian Moerlein Library for the same school. (70B) ^ri'Kin \ IKXDKN I' the National l-'.ducal ioiial .V^sociat ion al \\'a>liinL;ii)n . D. C, in iS.S|, also jiublishecl 1)\- the ( Jo\ crniucnt . I'otMili. An aiUlress, " Moral and Litci-ary 'Prain- ins-- in I'uhlif Sthools.'" (lelivcrccl before t he- Nat iona 1 WiaisrioR Sciio(jL, • Named after Noah Webster, located at Findlay and Bremen ;' erected 189S; cost, $63,260; 18 rooms, seats 1,000 pupils; George F. Braun, Princi- pal; Dr. Charles A. Stanimel, Trustee. Educational Association at its nieetino- in Atlanta, Ga., in 1881 . Fifth. ^\n address, "German Instruction in Puhlic Schools, and Its Helpful Intiuence on Pidjlic .School Education,'' delivered before the National German- 7^ SCIILS OF ClXCIXXATl. American Teachers' Association at Chicai^H) in 1889, and published by that body. Sixth. " Thoughts and Experiences In and Out of Scho( 1" (1900), a book of 400 pages of great literary \ alue. Seventh. An address, " History of the Introduction of German Methods in the Public Schools of Ohio," delivered in the (jerman language before the Ohio Ger- man Teachers' Association at Sandusky, in 1895 ; and twelve annual reports of the Cincinnati Public vSchools. Eighth. A \olume, "■ Occasional Verses and Sacred Songs" (in press, 1902). Besides the above, he has written many articles for educational journals and the public press, and delivered numerous lectures on American authors and literature, and on forestry, etc. Mr. Peaslee is director of the Universitv of Cincin- nati, trustee of Woodward High vSchool h^nuls, and member of the Union Board of High Schools ; was for nine years trustee of Miami University, Oxford, O. ; for three years trustee of Wilberforce l-niversity, Wilber- force, O. ; for twenty years a director of the Ohio Humane Society ; is life member of the National Council of Edu- cation ; life member of the National Educational Asso- ciation, and ex-president of one of its departments ; an honorary life member of the National (jerman-Ameri- can Teachers' Association ; also honorary life member of the Ohio (ierman Teachers' Associatit)n ; is a member of the German Literary Club of Cincinnati ; treasurer of the Cincinnati Free German Kindergarten Association ; president of the Ohio State Forestry Bureau ; an ex-member cf the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce, and in 1890 a delegate from the same to the National Board of Trade. Mr. Peaslee is a thirty-second degree Mason ; Past :i:-|iBTiaFTVi"-'-""' SAMPLE WORK IN ARITHMETIC Superintendent John B. Peaslee Inaus;urated This System of Slate Worlc Early in His Administration. «7S) 74 SellOOI.S OK CiNCIX NA'I'I. Eniinciit Coniiii;imlci' of 1 laii^clinann Conuiiaiulcrv, Xo. i6, Kni<;lits Tenii)hir: Past Master of Lafayette Lod^-e, Xo. 8i, l'\ and A. M., the lodge of which General Lafayette was created an honorary member, and whose by-hi\\s he sio-neil in ]His()n, May 19, 182^; Past Xoble (jrand of Ma^'nolia Lod^^e, No. (S^, L (). (). F. ; charter member and Past C'nancelh)r Doiitrhiss Lodge, No. 16, Knights of Pythias; an associate meml)er of E. F. Xoyes and R. L. McCook Post, No. 30, (7. A. R. ; secretary of the New Enghmd vSociety of Cincinnati ; and a member and ex-presielent of Dartmoulii Alumni Association, also of the Zeta Psi Greek Fraternity. In 1888, and again in 1891, Mr. Peaslee was elected, for the term of three years eacli, clerk of the courts of Hamilton County, ()hi(). In 189:;, he was candidate for lieutenant-goyernor of ( )hio, on llie ticket with Ex- Go\ern()r )ames E. Campbell, and in 1900 he was the Demociatic canilidate for Congress, First District of Ohio. April J5, i8y8. he married Miss Lew A\'right, the daughter of the late Joseph F. Wright, and great- granddaughter, on her mother's side, of (leneral John vS. Gano, of tile War of 1812, one of the first thirtN-lhree settlers of Cincinnati. ()n the occasion of his marriage he was presented by his fraters of Ilanselmann Commanderv, Knights Templar — who attended in a body in full uniform, and formed an '•arch of steel," under which the bridal party marched from the carriages to the altar — with one of the most beautiful and elaborate jewels e\er manu- factured in America. Airs. Peaslee died July 18, 1894. She was a ciiarm- ing character, a lady of refinement and culture, one of the most p()|)ular women in Cincinnati. She was associate commissioner of the Centennial Exposition of Cincinnati in 1888. Mrs. Peaslee was one of the orijanizers and a >> r r K K I N I" K \ I ) K N IS . 7i) dircclor for \cars ol' the l^nu-lisli l"^-ce K iiulcronrten Association ; ami while she was deeply interesteil in humane work, she was at the same time a pal ion of literature, art, ami music. Recoo-ui/.in^ the importance of ct)rrect pronunciation, ^^r. Peaslee introduced, botii in the Cincinnati and in the TiiK Late II. II. Mithoefku, Member Hoard of Education, 1884 to 1897, also Member Public Library Board. State Boaril of Examiners for Teachers, orthocpv as a ilisfinct braiicli of study, upon which candidates for teachers' certificates are required to be examined. This important innovation has been largely followed by city and county boards of examiners, and, as a gratifying 76 Schools ok Cixcixxati, result, there has been a vast improvement in the pronuncia- tion of both teachers and schohirs in the (Jhio schools. In this connection he advocated the introduction of the diacritical marks into our readers, which has been accomplished. Degrees. — In 1863 Dartmouth College conferred upon Mr. Peaslee the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and in 1866 that of Master of Arts ; in 1866 Cincinnati College, at his graduation from the Law Department, the degree of Bachelor of Laws; in 1879 the Ohio State Lhiiversity, the degree of Doctorsof Philosophy ; and in 1869 the Uni- versity of Turin, Italy, sent Mr. Peaslee a diploma of life- membership of that renowned institution of learning, in recognition of tlie excellence of the Cincinnati school exhibit at the Paris Exposition of 1878. Mr. Peaslee's degrees are therefore : A. B., A. M., L. L. B., and Ph. D. At 45 Mr. Peaslee began the studv of German, and speaks the language with fluencv. In 1883 the educational commission appointed bv he French Government to examine the various questions •;)nnected with teaching in the United States, reported .0 the ^Minister of Public Instruction : " At Cincinnati, the children are intelligent, amiable, cheerful, natural, and properly disciplined. The methods and aims which regulate the teaching in the different branches give value, force, and very great attraction to the studies. It seem that here, more than anywhere else, i)istriictioii is considered a niecyus of which education is the end. Hence the teaching is so directed as to elevate the mind and produce a moral progress. " The time given to reading and literary exercises is very considerable. The pupils of all the schools take part in this kind of work, according to their capacity ; and in the upper classes they are sufficiently familiar with the C^M^^^f 6^M^(?y.'.. ;-/^= ^/^ z./- f J^' -<^/4^i^u!A'2Z^^.^2^Mi^>^(7t6'~..oci.i^7trri^c/[ CjCit^tU^^-^^ i~i-z-CytA^ ~^ ■'^^ -^>ft<> from the introduction of ' Peaslee's (lems " as a part of the course of education. These gems are ciioice passages in prose and verse, to be learned by lieart and recited l)v the pupil as a basis of further literary study. It is claim- ed that Dr. Feaslee \yas the first in this c o u n t r V to intro- d u c e i n t o t h e schools a systematic and graded course of sucii selections from English lit- erature." Mr. Peaslee's farewell to the schools, taken from his last annual report (1886-87) :, " In concluding this, my t^yelfth JOSEPH B. FORAKER, A Board Member at " Sharpsburg:," now Norwood, in the Seventies, and last annual report of the conditit)n and progress of the Cincinnati Public .Schools, I wish to express to all past and present members of the Board of Education, who have upheld and sustained me in my work, to principals and teachers, who have so fully and effectively co-operated with me in my earnest endeavors to improve the school system of this 84 Schools ok Cinciwati. city and to keep it in the forefront of American system?., my heartfelt gratitude, for, without such support and co- operation, little could have been accomplished. But now, in reviewing my twelve years' superintendency of the Cincinnati Public Schools, I take pride in the fact that it has been characterized by shortened hours of tuition ; bv lengthened certificates for teachers ; by the impulse given to beautifying school-rooms with the portraits of the great and good in history and literature, and with other pictures ; by the greatly-lessened pressure of the percent- age system ; by the development of the ' Cincinnati Method ' of teaching primary arithmetic, now pursued in many schools of the country ; by the introduction of a systematic course of moral, himiane, and literary training, through ' Memorv Gems,' including in its scope the in- auguration of authorial celebrations and the celebration of 'Arbor Day,' or memorial ti-ee-planting ; and by the remarkable neatness and beautv of execution of pupils' work on slate and paper, accomplished largely through the introduction of the systematic and attractive forms daily ruled by the scholars with pen and pencil. " It has been my earnest endeavor to make character- building, in its best sense, the great object of my adminis- tration, and hence the question, what would make our pupils nobler and more useful men and women, and not %vhat would produce the highest per cents, has been the test of all measures and changes advocated or adopted by me. "I now take leave of trustees, principals, teachers, and pupils, in the sincere desire that the Public Schools of Cincinnati, under the guidance of my distinguished successor, will be brought to a still higher state of excel- lence and of usefulness. "Respectfully submitted. John B. Peasi.ek, Siif>ri-i i/fci/dei/t of Sc//oo/s.'^ S I' 1' K K 1 \ IK N n K N IS . 85 CI 1 API' F.R VII. sri'KKI NTKN DENTS. IvSAAC jACKSOX ALLEX. MipLTintciulcnt of scliools from August V). 183S. to July _'. i8Cu, is the oldest living superintendent, having on January Jist ot this vear (1902) passed the eighty-eightli mile stone in the journey of life. Mr. Allen was horn at Morristown, X. j.. January Ji. 1814. and emigrated to Ohio wlien an infant of three months, and for this long period has been identified with the history of this State. He is the great-grandson of job Allen I, who lived and died in New jersev, a subjeet of Great Britain before the War of the Revolution, and a grandson of Job Allen II, an officer in the Xew Jersey line in the Revolutionary War, and a son of ]ob Allen III, who emigrated to the then wilderness of Ohio, leaving New Jersey in 1814. Mr. Allen graduated from Kenyon College. Gambler, ().. under the presidency of Bishop Mcllvain. He then took up the >tud\- of meilicine, in which he graduated ; but finding the practice of medicine distasteful, he took up the ^tudv of \a\\ in the office of Mr. Henry B. Curtis, a distinguished lawyer in Mount \'ernon, O. After two years' studv he was admitteil to the bar of the State Courts, and soon afterward to the bar of the I'nited States Courts, the oath of office being administered by Judge John Mc- Lean, of the Inited States Supreme Court. On Mr. Allen's admission to the l)ar, his preceptor, Mr. H. B. Curtis, proposed a partnership in law practice, Mr. Allen to take charge of a liranch otfice in the adjoining county at MansHeld. Richland County. O. And here he began his career as a law ver. Isaac J Allex, Superintendent from x\ugust 30, 1858, to July 2, 1861. Still living at Morristown, N. j. Picture Taken at Age of Eighty-seven. SUPEKIXTKYDKN'TS. 87 He was married on August ii, 1841, to Susan, daughter of Judge Peter B. Brown, of Newfoundland, N. J. Of this union there were three children, Theodore, Arthur, and Caradora. In politics, Mr. Allen was a Whig, and he took an active part in the political campaigns of those days. He was elected mayor of Mansfield, serving one term, and declined a re-election. He was frequently nominated for office by the Whig Party, once for states attorney and twice for senator. He always ran ahead of the Whig ticket, but could not overcome the standing majority of the Demo- cratic Party, which in those days had a strong hold in the State of Ohio. By selection of the bar and appointment he served one term as Judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Richland Countv. In 1853 Nelson Barrere, a pro-slavery Whig, was nominated for governor of the State of Ohio, and Mr. Allen, an anti-slavery Whig, was nominated for lieutenant governor. At the election that year Mr, Barrere, the head of the ticket, was beaten by a majority of more than thirty thousand votes, while Mr. Allen was defeated by the narrow margin of twenty-seven hundred votes. Shortly after this campaign Mr. Allen accepted the presidency of Farmers' College, near Cincinnati, and joined the college faculty in 1854, where he remained four years. The catalogue of the year preceding his first term showed an enrollment of less than one hundred, while the catalogue of the last year of his administration showed an enrollment of more than four hundred students. Mr. Allen was then offered the professorship of law and English literature in Kenyon College, his Alma Mater, but this he declined, to enter upon the practice of law in Cincinnati. Soon after taking up his residence in this citv he was elected a member of the vSchool Board. Mr. 88 Schools ok Cixcixxati. Rufus King, one of ]\[r. Allen's college mates, was presi- dent of the Board, and Mr. Allen was elected vice-presi- dent. At the close of his term Mr. Allen was elected superintendent of the schools, but declined to accept. At the next meeting he was persuaded to reconsider his declination ; and, accepting tlie position, he served for three years. Meanwhile the Civil War had broken out, and in 1 86 1 M-r. Allen purchased an interest in the Ohio State yonriial, the leading Repub- lican newspaper, published at the capital of the State, and became editor-in-chief of this stalwart Republican journal, occupying the edi- torial chair during the four stormv vears of tlie great w a r. D u ring t h e s e four vears of turmoil and strife, President Lincoln ofl'ered Mr. Allen several positions of honor, but all were de- clined, as the editorial control of a great newspaper was considered more desirable. But, as the end of the war came into view. President Lincoln offered Mr. Allen the appointment of United States consul at the great British port of Hong Kong, in Southern China, and this appoint- ment was accepted, the commission being one of the last signed by Mr. Lincoln. Mr. Allen spent several years as consul at Hong Kong. AVhile there he traveled much in China, and after several vears' absence returned home by way of Japan. Robert Alt.isox, Member Board of P^diication in 1864. >"> r 1' K in \ !■ K \ I ) K N IS. S<) Ik' had i^^ono to Cliiiia 1)\ ^ailiuii; \essel and returned l)v steam, and it nia\ lieie be recorded tliat on tlie tirst ilay of fanuarv, 1869. Mr. Allen, in his ofHciai capacity, had the honor of recei\in<4- the first \essel that e\er crossed the Pacific Ocean \)\ steam, this heino-the I'acific Mail Liner "Colorado,"" thirty days from San I'^-ancisco, and she bore the I'nited .States fla^. in iSydMr. Allen retui-ned to Cincinnati, making- his home in A\()ndale until iSSd, when he remo\ed to New [ersey, his home now beinjr at Morristown, this being" the scene of his birth, and to which place he has returned after an absence of eighty-eight \ears. Though haying liyed far beyond the l)iblical allotment of three score years and ten, Mr. .Mien remains in excellent liealth, both physical antl mental, and by no mean> li\es in the past, but marches in the front rank in all the eyent> of to-da\-. CHAPTER Vlll. Sl'l'HIUXTKXDKXrS. I^MERSON ELHRIDGE WHITE. A. M.. L L. D.. ^yas born in Mantua, Portage County. ()hio. and spent his boyhood on tiie farm. His father. Jonas White, was a descendant of Capt. Thomas ^^hite, who settled in Weymouth, Mass.. as early as 16:^2, and wliose father was a member of the Long Parliament, England. He recei\ed his early education in country scliools, but at sixteen entered the Twinsburg Academy, where he prepared for college, teaching in the academy and t\yo winter district schools to pay his expenses. He also took 1)K. E. K White, Superintendent of Schools, Elected May 24, 1886, Assumed Office August 15, 1886, Retired August 11, 1889. (go) vS U PE 1{ T X r K X D K XTS . 9 1 charge of the acaileiny at Mt. I'liion. ().. now Mt. I'nion College, one year. He entered the Cle\eland University and took extra work as instriietor in mathematics. Early in his senior year he was induced to take charge of a Clevehmd gram- mar school for two months, in place of the principal, who was ill. .Suspending his studies for the time, lie under- took the double work of teaching a larg«e city school, and also two university classes in mathematics out of school hours. At the close of this service he was appointed principal of a new grammar school to be opened in February. He had planned to l)egin the study of law on graduating from the I'niversity. l)ut. needing money, he accepted the position. At the close of the third year he resigned, but was at once appointed principal of the Central High School at an increased salary. He gave up the study of law and continued school work. It was in the Cleveland schools that Mr. White won his spurs as a superior teacher. In 18=^6 he resigned his position in the Cleveland High School to accept the superintendency of the Public Schools of Portsmouth, ().. a position which he filled with eminent ability and success. He introduced reforms in teaching years in advance of prevailing methods. In 1861 he removed to Columbus to take charge of the Ohio Educational Mo)itJiI\\ which he purchased. He conducted this journal for fifteen years, making it the leading educational journal in the country. In 1870 he published a national edition of the .^foiithly. with the title of the \atioiial Teaclicr. In 1863 Mr. White was honored by an appointment as State Commissioner of Common Schools of Ohio, and in that position he was instrumental in securing import- ant legislation for the improvement of the schools, the 9^ Schools ok Cincinnati. more notable measures being the law which created tlie existing institute system of Ohio, the law creating the State Board of Examiners, and the provision requiring all teachers to possess an ade(juate knowledge of the theory and practice of teaching. In 1865 he prepared a codified edition ot the school law, with opinions, directions, etc., the whole constituting a valuable manual for school officers. His last service was the submission to t he Genei'al Assembly of a special report (au- thorized by the previ- ous A s s e m b I y by a joint resolution), rec- ommending a plan of organizing needed no r m a 1 training for the teachers of the .State. Possibly with one exception he was the youngest man who has been called to this i m porta n t position. He retired from the office in 1866, and the succeeding ten years he spent in con.ducting his two educational journals. In 1876 Dr. White was called to the presidency of Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind., bringing to the position unusual qualifications and resources. He laid the foundations of the young institution on an original plan, and so wisely that no essential change has since been made. The institution has grown like a tree, putting Fred W. Dkarness, Principal Twelfth J)i,strict School since September, 1901. Sin'KUIXTKXDKN'IS. 93 out new brandies. He continued in this position for over seven years, during which the number of students increased ()\er sevenfold. He resigned in 1883 and removed to Cincinnati, to engage in literarv work, and he was thus employed when elected in 1886 superintendent of the Cincinnati schools. Dr. White introduced reforms in instruction and manage- ment of the most beneficial character (changes that attracted the attention of the country). At the close of his first term of service he was unanimously re-elected, and his salaiy raised from $3,500 to $4,500 a year. He retired from the position in 1889, and has since been engaged in literary work. Dr. White has been the instructor and lecturer on psychology and pedagogy in several of the leading summer schools in the country, has been called to instruct teachers in scores of cities, and is increasingly in demand as an instructor in teachers' institutes and other associations. No educator in the country has a higher reputation as a lecturer on education, and he has few superiors as a plat- form orator, being often compared with Wendell Phillips. Dr. White has been prominent for many years in State and National educational associations. He was president of the Ohio Teachers' Association in 1863; of the National Superintendents' Association in 1868; of the National Educational Association in 1873 ; and of the National Council of Education in 18S4 and 1885. He has taken high rank as a writer on education, his papers and addresses before associations and conventions are noted for their great excellence. Dr. White was early an author, his " Class Book of Geography" (now out of print) was published in 1853, the " Brvant and Straton Business Arithmetic," which he largelv prepared in 1858, and his series of arithmetics 94 .Schools ok Cixcixxati. in i8yo. He is now the author of a series of mathematics, his arithmetics havin^^^ a wide and increasing use ; a system of pedagogy, including the "Elements of Pedagogy,'" " School Management," and " The Art of Teaching," and other books. All of his books are regarded as standards. His arithmetics are now in use in this citv. In 1866 Dr. White read a paper before the National vS u p e r n i t e ndents' Association at Washington, advo- cating the establish- ment of a national bureau o f ed uca- tion. The paper was adopted by the A s s o c i a t i o n , an d Dr. White was made chairman of a committee appointed to memo- rialize Congress on the subject, lie pre pa red an able m emor ia 1, and at the r e cj u e s t of General Garfield framed the bill for the creation of the new department. Both the memorial and the bill were introduced into Congress by General Garfield, and the bill became the law under which the bureau has been administered. August Herrmann, Member Board of Education from 1884 to 18S7. S U V K H I \ r K \ I) K N TS . 93 Dr. White rccci\c'd the cleyTce of A. M. from the Western Reserve Lniversitv, and in 1876 the honorary degree of L. L. D. was conferred by the Indiana State University, anil also bv Marietta College, Ohio. He was married in 18^,^ to Mary Ann vSabin, of Hudson, O., by whom he had tive children. He now resides in Colum- bus, ()., still in the prime of his powers. His life has been a succession of high achievements and honors. The late Superintendent W. H. Morgan, author of the " General Sketch of the School System," forming the first chapter of this work, was born in New York State in April, 1837. His [)arents were William G. and Eliza Garrard Morgan. Thev were poor people, and their children did not have the best of etlucational advantages. But William, the son, was studious and ambitious, and he managed to overcome all obstacles. The Morgans came West in 1840, when William was but three years of age. They settled near Marietta at first, but later came down the river to Cincinnati. Here Mr. Alorgan was raised. He was one of the first pupils of the Woodward High School, and was graduated from that school in 1856. He had learned the trude of nail-making, and followed that for a short while after leaving school. But during the first year following his graduation he was appointed a teacher. He taught until the breaking out of the war, when he resigned and enlisted in the service of the Union Anny as a member of Graham Rifies. He saw much active service during the war, and was a corporal in Company E, One Hundred and Thirty-eighth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, when mus- tered out in 1864. He soon resumed teaching, but quit in 1866 to take a position as local agent for an insurance company. He followed this calling for eighteen years, serving; in the Board of Education as a member duriner a 96 Schools oh CixcrxxATi. part of that time. lie was first elected in iSj(), and later was elected a member at laroje. He was elected superin- tendent of schools May 6, 1S89, to succeed E. E. White, and took the position August i 2th of that year. He held it through successive changes in the personnel of the Board until September 5. 1899. He was stricken with paralysis at a Board meeting May 22, 1899. AJr. Morgan was married in 18^8 to Miss Eliza Bushnell, a sister of (Tovernor Asa Bushnell. He died J a n u a r v 6, I9(X), aged 6:^. T he Bo a r d o f 1*^ d uca t ion met in special session and took cognizance of the death. Honor- a r }• pall bearers were appointed, and the schools were closed on the day of the finieral at eleven o'clock. Flags on the buildings were a half mast for thirty days. The Board attended the funeral in a body, and interment was at Spring Grove. Mr. Morgan left a widow, one daughter, and two sons. Owing to in- terruption, all pupils were promoted without written examination, on the recommendation of the teachers. Fred M. Youmans, Principal Thirtieth District School, 1 890- 1 902. vS I : PK K I \ T K \ n K \ IS. C)^ I*revit)iis to this, written excUnin;ition liad prevailed for fifty per cent, of the pupils, the rest beinir known as " honor pupils."' Mr. Morgan was a great believer in written work, antl he was constantly having displays of " illustrated compositions" that caused considerable rivalrv in his work. He was ably assisted by his heads of departments and especially by Miss Christine Sullivan, superintendent of drawing. Miss Sullivan was an untiring worker, and much of Mr. Morgan's success can be rightfully credited to her. Mr. Morgan, as will be seen on exam- ination of the table on superintendents, held otiice over ten years, he being exceeded onlv b_y Mr. Peaslee in length of term. At the time of his misfortune the superintendent had only been re-elected two weeks for a term of two vears. CHAPTER IX. SUPEHINTEXDKNTS. THE present superintendent, Richard (lause Boone, was born September 9, 1849, at Spiceland, Ind. He is of Qiiaker descent and received his early schooling at the academy in his nati\e village. Later, after several years of experience in teaching, he pursued special studies in psychology and educational science in the Johns Hopkins University. He received the degree of A. M. from DePauw University, and that of Ph. D. from Ohio iMiiversity. Having begun teaching at the early age of seventeen. Dr. Boone, in the course of twenty-H^'e years [7] 98 Schools ok Cixcixxati. has held positions in schools of every grade, from the country district through village and city graded high schools, normal school, and the university, an experi- ence of inestimable value to a man who has been at tlie head of institutions for many years. In 1886, while holding the posi- tion as superintend- ent of city schools in Frankfort, Ind., Dr. Boone received the appointment as professor of peda- gogics in the Indi- ana vState Univer- sity at Blooming- ton. This Univer- s i t v has been known throughout the country for the strength of its courses, the thor- oughness of its scholarship, and the care exercised in the selection of its teaching force. Nearly all of its chairs were filled by specialists of reputation in their respective lines — the president of Leland Stanford Jr. Universitv, professors in Harvard and other leading imiversities have been chosen from among its faculty — at the lime when he was called to the University. W. J. O'Neil, President Board of Education from 1875 ^^ 1877- SlTHKIlINTKNDENTS. 99 Dr. Boone had made an enviable reputation amon^ leading educators (-f the country — a reputation extending far beyond the limits of his native State. He is well known by his contributions to educational journals and by his courses of professional lectures in Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Illinois, Pennsylvania, New York, West Virginia, Arkansas, Kentucky, and Texas. Dr. Boone was called to Michigan as president of the State Normal College in 1893. He remained there for six years, bringing the institution up to a higher standard of excellence than it had ever before attained. His influence was felt throughout the State in a very forceful way. While thus doing great service to the cause of education as a practical worker, and displaying great interest and activity in the spreading of sound pedagogical ideas throughout the country. Dr. Boone was too much of a student and scholar to lose sight of the importance of thorough professional learning as the only true basis of successful practice of the profession. Besides steadily pursuing those psychological studies so indispensable to the educator, he felt early drawn toward the historical side of educational knowledge, feeling, like every true scholar, the want of an acquaintance with the work of others, in the past and present, in his own chosen field, for it has been truly said by a world- famous educator : " The science of pedagogy without the history of pedagogy is like a house without a foundation." The history itself is the greatest science. Confining himself in his historical studies at first to the comparatively narrow field of the educational development of a single State, he soon after commenced the preparatory studies for an undertaking of wider scope and greater scientific importance, an account of the original development and actual status of educatioii in this country. From a vast L.orc. Richard G. Boone, Elected Superintendent of Schools ooi September 5, 1899 .Sri'Ki; I \iK\i)K\i s. loi amount of material lar,!-'-> s 't^ Si E > - a Z. > 2 - po w ■-. — a > > ?M g 'Tr* ^ 't::' '^r > 2 O ■O .T .T ^ *^ C^ C^ C^ Ln '_f» '-ri > > •> > ■::*>> O GO 00 (X ^ $ 00 C/O 4- w 73 ;> |> S: 'S j5 ctq ■a '-^ <— I IX CD en so^ * 4-' Board ok Examinkks. years, but riirlit to the Board of Ediica- revoke any appoint- All nu'inbers are appointed by the l^oard of luhication, and at least two must have had two years' practical experience in teachino;, and all shall be competent for the position and residents of the city. The term of office is three tion has also the m e n t u p o n s a t i s- factory proof that the appointee is inefficient, negli- gent, or guilty of immoral conduct. It is the duty of the Board of Ex- a miners to d e- termine the stand- ard of qualification for the teachers and * it may examine any school in the city when such examin- a tion is deemed necessary to de- termine the teach- ers' qualifications. In order to se- cure a thorough ex- amination of appli- cant s in difficult branches or special Otto j. Rennek, Member Cincinnati Board uf Teachers' Examiners Since 1892. studies, the Board is authorized to securt^ the assistance, temporarily, of persons of sufficient knowledge of such studies to perform the duty of examiner. Under the law the Board is required to hold not less than two meetings I04 J~oLs (IF Cincinnati. each year, and the examination of each applicant shall be in the presence of at least two members of the Board. Each person who applies pays a fee of fifty cents, which (^oes to support the Teachers' Institute. The Board may ^rant certificates for one, two, and three years, wiiich shall be siu;ned by the president, and attested by the clerk, and shall be valid in the city. The examiners may (^-rant certificates for five years to such applicants as, in addition to tiie necessary qualifications, have been for tin-ee years next preceding their application engaged in teaching, eighteen months of which experience shall have been in one place, and such certificate for five years shall be renewable upon the same conditions, but without examin- ation, at tlie discretion of the Board. L-ntil recently the teacliers' term of office depended entirely upon the superintendent, who had the power to appoint all of the teachers ; and when, for any reason, the superintendent did not see fit to reappoint a teacher, the teacher was without remedy, and thereafter without a position. To overcome this condition of affairs the legis- lature recently passed a law to the eft'ect that, where a teacher has taught a certain number of years, the teacher cannot be removed except upon written charges filed and a hearing had, and with the approval of a majority of the members of the Board of Education. This law made the position of the teacher a permanent one, except that it still left in the Board of Examiners tiie power to decline to renew the certificate, and this still left the position of the teacher uncertain. To overcome this, the legislature of 1900 passed a law authorizing the examiners to grant permanent certificates, xalid for life within the city, conditioned upon the applicant therefor having had fifty months' successful experience in teaching, at least thirty of which shall have been in Cinciiniati ; and in addition BoAKl) OK I'^XAM I N KUS. IO5 to the regular subjects, the applicant shall ^y'we evidence of ^satisfactory knowledge of the history of education, science of education, and psychology. In accoi-dance with this law. life certificates are being issued. E. R. MONFORT, Member Board of Education, April, 1892, to April, 1899; President, 1896 to 1S99. Tlie Board holds fi\e meetings, the first beginning on the third Thursday in .September, the second on the secontl Tluu-sdav in November, the third on the second Thiu'sdav in )anuarv, the foin'th on the second Thursdav io6 Schools of Cincinnati. in jSJarch, and the fifth on the second Thursday in May, and the applicants are examined in the session room of the Board of Education, City Hall. The sessions begin at 8 :30 A. M. and at i :30 p. m. Schedules showing dates of examination in each subject can be obtained from the clerk of the superintendent of schools. Applicants for principals' certificates are examined in the following branches : I-. Theory and Practice. iJ. Orthoepy. 2. Orthography. 13. Vocal Music. 3. Reading. 14. Drawing. 4. Writing. 13. General History. 5. Arithmetic. M. and W. 16. English Literature. 6. Geography. 17. Physics. 7. English Grammar. 18. Chemistry. 8. English Composition. 19. Algebra. 9. U. S. History, Ciyil Goy. 20. Geometry. 10. Physiology and Hygiene. 21. Astronomy. 11. Narcotics. 22. U. S. Constitution. Applicants for assistants' certificates are examined in the first seyenteen of the aboye branches. Applicants for high school certificates are examined in all of the aboye, and upon special request, in addition thereto, in Latin. Greek, German, or any other branch of study taught in the high schools. Applicants for special certificates for French, music, drawing, penmanship, etc., are examined in the branch or branches which they expect to teach, and also in the first ele\en branches named aboye. The Board grants four grades of certificates in each class, the same being respectiyely yalid for two years, three years, fiye years, and for life. The proficiency of the applicant, as determined by the examination, is esti- Bdakd ok Exa.minehs. T()7 mated on a scale of one to ten, ten beintjj the maximum ; and as a condition of receiving a certificate, an average standard of eight or more as tluis determined will be required, and any applicant receiving less than eight in anv one of the first eleven branches will be denied a cer- tificate. Teachers in the high schools will be recjuired to have a standing of nine or more in the branch or branches which they are teaching, or Avhich they expect to teach. All applicants for examination, re-examination, or renewal of certificates must pay, at the time of making the appli- cation to the clerk of the Board, the fee of fiftv cents' as required by law. Applications must be made at least thirty days prior to the first day of examination. For their services, the examiners get a salary of .$200; that is, .$40 for each examination. CHAPTER XL WALNUT HILLS HIGH SCHOOL. W. H. Venable. THE two excellent high schools which for nearlv half a century supplied means of advanced secondary education to the ambitious youth of our citv, becoming overcrowded and altogether inadequate to the cultural demands of greater Cincinnati, had to be supplemented by another institution of their class. The urgent necessity for establishing another high school was felt most press- ingly by citizens of that part of the city spreading north- ward to the hill-tops in the townships of Columbia and Mill Ci'eek, and taking in the urban localities of Walnut Hills. Mount Auburn. A\()ndale, ami Clifton. i()8 .Schools of Cincixxati. As early as the year 1890, members of the Board of Education and of the I'nion Board of High Schools were practically considering proposals which led to the erection of a commodious and really magnificent new high school building, on a lot two hundred feet square, located on the corner of Burdett and Ashland A\'enues, in the midst of a population desirous of the best educational advantages. The school edifice, one of the finest pub- lic buildings in the city, admirably de- signed for the accom- modation of a large school, was completed in the autumn of 1895, at a cost of $120,503, the lot costing an ad- ditional $24,000. The house contains sixteen light, airy recitation rooms, a specious as- sembly hall, a fine gymnasium, and a good chemical and physical laboratory, besides a general of- fice, a small library room, and \arious laboratories. The school was opened in September, 1895, with a corps of twenty teachers and an attendance of 684 pupils. The average annual enroll- ment of pupils for the succeeding four years has been 881 . (The school has always been overcrowded.) The building was formally dedicated on Friday, October 11, 1895, on which occasion the rooms were J. Remsen Bishop, Principal Walnut Hills Hisjh School, 1895 to 1902. fll ' ' ^' 'i)):(l"ii] il it 'iii ^ - '-'-' f J ii/^IIsi iij - rr#' Walnut Hills High School, Corner Burdett and xAshland Avenues, W.H.; Erected 1895; Cost +'i:!o, 503 ; ]fi Rooms, Seats 765 Pupils; j. Remsen Bishop, Principal. (lO!)) no Schools of Cincinnati. decorated with lla^s and bunting-, and adornetl with flowering phinti^ and palms. A Citizens' Committee, comprisinjy Messrs. William Rendigs, F. W, Coppock. Robt. J. Morgan, E. O. McCormick, Emil Pollock, Alfred Mack, and Louis Krohn, acting in co-operation with the local committee of the Union Board and the Building Committee, and all in harmony with suggestions of W. H. Morgan, superintendent of schools, managed the program of the day. Music was furnished by the Music Teachers' Orchestra, G. F. Junkermann, superin- tendent of music, conducting. Rev. Simon S. McChesney invoked the divine blessing. A short opening address was made by Mr. Mithoefer, chairman of the local com- mittee. The keys were then delivered by J. E. Cormanv, chairman of the Building Committee, to A. L. Herr- linger, president of the Board of Education, and by him passed on to Drausin Wulsin, of the local committee, with appropriate speeches by each of these three gentlemen. An address was then delivered by Superintendent Morgan of the public schools. His address was followed by the reading of a dedicatory poem, prepared for the occasion by W. H. Venable, teacher of English literature in the school. Next came the elaborate oration of the day, by Hon. John A. Caldwell, mayor of Cincinnati. The last exercise of the afternoon was a brief speech by J. R. Bishop, principal of the school, in response to a speech of Wm. Rendigs, presenting a flag to the cadets. It is worth while to mention, in this connection, that on no school day since the opening morning in September, 189:;, have the cadets failed to raise the starry emblem on the tall staff in the front of the building, or else above the lofty roof. The superintendent and the several school officers upon whom devolved the function of overseeing the affairs of the great school their energy had created, were equal Walntt JliLi.s Hu;ii Sciiooi. I I I to the responsibilit V. The or^Miiizat ion and e(|uipinent of the school were completed with more rapiditv than was expected, so that within a very lew weeks from the start (altliough on the openino- dav the desks were not ready for use) evervthinof was in runnint^- order, and a zealous esprit dit corps al- ready manifested itself amouii^ the oupils. The principal, Mr. John Remsen Bishop, a Harvard g r a d u a t e — who i n 1882-3 was teacher of Greek in St. Paul's School, Con- co r d, N. H. ; i n 1884-7, principal of Princeton, Pre- p a r a t o r y School ; and from 1888 to 1895, instructor in Greek and Latin in Hughes High School — has stren- uously labored to carry into success- ful operation, in the new field to which his enei-gies were assigned, the pedagogical theory and practice suggested by the following words from his own pen : "Who is it that said: 'Remember that your discipline must result in a self-governing being?" Denis F. Cash, Member Cincinnati Board of Teachers' Examiners bince 1892. 112 Schools ok Cincinnati. In conclusion, a liricf account of the material ecjuip- nient of the Wahiut Hills Ilitijh .School. Though a fine building does not make an excellent school, it goes far to facilitate the work of the educator. The light, airy, cheerful recitation rooms of this school, most of which are decorated with artistic and appropriate pictures, are themselves silent teachers. The gymnasium is one of the most complete in the West. The laboratory, for practical work in chemistry and physics, is fitted up in accordance with modern recjuirements. The library, though not yet large, is growing steadily, and it contains a yery choice collection of standard books in history, elementary science, literature, and especially in the Greek and Roman classics. There is also, on its shelves, a valuable series of works in German and in French. Add- to all these a carefully suited assortment of cyclopedias, dictionaries, and other necessary reference books. The school is supplied with a complete set of the best-made maps. A good lantern, with numerous stereopticon slides illustrating vari(.us branches of study, has been made useful by some of the teachers. The school paper, a monthly called 77/c (ilca/i/, has been published since the beginning of the year 1896, There has been an organized body of cadets main- tained by the boys ever since the school was founded. The Athletic Committee, the " Gym Team," two associ- ations to further the practice of football and other sports, have taken a sufficiently prominent part in competitive affairs to give the school a high reputation for systematic bodily training. The Debating Society is of vast benefit to its members and is a credit to the school. This association was the first in Cincinnati to challenge and encounter in pul)lic discussion a riv;d body of its kind from another city. Nicholas Longworth, Elected Member of Congress, Tuesday, No- vember 4, 1902. Member of the Board of Education from April 24, 1899, to January 15, 1900. At Pres- ent a State Senator. [ii2a] Wade H. Ellis, Hughes High School and Chickering Institute. Assistant Corporation Counsel. Author " Ellis' Annotated Ohio Muni- (II2B cipal Code" (1902) Si(;n .School kok run Dhak. CHAPTER Xll. sKJN school koh the dkak. THE Sign School for the Deaf was organized hy tlie Board of Education in 1^75, in the Second Inter- mediate building, with Robert P. McGregor as principal. It continued under his supervision till 1881, when Mr. McGregor resigned to accept a similar position in Colo- rado Springs. Alfred F. Wood then became principal, and Miss Carrie Fesenbeck assistant. In 1890 Mr. Wood was succeeded by his assistant, who is still in charge. At present there are ten pupils, varying in age from six *to seventeen years. These are divided into different grades, and large classes can not be handled successfidly. The school is known as the Sign School, but the methods emplo^-ed are the manual, sign, and writing. The manual is employed more freely than the sign, as it assists the children in language, which is always a very ditficult subject for the deaf. The school was supported by the Board of Education till 1880, when the legislature appropriated fourteen hundred dollars a year towards its support for some years. Now it is supported entirely by the State, the legislature appropriating one hundred and fifty dollars for each child attending. It is, however, under the direct supervision of the superintendent of public schools and Board of Education. J. W. Jones, superintendent of the School for the Deaf at Cf^lumbus, has been appointetl inspector 114 ScildOLS OK CiNCIWATI. of all dav schools for the deaf in Ohio, and reports to the State Scliool Cominissioner. One hundred and twenty-seven pupils liave attended since orj4anization. ()ne young man, who entered the C'ollege for Deaf Mutes at Washington, D. C, is teaching in a State school for the deaf. Another, after graduating at Washington, is studying for the minis- try at Philadelphia. Many, after attending the school at Colum- bus, are self-support- ing, working at dif- ferent trades : print- ing, painting, shoe- making, dressmaking, general housework, etc. 1 think it yery adyantageous for the older pupils to attend the school at Colum- bus, where the higher branches are taught. There they also haye better facilities for learning trades and getting accjuainted with deaf mutes. There are about four hundred and eighty-three pupils at Columbus. No matter how the deaf are educated, they always seek the society of those similarly attiicted. ^Ve always occupied one room in some public school building until 1899, when the Goodhue residence on West Sixth Street, near Cutter, was secured. The Sign W. S. Flixn, Principal W. H. Morgan School from 18SS to 1902. Sign Schooi. kok tiik Deaf. ii:^ School has one room, while the rest of the buildint^ is occupied by the Oral School. Several lines of street cars pass the door both ways, which is very important, as the legislature provides car fare for those children who live at a distance and who are unable to pay their wa}^ to and from school. A number of young men organized a club about twenty years ago and named it " x^nderson Club," in honor of a gentleman who contributed a sum of money to it. This club is still in existence, and the young men meet every evening for mutual improvement and reading. CHAPTER XIII. ORAL SCHOOL FOR THE DEAF. Viri^inia A. Osborn. ALTHOUGH the deaf had been successfully educated by the oral method for many years in Germany, and for twenty years in our New England States, it w^as not until the fall of iS86 that this method was introduced into our Queen City. Dr. Robert Sattler, the aurist and oculist, having seen much of the work abroad, was interested in seeing it established here. L. S. Fechheimer, whose son was at that time attending the school for the deaf at North- ampton, Mass., was anxious that the deaf children of this city be given a similar opportunitv of acquiring speech. These two interested other citizens in the cause, among whome were Dr. C. R. Holmes and John O'Brien, and with them constituted guarantors for the Oral School of ii6 Schools of Cincinnati. this city, or, as it was then called. School for the Improved Instruction of Deaf Mutes. Virginia A. Osborn, who i)ad come from Philadelphia at that time to establish a private oral class, and Candae A. Yendes, of Rochester, were engaged to take charge of the school. A room was secured in the Children's Home on W. Oral School of Cincinnati. Residence at Sixth and Cutter, Occupied Since September, 1899. Ninth Street, and the school opened September, 1886, with four pupils, which number soon increased to ten. Both the Board of Directors and the teachers were firm from the beginning that the children who entered should be taught exclusively by speech and reading. Details of the work are given in another paragraph. OUAI. ^>CHf)OI, FOR THE DkAK. II7 Bv the opening of the second year, two rooms were necessary, therefore the second floor of the building at the X. \V. corner Seventh and Race Streets, known then as Stewart's Hall, was rented and remodeled for this purpose. During the year the number of pupils increased to seventeen. The school continued to grow until thirty were enrolled, that being nearly the limit of deaf children of school age in the city. The attendance for the past three years has been about the same. Eighty have been enrolled since organization. Educators and prominent citizens, as well as the parents, visited the school frecjuently and pronounced the work a success. Dr. E. E. White, then superintendent, felt convinced that the school should be supported by the commonwealth, and through his influence it was incorpor- ated in the public school system in June. 1888. and the following year a State appropriation was obtained. Accordingly, in the following September, the school moved into a room in the Sixth District Iniilding. which was pai-titioned bv screens into two small rooms, which satisfied the needs of the small classes. There the school remained one year, when it moved to the house on Ninth Street, where it remained three years, until June, 1S95. Then the Board of Education rented a small house in W. Ninth Street, east of John. but. as that was thought too expensive, it was given up at the close of the year and some vacant rooms were found in the public school build- ing on Court Street, west of John. The school remained there undisturbed for three years, when that house was wanted for one of the larger schools, and it was again obliged to find another resting place. The frequent changes (five in eleven years) were found to be detrimental to the interests of the school, and after careful consideration the Board of Education decided to lease or buv a perma- ii8 Schools of Cincinnati. nent home for it, and accordingly rented the house now occupied. In June, 1897, Miss Louise Karger resigned as teacher, and Ida Schwegler took the phice. Instructing the deaf is difficult. The work with beginners requires the most skillful. tactful teachers, as the children usually enter silent and unawakened. Their minds seem blank, and the anxious mothers eagerly ask : " Do you think my child can learn to talk?" And when in a few days that child goes home saying, "ma m a , " "papa," "home," they are highly gratified. September, 1898, a kindergarten for young children, three to six years of age, was opened, ^v i t h Bessie Aylmer Tucker in charge. She had taken a course in kindergarten work for hearing children in this cit}^ and afterwards entered the training class for teachers at the McCowen Oral .School , Chicago. vSlo^^d and sewing were introduced, September, 1895, with special teachers in each department, whose salaries were paid by patrons and friends of the school. This work prospered and proved a great help, both directly and J. C. Harper, Member Board of Education from 1891 to 1897. Okai, Sc'iiooi, K()1{ tiik Dhaf. 119 indirectly to the pupils; l)ut, when the chief Mi|)p()rter of it died, tliere were no funds to carry it on, and. as the Board of Education was unwilling to use any of the State appropriation for that purpose, the classes hatl to he dropped. It is hoped that at an early date the Board will reconsider and provide for liberal manual training. The Parents' Association in Oliio, seeing the special needs of deaf children and the advantage in keeping them at home during their early school life, succeeded in having passed, April, 1898, a State law which provides for the establishment of a day school for the deaf in any county or district where there are rtve or more deaf children of school age — the State appropriating one hundred and fifty dollars per pupil yearly for the maintenance of such schools. The Cincinnati Parents' Association to Promote the Education of the Deaf has been a great help to the school. This association was organized by Dr. Alexander Graham Bell in February, 1896. The object, as set forth in the constitution, is : "To promote the education and welfare of deaf children physically, mentally, and morally. To this end the association shall consult and co-operate with the Board of Education and the teachers of the school for the' deaf in this city." Through the interest shown by the Parents' Association, the school is indebted for many advantages which it would not otherwise enjoy. The lecture hour, which follows the conference and business session of the association, has proved most beneficial. The lecturers have been noted educators, physicians, or philanthropists, who spoke on subjects relating to the education of the deaf. The eyes, ears, and vocal organs of each pupil, upon entering the school, are examined by Dr. Robt. Sattler or Dr. C. R. Holmes. The school is greatly intlebted to I20 SciIOOr.S OF ClXCIXNTATI. these specialists for their long-continued and efficient service. The health of the children has been exceptionally good, but one pupil having died during the fourteen years. The present teachers are : Virginia A. Osborn, prin- cipal ; Emma Bork, Ida vSchwegler, Mabel Maris v^wope. L. L. Sadler, President Board of Education from i8S6 to 1888. liessie Aylmer Tucker; sign class, Carrie Fesenbeck. The school numbers twenty-eight pupils, fourteen boys l^and fourteen girls, with ages ranging from six to eighteen years. The following is an outline of the clas- sification of the pupils and the course of studv : Kinder- ()i!AL School i<'oi! 'iiie I)kai<-. 121 garten, children three to six years of ;iu;e (tliree years). First, second, third, fourtii, Fifth year, primary. First, second, and tiiirtl year, intermediate. In tlie Hrst year of the child's school life, he leanis from t\yo to three iiundred \yords. which he reads from the lips of others and uses for himself. lie forms short sentences and asks all such simple cjuestions as, "" May 1 go home.?" "May 1 haye a drink of water?" '^Please giye me some bread." etc. By the time he has completed the kindergarten course, he has a yocabulary of from six to seyen hundred words, and can express most of his thoughts and wants by speaking. Xo writing is now used until the child enters the Primary Department, though the former method was to teach speech and writing simultaneously. Plan of work pursued in kindergarten : Circle actiyities and the presentation of the thought for the day. In the deyelopment of the thought, the actual doing of things, excursions, or anything w'hich brings the thought before the child's mind is employed. In the expression of the thought, two forms of representation are used, the solid and the surface representations. For the first, any material is used from which the object can be made. For example, if the house that we liye in is the thought, the children build a little house with wood and nails. For the second form of representation, drawing on the board and paper with charcoal, pencil, or crayon, cutting, paper-folding, etc., are used. The plan work embracing nature studies and occu- pations is carried on through the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth primary classes. This work corresponds to the course of study pursued in the public schools, with simpler language. It is ditficult for deaf children to reason : they are less imaginati\e than hearing children. 122 Schools ok Cixcixnati. but excel in observation and meniorv. The intermediate classes pursue the same studies as the hearing children of those grades. Special attention isori\en tiiroughout the eleven years to auricular and voice training. If the child possesses a particle of hearing, that is utilized and developed as much as possible bv the use of the opera horn, auricles, speaking tube, or anv instrument that will aid iiearing. CHAPTER XIV. IIUGIIHS lIKJIt SCHOOL. THOMAS HUGHES, the founder of Hughes High School, was a man of no exalted position in life. Reputed of Welsh descent, he was born in Northern England ; wlien he came to this country, or who came with him, is not known. A shoemaker by trade, he had a farm near that of his friend, William Woodward. Tliere, in an humble cottage, he lived alone, save for his sorrel dog and sorrel pony and some select chickens, for the very finest of which he iiad naines. The simple home of one of Cincinnati's benefactors was on the north side of Liberty, between jMain and Sycamore, outside the city. On December 26, 1824, Mr. Hughes died at the home of James and John Melindy, who took care of him in his last illness. The jSIelindys lived on the west side of Main, just south of Liberty. He was interred in the Twelfth Street Grave-yard, and when this was taken for Washington Park the body w'as removed to .Spring Grove Cemetery, where a very handsome monument was erected in 1871 by the Hughes Alumni. His will, dated H. H. Barney. As Principal of Central School, He Organized the High School System of This City. He was the First Princifial of Hughes. (123) 124 Schools ok Cixcixnatt. December 4, 1824, gave considerable property " for the education of the poor, destitute children whose parents or guardians are unable to pay for their schooling." While Hughes' name isgixen to the school, and while he is honored as the father of the institution, his betpiest, so far as the money value is concerned, was small. '' It was only twenty-seven acres of hillside land, worth then only, say, i\\e or six hundred dollars, and it has never produced more than about $2,000 annual income," said Hon. Thornton M. llinkle, in his address on Flounders' Day. There has always been an air of mystery surrt)imding the memory of Thomas Hughes. When he deeded his land, no wife signed wnth him, hence many concluded that he was unmarried. There is, liowever, considerable reason for beliex'ing tliat he had been unhappily married, and had had no heirs. This gift to the "poor, destitute chil- dren whose parents or guardians are unable to pay for their schooling" is reported to have been for the purpose of keeping his wife from having any share in the estate. However, if a wife existed, she was never heard from. Hughes' will covered four pages foolscap, and, as will be noted, was made 22 days before he died. Hughes never contemplated a high school, and the land he gave cost him originally les> than .fv"'- jolm Melindy was executor. April 20. 1827, the land left by Mr. Hughes was laid out into lots by the trustees. This tract, covering about ten squares, extends from Schiller Street up to Mt. Auburn, and is between Main and Sycamore Streets. Tliere are also two lots below vSchillei-, and between the same streets as the other. At first the hmd was \aluable only for pasture and for stone quarries. E. W. Coy, Principal of Hughes High School from December i6, 1873, to 1902. <12S) 126 vSciIOOLS OK CiN'CIN'NA ri. In tlie year 183:^ the executor died, and between the years 1836 and 18^0 this property was given on perpetual lease (pay quarterly), with no revaluation. On March 3. 1845, a lot on Ninth Street, between Race and Vine — about where the Baptist Church is — was purchased for a high school at a cost of 19,000. In ISFay, 18:^1, this was sold for $15,700, and a lot was bought for $18,000 in Park's Subdivision, on Fifth Street, opposite ^Nlound. The Hughes Fund was in the meantime being used for the education of those who could not pav for " higher learning." As early as 1836 several boys were educated at Woodward College by the Hughes Fund. In 1847, in answer to a demand for secondary educa- tion, the present system of high schools was established, and on November 8th of that vear the Central vSchool was opened in the only available place — the base- ment of the Lutheran Church on Walnut street, below Ninth. H. H. Barney was the principal. February 28, 1848, the school was removed to a building purchased by the Board, on Center Street, now Longworth, between Elm and Race, .where the Murdock Building is to-day. For some time there was a feeling that the funds of the Hughes and Woodward trusts ought to be united, and then incorporated with the funds of the city. On the afternoon of July 22, 1851, the Union Board of High Schools was organized, and two days later the contract between the Board of Trustees and A'isitors of common schools, the Board of Trustees of Woodward Fund, and Board of Trustees of Hughes Fund was made, and in September following the high schools opened under the Union Board. Thus was consummated a plan that had been contemplated for years, and which was authorized by an act passed February 11, 1845. 1^8 Schools ok Cincinnati. The proposal to create a new high school in Cincin- nati was formulated by Peyton vS. .Symmes, who, October 31, 1845, offered in the School Board a motion " ' to con- sider and report on the expediency and practicability of further promoting the efficiency and best economy of the common school system of Cincinnati, by the permanent or experimental organization of a Central Common vSchool for one or both sexes in the said city, for the admission and instruction of such portion of the more advancetl pupils of the public schools as, either from the small- ness of the local classes, or the want of appropriate rooms, maps, globes, and other apparatus, can not profitably nor without serious disadvantage (often operating to the exclusion of junior applicants) be continued and instructed in their several districts.' '' Acting on this prolix resolution, the Board made an unsuccessful application for rooms in the Cincinnati College in which to start," etc. ("Memoir of Hiram Howard Barney," by W. H. Venable.) On December 26, 1901, the semi-centennial of the founding of the high schools was celebrated by Hughes and Woodward at Music Hall. The date is the seventy-seventh anniversary of the death of Mr. Hughes, and it is cpiite a coincidence that it happened to be selected. At the opening of the High Schools, in the fall of 185 1, it was decided that all children east of Race Street were to go to the Woodward College Building, and those west of Race were to remain at Central till new Hughes was built. Thus the children east of Race made up the Woodward High School, and those west made up the Hughes. ,So the two sister High Schools began their existence on the same day, September 16, 18:^1. The old Woodward Building was used for the Wood- ward High School until the completion of the present IIir(;iiEs IIi<;ii Sciiooi.. 129 l)uildin . CL D -3(& M 73 o o c- ii O "1 < O E M -. P *-; ^ H'-^ a w t— 1 >J ■v i" CO -13 PO 5' £ o 5 "5' J" ^ij 134 .Schools of Cincinnati. schools. He also edited the educational magazine, Illinois Teacher, published at Peoria. He practiced law for three years. In 1870 he took charge of the high school department of the Illinois State Normal University. On December 16, 1873, he came to Cincinnati as principal of Hughes, which position he has since retained. He has been president of the National Council of Education. He received the degree of Ph. D. from Princeton Uni- versity in 1886. Mr. Coy is the author of " Coy's Latin Lessons," a book for beginners, used (1903) in the schools of this city and cjuite generally throughout the United States. There are two mural tablets in the lower hall of the building. The one to the south gives the purpose of the erection of the school, the other reads as follows : HUGHES HIGH SCHOOL. Erected Under the Direction OF THE Union Board of High Schools. Samuel Lewis, Pres. Nelson A. Britt. Elam P. Langdon. George Crawford. Oliver Lowell. Robert Boal. D. Van Matre. Charles Anderson. W. Y. Gholson. Cyrus Davenport. Trusteesof the Woodward Fund. Delegates of Common School Board. William Green. William Hooper. Trustees of the Hughes Fund. Building commenced in March, 1852. Completed January, 1853. John B, Earnshaw, Architect. Daniel Lowery, Builder. IIiKJiiHS IIiCH School. 1:^5 llui^lies, as will be seen, was for two years sheltered at the Central buildin<^. The first class enrollment for the school was 87 boys and 112 girls. The Hughes semi-centennial class graduated 8ti, of whom 36 were boys and 44 were girls. Hughes has enrolled since its opening about 12,000 pupils, and of this number 2,21^0 have graduated. At Woodward about i_3,c;(X) have been enrolled, :ind 2.433 gratluated. CHAPTER XV. WOODWAHO HIGH SCHOOL. WILLIAM WOODWARD, born in Plainf^eld, Conn., March 8, 1^70, was the fifth of a sturdy family of ^7 twelve children. His father \vas a soldier of the patriot army of the Revolution, and his mother was the aunt of Lorenzo Dow. Thus Cincinnati's benefactor came from a notable family, cjuite the reverse of Thomas Hughes. W^oodwiird came to this city by flat-boat in 1791. " Having received a course of instruction in surveying in his native town, he followed his profession for a time in the new settlement. He soon after settled down to the life of a farmer, purchasing of his brother Levi, for the sum of $400, a farm that was the basis of his fortune. This land was originally bought of John Cleves Symmes for $1 1 by Levi Woodward. This estate was increased by property accjuired through marriage to Abigail Cutter. So that Mrs. W^oodward should share in the praises showered upon her husband, she joining in the deed that gave the land to Cincinnati. 136 Schools ok Cincinnati. ^V()OD\VARD FrKK GrAjNIMAR ScIIOOL. (NEVER ESTAHLJ.SllED.) For years Mr. Woodward had clierished liis desire to establish an institution of learning of a iiii^her o-rade than tlie private .schools, and from 18 19 to 182:^ his views gradually matured and finally crystalized to a definite plan. On November 24, 1826, a trust deed was made over to wSamuel Lewis and Osmond Cogswell, conveying seven acres of land on Sycamore Street, north of Hunt Street. This land was to establish a grammar school, which was \V('odward's idea of what was needed. The school was incorporated January 24, 1827, by special act of the legislature, but ^vas never opened. The aged couple whose generosity made old Wood- ward possible had no children. .Several were born, but all died young, hence the good of the city's youth came first in their thoughts. The consideration in the deed was " the better educating of the poor children of Cincin- nati and one dollar (.$1)." The school was to be known as the Woodward Free Grammar School. AVooDWAi{D Hiciii School of Cincinnati. However, the growth of the public school system established about this time (in 1829) was soon seen to be furnishing what Woodward intended, a grammar school or intermediate education, so on May 25, 1830, Woodward reconveyed the same land, with an additional tract, for a building site for a high school, to be known as the "Woodward High School of Cincinnati." This high school was incorporated January 15, 1831, and was successfully established and opened October 31 , 1831, in a two-story brick building erected in the north- east corner of the present lot on Franklin Street. Joseph Ray was a teacher, and Thomas J. Matthews was made Woodward Hich School, Franklin and Abigail Streets, Between Sycamore and Broadway; Erected 1854-5-67-80; Cost $73,037 ; 14 Rooms, Seats 582 Pupils; A. M. \'an Dyke, Principal. I137) 138 ScHooi.s OK Cincinnati. principal, or president, as the head of the school was then often called. Mr. Matthews served three years (1832-1835) and was noted for his ability as a mathema- tician, and for his proficiency in English literature. He was the father of Stanley Matthews, judge of the U. S. Supreme Court. (Two grandsons, Mortimer Matthews, the attorney, and Rev. Paul Matthews, of vSt. Luke's Episcopal Church, are living here to-day.) .The Woodward College of Cincinnati. (a detartment only.) Mr. Matthews was succeeded April, 1835, bv Dr. B. P. Aydelott, rector of Christ Church, this city. Dr. Aydelott was born in Philadelphia, Pa., 1795, educated as physician and surgeon, and later as Episcopal clergy- man. He served ten years. Meanwhile Woodward had died, and conditions were changing. Januaiy 7, 1836, a college department w^as authorized under the name of "The Woodward College of Cincinnati," which name supplanted that of the high school, though it should not have done so. It was used till June, 1851, so that the popular term "Old Woodward" refers to all of that period prior to this date, June, 1851. Woodward College and High School. AVoodward's College Department was opened January 25, 1836, in the same building with the high school, which now became the preparatory department under the princi- palship of John W. Hopkins, who served until December, 1839, when he was succeeded by Lewis P. Harvey, who served two years. In 1841, the two-story brick being too small, a third story was added, and preparations were begun for the building now standing, which was opened in September, 1855- A. M. Van Dyke, Principal of Woodward High School Since June, 1900. fnp) i^O vSciIOOLS OF ClXCINNATI. In 1843 Dr. Thomas J. Bi^^gs succeeded to the presi- dency of the college, and remained until the reorganization ot the present system in June, 1851. He was born in 1787 in Philadelphia, and, like Dr. Aydelott, was educated for the ministry. He came to Cincinnati in 1832 to accept a professorship in Lane Seminary. Among others who taught at Old Woodward were : Henry Snow, a graduate of Miami University, who came to Woodward in 1838. Charles E. Matthews, son of the first president, a pupil at the same time his father entered upon the presi- dency, graduated in 1842. In 1847 he was selected to assist in the department of mathematics. After the death of Dr. Ray lie edited several editions of the Ray text- books. William Holmes McGuft'ey, a man of connnanding genius as a teacher and scholar, served two vears (1843 to 1845) as a teacher of languages. The College disbanded June 27. 183 1. July 21, 1847, Central .School was provided for, and it soon made its influence felt. H. H. Barney, the princi- pal, agreed that Woodward High vSchool should cease, and so, after a series of dinners and diplomatic tilts, this was resolved upon, as the following ([notation from the minutes shows : ^VooDWAUD Hitiii vSciiooi. Discontinued (1830). "March 17, 1850, the high school was discontinued by the unanimous resolution of the Board, because the common schools were then furnishing substantially the same educational advantages, so that there no longer existed any necessity for such a school separate from the common schools ; and by discontinuing it, the college department would have the benefit of the money so saved." WooDWAHi) High vSchooi- 141 WooDWAKi) Coi.i.KCE Suspended (1851). So Woodward Pligh School disappeared, but only for H brief period. The college struggled on, and in the minutes is found this statement : " Marcli 20, 1851, in consequence of lack of funds to properly maintain it, the Board resolved to suspend the college after next commence- ment day until the funds could ac- cumulate sufficient- ly to warrant a re- opening." ' However, the college never re- opened. The fol- lowing minutes tell the story of what followed : " The lack of funds continuing to to embarrass the B o a r d , i t w a s thou gilt best by many of the mem- bers, and finally determined by the Board, to attach the school to the school system of Cincinnati Avas changed from AXDREW UlCKENLOOPER, A Student at Woodward College, 1848-y. etc. This was done, and the name The Woodward High School of Cincinnati" to the "Cincinnati Woodward High School," the name to-day. The legislative act under which this was done had been passed February 11, 1845. 1^2 Schools of Cincinnati. The first meeting of the Union Board was Tuly --, 1851, when the contract was approved. Speaking of the struggle of Woodward High School and the Woodward College to maintain tlieir separate and distinct existence, apart from the city, a friend of Woodward remarks that, when Woodward left his fortune, he thought it ample to niaintain a school. He never dreamed that the city would attain its present size and importance. The revenue derived to-day is ahout $13,000 per annum. Woodward's grant pi'ovides for a revaluation of the property every 15 years, so the school gets the benefit from increased values. In the case of Hughes, this is different, as the Hughes lease is perpetual, with no revaluation. Oi.D Woodward Club. September 27, 1855, the graduates of Old Woodward eft'ected a permanent organization. The first board of officers consisted of: President, George H. Pendelton ; Vice-President, R. B. Pullan ; Corresponding Secretary, E. A. Ferguson ; Recording Secretarv, Daniel G. Ray ; Treasurer, Horatio N. Hatch. At the reunion held October 24, 1898, the officers were : President, James Powell ; Vice-President, R. W. Richey ; Corresponding Secretary, Henry L. Kemper; Recording vSecretary, C^ol. Joseph M. Locke; Treasurer, James M. Glenn. Woodward of To-day (1902). The Woodward High School building, as known to- day, was erected in 1854-5, being completed and first occupied in September, 1855. It was added to in 1867 and again in 1880. The high school was begun .September, 1 85 1, in the old building, which did not interfere with the building of the new. Dr. Joseph Ray was the first principal, but he died in April, 1855, and so did not get ^Vc)on\\AKD High Scitool. 143 into the new buiUlino-. As a young- num of 24, Dr. Ray began teaching in the original Woodward High School (November, iS^i). He taught continuously and wrote text-books on mathematics. In 1843 he was elected a member of the Board of Trustees and Visitors (Board of Education), and the night he took his seat was made president (July i, 1843). He seryed as president until he resigned (Octo- ber 20, 1S46), owing to a readop- tion of his text- books coming up. He did not want to vote on the readop- tion. Dr. Ray was born Nov^ember 2:;, 1807, in Washing- ton County, Pa., now Ohio County, W. Va. As a child lie had an unusually active mind. He began to teach at 16. He entered Ohio University at Athens, but, not haying the means to prosecute a college course, began the study of medicine and graduated at the Ohio Medical College, this city, in 1829. He located in Cincinnati and built up a remunerative practice, but yielded to his incli- nation for mathematical studies and accepted the position John L. Shuff, Chairman of the Floral Parades, 1900-1. 144 .Schools ok Cincinnati. at Woodward. From the first he made Inmself felt. He was a member of the Christian Church, During his college life he supported himself by teaching. He passed some months at Washington College, Pennsylvania, but never took a degree. He died April i6, 1855. Dr. Ray always identified himself with the leading teachers, and was prominent in their gatherings. In 1853 he was president of the Ohio State Teachers' Association. The high esti- mation in which his arithmetics and algebra were held gave him a commanding position among the teachers in the Western States. He left one son, Hon. Daniel Gano Ray, who was the father of the late Mrs. (Maud) Dr. Sattler. The grandchildren of the celebrated teacher are : Dr. Victor Ray, the specialist, of this city ; John Stites Gano Best Ray, mining engineer, of Colorado Springs, Col. ; and Sergeant Joseph Ray, who died of fever at Santiago during the late (1898) Spanish War. Dr. Ray was succeeded by Daniel Shepardson, who was filling the pulpit of the First Baptist Church on Wesley Avenue when elected. He served until June, 1863, when he resigned to take charge of a girls' high school at Dennison University, Granville, O. This school is now known as Shepardson's College, and is still a part of Dennison University. Moses Woolson, who succeeded to the principalship in 1862, was at the head of a girls' high school at Portland, Me., when elected. On retiring in 1865 he went to Boston, where it is reported (1902) he is teaching Latin in a high school. George W. Harper, principal from 1865 to 1900, graduated from Woodward High School in 1833 (was valedictorian) and began teaching there that fall. He taught at Woodward continuously for the next 47 years. He was born August 3i, 1832, at Franklin, GEOKlii: \V. II \UPER, Principal of Woodward High School, 1865 to 1900; a Teacher there, 1853-65; Total, 47 years. [10] (14s) 146 Schools of Cincinnati. Warren County, O.. of Qiiaker stock. Educated in country schools, also at Central School. Started to read law, but was advised to teach by Dr. Joseph Ray, his instructor in mathematics. Traveled in Europe on leave (>f absence. In 1873 Mr. Harper organized the University (see chapter on University), which was conducted at Woodward for a time, until permanent organization was effected. Mr. Harper is best known by reason of his work and publications on geology. He has made eight expedi- tions in the South, studying and exploring. One expedi- tion he made as far west as Utah and the Yellowstone. The results of these researches have been published in pamphlet form. His catalogue of the silurian fossils (700 specimens) is accepted by the scientific world as the best out. There are three catalogues of local and fresh water shells, gathered within a radius of 50 miles of Cin- cinnati. A second edition, with descriptions, has been published. Another catalogue is that of all bivalve shells of the Mississippi drainage. For twenty-five years Mr. Harper was assistant editor of the Natural History Heviexv. He has since 1855 been making, under the Smithsonian Institute guidance, a series of meteoro- logical observations for this region. Since 1869 he has been president of the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery, In 1861 Dennison University conferred on him the degree of M. A. Mr. Harper is an active school man, and stands high in the community. His scholarship is varied and his accomplishments many, but he is, strictly speaking, a scientist. In June, 1900, Prof. A. M. Van Dyke succeeded Mr. Harper. For years Mr. Van Dyke was teacher of English literature at Woodward. Born at Mt. Healthy, O., 1838. Graduated from Hughes, class 1857. Taught in the in- termediate school one year, then moved to Indiana, where Woodward High School. 147 he graduated and practiced law. The war breaking out, he enlisted as apri\'ate in 1861, with 14th Ind. V. I., and served through the war, having seen four and a half years' service and having participated in over fifty battles. For six years Prof. Van Dyke was superintendent of the public schools of Ironton, O., but for the past twenty-five James Powell, A Student at " Old Woodward " in 1846-7-8. years he has been at Woodward. His published works are: "Annotated Editions of Pope's Essay on Man," " Selected Poems of Gray and Chaucer's Prologues and Knight's Tale." These editions were used in the high schools of the city. 148 Schools of Cincinnati. His military training led Prof. Van Dyke to organize (1S93) at Woodward the Woodward Cadets. These cadets are uniformed and drilled and provided with guns. They are very popular and respond to calls made by organizations, and they always appear in public parades, such as Decoration Day and other military or political demonstrations. Hughes and Walnut Hills High Schools followed Woodward, and organized their cadets. Woodward — Farmer, Tannkr, Trader. Mr. Woodward lived in the house (erected 1816, most of which is still standing) at the northeast corner of Main and Webster Streets. The old cellar is intact, as is the rear portion of the house, just as it was when Mr. Woodward lived there. It was into this cellar that Mr. Woodward stepped one day, falling clear to the bottom, breaking his leg, and bringing about the complications that caused his death, January 34, 1833. When Mr. Woodward abandoned the flat-boat that brought him down the Ohio, he dismantled it and used the lumber to build his modest home. One of the wooden pins that came from the boat went into the house, and when that was torn down the pin, or nail, became the property of George W. Harper, principal of Woodward, who still (1902) retains it. Mr. Harper has also two wooden chairs that belonged to Mr. Woodward, one a parlor chair, and the other a dining-room chair. Both were made from timber, hickory and ash, cut from the forests that then filled what is now Third Street. Mr. Harper secured the chairs from Mr. Kessler Smith, son of Ex-mayor Amor Smith. When the famous flat-boat was abandoned the owner gathered from the bottom some apple seeds. These were planted that year at Main and Webster, and later became an orchard about Mr. Wood- Woodward High School. 149 ward's residence. Orchard Street received its name from its cutting through this orchard. Woodward was a Presbyterian. It is related of him that he often scolded the schoolboys for jumping over the fence into his wheat field, by remarking : " Boys, didn't I give you enough play ground without you spoiling my wheat?" At one cominencement (1831) Woodward was present, and was moved to tears by compliments of a boy orator. It is related of Mrs. Woodward (the second) that she was cross-eyed as the result of a whipping she got at school when a young girl. The Woodward property was ap- praised July, 1833, as follows: Real estate, $179,675; personal, $28,088. Mr. Woodward in addition to his other business had a tan- nery on the south side of Liberty, east of Sycamore, and the stone upon which he curried leather is now in Woodward High School. Grave and Monument of William Woodward. January 3, 1859, the Woodward Trustees received a petition from students of Old Woodward, and this is what the minutes record : Theodore B. Pflueger, Principal Twentieth District School from 1896 to 1902. 150 Schools of Cincinnati. "■Resolved — That the request of the students of Old Woodward, etc., asking 'the use of a ten foot circle of ground opposite the central entrance to the building now situated on the Woodward College lot, at equal distances between the line of the street and the steps in front of the building, for the deposit of the remains and the erection of a monument to William Woodward," be granted, subject to the approval of the Union Board." The approval was secured. The Couple had been Interred in the Twelfth Street Burying Grounds (now Washington Park). August 3, i860, their remains were removed to a stone vault in the school lot. On September 24, 1878, the corner-stone of the monument was laid, and on October 24th following the monument, completed and erected by the Old Woodward Club and the Woodward Alumnal Association, was unveiled and transferred to the care of the Board of Trustees of Woodward. [Abigail Street, which Woodward faces on the south, was named after Mrs. Woodward (Woodward's second wife). Cutter Street was named after Mrs. Woodward's father, Joseph Cutter, who was killed by Indians while he was at work near what is now Twelfth and Elm. For years a monument marked his grave, and in it was a glass receptacle containing a lock of the unfortunate man's hair. The monument read that Cutter was ' ' killed on this spot. ' ' One day the hair was missing, some vandal having broken the glass and stolen the contents.] Woodward Monument Fund. June 25, 1881, the Old Woodward Club and the Woodward Alumnal Association offered to give, each, a $100 U. S. four per cent, bond to keep the statue in good order and repair. The two bonds were turned over and form a permanent fund. Woodward High School. 151 Portrait of Mr. Woodward. March 5, 1845, the Woodward Trustees received a present of a life-size portrait of Wm. Woodward, which was phiced in the school hall. No one knows who gave the portrait. Henry B. McClure, Graduate Miami University, Oxford, O., 1871. Principal Glendale Schools, 1875-80. The David Gallup Fund. In 1883 David Gallup, of Plainsfield, Conn., a nephew, by marriage, of Woodward, gave the school one- fifth of his estate, to be used the same as the Wood- 152 Schools of Cincinnati. ward estate. The total from this source was about .$10,000. Presidents of Woodward College. Thomas J. Matthews, A. M. ; Benj. P. Aydelott, M. D., D.D. ; Thos. J. Biggs, D. D. Principals of Preparatory (High School) Dept. John L. Talbott, Timothy S. Pinneo, Roswell Howard, Fred W. Prescott, Lewis P. Harvey, John W. Hopkins, Elias Yulee. Principals Wooward High School. Joseph Ray, Daniel Shepardson, Moses Woolson, George W. Harper, A. M. Van Dyke. [Note. — It must be borne in mind that the present Woodward building was erected by the city Board, and not by the Woodward College Trustees, as is popularly supposed. As to which man influenced the other in making the gifts, that is, Thomas Hughes or William Woodward, it is generally -accepted that Woodward, being the brighter man, gave Mr. Hughes the idea of founding a school. This is born out by the fact that Mr. Woodward was one of the first Hughes Trustees.] Wm. Woodward's Birthday. Mr. Woodward was born March 8, 1770, and his birth- day is celebrated annually by what is called "Founders' Day." On this occasion the oldest graduate present rings the old school bell. For a more extended account of Old Woodward the reader is referred to the 0/d Woodward Memorial^ published in 1884 by the graduates of the school, edited by John W. Dale, Benj. St. James Fry, Daniel Gano Ray, Peter Rudolph Neff, and Staats G. Burnet, from which much of the above sketch was secured. Domestic Sciknce. 153 CHAPTER XVI. DOMESTIC SCIENCE. Carrie C. Hull. DOMESTIC SCIENCE has been taught in the Wood- ward and Hughes High Schools for about 11 years, (since September, 1893). All the girls who desire to study are in the classes, which are arranged for every day in the week. The lessons are free to the pupils, though they pay ten cents each lesson for the food used. This is prepared and cooked, and then served as lunch. The classes are composed of the brightest girls in the schools, the brightest girls and the most womanly realizing that their education is incomplete without understanding something of housekeeping. We often hear people say : " Cooking in the public schools I Why can't their mothers teach them cooking?" You might as well ask : " Why can they not teach them mathematics, German, or music, etc. ?" They might be able to. They may have a good knowledge of all the subjects their children are taught, but yet not be able to impart it as well as teachers who carefully prepare each lesson, and who. have made a special study of the subject. Teachers make a study of chemistry, physiology, psychol- ogy, and hygiene, and devote time and thought to the cooking in order to make it a science. The lessons begin with the preparing of stale bread into dried crumbs, to be used later for croquettes and cutlets, the poaching of eggs, the toasting of bread, and the baking of potatoes. During the year each class has 1 54 Schools of- Cincinnati, thirty-five lessons, one each full study week. In these, thirty-five lessons they learn how to cook and prepare everything that naturally comes on a well-appointed table : All breads, breakfast foods, vegetables, baked and broiled meats, omelets, light puddings, cakes, and ice creams. They are taught the principles of cooking, so that they may be able to prepare dishes which they have not had. Each lesson is opened with a talk on the composition of some food that is to be used, how it affects the body, etc. Little talks and hints are given on hygiene. The recipes are then discussed, and each girl is given her task to perform, or the teacher prepares the lesson as a demonstra- tion. Three dishes are given at each les- son, and when the lunch is cooked the pupils are seated and immediately proceed to test it. There is rarely anything that the girls refuse to eat in the cooking school. Foods that they have always re- fused to eat at home are eaten with relish in the class, and almost every week is heard the remark : " Well, I've never eaten that before, but I like it now." A great many girls learn to like housework and cook- Gkorgk F. Braun, Principal Webster School, 1892- 1902. Domp:stic Scienck. 155 injif who never cared for it before, as association with chissmates and success in the work encoura<^es them. If pupils find they can go home and bake a good loaf of bread or cook a veal cutlet to a turn, make a fine soup or a dainty pudding, and the family approve, they are de- lighted and try again. The recipes given are plain and have been tried so often that pupils are almost sure to succeed. Of all the lessons in the schools, none are more im- portant, nor more useful, than domestic science, and all girls should take at least a one-year's course. The study would reach a class that really need it more, if it were put in the last year of the intermediate schools. Many girls leave school after the intermediate, and many of these could be very helpful in the home, or perhaps made self-sustaining by learning the science thoroughly. If girls would ennoble the profession of cooks and house- maids, by being capable and energetic, and by showing a thorough knowledge of their subject in all its details, they would be respected ; they could command higher wages, and more would be offered more comfortable homes, and soon all would win the esteem of employers. After the girls in the classes have disposed of the menu, three or more wash the dishes, scrub the tables, and rinse the towels. It never takes more than thirty minutes for this cleaning up, and often it is finished in twenty. This watchfulness teaches them not to despise the more homely tasks of housekeeping. At the end of the year we have contests in bread and cake baking, I am sure the girls enjoy it all, and that in years to come they will be thankful for the training they have had, when, perhaps, the declensions in Latin are a dream, and botany and zoology " are as if they were not." We have had two interesting classes of boys at Hughes, Julius Fleischmann, President College of Music; Director (ex-officio) University (156) of Cincinnati; Elected Major, April, 1900. Domestic Science. 157 bright, good, helpful boys — "mothers' boys" — and I am sure their lessons have done them no harm, but much good, and that they will not be the less men because they can broil a steak or make coflfee and light biscuit, and know the best way to cook all foods. Owing to lack of room, no classes have ever been started at the Walnut Hills High School. CHAPTER XVII. WOODWARD IN THE CIVIL WAR. George W. Harper. THE military spirit has always been a prominent feature in the history of Woodward, even in the old college days, and many of the boys from the old school, who afterwards took a prominent part in our country's struggle, received their first lesson in the mili- tary art on the Woodward play-grounds. About ten years before the Civil War the military fever went through the school like an epidemic. The school building seemed converted into a barracks, the play-grounds into a camp. At recess and at noon time all games were neglected, and the entire grounds were covered with squads of incipient soldiers, marching and counter marching, filing right and filing left, the scene a complete counterpart of what was witnessed upon a larger scale among our soldier boys at the breaking out of the war. The boys soon mastered the squad drill and formed a full company, electing Fred C. Jones their captain. Other companies were afterwards formed, and finally a battalion consisting of four companies was organized, and Fred C. Jones was made commander. With the occasional 158 vScHOOLS OF Cincinnati. association of Col. Guthrie, who resided in the neighbor- hood, and who gave tlie boys instruction in the more com- plicated movements, they soon preformed like veterans. Hardly a decade of years passed when the play-ground was changed for the battle ground, and these incipient City Hall. Board of Education Headquarters Since March 20, 1893. soldiers became the heroes of Shiloh, of Stone River, and of Chickamauga. Of the number who formed Col. Jones' battalion, we can call to mind one general, three colonels, eight captains, and twelve lieutenants who took part in the Civil War. Woodward in the Civil War. 159 The boyhood militaty career of Col. Jones seemed pro- phetic. He was first commissioned a captain in liis country's service, and after the battle of Shiloh received a telegram from Gov. Tod, promoting him to the position of colonel, for gallantry on the field of battle. Of those in the school during the period from 1853 to 1861 who responded to their country's call in her hour of peril, I can only recall the following names : Richard Ayers, Harry Browne, Theodore F. Allen, Lewis G. Brown, Henry V. N. Boynton, J. Milton Blair, Milton B. Chamberlain, Geo. G. Cox, Jesse De Beck, Adolphus Frey, Milton Graff, Wm. A. Gibson, James C. Horton, Alexander Humphreys, Edward Heaton, Rezen Hall, D. J. Ireland, Fred C. Jones, Edward Kirman, Wilson A. Kendall, William H, Morgan, Henry Meader, Peter S. Michie, Jas. G. Morgan, Wm. E. Orr, Edward H. Prichard, Gifford Parker, Edwin H. Rowe, Isaac Simon, George W. Smith, William Strunk, John B. Scheide- mantle, Robert S. Schultz, Wm. S. Trevor, Abner Thorp, Wm. C. Urner, Andrew Van Bibber, Chas. F. Wehmer, E. Cort Williams. The following names are copied from the OUi Wood- ward Afe??i07-ial : Lansing V. Applegate, Capt. Co. H., O. V. I. Andrew Avery, Drum Maj. i3th and 6ist O. V. I. John M. Baldwin, on staff Gen. Pemberton, C. S. A. David M. Barr, Quartermaster Sergeant 5th O. V. C. Leslie Bassett, ist Lieut. 13th Iowa Infantry. John R. Baylor, Brigadier Gen., C. S. A. C. Beecher, Brevet Brig. Gen., U. S. A. John C. Bickham, private in 79th O. V. I. Henry W. Biggs, Chaplain in Union Army. Thomas Brainerd Bodley, Major Artillery, C. S. A. i6o Schools of Cincinnati. Frederick Brasher, ist Lieut. 59th 111, V. I. Dr. Columbus P. Brent, Surgeon 54th O. V. I. Benjamin L. Brisbane, ist Lieut., Adjutant, and Chaplain U. S. A. Wm. H. Brisbane, ist Lieut. 2d Reg. Wis. Cavalry. Jacob Broadwell, Captain 29th O. V. I. Hunter Brooke, Aid and Judge Adv. staff Gen. McCook, Henry Van Ness Boynton, Maj. and Lieut. Co. 35th O. V. I., and Brig. Gen. A. J. M. Brown, Maj. 2d Infantry Ky. Vols. John L. Burtt, Surgeon U. S. N. David C. Challen, Surgeon 2d Ky. Inf. James R. Challen, Lieut. Colonel 69th O. V. I. Geo. F. Chester, Col. in U. S. A. Alex C. Christo- pher, Lieut. Col. 6th O. Isaac H. Turrell, Principal Fourth District School, 1879 to 1901. V. I. Chas. H. Cristopher, Eng. Miss. Squadron, M. S. A. John W. Cunningham, Capt. 42d N. Y. I. Wm. B. Davis, Surgeon 137th O. V. I. Erasmus B. Dennison, Major O. V. Cavalry. Wm. G. Dewire, Second Lieut, ist O. V. I. Augustus Eberle, Surgeon 30th Missouri Vols. \\'()()I)\\A1U) IN llIK Cl\il. W'ai;. i6i Eilimind Eberlc. Private stli (). \'. Ca\alrv. Curtis O. Edwards, on staff Gen. (iran\ ilk- Moodv. ^Vm. H. Fagley, Capt. 5th (). V. Cavalry. Win. E. Fay, Gen. in Union Army. Geo. L. Febiger, Otiicer in U. .S. A. George M. Finch, Lieut. Col. O. V. I. Henry E. Foote, Surj^^eon 22d (). \'. I. Chas. Freeman, killed in battle of Winchester. Henry C. Freeman, Chief Eno-. 13th Armv Corps. Benjamin St. James Fry, Chaplain 63d (). \'. 1. Chas. L. Gano, Lieut. Col. 69th (). V. L Daniel Gano, Capt. C. S. A. \\ m. H. Gano, Qiiartermaster of Army of Tenn. Chas. Gilpin, Maj. 8tli (). V. I. Chas. Goodman, Capt. and Qj,iartermaster in U. A. Alban O. Goshorn, Capt. 8th O. V. L Alfred T. Goshorn, Maj. 137th (). \\ L Caleb T. Goshorn, Capt. 37th O. V. L Robt. M. Graham, Lieut, on staff Gen. L I. .Stevens. vSolomon L. Green. Maj. 7th O. \^. L Francis H. Gregory, Capt. 91st Penn. ^^)ls. Justus A. Gregory, Capt. 91st Penn. Vols. .Wm. S. Grimes, Surgeon 29th Iowa Vols. John B. Groesbeck, Col. 39th (). \'. L Joseph C. Harding, Major in I'nion Army. Joseph G. Haven. Sergeant 3th Rhode Island X'ols. Edwin W. Hedges, Capt. 39th New Jersey VoU. Archibald E. Heighway, Surgeon in U. S. A. A. Hickenlooper, Lieut. Col. and Judge Advocate on Gen. McPherson's staff. Andrew C. Kemper, Captain and Asst. Adi Gen U. S. A. Benjamin E. Hopkins, Lieut. i,:57th (3. \\ L [II] l62 Schools ok Cincixxati, Benjamin J. Ilorton, ist Lieut. J4th (). \'. I. vSilas II. Ilubbell, Adjutant 107th III. Vols. Chas. J. James, 2d Lieut. 41st O. V. I. David Judkins, Surgeon West End Military Hospital, Henry (j. Kennett, Col. 79th O. Y. I., Brevet l^rig. General. Chas. C. Kil- burn, First Master in Miss. Squadron under Admiral Davis. Joseph K i r- ku]i. Captain in L'nion x^rmy. (jeo. W. Lan- drum, 1st Lieut. 2d (). \'. I. E. B. La no- don, Col. ist O. V. L. Brevet Brig. General. Chas. II. Lar- rabee, Colonel 24th Wisconsin Vols. J. B. Leake, Lieut. Col. 20th Iowa W)ls., Brevet Brig. Gen. George ^^ . Leonard, Capt. 4th O. V. Cavalry. Wm. G. W. Lewis, Chaplain 24th O. V. I. Francis Link, Major 9th O. \". 1. Jonathan F. Linton, Qjiartermaster 39th 111 James B. Kemper, P'irst Lieutenant 6th Infantry U. Woodward, 1895. S. A. Vols. Woodward i\ tiik Civil W'ak. 16:^ Xathan Linton, (Quartermaster 57tl-i HI. \ Ols. John Locke, ]r., vSurgeon U. S. A. John M. Locke, Lieut. CoL in Reg. Army U. wS. A. Chas. L'H. Long, Lieut. CoL 5th O. V. L Cyreneus Longley, ist Lieut, iith (). V. L Tillinghast L'Hommedieu, ist Lieut. LI. S. CaVah-y. John (). Marsh, Surgeon 153d O. V. L Stanley Matthews, CoL 51st O. V. L Robt. J. McGrew, Capt. of Artillery. Francis F. Merrilees, Qiiartermaster LT. S. A. John IL Malonev, Ensign in U. S. N. Christopher H. Morgan, Col. U. S. A. Ca\-alrv and Inspector-General on Gen. Pope's staff. Edward H. Morgan, Lieut, in Union Armv. Geo. W. Neff, Col. 88th O. V. I. Henry Nold, Capt. of Cavalry C. S. A. ^Vm. Owens, Capt. ^oth Vol. Caw Legh R. Page, Vol. C. S. A. John J. Palmer, Major V . vS. A. Addison LL Sanders, Col. i6th Iowa Inf. D. W. C. Sawyer, Col. in Union Army. Wm. A. Seiter, Chief Sig. Officer 14th Army Corps. Clarence A. Seward, Col. in Lhiion Army, Edward W. vShands, Col. in C. S. A. Edward McC. Shoemaker, Qiiartermaster 6th O. V. I. Samuel Silsbee, Surgeon L^. S. A. Thos. K. Smith; Brevet Major Gen. O. W I. David W. Snyder, ist Lieut. O. V. I. Warner Spencer, Lieut. Col. LI. S. A. Chas. Stevens, Adjutant U. S. A. Geo. L. vS. Stuff, Chaplain ^zd 111. Inf. Gustavus A. Sturm, Midshipman LI. S. Navy. Chas, W, Sullivan, Corp. iith Iowa Vols. Thos. S. Tappan, ist Lieut. U. S. Navy. 164 vScHOOLS OF Cincinnati. Joseph H. Taylor, Capt. in U. S. A. Mathew P. Taylor, Brig. Gen. C. S. A. Wesley C. Thorpe, Inspector-Gen. U. S. A. Wm. Threlkeld, Lieut. Col. U. S. A. Jas. S. Thropp, Capt. U. S. A. David W. Telford, Chaplain iith Iowa Vols. Wm. I. Torrence, Capt 138th O. V. 1. Wm. S. Trevor, Capt. Merrill's Horse Comp. U. S. A. Thos. C. Tullis, Capt. 4th Iowa Vols. Philip P. Turpin, Brig. Gen. O. V. I. Daniel H. Valen- tine, Capt. 6th Minn. Vols. Augustus C. Van Dyke, Capt. U. S. A. Lawrence Waldo, Capt. 88th O. V. I. Jas. M. Walker, Master Mate U. S. N. Moses B.Walker, Brevet Brig. General U. S A. J. W. Wartmann, Capt. U. S. A. Wm. B. Williams, .Surgeon U. S. A. Wm. C. Williams, Sergeant Cavalry U. S. A. Henry Wilson, Capt. 2d Mo. Cav. U. S. A. Lewis Wilson, Capt. 19th Inf. U. S. A. John F. Wiltsee, Col. 2d O. V. I. \Vm. P. Wiltsee, Col. O. V. I. Samuel M. Woodruff, Lieut. U. S. A. Alan Sanders, Teacher of Mathematics at Hughes, 1881-1902. W'oODW A KI) IN THE ClV'lL WaK. 165 I'^rom these records it appears that Woodward con- tributed to tiie war one major general, fifteen brigadier generals, twenty colonels, nine lieutenant colonels, three adjutants, eleven majors, thirty-five captains, twenty-one lieutenants, seven corporals, three sergeants, seven quarter- masters, three judge advocates, five chaplains, twelve surgeons, and to the navy eight officers. Many of these officers enlisted as privates, but won promotion by their brave deeds and honorable service in the army. Besides these were a large number of the rank and file, whose names can not now be recalled, and many of them left no other record than an honored grave in one of our national cemeteries. Woodward Guards. In 1861 a company styled the Woodward Guards was formed, composed largely of students of the school. Before their departure for the war they assembled in the hall of Woodward and received a handsome silk banner made by the young ladies of the school. Four years later a remnant of this noble band returned with the banner intrusted to their keeping. Though tattered and torn with shot and shell, it now hangs in the halls of W^ood- ward, carefully protected under glass, to be kept forever as' a memorial of the gallant boys who so bravely fought under its folds to preserve our country from dissolution. Before the company's organization was completed, Ohio's quota of troops was filled, so the boys applied and were received into the 2d Reg. Ky. Inf. This regiment was soon after sent to West Virginia, and their first battle was at Barbourville, which place they took, and the Woodward boys hung out their fiag from the cupola of the court house to signal their first victory. After driving the rebels out of the Kanaxvha Valley, the army of West Virginia was divided, and a part, including the i66 Schools of Cincinnati. Woodward Guards, was sent to Louisville, and thence they marched across Kentucky and joined Gen. Nelson's division in Tennessee, and soon after they reached Shiloh's dreadful battlefield. After the battle of Corinth they moved on to luka, Miss., and later to Athens, Ala. Their faces were then turned north again. Returning to Nashville, they were ordered to Murfreesborough and again back to Nashville, where they joined Buell's army. This, I believe, completes the itinerary of the Woodward Guards. CHAPTER XVIII. MUSIC IX THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. (t. F. Iiiiikerniiinii. THE teaching c.f vocal music was introduced into the public schools more than half a century ago ( 1844). The system used was the movable do, the same that is used now. Charles Aiken, Wm. F. Colburn, Elisha Locke, Luther Whiting Mason, and Joseph P. Powell were among the first music teachers employed. Concerning the movable do system, still used in spite of the many attempts to supplant it, I take the liberty to state that there has never been anything better offered to to take its place. I believe in the use of the tonic solfa system for beginners, because it is the movable do facili- tated, using no staff notation. No matter, however, what system is used, there is the fact, not to be denied, that our pupils can sing, and that they learned the art of singing in the public schools. Again and again attempts have been made to do away with music, the claim being made that it did not Music IN IIIK Pl'lU.IC v^CllOOLS. 1 67 aiiKiunt to anvthiname by engaging the ser\ ices of special teachers. Music being an art and a science both, its rudiments cannot be com- menced at too early an age, and one reason why people G. F. JUNKERMANN, Superintendent of Music from 1879 to 1900. do not accomplish much in the art of it is because thev do not commence at the time when the mind and body are in their flexible state, or do not practice it in the most approved way, as, for instance, was done in our schools, when the course of study in music compelled the teachers to use nothing but the kev of C major t"or the first^five i68 Schools of Cincinnati. years after entering the first grade. This mistake is well expressed by the old German saving (vSprichwort) : ' ' M^as HaoiscJicii uicJit Icr/if , Icriit I fans iiiiiiiiicr. ' ' The sooner the different keys are practised in the lower grades, or even in the lowest grade, the better the result, for it has been proven by tests and experiments that, when pupils practise one key only for a number of weeks or years, their minds become incapacitated from chang- ing to the different key notes. This accounts for the unwillingness of teachers who have taught the key of C major exclusively for five years to adopt the change of key note in accordance with newer text-books. Music requiring the cultivation of the ear, our pupils are taught simple songs ji.nd the scales before any notes are presented to their eyes. When they can sing the in- tervals of the scale, ascending and descending, they are shown the notes, as being the pictures of the tones they are familiar with. There is nothing that can take the place of music as a cultivator of the heart. As a mind study it is on a par with other subjects, if not superior to many, because three functions of the mind are occupied in the proper accomplishment of the reading at sight of a musical composition, viz. : the meter, the naming of the notes by SNdlable or word, and the pitching or striking of the intervals. On the old and true principle that the teacher makes the school, depends the success of any subject that forms the curriculum of any educational institution. Music certainly is not an exception to this rule. Should not then the greatest care be taken in the selection of the music teacher.? Should not the music teacher know something else than to play a few pieces on an instrument or to sing his part in a choir or a chorus.? Since he is ex]:)ected to handle the pupils of the lowest grade as well JAMES Cooper, Member Board of Education in iS^i. ^^'^'^') i7*^> Schools ok Cincinnati. :i8 those of the upper, he should be a gentleman or lady of culture and refinement to the highest degree. On the other hand, can the local teacher replace the specialist? I am aware that a great many of the new text-books encourage the local teacher to instruct in music as best they can, and many claim that this can be done by them. This may all be true in a few cases, but, as a rule, music can only be taught l)y those who are especially trained teachers. In June, 1900, A\'alter H. Aiken became superin- tendent of music. He is a son of the second superintend- ent of the department, Mr. Charles Aiken. Mr. Aiken, Sr., graduated in 1838 from Dartmouth. He graduated also for the ministry, but devoted his life to music. He retired from active service in 1879, and died October 4, 1882. The first music teacher was Wm. F. Colburn, who was also superintendent for three years previous to 1848 (when Mr. Aiken took charge). A bust of Mr. Aiken occupies the niche south of the Springer monument in Music Hall vestibule. The teachers contributed about two-thirds of the cost of this memorial. Preston Powers, of Florence, Italv, was the sculptor. vSlTPERINTENDENTS. William F. Colburn. 1845-184S; Charles Aiken, 1848-1879; (7. F. Junkermann, 1 879-1 900 ; Walter H. Aiken, 1900- 1902. [Note. — On Mr. ]imkermann's retirement, he was given a testimonial at Music Hall, and upon the proceeds he and Mrs. Junkermann were sent on a visit to Germany.] I'HNMAXSIlll'. 171 CHAin'ER XIX. I'HNMA XSIlll" llcwuril elutiiii.lin. '"T'^HE Hrsl special teucher of penmanship in the puhlic I schools was James Bowers, employed 1841. At that time there Avere no copybooks containing engraved copies in use in any of the grades, and the writing was done in blank books, consisting of ruled paper. Qjiiill pens were still in use in many of the schools. To.be able to mend them was one of the necessary qualifications of the writing master, and also to make them from the goose quills brought to school by the pupils. The copies were all Avritten by hand, both upon the blackboard and at the heads of the pages in the blank books. In the yearly report, printed June 30, 1842, appears the following : " James W. Bowers is engaged as teacher of penmanship at forty-five ($45) dollars per month, giving lessons of one and one-half hour each, at least twice a week, to select classes in all the districts (visiting four hours each day), and aiding the principals and in- structors, as far as practicable, in the superintendency of all the writers under their immediate charge." By reference to these yearly reports, it appears that the penmanship department had the distinction of being the first special department organized. In 1847 Root's penmanship, or copybooks, came into use, but in 1850 the department was abolished, the pen- manship having attained such a degree of excellence that the Board of Education thought that. \\'\{h the help of 73 vScllOOLS OF CiN'CINXATT. Root's copybooks, the regular teachers could maintain it without any special assistance. A marked decline in the writing of the pupils set in at once, and continued until it became evident that something must be done. In 1854 Miss Lucina S. Barrett was engaged as superintendent. Miss Barrett had no special help until James M. Gi.knn, A Student at Old Woodward. 1857, when one regidar teacher in each building was assigned to teach penmanship at an additional salary of five dollars per month. These special assistants were required to attend a vSaturdav morning class for self- impr()\'ement. Miss Barrett filletl the position very ac- Pkx.maxsiiim. 173 ceptal)lv until her marriage to (jen. R. 1). Mussey, in i860, when tlie siiperintendency \vas again abolished. With tiie resignation of Miss Barrett, the idea of marking copybooks and counting penmanship as a regular subject began, and the practice has continuetl until the present. \i\ reference to the yearly report of 1861, it appears that a rule was adopted by the Board of Education specifying the points to be considered in marking the penmanship. This rule was as follows : ''They shall take into consideration the general correctness as to the use of capital letters, cleanliness of books, proper division of words, punctuation, and general correctness of appearance." For several years penmanship w-as allowed to deterio- rate, and it became quite a lost art, until the appointment of E. A. Burnett as superintendent in 1870. At that time the »Scribner system of copybooks was in use. In 1872 the penmanship attracted much favorable attention at the Vienna Exposition. At the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia, Pa., in 1876, there were ninety volumes alone of English and German penmanship. One of these volumes was composed entirely of specimens of penmanship from the special and regular teachers. In 1874 Charles W. Bell (colored) was appointed for the colored schools, which were then separate from the ^^•hite schools. This arrangement \vas changed as soon as colored pupils were admitted to all schools, and Mr. Bell took charge of penmanship in an entire section of the city. In 1887 the superintendencv was abolished for the third time. In 1892, however, it was revived, and Howard Champlin was made head of the department. In his report of 1895-6, Superintendent Morgan says : "The department of penmanship never was so carefullv cop.ducted, nor has there been at anv time more 174 Schools ok Cincixxati. siitistactoi'v work. The 'arm ino\ement,' insisted upon by the superintendent, is creating a better, more independ- ent class of writers, and is overcoming that old but serious oi:)jection, tlie 'cramped hand' style, about which our business men have so justlv and persistently complained." In 1S99 the vertical system was adopted, and A. 11. Steadman was elected to take charge of its introduction. Mr. Steadman is still superintendent. In 1901 the vertical system was displaced by the " natural slant.'' Business men objected to vertical writing, which, it was claimed, killed individuality, and wiiich in time would make forgery almost impossible of detection. CHAPTER XX. DRAWING DEPAKTMEXT. Christine G. Sulliviin. INTERNATIONAL expositions of Europe had demon- strated to the world the fact that those nations ex- celling in manufactures were those that had furnished their artisans with the opportunity of learning the ele- ments of industrial art. i\.t these expositions tlie Ignited vStates stood lowest in respect to artistic excellence of manufactures. The experience of European nations suggested the remedy, and a movement to make drawing a part of public school courses became general throughout the United States. As early as 1862 members of the Board of Education urged the introduction of drawing into the public school curriculum. In this year an outlined course was in- Dka w I xc; Dki'A i; im k\ r. tr(»iluc'cd, tlu' i"t'(4"iilar teachers iiist ruet iny;. The resuhs secured were very encouragiii(i". ami this arranyenient was continued until 1864. In this \ear Superintendent Hardino; makes, in his report, this mention of the work done in chawing: ".Specimens of ch-awings are now in mv office, which the members of the Hoard would do well to examine, showing- nnich skill in the teachers and decided talent in the chil- dren. If so much has l)een done b\- the limited facili- t i e > possessed bv our teachers, what might we not expect if profes- sional teachers of drawing should be employeil, as pro- posed by your com- m i 1 1 e e on draw- ing.?" The Board of Education, acting iipon the advice of the superintendent, this year provided two special teachers of drawing, one for the eastern half, and one for the western lialf of the city. These two teachers gave two lessons weekly to all their classes. The second year, perspective was introduced. In 1S67 Bartholomew's drawing books took the place of the drawing course pre\iously followed. The work was from the flat exclusivelv. W. H. VOGEL, Superintendent of Drawing since September, 1899. 76 vScHOOLS OF CliXCIXNATI. In i86S Arthur Forbrij^er was appointed superin- tendent, and the Demcker system of drawing was intro- duced into the A, B, and C grades, the special teachers instructing. The lower grades were taught by the regular teachers, who received instruction'" from the superintendent once a month. In 1 8 7 () t h e H (J a r d appointed three additional teachers, one of whom was H. H. Fick. In June of 1 87 1 there was in (yreenwood HalTan exhibition of pu- pils' work, sliow- ing the plan of the Demcker system. The following Sep- tember the Barthol- omew Revised System of Dra\v- ing was introduced, a n d one more teacher was added. In 1872 a draw- ing exhibit was sent to the Vienna Exposition. The report of the Commission- er of Education showed that Cincinnati had gained an enviable reputation in this branch. In 1873 model drawing was introduced into the Normal and recommended for the high schools. Previous to this time drawing in the high schools (which comprised drawing from the flat and mechanical drawing) was taught by the regular teachers. Richard C, Yowell, Principal Lincohi School and President Teachers' Club (1902). Drawing Departmknt. 1^7 In 1874 Miss Cliristine G. Sullivan joined the de- partment. In 1875 Forbriger's Tablet took the place of the Bartholomew System. In 1876 an elaborate exhibit was sent to the Centen- nial Exposition at Philadelphia. The progressive char- acter of the Forbriger Drawing Tablet was shown in mounted specimens, representing every school in the city. The work elicited the highest encomiums, and Cincinnati was recognized as among the foremost cities in America in respect to industrial art education. Upon the death of Superintendent Forbriger, No- vember, 1878, Mr. Fick succeeded to the superintendency. It will be noted that from the date of the introduction of drawing, there has been a steady advancement in regard to both the scope of the work and the character of the pupils" execution. Under Dr. Fick this advancement continued. Exhibits of drawing were frequent at insti- tutes and at meetings of the National Educational Asso- ciation, and Cincinnati continued to hold her reputation as a leader in this branch of education. The course for the high schools was enlarged, perspective and drawing from the object receiving more attention. During the superintendency of Mr. Forbriger a limited knowledge of drawing was made one of the qualifications for a regular teachers' certificate. Dr. Fick raised the standard of this requirement and elaborated the course previously followed in the Normal School. In 1879 the scope of the Forbriger Tablet being con- sidered inadequate to the growing demands of industrial art education, Mr. Fick was called upon to revise it. The revised edition, which gave less space to designs for surface decoration and introduced perspective and mechan- (12) 178 Schools of Cincinnati. ical drawing, was adopted in 1881. Dr. Fick further raised the standard of drawing by extending the use of paper, instead of slates, even in the lowest grades. In 1883 John Hauser, the artist, joined the department. In answer to the demand for a more comprehensive system of drawing, the Eclectic vSystem, prepared by Miss Christine G. vSullivan, was adopted September, 1884, The following October Mr. Fick resigned, and Miss Sullivan was elec- ted to the superin- tendency. In 1885 the schools sent an exhibit to the New Orleans Exposi- tion. The display attracted general attention, both the work of the pupils and the plan of the system receiving the highest com- mendation. At the request of the Principal Eleventh District School; also French Commis- West Side Night High School, sioner of Educa- tion, the etitire exhibit was presented to the Paris Pedagog- ical Museum, where it still occupies a prominent place. In 1886 Mr. John Hauser withdrew from the depart- ment, and W. H. Vogel was appointed to the vacancy. An exhibit of drawing, comprising work from all grades, was a feature of the educational department of the Cin- cinnati Exposition of this year. W. C VV'ashbltrn, Drawing Department. 179 At the Ohio Valley Centennial Exposition in 1888 a display consisting of over 3,000 mounted drawings, representing every school in the city, occupied a prominent place on the walls of the educational department. As an attractive and instructive feature, it was awarded a diploma by the commissioners. In 1893 the largest display of drawings ever collected from our schools was sent to the World's Fair. The diploma we received is sufficient testimony as to its excellence. In 1895 we exhibited at the Atlanta Exposition, and received the highest award gi'anted to exhibitors in the educational department. The exhibits at the National Educational Associations and in the educational departments of our larger exposi- tions, have shown that Cincinnati holds a place in the front rank as regards education in industrial art. For several years it has been the aim of the department to widen the scope and extend the usefulness of its subject. We have wished to see drawing used as a means of illustration in connection with the other branches of the curriculum, and hoped that our work should include the study of pictures, with a view to ethical development. I am pleased to recognize the beginning of work in this direction. On account of the added responsibilities of the department, the requirements for a special certificate have been in- creased ; a liberal general education being now required in in addition to the special art education. i8o Schools of Cincinnati. CHAPTER XXI. CINCINNATI MUSEUM ASSOCIATION. J. H. Gest. THE Cincinnati Museum Association, which embraces two departments, the museum department and the academy department, was incorporated in i88i,asthe result of a proposition on the part of the late Charles W. West to give $150,000 toward the erection of a museum building. The condition Mr. West imposed was that others should give as much more. This occurred in the autumn of 1880, and within a month the funds had been raised. The Museum building was completed and opened on the 17th of May, 1886, having cost $334,416.11. In the meanwhile Mr. West had given a second sum of .$150,000 toward an endowment fund. Other citizens increased this until the aggregate endowment fund of the museum department is now $252,178.80. Next to Mr. West, the largest contributor to this fund was the late Reuben R. Springer, who left by will $40,000. The school department, known as the Art Academy of Cincinnati, has separate and distinct endowment funds amounting to $393,002.40, and occupies a building erected at a cost of $97,175.58. The principal patron of the school was the late Joseph Longworth, who was really the founder of the department. He had for many years contributed to the support of the School of Design while it was connected with the University of Cincinnati, and CiNcrNNATi Museum Association. i8i had actually established a small endowment for its benefit. At the time of the incorporation of the Museum Associ- ation, he resolved to place in the hands of the trustees of the association a much larger fund for the endowment of a thoroughly-equipped art school. He died, how- ever, before having completed the arrangement, and shortly after his death his son, the late Nicholas Long- worth, proposed to the trustees of the Museum to carry out the wishes of his father. An arrangement was then entered into with the city of Cincinnati by wdiich the Art Museum anu Academy, The Museum was Completed and Dedicated May 17, i^ Charles W. West, Founder. 1; Cost, $3.':^4,4i6; School of Design was transferred from the University to the Museum Association, whereupon Nicholas Longworth placed in the hands of the trustees, in fulfilment of his father's intention, investments and ground rents of the value of $371,631. The late Reuben Springer left the school, by will, $25,000. During the lifetime of Mr. vSpringer there had been conferences betw^een him and David Sinton on the subject of providing a suitable building in Eden Park near i83 vScHOOLS OF Cincinnati. the Art Museum, but nothing was definitely concluded before Mr. Springer's death. Subsequently Mr. Sinton offered to put up the building at an outlay of $75,000. The ultimate cost of the school building being $97,175.58, a part of Mr. Springer's bequest and also some of the in- come was added to the gift of Mr. Sinton. The next gift to the school came in 1899 from Mr. and Mrs. M. E. Ingalls, in memory of their daughter, and is known as the Louise Ingalls Scholarship Fund. It amounts to $10,000, so invested in a ground rent as to produce $600 a year. The income from this fund is de- voted to the aid of students. The object of these endow- ments is to provide so far for the running expenses of the Academy that it shall be necessary to charge only nomi- nal fees of tuition. Accordingly, while the institution expends between eighty and one hundred dollars annually on each pupil, it charges only twenty-five dollars for a full season's tuition. The school, with its present equipment, is one of the most complete in the country, and affords opportunity for advanced work in the study of art as well as preparatory training for the beginner. If space were allowed, one might go into the interesting earlier history of the old School of Design, which was established here in January, 1869, as the first part of what afterwards be- came the Cincinnati University, under the will of Charles McMicken. The Museum Association was incorporated, not merely to provide an art museum, but for the broader " purpose of establishing and maintaining in Cincinnati a museum wherein may be gathered, preserved, and exhibited valuable and interesting objects of every kind and nature, and for the further purpose of using the contents of said museum for education through the establishment of classes and otherwise, as may be found expedient." Melville E. Ingalls, President Cincinnati Museum Association and Founder of (1S3I the Technical School. 184 Schools of Cincinnti. The growth of the collections, in the main, has been in the direction of painting, sculpture, and decorative art, including various art industries, and somewhat in the direction of ethnology. A plan was formulated last year for the inauguration of a natural history department, the execution of which awaits the receipt of funds required for that purpose. A Natural History Museum, arranged and installed like the other departments of the Museum, will have an influence upon popular education that will be of great value to the city. The Emma Louise Schmidlapp Building, about to be erected at a cost of $100,000, will provide for the library of the Museum, containing books, prints, and drawings, photographs, or other reproductions of objects of art. Until the growth of these collections shall require the entire building, parts of it will be given to the exhibition of sculpture and other works. To General A. T. Goshorn, director from the begin- ning until his death on the 19th of February, 1902, the Museum is indebted for its admirable organization. Early History of Art. Of early a'^t history the late A. T. Goshorn wrote : " 1826, Prof. Eckstein, a native of Berlin, founded an Academy of Fine Arts and gave instructions in di^awing and painting. Hiram Powers \vas one of his pupils. " 1828, Frederick Franks opened a Gallery of Fine Arts. " 1835. a second Academy of Fine Arts was or- ganized by an association of artists ; Godfrey Franken- stein, president. " The department or section of the fine arts in the Cin- cinnati Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge Cincinnati Museum Association. 185 was another short-livetl effort in behalf of art culture. " 18^::;, a Gallery was projected by Mrs. Peter. " The School of Design opened the first Monday in January, 1869. February 1, 1884, this School of Art and Design was transferred to the Cincinnati Museum Asso- ciation." The temporary quarters of the Museum, in the art Art Academy, Occupied October ro, 1S87; Cost, 1597,175; Joseph Longworth, Founder. rooms of the Music Hall, were opened to the public on the loth of February, 1882. The paintings, drawings, and other objects exhibited at that time were mostly deposited on loan. The chief motive in this, the first step toward the foundation of the Museum, was to bring the plan and intentions of the association prominently to the notice of the public. The collections were removed to their present quarters the last of December, 1885. i86 Schools of Cincinnati Trustees. J. G, Schmidlapp, Nathaniel Henchman Davis, L. A. Ault, W. W. Taylor, M. E. Ingalls. E. C. Goshorn, R. H. Galbreath, Charles P. Taft, L. B. Harrison, D. H. Holmes. Trustees on he/ialf of the eity — Julius Fleischmann, Mayor; Edward Goepper, William Von Steinwehr. President, M. E. Ingalls; Vice-President, L. B. Harrison; Treasurer , W. W. Taylor; Director, J. H. Gest ; Secretary, J. H. Gest ; Cashier, Henry J. Koch. Instructors. Frank Duveneck, painting from life. Thomas S. Noble, drawing and painting from life. Vincent Nowottny, drawing and ptiinting from life. L. H. Meakin, drawing and painting from life. J. H. Sharp, drawing and painting from life. Caroline A. Lord, drawing and painting from still- life, etc. Henrietta Wilson, drawing and painting from still- life, etc. Kate Reno Miller, drawing and painting from still- life, etc. C. J. Barnhorn, modeling. William H. Fry, wood carving. Anna Riis, china painting. CHAPTER XXII. university of CINCINNATI. THE University of Cincinnati was organized in the Woodward High School building under the direc- tion of Principal George W. Harper, in October, 1873. University of Cincinnati. [87 There was a class of if, in mathematics ; one of 13 in chemistry and natural philosophy ; one of 6 in Latin and Greek; two classes in French (29 students); and two classes in German, with 28 students ; a total of 58, of which 40 were females. The courses began where the high school instructions left off, and were strictly continuous of the high school courses. Sessions were held in the afternoons. This arrangement was only temporary, as the proposed build- ing on the McMicken homestead site had not been completed. In a few months, how- ever, the academic department was reg- ularly organized, and in September, 1874, three courses were of- fered, and there were appointed three prof essors , viz. : of mathematics and civil engineering; of Latin and Greek ; and of Caleb Kemper, physics andchemistry. A Cincinnati School Teacher of [792. During the year 1874- 1875 work was carried on in the Third Intermediate School building on Franklin Street, a square away from the Woodward building. This year the School of Draw- ing and Design (see page 182) registered 405 students. October, 187^, saw the north wing of the new (and at that time proposed to be permanent) building completed i88 vScHOOLS OF Cincinnati. and occupied by the academic department, with the three courses mentioned. Two instructors were appointed this year. The will of Charles McMicken directed that the college buildings should be erected out of the rents and income of his estate, and on the premises on which he resided at the time of his death. More precise directions were added : "The said buildings shall be erected on different parts of the said grounds, to-wit : That for the boys on the north, and that for the girls on the south of the road lately cut through the said grounds. "And I direct that the plot of ground on which the college for the boys shall be built shall comprise not less than from five to six acres, and that on which the college for the girls shall be built shall comprise all below said road, which plot may, 1 suppose, contain about three acres." But the income of the estate proving insufiicient to enable the directors to erect buildings and establish colleges, these provisions were not carried out. When at length the University was established, as the result of an effort to unite the several educational trusts of the city, an issue of bonds to the amount of $150,000 was author- ized by the General Assembly (April 27, 1872), "to provide for the buildings and apparatus necessary for such University. Under this act bonds were issued, and a building erected for both boys and girls "on the south of the road (Clifton Avenue) lately cut through the grounds " of the McMicken homestead. This building was ready for occupancy in September, 1875, and was occupied a month later. o p m r( X bj: -t f- ^^ 3 00 u , I« ri ■"■ r< fcr L. c ^ ^ ?; 'JJ ^ -a William P. Rogers, Dean of the Cincinnati Law School Since October I, 1902. F'ormer Dean of the Indiana State Uni- 12648) versity Law School (see page 551). The Cincinnati College and its Law School. 265 Improvements and Inventions Practiced by Joseph Lan- caster " (publislied 1806-1813). "The monitor of each class keeps a list thereof, etc." "It is no unusual thing with me to deliver one or two hundred prizes at the same time, etc. The boys who obtain prizes commonly walk around the school in procession holding their prizes in their hands, etc." "On a repeated or frequent offence, after admonition has failed, the lad to whom an offender presents the card places a wooden log around his neck, which serves as a pillory, and with this he is sent to his seat. This log may weigh from 4 to 6 pounds. The neck is not pinched or closely confined, the log is chiefly burdensome by the manner in which it incumbers the neck." "When logs are unavailing, it is common to fasten the legs of offenders together with wooden shackles, etc. Sometimes the logs are tied together, etc." "Occasionally boys are put in a sack or in a basket suspended to the roof of the school in sight of all the pupils, who frequently smile at the birds in the cage, etc." " When a boy comes to school with a dirty face, a girl is appointed to wash his face. This usually creates much diversion, especially when she gives his face a few gentle taps of correction with her hand, etc." "The rewards and punishments before described have been tried for 13 years (in England) among many thousands of children, and have been attended with ben- eficial effects. The sinking empire of the rod is tottering daily to ruin, etc." " The monitor is not to teach. He is to see that the children teach each other, etc." " A method of teaching to spell and read, whereby one book will serve instead of six hundred books. Books should be printed in type three times as large as common 266 Schools of Cincinnati. sized type, one page should be printed on each leaf, its parts should be pasted on pasteboard and suspended by a string or nail. Twelve to twenty boys may stand in a semi-circle before each card and read or spell." CHAPTER XXXII. OUTINGS. " npHE first river excursion of the Teachers' Club, Sat- I urday afternoon and evening, was a grand success, from 1,500 to 2,000 persons participating, in spite of the weather, which was threatening at times. Nothing marred the event, however, and it was unanimously voted a success. The down-river trip extended to the mouth of the Great Miami, at a point below North Bend, and about three miles from Lawrenceburg, Ind. At 7 :30 the boat started up the river, going about five miles above Ft. Thomas. "The ' Island Qiieen ' was found to be all that was desirable, and the music furnished by the First Regiment Band kept the crowd in good humor. The interest taken in the dancing pavilion was a surprise and gratification to the committee, who all along argued that teachers could be sociable and even convivial if given an oppor- tunity. The select character of the excursionists was a guarantee of good order, and the river men stated that in all its history the ' Island Qiieen ' had never taken out a better crowd. Those members of the club who remained away made a mistake, and next year's excursion will brobably be a much larger one. Outings. 267 " The idea of a river excursion was first suggested by Principal Runyan, of the Twenty-sixth District School. It was immediately seconded by Principal Raschig, of the Tenth, who was chairman of the committee on arrangements. There was some disappointment, owing to the lack of interest taken by the Board of Education (only five of whom attended), but this is explained by the fact that it was a new affair, and naturally some were The Steamer Island Queen That carried The Teachers' Club on Excursions Saturday, May 18, 1901, and Saturday, May 17, 1902. slow in venturing out. Participants declare that the annual reunions at Odd Fellows Temple were greatly outdone." — School Life, Tuesday, Max 21, 1901. On Saturday, May 17, 1902, The Teachers Club gave a second river excursion on the " Island Qiieen." The Zoological Gardens, or the " Zoo" as it is com- monly called, is a favorite place for outings, not only tor teachers, but for pupils. The Board of Education J 68 Schools of Cincinnati. some years ago arranged to give each school two dayss in the year for such outings, one in the spring and another in the fall. However, the custom now is to go but once a year, usually in the spring. May and June are the months selected, and in these two months each school takes its day. The teachers attend and are given credit Axis Deer, Zoological Gardens. All Public School Pupils With Tiieir Teachers Visit the Gardens Annually, Usually in May or June. for the day's work. The pupils are supposed to study animal life, and no doubt many do learn a great deal. The Zoo on these school days charges five cents admis- sion, and the street railway company gives a round trip for five cents ; so for ten cents each the children have a day's pleasure. The poorer children are usually provided OUTTNGS. 269 for by the teachers, so that there are no disappointed little ones. Trolley rides have lately come into vo^ue, and par- ties are made up for evenings and Saturdays. These rides often extend as far north as Dayton, O., and down the river to North Bend. Points of historic interest are visited, such as the tomb of President Harrison at North Bend, the home of the Gary sisters at College Hill, Fort Thomas in Kentucky, etc. The annual meeting of the National Teachers' Association usually affords a fine out- ing, as does the Ohio Teachers' Association that has met annually for some years at Put-in-Bay. The desire for travel and sightseeing seems to be very decided, fostered as it is by the leading educational papers, by lecturers and by the various courses of study in the schools. The rail- road companies, steamship lines, etc., deluge the teachers with advertising matter and urge them to travel for rest and recreation. CHAPTER XXXHI. THE PUBLIC NIGHT SCHOOLS. Lafayette Bloom. IN the Eleventh Annual Report of the Trustees and Visitors of the Common Schools to the Council, June 30, 1840, Chairman Samuel Lewis says : '* The impor- tance of evening schools for those engaged in labor or business during the day can not be overestimated, and we hope early measures will be taken to carry this part of the work into full operation." 270 Schools of Cincinnati, There was no diversity of opinion upon the part of the committee making the recommendation. This report, although dated June 30, must have been prepared before Lafayettk Bloom, Principal of the Twenty-seventh District School Since 1887. March of that year, or, if later, it was with a view of carrying into execution the law passed by the State Leg- islature, March 19, 1840, requiring the Trustees " to pro- vide a suitable number of evening schools for the benefit The Public Night Schools. 571 of young men over twelve years of age, who are, by the nature of their occupations, prevented from attending day schools." In pursuance, therefore, of this law, three schools were opened during the months of Novem- TWENTY-SEVENTH DISTRICT SCHOOL, Winchell Avenue, North of Bank Street ; Erected 1871-78-88-96; Cost $49,619; 20 Rooms, Seats 950 Pupils; Alexander Matthews, Trustee; Lafayette Bloom, Principal. ber, December, January and February, in the winter of 1840-41. As shown by the reports of that period, there was but one teacher to each school. Pupils were required to 2^2 Schools of Cincinnati. present written certificates from parents or guardians, stating their inability to attend day schools. Such certi- ficate was absolutely required, as it was thought that failure to enforce a rule of this kind would lessen the attendance of the day school. Superintendent Guilford (1851), cc^mmenting upon the work done in the night schools, says : " No one can visit these schools and witness the honest zeal for improve- ment exhibited by the pupils, who, feeling their educa- tion to have been too much neglected, are anxious to learn what they can by the scanty opportunities thus afforded them, without feeling the clear conviction that the funds appropriated for their support are usefully and judiciously expended." It was not until the session of 1855-6 that night schools were opened for girls. Rufus King, president of the Board at that time, says : " The experiment of night schools for girls was attempted in the First and Fourth Districts, and met with entire success. So far as we have the means of judging from the reports of these two schools, none of the difficulties occurred which -were supposed to render the experiment a delicate and doubt- ful one." The first night high school was opened October, 1856. The pupils, before admission, were required to pass a satisfactory examination in Geography, Grammar, Arithmetic, Reading, Penmanship and Orthography. The course of study was arranged for a three years' term, or a series of three winters. Of the candidates examined, 108 were admitted to the third class (first year), besides a considerable number who were admitted to a preparatory class. Of the number admitted, 18 were females and 90 males. Algebra, Geometry, Book-keep- ing, Drawing and Design, and Vocal Music composed Simeon Bloom. Graduate Woodward ; five years assistant in Sec- ond District School; for twenty years attorney-at- law (Omalia, Neb.), associated with the late Ex- Mayor Chase of that city. Ex-member of Board of Examiners, and former vice president of the Omaha Board of Education. (272A) u J3 U H The Public Night Schools. 73 the course of study of the third or first year chiss. From the time of their organization, in the winter of 1040-41, until the winter of 1858-59, the night schools suffered no interruption. In the winter of 1858-59 they were closed, but were reopened October, 1859, and con- tinued for the usual period, four months. During the Civil War, and for some years after, no night schools were maintained. They were, however, re-established under the administration of .Superintendent John Hancock, on Decem- ber 7, 1868, and con- tinued that winter un- til February 19th. The f o 1 1 o w i n g from Superintendent Hancock's report dis- closes the feeling then prevailing : " The re- sult of this renewed effort for the re-estab- lishment of this sys- tem of schools, after their discontinuance for several years, was of the most hopeful character. The difficulties which were encoun- tered and overcome by many pupils, particularly by some of the young ladies, evidenced a courage and a love for knowledge deserving hearty encouragement by the [18] August H. Bode, President Union Board of High Schools, 1902-3 ; Author of "German Readers," Ex-Principal, etc. 374 Schools of Cincinnati. Board," Eight " Free Night Schools," including the night high school, were organized in different parts of the city. The night high school was held in the Eighth District, that being the most centrally located. Night schools continued to 1883. In the report of President Douglass (1883) is the following: " The appropriation for these schools was entirely too small, and, as a consequence, they were closed in the middle of the term. On this account no pupils graduated from the night high schools. These schools should not be opened the coming year, in justice to the public, unless a sufficient appropriation is made to enable the completion of the course prescribed." Owing to a lack of funds, night schools were not opened during the winter of 1883-84, and they remained closed until the autumn of 1892. In the Fourty-second Annual Report the Committee on Night Schools made the following classification of night school pupils : " First. Those who attend from a genuine desire to improve themselves, and who persist during the entire term . " Second. Those who commence with enthusiasm, but who soon become indifferent. " Third. Those who come from idle curiosity or are drawn by the attraction of a crowd ; who are visible the first, and perhaps one or two subsequent nights, and then disappear." It is true, as the committee says, the third class did formerly "cause much annoyance by hanging round the entrance gates of our schoolyards and there ' making night hideous ' by whistling and shouting to one another, and at every chance pupil whom they saw;" but since the organization of the night schools under the present The Public Night Schools. 275 administration, one may pass any of the buildings in which night schools are held and scarcely know that the building is occupied or the school in session, so free is the same from everything in the way of noise or distur- bance. To the aid and assistance of the Police Depart- ment is the better order and condition around and about the night schools largely due. Superintendent John Hancock ( Forty-fourth A n - nual Report) writes upon the subject : " None but the best teachers should be employed ; and if enough can not be secured, then a part of the schools should be closed, rather than employ poor teachers. To secure these valuable re- sults, the best teach- ing talent and the most persevering industry must be required. Teachers below the medium can accomplish nothing, and money paid them is thrown away," Superintendent John B. Peaslee (Fifty-second Annual Report), referring to the same, says: "The principal cause of the falling off in the enrollment and attendance is the policy followed by the Board of em- ploying inexperienced teachers to give instruction in H. J. Haarmeyer, Member Board of Education 1897-1900. 276 Schools of Cincinnati. these schools. To make the night schools efficient and popular, only teachers of large experience and of high qualifications should be employed." The schools were reopened on October 15, 1893, and each pupil, before admission, was required to present the following certificate, properly signed : BOARD OF EDUCATION. Cincinnati, We, tlie undersigned citizens of Cincinnati, hereby certify tiiat , residing at No. Street, is of good behav- iour, willing to learn, and a proper person to enjoy the priv- ileges of the Free Public Night Schools, and that we will be responsible for the observance by him of the rules of the Board of Education, relative to Night Schools, and will make good any injury or loss the Board may sustain through his willful destruction or defacement of property. Signed Residence Signed Residence It was not until the following year (1893) ^^^^ the night high school was re-established. It is conceded by our far-seeing and wisest statesmen that upon the universal education of the masses depend the happiness, prosperity, and stability of republican insti- tutions. It is neither a sufficient nor satisfactory answer to say that all should attend the day school, which offers better advantages in every respect. This is simply " begging the question," because of the very fact that, without them, hundreds of the childrei:i of the poorer class would grow up in ignorance, and thereby be more easily led into wicked ways and make crime their regular The Public Night Schools. 277 occupation. Those that Iiave endured the pangs of pov- erty, and borne its attendant sorrows and sufferings, can adequately sympathize with that class for whom the night school is such a great boon, and can most fully appreciate all its benign advantages. Let no poverty be embittered still more by denial of the right. Rather let every facility for an education be at their command ; t h e r e b 3- will they and their offspring be raised to a higher level of civi- lization, and the Re- public gain in better citizenship and higher ideals of conduct in public as well as pri- vate station. Among other in- novations ina u g u r a- ted during Superin- tendent Morgan's administration was that of having night school four nights a week instead of five, the evenings selected being Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday. This was determined upon after due deliberation, some members of the Board of Education favoring alternate nights. Experience has proved the wisdom of the above arrangement, it causing no interruption of work and giv- ing to the pupils requisite time for rest and other duties devolving upon them. Charles P. Taft, Ex-Member Union Board of High Schools; President Times- Star Company. 278 Schools of Cincinnati. There are now two night schools, the East and the West. The one school was divided for the convenience of the pupils. Graduation exercises are held at the Odeon, and regular diplomas conferred. Note. — Martha Washington, 72, colored, is in her tenth year of consecutive attendance at Hughes Night School, and she has missed but two nights, when she was too ill to walk. Mrs. Washington walks with the aid of a cane. She lives on Pioneer Street, and every morning she goes to Newport, Ky., to work. After a day over the washtub, she walks over the bridge to her home, and then to school. She is always tidy and pleas- ant-faced in the schoolroom. She has been in the same grade for over nine years. Now she is becoming child- ish, but she learned to read and write, and she is so proud of the fact that she will probably continue at school so long as she can walk. Miss Alice Muller, a charming girl graduate of Cin- cinnati University, is Mrs. Washington's teacher. " This poor old soul comes to her school work in all kinds of weather," said Miss Muller. " It pleases her to be noticed. She seems to enjoy the associations of the schoolroom. ' ' N'cxvs itoii, — {100.2) . CHAPTER XXXIV. THE CARNIVALS. THE winter of 1894-5 began early and continued with severity. The financial panic of the previous year had produced widespread want, and many of the factories were closed. There was little for the toilers to do. The Carnivai.s. 279 The urgent demiinds upon the Indigent School Book Fund, and the many cases of distress which came to the notice of the truant officer, convinced the Board of Edu- cation of the necessity of prompt measures being taken to relieve the wants of many. It was suggested some form of entertainment be given by the schools to raise funds. The suggestion was adopted, and a committee went to w o r k . On every hand success crowned their efforts. Nine entertainments were given. The children, under the direction of the teachers, distrib- uted tickets, collected money, and a d v e r- tised far and wide the carnival. The com- mittee of the Board of Education aided in every way possible to the financial success of the entertainment, but special mention is due the late Christine Sullivan for her admirable direction of " Cinderella " at Pike's Opera House. So successful were her efforts that two exti^a perfor- mances were given, and then many failed to gain admit- tance. Thousands of children participated, and every school in the city had a place on the program. Every entertainment was unique, original, and varied ; and the Edward H. Prichard, Principal Fourth Intermediate School. 28o Schools of Cincinnati. response of the public was unprecedented. After all expenses were met, a balance of over $7,000 was turned over to the General Committee. One-half of this sum was invested in shoes, stockings, caps, hoods, and under- clothing for the children. The committee spent the Christmas holidays in dis- tributing the materials to children recommended by the principals as needy and deserving. vSome few were disposed to find fault with the inter- ruptions to the regular school work ; but when it is remembered that the general school work was allowed in no way to suffer; that, if anything, the interest in the cause of education was greatly strengthened ; that hun- dreds of families were materially aided in providing their children with the necessities of life ; and that many of these children would otherwise have been deprived of the advantages of the schools ; it must be conceded that noth- ing but good has resulted. The carnival was a great edu- cator in benevolence. It aroused in the children a desire to relieve want and to awakened in them a consciousness of their ability to work for charity. The money realized (.$7iC)45.45) lasted three winters, and io,ooochildren were clothed so they could attend school. Second Carnival. The funds of the first carnival having been exhaus- ted, a committee was appointed, and another carnival was given during the winter of 1897-98. Every school in the city was asked to give some form of entertainment as a means of raising money for the relief fund. Every school responded. Some, in a finan- cial way, were more successful than others, but each did what it could, and every entertainment was unique and successful. The Carnivals. 281 Never in the history of the schools were so many superior entertainments given in so short a time and with so little disturbance of school work. Within a few weeks after the committee was assigned to duty, all prep- aration was made, the entertainments were given, the net proceeds were turned over to the Carnival Commit- tee, and a portion invested in suitable articles for the Riverside School, Erected by the Former Village of Riverside: Cost $55,000; Contains 8 Rooms; J. O. Beck, Principal. needy; $9,144.60 was the amount realized from these entertainments. Three thousand children were beneficiaries during the winter of 1897-98, $2,405.61 having been expended for shoes and stockings. Five thousand dollars was invested in 3.65% City Refunding Bonds, leaving a balance for immediate use of $1,369.34. 382 Schools of Cincinnati CHAPTER XXXV. PHYSICAL CULTURK. Carl Ziegler. SINCE 1840 physical culture has been an integral part of the curriculum of the public schools in the Ger- man States and Switzerland, and from these has grown a system of physical education that has extended over Europe and to this country. For the earliest beginnings of physical culture, in the public schools of this city, we must go back to the year 1857, when Superintendent Rickoff says: "The enterprise and liberality of individual trustees has resul- ted in the placing of a few parallel bars, horizontal lad- ders, and circular swings upon the play grounds of four of our schoolhouses." These were the First District, then located on Frank- lin Street, where the Third Intermediate School now stands; the Sixth District, on Elm; the Eleventh, on Clinton ; and the Thirteenth, on Findlay. Woodward High School had some gymnastic apparatus in the yard. These schools were all in what was then, as now, the German districts, and the apparatus was modeled after that in use in out-door gymnasia connected with schools in Germany. Superintendent Rickoff, in his report, further recommends that " provision be at once made for instructing the teachers employed in the schools in such a system of gymnastics as shall be adapted to the several grades in the schools, from the first to the sixth." The Physical Culture. ^83 following year the Board of Education ordered that five minutes per day be giv^en to calisthenic exercise. In the spring of i860 the Board resolved to make gymnastics a part of the school curriculum, and employed Louis Graeser and Dr. Christian for the balance of the school year, a period of about three months. This exper- iment proved so satisfactory that Mr. Graeser was en- gaged for 14 years thereafter. His sal- ary for the first two years was $1 ,000 per annum, then $1,200 and then ,|i,8oo, at which i t remained until the position was abolished. The work done in those days was similar to that of the present day. The exercises were given mainly in the schoolrooms, and consisted of cal- isthenics, exercises with dumb-bells, and with rings. The instruction was given by the special teachers at certain stated intervals every three weeks, and repeated daily by the class teachers. Mr. Graeser's office was abolished at the close of the school year 1873-74. Although the gymnastic teacher had been discontinued, the rules governing the subject remained in force until 1883, when, owing to the fact W. S. Strickland, Principal Sherman School Since September, 1901. 284 Schools of Cincinnati, that, without a special teacher to look after the subject. the same had been more and more neglected, the newly appointed teachers also having little or no knowledge of the subject, it deteriorated to such an extent that the rules were repealed entirely. During the interval from 1883 to 1887 gymnastics were not officially recognized or taught. However, during this time William A. Stecher, instruc- tor in the North Cincinnati Turnverein, as also his suc- cessor, Oscar Sputh, both tauglit unofficially and with- out recompense for a time ; the former in the Normal School, the latter in the Sixteenth and Twenty-third Dis- trict Schools. May 31, 1887, the following rules were adopted by the Board of Education : "For the better guarding of the health of the pupils of Grades F, G, and H, from injury from too long confinement in their schoolrooms, there may be allowed to the pupils of these grades, at the close of every recitation, the space of five minutes for calisthenics and other physical exercise." December 19, 1890, Francis B. James, of t'le Union Board of High Schools, offered the following resolution : " That the chair appoint a committee of three to investi- gate the wisaom and probable cost of providing the high schools with gymnaseums and employ a teacher of calisthenics." This was done, and the committee made a report, which closed as follows : "First. That physical should go hand in hand with mental culture. " Second. That the training of the body, as well as of the mind, should be in the hands of competent instructors. "Third. That the age at which systematic physi- cal training will be of its most lasting benefit is from the Physical Culture. =85 thirteenth to the nineteenth years in both boys and i^irls " Fourth. That systematic instruction can only be given with beneficial results in a large, light, and airy building, with proper appliances. '' Fifth. That unless physical training can be car- ried on scientifically, it had better not be attempted. '' Your committee therefore recommends that gym- nasiums be erected in ac- cordance with the ac- companying designs, in the yards of the Wood- ward and Hugfhes Higfh Schools." These designs were for buildings 30 by t^o feet, with a height of 20 feet in the clear. May 14, 1891, Mr. James offered the follow- ing : ''Resolved, That the School Board of the city of Cincinnati and its Committee on Funds and Claims be requested to set aside a sufficient sum of money to provide the high schools with gym- nasiums, in accordance with the recommendations of a special committee of said Union Board." In response to this request the Board of Education appropriated $8,000, which was later raised to $12,000. August 31, 1891, a resolution to have the Hughes and Woodward gymnasiums built was adopted. Building began in 1892. Henry Danziger, School Examiner; Oldest in Point of Service on the Board. 286 Schools of Cincinnati. During the school year 1891-93 the Turners organ ized in four societies, with a total membership of over one thousand, elected a joint committee for the purpose of bringing their project before the Board of Education. This committee sent the following communication : Cincinnati, O. Nov. 3, 1891. To the Honorable Board of Education, Cincinnati , O. : Gentlemen — The members of the four Turnve-- reins, or Gymnasia, of this city, desirous of having the physical well-being of our youth cared for, as well as the intellectual one, wish to impress upon your honora- ble body the necessity of a rational physical training of the pupils of our common schools. In order to give your honorable body an opportunity to personally acquaint yourselves with the various steps taken during a series of systematic exercises, with a view to developing the physical faculties of the rising generation, our three teachers of gymnastics, Messrs. Eckstein, Knoch, and Speidel, offer to teach gymnastics, without any charge whatever, for three months, and permission given them to devote at least fifteen minutes daily to each class receiving instruction in gymnastics. It is hoped, in case of your acceptance of our offer, that the members of your honorable body will witness the exercises as often as possible, and we trust that they will readily see the necessity of the harmonious development of body and mind, and vote for a speedy and permanent introduction of gymnastics into our common schools. Respectfully, Alfred Herholz, Secretary, Committee for the Introduction of Physical Culture Into the Common Schools. The Committe on Course of Study reported favor- ably upon the proposition, and instructors were assigned to schools. April 13, 1893, the following law was passed: " Section i. Be it enacted by the General Assem- Physical Culture. 287 bly of the State of Ohio, That physical culture, which shall include calisthenics, shall be included in the branches to be regularly taught in the common schools in cities of the first and second class, and in all educa- tional institutions supported wholly or in part by money received from the State, and it shall be the duty of boards of education of cit- ies of the first and second class, and boards of such edu- cational institutions, to make provisions in the schools and institutions under their jurisdiction, for the teaching of physical culture and calisthenics, and to adopt such methods as shall adapt the same to the capacity of the various grades therein." I n accordance with this law, the Board of Education adopted a rule pro- viding for a superintendent of physical culture, with four assistants. The department was put on a par with the other special branches, drawing, music, and writing. Carl Ziegler, of Cleveland, was made superintendent in September, 1892. Fred'k. E. Niederhelman, Winner Cincinnati Law School Cash Prize of $75 for Best General Grad- uation Examination, 1897. 288 Schools of Cincinnati. In the High Schools. The gymnasiums for Woodward and Hughes were completed in the summer of 1893, the Union Board liav- ing voted an additional appropriation of $3,000 for equipment. This for both schools is the same, and con- sists of 16 chest weights, 6 pairs flying rings, 6 traveling rings, 16 climbing poles, 6 climbing ropes, 8 floor mats (4x6 feet), horizontal bars, parallel bars, vaulting horses and bucks, and adjustable ladders (4 each), one circle swing, striking bag and drum, hitch and kick, 60 wooden and 60 iron wands, 60 pairs Indian clubs, 60 pairs wooden and 60 iron dumb-bells, with all trucks, hangers, etc., necessary for their removal and adjustment. This equip- ment cost for each school $1,428, a total of $2,856. The Walnut Hills High School was provided with a gymnasium in the building proper (65x32 feet and 18 feet in the clear), one of the finest rooms for the purpose ever opened. It has windows on three sides, which furnish abundance of light and air. The equipment is in every respect equal, if not superior, to that of the other schools, but, owing to the ease with which the ap- paratus was placed, cost a trifle less, the cost being $1,338. Instruction is compulsory upon all pupils not physi- cally incapacitated, and is given to all pupils twice a week, in classes of from forty to sixty, the sexes being separated for this instruction. Lessons are of forty-five minutes duration. In addition to the regular gymnasium work, games are taught, both to male and female pupils. Each school has an annual "Field Day" by themselves, and an " Interscholastic Field Day," in which all three schools unite with other (private) schools of the city to contest for superiority. In 1902 the teacliing force is Carl Ziegler, superintendent ; Adelaide Spills, Guido Werner Eckhardt Keller, and Jacob Rettich, assistants. The (jerman Department. 289 Ex-Superintendent Graeser is now at the head of Graeser's Dancing Academy. In several schools can be found well-equipped gym- nasiums, placed there by teachers, or pupils, or public- spirited citizens. CHAPTER XXXVI. THE GERMAN DEPARTMENT. Jdhii Schwaab. AS early as 1840 the people of this State recognized the advantages of teaching German to their chil- dren. The result was the passing of the following act by the Ohio State Legislature, embodied in Section 4021 of the Ohio Statutes : ' ' The board of any district shall cause the German language to be taught in any school under its control, during any school year, when a demand therefor is made in writing by seventy-five freeholders resident of the dis- trict, representing not less than forty pupils, who are entitled to attend such school, and who, in good faith desire to study the German and English languao-es together ; but such a demand shall be made at a regular meeting of the board and prior to the beginning of the school year, and any board may cause the German or other language to be taught in any school under its control without such demand." This law has never been repealed. Instruction in Ger- man in Cincinnati schools dates back, however, to 1S1.C.. The first attempts were made in connection with paro- [19I 290 Schools of Cincinnati. chial schools. Under the supervision of Priest Ilenni, later on Archbishop of the Diocese of Milwaukee, Wis., the German-Eng-lish Primary School of the Catholic Church on West Fifth Street was organized. In this school the pupils received daily German instruction, while in other parochial schools the German language w^as used in so-called Sabbath-schools only, for the purpose of in- struction in religion (catechism). The first teacher in Hen- ni's school was Dr. I>unte. In less than one year the number of pupils attending the school amounted to 150, the children of m any Protestant fjimilies being among the number. Another German- English school of Herman Knust, those days W'as the so- Elected Member Board of Education, called "Emigrant 1888; Trustee Public Librarj, 1900. School," organized under the auspices of the Presbyterians, and supported by the " Emigrants' Friend Society." At the head of this Society was the late Judge Bellamy Storer, A German Pole by the name of Lehmanowsky was its general agent, and it was he who organized similar schools in a number of cities and towns. F. C'. F. Salomon was principal of this school. Besides him. Dr. Julius Schwarz, son of a Heidelberg The German Department. 291 professor, and Julius Weyse were employed as teachers. Schwarz, a very eccentric fellow, \vhile almost ruining the schools, was nevertheless the primary cause of the introduction of German instruction in the public schools. While those who had charge of the school tried to find a remedy for the loss caused by the eccentricities of Schwarz, it occured to them to consolidate the German schools with the public schools. Petitions to that effect were sent to the School Board, but the Board refused to consider the I'equest, claiming that the aid of the Legis- lature must be invoked, and that they had no power in the matter; consequently the Legislature of 1838 passed a law, leaving it discretionary ^vith the Board of Educa- tion to introduce German, if a sufficient number of citi- zens should ask for such instruction. As the Board of Education was not inclined to con- sider the request of the people, the latter again went before the Legislature, and on the 9th day of March, 1840, had the foregoing law passed, which made the teaching of German, upon proper request, com- pulsory. Messrs. Perkins, White, and Crane, of the then Board of Education, were appointed a committee to promulgate a plan which would satisfy the law. This committee submitted its report, which was adopted in the meeting of August 3, 1840. It reviewed the law, and, in obedience to it, recommended that " schools be organ- ized to teach children of German parentage orthography and grammer in their native language ; also English spelling and grammar in connection with the reading and writing in both languages, so as to enable those pupils, in the possibly shortest time, to enter the purely English schools, where arithmetic, geography and other branches were taught." W^hile this was not exactlv what the German resi- 292 vScHOOLs OF Cincinnati. dents expected, it was nevertheless the realization of a long-cherished plan. The committee also reported that they were not competent to judge about the school books, and that up to date only one German teacher had received a certificate from the Board of Examiners. First German English School. On the first day of September, 1840, the first Ger- m a n -English school was opened in the basement of the North German Lutheran Church, now the Third Ger- man Protestant Church, on Walnut Street, between Eighth and Ninth Streets, Joseph A. Heeman being its first teacher. Pre- viously Heeman had served as teach- er of several paro- chial schools. The next ap- pointee was Henry Poeppelmann, whose active and successful work covered a period of over forty years. He resigned in 1885. His death occured in 1895. The work of Poeppelmann, as one of the pioneer German teachers, will never be forgot- ten. The well-known Frederick Gerstaecker made his Wm. E. Bundy, U. S. District Attorney; Trustre of Ohio University at Atliens, O. The German Department. 293 examination as teacher at that time, but he never taught in Cincinnati. On November 28, 1840, the second German-English school was opened in the rear of St. John's Church, on Sixth Street. The total number of pupils enrolled at the end of the school year was 427, with an average daily, attendance of 200; the number of teachers had increased to five. Concerning the method of teaching German, there was at that time a great variety of opinions. Some favored purely German instruction in all branches, others favored German and English instruction combined. The result was that on March 12, 1841, about fifty prominent German citizens presented an address to the Board of Education, in consequence of which the Board organized two divisions : " The elementary class, in which German and English were taught orally as well as with the use of books, and the advanced class, which was to receive instruction in English one day, and the next day in Ger- man." The promotion of pupils from the elementary grade into the advanced class took place at the end of the first year, or sooner if the progress of the pupils justified it. The pupils of the advanced German-English class were to be promoted to the proper English public schools after a biennial course, or sooner if they passed a satisfactc^ry examination in English. By the adoption of this plan a three-years' course was secured for the German pupils, in accordance with which German and English were taught alternately. Board of Education Unfriendly. The Germans might have been satisfied with this plan if the Board of Education had not at this time dis- charged the German principal, Heeman, and otherwise discriminated against the rest of the German teachers by 294 Schools of Cincinnati. reducing their salaries. The act of the Board caused a call for a meeting of German citizens, which took place onthe i6th of July, 1841. Edward Muehl stated the purpose of the meeting, and set forth the importance of a good elementary German-English education. A com- mittee drafted resolutions concerning the desires of the meeting. The pre- amble of this resolu- tion stated that the minutes of the last meeting of the Board of Education prove that the Board is not in sympathy with the • German- English schools ; that it tries to hinder their progress, o r, in fact, to discon- t i n u e them, by changing the sys- tem ; that said Board of Education showed its hostility by discharging a first-class teacher and reducing the salaries of others. The meeting resolved to ask the Board to organize : (i) a primary class, where nothing but German should be taught; (2) a middle class, under supervision of two competent teachers, one teaching English and one Ger- man ; and (3) an advanced or upper class, under the supervision of one German-English teacher who is able John C. Rogers, A Graduate of the Cincinnati Law School, 189=;. The Gkumax Dkpautment. 295 to teach ami compare both languages. The meeting also passed resolutions demanding the same salaries for (Ger- man teachers as those teaching English. A committee of nine was appointed to watch the German interests. The Board of Education turned a deaf ear to the demands of the German population. This apparent hos- tility of the Board was severely criticised by the German press. The \\4ksblatt especially made it its business to show up the hostile and antagonistic feeling against the German population among the members of the Board. The result was another meeting of German citizens. It was decided to organize the so-called advanced or upper grade, which was refused by the Board of Education, and to raise the necessary money by contributions. It was also agreed to vote for such candidates for the vState Legislature who were willing to pledge themselves to vote for the passage of a new law which would compel the Board to organize so-called German-English public schools. In the meantime the above-mentioned committee, under its chairman, Schweizerhof, got permission from the Trustees of the German Lutheran Church on Walnut Street to use their schoolroom for the newly-erected third or advanced grade, under the principalship of J. A. Heeman. The rapid increase, however, in the num- ber of pupils soon demanded a removal of said grade to Cassett's house, on Main, between Woodward and Abi- gail Streets. ' The energetic conduct of the Germans caused consternation in the camps of their enemies, and the result was that the Board of Education again took control of the school and made it part of the public school svstem. Mr. Heeman, however, declined to serve under the Board of Education, and resumed his connection with the Catholic school on Thirteentli Street. 296 Schools of Cincinnati. Henry Poeppelinann was now intrusted with the supervision of both German-English schools, one of which was located at the corner of Ninth and Elm Streets (the former Emigrants' School), and the other in the First District, on Franklin vStreet, east of Main. Frank C. Zumstein, Member Board of Education, 1887-1891. Two teachers were added to the list of German teachers. In the same year (1843), for the first time, a Committee on German Schools was appointed by the Board of Edu- cation. It consisted of Messrs. Cady, Poor, andLathrop. In 1843 the German cause gained considerably by TiiK Geumanj Departmext. 297 the election of Dr. Fred, Roelker as member of tlie Board of Education. The German committee was then composed of the members Cady, Roelker, and Cist. Previous to his election Dr. Roelker had served two years as English teacher in one of the public schools, and also as principal of the Catholic School of the Holy Trinity. He was eminentlv fit to serve as member of the Board, and the result was soon tiiscernible. Dr. Joseph Ray, president of the Board, says in his report of 1S44 : " Among the subjects most deserving of notice is that of the German-English schools. That these now form a very interesting and useful part of the common school system of this city is now admitted by all. Whatever the difference of opinion with regard to the proper course of study may be, it is generally acknowl- edged that they have thus far more than realized the expectations of their warmest friends. The German children in the elementary schools learn the English with aXmo^it the same facih'fy wf^ \^ no time were spent for teaching German." Naturally a voice of such importance had some influence upon the future of German instruction ; a some- what less hostile feeling was being noticed, and the result was the appointment of a number of German teach- ers. The school facilities had to be increased, and Ger- man was now taught in the basement of the church on Walnut Street; in the school on Franklin Street; in the church on Elm' Street, north of the Canal ; in the school on Clinton Street ; and in the school on Front Street, east of Deer Creek. In the report for the school year ending June 30, 1847, President Hoopersays : •' The German schools have been well conducted, and appear to be under efficient teachers. One-half of the day is devoted to instruction 298 Schools of Cincinnati. in the German language, and the other half i.s occupied with the English. It has been remarked that the chil- dren acquire both languages with equal facility as the English alone, which leads to the very interesting ques- tion as to the effect of the study of languages upon the development of mind : this is referred to with a view of calling the attention o f those who may hereafter be in charge of the schools to the subject in the event of the adoption of a more extended and liberal system of edu- cation in o u r free schools." Why German Should be Taught, This is a grand acknowledgment. It is the first time we meet the expressed opinion of a member of the Board that Ger- man shall in the future not be taught on ac- count of the numeri- cal representation of German citizens, but on account of the development of the mind ; on account of the acknowledged advantage of language study in the education of our children. This alone is the proper basis of the demand for teaching German in our public schools, as every intelligent and liberal-minded man will tell you. John A. Church, Ex-Principal of Schools at Evendale, Springdale, and Carthage; Presi- dent Business Men's Club, 1900- 1901. The Gkkman Dkpaktmknt. 299 Hv this time the (German citizens were represented in the Board of Education by an increased number of members ; more German schools were established, and additional teacliers appointed. The result was most gratifying. Bellamy Storer, corresponding secretary of the Board, says in his report to the Common Council, dated June 28, 1848 : " These schools (German-English) are among the most interesting and important depart- ments of our system. They are thoroughly instructed and governed ; the teachers and pupils are emulous to excel, and among all who are connected with the schools that liberality of sentiment which should ever exist between the native and adopted citizen is not only exhibited, but practically illustrated. Whatever doubts may have heretofore existed as to the policy of establish- ing these schools, there is now, we believe, no ground to indulge them." From 1846-47 Lewis Weitzel was chairman of the committee on German ; from 1849-50, Stephen Molitor. For the year 1849-50 Henry Roedter was elected second vice president of the l^oard, and in the same year the so-called German-English schools were abolished, and the German Department of the various district schools was iiaaugurated. In 1850 the position of superintendent of public schools was created, 'and Nathan Guilford was elected to the position. While President B. Storer's report of that year contains nothing but praise for the German cause. Mr. Guilford simply mentions the work done in the different grades without comment. From now on we find a constant increase in the German representation in the Board of Education. Within the next few years Christ. Ziegler, George Frintz, Val. Eichenlaub, F. Oehlmann, Isaac W^ieser, 300 Schools of Cincinnati. D. Wichers, and Dr. Stephen Unzicker were^^'^elected, and by the year 1853 the list of teachers]was:fincreased by about twenty. From 1851-53 John Schig was chairman of the committee on German. The KNOw-NoTHiNfi Spirit. In the hitter year troubles arose again for the German Department. In certain quarters the feelingVan high against i t, for the Know-Nothing spirit had taken hold o t Cincinnati. I n 1852 a large number o f German citizens presented a memorial to the Board of Edu- cation, complaining of defects in tlie course of s t u d y i n t h i s branch . A s p e c i a 1 committee on investi- gation was appointed. Defects and serious inequalities were found in most of the schools, consisting in the use of every variety of text-books, various modes in classification and instruction, attendance in other than the proper districts, and especial notice was taken of tlie fact that the German classes were instructed in their English studies by German teachers. This caused a reorganization of the schools, the principal result of which was that German instruction was entirely sepa- ated from English ; that classes were transferred from Albert T. Brown, Graduate Cincinnati Law School, 1886. The German Defaktment. 7,01 one to the other teacher at stated hours; a uniform course of text-books and studies for all German schools was adopted, the latter comprising the alphabet, spell- ing, grammar, reading, writing, composition, and declamation in German. Pupils residing in districts where German instruction was not afforded were, bv permit of the trustees, transferred to the nearest Ger- man school district. This plan, which took effect in the fall of 1853, was the result of hard work and per- sistency of the German members' of the Board of that year. After the adoption of the above plan, and at the end of his annual report. President Rufus King says: "They (the Germans) may well appeal to us to preserve between them that link without which all family and social ties are lost. This, we think, is fully accomplished by the arrangements just made." Mr. King, in 1889, told the author of this article, while attending law school, that he believes in teaching Ger- man in our public schools ; that he has always recog- nized its benefit, etc. ; which is sutficient proof that during an interval of thirty-six years he had no reason to change his mind. The above-mentioned plan gave the German Department a form which has ever since been in practice. German in the High Schools. The school years 1853-54 brought about the per- manent addition of a professorship of the German lan- guage in the high schools. We meet the name of Theodore Soden as teacher of German in the previous school year, but said teaching seems to have been experi- mental, for in his report for the above-stated school year Principal Ray, of Woodward, says : " As you are aware, it is a leading object in our course to furnish the pupils with that knowledge which will be most 303 Schools of Cincinnati. immediately useful to them in their business relations in life. This led you to introduce the study of the German and French languages, which are now I'egularlv and efficiently taught to about one-fourth of the pupils of the institution." Columbian School, Harvej Avenue and Union Street, Avondale; Erected, 1893-97; Cost, $77,435; 18 Rooms; F. E.Crane, Principal; Fred H. Ballman, Trustee. Exhibited at Paris Exposition, 1900, as a Modern School Building. Principal Cyrus Knowlton, of Hughes High School, says : "A professorship of the German language was pcrinojioitly added to the school in February last by The German Department. ^o^ the appointment of Theodore Soden, a native German, as teacher of that language.'' While Superintendent Rickoff had not a word to say about German instruction in his lengthy report of the year 1855, President Rufus King again pays it a deserved tribute. But there were deficiencies in the German Department which were only noticeable to the German members of the Board. There was a lack of German teachers and also of accommodation ; in some districts the teachers were overburdened. The result was a report of the Committee on German-English Schools, which was presented to the Board of Education by the chairman, Dr. Unzicker, September 3, 18:;^. The recommendations were concurred in, and the desired relief granted. During the following ten years the welfare of the German Department was carefully watched by men like Rowekamp, Eckel, Lilienthal. Ballauf. etc., and the result was that in 1867 German instruction was estab- lished in the so-called intermediate schools. The gap heretofore existing in the German branch between the district department and the high schools was now bridged over, and better and more satisfactory results were immediately observed. In 1870 the number of pupils in the German Department had increased to 10,440. President H. L. W'ehmer, in his annual report, June 30, 1870, calls attention to the necessity of estab- lishing a German Department in the city Normal School, in which request he was supported by J. F. Wisnewski, assistant superintendent of schools, who was elected in 1 87 1 for the special purpose of supervising the German Department. In his second report the latter says : " In order to emancipate the German-English Department of the city from the dependence on European German 304 vScHooLs OF Cincinnati, teachers for its sustenance, the supply of whom is very fluctuating and by no means sufficient and regular enough to fill our wants ; and also to meet the question of the propriety of continuing to employ such teachers, it was deemed necessary to establish a German-English Normal School Department for the purpose of training German teachers." German in the Normal School. Accordingly, on the 35th of Septem- ber, 1 87 1, the Board of Education created the (jerman-English Normal School D e - partment, to be in connection with the English Normal School, and one Ger- man teacher was ap- pointed to take charge. Within a very short time twenty -five seats were occupied by female students. The suc- cessor of Karl Knortz, the first teacher in the Normal School, was George H. Borger, who died Decem- ber 13, 1882, and was succeeded by L. R. Klemm, who held the position for the remainder of the year ; and he, again, was succeeded by Mrs. Johanna Huising, who was till recently the head of the department. On May 16, 1876, the Committee on German De- Laura Heinrich White, One of the Fifteenth District School Teachers Who Died Recently. The German Department. 305 partment was authorized by the Board of Education to cause the different classes composing this department to be examined by such examiners and in such studies as the committee should think proper. In pursuance of their order, the committee appointed the following : E. Kuhn, George H. Borger, and Johannes Schmidt. This plan, however, was soon abolished. Another important change in the German curricu- lum took place in 1882, when Judge F. S. Spiegel was chairman of the Committee on German. Of this Howard Douglas, the then president of the Board, says : "A very valuable and needed change has been made in the course of study under the direction of the Committee on German Department, of which Mr. F. S. Spiegel is chairman. This change consists in introducing transla- tion into all the grades of the district schools, which will, in my opinion, increase the efHciency of the instruction." John B. Peaslee, superintendent at that time, makes the following statement in the fifty-second annual re- port : " Years of experience in the simultaneous study of the English and German languages in the public schools of this city prove that the study of two languages so closely allied to each other results to the advantage of both. There is no discipline more perfect, no means more effective in inducting thought, than the study of a foreign tongue. These considerations alone would justify the introduction of a foreign language into the curriculum of our schools. The importance of teaching thai lang- uage which is the nation's tongue of many thousands of citizens, and which unlocks to our pupils so grand and noble a literature, can not be overestimated. So popular is the study of German in our schools that more than one- half the pupils are in the German Department." [20] 3^6 Schools of Cincinnati. In the year 18S4 the enroHment shows the following numbers : District vSchooIs 16,047 Intermediate Schools 1^943 High Schools 251 Total 18,241 Sherman School, Formerly Eighth District; Location, Eighth near John; Erected, 1855-79-92; Cost, $66,543; 24 Rooms, Seats 1325 Pupils; W. S. Strickland, Principal; Dr. J. C. Marcus, Trustee. This number alone proves that a majority of our citi- zens had taken the greatest interest in that branch of our curriculum. Nevertheless, attacks were always made The German Department. 307 against the teaching of German, and have not even ceased to-day ; but they are of so feeble a nature that nobody pays any attention to them. Besides, the better class of people, those who take interest in and have judg- ment of educational matters, will not suffer any change in our present school system. The department that was inaugurated in 1840 with one teacher has now reached such dimensions that about 175 German teachers are at present employed in our lower schools, and four in the high schools. The German in the lower grades of each district school is taught, as a rule, by lady teachers, under the supervision of the first German assistant, or German principal, whose duty it is to teach the German in the D grade, and supervise the instruction in the lower grades. In the intermediate and high schools almost all the teaching is done by the first German assistants. It will be seen readily that by this plan very little is added to the cost of maintaining the schools in consequence of in- struction in German. Altogether, we spent about $40,000 for German in Cincinnati — the amount paid to the first assistants. The teachers in the lower grades alternate with the English teachers of even grade, and if the Board were to dispense with those German teachers, English teachers would have to take their places. By spending about $40,000 the Board of Education gives over 18,000 pupils a chance to avail themselves of the benefit and advantage of learning a language that is of immeasurable value in an educational as well as in a commercial way. A large percentage — and that growing from year to year — of those pupils studying German in Cincinnati is of purely English extraction, and at the beginning of the last school year, upon request of our most prominent 3o8 Schools of Cincinnati. colored citizens, the Board had to appoint a teacher of German in one of our colored branch schools. The German teachers have various organizations among themselves. The First German Assistants' Asso- ciation has monthly meetings, in which educational mat- TWENTY-EIGHTH DISTRICT ScHOOL, Browne Street, West of Baymiller; Erected, 1880-87: 18 Rooms, Seats 990 Pupils; Cost, $54,447; W. H. Remley, Principal; Wm. Fahrenbruck, Trustee. ters and all those topics of interest to the German De- partment are discussed. The German Teachers' Association consists of almost all teachers in the department. Its meetings, in connec- tion with the mixed chorus, consisting of about seventy- five voices, take place every other month. The German Department. 309 There are also two general meetings of all teachers ; addresses are made by the superintendent ; and last, but not least, there exists the so-called German Teachers' Aid Association, its membership amounting to several hun- dred, and counting among its numbers many English teachers ; its purpose being to aid the sick and disabled teachers. The German Teachers' Relief Association. This society was organized on the nth of Sep- tember, 1878. August H. Bode was elected president, and Carl L. Nippert secretary of the first meeting. The society was incorporated according to the laws of Ohio ; and, in conformity with the articles of incorpor- ation, the following directors were elected : Carl L. Nippert, Julius Maas, Michael Kneiss, G. A. Borger, Fannie Schulz, August H. Bode, Louis Rothenberg, and Johanna Huising. The directors then elected the following Board of Trustees: August H. Bode, president; M. Kneiss, treasurer ; and Carl L. Nippert, secretary. The object of this association is to relieve teachers from financial need during times of sickness, and in case of death to defray the necessary funeral expenses. Any teacher in the public schools of Cincinnati may be admitted to membership in this association on pay- ment of the following initiation fee : To the age of 25 years, inclusive, one dollar. From the 25th year, one dollar extra for each additional year. The annual dues of each member are one-half per cent, of the annual salary. The dues do not exceed five dollars, if the salary is one thousand dollars or more. The sick benefits are one hundredth of the annual salary per week, but do not exceed the sum of ten dollars. 3IO Schools of Cincinnati, Members who draw salaries of $600, $700, .$800, $1,000, or more, will therefore receive a weekly benefit of $6, $7, $8, $10, respectively. During the school year bene- fits for ten weeks only are allowed. During the twenty years' existence of the association about $600 to $700 of sick benefits have been paid annu- ally. The association has a sinking fund of $c;,ooo and a membership of two hundred and fifty teachers. Whenever a member of the association dies, $100 are paid to the heirs to defray the funeral expenses. For that purpose an assessment of one dollar is levied when necessary. CHAPTER XXXVII, THE COLLEGE OF JOURNALISM, THE College of Journalism, founded in Cincinnati by Hon, Murat Halstead, in May, 1900, is an insti- tution whose object is the training of young men and women to become capable writers for the press. The demand for an institution of this kind is foundea on the fact that there are thousands of bright people whose educational attainments would fit them to become successful journalists if they only had some knowledge of the technical requirements of the profession. In the hurry and rush of a newspaper office there is no person to take the new reporter aside and show him how his work should be done. He must spend years " groping in the dark " in order to learn those " tricks of the trade " which alone indicate mastery of the craft, Mr, Halstead's position in the first rank of editors of MURAT HALSTEAD, President of the College of Journalism. He is Famous as a Traveler, Historian, and Writer. Former Owner of the Commercial. (311) 312 Schools of Cincinnati. this generation easily gave him precedence for a work so important. The students of the College. are taught those essential practices which result in profitable newspaper making. They are given an insight into the procedure of a news- paper office, shown how the work of one department hinges on that of another. They are told what to regard as news, how to recognize news, where to look for it, and how to judge of its value. They are shown how to pre- pare copy, how to write stories, news, and features to the best advantage ; how to condense and how to display ; how, when, and why space should be saved, and when it should be used without stint. They are shown how to edit copy and how to form a judgment of news from the standpoint of the copy reader and editor, and are told all about the duties of heads of departments. In short, they are given systematic training which will enable a person of ordinary education to hold a place of responsibility in a metropolitan newspaper office. The success of the College of Journalism under the direction of Mr. Halsted was instantaneous, and more than three thousand endorsements were published in the daily papers of America. Headquarters are in the Perin Building, Fifth and Race. CHAPTER XXXVni. LANE THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. LANE THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY was formally established by a charter from the Legislature of Ohio, February ii, 1829. Four years previous, the General As- sembly of the Presbyterian Church, in view of the rapid in- Lane Theological Seminary 313 crease of the population west of the Alleghanies, decided to found a theological seminary in that region. Allegheny, Pennsylvania, and Walnut Hills, near Cincinnati, were the chief competitors for the location. In 1827 the Gen- eral Assembly voted in favor of Allegheny. Private enter- prise laid the foundation of the seminary on Walnut Hills. Lane Theological Seminary, Founded 1829. In 1028 Ebenezer Lane, belonging to the firm of E. Lane & Company, doing business in New Orleans, ofl'ered. after conference with Presbyterian ministers and laymen in Cincinnati, for himself and his brother, to do- nate one-fifth of the income of their business for four years for a training-school for ministers. These gentle- 314 Schools of Cincinnati. men were members of the Baptist Church. In 1830 they gave four thousand dollars in payment of their obligation. A year after Mr. Lane made his proposition, in 1829, ]\[r. Elnathan Kemper, a Presbyterian elder, living on Walnut Hills, in behalf of his father, the Rev. James Kemper, his brothers and himself, donated to the trus- tees of the proposed institution sixty acres of ground, a part of which is occupied by the Seminary campus and buildings. The Seminary was opened in 1832, with Dr. Lyman Beecher as professor of theology, and Dr. Thomas J. Biggs, of the presbytery of Philadelphia, as professor of church history. Dr. Beecher, then of Boston, had de- clined the proffer of a professorship two years before, but at that time had said that the greatest thought which had ever entered his mind w^as the thought of educating ministers in the West and for the West. Further en- dowments from friends in Cincinnati were increased by gifts from New York and Philadelphia. The charter provides that " all the professors, tutors, teachers, and instructors shall be members of the Presby- terian Church, in good standing, under the care of the (jeneral Assemblv of said Church in the United States." It declares the design of the Seminary to be " to educate pious young men for the Gospel ministry." In accord with the doctrinal system and polity of the Presbyterian Church, the institution seeks to develop the religious life and piety of its students, and to furnish them with the most accredited results of evangelical scholarship. Students from other evangelical communions than the Presbyterian are welcome to its privileges. Candidates for admission are expected to produce satisfactory evidence that they are members in full com- munion with some evangelical Church, and are graduates Lane Thkoi.ogical Seminary. 315 of a college or university in the classical course. The requirement of a collegiate training will be waived only in exceptional cases, when, in the judgment of the fac- ulty, a sufficient ecjuivalent is offered. A certificate from a presbytery, recommending such an applicant to enter upon his theological course without the usual college Wm. H. Morgan, Superintendent of Schools August 12, i^ September 5, 1899. ), to training, will be regarded as a ground for his admission. The course is three years and has special reference to the ministry of the Presbyterian Church. The faculty ( 1902) is: Rev. Edward D. Morris, D. D., L. L. D., professor emeritus and lecturer on Westminster Symbols ; Rev. Henry Goodwin Smith, D. D., professor of systematic theology, chairman of faculty, 1898-99; Rev. Alexander 3i6 Schools of Cincinnati. B. Riggs, D. D., professor of New Testament exegesis and instruction; Rev. David S. SchaflF, D. D., professor of church history; Kemper Fullerton, A. M., instructor in Hebrew and the Greek gospels. Hon. E. E. White, ex-superintendent of Cincinnati schools, is president of the board of trustees. From lo to 12 students are graduated annually. The following noted professors have served the institution: Rev. Lyman Beecher, D. D., d. 1863, President and Prof, of Didactic and Polemic Theology, 1832-1850; Prof. Emeritus till his death. Rev. Calvin Ellis Stowe, D. D., d. 1886, Prof, of Biblical Literature, 1833-1850. Rev. Baxter Dickinson, D. D., d. 1875, Prof, of Sacred Rhetoric, 1835-1839. Rev. Diarca Howe Allen, D. D., d. 1870, Prof, of Sacred Rhetoric, 1840-1851 , and of Systematic Theology, 1851-1867. Rev. George Edward Day, D. D., Prof, of Biblical Literature, 185 1- 1866. Rev. Henry Addison Nelson, D. D., Prof, of System- atic Theology, 1868- 1874. Rev. John DeWitt, D. D., L. L. D., Prof, of Church History, 1882-1888. Rev. Henry Preserved Smith, D. D., Instructor in Church History, 1874; Prof, of Hebrew, 1875-1893. Rev. Arthur C. McGifTert, D. D., Prof, of Church History, 1888-1893. School Architecture. 317 CHAPTER XXXIX. SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE. Samuel Hannaf 338 Schools of Cincinnati, with Profs. Mendenlmll, Judkins, and Murphy, of the original faculty, the school was re-established. The first course of lectures was delivered in the dental college on College Street. So heartily did the profession approve the eflfort of the faculty, there were one hundred and fifty-six matriculants from seventeen States at this session. This success compelled immediate efforts for proper accommodation of the school, so that before the next session began the faculty had purchased the lot and erected the building on Twelfth Street, which has ever since been the home of the college. The college has continued uninterruptedly since its reorganization, constantly seeking to teach medicine in such a manner as to make thorough and reliable practi- tioners. With this end in view the policy of the faculty has been to keep pace with every advance in the require- ments of the profession. It has consequently extended its curriculum, greatly enlarged its teaching corps, and provided well-equipped laboratories for chemical, micro- scopical and bacteriological study, and furnished abun- dant clinical facilities in all departments. So that to-day we are justified in the assertion that Miami Medical Col- lege is in the first rank of American schools of medicine. Deans, J. P, Judkins, 1852-53, George Mendenhall, 1853-57 and 1865-73. John A. Murphy, 1873-82. William Clendenin, 1882-85. William H. Taylor, 1885-93. N, P. Dandridge, 1893-1901. J. C, Oliver, 1901 . Secretary, Dr. W. E. Lewis, 1902 . The Night Law School ok the Y. M. C A. 339 CHAPTER XLII. THE NHiHT LAW SCHOOL OK THE Y. M. C. A. IN vSeptember, 1893, Robert M. Ochiltree, a practicing attorney, obtained permission from the Board of Di- rectors of the Cincinnati Y. M. C. A. to organize and establish a law school as a department of their Educational Institute. After a few weeks' announcement and preparation the school, with seventeen students en- rolled, was formally opened on the evening of October 17th. This number increased in a few weeks to thirty-nine, and each succeeding year has shown a marked increase in attendance, passing the one hundred mark in 189^. For the year ending June i, 1902, one hundred and fifty- eight students were enrolled. The following were among the members of the first class, and were present on the opening night : Thos. J. Davis, cashier Fifth National Bank ; John D. DeWitt, attorney (1895), ex-president vStamina Re- publican League ; Frederick L. Hoffman, attorney (1896), member faculty (1902) ; C. W. McKnight, chief clerk auditing department C. H. & D. R. R. (1896) ; C. O. Rose, ticket agent; W. H. Cowguill, attorney (1896) ; 1. L. Huddle, attorney (1896) ; Robert C. McCouaughy, attorney (1895) ; Chas. P. Mackelfresh, attorney (1895) '■> Robt. J. Woods, attorney (1896) ; B. C. Stephenson, (1897).; A. L. Vickers (1900); David M. Allen, (1896); R. L. Blagg (1895); John G. Heher, attorney (1895) ; and W. P. Lyons, publisher. From the opening of the school year in October, 340 Schools ok Cincinnati. 1893, to September, 1S95, Mr. Ochiltree was the only in- structor. Beginning with 1895 the course of two years' study was extended to three years, and the faculty was increased until at present (1902) twenty-one members of the Hamilton County bench and bar are actively en- gaged in the work. Judge Howard Ferris delivered a series of lectures be- fore the classes du- ring the school year 1895-96, and with the opening of the school in vSeptember, 1896, he and Judge Howard Hollister, Judge Dan Thew Wright, Judge James D. Ermston, Thomas H. Darby, C. P. Mackelfresii, and Fred'k L. Hoff- man became mem- bers of the law fac- ulty. In 1899 the Board of Directors, in honor of the presi- dent, Mr. Alexander McDonald, named the educational department of that institution, "The McDonald Educational Institute." In June, 1900, they filed with the Secretary of the State a copy of the corporate charter and such schedules of R. M. Ochiltree, Dean and Founder of the Y. M. C. A. Law School. The Night Law School of the Y. M. C. A. 341 property as were required by law to place the educa- tional work on a regular college basis, giving them au- thority to appoint a faculty, prescribe courses oF study, and confer degrees. First Annual Commencement. The first annual commencement exercises were held June 26, 1900. The Hon. Ferdinand Jelke, Jr., delivered the baccalaureate address, and President D. B. Meacham conferred tiie degree of bachelor of laws upon the fol- lowing graduates : David M. Allen, Clarence E. Baen, Harlan Bailey, Harry H. Bausch, Samuel W. Bell, Robert L. Blagg, Charles Broad well, Harry F. Brewer, Glen (j. Brown, Henry F. Bulow% William A. Burkamp, Robert H. Berger, John H. Costello, William H. Cowguill, John D. DeWitt, Charles A. Davis, Malcolm G. Davies, Harry E. Engelhardt, John O. Eckert, Arthur C. Fricke, Alfred T. Fulford, Charles A. Gehrlein, William G. Griffith, Frank Hannaford, Frederick L. Hoffman, Charles H. Harmeyer, Victor H. Hertwig, Albert W. Highlands, John W. Heuver, B. A. Hulswitt, John W. Harrop, Charles H. Jones, T. Newton Jones, Walter A. Knight, Joseph L. Lackner, William Lamb, William C. Lambert, Robert A. LeBlond, Simon Lemonek, Frank P. Low, Charles G. Martin, Charles P. Mackelfresh, Clinton E. Mather, Charles W. McKnight, Robert C. McCouaughy, Harry J. Meyersieck, Arthur C. Minning, William E. Moore, William V. Muller, Edward Mitten- dorf. Christian F. Miiinm, George W. Piatt, Gerrit J. Raidt, James M. Riddell, William A. Rinckhoff, Millard F. Roebling, Charles O, Rose, David P. Schorr, Frank X. Schaefer, Jesse M. Simon, Harry B. Sprague, James M. Stone, Arthur L. Vickers, Frank C. Vogelbach, John Howard Ferris, Superior Court Judge, Professor of Law at Y. M. C. A. Law School. (.542, The Ni(;iit Law School ok the Y. jSI . C. A. 343 J. Ward, William Wersel, Frederick E. Wessehnan, Herman J. Witte. Of those who have been and arc now students, many are college graduates — Harvard, Yale, and other colleges being represented, as well as the University and high schools of Cincinnati. All are active young busi- ness men, occupying positions of trust and credit in the banking and mercantile houses and educational institu- tions of Cincinnati and surrounding cities. IxsTKicTiON — Regular Course. The lecturers and instructors are regularly engaged in the practical administration of the law ; and, although special attention is given to Ohio law, yet the general prin- ciple of jurisprudence, applica- ble alike to all parts of thecoun- trv, are carefully inculcated. The course of instruction aims to combine the advantage of all approved systems and methods. It includes free and written lectures, the studv of text-books, statements of im- portant decided cases, recitations, keeping of note-books, reviews, examinations, exercises in drafting various legal papers, the criticism of briefs, and arguments in moot courts, courses of reading, etc. Although the aim of the instruction is to teach a knowledge of principles, rather than of mere cases, yet special attention is given to fixing in the mind of the student the leading decisions on all subjects of the law. The sessions are held in the evening between the hours of 7 :30 and 9 :30 o'clock. Alexander McDonald. 344 ScHOOi.s OF Cincinnati. Pleading and Practick, and Moot Court. A court of practice forms a leading feature in the course of instruction, and eacli student is required to pur- sue a systematic course of instruction in the preparation of all kinds of legal papers, such as are likely to occupy the attention of the practitioner. Two senior and two middle-year students, one of each act as counsel for plaintiff and defendant, and two middle-year students act as associate justices. The following members of the Cincinnati judiciary and bar have presided at moot courts : Judge Dan Thew Wright ; Judge Edward J. Dempsey ; Judge David Davis; Judge Otto Pfleger ; Edwards Ritchie, Esq.; Wm. L. Dickson, Esq.; Adolph L. Brown, Esq., de- ceased ; Wm. E. Bundy, U. S. district attorney. Library. Provision is made for the annual addition of law books to the library. At present it comprises the United States Supi-eme Court Reports, the American State Re- ports, the New York Reports, the Massachusetts Reports, the Kentucky Reports, the Ohio and Ohio State Reports and all reports of other Ohio courts, and many books of reference, including the works of recognized standard law text-book writers. Graduation and Degrees. Candidates for graduation must attain : for a degree of LL. B., an average of not less than seventy per cent, in the required studies of the junior and middle years, and a general average of eighty per cent, at the final examination held at the close of the senior year, and have been admitted to practice law in the State of which they are residents. The school opens in September and closes with com- David Sinton, Founder Y. M. C. A. (Gave Over $120,000) ; Donor of Art Academy Building, $97,000; Established Sinton Chair of Economics, University, $100,000; Founder of Sinton Medals in High Schools. (^45) 34^ Schools of Cincinnati. inencement exercises on the third Wednesday of June of each year. Law Faculty. The faculty for the coining school year, 1902-3, is as follows : R. M. Ochiltree, LL. B., dean, Judge Howard Ferris, A. M., LL. B., Judge Dan Thew Wright, LL. B., Judge Moses F. Wilson, Rankin D. Jones, LL. B., Lewis M. Hosea, LL. B., Frank M. Coppock, LL. B., Thos. H. Darby, LL. B., Frank F. Dinsniore, LL. B., Fred'k L. Hoffman, A. B.. LL. B. Chas. F. Williams, LL. B., D. P. Schorr, LL. B., Stanley Mathews, LL. B., Albert H. Morrill, A. B. LL. B. CHAPTER XLHI. CINCINNATI SOCIETY OK NATURAL HISTORY. THIS society was organized January 19, 1870, with twenty-five members, and incorporated June 20, 1870, as -A free public ed/icatio/ial institution. For thirty years it has maintained this position by means of its ori- ginal explorations and investigations, its collections, and for the past nineteen years by annual courses of free lec- tures on scientific subjects. The lecturers who have been presented to the public under the auspices of the society The Cincinnati Society of Na tliuai. History. 347 have included many of the leadinj^ scientists of the country. This successful career in the diffusion of knowledge and the advancement of science has necessitated at times great sacrifices on the part of the members, and it is only fitting that mention should be made of some of those, now passed to the great beyond, whose early labors made possible the position attained by the society as an educa- tional factor. Dr. John A. Warder, accomplished bot- a n i s t and horticulturist, was the president during the first five years. Dr. R. M. Byrnes, Dr. H. H. Hill, Mr. Robert Clark, Dr. W. H. Mussey, Prof. J. F. Judge, Mr. R. B. Moore, Mr. S. E. Wright, Mr. Julius Dexter, Dr. Charles F, Low, and Dr. Joseph F. James were tireless workers at a time when the outlook for any substantial support for the institution was not very bright Among members yet living who upheld the society in its infant days, are Dr. O. D. Norton, Prof. G. W. Harper, Mr. Davis L. James, Mr. Charles Dury, Dr. F. W. Langdon, and Dr. J. H. Hunt. As the successor of the Western Academy of Natural Sciences, the society, on September 5, 1871, received the entire property of the former institution, consisting of about $350 in money, a library of 26^ volumes, and a collection of specimens of natural history. The survi- Y. M. C. A., Seventh and Walnut. 34^ Schools of Cincinnati. ving members of the academy were elected life members of the society. Amongst these were U. P. James Robert Buchanan, George Graham, S. T. Carley, E. O Hurd, and J. M. Edwards. The society has published its proceedings and contri butions to science in "The Journal of the Cincinnat Society of Natural history," now in its twentieth volume which has brought it into relation, as a working body with the leading scientific institutions of the world, and which enable it to greatly enhance its library During the first seven years of its existence the young society was dependent upon the membership dues to meet current expenses, and in this time of need the trustees of the Cincinnati College liberally provided rooms for the meetings and collections free of rent. Mr. Charles Bodmann, a member of the society, was so impressed with the good accomplished for the public by such an institution that he became its most conspicuous benefactor by a bequest of ,150,000, which was received in July, 1877. A portion of this has been invested in a home for the society (now far too small for its needs) at 313 Broadway, and the remainder is kept as a permanent fund for the support of the institution. The large and valuable collections of the society illustrate, as nothing else can, the geology and mineralogy, the fauna and the flora, of Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky, and to some extent of the world. They are therefore of great value in teaching of the natural resources of this region. These collections are open to the public, without charge, from 9 a. m. to 5 p. m. daily, Sundays and legal holidays excepted. At present a plan is under consideration looking to the transfer to the University of these valuable coUec- TiiK Cincinnati Society of Natural History. 349 tions ; the only important condition proposed by the so- ciety being the erection, by the University, of a suitable fire-proof building to receive them, which building shall be open to the public at reasonable hours, free of charge. The present ofiicers of the society are : President, Dr. C. R. Holmes; First Vice-President, Mr. Davis L. Natural History Society Building, It Contains, Besides Lecture Rooms, Extensive Collections of Specimens. James; vSecond Vice-President, Mr. Thomas H. Kellev ; Secretary, Dr. Arch I. Carson; Treasurer, Mr. T. B. Collier; members at large of the Executive Board, Mr. Wm. Hubbell Fisher, Mr, Charles Dury, Dr. M. H. Fletcher. Dr. A. J- Woodward ; Director of Museum, 35° Schools of Cincinnati. Josua Lindahl, Ph. D. ; Librarian, J. M. Nickles, A. B., M. S. ; Curators, Prof. Walter H. Aiken, Botany; A. C. Billups, A. B., C. E., Conchology ; William Os- burn, A. M., Entomology ; H. Wuestner, Mineralogy; Charles Andrew, Photography; Publication Committee, Dr. Joshua Lindanl, Editor, Mr, Davis L. James, Mr. Charles Dury, Mr. C. G. Lloyd. Presidents. 1. Dr. John A. Warder, 1870-75. 2. Samuel A. Miller, 1875-76. 3. Dr. W. H. Mussey, 1876-77. 4. R. B. Moore, 1877-78. 5. V. T. Chambers, 1878—80. 6. Dr. R. M. Byrnes, 1880-83. 7. Dr. J. H. Hunt, 1883-05. 8. Prof. Geo. W. Harper, 1885-86. 9. Dr. Walter A. Dun, 1886-87. 10. J. Ralston Skinner, 1887-89. 11. Wm. Hubbell Fisher, 1889-90. 12. Col. J. W. Albert, 1890-92. 13. T. B. Collier, 1892-94. 14. D. L. James, 1894-96. 15. Dr. F. W. Langdon, 1896-97. 16. Charles Dury, 1897—98. 17. Dr. O. D. Norton, 1898-99 18. Dr. M. H. Fletcher, 1899-1901. 19. Dr. C. R. Holmes, 1901 . Cuv'iKK Club. 351 CHAPTER XLIV. CUVIER CLUB. ONE of the institutions that plavs a prominent part in the Cincinnati school system is the Cuvier Club, No. 30 Longworth Street. In 187 1 a few gentleman, fond of field sports, determined to form a sportsman's society, whose object should be to elevate the tone of field sports and to enforce the game laws. They organized the Ohio State Society for the Protection of Game and Fish, and for a time met in private offices. They soon rented a room. No. 200 West Fourth Street, where they met until February z,, 1874. January I, 1S75, the name was changed to the Cuvier C'lub, in honor of the French naturalist. On January i, 1875, in- vitations were sent out to citizens at large, and a public reception was held later, about five hundred visitors responding. January 14, 1882, the club met for the first time in its present building. A reception was held on the occasion, over 1,500 ladies and gentlemen attending. It was decided to have a museum. Social features were also made prominent, and an annual banquet, held every November, was proxided for. This is now one of the events of the year. The museum comprises 2,000 birds, 192 fishes, 99 animals and 1,300 birds' eggs. The library is a rare col- lection of standard w^orks on natural history, most of them presented to the society by Alexander Starbuck (president 1900). The museum is open to the public. Numerous teachers bring their classes here to study bird 35^ Schools of Cincinnati. life and other natural curiosities. On several occasions there have been so many children in attendance that it was necessary to secure the attendance of police to assist in caring for the crowds. The museum is free, and is constantly sought by students and teachers of natural history. Mr. Charles Dury, the costodian, frequently lectures in the schools on natural history topics. The Audu- bon Society meets here. The C u v i e r Club has done more to create a love and respect for bird and animal life than any other organization in the city. At present the club is contem- plating m o V i n g to more commodious quarters, where it can have a larger museum room and more lecture rooms. Dr. Frank W. Langdon. Professor Miami Medical College; Neurologist to the Cincinnati Hospital. THE AUDUBON SOCI- ETY OF THE STATE OF OHIO. The purposes of this society are : 1. To disseminate a knowledge of birds, and to teach their relations to man. 2. To impart information respecting the economic value of birds to agriculture, and their general impor- tance to the welfare of man. Benn Pitman. Benn Pitman was born in England, July 24, 1822; trained for an architect, but came to the U. S. to publish books and further the spread of the phonetic art; inventor of the electro process of relief engraving (1855). It was in his office and at his expense that the first suc- cessful results of photo relief engraving were obtained hy Dr. J. B. Burns, in 1865 In 1858 Mr. Pitman published a work on elementary mathematical drawing. During the Civil War he was military recorder. He reported and edited most of the State trials, etc. For twenty years he taught artistic carving at the Cincinnati Art Academy. Was president of Phonographic Institute Co. and biographer of his brother, Sir Isaac Pitman. [,?s^a] VVm. Hubbell Fishkr, President Audubon Society Since its Organ- ization and Director of the Natural [3S2B] History Society. CuviER Ci.uB. 353 3. To cultivate a sensibility to the beauty of living birds, and to the attraction they confer upon the objects of nature. 4. To promote an abiding interest in birds and in the study of ornithology. 5. To encourage the protection of birds, their nests, eggs, and haunts. 6. To discourage all reckless and wanton destruction of any birds. 7. To discourage the wearing of feathers, except those of our domestic fowl and of the ostrich. 8. To encourage and provide, so far as practicable, for the education of children and adults upon any and all of the aforementioned objects. This society was organized October 21, 189S. Its first officers were : President, William Hubbell Fisher; vice-president, William H. Venable ; recording secretary, Harriet H. Hastings ; corresponding secretary, Clara Russell. The society was duly incorporated in March, 1900, as "The Audubon Society of the State of Ohio," and has been very active through its members in promoting the protection of birds and of bird life throughout the City of Cincinnati and the State of Ohio, and many of its mem- bers have frequently addressed the pupils of the district, intermediate, and high schools, to enlist their eft'orts for the protection of birds. The society meets once a month in the Cuvier Club and hears lectures and reports of committees. These meetings are enjoyable and instructive. [23I 354 Schools of Cincinnati. CHAPTER VL. THE HAYWARD SCHOOL OF ELOCUTION. THE Hayward School of Elocution, which has its home at No. 518 E. Fourth Street, was founded less than five years ago by Mrs. Frances Rolph Hayward. The advent into the States of the Middle West of institutions devoted exclusively to the teaching of voice culture, and the forensic and dramatic arts, is of comparatively recent date. They have come none to soon, if the " American voice " is to be eliminated, and our future generations are to be free from reproach that we have the least cultured voices of any of the greater people of the earth. The Hayward School, with a well-equipped faculty of experienced teachers, has been a success from the be- ginning. Mrs. Hayward in herself presents a remark- able instance of what correct training may do for the voice and for the preservation of those physical adjuncts that are so essential in callings where perfect control of the vocal powers is a first requisite. Her early school training was under the best mas- ters in England, and in her home life she was fortunate in the tutelage of her distinguished father ; for she is a daughter of the late, the Honorable Dr. John Rolph, of Cambridge, England, who later became eminent in the annals of Canada as a conspicuous leader in that great Parliamentary struggle which wrested from Great Britain, for the Dominion of Canada, those measures of liberal reform which, in our own land, were gained only by the Mrs. Frances Rolph Hayward, Principal of the Hajward School of Elocution. For Many Years (3SS) Instructor of Elocution in the Cincinnati Law School. 356 Schools of Cincinnati. long and bloody struggle of the Revolutionary War. Dr. John Rolph, statesman, lawyer, orator, and physi- cian, was a man of rare gifts, and his daughter's endow- ments are but the natural fruit of heredity and training. Perhaps the highest tribute to her ability that she has ever received in this the land of her adoption, was a position accorded her for many years as teacher of elocution at the Cincinnati Law School. It is not often that a woman is chosen to instruct classes composed ex- clusively of men. The letter of Gen. Jacob D. Cox, for a long time dean of the law school, attesting her suc- cess as an instructress, and expressing his regret at losing her services, is among her most prized testimonials. The past year has been the most prosperous of the school's existence. In addition to all that is implied in the term elocution, the Hay ward School includes in its curriculum voice culture and training for the stage, classes in physical culture, languages and English lit- erature. The school thus firmly established bids fair to grow and inaintain its present high place among the edu- cational institutions of our city. It has already done much to awaken a hitherto unknown appreciation of the fact that grace of voice is as essential as grace of presence and manners among the requisites of polite life. CHAPTER VLI. THE NORMAL SCHOOL. Carrie Newhall Lathrop. THE Cincinnati Normal School was established in September, 1868. One room in the Eighth District building was assigned to the students, and two rooms of The Nokmal School. 357 children of the first four years of school were set apart for a practice department. The length of the course was one year, and, in order to induce young women to take the training, the Board of Education passed a regu- lation which made a diploma from the Normal School equivalent in salary to two years' experience in teaching, MONTAVILLE FlOWERS, Leading American Monologuist ; Formerly Superintendent of Norwood Public Schools. so that the graduate of the Normal School began teach- ing on a salary of I300, and her untrained associate re- ceived only $400. Such a consideration, combined with the profes- sional training, attracted to the city a number of experi. 35^ Schools of Cincinnati, enced teachers, some of them women of mature years, who availed themselves of the opportunity to better their condition professionally and pecuniarily. At that time the school was the first of its kind and size west of the Alleghany Mountains. The plans for its establishment were conceived in great wisdom, after earnest, patient investigation of other normal schools, and then wisely and skillfully adapted to the needs and environment of this city. It was established on an exceedingly broad basis of those times, and indeed many of its features might well appear in the best-equipped normal schools of to-day. For this a debt, of gratitude is due the Com- mittee on Normal School and to John Hancock, superin- tendent. For the head of the school was selected a graduate of the State Normal School, of Oswego, N. Y., Miss Sa- rah D. Dungan, who, however, resigned at the end of the year, owing to her marriage. She is now Mrs. vSa- rah D. Jenkins, of Ithaca, N. Y., and has under her charge the English department of the Preparatory School for Cornell University, the English in the public schools of Ithaca, and she is editor of The Popular Educator. In the second year of the life of the school another principal came from the East to take charge of the work just begun, Miss Delia A. Lathrop, a graduate of the Albany State Normal School and a former teacher in the Oswego Normal School. After a service of eight years Miss Lathrop resigned, upon her marriage to Prof. W. Williams, of Wesleyan University, Delaware, O. Of late years she has given to the Ohio State Teachers' Associ- ation, as well as to herself, lasting renown by suggesting and planning a reading circle for the teachers of Ohio, a movement which has extended to every State in the L nion and to Canada. The Normal School. 359 Fortunately for the normal, Mr. Hancock's imme- diate successor. John B. Peaslee, proved a staunch sup- porter. As the school grew in influence and in strength, and as the benefits of its training were recognized, the Board of Education rescinded the regulation permitting graduates of the Normal .School an increased salary, but gave them the preference for appointment, other things being equal. In 1871 a German course was introduced with a Ger- man practice department. This was the first normal school, it is said, which provided just such a course. Mr. Karl Knortz was placed at the head of this department. This position he occupied for two years, -when George H. Borger succeeded him. Mr. Borger continued until his death, December, 1883, when Mr. L. R. Klemm was appointed. Upon the resignation of Miss Lathrop, Andrew Knell was ap- pointed principal. Owing to ill- ness, however, he was obliged to resign after but one year of ser- vice. Immediately after, John Mickleborough assumed charge of the school. Mr. Mickleborough resigned after serving seven years, and is now head master of the Boy's High School, Brooklyn, N. Y. For a few months after the resignation of Mr. Mickleborough, and prior to his own resignation, Mr. Klemm acted as principal, having charge of the instruction of both English and German. Immediately following, Mrs. Carrie Newhall Lathrop was appointed principal of the school, and the entire Joseph Moses, Elected Member Board of Education, 1874. 360 Schools of Cincinnati, y^' *»' /' / . , "^*n,h'\ "if! '1 ; : fi ; ; ill. I'l "ii «. ^* -^\ charge of the German department was given to Mrs. Jo- hanna M. Huising, who acted as critic-teacher in the practice department and gave instruction to the German class for one hour in the day. These, with two critic- teachers of the English practice department, first and second year of school, constituted the teaching force of the school. In course of time two teachers were added to the department of instruction, but the pupils received what practice was possible in the third and fourth grades in the schools throughout the city. One may read something of the his- tory of educational affairs in Cincinnati by observing the changes in the rules and regulations per- taining to admission into and graduation from the Normal School, the changes indicating different conditions and dif- ferent needs. The graduates of the city high schools have always been admitted on their diplo- mas. For a time graduates of high schools in the county and from the cities of Covington and Newport were ad- mitted on the diplomas of those schools, paying a tuition fee of sixty dollars. Non-graduates were admitted either by special examination or on teacher's certificates. La- ter, under the administration of Dr. E. E. White, all persons not graduates of the city high schools were re- quired to pass a special examination for admission, and Garfield School, Cumminsville ; Erected 1897; Cost $62,897; 18 Rooms, Seats, 1008 Pupils; J. H. Locke, Princi- pal ; L. E. Keller, Trustee. The Normal Sciiooi,. 361 gradually the standards of these entrance examinations were raised. The course was extended to one year and a half. Still later, during the administration of W. H. Morgan, only those graduates of the city high schools who had attained an average of 80% were admitted without examination, the others being admitted on spe- cial examinations, in which they were required to attain 80%. Provision was made by which university gradu- ates could take a special course in primary methods and practice in five months. In the class of 1899 there were ten university graduates, and in that of 1900 eight. At a meeting of the Board of Education, May 7, 1900, the Committee on Normal Schools submitted the following resolution, which was adopted : ''■Resolved, That at the termination of the current Normal School session in February, 1901, the school be suspended, and that the superintendent of schools be re- quested to assign the teachers of the Normal School to other regular work. The present Normal School class to be continued to the end of the present Normal School year." The number of graduates since September, 1868, is : English, 1,153; German, 328. Total, 1,418. At the close of the thirty-two years of its existence, the Normal School had sent out over fifteen hundred graduates. CHAPTER VLII. THE AGNOSTIC SUNDAY SCHOOL. OUT of the ordinary is the Agnostic Sunday School, which meets every Sunday morning at Lincoln Inn Court, for the purpose of giving instruction in morals to Charles S. Sparks. (362) The Agnostic Sunday School. 363 those who attend. The ''course of study " is modeled after that of the public schools in nature study. Chil- dren are not taught to antagonize doctrines from which good may be derived, but are told how to weed out the bad, that is, they are taught facts. The "Golden Rule" of Con- fucius is used as the basis. This rule is : " What you do not like when done to yourself, do not do to others." Lessons in morals are interwoven with natural his- tory. Plants and the lower animals, in their relation to man and themselves, are made topics for discussion. All supernaturalism is stripped oflF, and the attempt is made to have the pupils see nature as it is, or rather, perhaps, to understand what is known, leaving out en- tirely the elements of mystery. The school was founded Sunday, February 3, 1901, by Charles S. Sparks, who is the superintendent and moving spirit. Mr. Sparks is one of the well-known attorneys and a lecturer of national prominence on ag- nosticism and kindred scientific subjects. The creed of the school is as follows : "I believe that when one is dead and buried he is seen and heard of no more. I believe that we will know as much after we are dead as we knew before we were born ; that after we are dead we will be as dead — uncon- scious — as we were before we were born. I believe that whatever we can get with prayer we can get without it. I believe that all sprang from a common cause or source. I believe that the chief object in life is to promote human happiness. I believe good-will is the source of good deeds. I believe that kindness begets kindness, and virtue is its own reward. I believe that education will solve all the myths, miracles, and miseries of the world. I believe in the equal rights of all, and in the brotherhood of mankind. I will ever strive to enlighten and better 3^4 Schools of Cincinnati. the condition of my fellow beings. So be each personal effort all over the world, now and forever." There are now in attendance from 35 to 40 children and from 40 to 50 adults. These are divided into five grades, or classes, under skilled instructors. JENNIK o'kEEFE MANN. Mrs. Jennie O'Keefe Mann, a product of the Cin- cinnati public schools, taught for 32 consecutive years in the day schools, and 8 years in the night schools. Taught under L y m a n Harding, John Hancock, John. B. Peaslee, Emerson E. White. Married John C. Mann. Taught in the Newburyport (Massachu setts) Training School, and for 9 years past has conducted a private school coaching for vari- ous examinations. Her scholars are found occupying various positions. She is energetic and persevering, and is enthusiastic in her devotion to the profession. Mrs. Mann is a writer on educational topics, and is the author of numerous sketches. Jennie O'Keefe Mann. Public Library. 365 CHAPTER IIL PUBLIC LIBRARY. CINCINNATI had the first public library in Ohio. It began operations March 6, 1802, and grew out of a popular movement. It was organized in the famous Yeatman Tavern, the first meeting to organize being held there in February of 1802. Twenty-five persons, representing thirtv-four shares of stock at $10 each, or $340, were interested. Arthur St. Clair, the first Gov- ernor of the Northwest Territory and of Ohio, headed the subscription list. Louis Kerr was librarian. For some years the history of the library is missing. In 1808 the legislature was petitioned to incorporate the library. In 181 1 the charter was obtained. In 1814 about 300 volumes were in circulation. In 18 16 there were 1,400 volumes, valued at .$3,000. It was housed in the Cincin- nati College building, known as the Lancaster Seminary. David Cathcart was librarian. In 1826 the library had .run down, and had 1,300 volumes. Eventually it was closed, and the books were packed in the cellar of a book- store on Main Street. The Public Library of to-day was founded by act of March 14, 18^3. Sixteen school libraries were started, but consolidated into the "Cincinnati Common School and Family Library," on December 18, 1854. Fifteen hundred books were purchased ; and the library opened in the Central School Building July, 1856, saw a removal to the Ohio Mechanics Institute building. Sixth and Vine. On the 17th day of August, 1868, the Handy Opera House property, which was about to be sold at public N. D. C. Hodges, Elected Public Librarian April 20, 1900. (366) PllHI.IC LiBKAKV 367 auction, was examined by the library committee and afterward purchased for $83,000. The building was re- modeled by J. W. McLaughlin. In 1869 Mr. Freeman resigned, to take a position in the schools, and was suc- ceeded by W. F. Poole, who opened the library of to-day in the front part of the present building on December 9, 1870. Mr. Poole had been engaged and took charge at the Mechanics Institute building on November 5, 1869. His first official act was to appoint W. E. Barnwell as- sistant. Mr. Poole resigned in 1873 to go to Chicago. He was the author of the famous "Poole's Index." Thomas Vickers succeeded Mr. Poole. The present front was added to the building, and was dedicated Feb- ruary 35, 1874, Hon. Geo. H. Pendleton making the dedicatory address. In 1880 Mr. Vickers was succeeded by Chester W. Merrill. November 26, 1886, A. W. Whelpley became librarian. February 19, 1900, Mr. Whelpley was stricken with apoplexy and died the same night. On April 20, 1900, N. I). C. Hodges was elec- ted to fill out the unexpired term of Mr. Whelpley. He assumed charge on May loth. His salary is $3,500. Mr. Hodges at the time of his election was in charge of the scientific department of the library of Harvard College, a life position. For some years prior to his entering upon that work he had been connected with the Astor branch of the New York Free Public Library. Previous thereto, for ten years he was editor of the magazine Science. He is an alumnus of Harvard, class 1874, and has been a tutor there. LIBRARIANS. Dr. J. C. Christin, from , to July 3, 185^. John D. Caldwell, from July 3, 1655, to March 16, 1856. N. Peabody Poor, from Nov. 2, 1857, to April 22, 1866. Reuben Springer, Founder College of Music. (36S) Public Library. 369 Lewis Freeman, from April 22, 1866, to Nov. 5, 1869. W. F. Poole, from Nov. 15, 1869, to Dec. 31, 1873. Thos. Vickers, from Jan. i, 1874, to Dec. 31, 1879. Chester W. Merrill, from Jan. i, 1880, to Nov. 26, 1886. Albert W. Whelpley, from Nov. 26, 1886, to Feb. 19, 1900. N. D. C. Hodges, from April 20, 1900, to . YOUNG men's mercantile LIBRARY. The Young Men's Mercantile Library was founded April iS, 1835, and chartered in 1836. The library was first opened in the Ames Building on Main Street. After several removals it found permanent headquarters in the Cincinnati College, on the east side of Walnut, between Fourth and Fifth. Here it has remained ever since Jan- uary 19,1845. This building was destroyed by fire, but all the books were saved. The present building is to be torn down and replaced with a "sky scraper," on the tenth floor of which the Y. M. M. L. will have perma- nent rooms. In 1902 Andrew Carnegie gave $180,000 for six branch libraries CHAPTER IL. COLLEGE OF MUSIC. THE COLLEGE OF MUSIC is incorporated under the laws of the State c-f Ohio. Its object is to " cultivate a taste for music, to organize a school of in- struction and practice," etc. The first session began October 14, 1878. Reuben Springer and other citizens endowed it, Mr. Springer alone giving $306,750. The institution is eleemosynary, the entire income being devoted to school purposes. [24] (37o> W. S. Sterling, Dean College of Music. College op^ Music. 371 There are fifteen trustees elected by the stockholders. The buildings (valued at $200,000) adjoin Music Hall. In May, 1900, J. G. .Schmidlapp donated $50,000, to be used in erecting a handsome dormitory in memory of his wife, who had been killed a few weeks previous in a rail- road accident near Kansas City. His daughter, a young lady, also met death at the same time. The college has some fortv rooms for instruction. Then there is the Odeon, used for concert purposes, and the Lyceum for smaller audiences. The college has two departments, an academic and the general music school. The school has about i ,000 pupils and is rapidly taking its place among the formost institutions of its kind. CHAPTER L. CINCINNATI CONSERVATORY OF MUSIC. THE history of musical culture in Cincinnati is inti- mately connected with that of the Cincinnati Con- servatory of Music. Miss Clara Baur, for so many years the directress, may pride herself on the distinction of having organized the first inusic school, in the winter of 1867. The development was rapid, the success com- plete. Of Miss Baur it has been truthfully written : ' ' She was the first to awaken interest in the broad and thorough culture of the great refining art ; the first to inculcate the necessity for instruction in the science as well as the art of music ; the first to conceive the dis- tinction of Cincinnati in musical taste. " From the first organization of the Conservatory it Cincinnati Conservatory of Music. 373 was Miss Baur's aim to select the very best professional talent for her faculty. It was largely owing to her conscientiousness and good fortune in this regard that her school was blessed with such uniform prosperity and success. Far and near, all over the country, its reputa- tion became more and more firmly established long before any otlier musical institution had been founded. The Conservatory, under her discreet management, was always blessed with a distinct, consistent method in all departments, a large and varied faculty of musicians, endowed with natural gifts, and prepared by high cul- ture to repi-esent their specialties ; two requisites most necessary for the perfect efficiency of a music school Herself trained in the famous Stuttgart Conservatory, with the view of becoming thoroughly imbued with all the elements of knowledge required for the direction of a music school. Miss Baur was from the start eminently fitted for the responsibilities which she assumed, and car- ried out subsequently with such indomitable energy and persevering success." In the spring of 1902 the Conservatory removed from Fourth and Lawrence to the present building, the Shillito mansion, Highland Avenue and Oak Street. ■ CHAPTER LI. OHIO MILITARY INSTITUTE. IN the year 1833 Freeman G. Cary, a brother of the well-known temperance lecturer, Gen. Samuel F. Cary, established an academy at Pleasant Hill, now Col- lege Hill, a suburb of Cincinnati. This school was 374 Schools of Cincinnati, maintained as a private undertaking by Mr. Gary for twelve years, during which time the attendance increased from eight to one hundred pupils. The school having grown beyond Mr. Gary's means to care for all who sought admission, in 1846 a movement was set on foot which resulted in the incorporation of an institution of collegiate rank, under the title of the " Farmers' Gollege of Hamilton County." The Gary Academy was merged in the new institution, of which Mr. Gary was chosen the first president. Associa- ted with him were the Rev. John W. Scott, D. D., and the Rev. Robert H. Bishop, D. D., late president of Miami University. Dr. Bishop was one of the ablest teachers of the West, and his grave, a simple mound of earth on the college campus, is for his old pupils and friends a place of pilgrimage to-day. The halls of the commodious building that had been erected by means of a popular subscription, to which over 400 persons were contributors, were at once crowded with students. In 1848 there were 109 students in the college proper, and 173 in the preparatory department. The rapid growth of the institution very soon de Rev. John Hugh Ely, Regent Ohio Military Institute, College Hill. Ohio Military Institute. 375 manded enlarged facilities. By means of the issue of limited and perpetual scholarships, an endowment fund of $100,000 was raised, and the charter was modified (in 1852) so as to vest the entire property in the holders of those certificates. Every perpetual scholarship, the par value of which was I X 00, entitled the owners thereof to free tuition for one pupil. The scholarships proved in the end an embarrassment to this institution, since the t i m e c a m e when a hundred dollars sub- scription to this en- dowment fund was an entirely inadequate return for the exemp- tion from the payment of tuition fees. At the same time that these changes were effected, the scholarship owners, many of whom were farmers, resolved, in Wilmkr L. Silinc, order "to render the Head Master Ohio MiHtary Institute, institution what it should be, and meet the demands of the age," to establish an experimental farm, and to provide for the giving of instruction in practical agriculture and horticulture. To carry into effect this resolution, $100,000 was raised, and a tract of land of about 100 acres, in proximity 376 Schools of Cincinnati, to the college building, was secured, and '' ornamentally and tastefully laid out, with conservatory, greenhouse, aviary, vinery, and various fruitages, properly located and kept in a model way; the first complete institution of its kind organized on the continent of America." This department of the college proved a failure and Ohio Military Institute. eventually the " Model Farm " was sold, and the pro- ceeds turned into the general endowment fund of the institution. The college flourished up to the Civil War. Among the students during this period were many persons who afterwards became prominent in various professions and walks of life, among whom may be mentioned Bishop 37^ Schools of Cincinnati. J. M, Walden, Murat Halstead, and Ex-President Ben- jamin Harrison. The college received from the Civil War a blow from which it never recovered, and its ses- sions were suspended from 1870 to 1873. When its doors were reopened, they were open to both sexes. In 1884 the name of the institution was changed from " Farmers' College "to " Belmont College." In 1890 the fortunes of Belmont College seemed to be waning, and the trustees became convinced that, if the property with which they were entrusted was to be fur- ther used for educational purposes, it was necessary to make some change in their methods. The outcome of their deliberations was the founding of the Ohio Military Institute. vSince then the institute has been carried on with varying success, and now is in a flourishing con- dition. For the first four years the institute was under the charge of President John H. McKenzie. For the next three, under Col. Dudley Emerson. In 1897 the Rev. John Hugh Ely assumed control, with the title of regent. Under him, Dr. W. L. Siling is head master, and, with an able corps of assistants, overlooks the edu- cational and moral improvement of the cadets. Major James Stewart, U. S. A., retired, is the commandant of the cadets. The names of the successive presidents of the insti- tution are as follows: Freeman G. Cary, 1847-1853 ; Isaac J. Allen, 1853-1856; Rev. Charles N. Mattoon, 1856-1860; Jacob Tiickerman, 1860-1866; Rev. C. D. Curtis, 1866-1870; J. S. Lowe, 1873-1877; Rev. J. B. Smith, 1877-1879; Philip Van Ness Myers, 1879-1890; Rev. J. H. McKenzie, 1890-1894; Col. Dudley Emer- son, 1894-1897; then Rev. John Hugh Ely, 1897 to date. The Eclectic Medical Institute. 379 CHAPTER LII. THE ECLECTIC MEDICAL INSTITUTE. Harvey W. Felter, M. D. THE ECLECTIC MEDICAL INSTITUTE is the parent school and leading exponent of the American eclectic system of medicine. It is the direct successor of the Reformed Medical School of Cincinnati (1842-45). The latter was the successor of the medical department of Worthington College, at Worthington, O., and de- nominated Reformed Medical College of Ohio, but bet- ter known as the Worthington Medical College. The medical department at Worthington was the Western branch of the Reformed Medical College of the City of New York, the latter being the first reformed medical school in America, and the outgrowth of a reform medi- cal movement inaugurated in 1825 by Dr. Wooster Beach. The Eclectic Medical Institute was founded by Dr. Thomas V. Morrow, who had previously conducted the school at Worthington. He was ably assisted by Drs. Alexander H., Baldridge, Benjamin L. Hill, and Lorenzo E. Jones. These gentlemen, together with Drs. Hiram Cox and James H. Oliver, comprised the first faculty. The college is located at 1009 Plum Street. For many years it fronted at 228 W. Court Street. It was char- tered by a special act of the Ohio Legislature, March 10, 1845, Col. James Kilbourne being especially active in securing its incorporation. The old institute building 38o ScHooi.s OF Cincinnati. was twice visited by fire, and partially destroyed. The present building was erected in 1851, and dedicated with impressive ceremonies. The rise and progress of the school was rapid, it having graduated in its first ten years 593 physicians. The Eclectic Medical Institute was the first medical college to open its doors to women. Prior to 1877? 36 women graduated. Owing to the fact that it is the lead- ing eclectic medi- cal college in the world, students come from every State in the Union, from Canada, Europe, and the West Indies, The Exposition Univer- selle of 1889 (Paris) awarded to the in- stitute, for best col- lect i o n of cata- logues, orders of lectures, text-books prepared by mem- bers of the faculty, medical journals, etc., a silver medal and diploma. The collection was then deposited in the great Bibliotheque Medicale, To date (1902) the institute has graduated 3,743 physicians. No honorary degrees are granted. In connection with the school is the Seton Hospital and the Lloyd Library, Among members of the faculties who have achieved Eclectic Medical Institute, Court and Plum; Chartered in 1845. The Eclectic Medical Institute. 3^1 distinction are : Wooster Beach, founder of the eclectic school of medicine ; T. V. Morrow, promoter of eclect- icism in the West, founder of the institute ; Benjamin L. Hill, author of the first strictly eclectic text-book, "Hill's Eclectic Practice of Surgery," member of the Ohio and Michigan Legislatures, and consul to Nicaragua under Lincoln; Joseph R. Buchanan, medical philosopher, investigator, scientist, and general scholar ; Storm Rosa, first homeopathic professor in the West and president of the first pub- lic meeting of the home- opathists in the West (at Burton, O., in 1847) ; J. B. Stallo, distinguished lawyer, author, diplomat, and ininister to Italy under Cleveland; Daniel Vaughen, the most pro- found scholar and scientist Cincinnati ever produced ; John W. Hoyt, ex-gover- nor of Wyoming, origi- nator of the movement to establish a National Uni- versity at Washington, D. C. ; G. W. L. Bickley, historian, adventurer, and chief of the order of the Golden Circle ; John King, scholar, author, father of American materia medica ; William B. Powell, ethnologist and author of the "History of the Human Temperaments;" John M. Scudder, author and originator of the doctrine of specific medication ; Edwin Freeman, teacher of anatomy; Herod D. Garrison, John K. Scudder, Secretary Faculty Eclectic Medical Institute. 3^2 Schools of Cincinnati. scholar, philosopher, and lecturer ; Andrew J. Howe, fore- most eclectic surgeon of his day; F. J. Locke, 31 years a teacher of materia medica ; J. A. Jeancon, scholar and author ; John Uri Lloyd, chemist-pharmacist and au- thor of " Etidorhpa " " Stringtown ;" William E. Bloyer, editor of Eclectic Alcdical Gleaner, ex-president of National Eclectic Medical Association, and president of National Association of Orificial Surgeons ; L. E. Rus- sel, surgeon of national repute. The following is the faculty : Frederick John Locke, dean of faculty ; John Allard Jeancon ; John Uri Lloyd, Phr. M., Ph. D.; Rolla L. Thomas; William Edward Bloyer; John King Scudder, A. M., M. D. ; Robert Corbin Wintermute ; Lyman Watkins ; William L. Dickson, A. M., LL. B. ; Harvey WickesFelter ; Bishop McMillen ; Linus E. Russel ; John Reed Spencer; Kent Oscanyan Foltz ; (ieorge William Brown ; Emer- son Venable, A. B. ; Edwin Ricker Freeman ; Charles George Smith. CHAPTER LIII. LAURA MEMORIAL WOMAn's MEDICAL COLLEGE. THE Laura Memorial Woman's Medical College, in connection with the Presbyterian Hospital, repre- sents the union of the Woman's Medical College of the Presbyterian Hospital and the Woman's Medical Col- lege of Cincinnati. The latter institution was founded in 1887, the former in 1890. With the entrance of women into medicine, there was a growing demand made upon the medical schools Laura Memorial Woman's Medical College. 383 for men, in Cincinnati, on the part of women desiring medical instruction. This demand led to the establish- ment of these colleges for women ; as there was and still is some objection on the part of schools for men to the admission of women to their classes. The Laura Memorial Woman's Medical College, the name under which the institution is now chartered, was endowed in 1S95, through the generos- it}- of Mr. and Mrs. Alexander \J c- Donald. These bene- factors of the institu- tion purchased and presented to the col- lege the large and convenient buildings now occupied by the present institution. This gift stands as a memorial to their daughter, Laura Mc- Donald Stallo, a n d has been made com- plete in all the mani- fold departments of a thoroughly , ecjuip- ped medical school. The institution, as thus established, represents both the former schools, and is the only medical college ex- clusively for women in the State of Ohio. Since the union of the two schools, and the assumption of the present name, the Presbyterian Hospital has been very largely increased in capacity by a perfectly modern, Dr. J. M. With ROW, Dean Laura Memorial Woman's Medical College. 384 Schools of Cincinnati. new building, including all of the equipment necessary to a modern hospital. This building was also the gift of Mr. and Mrs. McDonald. The Presbyterian Hospital, thus endowed, represents the clinical department of the Laura Memorial Woman's Medical College, and its students have exclusive right to all of the bed-side instruction given in the institution. Laura Memorial College, 616-630 VV. Sixth Street. In addition to this there has been established a com- plete and commodious college clinic, which is held daily from three to four in the afternoon. Here diseases are treated free of charge by the medical teachers connected w^ith the college. Patients are asked, when able to pay, a nominal charge for the medicine supplied. Otherwise Lai'ka Memorial Woman's Mkdicai. Coj.lkge. 385 medicine, ;is well as treatment, is given free. About 1,800 patients avail themselves of this opportunity annu- ally. The college is a member of the American Medical College Association. Its course is divided into four years, of seven months each. There is in connection with the college a laboratory for original research. The generosity of the founders of the institution has put the college beyond the necessity of depending upon the fees of its students for its support, and has allowed the man- agers to make the charges for tuition very reasonable. The students have access to the public clinics at the Cincinnati Hospital, in common with the students of all the other colleges of the city, and through the faculty are given access to the Public Library, and also to the medical library in the Cincinnati Hospital. One of the purposes in the foundation of the institution by its bene- factors was in meeting the demand for medical mission- aries in foreign missionary fields. For this purpose, or in order to meet this requirement, they have always given free tuition to such young w'omen as desire, under the supervision of the foreign missionary bands of any of the evangelical churches, to go into the foreign mis- sionary field as medical missionaries. Dr. John AJ. Withrow, A. M., dean ; Alexander McDonald, president board of trustees. THE CINCINNATI COLLEGIATE SCHOOL. The Cincinnati Collegiate School, 148 E. Fourth Street, was organized under its present title in 1877, and was only Mr. Eugene F. Bliss' English and Classical School reorganized, under the firm name of Bliss & Babin, The Bliss school itself was simply a continuation of the famous old Brooks school, which is still remembered by [25I EnwARn Sexior, Director University of Cfncixnatc. (,VS«i| The Ohio Mechanics Institute. ^87 many of the older citizens. After a partnership of two •years, Mr. Bliss retired, and since that time the school has continued under the management of its present head master, the Rev. J. Babin, A. B. The languages are here taught very minutely and to any extent required. Mr. Babin's experience in Eastern as well as foreign schools, especially in the great English public schools, has enabled him to introduce some improvements that have been of great benefit to his pupils. CHAPTER Ll\'. the OHIO MECHANICS IXSTITl'TE. John I.. Shearer. THE history of educational work in Cincinnati would be incomplete without a chapter devoted to the Ohio Mechanics Institute, whose record extends back seventy-five years. The institution is therefore the old- est educational institution of the city, with an unbroken period of service. The men who founded this school are dead, but their names will be honored as long as the city stands and the early strtiggles of the '^ Queen City" are re- counted to the risinggeneration. On November 20, 1828, the constitution was adopted, and on February 9th of the following year the institute was incorporated under the laws of the State of Ohio. Dr. J. D. Craig, who had been giving scientific lectures in connection with Dr. John Locke, called a meeting of citizens, formed a committee, and secured 388 Schools of Cincinnati. the incorporating act. The names of those who assisted him are Thomas Riley, Lyman Watson, William C. Anderson, David T. Disney, George Graham, Calvin Fletcher, Clement Dare, William Disney, William Greene, J a m e s Brewer, J e fF r e y Seymour, Israel S c h o o 1 e y, and Elisha Brigham. For twenty years the school occupied various habitations : the city council cham- bers, the old Col- lege Building on Walnut Street, the Enon Baptist Church (1830), a private school- room, and then the famous Trollope's Bazaar on E. Third Street. In this lat- ter home (in the year 1838), under the auspices of the institute, were founded the "Cin- cinnati Industrial Exhibitions," through which the city became known to the whole country as an industrial center. Until the great " Centennial " in 1888, the institute devoted a large share of its efforts to the cause of Cin- ■iSilA-- The Ohio Mechanics Institute, Southwest Corner Sixth and Vine Streets. The Ohio Mechanics Institute. 389 cinnati's business prosperit}-. In February, 1838, a Me- chanics' and Citizens' Ball was held at the National Theatre, and $2,400 was raised for the benefit of the school. In 1839 the institution purchased Mrs. Trol- lope's " Folly," as the bazaar had been styled : $10,000 was the price. Again the institute was unable to hold its property, and in 1847 ^'""6 bazaar reverted. The present home of this grand old institution is over fifty years old, the corner-stone being laid on Julv 4, 1848. To recount the many important events with which this time-honored structure is associated would fill several volumes. It is the gift of many donors. From twenty- five cents, a day's labor, a load of lumber, a keg of nails, to the gifts of thousands of dollars made by Miles Green- wood and Marston Allen, ranged the contributions that finally cleared the indebtedness. Two years ago (1900) it was completely remodeled, two additional stories built upon its substantial walls and fitted up with every modern convenience. The purpose of the institute has been from its very beginning the education of the skilled workman. Since 1856 technical class instruction has been carried on, so that more than 17,000 students have gone out to enrich this and other cities by their superior training. The present season has brought together a students' body of 1,045, in departments which are of great practical ability in a city dependent so largely upon its manufacturing industries. Machine design, architectural drawing, trade designing of every description, technical chemistry, mathematics, physics and applied electricity, the modern languages, industrial economy, painting, wood-carving and modeling, manual training in a great variety of branches useful in our citv, together with the essentials ii!P"i'"M.w''"' John L. Shearer, Superintendent Ohio Mechanics Institute, ^3^;o) The Ohio Mechanics I.vstiti'te. 391 of a good Encrlish high schcwl education, are taught by a corps of twenty-five eminent specialists. For many years the cUiss instruction of the insti- tution was limited to evening hours ; now day and evening departments are maintained. The Ohio Mechanics Institute founded the first public library in the city, and the present Public Library had its first home in the institute building. The Hoard of Education also occupied quarters at the institute for a time. The signal tower of the Fire Department was also located on the building for many years. In i8f,6 " The School of Design of the Ohio Me- chanics Institute " was founded, and it was so success- ful that it led to the introduction of drawing into the public schools. In 1893 Dr. James Leslie was elected president. The first president was John P. Foote ( i9years) ; second, Miles Greenwood (7 years); third, Charles F. Wilstach (17 years); fourth, Thomas Gilpin (17 years); fifth, James Allison (3 years). R. E. Champion was a noted superintendent. He died in London, England, in 1898, and in a few months the superintendency was filled by the election of John L. Shearer, the present incumbent. The officers for 1902-1903 are: President, James Leslie; vice-president, Walter Laidlaw ; secretary, John M. Hubbell; treasurer. H. E. Hannaford. Directors: Bert. L. Baldwin, P. G. March, William G. Fisher, Geo. Muenzenmaier, F'red. A. Feier, C. II. M Atkins, Ernst F. DuBrul. 392 Schools of Cincinnati. CHAPTER LV. THE CINCINNATI COLLEGE OF DENTAL SURGERY. (Dental Department of Ohio University). IN eighteen hundred and ninety-three the conditions in Cincinnati seemed to indicate that a dental college, in addition to the one in existence, was necessary, so a number of professional men, business men, and educators got together for the purpose of organizing this institution. Those most deeply interested were: Francis B. James, O. VV. Martin, George B. Harte, Philip D. Fosdick, W. T. McLean, G. S. Junkerman, and others. The school was incorporated on the 17th day of April, 1893. The following gentlemen were the incorporators : William T. McLean, Andrew G. Norman, George W. Boyce, Jonathan L. Cilley, George B. PLirte, and G. S. Junkerman. The corporation was duly organized and launched by the law firm of Jones & James, and a lease, with the privilege of purchase, was secured on the premises now occupied by the west half of the college building, known as 233 W. Court Street. One year later the in- stitution purchased the property then occupied by them, and still another year passed when they purchased the east half of the building, now occupied, giving them forty-three feet front on Court Street. The college ex- pended about $10,000 in remodeling the building, besides thoroughly equipping it with the most modern improve- ments known to the science of dentistry. The building was constructed especially for the purpose of affording The Cincinnati Coi>i.ege of Dental vSurgery. 393 good, light and sanitation. During the first year of the school's'i career it had a class of 13 students. The greatest number it has ever had has been 109, and thus far about 200 have been graduated. These are practic- ing in the various parts of the United States, and are uniformlv successful. There are remaining in the faculty four of the origi- nal members : W. T. McLean, L. S. Colter, A. V. Phelps, and G. S. Junkerman. The college complies strictly w i t h the laws regulating in- stitutions of learn- ing. Its vested au- thority is to confer the degree of Doctor of Dental Surgery, and its diplomas are granted under its corporate seal. The regular term is seven months. Ten days are allowed after the opening of the term for students to ma- triculate, and an extra ten days are allowed in cases of illness. The officers and teachers concentrate their attention and expend their energ'es with one single end in view — to prepare students in their chosen profession, that they G. S. Junkerman, M. D., D D. S., Dean Cincinnati College of Dental Surgery. 'TT^ ""^ (.W4) The Cincinnati College of Dental Surgerv. The Cincinnati Coli.kcjk ok Dental .Suk(;ery. 391^ may practice in any state or country. Its trustees con- sider this an extraordinary advantage to students who contemplate the pursuit of dentistry as a profession. The professors of the college do the demonstrating in the clinic rooms and laboratories. These duties are not left to any new and inexperienced practitioners. The college equipments are most complete, each de- partment having the most modern and improved appur- tenances for practical operative procedures. The infirm- ary and laboratories are unequaled for all classes of work. Heat, light, and ventilation have been thoroughly arranged, so as to make the student comfortable while attending to his duties. Individual desks, electric and foot lathes are among the college ecjuipments. In the operating room are found all modern chairs. The finest discipline is maintained among the students. The rights of every student are respected, and in the presence of good order, makes it possible for a student to pursue his studies unmolested. Students contemplating entering this college need not have had any previous office experience, as this feature of their education is attended to in this institution. The careful training to equip every student to start into practice after graduation is provided for, therefore the trustees can safely say that a student may and will receive a full and complete dental education before being released as a graduate. The present faculty consists of the following : G. S. Junkerman, M. D., D. D. S. (dean of the faculty). A. V. Phelps, M. D. W. T. McLean, M. D., D. D. S. (vice-dean of faculty) . L. S. Colter, B. S., M. D. 396 Schools of Cincinnati. W. H. Gensley, D. D. S. (secretary of faculty), F. A. Lush, B. S.. D. D. S. J. W. Rowe, B. A.. M. D. b. E. Sheehan, D. D. S. Dr. Louis Grossman, Rabbi Plum Street Temple; Prof, of Theology and Ethics in Hebrew Union College. The college has an advisory board of visitors com- posed of John A. Caldwell, Howard Ferris, Henry A. Morrill, Wm. Howard Neff, Wm. H. Anderson, Daniel T. Wright, Wm. H. Taft, Wm. O. vSproull, Rankin D. Jones, Joseph S. Peebles, J. C. Ernst, G. F. Junkerman TlIK CiVCINNATI COLLKCJK OK DeNTAI. SuK(iEKY. 397 In June, 1902, this institution was made the Dental Department of Ohio University, of Athens, O. MIAMI dp:\tai. college. The Miami Dental College was established in 1896 under a State charter, at the southeast corner of Elm and Shillito Place. In 1899 it was moved to No. 8 E. Seventh Street. Dr. Edwin B. Swift, dean. In 1899 there were seven graduates, and in 1900 there was one, but the attendance increased. In 1900 the school closed for lack of support. AMERICAN health COLLEGE. The American Health College and Vitapathic Sani- tarium was organized in Cincinnati in 1876, and chart- ered in 1883. The society owns its own college building and sanitarium in Fairmount. To date 400 doctors have been licensed. John Bunyan Campbell, president and founder. This college objects to much medicine, and uses few drugs. Electricity plays a prominent part. CHAPTER LVI. THE NELSON BUSINESS COLLEGE. THE NELSON BUSINESS COLLEGE was found- ed in 1856 by the late Richard Nelson, who had been superintendent of the public schools of Wheeling, W. Va., just prior to coming to this city. The school prospered from the first, and is one of the substantial and staid institutions of the city, having probably educated inore business men than any other school of its kind here. 39^ Schools of Cincennati. April 4, 1900, Mr. Nelson died, and his daughter, Miss Ella Nelson, became principal. She conducted the school successfully until January i, 1902, when she was succeeded by her brother, Richard J. Nelson (director from the incorporation in 1883, and president since Jan- uary I, 1903), for years principal of the Springfield, O., branch of the college. The school is incorporated as The Nelson Business College Com])anv, and capitalized at Richard j Nelson, President of The Nelson Business CoUeo^e Company. $50,000. Dr. J. P. Geppert is vice-president, and J. L. Mitchell secretary. The college is now located in that superb edifice, the Odd Fellows' Temple, vSeventh and Elm. It occupies the fourth floor (22,000 sq. ft). The school rooms are light and airv, and the location is not surpassed by that of any other school in this country. \\^ATTKKS Ik'SrXESS C<)LI.E(iE. 399 CHAPTER LVll. WATTKKS lUTSINESS COLLEGE. WATTERvS BlISINESS COLLEGE was t\)unded in 1852 by the late James M. Watters, an expert and consulting accountant, who enjoyed the national reputation of being the best versed expert and authority on accounts in this country. During his 41 years' experience as a professional and practical accountant he wrote up and settled 537 sets of books for as niany different business houses. He worked hard to establish a school, and succeeded in bringing his college to the front. On the day of his death, January :;, 1891, he was succeeded in the management by his oldest son, J. ILirrv Watters, expert accountant. To this present time the school has had unusual success. The college is located in the Lincoln Club Building, southwest corner of Eighth and Race, in close prox- imity to the street cars, and but a short distance from the various railway stations. The beautiful Garfield Park is immediately in front, and the surroundings are very pleasant, being free from those places of resort and amusement ^yhich are calculated to distract the attention of students. Students receive imlividual attention from skilled instructors, who are expert book-keepers, accountants, and commercial educators. The aim of thg school is to teach how to keep books. Instruction is also given in shorthand, typewriting, penmanship, business arithme- J. Harry Watters, (400) President of The Watters Business College Co e Watters Business Colle(je. 401 tic, and all those branches that are essential to a first- class business education. Prior to accepting the management of the business department of the college, J. Harry Watters was engaged as expert accountant by different merchants and banks He wa. the principal expert employed by the Goyernment in the ciyil and criminal trial of certain directors of th. late Fidelity National Bank. He was afterwards an ap- plicant tor the position of national bank examiner and receiyed many recommendations from persons of promi- nence. OTHER BUSINESS COLLEGES. The Bartlett Commercial College, 526 Walnut • or- ganized 1834; chartered 1847; incorporated 1800 'c M. Bartlett, president. Cincinnati School of Phonography ; Amy R. Camp- bell, principal ; College Building. Miss Littleford's Shorthand School, Pike Building Traub's Cincinnati Business College, Nos i vi^ E Fifth Street; Louis Traub, principal. CHAPTER LVni. SCHOOL JOURNALS. piNCINNATI has neyer been the home of successful \^ school journals. Many haye been started, but all sooner or later haye failed. Apparently those managing the papers made strenuous efforts to keep up, but the field did not appear profitable, and the publications ceased to appear. [26] 403 Schools of Cincinnati. The following extract is from " Ford's History of Cincinnati :" Educational journalism has had a varied existence in Cincinnati, as everywhere else, when pro- fessional ventures of this kind have been hazarded. So long since as July, 1831, very nearly half a century ago, the Academic P i n e e r ap- peared in this city, the pioneer, indeed, of all such journals, not only in Cin- cinnati, but in the State. It was a monthly magazine, con- ducted by a com- mittee under the auspices of the famous Western Academic Insti- tute, or College of Teachers. U n h a pp i 1 y, it did not survive its second num- ber, but then died for want of sustenance. Somebody, nevertheless, had the hardihood to start a Commo)i School Advocate here in 1837, and courageously maintained it until 1841. The Universal Advocate was also started in the former year; but by whom or how long it kept up the struggle for existence history says nothing. March of the same year, too, Publisher of a " Historj of the Schools of Cincinnati " (1900). vScHOOL JOUKNALS. .q^ Strange to say, considering the infancy of educational journalism, and the financial pressure of that time, saw the birth of still another school paper here, the W>s-/.vv/ Aca7) [27 4i8 Schools of Cincinnati. The extent and limits of educational discipline necessary to success in life. Literature in the primary grades. The preparation of the teacher. How shall the teacher instruct so that the pupil's interest in the acquisition of knowledge shall continue after he shall leave school.? Previous acquired knowledge as a factor in the pu- pil's further progress. How shall we develop self-helpfulness and self- reliance in the pupil.? In addition to the discussion of the above topics, a number of distinguished educators have appeared before the association. Superintendent Morgan in the 67th annual report says : " The Principals' Association has never done more useful or successful work than during the last four years of its history, and the enthusiasm aroused has urged it on to even better work in the years to come. It has grown to an organization of profes- sional, dignified, and pedagogical character, and its in- fluence is for good upon the ambition and the ethical in- tents of the subordinate teacher." The following is as complete a list of presidents as can be obtained from the records : 1873-4, A- A. Gierke. 1874-5, Johi"* ^- Peaslee. 1875-6, James E. Sherwood. 1876-7, H. H. Raschig. 1877-80, J. S. Highlands. 1 880- 1, N. K. Royse. 1881-2, A. S. Reynolds. 1882-5, C. H. Evans. 1885-9, James E. Sherwood. 1889-90, H, H. Raschig. Tmk Principals' Association. 419 1890-2, J. S. Highlands. 1892-3, E. H. Prichard. 1893-4, Joim Akels. ^^4-5' J- '^- Scheideinantle. 1895-6, G. VV. Burns. 1896-8, R. C. Yowell. 1898-9, G. W. Oyler. 1899-1900, Louis M. Scliiel. 1 900- 1, A, B, Johnson. officers of 1901-2. President, C. J. O'Donnell. Vice-President, W. 11. Remley. Treasurer, M. F. Andrew. Secretary, Fred. W. Dearness. Cor. Secretary, Maximilian Braain. CHAPTER LXH. THE HOUSE OF REFIIGE. THE HOUSE OF REFUGE was opened i^or the re- ception of inmates October 7, 1850. It is situated about four miles northwest of the Post-office, on the east side of Colerain Avenue. The grounds belonging to the institution contain 9! acres. The main building, which faces west, is a castellated edifice of rough blue limestone, with window caps, casings and portico of white Dayton stone, present- ing an imposing front of 277 feet. The north wing con- tains one hundred and twelve sleeping rooms for boys. The south wing is occupied exclusively by the girls, and contains seventy-two single sleeping rooms, one room 430 Schools of Cincinnati. large enough to contain twelve beds, two sewing rooms, one school room, two store-rooms, and hospital depart- ment. Twelve years ago a new building was erected for the kindergarten department, or first division girls. The Refuge will furnish accommodations for four hundred and fifty inmates, and the requisite number of officers for their care. The boys are divided into four, and the girls into three divisions, or families. Each of the seven fami- lies have separate school, sleeping apartments and dining rooms, work shops, recreation rooms, and play grounds. The school or- ganization consists of six divisions for boys, and three for girls, beginning with the - kinder- garten, the remain- der being classified as nearly as cir- cumstances will al- low according to the advancement of the pupils. With the limited time at their disposal, no attempt to give a superficial instruction in a large number of studies is made, but the aim is to impart a thorough knowledge of a few necessary branches. James Allison, Superintendent House of Refuge Since May 26, 1895. n H ;? Er S <" c ?dP £. f/3 C O" en? o fC ^ K ^tr? c o ^ a Q 00 as W 422 Schools of Cincinnati. Instruction is given in reading, writing, spelling, geography, mental and written arithmetic, and general instruction in morals and manners. Scholars are pro- moted from grade to grade as advancement in studies appear to justify, and are incited in this and other ways to exert themselves to their own improvement. Each class comes under the immediate tuition of the teacher, and is a heart-to-heart work, little independence being placed in any monitorial system of instruction. The results obtained compare favorably with those of similar grades inany of our public schools. An exhibit of school work is on permanent exhibition in the building, and open for inspection at all times. Every inmate is required to attend school; there is no such thing as "playing hookey." The small children in the kindergarten and primary grades attend both morning arid afternoon classes; the boys of working age, one-half of each day, the remaining half day being devoted to instruction in our manual training departments learning some useful trade. The girls, in addition to their school work, are taught plain sewing and receive practical instruction in general domestic service in every department of the house. The chief aim of the Refuge is to train its inmates to habits of industry and obedience to law, by imbuing their minds with principles of morality and religion, by furnishing them means to earn an honest living, and, above all, by separating them from the corrupting influ- ences of vice, old associates, and bad environment. Printing, carpentry and joinery, cabinet-making, wood-turning, wood-carving and engraving, painting, shoemaking, tailoring, brick-laying, and sloyd are taught. Average number of children during the year (1901) was 428. Number of inmates admitted since the opening of the house, October 7, 1850, 12,929. Of this number The House ok Refuge. 423 10,524 were boys and 2,40'"; girls. Established in perma- nent country homes, 1,340, Of(r Conipaiiio)i is printed monthly. All the work is done by the boys. After the death of Superintendent Fulton, the boartl. May 26, 1895, fortunately secured the services of one of their former members, James Allison, Esq.. to assume the duties of the superin- tendency. Mr. Allison was well acquainted with the ojeneral con- duct of the house and much of the details, and in the discharge of his duties has hap- pily given satisfaction to those who promoted him to the most hon- orable position in their power to give. Mr. Allison enjovs a large acquaintance among the leading business men and officials of the city. His experi- ence among his fellow- men as an executive is testimony sufficient as to his (|ualiHcations ; and with a heart full of sympathy for the children and forceful courtesy in directing his assistants, he has already ac- complished many necessary changes, besides suggesting such improvements as will increase the efficiency of reform measures, and place the Refuge on more advanced grounds. In 189:^-3 Mr. Allison was chief of the department Alex Matthews, Member Board of Education, 1894-1903. (434) Attorney-at-Law; Principal Mt. Healthy Schools, 1884-88. The HoirsK of Reku(;e. 425 of manufactures at the World's Fair (Chicaf^o). For three years he was president of The Ohio Mechanics' In- stitute. In his younger days Mr, Allison taught coun- try schools in Jefferson County, Indiana. Officers — Superintendent and Secretary, James Allison; Assistant Superintendent, P. R. Costello ; Book-keeper, J. B. Jackson; Physician, Wm. H. Tay- lor; Matron, Mrs. Mary Devinney. Directors for the year ending December 31, 1901 — Henry Behrens, president; John Webb, Jr., James Dal- ton, Lawrence Poland, Wm. B. Carpenter, Guy W. Mallon, Robert S. Fulton, Thos. ]. Peale. CHAPTER LXIII. THE TEACHERS CLUB. ON February 18, 1892, a numbc" of teachers and others interested in the cause of education convened at the Normal School in response to an invitation. Col, D. W, McClung was elected temporary chairman, and Arthur O, Jones temporary secretary. Upon request of the chair, Mr. Sherwood and Miss Sullivan stated the object of the meeting to be to organ- ize a club composed of teachers and ex-teachers for social and literary advancement of the profession. It was de- cided to hold the next meeting in the lecture room of the Y. M. C. A., February 25th. On February 25th a large number assembled at the Y. M. C. A,, and the report of the committee on consti- tution was received and adopted. 426 Schools ok Cincinnati. On April 7th Messrs. Akels, vSands, and Freeman were appointed to draw up the by-laws of the club. They were afterwards adopted with few exceptions as read by the committee. Miss Sullivan and Messrs. Mumper, O'Donnell, Sherwood, and Booth were ap- ^^1 ^^^^^^^^^^^^B> ilk.. ^^^^^^^^^^^H G. W. Burns, Principal of the Eigliteenth District School, pointed a committee to secure a charter, and on Novem- ber loth the articles of incorporation of the club were handed to the president, the thanks of the club bein^ voted to Judge A. H. Bode for his assistance in the mat- 428 Schools of Cincinnati, ter. On March i, 1894, a committee, consisting of Messrs, Booth, Freeman, Harper, presented a set of by- laws for governingr the Board of Managers. A board of fifteen directors in addition to the ot^- cers constitutes the Board of Managers. The Board of Managers is, by virtue of the by-laws, made the execu- tive body of the club, to originate, perfect, and carry into execution all such plans as are essential to the well- being and success of the club. Regular meetings of the Board of Managers are held on the first Wednesday of each month, except June, July, and August. There are seven standing committees of the Board of Managers, appointed by the president, of each of which he is cx-officio a member, viz : (i) Committee on Lectures and Entertainment, consisting of ten members ; (2) Committee on Temporary and Permanent Qiiarters, five members; (3) Committee on Auditing and Finance, three members; (4) Committee on Elections and Mem- bership, five members ; (5) Committee on Publication, five members ; (6) Committee on Rules and Regulations, five members ; Conference Committee of Education and Special Study, five members. The duties of each of the standing committees are very clearly defined in the by-laws of the Board of Mana- gers, and at the meeting of the Board of Managers next preceding the annual meeting of the club for the election of officers, each committee furnishes the president of the club a written report of its work, signed by a majority of its members. For the transaction of business, twenty members constitute a quorum of the club, and ten mem- bers a quorum of the Board of Managers. The annual dues are two dollars for each member, payable on or be- fore the annual meeting in March. Each person pro- posed for membership must have the endorsement of The Teachers Club. 439 three members, and shall be voted upon at the next meet- ing of the Board of Managers. There are two regular meetings of the club ; one is held on the first Saturday after the first Wednesday in March, at 2 p. m., at which time the officers are elected ; the second meeting is held on the first Saturday after the first Wednesday in Octo- ber, at 3 p. M. Beginning January i, i<^97i the club leased for a few years rooms in the Odd Fellows' Temple. These were handsomely furnished, and on February 5th were opened with a re- ception, the Com- mittee on Enter- tainment providing good music, addres- ses, and light re- freshments. Later the" club removed to the vacant Second Interme- diate school house, on Ninth Street, near Main, into rooms provided by the Board of Education. Scarcely a day passes by in which the doors of the club's rooms are not opened for some educational purpose. The rooms are well provided with periodicals, with libraries, and all the modern equipments and conveni- ences, and they have been animportant factor in securing a better acquaintanceship among the teachers, in arous- Hezekiah B. Baily, Woodward College Graduate, June, 1850. 430 Schools of Cincinnati. ing an interest in all educational questions, in promoting harmony of feeling and action, and in insuring a hearty co-operation in all things pertaining to the best interests of the schools. The idea of the pension law originated with the Aid and Annuity Society. Convinced of the inability of the society to secure suflicient pension, Messrs. Morgan, Coy, Raschig, SprouU, Sands, and others most zealously ad- vocated the enactment of a new la\v. The Teachers Club appointed a committee, of which Mr. Raschig was the chairman, and the law was formed and enacted. Later it was found unconstitutional, and in 1903 another law, optional with the teachers, was passed. For several vears the club gave an annual banquet at the leading hotels, but this practice was finally aban- doned, and now there is usually a mid-winter reception at Odd Fellows' Temple and a summer outing (see page 266). The membership is about 1,000. The club has a winter lecture course (at the Odeon) that always brings out a fine audience. The following is a partial list of the lecturers who have appeared before the club at the Odeon : Francis W. Parker, Chicago, 111. President Harper, Chicago University. President Adams, Wisconsin University. President Scliurman, Cornell University. Dr. Dan Millikin, Hamilton, O. Mrs. Mary Wright Sewall. President Canfield, State University, Columbus, O. Prof.T. C. Mendenhall, The Bering Sea Controversy. Chas. F. Underbill, reading, Shakespeare's Midsum- mer Night's Dream. Prof. P. V. X. Myers, The Under World as a Fac- tor in History. The Teachers Ci.uu. 43 = J. DeWitt Miller, Three-thirds of a Man. Leon H. Vincent, Emerson. Symposium, The Government of Cities. J. DeWitt Miller, Uses of Ugliness. Mrs. Alice Freeman Palmer, Personal Recollections of Whittier, Holmes, and Philip Brooks. Fred Hovey Allen. An Illustrated Lecture on Cathe- drals. Harvey J. Hunlin. In the Foosteps of .Stonewall Jackson. Prof. S. H. Clark. The Meanin .•Si ' J 4/ ; ,"*'' i 1 sr -«JI HT, ^ ; k^ iJl * an ai "^Jv - i* jr - Ti^ j: ii3 44^ Schools of Cincinnati, st. xavier college. This institution, known at present as St. Xavier College, was established October 17, 1831, by the Right Rev. Edward D. Fenwick, D. D., first bishop of Cin- cinnati, under the name of " Atheiuviiiny In 1840 it was transferred, by the Most Rev. Archbishop J. B. Purcell, D. D., to the Fathers of the Society of Jesus, who have conducted it ever since under the title first mentioned. It was incorporated by the General Assem- bly of the State in 1843. In 1869 an act was passed which secures to the institution a perpetual charter and all the privileges usually granted to universities. The course of study embraces the doctrine and evi- dences of the Catholic religion, logic, metaphysics, ethics, astronomy, natural philosophy', chemistry, mathe- matics, rhetoric, composition, elocution, history, geogra- phy, arithmetic, penmanship, book-keeping, actual busi- ness, commercial law, the Latin, Greek, English, Ger- man, and French languages. The college is provided with suitable collection of mineralogical and geological specimens. In the department of chemistry extensive improvements have been made, both in point of a large stock of apparatus and of excellent facilities for work. CHAPTER LXVII. THE BIBLE. SEPTEMBER 6, 1869, the following was introduced into the Board of Education : " Whereas. There is a desire on the part of various members of the Catholic Church to unite certain schools The Bible. 443 under the control of the cinirch with the public schools, and to place such schools under the control of the Board of Education ; therefore : '■'Resolved, That a Committee of Conference, con- sisting of 5, be appointed by the chair, who shall report at an early day to this board upon the basis said schools can be consolidated with the public schools, also : ''Resolved, That the president and vice-president be added to this committee." At this point Samuel A. Miller moved to amend by adding the following : ''Resolved, That re- ligious instruction and the reading of religious books, including the Holy Bible, are prohibited in the com- mon schools of Cincinnati, it being the true object and intent of this rule to allow the children of the parents, of all sects and opinions in matters of faith and wor- W. R. Benedict, ship, to enjoy alike the Professor of Philosophy, Uni- benefits of the common versitj of Cincinnati, school fund : "■ Resolved , T^hsit so much of the regulations on the course of study and text-books in the intermediate and district schools as reads as follows, ' The opening exer- cises in every department shall commence by reading a portion of the Bible, by or under the direction of the teacher, and appropriate singing by the pupils,' be re- pealed." Discussion waxed warm, citizens held public meet- 444 Schools of Cincinnati. ings, and the matter was thoroughly debated. On Novem- ber I St the resolutions were adopted by a vote of 22 to 16; ot the 2Z, ten were Catholics and a majority were foreign born, and this lead to considerably of a cry that Catholics had been gotten on the board for the express purpose of ousting the Bible, as for many years no more than 2 or 3 of that faith had ever been on the board at one time. It was urged by some that, the Bible out of the way, the Catholic parochial schools would unite with the public schools. Others claimed that the Catholics wanted the school funds divided with them, etc. In support of the talked of union of the public and parochial schools, the following was cited : " The entire government of public schools in which Catholic youths are educated can not be given to the civil power. " We, as Catholics, can not approve of that system of edu- cation for youth which is apart from instruction in the Catholic faith, and the teaching of the church. If the School Board can offer anything in conformity with these principles, as has been done in England, France, Canada, Prussia, and other countries where the rights of conscience in the matter of education have been fully recognized, I am prepared to give it respectful consideration. "John B, Purcell, Archbishop of Cincinnati. "Cincinnati, Sept. 18, 1869." Mervvin Sherman TURRILL, For 29 Years Principal of the 26th District School (Now the Salmon P. Chase), Cumminsville. The Bible 445 The day following the adoption of the resolutions, that is, November 2, 1869, John D. Minor etal. brought suit to overthrow the action of the Board of Education. A temporary restraining order was granted, and so Bible reading continued while the case was being tried, and up to December, 1872, when the Supreme Court of Ohio held that the Board of Education was right in ousting the Bible. The t r i a 1 started before a full bench, that is, the Superior Court in general term, on Monday, November 30, 1869, Judges Bellamy S t o r e r , Hagans, a n d Al- phonso Taft were on the bench. Attor- neys for the plain- tiffs (those in favor of the Bible reading) were : Sage and Hinkle, Wm. M. Ramsey and King, Thompson and Avery. Opposing counsel were : Walker and Conner, solicitors for the city; Stanley and S. R.Matthews, George Hoadly, and Stallo and Kittredge. The principal arguments were made by Stanley Matthews, George Hoadly, J. B, Stallo, T^dge Sage, Wm. M. Ramsey, and Rufus King. February 15th following, the Court gave its decision, two for and Edward Hefner, Instructor in Latin, College of Pharmacy. 44^ ScHooi.s OF- Cincinnati. one against the reading. This made the injunction per- petual. Judges Storer and Hagans upheld the Bible, while Judge Taft held that the Board of Education could do as it saw fit. This decision of course was a Bible victory, and the reading continued. The case was taken to the Supreme Court direct, and in De- cember. 1873, that body sustained the opinion of Judge Taft, that the Board of education was supreme in school matters. Upon this the daily reading of the Scriptures ceased, and has never been resumed. The reading of the Scriptures in the schools began simultaneously with their establishment, viz., in 1829. No notes or comments were made by the teachers. In 1843 it was made a rule "that no pupil should be required to read the Testament or Bible against the wishes of parents or guardians." It is said the reading went unchallenged until that time when Bishop Pur- cell, then a city school examiner, made an objection ; hence the new rule. In 1853 it was ruled that "the opening exercises in every department shall commence by reading a portion of the Bible, etc. In his finding, Judge Welch says : " United with government, religion never rises above the merest superstition ; united with religion, government never rises above the merest despotism ; and all history shows us that the more widely and completely they are separated, the better it is for both." The Court also held that McGuffey's readers, which contained selections from the Bible, v/ere not included in the resolutions, or decisions. The Colored Schools. 447 CHAPTER LXVIII. THE COLORED SCHOOLS. IN the minutes of the Board of Trustees and Visitors of April 5, 1830, O. M. Spencer reported the fol- lowing : " The pec-ple of colour in the First Ward pray that a school may be opened in it for the benefit of their chil- dren." This would seem to indicate that colored children were not taken special cognizance of by the authorities in 1839, when the public school system was established. It is, however, recorded that in the private schools of those years there was no distinction on account of color. Indeed, colored children of a light hue were received into private schools as late as 1835, when Mr. Funk kept such a school at the southeast corner of Sixth and Vine. According to John I. Gaines, the first school organ- ized for colored people was in 1825, b}' Henry Collins, a colored man, who began in an old pork house (some say carpenter shop) on the south side of Seventh Street, between Broadway and Deer Creek. The school did not last a year. The colored population of Cincinnati at that time was about 250. In a one-story frame building known as "King's Church," on the brink of Sixth Street Hill, looking down into Deer Creek, a colored man from Virginia, named Owen T. B. Nickens, opened the first successful colored school, in 1834. The charge for tuition was one dollar 448 Schools ok Cincinnati, per month, when he could get it, and though many paid in unredeemed promises, none were turned away for lack of payment. In 1836 Mr. Nickens' school removed to New Street, near Broadway, where he was succeeded a few years later by John Mc- Micken, a natural son of Charles McMicken, the founder of the University of Cincin- nati. The latter was urged to do something for the education of colored youth. He responded by paying for a tract of land containing 10,000 acres, lying north of Liberia, between that republic and Sierra Leone, called it "Ohio in Africa," and told them to go there and settle. (Baker Jones was summoned to Cincin- nati, and efforts were made to induce him to lead such a colony. He was willing to go, but being refused what he demanded in the way of preparation, he went back to Mercer County, his home. Peter H. Clark was then selected to go as an explorer to this "Ohio in Africa." But when he reached New Orleans he refused to embark in the dirty lumber John I. Gaines, After Whom Gaines High School was Named ; He died Novem- ber 27, 1859; aged 38. The Colored Schools. 449 schooner that had been chartered to carry him and one hundred and nineteen other persons. The others started. Before getting out of the Gulf of Mexico the un- fortunate emigrants were attacked by smallpox. The captain finally put into Charleston, S. C, for medical help. Here all the well ones were put into jail for com- ing into the State in contravention of law. After linger- ing there three months they were freed and set out again on their journey. In less than six months ninety per cent, of them were dead. Having done so much, Mr. McMicken inserted a clause in his will prohibiting colored youth from sharing in the benefits of any educational facilities he might pro- vide for the youth of the Qiieen City.) In 1834 the faculty of Lane Seminary, alarmed by the threats of Kentucky mobbists, forbade their students to discuss the slavery question. A large number of stu- dents rebelled. Some went to Oberlin, which, with doors open for the discussion of all questions and for the education of all races and sexes, was at that time found- ed, and for the special benefit of these seceders. Some of the students came down to the city and established schools for the education of colored youth. Three of these teachers, August Wattles and the Misses Mathews and Bishop, found employment in the East End. The ladies were in after years succeeded by Misses Lowe, Rakestraw, and Merrill. One teacher, Mr. Fairchild, found pupils in the West End of the city. It was no easy thing to secure a place in which these schools could assemble, for the mob spirit was so ram- pant and so powerful that there was danger of the de- struction of any building so occupied, hence considerable difficulty was experienced by those determined to have [29I 450 Schools of Cincinnati. schools. John O. Wattles, a white man, describes a scene of which he was an eye witness. It was enacted at the Baptist Church, on Western Row, the site of the Peter H. Clark, Ex-Superintendent of Colored Schools, Ex-Principal of Gaines High School. Central Union Depot. "The howling of the rowdies around the church, chiming with the rattling of the win- dow shutters and the whistling of the winter winds The Colored Schools. 451 through the vacant panes and the cracks of the door, the rattle of the stones and brickbats against the house, while the little ones within would gather up close to the teacher, and huddle closer together, trembling with fear and knowing not what to do, whether to stay and await the fire of the assailants, or rush out and brave the curses of the drunken rabble.*' There was a determination not to allow the blacks to be taught, and all sorts of indignities were heaped upon teachers, who found their goods set upon sidewalks, and themselves forced to go from place to place for food and lodging. A room for the girls of the East End was found in the Deer Creek Methodist Church, which was afterwards known as New Street Chapel. The approach to it, at that time, was by way of an alle}^ opening into Sixth Street. Baker Jones allowed the use of two of his houses on Sixth Street, just east of Broadway (on "The Green"). In one of these Mr. Wattles taught an ad- vanced class of boys, and in the other Miss Bishop taught the primary classes of the same sex. Mr. Jones is worthy of honorable mention in this connection. He was a man of considerable wealth for that dav ; also a man of intel- ligence and advanced ideas. Prof. Fairchild, who taught in the colored schools here, became eminent in educational and theological work. He was for a time a professor at Oberlin College, and afterwards president of Berea College, Kentucky. An association, the history of which has never been written, aided much in the establishment and mainte- nance of schools. Under its influence schools were es- tablished in Columbus, Chillicothe, Circleville, Zanes- ville, Dayton, and other places. The famous Liberty School House was one of their structures. Mrs. Sarah Bella Garrard, afterwards Mrs. vSarah Bella McLean, 452 Schools of Cincinnati. was president, and Rev. Walter Yancey agent to collect funds. Still mob violence frequently kept the scholars from attending school, and prejudice was so intense the white teachers were refused accommodation in boarding houses, and were obliged to rent a house and board themselves. A. J. DeHart, Principal of the Douglass School, the only Colored School in the City (1902). Colored men heartily co-operated in their work, and en- couraged both teachers and scholars in their efforts. In 1841 Messrs. Goodwin and Denham opened a school in Baker Street Church. This was the largest of all the colored schools, having an enrollment of two or three The Colored Schools. 453 hundred pupils. These schools continued with varying success for several years, some of them flourishing and others barely hanging on the ragged edge of existence. THE CINCINNATI HIGH SCHOOL, As Gilmore's school was called, was established in 1844 by the Rev. Hiram S. Gilmore, a philanthropic gentleman of considerable wealth, who purchased a lot at the east end of Harrison Street, and erected thereon a building of five commodious rooms and a chapel. In the yard he placed a complete set of physical apparatus for gvmnastic exercises. While the building and outfit were the property of Mr. Gilmore, he was assisted in the maintenance of the school by the tuition paid by some pupils, the contri- butions of white friends, and by the society hitherto alluded to. No expense was spared to make this school a success. Good teachers were employed, and besides the coniinon branches of an English course, Latin. Greek, music, and drawing were taught. Mr. Gilmore acted as principal, doing no teaching, and for a considerable time his brother-in-law, Joseph Moore, taught the advanced classes. Pupils were pre- pared for college, and quite a fair proportion of them went from this school to Oberlin and such colleges as drew no color line on matriculation. While the enrollment reached several hundred, the receipts never equaled the expenses. Under the direc- tion of Dr. A. L. Childs and Prof. W. F. Colburn, re- spectively, the departments of elocution and music reached a high state of efficiency. Regularly during vacation the classes, under direction of the principal, journeyed through Ohio, New York and Canada, giving concerts W. H. Parham, Superintendent of Colored Schools 1866- 1S76. Prin- ^454) cipal Gaines High School 1887-1890. The Colored Schools. 455 and exhibitions, the profits of which were devoted to furnishing clothing and books and otherwise assisting indigent students. The inspiration given to colored youth for the bet- terment of their individual condition and the elevation of their race, by Gilmore's school, was of almost incalcula- ble benefit to the people. From its ranks came P. B, S. Pinchback, ex-governor and U. S. senator-elect (refused admission) of Louisiana; John M. Langston, ex-dean of Howard University Law School (Washington. D. C), also congressman from Virginia and minister to Hayti ; Thomas C. Ball, the artist; Peter H. Clark, ex-princi- pal Gaines High Scliool ; Monroe Trotter, Ex-United States recorder of deeds under President Cleveland ; John L Gaines, the Nestor of public school advocates ; br. C. F. Buckner, M. D., of this city; Rev. Philip Tolliver, presiding elder of the A. M. E. Church ; Joseph H. Perkins, the great orator of the Ohio Valley; and a host of others. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. In 1849 there was a tie in the Ohio Legislature be- tween the Whigs and the Democrats, a handful of Free Soilers holding the balance of power. These Free Soil- ers made this proposition to the two parties : (a) Re- peal the black laws; (b) establish free schools for col- ored children ; (c) elect Salmon P. Chase to the United States Senate, and we will vote with you in the organi- zation of the legislature and the distribution of State offices. The Democrats accepted the offer, and the promised legislation was enacted. But the school and city author- ities of Cincinnati held that the clause of the act which authorized colored men to elect their school directors was 456 ScHOOi-s OF Cincinnati. unconstitutional, and therefore they refused to pay over the money necessary to maintain the schools. Six trustees ^vere elected, teachers appointed, and houses rented, but no money was forthcoming. Led by John I. Gaines, Wm. Benkley, Richard Phillips, Dennis Hills, Jno. Woodson, Wallace Shelton, L. C. Flewellan, and others, the colored people came together in public and resolved to raise money, employ counsel, and sue the city. The city was divided into Eastern and Western Districts, with Walnut Street as the dividing line (later changed to Vine Street) ; teachers were employed and salaries fixed. After serving three months, bills were presented to the council for the teachers' pay and expenses, and, as expected, payment was refused. Flamen Ball, law part- ner of Salmon P, Chase, w^as first in charge of the case, and he at once began action by asking the court for a writ of mandamus. The proceedings were begun in 1851, but a decision was not had till early in 1852. The decision affirmed the constitutionality of the act, and re- quired the setting aside of a pro rata share of the funds, and the placing of those funds at the command of a board elected by the colored people. The delayed salaries were ordered paid, and the schools set in working order. Peter H. Clark, one of the teachers employed for that trial term, turned over his salary of one hundred and five dollars to the fund for defraying the expense incurred in the suit against the city. At first Mr. Clark was the only teacher in the Western District, but later he was as- sisted by Mr. Tolbert, a white man. For the Eastern District, Owen T. B. Nickens and Miss Mary J. Hallam were employed. Miss Hallam taught the girls in a church which stood on North Street, between Sixth and New Streets. The schools were TifE Colored Schools. 457 therefore fully established in 1853, under their own board of six trustees (later made nine when the Walnut Hills District was added), and with their own superinten- dent, Stephen L. Massey, a white man. Peter H. Clark succeeded Superintendent Massey after a brief interval ; W. H. Parham succeeded Mr. Clark in 1866. In the legislative session of 1852-3 the control of the schools was taken away from the colored people and ves- ted in the white Board of Education. Soon that body tired of the change, and consented to the re-transfer. Then they remained under the colored board until 1874, when the management was again placed in the Board of Edu- cation. The Eastern District school house on Seventh Street, east of Broadway, was erected in 1858. By a contract made with Nicholas Longworth in February, i8r,8, he covenanted to build a house on condition that he be paid 6% on the value of the house and lot, which was $12,979.49. Five school houses composed the entire property of the colored board. Colored men could vote only for members of their board, this limited exercise of the fran- chise being all they had up to 1870, when Article 15 U. S. Const, was adopted. Whites did not vote for the colored board. John Isom Gaines, after whom Gaines High School was named, was born in Cincinnati. He was for years clerk of the colored board. He died on Thanksgiv- ing Day, November 27, 1859. The remains were first buried in the Colored American Graveyard, Avondale, and in 1884 were removed to the Colored American Graveyard at Oakley, near Madisonville, O. In 1859 the colored people of Cincinnati and vicinity erected a monument over the grave. Mr. Gaines was a remarkable man in many respects. He was engaged in supplying 45^ Schools of Cincinnati. provisions for steamboats, and his store on the river front, just east of Broadway, was known from Pittsburg to New Orleans. Most boats had colored stewards in those ante bellum days, and these made their purchases of Mr. Gaines, who dealt in fruits, vegetables, canned goods, etc. His home was at 415 New Street, where a daughter, Arabella E. Gaines, still resides. Mr. Gaines was a Whig and Republican sympathizer, and made speeches for the parties, although he had no right to vote. His son, Maurice Gaines, is now (1902) in London, England, manager of a theatrical troup of which he was himself some years ago the leading song and dance artist. The inscription on Mr. Gaines' monument is as fol- lows : " Erected by the colored citizens of Cincinnati, in commemoration of the invaluableservicesof John I. Gaines in the cause of education, and his untiring eflForts to ele- vate his race. ( Opposite side) John Isom Gaines. Born in Cincinnati, Nov. 6, 1821. Died Nov. 37, 1859. Aged 38 years and 21 days." For a number of years Peter H. Clark (now in Sum- ner High School, vSt. Louis, Mo.) labored, after school hours, instructing advanced classes of young people and preparing teachers to maintain the supply demanded by the colored schools within a large radius of Cincinnati. In fact, it is safe to say that from 1859 to 1895 not a teacher in the colored schools but had been trained by him. No one realized, as he did, the pressing need of a high school for colored youth, and in 1865 he began to advocate its establishment. Always timid and appre- hensive of its cost, a majority of the Board opposed the idea, but in July, 1866, the measure received a majority of one vote, and in September the school was opened under the title of Gaines High School, with the follow- The Colored vSchooi.s. 459 ing faculty : Peter H. Clark, principal; L. D. Easton ; Alice V. Carter ; R. Dempker, drawing ; J, C. Christine, German ; W. Schiele, music. Four years later. June, 1870, the first class of six was graduated. The following studies comprised the curriculum of the school : Algebra, geometry, trigonometry, astronomy, higher arithmetic, book-keeping, physics, physiology, botany, chemistry, geology, history, literature, rhetoric, mensuration, Latin, German, drawing, and music. The sessions were held in the Court (near John) Street building, known at first as the Western District School, and later as the Gaines and Western School. For more than twenty years the colored people had an abiding faith in the school and its progress. The number of young persons it was instrumental in estab- lishing in good positions in life was its greatest recom- mendation to favor in their eyes, and the demand for Gaines High School students as teachers became so urgent that it was for a time difficult to hold them until graduation, so eager were parents to have them accept places. In 1874 the colored board was abolished never to be re-established. Two years later the superintendency of "colored schools, held by W. H. Parham, was abolished, and in 1887, when the Arnelt law went into force, separate colored schools as a class were abolished, for the law now permitted colored children to attend schools for whites ; the inspiring influence of Gaines High School, Peter H. Clark, was removed. All the colored schools were, under rule 109, placed upon a plane of suffrance that is both humiliating and galling, alike to teachers and pupils. The result need hardly be told. Gaines High School enrollment fell, in three years, from one hundred and thirty to a beggarly five pupils, and of 460 Schools of Cincinnati. course was abolished. With the exception of Douglass School and a one-roomed colony, all the otKers have been closed, and it is thought the time is near when there will be no separate schools for the colored children. In 1866 Wm. H. Parham was elected superintendent of colored schools, which position he filled until 1876 when the office was abolished as related above, allcolored schools passing by law under the care of superinten- dent, John B. Peaslee. Mr. Parham was then made principal of all the colored district schools, and in 1887 he succeeded Peter H. Clark as principal of Gaines High School, and continued there until 1890, when he resigned and entered upon the practice of law. Mr. Parham be- gan teaching in this city in i860. In 1863 he became principal of the Eastern District, succeeding John G. Mitchell, who resigned to become president of Wilber- force University, Xenia, O. Mr. Parham was the first colored graduate of the Cincinnati Law School (1874). He was also the first colored man to become a notary in Ohio, and he was the first colored man to be nominated for the Ohio Legislature, etc. Noted men members of the colored board were : Peter F. Fossett, who had been a slave of Thomas Jefferson ; Wallace Sheldon, " father of the colored Baptists of Ohio; Col. Robert Harlan, race horse man, politician, and special agent of the Treasury under Gen. Grant ; Hartwell Parham, tobacco man, father of W. H. Parham ; Marshall Jones, who pre- sented a sword and fiag to Col, Wm. M. Dickson of the "Black Brigade;" Joseph C. Corbin, state school com- missioner of Arkansas during reconstruction days; Robert Gordon, the coal man, the wealthiest colored man ever in Cincinnati, and father-in-law of George H. Jackson, the attorney. The picture of John B, Peaslee shown on page 43 of The Colored Schools. 461 this book was photographed by A. S. Thomas, the noted colored artist, as was the picture of Peter H. Clark. CHAPTER LXIX. MEDALS AND PRIZES. ALL medals in the schools were abolished October 3, 1901. The following letter explains their origin : Cincinnati, Dec. 31, 1855. To the Union Board of High Schools : In accordance with the wishes of my late father, I propose founding a mathematical prize for the Wood- ward High School and for the Hughes High School. I will give $50 every year to the pupil who shall pass the best examination in mathematics in each of these respec- tive schools, the prize so bestowed to be in money or a medal, as the Union Board may deem best, to be called "The Joseph Ray Mathematical Prize." The first award to be made at the close of the examination in July next. Respectfully yours, Daniel G. Ray." April 14, 1856, the offer was accepted, medals being chosen. i\.n award was not made at once. Peter S. Michie, of Woodward, received the first ; this was in 1857 (Mr. Michie went to West Point, and later became a professor there). Mr. Ray's gift was changed later, two gold and two silver medals being given. These medals were ordered by the Union Board, which sent the bill to Mr. Rav for liquidation. After 1872-3 the Ray medals were given for general scholarship. In 1881 Mr. Ray died, and the " Ray " medals ceased. However, David Sinton, on April 21, 1883, offered to continue them, and the " David 46^ Schools ov Cincinnati. Sinton" medals were thereafter given. These were also for general scholarship. When the Walnut Hills High School was started, there were no medals for general scholarship, so Charles P. Taft, son-in-law of David Sinton, donated the neces- sary funds for two general scholarship medals. Aside from the above were the " un- known " medals for girls, medals given by teachers, graduates, and by the Alumnal Associations as well. Harry M. Levy gave the " Jordan " medals (gold and sil- ver) for excellence in Latin. These medals were in honor of Clara B. J o r d o n, teacher of Latin at Hughes, and were for Hughes pupils only. Mrs. E. Cort Williams gave a gold medal to Walnut Hills for the best oration. This medal was in honor of her husband's memory. The Christian Boss medal (gold) was given at the same school for excellence in German. It was in honor of Christian Boss. For several years Francis B. James gave gold medals for the best orations at Woodward. At various times other public-spirited citizens gave D. L. RUNYAN, Principal of the Salmon P. Chase School, North Side, Cumminsville. John M. Walden, D. D., L. L. D., Bishop M. E. Church; Member Board of Education in 186=;. (463) 4% Schools of Cincinnati, medals for excellence in different subjects, such as litera- ture, science, etc. For quite a period H. H. Tatem, Rankin D. Jones, and Louis D. Marks gave the alum- nal medals for Hughes. About 1875 Timothy C. Day, ex-congressman and attorney, left by will an amount of property to the Young Men's Mercantile Library Association, in trust, the in- come to be applied to the distribution of tickets to the Association Library. This distribution occurs annually, children from the intermediate and high schools being beneficiaries. These tickets are now (1903) the only prizes awarded in the Cincinnati schools to individual pupils. One year John R. McLean, proprietor of the Enquirer, a morning daily paper in Cincinnati, gave .$300 in gold to various pupils. Gen. A. Hickenlooper, of the Cincinnati Gas & Electric Company, usually gives prizes to the cooking school, as does Mayor Fleischmann, who is president of a yeast manufacturing company. The reasons given for the abolishing of medals are : (i) Medals engender too much hard feeling and excite unnatural competition. (2) There have been too many quarrels over the awards. (3) And most pronounced : the teachers are opposed to medals owing to the immense amount of detail required to be kept in the records, to prevent mistakes and misunderstandings. The giving of alumnal medals started at Woodward, when a balance of the Woodward Monument Fund was turned over to the LTnion Board. MEDALS ABOLISHED. Medals abolished : Hughes, seven. 4 gold and 3 sil- ver ; Woodward, four, 3 gold, i silver; Walnut Hills, six, 5 gold, I silver; a total of 17, 12 gold and 5 silver. The last medals were given at the commencement of June 7i 1901. TiiK Fi.oKAi, I'akadks. 465 CHAPTER LXX. THE FLORAL PARADES. THE public schools participated in two floral parades : one on Friday, September 28, 1900, and the other on Monday, September 16, 1901. Both parades were great successes. The second was more striking in some re- spects than the first, but interest in it was not so general, probably on account of the prevailing excitement. President McKinley had been shot at Buffalo, N. Y., Saturday, September 7th, and, as he died on the mor- ning of the 14th following, the city was in mourning when the second Fall Festival was held. Indeed the re- mains of the President were in transit from Buffalo to Washington while the parade was moving. The occa- sion was thus a memorial. Floats and carriages gaily decorated were draped in black, making a scene never to be forgotten. Church hymns and patriotic airs took the place of the popular "ragtime" and other lively airs which had made up the musical program. The greatest respect was paid the dead President on every side. Speakingof the first floral parade, the judges report- ed to the Committee on Awards : " The judges regret that they were not permitted to consider the various dis-i plays made by the public schools, which, in their judg- ment, were of remarkable beauty, taste, and variety of design, which made that particular feature a striking and memorable success." The decoration of the school carriages and floats was [30] The Fj.okai. Pai{Ades. 467 done chiefly by teachers and pupils. Many schools spent as high as $300 and $300 for paper flowers and material, while from two to three weeks of regular school time was spent in preparation. John L. vShuff (see page 143) was chairman of the floral parade committees. Harry L. Gordon, Chairman of the Nifjht Pageant Committees, P'all Festivals 1901-2; Appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Ohio, June 26, 1902, to Succeed Carl L. Nippert, Resigned. The lloral parades were only part of a general series of civic demonstrations "for the honor and glory of Cincinnati." Cleveland, for years the second city in Ohio, had forged to the front, and Cincinnati business 468 vScHooi.s f)F Cincinnati. men felt it necessary to advertise. For some years there had been no annual festival or exposition, hence the Fall Festivals of 1900 and 1901. Great crowds of visitors were attracted to the city, and both affairs were phe- nomenal successes. To this success no one contributed more than did the public schools by their showings in the parades and by the children's choruses at Music Hall. The order of I-Tan-Nic-Nic was organized in 1901, and Harry L. Gordon was the " Great Itan " of the occasion. June 36, 1902, Mr. Gordon (who was a State sena- tor) was appointed Lieutenant-Governor to succeed Carl L. Nippert (appointed to the probate judgship). Men- tion should be made also of the displays of the parochial schools. These were in keeping with the rest of the dis- plays, and assisted materially in the success of the demonstration. CHAPTER LXXI. COLLEGE OF MUSIC. (See Page 369.) THE COLLEGE OF MUSIC OF CINCINNATI, a national school of music and dramatic art, rests upon the May Festival scheme, as that in turn rests upon the Saengerfest of 1869. In the summer of 1869 the North American Saeng- erbund, which was organized in Cincinnati in 1849, gave a festival, which was very successful. This Saengerfest was housed in a modest but com- modious structure, a mere summer shed, at the southwest corner of Elm and Fourteenth Streets, where Music Hall Fraxk Vander Stucken, Honorary Dean College of Music ; Conductor Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra. (469) 47^ Scifoohs OK Cincinnati. now stands. It occurrpd to those of the English-speaking element that grand concerts might be given without that lavish resort to stimulants which was an offence to the more religiously-inclined people. Thus arose the far- famed May Festivals in furtherance of this view. The first festival was held in 1873, the director being then, as ever since, the Nestor of orchestral leaders, Theodore Thomas. The first two May Festivals were given in the hollow-sounding shed, and so successful were they that it was proposed to build a solid structure, which might be an eternal monument to the glory of this city, and be a fountain head of ennobling influences to the entire nation. In May, 1878, the Music Hall was completed and dedicated with a festival which, in the matter of monetary magnificence, has never been equaled, the gross receipts being $78,000. The success of this enterprise was larg'^ly due to the philanthropy of one prominent citizen, Reuben R. Springer. This worthy man, who had from the humblest beginnings, by patient industry and commercial instinct, amassed a fortune of .|2, 000, 000, offered to give half of the necessary funds for the permanent Music Hall, provided the citizens at large would contribute the other half. This generous oft'er was accepted by the public, and was at once acted upon. Large and small sums came rolling. The various trades unions of the city took a hand, and the money was soon raised. In the very truest and best sense, Music Hall is the temple of Cincinnati. Mr. Springer died in 1884; memorial services were held in the great hall that he had made possible. The success of the May Festivals made the starting of the College of Music a comparatively easy matter — so easy in fact that a school was begun before there were adequate provisions for such an establishment. The col- Miss Jennie Mannheimer, Monologue Recitals; Director of the School of Expression, College of Music. (47r) 472 Schools ok Cincinnati. lege was opened October 14, 1878, in the rooms which surrounded Music Hall, and these were but poorly adap- ted to the purpose. The first president was Col. George Ward Nichols, and the first music director, Theodore Thomas. Each of these men was great in his way, and each filled an important place in the founding of the college, yet they did not long remain in amicable rela- tions. After a year and a half Mr. Thomas resigned, alleg- ing the failure to fulfil certain expressed conditions of his removal to Cincinnati from New York. These claims were in reference to the establishment of a perma- nent orchestra. After his return to New York in the early spring of 1880, the college went on as before and vindicated its right to exist most thoroughly ; for, despite much foolish and heated talk and many resignations, the school's prosperity continued to be so great that all cavilling was silenced. Col. Nichols died September 18, 1885. He was a man of remarkable powers. He had marched with Sher- man through Georgia, and had written the most success- ful book of the year concerning it. He then came West, and, having allied himself in marriage to one of the oldest families in Cincinnati, he gave himself unselfishly to the promotion of all good things in the city. He was once art critic on the Evening Post, the paper of Will- iam Cullen Bryant, and that poet urged him, when he was on the eve of his departure for Cincinnati, always to live for the best interests of the ideal side of life and the real good of the community in which he lived. This he most certainly did. Mr, Peter Rudolph Neff, retired iron merchant, suc- ceeded to the presidency, retaining the management up Cot.lkcjh; ok Music. 473 to January 15, 1897, when Hon. Julius Flcisclnnann became president. When the movement to establish a permanent orchestra was consummated, and Mr. Frank Vander Stucken was engaged as director, his valuable services as orchestral and choral director were added to the work of the college. The office of dean of the musical faculty was held by Mr. Vander Stucken for six years. \V. S. Sterling is now dean, Vander Stucken honorary dean. AN ELEEMOSYNARY INSTITUTION. It was the ideal of both Mr. Springer and Col, Nichols, who were the joint crea- tors of the college, that it should be a per- petual boon to the tal- ented and ambitious youth of the whole country, and to this end it was made an eleemosynary institu- tion, /. c, an uiitaxa- ble establishment like a ciiurch. Mr. Springer provided it not alone with com modious buildings, especially erected to fit its uses, but also gave it a fund of railway bonds to secure running expenses. Furtliermore, the stock holders are not per- mitted to derive dividends. Thus the institution is Thomas H. Darhy, Professor of Law in Y. M. C. A. x^ight Law School. 474 Schools ov Cinctnxati. enabled to i>ut its tuition down to a grade of modesty which would be utterly out of the question for the work of such masters as are in its faculty were it a commercial enterprise. May 1900, J. G. Schmidlapp, provided !j550,ooo for the handsome dormitory just erected on Elm Street. In addition to the dormitory, are the Odeon (1,200 seating capacity) and the Lyceum, which accommodates an audience of 400. Board of Trustees. Julius Fleischmann, president. R. H. Galbreath. ,Frank B. Wiborg, vice-president. N. Longworth. Leopold Markbreit, secretary. Peter Rudolph Neff. J. G. Schmidlapp, treasurer. I. Burnet Resor. :W. P. Deppe. Harry M, Levy. Larz Anderson (deceased). C. B. Alatthews. H. S. Feehheimer. Louis E. Voorheis. J. A. Church (resigned). Managemejit. W. S. vSterling Dean of the Faculty. A. J. Gantvoort Business Manager. Wm. Howard Neff Cashier and Assistant Treasurer. (Adapted from J. vS. Van Cleve's historical sketch of the college, printed in the Courier.) MUSIC HALL. Cincinnati, O., May i, 1900. To the Stock Holders of the Ciiirhniati Music Hall Associatio)i. Gentlemen — Twenty-five years ago this way, Mr Reuben R. Springer, in a letter to Mr. John Shillito* agreed to give towards a music hall the sum of $131^,000 provided a like amount was given by the citizens of Cin cinnati for the same object. The condition for the sub scription, as stated by him, was, " that the music hal n ;o JQ — (V o -• 3 r? '^ — ^ ? S n < C •^ r o_ c' w t^ s^ ^ • o M E ^' 95 ■-t O 2' a o r*- W) Q f ■^ D.' n 2 H > o ■-1 3 '~*" en > t3 »3 n n 71 3 a' n cd -^ n !r w 5' n M 3 o H » — - 47^ Schools of Cincinnati. building slioiikl be capable of being used for exposition purposes, in connection witb suitable buildings that may be constructed on the north and south to the limits of the lot. The suggestion came to Mr. Springer, undoubtedly, because of the great success of the Exposition of 1874, and, second, especially of the Musical Festival of 1875, held in the old Saengerfest Hall, and the desire for better accomodations for them in the future. It might be well to remind you of the amount of Mr. Springer's great lib- erality. His endowment of Music Hall and donations towards the buildings amounted to about $335,000; his indirect contributions to about $25,000 more ; add to this his endowment and contributions to the College of Music, and you have a grand total of over half a million dol- lars given by him to foster musical and industrial art in our city. Very respectfully submitted, A. Howard Hinkle, President. It should be borne in mind that Music Hall and the College of Music are two different corporations, each hav- ing its own board of managers, separate funds, etc. The tendency of the public is to confound the two, probably because Reuben R. Springer endowed both, and because the buildings join. The following items are of interest : Cost of Music Hall, $300,963.78; cost of Exposition Wings, $150,331.51 ; cost of remodeling hall, $118,330.41 ; value of organ, donated by the Cincinnati Music Hall Organ Association, $32,695. Samuel Hannaford was architect. April 3, 1876, the city agreed to forever keep the Music Hall property free of taxes. THE ORCHESTRA ASSOCIATION. The Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra Association in 1901-2 entered upon its eighth season. Frank Vander Stucken, of the College of Music, is conductor. Colle(;e ok Mi^sic. 477 BOARD OF DIRECTORS. Mrs. C. R. Holmes, president; Mrs. R. A. Koehler, ist V. p. ; Mrs. Clifford Wright, 3d v, p. ; Mrs, L. N. Stix, rec. sec'y; Mrs. Joseph Wilby, cor. sec'y; Miss Surah H. WooUey, fin. sec'y; Mrs. Frank D. Jamison, treasurer; Mrs. Fred H. Alms, Miss E. L. Roedter, Mrs. Chas. P. Taft, Mrs. J. Walter Freiberg, Mrs. Frederick Eckstein, Jr., Miss Krippendorf, Miss Lunkenheimer, Mrs. L. F. Phipps. CHAPTER LXXH. THE OSCAR J. EHRGOTT VOCAI. SCHOOL. THE OSCAR J. EHRGOTT VOCAL SCHOOL, 219 W. Seventh Street, is a complete vocal school, embracing all the branches and departments of voice culture, from the rudimentary lessons to the fin- ishing touches for the choir, oratorio, concert, and operatic stage. The aim of director and faculty is to accomplish the best possible artistic results with a view to perma- nent success and preferment in the emulations of social and professional life. The trend of modern musical development is in the direction of a greater demand for dramatic action, and in this connection the Oscar Ehrgott Vocal School will meet the most exacting re- quirements. A special department of dramatic action and of languages has been established, where, besides the English language, German, French, and Italian are taught by competent instructors, Mr. Ehrgott, director, is kn(^wn as one of the most 478 Schools ok Cincinnati. successful concert and oratorio singers before the Ameri- can public, and his teaching ability has grown apace until it is now recognized far and wide. Associated with him in the duties of teaching, as accompanist, is Mrs. Ehrgott, the well-known organist. Able assistants, Oscar J Ehrgott. who owe their entire musical training to Mr. Ehrgott, emphasize the unification and consistency of the curric- ulum. The public school music class is of great benefit to teachers and supervisors of music. The instruction is based on the natural music course, which has been The Oscar J. Ehhgott Vocai. Scfiool. 47^ adopted in the schools of many of the larger c.'ties. Methods are presented and discussed suitable to all con- ations of school life. Particular attention is paid to the chi d voice, its care, training, and developn.ent. Ihe subject ot vocal music is not only presented to the men.bers of the class as it is taught to children/but opportunity is given pupils to take charge of the work from tm.e to time, thus enabling them to obtain prac- t.ca experience in teaching and a chance to test the •nethods advanced. A special course in the proper use ot the voice is given for the benefit of ministers and school teachers. Members of both these professions often sufter from hoarseness and fatigue because they do not understand the scientific principles governing speech. Ihis course is invaluable to ministers and teachers who, by reason of their calling, are obli O S O ^ f?" 5. Q o ;; £, a. CO 2 o — 00 W 5o6 Schools of Cincinnati. ings, with lawn and about seven acres of garden pasture for cows, etc., being an ideal country home Although nonsectarian, this school has always been strongly Presbyterian. Rev. Monfort is still living ( 1902) , aged 91. THE CINCINNATI COLLEGE OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY. The Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery was incorporated March 25, 1851, by Stanley Mathews, O. M. Spencer, Peter Outcalt, and others. The first faculty was composed of Dr. A. H. Baker (reallv the founder). Dr. D. S. Lavvson, Dr. Edwin Meade, Dr. C. W. Wright, Dr. James Graham, Dr. J. Sidney Skinner, and R. A. Spencer. April 13, 1852, a woman was ad- mitted to the college, although a resolution adopted held that "females are to a greater or less degree incapaci- tated for the practice of medicine and surgery." January 22, 1859, Dr. Thad. A. Reamy was ap- pointed a lecturer. The college in 1876 became a char- ter member of the American Medical Association. In 1895 the school became co-educational. Connected with the school have been Daniel Vaughn, C. G. Comegys, Max Thorner, P. S. Conner, W. W. Dawson, John H. Tate, Charles A. L. Reed, president of the American Medical Association (Dr. Reed was a graduate) ; George W. Harper, president of the Board of Trustees, etc. Under date of August 7, 1902 appeared in the daily press this item : "After a half century existence the Cincinnati Col- lege of Medicine and Surgery has ceased to be. At a meeting held at the office of Dr. T. V. Fitzpatrick yester- day afternoon the conclusion was reached that to con- tinue the college under the present adverse conditions would not be feasible. The decision to suspend was hastened by the fact that the arrangements made by the George W. Hays, Crier U. S. Circuit and District Courts Since iSyr ; Member of tlie 75th Ohio General Assembly. ' (507) 508 Schools ok Cincinnati. college faculty and the Cincinnati College of Pharmacy, by which the latter's building on West Court Street could be used in common, could not be consummated to the satisfaction of all parties. But that which of all gave the death blow to one of the most famous medical col- leges of its day is the stringency of the State laws gov- erning students. Owing to the exacting provisions, the attendance at the Ohio and Miami Colleges has fallen off and the Cincinnati College, which aimed to give poor students an opportunity for the study of medicine, suf- fered most of all. Its faculty was composed of some of the most eminent physicians in the city, and was equal to that of any college in the State. For a long time, when the inevitable could be foreseen, these gentlemen, from personal pride, kept the college alive with their own private means. Even now some of them believe that, when the present laws are modified, the institution they helped to rear and foster will be re-established." The college has had several locations. The first habitation was at Longworth and Central Avenue, then next in the old Maxwell School Building on George Street, and for the last 10 years in the Kaufmann residence, 1625 ^"ine Street, above Liberty. Dr. T. V. Fitzpatrick was dean at the time of sus- pension, having served in that capacity for many years. Dr. W. E. Lewis, now of the Miami, was for years secretary. PULTE MEDICAI. COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL. The Pulte Medical College and Hospital (co-edu- cational). Seventh and Mound, is the only homeopathic school in this city. It was organized in 1872, and was named after Dr. Joseph Pulte, who left quite a sum of money for it, most of which was lost in litigation. In 1902 the college added a story to its already commodi- ous quarters, making four stories now occupied. In July, I90i,the building came near being entirely de- n O 11 a- 1) n "I > ON 2 72 vTJ n O X M c 5IO Schools of Cincinnati. stroyed by fire. Dr. J. D, Buck, dean, Dr, Thomas M. Stewart, secretary. MISS butler's school for girls. Miss Butler's School, now in its eleventh year, is loca- ted at 724 Oak Street, WalnutHills, inabuildingspecially designed for its use. The regular course embraces the primary, intermediate, and collegiate departments, each under a corps of able teachers. The school is fully equipped in all branches for carrying on modern, pro- gressive educational work in accordance with the high- est standards. CHAPTER LXXVII. CHRISTINE G. SULLIVAN, A, M., PH. D. C. T. Webber. TO write of those who by their life labors have sought to connect their fellow-men with the best and purest that nature holds, is always a pleasure, particularly when we have had the good fortune to know them. The subject of this sketch, the late Miss Christine G. Sullivan, was surely one of these. As woman and teacher, her influence was always inspiring and uplifting. Her chosen life-work was the teaching of art to the masses. In this field she attained the highest distinction in the educational world. Her preference for this work declared itself early, and her preparation was commenced while she was still a child. From her tenth year she received instruction in modeling, painting, mechanical drawing, and decorative design, and after her appoint- Christine G. Sullivax, A. M., Ph. D. 511 ment to the drawinor department in 1874 she spent her leisure for several years in the studio of Jacquier, an able French sculptor then resident in Cincinnati, and her summer vacations in Boston, painting under Fuller. In Christine G. Sullivan, Superintendent of Drawing from October, 1884, to September, 1899. 1879 she was appointed assistant superintendent, and in 1884 superintendent of drawing. This position she filled most successful for fifteen years, bringing the drawing of the Cincinnati schools into national promi- nence. c^i2 Schools of Cincinnati. With a constantly growing idea of the scope of her work, she labored diligently to perfect herself in every branch that bears upon her specialty. She studied pf r- % > O ai O '^ c on? 3 o^ O ^ n ? ^ X «1 •-t a o 3" •^ 0? 2 O ^ •o g 00 ft o 5' 2 ^ B9 ' ^ . 3 a n s- 3' tn " > CO " ^ P ^ 3 t« 3 o 3 5' en? 3 r ^» c r ^^ 03 »: t 5 W °s! 7. ca: o 3- (/I > O '^^^Z^ 530 Schools ok Cincinnati. ter. He complains of great difficulty in getting paid, and also of the untameable insubordination of his schol- ars. The superintendent of the Lancastrian School in- forms me that they could not attempt to put into practice the greater part of the punishment (see page 265) as di- rected by the founder of the system." Harriet Martineau visited Cincinnati in 1835. Writ- ing later she says : "The morning of the 19th (probably August) shown brightly down on the festival of the day. It was the anniversary of the opening of the common schools. Some of the schools passed our windows in processions, their banners dressed with garlands, and the children gay with flowers and ribbons. A lady who was with me remarked: ' This is our populace.' The children were neatly and tastefully dressed. I never saw such graceful children as the little boys of America, at least in their summer dress; they are slight, active, and free; several were barefooted, etc. We set out for the church as soon as the procession had passed, and arrived before the doors were opened. A platform had been erected below the pulpit, and on it were seated the mayor and principal gentlemen of the city. The two thousand children then filed in. The report was read, and proved satisfactory. Several boys gave specimens of elocution, which were highly amusing, etc. Many prizes of books were dis- tributed, and an address from the pulpit was given, etc." NOTES. " The first proprietor of the site of Cincinnati was John Cleves Symmes ; at the time he made the purchase of a million of acres, between the Miamies, a member of Early Chronicles. 531 Congress. At an earlier period of his life he had been a teacher." — Schools of Cinchniati , by John P. Foote (1855)- ' "The college (Cincinnati) is tolerably built, but is not likely to be well attended until better regulations are established. I was present at a lecture and was shocked at the want of deco- rum exhibited by the students, who sat down in their plaids and cloaks, and were constantly spitting tobacco juice about the room." — Note of an English traveler, 1833. Feb. 12, 1800. " A good schoolmas- ter wanted on the Great Miami. One with a family will be preferred." — Adver- tisement. Dr. Giles S. Mitchell, March iS, 1800. Member Board of Education from "An academy, etc., July 5, 1898, to April 9, 1900. the elementary studies at .$8 per annum ; the higher branches at one pound, 267 cents per quarter." — Advertisement. Dec. 27, 1800. "Those gentlemen and ladies who feel disposed to patronize a Singing School will please to convene at the court house to-morrow night, as it is 532 Schools of Cincinnati. proposed to have singing. They will please bring their books with them." — Advertisement. " Levi McLean advertises his singing school, .|i for thirteen nights, or $2 per quarter; subscribers to find their own wood and candles." — 1801. " Notice • The public in general, and my former subscribers in particular, are respectfully informed that I propose to commence school again on the ist day of January, 1805. I shall teach reading, writing, arithme- tic, and English grammar indiscriminately, for ,|2 per quarter." — Advertisement, 1804. In 1835-6-7, and longer, E. P. Langdon maintained a free reading room on Third Street, in the rear of the post office ; newspapers, magazines, etc., were kept on file. "In the years 1810-11-12, I recollect only three or four small schools. A Mr. Thomas H, Wright kept one in the second story of a frame building on the southwest corner of Main and Sixth Streets. John Hilton had his school on the east side of Main, between Fifth and Sixth Streets, over a cabinet maker's shop. David Cathcart, on the West side of walnut Street near Fourth. The scholars at each school probably averaged about forty." — S. S. L'Hommedieu. CINCINNATI UNIVERSITY. " In the year 1806 a school association was formed in this place, and in 1807 it was incorporated. Its en- dowments were not exactly correspondent to its elerated title, consisting only of moderate contributions; and an application was made to the Legislature for permission Early Chronici.es. 533 to ra,se money by a lottery, which was granted A scheme was formed, and a great part of the tickets sold Ihey have, however, not been drawn, and but little of the money they brought refunded. On Sunday, 38th of May 1809, the school house erected by the corporation was blown down, since which it has become extinct." Urake s Picture of Cincinnati," 1815. In 1829 L. C. Levin had a school at the southeast corner of Sixth and Vine, near where the Hul- bert Building now stands. This school house, or one right near it, was the first building erected on that land. W. p, Hulbert, who after- wards owned this land, was a pupil there. The entrance to the school house wason Sixth Street, "and the floor was constructed like that of a theater, rising from the south end to the north." He dild" Z'l^ '"'t'' ''' "'^"'^' ^"^^ ^"^'^ ^he house. Wh H '" "" ""'"""^ ^°"''"-d t'- institution When the pubhc school system opened, George Graham cToor^y^V^^T^' "'^ '"^^^'"^ '^' ^'- S--^^ ^Vard school. Mr. Graham, writing of his times (he was ex- Charles J. Brooks, Principal of the Avondale School. 534 Schools of Cincinnati. aminer), says: "The schools were not popular, the word 'common' being distasteful to many." THE FIRST BEQJJEST FOR EDUCATION. In 1818 John Kidd, a wealthy baker, bequeathed $1,000 per annum for the "Education of poor children and youth of Cincinnati." The rents came from Kidd's store property at the southwest corner of Main and Front Streets. In 1819 the fund was paid to the Cin- cinnati College, and between October, 1819, and Octo- ber, 1825, the sum of $6,000 was received, and from 75 to 100 children educated upon the Lancastrian plan. For the succeeding two and a half years, 375 children were educated on the money, tuition having been re- duced. In 1825 an adverse claim against the property was made, the rent was enjoined, and finally the land re- verted and the city lost the bequest. This bequest is the first on record for Cincinnati. CHAPTER LXXIX. OHIO CONSERVATORY OF MUSIC. THE Ohio Conservatory of Music is one of the great musical institutions of Cincinnati. Its location, its buildings, its facilities, its faculty, and its management, under the direction of Mr. Chas. A. Graninger, furnishes a cumulative proof of its pre-eminence. It was organ- ized several years ago as the Auditorium School of Music, by Chas. A. Graninger, the present musical director, and its success from the beginning was so substantial and wholesome that it soon outgrew the dimensions of its house, and new quarters had to be sought for its expand 536 Schools of Cincinnati. ing growth. The opportunity came in the selection of the present niagnificient conservatory at the corner of Fourth and Lawrence Streets, in September, 1903, which was furnished with all the most modern improvements, including a new steam-heating plant, at a cost of nearly $10,000. A beautiful new recital hall was fitted up for the benefit of the students. Freshly painted inside and out, and handsomely decorated, the Ohio Conservatory of Music buildings pre- sent an entirely new appearance, and it would be difficult to find anywhere else a house for the music students quite so in- viting and so favor- able in its surround- ings to the congenial and serious progress of the music student. Situated in one of the oldest and most aris- tocratic portions of the eastern part of the city, there is an abundance of fresh air and delightful breezes are wafted from la belle riviere. The Ohio Conservatory of Music is breathing the purest and best of atmospheres, free from all contaminating in. fluence^, where quiet and peace at all times reign su- preme. Such a place is particularly inviting to the hun- Dr. H. W. Albers, Member of the Board of Education Since April, 1891. Ohio Conservatory ov Music. 537 dreds of students who come from abroad to seek and find the best musical education within its walls. To them the the conservatory is a substitute for home, as far as this can be done by home comforts and home influences under the personal care and direct attention of Mrs. Chas. Graninger. The Ohio Conservatory of Music was founded on the basis that American music schools can be made to reach as high a standard of excellence in all their departments as the great conservatories of Europe, and it has been the aim of the conservatory to realize this ideal in the art-life of its American students. The Ohio Conservatory presents to the student all the departments of music besides those branches of study with which the subject of music may be attiliated. such as languages, elocution, and dramatic art. In all these departments and branches the aim has been to furnish only such teachers as enjoyed a reputation of acknowl- edged authority and tested success in the art and science of teaching. Certificates and diplomas are awarded at the close of each academic year to those students who have passed satisfactory examinations for these distinctions. A high standard has been set for these examinations, so that those who secure the courted prize have reason to know that it was not an easy honor, but the reward of attain- ment and proficiencv, that means a place in the musical race of the world. '.538) Twenty-third District School, Vine Street, Corryville; Erected, 1878-85 ; 15 Rooms; Seats 912 Pupils ; Louis M. Schiel, Principal; F. H. Ballman, Trustee. Institutions Now Closed. 539 CHAPTER LXXX. INSTITUTIONS NOW CLOSKD. PREPARATORY School for Boys, conducted by X Eugene F. Bliss (see page 385). Brooks Classical School (see page 385). Herron's Seminary for Boys, founded 184s by Joseph Herron once a teacher in the public schools, and ; meln- 7 J ^"'^ "^ Education. Mr. Herron died March v' ^ ^; . J ,^ seminary was on Seventh Street, between \ me and Walnut, and occupied its own building. Cincinnati Adelphi Seminary (very early) : Thomas li. Guinan, principal. Ci ncinnati Academy, John L. Talbott (early). manui t ^^ .'^'"'^--' ^^-^ate School (early), advocated manual training. Mr. Williams later founded the Aca- demic and Manual Labor Institute at Day,on, O., one of the hrst technical schools in the West. Elizabeth Haven Appleton's Private School, estab- hshed 1855 and continued to 1S75, was patronized by the elite of the city. ^ 540 Schools of Cincinnati. Institute of Science and Languages, established 1830 by Prof. O. M. Mitchell, the noted astronomist, soldier, etc. Harding's Female Seminary, south side Fifth, be- tween Vine and Race. Was once so prosperous that it was considered a permanent institution. Mr. Harding, however, became superintendent of public schools. He once taught in tlie Cincinnati College. The Cincinnati Female Seminary, Seventh and Mound, was conducted by T. Burrows, and later by Rev. George W. Max- well, D. D. ; ultimate- ly sold to Pulte Medi- cal College. St. John's Col- lege; Dr. Colton, principal, later Charles Matthews, of n^r^t^r-r^u T.r-vo^xT old Woodward Col- (jEORGE H. JACKSON, lege. Practicing Attorney; Ex-Teacher ° and Ex-Member of the Ohio Legislature. tablished in 1859, at Ninth and RickoflF, after he retired from the public scliools. Dodd Classical High School, Rev. T. J. Dodd, prin- cipal, started in 1886, for boys. English and Classical School, es- Elm, by Andrew J. superintendency of the Institutions now Ci>osed. 541 Professor W. M. Eisele's School, started in 1885. In 1802 a girl's school was started by a Miss Will- iam, who advertised that she "intended opening a school in the house of M. Newman, saddler, for young ladies, on the following terms : reading, .$2.50; reading and sewing, $3; reading, sewing, and writing, $3.50 per quarter." Female Boarding School, kept on Broadway, between Market and Columbia (old names), by the Misses Bailey (1827). ^ _ McKee's Classical Academy, on Third Street, near the post ofhce. Rev. C. B. McKee, principal, 1827. The Eclectic Academy of Music was organized the spring of 1834 and chartered in 1835. Its object was "to promote knowledge and correct taste in music ; especial- ly such as are adapted to inoral and religious purposes." It was in existence in 1841, when it had about 100 mem- bers, a library, and an orchestra of 24 pieces ; Jacob Bur- net, president. Mrs. Lloyd's Seminary for girls (1851). R. & H. H. Young's School for Boys (1851). A high school on Plum, between Seventh and Eighth, Cincinnati Female Seminary, established in 1843 by Miss M. Coxe. Prosperous in 1851. M. Coxe and J. C. Zochos, principals. In 185 1 seminary removed to Dayton, O., as part of the Cooper Female Institute. Locke's Female Academy, organized in 1823 by Dr. John Locke, flourishing for some years, and was patron- ized by the best families. It was located on Walnut 542 Schools of Cincinnati. Street, between Third and Fourth. Gold medals were awarded for prizes. Picket's Cincinnati Female School, organized about 1825 by Albert Picket, Sr. Rooms in the Cincinnati Chas. H. Stephens, Member Union Board of High Schools Since November 18, 1867 ; Served also on the Board of Education. College Building. In 1830 his school awarded eleven gold medals. Author of "American School Class Books," a series on the common branches. Institutions now Closed. 5^3 Kinmont's Academy of Classics and Mathematics was started about 18.7 by Alexander Kinmont, a noted Scotchman o great independence. It was on Race, between Fifth and Longworth. Kinmont declined a professorship in Cincinnati College, at $2,000 per year a remarkable salary for those days), in this language- \ our college will be under the control of a faculty I wish to be not directed by a faculty or by trustees. Think of my being told how to teach school by a set of professional donkeys." Western Female InsT^ founded about 1833 by Catherine Beecher and her sister Harriett, later Mrs' Stowe. The author of - Uncle Tom's C^abin " was for years teacher in this private school. Miss Mary Dutton, of Hartord, Conn., succeeded the Misses ' Beecher whose school was located on the site afterwards occu^ pied by St. John's Hospital. Mrs. Caroline Lee Hentz~vho conducted a private school in the 30's, was the author of several novels The school was a fashionable one, on Third, near Broad- way. Prof. Hentz, the husband, assisted. Gooch's Female Seminary was established in the thir- ds, in Avondale, then quite a distance out of town I was a polite school of learning. Mr. Gooch tried chicken raising on a large scale, but failed. His tall brick chicken yards are still (1902) remembered by some' of the oldest inhabitants. ' Bartholomew EnglisITnT Classical School was es- tablished September 2:, 1875, by Mr. and Mrs. Geo K Bartholomew. For years it was located at Third and Lawrence (see page 431). 544 Schools of Cincinnati. Cincinnati Business College, Miami Building ; princi- pal, C. W. McGee. Suspended about 1895, on the death of Mr. McGee OHIO FEMALE COLLEGE. The corner-stone of the Ohio Female College, Col- lege Hill, was laid September 21, 1848, and the school opened in the fall of 1849. By 1851 it was so successful that a State charter was secured. The patronage was ex- tensive, especially from the South. Rev. John Covert was the first president, and really the founder. After the war, the school declined, and James C. C. Hollin- shade, a wealthy citizen, bought it, determined to make it a great insti- tution, but the enter- prise failed, and in 1874 the doors were closed. In 1875 the property was sold to the Cincinnati Sanitarium, which has occupied it for the twenty-seven vears that have elapsed. In 1893 the main building was destroyed by fire, but it has been rebuilt. Miss Nourse's English and French Family and Day School, Walnut Hills, was located at 804 Gilbert Ave. (old number). Closed in 1902. Wm. L. Dickson, Lectureron Medical Jurisprudence Eclectic Medical Institute. Institutions now Closkd. 545 Miss Armstrong's School for Girls, established 1875 by Sarah J. Armstrong, a teacher in the Normal .School of Oswego, N. Y., opened at 180 Elm (old number), then removed to the Reakert homestead, Mt. Auburn, in 1877. In 1888 removed to the H. F. West residence, Reading Road and Linden Avenue, Avondale. The school suspended in 1901. The Cincinnati Society for the Promotion of Use- ful Knowledge was organized about 1840 as The Edu- cational Society of Hamilton County, and its sole object was to promote the interests of education. Lyman Beecher addressed its first meeting. It failed for lack of funds. THE \VESTERN MUSEUM. June 10, 1820, The Western Museum was opened at Main and Second. Natural history specimens were pre- served, and lectures delivered. The museum records the ownership of an organ. John J. Audubon was one of the curators. The records speak of Mr. Audubon's interesting collection of animals, fishes, etc. The mu- seuin finally merged into the Western Academy of Nat- ural Sciences (organized 1835, incorporated 1838), which, in turn (see page 347), came under the manage- ment of its successor, the Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Mrs. Ryland's School for Girls was established about 1820. In the directory of 1831 are the following acade- mies : Academy of Medicine, Center (Opera Place), near Race ; A. Treusdell's ; Picket's, Fourth and Wal- nut; Kinmont's, Race, between Fifth and Center; 546 Schools of Cincinnati. McKee's ; Nixon's Logierian Musical, Fourth and Main ; Findley's Classical; Nash's Musical, Fifth, between Main and Sycamore. CHICKERING CLASSICAL AND SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTE. Chickering Institute was opened September 3, 1855, as a "select school for boys," in the hall of the George Street engine house, between Cen- tral Ave, and Plum. Josiah Boutelle Chick- ering, a man of great energy, was the prin- cipal. In 1859 a lot on George Street, be- tween John and Smith, was secured, and a two-story brick building was erected and occupied until June, 1 886, when the school closed. Mr. Chickering died De- cember 5, 1 88 1, and on February 6th of the year following the school was purchased by VV. H. Venable, who conducted it until it closed. Over 250 students were graduated, and among these were mostly the sons of prominent people. Special attention was paid to the classics, and to preparing young men for college. Mr. Chickering was one of the most stalwart educators the city has ever had, and the name of his school is as famous to-day as it was when the founder was at its head. Through the kindness of Mr. P. J. J. B. Chickering. Institutions now Closed. 547 Cadwalader, the portrait of Mr. Chickering is here reproduced. Miles Greenwood, the iron manufacturer, was'Mr. Chickering's patron, and under his auspices a school was first started, on a small scale, in Avondale. Benjamin H. Cox, Member Board of Education, 1875. RELIGIOUS. May, 1850, The Cincinnati Theological Seminary (old school Presbyterians) was organized, with two pro- fessors and twelve students. No building was ever 548 Schools of Cincinnati. ej-ected, the professors lecturing in their churches, one of which was the Central Presbyterian, on Fifth Street, near Smith. The students " boarded around," and no general plan was carried out. The school ceased in 1856. It was intended to oppose Lane Seminary, but could not. The old school Presbyterians supported it. Rev. Rice, Rev. Hoge, and Rev. Lord were the pro- moters. There were several graduates. THE FAIRMOUNT BAPTIST THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. Baptists of the Mississippi Valley early determined to establish a seminary in or near Cincinnati. In 1833 they organized the Western Baptist Education Society, and in 1835 incorporated it. In 1845 the Western Baptist Theological Institute was opened in Covington, Ky., but abandoned when the pro-slavery element captured the organizatiou. June 22, 1848, a new seminary was proposed, and in July 178 acres of land in Fairmount were purchased. This tract faced Mill Creek, and was a fine location. Thirty acres were set aside for the seminary, and Rev. O. N. Sage was made financial agent. ,$50,000 was voted to carry out the plans. June 10, 185 1, the corner-stone of a four-story Gothic structure of brick was laid. The school opened October 27, 1853, and received the Cov- ington Library (the Covington building is now used as a Roman Catholic hospital). From all reports the semi- nary closed in 1857 after a struggle of four years. The lots were subdivided and sold. The seminary building was sold by the sheriff to pay debts. It was bought by a German, and for years, until destroyed by fire, was con- ducted as a shooting park and beer garden. The fine library was transferred to Denison University, Gran- Institutions now Closed. 549 ville, O. The seminary failed because the land bought did not increase in value as fast as expected. The Protestant University of the United States was incorporated in 1845, to locate ''in or near Cincin- nati." The school was not to be sectarian, "good moral character" being the only requisite for en- trance. The "whole Protestant world," so it is said, was interest- ed in the university, but nothing came of the matter. Up to 1859, accordingto Cist nothing had been ac- complished. There seems to be no record of the ending. MEDICAL. Cincinnati Medi- cal College ; started 1834; merged into Jabez M. Waters, Medical College of n -j ,. ^ ^ <• -cj *• '^ President Board of Education, Ohio, 1846. July 4 1871, to July 2, 1872. The Physio Medical College, formerly the Cincin- nati Literary and Scientific Institute ; organized in 1836 ; graduated classes up to about 1880; once located in Madam Trollope's Bazaar. Botanico Medical College of Ohio ; chartered 1838 ; extinct 1880; once located in Trollope's Bazaar. 550 Schools of Cincinnati. Eclectic College of Medicine; started 1856; merged into Eclectic Medical Institute in 1859. Physio Medical Institute; organized 1859; became extinct in 1885 ; located at northwest corner of Seventh and Cutter. American Eclectic Medical College of Ohio. There have been two of this name. The first was founded (ap- parently) in 1853 by Prof. L. E. Jones, and existed for about four years, when it seems to have merged into the Eclectic Medical Institute. The second was organized in 1883, and existed to 1896. Medical University of Ohio; incorporated in 1883. Ohio College of Obstetrics, Medicine, and Mid- wifery; chartered under Ohio laws in 1889. Hygeia Medical College; organized 1893; gradu- ated a class in 1895; Dr. G. C. Kolb, secretary; once located at northeast corner of Seventh and Plum. The Eclectic College of Medicine was chartered December 23, 1856. In December, 1859, it merged with the Eclectic Medical Institute. J. R. Buchanan was dean. American Eclectic Medical College of Ohio ; ex- isted about 1879-82. Physio-Eclectic Medical College; organized 1876; changed name in 1879 to American Eclectic Medical College. Miscellaneous. 55,1 CHAPTER LXXXI. MISCELLANEOUS. On the death of Gustavus H. Wald, dean of the Cincinnati Law School, June 28, 1903, Harlan Cleve- land (Ex-U. S. Dist. Attorney, 1894-1898), who had been connected with the law school as a professor since 1897, was elected to the vacancy. He served only until a successor could be found ; that was from July 2d until September 10, 1902, when William P. Rogers was elected. Mr, Rogers is a native of Indiana. For ten years he practiced his profession at Bloomington, Ind., and for an equal period he was professor of law in the Indi- ana State University, at Bloomington, the last six years serving as dean. Mr. Rogers graduated at the Indiana State University, and was given the degrees of A. B. and L. L. B. He also attended the Columbia Law School, New York. He took charge of the deanship hereon October i, 1902, and assumed the work form- erly done by Mr. Wald. THE Y. M. C. A. The Young Men's Christian Association was form- ally organized November 6, 1865. In order to attract members, a drawing class was started the first season. Next came a vocal music class, but no attempt was made to carry out the plans now followed until 1898, when The McDonald Educational Institute of the Y, M. C. A. was started. 552 Schools of Cincinnati, Alexander McDonald was president at the time, and was instrumental in launching the various depart- ments. Classes are held in the evening, and the attend- ance is large, the enrollment for 1901 being 423. Good instructors are employed, and the range of subjects given is quite extensive, the object being to have prac- tical work for persons employed in the daytime. A list of the students shows that most are em- ployed. Several per- sons who have at- tended this school have attained consid- erable success, and, from an educational standpoint, it is doubt- ful if any other school in the city is doing more good work than the Y. M. C. A. David Sinton is con- sidered the founder (see page 345). The membership (1902) is ivS56- Here are the stud- ies of 1901— 2 : Alge- bra, American his- tory, architectural drawing, arithmetic, banjo, Bible, book-keeping, carpen- try, chemistry, Cincinnati, composition, debate, elec- tricity, English grammar, freehand drawing, French, geometry, German, guitar, hygiene and physiology and first aid, Latin, law, mandolin, mechanical drawing. John D. DeWitt, Practicing Attorney; One of the First Graduates of the Y. M. C. A. Night Law School. Miscellaneous. S53 orchestra, penmanship, public speaking, reading, short- hand, show card writing, .Spanish, spelling, typewriting, and vocal music. Thomas W. Harvey says : " The first association of teachers for mutual improvement in the .State of Ohio was organized in Cincinnati in 1832. It was probably the second of the kind in the United States." O. T. R. C. The Ohio Teach- ers' Reading Circle was organized at Cha- tauqua, July 3, 1883, by Mrs. Delia Lathrop Williams, of Dela- ware, O, (see page 558).^ The seventh an- nual meeting of the Ohio State Teachers' Association convened in Cincinnati in Greenwood Hall, Ohio Mechanics' In- stitute (1855). principals' associa- tion. Dr. p. S. Conner, Dean of the Medical College of Ohio. The Principals' Association officers (1902-3) are • Pres., D. L. Runyan; V. P., W. C. Washburn; Secy.,' E. M. Sawyer; Treas., J. H. Locke; Cor. Secy., Vir- ginia A. Osborn. 554 Schools of Cincinnati. The following people, active in business and pro- fessional life, have in their youth attended night schools : Gen. Andrew Hickenlooper, Supt. W. H. Morgan, Judge F. S. Spiegel, Attorney J. Chandler Harper, J. M. Robinson, Dr. E. S. Betty, Dr. W. H. Rothert, Reuben Levi and Jacob Ottenheimer (composing the firm of Levi & Ottenheimer), William Hopkins, William Sorrin, Attorney Edward Dienst, Principal Maximilian Braam, and James Grogan. The Berlitz Schools of Languages were started in May, 1878, by Prof. M. D. Berlitz, the linguist. A Cin- cinnati branch was opened November i, 1891. Branches are in all large cities of the United States, also some foreign cities, notably in Germany and France. About daylight, Thursday, September 4, 1902, a fire destroyed the Odeon and damaged other parts of the College of Music, including the Lyceum. The Dormitory was not injured. Mr. Vander Stucken lost about .$30,000 in music, etc. All the College pianos were ruined and 19 rooms rendered temporarily useless. Dr. Barnard (see page 62) was the first U. S. Com- missioner of Education, and served as such from March 14, 1867, to March 15, 1870. The City Infirmary and Orphan Asylinn were once under the Board of Trustees and Visitors. The opening day of schools is usually the first Tues- day in September (Monday is Labor Day). Years ago schools opened earlier. For example, in 1857 the opening day was August i8th. Opening day is now often too early, as, owing to the intense heat, the schools have frequently been compelled to close for several days, and again to hold only half-day sessions. Miscellaneous. 555 RESOR ACADEMY. The building now occupied by the Clifton Public School was named the Resor Academy and Literary In- stitute, in honor of the late stove manufacturer, William Resor, who gave the original building to the then village of Clifton. The building was erected in 1869. CLERKS OF BOARD OV EDUCATION. 1847, to May, 28, 1855, Wm. Leuth- strom; May 28, 1855, to March, 1857, J. D. Caldwell; March, 1857, to July 4, 1 87 1, W. F. Ilurlbut ; July 4, 1871, to April 17, 1883, B. O. M. De- Beck ; April 17, 1882, to ^Vpril 19, 1886, Robt. G. Stevenson ; April 19, 1886, to April 18, 1887, B. O. M. DeBeck; April 18, 1S87, to October I, 1900, Geo. R. Grif- fiths; Oct. 8, 1900, to date, Wm. Graut- man. Stanley Strublk, Ex-Teacher and President Board of Education, Cleves, O. YOUNG women's CLUB. The Young Women's Club of Cincinnati, organ- ized October 15, 1900, meets at Wesleyan College, one part of which is occupied by the Home of the Self-Sup- porting Women. 556 Schools of Cincinnati. The aim of the club is to keep in touch with what is best in the thought and literature of to-day, and to place w^ithin the reach of all some means of self-improvement, physically, mentally and spiritually. AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY. The founder of the American Book Company was Winthrop B. Smith, who, as W. B. »Smilh & Co., had a The Woodward Homestead, Northeast Corner of Main and Webster ; Erected 1816; In This House William Woodward Died January 24, 1833 (see page 148). printing establishment and book store at 59 Main Street (old number). Edward Sargent was his book-keeper, and Louis Van Antwerp assistant book-keeper. In the book bindery department, as superintendent, was Anthony H. Hinkle. 55*^ Schools of Cincinnati. In the 1 2th District School was Obed J. Wilson, principal. His eyesight threatened to fail, so he resigned in 1853 (succeeded by B. O. M. DeBeck) and went to Mr. .Smith for a position. Mr. vSmith refused to employ him, but sent him on amission, with expenses paid, and a commission if he succeeded. He did succeed, and was then regularly employed. Mr. Wilson had fine tastes in the book publishing line, and he became overseer or general superintendent, selecting type, pictures and dic- tating styles of printing. His word was soon law. In a few years Mr. Smith retired, and the firm be- came Sargent, Wilson & Hinkle. They removed to Walnut Street. Mr. Sargent retiring in 1868, the firm of Wilson, Hinkle cS:: Co. continued the business until 1877. During their administration the list of publications was more than doubled, and such was the constantly increas- ing popularity of the Eclectic Educational Series that schools in every State and Territory of the Union adopted and used some of their books, and their publications be- came more widely circulated and more extensively used than those of any other house in the country. In 1877 the two senior members of the firm retiring, after nearly forty years of labor, transferred their interest to the remaining partners, and the firm of Van Antwerp, Bragg & Co. was formed. Upon the organization of the American Book Company in 1890, Van Antwerp, Bragg & Co. sold their property to it. The American Book Company was made up of the following : Van Antwerp, Bragg & Co., of Cincinnati ; Ivison, Blakeman & Co., of New York ; A. S. Barnes & Co., of New York; and the text-book department of D. Appleton & Co. The American Book Company's offices are at 317 Walnut, where many books are printed and where extensive press facilities are in MlSCELI^ANEOUS. 559 constant use. Recently the company acquired property at the northeast corner of Pike and Third, where an ex- tensive building will be erected, to be occupied July, 1904. Harry T. Ambrose (New York) is president. Local officers are : W. B. Thalheimer, manager; Frank R. Ellis and George A. Howard, assistant managers. For many years A. Howard Hinkle was local manager. The company controls all the text-books in the city pub- lic schools through the high schools. * PENSIONS. September 4, 1895, ^^t '-^ meeting of the Teacher's Club, Principal H. Raschig moved to appoint a committee of five to investigate and report upon the laws and usages of the several States which have made enactments for pensions and annu- ities for teachers of the public schools. The motion carried, and Mr. Raschig made chairman, with four associates, viz. : Prof. W. O. Sproull, F. B. Dyer, George W. Harper, and W. H. Morgan. This was the first definite step taken in this city to secure pensions for teachers. February 16, 1896, the bill was ready, having been drawn by Attorney Drausin Wulsin. It was passed by the Legislature April, 1897, and went into force in September of that year, teachers paying one per cent, of their salaries each month to create a fund. Under the law, female teachers with 30 years' ex- perience and males with 35 years' experience were en- titled, on retirement, to a pension equal to half the an- HOWARD ChAMPLIN, Ex-Superintendent of Penmanship. 560 Schools of Cincinnati. nual salary, except no pension was to exceed .$600 per annum. April 16, 1900, the law was amended, making 30 years' experience for both male and female teachers the period required, and pensions were changed to $10 per year for each year taught, no pension to exceed .$500. Thus, teachers of 25 years' experience would get $250 a year, and those of 30 years' experience would get $300, etc. Still not sufficient funds were available, so the law was amended May 12, 1902, and this stands to-day. Under this law, a teacher of 20 years' experience can be retired on account of mental or physical disability, and can be given a pension of $10 for each year's experience. Teachers of 30 years' experience can retire voluntarily. Each teacher pays .$2 per month, or $20 per annum, to create a fund, and membership is voluntary. When the law went into effect, June 20, 1902, the proposition to join was submitted to the teachers, and all in the city ac- cepted it except 44. The first pension paid out was in September, 1899, just two years after the original law went into effect. PUBLIC HOLIDAYS. Labor Day, first monday in September, since 1890. Thanksgiving, the last Thursday in November. Christmas and New Year (schools dismissed for the week). Washington's Birthday, Feb. 22, usually a half day entertainment the day previous. Decoration Day, May 30th, most school children turn out and parade with Board of Education and war veterans. Teachers always protest against parading. Miscellaneous 561 Warsaw School, so named (Aug. 25, 1902) after the town of Warsaw that was settled near there years ago. The school district was annexed to the city in the spring of 1902. Spanish was introduced in the high schools September, 1901. eight bells a week in each school. The following is the inscription on Thomas Hughes mon- ument a t S p ring Grove : "Thomas Hughes, founderof the Hughes High School, died December 26, 1824, aged 55 years. Erec- ted by the alumni of the school." H. J. DisquE, Principal Fifth District School. THE ANNUITY ASSO- CIATION. December 2 I, 1889, J . E. S h e r w o o d, Christine Sullivan, G. A. C a r n a h a n, Bettie Wilson, aad Louis Rothenberg, started the Teach- ers Annuity and Aid Association of Hamilton County and filed incorporation papers January I, 1890. Organ- ization was completed January 25th by selecting these trustees: J. E. Sherwood, Christine Sullivan, G. F. Sands, G. A. Carnahan, Bettie Wilson, Alice M. Camp- bell, C. C. Long, John Schwaab, Jeanette Knox, Geo. W. Harper, A. S. Henshaw, Louis Rothenberg, C. S. [36] 563 Schools of Cincinnati. Fay,-;Charles F. Dean, W. C. Washburn, E. W. Wilkin- son, |^and Minnie Herman. The trustees then elected officers : J. E. Sherwood, president; Christine Sullivan, vice-president; A. S. Henshaw, recording secretary; G. F. Sands, financial secretary, and Geo. \V. Harper, treasurer. The object of tlie association is to furnish pecuniary Thomas F. Shay, Member Board of Education, 1879. aid to members. Mr. Sherwood was president to Janu- ary, 1903, when J, B. Scheidemantle took his place. The Union Board of High Schools is made up as follows : BOARD OF EDUCATION : John Schwaab, Louis E. Keller, J. G. O'Connell, S. B. Marvin, William J. Klein, F. G. bross, B. F. Lyle ; 5% Schools of Cincinnati, Woodward — A. H. Bode, John B. Peaslee, Robert W. Stewart, J. Shroder, O. J. Renner ; Hughes — R. D. Barney, Charles H. Stephens. officers. A. H. Bode, president; J. G. O'Connell, vice- president ; William Grautman, secretary. The H. Thane Miller School, Lenox Place, Avondale. The H. Thane Miller School for Girls was founded in 1856 as the Mt. Auburn Young Ladies Institute. It was incorporated under the laws of the State of Ohio as an institution for the higher education of girls. In 1897 the school was removed from Mt. Auburn to Lenox Place, Avondale, and now in accordance with the express w^ish of its alumnae it is known as the H. Thane Miller School, in honor of one of its founders and long time president. H. Thane Miller. (565) 566 Schools ok Cincinnati. H. Thane Miller, who died in 1895, was a leading and influential citizen of Cincinnati. He was a member of the Board of Education for many years. He was promi- nent in education, philanthropy, and religion. His songs made his name known all over the world. The school maintains its high reputation for scholarship, and its location is an ideal one, the surroundings being extremely beautiful. THE FRANKLIN SCHOOL. The Franklin .School, 2833 May Street, Walnut Hills, was started in 18S1 by two Harvard graduates and classmates, Joseph E. White and Gerrit S. Sykes, who have ever since been the principals. The first school was in a private house on McMillan Street, between Kemper Lane and Park Avenue. In one year this building was outgrown and a five year lease was made for the church property on McMillan, just west of Gilbert Avenue. In 1887 the school acquired its present property and erected the building now used. In 1893 an addition was made for gymnasium, chemical laboratory, etc. The school is exclusively for boys and young men. It is preparatory to colleges and schools of science or technology. In the twenty-one years of its existence it has sent 54 of its graduates to Harvard, 59 to Yale, 27 to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and 9^ to the following institutions, viz. : Princeton. Rensselaer, Co- lumbia, University of Cincinnati, Williams, Dartmouth, Amherst, Cornell, Rochester, Oberlin, Stevens, Rose, Center, Delaware, Iowa State, West Point, Johns Hop- kins, and Pennsylvania. The school has three departments : primary, inter- mediate, and collegiate. The teaching force is : Principals, Joseph E. White, Eatin and English; Gerrit S. Sykes, Greek and mathe- 568 Schools of Cincinnati. matics. Assistants : Howard Hollenbach, physical cul- ture and science; J. H. Bacon, French and German; Louise E. Dunsmoor ; Maud E. Severance, English and history. Intermediate department : Bessie F. Johnson, primary ; Marie A. Marien, French ; Helene Luise Watts, German. CHAPTER LXXXII. personal. ANDREW, MILLARD F.— Born near Amesville, Athens County, O. February 13, 1858; educated in the common schools and at Lebanon, O., taking the degree of B. S. in 1891. Taught 1878-9 in Athens County; 1 880- 1 , Lawrence County; 1882-5, Pickaway County ; superintendent Lucasville, 1885—7 '■< Piketon, O., 1888—91; principal Cheviot Schools, 1891-93; prin- cipal Linwood School, 1 893-1 902 ; assistant superintend- ent Cincinnati Schools since July i, 1902, succeeding F. B. Dyer. Baily, Hezekiah Bye. —Born Steubenville, O., De- cember 9, 1830; came to Cincinnati when six months old; entered Woodward College Nov. 3, 1845; remained four and one-half years ; graduated in English and mathematics June 28, 1850; lumber merchant in Cin- cinnati and Covington, 1850 to 1870; life insurance, 1870— 1902 ; superintendent of Fowell Buxton Mission Sunday School, 1866— 1883; married in 1856 to Eliza- beth B. Griffith ; children, 6 daughters ; grandchildren, 7 ; lives in Covington, Ky. 41 t-^ 75 tc B 3 o -fl O w rr; 0) 1 Q. T 00 O > W ?: ?; a F3 ?3 c " p o 3 z. m n 570 Schools of Cincinnati. Benedict, Wayland Richardson. — Professor of phil- osophy University of Cincinnati, 1875. Prof. Bene- dict's published works are : " The Nervous System and Consciousness," " Evolution and Ethics," " Theism and Evolution," "Outlines from the History of Education," '' New Studies in the Beatitudes," " World Views and Their Ethical Implications." Bode, August H. — Born 1845, Peine, Hanover, Ger. Educated at Polytechnical Academy, Hanover, and Uni- versity in Berlin in connection with technical academy there. Came to the United States in 1866, to Cincin- nati 1867. Began teaching in this city in 1868 in Thir- teenth District. In 1876 was principal of same. Stud ied law and graduated 1881. Began practicing 1883. Author of " History of Elementary Reading," " Ele- mentary Arithmetic," series of seven German readers (used for years in Cincinnati schools), a series of writing books; contributor to scientific and pedagogical journals. Member Board of Education, president Union Board of High Schools (1902), judge of Police Court, and mem- ber Board of Elections. Dill, Thomas M. — For ten years principal of Twen- tieth District School. Author of "Outlines of Moral Instruction" (1871), the first attempt at systematic moral instruction in the public schools. Doerner, Celia. — Teacher in Hughes, author of " The Treasury of General Knowledge." Dubbs, Eugene L. — Principal (1902) Reading, O., schools; the author of Dubb's series of arithmetics. Florien Giauque. (s-i) 572 Schools of Cincinnati. Fick, Henry H. — Born August i6, 1849, at Luebeck, Ger. Came to U. S. 1864; entered Cincinnati schools 1870. Superintendent of drawing, 1878-1884(866 page i77)' Director of private school in Chicago to 1890. Principal Sixth District, Cincinnati, 1893 to 1901. Re- ceived Ph. D. from Ohio University 1892, Editor Er- ziehungsblcetter (Germ- Am. Journal of Ed.), 1890-99. Published in book form : "Pencil and Brush," an intro- duction to the elementary principles of graphic represen- tation (1884); " The Dance of Death" (1887); "Aes- thetic Culture" (a pamphlet); "Does the American Common School Meet the Educational Needs of the Peo- ple.?" (a pamphlet); " German Contributions to Ameri- can Progress" (pamphlet); besides a great many other pamphlets and poems in German. The poem, "The Song That Once My Mother Sang," has been set to sev- eral different compositions in Germany and America. Dr. Fick is editor of Jung Amerika, of this city. In 1901 he was appointed assistant superintendent of schools. Fuchs, Julius. — Of Walnut Hills High School, author of : " Eighteen Lectures on Pedagogical Topics ;" " Fifteen Lectures on Home Education;" seventy-five poems, "Tender Blossoms." All the lectures were de- livered before normal institutes, teachers' associations, and literary societies. (Ready for press.) Giauque, Florien. — Born near Berlin, Holmes County, O., May 11, 1843, of Swiss parentage. Pre- pared for college at Fredericksburg (Ohio) Academy and at Vermillion Institute, at Hayesville, O. Member i02d O. V. I., and served under Buell, Rosecrans, Sherman and Thomas. After the war he graduated at Kenyon Personal. ^n. College Gambier, O., which institution later conferred on him the degreess of A. M. and L. L. D. Mr. Giauque has the honor of having received the best State certifi- cate ever granted ; principal of Glendale Schools from 1869 to 1875. Mr. Giauque is noted as an author and compiler. The following works attest his industry • Arthur C. Minning. " The Revised Statutes of Ohio," and various sup- plements thereto ; "A Manual for Assignees-" "A Manual for Gnardiinc." '^ at ^ i- • ' T r L. ';^"'^'^'^'^"' ' Naturalization and Election Laws of the United States;" "Ohio Election Laws- Manual for Notaries and Conveyancers ;" "Settlement of Decedents' Estates;" "The Law of Roads and c^74 Schools of Cincinnati. Bridges;" " The Laws of Ditches and Watercourses in Ohio;" " Manual for Constables and Marshals;" and jointly with his partner, Henry B. McClure, " Dower and Curtesy Tables," and some other works of less im- portance. He is not infrequently called on to deliver lectures, and generally selects scientific subjects for them. Grebner, Constantine. — Teacher in Third Inter- mediate School, joint author (with W. H. Weick) of the Eclectic German readers now used in the schools. In 1902 Mr. Grebner published^" Die Deutschen," stories of Germans and of German-Americans. Author of several poems and two novels : " Die Hessen," a Revo- lutionary War story, and " Die Maerchenprinz," a ro- mance. About 1897 Mr. Grebner published (in Ger- man) a history of the 9th O. V. I. He has in press " Iduna," two German supplementary readers for lower grades. Jordan, Clara B. — Teacher of Latin at Hughes. Graduated Hughes, took two gold medals, Latin and general scholarship. Author of 'Latin Lessons for Beginners." Now engaged in writing a Latin prose composition for High Schools. Lindahl, Josua. — B. Kongsbocka, Sweden, Jan. i, 1S44; graduated Royal University of Lund, Sweden (1863) ; title of Officer d'Academie, French Government (1876) ; decorated by King of Sweden as Knight of Vasa (1878) ; was asst. zoologist on H. M. S. " Porcu- pine" (1870); zoologist in charge of expedition to Green- land, 1871, in Swedish warships " Ingererd " and " Glo- dan ; docent in zoology, U. of Lund, 1874; secy. Royal Swedish delegation to International Geog. Con- Personal. ., 1878-88; curator Illinois State Museum Natural H.o Springfield, 1,1., .888-93; since December 4 1895, director Museum Natural History Society of this city; author of several scientific books; contrH^utor to journals and editor of the Society's journal. Lloyd, John Uri. Author of "String- town on the Pike," ' ' E t i d o r h p a , ' ' " Warwick of the Knobs," etc. Long, C. C— Ph. D.; b. near Lebanon, Butler County, O., Sep. 22,1839, At twelve years of age he moved with his parents to Cincin- nati, and received ^""'""' '^ ^^^^^' an education in the ^^^ber of the State Normal School , ,. , , Commission, public schools, per- fecting his course afterwards in Asbury University Greencastle Ind. Tl,e „,arl"'■ <*' P"*^^ '^9» -''■ »' F'- Do-W- on. Canada. Oct. ,4. ,836; graduated with highest honors at Unnersity of Nashville. Tenn. ; served in War ot he Rebellion, rank of colonel; died Mav 26 ,S8n- author of -Elements of English.- -Studies' in English Literature." - McGuffey's High .School Reader " Stephenson. Nathaniel.-Ex-teacher Woodward rul Mrs. Moulton," 1902. 58^ ScHOOi.s OF Cincinnati. Surdo, Joseph. — B. in Brindisi, Italy, 1870; gradu- ated Kenyon Military Academy 1886, Woodward 1889, and Cincinnati College of Music 1895. In composition he has been eminently successful; his "Viking" (solo for baritone and orchestra) having been performed in 1898, under Vander Stucken's direction. His "Flag Song" was sung by 3,500 children at Gol- den Jubilee Steenger- fest in 1899, and his Psalm 96th was per- formed in Music Hall at the Fall Festival (1902) by an adult chorus of 1 ,000 voices, and accompanied by an augmented orches- tra. For twelve years Mr. Surdo has taught music in the public schools. George Rethman, Member Board of Education Since April, 1897. Tackenberg, C. — Author of "Children of Phantasy," a book of poems. Thorns, Phoebe E, — Sister of Matthew H. Thoms ; author of "Important Events in the World's History," 125 pages, containing tables of rulers and dates chrono- logically arranged. Turrill, Merwin Sherman. — B.Feb. 8, 1831 ; taught in Hamilton County, 1849-1854; principal Cumminsville Personal. 583 Union School, afterwards Cincinnati 26th Dist., 1854 to 1885 (except 1857 and 1858, as asst. Cin'ti I3ti'i Dist.) Turrell, Isaac H. — B. Brooktield, Franklin County, ()., attended Oberlln College. vServed two years in 8ist Ind. Inf. At siege of Atlanta, was made ist Lieut, of 109th U. S. Colored Infantry, serving as Adj. under Gen. Weitzel. After the fall of Richmond, went to Texas with regiment, mustered out there February, 1866. Member American Mathematical Society. \"on Wahlde, Herman. — Teacher German in Third Intermediate School; author of " Natur und Heimat " (poems now in second edition) ; also of '' Schriften Paedagogischen Inhalts." \\ alker, Paul Francis. — Teacher of Spanish in the three high schools; author of "A Class Book of Mod- ern Spanish." Weick, W. H. — Late of Hoffman vSchooI ; joint author of Eclectic German readers now (1902) used in the public schools. A primer was published by Mr. Weick alone. Wilson, Francis E. — Teacher for 35 years; princi- pal Windsor School, 1888 to 1898 ; publisher P iiblic School Journal, 1876 to 1898. White, Dr. E. E. — Died at his home, Columbus, O., Tuesday, October 21, 1902. (For sketch, see p. 89.) Tuesday, October 21, 1902, Governor Nash ap- pointed this State Normal vSchool Commission under the 584 Schools of Cincinnati. law of last winter: C. F. Thwing, Cleveland; John L. Zimmerman, Springfield; William F. Pierce, Knox County; Charles L. Swain, Cincinnati. The commission is to report upon the "need and ad- visability of the future establishment by the State of one or more additional normal schools." Mr. Swain, the Cincinnati member of the com- mission, is a leading attornev and ex-mem- ber of the General Assembly. The committee reports be- fore the next Legis. lature. McLeish, J o h n Lewin. — Graduate of the Medical College of Ohio (1897). His first novel, " Iturbide, a Soldier of Mexico," was published in 1901. The companion storv. -The Wreak of r^ rj A/r rw Wrath," is to appear Carl Ziegler, M. D., ^ ' shortlv. Superintendent of Physical Culture " Since September, 1892. the American hoy. Four days after the destruction of the battle ship " Maine," W. Rankin Good, a seventeen year old student of Hughes High vSchool, conceived the idea of building a battle ship and naming it the "American Boy." The idea was to get contributions from school chil- dren all over the country and pay the cost. The project Peksonal. 385 found general favor, and from all over the land came contributions. These were deposited in the Merchants' National Bank, until about $75'C)00 had been accumu- lated. Gradually it became apparent that the $3,500,000 necessary could not be raised, though many prominent men assisted. Even President McKinley favored the project and gave Mr. Good and his committee an audi- ence. Congress was next appealed to, but legal objections were found w h i c h precluded the accept- ance of the gift by the Government, so in the summer of 1902 it was decided to re- turn the collections less fi V e per cent. The Cincinnati schools contributed •t 1^55 1 -59; Los Ange- les, Cal., schools gave the largest amount, $1,433.19. The fail- ure of the plan damp- ened the ardor of thousands of school c h i 1 d r e n , and of course Mr. Good was disappointed, vet his enthusiasm and earnestness won him a host of friends and \vell wishers. In order to give the matter proper attention it became necessary for Mr. Cxood to abandon all other pursuits, and he had to travel to other cities to respond to invitations to speak. W. Rankin Good. 586 Schools of Cincinnati. CHAPTER LXXXIII. THE CINCINNATI KINDERGARTEN TRAINING SCHOOL. THE first meeting of Cincinnati women interested in establishing free kindergartens in Cincinnati was held December 13, 1879. At a subsequent meeting (held December 19th) The Cincinnati Kindergarten Association was formed, with Mrs. Alphonso Taft as president. In January, 1880, Dr. W. T. Harris, of St. Louis, now U. S. Commissioner of Education, delivered an address in College Hall, and awakened much interest. During the months of January and February meetings were held fortnightly at Hughes and Woodward High Schools, and after correspondence and conference with Miss Susan E. Blow, of St. Louis, the first kindergarten was opened in the old Spencer House, corner Front and Broadway, March i, 1880. A Training School for Kindergarteners was organ- ized at the same time. Later a kindergarten was opened in the northern part of the city, followed by one in the western and another in the eastern, known respectively as the South, North, West, and Gilbert Avenue Kinder- gartens. The association then, in order to encourage the formation of kindergartens without incurring addi- tional expense, volunteered to organize and supervise kindergartens supported by other organizations or indi- viduals, provided a high standard of excellence was maintained, by the selection of well-trained, competent directors. The "Kindergarten Directory" shows the Kindergarten Trainin(; School. 587 extent of the work supervised by the association in 1902. An Association of Mothers, holding monthly meetings in each kindergarten, is made a component part of the work, and a federation of these associations holds at least one general meeting during the year, for the ex- change of ideas, methods of work, etc. "^ ^ V 1 > v J c ir-j ^- t ^ . , university draws Member Board of Education from October -^ 9, 1899, to April, 1900. Member of Fac- upon not only ulty Eclectic Medical Institute. the Burnet Woods depart- ment, but also on the atfiliated law, medical, and den- tal schools. As a rule, the older, matured, and more ex- perienced athletes, such as are suited to a rugged foot ball team, come from the professional departments. The Dr. J. R. Spencer, Athletics. 603 academic department furnishes material which is more youthful, but also more agile and lithe, and which conse- quently makes the best sprinters and jumpers for the track team. These fast but light-weight athletes also furnish players to the foot ball team for its backs and ends, positions requiring speed on the part of the player. The do\vn town departments of the University do not furnish their just quota of athletes, owing chiefly to their distance from the athletic field in Burnet Woods. How to get the four departments more closely united in spirit and body is just now the great question in the Uni- versity athletic situation. The University is also in need of a suitable gymna- sium building. The present gymnasium is a mere make- shift. In spite of the many obstacles to be faced, the Uni- versity of Cincinnati has a record of no mean value. Her foot ball team of 1898 stands as one of the best ever pro- duced by an Ohio college ; it is generally known as " the team that beat Dartmouth." In 1900 her track team won the championship of Ohio, and made a new state record in the one-mile relay race. Athletics, however, at the University can not be said to have reached that plane of uniform excellency which the size and importance of the institution would seem to demand. Conditions in the past have been too unsettled to bring this about. But of late things seem to have taken a turn in the right direction. Athletics are more firmly founded, and greater and grander achievements seem directly in the path along which the whole institu- tion is advancing. 604 Schools of Cincinnati. CHAPTER LXXXVL CINCINNATI VETERINARY COLLEGE. THE Cincinnati Veterinary College was incorpora- ted in October, 1900. As its sessions began at the same time, the school is now in its third year. The course of study extends over three sessions of six months each, from October to March, inclusive. Students must furnish satisfactory documentary evidence of a good common school education, or pass an examin- ation in the common school branches. Tuition is $90 per session, a total of $270. There are no extra fees. Following is the outline of the course of study : ist Year. — General biology, botany, zoology, anat- omy, physiology, histology, materia medica, chemistry, dissections, and laboratories. 2d Year. — Anatomy, physiology, histology, materia medica, therapeutics, chemistry, pathology, bacteriol- ogy, theory and practice of veterinary medicine, surgery, obstetrics, dissections, laboratories, and clinics. 3d Year. Anatomy, pathology, bacteriology, the- ory and practice of veterinary medicine, surgery, obstet- rics, dissections, laboratories, and clinics. The college is located at York and Central Avenue, where its hospital affords abundant material for clinical instruction. The faculty is at present : Louis P. Cook, D. V. S., dean, professor of veteri- nary anatomy and theory and practice of veterinary medicine. Dr. Louis P. Cook. (605) 6o6 Schools of Cincinnati. E. K. Ward, V. S., associate professor of theory and practice of veterinary medicine. Wm. A. Axby, D, V. S., professor of veterinary surgery and obstetrics. John A. Meagher, D. V. S., professor of zootech- nics and associate professor of veterinary surgery. E. M. Keefe, M. D., professor of physiology and histology. Julius H. Eichberg, Ph. G., M, D., professor of materia medica and therapeutics. Carl Hiller, M. D., professor of microscopy, gen- eral pathology, and bacteriology. Wm, Dickore, Ph. D,, A. M., professor of chemis- try and toxicology. The degree of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (D. V. M.) is conferred. THE CINCINNATI FLAG. In 1896 the TiDics Star Co., by offering a prize of $50, had Mayor Caldwell receive designs for a city flag. Emil Rothengatter, a local artist, secured the award, though the flag was never oflicially adopted, being voted down in the Board of Legislature as undemocratic. Nevertheless, the flag is popular and is universally used. The design on the cover of this book is made up of the flag and buckeye leaves, typical of Cincinnati and the State of Ohio. Mr. J. H. Gest, director of the Art Academy, made the design. HIGH SCHOOL MONTHLIES. 0/d Hughes, Hughes. The Oracle, Woodward. The Gleam, Walnut Hills. The University Settlement. 607 The University vSettlement is now in its fourth year. It is located at the corner of Liberty and Pkmi, in a neighborhood of working people. The Lafayette Bloom Band, con- sistingof 24 pieces, is a fully equipped organization of the 37th District School. The High School Association was formed in the fall of 1895. The following is the list of presi- dents : E. W. Coy, 1895-6; G. W. Harper, 1896-7 ; J. R. Bishop, Francis Ferry, 1897-8 • Alan vSan- President Board of Education From ders, 1898-9; W. ^P^'^^^ '869, to July 6, 1869, and also y ' ' „ 1870-71; President Union Board of High H. rabodie, 1099- o u 1 o^ - a^ u t> u^■ c -u ■ "^ Schools 1870-71 ; Member Public Library 1900; A. S. Hen- Board when Present Building Was Se- shaw, 1900 . cured; Director University Six Years Membership about («" First Board) ; School Examiner 18 60, divided into S ^^^^"'' G'"*^"^^^ ^^^^">' (N- Y> State Normal 1847; Supt. Union Schools, Bi- sections. . XT X' r- . /^- • *• o mira, N. 1 . ; Came to Cincinnati 1852; Elected to Board of Education 1866. Compulsory education for youth between 8 and 14 has been in force here since March 10, 1890, when A. B, Clement, truant officer, was appointed. 6o8 Schools of Cincinnati. The Lloyd Museum and Library, 234 W. Court Street, is devoted to botany, pharmacy, chemistry, and allied sciences. The building contains between fifteen and twenty thousand volumes and pamphlets on the aforenamed subjects. MANUAL TRAINING. Several public schools have just started manual training on a limited scale. There is raffia work, sew- ing, paper folding, bent iron work, etc. These maybe- come a feature of the course of studv in a short time. The Riding School started in Music Hall, October, i883; L. DeGisbert, proprietor. May 17, 1890, it was incorporated as the Cincinnati Riding Club. A fine building has been erected at Helen and Burnet. ^ INDi:X ^ No Eratta is published. Mistakes found are corrected IN THIS Index. The letter "p" /^fter pages MEANS PICTURE ON THAT PAGE. A. Abbe, Cleveland, 210 Abert, J. W. (Er- ror, Page 350). Academy, K 1 n- mont's, 543; Locke's, 541; of Music, Eclectic, 541; of Medicine, 545; of Pine Arts, 184. Adams. John Quin- cy, 208. Addy, Matthew, 249. Advertisements, 239, 531. 532. Agnostic Sunday- school, 361. Agricultural Col- lege, 375. Aid and Annuity Asso., 430, 561. Aiken, Charles, 166, 170. Aiken, "Walter, H., 170. 170a (p). Akels, John, 419. Albers, 55, .56, 536 (P). Allison, Robert, 51, 88 (p). Allison, James, 391, 420 (p), 423. Allen, Diarca ITowe, 316. Allen, Isaac J, 63, 64. 85, 86 378. Allen, Marston Allyn, Robert, 498. Alms, Mrs. Fred. H., 477. "Alumnae," 499. Ambrose, Harry T., 559. American Company American The, 584 American College of 550. American Female College, 504. American Hebrew Congregations, 330 American Israelite, 330. , 21, (P). 389. Book 556, 558. Boy, Eclectic Ohio. American Health College, 397. American Pharma- ceutical Asso., 408 American Medical Asso., 506. American Medical. College Asso., 385. Andrew, M. P., 419, 527 (p), 568. Anderson, Charles, 49. Anderson, Larz, 237, 474. Anderson, W. L., 503 (p). Anderson Club, 115. Annuity and Aid Asso., 430, 561. A n n e X a tion of School and Vil- lage Districts, 18, 561. Apmeyer, Charles A., 409. A p p o intment of Teachers. 28. Appropriation for Deaf, 26. Appropriation for Cleveland Schools, 20. Appleton"s Private School. 539. Arbor Day, 23, 70. Armstrong, Mis.s L., 436. Armstrong's School for Girls, 545. Armory, 599. Arnold, Brent, 205 (p), 235, 237. Art Academy, 181, 185; Instructors, 186. Associations, Cin- cinnati Teachers, 434; Hamil ton County Teachers, 596; (Southwest- ern Ohio Teach- ers meet at Ham- ilton, O., twice a year, in October and April); Ohio State Teachers, 93; High School, 607; Cin'ti Male 1 Teachers, 4.35; In- terscholastic Ath- letic, 598; German Teachers, 593; First German As- sistants, 594; Ger- m a n Teachers' Relief, 595; Ma- thesis, 4,36; As- tronomical, 194. Assistant Superin- tendents, 57 303, 526, 527, 568, 572. Astronomical Asso., 184. Astronomical So- ciety, 206. Athletics, 598. Athenaeum, 442. Atkins, C. H. M., 391. Atlantic Exposi- tion, 179. Audubon, John J., 545. Audubon Society, 352, 353. Author's Grove, 69, 78. Avery, Judge, 445. Axby, William A., 606. Aydelotte, Dr. B. P., 152. B. Babin, Rev. J., 387. Baker, D. A. H., 506. Baily, Hezekiah B., 429 (p), 568. Bailey. Samuel, 53. Baldwin, Ward, 237; Bert, L., 391. Ball, Plamen. 456. Ball, Thomas C, 455. Ballman, Fred. H., 57. Band, LaFayette Bloom, C07. Baptist Theo. Sem- inary, 547. Bardes, Geo., 70b, (p.) Barney, H. H., 13, 15, 131, 123, 404. Barney, R. D., 130, 564. Bartletf, C. M., 401; College, 401. Barrett, Lucina, S., 172. Bartholomew, Geo. K., 432. Bartholomew, Clif- ton School, 431, 432 (p), 543. Bernard, Henry A., 62, 554. Battle Grove, 80. Baur, Clara, 371 (a former teacher in the City Schools.) Beach, Dr. Woos- ter, 379. Beecher, Lyman, 314, 316, 491. Bell, Charles W., 173. Bell, Alex. Gra- ham, 119. Bell, Andrew, 263. Belmont College, 378. Benedict, W. R., 443 (p), 570. Bequests, 534; (see Endowments). Berlitz Schools, 554. Bettman, B., 54, 333. Betty, Dr. E. S., 554. Bible, 442; Resolu- tion Against, 442; Discussion of, 443, 24; Suit Against, 445; Attorneys in Case, 445; Judges, 445 ; Reading Ceased, 446; Rule of 1842, 446; Rule of 1852, 446. Biekley, G. W. L., 381. Buchwalter, M. L., 237. Buchanan, Joseph R ^81 Buck,'' Dr. J. D., 510. Buckner, Dr. C. P., 455. Biggs, Thos. J., 140, 259, 314. Bishop J. Remsen, 108 (p) ,435, 4.36, 440. Bliss, B. P., 237, 385. Bloom, Lafayette, 269. 270 (p.), 607. Bloom, Simeon, 272a (p), (brother of Lafayette). Blow, Susan B., 586 "Black Brigade," 460. Bloyer, D. W. E., 382 Bolenbaugh, G. B., 64a (p). Board of Educa- tion, 25; Bill Days, 58; Committees, 57; Kindergartens, 590 ; Meeting Places, 26, 27, 38, 50, 59, 158 (p); Meeting Time, 26, 58; Members 37 to 59; Name Changed (Error Page 6), 30, 52; Organization, ' 27, 38, 58; pay- days, 58; Presi- dents of, 50; Ros- ter (present), 56; . Sketch of, 29. Board of Trustees and Visitors (page 6 error), 30 38, 409, 534. Board, Union of High Schools, 33, 108, 562. Bohlander, Miss, 440 Bode, August, 54, 273 (p), 309, 426, 570. Bodmann, Charles, 348. Bolger, E. D., 56. Bonar, Dr. J. I., 56. Boone, R. G., 56, 57, 97, 100 (p). Booth, Dr. E. R., 247, 248 (p), 249. Boyden, H. P., 54. Boyce, George W., 393. Boynton, Gen. H. V. N., 160. Boyer, Ida J., 437, 438, 439. Boss, Christian, 462. Bowers, James, 171. B o t anico Medical Col. of Ohio, 549. Braam, Maximilian, 419, 436, 519 (p), 554. Brader, H. H., 435. Braun, George F., 154 (p). Brandt, Jame-s M., 437 (p). Brown, Albert T., 300 (p). Brooks' Classical School. 539. Brooks, Charles J., 533 (p). Browne, Rev. Sam- uel J., 196. Brown, Mrs. M. Mc- Clellan, 493 (p), 591. Brown, Rev. Wm. K., 492 (p), 497, 499. Bromwell, Jacob H. (Cong ressman), 436. Bryant. William Cullen, 472. Bryan, Helen M., 595. Bryn Mawr, 497. 2 Bugbee, Lucius H., 498. Bundy, W. E., 292 (P). Buntln, H. J., 54, 431. Burnet, Robert W., 48. Burnet, A. E., 173. Burnet Woods park 190. Burnet, Margaret- ta, teacher of Bi- ology, Woodward, author of "Zoolo- gy for High Schools and Acad- emies" (1895), 440. Burns, Robert, 198. Burns, George W., 419, 426 (p), 431. Business Colleges, 397 to 401. Bushnell, A. S., 96. Butler, John, 406. Butler, Joseph C, 235. Butler's School, Miss, 510. C. Caldwell, John A., 20 (p), no, 237. Caldwell, John D., 33 (error), 367, 555; (died 1902). Campbell, John B., 397. Campbell, Amy R., 401. Campbell, Dr. Ehz- abeth, 436. Cameron, Dr. Otis L., 409. Carson Library, 197. Carnegie, Andrew, 488, 369. Carnegie Libraries, 369, 488 (p). Carnahan, G. A., 414, 435. Carthage, O., 498. Cary, Freeman G., 214, 373, 378. Cary Sisters' Home (Clovernook), 269. Carothers, George R., 248. Carnivals, 278. Cash, Denis F., 101, 111 ipi. Atty. Catholics, 444. Central School (High), 13, 126. Centennial Exposi- tion (Cin'ti,), 74. Certificates, 106. Chamber of Com- merce, 321. Chase, Salmon P., 42, 46, 455-6. Champlin, Howard, 171, 559 (p). Champion. R. E. (did not die in England. H i s brotlier, A. E., did), 391. Chester Park, 600. Children's Home, 116. Childs, Dr. A. L., 453. Chickering Insti- tute, 546. Chickering, J. B., 546 (p). Christmas, 560. Cholera, 258. Church, J. A., 298 (P), 474. Cilley, Jonathan L., 392. Cincinnati Acade- my, 539. Cincinnati Astrono- mical Society, 198. Cincinnati College Building, 251, 254, 260, 563 (p). Cincinnati College of Embalming, 523 Cincinnati Collegi- ate School, 385. Cincinnati College of Dental Sur- gery, founders, in- corporation, loca- tion, 392; picture, 394; faculty, 395; dean, 393 (p). Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery, faculty, i n c o r p oration, closed, 506. Cincinnati College of Pharmacy, in- corporation, 406, location. 408; dean, 408 (p) ; degrees, faculty, 409. Cincinnati Exposi- tions, 178, 388, 515. Cincinnati Flag, 606 Cincinnati Gas and Electric Co., 198. Cincinnati Kinder- garten Training School, 586, 587 (p.). C i n c i nnati Law School, 251, 260, 26l (p.), 460. Cincinnati Museum Association, 180. Cincinnati Method, 84. Cincinnati Medical College, 549. Cincinnati Parents' Association, 119. Cincinnati Society for the Promo- tion of Useful Knowledge, 184, 491, 545. Cincinnati School of Phonography, 401. Cincinnati S y m- phony Orchestra, 469, 476. Cincinnati Teach- ers' Association, o r ganized, 434; Discussions, 435; Presidents, 436. Cincinnati Veteri- nary College, 604. Cincinnati Wesley- an Female Col- lege, 491, 495 (p.), 496 (p.). Cist, Charles, 45, 47 Citizens' E d u c a- tional League, 591 City Infirmary, 554. City Hall, 158 (p.). Civil TVar, 19. 21, 157, 376, 496. Clark. J. H., 523. Clarke Library, 197 Clark, Peter H., 448, 450 (p.), 455, 457, 458, 459, 461. Clerks' Board of Education, 555. Clerks, University Board, 239, 413 (p.). Clerk, County Courts, 74, 57. Cleveland Schools, 20. Cleveland, Ohio, 467. Cleveland Harlan, 5.51, 264a (p.). Clement, A. B., 57, 607. Clifton School, 432 (p.); Resor Acad- emy, 555. Clerke, A. A., 418. Code, Municipal, 596 (Court decision, Nov., 1902, says 26 wards). Colburn, AY. F.,166, 453. Colton's Classical School, 130. "Colorado, The," 89. Columbian School, 302 (p.). Colter, Dr. L. S., 393, 395. Cons ervatory of Music. Cincinnati 371, 372 (p.). Cons ervatory of Music, Ohio, 535 (p.). Colo red Popula- tion, 447; Colored Schools (Peter H. Clark and L. D. Easton wrote most of this sketch) ; Schools in 1829, 447; Lead- ers, 456; Separate Board, 456; Teachers' Pay Refused, 456; Sep- a r a t e Superin- t e n d e n t, 457 ; Board Abolished, 457; Board Again in Control, 459; Voting for Color- ed Board, 457; Gaines' High School, 458; Gaines, John I., 447, 448 (p.), 457; Mobs, 449, 450, 4.52; Troubles of 451; Teachers Perse- cuted, 449, 451, 452; C i n i nnati High School, 453; Prominent Pu- pils, 455; Public Schools, 455; Trustees Elected, 456; President, 505; Clark, Peter H., 450 (p.), 460, 461. De Hart, A. J., 452 (p.); Massey, Stephen L., 457; Parham, W. H., 454 (p), 460; Doug- lass School, 460; S uperintendents, 457, 460. Collegiate School, Cincinnati, 385. College, Nelson's, 67, 397; Farmers', 87; of Obstetrics, Ohio, 550; Botan- ico. Medical, of Ohio, 549; Eclec- tic, of Medicine, .550; P h a r macy, 508, 406; Pulte,50S; Ohio Medical, 508. Miami Medical, 508; Vassar, 497; W e 1 lesley, 497; Smith, 497; Bryn Mavvr, 497; Veter- inary, Cincinnati, 604; of Journalism, 310; St. Xavier, 441 (p); of Teach- ers, 489, 493, 402; Bart lett's, 401; Traub's 401; Cin- cinnati Business, 544; of Embalm- ing, 523; Physio Eclectic Medical, 550; Hygeia Medi- cal, 550; Oxford, 504; Cincinnati, of Medicine and Surgery, .506; Cin- cinnati Medical, 549; P'e n n s y 1- vania, for Wo- men, 504; Cincin- nati, 531; Farm- ers', 374; Belmont, 378; Worthington, 379; Women Medi- cal, 382; Laura, 382; Cincinnati of Dental Surgery, 392; Miami Den- tal. 397; American Health, 397; Wal- ters, 399; Glen- dale, 504; Phvsio Medical, 549; Ohio Female, 544; Col- lege of Music, 3fi9 468; Origin, 470; Opened, 472; Pres- idents of, 472, 473, 156; Director, 472; Fire, 554; Odeon, 370, 474. 554; Ly- ceum, 371, 474, 554; Trustees of, 371, 474; Mana.gement, 474; Dean, 474, 370; W. P. Deppe. 513; I n c o rp oration, 369; Endowed, 369 371, 470, 474; Num- ber of Pupils, 371; Reuben Springer, 368 (p.), 369, 470; Geo. Ward Nich- ols, 472; J. G. Schmidlapp, 371, 474; Theodore Thomas, 470, 472; Frank Vander Stucken, 469 (p ) 473, 476; Peter Ru- dolph Neff, 472; J u 1 i us Fleisch- mann, 156 Cp.), 473; Wm. Howard Neff (died Sept. 17, 1902), 474; W. S. Sterling, 474 370 (p.): A. j: Gantvoort, 474. College Building, Fire, 260, 563 (p.). Comegys, Dr. C G., 50, 219 (p.), 506. Comegys Scholar- ship, 198. Commercial Club 249. ' Compulsory Educa- tion, 607. C o n s e rvatory of Music, Cincin- nati, Organized, 371; Picture, 372; Removal, 373. Contents, Table of, Conner, Judge, 445. Conner, Dr. P. S 228, 553 (p.), 506. ' Cook, Dr. Louis P 604, 605 (p.). Cooking, 153. I Cooper, James, 49 169 (p.). Cooper Female In- stitute, 541. Copy Books, 171. Corbin, Joseph C, 460. Cormany, Jacob E., 5 (p.), 53, 56, 57, 427. Cornish, Dr. Louis A., 505 (p.). Cost of Buildings, 323. Course of Study, 7. 10, 24, 60S. Covert, John, 504. Cox, J. D., 237, 356. Cox, Benj. H., 53, 547 (p.). Coy, E. W.. 80, 125 (p.), 132, 431, 607. Coys' Latin lies- sons, 134. Craig, Dr. J. D.. 387. Cross, Dr. F. G., 56 Culbertson, Dr J C, 55, 56. Cullen, Dr. C W 56. Cummingp. J p 431. Cunningham, Mrs., 500. Curtis, C. D.. 378. Cutter Street, 150. Cuvier Club, 351. D. Dabney, W. P., 503 (p.). Dale, John W., .50, 152. Danziger. Henry, 101, 285 (p.). Darby, Thomas H., 346, 473 (p.). Dauner, L. J., 57. Davis, Dr. Clark W., 50. Davenport, Cjtus, 84. Davis, Dr. W B , 50, 160. Davis, Wm. Henry, 413 (p.). Davis, S. S.. .53, 237. Dawson, Dr. W W., 237, 506. Day, Rev. George Edward, 316. Day, Timothv C. 464. Deaf, School for, 25, 113, 115. Deans, Miami Med- ical College, 338. Dearness, Fred W., 92 (p.), 419. Dearness, William, 406. De Beck, 52, 555, 558 Decoration Day, 560 Deckeback, George O., 54. DeCamp, Walter A., 235. Dehner, John P., 54, 410 (p.). De Hart, A. J., 452 (p.). Dennison Univer- sity, 548. Demcker S y s tem (drawing), 176. Deppe, W. P., 474, 513 (p.). Design on Cover, 606. De Vore, Miss R. J., 504. Dewey, Admiral (married sister of John R. McLean), 502. De Witt, John D., 339, 552 (p.). De W i t t, Rev. John, 316. Dickore, William, 606. Dickson, Wm. L., (Atty.), 460, ,544 (p.). Dienst, Edward, 544 Dill, Thomas M., 570. Disque, H. J., 561 (p.). Dodds' High School 540. Doerner, Celia, 570. Domestic Science, 153. Dornette and Shep- pard, 328. Douglass, Howard, 52. Dowling, Francis, 237. Drake, Dr. Daniel, 258, 259. Drawing, 174. Du Brul, Ernst F 391. Dubbs, Eugene L., 570. Dungan, Sarah D., 358. Dury, Chas. (lead- ing scientist), 350, 352. Dyer, F. B. rresign- ed July, i902, to become Dean of the State Normal School at Oxford, O.), 57. E. Early Schools, 2, 32 531. Early Chronicles, 525. Earnshaw, Jno. B., 319. Eclectic M e d i cal Institute, 379, 550. 380 (p.); Pounded, First Faculty, Char tered, 379; Co-E d ucational. 3S0. Eclectic M e d i cal Gleaner, -382. Eckel, Herman, 51. Eclectic D r a wing System, 178. Eden Park, 181. Educational Trusts 233. Ehrgott, Oscar J., 477, 478 (p.). Eichberg, Dr. Ju- lius H., 408 (p.), 409, 606. Eighth District, 30o (15.). Eight e e n t h Dis- trict, 427 (p.). Eisele's School, 541. Elliott, George K.. 597. Elliott, Dr. Charles 491. Ellis, Wade H., 112b (p.). Ellis, Frank R., 559 Ely, E. Antoinette, 432. Ely, Rev. J. H., .374 (p.), 378. Emerson, Ralph Waldo, SO. Emerson, Dudley, 37S. Emig, George, 54. Emigrant School, 290. Enquirer, 4.95. 496. Endowments, Uni- versity, 198. 200, Art Academy, 180, 181, 182, 184; Col- lege of Music, 470, 474; Technical School, 249; Y. M. C. A., 345; Wood- ward , 151; Com- mon Schools, 461, 462, 464, 5.34; King, 261 ; Public Li- brary, 369; Me- chanics' Institute .389: Natural His- tory Society, 348. Endowment Fund Association, 197. English and Classi- cal School, 385. Evans, C. H.. 418. Examiners, Board of, 101; Pay, 107. Examinations, An- nual, 27, 31. Examinat ions, City, 106. Examinat ions, Hamilton County, 596. Exhibits at Expo- sitions, 74, 76, 82, 173, 176, 177, 178, 179, 380. F. Facultv, Y. M. C. A. Law, 346. Fahrenbruck, Wm. 56. Fall Festivals, 468, 509. Falls, Dr. W. H., 53, 12a (p.). Farmers' College, 374. Fay, C. S.. 596, 578. Fechheimer, L. S., 115; Marcus, 196; H. S., 474. Falter, Dr. Harvev W., 379. Female Boarding School, 541. Fenwick Edward D., 442. Fennel, A., 408; Charles T. P., 407 (p.), 409. Feeney, T. L., 249. Perry, Francis, 52, 2.37, 607 (p.). Ferris, Howard, 342 (p.). Fesenbeck, Carrie, 113. Pick, H. H., 57, 176, 177, 526 (p.t, 572. Field Day, 2SS, 600. Filson, John, 4. Fire Engines, 9. First District School, 439 (p.). First Graduate U n i V e rsity, 241 (p.). Fisher, Col. S. S., 51, 59, 67. Fisher, Wm. Hub- bell, 350, 352b (p.), 353. Fisher, William G., .391. Fitzpatrick, Dr. T. v., 506. Flag, Cincinnati, 606. Fleischmann, Chas. 412. Fleischmann. Ju- lius, 156 (p.), 235, 436, 464, 474. Flinn, W. S., 114. Flowers M o n t a- ville, 357 (p.) Floral Parades, 465, 466. Floral Car r.iages 272b (p(, 466 (p.), 509 (p.). Fogel, Dr. Louis J., 34 (p.), 55. Foote, John P., 42, 47, 391. Ford's History of Cincinnati, 402. Fort Thomas, 502. Forbriger, Arthur, 176. Foraker, Joseph B., ex-Gov. of Ohio; at present United States Senator, S3 (p.). Founders' Day, 152. Fosdick, Philip D., 392. Fossett, Peter P., 460. Foster, E. H., 596. Fotheringay Castle 129. Franklin School, 566, 567 (p.). Freeman, Lewis, 367. Frev, Theodore A., 55, 56, 12b (p.). Prey, John, 53. Frieberg. Julius, 333. Preidlein, 55. 56. Puchs, Julius, 572. Fuel, 38. Pullerton, Kemper, 316. Gaines, John I., 447, 448 (p.); b. 547, d. 457, buried 457, business 458. mon- ument 458, resi- dence 158, son 45S, daughter, 458, speaker 458; exer- cised limited f r a n chise, 457; clerk, Colored B. of E., 457. Gaines High School, started 458, teachers, 459, ab o 1 i s h e d 459, Principals of, 4G0. G. Gallup, David, 151. Gallery of Fine Arts, 184'. Galtareath, R. H., 474. Gamble, Elizabeth, Deaconess Home, 496. Gamble. James N., 235 (resigned, Oct. 21, 1902), 497.. Gault, W. P.. 499 (p.). Gantvoort, A. J., 474. Garrard, Jeptha D., 40, 46. Garrard, Col. Jep- tha, 40. Garrison, Herod D. 381. Garfield School. 360 (p.). Geier, Fred A., 391 (misspelled). General Sketch of Schools, 3. Gensley, W. H., 396. Geppert, Dr. J. P., 398. German Language, 13, 31; in Normal, 304; Teachers Re- lief Association, 309; in High Schools, 301; Teachers, Asso- ciation, 308, 593; Introduced, 289 291, 292. Gest, J. H., 180, 606. Gilpin, Thomas, 391 Giauque, P 1 orien, 572. Hiram S., 571 (p.) Gilmore, 453. Girard, 216 "Gleam,' 112 Glendale 504 Glendale 64b (p.) Golden Stephen, The, 606, College, School, Rule of Confusius. 363. Golden Circle, Or- der of, 381. ' Good, W. Rankin, 585 (p.). Goodwin, Frank P 435, 436. Gooch's Female Seminary, 543, Gordon, R o b e r,t 460. Gordon, Harry L., 467 (p.), 468. Goshorn, Sir A. T., 161, 184 (only man in United States ever Knighted). Goss, Lenn W., .52, 59. Graduates of Nor- mal, 361. Graduates of Y. M. C. A., Law, 339, 341. Grades, 18, 19; Graded Schools.lO Graeser, Louis, 283, 289. Graham, Geo., 40, 46, 348. Graninger. Charles A., 534. Grautm a n, Wm., 54, 57, 555. Great Itan, 468. Grebner, C, 574. Greve, T. L. A., 408. Greenwood, Miles, 389, 391. Grimm, John, 55, 56 Griffiths, 54, 555. Grosbeck, W. S., 237. Grossman, Louis, 333, 396 (p.). Guilford, Nathan, 6, 12, 38, 40, 41, 59; Superintendent of Schools, 60, 61, 62, 63, 482 (p.). Gusweiler, Frank R., 501 (p.). Gymnasiums (High Schools), 2S5, 288. H. Haacke, Henry, 237 Haarmeyer, Harry J. (Newspaper- man), 275 (p.). Hadden, L. M., .54. Halstead, Mu rat, 311 (p.). 378. Hamilton County Teachers' Asso- ciation, 596; Ex- aminers', 596. Hamline, Rev. L. L., 494. Hamilton, John R., 319. H a n c o c k. Prof. Harris. 230a (p.). Hancock, John, 22, 52, 65, 67, 404, 484, (p.). Handy Opera House 365. flannaford, Samuel 317, 318 (p.), 476. Hannaford, H. E., 391. Hanna, Henry, 192, 217 (p.). Harding, Lyman, 21, 50, 51, 65, 66 (p.). Harding, Edward C, 65. Harding Female Seminary, 540. Harper, J. C. (At- torney), 55, 118 (p.), 250, 554. Harper, Geo. W., 144, 145 (p.), 157, 186, 431, 4.36, 506. Harlan, Robert, 460 Harvey, Thomas W (the Gram- marian), 553. Harris, Dr. W. T., 586. Harrison, Benja- min, 378. Harrison's Tomb, 269. Harrison, William Henry, 242. 6 Harte, George P.., 392. Hartzell, W^. F., 54, 56, 596 (p.). Hauck, H. G., 17 (p.), 56 (resigned Aug. 11, 1902, suc- ceeded by John G. Schroth). Hauer, John S., 436, 593 (p.). Hauser, John, 178. Hayes, Lucy Webb, 500. Hays, George W., 507 (p.). Haywood, Mrs. Francis Rolph, 355 (p.). Haywood's School of Elocution, 354. Hebrew Union Col- lege, 329, 331 (p.) Hefner, Edward, 409, 445 (p.). lieizer, John A., 322, 436, 509, 592 (P.). Heintz, M. G., 14 (p.), 56. Hentz, Mrs. 543. Herholz, A., 286, 590 (p.). Herald and Presby- ter, 504. Herrmann, August, 54, 94 (p.), (Presi- dent Waterworks Trustees). Herron, John W., 50. Herron, Joseph, 50. Herron's Seminary, 539. Herrlinger, Andrew L., 54. Heywood, John C, 79 (p.). Hickenlooper, An- drew, 141, 161, 464, 554 (Pre s i d e n t Cincinnati Gas & Electric C o m - pany). High School, Wal- nut Hills, 107; Hughes, 122; Woodw a r d, 135; Central, 126, 130; Cincinnati, The, 453; Papers, 606; Gaines, 453; Es- tablished, 126, 128; Attendance, 130, 135. Highlands, J. S., 418, 419. Hill, Benj. L., 381. Hiller, Carl, 606. Hinkle, Anthony, 556. Hinkle, A. Howard, 237, 412, 476, 559. Hinkle, Thornton M., 251, 260 (1).), 445. History of the Schools of Cincin- nati, 47. 402. 405, 531. H i st o r i c a 1 and Philosophical So- ciety. 198, 201. Hoarlly, George, 237, 445. Hodges, W. D. C, 366 (p.), 367. Hoffman, Fred'k. L., 480 (p.). Hoffman S c h o ol, 322 (p.). Hoffman School Carriage, 509 (p.). Hoffheimer, Harry M.. 529 (p.). Hagens, Judge. 445. Hollister, George, 237. Holmes, Mrs. C. R. 477 Holmes, Dr. C. R., 115. Holidays, 560. Holder, Fred M., 57. Hooper, William, 45, 237. Hoppe, Dr. H. H., 480. Hopkins, W. A., 54, 524 (p.), -554. Horace Mann School, 329. Horton, John, 50. Horstman, Theo- dore, 53. Hosea, L. M., 490 (p.). House of Refuge, 419, 421 (p.); Offi- ces, 425, 598. Howard, Geo. A., 559. Howard Univer- sity, 455. Hovt, John W., 381. Hubbell, John M.. 391. "Hughes, Old," 606. Hughes, Thomas, 122. Hughes, ^Will,' 122. Hughes" Monument 122, 561. Hughes, Building Added to. 129. Hughes, Alumni, 122. Hughes Fund, 124, 126. Hughes, Pictures (Old), 127; new, 557 Hull, Carrie C, 153. Hunt, Charles J., Corporation Counsel, 47 (p.). Hunt, Col. C. B., .. 502. Hunt, Judge Sam- uel F., 237, 256 (p.). Uurlbut, W. F., 52, 555. JTvde Park School, 328. Hygeia Medical College, 550. Hyndman, Dr. Jas. G., 226 (p.). 1 n g a 1 1 s, M. E., President B i g Four R.R., 182, 183 (p.), 238, 247. Indigent Book Fund. 27i). Institutions now closed, 539. Institute, McDon- ald Educational, 551. Institute, Western Female, 543. Institute, Ohio Me- chanics, 50. Institute, Systems of, 92, 104. Institute of Science and Languages, 540. Institute, Physio Medical, 550. Institute, Western Academic, 402. Institute, Hamilton County (yearly"), 596. Institute, C i n cin- nati Teachers' (formerly held first four days in school year, now held at inter- vals). Intiermediate Schools Started, 16. I n t e r s c h olastic Athletic Associa- tion, 598. Intro d u c t i o n of German, 289, 291, 292. Island Queen, 267 I-Tan-Nic-Nics, 251 468. J- Jackson, Geo. H., 540 (p.), 460. James, Francis B. (Atty.), 131 (p.), 284, 285, 392. Jeancon, J. A., 382. J. Johnson, Harry S., 58 (p.). Johnson, A. B. Ex- State Examiner, 63 (p.)., 419. Johnson, Francis W., 456a (p.). Jones, Frank J., 193 (p.), 196. Jones, Rankin D., (Atty.), 211 (p.), 464. Jones, Jennie H., 437. Jones, Arthur O., 425. Jordan, Clara B., 436, 462, 574. Journal, Natural Historical Socle-, ty, 348. Judkins, Dr. David, 50. Junkermann, G. F., 166, 167 (p.). Junkerman, Dr. G. S., 392, 393 (p.). 395. K. Kaefer, Wm, 520 (p.). K a ff e e, Klatsch, 595. Keck, Lee R., 54. Keefe, B. M., 606. Keller, L. E., 55, 56. Kellogg, C. H., 244. Kemper, Caleb, 187 Kemper, And r e w C, 161. Kemper, Rev. Jas., 314. Kemper, James B., 162 (p.). Kemper, Elnathan, 314 Kidd, John, 254, 534. Kilgour, John, 19S. 254, 209, $21,000, should be .$11,000). King, John, 381. King Bequest, 261. King, Edward, 260. King, Rufus, 49, 2.36 (p.), 411, 445. King's Church, 447. Kinnont, Alexan- der, 489. Kinmont Academy, 543. Kinder g a r t e n s, English, 586; law, 587; Directory of, 589, .591; Officers, 589; German, 590; Officers, 591; In- corporators, 590. Klein, Henry, 57. Klein, Wm. (Atty.), 56, 324 (p.), (K. of P. uniform). Klemm, Dr. L. R., 249. Ki-iell, Andrew, 359. Knowlton, Cyrus, 132, 302, 404. Knost, Herman (Ins. Agt.), 54, 290 (p.). Knox, Janet, 440. Know Nothing's, 300. Kolb, Dr. G. C, 550. Kuhn, Oscar W., 55, 232 (p.), 235, 238. L. Labor Day, 560. Langdon, Ellam P., 42, 410. Tj a n g d o n, Dr. Frank W., 352 (p.), 347. Lathrop, Carrie W., .356. 359, 440. Lathrop, Delia A., 22, 35S. Lane Seminary, 196, 312, 313 (p.), 449. Lancaster, Joseph, 253, 263. Lancaster Insti- tute, 52S. Lancaster- Semi nary, 252. Lancaster Svstem, 263. Lawson, Dr. D. S., 506. La Fayette, 46. Laidlow, Walter, 391. Lane, Ebenezer, 3l3. Langston, Jno. M., 455. Laura Memorial Women's Medical College, 3S2; loca- tion, 384 (p.); en- dowed, 383, 384. Law for German, 289 ; Department University, 261; Building, 262, 264 (p.); for Physical Culture, 287; for Medical College of Ohio, 227; for Kinde r g a rtens, 587. I.iaw School, Cin- cinnati, 251, 260, 264 (p.), 460. Laycock, John H., 12b (p.). Leslie, Dr. James, 391. Leue, Adolph, 409. Leuthstrom, Wm., 555. Levi, Reuben, 554. Levy, Harry M., 462, 474. Lewis , Samuel J., 505 (p.). Lewis, Dr. W. E., 508. Lewis, Samuel, 6, 132. Lieutenant Gover- nor of Ohio, 11, 467, 468. Lincoln School, 328 (p.). Lindahl, Josua, 483 (p.), 574. Littleford's School, 401. Lloyd, John Uri, 382, 575. Lloyd Library, 608. Lock, John, 387. Locke's Female Academy, 541. Logan, Samuel T., 438 (p.), 440. L'Hommedieu, S. S., 42, 532. Long, C. C, 30 (p.). 436. 440, 575. Longworth, Jos., 180, 194. Longworth, Nicho- 56, 474, li; las, (P). Losantiville, 4. liowe, J. S., 378. Liberia, 222, 448. Librarians, PubUc, 367. Librariesj, Public, 33, 365; School, 33, 489, 409; Appren- tices, 410; Clarke, 197; Carson, 197; Norton, 197. Lilienthal, S., 194. Lilienthal, Max, 51, 238, 332. Lucas, Gov., 481. Luhn, J. William, 207 (p.), 208, 235. Lyceum, 371. Lyle, B. P., 56, 57. Lyons, E. D.. 1-33. M. Maddux, Berton J.. 577. Magurk, Mary E., 440. "Maine," The. 502. Mall on, Guy, 26 (p.). Mallon, Patrick, 238. Malsbarv, Charles F., 424 (p.), 577. Mann, .1 e n n i e O'Keefe, 364 (p.^. Mannheimer, Jen- nie, 471 (p.), 480. Mansfield, E. D.. 44, 263. Manual Training, G08. Marvin, Dr. S. B., 56, 515 (p.). Mary, Queen of Scots, 129. Marcus, Dr. .Joseph C, 56, 12a (p.). Martineau, Har- riet, 530. Martin, O. W., -392 (prepared the sketchesiof teach- ers' associations from which the abstracts for this book are taken). Martin, Isaac M., 402 (p.). Manager of Chester Park. Marks, Louis D., 464. March, P. G., .391. Markbreit, Col. L., 474, 475 (p.). Massey, Stephen L., 457. Mathesis, 436; ob- jects, 437; Offl- cers, 438; Discus- sions, iVj; Presi- dents, 440. Matthews. Alex, 55, 56. Matthews, Tho. E., 54. Matthews, Thos., 42, 136, 138, 152. Matthews, Charles E., 140. Matthews, Stanley, 163. 445, 506. Matthews. C. B., 474. Matthews, Alexan- der, 55, 56, 423 (p.). Mattoon, Charles N., 378. May Festivals, 470. Mayor of Cincin- nati, 156. McAlpin, Wm., '238. McClung, D. W., 425. McClure, H. B., 151 (p.), 574, 577. McCammon, John, 317. McCallister, Wm., 41 (p.), 55. McCarthy, Jno. F., 54. McCormick, E. O., no. McDonald. Alexan- der, 340, 343 (p.), .383, 552. McDonald, Educa- tional, Institute 551. McFarlan, Frank G., 240, 241 (p.), (first graduate of the LTuniversity of Cincinnati). McGowan,, Mary 440. McGiffert, Arthur C. 316. McGuffey, Alex., 238. McGuffey, Wm. H., 25!), 140, 493. McGuffey Readers, 24, 446. McKenzie, J. H., 37S. Mclvee's Academy. 541. McKinley, Wm.. 465 (error. Th President was shot Friday, Seo- tember 6), 500. 585. Mcljaughlin, James \y., 320 (p.), 329. McLean, John R., 464. McLean, Thomas (Squire), 50. McLean, Sarah Belle, 451. Mcliean, Dr. W. T., 392, 393, 395. McLeish, Dr. John Lewin, 197 (p.), 584. McMicken, Ch.arles, Life, 210 to 224; Born, 210; school- ing, 210; Leaving Home, 211; In Cincinnati, 211; In New Orleans, 211; In Bayou Sa- ra, 212; Business, 212; Homestead, 212 to 215; Picture, 213, 232; Will, 214; Legal Contest, 216; Relatives, 216; Death, 218; Bur- ial. 220; Monu- ment, 220; Reli- gion, 220; Habits, 222; Ohio in Ll- .beria, 222; Gift to Farmer's College, 223; Oil Portrait of, 232; Romance, 223; Personal De- scription, 223; Dis- inherited, 224. McMicken, John, 448. McMicken School of Design, 233. Meade, Dr. Edwin, 506. Meader, Joseph F., 403 (p.). Meader, Daniel F.. 44. Meagher, John A.. 606. Medals Mathemat- ical, Ray Sinton, General Scholar- shiD. 461; Taft, 461; "Unknown," 462 ; Jordan, 462 ; A 1 u m n al , 462; James F. B., 462; E. Cort. Will- iams, 462; Ger- man, 462. Medical College of Ohio, 224, 225 (p.). Medical University of Ohio, 550. Melindys, The, 122. Melish, Thomas J., 51. Meltzer, Aug., 55, 56. Memory Gems, 23, 70, 83. Mielziners, Moses, 332, 333. Muenzenmeier, G., 391. Merrill, Joseph, 60, 62, 482 (p.). Merrill, Chester W., 52, 367. Miami Dental Col- lege, 397. Miami Medical Col- lege, 334, 337 (p.). Michie, Peter S., 1.5&, 461. Michigan State Normal, 99. Mickleborotigh, J., 70, 359. Miller, Charles A., 53, 417 (p.). Miller, Charles M., 580. Miller, H. Thane, 50, 565 (p.); Died, 566. Miller, H., Thane School, .561 (p.). Miller, Samuel A., 52, 443. Military Company, 67. Millikin, Dr. Dan, 430. 440. Minor, Dr. T. C, 238. Minor, John D., 445. Minning, Arthur C, 573 (p.). 578. Mithoefer, H. H., 54, 75 (p.). Mitchell, O. M., 20S. 210, 258, 540. Mitchell John G., 460. Mitchell, J. L.., 398. Mitchell, Dr. Giles S., 531 (p.). Moch, M. E., 262 (p.). Model Fram, 376. Moerlein, Chris- tian, 197. Moffatt, J. W., 56. Molitor, Stephen, 46. Monfort, J. G., .504, 506. Monfort, E. R , 55, 105 (p.), (Post- master Cincin- nati). Moore, David H., 498. Morris, George H., 57. Morris, Edward D., 315. Morris, R. Froome, 529 (p.). Morrow, Thomas v., 379, 381. Morton, Oliver, 263. Morgan, Robert J., 53. Morgan, Wm. H. 3, 53, 54, 56> 95, 2S, 29, 159, 315 (p.), 238, 411, 418, 430, 554. Morgan School, 329. Mosby, John B., 238. Moses, Joseph, .359 (P-). JMt. Adams, 206, 210, School, 595 (p.). Mt. Auburn Young Ladies' Institute, 564. Mullikin, Kather- ine Clark, 5W. Municipal Code, 596 (court deci- sion Nov., 1902, says 26 wards) . .Murdoch Building 126. Music Hall, 474; Completed, 470; Dedicated, 470; and College of Music Separate Corporations, 476; cost, 476; Of Or- gan, 476; Archi- tect of, 476; Re- modeling Hall, 476; Cost of Or- gan, 476; Fire, 554; Organ Asso- ciation, 476. Music, 166. Mussey, Dr. W. H., 53. Myers, Prof. P. V. N.. 221 (p.), 378. 430, 578. N. National Universi- ty, 381. National Educa- tional Associa- tion. 93, 177, 269, 518, 598. National Educa- tional Bureau, 94. Natural History Society, 347, 34J (p.), 545. National Counsel of Education, 93. Neff, William, 41. Neff, Wm. How- ard, 474 (died 1902). Neff. Peter Ru- dolph, '472. Nelson, Henry A., 316. Nelson's Business College, 67, 397. Nelson, Richard, 397, 398. Nelson, Richard J., 398 (p.). Nelson, Ella. 398. Neurological So- ciety, 480. New Orleans Ex- position, 178. New Years Day, 560. Nichols, George Ward, 472. Niederhelman,, P. E. (Atty.), 287 (p.). Night High School, 233, 278. Night Schools, 24, 269, 276. Night Law School, Y. M. C. A.. 339. Nightengale, Flor- ence, 494. Nippert, Carl L., 11 (p.), 57, 309, 467, 468. Noble, Thomas S., 233. Norton Library, 197. North American Saengerfest, 468. Normal Graduates Favored. 361. Normal School C o mmission (State), 583. Normal School, 21; Started, 356; Abol- ished, 361. Nourse, Miss, 544. O. Oberlin, 449 451, 453. O'Brien, John, 115. O ' Bryonville School, 329. Observatory, 206, 209 (p.); Corner- sone Laid, 208; Cost, 208; Direc- tors, 210; Endow- ments, 207; loca- tion, Mt. Adams, 206; Mt. Lookout, 207; Organized, 208; Telescope Old, New, 288 (In 1902 it was deci- ded to remove the old telescope to Burnet Woods. Ochiltree, R. M., 340 (p.). O'Connell, John G , 56. Odd Fellows Tem- ple, 398, 429. Odeon, 371, 554. O'Donnell, C. J., 419. Officers Natural History Society, ty, 349. O'Hara, Joseph W. (Atty.), 23 (p.), .55. Ohio Military Insti- tute, 373, 377 (p.), 376 (p.), Z78. 578, 579; Carv Free- man G., 373, 378; Cary, Samuel F., Name, 378; Do- main. 375; Endow- ed, 223, 375; Far- mer's College, 374; Head Master, 375 (p.); Regent, 374 (p.), 378: Start- ed, 373; Students, 374; Prominent 378. Ohio Mechanics Institute, 50, 387, 388 (p.), 391. 425; Ball, 389; Corner- stone, 389; Fire Tower, .391 ; In- corporated, 387; Library, 391; Lo- cations. 388; Pur- pose, 389; Rebuilt, 389; Studies, 389; Students, 389; Su- perintendents, 390, 391. Note.— It was A. B. Champion who died in London. He was a brother of R. E. Champion. This mistake was made by the editor, not by Mr. Shear- er. The last line should read Fred A. Geier. Ohio College of Dental Surgery, 228, 230 (p.); Affil- iated with Uni versify, 230. Ohio Conservatory of Music, ,534, 535 (p.). Ohio College of Ob- stetrics, 550. Ohio National Guards, 502. Ohio in Africa, 448. Ohio Female Col- lege, 504. Ohio Medical Col- lege. 225. Ohio University (Athens), 292, .392, 406. Ohio Teachers' Reading Circle, 358, 553. Ohio State Teach- ers' Association, 553. Ohio Teachers' As- sociation, 93, 269. Ohio Valley Cen- tennial Exposi- tion (1888), 179. "Old Woodward," 138; Memorial, 152; Club, 142. Oliver, Dr. J. C., 335 (p.). O'Neil, W. J. (Ins. Agt.), 52, 59, 98. Opening Day of Schools, 554. Opposition to Pub- lic Schools, 7. Opposition to Ger- man, 293. "Oracle" The, 606. Orchard Street, 140. Orchestra Symph- ony, 469, 476. Order of Cincin- natus, 247, 251. Orthoepy, 75. Osborn, Virginia A., 115. Ottenheimer, Ja- cob, 554. "Our Companion," 423. Outings, 266, 430. Outcalt, Peter, 506. Ovler, George W., 61 (p.), 419. Parker, Col. Fran- cis W., 430. Parker, Joseph J., 55, 56, 569 (p.). Parry. Emma Louise, 579. Parham, W. H., 454 (p.), 457. Parochial Schools, 444, 468. Paris Pedagogical Museum, 178. Peaslee's P'arewell, S3. Peaslee, John B., 23, 43 (p.), 52, 60, 68 to 84, 239, 275. 305, 418, 435, 460. Peaslee. Mrs. Jno. B., 74. 10 Peck, H. D., 239. Pedagogical Muse- um, Paris, 512. Peebles, Mrs. Ed- win C, 65. Pekin, 500. Penmanship, 171. Pensions, 559; Law, 28, 430. Pendleton, Elliott H., 235. Perkins, Joseph H., 455. Peter's Gallery, 185. Pflueger, Theo- dore, 149 (p.). Pharmacy, College of, 408. Phelps. A. v., 393. Phillips, Richard C, 498 (p.). Philipson, David, 329, 333 (p.). Physio - Eclectic Medical College, 550. Physio Medical In- stitute, 550. Phj'sio Medical College, 549. Physical Culture, 282. Pickets' School, 542. Picket, Albert, 489, 44. Picket, John W., 403. P i k e's Opera House, 279. Pinchback, P. B. S., 455. Pinneo, Timothy S. (the grammar- ian), 152. Pitm.an, Benn, 352a CP.). Population, 12. Poole, W. F., .367. Poor, Erastus, 41. Poor, N. Peabody, 367. Porter, Jermain G., 210, 579. Porter. C. H., 4.36. Potter, L. D., 504. Potter, S. S., 504. Powell, James, 142,' 147 (p.). Powell, William B., 381. Presbyterian Hos- pital, 382. Preparatory School for Boys, 539. President McKin- ley, was shot Friday, Sept. 6. (Error on p. 465. ) Presidents, Board of Education, 59: Natural History Socie^tv. 350; Uni- versity, 203; Ohio Mechanics Insti- tute, 391; Wesley- an College, 497; Principals' Ass- c i a t i o n, 418; Mathesis, 440: Cincinnati Teach- ers' Association, 436; High School Association, 607. P r i n c ipals, IS; Principals' Asso- ciation, 414, 419, 553, 418. Prichard, Edward H., 159. 279 (p.), 414, 419. Prizes, 464, 461; Or- a t o r i c a 1, 437; Cash. 287: Books, 409; Tickets, 464; Athletics, 600, 601. Procession (of 1833), 7, 465, 502. 560. Procter, W. A., 239, 197. Protestant Univer- sity of the United States, 549. Professors Hebrew Union College, 333. Prussian Educa- tion, 484. Public Library, 33, 365, 489. Public School Jour- nal, 405, 406. Pulte Medical Col- lege, 508, 540. Pulte, Dr. .loseph, 508. Pupils Promotion, Honor, 27; Pupils Studying German, 306. Purcell, J. B.. 442, 440. Q. Quill Pens, 171. R. "Ragtime," 465. Raine, Fred, 53. Rainey, Thomas, 404. Ralph, Dr. John, 356. Ramsey, Wm. M., 445. Raschig. H. H., 267. 418, 559. Ravogli, Dr. A., 475 (p.), 580. Ray, Dr. Joseph, 15, 45, 46, 136, 142, 297, 435 (p.), 405. Ray, Daniel G., 461. 11 Arithmetics, Dr. Victor. Rays 24. Kay, 144. Rcamy, Dr. Thad. A., 235, 506. Reed, Dr. C. A. L., 234 (p.), 506. Reformed Medical School of Cincin- nati, of Ohio, of New York. 379. Refuge, House of, 419, 421 (p.). Rehm, Ernst, 5'J (p.), 54. Remley, Jacob A., 53. Remley, W. H., 308. 415 (p.), 419. Renner, Otto J., Atty.,]()l.lO;i p. ,.")S0. Renner, Philip, 55. Rennick. Susan, 410. Rendigs, J. H., 53. Rendigs, William, 8 (p.-), 54, 110. Report, Cal\-in E. Stowe's, 482. Resor Academy, 555. Resor, I. Burnet, 474. Resolutions of Gen- eral Assembly, 481. Resolutions Bible, 444. Rethman, George, 55, 56, 582 (p.). Rickoff, A. J., 14, 13. 63, 65, 484 (p.), 579. Rickoff's School, 540. Riding Club, 608. Riggs, Alexander, 316. Riverside School, 281 (p.). Robinson, W. L., 247. Robinson. James M., 54, 56, 235. Rogers, John C. (Atty.), 294 (p.). Rogers, "William P., 551, 264b (p.). Rolker, Dr. Fred- erick, 44. Roosevelt , Theo- dore, 502. Rosa, »torm. 381. Rothe, Ella, 440. Rothenberg, T.,ouis, 45 (p.). Rowe, J. W., 396. Royse, Noble K., 418. Ruehrwein, Wm. (Supt. City Work- house), 54, 326 (p.). Rules of School, 39. Rulison, Hiram, iU (p.), 54. Runyan, D. I^., 267, 462 (p.), 553. Russell. Dr. L. E 382. Rust, Richard S., 498. Rust, Richard H., 499. Ryland's School, 545. Saengerfest, 468; objections to, 470. Sadler, L. L., 54, ]20 (p.). Sage, Geo. R., 445. Sage, Rev. O. N . 548. Salary, Superin- t e n d e n t s, 102 ; Teachers, 63 (principals now, dist. school, $1,900; I n t e r m ediate, *2,100; High School, $2,600). Sands, A. C, 53. Sands, George F., 436, 516 (p.), .581. Sanders, Alan., 164 (p.), 580. Sargent, Edw., 55G. Sargent, Wilson & Hinkle, 558. Sattler, Alma, 479. Sattler, Dr. Robt., 115. Sawyer, Louis B., (Atty.j, 529 (p.). Sayler, J. R., 244, 254 (p.). Schiff, Charles, 249. Scheidemantle, J. B., 419, 159. Schulverein. 590. Schwaab. John, 25 55, 57, 289, 322, 591. Schmidlapp (Build- ing), 184; J. G 239, 474. Schaff, David S., 316. School Life, 267, 405 406. School Libraries, 33, 409, 411; Juven- ile, 410; Appren- tices, 410; A. Howard Hinkle. 412; Chas. Fleisch- ■ mann, 412; Chris- tian Moerlein, 412; Hughes, Wood- ward, 414; of De- sign, 180, 1.85; of Expression, 480, 471. School Journals, 401 to 406. School Laws, 6, SO, 32, 33, 34, 62, 596. School Architect- ure, 317. (School at County • Intirmary teacher must have a county certificate. Schools of Cincin- nati, 47, 405, 406; Early, 525; Paro- chial, 444; Colored, 447; 1st 6; Opposi- tion to, 7; Exam- iners of, 6; Re- ports, 7; Interme- diate, 16; Superin- tendents, 102; Gra- ded, 10; Laws, 6, 30, 32, 33, 34, 62, 596; Attendance, 6, 7, 9, 13, 17, IS, 38; Levy, 20; Cleveland, 20; Night, 24, 269; Deaf, 25, 113; Sign, 113; Oral, 115; Y. M. C. A., .339, 551; Rules, 39. Schiel, Louis M., 419, 440. Scudder, Dr. J. M. 51, 381. Scudder, Dr. John K., 381 (p.). Seasongood, Laura, 196; Lewis, 197. Semi - centennial High Schools, 128. Seminary, Baptist Theo., 547; Cin- cinnati Theo., 547; Cincinnati P"e- male, 540, 541; Cin- cinnati Adelphi. 539; Gooch's, 543; Lloyd's, 541; Her- ron's, 539; Hard- ings, 540. Senior, Edw., 235, 386 (p.). Shay, Thos. F., 53, 562 (p.). Atty. Shepardson, Dan- iel, 144. Sherman Sthool, 306 (p.). Sherman School Carriage, 272b (p.). Shearer, John L., 390 (p.). Sherwood, James E.. 64, 414, 418, 425, 486 (p.), 562, 580. Shillito Co. (The John), 466, 474. Shillito Mansion, 373. Shotwell, John B., 405 (p.), 406, 581, title page, pref- ace. Shotwell, Dr. John T., 226. 12 Shuff, John L. 14i (p.), 467. Siewers, Dr. Sarah M., 36 (p.). Siling, Wilmer L., 375 (p.), 378. Sinton, David, ISl, 197, 345 (p.), 552. Sixteenth District School, 39 (p.). Slack, Dr. Elijah, 254, 490. Slate Work, 23, 73 (p.). Smedes, Jno. M., 55 (p.). Smith, Jr., Amor, 148, 239, 19fib (p.). Smith College, 497. Smith, M. W., 129 (p.), 581; J. H. Chas., 15 (p.); Rev. J. B., 378; Henry Goodwin, 315; Dr. H. A., 229 (p.); Henry Pre- served, 316; Judge Samuel W., 578 (p.). Smith & Co. (W. B.), 403, 556. Sparks, Chas. S., 362 (p.). Spaeth, Phil. D., 56. Spanish Taught, 561. S p anish-American War, 500. Spelling Exercise, 77 (p.). Spencer, Dr. J. R., 602 (p.). Spencer House, 48, 586. Spencer O. M.. 38, 48, 447, 506. Spiegel, Judge Fred S., 53, 305, 412 (p.), .554. Sproull, Prof. W. O., 223 (p.), 431. Springer, Reuben, 180, 368 (p.), 369; Death, 470; En- dowment, 470, 474; Stallo, E. K.. 239. Stallo, J. B., 239, 381, 445. Stallo, Laura Mc- Donald, 383. State School Com- missioner, 15, 67, 91, 131, 411, 460. Stanwood, J. B., 249. Starbuck, Alexan- der, 351. Stammel, Dr. Chas. A., 56. Statistics Public Schools, 522, 523. Stephens, Chas. H. Atty.), 52, 542 (p.). Stevenson, Frank W., 238 (p.). Steadman, A. H., 174. Stevenson, Robert G. (clerk), 54, 555. Stephenson, Nath- aniel, 581. Stewart, Dr. Thoh. M., 510. Stewart, Jas., 378. Stewart, Dr. Robt. W., 564. Sterling, W. S., 473, 474, 370 (p.). Stone, George N., 521. Stowe, Harriett Beecher, 543. Stowe. Calvin E., 316, 481. Storer, Bellamy, 46. 239, 445. Struble, Stanley, 5.55 (p.). Strunk, Wni., 52, 239, 70a (p.). Straehley, John, 53. Strickland, W. S., 283 (p.), 306, 436, 435. St. John's College, 540. St. Xavier College, 441, 442. Sullivan, Christine G., 97, 174, 279, 425, 435, 137, 439, 440, 510, 511 (o.^; Work. 512; Death, 518; Bust, 518. Superintendents of Schools, Table, 102; N. Guilford, 61; Joseph Mer- rill, 62; A. J. Rickoff, 63; lay- man Harding, 65; John Hancock, 65; John B. Peaslee, 68; Isaac .T. Allen, 85; .Dr. E. E. White, 89; W. H. Morgan, 95: R. G. Boone, 97. Superintendents of Buildings, 57; of Drawing, 174-177, and 511; of Music, 170; of Penman- ship, 171-174; of Physical Culture, 282-288; of Colored Schools, 450, 457. S u p p 1 e m entary Readers, 414. Surdo, .Toseoh, 576 (.p.), 582. Swain, Charles li., 575 (p.), 584. Swift, Dr. Edwin B., 397. Swing, F. E., 569 (p.). Sykes, G. S.. 235, 566. "Symmes Hole," 46. Symmes, Peyton S., 41, 46. 47. Symmes, John Cleves, 530. Symphony Orches- tra. 469, 476. Symphony Di'-eet- r.rs, 477. Table, W o m e n's "Vote, 35; Superin- tendents', 102; B. of E., Presidents. 59. Tackenberg, Chas.. 582. Taft, Alphonso, 199 (p.), 237, 445; Mrs. A 1 p h o n so, 586; Wm. H., 258 (p.); Chas. P., 277 (p.). Tafel, Gustav, 52. 239. Talmund Institute, 575. Tatem, H. H., 464. Tate, Dr. John H., 506. Teachers, Number, 9, 10, 12, 13, 18, 38; Salaries, 10, 19, 37. 63; Tenure, 28; Appointment, 28. T e a c h e r s' Rifle Club, 67. Teachers' Aid and Annuity Associa- tion, 561. Teachers' Club, 425; Meetings, 128, 429; B a n q u e ts, 430; Presidents, 431. Technical School, 247. Telephone, .500, 521. Tenth District School, 522 (p.). Text Books, S. Thanksgiving Day, 560. Thalheimer, W. B., 559. ■ Theory and Prac- tice. 92. Theological Semi- nary, Cincinnati, 547. Thirtieth District, School, 81 (p.). Thornton, Jos eph L,., 132. Thorner, Dr. Max, 436, 506. Thomas, Theodore, 472. Thomas, Port, 266, 269, 502, Thomas, A. S., 461. 13 Thorns, Phoebe E., 582. Thoms, Mat thew H., 196a (p.). Toelke, Josejih H., 19 (p.), 56. T o 1 1 i V e r. Re v. Philip. 455. "Transac t i o n s," 489. Traub's B u s i ness College, 401. Tree Planting, 23. Trollope's Bazaar, 388-9 Trolley Rides, 269. Trisler, Earl C, 517 (p.). Trisler, John R., 589 (p.). Trisler, J. L., 596. Trotter, Monroe, 455 Trustees and Visi- tors, 30 (.on page 6 is an error in date, it should be 1868), -447. Truant Officer, 57, 607. Trustees, Art Academy, 186. Tuckerman, Jacob, 373. Turrell, I.saac H., 160 (p.), 5S3. Turrill. M. S., 444 (p.), 582. Turners, 286. Twenty-eighth Dis- trict, 308 (p.). Twenty-second Dis- trict, 245 (p.). Twenty-third Dis- trict, 538 (p.). Twenty-s e v e n t h District, 271 (p.). Twitchell, Henry 210. Underbill. Dr. J. W,. 53, 59. Union Board of High Schools, 33, 126, 461, 562. University of Chi- cago, 432. University, How- ard, 505. University, Protes- tant, of the U. S., 549. University. M e d i- cal, of Ohio. 550. University, Cincin- nati (Old), 5.32. University of Cin- cinnati, Adver- tisement, 240 ; Athletics, 601 ; Ayers, Howard, 200, 203 (p.); Bur- net Woods, in. 190; Board of To- day, 235; Board, 235, 596; Meeting Places, 239; Bene- factors, 1.94, 198; Building, Burnet Woods, 189 (p.); Change of Name, 218; Chairmen of, 237; Clerks, 239; Corner Stone Laid, 192; Cun- ningham Hall, 193, 500; Depart- ment, Dental, 228; Department, Law, 251, 261; Di- rectors, 231; En- dowme n t s, 198; Engineering Col- 1 e g e, 194; Ex- Members Board, 237; Fire, 190; First Department (School of De- sign), 233, 182; First Graduates, 241 (p.); Hanna Hall, 192, 195 (p.).; Harper, George W., 186; Hebrew Union College, 190; Ingalls M. E., 194; Legal Contest Over Removal, 192; Medical De- pa r t m e nt, 224; McMicken, Chas., 194, 210, 213 (p.).; McMi c k e n Uni- versity, 218. 231, 225 (p.).; McMick- ne Home stead, 187, 215 (p.).; New Board of (May. 1903), 596; Officers, 237; Old and New Board, 233: Ob- servatory, 206, 209 (p.); O r d inance, 231; O r g a n ized, 186; Sett lemont, 607; Third Inter- mediate, 187; Technical School, 194, 247; Thoms. Matthew H., 196, 196a (p.); Van Wormer, Asa, 193, 240, 243 (p.); at Woodward, 186. University Settle- ment, 607. Valley Forge, 80. Van Antwerp, 556. Van Antwerp, Bragg & Co., 558. Van Cleve, J. S., 474 Van Der Stucken, Frank, 469 (p.) ; 473, 476. Van Dyke, A. M., i;», (p.): 146, 164. Van VVormer, Asa, 193, 240, 243 (p.). Van Wormer Li- brary, 191 (p.), 194 245. Vassar, 494, 197. Vaughn, Daniel, 381, 506. Venable, Emerson, .598 (p.). Venable, W i 1 liam H., 107, 110, 431, 435. Victoria, Queen, 49. Vickers, Thomas, 52, 239. 369. Vienna Exposition, 176. Visit to Europe (C. E. Stowe's), 481. "Visit to a London School," 581. Vogel, William H., 175 (p.)., 178. Volks Blatt, 48: Volksblatx, 475. Von Wahlde, Her- man, 583. Voorhes, O. P., 580 (p.). Voorheis, Louis E., 474. 1 W. I Wahle, G. R., 54. I Walker, Timothy, 260, 445. Walker, Paul F., 583. AVald Gustavus H., 252 (p.)., 551. Walnut Hills High School, 107. 108 (p.), 109, 462. Walden, John M., 51, 378, 463 (p.). War Veterans, 159. War, Civil, 19, 21; Spanish, 500. Warsaw School, 561. Wards of City. SS, 42, 44, 45, 52, 54, 55, 597. (The number of Wards will be 26 after May 1, 1903.) Ward, E. K., 606. Warden, Reuben H., 48. Warder, Dr. John A., 45, 48, 350. Washington, Mar- tha, 278. Wasihingto n's rsirthday, 560. Washburn, W. C, 178 (p.)., 409. Waters, Jabez M., 51, 549 (p.). Watters' Business College, 399. Watters, J. Harry, 399, 400 (p.). Webster School, 71 (p.). Webber, C. T., 198, 233, 246, 310. WeiCk, W. H., 583. Weidner, Jr., Chas. (frontispiece), 2, .54. 57, 439. Weil, Samuel, 32 (p.), 54. Welch, Judge, 44C. Wellesley, 494, 497. Wells, J. D., 54, 239. Werner and Ad- kins, 488. West, Chas. W.,180 Western Academy of Natural Sciences, 347. Western Museum, 255, 545. Western Literary Institute, 489, 491. Western F e m ale Institute, 543. Wesleyan F e male College, 491: pic- ture of (old), 495; (new), 496. Wetherby, A. G., 196. Whallon, Dr. R. H., 101, 440. Whalen, Thos. J., 55. Whelpley, Alb ert W., 369. White, Joseph E., 566. White, Laura Heinrich, .304 (p.). White, Dr. E. E., 27, 54, 89, 90, (p.).; 239, 316, 406, 583 (died). White's Arithmetic 27. Whiteley, Chas.W., 53. Whittier School, 250 (p.). Wiborg, Prank B. (resigned, U. of C Aug. 1902), 2.35, 474. Wilber, Perlee C, 494, 497. Wilber, Mary C, 499. Wllberforce U n 1- versity, 460. Wilkie, Christie, 237 Wilkinson, E. W., 64a (p.), 435, 436. Williams, F. H., 101. Wi 1 1 i a m s, Delia Lathrop, 553. Williams, E. Cort, 53, 462. 14 Williams' Private School, 539. Wilson, Hinkle & Co., 67, 558. Wilson, Francis E. 51 (date should be 18S8-98) (p.).. 405, 583. Wilson, Gideon C, 53. Wilson, Herbert C, 210. Wilson, Obed. J., 558. Wilson, Moses F., 25, 239 Can ex- teacher). Wilstach, Charles F., 391. Writing, V e r tical and Natural Slant, 174. Wright, Dr. C. W., 506. Wright, John C, 50, 260. Wright, Joseph F., 239. Windsor Public School, 64 (p.). Windisch, Charles F., 197. Winslow, John F., 235. Wise. Isaac M., 239, 329, 330 (p.), 334. Wisnewski. J. F., 52 Withrow, Dr. J. M. 383 (p.). Wolfstein, Dr., D. I., 480. Woman Admitted, 494, 506. Woman Dentist. 230 Woman's Medical College, 382. Found- 152. Gram- Women Candidates 34, 35, 36, 37. Women's Vote, 35. Wood, Selma, 440. Woodward, W i 1- liam, 122, 135, 148. Woodward Birth- day, 152 (error on page 135, correct- ed page 152.) Woodward Banner, 165. Woodward Cadets, 148. Woodward College, ]2S, 138; suspended 141. Woodward in Civil War, 157. Woodw.ard ers' Day, Woodward mar School, 136. Woodward Grave and Monument, 149. Woodward Guards, 165. Woodward High School 135, 136, 137 (p.), 319. Woodward Home- stead, 556 (p.). Woodward P o r- trait, 151. Woodward P r e si- dents, 152. Woodward Princi- pals, 152. Woodward erty, 149. Woodward 55. Woolson, Moses, 144. World's Fair, Chi- cago. 179, 425. P r o p- J. O., Worthington Col- lege, 379. Wulsin, D r a usin, 53, 559. Y. Yancey, Rev. Wal- ter, 452. Young M e n's Christian Asso- ciation, 347