H3 .(/ ^/f 'D 643 .fl4 1919c Copy 1 THE Treaty of Peace with Germany AND THE League of Nations Text AND Covenant for World Labor Official Summary of Terms Presented by Associated Powers to the German Delegates at Versailles and Special Articles Pertaining Thereto EAGLE LIBRARY Serial No. 20 8 ■=^== Vol. XXXIV, No. 2 = PRICE 15 CENTS PUBLISHED BY The Brooklyn Daily Eagle BROOKLYN, NEW YORK C>TMr>^-^" THE EAGLE WAREHOUSE ^ STORAGE CO. 28 to 44 FULTON ST., Brooklyn, N. Y. Telephone 5S60 IVIA.IIM A Modern Fireproof Structure Where Thieves Cannot Plunder nor Fire Burn 1 IflgKflj^S^l^^l^'^fiJfi'xiJ'^'^'^^'^^''*^ ifnf fl»«i««MWgaf9^. We are specialists in packing and moving household goods; stor- ing valuables, silver and furniture, and make long and short distance removals by either motor or electric vans. Carpets lifted, cleaned by best known method and relaid. OFFICEIRS JOBN B. HALLOCK, President DANIEL J. CREEM, Vlce=President. HERBERT F. GUNNISON, Secretary & Treasurer. WILLIAM A. SCHIFFMAN, Manager DIRECTORS ANDREW D. BAIRD E. LeGRAND BEERS PATRICK J. CARLIN DANIEL J. CREEM JULIAN D. FAIRCHILD HERBERT F. GUNNISON RAYMOND M. GUNNISON JOHN H. HALLOCK WILLIAM HESTER WILLIAM V. HESTER THOMAS M. LLOYD, M.D. WILLIAM A. SCHIFFMAN THE EAGLE LIBRARY iJiL&L THE inni AH OF PEAC WITH GERMANY Official Summary of Terms Presented to German Delegates at Versailles and Special Articles LEAGUE OF NATIONS AND COVENANT FOR WORLD LABOR OPFICB3 OP PUBLICATIOX t EAGLE BUILDING, BROOKLYN, N. Y. Entered at tke Brooklyn-New York Postoffico as second-class matter. Vol. XXXIV. No. 2, of The Eagle Ubrary. Serial No. 208. March, 1^19. Trademark "Eagle Librarj.- registered. Issued monthly except January, June and August. Yearly subscripKon, $1.75 THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. O FLORAL DECORATIONS FOR ALL OCCASIONS HORTICULTURIST THIRTV-FIVE GREENHOUSES 734 FIFTH AVENUE Branches: Fort Hamilton Parkway Gravesend Ave. and 291-313 24th St. Telephones: 27 Soath, 3410 Flatbash Plots in Greenwood Cemetery Improved and Cared For Palms, Vines and Fresh Flowers Supplied and Artistically Arranged for Weddings At Reasonable Rates PLANTS AND FLOWERS DELIVERED ANYWHERE M ibiBiy ■rftHfcEO (-KUM YSIfttli OFfltS THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. S *^>tHE WAR IS OVER-WEflR£ BACK TO THE LAUNDR Our Government contracts have been completed. We are now able to devote our entire time and attention to our regular customers, and we believe, with the experience of the past two years, we are able ta give you better service and quality than ever before. YOUR ENTIRE FAMILY WASHING BY THE POUND All Bed and Table Linens are washed and ironed, all wearing apparel washed and dried ready to dampen and iron. If you wish wearing apparel ironed this can be arranged at a price that will satisfy. SEND FOR OUR ENTIRE PRICE LIST WHEN DISSATISFIED TRY HOLLAND LAUNDRY 367-369-371-373-375 President Street Phones, Hamilton 1325, 1326. 1327 BROOKLYN. N. Y. 4 THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. MANUFACTURERS TRUST "^ COMPANY Membec-Pe'deraluReserv&^ystem I BROOKLYN^ OFFICES " ^' 774'^ROADTmY, comer SUMNER/AVENUE 84 BROADWAY, comer BERRY STREET MANHATrim OFFICE 7 481 ':EIGHTH A¥ENUE* «omei?. 34tK- STREET '■^r; ^ ^^r^m'^'-^ ■:^ OFEICERS%.'. ! ' ' ^Bll^piW; NATHAN^S-i 'JONAS .-.T.T.-^i.i«-«..rt-»«.T.i»T*r«.;.i.: r.T-Presfdent S. B. KRMJS... .... .«r.-......;.[.^.'.>i r.T.c.r.T«.j«*.:.:.Vic6 Prcsideiit CHARLES FROEB ,. ... .:..:.:.r.:..cT. .:.:.;....:..-. .:*Vicet President JUEIUS EIEBMAN ,. . ..... .:.i.j.K:...«r.i...,.(.i«..:.T.:«:«Vico President W. I. LINCOLN AD AMS.:.,.r*«.t^-.,.:^..,««.c^f.,.«^Vica President JAMESH. CONROY ..>.>..-.r.:.:.r.. >:....:..«. .:.^.,.:.i. Secretary, WILLIAM L. SCHNEIDER :..r.r... .Assistant Secretary NORMANB. -TYLER .;.:.:^ Assistant Secretary REIIBEN'W. SHELTER .> .:.;.:..>. Assistant Secretary HENRY€. VON ELM -.:.;. .....:.,.-.t. Assistant Secretary, F. W. BRUCHHAUSER .Assistant Secretary' THEODOllE M. BERTINE ......Assistant Secretary NATHA'NEEK MILLS Jr ...:,.: .-. .Assistant Secretary JOHNH. MEYERHOLZ, Jr.,«.^...,. .,.:.,.,. .Assistant Secretary DIRECTORS Alexander D. Seymour, W^I.^Lincoln Adams A- J^. Bernstein James^H. Conroy Martin Derx J. Henry Dick William K. Dick Charles Froeb Nathan S. Jonas Ralph Jonas S. B; Kraus Victor A. Lersner Max Levy Julius Liebman Chairman of the Board ■ ■':■' Leon Louria T" Charles X.yon ■ J. Adolph Mollenhaaer Louis Newman Elias Reiss H. B. Scharmann John H. Schumann Arthur S. Somers M. B, Streeter William P. Sturgis Roswell C. Tripp William H. Vogel Aaron Westheim THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. Page. Introduction -. 7 A Severe But a Just Peace (Edi- torial) 8 German Army and Navy Strength. . 8 Map of Europe Under Peace Treaty 9 Rantzau's Speech at the Conference 9 Wilson on International Law 9 Official Summary of Treaty of 'eace 11. 19 German Isolation Made Complete.. 20 CONTENTS Page. Punishment to Fit ex-Kalser's Crimes 20 Poland, a New World Power 21 Denmark and Schleswig 21 Plebiscites on German Soil 22 Writing the Treaty 22 Other Treaties Under Consideration 23 Schleswlg-Holstein 23 German Protestations and Facts 23 Germany Shorn of Naval Power 24 ~ Page. Punishment to Germany 25 The Modern Gulliver (cartoon) 26 What Germany Has Lost 27 Dr. Egan on Peace Psychology 28 Revised Test of League of Nations Covenant 30- 34 For Life (cartoon) 31 Vice President Marshall explains League of Nations 34 League of Nations Labor Cove- nant 35- 37 Tke Dime S me )3avings OF BROOKLYN DeKalb Avenue and Fulton Street Bank INCORPORATED 1859 OPEN DAILY From 9 AM. to 3 P.M., Except Saturdays, When the Bank Closes at 12 M. Opoi Mondays From 5 to 7 P^. OFFICERS RUSSELL S. WALKER, President GEORGE W. CHAUNCEY 1,,. ^ . GEORGE T. MOON J ^'ce Presidents FREDERICK W. JACKSON, Treasurer PHILIP A. BENSON, Secretary C. FRANK STREIGHTOFF, Assistant Secretary TRUSTEES Geo. W. Chauncey Samuel Rowland Horace C. Du Val Frederick W. Rowe Ludwig Nissen William McCarroll N. Townsend Thayer Russell S. Walker Frederick W. Jackson W. J. Wason Jr. Walter Hammitt Charles E. Teale George T. Moon Frank H. Parsons James L. Brumley George Cox Stanley P. Jadwin Frederick L. Cranford Eugene W. Sutton Edwin A. Ames j[ Where Everybody Looks! Watch them! On the street — in the street car — in the home — hotel — shop and factory — there's one department of the newspaper where everybody looks — The Eagle Want Ads — ^not only because of their human interest value, but because they af- ford practical benefits to all — ^this is the big reason why Eagle Want Ad opportuni- ties are consistently studied and acted upon. Whether you're an employee or employer — a seller or a buyer — get next to this great "go-between" — read and us* THE EAGLE WANT ADS THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. GEORGE W. CHAUNCEY, President. THOMAS HOVENDEN, Treasurer. CORNELIUS E. DONNEIXON, Vice-President, JOHN R. RYON, Secretary. FIRM ESTABLISHED J 843 The CHAUNCEY REAL ESTATE COMPANY. M^M 187 Montague Street i ^ BROOKLYN This Gimpany G>nducts a General Real Estate Business OUR SPECIALTIES ARE: Loans on Bond and Mortg:ag:e at Lowest Rates Entire Charge of Properties for Estates^ Corporations and Individuals Renting of Offices in Business Buildings Appraisals carefully made all over the Borough Insurance in the Best Companies Rentals, Sales and Exchanges in Greater New York AUCTIONEERS Telephone, 4300-4301 -4302 Main The Treaty of Peace With Germany The Treaty of Peace between the twenty-ieven allied anil atsociated Poweri on the one hand and Germany wn the other wat handed to the German plenipotentiaries at Veriailles on May 7, 1919. A League of Nations is built up concurrently with formulation of terms to Germany. It is the longest Treaty ever drawn, and totals about 80,000 words, divided into fifteen main sections. It represents the combined product of more than a thousand experts, working continually through a series of com- missions, for the three and a half months since January 18. This book contains the official summary of the Treaty and the full text of the League of Nations and the Covenant for World Labor. The Treaty is printed In parallel pa»es of English and French, which are recognized as having equal valid- ity. It does not deal with questions afficting Austria. Bulgaria and Tur- key, except in so fer ar riinding Ger- many to accept any agreement reached with those former Allies. Following the preamble and deposi- tion of powers comeH the Covenant of the League of Nations aa the first sec- tion of the Treaty. The frontiers of Gerroanv in Kurooe are deflned in tne secona section: European poIlttcaT classes given in the third, and extra- European political classes in the fourth. Next are the military, navy and air terms as the fifth section, followed by a section on prisoners of war and mil- itary graves, and a seventh on respon- sibilities. Reparations, financial terms and economic terms are covered in sections eight to ten. Then comes the aeronautic section, ports, waterways and railway section, the labor coven- ant, the section on guarantees and ihe final clauses. Alsace-Lorraine to France. Germany by the terms of the treaty restores Alsace-Lorraine to France, accepts the internationalization of the Saar Basin temporarily and of Danzig permanently, agrees to territorial changes toward Belgium and Den- mark and in East Prussia, cedes most of Upper Silesia to Poland and re- nounces all territorial and political rights outside Europe, as to her own or her Allies' territories, and espe- cially to Morocco, Egypt, Siam, Li- beria and Shantung. She also recog- nizes the total independence of Ger- man-Austria, Czechoslovakia and Po- land. Her army is reduced to a hundred thousand men. Including officers; con- scription within her territories is abolished; all forts fifty kilometers east of the Rhine razed, and all im- portation, exportation and nearly uU production of war material stopped. Allied occupation of parts of Germany will continue till reparation is made, but will be reduced at the end of each of three five-year periods, if Oermany is fulfilling her obligations. Any violation by Germany of the conditions as to the zone fifty kilometers east of the Rhine will be regarded as an act of war. Ony Twcnty-rour Warships. The German Navy is reduced to six -itileahlps, ol!i light cruisers P.nd twelve torpedo boats, without sub- marines, and a personnel of not over 16,000. All other vessels must be sur- rendered or destroyed. Germany is forbidden to build forts controlling the Baltic, must demolish Helgoland, open the Kiel Canal to 111! nations, and surrender her four- teen submarine cables. .She may have no military or naval air forces, except 100 unarmed seaplanes, until October 1, to detect mines, und may manufac- ture aviation material for six months. Must Reimburse Civilians for Damages Germany accepts full responsibility for all damages caused to Allied and .Associated Governments and Nationals, agrees .•'peeiflcally to reimburse all civilian damages beginning with an initial payment of .20,000,000,000 marks, subsequent payments to be se- cured by bonds to be issued at the dis- cretion of the Reparation Commission. Germany is to pay shipping damage on a ton for ton basis by cession of a large part of her merchant, coasting and river fleets and by new construc- tion, and to devote her economic re- sources to the rebuilding of the devas- tated regions. She agrees to return to the 1914 most- favpred nation tariffs, without discrimi- nation of any sort; to allow Allied and As.socialcd Nationals freedom of transit through her territorie,«i, and to ;\cccpt highly detailed iirovlsions as to l>re-war debts, unfair competition, in- ternationalization of roads and rivers, and other economic and financial clauses. Acrees to Trial of ex-Kniser. She also agrees to the trial of the ex-Kaiser by an InternattoRal High Court for a supreme offense against international morality, and of other nationals for violation of the laws and customs of war, Holland to be aske.d to extradite the former and Germajiy ijeing responsible for delivering the The I,eague or r^aiions is accepted by the Allied and Associated Pow«r» lis operative and by Germany in prin- ciple, but without membership. Sinii. larly an International Labor body !s brought into being, with a permanent office and an annual convention. A great number of international bodies of different kinds and for dif- ferent purposes are created, some un- der the League of Nations, some to execute the peace treaty. Among the former is the commission to govern the Saar Basin until a plebiscite is held 15 years hence; the High Com- mission of Danzig, which is created into a free city undo?" the league, and various commissions for plebiscites in Malmody. feohleswig and East Prussia. Among those to carry out the peace treaty are the Reparations, Military, Naval, Air, Financial and Economic Commissions, the International High Court and Military Tribunals to fix responsibilities, and a series of bodies for the control of international rivers. Problems Left for Solution. Certain problems are left for solu- tion between the Allied and Associated Powers, notably details of the disposi- tion of the German fleet and cables, the former German colonies and the values paid in reparation. Certain other prohlemK, such as the laws of the air and the opium, arms and liquor traffic, arc either agreed to in I detail or set tor early international I action. , ^ % ~^'- THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. A SEVERE BUT A JUST PEACE Editorial by ARTHUR M. HOWE, Editor of Brooklyn DaUy EaKle, May 8, 1919. The feacasCtkof erence assembled -at the<..— .._._: 160 Submarines .... „..«,_ 30 Ships of other classes.^.. 110 Total force. „_-»»-. ^^i Futore Foroe. Battleships ...... »,-,._; Light cruisers «. Torpedo boats<>.^-.. 301 6 6 12 Total force_...^'-.-^'..-. 24 THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. S t V A K 1 A V^,, G E R //B»r Geesr. Sec ef N.y. for Oomm on Puif. InfermJ f.j . iCttled- iy .Germany IniernaJienalizetl Sevef^ignfy fo 6f detetminfd iy popfi/ar vofe Rantzaii Admits Defeat; Denies Germany's Sole Guilt After Premier Clemenceau had de- livered his speech, Paul Dutasta, Sec- retary General of the Conference, de- livered a copy of the Treaty to Count von Brockdorff-Rantzau, head of the German delegation, T\ho, accepting the document, spoke as follows: "Gentlemen — We are deeply im- pressed -nith the sublime task which has brought us hither to give a dura- ble peace to the world. We are under no illusion as to the extent of our defeat and the degree of our want of power. We know that the power of the German army is broken. We know the power of the hatred which we encounter here, and we have heard the passionate demand that the van- quishers may make us pay as the vanquished, and shall punish those who are worthy of being punished. Germany Not Alone Guilty. "It is demanded from us that we shall confess ourselves to be the only ones guilty of the war. Such a con- fession in my mouth would be a lie. Wo are tar from declining any respon- sibility that this great war of the worl dhas come to pass and that it was made in the way in which it was made- The iitlitude of tne former i u'Crman Government at The Hague Peace Conference, its actions and omissions in the tragic 12 days of July have certainly contributed to the disaster. But we energetically deny that Germany and it.s people, who j were convinced that they were mak- I in^ a v/ar of defense, were alone i guilty. I ".Nobody will want to contend that the disaster took its course-"ouly in the disastrous moment when the suc- cessor to the throne of Austria-Hun- gary fell the victim of murderous hands. In the last 50 years the im- perialism of all the European States has chronically poisoned the interna- tional situation. The policy of re- taliation and the policy of expansion and the disregard of the rights of peoples to determine their own des- tiny have contributed to the illness of Europe, which saw its crisis in the World War. "Russian mobilization took from the statesmen the possibility of heal- ing, and gave the decision into the hands of the military powers. Public opinion in all the countries of our ad- versaries is resounding with the crimes which Germany is said to have committed in the war. Here also we are ready to confess wrong that may have been done. Admits Wrong Done Belgium. "We have not come here to beJOttle the r«e?o?>«iifaiJitv of the men wh» have waged -vTift ir»T politically and economically or to deny any crimes which may have been committed against the rights of peoples. We re- peat the declaration which has been made in the German Reichstag at the beginning of the war, that is to say, 'Wrong has been done to Belgium,' and we are willing to repair it. "But in the manner of making war also Germany is not the only guilty one. Every nation knows of deeds and of people which the best nationals only remember with regret. I do not want to answer by reproaches to re- pi'oaches, but I asli them to remember when reparation is demanded not to forget the armistice. It took you six weeks until we got it at last, and six more until we came to know your con- ditions of peace. "Crimes in war may n«^t be excus- able, but they are committed in th» struggle for victory and in the defense 10 THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. of national existence, and passions are aroused which make the conscience of peoples blunt. "The hundreds of thousands of non- combatants who have perished since Xovember 11 by reason of the block- ade were killed with cold deliberation after our adversaries had conquered and victory had been assured to them. Think of that when you speak of guilt and punishment. Domaiids an Impartial Inquest. "Tlie measure of the guilt of all those who have taken part can only be stated by an impartial inquest be- fore a neutral commission, before which all the principal persons of the tragedy are allowed to speak and to which all the archives are open. We have demanded such an inquest and we repeat this demand. "In this conference also, where we stand toward our adversaries alone and without any allies, we are not quite without protection. You your- selves have brought us an ally, namely, the right which is guaranteed by the treaty and by the principles of peace. "The allied and associated govern- ments have foresworn in the time be- tween the 5tli of October and the 5th of November, 1918. a peace of vio- lence, and have written a peace of justice on their banner. On xne stn of October, 1918, the German Govern- ment proposed the principles of the President of the t'niterd States of North America as the basis of peace, and on the 5th o£ November their secretary of State. Mr. Lansing, de- clared that the allied and associated powers agreed to this basis, with two definite deviations. "The principles of President Wilson have thus become binding to both par- ties to the war — for you as well as for u.s and also for our former allies. The various principles demand from us heavy national and economic secri- fices, but the holy fundamental rights of all peoples are protected by this treaty. The conscience of the world is behind it. There is no nation which might violate it without punishment. Ready to Repair Wrongs. "Tou will find us ready to examine upon this basis the preliminary peace which you have proposed to us, with a firm intention of rebuilding in com- mon work with you that which has been destroyed and repairing any wrong that may have been committed, principally the wrong to Belgium, and to show to mankind new aims of po- litical and social progress. "Considering the tremendous quan- tity of problems which arise we ougnr as soon as possible to make an exami- nation of Ihe principal tasks by special commissions of experts, on the basis of the treaty which you have proposed to us. In this it will be our chief task to re-establish the devastated vigor of mankind and of all the people who have taken part by international pro- tection of the life, health and liberty of the working classes. •*As our next aim. I consider the rasonstruction of the territories of B.ttil^tim and ej northern France, which have been occupied by us and which have been destroyed by war. "To do so we have taken upon our- selves the solemn obligation, and we are resolved to execute it to the extent which shall have been agreed upon be- tween us. This task we cannot do without the co-operation of our for- mer adversaries. We cannot accom- plish the work without the technical and financial participation of the vic- torious peoples, and you cannot exe- cute it without us. Warns Against Using German Prison- ers. "Impoverished Europe must desire that the reconstruction shall be ful- filled with the greatest success and with as little expense as in any way possible. This desire can only be em- ployed. It would be the worst method to go on and have the work done by German prisoners of war. Certainly this work is cheap, but it would cost the world dear iC hatred and despair shall seize the German people when they consider that their brothers, sons and fathers who are prisoners are kept prisoners beyond the preliminary peace in former penal work. "Without an.v immediate solution of this question, which has been drawn out too long, we cannot come to a durable peace. Experts of both sides will have to examine how the German people may come up to their financial obligation to repair, without succumb- ing under their heavy burden. A crash would bereave those who have a right to repair, to the advantages to which they have a claim, and would draw after It Irretrievable disorder of the whole European economical sys- tem. "The vanquishers, as well as tha vanquished peoples, must guard against this menacing danger with its inculculable consequences. There is only one means of banishing it — un- limited confessions of the economic and social solidarity of all the peoples in a free and rising League of Nations. "Gentlemen: The sublime thought to be derived from the most terrible disaster in the history of mankind is the League of Nations. The greatest progress in the development of man- kind has been pronounced, and will make its way. Only if the gates of the League of Nations are thrown open to all who are of good will can the aim be attained, and only then the dead of this war will not have died in vain. "The German people in their hearts are ready to take upon themselves their heavy lot, if the bases of peace which have been established are not any more shaken. "The peace which may not be de- fended in the name of right before the world always calls forth new re- sistance against it. Nobody will be capable of subscribing to it with good conscience, for it will not be possible of fulfillment. Nobody could be able to take upon himself the guarantee of its execution which ought to lie in its signature. "We shall examine the document handed to us with good will and in the hope that the final result of our interview may be subscribed to by all of us." Wilson Sees International Law as the Great Factor In Restoring Order to World In a brief, epigrammatic speech at a dinner in Paris on May 9, President Wilson touched on the future role of international law in the development of the new order of things. "One of the things that has dis- turbed me in recent months," he said, "is the unqualified hope men have entertained everywhere of immediate emancipation from the things that have hampered and oppressed them. You cannot, in human experience, rush into the light. You have to go through twilight into the broadening day before noon comes and the full sun is on the landscape. We must see to it that those who hope are not disappointed, by showing them the process by which the hope must bo realized — the processes of law, the processes of slow disentanglement from the many things fljliat have bound us in the past. "The intelligent development of in- ternational law will be one of the things of most consequence to men in the future. If we can now give to international law the kind of vitality it can have only if it is the real ex- pression of our moral judgment, wo shall have completed in some sense the work which this war was intended to emphasize." The President concluded by saying: "In a sense, the old international law is played out. The future of man- kind depends more upon the relations of nations to one another than upon the separate and selfish development mi the natioani systems 1«W'" THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. 11 SUMMARY OF TREATY OF PEACE ^ PREAMBLE The preamble names as parties of the one part the United States, the British Empire, France, Italy and Japan, described as the five allied Bolivia, Brazil, China, Cuba, Ecuador, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, The Hed- jaz, Honduras, Liberia, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Portugal, Rumania, Serbia, Siam, Tzecho-Slovakia, and Uruiruay, who with the five above are described as the allied and associated powers, and on the other part Ger- many. It states that: bearing in mind that on the request of the then Imperial German Government an armistice was granted on November 11, 1918, by the five allied and associated powers in order that a treaty of peace might be concluded with her, and whereas the allied and associated powers being equally desirous that the war in which they were successively involved direct- ly or indirectly and which originated in the declaration of war by Austria- Hungary on July 28, 1914, against Serbia, the declaration of war by Ger- many against Russia on Angust 1, 1914, and against France on August 8. 1914, and in the invasion of Bel- gium, should be replaced by a firm, just, and durable peace, the plenipo- tentiaries (having communicated their full powers found in good and due form), have agreed as follows: From the coming into force of the present treaty the state of war will terminate. From the moment and subject to the provisions of this treaty official relations with Germany, and with each of the German States, will be resumed by the allied and associ- ated powers. SECTION I ' IJeague of Nations. The covenant of the League of Nations constitutes Section 1 of the peace treaty, which places upon the League many specific, in addition to its general duties. It may question Germany at any time for a violation of the neutralized zone east of the Rhine as a threat against the world's peace. It will appoint three of the five members of the Saar Commis- sion, oversee its regime, and carry out the plebiscite. It will appoint the High Commissioner of Dansig, guarantee the independence of the free city and arrange for treaties be- tween Dansig and Germany and Poland. It will work out the manda- tory system to be applied to the for- mer German colonies and act as a final court in part of the plebiscites of the Belgian-German frontier, and in disputes as to the Kiel Canal and decide certain of the economic and financial problems. An international conference on labor Is to be held in October under its direction, and an- other on the international control of ports, waterways and railways is foreshadowed. Membership. The members of the League will be the signatories of the covenant and other States invited to accede, who must lodge a declaration of accession without reservation within two months. A new State, dominion or colony may be admitted provided its admission is agreed by two-thirds of the assembly. A State may withdraw upon giving two years notice if it has fulfilled all its International obligations. SECTION II Secretariat, A permanent secretariat will be es- tablished at the seat of the League which will be at Geneva. Assembly. The Assembly will consist of repre- sentatives of the member of the league, and will meet at stated in- tervals. Voting will be by states. Each member will have one vote and not more than three representatives. Council. The Council will consist of repre- sentatives of the five great allied powers, together with representatives of four members selected by the as- sembly from time to time; it may ac- cept additional states and will meet at least once a year. Members not rep- resented will be invited to send a rep- resentative when questions affecting their interests are discussed. Voting will be by states. Each state will have one vote and not more than one representative. Decision taken by the Assembly and Council must be unanimous except in regard to pro- ceedure, and in certain cases specified in the covenant and in the treaty, where decisions will be by a majority. Armaments. The Council will formulate plans for a reduction of armaments for con- sideration and adoption. These plans will be revised every ten years. Once they are with any party to the dispute which complies with it; if a member fails to carry out the award, the Coun- cil will propose the necessary meas- ures. The Council will formulate plans for the establishment of a permanent court of international Justice to de- termine international disputes or to give advisory opinions: members who do not submit their case to arbitra- tion must accept the Jurdisdiction of the Assembly. If the Council, less the parties to the dispute, is unanimously agreed upon the rights of it, the mem- bers agree that they will not go to war with any party to the di!5pute which complies with its recommendations. In this case a recommendation by the As- sembly adopted, no member must ex- ceed the armaments fixed without the concurrence of the Council. All mem- bers will exchange full information aa to armaments and programes, and a permanent commission will advise the Council On military and naval ques- tions. Preventing of War. Upon any war or threat of war, the Council will meet to consider what common action shall be taken. Mem- bers are pledged to submit matters of dispute to arbitration or inquiry and not to resort to war until three months after the award. Members agree to carry out an. arbitral award, ajid not to go to war concurred in by all its members represented on the Council and a simple majority of the rest, less the parties to the dispute, will have the force of a unanimous recommendation, by the Council, In either case, if the necessary agreement cannot be se- cured the members reserve the right to take such measures as may be neces- sary for the maintenance of right and justice. Members rusortlBg to war in disregard of the Covenant will imme- diately be debarred from all inter- course with other members. The Coun- cil will in such cases consider what military or naval action can be taken by the League collectively for the protection of the Covenants and will afford facilities to members co-operat- ing in this enterprise. Validity of Treaties. All treaties or international engage- ments concluded after the institute of the League will be registered with the secretariat and published. The as- sembly may from time to time advise members to reconsider treaties which have become inapplicable or Involve danger of peace. The Covenant abro- gates all obligations between mem- bers inconsistent with its terms, but nothing in it shall affect the validity of international engagement such as treaties of arbitration or regional un- derstandings like the Monroe Doctrine tor securing the maintenance of peace. The Mandatory System. The tutelage of nations not yet abl« to stand by themselves will be en- trusted to advanced nations who ara best fitted to undertake it. The Cov. enant recognizes three diiferent stages of development requiring different kinds of mandatories. (a) Communities like those belong- ing to the Turkish Empire, which can be provisionally recognized as inde- pendent, subject to advice and assis- tance from a mandatory in whose selection they would be allowed a voice. I (b) Communities like those of Cen- tral Africa, to be administered by the mandatory under conditions generally approved by the members of the League, where equal opportunities for trade will be allowed to all members; certain abuses, such as trade 1* slaves, arms, and liquor, will be pro- hibited, and the construction of mili- tary and naval bases and the intro- duction of compulsory military train- ing will be disallowed. (c) Other communities, such aa ."Southwest Africa and the South Pacific Islands, but administered un- der the laws of the mandatory as in- tegral portions of its territory. In every case the mandatory will render an annual report, and the degree of its authority will be defined. General InKrnationaJl Provisions. Subject to and in accordance with the provisions of international conventions existing or hereafter to be agreed upon, the members of the League will in general endeavor, through the inter- national organization established by tthe labor convention to secure and maintain fair conditions of labor for men, women and children ia their own countries and ether countries, un- dertake to secure Just treatment of the native inhabitants of territories under their conttrol; tJiey will entrust the League with the general super, vision over the execution of agreed ments for the suppression of traffic Iw women and childr«n. «tc., and tha control of the trade Sn arms and am* munition vrith countries in which con- trol is necessary; they will make pro- vision for freedom of communications and transit and equitable treatment for commerce of all members of the League, with special reference to tha necessities of regions devastated dur- ing the war; and they will endeavor to take steps for International preven- tion and control of disease. Interna.* tiona^ bureaus and commissions aX-i 12 THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. ready established will be placed un- der the League, as well as those to be established in the future period. Amendments to the Covenant. Amendments to the Covenant will take effect when ratified by the Coun- cil and by a majority of the assembly. Boundaries of Germany. Germany cedes to France Alsace- Lorraine, five thousand six hundred squAre miles in the southwest, and to Belgium two small districts between Luxemburg and Holland, totalling nine hundred and eighty square miles. She also cedes to Poland the southeastern tip of Silesia beyond and including Oppeln, most o£ Posen, and West Prus- sia, twenty-seven thousand, six hun- dred and eighty-six square miles. East Prussia being isolated from the main body by a part of Poland. She loses sovereignty over the northeasternmost tip of East Prussia, forty square miles north of the River Memel, and the in- ternationalized areas about Danzig, seven hundred and twenty-nine square miles, and the basin of the Saar. seven hundred and thirty-eight square miles, bet. the western border of thf Rhenish palatinate of Bavaria and the south- east corner of Luxemburg. The Dan- zig area consists of the V between the Xogat and Vistula Rivers made a W by the addition of a similar V on the west. Including the city of Danzig. The southeastern third of East Prussia and the area between East Prussia and the Vistula north of latitude fifty-three de- grees three minutes is to have its na- tionality determined by popular vote, five thousand, seven hundred and eighty-five square miles, as is to be the case in part of .Schloswig, two thousand, seven hundred and eighty- seven square miles. many shall bo bound to respond to any request for an explanation which the Council of the League of Nations may think it necessary to address to her." -IJsace LoiTalne. After recognition of the moral obli- gation to repair the wrong done in 1871 by Germany to France and the people of Alsace Lorraine, the terri- tories ceded to Germany by the treaty of Frankfort are restored to France tee to France entire freedom In work- ing the mines, the territory will be governed by a commission appointed by the League of Nations and consist- ing of five members: one French, one a native inhabitant of the Saar, and three representing three different countries other than France and Ger- many. The League will appoint a member of the commission as chair- man to act as executive of the commis- sion. The commission will have all powers of government formerly be- with their frontiers as before 1871, to j longing to the German Empire, Prus- date from the signing of the armistice, I sia and Bavaria: will administer the and to be free of all public debts. ' railroads and other public services. Citizenship is regulated by detailed and have full power to interpret the I provisions distinguishing those who | treaty clauses. The local courts will are immediately restored to full continue but subject to the commis- French citizenship, those who have to make formal applications therefor, and those for whom naturalization is open after three years. The last named class includes German resi- dents in Alsace Lorraine, as distin- guished from those who acquire the postion of Alsace Lorrainers as de- fined in the treaty. All public prop- erty and all private pioperty of Ger- man ex-sovereigns passes to French without payment or credit. France lb substituted for Germany as regards ownership of the railroads and rights over cohcessions of tiamways. The Rhine bridges pass to France with the obligation for their upkeep. For five years manufactured prod- ucts of Alsace Lorraine will be ad- mitted to Germany free of duty to a total amount not exceeding in any year the average of the three years preceding the war and textile mate- rials may be imported from Germany to .\lsace I^orraine and re-exported SECTION III Belgium. Germany is to consent to the abro- gation of the treaties of 1839 by which Belgium was established as a neutral fetate, and to agree in advance to any coavention with which the Allied and Associated Powers may determine to replace them. She is to recognize the full sovereignty of Belgium over the contested territory of Moresnot and over part of Prussian Moresnet. and to renounce in favor of Belgium all rights over the circles of Eupen and Malmedy, the inhabitants of which are to be entitled within six months to protest against this change of sov- ereignty either in whole or in part, the final decision to be reserved to the League of Nations. A commission is to settle the details of the frontier, and various regulations for change of nationality are laid down. Germany renounces her various treaties and conventions with the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, recog- nizes that it ceases to be a part of the German zollvereign from January first, last, renovmccs all right of ex- ploitation of the railroads, adheres to ti»« abrogation of it.s neutrality, and accepts in advance any international agreement as to it. reached by the Allied and Associated Powers. lieft Bank of the Rhine. "As provided in the military clauses, ' Germany will not maintain any forti- ] fications or armed forces less than rity kjlometera' to the east of the j •-•niie. noia any maneuvers. nor maintain any works to facilitate mo- I bilization. In case of violation, "she ' shall be regarded as committing a hostile act against the power.s who sign the present treaty and as intend- ing to disturb the peace of the world." 'By virtue of the present treaty, Ger- . sion. Existing German legislation will rtmain the basis of the law. but the commission may make modification after consulting a local representa- tive assembly which it will organize. It will have the taxing power, but for local purposes only. New taxes must be approved by this assembly. Labor legislation will consider the wishes of the local labor organizations and the labor program of the League. French and other labor may be freely utilized. The former being free to belong to F.-ench unions. All rights acquired as to pensions and social insurance will be maintained by Germany and the Saar commission. There will be no military service, but only a local gen- darmerie to preserve order. The peo- P e will preserve their local assem- ones, religious liberties, schools and language, but may vote onlv for local assemblies. They will keep their pre.-;, ent nationality except so far as indi- viduals may change it. Those wisshing free of duty. Contracts for electric 'fa^e will have every facility with power from the right bank must be I "^^ „ "^ '"^"' Property. The terrl- continued for ten years For seven years with possible ex- tension to ten the ports of Kehae and Strassbourg shall be administered as a single unit by a French administra- tor appointed and supervised, by the central Rhine commi.ssion. Propertv rights will be safeguarded in both port.s and equality of treatment as re- spects traffic assured the Nationals vessels and goods of every country. Contracts between Alsace Lorraine and Germans are maintained save for tory will form part of the French cus- toms systems with no export tax on coal and metallurgical products going to Germany nor on German products entering the basin, and for five vears no import duties on products of the basin going to Germanv or German products coming into the basin for local consumption. French money may circulate without restriction hAIfJ^ fifteen years a plebiscite will be held by communes to ascertain the desires of the population as to con! required. Political condemnation.-^ during the war are null and void and Ihe obligation to repay war fines is es- tablished as in other parts of allied territory. Various clauses adjust the general provisions of the Treaty to the special conditions of Alsace Lor- raine, certain matters of execution be- ing left to conventions to l>c made be- tween France and Germany. The Saar — In compensation for the destruction of coal mines in Northern France and as payment on account of reparation Germany cedes to France full ownership of the coal mines of the Saar ba.sin wilh their subsidiaries, ac- cessories and facilities their value will be estimated by the reparation com- mission and credited against that ac- count. The French rights will be governed by German hiw in force at the armistice excepting war legislation, France reolacing the P'esent owners whom Germany undertakes to indem- nify. France will continue to furnish the present proportion of coal for local need.s and contribute in just propor- tion to local taxes. The basin extends from the frontier of Lorraine, as re abitants over twenty resident there- in at the time of the signature. Tak- ing into account the opinions thus expressed the League will decide the ultimate sovereignty in any portion restored to Germany. The German Government must buy out the French mines at an appraisred valuation. If the price is not paid within six months thereafter this portion passes finally to France. If Germany buvs back the mines the League will de- termine how much of the coal shall be annually sold to France. SECTION IV Gciinan Austria. Germany recognizes the total inde- pendence of German-Austria in the boundaries traced. Tchecho-SloTaliia. Germany recognizes the entire inde- pendence of the Tchecho-Slovak State, including the autonomous territory of the Ruthcnians south of the Carpath- annexed to France, north as far as i ians, and accepts the frontiers of this Stwendcl, including on the west the [ State as to be determined, which in valley of the Saar as far as Saarholz- i the case of the German frontier shall back, and on the east the town of follow the frontier' of Bohemia in Homburg. In order to secure the rights and welfare of the population, andguaran- lfll4. The usual stipulations as to ao- (inisition and chansc of nationality follow. THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. 13 Poland. Germany cedes to Poland the great- er part of upper Silesia, Posen and the province of West Prussia on the left bank of the Vistula. A field boun- dary commission of seven, five repre- senting the Allied and associated pow- ers and one each representing Poland and Germany, shall be constituted within fifteen days of the peace to de- limit this boundary. Such special pro- visions as are necessary to protect racial, ling-uistic or religious minori- ties and to protect freedom of transit and equitable treatment of commerce of other nations shall be laid down in a subseqent treaty between the five Al- lied and associated powers and Po- land. East Prussia. The southern and the eastern fron- tier of East Prussia as sucing (word obscure) Poland is to be fixed by plebiscites, the first in the regency of Allenstein between the southern fron- tier of East Prussia and the northern frontier of Regierungsbesirk Allen- stein from where it meets the bound- ary between East and West Prussia to its Junction with the boundary be- tween the circles of Oletsko and Au- gersburg. thence the northern bound- ary of Oletsko to its junction with the present frontier, and the second in the area comprising the circles of Stuhni and Rosenburg and the parts of the circles of Marienburg and Marien- werder east of the Vistula. In each case German troops and authorities will move out within fif- teen days of the peace and the terri- tories be placed under an interna- tional commission of five members ap- pointed by the five allied and asso- ciated powers, with the particular duty of arranging for a free, fair and secret vote. The commission will re- port the results of the plebiscites to the five powers with a recommenda- tion for the boundary and will termi- nate its work as soon as the boundary has been laid down and the new au- thorities set up. The five allieii and associated pow- ers will draw up regulations assuring East Prussia full and equitable access to and use of the Vistula. A subse- quent convention, of which the terms will be fixed by the five allied and associated powers, will be entered into between Poland. Germany and Dan- zig, to assure suitable railroad com- munication across German territory on the right bank of the Vistula be- tween Poland and Danzig, while Po- land shall grant free passage from East Prussia to Germany, The northeastern corner of East Prussia about Memel is to be coded by Ge-rmany to the associated powers, the former agreeing to accept the settle- ment made, especially as regards the nationality of the inhabitants. Danzig. Danzig and the district immediate- ly about it is to be constituted into the "Free City of Danzig." under the guarantee of the League of Xations. A High Commi.ssioner appointed by the League and President at Danzig shall draw up a constitution in agree- ment with the duly appointed repre- sentatives of the city and shall deal In the first instance with all differ- ences arising between the inty and Poland. The i.!;tual boundaries of the city shall i-^> delimited liy a com- mission appointed within six months from the peace and to Include three representatives chosen by the Allied and a.nsociated Powers, and one each by Germany and Poland. A convention, the terms of which shall be fixed by the five Allied and associated Powers, shall be conclud- ed between Poland and Danzig which shall include Danzig within the Polish customs frontiers, though a free area in the port: insure to Po- land the free use of all the city's waterways, docks and other port fa- cilities, the control and administra- tion of the Vistula and the whole through railway system within the city, and postal, telegraphic and tele- phonic communication between Po- land and Danzig: provide against dis- crimination against Poles within the city and place its foreign relations and the diplomatic protection of its citizens abroad in charge of Poland. Denmai'k. The frontier between Germany and Denmark will be fixed by the self- determination of the population. Ten days from the peace German troops and authorities shall evacuate the region north of the line running from the mouth of the Schlei. south I of Kappel, Schleswig and Kriedrich- stadt along the Eider to the North Sea south of Tonning; the workmen's and sailors' councils shall be dissolved; and the territory administered by an international commission of five, of whom Norway and Sweden shall be invited to name two. The commission shall insure a free and secret vote in three zones. That between the German-Danish frontier and a line running south of the island of Alsen. north of Flensburg and south of Tondern to the North Sea north of the island of Sylt will vote as a unit within three weeks after the evacuation period. Within five weeks after this vote the second zone, whose southern boundary runs from the North Sea south of the island of Fehr to the Baltic south of Sygum. will vote by communes. Two weeks after that vote the third zone running to the limit of evacuation will also vote by communes. The international com- mission will then draw a new fron- tier on the basis of these plebiscites and with due regard for geographical and economic conditions. Germany will renounce all sovereignty over ter- ritories north of this line in favor of the associated governments, who will hand them over to Denmark. Heligoland. The fortifications, military estab- ishments and harbours of the islands of Heligoland and Dune are to be de- stroyed under the supervision of the Allies by German labour, and at Ger- many's expense. They may not be re- constructed, for any similar fortifica- tions built in the future. Russia, Germany agrees to respect as per- manent and inalienable the indepen- dency of all territories which were part of the former Russian Empire, to accept the abrogation of the Brest- Litovsk and other treaties entered into with the Ma.ximalist Government of Russia, to recognize the full force of all treaties entered into by the Allied and associated Powers with States which were a part of the former Rus- sian Empire, and to recognize the frontiers as determined thereon. The Allied and associated Powers formal- ly reserve the right of Russia to ob- tain restitution and reparation of the principles of the present treaty. Colonies and Overseas Posseasion.9. Germany renounces In favor of the Allied and associated Powers her overseas possessions, with all right.s and titles therein. All movable and immovable property belonging to the German Empire or to any German State shall pass to the Government exercising authority therein. These of Brussels of 1890. Diplomatic pro- visions seem suitable for the repatria- tion of German nationals and as to the conditions on which German sub- jects of European origin shall reside, hold property, or carry on business. Germany undertakes to pay repara- tion for damages suffered by Lreivch nationals in the Oameroons or 'vs.' frontier zone through the acts of German civil and military authoritiea and of individual Germans fron» January 1. 1900. to August 1, 1914. Germany renounces all rights under the convention of November 4, 1911, September 29. 1912, and undertakes to pay to France in accordance with an estimate presented and approved by the repatriation commission all deposits, credits, advances, etc.. there- by .secured. Germany undertakes to 1 :iccepl and observe any provisions by the Allied and associated Powers as to the trade in arms and spirits in .Africa as well as to the general act oi' Berlin of 1885 and the general act Governments may make whatever pro- I tection to inhabitants of former Ger- I man colonies is to be given by the 'governments exercising authority. SECTION V German Rights Outside F.urope. Outside Europe. Germany re- nounces all rights, titles and privileges as to her own or her allies' territories to all the Allied and associated Pow- ers, and undertakes to accept what- ever measures are taken by the five Allied Powers in relation thereto. China. Germany renounces in favor of Chi- na all privileges and indemnities re- sulting from the Boxer protocol of 1901 and all buildings, wharves, bar- racks for this, munitions of warships, wireless plants and other public prop, erty, except diplomatic or consular es- tablishments in the German conces- sions of Tientsin and Hankow and in other Chinese territory except Kiao. chow, and agrees to return to China at her own expense all the astro- nomical instruments seized in 1900 and 1901. China will, however, take no measuies for disposal of German property in the legation quarter at Pekin without the consent of the Pow- ers signatory to the Boxer protocol. Germany accepts the abrogation of the concessions at Hankow and Tient- .sin, China agreeing to open them to international use. Germany renounces all claims against China or any Al- lied and associated Government for the internment or repatriation of her citizens in China and for the seizure or liquidation of German interests I here since August 14, 1917. She re- nounces in favor of Great Britain her State property in the British conces- sion of Canton and of France and China Jointly of the property of the German school in the French conces- sion at Shanghai. Siam. Germany recognizes that all agree- ments between herself and Siam in- i eluding the right of extra-territorially ceased Julv 22, 1917. All German i public property except consular and 1 diplomatic premises passes without compensation to Siam. Clerman private property to be dealt with in accord- ance with the economic clauses. Ger- many waives all claims against Siam for the seizure and condemnation of her ships, liquidation of her proper- ty, or internment of her nationals. Liberia. Gprrr..inv renounces all rights unrf.^ the international arrangements of 1911 j regarding Liberia, more particularly I the right to nominate a. receiver of the I customs, and disinterests herself in I any further negotiations for the reha- i hil'itation of Libpri.i. .She regards as i abrogated all commercial treaties ana 14 THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. agreements between herself and Li- beria and recognizes Liberia's right to determine the status and condition of the re-establishment of Germans in Li- beria. Morocco. Germany renounces all her rights, titles and privileges under the Act of Algeciras and the Franco-German agreements of 1909 and 1911 and under all treaties and arrangements with the Sheriflan Empire. She undertakes not to inter\'ene in any negotiations as to Morocco between France and other powers, accepts all the consequences of the French protectorate and re- nounces the capitulations, the Sher- iflan government shall have complete liberty of action in regard to German nationals and all German protected persons shall be subject to the common law. All movable and immovable Ger- man property, including mining rights, may be sold at public auction, the pro- ceeds to be paid to the Sheriflan gov- ernment and deducted from the repar- ation account. Germany is also re- quired to relinquish her interests in the State Bank of Morocco. All Moroc- can goods entering Germany shall have the same privilege as French goods. Egj-pt. Germany recognizes the British protectorate over Egjpt declared on December 18, 1914, and renounces as from August, 4, 1914, the capitulation and all the treaties, agreements, etc., concluded by her with Egypt. She undertakes not to intervene in any ne- gotiations about Egypt between Great Britain and other powers. There are provisions for jurisdiction over Ger- man nationals and property, and for German consent to any changes which may be made in relation to the com- mission of public debt. Germany con- sents to the transfer to Great Britain of the powers given^to the late Sultan of Turkey for securing the free navi- gation of the Suez Canal. Arrange- ments for property belonging to Ger- man nationals in Egypt are made sim- ilar to those in the case of Morocco and other countries. Anglo-Egyptian goods entering Germany shall enjoy the same treatment as British goods. Turkey and Bulgaria- Germany accepts all arrangements which the Allied and associated Pow- ers make with Turkey and Bulgaria with reference to any right, privileges, or interests claimed in those countries by Germany or her nationals and not dealt with elsewhere. Shantung. Sermany cedes to Japan all rights, ytles and privileges, notably as to Kiaochow. and the railroads, mines, and cables acquired by her treaty with ('hina of March 6. 1897. by and other agreements as to Shantung. All Ger- man rights to the railroad from Tsing- lao toTsinaufu, including all facilities and mining rights and rights of ex- ploitation, pass equally to Japan, and the cables from Tsingtao to Shanghai and Chefoo, the cables free of all charges. All German State property, movable and immovable, in Kiaochow Is acquired by Japan free of all charges. SECTION VI Military, naval and air. In order to render possible the initiation of a general limitation of the armaments of all nations, Germany undertakes directly to observe the military, naval and air clauses which follow: Military forces. The demobiliza- tion of the German Army must take place within two months of the peace. Its strength may not exceed 100,000, including 4,000 officers, with not over seven divisions of infantry and three of cavalry, and to be devoted exclu- sively to maintenance of internal order and control of frontiers. Divis- ions may not be grouped under more than two army corps headquarters staffs. The great German General Staff is abolished. The army admin- istrative service, consisting of civilian personnel not included In the number of effectives, is reduced to one-tenth the total in the 1913 budget. Em- ployees of the German States, such as customs officers, first guards and coast guards, may not exceed the number in 1913. Gendarmes and local police may be increased only in accordance with the growth of population. None of these may be assembled for mili- tary training. Armaments. All establishments for the manufac- turing, preparation, storage, or de- sign of arms and munitions of war, except those specifically excepted, must be closed within three months of the peace and their personnel dis- missed. The exact amount of arma- ment and munitions allowed Germany is laid down in detail tables, all in ex- cess to be surrendered, or rendered useless. The manufacture or importa- tion of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases and all analagous liquids is forbidden, as well as the importa- tion of arms, munitions, and war ma- terials. Germany may not manufac- ture such materials for foreign gov- ernments. Oonscription. Conscription is abolished in Ger- many. The enlisted personnel must be maintained by voluntary enlist- ments for terms of twelve consecu- tive years, the number of discharges before the expiration of that terni not in any year to exceed five per cent, of the total effectives. Officers remain- ing in the service must agree to serva to the age of forty-five years and new- ly appointed officers must agree to serve actively for twenty-five years. No military schools except those absolutely indispensable for the units allowed shall exist in Germany two months after the peace. No associa- tions such as societies of discharged soldiers, shooting or touring clubs, educational establishments or uni- versities may occupy themselves with military matters. All measures of mobilization are forbidden. Fortresses. All fortified works, fortresses and field works situated in German ter- ritory within a zone fifty kilometers east of the Rhine will be dismantled within three months. The construc- tion of any new fortifications there is forbidden. The fortified works on the southern and eastern frontiers, however, may remain. Control. Interallied Commissions of con- trol will see to the execution of the provisions for which a time limit is set, the maximum named being three months. They may establish headquarters at the German seat of government and go to any part of Germany desired. Germany must give them complete facilities, pay their expenses, and also the expenses of execution of the treaty, including the labor and material necessary in demolition, destruction or surrender of war equipment Naval. The German navy must be de- mobilized within a period of two months after the peace. She will be allowed six small battleships, six light cruisers, twelve destroyers, twelve I torpedo boats and no submarines. 1 either military or commercial. With a personnel of fifteen thousand men, including officers, and no reserv* force of any character. Conscription is abolished, only voluntary service being permitted, with a minimum pe- riod of twenty-five years service for officers and twelve for mec. I>i« member of the German n(»rs*«aBi« marine will be permitted any s«s*«n training. All German vessels of 'Wis in foreign ports, and the German high sea fleet interned at Scapa Flow, will be surrendered, the final disposition of these ships to be decided upon by the Allied and associated powers. Germany must surrender forty-two modern destroyers, fifty modern tor- pedo boats, and all submarines, with their salvage vessels, all war vessels under construction, including subma- rines, must be broken up. War ves- sels not otherwise provided for, are to be placed in reserve or used for com- mercial purposes. Replacement of ships except those lost can take place only at the end of twenty years for battleships and fifteen years for de- stroyers. The largest armored ship Germany will be permitted will be ten thousand tons. Germany is required to sweep up the mines in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea as decided upon by the Allies. All German for- tifications in the Baltic defending the passages through the belts must be demolished. Other coast defenses are permitted, but the number and calibre of the guns must not be increased. During a period of three months aftjr the peace, German high power wireless stations, at Nauen, Hanover and Berlin will not be permitted to send any messages except for com- mercial purposes and under super- vision of the Allied and associated governments, nor may any more be constructed. Germany will be allowed to repair German submarine cables which have been cut, but are not being utilized by the Allied Power, and also portions of cables which, after having been cut, have been removed, or are at any rate not being utilized by anyone of the Allied and associated powers. In such cases the cables, or portions of cables, removed or utilized remain the property of Allied and associated powers, and accordingly fourteen cables or parts of cables are specified which will not be restored to Ger- many. Air. The armed forces of Germany must not include any military or naval air forces except for not over one hun- dred unarmed seaplanes to be re- tained till October first to search for submarine mines. No dirigible shall be kept The entire personnel is to be de- mobilized within two months, except for one thousand officers and me» re- tained till October. No aviation grounds or dirigible sheds are to be allowed within one hundred and fifty kilometers of the Rhine or the eastern or southern frontiers, existing instal- lations within these limits to be "de- stroyed. The manufacture of air- craft and parts of aircraft is forbiddes for si xmonths. All military and nav j aeronautical material under a mo^ exhaustive definition must be surrend- ered within three months, except for the hundred seaplanes already sepci- fied. Prisoners of War. The repatriation of German prison- ers and interned civilians is to be car- ried out without delay and at Ger- many's expense b yacomm ission com- mission composed of representatives of the Allies and Germany. Those under sentence for /offences against dlsicpline are to be repatriated with- out regard to the completion of their sentence. Until Germany has sur- THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. 15 rendered persons gTiilty of offences against the laws and customs of war, the Allies have the rig^ht to retain se- lected German officers. The Allies may deal at their own discretion with German yationels who do not desire to be repatriated, all repatriation be- ing: conditional on the immediate re- lease of any allied subjects still in Germany. Germany is to accord fa- ciliuties to commissions of enquiry In collecting information in regard to missing prisoners of war and of im- posing penalties on German officials who have concealed Allied nationals. Germany is to restore all property be- longing to Allied prisoners. There Is to be a reciprocal exchange of inform- ation as to I' ;dad (prisoners nd their graves. Graves. Both parties will respect and main- tain the graves of soldiers and sailors buried on their territories, agree to recognize and assist any commission charged by any Allied or Associate Government with Identifying, regis- tering, maintaining or erecting suit- able monuments over the graves, and to afford to each other all facilities for tile repatriation of the remains of their soldiers. 1^- SECTION VII Reparation and Restitntion. The Allied and Associated Govern- ments affirm, and Germany accepts, the responsibility of herself and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and As- sociated Governments and their na- tionals have been subjected as a con- sequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and other allies. While the Allied and Associated Governments recognize that the re- sources of Germany are not adequate, after taking into account permanent diminutions of such resources which will result from other Treaty claims, to make complete reparation for all such loss and damage, they require her to make compensation for all damages caused to civilians under seven main categories: (a) Damage by personal Injury to civilians caused" by acts of war, di- rectly or indirectly, including bom- bardments from the air. (b) Damage caused to civilians, in- ei:udlng exposure at sea, resulting from acts of cruelty ordered by the enemy and to civilians in the occupied territories. (c) Damages caused by maltreat- ment of prisoners. (d) Damages to the Allied peoples represented by pensions nad separa- tion allowances, capitalized at the signature of this Treaty. (e) Damages to property other than naval or militai-y materials. (f) Damage to civilians by being forced to labor. (g) Damages in the form of levies or fines imposed by the enemy. Germany further binds herself to repay all sums borrowed by Belgium from her allies as a result of Ger- many's violation of the treaty of 1839, up to November 11, 1918, and for this purpose will issue at once and hand over to the reparation commission 5 per cent, gold bonds, falling due in 1926. The total obligation of Ger- many to pay as defined in the category of damages isito be determined and notified to her after a fair hearing, and not later than I\ray 1, 1921, by an Inter-allied reparation commission. At the same time a schedule of pay- (•jents to discharge thn obligation within thirty years shall '.J« presented. These payments are sub'et-t to post- ponement in certain tontingencie."?. Germany irrevocably recognizes the full authority of this commission, agrees to supply it with all the neces- sary information and to pass legisla- tion to effectuate its findings. She further agrees to restore to the .\llies cash and certain articles which can be identified. As an immediate step toward restoration Germany shall pay within two years one thousand million pounds sterling in either gold, goods, ships or other sepcific forms of pay- ment. This sijm being included in, and not additional to first thousand million bond issue referred to below. With the understanding that certain expenses, such as those of the armies of occupation and payments for food and raw materials, may be deducted at the discretion of the Allies. In periodically estimating Ger- many's capacity to pay, the repara- tion commission shall examine the Ger- man system of taxation, to the end that the sums for reparation which Ger- many is required to pay shall become a charge upon all her revenues, prior to that for the service or discharge of any domestic loan, and, secondly, so as to satisfy itself that in general the German scheme of taxation is fully as heavy proportionately as that of any of the powers represented on the com- mission. The measures which the Allied and Associated Powers shall have the right to take, in ca.»-. vessels and have most favored >s>ilon treatment in fishing, coasting 6-\tde and towage even in territoriai vaters. Ships of a country having no seacoast may be registered »■» iR^ne one place within its territoy/j fTnfaJr Competition. Germany undertakes to give the 'mae of the Allied and Associated fowers adepuate safeguards apiinst unfa>r competition and in particular to suiNjr'"-'* t.'^s '.'.se of false wrappings and markings and on condition of re- ciprocity to respect the laws and ju- dicial decisions of allied and associ- . ated States in respect of regional ap- >ellatlons of wines and spirits! Ti-catment of Nationals. Germany shall impose no excep- tional taxes or restriction upon the na- tionals of allied atid associated States for a period of five years and unless tbe League of IVations acts for an ad- ditional five years German nationality thali not continue to attach to a person who has become a national of an al- lied or associated state. Multilateral c:onventions. Some forty multilateral convention;: are renewed between Germany and the allied and associated powers, but special conditions are attached to Ger- many's readniission to several as to postal and telegraphic conventions. Germany must not refuse to make re- ciprocal agreements with the new States she must agree as respects the radio-telegraphic convention to pro- visional rules to be communicated to and adheres to the new convention when formulated in the North Sea fisheries and North .Sea liquoi- trsffic convention. Rights of inspection and police over associated fishing boats shall be exercised for at least five years onl.v by vessels of these powers. As to the international railway imion she shall adhere to the new conven- tion when formulated, China as to the I'hinese customs tariff arrangement, the arrangement of 190u regarding Whangpoo and tlie Boxer indfmnity of I'JOl; France, Portugal . and Ru- mania as to the Hague convention of l'J03, relating to civil procedure, and Great Britain and the United States as to article three of the Samoan treaty of 1899 are relieved of all ob- ligations toward Germany. Bilateral Treaties. Each allied and associate .State may renew any treaty with Germany inso- far as consistent with the Peace Treaty by giving notice within six months. Treaties entered into by Germany since August first, nineteen fourteen, with other enemy States and before or since that date with Ru- mania. Russia and governments rep- resenting parts of Russia are abro- gated and concessions granted under pressure by Russia to Gt;rman sub- jects are annulled. The allied and associated States are to enjoy most favored national treatment under treaties entered into by Germany and other enemy States before August first, nineteen fourteen, and under treaties entered into by Germany and neutral States during the war. Pre-war Debts. A system of clearing houses is to be created within three months, one in Germany and one in each allied and associated State, which adopts the plan for the payment of pre-war debts, including those arising- from contracts suspended by the war for the adjustment of the proceeds of the liquidation of enemy property and the settlement of other obligations. Each participating State assumes responsi- bility for the payment of all debts owing by its nationals to nationals of the enemy States, except in cases of pre-war insolvency of the debtors: the proceeds of the sale of private enemy property in each participating State may be used to pay the debts owed to the nationals of that State, direct pay- ment from debtor to creditor and all communiaations relating thereto be- ing prohir.ited. Disputes may be set- l tied by arbitration by the courts of the debtor country or by the mixed arbitral tribunal; any ally or associated power may, however, decline to participate in this system by giving Germany six months notice. Enemy Property. Germany shall restore or pay for all private enemy property seized or damaged by her, the amount of dam- ates to be fixed by (he mixed arbitral ' tribunal. The allied and associated States may liquidate German private property within their territories as compensation for property of their nationals not restored or paid for by Germany, for debts owed to their na- , tionals by German nationals and for other claims against Germany. Ger. many is to compensate its nationals, for such losses and to deliver within six months all documents relating to property held by its nationals in al- lied and associated States. All war legislation as to enemy property rights and interests is confirmed and all claims by Germany against the allie4 or associated Governments for acfli under rcceptional war measure* abandoned. Contracts. Pre-war contracts between allied and associated nationals, excepting the United States, .lapan and Brazil, and German nationals are canceled except for debts foi- accounts already performed, agreements for the trans- fer for properly where the property has already passed, leases of land and houses, with contracts of mortgages, pledge or lien, mining conce.sslon.s, contracts with Governments and in- surance contracts. Mixed arbitral tri- bunes shall be established of three members, one chosen by Germany, one bv the associated States and the third bv agre(jment, or failing which by the President of Switzerland. They shall have jurisdiction over all dis- putes as to contracts concluded before the present Peace Treaty. Fire insurance contracts are not considered dissolved by the war. even if premiums have not been paid but lapse at the date of the first annual premium falling d\ie three months after the ip.eace. Life insurance con- tracts may be restored by payments of accumulated premiums with inter- est. Sums falling due on such con- tracts during the war to be recovera- ble with interest. Marine insurance contracts are dissolved by the out- break of war except where the risk insured against had already been in- curred; where the risk had not at- tached, premiums paid are recovera- ble: otherwise premiums due and and sums due on losses are recoverable. Reinsurance treaties are abrogated, unless invasion has made it impossi- ble for the reinsured to find another reinsurer; any Allied or associated Power, however, may cancel all the contracts running between its nations and a German life insurance company, the latter being obligated to hand over the proportion of its assets attrilMita- ble to .such policies. Industrial property rights as to in- dustrial, literary and artistic property are re-established, the special war measures of the Allied and associ- ated Powers are ratified and the right reserved to impose conditions on the u.^e of German patents and copyrights when in the public interest. Except as between the United States and Ger- manv, pre-war licenses and lights to sue for infringements committed dur- ing the war are canceled. SECTION IX Opium. The contracting powers agreo whether or not they have signed a.n.'i ratified the opium convention of J.'>.-*- nary 23. 1912, or signed the spei-»-il protocol opened at The Hague in ac- cordance with resolutions adopted by the Third Opium Conference in 1914, to bring the said convention into force by enacting within 12 months of the peace the necessary legislation. Religious Mi.ssions. The Allied and As.sociated Powers agree that the properties of religious rnis.sions in ter/itories belonging or ceded to them shall continue In their work under the conuol of the pow- ers, Germany renouncing all claim* in their behalf. THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. 17 Aerial Xarleation. Aircraft o( the Allied and Associ- ated Powers shall have full liberty of passage and landing over and in Ger- man territory, equal treatment with German planes as to use of German airdromes, and with most favored na- tion planes as to internal commercial traffic in Germany. Germany agrees to accept Allied certificates of nation- ality, airworthiness or competency or licenses and to apply the convention relative to aerial navigation concluded between the Allied and Associated Powers to her own aircraft over her own territory. These rules apply until 1923 unless Germany has since been admitted to the League of Nations or to the above convention. rreedom of Transit. Germany must grant freedom of transit through her territories by mail or water to persons, goods, ships, car- riages, and mails from or to any of the allied or associated powers, with- out customs or transit duties, undue delays, restrictions, or discriminations based on nationality, means of trans- port, or place of entry or departure. Goods in transit shall be assured all possible speed of journey, especially perishable goods. Germany may not divert traffic from its normal course in favor of her own transport routes or maintain "control stations" in con- nection with transmigration traffic. She may not establish any discrimina- tion against the ports of allied or asso- ciated powers; must grant the lat- ter's seaports all factors and reduced tariffs granted her own or other na- tions, and afford the allied and as- sociated powers equal rights with those of her own nationals in her ports and waterways, save that she is free to open or close her maritime coasting trade. Free Zones in Ports. Free zones existing in German ports on August 1, 1914. must bo maintained with due facilities as to warehouses, packing, without discrimination, and without charges except for expenses of administration and use. Goods leaving the free zones for consump- tion in Germany and goods brought into the free zones from Germany shall be subject to the ordinary im- port and export taxes. International Rivers. The Elbe from the junction of the Vltava, the Vltava from Prague, the Oder from Oppa, the Niemen from Grodno, and the Danube from Ulm are declared international, together with their connections. The riparian states must ensure good conditions of nevigation within their territories un- less a special organization exists therefor. Otherwise appeal may be had to a special tribunal of the League of Nations, which also may arrange for a general international waterways convention. The Elbe and the Oder are to be placed under international commis- sions, to meet within three months, that for the Elbe composed of four representatives of Germany, two from Czechoslovakia and one each from Great Britain, France, Italy and Bel- gium; and that for the Oder com- posed of one each from Poland, Rus- sia, Czechoslovakia, Great Britain, France, Denmark and Sweden. If any riparian state on the Niewen should so request of the League of Nations, a similar commission shall be estab- lished there. These commissions shall upon request of any riparian state meet within three months to revise existing international agreement. The Danube. The European Danube Commission reassumes its pre-war powers, but for the time being with representatives of only Great Britain, France, Italy and Roumania. The upper Danube is to be administered by a new interna- tional commission until a definitive statute be drawn up at a conference of the powers nominated by the Allied and associated governments within one year after the peace. The enemy governments shall mali© full repara- tions for all war damages caused to the European commission, shall cede their river facilities in surrendered territory and give Czechoslovakia, Serbia and Roumania any rights nec- essary on their shores for carrying out impiovements in navigation. The Rhine and the Moselle. The Rhine is placed under the cen- tral commission to meet at Strass- bourg within si.Y months after the peace and to be composed of four representatives of France, which shall In addition select the president; four of Germany and two each of Great Britain, Italy. Belgium, Switzerland and the Netherland.s. tlermany must give Franco on the course of the Rhine included between the two ex- treme points of her frontiers all rights to take water to feed canals, while herself agreeing to make canals on the right bank opposite France. She must also hand over to France all her drafts and designs for this part of the river. SECTION X Navigation Rights. Belgium is to be permitted to build a deep draft Rhine-Meuse canal if she so desires within twenty-five years, in which case Germany must construct the part witliin her territory on plans drawn by Belgium, similarly the inter- ested Allied governments may con- struct a Rhine-Meuse canal, both, it constructed, to come under the com- petent international commission, Ger- many may not object if the central Rhine commission desires to extend its jurisdiction over the lower Moselle, the upper Rhine, or lateral canals. Germany must cede to the Allied and Associated governments certain tugs, vessels, and facilities for naviga- tion on all these rivers, the specific details to be established by an arbiter named by the United States. Decision will be based on the legitimate needs of the parties concerned and on the shipping trafilc during the five years before the war. The value will be in- cluded in the regular reparation ac- count. In the case of the Rhine shares in the German navigation companies and property such as wharves and warehouses held b,v Germany in Rot- terdam at the outbreak of war must be handed over. Railways. Germany, in addition to most fa- vored nation treatment on her rail- ways, agr (agrees garbled fn trans- mission) to co-operate in the estab- lishment of through ticket services for passengers and baggage; to en- sure communication by rail between the Allied, Associated and other States; to allow the construction or improvement within 25 years of such lines as necessary; and to conform her rolling stock to enable its incor- poration in trains of the Allied or Associated Powers. She al.so agrees to accept the denunciation of the St, Gothard convention if Switzerland and Italy so request, and temporarily to execute instructions as to the trans- port of troops and supplies and the establishment of postal and tele- graphic service, as provided. CzechosloTakla. To assure Czechoslovakia access to the sea, special rights are given her both north and south. Towards the Adriatic, she is permitted to run her own through trains to Fiume and Trieste. To the north, Germany is to lease her for 99 years spaces in Hamburg and Stettin the details to be worked out by a commission of three representing Czechoslovakia, Ger- many, and Great Britain. The Kiel Canal. The Kiel Canal is to remain free and open to war and merchant ships of all nations at peace with Ger- many, subjects, goods and ships of all States are to be treated on terms of absolute equality, and no taxes to be imposed beyond these neces- sary for upkeep and improvement for which Germany is to be responsible. In case of violation of or disagree- ment as to those provisions, any State may appeal to the League of Nations, and may demand the appointment of an international commission. For preliminary hearing of complaints Germany shall establish a looil authority at Kiel. SECTION XIII International Labor Organization. Members of the League of Nations agree to establish a permanent or- ganization to promote international adjustment of labor conditions, to con- sist of an annual international labor conference and an international labor office. The former is composed of four representatives of each State, two from the government and one each f lom the employers and the employed, oach of them may vote individually. It will bo a deliberative legislative bod.v, its measures taking the torm of draft conventions or recommendations for legislation, which if passed by two- thirds vote must be submitted to the law-making authority in every State participating. Each government may either enact the terms into law; ap- prove the principle, but modify them to local needs: leave the actual legisla- tion in case of a federal State to local legislatures; or reject the convention altogether without further obligation. The international labor office Vi establislied at the seat of the Leagru* of Nations as part of its organization. It is to collect and distribute informa- tion on labor throughout the world and prepare agenda for the confer- ence. It will publish a periodical in French and English, and pcssibly other languages. Each State agrees lo make to it for presentation to the conference an annual report of meas- ures taken to execute accepted con- ventions, the governing body in its executive period consists of 24 mem- bers, twelve representing the govern, ments, six the employers and si.x the employees to serve for three years. On complaint that any government has failed to carry out a convention to which it is a party, the governing body may make inquiries directly to that government and in case the re- ply is unsatisfactory, may publish the complaint with comment. A com- plaint by one government against an- other may be referred by the govern- ing body to a commission of inquiry nominated by the secretary general of the League. If the commission re- port fails to bring satisfactory action, the matter may be tal^en to a per- manent court of international justice for final decision. The chief reliance for securing enforcement of the law 18 THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. will be publicity with a possibility of economic action in the background. The first meeting of the conference will take place in October, 1919. at Washington, to discuss the eight-hoUr flay or forty-eight-hour week; preven- tion of unemployment; extension and application of the international coi* ventlons adopted at Berne in 1906, yirohibiting night work for women and the use of white phosphorus in the manufacture of matches; and em- ployment of women and children at night or in unhealthy work, of women before and after childbirth, including maternity benefit, and of children as regards minimum age. Labor Clauses. Nine principles of labor conditions ■we recognized on the ground that "the well being, physical and moral, of the Industrial wage earners is of supreme international importance," With exceptions necessitated by differ- ences of climate, Tiabits and economic development, they include: the guid- ing principle that labor should not be regarded merely as a commoditv or article of commerce; right of associa- tion of employers and employees; a wage adequate to maintain a reason- able standard of life; the eight-hour day or forty-eight hour week; a weekly rest of at least twenty-four hours; which should include Sunday wherever practicable; abolition of child labor and assurance of the con- tinuation of the education and proper physical development of children; equal pay for equal work as between men and women; equitable treatment of all workers lawfully resident there- in, including foreigners; and a system of inspection in which women should take part, SECTION XIV Guarantees, Western Europe: Aa a guarantee for the execution of the treaty, German territory to the west of the Rhine to- gether with the bridgeheads, will be oc- cupied by Allied and Associated troops for fifteen years. If the conditions are faithfully carried out by Germany, certain districts, including the bridge- head of Cologne, will be evacuated at the expiration of five years; certain other districts including the bridge- head of Coblenz, and the territories nearest the Belgian frontier will be evacuated after ten years, and the re- mainder, including the bridgehead of Mainz, will be evacuated after fifteen years. In case the interallied repara- tion commission finds that Germany !",r.3 failed to observe the whole or part of her obligations, either during the occupation or after the fifteen years have expired, the whole or part of the areas specified will be reoccu- pied immediately. If before the ex- piration of the fifteen years Germany complies with all the treaty under- takings, the occupying forces will be withdrawn immediately. Eafilom Europe. All German troops at present in terri- tories to the east of the new frontier shall return as soon as the allied and •ssociated governments deem wise. •"'hey wa :;. abstain from all requisi- 1.1 and arc in no way to interfere ^ith mea.'^ures Cor national defense taken by the government concerned. All questions regarding occupation not provided for by the treaty will bo regulated by a subsequent convcntii'u or conventions which will have sim- ilar force and effect. SECTION XV BUsoellaneou.s. I Germany agrees to recognize the full validity of the treaties of peace and additional conventions to be concluded •y the allied and associated powers I with the powers allied with Germany, to agree to the decisions to be taken I as to territories of Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey and to recotr- nl7,e the new slates in the frontiers to be fixed for them. Germany agrees not to put forward any pecuniary claims against any al- lied or associated power signing the present treaty based on events previous to the coming into force of the treaty, Germany accepts all decrees, as to German ships and goods, made by any allied or associated prize court. The allies reserve the right to examine all decisions of German prize courts. The present treaty, of which the French ^nd British texts are both authentic, shall be ratified and the depositions oE ratifications made in Paris as soon as possible. The treaty is to become effective in all respects for each power on the date of deposition of its ratifi- cation. German Acceptance Likely Rather Than Suffer the Full Penalty By HENRY SUYDAM Examination of the terms of peace presented to the German delegates by representatives of twenty-seven Allied and -Associated Powers at Versailles shows that just punishment has } been demanded of the guilty. That | much is clear from a mere out- line of the document. M. Clem- I enceau has said wichin the last j few days an* with his customary downrightne-ss that the peace is a ' "good peace" from the French stand- point, at any rate. The severity of the punishment shows that it is indeed a "good peace'; so "good" that the mouths of American intransigeants who feared Wilsonian weakness to- ward the Germans will be forever closed. Xow that the vast work of compil- ing and arranging these tremendous series of demands is finished, the next move in the situation must be made by the German delegates. The future of several million persons will be in- fluenced one way or another during I the next fortnight, according as the i Germans affix their signatures or with- hold Ihcm. The vital questions of the I moment, are :(1) Will the Germans' ! sign? and VZ) What will happen if the I ; Germans refuse? j Without entering, for the time be- I j ing. into a detailed di.scussion of the terms of peace, this much may be j ,''Hid: That the treaty, as a whole. Is more in the manner of previous treaties, conceived in the European diplomatic tradltiott, than in the Wil- soniiui manner which his American enemies bellcvtd to have been pre- dominant. Although the armistice was signed on the basis of President Wilson's fourteen points, several of ! tlie moi'c important have been ignored I or abrogated, not, indeed, without ! some of our own associates (China I and Jugo.-^lavs, for example) being left r aissatlsfiipd. The main end in view, : however, was the preservation of ac- cord between the more powerful Al- • lies as the framework of a League of Nations, and it a great deal of prin- ciple has been sacrificed to that mystic , and somewliat elusive covenant, the sacrifices have been consecrated to a noble end. which, in this instance, may Justify the means. Fourteen Points a FociL«. But the fourteen points, some of which have been thrust aside before more urgent and explicit considera- tion.s. are again to become a focus in the dealings between the German and I associated governments. As soon as I the Kgbert-Scheidermann government ! came into power in November, 1918, the fourteen points began to be mouthed about in the neutral coun- } tries adjacent to Germany. Baron von I Kuehlmann himself, the German For- eign Minister who had allowed the German (icneral Staff cynically to I defy his own much vaunted modera- j tion at Brest-Lltovsk, appeared in The Hague, for example, and began to ap- ' ply the fourteen points to the ques- tion of the German colonies. It may be said, without indiscretion, that the Department of State has known for some time that the German defense against the terms of peace would bo insistence upon the strictest adhesion to these Wilsonian dogmas. Count von Brockdorff-Rantzau revealed the German line of argument and objec- tion yesterday at Ver.sailles when he read a document reminding the Allied and Associated Delegates that peace had been agreed upon on the basis of "justice without violence, " as outc lined in the fourteen points. That the terms of peace as pr^ sented are just cannot be denied, in view of the damning German guilt which individual German* of Impor- tance ai'e beginning graflually to ad- mit as the evidence accumulates. Whether or not the terms are violent, or rather whether they will seem vio- lent to the Germans, depends on their own state of mind, their own ambi- tions, tiieir own conscience. If the German nia.sscs still cherish aggressive designs, if they arc full of a spirit of revenge for their defeat, then the terms arc very violent, for the German army, nav.v and air forces aro reduced to the limits of a police force or abol- ished. If, on the other hand, as we ha'.-e been assured, the Germans have experienced a change of heart since the revolution, then the terms may seem severe and stringent, and perhaps even burdensome and domineering, not violent in the manner of the victor, but rather just in the manner of a judge. German Government 'Will Protest. That the German Government will not sign the terms of peace without going on record against them, in the most emphatic manner possible, is certain. The German objections will probably fall into three divisions: (1) the charge that the terms are not in accordance with the 14 points which were the basis of the armistice in No- vember, 1918: 1 2) protest that the German Republic is not to be ad- mitted to a League of Nations; and i3) that the strictness of the terms would mean oconomit- and social vas- salage for the German electorate. THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. 19 This last argument has already been emotionally advanced by Count Bern- storff. the sinister, and from that very fact loses force before .ts official ex- pression. The first two of these points will lend themsclyes well to eloquent dip- lomatic terminology which will doubt- less provide material for equally elo- quent protagonism in the more ad- vanced liberal reviews in both Great Britain and the United States. But all such argument will be a mere dip- lomatic smoke-screen veiling the truth that the Germans do not want to pay one pfennig more than the Al- lies can be inveigled into considering as the minimum. Let us now consider, for a moment, the general aims of the statesmen who have drawn up, after difficulties of which the world has had a mere oc- casional glimpse, this 80.000-word In- strument of Justice. There is no sign of weakness or conciliation in the treaty. It is a demand for the maxi- mum compensation that can with fair- ness be exacted. Among the states- men who gathered in Paris in Janu- ary, 1919, to undertake this trem- endous task, PMesident Wil.son and Premier Lloyd-George especially were opposed to further retaliation against the Germans, either in the form of prolonged and extensive occupation of German territories, or in the form of an economic blockade, both of which were undesirable because of the hordships which either would im- pose upon the Associated Nations themselves. It was most desirable that a stable German Government should be maintained, and that the German masses (and the rest of Eu- rope W''.h them) should return to nor- mal hard-working industry as soon as possible, and with the least possible contusion. The things that had made the German Empire formidable were to be revised or abolished, but the Germans. a.s a nation, were not to be trodden under-foot, as some of our more advanced American and English liberals seem to think, hut to bo,recon- stltuted into a profitable self-govern- ing venture which would devote its industries, in the first instance, toward the settlement of Us just debts. ' Financial Demand Sound. TVith these ends in mind, hun- dreds of economic and social experts ■were sent 1o all parts of Germany. Their reports, supplemented by the conclusions and observations of the military and naval intelligence serv- ices of all the associated govern- ments, were considered in Paris with the most minute care. Some of the best qualified financial brains in the world passed judgment upon them. The result, as presented in the terms of peace, Is not an excessive demand — such as the French and Italians might have been tempted to present — tout an adequate one, whicu M. Clem- enceau himself has pronounced good and which Mr. Wilson and Mr. Lloyd- George believe financially sound and morally just. The Allies could ask no more, nor the Germans expect ieBS. As far as the other precautionary provisions of the treaty are con- cerned, this much may be said: That the Imperial Government gambled and lost, and that one of the stakes in that hazard was the perverted temper and humor of the German masses themselves. As long as the League of Nations is, in essence, more of an aspiration than a strict work- ing force in which sane internation- alism is a vital principle, there is every aspect of justice and fairness in reducing ;he Germans to impo- tence. The abolition of armament in one place will reduce its value in others, and is. indeed, a very great step forward, in which the German masses might themselves rejoice. Such, in a few words, is the general j allied background of this document. It will be profitable now to examine the German attitude. Present German GoTcrnnjent. The one German Government on tl^e horizon is the present Ebert-Scheide- mann regime. This regime presents the faults and disqualifications that might be expected from a conglomera- tion of men — none too clever, none too straightforward, none too forward- looking, who have been more or less involved in the murky mazes of Ger- man party politics. Just what the German Government has spread abroad anion its own cocnstit- uents concerning the treaty of peace is not clear, but this much Is certain: that the German Government has threatened Bolshevism, anarchy, or the forcing of a large-scale allied oc- cupation of Germany, if the peace terms are too severe. Several of the more powerful German bankers came out into Holland in December and Jan- uary and uttered dire warnings, full of drama and mock-pathos, about what would happen if the terms were too drastic to suit. The present ' government will act upon the terms of peace in accordance with their own notions of what course is most likely to maintain them in power. The shock of the terms will be devastating to German national pride, but that, after all, has suffered a succession of rude offenses since the German armies collapsed. I do not believe that the Germans, either as a government or a nation, have any stomach for the miseries of Bolshe- vism or chaos, so that the possible alternatives are either that the Ger- mans will sign under protest, or that they will refuse and invito a national occupation. >D.- .'5ays that none of them shall be larger than 10.000 tofiK. There is no sliip of that size in the world that is any longer recog- nized as a real battleship. The 10,000- tonners were obsolete long ago. The old battleship Oregon, in lier prime twenty years ago, has a tonnage of 10,288. The Oregon is so useless for war purposes that the Navy is plan- ning to send her back to the Pacific Coast and let her spend her remaining days as a patriotic exhibit in one of the ports of the State for which, she is named. Yet if Germany owned the Oregon .she would not be allowed to keep her, because the Oregon exceeds the size limit for German battleships of the future. Dozen Navies Could Wliip Gcnnany's. With the German navy pared down to the proportions fixed in the treaty, there are a dozen navies that could wliip it. Aregi-ntina. Brazil and Chile would all be aljle to sink the new German navy. Those navies own bat- tleships running from 19,000 to 32,000 tons. Spain owns bigger battleships than Germany will be allowed to keep. Italy, which has never been considered one of the great naval powers, would simpl.v overwhelm Germany, Such battleships as Germany will be permitted to have are, o£ course, an- cient craft, quite incapable of doing serious harm to a modern ship. They will be of the Brandenburg, or Wortli class, something le.ss than 10,000 tons, with low speed, old-fashioned arma- ment and inferior armor. They were built even before the Oregon. The other day at Brooklyn the United States launched a battleship of over 32.000 tone, a Vessel that could meet the whole German navy and laugh at it. There is another provi.sion in the naval chapter of the treaty that ia as ironic as that limiting the tonnage and number of the battleships. Except in case of a battleship that is lost, Ger- many will not be allowed to replace one of her decrepit liattleships before the end of twenty years. That means simply this: She starts with battle- ships that are already al)out twenty wears out of date and must keep them for twenty years more. If Germany should elect to keep the Bi^andenburg, for instance, pro\ided that vessel is still in existence, she would in the year 1931, which is twenty years from now, be the proud possessor of a battleship forty-nine years old. The keel of the Branden- burg was laid in 1890. Her tonnage. 9,874. just gets within the limit im- posed by the treaty. There is no such thing as a new battleship of 10,000 tons or less; ships of that size ceased to be built years ago. No Xew Destroyers for 15 Years. Destroyers, as all naval men know, are more perishable than battleships. They change more rapidly and re- quire more frequent replacement. Yet none of the twelve destroyers that Germany will be allowed to keep may be replaced under fifteen years. By that time such destroyers as she now iivvns will be ready for the scrap heap, unless Germany should haul Ihem I ashore and put them carefully away ' in cotton. 1 The provision that Germany may maintain no naval air forces would in itself be suffiicent to render her navy almost impotent, even if she were al- lowed to retain her ships. More and more the modern navies of the world are depending upon aircraft, not only in the scouting work of their fleets, but for offensive and defensive pur- poses. Planes and dirigibles are be- coming the eyes of navies, just as they are of armies. The treaty puts out Germany's eyes. With no planes and no submarines, even a big German navy with modern ships would not dare to venture out to battle against a well-equipped fleet. To think of the future German navy going Into battle is beyond the imaglnativa stretch of any naval officer. Thare !• no German navy. THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. 25 PROBLEMS OF PEACE ABLY ADJUSTED BRING JUST PUNISHMENT TO GERMANY PERHAPS we are too close to the terms of the Peace Treaty, too close to realize the magnitude ol the punishment that has come to Ger- many and the Germans. In the years to follow we may read In the histories the conclusion of the greatest war ever recorded in history and then we and others \>'ho come after us will fully visualized what the Germans essayed and balance it with what they attained. How many of us realize what we escaped ? What if Germany had won the war? No imagination is so vivid that it can depict the unnamed horrors, the un- broken years of serfdom which would have befallen all inhabitants of the world who were not Germans. What Germany would have profited if she had gained the whole world and lost her own soul is a thought that did not enter into Germanic philosophy while the Germanic lust for conquest blunted all finer feelings and dulled all sense of justice. How many of us, then, not realizing what we escaped, can sense the real- ization by the Germans of their colos- sal failure and what it means to them? How many of us can understand the agony of the Germans who, having lost the whole world, also lose their own territory, must stagger for half a cen- tury under a debt imposed upon them as criminals and in the centuries to come walk the earth with the contemjit of all honest peoples still unabated? Leaving out all suggestion of Ger- manic conscience: leaving out all sug- gestion of lost Germanic souls, the punishment to Germany and the Ger- man people falls heavier upon it as a nation and upon them as individuals than any punishment meted out by victors upon a defeated foe. Germany's punishment is great. But Germany's crimes were greater. An Outline of Murders And Damages Committed By the Germans. One need not be a statistician nor a war-damage specialist to get a clear general view of the Germans' attempt to wreck Europe. One need not be a pessimistic prophet nor a gong-sound- j ing alarmist to foresee what wreckage i By FREDERICK BOYD STEVENSON would have taken place in America ; af.,er the Germans had finished their job in Europe. ' Just a cursory glance at the high spots in Germanic destruction will bring out the outlines of the enormity of the wanton Germanic crimes. If one go further Into the details the sum to- tal of world wreckage will be appalling. If these details were printed in full this issue of The Brooklyn Eagle to- day would not be extensive enough, with all news, special features, adver- tisements and other matter eliminated, to contain them. But the bare outlines will suffice. Eight million men, women and chil- dren met death as a direct result of the German attack on humanity, the most striking collective examples of which were more than l.noO.OOO killed by the Turks In Armenia and more than 200.- 000 unarmed black men. women and children wantonly murdered by the Germans in Africa, which they were planning to use in their next war for world conquest. Vast tracts of territory in Prance, in Belgium, in Serbia, In Rumania, in Italy and in Russia were laid waste by the Germans. Factory after factory in France and Belgium were stripped of their ma- chinery, which was taken into Germany for the double purpose of adding to Germany's industrial output and ren- dering impotent the industrial output of rival countries. Bank after bank was robbed. Palace after palace was denuded of its furnishings. Tapestries were torn from walls. Private funds and jewels were taken from citizens. Art galleries were looted. The plainest of furniture was carted away from cottages. Food was stolen from storehouses and private homes. Clothing and coal and seed were shipped from the invaded countries into Germany. Trees were cut down, destroying the fruit yield for years to come. Millions and millions of innocent peoples — in Europe. Asia, Africa and America — are today paying by high prices and high taxation and by volun- tary s\ibscriptions the cost of the Ger- man holiday. It has been estimated that the actual cost of the war to the Allies was .$155.- 000,000,000. If we add the cost to Ger- many, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria, estimated at $71,000,000,000, we have the astounding total of $226,- 000,000.000, Two hundred billion dol- lars is a low estimate of the cost to re- adjust the business of the world, and this vast sum added to the actual ex- penditures brings the entire cost of the war to $426,000,000,000. The sum is so immense one cannot grasp it, and in comparison the in- demnity placed upon German.v, based upon Germany's capability to pay, seems trivial. Great Problems Solved And Grand Work Done By the Peace Conference. Now, this brief summary of the crime gives one a basic view of the power of the enemy capable of com- mitting it. Thus one may see the dif- ficulties confronting the body of men comprising the Peace Conference, one of whose tasks was to find a punish- ment which would fit the crime, and at the same time fit the punishment to the law and the justice of civilization. These difficulties were augmented by readjustments of many countries so that all should be satisfied, so far as possible, with the changes in the map of the world. An idea of the extent of these difficulties will be obtained when one remembers that, with very few ex- ceptions, every country in Europe was, to a more or less degree, engaged in the war, and that every country In Asia — excepting Afghanistan and Thi- bet — has been affected by the war. One may broaden out this idea by recall- ing that there is not a square mile in Africa which, in one way or another, has not taken part in war activities. Nearly all the nations in the Americas were in the war. and from the far dis- tant islands of the Southern Seas there were thousands and hundreds of thou- sands of men who lined up in the front ranks as fighters. One striking result of the hostilities has been the creation of ten new- States w^th new boundaries to be cast. 26 THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. 27 Altogether the boundaries of fourteen eountries had to be recast. Then there were problems of com- Merce and trade and railways and in- ternational waterways. Here were a multitude of nations — a jumble of nationalities, the littlest of which were the most insistent for the fulfillment of supposed rights and the most unsophisticated of whom were the strongest for new advantages. Nearly all these nations — big and little — had their own problems. Nearly all the peoples of the nations looked only from their own viewpoints. And all these readjustments — all these problems — were smoothed out. They were not smoothed out in a day nor a week nor a month. They re- quired the careful attention of the greatest brains at that Peace Table. , And the men who sat at the Peace Table did not spare themselves. They worked at high speed day and night. Never before has a peace conference approached this Peace Conference in the magnitude of the tasks to be ac- complished. The Congress of Vienna is the nearest approach to it, for it settled the affairs of Europe. It took the members of that Congress eleven months to complete their duties. But the problems at Vienna in no manner compares with the vast problems of the whole world which were before the Peace Conference of the Allies and their associates, comprising twenty- seven nations. And the present Peace Conference prepared the Peace Treaty in fifteen weeks. Some of us were critical. Some of us even grumbled. Some of us openly found fault. Now we have the results before us. Let us take off our hats to our Pence Commissioners. Why Peace Conference Kept the Details of Punishment Secret. Fixing the punishment on Germany as a nation was one of the greatest tasks. France and Belgium and many of us in this country wanted to have this indemnity placed at figures so high that Germany could not possibly pay her dues in a century or more. On the other hand there were apologists for Germany and German sympathizers and Germans posing as Americans, act- ing as German propagandists who were always trying to soften the blow for Germany. But with all the contending elements in all parts of the world — the one side expressing the fear that the Germans would be let ofC too easily, and the other side voicing the apprehension that the Germans would be taxed too high — the Peace Conference went on the even tenor of its way. Then came the news. Germany was hit hard in the matter of indemnity. The figure of actual in- demnity is higher than even some of us who wanted the amount to be pushed to the limit dared hope for. It is nearly as high as some of the mem- bers of the French Commission who came to this country indicated to me it should be. Added to it is the heavy indemnity for Austria. And along with these indemnities are the losses in ter- ritory to Germany and Austria, greatly increasing the monetary and material punishment to both countries. Germany is bound hand and foot, even as the fabulous Gulliver was bound, only the act of binding was not done by pigmies, but by giants who were merely sleeping, and who awoke in time to render the big bully power- less. Then came the news of the deter- mination of the Allies to try the for- mer Kaiser as the chief criminal re- sponsible for the war. He cannot escape trial. If found guilty he cannot escape punishment. All this news came to us as a sur- prise. For those who were working for easy terms for Germany and the for- mer Kaiser it was a bitter surprise. For those of us who were looking for justice It came as a vindication of the I men who gave their lives that the Ger- man Thing might be crushed. The members of the Peace Confer- ence kept their secrpts well. There were ample reasons why the details of the proceedings should be kept a secret. One of these reasons is that it was deemed not advisable to make public the terms of the Peace Treaty until they were ready for presentation to the Germans. Had it been otherwise some newspapers in the Allied coun- tries and some public men in the Allied countries might have considered the terms too severe and the printed ar- ticles and the speeches in opposition to them would have been spread all over Germany in preference to articles and speeches favoring the terms, with the result that the German people would have believed that the Allies were divided and would thereby have stiffened in their resistance. So the surprises came and the course taken can be regarded as the wise course. Other Problems Awaiting Solution; Among Them The Russian Problem. There are other problems yet to be solved. Among them is the great Rus- sian problem. There have been nu- merous suggestions by experts, by lay- WHAT GERMANY HAS LOST Indemnity (par value of the mark) $23,800,000,000 LOSSES IN EUROPE. Sq. Miles Population Alsace-Lorraine, to France 5,680 1,874,014 Saar Coal Basin, to League of Nations 738 234,200 Schleswig, to Denmark 2,787 693,984 Posen and part of Silesia, to Poland (including port of Danzig) 28,412 8,440,379 Malmedy, to Belgium 382 119,184 Total in Europe 37,999 11,361,761 Sq. Miles Population Before the War 208,825 64,925,993 After the War 170,826 53,564,232 LOSS OF COLONIES. Sq. Miles Population Togoland 33,668 1,003,612 Kamerun 305,019 3.501,537 German Southwest Africa 322,432 102,586 German East Africa 384,170 7,515,666 New Guinea (exclusive of the Ladrone Islands) . 92,244 545,478 Caroline Islands 560 39,000 Marshall Islands 158 16,000 Ladrone Islands 420 10,000 German Samoan Islands 993 37,980 Kiao Chau (China) 213 196,470 Total of Colonies 1,139,877 12,968,329 Grand Total 1,177,876 24,330,090 28 THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. men and by mere novices as to the solution. "Send the Allied troops into Russia and blow the Bolshevists off the face of the earth!" cries one. "Make peace with the Reds and have them one of us!" insists another. "Let them stew in their own juice!" says a third. In the meantime the problems of Russia still prevail. To begin with, there is no Russia. The Don region, the Caucasus and Si- beria have broken away from Russia. To be sure, there is an organization which for the time being is controlling Central Russia. It has a pretended government, which at best is only an experiment and which at worst is an- archy. As for the remainder of Rus- sia, there is no government at all. Now how can the Allies recognize a government in Russia in general when there is no general Russian Govern- ment? And how can the Allies recognize the Bolshevist government in Central Rus- sia as a de facto government when it is not a de facto government? And last, but not least, how can the Allies recognize any government in any part of Russia when there is none — de facto or otherwise? As a matter of fact, there is no ques- tion of recognizing any government in Russia. That question has never been discussed in the Peace Conference. Well, what about military interven- tion? Here arise questions to which the average layman has never given thought. Russia might be Bolshevist, Menshevist. Republican or Czarist. It rests entirely with the Russian people what sort of government they estab- lish. A foreign Power has no more right to Invade Russia and dictate to the Russian people the sort of govern- ment they shall have than Great Brit- ain or France had a right to invade this country and decide either in favor of the Confederates or the Federalists at the time of our Civil War. Then there is this point: The inva- frion of Russia is one thing: the con- quest of Russia is another thing. The Germans found it quite easy to get into Russia, but they found it a very difficult matter to get out of Russia. Supposing the Allies actually con- quered Russia — their one-time strong ally — what sort of a government would they set up and on whose authority? The Bis Thing Is to Keep the Problems Of the World Settled. All problems will be settled in due tlmo. The big thing is to keep them settled. All the world should profit by the terrible experience of the last five years. Another such experience would practically mean the end of civiliza- tion. It will take fifty years for the world to recover from the shell shock given to it by the Germans. Perhaps it will not have recovered then. The lives lost — the lost future generations unborn — can never be a part of the progress of this earth. But what is gone is gone. The past cannot be recalled. A destiny once worked out is ended forever. But man can shape the destinies of the world — to a great measure — by his wisdom, his justice and his energy. Let this wisdom, this justice, this energy so well begun be continued. You may call it a League of Nations, if you like: you may call it an alliance, if you please — but whatever you call it, let it be builded upon faith, let it be builded in the hope of a future reaching far beyond this world and let it be builded on the laws of man founded on the laws of God. Dr. Egan on Peace Psychology By DR. MAURICE FRANCIS EGAN, Former U. S. Minister to Denmark. The recent news from Paris makes us feel that it would be well to under- stand somewhat of the psychology of all the parties gathered together in this momentous meeting — even more momentous than that wretched Con- gress at Vienna which brought such intolerable evils on Europe and the world. The fact that Germany is repre- sented by Count Brockdorff-Rantzau shows that she is not in process of disintegration and that the extreme Radical party has not the great po- tency it was supposed to have in the beginning. Count Brockdorff-Rantzau represents the best brains of Ger- many. He was never sympathetic with the military party, and, though most devout of German patriots, he always feared — though he did not be- lieve — that the United States might be driven into the war. If the tone of the German delegation were molded by a less able man, a man less con- servative and less acute, the situation might be different; but Count Brock- dorff-Rantzau is not at Paris to ac- cept terms humbly, but rather as a diplomatist who has determined to make the best out of a position which seems almost hopeless for his coun- try. He knows very well that it is a maxim in diplomacy, to put it into a phrase sometimes used in describ- ing Ireland. "That the impossible al- ways happens and the inevitable never." Now. to most Americans it seems impossible that Germany dare to make any claims or to insist that the rigors of justice shall be tolerantly softened for her; but Count Rantzau. representing the most important among the German people — the "great" among the employers and the "great" among the employees — in- tends that the impossible shall hap- pen, and that the inevitable — which would be the wreaking of a full pun- ishment on the nation that united so solidly in supporting the imperialistic regime — shall not happen. The attitude of the Italian Govern- ment, to which the majority of the Italian peonle have adhered, though not so cordially as the reception of D'Annunzio's sneech might lead us to believe, has strengthened the delu- sion among the Germans that the Allies prefer the conservation of their own interests to the reduction of Ger- many to powerlessness. The Chancel- leries of Eurone have never accepted President Wilson's fourteen proposi- tions and their interpretations with anything approaching to enthusiasm. The moment they were announced [nearly every diplomatist said: "But what of our treaties?" This alarm in-' eluded fear for all treaties, including those that were secret The con- sensus of opinion was that a treaty was no less binding because it had been made secretly. The secret ar- rangement among certain Powers to ; keep the representatives of the Pope I from the Peace Conference — an ar- I rangement made public by the new j government of Russia just after the j downfall of the Czar — was one in question; but the Catholics of the world, interested in the independence of the Pope, though not at all inter- ested in his restoration to the full temporal power he possessed before the French Revolution, took no notice of this, in order not to embarrass the Allies. There were other understand- j ings just as secret and these the vet- eran diplomatists, not touched by \ American altruism, held as sacred in the interest of expediency as if they were the Holy Ark itself. Italy Aspires to Greatness. The explanation of the attitude of i Italy — an attitude which her diplo- ! matists, the most astute in the world in some respects, may soften — is due to the fact that she determined to be a great Power. She feels that, having found the most unexpected opportu- nity, she has the great chance of be- coming equal to France and England, in a certain sense her commercial and territorial rivals. We who know Mr. Wilson, who understand his in- domitable idealism, who can see that he joins the firmness of the nld I Covenanter to the steadfastness of a ( mind determined that the world shall ' not be wrecked again by the horrors I brought about through the Balance ot I Power — pay no attention to the whis- pers of discontent among the Eu- ropean nations, of which Lord North- cliffe, acording to Lloyd-George, made too mucn. The Italians of the old school do not hesitate to say that the reason why Fiume was refused to them was that England and France might prac- tically control that port. The Jugo- slavs, on the other hand, feel that to put Fiume into Italian hands might throw it at some future time under German cnntrnl. and the Slavs insist that the beginning of the war was really the moment when Austria re- fused an outlet for Hungarian swine. Mr. Wilson was adored in Italy by the people at large until he was ap- parently put in the place of refusing them the opportunity to control the Mediterranean and the Adriatic, as Great Britain controls the Atlantic. THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. 29 The Jugoslavs in their hearts believe that Germany will regain commercial- ly and economically her power in Italy. Some of the Italians rather tontlrm this by their assertion, which is almost a threat; one linds it in con- versations and in the Italian papeis, not always plainly expressed, "If the United States turns against us we must look to a reconstructed Ger- ' many." A letter recently received j from the ex-vice governor of Fiume 1 complains very bitterly that if ilr. j Wilson's plans are not misinterpreted j at the Peace ("unfen-nce Hiuigary will | not be dismembered. Hungary is ."lay- ing very little for her.-;ell', since, moie thin-skinned than Germans, she is ashamed of a war into which she en- ' tered without any great enthusiasm. Hut the publication of the terms of the Peace Treaty nhich was handed to the German delegates on Wednes- day, so dazzling, so sweeping, and so beyond the dreams of the defenders of the balance of power, has for a mo- ment forced the malcontents to be si- lent. Kven the critics of the League of Nations mv.st admit that such a plan as this would have seemed five years ago to be the iridescent visioa^ of an exalted dreamer. , l-'ranoc Oots More Than E.xpccted. t France has gained more than she ever expected, though the clause pledging the President of the United States and the Prime Minister of Eng- land to present to the legislative bod- , ies of their respective countries a proposition to unite in defending I'rance should she ever be unjustly at- tacked by Germany is sure to excite much more opposition in this coun- try than in Kngland. England went into the war. not to preserve the i lights of Belgium, but because she ' saw at once that to Prussinnize Ant- ' werp was to open her coast to attack. She might have learned this lesson j earlier, in 1870, for example, but the I government of England learned 1 many les.sons too late; for instance, j the foolishness of the cession i of Heligoland to Germany, ^ that ' "trouser button which the Em- peror William said dining the late war held the German Empire to- gether. There is one sure thing which this war has emphasized — that the in- i lerests of England and France mu.st in the future be identical. Count Rant- zau would not be at all adverse to a union between England and Germany, and this union by a strange kink in Germany psychology is not looked on now as impossible. It is one of the impossibilities which he. no doubt, thinks may be made possible. Dur- -ing the early part of 1917, before we went into the war and when I was closely in contact with German opin- ion, it was no unusual thing to hear from the Foreign Office that when England came to her senses she might make herself impregnable by uniting with Germany. "If we, the Central Powers, control the land and England controls the sea, we shall, of course, take the Mediterranean and Adriatic from Italy — we could rule the world." And this illusion is not so rare as it I might seem, and all future diplomatic intrigues have not yet been killed by ' the triumph of .\merican altruism. It 1 will hardly be believed, but if one re- | calls the impression one received from i certain English journals and from | cp.rtain £nglish students of foreign af- fairs when the power of Germany seemed for a time to be impregnable, such a union was not deemed as alto- gether out of the question. Germany was not discovered by England until ' a long time after I.ord .Morley had re- .signed from the Cabinet and Lord Haldane been di.scredited.. Saar Basin*Must Go to France. A tremendous gain for France is the creation of a I'ommission to gov- ern the Saar Basin pending a plebis- cite 15 years hence. It is quite plain what this means; the Saar Basin, so necessiiry to France, must become French, a clause which will make northern Europe breathe more freely is that the Kiel Canal must be open to all nations. Without this Den- Xnark would find the restoration of »er despoiled territory a new burden and a terrible danger; without this Finland and Sweden would have new causes for alarm, and even Norway would find her strength for resist- ance to invasion and the power of helpir»e: her sister Scandinavian coun- tries greatly reduced. The restora- tion of .Alsace-Lorraine was a foregone conclusion, and also was the demoli- tion of the forts on Heligoland, but that such a potent movement toward the formation of a United States of Europe, each stiite preserving its in- dependence but ceding a part of its sovereignty, must stun the shades of Talleyrand and Metternich wherever they are dwelling. The Congress of Vienna and the later Congress of Berlin are now as dead as the mastodon or any other prediluvian monster: but it does not follow that, when this tremendous change has taken place, there ■will not be war.s or rumors of wars. Com- promises have been made, in spite of the steel-like attitude of the Presi- dent, so contrary to all the old tra- ditions of diplomacy, and these com- promises may bring about as much evil in the future as the compromise in the matter of slavery permitted in our League of Nations in 1787 wrought in the Civil War and its fol- lowing disasters. Orlando and Sonnino have lost noth- ing of the cunning of their prede- cessors of the Renaissance. Nobody credits them with altruism; they are Italian patriots first and foremost, and all Italy applauds them for thi.s. Italy was never for a moment inter- ested in the question as to whether Germany should be democratic or not: an autocracy with its claws cut, so that it might not attack the Adri- atic or the Mediterranean, was really less dangerous than the pretentions of an assumedly democratic England or France. This has been made plain In Orlando's demand, which ended, for a moment at least, in the real ap- parition of a Vjnited Italy. There are questions it) the Balkans which are not yet fully answered. — the possession of Macedonia, for in- stance. — and certain demands which both the Greeks and the Bulgarians are lather certain to make. These have not yet been cleared up: and if anybody imagines that it is possible to clear them up with a merely noble gesture, he has no conception of the overpowering difficulties which would have weighed down any man less steadfast than President Wilson. Loa;?ue of Nations Not Yet Perfect. As in our League of Nations, which was formed in Philadelphia in 1787, the combination is by no means per- fect; and local questions are much more Ijurning than they were when the interests of Massachusetts were confronted with those of Georgia and the Carolinas. Criticism simply be- comes bromidic when it asserts that the League of Nations will not at once prevent the recurrence of wars; but the League has this in its favor, that it is constructed at a time when the most belligerent nations are sick of wars. — more sick than even France was after Napoleon, with his dreams unfulfilled, had only changed the map of Europe for the worse. If the Kaiser and the German na- tion. — both inseparable and both equally deserving of punishment, gave religion to France, an army to England and temperance in drink to Russia. — a result which, however, had not entirely corroborated the claims of the Prohibitioni-:is for law and order, — he has als. -rced into Europe ideas not hitheiio under.stood at all, similar in a vague way to those which actuated Washington and Jef- ferson and Jaines Madison and the rest of "the demigods" when they formed the Constitution of the Unit- ed States. Students of foreign affairs in Amer- ica must not draw hasty conclusfons, for hasty conclusions always lead to destructive criticism, and we shall have enough difficulty in re-construct- ing our own mental attitude and our own understanding of a condition which removes us many, many length3 from the ideas that in the time of George Washington seemed so radi- cal and experimental to conservative England and even to France, which had begun to feel that the tyranny of a misunderstood feudalism, poisoned with the ideas of the Renaissance, was unendurable. If we Americans are to decide the future of our land intelligently, if we are not to be like dumb, driven cattle, we must patiently study the trend of European politics and not be misled by partisan ideas which are largely traditional. We can no longer argue as to the right or wrong of our en- tering into European entanglements; we are in. probably for good, and pa- tience and concentration and a fair allowance for the good intention of our elected leaders must force us at the same time to concentrate our minds and to broaden our ideas. 30 THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. REVISED TEXT OF LEAGUE OF NATIONS COVENANT Parenthetical Inaertiona Shote Changes in Original Draft. A Below is printed the full text of the revised draft of the covenant of the I<«ae:ue of Nations, presented ta the plenary session of the Peace Confer- ence in Paris April 28, 1919, with paren- thetical Insertions showing the chang-es made: In order to promote international co-operation and to achieve interna- tional peace and security, by the ac- ceptance of obligations not to resort to war, by the prescription of open, Just and honorable relations between nations, by the firm establishment of the understandings of international law as to actual rule of conduct among governments, and by the maintenance of justice and a scrupu- lous respect for all treaty obligations In the dealings of organized peoples with one another, the high contract- ing parties agree to this covenant of the League of Nations. (In the original preamble the last •entenoe read, "adopt this constitu- tion," Insload of "agree to this cove- nant.") Article I — The original members of the League of Nations shall be those of the signatories which are named In the annex to this covenant and also such of those other States named in the annex as shall accede without reservation to this covenant. Such accessions shall be effected by a dec- laration deposited with the Secre- tariat within two months of the com- ing into force of the covenant. Notice thereof shall be sent to all other members of the League. Any fully self-governing State, do- minion or colony not named in the annex may become a member of the League if its admission is agreed by two-thirds of the assembly, provided that it shall give effective guaran- tees of its sincere intention to ob- serve ague. No mention of withdrawal was made in the original document.) Article n. The action of the League under this covenant shall be effected through the instrumentality of an as- sMTibly and of a council, with a per. manent secretariat. ( Originally this was a part of Article I. It gives tlie name assembly to tlie gathering of representatives of the members of the League, formerly re- ferred to merely as "the body of dele- gates.") I Article III. The assembly shall con- sist of representatives of the memberj of the League. The assembly shall meet at staled intervals and from time to time as occasion may require, at the seat of the League, or at such other place as may be decided upon. The assembly may deal at its meet- ings with any matter wiMiin sphere of action of the League of affecting the peace of the world. At meetings oC the assembly, each member of the League shall have one vote, and may have not more than three representatives. (This embodies parts of the original Article one, two and tlu-ee witli only minor changes. It refcr.s to "member.^ of the League" where the term "high contracting parties" originally was nsed, and thlij cliange is followed throughout the revised draft.) Article IV. The council shall con- sist of representatives of the United States of America, of the British Km- pire, of France, of Italy, and of Japan, together with representatives of four other members of the League. These four members of the League shall be selected by the assembly from time to time in its discretion. Until the ap- pointment of the representatives of the four members of the League first se- lected by the assembly, representatives of (blank) shall be members of the council. With the approval of the majority of the assembly, the council may nam! additional members of the League whose representatives shall always bi members of the council; the council with like approval may increase ihc number of members of the League tu be selected by the assembly for rep- resentation on the council. The council shall meet from time to time as occasion may require and at least once a year, at the seat of the League, or at such other place as may be decided upon. The council may deal at its meeting.; with any matter within the sphere of action of the League or affecting the peace of the world. Any member of the League not rep- resented on the council shall be in- vited to send a representative to set as a member at any meeting of the coun- cil during the consideration of matter.- specially affecting the interests of that member of the League. At meetings of the council, each member of the League represented on the council shall have one vote, and may have not more than one repre- sentative. (This embodies that part of tljc original ai-tlcle Tliree desjo^iatlng the original member.s of the conncil. The paragraph providing for increase in the membership of Uie council is new. ) Article V. Except where otherwise expressly provided in this covenant, decisions ^at any meeting of the at:- -sembly or of the council shall retiui -e the agreement of all the members of the League represented at the meeting. All matters of procedure at meetings of the Assembly or the Council, the appointment of committees to investi- gate particular matters, shall be regu- lated by the Assembly or by the Council and may be decided by a ma- jority of the members of the League represented at the meeting. _ The first meeting of the Assembly and the first meeting of the Council shall be summoned by the Preside&t of the United States of America. (The first paragraph requiring uiuiuLnu)us agreement in both Assem- bly and Council except wliere other- wi.se provided Is new. The other two paragraphs originally were incladed in Article Four.) Article VI — The permanent secre- tariat shall be established at the seat of the league. The secretariat shall comprise a secretariat general and such secretaries and staff as may be required. The first secretary general shall be the per.son named in the annex; there- after the secretary general shall be appointed by the Council with the ap- proval of the majority of th» Assembly. The secretaries and the staff of tha secretariat shall be appointed by the secretary general with the approval of the Council. The secretary general shall act In that capacity at all meetings of the Assembly and of the Council. The expenses of the secretariat shall be borne by the members of the league in accordance with the apportionment of the expenses of the International Uureau of the Universal Postal Union. This replaces the original Article V. In the orig-inal the appointment )!' the flr.st secretary general was Iel% To tlie Council, and approval of the iiajority of tlie Assembly was not re- liilred for subsequent appointments.) Article VII — The seat of the league is established at Geneva. The Council may at any time decide thatt he seat of the league shall be established elsewhere. AH positions under or In connection with the league. Including the secre- tariat, shall be open equally to men and women. Representatives of the members of the league and officials of thp league when engaged on the business of the league shall enjoy diplomatU> privileges and immunities. The buildings and other propertj occupied by the league or Its official! or by representatives attending iti meetings shall be inviolable. (Kmlxxlying parts of the pU -■Viticlcs V and VI, this articles namet (■•••neva instead of leaving the seat o< the league to be chosen later and add( llie provision for changing the seat in (he future. The paragraph opening po.sltlons to %rameu equally wlOi men is new.) Article VIII — The members of the league recognize that the maintenance of a peace requires the reduction of national armaments to the lowest point consistent with national safety ana the info'*ement by common action of international obligations. The Council, takiijig account of the geographical situation and circum- stances of each state, shall formulate plans for such reduction for the con- sideration and action of the several governments. Such plans shall be subject to recon- sideration and revision at least every ten years. .4.fter these plans shall have been adopted by the several governments, limits o£ armaments therein fixed THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. 31 FOR LIFE . . ; .^/'i-* j^<4';ii*;:5!K;.:v-xc.'!u^r i;^,5i- ovj^ -yT-'v-'^'ir . i ^ ii ^ ,K ii J ■ m y tli UniiiM titf^-'- -, -Siv *^ 32 THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. shall not be exceeded without the con- currence of the Council. The members of the League agree that the manufacture by private en- terprise of munitions and implements of war is open to grave objections. The Council shall advise how the evil effects attendant upon .such maniffac- ture can be prevented, due regard be- ing had to the necessities of those members of the League which are not able to manufacture the munitions and implements of war necessary for their safety. The members of the League under- take to interchange full and frank in- formation as to the .scale of their armaments, their military and naval programs and the condition of such of their industries as are adaptable to warlike purposes. (This covers the ground of the orig- inal Artilce 8, but is rewritten to make it clearer that armament reduction plans must be adopted by the nations affected before they become effec- tive. ) Article 9 — A permanent commission shall be constituted to advise the Council on the execution of the pro- visions of Articles 1 and 8 and on mil- itary and naval questions generally. (Unchanged except for the insertion of tlie words "Article I.") Article 10 — The members of the League undertake to respect and pre- serve as against external aggression the territorial integrity and existing political independence of all members of the league. In case of any such ag- gression or in case of any threat or danger of such aggression, the Council shall advise upon the means by which this obligation shall be fulfilled. (Virtually uncnanged.) Article 11 — Any war or threat of war, whether immediately affecting any of the members of the league or not, is hereby declared a matter of concern to the whole League, and the League shall take any action that may be deemed wise and effectual to safe- guard the peace of nations. In case any such emergency should arise, the secretary-general shall, on the request of any member of the League, forth- with summon a meeting of the Coun- cil. It is also declared to be the funda- mental right of each member of the I.yeague to bring to the attention of the assembly or of the Council any cir- cumstance whatever affecting interna- tional relations which threatens to dis- turb either the peace or the good un- derstanding between nations upon which peace depends. (In the original it was provided that the "high contracting parties reserve the right to take any action," etc., where the revised draft reads "The League shall take any action.") Article XII — The members of the League agree that if there should arise between them any dispute likely to lead to a rupture, they will submit the matter either to arbitration or to inquiry by the council, and they agree in no case to resort to war until three months after the award by the arbi- trators or the report by the council. In anv case under this article the award of the arbitrators shall be made within a reasonable time, and the re- port of the council shall be made with- in six months after the submission of the dispute. (Virtually tmchanged except that some provisions of the original are eliminated for inclusion in other arti- cles.) Article xm — The members of the League agree that whenever any dis- pute shall arise between them which they recognize to be suitable for sub- mission to arbitration, and which can- not be satisfactorily settled by di- plomacy, they will submit the whole subject matter to arbitration. Dis- putes as to the interpretation of a treaty, as to any question of interna- tional law, as to the existence of any fact which if established would con- stitute a breach of any international obligation, or as to the extent and na- ture of the reparation to be made for any such breach, are declared to be among those which are generally suit- able for submission to arbitration. For the consideration of any such di.spute the court of arbitration to which the case Is referred shall be the court agreed upon by the parties to the dis- pute or stipulated in any convention existing between them. The members of the LeagTie agree that they will carry out in full good faith any award that may be ren- dered and that they will not resort to war against a member of the League which complies therewith. In the event of any failure to carry out such an award the council shall propose what steps should be taken to give effect thereto. (Oidy Minor Changes in Language.) Article XTV — The Council shall formulate and submit to the members of the League for adoption plans for the establishment of a permanent court of international justice. The court shall be competent to hear and determine any dispute of an inter- national character which the parties thereto submit to it. The court may also give an advisorj- opinion upon any dispute or question referred to it by the Council or by the Assembly. (Unchanged except for the addition of the last sentence.) Article XV — If there should arise between members of the League any dispute likely to lead to a rupture, which is not submitted to arbitration as above, the members of the League agree that they will submit the mat- ter to the Council. Any party to the dispute may effect such submission by giving notice of the existence of the dispute to the secretary general, who will make all necessary arrangements for a full investigation and consider- ation thereof. For this purpose the parties to the dispute will communi- cate . to the secretary general, as promptly as possible, statements of their case, all the relevant facts and papers; the Council may forthwith di- rect the publication thereof. The Council shall endeavor to effect a settlement of any dispute, and if such efforts are successful, a state- ment shall be made public giving such facts and explanations regarding the dispute, terms of settlement thereof as the Council maydeem appropriate. If the dispute is not thus settled, the Council either unanimously or by a majority vote shall make and publish a report containing a statement of the facts of the dispute and the rec- ommendations which are deemed just and proper in regard thereto. Any members of the League repre- sented on the Council may make public a statement of the facts of the dispute and of its conclusions re- gardiRg the same. If a report by the Council is unan- imously agreed to by the members thereof other than the representatives of one or more of the parties to the dispute, the members of the League agree that they will not go to war with any party to the dispute which complies with the recommendations of the report. If the Council fails to reach a re- port which is unanimously agreed to by the members thereof, other than the representatives of one or more of. the parties to the dispute, the mem- bers of the League reserve to them- selves the right to take such action as they shall consider necessary for the maintenance of right and justice. If the dispute between the parties is claimed by one of them and is found by the Council, to arise out of a mat- ter which by international law, \r solely within the domestic jurisdiction of that party, the Council shall so report, and shall make no recommen- dation as to its settlemeivt. The Council may in any case under this article refer the dispute to the Assembly. The dispute shall be so referred at the request of either par- ty to the dispute, provided that such request be made within fourteen days after the submission of the dis- pute to the Council. In any case referred to the Assem- bly all the provisions of this article and of Article Twelve relating to the action and powers of the Council shall apply to the action and powers of the Assembly, provided that a report made by the Assembly, if concurred in by the representatives of those mem- bers of the League represented on the Cotjncil and of a majority of the other members of the League, exclu- sive in each case of the representa- tives of the parties to the dispute, shall have the same force as a re- port by the Council concurred in by all the members thereof other than the representatives of one or more of the parties to the dispute. (Tlie paragraph speolflcaUy exclud- ing matters of "domestic .iuri.sdlction" fi-om action by tlie Council is new. In tlie last sentence, the words "if con- cuiTcd in by the representatives of those members of the league repre- sented on the Council," etc., have l)een added.) Article Ifl — Should any member of the League resort to war in disre- gard of its covenants under Articles Twelve, Thirteen or Fifteen, it shall ipso facto be deemed to have committed an act of war against all other members of the League, which hereby undertake im- mediately to subject it to the sever- ance of all trade or financial relations, the prohibition of all intercourse be-, tween their nationals and the nationals of the covenant-breaking State and. the prevention of all financial, com- mercial or personal intercourse be- tween the nationals of the crfvenant- breaking State and the nationals of any other State, whether a member of the League or not. It shall be the duty of the Council in such case to recommend to the several governments concerned what effective military or naval forces the members of the League shall severally contribute to the armaments of forces to be used to protect the covenants of the League. The members of the League agree, further, that they will mutuallv sup- port one another in the financial and economic measures which are taken under this article, in order to minimize the loss and inconvenience resulting from the above measures, and that they will mutually support one an. other in resisting any special measures aimed at one of their number by the covenant-breaking State, and that they will take the necessary steps to afford passage through their territory to the forces of any of the members of the League which are co-operating to pro- tect the covenants of the League. Any member of the League which has violated any covenant of tha League may be declared to be no long, er a member of the League by a vot^ of the Council concurred In by thi representatives of all the members of the League represented thereon. (Unchanged except for the addition of the last sentence).) Article 17 — In the event of a dlsput* THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. S3 between a member of the Losfrue and a state which is not a memb«r of the League, or betweem states not mem- bers of the League, the state t;h con- ditions as the council may deem just. If such invitation is accepted, the pro- visions of Articles Twelve to aixteen. inclusive, shall be applied with such modifications as may be O'jined nec- essary by the Council. Upon such invitation being given, the council shall immediately insti- tute an Inquiry into the circumstances of the dispute and recommend such action as may seem best and most effectual in the circumstances. If a state so invited shall refuse to accept the obligations of membership in the League for the purposes of such dispute, and shall resort to war against a member of the League, the provisions of Article Sixteen shall be applicable as against the state taking such action. If both parties to the dispute, when so invited, refuse to accept the obli- gations of membership in the League for the purposes of such dispute, the council may take such measures and make such recommendations as will prevent hostilities and will result in the settlement of the dispute. (Virtually unchanged.) Article XVm — Every convention or international engagement entered into henceforward by any member of the League shall be forthwith registered with the Secretariat and shall as soon as possible be published by it. No such treaty or international engage- ment shall be binding until so regis- tered. (Same as orlgrinal Article XXm.) Article XIX — The Assembly may from time to time advise the recon- sideration by members of the League of Treaties which have become inap- plicable, and the consideration of in- ternational conditions whose continu- ance might endanger t'he peace of the world. (Virtually the same as original Ar- ticle xxrv.) Article XX — The members of the League severally agree that this cove- nant is accepted as abrogating all ob- ligations or understandings inter se which are inconsistent with the terms thereof, and solemnly undertake that they will not hereafter enter into any engagements inconsistent with the terms thereof. In case members of the League shall, before becoming a member of the League, have undertaken any ob- ligations inconsistent with the terms of this covenant, it shall be the duty of such member to take imniediate steps to procure its release from such obligations. (Virtually the same as original Ar- ticle XXV.) Article "y^T — ^Nothing in this cove- nant shall be deemed to affect the validity of IntematRmal engagements such as treaties of arbitration or re- gional understandings like the Mon- roe Doctrine for securing the mainte- nance of peace. (Entirely new>.) Article XXTf — To these colonies and territories which as a consequence of the late war have ceased to be under the sovereignty of the States which formerly governed them and which are inhabited by peoples not yet able to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern world, there should be applied the principle that the well being form a velopment of such peoples form a sacred trust of civilization and that securities for the performance of this trust should be embodied in this cove- nant. The best method of giving practic- able effect to this principle is that the tutelage of such peoples be entrusted to advanced nations who, by reasons of their resources, their experience or their geographical position, can best undertake this responsibility, and who are willing to accept it. and that this tutelage should be exercised by them as mandatories on behalf of the League. The character of the mandate must differ according to the stage of the development of the people, the geo- graphical situation of the territory, its economic condition and olher similar circumstances. Certain communities formerly be- longing to the Turkish Jilmpire have reached a stage of development where their existence as indepeiiaont nations can be provisionally recognized sub- lect to the rendering of administrative advice and assistance by a mandatory until such time as they are able to stand alone. The wishes of these communities must be a principal con- sideration in the selection of the mandatory. Other peoples, especially those of Central Africa, are at such a stage that the mandatory must be responsi- ble for the administration of the ter- ritory under conditions which will guarantee freedom of conscience of religion subject only to the mainte- nance of public order and morals the prohibition of abuses such as the slave trade, the arms traffic and the liquor traffic and the prevention of the es- tablishment of fortifications or mili- tary and naval bases and of military training of the nations for other than police purposes and the defense of territory and will also secure equal opportunities for the trade and com- merce of other members of the League. There are territories, such as Southwest Africa and certain of the South Pacific islands, which, owing to the sparseness of their population or their small size or their remote- ness from the centers of civilization or their geographical contiguity to the territory of the mandatory and other circumstances, can be best adminis- tered under the laws of the manda- tory as integral portions of its terri- tory subject to the safeguards above mentioned in the interests of the in- digenous population. In every case of mandate, the mandatory shall ren- der to the Council an annual report in reference to the territory committed to its charge. The degree of authority, control or administration to be exercised by the mandatory shall, if not previously agreed upon by the members of the League, be explicitly defined in each case by the Council. A permanent commission shall he constituted to receive and examine the annual reports of the mandatories, and to advise the Council on all mat- ters relating to the observance of the mandates. (This is the original Article 19, vir- tually unchanged, except for the in- sertion of the words "and who are willing to accept," in describing na- tions to be given mandatories.) ArtflCLE 23. Subject to and in accordance with the provisions •( interna- tional conventions e.icisting or here- after to be agreed upon, the members of the League (a) will endeavor to se- cure and maintain fair and humane conditions of labor for men, women and children, both In their own coun- tries and in all countries to which their commercial and industrial rela- tions extend, and for that purpose wiM establish and maintain the neces- sary international organizations; (b) undertake to secure just treatment of the native inhabitants of territories under their control; (c) will intrust the League with the general supervis- ion over the execution of agreements with regard to the traffc in opium and other dangerous drugs: (d) will intrust the League with the general supervision of the trade in arms and ammunition with the countries in which the control of this traffic is nec- essary in the common interest; (e) will make provision to secure and maintain freedom of communication and of transit and equitable treatment for the commerce of all members of the League. In this connection the special necessities of the regions de- vastated during the war of 1914-1918 shall be in mind; (f) will endeavor to take steps in matters of internation- al concern for the prevention and con- trol of disease. (This replaces the original Article 21, and embodies parts of the original Articles 18 and 21. It eliminates a specific provision foi-mcrly made for a bureau of labor and adds the clauses (b) and (c). ARTICLE 24. There shall be placed under the direction of the League all international bureaus already estab- lished by general treaties if the par- tics to such treaties consent. AH" such international bureaus and all com- missions for the regulation of matters of international interest hereafter con- stituted shall be placed under the dl- rection of the League. In all matters of international In- terest which are regulated by general conventions but which are not placed under the control of international bu- reaus or commissions, the secre- tariat of the League shall, subject to the consent of the Council and if de- sired by the parties, collect and dis- tribute all relevant information and shall render any other assistance which may be necessary or desirable. The Council may include as part of the expense of the secretariat the ex- penses of any bureau or commission which is placed under the direction of the League. (Same as Article 22 in the original, vrith the matter after the first two sentences added.) ARTICLE 25. The members of the Lea»»» agree to encourage and jfss" mote the establishment and co-opera- tion of duly authorized voluntary na- tional Red Cross organizations having as purposes improvement of health, the prevention of disease and the miti- gation, of suffering throughout tha world. (lilntirely new.) ARTICLE 26. Amendments to this covenant will take effect when ratified by the members of the League whose representatives compose the Council and by a majority of the members of the League whose representatives com- pose the Assembly. Such amendment shall (the word NOT apparently omitted in cable transmission) bind any members of the League which signifies its dissent therefrom, but in that case it shall cease to be a member of the League. (Same as the original, except that S4 THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. a majority of the I/eague Instead of | three-fourths Is required for ratifica- tion of ajnendments, with the last j sentence added.) I ANNEX TO THE COVENANT ' One — Original members of the i League of Xations. I Signatories of the Treaty of Peace. United States of America, Belgium, 1 Bolivia. Brazil, British Empire, Can- j ada, Australia, South Africa, New j Zealand, India, China, Cuba, Czecho- ' Slovakia, Ecuador, France, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Hedjaz, Honduras, Italy, Japan, Liberia., Nicaragua, Panama, Per\i, Poland, Portugal, Ku- mania, Servia. Slam, Uruguay. States invited to accede to the cove- nant: Argentine Republic. Chile. Colom- bia, Denmark. Netherlands, Norway, Para.gua.v. Per.sia. Salvador. Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Venezuela. Two — First Secretary-General of the League of Nations (blank). (The annex was not publi.shed with the oHginal draft of the Covenant.) NOTHING IN LEAGUE THAT INFRINGES ON UNITED STATES By THOMAS R. M-^RSH.VLL, Vice President of the United States. Before the American Academj' of Poiitiral and Social Science. With those who are opposed to any League of Nations, no difference what the terms of its covenant may be, I have no controversy nor would I dare to charge them with impure and un- patriotic motives. Much that they say about the ancient glory of the Repub- lic appeals to me. both historically and racially. If among the hundred millions of people who now dwell un- der the supposedly protective folds of the American flag there be aside from the Indian such a person, I'aclally speaking, as an American citizen, then I am he. On both sides of my house there does not course in our veins a single drop of blood w^hich was not cour.sing In the veins of some men or some women here In this AVcstern continent when Bunker Hill became the highest peak in political geog- raphy. If mere selfishness were to guide my conduct, I would be one of the first to raise the cry, '"America for Americans." I am one of the bare half million of like lineage now liv- ing in this land. My blood having fought its way out of English domina- tion under George III could never contemplate skulking back as a Prod- igal Son under George V, and regard- less of that sense of loyalty and that personal devotion which I bear to my chief, I would be a last-ditch man In the maintenance of American institu- tions if I thought or could be con- vinced that the proposed League of Nations was l^p make of America a mere appenage of the British Crown. T «m. however, convinced that there i."! a vast deal of difference between going back a Prodigal Son and going back, as I believe, not as a weakling but as a controlling partner in a great movement looking toward the peace of the world. In the revised draft, the Monroe Doctrine has been taken care of, A«ltation concerning it was a "tem- pest in a teapot." There were two •conclusions drawn from the Monroe Doctrine, one of which was good for the American people and the other of which was bad. The conclusion that it was the doctrine of self-defense aeain.st the aggression of Furopean nations on the western shore was good, but the doctrine conferring a I lordship or guardianship of our si.ster republic! to the south was distinctly bad. It wounded the pride of these I republics and instead of drawing them ' toward America it furnished reason for them to listen to the insidious wiles of European diplomacy. When all men plcdgo thfir honor lo main- taining the Integrity of the American Republic, it is hardly needful for the United States lo assume for itself the discharge of that duty. This is not a question of what you and I wish were; it is a question of what is and what we are going to do about it. Theoretically, 1 would quar- antine against yellow fever, but If I [ found the epidemic raging in America I would not rely upon the quarantine — I should treat the disease. The T;easue Stripped of Verbiage. ' Stripped of explanatory verbiage . and clarified as to non-legal phrases I the objects of the proposed League are to prevent war, promote peace, [ reduce armaments, control the sale of ! munitions, abrogate secret treaties, ! preserve territorial integrity from ex- I ternal aggression and to help weak ■ and struggling peoples toward the : maintenance of democracies. To attain these objects all disputes ^ which the parties recognize as suit- ahle and which arc unsettlcabic by diplomacy shall be .settled by arbitra- tion and in time by a permanent court of international Justice; nor will they go to war over any other dispute until after arbitration or recommendation upon the subject. Enforcement of decrees is to be had j by severing financial, commercial and personal relations with the offending 1 State and by recommendation as to actual physical force to be employed. In the event of disputes, non- member Slates are to be invited to obey the rules of the League which, if a dispute is with a member State, makes a refu.sal an act of war. but as between non-member States sabjec.s them to such action as the Council shall deeiTi necessary to avoid war. Armament is to be fixed and not In- creased wilhiiut permission and con- trol of private manufacture of muni- tions and their sale is to bo had. Provision is made for the recording of all treaties before they shall be- come effective and the League's power is pledged to the preservation of ter- rilblp, maaiigement, cir- cuiAtlon. etc.. required b.v the Act of CoDgre!on, wbo, having beeu duly sworn accord- \ag to law. deiio.scs and Kaya that be la th« puhll^hcr of Tbe Brooklyn Dally Eogle, and that the following Is. to the best of his linowledgc and belief, a true statement of tbe ownernhlp. niHUafietncnt. otc. of tbe aforesaid publication for til*' (late shown In the above caption, required by the Act of August 24. Itilj. embodied In aec- tlon 44;!. Pot4tal Laws and Megulations. That tbe names and addresses of the piibltsber and editor are: I'ubllsbcr. Herbert F. Gunnison: editor, Hatrx E. .Sheila nd. The Eagle Building. Brooklyn, N. T. That the names and addresses of stockholders holding i^c or more of total amount of stock are: William Hester. William V. Hester. Herbert T. Gunnison. William N. Dykmau, Edgar M. Cutlcn. WlllLim Hester and William V. Hester, trustees for iNatalie Hester ("Cleveland. Jenoia He.vtev Stewart and Arthur W. Hester. Kstate of St. Clair .McKehvUT. Hrooklrn. N. Y. ; Trank A. Keency, the Kstatc of William Zlegler. William '/Ai'Klfr Jr.. Manhattan, N. Y. ; seih A. Kecney. Santa Barbara, Cal. ; l.os Angeles Trust and Sayiugv Hank. I.os .\ngeles. Cal.; Brooklyn Trust Conipaliy. irustee for tbe Kstatc of Thomas Klnsell.-i, Hsiui.ili K. Pagelow and executor will Snrab l>. Kinssley. Brooklyn. N. Y. : Susan S. Brighniu. Anna t.. O'.Neil. Cora M. O'Nell, Klnna- toii, .\. v.: Anna K. CiultKinn, Sharon. Conn.; Angle Kecney Sehwegel. Wllkesborrc, I"a. That the known bondholders, mortgagees. aMi other security holdei-s owning oi- holding 1 per cent, or more of total amount of bonds mort- gagcB, or other securities: NOXE. 'J'but the two paragraphs next aboye, gKlng the names of the owners, stockholders, and seeurify holders. If any. contain not only tbe list or stockholders and security holders as they appear upon the books of the eompany, but also'. In cases where the stockholder or se- curity holder appears upon the lX)Ok« of the company as trustee iir In any other flduclary relation, the name of the per- son or corporation for whom such trustee Is noting Is gUen ; also that the said two para- ?raphs eontain statements embracing alSaot's till knowledge and belief as to the circumstances and ,'ondltioos under which stockholders and security holders who do not appear noon the books of the company as trustees hold stock and seeurilies in a capacity other than that of a bona tide owner; and this afllaat has no reason to helieTe that any other person, association, or corporation has any Interest direct or Indirect in the lald stoek. bonds, or other securities than as so stated bv him. HERBERT F. Gb'.NNISON. Publisher. Sworn to and subscribed before me this 2nd linr of April. 101.1. • ISeall JAMKS J. KKtsNAK. Notary riihll'-. Klng<. County. \. T. (My Commission expires March 30, 'loai> THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. 881 LEAGUE OF NATIONS LABOR COVENANT Otchiai and and Scna- The Commission on International La- bor Legislation for the Peace Confer- ence which drafted the following cov^ enant for World Labor, was made up as follows: United States — Samuel Gompers and E. N. Hurley; substitutes, H. M. Robinson and .1. T. Shotwell. British Empire — G. N. Barnes, M. P., and Sir Malcolm Delevinge; sub- stitute, H. B. Butler. France — Mr. CoUiard and Mr. Loucheur; substitutes, Arthur Fon- taine and Leon Jouhaux. Italy — Baron Mayor des Planches and Mr. Cabrlni; substitute, Mr. Coletti. Japan — Ambassador Mr. Oka. Belgium — Mr. Vandervelde Professor Mahaim; substitiite, tor La Fontaine. Cuba — Professor de Bustamante; substitutes I^aphael Martinez Ortiz and Mr. de Blanck. Poland — Stanislas Patek; substitute, Francois Sokal. Tzechoslovak Republic — Rudolph Bro. The following were appointed offi- cers of the Commission; President, Samuel Gompers; vice presidents. G. N. Barnes and Mr. Col- llard; general secretary, Arthur Fon- taine; assistant general secretary. H. B. Butler; secretaries. Baron Capelle (substitute. Count de Grunne), Bel- glum; di Palma Castibloiio, Italy; Guy Oyster, U. S. A.; Mr. Toshisaka, /apan. Preamble In a preamble to the articles of the draft convention the commission de- clares that: Whereas. The League of Nations has for its object the establishment of universal peace, and such a. peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice; And, whereas. Conditions of labor exist involving such injustice, hard- ship and privation to largo numbers of people as to produce unrest so great fhat the peace and harmony of the world are imperiled, and an im- provement of those conditions is ur- gently required, as, for example: By the regulation of tho hours of work, including the establishment of a maximum working day and week. The regulation of the labor supply. The prevention of unemployment. The provision of an adequate living wage. The protection of the worker against sickness, disease and injury arising out of 'his employment. The protection of children, young persons and women; provision for old age and injury. Protection of the Interest of work- ers when employed In countries other than their own. Recognition of the principle of free- dom of association. The organization of technical and vocational education and other meas- ures. And whereas also, The failure of any nation to adopt humane condi- tions of labor is an obstacle in the vay of other nations which desire to improve the conditions in their own countries — The high contracting parties, moved by sentiments of justice and humarlty, as wpU well as by the desire to secure the permanent peace of the world, agree to the following convention: Chapter 1 -Organization Article 1. The high contracting parties, being the States members of the League of Nations, hereby decide to establish a permanent organization for the promo- tion of the objects set forth in the pre- amble, and for this purpose hereby ac- cept the provisions contained in the fol- lowing articles: Article a. The permanent organization shall consist of a General Conference of rep- resentatives of the high contracting parties and an International Labor Office, controlled by the governing body described in Article 7. Article 3. The meetings of the General Confer- ence of representatives of the high con- tracting parties .<5hall bo held from time to time asflccasion may require, and at least onc« In every year. It shall be composed of four representatives of each of the high contracting parties, of whom two shall be government dele- gates and the two others shall be dele- gates representing, respectively, the employers and the workpeople of each of the high contracting parties. Each delegate may be accompanied by advisers who shall not exceed two in number for each item on the agenda of the meeting. When questions specially affecting women are to be considered by the Conference, one at least of the advisers should be a wwman. The high contracting parties under- take to nominate non-government delegates and advlser.s chosen in agreement with the Industrial organi- zations, if such organization.s exist, which are most representative of em- ployers or work people, in their re- spective countries. Each delegate may be accompanied at each sitting at tiie Conference by not more than two advisers. The ad- visers shall not speak except on a re- quest made by the deleKate whom they accompany, and by the special authorization of the president of the Conference, and may not vote. A delegate may, in writing ad- dressed to the president, appoint one of his advisers to act as his deputy, and the adviser, while so acting, shall be allowed to speak and vote. The names of the delegates and their advisers will be communicated to the international labor office by the government of each of the high con- tracting parties. The credentials of delegates and their advisers shal be subject to scru- tiny by the Conference, which may, by two-thirds of the votes cast by the delegates present, refuse to admit any delegates or advisers whom it deems not to have been nominated in accordance with the undertaJflJtg con- tained In this article. Article 4. Every delegate shall be entitled to vote Indlviduallv on all matters which are taken into consideration hy the conference. If one of the high contracting par- ties fails to nominate one of tlie non- government delegates whom it is enti- tled to nominate, the other non-gov- ernment delegate shall be allowed to sit and speak at the conference, but not to vote. If, in accordance with Article 3, the conference refuses admissioa to a del- egate of one of the high contracting parties, the provisions of the present article shall apply as it that delegate had not been nominated. Article 5. The meetings of the conference shall be held at the seat of the League of Nations, or at such other place as I may be decided by the conference at a previous meeting by two-thirds of the votes cast by the delegates present. Article 6. The International Labor Office shall, be established at the seat of the League of Nations as part of the or- ganization of the League. Article 7. The International Labor Office slj^l be under the control of a governing bod.v, consisting of 24 members, ap- pointed in accordance with the pro- visions of the protocol hereto. The governing bodv shall from time to time elect one of its members to act as its chairman, shall regulate its own proceedings, and shall fix its own times of meeting. A special meeting shall be held if a written request to that effect is made by at least ten members. Article 8. There shall be a director of the International Labor Office, appointed by the governing body, who shall be subject to the instructions of the gov- erning body, be responsible for the efficient conduct of the International Labor Office and for such other duties as may be assigned to him. The di- rector or his deputy shall attend all meetings of the governing body. Article 9. The staff of the International Labor Office shall be appointed by the di- rector, who shall, so far as possible, with due regard to the efficiency of the work of the office, select persons of different nationalities. A certain num- ber of these should be women. Article 10. The functions of the International I Labor Office shall include the collec- tion and distribution of information on t all subjects relating to the interna- I tional adjustment of conditions of in- ! dustrial life and labor, and particu- larly the examination of subjects which it is proposed to brine before the conference with a view to th« conclusion of International conven- tions, and the conduct of such Bpecial investigations as may be ordered by the conference. It will prepare the agenda for the meetings of the conference. It will carry out the duties re- quired of It by the ip.rovlsions of this convention in connection with interna- tional disputes. It will edit and publish a periodical paper in the French and English lan- guages, and in such other languages as tho governing body may thinK de- 1 Birable, dealing with problems of in- 1 dustry and employment of interna- I tional interest. Generally, in addition to the func- tions set out in this article, It shall I have such other functions, powers. I and duties as may be assigned to it I by the conference. I Article 11. j The government departments of any of the high contracting parties which L deal with questions of industry and 86 THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. employment may communicate di- rectly with the director through the representative of their State on the governing body of the International Labor Office, or failing any sucli rep- resentative, through such other quali- fied ofHcial as the government may nominate for the purpose. Article 12. The International Labor Office shall be entitled to the assistance of the secretary general of the League of Nations in any matter in which it can be given. Article 13. Each of the high contracting par- ties will pay the traveling and sub- sistence expenses of its delegates and their advisors, and of its representa- tives attending the meetings of the conference or governing body, as the case may be. All the other expenses of the Inter- national Labor Office and of the meet- ings of the conference or governing body shall be paid to the director by the secretary general of the League of Nations out of the general funds of the league. The director shall be responsible to the secretary general of the league for the proper expenditure of all mone.vs paid to him in pursuance of this article. Chapter 2-Procedure Ai'ticle 14. The agenda for all meetings of the conference will be settled by the gov- erning body, who shall consider any suggestions as to the agenda that may be made by the government of any of the high contracting parties or by any representative organization recog- nized for the purpose of Article 3. Article 1 5. The director shall act as the secre- tary of the conference, and shall cir- culate the agenda to reach the high contracting parties, and tlirough them the non-government delegates when appointed, four months before the meeting of the conference. Article 16. Any of the governments of the high contracting parties may formally ob- ject to the inclusion of any item or items in the agenda. The grounds for such objection shall be set forth in a reasoned statement addressed to the director, who shall circulate it to all the high contracting parties. Items to which such objection has been made shall not. however, be excluded from the agenda if at the conference a majority of two-thirds of the votes cast by the delegates present is in favor of considering them. If the conference decides — other- wise than under the preceding para- graph — by two-thirds of the votes cast by the delegates present that any sub- ject shall be considered by the con- :;crence, that subject shall be included In the agenda for the following meet- ing. Article 17. The conference shall regulate its own procedure, shall elect its own president, and may appoint commit-' tees to consider and report on any matter. Except as otherwise expressly pro- Tided in this Convention, all matters sball be decided by a simple majority or the votes cast by the delegates present. A vote shall be void unless the total number of votes cast is equal to half the number of delegates attending the conference. Article 18. The conference may add to any committees which it appoints techni- cal experts, who shall be assessors without power to vote. .\rticle 19. When the conference has decided on the adoption of proposals with regard to an item in the agenda, it will rest with the conference to de- termine whether these proposals should take the form: (a) Of a recommendation to be sub- mitted to the high contracting parties for consideration with a view to its being given effect by national legisla- tion or otherwise. Or, (b) Of a draft international conven- toin for ratification by the high con- tracting parties. In either case a majority of two- thirds of the votes cast by the dele- gates present shall be necessary on the final vote tor the adoption of the rcconmiendation or draft ronvention, as the case may be, by the confer- ence. A copy of the recommendation or draft convention shall be authenti- cated by the siernature of the president of the conference and of the director, and shall be deposited with the secre- tary-general of the League of Na- tions. The secretary-general will com- municate a certified copy of the re- commendation or draft convention to each of the high contracting parties. Each of the high contracting par- ties undertakes that it will, within the period of one year at most from the end of the meeting of the confer- ence, bring the recommendation or draft convention before the authority or authorities within whose compe- tence the matter lies for the enact- ment of legislation or other action. In the case of recommendation, the high contracting parties will inform the secretary general of the action taken. In the case of a draft convention the high contracting party will, if it obtains the consent of the authority or authorities jiithin whose compe- tence the matter lies, communicate the formal ratification of the conven- tion to the secretary general, and will take such action as may be necessary to make effective the provisions of such convention. If on a recommendation no legisla- tive or other action to make such recommendation effective is taken, or if the draft convention fails to obtain the consent of the authority or au- thorities within whose competence the matter lies, no further obligation shall rest upon the high contracting party. In the case of a Federal State, the power of which to enter into conven- tions on labor matters is subject to limitations, it shall be in the discre- tion of the Government of such State to treat a draft convention to which such limitations apply as a recom- mendation only, and the provisions of this article with respect to recom- mendations shall ^ply in such case. Article 20. Any convention so ratified shall be registered by the secretary general of the League of Nations, but shall only be binding upon the States which ratify it, subject to any conditions which may be contained in the conven- tion itself. Article 21. If any convention laid before the Conference for final consideration falls to secure the support of two-thirds of the votes cast by the delegates present, it shall nevertheless be within the right of any of the high contracting parties to agree to such convention among themselves. Any convention so agreed to shail be communicated by the governments of the States concerned to the secre- tary general of the Leageu of Nations, 1 who shall register it. Article 22. Each of the high contracting parties agrees to make an annual report to the International Labor Office on the measures which it has taken to give effect to the provisions of conventions to which it is a party. These reports shall be made in such form and shall contain such particulars as the gov- erning body mav request. The direc- tor shall lay a summary of these re- ports before the next meeting of the conference. Article 23. In the event of any representation being made to the International Labor Office by an industrial association of employers or of workpeople that any of the high contracting parties has failed to secure in any respect the ef- fective observance within its jurisdic- tion of any convention to which It is a. party, the governing body may com- municate this representation to the ] State against which it is made and may invite that State to make such state- ment on the subject as it may think fit. Article 24. If no statement is received within a reasonable time from the State against which the representation is made, or if the statement when received is not deemed to be satisfactory by the gov- erning body, the latter shall have the right to publish the representation and the statement, if any, made in reply to it. Article 25. Any of the high contracting parties shall have the right to file a complaint with the International Labor Office if it is not satisfied that any other of the high contracting parties is securing the effective observance of any con- vention which both have ratified in accordance with the foregoing articles. The governing body may, if it thinks fit, before referring sucTi a complaint to a commissioner of inquiry, as here- inafter provided for, communicate with the State against which the com- plaint is made in the manner described in Article 23. If the governing body do not think it necessary to communicate the com- plaint to the State against which it is made, or Jf. when they have made such communication, no statement in reply has been received within a rea- sonable time, which the governing body considers to be satisfactory, the governing body may apply for the ap- pointment of a commission of inquiry to consider the complaint and to re- port thereon. The governing body may adopt the same procedure either of its own mo- tion or on receipt of a complaint from a delegate to the conference. When any matter arising out of Articles 24 or 25 is being considered by the governing body, the State against which the representation or complaint is made shall, if not already represented thereon, be entitled to send a representative to take part in the proceedings of the governing body while the matter is under considera- tion. Adequate notice of the date on which the matter will be considered shall be given to the State against which the representation or complaint is made. Article 26. The commission of inquiry shall be constituted in accordance with the fol- lowing provisions: Each of the high contracting parties agrees to nominate, within six months of the date on which this convention comes into force, three persons of in- dustrial experience, of whom one shall be a representative of employers, one a representative of workpeople, and one a personof independent standing, THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. 37 who shall together form u panel from which the members of the commis- Bion of inquiry shall lie drawn. The qualifications of the persons so nominated shall be subject to sorutinv by the governing body, which may by two-third.s of the votes cast by the I members present refuse to accept the nominations of any peison whose qualifications do not In its opinion comply with -the requirements of, the present article. I'pon the application of the govern- ing- body, the secretory general of the I^eague of Xations shall nominate three persons, one from each section of this panel, to constitute the com- mission of inquiry, and shall designate one of them as the president of the commi.s.sion. None of these three per- sons shall be a person nominated to the panel by any State directly con- cerned in the complaint, .Aiticlo! 27. The high contracting parties agree that, in the event of the reference of a complaint to a Commission of In- quiry under Article L'fi. they will each, whether directly concerned in - the complaint or not, place at the dis- posal of the commission' all the infor- mation in their possession which bears upon the subject-matter of the com- plaint. Article 28. When the Commission of Inquiry has fully considered the complaint, it shall prepare a .report embodying Mb findings on all questions of fact rele- vant to determining the issue betwee;i the parties and containing sucli recommendations as it may think proper to meet the complaint and tlie time within which they should be taken. It shall also indicate in this report the measures, if any, of an economie character against a defaulting State which it considers to be appropriate, and which it considers other States would be Justitled in adopting. Arddo 29, The secretary general of the I.eaEue of Nations shall communicate the re- port of the Commission of Inquiry to each of the States concerned in the complaint and shall cause it to be published. Each of these States shall within one month inform the secretary gen- eral of the League of Xations whether or not it accepts the recommendations contained in the report of the com- mission, and if not, whether it pro- poses to refer the. complaint to the permanent Court of Intej-national Jus- tice of the League of Nations. .\itlcIo 30. In the event of any of the high con- tracting parties failing to take with- in the isp.ecified period the action re- quired by Article I'.i, any other of th« high contracting parties shall be en- titled to refer the matter to the per- inanent Court of International Jus- tice. Article 31. The decision of the permanent Court of International Justice to which a complaint lias been referred shall be final. Article 32, The permanent tional Justice may verse any of the mendations of the qulry. if any, and indicate the meas economic characte ing State which appropriate, and would be Justified Court of Interna- attirm. vary or re- findings or recom- Conimission of In- shall in its decision urc.s, if any, of an r against a default- it considers to he which other States in adopting. .\rticlo 33. In the event of any State failing to carry out within the time specified ■>ho recommendations, if any, con- tained in the report nf the (^ommLssion of Inquiry, or in the decision of the permanent Court of International Justice, as the case may be. any other State may take against that State the measures of an economic character indicated in the leport of the com- mission or in the decision of tlie court as appropriate to the case. .\rt:cle 34. The defaulting Statu may at any time inform tlic governing body that it has taken the ste))s necessary to comply, with the recommendations, of the Commission of Inquiry or in iht decision, of the permanent Court of Interantional Justice, as the case may be, and may request it to apply to the .secretary general of the I^eague to constitute a. Commission of Inquiry to \*erify its contention. In that case the provisions of Articles L'li, 27, L'lt, 29 31 and 32 shall apply, and if the report of the Commission of Inquiry or deci- sion of tlie permanent Court of Inter- national .lustice is an I'avor of the de- faulting State, the other States shall forthwith discontinue the measures of an economic character that they have taken against the defaulting State. Chapter 3-Ceneral Article 3."i. ■ The Bririsli ' d'omihitms and India -hall have the same riglits and obliga- tions under this convention a» if they were separate high contracting fiarties . The same shall apply to any colony or possession of any of the high con- tracting parties which on the applica- tion of such high contracting party is recognized as* fully Serf-goverrting by the Executive Council of the League of .Nations. ■ • The high contracting parties engage to appl.v oonventione which the.y Jiave ratified in accordance with the pro- visions of the present , convention to their colonies, protectorates and pos- sessioo.s. wluch are jiot fully self- iroverning: 1. Except where owing to the local conditions the convention is inappli- calile, or, 2. Subject to such modifications A» may be necessary to adapt the conven- tion to local conditions. And each of the high contracting parties shall notify the Interna- tional Labor Office the action taken in respect of each' of it.'; cdloni'esf, ■pro- tectorates and possessions which are not fully self-governing. j\jticle 36. < Anv State not a party to this con- vention which may hereafter become a member of the League of Nations sha.ll he deemed ipso, tacto to. have adhered to this convention. .\iUcle 37. Amendments to this convention which are adopted by the conference by a majority of two-thirds of the votes cast bv tlte delegates present shall take effect when ratified by the Statues whose representatives compose the Executive Council of the I..eague of Nations and by three-fourths of the States wliust representatives compose the body of delegates of the Leasoe. Article 3». Any question or dispute relating to thethc interpretation of this coiivmtion or of anv subsequent convention con- cluded bv the high contracting parties in pursuance of the provisions of this convention shall be referred for decision to the parmanent Court of Interna- tional Justice. Chapter 4-Transitory Procedure Article 39. The flist meeting of the conference shall take place in October, 1919. The place and agenda for this meeting shall be as specified in the schedule annexed hereto. Ariangenients for the convening and the organization of the first meeting of the conference will be made by the government designated for the purpose in the said schedule. That government shall be assisted in the preparation of the docuinents for submission to the conference by an international commit- tee constituted as provided in the said schedule. The expenses of the first meeting and of all subsequent meetings held before the League of Nations has been able to establish a general fund,' other than the expanses of delegates and their advisers, will be borne by the high contracting parties in accordance with the apportionment of the ex- penses of the International Bureau of the Universal Postal Union. .\rticje 40. Until the League of Nations has been constituted all communications which under the provisions of the foregoing articles should be addressed to the secretary general of the Leasiie will be preserved by the director of the International Labor Office, who will transmit them to the secretary general of the League when ap- pointed. .\itlolo 41. fending the creation of a perma- nent Court of International Justice, disputes which, in accordance with this convention, would be submitted to it for decision, will be referred to a tribunal of three persons appointed by the Executive Council of the League of Nations. PROTOCOL TO .\RTICLF. 7. The governing body of the Interna, tional Labor OfTice shall be constitut- ed as follows: Twelve representatives of the gov- ernments. Six members elected by the dele- gates to the conference representing th work people. Of the twelve members representins the governments, eight siiall be nom- inated by the high contracting parties which are of the chief industrial im- portance, and four shall be nominated by the high contracting parties se- lected for the purpose by the govern- ment delegates to the conference, in- cluding the delegates of the eight States mentioned above. No high con- tracting party, together with its do- minions and colonies, whether self- governing or not. shall be entitled to nominate more than one member. Any question as to which are the high contracting parties of the chief industrial importance shall ge (lecidai by the Executive Council of the Loa^ac of Nations. The period of office or mmnoety -% the governing body will be tiir»* years. The method of filling v.'\'-i*:«» m* '•'♦t« ra • United States Bonds. T.p.,.r.T.>T-T.H.T.w.T.r.T.r.i.E«M.w [1,398,991.00 State, City and Other Bonds .T.r.7.T.,.;.r.»i...>7.T.:.>3 793,510.00 Federal Reserve Bank Stock. m.m.h.t-^t.t-t-t-t.t-h.i 9,000.00 Banking House F. and FM.„.r.T.T.ra-r.M.T.r.x.T.r-T.T-H 195,949.77 Other Real Estate Owned. i.j.r.r.r.t.».>T.i.i.i.3.r.:.r.i.i 40,873.07 L.easenOiCl r»'»T»i«PT»r"isi»T»T"T»T»T«wr"T»T«r»Ki»w»'«ira«t'«i*i»i»T«>i 1 o,.ue From Banks...-. .r-r.-.r-i-K -«.»--•».) 769,174.87 Interest Earned, Not Collected. >i.i.Ma.>i-»*-T.!.>i.] ,16,295.64 $4,896,095.68 UABIUTIES Capital f.r»x.T»T* r»T»I«B*«T«S*"T»T«T«BI»"15f»r'TPiri.M 207,413.94 Discounts Collected, Not Earned. :.>r-r-r-T-i.T-T.»-.-j 10,665.56 Circulation ia>3Kr-"Et«i-T- 1» r»r» r«c»«T«T«r«n«!»i»T»i»>'>7»> >:•> i»i 50,000.00 Deposits r«T»r»T»iff<'»T»»«»T»i«x«i«i«Q>i»r«i"'i-i»3»i"Kr'»i«2>i»:»:»>':» • 4,t-2o,0 1 O. 1 o $4,896,095.68 GEORGE W. SPENCE, President CHARLES WISSMAN, Vice President WALTER F. CAWTHORNE, Cashier ARTHUR W. SPOLANDER, Assistant Cashier Modem Safe Deposit Vaults Boxes to Rent, $5.00 Per Y«ar THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. 89 iTKe Big Thing The Biggest Thing about Heffley Institute is not its spacious buildings. It is not its unexcelled location. It is not its attractive class rooms, nor its ample school equipment. It is not the enviable reputation among the business and professional public it enjoys. It is not its unparalleled growth or wide scope of work. The Biggest Thing About Heffley Insti- tute Is Its Purpose— The Education of Its Students and the Molding of Their Characters. THESE MAKE FOR SUCCESS FOUR GREAT SCHOOLS School of Commerce Regents Preparatory School College Preparatory School School of Engineering BEGIlsl ANY DAY OR EVENING FOR PARTICULARS CALL OR ADDRESS HEFFLEY INSTITUTE 243 Rvergon Street. BrooMyn -A r so ■ THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. Organized 1859 THE NASSAU NATIONAL BANK =0F BROOKLYN= 46 Court Street MEMBER OF THE NEW YORK CLEARING HOUSE MEMBER OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE BANK 5 CAPITAL « « Surplus '(Earned)' « $1,000,000 1,000,000 DEPOSITORY OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. Frank Bailey Crowell Hadden Frank Lyman George S. Ingraham DIRECTORS Edgar McDonald, Chairman Edwin P. Maynard Darwin R. James, Jr. X A. Augustus Healy George M. Boardman G. Foster Smith Adrian Van SInderen Frank C. B. Page Herbert O. Hyatt Francis H. Sloan OFFICERS G. FOSTER SMITH, President CROWELL HADDEN, Vice-President T. SCHENK REMSEN, Vice-President PERSONAL ACCOUNTS INVITED H. P. SCHOENBERNER, Cashier ANDREW J. RYDER, Asst. Cashier HOWARD M. JUDD, Asst. Cashier liSSS Ceiiitf Triisl Cempaiy 342 to 346 FULTON STREET BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN, QTY OF NEW YORK / OFFICERS JULIAN D. FAIRCHILD, President JULIAN P. FAIRCHILD ).,. _, . . ^ "' ij^ |Vice President WILLIAM J. WASON GEORGE V. BROWER, Counsel THOMAS BLAKE, Secretary HOWARD D. JOOST, Assistant Secretary J. NORMAN CARPENTER, Trust Officer CAPITAL - - - - SURPLUS - - - . UNDIVIDED PROFITS $500,000.00 $2,000,000.00 $770,893.54 TRUSTEES WALTER E. BEDELL EDWARD C. BLUM GEO. V. BROWER ROBERT A. DRYSDALE JULIAN D. FAIRCHILD JULIAN P. FAIRCHILD JOHN J. WILLIAMS FREDERICK G. FISCHER JOSEPH HUBER WHITMAN W. KENYON HENRY A. MEYER CHARLES A. O'DONOHUE CHARLES E. PERKINS DICK S RAMSAY H. B. SCHARMANN JOHN F. SCHMADEKE OSWALD W. UHL JOHN T. UNDERWOOD WILLIAM J. WASON JR. LLEWELLYN A. WRAY The Kings County Trust Company offers to its depositors every facility and accommodafrtei'' known to modern Banking. If you are not already availing yourself of the advantages offered by this Institution, the Kings County Trust Company will be glad to have you open an account. THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY* 41 ^ The Greater New York Savings Bank 498 FIFTH AVENUE, Cor. 12th St. BOROUGH OF BROOKLYN CITY OF NEW YORK ORGANIZED 1897 ii^iiMi 6 .0 9 '"lockl'^dosc'rat fa M^'s^turdays''^ '"'"'^'^ ''°'^ ' ^'^ '" ' ^■"- "<> "» ^""""^ '^"'"^s from Deposits received, from SI to S3,000. nf An"l'*'''';?*^^T''* °^u°I ^^^°'^ *^^ ',*"'•• business days of January and July, and the third business days of April and October, will draw interest from the first of these months. ousiaoss aajs One Dollar Will Open an Account Interest is allowed on all . unis from $5 to $3,000 and is credited to the depositor's account in Tanuarv «nd July of each year, and if not withdrawn will also draw interest from the first of these months iust the sam« as the principal. You are thus receiving compound interest on all your money. OFFICERS Charlee J. Obermayer President William Obermayer Aleiander G. Calder First Vice-President Thomas I^ Grace. ...... .".*'.'.''.' '.*.'.'.'.■"■' AsVt ' Sec" tal^ William K. Cleverley Second Vice-President Charles Ruston V.V.'.V.'. Counsel BOABO OF TRCSTEXa Charles J. Obermayer v President Charles Ruston Counsel]or-at-L.aw W. J. Maxwell Port Warden. N. Y. W. F. A'anden Houten Printer Alexander G. Calder Builder Frank A. Selle Chair. 5th Ave. Bch. Mech. Bk. M. M Belding, Jr Prest Beldlng Bros. S: Co. Hamilton B, McNaIr Real Estate William Obermayer^ Secretary Waiter M. Mcaerole Civil Engrineer and Surveyor Walter Crltchley Treas. of Cowperlhwait Co. John Lamont Importer Archibald Simpson Guetave Harttine .■,:........ Ptmilture and Carpets John E. Ruston Counsellor-at-Law Frederick W. Starr Lumber William W. Spence Builder LudwlK Merklein Insurance Guy Loomis John S. Loomis Co., Lumber ^\ m. D. Buckner. .Manager Flatbush Branch Peoples Trust Co Raymond H. Fiero R. H. Fiero & Co.. Bankers ■SVm. K. Cleverley Vlce-Pres. Siwiboard Nat. Bank Harry M. De Mott Pres. Mechanics Bank Eilsha W. HInman Funeral Director Thomas M. Do Laney Plumbing Supplies Real Estate ^'' d Erooklyi Three Conveniently Located Offices in Williamsburg Main Office, Williamsburg Bridge Plaza Bushwick Branch, 710 Grand Street Grand Street Branch, 33-35 Grand Street OFFICERS PAUL E. BONNER, President HENRY DOSCHER, Vice President HENRY BILLMAN, Vice President and Cashier ' ARTHUR H. WALKLEY JR., Assistant Cashier YOUR ACCOUNT IS INVITED The North Side Bank of Brooklyn offers you the opportunity of dealing with a sound, progressive Williamsburg Institution. 42 THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. The Peoples Trust Company INCORPORATED 1869 , 181-183 MONTAGUE STREET, BROOKLYN "~ BRANCHES AT NOSTRAND AVENUE. CORNER HERKIMER STREET CLINTON AVENUE. CORNER MYRTLE AVENUE FIFTH AVENUE. CORNER FIITT-FOURTH STREET 43 FLATBUSH AVENUE. NEAR FULTON STREET FLATBUSH AVENUE. CORNER CHURCH AVENUE MSMBEB OF TKB FEOEBAI, BESERTB SYSTEM AND OF TOE XEW TOKS CLEABIXO HOUSE ASSOCXATIOKT ' - " DIRECTORS J. G. DETTMER Retired HORACE J. MORSE A. M. Kidder & Co. WILLIAM B. HILL Lawyer HOWARD M. SMITH President Brevoort Savings Bank DAVID A. BOODY Boody. McLelian & Co. WILLIAM C. COURTNEY Lawyer WILLIAM H. GOOD Lawyer W. EUGENE KIMBALL. R. J. Kimball & Co. ADRIAN T. KIERNAN ; . . . . Lawyer CHARLES M. ENGLIS John Englis & Son WILUAM E HARMON Wood. Harmon & Co. CHARLES A. BOODY President of the Company MAX RUCKGABER. JR Shulz & Ruckgaber JAMES H. JOURDAN President Brooklyn Union Gas Co. JOHN F. HILDEBRAND President Shuits Bread Co. THOMAS L MURRAY Vice President New York Edison Co. GEORGE W. DAVISON. . . .Vice President Central Union Trust Co. of N. Y. ALBERT TAG President The Continental Bank of N. Y. ANDREW D. BAIRD President The Williamsburgh Savings Bank FRANCIS L NOBLE Noble & Camp E. DWIGHT CHURCH Vice President Church & Dwight Co. CHARLES L SCHENCK Vice President of the Company STANLEY P. JADWIN 0. H. Jadwin Sons. Inc. GEORGE B. GALLAGHER Real Estate PJP INVITES DEPOSITS FROM INDIVIDUALS. FIRMS AND CORPORATIONS AND SEEKS APPOINTMENT AS EXECUTOR AND TRUSTEE INTEREST ALLOWED ON DEPOSITS THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANT. 43 HAMILTON TRUST COMPANY 189 and 191 Montague Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. Capital and Surplus $1,500,000 Interest Allowed on Balances Spedal Rates on Time Deposits The Deposits of Individuals, Firms, Banks and Corporations Are Solicited Acts as Trustee, Executor, Administrator, Guardian and Committee. EDWIN A. AMES JOHN ANDERSON EZRA D. BUSHNELL DAVID F. BUTCHER EVERSLEY CHILDS CHARLES COOPER DANIEL J. CREEM JULIUS B. DAVENPORT FREDERICK H. ECKER WILLARD E. EDMISTER H. C. FOLGER GEORGE HADDEN TRUSTEES "" ^ JOHN R. HEGEMAN WALTER C. HUMSTONE CHARLES E. KEATOR F, W. LAFRENTZ CHARLES J. McDERMOTT JOHN C. McGUIRE ALVAH MILLER ; 4) JOHN N. PARTRIDGE ! FREDERICK H. POUCH FRANK SULLIVAN SMITH FREDERICK H. WEBSTER HENRY N. WHITNEY t)FFICERS WILSLARD E. EDMISTER, President ,WAtTER C. HiJMSTONE, f st Vice President GEORGE HADDEN, 3d Vice Pres. and Sec. JOHN ANDERSON, 2d Vice President ROBERT S. GIRLING, Assistant Sec. ^^ TT HOSEPH a HECKER JR., Assistant Secretary Jl"^ GEORGE A. KINNEY, Assistant Secretary 44 THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. STEVENSON & MARSTERS, inc STATIONERS & OFFICE OUTFITTERS 373 FULTON STREET, BROOKLYN EEJ5JgJSEMHM5JaJHa'5I5lfflSIBiHI5iajai2MSMSEM3MSJBIBJ3J5ISJ^^ ^HE istrkl 1024-1026 GATES AVE., Near Broadway BROOKLYN, NEW YORK Incorporated 1895 Deposits Over $10,700,000 OFFICERS *'^ lOHN W. FRA»L;R. President PARKER SLOANE, First Vice President CHARLES LOUIS SICARD, Secretary HOMER L. BARTLETT, Second Vice President A. MANNING SHEVILL, Cashier TRUSTEES HOMER L. BARTLETT. Citv Sn-vcycr CHA.";. JEROMF, EDM'ARDS, Maiiafccr bciaitao'ie Lile Assurance JCUN W. FRASER, »':ssiuent of Bank GEO. W. PAYNTAR, Mgr. Corn Exchange Bank GEO. HILLS ILER, M.D. JOHN BOSSERT, Moulding and Planing Mills CHARLES A. VAN IDERSTINE, Real Estate HENRY L. GAL'S, Retired CHARLES LOUIS SICARD. Counsellor-at-Law JOHN W. MOORE. Builder PARKER SLOANE, Capitalist J. A. STEWART. Vice President Alechanics Bank CHARLES J.ACOB, Pianoforte Manufacturer ONE DOLLAK WILL OPEN AN ACCOUNT Money Deposited on or Before January 10 Draws Interest from January 1 Daily, 10 A.M. to 3 P.M. BANKING HOURS Monday Evenings, 6 to 8 o'Clock Q-SEJSI2JMa'S/a/EJMfMfflSSiaiSISIEJfflaSISISMEI5HaMEIEISJ2JSJa'SI^^ THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. 45 r Chartered April 14, 1866 BROOKLYN TRUST COMPANY Capital Stock, $1,500,000 Surplus, $2,227,577 Member of the Federal Reserve System Member of the New York Clearing House Association 177 MONTAGUE STREET, BROOKLYN Bedford Branch Fulton Street and Bedford Avenue Manhattan Office Wall Street and Broadway Frank L. Babbott Walter St. J. Benedict George M. Boardman Samuel W. Boocock Edgar M. Cullen William N. Dykman John H. Emanuel Jr. Trustees ^ Francis L. Hine David H. Lanman David G. Legget Frank Lyman Howard W. Maxwell Edwin P. Maynard Frank C. Munson Henry F. Noyes Robert L. Pierrepont Harold I. Pratt Clinton L. RossJter Frank D. Tuttle J.H. Walbridge Alexander M. White Willis D. Wood f>- Advisory Committee — Bedford Branch Eugene F. Barnes Edward Lyons Edward Thompson William McCarroll H. A. Moody, Edmund N. Schmidt, Assistant Secretary Edwin P. Maynard President David H. Lanman Vice-President Frank J. W. Diller Vice-President Willis McDonald Jr. Vice-President if^- Officers Frederick T. Aldridge Vice-President Willard P. Schenck Secretary Horace W. Farrell Assistant Secretary Herbert U. Silleck Assistant Secretary Austin W Assistant Gilbert H. Assistant Frederick Assistant Frederick Auditor Penchoen Secretary , Thirkield Secretary B. Lindsay Secretary R. Cortis mmiri' Li .;•! Chartered 1872 BROOKLYN CITY SAFE DEPOSIT CO. 177 Montague Street, Brooklyn Safes, $5.00 to $100.00 per year. Valuables stored at moderate rates. Trunks and Packages called for in any part of the city free of charge. DAVID H. LANMAN, President GEORGE W, CHAUNCEY, Vice President FRANK O. EDGERTON, Secretary SILVER AND STORAGE VAULTS 46 -as>e^>t- «¥HE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. MECHANICS BANK Court and Montague Streets BROOKLYN Capital and Surplus - $ 2,500,000.00 Total Resources^ Over - $30,000,000.00 EstabUshed 1852 Associate Member of New York Cieariog Donse BRANCH BANKS Bay Ridge Branch— Third Ave. and Fifty-first St. y.^ Broadway Branch — Broadway, near Gates Ave. ^m-^'f* Pifth Avenue Branch— Fifth Ave. and Ninth St. Fulton Branch— 356-358 Fulton St. Nassau Branch — Bedford Ave. and Broadway. Schermerhom Branch — ^Third Ave. and Schermerhorn St. Twenty-sixth }X^ard Branch — Atlantic and Georgia Aves. THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. 47 "^ . ^ SAVINGS BANK OF BROOKLYN, NEW YORK Corner Broadway and Driggs Avenue Incorporated 18S1 OPEN DAILY From 10 A.M. to 3 P.M., Except Saturdays, When the Bank Closes at 12 M. Open Mondays From 4 to 7 P.M. OFFICERS ANDREW D. BAIRD, President SAMUEL M. MEEKER, JOHN V. JEWELL, Vice Presidents EDWARD T. HORWILL, Secretary VICTOR A. LERSNER, Comptroller CHAS. J. PASFIELD, Cashier HENRY R. KINSEY, Assistant Comptroller TRUSTEES Andrew D Baird James F. Bendernagel Herbert F. Gunnison Albert S. Richey Samuel M.' Meeker Edward T. HorwiU Francis W. Young Ralph H. T'ebout lohn V. Jewell Alfred Romer Paul E. Bonner Winthrop M. Tutt^ James H. Post Welding Ring Edward E. Pearce Frederick D. MacKay COUNSEI S. M. & D. E. Meeker. erfice It is the constant aim of the Franklin Trust Company to ex- ^ tend practical service to its customers. We co-operate with them in building up their business along sound, progressive lines be- cause in so doing we are helping our customers, our community and ourselves. We should be glad of the opportunity to serve you in a con- structive manner. Franklin Trust Company \ Established 1888 Brooklyn Offices: 166 Montague St. 569 Fulton St. 1001 Wallabout Market New York Offices: 46 Wall St. Madison Ave. and 40th St. »8 IHE mtEATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. f;wff»Wf!»lw|rr»! IHE METROPOLITAN CASUALH INSURANCE COMPANY OF NEW YORK 47 CED AR STREET, NEW YORK Plate Glass, Burglary, Accident and Health THE COMPANY OF QUALITY AND SERVICE EUGENE H.WINSLOW, President ROBERT A. DRYSDALE, yice Pres. S. WILLIAM BURTON, Secy. BROOKLYN BRANCH, PLATE GLASS DEPT. il 5 S^^-Montague Street ■ ■ PENDLETON & PENDLETON ^Western District Managers. 'y^.f^' III ■■nrmnMniirrrrnf— "'"""""■" Boody^ McLellan & Co< 111 BROADWAY NEW YORK CITY MemberKrNew York Stock J Orden^Executeci for Cub « ExfJwngo ^ ^ Oii»MargiB THE TREATY OF PEACE WTTH GEHWSNY, ^ir ] I SUBSCRIBE on e Drane ^.j A Book a month and The Eagle Almanac at the beginning of the year, complete, for $L75 LONG ISLAND AUTOMOBILE GUIDE /' \ 50 THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. THE SOUTH BROOKLYN SAVINGS INSTITUTION 160 Atlantic Avenue, Corner of Clinton Street I.NX'ORrORATKD APRIL 11. 1830. Dne Depositors (Jan. 1, 1919) = $26,717,920.59 I Snrplns, Market Value = • $3,189,941.64 WILLIAM J. COOMBS.. WALTER M. AIKMAN.., ALBRO J. NEWTON . . . JOHN J. PIERREPONT. IValtcr M. Atkman Charles A. Boody Bernard A. Burger Isaac H. Cary William H. Cary omCERS President I'LARENCB S. DUNNING. First Vice President JACOB STEINER 'second Vice President BERN.\RD A. BURGER... Third Vice President HIRAM R. STEELE ... Treasurer .Comptroller .. .Secretary Counsel TRUSTEES William J. Coombs Charles B. Denny Clarence S. Dunning Joseph W. Greene Jr. J. Morton Halstead David H. Lanman Josiah O. Low- Percy S. Mallett D. Irving Mead Kdgar McDonald Albro J. Newton William L. Newton John J. Pierrepont Robert L. Pierrepont Arnold W, Sherman G. Foster Smith Hiram R. Steel* Jacob Stelner Joseph H. Sutphin John T. Underwood Henry N. WhI'ney Willis E. Stafford & Soi\j Saccessora to J. M. Hopper .-^u ^ Established 1856 «t 45 Court Street, Comer Joralcmon Street, Now at 120 and 122 Livingston Street Borough of Brooklsfn. Ne^v Yoric Telephones: { "^^^^Z^'^mor. 358 P«^«»^ Attentian-Qty or Comtrj Coaches and Camp Chairs to Hire. Automobile Service. GARAGES— FACTORIES— SHOPS FIRE-PROOF Send for Circular. Manufactured in Brooklyn, N. Y. PORTABLE Call and See Full Size Building at Office. COAL Saving Device How much coal did you burn last winter? Why not save 33 1-3 per cent, by applying an Aeolipyle on your heating apparatus? Send for descriptive circular. _^ IMMEDIATE DELIVERY Buildings of Every Description Roofing, Furnaces, Ranges WM. BUCHANAN MANUFACTURER 488 Sumner Avenue, at Fulton Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. Phones: Bedford 29, Bedford 30 THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. 51 THE STATE Member of tbe Vvwr Tork ClearluB Hovae 376 GRAND STREET, NEW YORK V ifl^t. BRANCHES ■5;!f;iR^,' Pitkin and Stone Aves., Brookljm Grkhun Ave. and Varet St., Brooklyn 7 West 26th Street 115th Street and 5th Avenue ^ 100 Euex Street Union and Westchester Aves., Bronx More than 100^000 deposit accounts The State Bank, with its six branches, has over $20,000,000 of free money to lend to mercantile cus- tomers, and would appreciate the visit of good, live merchants who can use these extraordinary facilities to advantage. The benefit of being connected with a progressive, successful and up-to-date institution, managed by young men, is demonstrated by the fact that 18,263 new accounts were opened during the first four months of this year. The continued growth of our net deposits is sig- nificant: January 1st, 1899 ** 1904 *• 1909 " " 1914 January 1st, 1919 May 1st, $2,130,000 8,427,000 13,952,000 25,277,000 36,718,000 46,977,000 Credits are promptly passed upon at all branches. If you are interested, call upon us, or advise us and we will call on you, H. C. RICHARD, President 52 THE TREATY OF PEACE WITH GERMANY. W- m A Trust Ci mertcan ± rust K^ompany (Main Office 135 BROADWAY, Manhattan) HasjOpened an Office for the Transaction of a General iTrust and Bankings Business at .«£,. ssa 203 MONTAGUE STREET, Brooklyn The new office is especially for the convenience of Brooklyn peo- ple, and accounts are invited from individuals, firms, corporations, estates and those acting in any trust capacity. The clients of the American Trust Company will have the advan- tage of affiliation and co-operation with the various departments of the New; lYork Title & Mortgage Company* ,. ;4;"*ij!*l-. ■i; OFFICERS " HARRY A. KAHLER, President CYRIL H. BURDETT, Vice President HENRY S. ACKEN, Vice President HARRY H. FIELDER, Vice President GERHARD KUEHNE, Secretary 'JOSEPH L. OBERMAYER, Treasurer HUBERT F. BREITWIESER, Assistant Treasurer MORGAN J. O'BRIEN^ General Counsel DIRECTORS WALTER H. BENNETT, Vice-Pres. American Exch. National Bank. EDWARD M. BURGHARD, Attorney. ORION H. CHENET, President, Pacific Bank. BAYARD DOMINICK, Dominick & Dominick. STEPHEN B. FLEMING, President, International Agricultural Corp. FREDERICK B. FRANCIS, N. Y. Agent, Canadian Bank of Connnerce. iWILLIAM E, HARMON, Wood, Harmon & Co., Real Estate. STANLEY P. JADWIN, O. H. Jadwin & Sons. HARRY A. KAHLER, President. FREDERICK D. MACKAY, Vice-President, E. W. Bliss Co. GEORGE T. MORTIMER, President, Equitable Office Building Corp. CHARLES J. OBERMAYER, President, Greater N. Y. Savings Bank. JAMES A. O'GORMAN, O'Gorman, Battle & Vandiver. MORGAN J. O'BRIEN, O'Brien, Boardman. Parker. Harper & Fo.x. WILLIAM R. ROSE, Rose & Paskus. LOUIS F. ROTHSCHILD, L. F. Rothschild & Co. ELBRIDGE GERRY SNOW, Presi(Jent, The Home Insurance Co. DANIEL G. TENNEY, C. H. Tenney & Co. GEORGE ZABRISKIE, Zabriskie, Sage, Kerr & Gray. 'USE ALL OUR FACILITIES" A" general Trust and Banking Business. Interest Allowed on Daily Balances. Acts as Administrator, Executor, Trustee, Registrar, Transfer Agent, and- in Fiduciary Capacity. ^ ^ kjA t m Reduce Your Gas Consumption by Using Mantle Lights ' The "C. E-Z." Light — gives more than twice the illumination of open flame burners at half the cost. — fits any existing upright gas chandelier or wall bracket with- out destroying the symmetry of the fixture. — is easily attached. — lights or extinguishes by chain-pull. — costs little to buy and little for lighting bills. — has three small, rugged mantles which may be replaced at moderate cost. — gives a beautiful eye-comforting quality of semi-indirect light, unrivalled by anything but daylight. Let Us Show You This Wonderful New Light On Exhibition at Any of the Offices of The Brooklyn Union Gas Co. DayligKt and GasligKt are best for the eye s LIBRftRY OF CONGRESS 1 lEBROOKLYN SAVINGS BANK CORNER PIERREPONT AND CLINTON STREETS and 300 Fulton street BROOKLYN, IM. Y. Due Depositors Surplus (ParValue) $59,900,000 $7,600,000 OFFICERS CROWELL HADDEN - DANIEL J. CREEM ■ - RICHARD L. EDWARDS CRO-WEt,L HADDEN RICHARD I-. RDWARDS EDW. H. LITCHFIELD FRANK LYMAN DAVID G. LEGGET JOHN F. HALSTED FRANK L. BABDOTT HENRY F. NOYES President LAURUS E. SUTTON - - Comptroller Vice-Pres. ARTHUR C. HARE - - - Cashier Vice-Pres. CHARLES C. PUTNAM ■ Ass't Comp'r TRUSTEES: SANFORD H. STEELE n \NiEL J. cree:»i CLINTON R. JAMF.S n. HERBERT S:»IITH FRANCIS L. NOBLE FREDERICK A. M. BURRELl. ■WILLIAM L. MOFFAT HAROLD I. PRATT EDWIN P. MAYNARD CHARLES J. PEABODY MARTIN JOOST ALBERT L. MASON FRANK D. TIITTLE WILLI \M MASON CHARLES I,. MORSE S. EDWIN BUCHANAN JAMES H. JOURDAN SCOTT McLANAHAN BS >.IKLYN EAGLE PRESS iiiiifi'fi 020 953 325 A Hollinger pH8.5 Mill Run F3'1720