^!gM'itmeiJi:miMJx^n!miii^E.sjii'-', Class Jni Book - / i.^ GoBtiglitBi A J A CORlRIGHT DEPOSm ^ ON THE fl « -«! o m D 1^; THE OFFICIAL GUIDE BOOK TO PHILADELPHIA. A NEW HANDBOOK POR STRAN&EES AND CITIZENS. By THOMPSON WESTCOTT, AUTHOR OF "a HISTORY OF PHILADELPHIA," "LIFE OF JOHN FITCH," ETC., ETC. WITH A HISTORY OP THE CITY, A LARGE MAP OF THE CITY SHOWING ALL THE ROUTES OP THE PASSENGER RAILWAYS, NEW MAP OP FAIRMOUNT PARK, Eic^ .^ ILLUSTEATED WITH NEAELY ONE HUNDEED EN&EAVIUaS. PHILADELPHIA: PORTER AND COATES, 822 CHESTNUT STREET. 1^1 n I I Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, oy PORTER & COATES, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. Westcott & Thomson, Stereotypers -"td Electrotypers. Philada. Henry B. Ashmead, Pri7tter Phtlada CHANGES, ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. DTTmNOthe Beriod in which the following pages have been passing of pubuLttn'The following matters are to be noted m addition and """"Ranks -Pa-e 156 The Commonwealtli National Bank has befn removed ft om the corner of Fourth and Chestnut streets to SW corner Tfrourth and Walnut streets, in the hue sandstone bmklmg formerly erected by the Enterprise I^^^^^ance Company -JheCen- f;:S.iaf National Lnk a -w in^t.tut^r,^^^^^^^^ ^^X /et^na: roLT^xMbirrtriniifuL^^^^^^ tenSal ground, immediately west of the Main Exhibition Building, and wm transact the financial business of the Exposition iPi^^«^ial —The Board of Brokers will, during the year, le- mo?e"f"rt\f MeJctnts' Exchange to a -w buM^g --tr-f^e^^ especially for its use, immediately west ot Girard Bank, inira street ^ Bridaes.-Page 337. The Market Street Bridge was destroyed by fire N?v 20, 1875, and has been replaced by a te^^PO^^^ry s ruc- ture strong enough to last for ten or twenty years It was rebuilt by Se Pennsylvanii Eailroad Company for the city, and finished m 'TiL::tl7A£^se^'^nZ-Tl.e Kiralfy Brothers have com- mencfd the fraction of a theatre and music-hall, to which a garden S to be attached on the east side of Broad street above Spruce, wMdi'^fs totecaile'd the Alliambra. The lot is l|Oieet front by 225 deep to a street on which the front is 170 feet. The style ot tue facade wVbe of the Moresque architecture, elaborately ornamented wfth columns, horseshoe arches, with domes etc., brilliantly painted in bright colors and gilded. The theatre will seat 1600 persons The gardel will be ornamented with fountains, etc. and wil be loO feet fauare The building is expected to be completed April 15, 18/ 6^- The Women's Centennial Music-Hall is to be built upon the irounds attached to the mansion of the late Edwin Forrest, tragedian I W corner of Broad and Master streets, and the performances are to be under the charge of the eminent musician Theodore Thomas The music-hall will be 100 feet front on Broad street and 200 feet deep and will be capable of accommodating 5000 persons The stage wm be of capacity sufficient for an orchestra of lOOperiormers and aThorus of 600 singers. The Forrest mansion, adjoming, will be fitted up as a restaurant and cafe. , , q. .. Patriotic Orders.-A new hall has been fitted up at Sixth and Spring Garden streets for the Patriotic Order of Sons of America; objects, patriotism and benevolence. f^^ Wn Hj^foi-niatorv Homes.— A Reformatory Home for Wo- men who aJe addicted to the vice of intemperance has been opened CHANGES, ADDITIONS, ETC. at 220 North Thirteenth street, under the auspices of the Women's Christian Temperance Union. Educational Homes.— The home for boys (p. 222) has es- tablished a home for girls, and will hereafter be styled the Educa- tional Home. , , ^ Homes for the Aged.— The Union Home for old Ladies, at 3947 Market street, was opened for the reception of inmates Feb. 24 1876 The Edwin Forrest Home for retired actors will be opened at Springbrook, near Holmesburg, during the year, under the trusts of Mr. Forrest's will. Industrial Aid Societies.— The Day Nursery for Chil- dren, incorporated in 1873, has its home at 410 Blight street. Ihe children of poor women who are out at work in daytime are here cared for, educated. and fed daily. Centennial Hotels.— Pages 69, 70. There have been pro- jected and are in course of construction Ruloff 's Elm Avenue Hotel, west end of Machinery Hall, with accommodations for 500 persons, and the Atlas Hotel, Fifty-second street and Elm avenue, which will have 1500 rooms and capacity for 3000 persons daily.— The name ot the hotel S W corner of Broad and Walnut streets, designated the Edwards (p. 67), has been settled to be hereafter St. George.— Grand Central Hotel (pp. 66, 67), Market street near Thirty- second, was projected but has not been built. . Centennial Depot.- The Pennsylvania Railroad Company is building an extensive depot opposite the Exposition Buildings, (t will have four large apartments for reception and comfort o± pas- sengers, with extensive platforms, and every arrangement lor con- venience of trains arriving and departing. „ -n -n- Food Supply.— The Abattoir, west side of SehuylkillKiyer above Market street, will be ready for use in 1876. The principal building is of brick, 150 by 200 feet. There are 48 cattle-sheds, each 24 by 200 feet; two sheep-pens, each 130 by 350 feet; a large hog- pen, and a large brick grain and hay barn. Access to the Exhibition.— In addition to means ot con- veyance specified in Chapter IV., a new organization, the Exhibition Transfer Company, has established a considerable number o± light carriages which will run regularly from Ninth and Chestnut streets to the Exhibition grounds. ^, „ . m * Special Ticket-Offices.— Page 89.— The Union Transfer Company, S. E. corner of Ninth and Chestnut streets, has a general ticket-office for all lines of railroads from Philadelphia. ERRATA. Page 39, line 4, " Chestnut street west of Ninth," should be CAris- ifia-w street west of Ninth. u i, w ^ r Page 88 on 33d line, Westchester Railroad should be West Jersey. Pase 201, line 2d, £45,815 should be £45 8s. U. Pa^e 310 West Laurel Hill. This cemetery is not under the same conti^l as the Laurel Hill Cemetery, but a distinct corporation, having no connection whatever with it; nor can tickets tor it be procured at Brown's drug store, Fifth and Chestnut streets. ALPHABETICAL LIST PLACES, EXHIBITIONS, ETC, IN PHILADELPHIA, LIKELY TO PROVE MOST ATTRACTIVE TO THE STRANGER OR TOURIST. Those with an * no one should leave Philadelphia without seeing. Places. 1* Academy of Fine Arts, Broad above Arch st. ■>* Academy of Natural Sciences, S. W. corner of 19th and Race. American Philosophical Society, 5th St. below Chestnut. American Steamship wharves and docks. — International wharves and dock. Arsexals. — * Arsenal, Frankford. * Arsenal, Schuylkill, Gray's Ferry road below Carpenter. Asylums. — * Blind Asylum, 20th and E,ace sts. Christ Church Hospital for old wo- men, York and 49th sts. *Deaf and Dumb Asylum, cor- ner of Broad and Pine sts. Naval Asylum, Gray's Ferry road. Orphan Asylum, Haddington. St. John's Orphan Asylum (Ro- man Catholic), Westminster avenue near 49th st. Widow's Asylum, Cherry near 18th St. Banks. Bartram's House, west bank of the Schuylkill below Gray's Ferry. Belmont, West Park. Bleckley Almshouse, West Phila- delphia. Mode of Obtaining Admission. Tickets 25 cents. Open Tuesdays and Fridays in the afternoon. Admission 10 cents. Admission free. Tickets to be had of Peter Wrigh! & Sons, Walnut st. above 3d. Open to the public. Open to the public. Concerts Wednesday p. m. sion 15 cents. Admission on application. Admis- Tickets of managers or at Ledger oflBice, 6th and Chestnut sts. Open to the public. Admission on application. Open to the public. Admission on application. These institutions are always open during business hours to stran- gers who may desire to examine the interior architecture. See page 329. Open to the public. See page 330. Tickets free at office, 7th above Filbert. VI SIGHTS IN PHILADELPHIA. Places. Mode of Obtaining Admission. Boys' Central High School, corner Broad and Green sts. Cemeteries. — -* Laurel Hill Cemetery, Ridge av. , Woodland Cemetery, Woodland avenue, West Philadelphia. West Laurel Hill Cemetery, west bank of Schuylkill near Pencoyd station. Woodlands, west side of Schuyl- kill. Churches.— * Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul (R. C), 18th St. above * Christ Church, finished in 1753, 2d St. above Market. *01d Pine Street Presbyterian Church, cor. 4th and Pine sts. *01d Swedes' Church, Swanson St. below Christian. * St. Peter's Protestant Episcopal Church, cor. Pine and 3d sts. Cliveden (Chew's house), German- town. ^^Base Ball Ground (Athletic), 25th and Jefferson sts. Cricket Club Grounds (Ger- mantown), on Germautown branch Reading R. R., near Wayne st. — (Merion), near Ardmore station. Press, 505 Chestnut st. Reform Club, 1520 Chestnut st. ■« Union League House, corner Sansom and Broad sts. Commercial Exchange, 2d below Walnut St. -:v County Prison, 1 1th st. and Pas syunk avenue. CO^URT-ROOMS. — Common Pleas No. 1, American Philosophical Hall, 5 th below Chestnut st. Common Pleas No. 2, Old Con- gress Hall, 6th and Chestnut. Open to the public. Open to the public in daytime, ex- cept Sundays. Open to the public. Open to the public. Open to the public. See page 334. Services daily between 6 and 7 A. M., and six services on Sunday. Services on Sunday. Services on Sunday. Open on Sundays. Services on Sundays. See page 331. Admission at advertised prices. Admission at advertised prices. On introduction by a member. Admission on introduction by a member-. Admission on introduction by a member. Introduction by a member. Tickets from Inspectors or at Led- ger oflBce, 6th and Chestnut sts. Open to the public. Open to the public. SIGHTS IN PHILADELPHIA. VJl Places. Court-Rooms — Continued. Common Pleas No, 3, east wing of State-house, adjoining su- preme court-room. Common Pleas No. 4, west wing of State-house. Orphans', 6th below Walnut. Quarter Sessions, Congress Hall and in building to the south. Supreme, east wing of Inde- pendence Hall. United States, Library st. near 5th. Custom-House (U. S.), Chestnut st. below 5th. Declaration of Independence, house where written, 7th and Market sts. Fair Hill, Germantown avenue. *Fairmount Park. Franklin Institute, 7th st. above Chestnut. *Frank]in's Grave, S. E. cor, 5th and Arch sts. Germantown Battle-ground. *Girard College, Ridge avenue above 19th st. Girls' Normal School, Spring Gar- den and 17th sts. Halls. — * Carpenters' Hall, built in 1770, Chesfnut st. below 4th. *City, New, Hall (unfinished), Broad and Market sts. Horticultural Hall, Broad st. below Locust. * Independence Hall, Chestnut st. below 6th. National Museum, west room State house building, Chest- nut below 6th. St. George's Hall, corner 13th and Arch sts. Homes. — Northern Home and Soldiers' Orphan Home, 23d and Brown sts. Old Men's Home, 39th and Pow- elton avenue. Mode of Obtaining Admission. Open to the public. Open to the public. Open to the public. Open to the public. Open to the public. Open to the public. Open to the public in daytime. See page 324. See page 336. Open to the public at all times. Admission free. Can be seen from the pavement on Arch St. near the corner. See page 317. Tickets at office of the trustees, 5th above Chestnut, or at Ledger office. Open to the public. Admission free. Open to public in daytime. Open to the public. Open during exhibitions, meetings or lectures, with prices specified. Open day and evening to the pub- lic. Open to the public. Open at meetings of St. George Society and on public occasions. Open to the public. Services on Sunday. Vlll SIGHTS IN PHILADELPHIA. Places. Mode of Obtaining Admission, Hospitals. — German Hospital, Girard and Corinthian avs. * Insane Hospital (Kirkbride's), Haverford av., West Phila- delphia. Take Market street Naval Hospital (U. S.), on Na- val Asylum grounds. * Pennsylvania Hospital, 8th and Spruce sts. Presbyterian Hospital, 39th and Filbert sts. Protestant Episcopal Hospital, Lehigh avenue and Front st. St. Joseph's Hospital (Roman Catholic), Girard avenue and 17th St. Wills Hospital for Eye diseases. Race St.. bet. 18th and 19th. Women's Hospital, N. College av. and 22d st. House of Correction, neiir Holmes burg. House of Refuge, 2.3d and Parrish sts. Admission on application. Ledger Building, S. W. cor. 6th and Chestnut sts. Lemon Hill. LI3RARIES. Apprentices' Library, b. W. cor. 5th and Arch sts. Athenseum Library, 6th st. be low Walnut. Mercantile Library, 10th st. above Chestnut. Pennsylvania Historical, 8^0 Spruce St. ^ , . * Philadelphia Library, 5th st. below Chestnut. Ridgway Library (unfinished). Broad and Christian sts. Markets. — Central, Market st. between Ibth and 17th. Delaware Avenue, Delaware av. and Spruce st. Friends of patients admitted. Open to the public. Open to the public. Open to the public. Open to the public. Open to the public. Admission on application. Open Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays from 10 to 2. Tickets at 51 N. 6th St. Open Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays from 10 to 2. Tickets at 21 N. 7th St. Open to the public. See page 333. Admission free to visitors. Free on introduction by a member. Open to visitors for inspection in daytime. Open to visitors from 10 a. m- to 10 P.M. Open to visitors from 9 A. M. to 5 P. M. Open to the public. Open to the public. SIGHTS IN PHILADELPHIA. IX Places. Mode of Obtaining Admission. Markets — Continued. Eastern, S. E. comer 5th and Merchant sts. Farmers' and Franklin, N. side of Market st. between 11th and 12th. Ridge Avenue, on Ridge av. * Masonic Temple, Broad st. below Arch. Medical Colleges. — College of Physicians and Sur- geons, cor. 13th and Locust. Jeiferson Medical College, 10th St. below Sansom. University Medical College, cor- ner Locust and 34th sts. Woman's Medical College, N. College av. and 22d st. Merchants' Exchange, Dock and 3d sts. Mint, Old, 7th st. above Filbert. *Mint (U. S.), Chestnut st. above 13th. Morgue, Noble st. near Delaware avenue. Mount Pleasant, East Park. * National Museum, Independence Hall. Navy Yard, League Island, mouth of the Schuylkill River. Old London Coffee-house, Front and Market sts. * Penitentiary, Fairmount avenue and 21st st. Penn's Cottage, Letitia st. near Market. Penn Treaty Monument, Beach and Hanover sts. Post-office (U. S.), Chestnut st. be- tween 4th and 5th. Red Bank. School of Design for Women, S.W. corner Broad and Filbert sts. Solitude, Zoological Gardens, West Park. Stenton (Logan's House), German- town road. Open to the public. Open to the public. Open to the public. On Thursdays from 10 to 2. Tick- ets, or introduction by members of the order. Tickets of admission to be procured from members. Tickets from Faculty or Trustees. Tickets from Faculty or Trustee?. Tickets from Faculty or Trustees. Open to the public. See page 326. Open to visitors from 9 A. ii. to 12 noon. Open to the public. See page 332. Open to the public from 9 A. M. to 3 p. M. Open to the public in daytime. See page 326. Tickets of inspectors or at Ledger office. ^ =, ^ , i'_ See page 32L .^"^^^ ^^ ^ ^^ May be seen from the street. Outer avenues open to the public. See page 319. Open to visitors in daytime. See page 333. See page 330. SIGHTS IN PHILADELPHIA. Places. Mode of Obtaining Admission. Trotting, Racing, and Driving Parks. Belmont, beyond West Park. Point Breeze, Point Breeze near Penrose Ferry bridge. Suffolk, Island road near Read- ing branch of old Baltimore R. R. Trust and Safe Deposit Companies. University of Pennsylvania, 36th and Woodland av. Wagner Free Institute, corner 17th and Montgomery avenue. Water-works. — Belmont or West Philadelphia, Fairmount Park, west side of Schuylkill River, near Read- ing Railroad Bridge. Delaware or Kensington, east side of Delaware River, near Gunners' Run. Fairmount, in Park, east side of Schuylkill River, north of Morris st. Roxborough, east side Schuyl- kill River, above Manayunk. Schuylkill (formerly Spring Garden), east side of Schuyl- kill River, Fairmount Park, near Girard avenue. Wilson School-house, Darby road and Leach Hollow. Young Men's Christian Associa- tion, Chestnut st. above 12th. New building being erected S. E. cor. 15th and Chestnut sts. *- Zoological Gardens, Fairmount Park. Admission on introduction of > members, or on public race days at advertised rates. Open to visitors during business hours. Visitors admitted on application. Free to visitors. Each of these is open to the public. See page 328. Open to the public. Admission 25 cents. PLACES OF AMUSEMENT. XI Places. Theatres, — Walnut Street, 9th and Walnut. Arch Street, Arch st, west of 6th. Chestnut Street, Chestnut st. above 12th. Wood's Museum, 9 th and Arch. American, Chestnut between 10th and 11th sts. Grand Central, Walnut ab. 8th. Amateur Drawing-room, 17th above Chestnut. New National Varieties, 10th and Callowhill sts. Concordia (Ger.), 417 Callowhill. Alhambra, Broad above Spruce. Minstrel Halls. — ■ Arch Street Opera-house, Arch St. between 10th and 11th. Eleventh Street Opera-house, 11th St. above Chestnut. Opera and Music. — Academy of Music, corner Broad and Locust. Musical Fund Hall, Locust ab 8th. . Centennial Music Hall ( Thomas), Forrest Mansion, Broad and Master. Handel and Haydn Hall, corner 8th and Spring Garden. Concert Hall, Chestnut, between 12th and 13th. Mannerchor Hall, Fairmount av. and Franklin st. AuT Exhibitions. — Academy of Fine Arts, Broad above Arch. Art Gallery, East Fairmount Park, near Green st. Art Galleries, Private. Colosseum, Broad and Locust. Miscellaneous Exhibitions. Assembly Building, corner 10th and Chestnut. Horticultural Hall, east side of Broad st. above Spruce. Scientific Exhibitions. — Academy of Natural Sciences, corner 19th and Bace. Zoological Gardens, West Park below Girard av. Mode of Obtaining Admission. Family circle. Dress circle. Orchestra. 25 cents. 50 cents. $1.50 25 " 50 " 1.00 50 " 75 " 1.50 25 25 25 a 50 50 50 1.00 .75 .75 25 cents. 50 cents. 75 cents. 25 " 50 '* 75 « Admission at advertised prices. Admission at advertised prices. Admission at advertised prices. Admission at advertised prices. Admission at advertised prices. Admission at advertised prices. Admission 25 cents. Open to the public. See page 196. Admission at advertised prices. Admission at advertised prices. Admission at advertised prices. Open Tuesday and Friday after- noons. Admission 25 cents. Admission 25 cents. Children un- der twelve years 10 cents. xu COINS. VALXJB OF FOREIGN GOLD AND SILVER COINS IN THE VALUli. ^^^^^^Y OF THE UNITED STATES. Prepared by the Superintendent of the United States Mint, Philadelphia. GOLD COINS. Country. Austria Do Do Do Belgium Brazil Central America Do Chili Colombia and South America generally Colombia.. Do Denomination. Fourfold ducat. Souverain (no longer coined). 4 florins (new) Ducat 25 francs 29 railreis 2 escudos 4 reals 10 pesos (dollars) Value in United! States money. Dolls, cts. mills. Old doubloon* 20 pesos, "Bogota"... ^^ „ 20 pesos, "Medellin " po *.".'..].".... I 20 pesos, "I'opayan" Costa Rica Denmark Do Egypt England France — • German Empire Do Greece ■ India (British).. Italy ....• Japan Mexico Do Do Netherland New Granada.., Norway Peru Portugal Russia 5 rubles... Spain 100 reales Po 1 80 reals Do!!'.'.'. Sweden . Do.... Do.... Tunis... Turkey 10 pesos. 20 Crown Old ten-thaler Bedidlik (100 piasters) Pound or sovereign (new) . 20-franc New 20 marks Old ten-thaler (Prussian).. 20 drachms • Mohur, or 15 rupees f 20 lire 20 yen • Doubloon 20 pesos (empire) 20 pesos (republic, new).... 10 gilders 10 pesos (dollars) ■ 20 crowns 20 soles Coroa (crown) 10 escudos Ducat Carolin (10 francs) New 20 Crowns (krone). 25 piasters 100 piasters 1 4 5 9 4 72 10 89 3 9 13 fi 75 1 93 2 27 3 68 48 9 11 15 59 2 18 94 19 05 5 18 96 2 8 44 7 5 35 8 7 89 8 4 97 3 4 86 5 3 84 5 4 76 3 7 97 3 44 2 7 10 3 3 84 5 19 94 2 15 60 19 64 2 19 56 1 3 99 3 9 67 4 5 35 8 19 23 7 5 80 5 3 97 5 4 96 3 3 86 2 5 01 4 2 23 6 1 93 4 5 35 8 2 99 5 4 36 8 * The douMoon (doblon, or more, properly ^.^^^tln^Ts^PPnt e?f^ThesTfl- ^nnnish^ is now generally discontinued, and is seldom seen here, -'■"ese n^ u?es answer as wlllforth^e doubloon of Peru, Chili, Bolivia, etc., and therefore this item stands for all. . ^0x1 -fnThL^e'table^S il Taken aflhe basis of U. S. money. In calcu- latlJ^ke\aluetn US currency add from 10 per cent, to 15 per cent., accord- ing to the daily reports of the money market. COINS. Xlll SILVER COINS. Country. Austria... Do Do Do Do Do Belgium. Do Bolivia..., Brazil I Canada... Do Denomination. Old rix-dollar Old Scudo crown Florin, before 1858 New florin , New Union dollar , Maria Theresa dollar, 1780. francs 2 francs New dollar Double milreis 20 cents 25 cents Central America < Dollar. Chili Do China Do Denmark Egypt England Do Do France Do North German States. Do South German States. German Empire Greece Hindostan Italy Do Japan Do Mexico Do Do Netherlands Norway New Granada Peru Do Do Do Portugal Roumania Russia Spain Do Sweden Switzerland Tunis Turkey Old dollar New dollar Dollar (English mint). lOcents 2 rigsdaler Piaster (new) Shilling (new) Siiilling (average) Florin 5 franc 2 franc Thaler, before 1857 Thaler (new) Florin 5 marks (new) 5 drachms Rupee 5 lire Lira 1 yen 50 sen Dollar Half dollar Pesto of Maximilian.... 21^ gilders , Specie daler Dollar of 1857 Olddolhir Dollar of 1858 Half dollar of 1835-'38. Sol 500 reis 2 lei (francs), new Ruble 5 pesetas (dollars) Peseta (pistareen Riksdaler 2 francs 5 piasters 20 piasters Value in United States money. Dolls. 1 1 cis. mills. 95 95 47 45 68 95 91 38 91 95 17 93 99 91 09 03 03 21 20 42 91 22 99 1 33 9 67 8 68 38 9 91 9 82 2 43 4 91 7 16 9 99 1 40 8 99 8 49 6 98 7 96 4 03 2 91 1 99 87 5 35 7 91 6 46 3 34 1 74 1 91 4 )6 9 26 33 9 58 3 81 1 XIV POSTAGE TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES. POSTAGE TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 17 *27 *5 10 *21 *27 5 *5 *5 *5 10 *5 15 *15 10 *5 5 5 *5 *5 10 13 5 13 Argentine Confederatiou Aspinwall Austria — : Australia, via San Francisco do. via England do. via Brindisi Belgium... ••••• Bermuda, via New York 15 Brazil, direct •-:;""*:.""""J*i"'''^"ot^' 3 Canada, Nova Scotia, Newtoundland, etc j ^^^ Cape of Good Hope ..." Chili, Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru China, via Southampton Denmark, via England East Indies, via San Francisco.... do. via England do. via Brindisi German states, via North German Union Great Britain and Ireland... "■ " ionrKo^Vcar;tonrSwai^wr^i^:r;"a^Fo^ho^^ San Francisco ° " Italy, via England..... • " Japan, via San Francisco .■.'.'.'.".'.'.'.' .7. '.'.'..! Liberia Mexico •• ■ Norway and Sweden Portugal, via Southampton Russia, via England • 7.. Shanghai, via San Francisco ;... .".'.'."!!!'.! Spain • Switzerland .•"V;'"',"'"^ Turkev, Syria, etc., via England. Venezuela by American Packet Venezuela, by British Packet West^.dies, ^^^;-,,^^^r^^^ __ -^,^;;-,:^^^;^^^{^:^e. that the postage may be paid or not, at the option ^V^Se'fwsVapS postage to Canada is the same as that to any part of the United States. POSTAL CaKDS to I'^OREIGN COUNTRIES. .stal cards may be sent for _^nad,e 2 2 3 t 4 4 4 2 2 4 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 2 4 ?/„7,:.reSl-V.lris°^X?Serra c\??:1o be delivered elsewhere in ""loS'caSs tolnyp-t of the United States, 1 cent eaeh. FOREIGN CONSULS AT PHILADELPHIA. XV FOREIGN CONSULS AT PHILADELPHIA. COXINTRY. Name. Address. Argentine Republic Austria Belgium Brazil Chili ColomViia, U. S. of Denmark Ecuador France German Empire Great Britain Hungary Italy ...*. Liberia Netherlands Nicaragua Orange FreeState^South Africa Portugal Russia Spain Sweden and Norway ... Switzerland Uruguay.. Venezuela Edward Shippen Lars Westergaard G. E. Saurman Edward S. Sayres Edward Shippen Leon de la Cova F.Myhlertz Edward Shippen Celestin Auguste Ravin d'ElpeiTX, vice-consul... Charles H. Meyer Chas. Edward Kortright. Geo. Crump, vice-consul.. Lars Westergaard Alonzo M.Viti Edward S. Morris Lars Westergaard Henry C. Potter Henry W. Riley Edward S. Sayres Henry Preaut.vice-consul Don Juan Morphy Don Julian Alfredo Prin- cipe y Sartoris (V. C). Lars Westergaard Rudolph Koradi Werner Itschaner (V. C.) Chas.W. Matthews (V.C.) Leon de la Cova 5,32 Walnut St. 138 S. 2d St. 1228 Chestnut St. 268 S. 3d St. 532 Walnut St. 218+ Walnut St. 730 N. 2()th St. 532 Walnut St. 8th Street above South 227 Chestnut St. 619 Walnut St. 138 S. 2d St. 115 Walnut St. 129 S. Front St. 138 S. 2d St. 260 S. 9th St. 602 Arch St. 268 S. 3d St. 500 S. Del. Av. 524 Walnut St. 138 S. 2d St. 314 York Avenue. 814 Vine St. 133 Walnut St. 2181 Walnut St. XVI EXCURSIONS FROM PHILADELPHIA. o m O M m P3 P O ><5 OQ 02 03 g c ;s: ^ ,a -r '^ O! _( 05 ts 5 P =3 ot. f> to 9 02 .2 a; P \^% .2 "^ .2 ^- CO =e^ =y g -^ s 13 !r ^ t: .2 CS 5 S-. -^ fa 2 te:^ a w ^^ Sg P =i3 OJ PM P I a ^asa M ci a 55 0) dJ ^ 'i~i P j3 "^ 3 - = S t P p^ p s o al >. a P -t^ > F^ ® ^ P -S to CO r-5 J -J- P g g s -^ I 5 PL, P-i ^ P^ P5 M2 p^ -fep:^ p p5 §=^ £ -^ p ^ 1-5 -2 .S 2 "^ -^ § is '2 ^ tn « ^ S-, r- 05 « 05 O J3 ^^P^^PlH P5 t- p -^ o -r 05 a5«2 p •" 05 ^ P CO ai 05 05 p:?P^ ci ccS f^ CO C/5 05 05 COCO . 05 >» TJ P 05 Ph P S ■ p t/i O t« .^ hS p^ =? VJ t^ -.»H P +J f^ 0) _^ - ••« ^ > &> « '^ 05 c3 CO S 03 .2 o H-i -r; X! p -ti S jp S ^ C =3 ^ c3 "« ^ ±i *3 C3 05 05 05 <; O PQ CQ pil pa o a S P.-H o p^ p^ spp-s Sv;75'siJ^ §.i-s 5 fcJO P500 J a P4 m 'So" o Pm P5 -w en p:iPh CO O 05 " a p p , • 5j^ c3 ^ , ^ Q a t- rh :r: bi3 P m CT^ o '^^ -fh Q CO =^ peI^I^s-^ p s o cr' -!-> rt P 05 U P o s > 05 o 53 PhP4!z5 '05«'^ -fh 05 05 »■ 9 ^i bC °^05«05 a5.:SFS o^iis^^^i^;?^ S -H .tJ !» d rC^ C3 S Q^ O iT^ > fc» CO CC f> l> !-' 1^- 05 <^ O "+ "^ CO "O 05 t- '^ ''^ C; r-l t:(* CD OO 1— I iOiOOC»C<»CCOCOCO'*p CO Oi t~- ?^ (M 1—1 .€WPjrJrC;J2 «>JPr WMtJE^ ^ jl/UbM£L, SPadtet Si ^ctjcjdek, ^ kajie ejcajTurLed and o/zlztaLLe t/m ^^^^j^uicLa J^aakta SPIuladeL'- jfihla/* % 3kamjzkari fWektcoit, §h.q.,, and /utLdL&ked liij. tj.au. yt la. a tkatauQk, cam- /ilete^ and lutacticaL ^ulde :^aak ta aii± ^Itif, yam, flf^etL^ leAfzectfuUi^f Jl/Lxupz af SPkiLad^Lffua. PREFACE. Philadelphia occupies such an extensive area of ground that it has advantages in space superior to any other city in the world. The number of buildings, public and private, is greater than in any other city in America, and is only ex- ceeded by some in Europe, in which the populations are more dense. For this reason public edifices and private mansions are spread over a wide expanse of territory. The stranger needs a guide which shall signify to him the best places to visit among the many which surround him, and the most con- venient ways of getting to them. This work has been ar- ranged to facilitate the visitor in his inquiries, to point out to him the most notable places, and to furnish information as fully as the space that can be devoted to each subject in a book intended to be portable will permit. It is believed that this hand-book will enable the stranger to spend his leisure in the city with the best advantage and with judicious em- ployment of time. The publishers desire in this place to give credit to Messrs. John Sartain and James M. Earle for the authorship of those portions of Chapter XIII. which are devoted to the Academy of Fine Arts and to private art galleries. To General John Eaton, Commissioner of U. S. Bureau of Education, Wash- ington, D. C, thanks are due for the use of the cut of the Eidgway Library. Philadelphia, Dec. 1, 1875. CONTENTS. PAGE Sketch of the History of Philadelphia ... 13 CHAPTEE I. Inteoductory 43 Description — Street Numbers — Population — Health — Vital Statistics — City Government — Food Supply — Water Supply — Fairmount Water-Works — Other Water- Works — Public Drink- ing Fountains — Drainage — Fire Department — Police — Magis- trates' Courts — Gas-Lighting — Gas-Works. CHAPTER II. Hotels, Boaeding- and Lodging-Houses — ^Eestau- rants 63 CHAPTER III. Maekets . 71 CHAPTER IV. City Teavel — Feeeies — Riyee Steamboats ... 75 Passenger Railway Companies — Ferries to New Jersey— River Steamboat Lines — Carriages and Hacks — Express Companies — Telegraph Companies — Baggage — Special Railroad Ticket Of- fices — Railroad Passenger Depots — Railroads. CHAPTER V. Public Buildings in Use by the City 95 Independence Square — Independence Hall — The National Museum— Old Congress Hall— Court-House Building— City Hall — Philosophical Hall — Quarter-Sessions Court Building — New City Hall — Prisons — Eastern Penitentiary — Moyamensing Prison — House of Refuge — House of Correction — The Morgue — Alms- house— Lazaretto— Public Schools— High School— Girls' Normal Schools — Grammar Schools. 1* r. CONTENTS. CHAPTER VI. PAGE 128 TJ. S. Government Buildings and Offices . . * Custom ■ House-Sub -Treasury-Appraisers' Building-Post- Office-U. S. Courts-New Post-Office-Mint-Arsenals-Navy Yard— Naval Asylum— Naval Hospital. CHAPTER VII. 141 Commerce and Manufactuees ^^^ Commerce-Commercial Exchange-Merchants' Exchange- Trade Exchange -Warehousing Companies - Bonded W are- houses-Commercial Dep6ts-Elevators-Steamsh:p Wharves and Docks— Manufactures. CHAPTER VIII. . 153 Financial Institutions Banks-Saving Funds-Trust Companies-Safe Deposit and Trust Companies— Insurance Companies. CHAPTER IX. Institutions of Education ^"^ University of Pennsylvania-Girard College-Germantown Academy- Aimwell School— Beck School-House. CHAPTER X. Collegiate and Academical Institutions under Religious Denominations I7d Protestant Episcopal Academy-Protestant Episcopal Divmity School-Theological Seminary of Saint Charles Borromeo- Haverford College— Swarthmore College. CHAPTER XI. Institutions for Scientific Education 175 Medical Colleges-Dental Colleges-Polytechnic College. CHAPTER XII. 183 Scientific Institutions Academy of Natural Sciences-Entomological Society-Wag- ner Institute-American Philosophical Society-Franklm Insti- tute-Zoological Garden-Horticultural Society-Society for Promotion of Agriculture. CONTENTS. 7 CHAPTEE XIII. PAGE Painting, Sculptuee, Music 191 Academy of Fine Arts— Private Art Galleries— Sketch-Club — School of Design — Fairmount Park Art Association — Musical Fund Society — Handel and Haydn Society. CHAPTEE Xiy. LiBEARY Companies and Associations 199 Philadelphia Library — Eidgway Library — Mercantile Library — Athenseum Library — Apprentices' Library — Friends' Library — Other Libraries. CHAPTEE XV. Hospitals and Dispensaries 207 Pennsylvania Hospital— Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane —Philadelphia Hospital— Wills Eye Hospital— Friends' Asy- lum for the Insane — Preston Eetreat — Municipal Hospital— St. Joseph's Hospital — Charity Hospital — Protestant Episcopal Hospital — German Hospital— St. Mary's Hospitiil — Jewish Hos- pital-Orthopaedic Hospital — Presbyterian Hospital— German- town Hospital — Homoeopathic Hospital— Hospital of the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania — Woman's Hospital — Dispensaries. CHAPTEE XVI. Asylums and Homes 221 Asylums for Children — ^Homes for the Aged— Asylums for the Unfortunate — Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb — Institutions for the Blind — Eeformatory Homes. CHAPTEE XVn. Belief Societies 231 German Society — Society of Sons of St, George — Other Na- tional Societies — Soup Societies — Industrial Aid Societies — Fuel Associations — ^Assistance Societies — Humane Associations. CHAPTEE XVIII. Charitable Ordebs and Associations 237 Masonic Temple and Hall— Odd Fellows' Halls— Order of United American Mechanics — Independent Order of Eed Men- American Protestant Association — Other Orders. g CONTENTS. CHAPTER XIX. 243 ^™m1;y of the Fi^st Tr^op of'philadelpMa ^ty Cavalry- Nat onal^Guards' Armory-City ^--y-^^^g,,;'^^'^''"^ Corps Washington Grays-Armory of Keystone Battery. OHAPTEE XX. 247 Club— Penn Club— Saturday Club. CHAPTER XXI. . . 251 — Gymnastics. CHAPTER XXII. . . 257 CHAPTER XXIII. 261 Chtteches man)-Beformed (Dutch)-Eoman Catholic. CHAPTER XXIV. Associations fob Religious Objects 299 Hall of the Young Men's Christian Association-Presbyterian i^^rLfPuS^^ ?St:™ote-Other Publication Societies and Tract Soc. eties-Clergymen's Annuity and Aid Funds. CONTENTS. 9 CHAPTEE XXV. PAGE Cemeteries . 303 Eonaldson's Cemetery— Laurel Hill— West Laurel Hill— Mon- ument Cemetery — Mount Vernon — Glen wood — Woodlands- Mount Moriah— Old Oaks— Odd Fellows'— Mechanics'— Mount Peace— Greenwood — Cedar Hill — Leverington—Fairhill— Ca- thedral— New Cathedral— Mount Sinai— Beth-El-Emeth. CHAPTER XXVI. Places of Historical Interest 315 The Treaty-Ground— Germantown Battle-Ground— Eed Bank Battle-Ground— Fort Mifflin. CHAPTEE XXVII. Buildings of a Public Character of Historic Note 32i Penn Mansion, Letitia Court — Carpenters' Hall — House where the Declaration of Independence was Written— The Old Mint— Old London Coffee-House— Free Quaker Meeting-House — Wilson School-House. CHAPTEE XXVIII. Historical Mansions . 329 Bartram's House — Stentou — Belmont — Cliveden —Mount Pleasant— Lemon Hill— Solitude— Woodlands— Fairhill. CHAPTEE XXIX. Bridges ^ ^ 337- CHAPTEE XXX. Public Parks and Squares 345 Fairmount Park— The Wissahickon— Hunting Park— Public Squares. CHAPTEE XXXI. The International Exhibition of 1876 . . . .373 CHAPTEE XXXII. Six Days in Philadelphia 39I ILLUSTEATIONS. PAQB wir.iAM PEAK'S H0«SB IN L^tia Stbbet, peh^^t ^^^ Appearance ••• •'" 40 Ofeicial Seai. of the City of Phii.adei.phia............. 4^ HORSEBADISH MAN " gg Independence Hall gg The State-house in 1776 ^^^ The Old Liberty Bell • ^^^^ Interior of Independence Hall Court-yard of the New Public Buildings i^ - Entrance to the Eastern Penitentiary ^^^ MOYAMENSING PRISON ^__ Bird's-eye View of the House of Correction li'^ Central High-school ^26- United States Custom-house ^^^^ United States Mint ^^^ Court-yard, United States Mint •••••• ^^^^ League Island ^^^ Commercial Exchange ^^^ Merchants' Exchange ^^^ GiRARD Point Elevator ■ ^^^^ University of Pennsylvania •■•• ^^^ GiRARD College • yj^ Protestant Episcopal Academy l"^;"*" vt' MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE UNIVERSITY ^^^^^^^^- ^^^ VANIA 283 Academy of Natural Sciences ^^^ Plan of the Zoological Gardens •••• ^^^ Carnivora-housb, Zoological Gardens 10 ILLUSTRATIONS. H PAGE Monkey-house 288 Bear-pits j^gp Academy of Fine Arts 191 Philadelphia Library 200 EiDGWAY Library 201 -\ Mercantile Library 202 Apprentices' Library 204 Pennsylvania Hospital 208 ^ Episcopal Hospital (Bird's-eye View) 213- Episcopal Hospital (Front View) 214-( Hospital oe the University of Pennsylvania 217 St. George's Hall 233~ Masonic Temple 239- Union League House 248 First Baptist Church 262 Fifth Baptist Church 263 Tabernacle Church 264 Church of the Holy Communion 269 Old Pine Street Church 274 Second Presbyterian Church (with Steeple com- pi^eted) 275- Bethany Church and Sunday-school 278 North Broad Street Church 279- Christ Church 282 Grave of Franklin 283 Old Swedes' Church (Gloria Dei) 286 The Burd Monument in St. Stephen's Church 288 Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul 295^ Church of the Eestoration 298 Young Men's Christian Association Building 299 -j The Schuylkill, from Laurel Hill 307- The Schuylkill, from West Laurel Hill 309- The Treaty Monument 31g Carpenters' Hall 323 Wilson School-house 328 Bartram's House 329 Chew House, Germantown 332 j Solitude 33^ 12 ILLUSTRATIONS. PA-GK 339- GiRABD Avenue Bridge •• •••••" Bridge oyer the Sckhyekiee at Chestnut Street.... 341 Fountain near Mineral Spring, Lemon Hiei. ^^^ East Terrace, Lemon Hill ^^^ Schuylkill Bluffs, below Edgely ^^^ Entrance at Egglesfield ^^^ Connecting Bridge, Fairmount Park ^ ••-• FAIRMOUNT PARK FROM THE LaNSDOWNE ENTRANCE 353 View of Sweet-brier from Egglesfield •• ^^^ View above Sweet-brier ^^^^ View from Belmont g^g Monster Pines, West Park •■•••••• ^ EAViNE IN Western Park, Sweet-brier Vale • ^^^ On the Wissahickon Drive • ^^^^ A Glimpse of the Wissahickon •••••••••• ^^^ The Hermit's Pool • ^^^ Hemlock Glen, on the Wissahickon ^^^ The Wissahickon at Chestnut Hill ^^^^ The Drive, Wissahickon ^^^ Glen Fern, Wissahickon V:' mt" Airy ". 367 Bridge over the Wissahickon near Mt. Airy Drinking Fountain on the Wissahickon .^..^.^.. Bird's-eye View of the Centennial Buildings. 37. m'n building. International exhibition 376^ Memorial Hall— Art Gallery ••••••• ^^^ Machinery Hall 3g4 Agricultural Hall ggy Horticultural Hall r""w™TioN '''. 389- WoMEN's Building, International Exhibition v3 / 1 - ' A SKETCH HISTORY OF PHILADELPHIA. rpHE first European who trod the soil which now belongs to -■- the city of Philadelphia was probably a certain Captain Hendrickson, who commanded one of the five vessels fitted out by the Dutch East India Company in the year 1623, of which little fleet Captain Cornells Jacobsen Mey was commodore. Before that time, as early as the year 1609, Henry Hudson, an Englishman in the service of the Dutch East India Company, in the yacht Half-Moon, discovered a large river which flowed into a great bay opening into the Atlantic Ocean and north of the Chesapeake Bay. Into this newly-discovered bay he en- tered and penetrated a short distance ; but coming out of it, sailing north-east and keeping near the coast, he discovered another great bay into which a large river emptied. From this circumstance he gave to the river first discovered by him the name of the South Eiver, and to the other the name of the North Eiver. In the year 1610 a ship, which carried the Lord Thomas de la War on his voyage to Virginia, entered the South Bay and discovered the river flowing into it, and then went on to Virginia. Under these two discoveries arose the conflicting claims of two nations. The Dutch claimed the North and South Elvers and the intervening territories. The English claimed the territory adjoining the South Eiver, which they called the Delaware. Captain Mey found two prominent capes at the mouth of the South Bay, which he 2 n 24 HISTOKY. named after himself. One tears Us name to this day^ The 1 oo n-ariP TTpnloDen, was named Oape ^oi other, now ^^^^^^^^TrZi^ei at Manhattan, now N^^orf Xr m" wtt to Enrope; and obtaining com- •1 But there were difficulties in maintaining tlie settle onies. i^iit tnere wexe Nassau was garrisoned and n.ents which were made -!« ^~ ^^,, ,„^ewhere Fort Beversrede erected on the >'CMy ^ north of the f ^/ *'^\rr« XfhVad been chax- 1638 a Swedish West India Company w ^^^^^ ^^^ of the present city of Ij^"*"^' j^ ^^^ D„tch nor the ered the iirst permanent t^^'^^^X^.^tteir expeditions, several '^tt«'"P^_,^rswrdish government sent ont governors nent success The^ Swedish g ^^^^^^^ ^^.^^^^^ for the colonies. Foits J^'f « ^he Dutch at Nassau, :;r;nrCnrof1"eam, frecnently quarrelled HISTORY. 15 with their neighbors, and finally, to make their authority- more certain, they resolved to abandon Fort Nassau on the east bank of the river, and in the year 1651 built Fort Casi- mer near the present site of the town of New Castle. The Swedes were not disposed to submit to this claim, and John Kysingh, upon the 31st of May, 1654, captured Fort Casimer by assault and without spilling a drop of blood. The Dutch at New York, hearing of these things, got up an expedition ; and sailing to Fort Casimer with a fleet of seven vessels, Peter Stuyvesant, governor of Manhattan, demanded a sur- render of the fortr— which was now called Trinity Fort— which was granted. Thus was the Dutch power re-established, but for a short time only. In 1664 the English captured Manhat- tan from the Dutch, and named it New York. An expedition under Sir Robert Carre, in October, 1664, came to the Dela- ware, demanded a surrender of Trinity Fort, but not obtaining it as quickly as desired fired two broadsides into it, landed storming parties, assaulted the fort, killed three Dutchmen and wounded ten, and in triumph raised the flag of Eng- land, which was thenceforth to be supreme on the Dela- ware for nine years. War between the Dutch and English commenced in 1672, and on the 30th of July in the next year a Dutch fleet, under the command of Commodores Cornelius Evertsie and Jacob Benckes, summoned the English fort at Staten Island to surrender, which was done without firing a shot, and the authorities at New York swore allegiance to the States-general and the prince of Orange. The people upon the South River accommodated themselves to the change of masters, and welcomed the Dutch. This was to be their last appearance upon the Delaware. In the next year, 1674, by a treaty between England and Holland, the settlements in America were ceded to Great Britain, and the territory once more passed under the English flag. WilHam Penn, having become somewhat acquainted with the character of the coun- try by being a part proprietor of West Jersey, sought larger possessions; and the British government being indebted to his father, Admiral William Penn, in actual money as well as for 16 HISTORY. services rendered, the young Quaker found but little difficulty in obtaining a grant for a large tract of land upon wbich to found a colony, with a broad grant of feudal and political powers. The charter of Pennsylvania was granted at West- minster on the 4th of March, 1681 (old style). Penn lost no time in preparing for the settlement of his colony. Having much influence among the English Friends, he published his proposals among them, offering liberal con- cessions. He immediately sent out to Pennsylvania his cousin, Captain William Markham, who had been a soldier, with a commission to be deputy governor of the province, and with instructions to inform the European inhabitants of Pennsylvania already settled there of the change in govern- ment, promising them liberal laws and allowance. Markham was also instructed to assemble the Indians and inform them that his intended policy toward them was peace and honesty. The lieutenant-governor arrived in New York on the 21st of June 1681, and in a short time afterward reached the Swedish and English settlements on the Delaware. He was followed by three commissioners, William Crispin, John Bezar and Nathaniel Allen, who had power to settle the colony, and, among other things, to lay out a principal city to be the cap- ital of the province, which William Penn determined should be called Philadelphia. The commissioners arrived m De- cember, 1681 ; and with the help of Thomas Fairman, an English surveyor who was living at Shackamaxon, north of the site chosen for the city, the plan of the great town was speedily laid out, so that when Penn himself arrived m the ship Welcome, in the latter part of October, 1682, the plan of the city and of the province was regulated to some degree and the system understood. Penn at once addressed himself to work. An assembly was convened, three counties, Phila- delphia, Bucks and Chester, were created, and proper laws were passed. After a stay of about twenty-two months, Penn was called to England, expecting to return in a short time. Trouble and disappointment met him at home. Charles II. died shortly after his arrival. James II. while duke of York Ui ?3 HISTORY. 17 had been a warm personal friend of Penn. When he came to the throne, the Eoman Catholic principles of James created dissatisfaction and distrust among the English people, by which the friends of the king suffered, Penn being among them. When William and Mary succeeded to the throne, after the expulsion of James II., Penn was arrested for treason upon a charge of holding secret correspondence with the late king. He was afterward released, but again arrested and discharged. The British government took possession of the government of Pennsylvania and placed it under the juris- diction of Benjamin Fletcher, governor of Xew York, about October, 1692. The government was restored to Penn in the fall of 1694, and Markham was made lieutenant-governor. These difficulties prevented Penn from coming back to America until the latter part of 1699. He found a far dif- ferent state of affairs from what had existed when he left the city fifteen years before. There were streets, houses, some of them quite large and elegant, shops, warehouses and shipping. The dwelling-houses were estimated at 700, and the population at 4500. This visit was short. Efforts were made in England to annex all proprietary governments to the Crown. It was necessary that this attempt should be resisted; and in October, 1701, after having incorporated Philadelphia as a city, the proprietor set sail for England, expecting to return in a few months. He never did return. New embarrassments met him. His pecuniary wants and the treachery of his steward involved him to such a degree that he was arrested for debt and thrown into the Fleet Prison in 1708, where he continued for about nine months. In 1712 his health gave way, his memory became impafred, and during six years he lingered an imbecile, childish and gentle in his manners, the sad wreck of a strong mind. He died on the 30th day of the 5th month, July, old style, 1718. His government was administered for a time by his wife, Hannah. Subsequently it went into the hands of his children and their descendants as proprietors, and they administered the government, usually by lieutenant- governors, but sometimes in person, until the American revo- 2* B jg HISTORY. lution put an end to all gOTernments acting under English ^Mt^ry of the city for nearly .e.enty-fi.e yea^ after the second departure of Penn, so far as regards political and pul rmatters' is a record of quarrels between the lieutenant- governors and the various assemblies of the V^ormce r^ Stir were usually composed in majority of -enabe^ f^^« society of Friends holding peculiar doctrines m relation to the r^lawfulness of war. The members of the Penn family had ^turned to the religion of the Church of England, and the "ant-governors%pointed by them held no conBCienU u scruples against the right of using arms ^^ ^ ^^^^^^'^^^ Great Britain was involved in several wa.« with Eu™Pean nations, and her American colonies were m danger of attack and capture. Whenever these necessities arose, lieutenant- ;:vernors called upon the assemblies for appropriations of Lney to raise troops, which requisitions were feequently de- Ted or evaded upon various pretexts, some of which we e folded upon the alleged dishonesty of the proprietaries lu evading their own obligations on -* occasions and endeav- oring to throw them upon the people. In 1' 02 war was commenced by France and Spain with England, which lasted seTa years. Lieutenant-Governor John Evans, fearing a^ taXby the enemies' privateers or vessels of war, endeavored to 11 assistance from the assembly, which was denied. He aerefore under the authority of the charter, which gave he IrSor the powers of a captain-general, authorized the embodiment of a force which was called a militia, but which, r^lly not being authorized or supported by the assemb y, w^ Tvotanteer fori, probably the first which had been embodied L the American ;olonies. In 1706, Evans, who w- -p— and deficient in judgment, undertook to stir up the Quakers W a foonl contivance. A forged letter was brought up from New Oas le on the semi-annual fair-day, when great crowds of people were in the city, representing that several armed shinshad Entered the river Delaware, and were ooming up Sinton ion to attack and plunder the defenceless town. HISTORY. 19 The goyernor himself made his appearance in public on horseback with drawn sword, calling upon the people to arm themselves and turn out in defence of the city. A great alarm ensued. People concealed their valuables and fled. A cer- tain number of persons appeared at the place of rendezvous with arms, and efforts were made to embody them in com- panies. The Quakers were neither enticed nor frightened into this movement. Some five or six young members of that sect were all that seemed to respond to the summons ; and when the deceit and falsehood were discovered, the indignation against Evans was so strong that the Penns found it necessary to withdraw him and appoint a successor. In 1709, under Lieu- tenant-Governor Charles Gookin, French privateers plundered the town of Lewes in the Lower Counties on the Delaware. The governor called on the assembly for a grant of £4000 to assist the queen in the invasion of Canada. The members would grant nothing for that purpose, but voted £500 as a present to the queen, which Gookin refused to receive. At the succeeding election in 1710 a change having been made in the character of the assembly, £2000 were voted to the queen. In the year 1739, there being a state of disturbance between England and Spain, Governor Thomas issued letters of marque and reprisal against Spain preliminary to a declaration of war. The first privateer commissioned in Pennsylvania, the sloop George, Captain William Axon, scoured the seas under this authority. The governor applied for appropriations to the assembly for the defence of the province, and assistance to the Crown. But having undertaken to allow enlistments of servants, the assembly took umbrage, and a quarrel ensued with the usual acerbity. War with Spain was proclaimed on the 14th of April, 1740, the assembly obstructing the pro- ceedings as much as possible. Many privateers were com- missioned, and they made important captures during the next four years. Ere the war with Spain had closed a contest with France had opened, proclamation of which was made on the 11th of June, 1744. In 1745, Louisburg having been HISTORY. captured, the assembly was induced ^o f^^^J^ZlX king for the purchase of bread, beef, P"^^"' ™„\ce. othfr grains, to be used by the goTernor for t^e W s J^i The litter construed the words " "'l^- g^^"/ J^^v'de the powder, and declared that the assembly meant to evade Lmin responsibility by the use of t^-^-^.^OO for the year, 1746, the assembly was -^ucf *o ^te ^f,, ,efased. king's use, without condition In ^^^^ ^ J't,_ ^^tj™ had The'privateers, which in previous ye^s h^ ^^.M !>- mostly ceased to sail, for the ^'^^^^''^^''^r'^^^^Le having come unprofitable, the French and SP-^^^^— ^^ ^ch been nearly all swept ^^-^^^^ f .^.^r ^ad come up frigates on the coast, and a ^J''"'^^ P"^;^ „f ^^ieh when tliP Delaware beyond Bombay Hoot, news u !?Ntvember In three days 500 signatures had been pio- of -November ^ ^ ^^ throughout the province, cured to It, and v»ljte«""g ^,,e two regiments By the beginning ot January, icto, intterv was iu Philadelphia and others in the counties. ^ otte.y was , . •.. *^ftOO for the erection of a batteiy toi tne ?; t onh ity vMch w s so successful that by themiddle of m til fc»n wa. built upon the Delaware below Itand It was mounted in 1750 with upward of fifty pr^e of cannon, of which the proprietaries gave fourteen. The HISTORY. 21 preliminary peace agreed to between Great Britain, France and Spain at Aix-la-Chapelle in April, 1748, became known in Pennsylvania about the 24th of August of the same year, and hostilities ceased. In 1739-40 the itinerant preacher Eev. George Whitefield was in Philadelphia, and his style of speaking and fervency created a great excitement. He preached at first in the es- tablished churches, but afterward spoke upon the State-house steps, from the balconies of houses, and at other places in the open air. So strong was the enthusiasm that it was resolved to erect a building for the special use of this preacher. One was commenced and partly finished on the west side of Fourth street south of the street now called Arch street, and he preached in it sixteen times in 1740, twelve times in 1745 and several times in 1746. Afterward it became the property of the College of Philadelphia, which was subsequently known as the University of Pennsylvania. Braddock's defeat, in 1755, produced a more wonderful effect upon the assembly than any previous event. £5000 were voted to the king. But as the act contained a provision that the landed estates of the proprietaries should be taxed at the same rate as those of the inhabitants, the governor re- fused to sanction the grant. Braddock's expedition was in- tended to dislodge the French, who, by a series of settlements and forts extending from Canada to Louisiana, hemmed in the British colonies upon the coast and threatened their progress. Some of the nations of Indians were induced to 'unite with the French, and thus the frontiers became exposed to murders and outrages. Fresh clamor was made against the policy of the assembly, and the Quakers found that they could not withstand the evidences of public feel- ing. A militia law was therefore passed, in the preamble of which it was stated, in effect, that although the Quakers would not fight, out of conscience' sake, they could not con- scientiously prevent persons from fighting who had no scru- ples upon the subject. Associations for defence were there- fore authorized, and with such effect that before the end of 22 HISTORY. the year there were eighteen companies of infantry in Phila- delphia organized under the new law-Benjaram FraiJilin be ng colonel of the city regiment and Jacob Duch^ of the county regiment-in addition to artillery, cavalry and six companies belonging to the old Association Against the Indians war existed, although not formally declared. Be- wards were offered for every male and female ?"->- ^;-|^' in and for the scalps of Indian men and women. This policy w^s recommended by ofiicers of the FOP™*^ 8"™— *f' but was not encouraged by the propr etors, although a liaW dozen scalps were brought in during the troubles. Wa was again declared against France at Easto" a„d 3^^^^* at Philadelphia on the 12th of August 1756. Colonel Arm strong's successful expedition ^g^-f K;*™S;f ^^^^^ ing of Captain Jacobs, an Indian leader, relieved the prov nee of danger from the savages in 1756. The war with France continued. Privateers were again commissioned and a ship-of-war, the property of the province and named the Pennsylvania frigate, was fitted out as a cruiser The assembly had changed so much that the enlisting of 2700 Ten for' military service was agreed to be necessary and a bounty of £5 for each recruit was authorized. Hostilities coutinuld with France and Spain until the prehmmary ti-ea y of Fontainebleau, November 3, 1762, news of which reached Philadelphia on the 25th of January in the succeeding year. In 1763 the massacre of Indians at Paxton, Lancaster county led to the removal of many of the Moravian In-, ZnX Philadelphia for protection. The .f axt»n Boys^ as they were called, resolved to march to the city and kill these Indtens, and some two hundred of them came as far as Gelantown, where they halted. Meanwhile, the city w^ alarmed; citizens took up arms, barricades ^«« ^jted, and artillery placed in position to defend the place But the Pax ton Boys did not come. Negotiations were made with them by leading citizens, at Germantown, and the strength of the inva- sion melted away. The Indian outrages continued. Rewards were offered at this time under authority of the proprietors HISTORY. 23 for scalps and prisoners. The expedition of Colonel Boquet in the summer of 1764 settled this trouble by a treaty made at the forks of the Muskingum, which ended the hostilities which had been carried on by the Indians under French in- fluence. The reception of the news of the passage of the Stamp Act by the British Parliament in 1765 was followed by resolutions on the part of the people to practice economy. It was deter- mined that extravagance in funeral ceremonies should be dis- couraged, and simplicity preferred in all things. Agreements were entered into that, in order to encourage the production of wool, the eating of mutton and the drinking of foreign beer ought to cease, and the merchants and traders of the city, with scarcely an exception, entered into an agreement that they would not import British-made goods until the Stamp Act was repealed. John Hughes was appointed stamp-master for Pennsylvania. The stamps were brought in October, 1765, by the Eoyal Charlotte, under convoy of the British sloop-of-war Sardine. When these ships were seen coming around Glou- cester Point, the vessels in the harbor hoisted their flags at half-mast, the bells in the city were muffled and tolled, a meeting of citizens assembled at the State-house which sev- eral thousand attended. Resolutions were passed requesting Mr, Hughes to resign the position of stamp-collector. He declined to do so, but neglected to take possession of the stamps, which were taken on board the Sardine and carried back to England. These proceedings did not affect the vital- ity of the law, which required papers and writings to be stamped which were issued on or after the 18th of November. To evade the necessity of compliance, the almanacs for 1766 were published in advance of the usual time, and on the day before the act was to go into effect the two newspapers then published came out with black lines between the columns, skull and cross-bones with pick-axe and spade for the head- ing, with a coffin at the bottom of the last page. These were accompanied with a statement to the effect that the publica- tion of the journals would be suspended. This was not actu- 24 HISTORY. Hllv done. Printed sheets were occasionally published which did not bear the titles of the journals, and after three weeks the publications were resumed. In regard to law-papers the matter was more serious. The public offices were closed for five months, and the lawyers resolved that it would be un- safe to conduct legal proceedings while the Stamp Act was m force A second vessel bringing stamps was also sent away, and a West India stamped newspaper and a few stamps were publiclv burned in front of the Coffee-house with expressions of detekation. News of the repeal of the Stainp Ac was re- ceived in Mav, 1766, by a merchant-vessel from England There was great applause and excitement. The captain who brought the news was escorted to the Coffee-house, invited to drink a patriotic toast in a glass of punch, and was presented with a told cocked-hat. The next day there was a grand feast at the State-house, and the officers of the royal ship, the Sar- dine, which had brought the stamps to Philadelphia and had remained in port from the time of the arrival, were invited guests. , , , ^„ The gratification of the people was not enjoyed veiy long Parliament, whilst repealing the Stamp Act, directly asserted a rio-ht to tax America, and on the 29th of June, 1767, an act was'passed directing that duties should be levied in America upon paper, glass, painters' colors, lead and tea imported for the use of the people. The flame of excitement, whic^i had died out after the repeal of the Stamp Act, was renewed, and throughout the colonies it was determined to resist the attempt. On the 25th of April, 1768, in response to a cir- cular from Massachusetts, resolutions were adopted at a meeting at the State-house setting forth the grievances of the colonies, and subsequently it was determined to cease impor- tation from Great Britain. Under this agreement merchan- dise sent over from England was sent back or refused. Among these articles were malt, dry-goods, cheese and other mer- chandise. American manufactures were encouraged. Among the articles thus made were glassware, brass and wooden buttons, paper-hangings, papier-mach6, china, steel, woollen HISTORY. 25 stuffs, silk, etc. The measures of resistance in the colonies compelled Parliament to attempt to satisfy the Americans. The duties on paper, glass and painters' colors were repealed in 1770, with a single exception of three pence per pound on tea. This concession was not satisfactory. The tax on tea was considered a means of keeping up the parliamentary claim, and it was resolved to maintain in force the non-importation agreements, not only as regarded tea, but all other articles of British manufacture. Whilst the payment of duties upon tea was resisted, the smuggling in of that article without payment of duties was encouraged. This led to the seizure by a king's revenue schooner of a pilot-boat in the Delaware in 1771, which contained tea intended to be brought into Philadel- phia, and to the rescue of the pilot-boat with the tea by about thirty persons, who, with blackened faces, boarded the king's vessel near Red Bank. They beset and overpowered the crew ; and binding the latter, they took possession of the pilot-boat, with her cargo, and sailed away. In 1773 the East India Com- pany resolved to export tea to America. In consequence, a meet- ing of citizens was held at the State-house' October 18, at which it was resolved that Parliament had no right to tax the Ameri- cans without their consent, and that any one who would re- ceive or sell the tea sent out to America would be denounced as an enemy to his country. The ship Polly, Captain Ayres, was selected as the vessel which was to bring the tea to Phila- delphia. Handbills and broadsides purporting to be issued " by the committee for tarring and feathering " were printed. They were addressed to the Delaware pilots, and to Captain Ayres himself, warning the former of the danger which they would incur if they brought the tea-ship safely up the river, whilst Captain Ayres was threatened with the application of tar and feathers if he attempted to land the tea. On Christmas day, 1773, the Polly came up the river as far as Gloucester Point, New Jersey, opposite the lower part of the city. An express from Chester had previously brought the news of her coming. A committee of citizens went on board, represented to Captain Ayres the danger he was in, and accompanied him 26 HISTORY. to the State-house, where the largest meeting was convened which ever had been assembled in the city. This meeting resolved that the tea on board the ship should not be landed, that the vessel should not be entered or reported at the custom- house, and that the tea should be carried back immediately by Captain Ayres. The latter declared his willingness to abide by these resolutions. He was supplied with necessaries, and in two hours the Polly set sail and went down the river with her whole cargo. In May, 1774, effigies of Wedderburne, who had insulted Dr Franklin before the English privy council, and of Gov- ernor Thomas Hutchinson of Massachusetts, were drawn through the streets in a cart, hanged on a gallows m front ot the Coffee-house and burned. In June 1, 1774, when the Boston Port Bill was to go into operation, there were solemn ceremonies, bells were tolled, stores and places of business were shut up, and religious exercises took place i^ churches and meeting-houses. On the 5th of September, 1774, dele- gates from eleven provinces met at Carpenters Hall, m Chestnut street, and electing Peyton Eandolphof Virginia president and Charles Thomson of Pennsylvania secretary, proceeded to consider the condition of the colonies. This first Congress adjourned in October, having resolved that contributions should be raised to relieve the distress of the people of Boston, that importations from Great Britain or her dependencies should cease on the 1st of December, 1774, and that exportation from America of all kinds should cease on the 10th of September, 1775. It was resolved that another Congress ought to be held at Philadelphia on the 10th of the succeeding May. n^-,-r^ To carry out the spirit of the recommendations of this Con- gress, committees of inspection and observation were chosen for the city. Northern Liberties, Southwark and Kensington, and for the county. They exercised an important jurisdic- tion, which, in point of fact, was absolute. News of the battles of Concord and Lexington reached the city near the evening of the 24th of April, 1775, and was not HISTORY. 27 generally known until the next day. A meeting was held with- out delay at the State-house. It was attended by about eight thousand persons. Those who were present briefly resolved that they would "associate together to defend with arms their property, liberty and lives against all attempts to deprive them of it." This resolution was immediately car- ried out by the raising of troops, the building of forts and batteries upon the Delaware, the construction of floating bat- teries, fire-ships, galleys and vessels of war, and the prepara- tion of a chevaux-de-frise to be sunk in the river to obstruct the passage of hostile vessels. The manufacture and repair of arms, the casting of cannon-shot and musket-balls and the making of gunpowder were encouraged and provided for. In May, 1776, there was a naval action below the chevaux-de-frise between the state ship, guard-boats, galleys and a floating battery on the side of the Americans, and the British frigate Eoebuck and sloop-of-war Liverpool, which took place near the mouth of Christiana Creek. The British vessels were in great danger, but managed to escape, and returned to their cruising-grounds near the capes. On the 2d of July, 1776, Congress, which was sitting in the State-house, adopted the resolution of Richard Henry Lee of Virginia, offered June 7 and seconded by John Adams, in favor of the severance of all connection between the colonies and Great Britain, and independence of that power. On the 3d and 4th of July Congress debated the form of the declaration of the causes which had led to the resolution of independence. It was finally adopted on the 4th, and on the 8th of July the document was read for the first time to the people by John Nixon, a mem- ber of the Council of Safety, from the observatory which had been erected in the State-house yard to observe the transit of Venus in 1770. The king's arms were taken down from the court-room in the State-house and burned by the people. The Declaration was also read on the commons to the five battalions of city Associators. Bells were rung and bonfires lighted, and upon this occasion there can be little doubt that the old State-house bell joined in the clamor and fulfilled the 28 HISTORY. command inscribed upon it when it was cast twenty-four years before : " Proclaim liberty througbotit the land unto all the inhabitants thereof." In the month of August, 1777 the British army, under Lord Howe, which had sailed trom New York was debarked at the head of the Elk Eiver, in Maryland, having been brought up the Chesapeake Bay in transports. Washington marched southward to meet the enemy. iHe battle of Brandywine was fought and lost. The massacre at Paoli was accomplished. A pitched battle near the War- ren Tavern, on the Lancaster road, about twenty miles from the city, was prevented by a terrible rain-storm Washington was ready to contest the passage of the Schuylkill at Parker s Ford. Howe, by a feint, was enabled to cross the Schuylkill at Fatland's and Gordon's fords on the 22d of September On the 26th two battalions of Hessian grenadiers, with a detach- ment of royal artillery, marched down Second street road and entered the city. A portion of the troops followed and a portion remained at Germantown. The state fleet, consisting of ships and galleys, remained in the Delaware above Fort Island or Mud Fort. Finding that the British were at- tempting to erect batteries upon the wharves of the city, these vessels moved up and engaged the British forces on shore. The issue was unfortunate. The Delaware Irigate ran aground and struck her flag. The Montgomery, the Fly and the row-galleys attempted to pass in front of the city, and reach the^ portion of the river north of it. A scl^ooner^was run aground; and not succeeding in the attempt, the Mon. gomery and the galleys made their way down t^e river and obtained safety under the guns of Mud Fort. On the 4th of October, Washington attacked the British army at German- town; and although he did not win a victory, he Bncceeded m producing such wholesome respect m the mmd of ^le British commander that the outlying detachments were called m and encamped in the city, and their safety from sudden attack was ensured by the construction of a chain of redoubts stretch- . Tng from the Delaware at Kensington to the hill at Fairmount with thick abattis and impediments between. The British HISTORY. 29 were in possession of the city, but the Americans held the country beyond. The Americans had closed the Delaware by the chevaux-de-frise, which was protected by the Mud Fort and the fort at Eed Bank. The royal army was, in effect, be- leaguered and cut off from communication with the fleet which had entered the Delaware, but could not come up to the city in consequence of the American forts and batteries. The effort of General Howe was therefore turned to the task of re- leasing the river from the American domination. The British army brought with it a moderate supply of stores only, and these became diminished with the progress of each day, until suffering was experienced. The royal fleet below was enabled to take possession of the American battery at Billingsport, which was abandoned upon the approach of the ships. On the 21st of October, Colonel Count Donop, with Hessian grenadiers and chasseurs, crossed the Delaware in boats, and marching toward the fort at Eed Bank, which was held by Colonel Christopher Grreen of the Ehode Island brigade, demanded a surrender. Green refused, although he had but three hundred and fifty men, whilst Donop had twenty-five hundred. An assault was attempted and the enemy was repulsed. Donop was killed and his forces retreated, having lost four -hundred killed and wounded in this affair. Whilst the battle was going on at Eed Bank the British fleet made a bold effort to pass up the river and get through the chevaux-de-frise. The Pennsylvania galleys, under Commodore Hazlewood, resisted the attempt, but night coming on firing was suspended. Next morning at daylight it was discovered that the British frigates Eoebuck, Augusta and Merlin were aground. Float- ing batteries, galleys and fire-ships were sent against them, and the fort on Mud Island joined in the cannonade. The Augusta took fire and blew up. The Merlin was abandoned and set on fire, and also blew up. The other British vessels managed to get out of the danger with some loss, and dropped down the river. The most difficult problem with the beleaguered British army was to capture the fort at Mud Island. To reduce this 3* 3Q HISTORY. post batteries were erected upon the east '^f /-*J;^''^^f [he ScWMl Ei^er wWch together --"f '^^^^^^I twenty-four and thirty-two VO^nAer^^^^d.^^ been bor rowed from ships belonging to the British A^et. The siege If M„rt Fort may be said to have fairly commenced about the thof SeXr' Lieutenant-Colonel B--^^^^ was in command of the fort, was not idle Wr^h the — nc'. outside of the Mud Fort was ^1^ /^^-^^-f ' *~ ^l ginning of November, by a great -^''",^fJ°f/^'^Z £^r-fth:t,:rrerm^Tetif^^^^ d^ed men The Pennsylvania armed boats and state vessek, the forTat Red Bank and a new batteiy erected on the Whl were able to accomplish something by way of diversion of the fire of the enemy upon the fort The bom 5:fte--rard=rrta=^ wir ^ThS -St hale been successful had not a floating trefv made from an East India ship razeed, which was named MiTant and carried sixteen twenty-four-pounders together i^^^lTl hi armed with three guns of similar calibre, man- rtirbfmbarfmenTrere were only fiity men left available tlty totundred and iifty had been killed and wounded The works were knocked to pieces by the enemy's guns. The pal sldet wire beaten down, the parapet destroyed, the guns HISTORY. 31 dismounted and the block-houses levelled. There was no fort to defend. On the 16th of October, Major Simeon Thayer, who was then in command, set fire to the barracks and all works that were combustible, and by the light of the fire crossed the Delaware in boats with the remainder of his garrison of forty men, and safely gained the shelter of Red Bank. This disaster opened the Delaware to the British fleets, and it also put the American fleet in great peril. It was therefore determined that the latter could only find safety by seeking the waters of the upper Delaware, passing the city in the eflbrt. This was attempted on the 19th ; thirteen galleys and twelve armed boats succeeded in passing the city in the night. The next night the remaining vessels attempted to pass by. Some of the smaller craft succeeded ; but the larger vessels being discovered, fire was opened upon them from the cap- tured Delaware frigate near the city, and from British batteries upon the wharves; two vessels were driven on shore, but seven of the larger vessels belonging to the Continental fleet, with two floating batteries, were not so fortunate. The wind was contrary and the cannonade hot. As an only resort the vessels were set on fire when near Gloucester Point, were burned and blown up. Efforts were immediately directed against Red Bank. Comwallis, with two thousand men, marched on the Pennsylvania side of the river down to Chester, where he crossed the Delaware on the 19th, and was joined by fi-om two to three thousand men from New York under General Sir Thomas Wilson. Varnum, who was in command at Red Bank, abandoned the work upon the approach of Cornwallis. The latter, taking possession, marched the majority of his force to Gloucester. There was some skir- mishing with American troops which had been sent by Wash- ington with the intention of relieving Red Bank. On the 26th of November frigates and transports arrived at the wharves of the city, to the great joy of the royal troops and of the inhabitants, provisions having become scarce and high, beef selling at $1 a pound, chickens at 10s. each and potatoes HISTORY. the city until June 18, 177», an mxeivcn w tlf months ftom the time of the fi-* oc-p^-' ^.^^ t,. important mmary oP-^X^^iaJ; -n to attac. Howe marched out m De«mb^ ,^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ "^t vf U s" g on tie defensive. There was some meet him, but stanamg uix ^.^ ^r,A after four days .Mnnishing -^J^S^r^Ser^-^^^ P-ils of experiment the British armyj ^.^atory excursions into were sent out at various times, and predatory ^^^ tiie ^^^^^-■-^^:^JtX':i^r:il P^er and Ir.CTu ^ese rperftlns 'the main body of the royal bloodshed. In these ope themselves army t.ok no P-^. The office- ^^^^y ^.^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^^ "CbTTa^L Kms and gambling, and near the with balls parties, coo g Mischianza, a grand end of their ^^^y- ""-l^; "^l^m Howe, who wa« about ©te was given in honor of Sir WiUiam , ^.^^^^^_ rfrrttttSerC— of «X too. place This fete, m t'^^^y^'' ^ ^^l^ile it was in progress the inthelowerpa tof theerty.an ^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ Americans in onsiteaWe to ^^^^^. ^^^ ^^^^^^^ lines north of the city, set ine otfook Two out the body of the royal ^-P^, "^HUt peld was at- days after, the --* ^-^^X^^^^l »rE^^^^^^ and tempted by ^-^""^^o^;;!;*;^ Jr hed out to surprise General Grey, who, with 6500 tioop , m ^^^^^,^ La Fayette, who was posted on the R.dge 'o^t ^ ^^.^^^ ford. The plan was well -ll^-ff'^^.m in sufficient time a knowledge of the approach of ^^^^^ ^^ tomakearapidandskiHul retmitw y ^^^ ^^^^^^ the mormng °f«^'; ^^^^fMieManza, the British troops after the triumphant fete of the Misc , ^^^ marched down to the ne^k m the loj^J P^ J,^,i„^ crossed the Delaware m boats, and betoi e ni„ "Ge^al' Benedict Arnold was sent immediately with a small HISTORY. 33 force to take possession of the city, and he remained in mili- tary command for several months, during which time he managed to effect a marriage with a daughter of Judge, after- ward Chief- Justice, Shippen, In order to keep up an ap- pearance of wealth consistent with the style of living which he was compelled to assume, he resorted to illicit speculations and operations of various kinds, which, when subsequently discovered, stimulated the traitorous intentions which finally carried him over to the British army. Congress came back shortly after the evacuation, and re- mained until June, 1783, when the mutinous conduct of some troops of the Pennsylvania line, who demanded their pay that was long in arrears, frightened the members to such a degree that they hastily adjourned to Princeton. Afterward they went to New York, where they remained until the adoption of the Federal Constitution and the inauguration of Wash- ington, when it was determined that the city of Philadelphia should be the seat of the United States government for ten years ; after which Congress would remove to Washington city. In May, 1787, the members of the convention to frame a Constitution for the United States met at the State-house, and having elected George Washington president and William Jackson secretary, sat with closed doors until the 18th of September, when the scheme of the Federal Constitution was adopted. The assembly of Pennsylvania was in session at the time, and it was determined to press the ratification of the Constitution without delay. Eight days afterward a resolu- tion to authorize the calling of a State convention was pre- sented. The opponents of the instrument, who were in the minority, sought for delay, and resorted to a plan since fre- quently adopted in legislative bodies by arranging that a portion of the members should absent themselves from the meeting, and thus defeat action in consequence of the want of a quorum. This was prevented by an act of violence. Two of the members of the assembly were seized at their lodgings, dragged through the streets with roughness and abuse, and pushed into the chamber of the House, where, C 34 HISTORY. notwithstanding their protests, they were kept until the reso- lution was adopted. _ , ., .- :^ During the stay of the memhei^ of the Federal convention m the city they witnessed a successful experiment of John Fitch with his steamboat. Subsequently that unfortunate man per- fected his inyention to such a degree that during the summer of 1790 the vessel ran regularly as a passenger and ireigiit boat upon the Delaware between Philadelphia, Burlington, Chester, Bristol, and other places, announcing the trips by advertisements in the newspapers, and traversing during that season over more than three thousand miles. _ The final adoption of the Federal Constitution was cele- brated in Philadelphia on the 4th of July, 1788, by a magnifi- cent procession, in which the working operations of various trades were shown and many exceedingly novel features "%ll^lZ^urned at New York on the 12th of August 1790 to meet at Philadelphia, which was to be the seat ot government until 1800. The principal ofiicers removed their residences shortly afterward. In 1790, Washington lived m Market street, between Fifth and Sixth, in a house once be- longing to Governor Richard Penn, which had been tne resi- dence of Lord Howe during the British occupation. John Adams, Vice-President, lived in the Hamilton niansion,_ at Bush Hill • Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State, at 174 liign street between Fourth and Fifth, on the south side; and other'officers, a^ boarders and housekeepers, in various parts of the city Congress was accommodated in the building which had been erected on the State-house square for the purposes of a county court-house, at the south-east corner of Sixth and Chestnut streets. The Supreme Court of the United States sat in the City Hall, south-west corner of Fifth and Chestnut streets. The Treasury Department was in the old Clark or Pemberton mansion, south-west corner ot Third and Chestnut streets. Other government offices were in different parts of the city, and the locations of some «f them were changed once or twice between 1790 and 1800. HISTORY. 35 During the stay of the Federal government, Washington and Adams were inaugurated as President and Vice-President March 4, 1793, and Adams and Jefferson as President and Vice-President March 4, 1797, in the chamber of the House of Representatives. During the presidencies of Washington and Adams politics ran high, in consequence of the French revo- lution and of the enlistment of American feeling upon one side in strong sympathy with the democratic proceedings in France, whilst upon the other side conservatism disapproved of the excesses of the persons in power. There were stormy scenes of excitement, impassioned and strange demonstrations, threatening on many occasions the public peace. The estab- lishment of the two great political divisions, the Eepublican or Democratic party and Federal party, was a consequence. ' A fearful epidemic, the yellow fever, visited Philadelphia in the years 1793, 1797 and 1798, at which periods it was exceed- ingly disastrous. There were visitations also of less mortality in intervening and subsequent years. These afflictions created great alarm. Large numbers of persons left the city, so that in comparison with the number which remained the mortality was dreadful. The deaths by this malady between 1793 and 1799 were over 12,000. The succession of disasters attendant upon this pestilence drew attention to the sanitary condition of the city and to the supj)Osed causes of the misfortune. Two influences were agreed upon as having something to do with the calamity. Dock Creek, which extended up into the heart of the city at that time, had become, by the buildings around it and drainage into it, offensive, and by unhealthy exhala- tions assisted the progress of disease. The water used by the inhabitants was derived from wells, and was believed to be jDolluted by drainage from the surrounding soil. Measures were taken to arch over the creek, and a street was laid out above the sewer. It was resolved that the supply of water should be taken from the Schuylkill Eiver. The construction of pumping- works at Chestnut street, on the banks of that stream, was commenced May 2, 1799, and the first water dis- tributed January 1, 1801. *- 36 HISTORY. After the year 1800 the removal of the capital of the State of Pennsylvania to Lancaster and eventually to Harrisburg, and of the seat of the Federal government to Washington city, sub- tracted from Philadelphia the prominence which it had enjoyed from the time of the settlement of the province in the aff'airs of Pennsylvania, and from the time of the Congress of 1774 -with few exceptions-as the capital of the nation. The city was no longer the theatre of great events. The interest of the inhabitants was taken up with municipal affairs and - the prosecution of business, and for some years the surface ot progress was unruffled by any striking incident Steamboats began to ply regularly upon the Delaware Eiver in the year 1808, when the Phcpnix, built by John Stevens at Hoboken, N. J., was brought around by sea, ^^^ e^gMeen years after the successful demonstrations of John Fitch had ceased, steam-navigation was resumed ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ . During the war between the United States and Great Britain which commenced in 1812 the city of Philadelphia maintained its duty toward the cause of the country. The forts on the Delaware were strengthened and volunteer com- panies formed. In May, 1813, three companies, under Colonel Lewis Rush, marched from the city, and were stationed upon .he peninsula between the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays They remained for two months. There was an engagement m July between British war vessels and the gunboat flotilla, under command of Captains Angus and Sheed, in which the Ameri- cans behaved with spirit. In 1814, after the news of the capture of Bladensburg, the inhabitants of the city, by volun- tary work, threw up entrenchments near Gray's Ferry com- manding the road to Baltimore. An encampment was formed near Kennett Square, in Chester county, and twenty-one companies of volunteers from the city of Philadelphia, with four companies of city militiamen, were in service at that time in camps Bloomfield and Dupont. They remained until the end of November, being, with many other troops from the State embodied as the advance light brigade, under the command of Brigadier-General Thomas Cadwallader. - HISTOKY. 37 The improvement of inland navigation by means of canals, which would give to large districts of the country facility of communication with the cities, was an early matter of consid- eration and interest, particularly with the inhabitants of Philadelphia. As early as 1791 a committee of the legisla- ture of Pennsylvania presented a comprehensive plan for a canal uniting the Schuylkill and Susquehanna Elvers, and another by which a passage could be secured from the Sus- quehanna to the Alleghany Eiver, and between the Susque- hanna and Lake Erie, with portage connections and other means to ensure transportation between Philadelphia and Pittsburg, together with the improvement of the navigation of several streams, such as the Delaware, Lehigh, Lackawanna and others. This matter was discussed for several years, but did not approach a satisfactory solution until 1824, when explorations were made of various canal routes, and in the next year several surveys were made and routes recommended. In time some of these works were completed under the authority and at the expense of the State of Pennsylvania. The Schuylkill navigation improvement was put into opera- tion in 1825. The Lehigh canal, which was commenced in 1818, although not finished until 1838, was in use for bringing down coal many years before the latter period, and the Schuylkill navigation was equally valuable. Several canals in other States connected with waters belonging to Pennsyl- vania were promoted and assisted and built with Philadel- phia capital. Among these may be mentioned the Delaware and Chesapeake canal, extending through Delaware and Maryland, which opened a water-way between Philadelphia and Baltimore, the Delaware and Earitan canal of New Jer- sey, which facilitated communication between Philadelphia and New York, and many other similar works. > The first railroad communication with the city was ac- complished in the year 1832 by the building of a railroad to Germantown. Shortly after, the Columbia Eailroad, a portion of the State works in the line by railroad and canal to Pitts- burg, was finished. The railroad to Wilmington and Balti- 4 38 HISTORY. more, and the Camden and Amboy Railroad to New York, were in progress and opened in the course of that year or the year sncceeding. The Reading Railroad was opened on the 10th of February, 1842, and soon became a dangerous rival to the Schuvlkill Navigation Company, which before that time had brought coal to the city. The Pennsylvania Rail- road was projected in 1845-46 and chartered April 13 of the latter year. The North Pennsylvania, Sunbury and Erie and other great lines of railway followed, and their effect was to largely increase the business of the city and promote its in- dustries. The first gas for illuminating purposes used in the city was manufactured in works belonging to Peale's Museum, the Chestnut Street Theatre and to the Masonic Hall several years before it was publicly introduced. Gas was first made for general consumption by a private company which was char- tered in 1835, with a capital of $125,000. The works were first put into operation on the 18th of February, 1836. The city soon bought out the stockholders. Other gas-works were authorized in the adjoining districts, but after consolidation the whole of them fell into the possession of the city of Philadelphia, with the single exception of the Northern Liberties and Kensington gas-works. * The Asiatic cholera, which swept over the United States m 1832, made its appearance in Philadelphia on the 5th of July in that year. Preparations were made for it. Several hos- pitals were established. The last case was reported on the 4th of October. During the interval there had been 2314 cases and 935 deaths. The ratio of cases to population in the city proper was one in seventy, and deaths one in one hundred and seventv-two and a fraction. In some parts of the city the proportions were different, and in favor of the popu- lation. TT -4. J A spirit of riot and disorder which passed over the United States in 1834 reached Philadelphia in August of that year, and led to disturbance between whites and blacks on the 12th or 13th. Colored people were assaulted, their houses broken HISTORY. ^^ into a meeting-house torn down near the Wharton market, and' other outrages occurred. In the fall of the same year a very serious riot took place of a political character near the Moyamensing Hall, Ofeiuut'street, west of Ninth street, and a row of houses was burned. In July, 1835, there were attacks made upon the blacks, and houses were burned. In 1838 this feeling became strongly violent against the friends of the abolition of slavery. Pennsylvania Hall, a large building devoted to public discussion, situate at the south-west corner of Sixth and Haines streets, below Eace was dedicated by abolitionists May 14, 1838. It was attacked by a mob, set on fire and totally destroyed on the 17th. In 1840 there were riots at Kensington caused by the opposition of the people to the extension of a track of the Philadelphia and Trenton Eailroad along Front street. The rails were torn up and houses burned. In 1842 Smith's Beneficial Hall, in Lombard street between Seventh and Eighth, was burned by a mob excited against the blacks. The most terrible riots which the city had known occurred in the year 1844, partly from sectarian prejudices and partly from politics. A meeting of members of the Native American party, which was held upon the 6th day of May, 1844, at the comer of Master and Second streets, was attacked and dis- persed. The persons engaged in it rallied to a market-house near by upon Washington street, now called American street, north of Master. This meeting was soon attacked and fire- arms were used, and it was alleged that musketry was fired from adjoining buildings. The participants of the meeting armed themselves and resisted. Houses were broken into and set on fire. These events led to farther deplorable ex- cesses. The Eoman Catholic church of St. Michael near by, and a female seminary under the management of sisters of a religious order, were burned, and many buildings in the neigh- borhood were sacked and destroyed. In the evening the Eoman Catholic church of St. Augustine, in Fourth street below Vine, was also set on fire, with the parsonage-house adjoining. All the Catholic churches were in great danger, 40 HISTORY. and many of them were guarded by citizens. During the disturbances a large number of persons were killed on both sides, principally in the fight between Americans and Irish on the first day. Troops were called out at the beginning, and were in service several days. On the 4th of July of the same year the Native Americans had a very large and showy procession, which marched through the streets without the slightest disturbance. A day or two afterward a discovery that muskets had been taken into the Catholic church of St. Philip de Neri, Queen street, Southwark, led to a renewal of the excitement. A company for the protection of the church had been formed among the members, and the arms were for their use. The military were brought into requisition, and trouble ensued between them and the people who were drawn to the neighborhood of the church. The church was broken into by the mob on Sunday, July 7, but it was protected by a committee of citizens of the district, and no particular damage was done. After the disturbance was quelled and there was a probability that there would be no further dif- ficulty, the troops came upon the ground in strong force. In clearing the streets of the crowd some diflaculties occurred between the soldiers and people. It was said that a soldier was struck with a brick, and the captain of the company which was clearing the streets ordered his men to fire. They fired two volleys into the crowd. Several persons were killed in- stantly, and others wounded. This occurrence caused intense excitement. The mob spirit, which had been quelled, arose again. The soldiers were attacked with cannon obtained in the neighborhood, and with musketry. They responded with artillery and musketry. The rioters had four pieces, which were worked by sailors and watermen. During the night of the 7th and the morning of the 8th of July the battle con- tinued. It was not renewed, however. Two soldiers were killed and several wounded. Of the citizens seven were killed and a large number wounded. This was the most bloody riot which ever occurred in Philadelphia, but it may be said to have been the last, as since that time no very serious violation of the peace has occurred. -. HISTORY. 41 On the lltli of March, 1789, the legislature of the State granted a new charter to the city of Philadelphia, the old one having been superseded by the events of the American revo- lution. The act was made applicable to the city as laid out by Penn, the general form of administration differing little from the old system. In the course of time suburbs outside of the city of Philadelphia adjoining were created Districts having separate municipal powers. Under this system grew up a heterogeneous aggregation of municipalities, independent of each other, frequently discordant in policy, by which the interests of the people of the city and county of Philadelphia, which were identical, were made by the course of legislation hostile to each other. This evil became so great that in 1854 was passed what is generally called the Consolidation Act, by which the powers of the petty district governments were an- nulled and the boundaries of the old city of Philadelphia were so enlarged as to embrace the whole county, which was hence- forth to be governed by a select and common council, a mayor and department officers, upon the plan of a great municipality. • During the long period of over 190 years of progress, the citi- zens of Philadelphia have promoted numerous good works for the benefit and advantage of mankind. To assist these objects ^ churches were built and sustained ; hospitals for the relief of the sick founded ; asylums and houses for the friendless and helpless were instituted ; benevolent associations which sought to accomplish good by merciful and kind acts were estab- lished. Schools, academies and colleges were opened. Public works of importance and necessity were constructed at great expense. Streets and roads were opened, paved, lighted, and the houses upon them supplied with water and gas. Compre- hensive systems of drainage were adopted, public buildings were constructed and parks and enclosures thrown open to general use, and under a municipal government equal in most things to an understanding of the necessities of a large popu- lation, the course of improvement has been steady and un- broken.'- 4* 42 OFFICIAL COAT-OF-ARMS. 3fAY0R'S OFFICE, Philadelphia, June 8, 187k. The acconrpanying Goat-of-Arnrs of the City of Philadelphia has heen engraved by Messrs. Collins & M ' Leester, from the original draw- ing submitted to Councils by Col. Frank M. Etting, and by them approved. I recognize it as the Official Goat-of-Arms of the City of Philadel- phia, being faithful in all its details. r . WM. S. STOKLEY, Mayor. GUIDE-BOOK TO PHILADELPHIA. CHAPTEE I. INTRODUCTORY. P iHILADELPHIA, the largest and most important city of the State of Pennsylvania, and the second city of the United States in population, is situated between two large rivers, the Delaware and the Schuylkill, at their junction, and nearly one hundred miles from the Atlantic Ocean, following the course of the Delaware Eiver and Bay. Its precise latitude is 39° 57^ north and longitude 75° 10^ west, being 136 miles north-east of Washington and eighty-seven miles south-west of New York. When the city was planned under authority of William Penn in 1682, it occupied a level plain, but the large additions since made are mostly located in a rolling country, and now it exceeds in extent not only any city of the Union, but also any city in Europe, not excepting London. As first planned the city was bounded by the two rivers and by Vine and Cedar streets. Its total territory now covers 129ith square miles or 82,700 acres. Its entire length from north to south is about twenty-three miles, and its average width five and a half miles from east to west. Within this area there are about 750 miles of paved streets. Penn's original and admirable arrangement of the streets is still adhered to, those running from river to river being crossed by those running nearly north and south, the latter being designated in numerical order from the Delaware Eiver, as Front, Second, Third and so on, whilst those running east and west in the old city are generally named for trees, as 43 44 STREETS, AND NUMBERING HOUSES. Walnut, Chestnut, Spruce, Pine, etc. North and south of the old city the cross-streets are generally named after persons historical and otherwise. The city is divided north and south at Market street, those streets running south being designated South Second, South Third, etc., while those the other side are known as North Second, North Third, etc., etc. The houses are numbered by blocks extending from principal street to principal street, small intermediate streets being in- cluded in the blocks. Thus the houses upon the first block from Front to Second street upon any of the cross or dividing streets are numbered from 100 to 200, from Second to Third street the numbered buildings begin at 200, at Third street they commence at 300, and so on. With a little thought a stranger will soon find this plan most simple; for instance, 510 Walnut street will be on the south side of Walnut street, between Fifth and Sixth streets, the odd numbers always be- ing on the north side of each street and the even numbers on the south side. No. 510 Market, Arch or any other street running east and west will always be between Fifth and Sixth on the south side. The streets running north and south are numbered on the same plan. Market street is the dividing line. North Front, North Second, North Third, or any other street running north and south is north of— or as we say in Philadelphia, above— Market street. South Front, South Second, or any other street running north and south, is south of or below Market street. One hundred numbers are allotted to each square. The odd numbers are on the east side of each street, the even numbers on the west. Thus, No. 20 North Front, No. 20 North Tenth, or No. 20 in any north street, is between Market and Arch streets. No. 120 is between Arch and Race, etc. Every square commences on a new hundred numbers. The same arrangement obtains m the streets south of Market which run north and south. By this plan a stranger who has the number of a house to which he desires to go can by reference to his own position, consult- ing the city map and counting the squares between, tell very nearly how far he has to go. The intermediate streets are STREET NUMBERS. 45 numbered on the same plan ; for instance, Cherry street begins at Third street between Arch and Race streets and runs west. The houses on that street begin at No. 300. STREET NUMBERS. North and south, Market street being the dividing line. NOETH. Arch Race Vine — No. 100 ;. 200 300 Callowhill 400 Buttonwood 500 Green 600 Fairmount avenue 700 Brown 800 Poplar 900 Girard avenue 1200 Thompson 1300 Master , 1400 Jefferson 1500 Oxford 1600 Columbia avenue 1700 Montgomery avenue 1800 Berks 1900 Norris 2000 Diamond 2100 Susquehanna 2200 Dauphin 2300 York 2400 Cumberland 2500 Huntingdon 2600 Lehigh 2700 Somerset 2800 Cambria 2900 Indiana 3000 Clearfield... 3100 Allegheny 3200 Westmoreland 3300 Ontario 3400 Tioga Venango. Erie South. Chestnut Walnut Spruce Pine Lombard South Bainbridge Catharine Christian Carpenter Washington Federal Wharton Reed Dickinson Tasker Morris Moore — Mifflin McKean Snyder Jackson . Wolf Ritner Porter Shunk Oregon avenue. Johnson Bigler Pollock Packer Curtin No. 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3500 Numbers on streets running east and WEST begin at west side of cross streets, thus: Front street, 100; Second street, 200; Broad street, UOO; Sixty-fifth street, 6500. 3600 3700 46 POPULATION. Philadelphia now comprises all the territory formerly em- braced in the county of the same name, and is entitled to send to the national Congress five Representatives and to the State legislature eight Senators and twenty-eight Representatives. The water privileges of Philadelphia are superior to those of any other city, as ships of the largest size can come directly to the city docks. Located between two large rivers, with wide streets extending from one to the other, and fanned with cur- rents of fresh air, the healthfulness for which Philadelphia is so well known is thereby secured. The waters of both the Delaware and Schuylkill are fresh and abound in fish. The fame of the Delaware shad is world-wide and the business of shad-fishing forms quite an important industry during the spring months. POPULATION. According to the United States census of 1870, the popula- tion of Philadelphia amounted to 674,022 persons, of which 490,308 were natives of the United States and 183,624 foreign born. During the ten years between 1860 and 1870, notwith- standing the great drain incurred through the loss of volun- teers for the war, it increased to the extent of 108,493 ; the pop- ulation (January 1, 1875), is estimated at 794,000. The births are on an average from 300 to 400 per week and the deaths 200 to 300, the annual rate of mortality being 20^ per 1000 liv- ing persons. Philadelphia is known as the City of Homes, . and its citizens are on the average more comfortably lodged than in any other American city. The number of dwelling- houses as computed by the census of 1870 was 112,366, while New York had but 64,044 dwelling-houses and Brooklyn 46,834, so that there were more dwelling-houses in Philadel- phia than in New York and Brooklyn together, the average number of persons to each house in Philadelphia being less than six, while in New York the average is 14.72 and in Brook- lyn 8.62. At the present time Philadelphia has not less than 160,000 families and about 184,000 dwellings, and it leads all POPULATION. 47 American cities in social and home comforts. The buildings of all kinds are at least 150,000. There is a large population in the cities and towns within the immediate radius of Philadelphia which are more or less dejDendent upon that city, and should therefore be referred to. This population numbers something over one million, and, added to that of the city proper, would be equal to that of the State of Minnesota, with a much greater consumption of food. The increase in the population of the city and of the build- ings necessary for their accommodation is shown in the following table : City aijd Suburbs. : City and COUKTKY. Year. Dwelling- Population. Houses. ' Dwelling- Houses. Population. 1683... 80 500 1684... 1700... 2,500 700 4,500 1744... 1,500 9,750 1749... 2,076 12,500 1753... 2,300 14,653 1760... 2,960 18,756 1777... 5,395 23,734 1783... 6,000 37,000 1790... 1800... 1805... 6,651 9,868 13,461 44 996 54,391 70'287 i 81,009 1808... City proper. 47,786 1810... 15,814 96,660 16,682 111,210 1820... 15,662 114,410 20,565 137,097 1830... 25,172 167,811 27,968 188,961 1840... 38,704 220,523 53,078 258,037 1850... 54,046 360,305 61,278 408,762 1860... 1870... 1875... 89,979 112,457 134,000 568,034 674,022 794,000 Estimated. The census of 1777 was taken by order of Sir William Howe, when the British army was in possession of the city. At that time many Whigs and patriots were absent, and it is estimated that the population in the same year before the entry of the British was about 30,000. In 1854 the boundaries of the city were by the Consolida- tion Act extended over the whole of the county, so that the 4g HEALTH GOVERNMENT. distinction between the city and the suburbs or adjoining in- corporated districts and the county was abolished. HEALTH— VITAL STATISTICS. The health of Philadelphia is pre-eminent, the mortality beins; 1 to every 1000 persons less than that of London, 2 to every 1000 less than Paris, and 7 to every 1000 less than New York This is due to the unbounded supply of fresh water and its universal use, as there are few houses even of the cheaper class that are not supplied with a bath-room with convenient arrangements for full supply of hot and cold water. . . In 1874 the total number of interments m the city was 16 315 persons; of these, still-born and bodies brought from other localities were 1077, leaving the actual city death total 15 238 According to the estimated population, July 1, 18/4, the deaths were equal to every 50.86 of the population, or equal to a death-rate per thousand of 19.66. The number of registered births in 1874 was 19,387, an increase over the former year of 685, or 3.53 per cent. Pro rata of births to population, 25.01 per 1000. The number of registered mar- riages was 6639 ; ratio of 8.55 in every 1000. According to the return of the English Eegistrar-General for 1872, the annual death-rate per 1000 living persons m the principal cities of the world was as follows : Madras 37.6 Vienna 34.4 Rome ^-•- Florence ^^-^ Turin 30.4 New York 30.1 Berlin ^H Bombay 27.6 Brussels 26.5 Paris 24.4 London 22.7 Philadelphia, 1874 19.66 CITY GOVERNMENT. Philadelphia has a municipal government consisting of a Mayor and Eecorder, with a Select and Common Council. The Mayor is elected by the people for a term of three years. His power is supervisory over the city departments, control- ling over the police, and he has a right of veto or of approval GOVERNMENT — FOOD SUPPLY. 49 of ordinances passed by City Councils. The Select Council is composed of thirty-one members, one from each ward, elected by the people for a term of three years. The Common Coun- cil is composed of members elected for a term of two years and representing one for each two thousand taxables. The management of the city is transacted under the control of Councils, the various departments, special trusts and commis- sioners. They comprise Receiver of Taxes, City Treasurer, City Controller, City Solicitor and City Commissioners, elected by the people for terms of two and three years. Special Boards, — the Guardians of the Poor, Inspectors of the County Prison, Board of Health, Board of Eevision of Taxes, Board of Pub- lic Education, Commissioners of Fairmount Park (appointed by the courts and Councils), Managers of the House of Cor- rection, Port Wardens, Board of Surveys, Department of Water, Department of Highways, Department of Markets and City Property, Department of Surveys, Trustees of the Gas- Works, Commissioners of the Fire Department, Department of Girard Estates, Trustees of City Ice-Boats, Superintendent of City Railroads, Commissioners of the Sinking Fund (ap- pointed by Councils), Department of Police (appointment by the Mayor), and the Public Buildings Commission and South Street Bridge ConuniBsion, originally established by appoint- ment of the State Legislature. SUPPLY OF FOOD. There are few cities in the world where so much attention is paid to the quality of food as in Philadelphia ; anything savoring of adulteration is at once discarded, and there is a very strict inspection of the degree of freshness of butter, eggs, fish, vegetables, etc., on the part of housekeepers. Through this care the diet of the poorer portion of the pop- ulation is better than in any other city, and beggars are seldom seen. The consumption of the city is on an average per week 4500 beef" cattle, 15,000 sheep and 10,000 hogs, the beef and mutton being mostly supplied by the State of Texas, and the pork from Ohio and Western Pennsylvania. The 5 D 50 FOOD — WATER SUPPLY. best hogs in the country are sent to Philadelphia to be killed, and Philadelphia-cured hams and bacon are a specialty in the markets or at the seaboard. The supply of butter, eggs, milk and poultry from the neighboring counties is almost un- limited and very superior in quality. A large abattoir has been projected in Philadelphia to afford special facilities for the supply of beef, mutton and pork direct to the butchers, thus diminishing the number of slaughter-houses in the city. The price of beef varies by the carcass at from eight to twelve cents per pound, a large portion being sold to the packers at cost, the balance disposed of at a large profit. The average price per head at the drove-yards is $70 for beef, $25 for pork and $7 for sheep. There are about 2500 butchers in the city to distribute this supply of food. The principal d6p6ts for the sale of cattle and sheep and lambs are at the Park drove-yards, Thirty-second street and Lan- caster avenue, the abattoir, the stock-yard, Forty-fourth street and Belmont avenue, and the new stock-yards at Paschalville, in the south-west portion of the city. The sales at the former amounted in 1873 to 156,998 head, with a total receipt of $778,865.82. The various railroads run- ning into Philadelphia from all directions ensure that the supply of food will always be equal to the demand, and for that reason alone its selection as the city of the International Exhibition was very proper. WATER SUPPLY. Philadelphia is a city of cleanliness, and its inhabitants are noted for their free use of water, with which they are abun- dantly supplied. The Water Department is under the control of the city ; it consists of the following officers : Chief En- gineer, Eegister, Chief Clerk, etc., with a large force of clerks, draughtsmen, engineers and laborers. The water-works are divided into the following sections : The Fairmount, Schuyl- kill, Delaware, Belmont, Eoxborough and Chestnut Hill. The Fairmount Works are beautifully located on the Schuylkill River at the lower end of the East Park; the WATER-WOKKS. 51 buildings are well constructed, and the enormous engines used in forcing the water from the river to the distributing reservoir on the summit of the hill facing the buildings are well worthy a visit. The machinery and engines are kept in a spotless condition, and the works can be examined by the daintiest lady without fear of soil or stain. Situated on the east side of the river, and above the new bridge, the Fairmount Water- Works are easily accessible either by the passenger railways of the Green and Coates streets, Eace and Vine, Arch street, Callowhill street and Union (Spring Garden street) lines, the latter running north on Ninth street and upon Spring Garden and Brown streets. All of these run direct to Fairmount. These works hav(^ long been considered as a model for other cities. The reservoir is divided into four basins, having in the aggregate a capacity of 26,896,636 gallons. During the year 1874 there were 7,582,023,422 gallons supplied from the Fair- mount works ; this is nearly four times the quantity of 1854. Of all the water distributed in 1874, the daily average being 42,111,730 gallons, these works furnished nearly 50 per cent., an average of 21,504,736, or one-half of the whole supply. Fairmount Works are run with seven turbine and one breast-wheel, with a Worthington steam-pump, for use when the water-wheels cannot be run in consequence of low water in the river. The first water-works of the city embraced piimping-engines at Chestnut street, Schuylkill, and a distributing reservoir in a large circular tower erected at Centre Square, at the intersection of Broad and Market streets, commenced May 2, 1799. Water was first passed out for distribution on the 1st of January, 1801. In the course of a few years more extensive means of supply were needed. On the 19th of April, 1819, work was commenced for the erection of a dam across the Schuylkill at Fairmount, Wheel-houses were built and reservoirs prepared. Three water-wheels were set in motion December 25, 1822, and the work was then considered fin- ished. The first vv^ater passed out from the reservoir on the 1st of July succeeding. Fairmount Water- Works originally embraced a limited space, including Fairmount Hill and the ground imme- diately adjoining, bounded east by the street now called Twenty- fourth street, west by the Schuylkill River, south by Callowhill 52 WATER- WORKS. street and north by Coates street, the latter now being embraced within the boundaries of the Park. Subsequently, the city purchased Lemon Hill, north of the works, embracing the ground west of the Reading Railroad and extending along the Schuylkill, a point at some distance south of Girard avenue bridge. The history of the Park will give particulars of further extensions of the property. The Fairmount works supply the reservoirs at Fairmount and a reservoir situate between Corinthian avenue and Twenty-second and Parrish and Poplar streets. The Schuylkill Water- Works are located on the river at the foot of Thompson street, supplying the Eleventh, Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth wards of the city. They are brick buildings, originally constructed in the Egypt- ian style and conspicuous in their high chimney-stack, which looks like a great Egyptian pillar. During the year 1874 these works furnished a supply of 1,536,505,220 gallons, or a daily average of 5,226,008 gallons. The Schuylkill works are run by steam-power, with Cornish side-lever and compound engines. The works now known as the Schuylkill works were originally erected by the commissioners of the districts of Spring Garden and Northern Liberties, independent municipal corpoi-ations before the passage of the Consolidation Act of 1854. These districts obtained their water by pipes connected with the Fairmount works for many years. The rates of water-rents by which the city supplied the districts were higher than those charged to the inhabitants of the city. This discrimination was a source of discontent. The com- missioners of Spring Garden and Northern Liberties applied to the State legislature for redress, and on the 18th of October, 1843, an act was passed conferring authority upon the commissioners of Spring Garden and Northern Liberties to erect independent water- works'^ for the supply of their own inhabitants, unless the city would, within three months, reduce the water-rents in accordance with city rates. City Councils refused to make the reduction. The districts therefore united and built their water-works on the Schuylkill, at the foot of Thompson street. The reservoir was built upon Thompson and Master streets, between Twenty-fifth and Twenty -seventh streets, and opened for use in December, 1844. The Delaware Water-Works are situated on the river Dela- ware, at the foot of Wood street, on the south bank of Gun- WATER-WORKS. 53 ner's Eun, in the Eighteenth ward. They supply the Six- teenth, Seventeenth, Eighteenth, Nineteenth and Twentieth wards ; in 1874 these works furnished 1,568,518,765 gallons, or a daily average of 4,960,709 gallons. The Delaware works are run by steam-power, a Worthing- ton beam and horizontal engine. ^ The Delaware Water-Works were built by the commissioners of the district of Kensington for their special supply. Previously the district had been supplied by the city, and after the construc- tion of the Spring Garden works by Spring Garden and Northern Liberties. In 1848 the legislature gave to Kensington authority to construct separate works, and pump the water from the Delaware River. The works were in operation in 1850. The agreement with the adjoining districts was abrogated June 23, 1851. Tlie reservoir is between Lehigh avenue and Somerset street and Sixth and Seventh streets. The Belmont Water- Works are plain but appropriate brick buildings, on the west side of the Schuylkill, below the Bead- ing Railroad Belmont bridge; furnished, in 1874, 2,969,227,504 gallons, a daily average of 5,226,008 gallons. With the pres- ent pumping-power, there is a capacity of 18,000,000 gallons per day of twenty-four hours. The Belmont works are run by steam-power, three Worth - ington engines. The Belmont works replace the West Philadelphia Water- Works, which were located on the west bank of the Schuylkill, opposite Lemon Hill, the site being at present within the boundary of the Zoological Garden. The construction of West Philadelphia works was authorized by act of May 1, 1852, and they were in operation by the eud of 1853. The stand-pipe south-west of these works, still a conspicuous object, being south of Zoological Garden, was finished October 1, 1853. The Twenty-fourth ward works were abandoned in October, 1870, at which time the Belmont works were started. The Belmont reservoir is at George's Hill, Fairmount Park. It is also to be connected with the reservoir in East Fairmount Park. The Roxborough Water- Works are on the east bank of the river Schuylkill above Manayunk, on the line of the Philadel- ])hia and Norristown Bailroad. The reservoir is at the inter- 54 WATER- WOEKS — FOUNTAINS. section of Ann and Isabella streets, west of Greentree lane. There is also a reservoir at Mount Airy. These works sup- plied, in 1874, 720,165,810 gallons, a daily average of 2,281,287 gallons. The Roxborough works were finished December 21, 1870, at which time pumping was commenced. The works are run by steam-power, one Cornish and one Worthington engine. The Germantown and Chestnut Hill works, originally constructed by a private corporation, were connected with Eoxborough, in conse- quence of which the Chestnut Hill and Germantown works were abandoned as pumping-stations, September 30, 1872. The Eoxbor- ough works send their water to Chestnut Hill and Germantown in two great mains, which cross the Wissahickon in Fairmount Park. The aqueduct is far above the Park roadway, and is a peculiar and graceful structure usually called the " Pipe-bridge." The total amount of water furnished in the various works in 1874 was as follows : Fairmount ... 7,582,023,422 gallons. Daily average, 21,504,376 Delaware 1,558,518,765 Schuylkill.... 1,636,505,220 Belmont 2,969,227,504 Roxborough.. 720,165,810 Total 14,533,425.097 4,960,709 5,226;008 8,138,990 2,281,287 42,111,730 The total amount of water-pipe laid in the city up to the beginning of the year 1875 was 628 miles. The united water- works of the city furnished, in 1874, with water 118,414 dwelling-houses, in which there were 48,610 bath-rooms sup- plied with hot and cold water and shower-baths, etc., a greater number of such accommodations than can be found in any other city in the world. PUBLIC DRINKING-FOUNTAINS. A proper regard for the health of the city and comfort of its citizens has led to the establishment of public drinking- fountains in many sections of the city. This has been done through the active agency of the Philadelphia Fountain Society, under whose auspices have been erected sixty-one fountains, many of them specimens of artistic taste; in addi- FOUNTAINS — DK AINAGE — FIRES . 55 tion, the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals have erected seven fountains. Some of these have been built at the cost of private individuals, and are conspicuous orna- ments to the city. The constant use made of these fountains by both man and beast is sufficient evidence of their appre- ciation. They are kept in perfect order by a fand appropriated for the purpose. DRAINAGE. Philadelphia is admirably situated for effective drainage, having a large and rapid stream on each side of the city. The streets, running at right angles, present every facility for rapidly carrying off any surplus of water. The present system of sewage is conveyed in 136 miles of culverts, dimensions as follows : Sewers 3 feet in diaraeter, or less, about 100 miles. ii 4 u " " " 13 " u 5 u " " " 3^ " u Q a n '< " 5 " a y a <' " " 1^ " i( Q u a a " X " u g ct u (I " 3 « a XO " " " " 3 " (( -,-, II u u II X " "12 " " and more, " 4i " Total, " 135i " Total to January 1, 1876, say " 1361 " FIRES. Philadelphia has been remarkably free from extraordinarily destructive fires for many years. This is due in a great meas- ure to the use of brick and stone as building material and the admirable management of the Fire Department, under the control of a chief and five assistants, with a total force of 389 men and 123 horses, which are held always in readiness to attend to the first note of alarm. The steam fire-engines are kept ready to be fired up at a moment and horses are ready to harness, so that in the shortest possible time they can be on their way to the scene of action. There are in all thirty-two com- panies, which, in January, 1875, were accommodated at thir- teen fire-stations. They had in their possession twenty-seven 56 FIRE DEPARTMENT POLICE. steam fire-engines, five special steam fire-engines, four hand fire-engines and hose-carriages, five hook-and-ladder tracks, six fuel-wagons, and 49,000 feet of rubber and linen hose. Through the efficient agency of the Police and Fire Alarm Telegraph and the active efibrts of the firemen, the report of the department indicates a falling off in losses for one year of $183,792. The total number of fires in 1874 was 592, with an estimated loss of $754,688, covered by insurances of $4,184,772. The number of fire-plugs in the city January 1, 1875, was 5119. The number of fire-alarm telegraph signal-boxes at the same time was 200. POLICE. This department, as at present organized, is controlled by the Mayor as executive, a Chief of Police, a Fire Marshal, four captains, twenty-seven lieutenants, fifty sergeants, eight detectives, twenty-five turnkeys and 1200 patrolmen. This force is assigned to a Central Station and twenty-four Police Districts. The Central Station is located at the City Hall, S. W. corner of Fifth and Chestnut streets. In case of riot the entire force can be collected with great celerity by the use of the police-telegraph and the city railroads. Strangers desir- ing information will find the police of Philadelphia uniformly courteous and obliging. Their uniform is dark-blue, with gilt buttons, and during the day they may be found stationed in the principal streets at short distances apart. In each dis- trict there is a Police Magistrate, before whom cases can be brought for immediate settlement, or application can be made directly to the Mayor's office in the City Hall. There is an addi- tional force known as the Eiver and Harbor Police, having control of the water-fronts of the city. This force is composed of a lieutenant and twenty-four men, with the aid of two steam tugboats. By the use of the police-telegraph during the year 1873, 807 missing adults were returned to their friends, 2363 lost children found, 360 lost or stolen vehicles returned, and 363 fires reported ; total number of messages reported, POLICE — STATION-HOUSES. ^7 112,138. There is a special-police guard in charge of Fair- mount Park, under the control of the Park Commission. This body of men are uniformed in gray, and are recognized as thoroughly serviceable and trustworthy. The head-quarters of the city police is at City Hall or Cen- tral Station, S. W. corner of Fifth and Chestnut streets. The general police establishment and offices are as follows : Chief of Police, Fifth and Chestnut streets. Detective Department, Fifth and Chestnut streets. Fire Marshal, Fifth and Chestnut streets. Reserve Corps, Fifth and Chestnut streets. Captains of Police, First District, at station-house of Ninth District, Lombard street between Seventh and Eighth streets. Second District, at station-house of Eighth District, But- tonwood street between Tenth and Eleventh streets.^ Third District, at station-house of Tenth District, N. E. corner of Front and Master streets. Fourth District, at station-house of Twenty-second District, corner of Lehigh and Park avenues. District Station-Houses, under Charge of Lieutenants of Police. 1. Fitzwater street, between Nineteenth and Twentieth streets. 2. Second street, between Queen and Christian streets (old Southwark Hall). 3. Union street, between Third and Fourth streets. 4. Fifth street, between Eace and Vine streets. 5. Fifteenth street, between Walnut and Locust streets. 6. Eleventh street, between Eace and Vine streets. 7. St. John street, between Buttonwood and Green streets. 8. Buttonwood street, between Tenth and Eleventh streets. 9. N. W. corner of Twenty-third and Brown streets. 10. N. W. corner of Front and Master streets (old Kensing- ton Hall). 11. Girard avenue, above Otis street. 12. N. E. corner of Tenth and Thompson streets. 58 STATION-HOUSES — MAGISTRATES. 13. Main street, Manayunk. 14. Germantown Hall, Germantown. 15. Main and Euan streets, Frankford. 16. S. W. corner of Lancaster pike and Thirty-ninth, street. 17. Taylor street, below Passyunk road. 18. Trenton avenue and Dauphin street. 19. Lombard street, between Seventh and Eighth streets. 20. Filbert street, between Fifteenth and Sixteenth streets. 21. Darby road and Thirty-eighth street. 22. Lehigh avenue and Park avenue. 23. Jefferson street, between Twentieth and Twenty-first streets. 24. Belgrade and Clearfield streets. Delaware Harbor, Front and Noble streets. Schuylkill Harbor, Sansom street wharf, Schuylkill. Powers of commitment upon criminal charges are granted to the Eecorder of the city and magistrates and aldermen. The police station-houses are attended daily at an early morning hour by magistrates to hear such cases as have arisen by reason of arrests, etc., during the night. The mag- istrates have power to bind over to keep the peace, to answer at the criminal court with or without bail, according to the nature of the alleged offence. The offices of committing magistrates are as follows : Eecorder of the city, opposite Independence Hall, Chestnut street between Fifth and Sixth streets, north side. Central Station, City Hall, Mayor's office, S. W. corner Fifth and Chestnut streets. MAGISTRATES' COURTS. No. 1. Jesse S. Bonsall, 1351 Passyunk avenue. 2. Wm. B. Collins, 1936 Christian street. 3. Andrew Alexander, Sr., 634 Washington avenue. 4. T. Sprole Leisenring, 704 S. Fourth street. 5. Wm. H. List, 144 S. Sixth street. 6. Hugh Franklin Kennedy, 521 Chestnut street. 7. Jobn McClintock, 1436 Lombard street. MAGISTRATES — GAS-LIGHTING. 59 No. 8. Eobert E. Smith, 114 S. Seventh street. 9. Wm. A. Thorp, 1342 Arch street. 10. John F. Pole, 118 N. Seventh street. 11. Wilson Kerr, 538 N. Third street. 12. Ezra Lukens, 835 Callowhill street. 13. Charles E. Pancoast, 1907 Callowhill street. 14. John Devlin, 1351 N. Second street. 15. Luke V. Sutphin, 419 E. Girard avenue. 16. Stuart Field, 2052 N. Fifth street. 17. Henry Smith, S. W. corner Otis street and Frankford avenue. 18. Benton O. Severn, 1017 Oxford street. 19. David Hanley Stone, 1836 Eidge avenue. 20. Alfred Snyder, 4415 Main street, Manayunk. 21. Thaddeus Stearne, 4833 Frankford avenue. 22. Geo. E. Krickbaum, N. W. corner Germantown and Chelten avenues. 23. Thomas H. Clarke, 4091 Lancaster avenue. 24. Thomas Eandall, 2920 Market street. Criminal cases are tried and disposed of by the courts of Quarter Sessions and Oyer and Terminer, which are presided over by judges of the four courts of Common Pleas, serving in rotation. The courts are held in Quarter Sessions court building, east side of Sixth street, adjoining the old court- house building, which fronts on Chestnut street, and occa- sionally in the old Quarter Sessions court-room, in that building, south room, first floor, with entrance from Independ- ence Square. GAS-LIGHTING. Philadelphia is a well-lighted city, and the smallest houses are supplied with gas. The quantity manufactured by the city works during the year 1874 was 1,766,268,000 cubic feet, an"increase over the year 1873 of 117,681,000 cubic feet. The largest consumption in any twenty-four hours was on the night of the 24th of December, 1874, amounting to 7,826,000 cubic feet, being an increase over the largest consumption of 60 GAS-WORKS. previous year of 787,000 cubic feet. The Northern Liberties Gas-Works made, in 1874, 79,019,800 cubic feet. Total gas manufacture, 1,845,287,800 cubic feet. The street mains laid during the year 1874 by the city works were 36,262 feet, making, with the Northern Liberties Gas Company's mains (97,717 feet), the entire length of main gas-pipes 6302- miles. The whole number of public lamps is 9905, of which 468 are supplied by Northern Liberties Gas-Works, and the average illuminating power 16.38 candles. The total number of con- sumers from the city works is 81,712 ; Northern Liberties works, 4703 ; total, 86,415 ; of private lights, city, 1,124,205 ; Northern Liberties, 22,465 ; total, 1,146,670, and of public lights, 9905. The manufacturing gas-works are the City, Point Breeze and Spring Garden and Frankford, on Second street, all of which are owned by the city corporation, and the Northern Liberties Gas-Works, owned by a private corporation. The Ninth Ward or City works are upon the north side of Market street, extending from Twenty-second street to the Schuylkill Eiver, immediately adjoining the Market street bridge. They comprise retort-houses, purifying-houses, meter- rooms, lime-kilns, coal-sheds and gas-holders, which latter are of the largest size. The first gas for illuminating purposes made in the United States was manufactured by Michael Ambroise & Co., Italian fire-workers and artists, who gave exhibitions of figures of temples, Masonic de- vices, etc., at their ami^hitheatre, Arch street between Eighth and Ninth streets. These pieces, they said, were produced by " inflam- mable air with the assistance of light." They were exhibited in August, 1796. In 1803 one J. C. Henfrey proposed to illuminate the city by gas-lights burned in high towers, but City Councils gave him no encouragement. In 1815 Councils were petitioned by James McMurtrieto introduce gas-lighting, but no definite action was taken. Shortly afterward, in 1817, Dr. Charles Kugler succeeded in manu- facturing illuminating gas, which was first introduced to public attention by its use at the Philadelphia Museum, then exhibiting at the State-house or Independence Hall, where it was lighted on gala- days and on one or two evenings of a week. The second Masonic Hall, on Chestnut street, between Seventh and Eighth streets, rebuilt GAS-WORKS. 61 in 1820, had gas-works connected with it in which the carburetted hydrogen gas nsed was prepared from tar. For many years this hall and the Gas-light tavern on Second street, near Walnut street, wei;e the only buildings in the city in which gas was used. On the 12th of March, 1835, the Philadelphia Gas Company was authorized by ordinance of Councils. It had a capital stock of $125,000. The city reserved a right to purchase the works from the shareholders at any time. The works on Market street were first put in operation on the 8th of February, 1836. Only two stores were prepared to burn it, and the whole number of applications at that time were for nineteen private and fortv-six public burners. July 1, 1841, the city bought out the stockholders for $173,000, and took possession of the works by the intervention of a board of trustees. The City works have been increased in capacity frequently since that time, and are very complete. The Twenty-sixth Ward or Point Breeze works are situate upon the east bank of the Schuylkill Elver, being intersected by Passyunk road. These works are much more extensive than those at Market street, and are believed to be the largest gas-works in the world. The property originally was twenty acres in extent, but additions have been made to it in order to accommodate the public. These works were first put in operation on the 13th of December, 1854. They are connected directly with the Market street works. The great telescopic gas-holder here is of 160 feet diameter and 95 feet high. The Fifteenth Ward or Spring Garden works are situate on Callowhill street, opposite the intersection of Twenty-fifth street, with a front on the Schuylkill Eiver. These works were erected by authority of an ordinance of the commissioners of Spring Garden for the supply of houses in the district, passed September 7, 1846. The works were so far completed as to be able to supply gas near the end of the succeeding year. They were considered finished in the spring of 1851, and went into full operation April 1 of that year. The Twenty -first Ward or Frankford works are near Frank- ford village, and supply light in that section of the city. The Northern Liberties Gas-Works are situate on Laurel street, near Frankford road, at the intersection of Gunner's Run. They were established by authority of an ordinance 6 62 GAS-WORKS. passed by the commissioners of the district of the Northern Liberties, March 15, 1838. On April 1, 1844, the stockhold- ers were incorporated as ''The Northern Liberties Gas Com- pany," with a capital stock of $200,000. This company still conducts the gas manufacture and supplies portions of the old district of Northern Liberties and part of Kensington. CHAPTEE II. HOTELS.— BOARDING- AND LODGING-HOUSES.— BEST A URANTS. PHILADELPHIA is called the " City of Homes," and the hospitality of its citizens has rendered it unnecessary that there should be more than the present extensive hotel accom- modation, a majority of its visitors being received by their friends in private houses. Such hotels as now exist and are being erected will be found sufficient to meet the needs of strangers, a large number of them being specially adapted for the rural population of the vicinity. The first and best hotel in the city at this time is the well-known — Continental Hotel, located in the business part of the city, on the south-east corner of Chestnut and Ninth streets, and of easy access by street railway from all of the railroad sta- tions. This building is six stories in height on the two streets referred to, and eight stories in the rear, on Sansom street, and covers 41,536 feet of ground. The principal story is sus- tained by richly ornamented cast-iron piers; the first floor, level with the street, which is used by the hotel, occupies 24,620 feet of the whole area. The total number of rooms in the Continental is 700, with accommodations for 1000 guests. Arrangements are now contemplated for such an extension of the premises as will admit of lodging 1200 persons. The charges of the Conti- nental are $4.50 per day, including lodging and four meals per day, if desired. The Continental Hotel occupies the site of two famous buildings in the memory of citizens of the last generation. The Philadelphia Museum, which occupied the southern portion of the lot on Sansom 63 64 HOTELS^ ETC. street, was erected by a company for the purpose of holding the great assortment of natural curiosities collected by Charles Wilson Peale and his sons during the American Eevolution and subsequently. The first story of the museum building contained the Chinese collec- tion of Nathan Dunn. The museum building, afterward generally known as the Chinese Museum, was built in 1838. In time both museums failed to be profitable as exhibitions, and the collections were sold. The Chinese Museum then, by reason of its great size, became a favorite place for town-meetings, concerts, balls, lectures and exhibitions. Zachary Taylor was nominated for the presidency there by the national Whig convention of 1848. North of the museum, upon the Chestnut street front, Cooke, an English eques- trian, erected a circus, which was opened to the public Aug. 28, 1837.' The building subsequently became the National Theatre, under management of William E. Burton, the eminent comedian; Welch and Lent and Raymond and Waring occupied it for some years as an amphitheatre. The museum and circus were both destroyed, with much adjoining property, by fire July 5, 1854. About 1858 the lot was secured by the Continental Hotel Company, and the hotel opened for the reception of guests February 16, 1860. The Girard House is situated directly opposite the Conti- nental, on the north side of Chestnut street. This hotel has been completely fitted up and refurnished in tlie most ap- proved style. It is now being largely extended, with the view of accommodating not less than 1000 guests. The charges per day at this hotel are $3.50 ; it possesses all the conveniences of a first-class hotel and every facility for travellers from the various railroad stations. The Girard House occupies the site of the Fisher and Leaming mansion. It was built in 1850-52, and opened in the latter year. To the enterprise of Geo. W. Edwards and J. G. Edwards, who believed that at the time the hotel accommodations of the city were inadequate for the public necessities, the erection of the Girard House is to be attributed. The architect was John McArthur, Jr., who also was architect of the Continental and La Pierre House. The La Pierre House is located on Broad street, near Chest- nut street, in the immediate vicinity of the Academy of Music, the Union League Club and Public Buildings, and on one of the finest avenues in Philadelphia. This hotel is specially adapted for families, the present number of rooms HOTELS, ETC. 65 being 160, with accommodations for 250 persons ; it is proposed to enlarge it to double its present capacity ; charges, $3.50 per day. Geo. W. and J. G. Edwards built the La Pierre House, and the work was going on at the same time that the Girard House was being built under their direction. The hotel was opened for guests in October, 1853. The Colonnade Hotel, S, W. corner of Chestnut and Fif- teenth streets, is easily reached by the street railways from all the stations ; it has every accommodation for guests, and at present has 200 rooms, with contemplated arrangements for large additions ; terms, $3.50 per day. The Irving House, a well-known family hotel on Walnut street, between Ninth and Tenth streets, with 103 rooms and accommodations for 175 guests; terms, from $3 to $5 per day, according to rooms. Guy's Hotel, corner of Seventh and Chestnut streets, is managed on the European plan, guests being furnished with rooms at from $1 to $3 per day, and meals served a la carM in the restaurant attached to the hotel. The St Cloud Hotel is located on Arch street above Seventh street, convenient to the various railroads, and is specially frequented by merchants and business men ; it has accommodations for 450 persons, with 300 rooms ; charge per day, $3. The Bingham House is on Market street, corner of Eleventh street, with 300 rooms and accommodations for 500 guests ; charges, $3 per day. The Merchants' Hotel is located on North Fourth street, in the business section of the city, with 204 rooms ; can accom- modate 600 guests. Large additions are to be made the com- ing year. Charges per day, $3. This hotel was built by a company of mercantile men in business in the immediate neighborhood, and especially for the accommoda- tion of merchants. It was the finest and largest hotel in the city when it was opened, in the year 1837. The American Hotel, Chestnut street between Fifth and Sixth streets, is largely frequented by merchants and business 6-* E 66 HOTELS, ETC. men. It is eligibly located in the immediate vicinity of Independence Hall; accommodations for 600 guests; terms, $3 per day. St. Stephen's Hotel, Chestnut street between Tenth and Eleventh streets, has been recently refitted and newly for- nished ; can accommodate 300 guests ; terms, $3 per day. Washington House, 709 Chestnut street, a plain, comfort- able and convenient hotel, can accommodate 350 guests. The Grand Central, Market street, opposite Pennsylvania Eailroad dep6t, near Thirty-second street. Building of mar- ble; has accommodations for 700 guests. ALPHABETICAL. INDEX TO HOTELS IN PHILADELPHIA. Alleghany House, 812 Market street. Allen's, 1220 Market street. American, 517 Chestnut street. Arch Street House, 1 Arch street. Bald Eagle, 414 North Third street. Barley Sheaf, 257 North Third street. Beitler's, 1619 Market street. Bingham House, corner of Market and Eleventh streets. Bird's, corner of Broad and Callowhill streets. Black Bear, 425 North Third street. Black Horse, 252 North Second street. Brady, 242 North Eighth street. Brennan, 728 Filbert street. Bucks County, 1917 Market street. Bull's Head, 1035 Market street. Bull's Head, 926 North Front street. Bull's Head, 3734 Market street. Central, 623 Arch street. Central Avenue, 831 Market street. Chestnut Hill, Main street, near Hartwell avenue, Chestnut Hill. Clarendon, 115 South Eighth street. Clinton, 1608 Eidge avenue. Colonnade, Chestnut street, corner of Fifteenth street. HOTELS, ETC. 67 Columbia^ 216 North Second street. Columbia, 111 North Broad street. Commercial, 826 Market street. Continental, Chestnut street, corner of Ninth street. Davis', 6 South Delaware avenue. Diamond Street, Diamond between Sixteenth and Seven- teenth streets. Eagle, Main street and Highland avenue, Chestnut Hill. Eagle, 227 North Third street. Edwards', S. W. corner of Broad and Walnut streets. European, 315 Arch street. Farmers and Mechanics', 1808 Eidge avenue. Germania, 2330 Market street. Given's, 1220 Market street. Girard, Ninth and Chestnut streets. Globe, Elm and Belmont avenues. Golden Fleece, 310 Cherry street. Grand Central, Market and Thirty-second streets. ' Grand Union, Eleventh and Somerset streets. Great Western, 1311 Market street. Guy's, corner of Seventh and Chestnut streets. , Hay-Market, 1601 North Seventh street. Hotel Aubry, Walnut and Thirty-third streets. Howard, 2101 Chestnut street. Howard, 703 Chestnut street. Irving, 917 Walnut street. Johnson's, 1115 Market street. Lancaster Pike, 4412 Lancaster avenue. La Pierre, Broad and Chestnut streets. Lincoln, corner of Fourth and Wood streets. Mansion, 619 Arch street. Manufacturers', 310 Cherry street. Markoe, 919 Chestnut street. Mercantile, 23 South Tenth street. Merchants', 42 North Fourth street. Merchants' House, 415 North Third street. Montgomery, corner of Sixth and Willow streets. ^8 HOTELS, ETC. Mount Vernon, 119 North Second street. National, 1710 Market street. New Market, 1619 Market street. New York House, 9 Walnut street. Penn Manor, corner of Eighth and Spring Garden streets. ^ Pennsylvania, 417 South Second street. Pennsylvania Farmer, 345 North Third street. Petry, N. W. corner of Broad and Walnut streets. Randolph, Spring Garden street, above Twenty-second. Randolph (Farmers'), 342 North Third street. Reading Railroad House, corner of Ninth and Spring Garden streets. Red Lion, 472 North Second street. Ridge Avenue, Ridge avenue, below Girard avenue. Ridgeway, 1 Market street. Robin Hood, corner of Front and Otis streets. St. Charles, 54 North Third street. St. Cloud, 709 Arch street. St. Elmo, 319 Arch street. St. James, 310 Race street. St. Stephen's, 1018 Chestnut street. Springmann, Walnut street, above Seventh street. Smedley, 1227 Filbert street. Tiger, 321 Vine street. Transcontinental, Belmont avenue. United States, north-west corner of Forty-second and Co- lumbia avenue. Washington, 711 Chestnut street. Weik's, Belmont avenue and Eadline street. Walnut Street, Walnut and Thirty-third streets. White Bear, corner of Fifth and Race streets. White Horse, 316 North Third street. White Horse, 210 Pine street. William Penn, 831 Market street. Zeiss', 820 Walnut street. Boarding-Houses.— These may be found in every section ol the city, with prices, varying as to locality, from $5 to $15 per HOTELS, ETC. 69 week for a single person. The better class of boarding- houses are located on Broad, Walnut, upper part of Chestnut, Arch and Spruce streets. Board comprises breakfast with meats, dinner and tea. An examination of the daily journals of the city will be the best means to adopt for the purpose of securing a boarding-place, as many of them are regularly advertised. Lodgings may also be obtained in the same manner— by consulting advertisements— at very reasonable prices. The prices vary from $3 to $20 per week. Unfurnished apart- ments or flats are not common in Philadelphia, but may be obtained on application to some one of the numerous house- agents in the city. The Centennial Lodging-House Agency, limited, office, 1010 Walnut street, has arranged with thousands of private house- keepers to take lodgers and supply them with meals. This company is under control of leading officers of all the great railroad companies. Restaurants. — There are many good restaurants, and meals are furnished at reasonable prices by the day, week or month, or a la carU, The oyster-houses of Philadelphia are a speci- alty, and in season the delicious bivalves may be had stewed, panned, fried, deviled or raw, served in perfection. The caterers of Philadelphia have become historic for their artist-like serving of wild game, terrapin, chicken-salad, reed- birds, chicken-croquettes and soft crabs. They will supply meals for those occupying furnished apartments, and are ready to supply dinner- and supper-parties of any size. In ice-creams, confectionery and fruit-ices this city has no superior, not even in Europe, and it is suggested to all strangers that they test the matter for their own gratification. CENTENNIAL HOTELS. The following have been specially constructed for use dur- ing the Centennial Exhibition. They are arranged with every convenience, and are very capacious : The Globe Hotel, Belmont avenue, near Elm avenue, has 70 HOTELS RESTAURANTS. accommodations for over 1200 guests. Conducted on the European style. Charges per room $2 and upward. The Transcontinental Hotel, brick building, south-east corner of Belmont avenue and Elm avenue. To be kept on the same plan and terms as the Continental Hotel, by Mr. Kingsley, proprietor of the latter. Hotel Aubry. South side of Walnut from Thirty-third to Thirty-fourth street; has 300 rooms, and will accommodate 450 guests. The United States Hotel, north-west corner of Forty-sec- ond street and Columbia avenue. Brick building, three stories high ; contains 300 rooms, and will accommodate 500 persons. The Diamond Street Hotel, Diamond between Sixteenth and Seventeenth streets ; has 240 rooms, and will accommo- date 350 persons. Weik's Hotel, corner of Belmont avenue and Eadline street. Wooden one-story building. The Grand Union Hotel, Eleventh and Somerset streets. Convenient to the junction of the connecting railroad to New York and the Reading Railroad. Has 850 rooms, and will accommodate 1300 persons. RESTAURANTS. Doyle's Club House. Belmont avenue. Tischner's. Belmont avenue, near Elm avenue. Aronheimer's. Elm avenue and Forty-first street. Within the Centennial grounds are six restaurants— Lau- ber's (German); Le Trois Fr^res Proven§aux, Goyard's (French); Southern, Mercer's; American, Tobias & Heil- brun's ; Sudreaux's and one other. Proskauer's well-known establishment at Belmont is also available. CHAPTEE III. 3IARKETS. THE first markets were conducted, after the English fash- ion, in spaces on the wharves and in the middle of streets. Up to 1709 the principal market-place was in High or Market street, movable booths and stalls being erected. In 1709 the first permanent market-house was authorized, and it was built adjoining the court-house, in the middle of the High street and west of Second, standing upon open pillars and roofed. From time to time, other covered market-buildings Avere added until they extended from the Delaware landing to Eighth street in an unbroken line, which was taken up again at Schuylkill Eighth, now Fifteenth street, and carried to Schuylkill Sixth, now Seventeenth street. Other market- houses on the same plan were afterward built. In November and December, 1859, Market street was relieved of these build- ings, and they were gradually torn down. Other parts of the city were accommodated with market-houses of the same style, some of which still exist. The plan of large and separate build- ings for market-houses came into vogue about 1854, when large buildings were erected for that purpose, on the east side of Broad street below Eace street, now the City Armory, and on Eace street, S. W. corner of Janjper street, now head-quarters of the fire department. The Western Market, N. E. corner of Sixteenth and Market streets, was opened April 19, 1859. Since that period many spacious market-house buildings, per- fectly ventilated and arranged, large, solid and costly, have been erected in various parts of the city, which are generally owned by incorporated companies. 71 72 MARKETS. The principal corporation maTket-house buildings are as follows : Eastern, S. E. corner of Fifth and Merchant streets, below Market street; a very large brick building with stalls for meats, vegetables, farmers' produce, fresh oysters, etc. Farmers', north side of Market street, between Eleventh and Twelfth, extending to Filbert street ; a very large and imposing structure, erected by farmers of Philadelphia, Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Montgomery and other counties. This is the finest market structure in the city, and well worth a visit by strangers. Franklin, adjoining, at N. E. corner of Twelfth street, ex- tending to Filbert street. Originally this market was on the west side of Tenth street, below Market street. The building is now occupied by the Mercantile Library Company. The present building was erected about the time when the Farmers' Market was constructed. Central, north side of Market street, between Sixteenth and Seventeenth streets, extending in L shape through, on the northern side, to Seventeenth street. The company originally constructed the building on N. E. corner of Sixteenth and Market streets, now occupied as a freight dep8t by Pennsyl- vania Railroad Company. South -Western, S. E, corner of Nineteenth and Market streets ; a large brick building extending to Barker street. Farmers' Western, N. W. corner of Twenty-first and Market streets. Fairmount, a spacious building, S. W. corner of Twenty- second and Spring Garden streets, extending to Eeading Baikoad. Delaware Avenue, two buildings, extending from Delaware avenue to Front street, between Spruce and Dock streets. This is the great d6p5t for Jersey produce, oysters and fish. Union, west side of Second street, above Callowhill street. Lincoln, S. E. corner of Broad and Fairmount avenue; large and spacious, with a hall in second story for public meetings, concerts, etc. MARKETS. 73 South Eleventh Street, near Christian street. Farmers and Butchers', Christian street, near Eighth street. Germania, S. E. corner of Seventeenth and Poplar streets; with a large hall for public purposes in second story. Kater, south side of South street, between Fifteenth and Sixteenth streets. Centennial, Twenty-third and South streets. Callowhill Street, south side, extending from Sixteenth street to Seventeenth street. Kensington, Kensington avenue, near Fifth and Sixth (dummy) Passenger Eailway d6p6t. Federal, S. E. corner of Seventeenth and Federal streets. This building has a large hall in second story for meetings, etc. Farmers' West Philadelphia, Market and Thirty-sixth streets. West Philadelphia, Market street, north side, between Fortieth and Forty-first streets. Mantua, Haverford street, N. E. corner of Thirty-sixth street, West Philadelphia. Norris, Norris street, near North Pennsylvania Eailroad depot. Oxford, N. E. corner of Twentieth and Oxford streets. Columbia Avenue, N. W. corner of Twelfth street. Frankford, Euan street, between Paul and Main streets, Frankford, Twenty -third ward. Germantown, Germantown avenue, between School and Queen streets. Ridge Avenue, Farmers', below Girard avenue. Northern Liberties, Delaware avenue and Callowhill street. Street Markets belong-ing to the City Corporation. South Second Street, middle of Second street, from Pine to South street. North Second Street, or Northern Liberties, North Second street, from Fairmount avenue to Poplar street. Callowhill Street, Callowhill street, from Fourth to Seventh streets. 7 74 MARKETS. Spring Garden Street, Spring Garden street, from Marshall to Twelfth street. Girard Avenue, east from Hancock street to Third street, from Lawrence street to Eighth street, from Tenth street to Twelfth street. Bainbridge Street, from Third street to Fifth street. Wharton, Moyamensing road, from Prime street to Whar- ton street. CHAPTEE IV. CITY TRAVEL.-FERRIES.— RIVER 81EA3IB0ATS. THERE is no city in the world that possesses the facilities of cheap transportation with which Philadelphia is favored. A system of street railroads has been adopted which cross or pass through all of the principal streets. If the destination of the passenger is on or near the line of the railway, a single fare or ticket will carry him to it. If it is upon a cross street distant from the street on which he is travelling, he may frequently reach it by a railway running upon the cross street or upon the next parallel street on either side. In some cases this will cost him two fares or two tickets. But there are several of the roads crossing each other which will sell to any passenger an exchange ticket— that is, a ticket which will carry him over a cross road— so that a passenger, by securing an exchange ticket, can reach almost any given point with great convenience and rapidity and at a moderate expense. The single rate of fare charged on all the street lines is seven cents, small children four cents each. But tickets good on any road for a single ride are sold in pack- ages of four for twenty-five cents. Where an exchange ticket is sold on any other line, an additional charge of two cents is made, so that for nine cents one may travel for miles in any direction. On some of the roads night lines commence to run about midnight. Charge on night lines, ten cents per pas- senger. No exchange tickets, nor reduced price for children. There are two modes of taking fare in these cars, one by a conductor, who notiiies each passenger in passing through the car, and the other by means of a box, in which the passenger must deposit the exact fare, the conductor remaining at the entrance and giving the proper change or tickets as may be desired. 75 76 PASSENGER RAILWAYS. On the roads which have several routes, transfer passes are given at some of the intersections, which carry the passenger in other cars of the same company on the branch route. To furnish the necessary information to strangers, a complete list is given of all the street railroads, with the color of cars, and the color of lights used at night. Union Passenger Railway Company. Paek and Navy Yard branch.— Yellow car, red light. Going east and south — From Park entrance down Brown to Twenty-third, to Wal- lace, to Franklin, to Eace, to Seventh, to Federal, to Front, to Wharton. Going north and west — Along Wharton to Ninth, to Spring Garden, to Twenty-third, to Park entrance. EiCHMOND AND Baltimore Eailroad d^pot branch. — Green car, green light. Going south and west — From dep6t, Norris and Thompson streets, down Thompson to Marlbor- ough, to Belgrade, to Frankford avenue, to Master, to Franklin, to Eace, to Seventh, to Passyunk avenue, to Ellsworth, to Broad and up to Baltimore depot. Going north and east — Up Broad to Christian, to Ninth, to Spring Garden, near Germantown Eailroad depot, to Seventh, to Oxford, to Fourth, to Norris, passes North Pennsylvania Eailroad depot and Kensington Trenton Eailroad dep6t, to Memphis, to York, to Thomp- son, to dep6t, corner Norris. Columbia avenue and Market street branch.— Eed car, orange light. Gowig south and east — From depot. Twenty- third and Columbia avenue, down Columbia avenue to Frank- lin, to Eace, to Seventh, to Market, to Front. Going west and ,;^ori!^— Eeturn up Market to Ninth, to Spring Garden, near Germantown Eailroad dep6t, to Seventh, to Columbia avenue, to Twenty -third, to dep6t. Spring Garden and Poplar street branch.— Eed (one- horse) car, red light. Going east— From Park entrance down Brown to Twenty-third, to Wallace, to Twenty-second, to Spring Garden, passes near Germantown Eailroad depot, to Seventh, to Poplar. Going tvest— Out Poplar to Twenty-ninth, to Park entrance. Cedar street branch. — Green car, green light. Going PASSENGER RAILWAYS. ^ ^ nm-th—Fvom York up Cedar to Somerset, to Eichmond street. Going south— Retuin by same route. Christian street branch— Yellow car, red light. Going north and west— From d6p5t, Seventh and McKean, to Ninth, to Ellsworth, to Twenty-third, to Christian. Going east and south— Down Christian to Seventh, to dep6t. Jefferson street buai^cb..— Going east— Yiom dep6t. Twenty-third and Columbia avenue, along Columbia avenue to Twenty-fourth, to Jefferson, to Franklin, to Thompson, to Front, to Columbia avenue. Going west—V^ Columbia ave-" nue to Franklin, to Master, to Twenty-third, to dep6t. Ridge Avenue Passenger Railway Company. Yellow car, red light. Going south and ms^— From d6p5t, Thirty-second and Eidge avenue, down Eidge avenue to Tenth, to Arch, to Second. Going west and 7iorth—Vp Arch to Ninth, to Eidge av., to dep6t. Manayunk branch.— Yellow car, yellow light; flag with a white star in centre. Going north— Yiom dep8t. Thirty- second and Eidge avenue, along Eidge avenue to Main street, to Green lane. Going south— netmn over same route. Second and Third streets Passenger Railway Company. White cars, green light. Goi7ig south— Ymm depot, Frankford road below Lehigh avenue, to Jefferson street, up Jefferson to Second, down Second to Mifflin, up Mifflin to Third. Goiiig y^or//i— Up Third to Germantown avenue, to Oxford, to Front, up Front to Amber, to depdt. Frankford branch.— White car, green light; in daytime red flag. Going north— Vip Frankford avenue to Paul street, to Arrott street. Eeturning down Main to Frankford avenue, to depot, below Lehigh avenue. North Pennsylvania Eailro ad depot branch.— Green car, orange light. Going south— Vown Frankford avenue to Huntingdon street, to Coral, to Cumberland, to Emerald, to Dauphin, to Third, to Berks, passing North Pennsylvania Eaiboad d6p5t, to Second, to Dock. Going north— To Third, to Germantown avenue, to Oxford, to Third, to Berks, passing North Pennsylvania Eailroad d6p6t, to Second, to York, to Coral, to Cumberland, to Amber, to d6p6t. 7* 78 PASSENGER RAILWAYS. Richmond branch. — Red car, red light. Going south— Up Lehigh avenue to Richmond street, to Frankford avenue, to Manderson, to Beach, to Laurel, to Delaware avenue, to Fairmount avenue, to Second, to Dock, to Third. Going north — Up Third to Brown, to Beach, to Manderson, to Frankford avenue, to Girard avenue, to Norris, to Richmond street, to Lehigh avenue, to depot, corner Edgemont street. Bridesburg branch. — White car, white light. Going north — Up Lehigh avenue to Richmond street, to Bridge, to Washington. Going south — Over same route to d6p5t. Front street branch. — White car, white light. Going south — From Fairmount avenue, down New Market to Vine, to Front, to Chestnut, Going north — Over same route. Allegheny avenue branch. — Yellow car, white light. Going north — From Lehigh avenue up Richmond street to Allegheny avenue. Going south — Return by same route. Cumberland street branch. — White car, white light. Going north — From Richmond street up Cumberland to Am- ber. Going south — Return by same route. Frankford and Southwark Railway Company. Fifth and Sixth streets. Yellow car, red light. Going south — From dep6t, Kensington avenue and Cumberland street, down Ken- sington avenue to Front, to Kensington-Trenton Railroad depot, to Berks, to North Pennsylvania Railroad depot, to Sixth to Jackson, to Fifth. Going north — ^Up Fifth to Berks, passes North Pennsylvania and Kensington Railroad d6p&ts, to Front, to Kensington avenue, to d6p&t corner Cumberland. Lehigh and Powell street branch. — Green car, green light. Going south — From dep6t up Kensington avenue to Lehigh avenue, to Sixth street, down Sixth to Powell, to Fifth. Going north — Up Fifth to Lehigh avenue, to Ken- sington avenue, to d6p6t. Frankford steam (dummy) branch. — Going n&rth — From Kensington avenue dep5t up Kensington avenue to Frankford road, to Arrott street dep5t. Going south — Return over same route. Germantown Passenger Railway Company. Fourth and PASSENGER RAILWAYS. 79 Eighth streets. Yellow car, green light. Going south— Fvom dep6t, Eighth and Dauphin streets, down Dauphin to Ger- mantown avenue, to Fourth, to Dickinson, to Eighth. Going north— V^ Eighth to Columbia avenue, to Seventh, to Susque- hanna avenue, to d6p6t, Eighth and Dauphin. Walnut steeet beanch.— Yellow car, green light. Go- ing south— B&me route from depot to Walnut, to Eighth. Going north — Up Eighth to dep6t. Geemantown beanch.— Yellow car, green light. Going north — From Dauphin up Eighth to Germantown avenue, to Germantown. Going south — Return by same route. GiEAED AVEKUE BEANCH.— Yellow Car, red light. Going east—Fmm Thirty-first street along Girard avenue to Pal- mer, to Beach, to Shackamaxon. Going west— Yrom Shack- amaxon street along Girard avenue, crossing the bridge and extending to Elm avenue, near Exhibition building. Citizens Passenger Railway Company. Tenth and Eleventh streets. Yellow car, green light. Going south— Fiom depot, Tenth street and Montgomery avenue, down Tenth to Eeed, to Eleventh. Going north— \J^ Eleventh to Diamond, to Tenth, to depot corner Montgomery avenue. Mifflin steeet beanch. — Yellow (one-horse) car, red light. Going south— Dovfn Tenth to Mifflin, to Twelfth. Go- ing north — Up Twelfth to Wharton, to Tenth. Empire Passenger Railway Company. Twelfth and Six- teenth streets. Yellow car, red light. Going south— Fmm dep5t, Twelfth street and Montgomery avenue, down Twelfth to Whar- ton, to Seventeenth, to Carpenter, to Sixteenth. Going north— Up Sixteenth to Montgomery avenue, to depot corner Twelfth. Thirteenth and Fifteenth streets Passenger Railway Com- pany. Columbia avenue beanch. — Green car, green light. Going north— From Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad depot, at Broad street and Washington avenue, up Broad to Carpenter, to Fifteenth, to Master, to Ridge avenue, to Columbia avenue, to Thirteenth. Going south — Down Thir- teenth, passing Reading Railroad depot at CallowUill street, to Carpenter, to Broad, to depot above Washington avenue. 80 PASSENGER RAILWAYS. NoERis STEEET BKAJSTCH. — Yellow Car, red light. Going north — From Broad and Washington avenue to Carpenter, to Fifteenth, to Columbia avenue, to Broad, to Norris, to Thir- teenth. Going south — Down Thirteenth to Carpenter, to Broad, to depot above Washington avenue. North Broad street branch. — Yellow (one-horse) car. red light. Going north — From Norris up Broad to New York Eailroad Junction depot. Back over same route. South Broad street branch. — Yellow car, red light. Going south — From Baltimore Railroad depSt, above Washing- ton avenue, down Broad, to Jackson. Return by same route. Seventeenth and Nineteenth streets Passenger Railway Company. Yellow car, red light. Going south — From depot, Nineteenth and Master, up Nineteenth to Norris, to Seven- teenth, to Carpenter, to Nineteenth. Going north — Up Nine- teenth to dep6t. Green and Coates Passenger Railway Company. Green car, red light. Going east and south — From Fairmount avenue en- trance of Park down Fairmount avenue to Twenty-second, to Green, to Fourth, to Dickinson, to Eighth. Going north and west — Up Eighth to Fairmount avenue, to the Park. Walnut street branch. — Going east and south — From Park entrance via Fairmount avenue and Fourth street to Walnut, to Eighth. Going north and west — From Walnut up Eighth to Fairmount avenue, and then west to Park entrance. Delaware Eiver branch. — Green (one-horse) car, red light. Going west — From Green up Beach to Fairmount avenue, to Eighth. Going east — Return down Fairmount avenue to Fourth, to Green, to Beach. People's Passenger Railway Company. Callowhill street. Yellow car, orange light. Going west — From Camden and At- lantic steamboat wharf, Vine street and Delaware River, along Vine to Fourth and York avenue, along York avenue to Callowhill, to Park entrance and bridge at Schuylkill River. Going east — Along same route from Schuylkill River, to Front street, to Vine, to wharf. Hestonvtile, Mantua and Fairmount Passenger Railroad. PASSENGER RAILWAYS. 81 Yellow cars, red lights. Going east—Fvom d6p6t on Lancas- ter avenue and Somerset street, along Lancaster avenue to Haverford street, to Thirtieth, to Bridge street, over the bridge, lower deck, to Callowhill, to Hamilton, to Twenty-second, to Race, to Second, to Walnut, to Dock. Eeturning, going west, via Third, to Vine, to Twenty-third, to Spring Garden, over the bridge, upper deck, to Lancaster and Belmont avenues and the Exhibition buildings. Zoological Gardens branch. — Same route. From Spring Garden street north on Thirty-fifth to Pennsylvania Railroad bridge. Return over same route to Haverford and Spring Garden streets. Hestonville branch.— Green car, red light. Going west —From dep6t, out Lancaster avenue to Fifty-second, Hes- tonville, and along Fifty-second to Elm avenue and Park at George's Hill. Going easi!— Return over same route. Arch street branch.— Yellow car, green light. Going east— Fvom dep6t, Twenty-sixth and Callowhill streets, down Biddle street to Twenty-fifth, up Twenty-fifth to Spring Gar- den, down to Twentieth, to Arch, to Second. Going west-— Up Arch to Twenty-first street, to Callowhill, to depot. West Philadelphia Passenger Railway Company. Market street. Yellow car, red light. Going east—FYom depot, Forty- first and Haverford streets, down Forty-first to Market, passes Pennsylvania Railroad depot at Thirty-first, and down Market to Front. Going west — Return over same route. Haddington branch.— Green car, white light. Going west— Out Haverford from Forty-first to Sixty-seventh. Go- ing east — Return over same route. Fairmount Park branch. — Blue car. Going north — From depot, Haverford and Forty-first streets, up Forty-first to Elm street, to main entrance. Going south — On Elm ave- nue to Fortieth street, to Market, to Front, and returning to Forty-first, to d6p6t. Philadelphia City Passenger Railway, via Chestnut and Walnut streets. Green cars, red lights. These cars, going east, leave the dep8t near Forty-second street on Chestnut, F 82 PASSENGER RAILWAYS. pass West Chester Railroad d6p6t at Thirty-first street, and go directly down Chestnut to Front street, and then through Front to Walnut street, and near Pennsylvania Eailroad freight d6p6t wharf. Going west along Walnut street to Twenty-second, returning to Chestnut street, and back to the depot, crossing all the streets from Second to Forty-first street. Branch Line to International Exhibition, Fairmount Park. — Yellow cars, orange light. Same routes on Chestnut and Walnut streets. Turns northward at Thirty-second and Chestnut streets ; up Thirty -second, near Pennsylvania Rail- road dep6t, to Lancaster avenue, to Belmont avenue and Elm avenue. Returning by same streets to Chestnut, etc. Branch Line to Darby. — Red cars, white lights. Going y,est — Same route on Walnut and Chestnut streets to Wood- land avenue, by the avenue and Darby road to Darby, Dela- ware county. Return same route. A single fare on this route carries the passenger to or from Forty-first street and Wood- land avenue. Fare to Darby, sixteen cents. Branch Line to Mount Moriah Cemetery. — Blue cars, white lights. Over same route to Mount Moriah lane and cemetery. Returning, same route. Fare to Mount Moriah, twelve cents. Philadelphia and Gray's Ferry Railway Company— Spruce and Pine. White car, red light. Going east— From Gray's Ferry bridge, up Gray's Ferry road to Christian, down Chris- tian to Twenty-third, to dep6t near Spruce, to Third, to Wal- nut and Dock. Going west—Do^n Dock to Second, to Pine, to Twenty-third, to Gray's Ferry road, to the bridge. Schuylkill River Fairmount Park branch.— 6^ow^ west and north— Ssime route on Pine to Twenty-third, north to Callowhill, to Twenty-fifth, to Green street Park entrance. Going south— Down Twenty-fifth to Hamilton, to Twenty- second, to Filbert, to Twenty-third, to Walnut, to Twenty- second, to Spruce and east to Exchange. United States Arsenal branch.— D6p6t Twenty-third and Spruce streets. White car, red light. Boiite—&ame as Gray's Ferry line, as far as the Arsenal. PASSENGER RAIIiWAYS. 83 Lombard and South streets Passenger Railway Company. D6pot Twenty -fifth and South streets. Yellow car, red light. Going east — Through depot, Twenty-fifth street and South street to Lombard, down Lombard to Front, to Dock, to Delaware avenue. Going west — From Dock street and Delaware avenue up Dock to Front, to South, to depot at Twenty-fifth and South. Passyunk aven^ue BEAis^CH. — ^Eed car, red light. Going south — From Fourth and Lombard, down Fourth to South, to Passyunk avenue, to Juniper, to Snyder avenue, to depot, west of Thirteenth. Going north — Down Snyder avenue to Twelfth, to Dickinson, to Eighth, to Christian, to Fifth, to Lombard, to Fourth. West End Passenger Railway Company. Centennial BEANCH. — Going north and west — From Baltimore avenue up Fortieth to Lancaster avenue, to Forty-first, to Elm avenue, around Fairmount Park to Belmont gate. Going east and south — Eeturn by Elm avenue to Fortieth, to Lancaster ave- nue, to Thirty-eighth, to Woodland avenue. Zoological Gardens branch. — Going north — From Thirty-ninth and Baltimore avenue along Baltimore avenue to Fortieth, to Locust, to Thirty-sixth, to Powelton avenue, to Thirty-fifth, to Zoological Garden. Going south — On Thirty- fifth to Eadline street, to Thirty-third, to Walnut, to Thirty- sixth, to Locust, to Thirty-eighth, to Woodland avenue, to Baltimore avenue. Manayunk and Roxborough Inclined Plane Passenger Rail- way Company. Route — On Eidge avenue, from Barren Hill to Wissahickon station on Eeading Eailroad, and return. Continental Passenger Railway Company. Going south — From d6p6t, north-west corner of Twentieth and Montgomery avenue, down Twentieth to Eidge avenue, to South College avenue, to Corinthian avenue, to Parrish, to Twentieth, to Federal. Going north — Federal to Eighteenth, to Francis, to Perkiomen, to Vineyard, to Eighteenth, to Montgomery ave- nue, to Twentieth. Filbert and Sansom streets branch. — Going east — On Filbert street from Twentieth, to Seventh, south to Sansom. Going west — Sansom from Seventh, to Eighteenth street. 84 FERRIES, ETC. — CARRIAGES AND HACKS. FERRIES AND RIVER STEAMBOATS ON THE DELAWARE. Ferries to New Jersey. From upper side of Market street to Federal street, Camden. From lower side of Market street to Market street, Camden. From Vine street to Cooper's Point, Camden. From South street, upper side, to Kaighn's Point, Camden. From South street, lower side, to Gloucester. From Shackamaxon street to Cooper's Point, Camden. River Steamboat Lines. For up-river towns and Bristol and Burlington, from Chest- nut street wharf. For Trenton and intermediate towns, from foot of Arch street. For down-river towns and Chester and Wilmington, foot of Chestnut street. For Chester, New Castle, Delaware City and Salem, foot of Arch street. On the Schuylkill River. For Zoological Gardens, Belmont, Centennial grounds, Falls, Wissahickon and Manayunk, from wharf opposite Coates street entrance to the Park. CARRIAGES AND HACKS. The following rules and charges are authorized by the city government. That the prices or rates of fare to be taken by or paid to the owners or drivers of hackney carriages, unless otherwise expressly and mutually agreed upon, shall be as follows, to wit: For carrying one passenger any distance not exceeding one mile, the sum of seventy-five cents; two passengers, one dollar and twenty-five cents; and for every additional passenger, twenty-five cents. For conveying one passenger any distance more than a mile, and not exceeding two miles, one dollar and a quarter ; two passengers, one dollar and seventy -five cents; and for every additional passenger, twenty-five cents. CARRIAGES AND HACKS. 85 For carrying a passenger any distance over two miles, for any such additional mile or part of a mile, the sum of fifty cents in addition to the fare for the first two miles, and for every additional passenger, fifty cents. For the use of a carriage from a public stand (commonly called hackney carriages) by the hour, with one or two passengers, for the purpose of going from place to place, and stopping as often as may be required, one dollar and a half per hour, and for every additional passenger, twenty-five cents. In all cases where the hiring of a hackney carriage is not at the time specified to be by the hour, it shall be deemed to be by the mile ; but in case the distance shall be more than four miles, the rate to be charged for each additional mile shall be fifteen cents for each passenger, as herein provided. In all cases a mile shall be taken, and construed to mean, twelve blocks of one hundred numbers on numbered streets. Whenever any such carriage not engaged by the hour shall be detained by the passenger or passengers, the owner or driver shall be allowed at the rate of seventy-five cents per hour, in addition to the rates hereby established. For children between five and fourteen years of age half price only is to be charged, and for children under five years of age no charge is to be made, if not more than one such child to each two grown persons. Every driver or owner of a hackney carriage shall carry, transport and convey in and upon his carriage, in addition to the grown person or persons therein, one trunk, valise, saddle bag, carpet-bag, portmanteau or box, not exceeding one hun- dred pounds in weight, if requested to do so, without charge or compensation therefor ; but for every such trunk or other articles above named more than one for each passenger, he shall be entitled to demand and receive six cents. There shall be placed within every hackney carriage, in a conspicuous place therein, at all times, a card which shall contain the registered number of such carriage, the name and residence of the owner thereof, and copies of the ninth, tenth and eleventh sections of the ordinance for regulation ef hacks, etc. 86 CAKRIAGES, EXPRESS AND TELEGRAPH^ That if any owner, driver or person having charge of ai:y such carriage shall a&k or demand any greater sum than he may be entitled to demand as herein set forth, he shall forfeit all' claim for compensation for the services for which such greater sum shall have been demanded ; and no owner, driver or person aforesaid shall offer for employment any carriage wherein the card mentioned in the tenth section of the or- dinance shall not be placed. It is an offence for the driver or person having charge of a hackney carriage while unemployed at a stand to refuse to convey persons and their baggage if application is made for that purpose. The number of each carriage is required to be placed on the centre panel of each door, and upon the lamps. About twelve squares may be counted as a mile, and may be calculated as follows : From Chestnut street north to Girard avenue or south to Federal street is one mile. From the Dela- ware River to Twelfth street is one mile. From the Delaware to the Schuykill is two miles. Hotel omnibuses and stages will be found at most of the railway stations, and the fare is less than in the hacks or carriages, generally fifty cents for each passenger. EXPRESS COMPANIES. One of the great enterprises of the country is the introduc- tion of express companies for the rapid forwarding of pack- ages, trunks, merchandise and bullion. There is no State in the Union but what enjoys the advantages of this rapid method of shipment. Offices of the Adams Express and the Central Express at 531 Chestnut street and Eleventh street near Mar- ket. Reading Railroad Express office, 624 Chestnut street. TELEGRAPH COMPANIES. Philadelphia Local Telegraph Company. This company will forward messages to any part of the city, the charge be- ing twenty cents for a message of not over ten words. The main office is 107 South Third street, but sub-offices may be found in aU sections of the city. TELEGRAPH COMPANIES BAGGAGE. 87 The Western Union Telegraph Company and the Atlantic and Pacific Company are both in connection with all points on the American continent, and also by cable with all parts of the known world. Sub-offices may be found in all the principal hotels, where a tariff of charges may be obtained. The American District Telegraph. This invaluable insti- tution has been largely adopted in Philadelphia. By the use of a small instrument like a clock, fixed up in stores, offices or dwellings, messengers are called from the nearest district office in a very short space of time, and will be ready for any duty with which they may be entrusted. If needed, a police- man appears at the call of the instrument. Should a con- flagration be threatened, another turn, and a fireman with his extinguisher is at hand ready for service. The corps of messenger boys employed by the District Telegraph Company are well instructed to act a& guides, interpreters and messengers ; prompt and active, they have become a public necessity. The charge for their use varies from ten cents upward, depending upon the distance to be travelled. BAGGAGE. Travellers will find the present system of baggage express very convenient. Parties leaving the city can have their trunks and packages called for at their hotels or residences, and carried to railroad depots or steamboat wharves. The general system is this: notice being given at the express office or at a railroad general-ticket office (except the ticket offices at the railroad depots or points of starting), the baggage will be called for. If the traveller has purchased a ticket to his point of destination, and produces the ticket at the baggage express office, his baggage can be checked through to the place of his destination upon a single check. This check will be delivered by the express carriers when they receive the trunk or article to be sent, and upon payment of the ex- press charges. If the traveller is stopping at a hotel, the through- check will be left with the clerk, or the traveller himself if he should happen to be present when the baggage 88 BAGGAGE. is called for. Under such conditions the traveller is relieved from all anxiety upon account of his baggage when he arrives at the railroad or other dep6t. He may take his seat and proceed on his journey. All that he will have to do will be to present his baggage check to the baggage master when he arrives at the point of destination. If the traveller who goes to the express office, and who makes arrangements for the carrying of his baggage, should not happen to have his ticket with him, he may leave an order for the carriage of his baggage from his hotel or resi- dence to the railroad depot or steamboat wharf in this city. When his baggage is received and charges paid, he will re- ceive a claim-check corresponding in number to the check upon the article to be carried. In that case it is his duty to be at the depot sufficiently long before the starting-time to go to the baggage-master and exchange his city express claim-check for a check to carry his article to his destination. In that case also he must bear in mind that his baggage will not be checked through unless he produces his passage ticket. There are two principal baggage express companies in Philadelphia, and in addition orders for expressing baggage w411 be taken at the railroad ticket offices (except dep&t offices) upon the purchase of a ticket at any of such offices. The general rule is the same at all offices as we have above described. The Union Transfer Baggage Express office is at the S. E. corner of Ninth and Chestnut street, in the Continental Hotel. This office carries baggage to and from the city dep5ts, and gives through-checks, under the regulations above mentioned, to any city, town or station upon the line of the following railroads : Pennsylvania, Baltimore and Ohio, Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore, Eeading, Baltimore Central, Camden and Atlantic and West Chester, and upon all roads connected with them for stations on which tickets are sold. Mann's North Pennsylvania Eailroad Express, S. W. cor- ner of Fifth and Chestnut streets, carries baggage to and from the North Pennsylvania Eailroad dep6t, and to anv other SPECIAL TICKET OFFICES, ETC. 89 dep6t when ordered ; gives througli-checks, tickets being pre- viously bought, upon the North Pennsylvania, Lehigh Valley, New Jersey Central, and New York and Erie Railroads. Tickets for the railroads named are sold at the baggage ex- press office. They are also sold at the various d6p6ts of the railroad companies and at special offices established by the railroad companies as follows : SPECIAL TICKET OFFICES. Pennsylvania Railroad, S. E. corner Broad and Chestnut street, 116 Market street. Reading, St. Elmo Hotel, 317 Arch, 624 Chestnut, 732 Chestnut. Baltimore and Ohio, 700 Chestnut. Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore, 700 Chestnut. Camden and Atlantic (for Atlantic City), Broad and Chest- nut 4 Chelton avenue, Germantown. West Jersey (for Cape May), Broad and Chestnut, 116 Market, 4 Chelton avenue, Germantown. New York and Erie, 732 Chestnut. North Pennsylvania, 732 Chestnut. Lehigh Valley, 732 Chestnut. RAILROAD PASSENGER DEPOTS. Pennsylvania, Market and Thirty-first, for Southern, West- ern and New York lines ; Broad street and connecting railroad junction for New York lines; Kensington d^pdt, Front and Berks, for Northern Pennsylvania, Northern New Jersey and New York lines ; Market street wharf, Delaware avenue, for East, West and North New Jersey, Cape May and New York lines. ^ , Philadelphla,Wilmington and Baltimore, N.W. corner Broad and Washington avenue, for Baltimore, Washington and the South and West. Reading, N. W. corner of Thirteenth and CallowhiU, lor the North and West; N. E. corner Ninth and Green, for Ger- mantown, Norristown, etc. 8 * 90 RAILROAD DEPOTS— RAILROADS. North Pennsylvania, corner of Berks and American streets, for the North and West. West Chester, Chestnut and Thirty-first. Camden and Atlantic, wharf, Vine street and Delaware avenue. West Jersey (Cape May), Market street wharf. RAILROADS. The Pennsylvania Railroad. The city of Philadelphia owes much of its progress in recent years to the rapid extension of this road, which, by its connections with all sections of the United States, presents facilities for rapid transit and commu- nication which are unequalled by any other city in the Union. The offices of the president and directors and chiefs of execu- tive departments of this road are in a very large marble build- ing situated at the south-east corner of Fourth street and Wil- ling's alley, below Walnut street, each department having its separate suite of offices, and managed with a most admirable system. The total number of miles of road operated and controlled by the Pennsylvania Eailroad is estimated at over two thousand, with one thousand locomotives, half as many first-class passenger cars, and over twenty-five thousand freight cars, used in transporting grain, cotton, petroleum and mer- chandise. The workshops of the company are located at Jersey City, Altoona, Johnstown and other points, and are very extensive and complete. The total assets of the com- pany have been placed as high as one hundred and eighty millions of dollars, and the creditable management of its finances has retained the values of its stock through all the depression of the past few years. The principal passenger dep8t of the road is located on Market street, in West Phila- delphia, across the Schuylkill. While nothing can be said in praise of the style of the depot itself, which is not very creditable to the road, yet the amount of travel in every direction occasions daily a busy scene well worthy the atten- tion of visitors. There are track accommodations here for over ten thousand freight cars, and there is but little time KAILROADS. ^1 lost between the arriyal and departure of the numerous trains^ The principal freight d6p3ts occupy the block of ground bounded by Market, Filbert, Fifteenth and &xteenth streets and at Delaware ayenue and Dock street, extending to Water street and north to Walnut. Passenger d6p8ts at Market and Thirty-first streets, Kensington, Front and Berks streets, and Market street wharf, Delaware avenue. The PennsyWauia Railroad was chartered on the ISt^^ »f ^P"'' 1S4B with power to build a railroad from Harnsburg to Pittsburg Tht rTute of travel and transportation between Philadelphia and PittsbuTwas, after the days of the Conestoga wagon, opened by failroad aid canal. In 1828 the Columbia and Portage railroads were authorized to be built, the intervening links of communication were a"*""™^ '^^^ Columbia Kailroad was projected to SCrPhifaddpta, ^0 miles, to the town of Columbia, upon thfsusquehanna Eiver. From this place the east division of he Pennsylvania Canal extended 172 miles to Ho lidaysburg. At he fatter place the Portage Railroad, 36 miles in length, mounted the A ShanTes by a series of inclined planes, and descending on the west fermSated at Johnstown, from which there was canal navigation 104 mnrttpittsburg. Ap'ait of the Columbia ^-Iroadwa. opened in 1831. The whole hne was ready for use in 1834 Twelve years exnerience of this method of communication, and the belief that n^nering skill might build a railroad which could scale the Alle- shinies led to the project of the Pennsylvania Eailioad. It was fonsWed'with gre'at tapidity, and when opened soon l«oame a o-reat route of travel. The State works became unprofitalDle. Ac oulshions weve made of new links, until finally the whole of the irnnsvlvaria State line of railroad between Columbia and Phila- delphfa, as well as the canals west of Columbia, became the property of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. Philadelphia and Reading Railroad. The offices of this road are also located on Fourth street, at the north-east corner of WiUing's alley, immediately opposite those of the Pennsyl- vania Railroad. The magnificent building is of brown stone, and very thoroughly adapted for the use of the company in its various departments. The Reading Railroad ha« its special connections with the principal points in the coal region, and from there, and through its means, this gi-eat source of wealth is distributed to all sections of the United States. The com- 92 RAILROADS. pany owns and controls over fourteen hundred miles of road, has over four hundred locomotives, over sixteen thousand coal cars, thirty-six hundred freight cars, and two hundred and twenty-five passenger cars. The passenger and freight depots of this road are located at Thirteenth and Callowhill streets and Ninth and Green streets. Coal d6p6ts at Port Richmond. The improvement of the navigation of the river Schuylkill was a favorite subject of interest with the people of Philadelphia before the Revolution. Various schemes of slack-water and canal naviga- tion were discussed and abandoned. The Union Canal Company, chartered in 1811, was intended to extend by way of the Schuylkill River to Reading, and by practicable routes to the Susquehanna. The Schuylkill JSTavigation Company, chartered in 1814, was so far finished in 1818 as to allow the descent of boats. It was 108 miles in length, and extended to Port Carbon, in Schuylkill county. When the value of anthracite as a fuel became sufficiently acknow- ledged to allow the commencement of a trade in the article, the Schuylkill Navigation Company was found to have its terminus in the coal regions, and soon began to enjoy a very profitable trade. It may be said that from. 1830 to 1842 it had the monopoly of the coal business of the Schuylkill valley. The Reading Railroad Company was chartered on the 4th of April, 1833, to build a railroad from Philadelj)hia to Reading. There were many discouragements and difficulties, and it was eleven years after the charter was obtained before the railroad was finished from Pottsville to Philadelphia. On the 8th day of January, 1842, the road was opened. Seventy-five cars, with two thousand one hundred and fifty persons, music and banners, were drawn to the city by a single engine, while a train of fifty- two burden cars, with one hundred and eighty tons of coal, followed; and when they reached the city, a grand procession marched through the streets of Philadelphia. For some years the contest between the Reading Railroad Company and the Schuylkill Navigation Company was very earnest, but finally the locomotive won ; and by lease the Reading Railroad Company became possessed of the works of the Nav- igation Company, which are now operated in the interest of the former. Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad. The oflices of this road are located at the passenger and freight depot, on Broad street near Washington avenue. As it is the direct connecting link between New York and Washington, the travel over its line is very large. Length of track, one RAILROADS. 93 hundred and ninety-two miles, with sixty-one daily trains, employing one hundred and fifteen passenger cars and twelve hundred and fifty freight cars. This raih-oad company was formed of four companies incorporated in Pennsylvania, Delaware and Maryland in 1831 and 1832. Each of these companies laid out its line of travel in such a way as to connect with the others, hut each one managed its affairs m its own method, and proceeded to its work without consultation with the others The deo-rees of success in obtaining subscription and building the roads were not equal, and finally, in 1838, they were consohdated under the title now borne by the corporation. The through tracks were opened for use in 1838. The first passenger and freight depot in Philadelphia was built at the south-east corner of Eleventh and Market streets in 1842. The present depot at Broad and Washington avenue is 150 feet wide by 400 feet deep, and was completed and occupied in May, 1852. North Pennsylvania Railroad. The office of the main de- partments of this company is in a large brownstone building on the north side of Walnut street above Fourth street, and is well adapted to its business. The passenger and freight d6p5t of this road is located at Berks and American streets, and is in direct communication with all parts of the city by means of street-cars. There is a large freight d6p6t at Front and Cal- lowhill streets. This road is a favorite line of travel for plea- sure-seekers, reaching, as it does, some of the most picturesque portions of the State. Length of road, 85 miles. There are 23 daily passenger trains, 47 locomotives, 48 passenger cars and over 1000 freight cars in use. This company was originally chartered as the Philadelphia, Easton and Water Gap Railroad Company. Its name was changed to the North Pennsylvania Railroad Company April, 1853. The road was finished to Bethlehem and the Lehigh Valley in 1857. Camden and Atlantic Railroad. Although this road is located in New Jersey, a very large proportion of its travel is via Philadelphia, the connection being by boat from foot of Vine street. Its principal terminus is Atlantic City, a bathing- place of much celebrity. The road is 67 miles in length, with 24 daily trains arriving and departing in the summer season, employing 55 passenger and 115 freight cars. 94 RAILROADS. West Jersey Railroad. Main office in Camden, connecting by ferry-boat from Market street wharf. This road is also connected with a celebrated bathing-place known as Cape May, and during the summer term its entire capacity is put to the test. The West Chester and Philadelphia Railroad has its office and dep5t at Chestnut and Thirty -first streets. It extends from the city through a finely-cultivated country in Delaware and Chester counties to West Chester, the capital of the latter. The length of the road is 26 miles. It has 9 engines, 20 pas- senger cars and 53 freight cars. The Lehigh Valley Railroad. This company has no termi- nus in Philadelphia, but its main office of business has always been in this city, its projectors and original stockholders be- ing in large proportion Philadelphians. It occupies the large building at the south-west corner of Willing's alley and Third street, below Walnut street, which was originally built for and occupied for many years by the Pennsylvania Kail- road Company. The Lehigh Valley Eailroad Company was originally incorporated under the name of the Delaware, Lehigh, Schuylkill and Susque- hanna Railroad Company. The name was changed January 7, 1853. The road was completed and put into operation in October, 1855. The office of the company was moved to Philadelphia in 1856. CHAPTER V. PUBLIC BUILDINGS IN USE BY THE CITY. INDEPENDENCE SQUABE AND HALL AND ADJOINING BUILDINGS. WHAT is known as Independence Square is the block of gtound extending from the south side of Che^^^^^^ to the north side of Walnut street between Fifth and Six^h streets There are several buildings upon it, viz, the om tT^oL or Independence Hall, ^ --^^.^"t^e edifice in the ante-Eeyolutionary style of architecture, the wings east and west of the main building, which are occupied by courts and public offices ; the City Hal , south-west corne of Chestnut and Fifth streets, occupied by the mayor and other city officers; the county court-house building, ^''"th-east cor- neTof Sixth and Chestnut streets, occupied by courts and the Highway Department of the city; the Quarter Sessions court- holeadloinlig the latter on the east side of Sixth street and the haU of the^American Philosophical Society west side of Fifth street below Chestnut street, adjoining the City Hall which is occupied in the second story by the library and museum of that society, and in the lower story by courts and offices. The portion of Independence Square not occupied by these buildings is laid out as a public enclosure, and has many fine old trees upon it, some of which are ante-Eevolu- - tionary and believed to be portions of the original natural forest growth. INDEPENDENCE HALL, OR THE OLD STATE-HOUSE. Independence Hall is perhaps better known to the citizens of the United States than any other building withm the bor- 96 INDEPENDENCE HALL. Independence HAiiL. ders of Philadelphia. The events connected with our early history as a nation culminated in the declaration of our national independence by the Second Continental Congress, sitting in the east room, first floor. The hall is open to vis- itors from 9 A. M. to 3 P. M., and since its restoration presents much the same appearance as during the signing of the Decla- ration, the tables and chairs being the identical pieces of furniture used at that time. There will also be found in this room portraits of the signers, either original or faithful copies, in many instances donated by their descendants or secured by purchase, a fund for that purpose having been appropri- ated by the city. In the south tower of the building will be found the old Liberty Bell, the first to peal the song of Liberty to the New World. Admission will be granted by the super- intendent to the steeple, from which an extended view may be had of the city and the rivers Delaware and Schuylkill. NATIONAL MUSEUM — INDEPENDENCE HALL. 97 THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. The western room on the first floor, formerly the Judicial Hall of the colony of Pennsylvania, and afterward used by city and county courts, has been arranged as a National Museum ; and although but recently completed, it contains an interesting collection of relics connected with our early Colo- nial and Eevolutionary history. Among the most important of these relics is the original charter of the city of Philadelphia, with Penn's signature and the great seal of the State, also West's painting of the treaty with the Indians, and portraits of King William, Queens Mary and Anne, and Kings George I., II. and III., with whom terminated the royal authority in this country. A very curious and valuable collection of one hundred and thirty-four portraits, taken from life, and beau- tifully executed by Sharpless, an Englishman, attract much attention. They were painted between 1790 and 1800, and include Washington and Mrs. Washington, John Adams, Jef- ferson, Mr. Madison and many others of distinction. There will also be found here autograph letters, curious old furni- ture, china ware, newspapers, magazines, books, clothing, etc., illustrating the Colonial and Eevolutionary period. The National Museum is open to visitors without charge from 9 A. M. to 12 P. M, In front of the building, on Chestnut street, is a marble statue of Washington by J. A. Bailly, erected by pupils of the public schools of Philadelphia. The second story of the hall is used at the present time for the meetings of the Select and Common Councils. The venerable building known to our fathers as the State-house has of late years been called Independence Hall, from the fact that in that building, on the second of July, 1776, the Second Continental Congress adopted the resolution of Richard Henry Lee of Virginia, " that these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and in- dependent States ; and that all political connection between us and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved." This resolution had been introduced by Mr. Lee on the seventh of June, and a committee appointed to consider it and the terms of a declara- tion to that effect. It consisted of Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, John 9 G INDEPENDENCE HALL. 98 Adams of Massachusetts, Beujamin Franklin of Pennsylvania Roger Sherman of Connecticut and Robert R Lvytngston of N » ^^-^^ 'I- I ee ou.'ht to have been a member and chairman of this committee, l:t bTfng called away suddenly on -onnt of the i Incss ol h. wi e lie was absent from Congress on the eleventh of June and Jeflerson was appointed in his stead as a representative of Virgm a Congress postponed ail action upon L-Wesolntion until the^ first rf same day the draft of a declaration of independence was reported by Mr. Jef- ferson, as chairman of the committee. The resolution of independence being adopted on the sec- ond, the form of the declaration was de- bated on the third and fourth, upon which latter day it was adopted. This was in secret ses sion, and nothing was publicly known of the adoption of the declaration un- til the next day. It was not read to the peoi)le until Mon- day the eighth of Ju'ly. The reading took place from an observatory in the State-house square, erected by the American Phil o- sophical Society in 1769 for the purpose of observing the transit of Venus The reader was John Nixon, a member of the Council of Safety of Penn^ svlvania. Many important historical events have been connected wi^h the history of this building, but the adoption ot the reso- Tution and of the Declaration of Independence there has rendered INDEPENDENCE HALL. 9& it a consecrated spot in the affections of the American people, and one of great respect and interest to the people of the world. The State-house owes its erection to the necessities of the province of Pennsylvania, and to a recognition by the Assembly of the pro- priety of constructing some permanent building in which to hold its own sessions, and to accommodate the courts and public offices of the colony. After the settlement of the colony by the Eng- lish, the Assembly of Pennsylvania met in various places, among them the Quaker meeting-house, in private houses belonging to citizens, in the school-room of Thomas Makin from 1698 to 1705, and probably after. It is supposed that the Assembly met in the court- house of the city and county of Philadelphia, which was built in the middle of Market street, on the line of the western side of Second street, in the year 1709. In 1729 the Assembly appropriated £10,000 for the purpose of building a State-house. Under this author- ity several lots of ground were purchased upon Chestnut street between Fifth and Sixth streets, and upon the two latter streets halfway to Walnut street. The main building was commenced in the summer of 1732, according to the architectural plans of Andrew Hamilton, who was speaker of the Assembly and chairman of the committee to which the erection of the building was entrusted. By the original plan the centre building only was proposed; but on March twenty-fourth, 1733, two buildings for offices were author- ized to be constructed, one on each side of the main building. They were each two stories in height, with hip-roofs, and stood at some distance from the State-house. Access to the upper stories of these offices was had by means of arched piazzas set back from the lines of the principal buildings, in which were stairs leading to the rooms. The Assembly sat in a house which was upon the property when bought, probably from 1730 until October, 1735, when the State- house was first occupied. It was not finished at that time. Work went, on slowly, and it was not until 1741 that the building was con- sidered to be completed. At that time it presented the elevation merely of the building, without tower or steeple. In February, 1750, the Assembly authorized the erection of a building " on the south side of the State-house, to contain a staircase, with a suitable place for hanging a bell." This included the tower which is the founda- tion of the present steeple. A bell was directed to be obtained in October, 1751. A few days later, Isaac Norris, speaker of the Assem- bly, wrote to Robert Charles of London, authorizing him to purchase for the use of the province a good bell of about 2000 pounds weight. And he said: " Let the bell be cast by the best workmen, and ex- amined carefully before it is shipped, with the following words in large letters shaped around it, viz. : LofC. 100 INDEPENDENCE^ HALT. -BY ORDER OF THE ASSEMBLY OF THE PROVINCE OF PENN- SYLv!Lr"B THE STATE-HOnSE IN THE CiTY OF PHI.ADEL- '" A;runderneath, ' Proclaim Liberty thro.ohout all the LAND TO ALL THE INHABITANTS THEREOF.' Lev XXV. 10 The bell was cast at Whitechapel, London. It weighe^ 2080 pounds It was received in Philadelphia about the end of Au^us Im. upon trying the tone it was -^ortunately^crac^^^^^^^^ mined to send it back to London to have it recast; but before this Avas done, Pass and Stow, brass-found- ers of Philadelphia, undertook to recast the bell, and suc- ceeded about the beginning of April. 1753. These found- ers had put too much copper in the metal prepared for the bell ; and when it was tried, the tone was unsatis- THE Liberty Beli.. factory. The bell was broken up again and recast by Pass and Stow, and was Placed in the steeple about the beginning of June, 1753. This bell bore the inscriptions ordered by Isaac Norris for the original bell, and upon he'^eighth of July, 1776, its tones fulfilled the command 'proclaim liberty throughout the land." The be 1 was kept m the toler. It was taken down and removed to Bethlehem upon the apTroach of the British army in 1777, and returned after the evac- uation of the city. In 1781 the upper part of the steeple, having become decayed and dangerous, was taken down by order ol he Assembly. The tower was covered with a hip-roof, from which roseTshort spire with weathercock. A small belfry was erected m front fn whfch a bell was hung and used for public occasions TMs was the old bell which had been used by the Assembly to call the members together long before the State-house was bmlt Jn 1828 a new steeple was erected upon the tower which was sixty feet aigher than that which was finished in 1753, but m architectural ap- INDEPENDENCE HALL. 10^ pearance was made to resemble the old steeple as nearly as possible, i much larger bell was procured, which was cast by J, Wilbank and weio-hed 4275 pounds. It did not give satisfaction. Mr. Wilbank re- placed it with another, weighing 4600 pounds. That bell was crax^ked, and was replaced by another, which has hung in the State-house steeple for forty-five years, used to announce the hours by the clock, as a signal fire-bell and rung on public occasions. The liberty bell was used after the first steeple was taken down only upon particular occasions. It was rung in honor of the news of the passage of the act of the British Parliament emancipating the Catholics in 1828. It was rung on the 22d of February, 1832, m honor of the centennial anniversary of the birth of Washington. It was cracked upon the morning of July 8, 1835, whilst being tolled in memory of Chiei-Justice Marshall, who had died in Philadelphia on the fitii of that month, and whose remains were being removed, attended by Councils and many citizens to the steamboat wharf, to be transported to their last resting-place in Richmond, Yirgima. The bell thus cracked is believed to have been used on after-occa- sions which increased the fracture. It became hopelessly useless after having been tried upon the celebration of Washington s birth- day February 22, 1843. At the time when the convention of dele- gates from the thirteen original States was held for the purpose of concerting measures for the erection of a monument in Independence Square to commemorate the Declaration of Independence, the bell was removed from its framework in the tower and placed upon a temporary pedestal in Independence Hall. Afterward a handsome wooden pedestal, with emblematic carvings and decorations, was prepared, upon which the bell was placed, and remained until 18/3, when the National Museum was fitted up in the west rooni, first story, which immediately before that time had been occupied by the Common Pleas Court. v -d + The clock originally used at the State-house was made by Peter Stretch, a city watch- and clock-maker, in 1759. The dials were dis- played at the eastern and western ends of the State-house building, showin- beneath the gables, with clock-faces, and an imitation of an old-fashioned standing eight-day clock-case, which extended to the ground This clock was sold, together with the old bell, which had belonged to the province, to the Roman Catholic church of St. Augustine, in Fourth street below Vine. The bell was placed m the cupola, and the clock in the tower showed the time to the neigh- borhood. Both clock and bell were destroyed when the church was burned in 1844. A new clock was made for the steeple, erected in 1828-29, by Isaiah Lukens, a watch- and clock-maker of the city. When the State-house was sufficiently finished to be occupied, the 102 INDEPENDENCE HALL. Assembly took possession of the east room on the first floor about the years 1735-36. The west room, first floor, was appropriated to the Supreme Court of the province, but was not ready for oecupaney until some years after the Assembly had been occupying the build- ing. The upper portion of the main building was probably occu- pied for offices. One room was reserved for the purpose of a ban- queting-room, and was generally a place of festivity on the arrival of new lieutenant-governors or proprietaries. When the Second Congress came to Philadelphia, in 1775, the assem- bly-room was occupied by that body, which remained there until the declaration of independence and under tlie confederation, with the exception of the time when the British occupied the city, until the removal to Princeton in 1783. The Assembly of the State of Penn- sylvania during this time must have found accommodation in some other room than the east room. Probably the west room on the first floor was occupied by the Assembly without interference with the Su- preme Court, which was not reorganized and in working order until the summer of 1777. The Supreme Court followed Congress in the oc- cupation of the east room, whilst the Mayor's Court occupied the west room. The District Court of the city and county, created in 1811, sat in the east room for some years. About 1823-24 it was resolved to restore the east room as nearly as possible to its ancient appearance, much of the wainscoting having been torn out and alterations made. The hall thus restored has generally been kept open for examina- tion by the curious and patriotic, although for a short period, some years ago, the Supreme Court was brought back again to the old chamber. In Independence Hall have been many notable receptions of eminent men. Among them were Lafayette upon his last visit to America in 1824, Presidents Jackson, Van Buren, Harrison, Polk, Taylor, Pierce, Lincoln, Henry Clay, General Winfield Scott, and others. The bodies of prominent statesmen, in transportation to their places of burial, have frequently been laid in state within that chamber. Among them were John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, Abraham Lin- coln, and many soldiers who fell on the battle-fields of the rebellion. The upper part of the State-house building, from 1802 to 1828-29, was occupied by Peale's museum of natural history and art. In 1816 the State of Pennsylvania sold the State-house and buildings and the whole square to the city of Philadelphia, under the trust that it should be used for public purposes. The corridor and offices at the wings were torn down, and the present office wings were erected for the use of the county clerks and officers. The United States Circuit and District Courts occupied the second-story west > INDEPENDENCE HAEL. 103 room from 1828-29 until about 1854. In the latter year, the city and districts having been consolidated, the City Councils, which had for many years occupied the second story of the City Hall at Fifth and Chestnut streets, took possession of the upper stories of the State- house and fitted up two chambers for their accommodation. The State-house and yard have been during more than a century the scene of stirring events. In addition to the national memories connected with the Continental Congress and the War of Inde- pendence, it was the chief place where the people thronged in case of any excitement or rejoicing. Here, in 1752, the king's birthday was celebrated by a ball and supper. In 1754 Governor Eobert Hunter Morris also gave a ball and supper at the same place. Here were given many famous banquets; for instance, to Governor Denny in 1736, to the Earl of Loudon in 1757, to Richard Penn in 1771 and 1773, to John Penn in 1773, and to the First Continental Congress in 1774' which had met at Carpenters' Hall at the end of the session. Meetings to protest against the Stamp Act and the acts laying duties on paper, tea, etc., and meetings of consultation after the battle of Lexington, at which it was determined to resist British oppression with arms, were held at the State-house. In later years, political affairs, and patriotic, national. State and municipal concerns, have been the subjects of many meetings of great size and enthusiasm, which were held at the State-house and in front of the edifice. For many years the building was the place of annual elections, and thousands of citizens collected around the windows, which were used for polling- places, or traversed the walks of the square, alive with interest, ex- citement and anxiety as to the success or defeat of rival can- didates, and as to the triumph or misfortunes of principles which were then considered of paramount importance. During the battle of Germantown the State-house was made a hospital and prison. The American wounded and taken prisoners were carried to that building. Such of them as were uninjured were confined in some of the rooms, and the sick and wounded were treated by British surgeons wherever they happened to be. The British surgeons attended first to their own soldiers, and the wounded Americans were compelled to wait in suffering and agony. Deborah Logan, a daughter of James Logan, once secretary of Penn, member of the Provincial Council and Chief-Justice of Pennsylvania, thus describes the scene: ''Toward evening many wagons full of the wounded arrived in the city, whose groans and sufferings were enough to move the most inhuman wretch to pity. The American prisoners were carried to the State-house lobbies, and had, of course, to wait until the British surgeons had dressed the wounds of their own men. But in a very short time the streets were filled with the 104 OLD CONGRESS HALL AND COURT-HOUSE. women of the city, carrying up every kind of refreshments which they might be supposed to want, with lint and linen and lights in abundance for their accommodation. A British officer stopped one of these women in my hearing, and not ill-natured but laughingly reproved her for so amply supplying the rebels, while nothing was carried to the English hospitals. ' Oh, sir,' replied she, ' it is in your power fully to provide for them, but we cannot see our own country- men suffer and not do something for them.' " Here, in July, 1778, Conrad Alexander Gerard, the first minister sent by France after the alliance with the American colonies, which treaty was the harbinger of ultimate triumph and independence, was received by Congress with formal and stately ceremonies; and here, on the third of November, 1781, twenty-four British standards and colors taken from the army under Cornwallis, which had surrendered at Yorktown, were laid at the feet of Congress amidst the shouts of the people and volleys of musketry, for they had been escorted to the door of the State-house by the volunteer cavalry of the city, and greeted by the huzzas of the people. OLD CONGRESS HALL AND THE COURT-HOUSE BUILDING. The building at the south-east corner of Sixth and Chestnut streets is now occupied in the first story on Chestnut street by the Commissioners of the Highway Department as an office. The first story south room is in use by the Court of Quarter Sessions. The north and soutli rooms, second story, are occu- pied by Common Pleas Court No. 4. At the corners of Fifth and Sixth streets, on Chestnut street, on the State-house square, before the Revolution, large wooden sheds were put up. One of them Avas used principally as a place of shelter for the deputations of the Indians which frequently visited the city. The other was sometimes devoted to storage. The Assembly of the province granted these corner lots some time before the Revolution to the city and county of Philadelphia. The lot at the corner of Sixth and Chestnut streets was intended to be used for court-houses, and the lot at Fifth and Chestnut streets for a city hall. Work upon the court-house at Sixth and Chestnut streets was commenced in 1787, and it was finished about 1790. Work upon the city hall was commenced in 1790, and it was finished in 1791. • The occupancy of the building at Sixth and Chestnut streets was given to Congress between 1790 and 1800, and that body occupied it entirely. The House of Representatives sat in the south room on the first floor, CITY Ai\D PHILOSOPHICAL HALLS. 105 the Senate in the south room second floor. There was no door on Sixth street at that time, as the case is now. A hall or entry ran from the front door on Chestnut street to the entry containing the stair- ways. Offices were on each side of the hall and in the second story, and thev were occupied by oflicers and committees of Congress. In the chamber of the House of Representatives, President Wash- ington was inaugurated in 1793 for the second term, and John Adams as Vice-President ; and President Adams and Jefferson as Vice-Presi- dent in 1797. After Congress removed from Philadelphia, the build- ing was in use for court-rooms, as originally intended. The courts of Quarter Sessions and Common Pleas occupied the south room in the first story. The United States District and Circuit Courts had the south room in the second story. Subsequently the arched entrance from Sixth street was opened, the partitions forming the entry from Chest- nut street in the first story were taken down, and court-rooms made in the first and second stories fronting on Chestnut street. These were used by the Supreme Court, Court of Nisi Prius, Common Pleas and District Courts for the city and county of Philadelphia. THE CITY HALL. The building at the south-east comer of Fifth and Chestnut streets is occupied on the first floor as the Central Police Sta- tion, and by the offices of Chief of Police, Detective Depart- ment, Police Captains, Fire Marshal and the central office of the Police and Fire Alarm Telegraph. The second story is the general and private office of the Mayor, and office of the clerks of City Councils. The City Hall building was occupied, while the Federal Govern- ment was in Philadelphia, by the Supreme Court of the United States, under authority of the Chief- Justices John Jay and Oliver Ellsworth with their associate justices ; also by the United States Circuit Court, and by the United States District Court, of which Francis Hopkin- son, William Lewis and Richard Peters were judges. The Mayor's Court for the city was held in the south room, first story. City Coun- cils sat there from the time of the construction of the building until the consolidation of the city and districts in 1854. PHILOSOPHICAL HALL. Although the Hall of the American Philosophical Society is the property of that association, yet being situate on Inde- pendence Square, and being partially leased by the city for 106 QUARTER SESSIONS COURT NEW CITY HALL. public purposes, it may be properly described here. The two court-rooms of Common Pleas Court JS'o. 1 are on the first story. The society occupies the upper stories entirely. The lot upon which the Philosophical Hall is built was granted to the society by the Commonwealth in 1785, and the building was erected in 1787. The American Philosophical Society takes its origin from the Junto, an association established in 1743 by Dr. Benjamin Franklin, Nicolas Scull, subsequently surveyor-general of the province, George Webb, one of the early poets of Pennsyl- vania, and others. From this association, in May, 1743, originated the American Philosophical Society. Another society, called the American Society for Promoting Useful Knowledge, was founded in 1766. The two were united in 1769, under the title of " The Ameri- can Philosophical Society, held at Philadelphia, for Promoting Useful Knowledge." The first president of the society was Ben- jamin Franklin. He was succeeded by David Rittenhouse, the astronomer, Thomas Jefferson, afterward President of the United States, Prof Caspar Wistar, Prof Robert Patterson, Chief- Justice William Tilghman, and others. THE WINGS. The east wing of the State-house is occupied in the first story by ofiices of the Sheriff and Prothonotary of Supreme Court ; in second story by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania and Common Pleas Court No. 3. The west wing is occupied in first story by the offices of the Prothonotary of Common Pleas Courts, and in second story by Common Pleas Court No. 4. Access to these court-rooms is by stairway from a hall and passage in each wing opening upon Chestnut street. QUARTER SESSIONS COURT BUILDING. A very plain brick building, Sixth south of Chestnut, entrance from Sixth street. First story occupied by Clerk's Office, District Attorney and grand jury room ; second story, by the court-room ; upper story, by jury retiring-rooms. THE NEW CITY HALL. In April, 1870, a bill was passed by the Legislature of Pennsylvania authorizing the erection of new Public Build- 108 THE NEW CITY HALL. ings for the use of the city of Philadelphia, the location to be selected by a vote of the people of the city. Penn Square at Broad and Market— a central and eligible locality —was designated by the ]>opular vote ; and subsequently it was determined to erect the great building at the intersec- tion, carrying Broad and Market streets round it. Work was commenced upon the squares to prepare them for the purposes intended on the 16th of August, 1871. The corner-stone was laid with appropriate ceremonies on the 4th of July, 1874, and an address delivered by Benjamin Harris Brewster, Esq., from which the following extracts are made, as affording the most truthful account of the building : " It is surrounded by a grand avenue 135 feet wide on the southern and eastern and western fronts, and 205 feet wide on the northern front. Its dimensions are 470 feet from east to west, and 486| feet from north to south, covering an area, exclusive of the court- yard, of nearly four and a half acres. It is probably larger than any single building on this continent. The superstruc- ture consists of a basement story 18 feet in height, a principal story of 36 feet, and an upper story of 31 feet, surmounted by another of 15 feet. The small rooms opening upon the court- yard are each subdivided in height into two stories, for the purpose of making useful all the space. The several stories will be approached by four large elevators, placed at the in- tersections of the leading corridors, to make easy the inter- course of citizens with courts, public offices and departments of city government. In addition to these means of access, there will be a grand staircase in each of the four comers of the building, and one in each of the centre pavilions on the north, south, west and east fronts. The entire structure will contain five hundred and twenty rooms. They will be fitted with every possible convenience, including heat, light and ventilation, and the whole building is to be absolutely fire-proof and indestructible. All of the departments now existing will be abundantly supplied, and a vast amount of surplus room will be left for judicial and other city archives, as well as afford room for all outgrowing wants. It is com- THE NEW CITY HALL — PRISONS. 109 puted that the entire cost of this work will be near teu mil- lions of dollars, and that it will be completed in ten years from the 16th of August, 1871, when the ground was first broken. The materials consumed in constructing the founda- tion : 74,000 cubic feet of cement concrete ; 636,400 cubic feet of foundation stone; 800,000 bricks; 70,000 cubic feet of dressed granite ; and 366 tons of iron, including floor beams. The excavation for the cellars and foundations required the removal of 141,500 cubic yards of earth. The building will be occupied by the State and City Courts of Law, Mayor, City Councils, and municipal officers of varied functions." In the centre of the building a court-yard of 200 feet square affords Ught and air. From the north side of this space rises a grand tower, which will form a prominent object of interest from whatever point it may be approached ; its foundations ^re laid on a bed of solid concrete, 8 feet thick, at the depth of 20 feet below the surface of the ground ; and its walls, which are at the base 22 feet in thickness, are built of dressed Vir- ginia granite, the blocks weighing from 2 to 5 tons each. This tower, which is so deeply and so strongly founded, is 90 feet square at the base, falling off at each story, until it becomes, at the spring of the dome, an octagon of 50 feet in diameter. A statue of William Penn, 20 feet in height, will crown the structure, and complete the extraordinary altitude of 450 feet, making it the highest tower in the world. PRISONS. The Eastern Penitentiary of Pennsylvania, a State institu- tion, is used for the confinement of prisoners convicted of the higher grades of crime in Philadelphia and the eastern portion of the State. It occupies a lot of about eleven acres, extending on Fairmount avenue from Corinthian avenue to Twenty-second street, and extending northward to Brown street. The front is 670 feet, and it is a magnificent specimen of the castellated style of architecture, having heavy square towers 65 feet high, a splendid arched gateway with portcullis, and central tower. This gateway is 27 feet high and 15 feet 10 110 PRISOI^S. wide. The main tower is 97 feet high. The portion of the building nearest to Fairmount avenue is used for offices and apartments by the inspectors, physicians and others. The prison buildings are distinct from this. They consist of a cen- tral building or observatory, which connects the corridors and cells which radiate from this central building as do the spokes from the hub of a wheel. They occupy a diameter of 400 feet. Each cell opens upon an entry or passage, and has attached to it a small yard or enclosure open to the sk}', to which the pris- oners may at any time have access. From the upper portion of the observatory the guards overlook all the con-idors and yards, so that any attempt to escape is hopeless. The Eastern Peni- tentiary was erected by authority of an act of Assembly of Pennsylvania. The corner-stone was laid on the 22d of May, 1823, and the building was finished in 1829. The government of the establishment is by inspectors appointed by the Su- preme Court of Pennsylvania. The prison was intended to be conducted upon what was called the Pennsylvania plan of solitary confinement — a system which was theoretically supposed to be a perfect one for the reformation of convicts. Each prisoner was to be confined in a cell without companion, and he was to be excluded from all knowledge of the outward world. The advocates of this system argued with much force that the association of prisoners with each other, not unusual before the Pennsylvania plan was suggested, was productive of evil, and so demoralizing that young oifenders were hardened in crime, and passed beyond the hope of reformation. They were right in their theories, but their plans did not prove to be successful. Solitary confinement, strictly carried out, was found to be productive of insanity in prisoners, and this evil became so serious that gradual relaxation of the rules which govern the establishment was necessary. The system is still called solitary, but it is not so severe as formerly. On the contrary, overcrowding beyond the capacity of the prison has rendered it necessary, in many instances, to put two persons in one cell. The prisoners are taught various handicrafts, work at which they soon find to be a privilege rather than a 112 PRISONS. punishment. They are allowed to receive letters from and write letters to their friends under inspection of the officers. A library of 6000 volumes is open for their use, and several thousand newspapers are distributed among them annually. Cars of the Green and Coates Streets Passenger Railway going west pass the Penitentiary. Tickets of admission are necessary, which may be procured from any inspector, or at the Public Ledger office, Sixth and Chestnut streets. The Philadelphia County or Moyamensing Prison is located on Passyunk road near Tenth street, just below Reed street, and comprises a massive square building, in the centre three stories in height, with wings on each side two stories in height, flanked by heavy octagonal towers, and having beyond these towers walls which terminate in bastions. The walls are of Quincy granite, and the building has the appearance of an invulnerable stronghold, and is of the Tudor style of MOYAMENSINQ PKISON. English Gothic castle architecture. At the north of the County Prison is a brownstone structure in heavy Egyptian style, which formerly was used as the debtors' apartment, but which is now occupied as a separate prison for females. In the prison there are 400 cells for males, and 100 cells for female prisoners. Permits can be obtained at the Mayor's office, corner of Fifth and Chestnut streets, and at the office of the PiibJic Ledger. The Tenth and Eleventh streets line of cars running south on Tenth street carries visitors to the prison. The County Prison, familiarly called Moyaraensing Prison, is the PRISONS. 113 eighth building devoted to prison purposes in Philadelphia by authority of the county (the penitentiary being a State institution). Commencing with a cage 7 feet long, 5 feet broad and 7 feet high, which was built in 1683, the city and county passed on to two rented houses, occupied as prisons, one being on Second street north of Mar- ket street, adjoining Christ Church, and the other, Patrick Robinson's house, in Second street, exactly where is not now known. Between 1686 and 1702 the first special building for prison purposes was erected in the middle of Market street, east of Second street. It was of the small size of 18 by 24 feet. It was succeeded by a building of considerable dimensions at the south-west corner of Third and Mar- ket streets, which was finished in 1723 and used for prison purposes until some time after the Revolution. A much larger building was projected before the outbreak of hostilities with Great Britain, at the south-east corner of Walnut and Sixth streets, and extending along the latter to Prune street and taking up half of the block. This building was finished about the beginning of the Revolution, but was not immediately used for county purposes. The Americans used the Walnut street prison during the Revolution for the confine- ment of prisoners of war; and when the British got possession of the city, in 1777, they incarcerated there the unfortunate Whigs who fell into their hands. Thrilling stories are told of the cruelties practiced there upon American prisoners under authority of the brutal British provost-marshal John Cunningham. In 1807 a fine large prison was built upon the south side of Arch street between Broad and Schuyl- kill Eighth streets, now Fifteenth street, which was intended to be used for state prisoners. There was difiiculty about its use, and finally it was appropriated to untried prisoners and debtors. The corner-stone of the Moyamensing Prison was laid on the 2d of April, 1832. The building was finished in 1835. The prisoners were re- moved to it in 1835-6, and the Walnut and Arch streets prisons were torn down. The debtors' apartment, adjoining the County Prison, built in the Egyptian style, was finished at the same time as the larger building. The House of Refuge occupies a lot extending from Parrish street to Poplar street, and from Twenty-second street to Twenty -third street, with a building belonging to the same establishment at the north-eastern corner of Poplar and Twenty-second streets. The House of Refuge, erected by a society, was incorported in 1826 for " the employment of tlie idle, instruction of the ignorant and reformation of the de- praved." It has separate departments for boys and girls, and 10 * H 114 PRISONS. a separate department for colored children. The number of inmates September 30, 1874, was 597. The buildings are of brick, and embrace workshops, dormitories and other apart- ments necessary for the comfort of the inmates, being spacious, well ventilated and warmed by steam. By acts of the State Legislature, the managers are authorized to receive and detain minors committed to their custody by the magistrates and the courts. The inmates are educated both physically and men- tally, and many of them are placed in good situations, or are bound out as apprentices to suitable masters. The sexes and colors are separated, and a classification is made of the good and the bad. Visitors are admitted with tickets, which may be had of any of the Board of Managers and at the Public Ledger office. Admission every afternoon except Saturday and Sunday. The corporation of the House of Refuge was originally composed of the most noted citizens for benevolence. They raised by sub- scription about $10,000. The State appropriated $10,000, and $5000 yearly for five years. The managers bought a lot at the corner of Ridge road and Francis lane, now Fairmount avenue, occupying a full square of ground. They erected there workshops, cells, chapel and other buildings. The corner-stone was laid on the 21st of June, 1827, and the building was opened on the 29th of November, 1828. About twenty years afterward the necessity of erecting a building for the accommodation of colored inmates was recognized, and the large lot between Twenty-second and Twenty-third streets, and Pa^rish and Poplar streets, was purchased. Some years afterward the boys' department was built there, and at a later period a special building for girls was erected at the corner of Twenty-second and Poplar streets, which was dedicated January 20, 1872. The House of Correction is situated on the south bank of Pennypack Creek at its junction with Delaware Eiver, east of Holmesburg, Twenty-third ward. It occupies a lot of ground of from two to three hundred acres in extent, which is ex- pected to be devoted to farming purposes and other means of employing the industry of the inmates. The buildings are very extensive, comprising a large main building, with keep- ers' residences and offices, a central building and eight exten- sive wings. In the central building, third story, is the Anchor 116 PRISONS — THE MORGUE. of Hope chapel, which will hold 2500 persons. The building is intended for the reception of vagrants, drunkards and per- sons guilty of slight offences against the peace and good order of the community. This massive edifice was built by Richard J. Dobbins, under the direction of the city corporation. A portion of it was dedicated January 27, 1872, and the building was fully completed and opened January 15, 1874. Tickets of admission to the House of Correction may be had of any of the managers. Access by the Pennsylvania Eailroad from d6p5t Market street west of Thirty-second street, and by the Philadelphia and Trenton Eailroad depot, Front and Har- rison streets, to Holmesburg station. THE MORGUE. The finding of dead bodies of unknown persons in the rivers which flow by large cities or in the public streets is no uncommon thing. On such occasions the Coroner is gener- ally called upon to hold an inquest, and frequently the identity of the unfortunate individual is undiscovered. The Philadel- phia Morgue was arranged for the same purposes as the famous Morgue in Paris. It is a place to which dead bodies of un- known persons are taken, and where the public and friends of missing individuals may inspect the remains. They are disposed of for some days, when not recognized, in such manner as to show the countenances and preserve them from decay as long as possible. The Morgue is situated on the north side of Noble street, between Front street and Delaware avenue. Access may be had by the Callowhill street railway ears to Front and Callowhill streets, a short distance from the Morgue. THE PHILADELPHIA ALMSHOUSE. The Philadelphia Almshouse, usually called the Blockley Almshouse from the original name of the township in which when built it was situate, is on the west side of the river Schuylkill, south of the Darby road. Originally there were five main three-storied buildings, each 500 feet long, extending from the central building, which is imposing in appearance, THE PHILADELPHIA ALMSHOUSE. 117 and adorned by a Tuscan portico of six pillars each 5 feet in diameter at the base and 30 feet high. The ground occupies 130 acres. The buildings are devoted to the poor and sick, to the insane and to friendless children. The management is by a Board of Guardians elected by Councils. The Philadelphia Hospital, connected with the establishment, is the oldest in the United States, dating back to the year 1732. During the year 1874, the average daily population of the Almshouse was 3764, and on some days it was 4055. Of these there were a daily average of 1080 in the insane department and 108 children in the asylum. The whole number of individuals in the estab- lishment during the year was 13,006. In the hospital 6433 cases of disease were treated. The guardians also grant out- door relief in the various wards, and in 1874 that assistance was supplied to 23,669 families and 76,072 persons. The cost of maintaining the almshouse and outdoor poor during the year was $529,513.26. Access to the Almshouse by the Darby cars and the Chestnut and Walnut streets railway cars going west on Walnut street, and Darby road to Thirty-fourth street, from whence there is a direct passage south to the entrance lodges. Tickets for vis- itors may be had of the guardians, or at the city office. Seventh street above Filbert street, west side. The first almshouse was authorized to be built in 1731, and was finished in that year or the next. It occupied a square of ground bounded by Third and Fourth streets, Spruce and Pine streets ; and shortly after it was occupied, the attention to the sick who were among the inmates led to the establishment of the Philadelphia Hospital in connection with the institution, which has ever since been maintained as a branch of the establishment. The old alms- house became too small for the accommodation of the poor in the course of thirty years. In 1766 a new plan of operation was adopted by the creation of a corporation benevolent in cliaracter, which was entitled " The Contributors to the Relief and Employment of the Poor in the City of Philadelphia." This association, assisted by the corporation of the city, purchased a lot of ground between Spruce and Pine streets and Tenth and Eleventh streets, upon which was erected two buildings, together 180 feet front. The buildings were four stories high. A house of employment or woi'khouse was con- 8* 118 ALMSHOUSE— LAZARETTO. nected with it, in which various kinds of fabrics, woollen and cotton goods were made. The almshouse when first opened had acommoda- tion for about 400 persons, and was reserved for the poor of the city, Southwark, Moyamensing and Northern Liberties. After the Revo- lution the corporation which had built the almshouse was dissolved, and a Board of Guardians of the Poor instituted. Considerable additions were made to the property, which was generally called the " Bettering House." The building on the west side of the river Schuylkill was authorized to be constructed about 1829, and was finished and occupied about 1835. LAZARETTO. The Lazaretto is situated on Tinicum Island, which is formed by Darby Creek and Plum Hook Creek and the Delaware River. The two former streams are so small that substantially it may be said that the Lazaretto is on the west bank of the Delaware Eiver, about twelve miles south of Philadelphia and four miles north of Chester. It occupies an area of about 12 acres of ground, which was purchased in 1806. The buildings consist of a main edifice and two wings 180 feet in width by 60 feet in depth. Also residences of the physician and quarantine master, kitchen, barn and other buildings, including a large building for the temporary lodging of emigrants not sick. The Board of Health has control of the Lazaretto and the hospital attached. There is a Lazaretto physician and a quarantine master, who reside at the Lazaretto during the quarantine season, which extends from the 1st of June to the 1st of October of each year. All vessels from for- eign parts arriving in quarantine season are obliged to stop at the Lazaretto, and receive a visit from the physician and quar- antine master. If the inspection is satisfactory, the vessels pass on but upon reaching the city are subject to the visit of the port physician and health officer. If at the Lazaretto the vessel is found to have sick on board who are afflicted with pestilential or contagious disease, it is detained. The sick are removed to the hospital, which has large and airy wards and 100 beds. Adjoining the Lazaretto, the United States government has an inspection station occupying about 9 acres of land, upon which there are buildings for storage and inspection of LAZARETTO — PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 119 goods when necessary. The Lazaretto is an attractive-looking place, surrounded by fine shade trees and fanned by cool breezes from the Delaware River. It is during the quaran- tine season comfortable, and by the natural advantages of the situation afibrds some compensation to the passenger who may be detained there. Access to the Lazaretto may be had by the Philadelphia and Chester branch of the Reading Railroad. There is a station on the property. Permits can be obtained at the Heath Office, corner of Sixth and Sansom streets PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The public schools in Philadelphia are supported by taxa- tion, and are conducted for the education of the children of residents of the city. They are governed by a Board of Education and by School Directors in the various sections. The latter are elected annually by citizens, and have the- supervision of the schools within their respective jurisdic- tions, the appointment of teachers, the payment of expenses and all executive matters of administration. The Board of Education is composed of Controllers, one for each section, who are appointed by the Common Pleas courts. The Board has general supervision of the whole school system, the sup- ply of the wants of the respective sections and the ordering of all matters which are for the benefit of general education. The schools are graded and divided into primary, secondary, consolidated and grammar, which are established in the various sections, a high school for boys, in which the course is of a collegiate character, and a normal school for girls, which latter, however, is devoted to the education of young women who expect to be teachers. There are 29 sections in Philadelphia. Each section is provided with school-build- ings, some of them having as many as ten separate school- houses. Altogether, there were at the beginning of the year 1875, 182 school-buildings, which had cost to erect $3,469,700, the lots being worth $1,825,419. Total real estate value, $5,295,119 ; value of school furniture, $289,550. Total 120 PUBLIC SCHOOLS. value of school property, $5,554,969. For the support of these schools in 1874 the expense was $1,607,736.91. The number of schools were 426, and including night-schools, 467. These schools were graduated as follows : 1 central high school for boys, 1 normal school for girls, 60 grammar-schools, 29 con- solidated schools, 121 secondary schools, 212 primary, 41 night-schools. The number of teachers employed in these day-schools was 1776, and including night-schools, total, 1991. The number of pupils in attendance at the public schools was, including night-schools, 108,631. The subject of education has always received much attention in Pennsylvania. William Penn said in his frame of government : " Let men be good, and the government cannot be bad : if it be ill, they will cure it ; but if men be bad, let the government be never so good they will endeavor to warp and spoil it to their turn. Those, there- fore, who make a good government must keep it. . . . That, there- fore, which makes a good constitution must keep it — namely, men of wisdom and virtue, qualities that, because they descend not with worldly inheritances, must be carefully propagated by a virtuous education of youth." Schools were set up in Philadelphia shortly after the settlement, and in 1689 Penn chartered the Philadelphia public school, which was afterward much enlarged. It was partly for the children of those who could afford to pay for their education, but it was also said to be " for the education of the children of the poor gratis." In 1711 the charter was greatly extended, and the " overseers of the public schools," as they were called, in that year or immediately afterward, built two school-house buildings on Fourth street below Chestnut, which venerable establishments remained there until within a recent period. These schools were academical, and un- til the charter of the College of Philadelphia the best which Pennsyl- vania afforded. Many eminent men were teachers there, among them the celebrated George Keith, Robert Proud, the historian of Penn- sylvania, and Charles Thomson, the secretary of the Continental Congress. The constitution of Pennsylvania of 1776 provided for the establishment of schools in each county by the legislature " for the convenient instruction of youth." The constitution of 1790 repeated this declaration, with the addition that the legislature shou^ld provide for the schools " in such manner that the poor may be taught gratis." The })rovision in regard to a gratis education was gradually increased in effect until the object was reached. At first it was settled by law that the respective counties might pay for the education of children PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 121 whose parents declared that they were too poor to pay for their school- ing. This was invidious and unpopular. Gradually the feeling ex- tended to the acknowledgment of the principle that it was the duty of the State to furnish the means of general education at the public expense, raised by the taxation of citizens, and that to the schools all children of residents of the State, whether rich or poor, should be admitted as a right, and not as a charity. In 1818 an act " to pro- vide for the education of children at the public expense within the city and county of Philadelphia " was passed, Lancasterian schools were soon established, and Joseph Lancaster himself, the founder of the system, was brought on from England in order to superintend them. This system in the course of a few years was found to be de- fective, and was abolished. Afterward various changes were made, and the system under controllers and school directors enlarged and made more comprehensive. The Central High School for boys is situated at the S. E. corner of Broad and Green streets. It is a solid brick build- ing of simple arcliitectural style, and has a central tower and observatory. The building is fitted up with class-rooms, CENTRAIi HIGH SCHOOL,. lecture-rooms and other apartments, and the observatory is provided with a set of astronomical instruments, which are found to be useful and sufficient for ordinary purposes. The course of instruction includes astronomy, physiology, geom- 11 122 PUBLIC SCHOOLS. etry, physics, chemistry, political economy, trigonometry, logic, rhetoric, mechanical and engineering drawing, Latin and German, and is intended to be solid, so as to fit the grad- uates for the practical duties of life. In 1874 there were 605 pupils in the high school, 14 professors and 2 assistants. The cost of the institution for the year 1874 was $45,270.56. The Central High School was established by act of Assembly, and the corner-stone laid upon a lot on the east side of Juniper street below Market, on the 19th of September, 1837. The building was of white marble and handsome in appearance. It was finally sold to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company ,which erected a depot there. The new building Broad and Green streets was dedicated 25th of June, 1854. The Girls' Normal School is at present situate in a building much too small for the purpose, in Sergeant street between Ninth and Tenth streets. This place will soon be abandoned. The new building for the school is situate at the north-east corner of Spring Garden and Seventeenth streets. It is 116 feet on Spring Garden street by 158 feet on Seventeenth street, leaving a space east and north of it for yards. The building is of serpentine greenstone, trimmed with light Ohio sandstone for window-sills, window-heads, quoins, etc. The doorways in the centre of each front are surmounted by stone balconies. There are three main stories, a Mansard attic and a central tower 92 feet high. The building contains numerous class- rooms, lecture-rooms, recitation-rooms and other apartments. The cost of the lot was $44,144, and the appropriation for the building was $158,788. The number of pupils in normal school in 1874 was 605; cost of maintaining this school, $13,731.53. The tuition is under charge of a principal and 12 teachers. The Grammar Schools. — As we have said, there were 182 buildings occupied by public schools in Philadelphia at the beginning of 1875. The oldest of these are of brick, but all of those erected within the last ten or fifteen years are of some kind of stone, and although not elaborate in architecture are appropriate in design and appearance, and calculated to attract the attention of visitors. They are usually of three PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 123 Stories in height; most of them have accommodations for several hundred children. Strangers require no permits to visit the public schools. They will be received by the teach- ers with politeness, and afforded conveniences for witnessing the exercises and recitations. The following are the principal school-houses in the various sections: First section, south-east corner of Seventh and Dickinson streets; Second, George W. Nebinger grammar- school, Carpenter street above Sixth; Third, Mount Vernon, Catharine street between Third and Fourth; Fourth, Ring- gold, north-east corner of Eighth and Fitzwater streets; Fifth, George M. Wharton, Third street below Pine; Sixth, North-western, corner of Crown and Race streets; Seventh, South-western, corner of Seventeenth and Pine streets; Eighth, Locust Street, corner of Twelfth and Locust streets ; Ninth, Keystone, Nineteenth street above Chestnut; Tenth, North-western, Race street below Fifteenth ; Eleventh, North- ern Liberties, Third street below Green; Twelfth, Mifflin (secondary), Third street above Brown ; Thirteenth, Wyoming, corner of Sixth street and Fairmount avenue; Fourteenth, Monroe, Wood street below Twelfth ; Fifteenth, Lincoln, cor- ner of Twentieth street and Fairmount avenue ; Sixteenth, Jef- ferson, Fifth street above Poplar ; Seventeenth, J. R. Ludlow, corner of Master and Lawrence streets ; Eighteenth, Vaughn, Marlborough street above Thompson; Nineteenth, William H. Hunter, corner of Dauphin and Mascher streets; Twen- tieth, Penn, Park avenue below Master street ; Twenty -first, Manayunk, Green lane below Wood street; Twenty-second, Rittenhouse, Rittenhouse street, Germantown; Twenty-third, Henry Herbert, Frankford avenue near Foulkrod street, Frankford ; Twenty-fourth, Belmont, Forty-first and Oregon streets; Twenty-fifth, H. W. Halliwell, Frankford road and Helen street; Twenty-sixth, Edwin M. Stanton, corner of Seventeenth and Christian streets; Twenty-seventh, Newton, Thirty-eighth and Spruce streets; Twenty-eighth, Forest (consolidated). Falls of Schuylkill; Twenty-ninth, Reynolds, Twentieth and Jefferson streets. 124 PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Many of the secondary-school buildings are as handsome as the grammar-schools. Among them may be named : Thaddeus Stevens, Seventeenth street above Fairmount avenue; Adams, on Adams street near Amber; Spencer Roberts, Twenty- first and Mill streets ; William S. Peirce, Twenty-fourth and Christian streets ; Oakdale, corner of Eleventh and Hunting- don streets ; Feltonville, corner of Second street and Fisher's lane; Tacony, at Tacony; Wilmot, Cherry and Meadow streets, Frankford; Camac, corner of Thirteenth street and Susquehanna avenue ; L. H. Smith, corner of Fifth and Sny- der streets ; Horace Binney, Spruce street below Sixth ; Alfred Crease, Eittenhousetown ; Germantown, Adams street; El- wood, at Milestown ; Martha Washington, Forty-fourth and •Huron streets; Jesse George, Sixty-third and Hamilton streets ; Jeremiah Nichols, corner of Sixteenth and Wharton streets; Muhlenberg, corner of Seventeenth and Master streets ; George G. Meade, corner of Seventeenth and Oxford streets ; Weccacoe, corner of Second and Eeed streets ; Whar- ton, Fifth street below Washington avenue ; Fletcher, Chris- tian street above Front ; Fagen, Twelfth street below Fitzwa- ter ; James Forten grammar-school for colored children. Sixth street above Lombard; Hollingsworth, Locust street above Broad ; Filbert Street, Filbert street above Seventh ; Chester Street, Chester street above Race ; New Market, New Market street above Noble; Hancock, Fairmount avenue above Twelfth street; Harrison, Master street above Second; Co- hocksiuk, Fourth street and Montgomery avenue; Rutledge, corner of Seventh and Norris streets; Chestnut Hill, High- land avenue ; Mantua, Haverford street above Thirty -fifth. CHAPTER VI. U. S. GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS AND OFFICES. THE UNITED STATES CUSTOM-HOUSE AND SUB- TREASURY. THE building now occupied as a custom-house is situated upon tlie south side of Chestnut street between Fourth and Fifth, and extends to Libraiy street. It is of white marble with porticoes, and was originally constructed for the United States Bank. It is modelled after the Parthenon at Athens, and is considered one of the finest specimens of Doric architecture in the world. The corner-stone of this structure was laid April, 1819, and the building was finished in 1824. The ter- race upon which the edifice is built is 119 feet wide and 225 feet deep, with yard space on either side. The main building, with the steps and approaches, is 87 feet front by 187 feet deep. A massive portico of 8 columns 27 feet high, support- ing a pediment, gives to the front an imposing appearance which attracts the attention of strangers. A similar portico is in the rear. The main business-room extends from east to west, is 48 feet wide and 81 feet deep. An arched ceiling with moulded panels supported on marble Ionic columns finishes the apartment. It is 35 feet from the floor to the crown of the arch. The northern portion of the building, including the main hall, is appropriated to the use of the Custom-house, with apartments for the various officers. The portion of the build- ing which fronts on Library street is occupied by the United States Treasury department as a sub-treasury office. The principal business transacted in the Custom-house de- partment is connected with tlie collection of the revenues upon imported goods, (he adjustments of duties, etc. 11 * 125 XJ. S. CUSTOM-HOUSE, ETC. 127 The baggage of passengers arriving direct in Philadelphia from foreign countries is examined on board the vessel in the river or in dock, and the regulations in reference to what is dutiable are printed and supplied to passengers in advance by the officers of the ship. UNITED STATES TREASURER'S OFFICE. The assistant treasurer of the United States receives the revenues and moneys which are payable to the Federal gov- ernment. He is also the disbursing officer for all amounts due from the government. In this connection particularly are to be noted the operations of the office in regard to the debt of the United States, the transfer of loans and bonds, and the payment of interest to bondholders when due. This building is open to visitors from 9 to 3 o'clock. They can enter freely and examine the interior allotted to the public. Chestnut street cars going east pass this building. By the charter of Pennsylvania the right of the king to collect the royal customs was reserved, and collectors of revenue were ap- pointed immediately after the settlement of the city. A succession of king's collectors of customs guarded this interest until the Revo- lution. They were succeeded by collectors appointed by the author- ity of the State of Pennsylvania. Upon the formation of the Fed- eral government a collector was appointed by President Washington. Sharp Delaney, who had held the office under the State, was ap- pointed under the new government. The offices of the collectors during early times were at their own residences or stores. The United States rented for Custom-house purposes Carpenters' Hall in 1802. It was occupied for that purpose until January 1, 1S17, when the first Custom-house building erected in this city was opened on the west side of Second street below Dock, at the corner of Elms- lie's alley. It was a plain building of marble and brick, somewhat odd in appearance. It was occupied until 1845, when the United States Bank building was bought by the government. UNITED STATES APPRAISER'S BUILDING. The necessity of having some building for storage purposes connected with the customs department, to be used as a ware- house in which imported goods could be received and ap- 128 U. S. appraiser's building — POST-OFFICE. praised and duties adjusted, led to the construction of the massive warehouse building which extends from Second to Dock street above Walnut. It is five stories in height, solidly built of brick and iron, no combustible material being used in it. Mr. MuUett, formerly supervising architect of the Treasury, has said that this is the only thoroughly fireproof building in the United States. This building was completed and put in use in 1871. POST-OPPICE. The building now used as the post-office is located on Chestnut street, on the south side, between Fourth and Fifth streets, immediately west of the Custom-house. The front is marble, the building in the French style, and is of pleasing appearance. The building is insufficient for the proper accommodation of the mail service, and the officers impatiently wait for the completion of the fine new building which is to be erected for the use of the post-office and the United States on the lot of ground extending from Chestnut to Market on the west side of Ninth street. The Philadelphia post-office delivered in the year 1874 by the hands of 207 carriers and the office window-clerks, 16,728,429 mail letters and 8,796,943 local letters, 6,883,714 newspapers, total, 35,986,514. This is an increase since the year 1870 of more than fifteen millions of missives. The collection service of letters to be sent through the post-office, including newspapers and postal cards, amounted in 1874 to 26,937,979. The increase here in five years was more than twelve millions of letters, etc. The sales of stamps, stamped envelopes, etc., in 1874 was little over $900,000. The money- order business of the year was $761,079.58; orders issued to over 38,000 persons, and $2,259,379.10 paid to more than 172,000 persons. Over 89,000 registered letters were received for city delivery, and over 28,000 letters registered to be sent away. For the accommodation of the public, letter-boxes are POST-OFFICE — U. S. CX)URTS. 129 placed in the streets of the city, usually affixed to lamp-posts and at distances of every two or three squares. Letters can be deposited in these boxes by persons in the neighborhood. Several collections are made of such letters by the post-office carriers during each day. The letters are then taken to the post-office and mailed. The hours of collection are painted upon the boxes. Letters properly stamped are delivered with- out ftirther charge. To expedite the service the department is supplied with a considerable number of post-wagons, by means of which the carriers are taken with speed to their respective routes and brought back to the office after their work is done. Lists of letters uncalled for are published in the daily papers once a week. The city of Philadelphia is a post-office district. Single letters can be sent from any part of the city to any other part by affixing a two-cent stamp. Postal cards, of course, will attain the same objects. The sub post-offices in the city are as follows : West Philadelphia, Frankford, Germantown, Chestnut Hill, Manayunk, Tacony, Holmesburg, Torresdale, Byberry, Bus- tleton, Somerton, Oxford Church, Fox Chase, Milestown, Verree's Mills, Wheat Sheaf, Crescentville. UNITED STATES COURTS. The upper portion of the post-office building is appropri ated to the use of the United States circuit and district courts, United States district attorney, marshal and court clerks. The entrance to this portion of the building is upon Library street. The clerks of the two courts occupy the front room, second story. The court-room is immediately in the rear. The offices of the United States district attorney and United States marshal are near the Chestnut street front. The upper portion of the building is occupied for jury-rooms, etc. This is the first building erected by the United States government in Philadelphia for the accommodation of the post-office and United States courts. It was built by alteration of other buildings, and I 130 U. S. COURTS — NEW POST-OFFICE. opened February 26, 1863. The first postmaster in the city under the Crown was Andrew Hamilton, who in 1697 was appointed postmaster- general of America, and had his office in Philadelphia. Among his successors in the city post-office were the two famous printers Andrew Bradford and Benjamin Franklin. William Franklin, son of the latter, afterward governor of New Jersey under the Crown, held the office for some time. At the outbreak of the Eevolution Benjamin Franklin was appointed postmaster-general for America, and his deputy for the city was Richard Bache, his son-in-law, who subse- quently became postmaster-general. With the accession of the Federal government came the appointment of a new postmaster, Colonel Robert Patton, who held the office for twenty-five years. The locations of the post-offices in early times were at the residences or business-places of the postmasters. Bradford and Franklm kept it in the printing-office of each. From 1834 to 1854 it was at the Philadelphia Exchange, in Dock street. In the latter year it re- moved to Jayne's building, opposite, where it remained until it occu- pied the present building in 1862. The court of admiralty under the Crown, the predecessor of the United States district court, was generally held in the buildings occu- pied by the provincial courts before the Revolution. The Federal courts occupied the State court-rooms afterward. While the Federal government was in Philadelphia the United States courts sat in the City Hall, Fifth and Chestnut streets. Subsequently they were in the court-rooms at Sixth and Chestnut streets. They occupied the second story of Independence Hall several years. In 1854 they were transferred to Philosophical Hall, in Fifth street below Chest- nut street, and in 1862 to the present location. Some very eminent men have been judges of admiralty and of the Federal courts. Among them may be mentioned : before the Revolution, Andrew Hamilton and Edward Shippen ; during the Eevolution, George Ross and Francis Hopkinson, both signers of the Declaration of In- dependence. Under the Federal government, Richard Peters of Belmont was judge of the district court from 1792 to 1829. NEW POST-OFFICE. This building, located on the corner of Ninth and Chestnut streets, will occupy the site of the mansion finished in 1797 for the use of the President of the United States, which was afterward purchased by the University of Pennsylvania, used for some years, and then replaced by two new buildings. The cost of the new post-office is limited in the act of Congress at KEW POST-OFFICE UNITP:D STATES MTNT. 131 $4,000,000. The style of architecture adopted is the French Renaissance. The building will be four stories in height, and surmounted by a large dome constructed of iron. The prin- cipal material used for this building will be granite. The dimensions will be: length, 428 feet; depth, 152 feet; height to top of dome, 184 feet. The main entrance will be on Ninth street, and a broad space dedicated to public use will set the building back from the street. The lower floor and basement will be reserved for the purposes of the post-office. The upper stories are to be occupied by the United States courts, clerks and law-offices and the offices of internal revenue, navy agent, pension agents, assistant quartermasters of the army and others. THE UNITED STATES MINT. A marble building, with a Grecian portico, on the north side of Chestnut street, north-west corner of Juniper street, east of Broad street. It is open every day to visitors from 9 A. m. to 12 M. (Ex- cept Sundays.) Visitors on entering are received by the doorkeeper and placed in charge of conductors, who show them: 1. The de- posit-room, where the gold and silver bullion is received and weighed. 2. The copper-melting room, where ingots are cast for the minor coinage. 3. The gold and silver melting room, where the precious metals are melted and cast into ingots, or short, narrow bars with a wedge-end convenient for rolling. 4. The rolling and cutting room, where the ingots are rolled into strips of the proper thickness for the different denomina- tions of coin and the planchets or blanks cut out by machin- ery. 5. The coining room. All on the main floor. From here visitors are taken to the cabinet of coins, a suite of rooms on the second story, over the vestibule, containing the largest and most valuable collection of coins and medals in the United States, some of the coins dating back to 1000 and 2000 years before the Christian era. Among them is the "widow's mite," found near the site of the temple at Jeru- salem. THE UNITED STATES MINT. 133 There are other departments of the Mint on the first and second stories and in the basement that are not open to the public. The building contains twelve strong vaults, securely locked. A most vigilant oversight is maintained during working-hours; and after the Mint is closed and through the night the establishment is in charge of a strong force of picked watchmen, who are well supplied with firearms and other means of protection and defence. COTJET-YARD, UNITED STATES MINT. The operations and beautiful and costly machinery of the Mint are well worth seeing. The Mint was established by the act of Congress of the 2d of April, 1792, and a building soon after erected on the east side of Seventh street above Market street for its use. (See Chapter XXVII.) The first director was David Rittenhouse, LL.D., appointed by President Washington, April 14, 1792. The first United States coinage was as follows: Copper V2 134 THE UNITED STATES MINT. cents in 1793, silver dollars in 1794, and gold eagles in 1795. The machinery and metal first used were imported, the cop- per coming from England, and difficult to get. The work of the Mint was done by hand or horse power up to the year 1816, when steam was introduced. In 1797, 1798 and 1799, and 1802-3, the Mint frequently suspended operations on account of yellow fever. The corner-stone of the present building was laid July 4, 1829, by Samuel Moore, then director; but it was not occupied until May, 1833. It was made fireproof in 1854, and the interior has been frequently altered. This Mint has a world-wide reputation as one of the fore- most institutions of its kind. The first gold received from California was deposited here December 8, 1848, by Mr. Daniel Carter, who brought it from San Francisco by the Panama route. It weighed 1804.09 ounces troy, its value being $18.01 per ounce. The coinage executed at the Philadelphia Mint during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1873, was as follows : No, of Pieces. Value. Gold ^88,330 $17,664,937.50 ^Cr ■■:::..:: 10,329,600 2,627,240.50 Copper and nickel.... 18^25^ 494^050lOO Total 30,142,930 $20,786,228.00 Fine bars for commercial purposes made at this Mint during the same year were : Fine gold bars $ 62,025.41 Fine silver bars 116,046.21 Total $178,071.92 The total amount of gold and silver deposits and purchases, coins struck and stamped bars manufactured at the Mint and branches and the assay offices during the fiscal year above specified was $66,849,714.31. The ao-gregate coinage of the Mint and branches from 1794 to June 30, 1873, was $973,967,651.65; bars, $308,602,- 935.50; total coinage and bars, $1,282,570,587.15— nearly $1,300,000,000. UNITED STATES ARSENALS. 135 UNITED STATES ARSENALS. The United States has two arsenals at Philadelphia. One of these has ceased, however, to be a storehouse for arms, but is devoted to the purposes of a dep6t of supplies of clothing for the use of troops. The Frankford Arsenal, usually so called, is sometimes known as the Bridesburg Arsenal, it being situate in immediate proximity to that portion of the city once known as Brides- burg. The location is upon Tacony road and Bridge street, with a front upon Frankford Creek, and extending a quarter of a mile to the river Delaware. The ground contains sixty- two acres and eighty-two roods. On this property are two brick houses used for offices, four buildings for barracks and quarters, eight storehouses of brick and stone, 12 frame labo- ratories, a magazine which will hold one thousand barrels of poAvder, machine shop, rolling mill, hospital, dispensary and other buildings. The establishment is subject to military discipline, and under command of a line officer of the United States army. At this arsenal are manufactured blank and ball cartridges, rifles, carbines and revolving pistols. Also standard gauges, scales, weights, calipers and other instru- ments of precision which are used in the various government shops throughout the country. Occasionally ordnance is manufactured here, the most noted article of which is the great Woodbridge steel and bronze gun, weighing twenty-two tons, and constructed as an experiment at the expense of the government, and which cost nearly a quarter of a million of dollars. The capacity of the establishment is enormous. During the fiscal year 1874-5 there were manufactured here over ten millions and a half of cartridges and other articles, worth, according to estimate, excluding the cost of the Wood- bridge gun, $270,695.13. The grounds are handsomely laid out, and are attractive in appearance, being shaded with fine trees and having smooth lawns and several flower gardens. There are several curiosities upon the grounds, among them some cannon highly decorated with fancy moulding, flowers, etc., trophies taken from the English and French during the 136 UNITED STATES ARSENALS. wars with those nations. Access to this Arsenal may be had by the Second and Third streets passenger railway, Bridesburg branch line. The first purchase of land for the purpose of this Arsenal, over twenty acres, was made in 1816, and ofiicers' quarters, storehouses, magazine, hospital and other buildings were erected. In 1837 an additional purchase of over three acres was made, and in 1849 about thirty-nine acres additional were bought, which gave to the establishment a front upon the river Delaware. An explosion at this arsenal November 5, 1861, killed two persons and wounded one. An explosion took place on the 7th of August, 1875, by which two persons were killed and twenty-one wounded. It was the result of carelessness on the part of one of the victims. The Schuylkill Arsenal is situated at the Gray's Ferry road, between Carpenter and Washington streets, and occupies about eight acres. There are four principal buildings of brick, and the grounds are shaded and pleasant. The estab- lishment is a great workshop and storehouse of clothing for soldiers, and includes everything connected with the uniform- coats, shirting, pantaloons, stockings, overcoats, shoes, gloves, mittens, caps, helmets, plumes and cap ornaments ; also bed- ding, blankets, tents and other articles. An immense amount of made-up goods is constantly on storage. The services of men and women for making up the goods are necessary. From seven hundred to twelve hundred women are employed constantly in this work, and from a hundred to a hundred and fifty men. The disbursements for material and wages are very large, having frequently been from fourteen million to twenty million dollars a year. At this Arsenal the visitor will be shown a very curious museum of wax figures clothed in the various uniforms which have been in use in the United States army from the time vvnen " In their ragged regimentals Stood the old Continentals, Yielding not." The cars of the Spruce and Pine streets railway pass the Arsenal. U. S. ARSENALS AND NAVY-YARDS. 137 The ground upon which this arsenal was built was purchased by the Secretary of War in 1800 without any appropriation by Congress, as was the navy-yard on the Delaware at the same time. Much cen- sure v/as expressed in Congress upon the subject, but the Secretary defended himself upon the argument that he could not maintain a navy (at that time the navy was within the jui'isdiction of the War Department) without a navy-yard in which to repair vessels of war, nor could the army be maintained without arsenals or a laboratory, which the ground on the Schuylkill was intended for. The first buildings were erected at this place shortly after 1800. THE UNITED STATES NAVY-YARD. Up to a very recent period the only navy-yard of the United States in Philadelphia was situated on the Delaware River a short distance below Washington street and the wharves of the American Steamship Company. Such rapid progress has been made in removing the navy-yard from this place to the League Island naval station that the latter will be occupied entirely by the beginning of 1876. League Island lies immediately south of that portion of the city which is between the Delaware and the Schuylkill Rivers, and its western boundary is opposite the mouth of the Schuylkill. Its distance from Independence Hall is about seven miles. The island is about two miles and a quarter in length from east to west, and from a quarter to a half mile in width. Broad street, if continued, would pass across the centre of it. The government property consists of 923 acres, in- cluding the back channel and Government avenue. The water in front of it is twenty-six feet deep at the quay wall on the Delaware, and the river at that point is 2800 feet wide and ample for all government purposes. The back channel is a safe and commodious harbor, in which are moored a large number of iron-clad monitors and other vessels out of the reach of floating ice in the winter. Upon the island are sev- eral large and substantial brick buildings. The iron-plat- ing shop, two stories in height, is 270 feet in length and 85 feet wide. The yards and dock-building, two stories high, is 230 feet long by 65 feet wide. The steam-engineering store- house is 400 feet long by 65 feet wide. There are various 138 TT. S. NAVY-YARD — U. S. NAVAL ASYLUM. other buildings in the yard. The floating dry-dock basin will occupy thirty-one acres; repairing-basin, 39 acres; fitting- out-basin, 40 acres ; storage dock-basin, 7 acres. Large spaces of ground will be devoted to the purposes of the bureaus of steam-engineering, coal, ordnance, provisions, yards and docks, and for marine parade-ground. Means of access to the yard are not at present as convenient as they will be hereafter. Private conveyance on Broad street will take the stranger to the main yard gate, and entrance is rarely denied to any citizen. League Island is marked upon the oldest map of the Delaware River known — that of Peter Lindstrom, a Swedish engineer, who made a map of the Delaware 1654-5. It was amongst the property taken up at a very early period by the Swedes. This island was purchased by the city of Philadelphia in the year 1862 for $310,000, pnd presented to the United States government for the purj^ose of a navy-yard. The improvement upon it has not been very rapid, nor commensurate with the great value of the gift. The old navy-yard in Philadelphia occupied the site of the associa- tion battery erected for the defence of the city before the Revolu- tion. After independence was achieved the site became the ship- yard of Joshua Humphries. Here was built the frigate United States under the care of Mr. Humphries, who became the first naval constructor of the United States. The ship-of-the-line North Car- olina was launched September, 1820 ; the big ship Pennsylvania, at the time the largest vessel in the world, July 18, 1837 ; the famous war-steamer Mississippi, one of the first steam frigates belonging to the United States, which was launched May 5, 1841 ; the unfortunate steam-sloop Princeton, and many others, including monitors, built during the war of the rebellion. UNITED STATES NAVAL ASYLUM. These buildings are situate upon Gray's Ferry road, at the corner of Bainbridge street, and extend to Sutherland j avenue and the Schuylkill. They occupy about twenty-five 'acres. The main edifice is three stories high and of marble. It is 380 feet long, and the centre building, included therein, is 142 feet front by 175 feet deep. It is embellished with a fine portico of eight Ionic columns. The wings are built with a veranda upon each story. The building has accommoda- 140 U. S. NAVAI^ ASYLUM AND HOSPITAL. tions for three hundred persons. It is inhabited by old sailors. Each inmate has a chamber for his own accommodation. There is a chapel, a dining-room and other apartments for the use of the house. The pensionei-s are allowed a certain sum of money yearly for clothing, an amount eveiy month for pocket- money and an alloAvance of tobacco. North of the main build- ing is the residence of the governor of the Asylum, which is commodious. A corresponding building at the south is ap- propriated to the surgeon. The grounds in front of the Asylum are beautiftdly laid out with trees and flowers. Upon the platform of the portico are two small brass cannon said to have been captured by Commodore Charles Stewart, of the frigate Constitution, in an engagement with the British ship Levant, February 25, 1815.* These pieces were cast in 1756, as it appears from the inscriptions upon them. Two large cannon-balls of granite made for the guns of the Turkish forts on the Hellespont, presented by Commodore J. D. Elliott in 1838, are near them. These grounds were purchased by the United States for the pur- pose of a naval asylum and naval school in 1826. The buildings were commenced in 1830, and they were formally occupied Decem- ber 1, 1831. The United States Naval Academy was also established within the building, but was removed to Annapolis, Maryland, in 1845. UNITED STATES NAVAL HOSPITAL. The United States Naval Hospital is upon the Asylum grounds, west and north of it. It is a brick building, begun in 1864 and finished in 1868. It has eight wards, four large and four small, capable of accommodating one hundred and forty-four persons. This number may be doubled by the use of what are called emergency wards, which are not so pleasantly situated as those already in use. The Hospital is under different management from the Asylum adjoining. * Another account says that these guns were captured from Bur- goyne at Saratoga, October 17, 1777, and another that they were used by Lafayette at the battle of Brandywine, September 11, 1777. CHAPTEE VII. COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. COMMERCE. "l^rO city in the Union has, of late years, made such rapid -^^ progress in trade and commerce as Philadelphia. The value of exports and imports for the five years ending June 30, 1874, is shown in the following table : Years. Imports. Exports. 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 $14,500,797 17,728,006 20,383,853 25,393,150 26,447,037 $16,934,610 17,920,283 21,016,750 24,239,357 33,121,337 The exportation of petroleum increased in amount from 51,352,996 gallons of refined, and 3,833,979 of crude, in 1871, to 70,810,711 gallons of refined, and 1,614,116 of crude, in 1874. The total value of this product exported in the latter year was $9,512,456. The exports of breadstuffi fi-om $4,148,595, in 1871, increased to $8,159,371 in 1874. The export provision trade has made an extraordinary advance. In 1871 its value was but $341,582; in 1874 it was $3,372,719. The coal brought to Philadelphia by the Reading Railroad Company alone during the year 1874 amounted to 3,140,563 tons. Of this amount, 2,076,259 tons were carried away from Port Richmond. The total amount of duties received at the Custom-house in 1874 was $8,292,159.42. The number of vessels engaged 141 142 COMMERCIAL EXCHANGE. in the foreign trade which entered the port of Philadelphia during 1874 was 1098, with a tonnage of 621,641 tons. Of these, 491 were American vessels. The coastwise entries noted at the Custom-house were 9178 vessels of all kinds. Of these, 1018 were steam-vessels. The foreign steamship entries were 89. These figures do not give anything like a full idea of the domestic commerce of the port. Under the acts of Congress, American vessels which are engaged in the domestic trade, carrying domestic products to and from a port, are not required to report to the Custom-house officers, or to be in any manner subject to their supervision. The full number of vessels engaged in the coastwise trade cannot be ascertained. The Custom-house figures are those only made up from the supervision of the officers. The immense coal trade and the commerce in other articles require, it is well known, a very large number of vessels. Possibly it would not be beyond the mark to place the number of vessels in the domestic trade coastwise of the port of Philadelphia at from 13,000 to 15,000. The number of enrolled coasting-vessels belonging to the port in 1874 was 3040, and 120 were built during the year. In this number were 934 sailing-vessels, 265 steamei-s, 1810 canal boats and 31 barges. Eleven of the steamers built in 1874 were of iron. The tonnage of these vessels was 394,760 tons. COMMERCIAL. EXCHANGE. The principal institution in the city for the meeting of merchants and manufacturers is the Commercial Exchange, an organization which superseded the old Philadelphia Ex- change Company. It had its origin in the want of accommo- dation which dealers in grain and flour experienced in the old Exchange. They formed an association of their own, which they denominated the Corn Exchange, and leased the second story of the building situate at the south-west corner of Second and Gold streets, upon the site of the old Merchants' Coffee-house. This institution developed such a degree of energy that it attracted many business-men other than those COMMERCIAL EXCHANGE. 143 who were engaged in tlie grain trade. The Corn Exchange became a powerful organization, energetic and patriotic. In time the necessity of better accommodation was recognized. An association called the Chamber of Commerce was organ- ized for the purpose of constructing a building suitable for the use of the Corn Exchange. A lot of ground at the south- east corner of Second and Gothic streets, upon which stood COMMEKCIAL EXCHANGE. the old slate-roof house which was William Penn's residence in 1700, was bought, with the adjoining properties, and upon the lot was constructed a solid brick building of fine dimen- sions. This hall was dedicated on the 1st of March, 1869, and immediately became the scene of business activity. It was totally destroyed, except the solid walls, on the 7th of December of the same year. The members of the Chamber 144 COMMERCIAL EXCHANGE, ETC. of Commerce immediately set to work to retrieve tlie loss ; and they were so successful that in the course of a few months the building was again ready for use. The main hall occupies the second story, and takes up the whole space between the interior halls. It is finely lighted on all sides ; the ceiling is high, and light and air abundant. Here the grain merchants bring specimens of their products, and large transactions are effected by purchases made according to sample. Avery large amount of business is done here every day. The upper por- tion of this building is occupied by the observer of the United States Signal Service, the head of which is familiarly known as " Old Probs." A cupola added to the tower of the building, which is anything but graceful in appearance, enables this useful officer to conduct his observations. Visitors are admitted to the Exchange upon introduction of a member. Cars of the Second and Third and the Eace and Vine streets railways, going south, pass the building. MERCHANTS' EXCHANGE. The Merchants' Exchange occupies a lot of ground bounded by Walnut, Dock and Third streets. It is of Pennsylvania marble, in the shape of a parallelogram, and is 95 feet front on Third street, 114 feet on Walnut street, with a semicircular radius on Dock street of 36 feet, making the extreme length from east to west 150 feet. The eastern front is embellished with a portico of eight Corinthian columns and antse. A cir- cular lantern rises forty feet above the roof, pierced with win- dows and ornamented. The building is strikingly handsome, and is modelled after the choragic monument at Athens called the Lantern of Demosthenes. The corner-stone of this edifice was laid February 22, 1832, and it was opened for business 1834. This building exists only as a monument of the past. It is not occupied by merchants. The Board of Brokers occupy the Grand Exchange Room, which is vociferous at times with their shouts and excitement. The remainder of the building is occupied by offices of various kinds. Ad- MERCHANTS EXCHANGE. 145 mission to the Brokers' Eoora is allowed to the board while in session. Entrance by the steps on the Dock street front. ;^^^ MERCHANTS' EXCHANGE. The place where merchants "most do congregate" has always been one of interest. There have been such establishments in Phila- delphia almost from the foundation of the city. There were " coffee- houses " in Front street at an early period. The London Coffee-house, as a place of resort for merchants, superseded these when it was opened at the south-west corner of Front and Market streets by William Bradford in the year 1754. The City Tavern, which was finished about the beginning of the Eevolution, was for some time the place where the merchants assembled. In this intere.st it ceased 13 K 146 BONDED WAREHOUSES. ETC. about the year 1800, but the business was revived again in 1806 by James Kitchen. The Merchants' Coffee-house, as it was then called, served all the purposes of an exchange tintil the Merchants' Ex- change was finished. TRADE EXCHANGES. Of late yeai^ the formation of special associations or guilds for the promotion of the particular interests of persons engaged in the various branches of commerce has been found necessary. This has led to the formation of the following associations, which have their headquarters in convenient parts of the city, namely : Tobacco Exchange, Coal Exchange, Drug Exchange, Grocers' Exchange, Produce Exchange, Maritime Exchange. WAHEHOUSING COMPANIES. These companies are of modern introduction, but they have been found to be useful adjuncts of commerce. The Pennsylvania Warehousing Company occupies the greater portion of a block of ground bounded by Penn, Front and Lombard streets. The storehouses are substantially built, and fitted for the storage of an immense amount of goods. Every convenience for the reception and delivery of mer- chandise is connected with the building. The Philadelphia Warehouse Company has its office build- ing in Dock street below Third. The odd style of the archi- tecture attracts the attention of the stranger. This company does a large business. BONDED -WAREHOUSES. There are a number of substantial and well-built stores in different parts of the city near the Delaware front, which are used for United States bonded warehouses. Some of these are in Granite street, south of Walnut street, extending from Front street to Dock, in Dock, Penn and the neighborhood of Almond streets. COMMERCIAL DEPOTS. There are certain sections of the city devoted to particular commercial pursuits which are worthy of being visited by COMMERCIAL DEp6tS. 147 the stranger wlao is interested in trade and desirous of seeing the busiest portions of a commercial place. The Coal trade. Port Eichmond wharves. The great shipping depSt of the Eeading Eailroad Company is in a portion of the city formerly called Port Eichmond, and now forming a portion of the Nineteenth Ward. Here the com- pany concentrates the coal-carrying business. There are an immense number of tracks connecting with the main tracks. A large number of piers are arranged with docks between them. Loaded cars are pushed out on railroad tracks built upon trestle-work in such positions that their entire contents can be delivered into the holds of vessels by the means of chutes with great rapidity. The piers are twenty-three in number, and the docks will accommodate nearly three hundred vessels in such manner that all can be loaded at the same time. If vessels are not ready to take the coal, it can be stored upon the piers. From 30,000 to 40,000 tons of coal can be loaded every day. The tracks of the sidings connected with the piers form a perfect network, and would be thirty miles in length if the maze were straightened out. North of the coal wharves the company is constructing very large iron ship- building establishments, with every convenience for manu- facturing iron vessels, including a number of buildings and a large dry-dock. Access to these works may be had by Second and Third streets passenger railway, Eichmond branch going north. The Petroleum trade. Gibson's Point. Within a few years the petroleum trade has risen to great importance. It employs a large number of vessels, principally from foreign countries, and the trade is constantly increasing. The great d6p8t of the petroleum shipping trade is at Gibson's Point, upon the east bank of the Schuylkill, south of Gray's Ferry, and below the city gas-manufacturing works. Here are very extensive storage accommodations, wharves, pumping arrange- ments to carry the petroleum into the vessels, and other facili- ties for a great business. The number of foreign flags in this neighborhood exceeds the display in any other part of the 148 COMMERCIAL DEPOTS. port of Philadelpliia, and the neighborhood is lively with the confusion of tongues caused by the efforts of sailors of various nationalities to make themselves understood. The petro- leum at Gibson's Point comes mainly by the Philadelphia and Erie Eailroad, leased by the Pennsylvania Eailroad, and is brought over the tracks of the latter by a special road leading to the storage-sheds at the Point. The Grain trade storage buildings. There is a very large grain-storage warehouse connected with the Pennsylvania Railroad, on the west bank of the Schuylkill River near the Market street bridge. It has an immense storage capacity, and is the main source of supplies to the elevators. The build- ing is of wood and slate, 550 feet long by 126 wide, and has 600 grain-bins with a capacity of 500 bushels each. One hundred and twenty-five cars, containing 45,000 bushels, can be un- loaded daily. Washington avenue elevator. This large building was the first built for the purpose of an elevator in the city, and has been in use over ten years. It is situate at the foot of Wash- ington avenue, and has connection by means of the Washing- ton avenue railroad with the entire railroad system of the country. There is connected with it a system of spouts and docks for the easy loading of grain. There is a storage ware- house of great capacity which will hold a large number of cars. It has 90 circular bins, each of 4000 bushels' capacity, and 90 angular bins. The storage capacity of the elevator is a half million of bushels. One conveyer-belt 850 feet long, and three others each 450 feet long, carry the grain from the elevator to the vessels along enclosed galleries. Three ves- sels can be loaded at one time. Access to this elevator by Union cars, navy-yard branch, within two squares of it, and by Second and Third streets cars, going south, to Washington avenue. Girard Point elevator. Girard Point is on the east bank of the Schuylkill, north of the mouth of that river. It is the property of the International Steam Navigation Company, owners of the Red Star line of steamships, which also have STEAMSHIP WHARVES AND DOCKS. 149 their docks and warehouses there. The elevator is 100 feet wi de, 200 feet long and 124 feet high to the peaks of the roof. It is upon the centre of a wharf 500 feet long and 250 feet wide, with a dock of the same dimensions on each side which has capacity for floating a large number of vessels. There are 36 GIBARD POINT ELEVATOR. circular bins, holding 15,000 bushels each, and 23 of 10,000 bushels each. Total capacity, 800,000 bushels. Twelve ele- vators have a working capacity of 54,000 bushels an hour, loading or unloading. There are six conveyers, three on each side of the building, and six vessels may be loaded at the same time. DRY-DOCKS AND MARESTE RAILWAYS. At the new ship-building yard of the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company are eight great buildings, a launching-dock two hundred and fifty feet wide and four hundred feet long. At the head of this dock, upon the land, are shipways four hundred and fifty feet long and wide enough to admit of the building of four vessels at one time, and an immense dry-dock that will lift a steamship of the 150 DRY-DOCKS AND MARINE RAILWAYS. largest size. Cramp & Sons have at their iron -ship building yard a marine railway and one of the largest basin dry -docks in the United States. The South wark marine railway, Swan- son street near Catharine, the oldest in the city, was opened for use nearly fifty years ago. Iron-Ship Building is carried on in Philadelphia and its vicinity on the Delaware Eiver to a far greater extent than in any other locality in the United States. In fact, this par- ticular branch of industry is pursued so largely that the Dela- ware has been called the "American Clyde." Easiness of access to the inexhaustible iron ores and coal deposits of Pennsylvania, combined with cheap transportation, has given to the iron manufacture in the city extraordinary advantages. The Reading Eailroad Company's ship-yards are principally intended to be used for the construction of iron colliers for the coal transportation of that company. Cramp & Sons built the celebrated New Ironsides frigate for the United States government during the war of the Rebellion. They also built monitors, and particularly the splendid iron steam- ships of the American line to Liverpool. Neafie & Levy, at the Penn Works, Port Richmond, are builders of iron and wooden ships and machinery. Wood, Dialogue & Company, at Kaighn's Point, N. J., opposite the city have a large iron- ship building establishment. John Roach, at Chester, has built the largest iron steamships in the ocean service, and the Harlan & Hollingsworth Company, at Wilmington, Delaware, have constructed many first-class iron vessels. STEAMSHIP WHARVES AND DOCKS. American steamship line, from Philadelphia to Liverpool. These fine vessels are of the first class, and the line has been extremely successful since its establishment. The steamship docks are at the foot of Christian street, and have every ac- commodation connected with them for the convenience of pas- sengers. By means of the Pennsylvania Railroad, which runs into the dock-building, passengers may be taken to any part of the United States. Six iron steamships form the line, and COMMERCE MANUFACTURES. 1 51 ensure a weekly service. The average accommodation of each ship is 76 cabin and 900 steerage passengers, with 1800 tons of cargo. Average time of passage from port to port, ten days. Agents, Peter Wright & Sons, Walnut street above Third. International Navigation Company (Red Star). This steam- ship line runs between Philadelphia and Antwerp. The ves- sels are under the Belgian flag, and are very superior ships. There is a semi-monthly service from Philadelphia. Average accommodation 20 cabin and 700 steerage passengers, with 1800 tons of cargo. Average passage, twelve days. Peter Wright & Sons, agents, Walnut street above Third. Docks at Girard Point, Schuylkill Eiver. Coastwise steamers, Clyde lines. For Boston and Provi- dence, twice a week. Pier No. 1, North Wharves, above Mar- ket street. For Charleston, weekly. Pier No. 8, South Wharves, below Chestnut street. For Norfolk and Richmond, three times a week, from Pier No. 1, North Wharves. For Washington, Georgetown and Alexandria, once a week. Pier No. 2, South Wharves. For New York, daily. Pier No. 2, South Wharves. Philadelphia and Southern Mail Steamship Company. To Savannah, one steamer per week from Pier 22, South Wharves, below Pine street. Winsor's lines. For Boston, twice a week, from Pine street wharf. For Providence, once a week, from Pier 23, below Pine street. MANUFACTURES. In the number of manufacturing establishments, the variety of articles made, the number of persons employed and the value of materials used, Philadelphia is the greatest manu- facturing place in the Union. According to the census of 1870, it surpassed all other cities in these particulars. New York exceeded it only in the value of the products manu- factured. The number of manufacturing establishments in the city and vicinity operated upon Philadelphia capital and account that year were 8579, as ascertained by the Philadel- 152 MANUFACTURES, phia Board of Trade in revision of the census statistics. These establishments were operated by 2177 steam-engines of 57,304 horse-power, and fifty -nine water-wheels of 2696 horse-power The number of hands employed in the manufactories was 152,550, and the wages paid them during the year were $68,647,874. Of the persons employed 100,661 were males above the age of fifteen years ; 40,760 females above the same age; children and youth, 11,129. The capital employed amounted to $204,340,637. The value of materials used was $193,861,297. The value of the productions when manu- factured was $362,484,698. Within the five years which have elapsed since these statistics were ascertained, the number of manufacturing establishments must have increased to a very considerable degree. According to the rate of increase of the previous ten years, and making allowance for dulness in business during the years 1874 and 1875, it would not be an unfair estimate to place the number of manufacturing estab- lishments at from 9000 to 9500, and the capital employed at from two hundred and ten to two hundred and twenty millions of dollars. According to the census of 1870, the industries of the city were classified in nearly one hundred divisions. They are carried on according to the respective means of the persons interested in them. There are establishments giving fair remuneration to those engaged in them which employ only a few workmen and occupy but little space. There are others which take up whole blocks of ground ; and some of them beyond the closely-built sections occupy acres, and employ hundreds and some of them thousands of workmen. It would be impossible to do justice to these valuable and diverse interests in a work of this kind. o CHAPTEE VIII. FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS. N the 1st of January, 1875, there were in Philadelphia 40 ' banks, with a combined capital of $19,235,950. ^ Of these 30 were National Banks, with a capital of $17,135,000, and 10, with a capital of $2,100,950, acting under State charters. The banks of Philadelphia are open every day of the year except Christmas, New Years, February 22d, Good Friday, July 4th, Thanksgiving-day, and such other holidays as are appointed by legal authority. NATIONAL BANKS. Bank of North America, 307 Chestnut street. Capital, $1,000,000. Chartered by the State of Pennsylvania in 1787. The banking-house is of brownstone, and presents a fine example of the Florentine style of architecture. This bank is the oldest in the country. The idea of its formation was presented by Robert Morris during the most depressing period of the Eevolutionary war, when the country was in distress upon account of the depreciation of the Continental money. It had been preceded by the Bank of Pennsylvania, established by subscription in Philadelphia of ninety-three individuals and firms to the amount of £300,000, Pennsylvania currency, payable in gold and silver. The object was "to support the credit of a bank to be established for furnishing a supply of provisions for the armies of the United States." This bank went out of existence upon the establishment of the Bank of North America, which was really the same institu- tion, being in great proportion composed of the same shareholders. Congress chartered the Bank of North America December 18, 1781, and the Pennsylvania assembly in 1782. The latter was repealed in 1785, and the bank acted under the Congressional charter. In 1787 a new State charter was obtained, and since that time until the passage of the national banking act the bank was a State institution. Its loca- 153 154 NATIONAL BANKS. tion for eighty years has been upon the spot now occupied by the bank building, the original building being one of plain brick. The present building was occupied about 1850. Philadelphia, 423 Chestnut street. Capital, $1,500,000. Formed 1803. Chartered 1804. The bank-building, imme- diately opposite the Custom-house, is of granite, 70 feet front by 104 feet deep, four stories in height, and of a massive and imposing style of architecture. The first building occupied by this institution was of brick, in the Gothic style, and rough-cast. It was built in 1805 at the south-west corner of Fourth and Chestnut streets, and considered an ornament of the city. In the year 1836 this building was torn down and a new one erected of marble, with a Corinthian portico resting on a basement flanked by wings. The eastern portion of it was occupied by the Philadelphia Bank, and the western portion by the Western Bank. When the Bank of Pennsylvania failed, the Philadelphia Bank, for 1163,100, bought the building on the north side of Chestnut street, which had been erected for the former institution, but never occupied by it. The Philadelphia Bank opened business there in March, 1859. Farmers' and Mechanics', 427 Chestnut street. Formed 1807. Incorporated 1809. Capital, $2,000,000. The build- ing, white marble in the Italian Palladian style, is 65 feet 2 inches front and 104 feet deep, 71 feet 3 inches high, and is exceedingly handsome. It is west of the Philadelphia Bank, whose building adjoins. The lots upon which both of these buildings are constructed extend to Eanstead street. The banking-rooms are elegant, with lofty ceilings, fine light and ventilation. For many years this bank was in a brick building on the lot of ground now occupied by it, formerly the Lawrence mansion, and in which, it is said. Admiral Howe lived during the British occupancy, 1777-8. General Henry Knox of the Revolutionary army and Colonel Timothy Pickering also lived in that house. The bank opened business there January 25, 1819 ; new building first used for banking purposes in 1854. Mechanics', west side of Third street below Market. Char- tered 1814. Capital, $800,000. The building has a marble front, with Corinthian portico. It was erected on the site of a brick building formerly occupied by the same institution. NATIONAL BANKS. 155 Commercial, south-east corner of Chestnut and Hudson streets. Chartered 1814. Capital, $810,000. The building has a granite front, and is of pleasing appearance. For many years the banking-house was a marble building on the north side of Market street, between Second and Third. Northern Liberties, north-west corner of Third and Vine streets. Incorporated 1814. Capital, $500,000. The build- ing is of granite, solid and handsome in appearance. It was originally constructed by the Manufacturers and Mechanics' Bank, and when purchased by the Bank of Northern Liberties was greatly enlarged and rebuilt. This bank for many years occupied a brick building on the north side of Vine street, between Second and Third. Southwaric. Incorporated 1825. Capital, $250,000. Occu- pies a brick building, the first story of marble, on the east side of Second street below South, the place of the original location. Kensington, 969 Beach street below Maiden. Incorporated 1826. ■ Capital, $250,000. Occupies a brick building which has been its place of business since the formation of the institution. Penn, north-west corner of Vine and Sixth streets. Incor- porated 1828. Capital, $500,000. The banking-house is of brick, rough-cast, with marble pilasters, doorways, etc. This bank was originally established at the south-west corner of Sixth and Callowhill streets. The lot upon which the present building stands was purchased about 1830. Girard, west side of Third street below Chestnut. Chartered 1832. Capital, $1,000,000. The front of this building is very handsome. There is a portico of six Corinthian pillars, with pediment, wings, decorated with pilasters, and other embellish- ments. The building belongs to the Girard estate. The bank occupies the southern portion, the City Treasurer the northern portion and the City Controller the upper story. This building was erected in 1798 for the use of the first Bank of the United States, and was at the time considered one of the most hand- some edifices in the country. It is 96 feet front and 72 deep. After 156 NATIONAL BANKS. the charter of that institutioa expired, Stephen Girard purchased the building in 1812, and there established the business of a private banker. After his death the present institution was chartered with the expectation that it would occupy Mr. Girard's banking building. Commerce, north-east corner of Chestnut street and Straw- berry street. Chartered 1832. Capital, $250,000. The build- ing is of brownstone, substantial but plain in appearance. This institution was originally chartered as the Moyamensing Bank. Its first location was at the south-east corner of Fifth and South streets. Some years afterward it was removed to the south-east corner of Second and Chestnut streets. The name was changed while the institution occupied that place. The present building was constructed about 1850. Manufacturers', east side of Third street, between Market and Arch streets. Chartered 1832. Capital, $1,000,000. Front of granite, appropriate and pleasing in design. This institution was originally styled the Manufacturers and Me- chanics' Bank, and was located at the north-west corner of Third and Vine streets. The removal to the present situation took place a few years ago. Tradesmen's, east side of Third below Chestnut. Incor- porated 1847. Capital, $200,000. The front of the building is of granite, and attractive in appearance. Until within a few years the banking-house was at the south-west corner of Second and Spruce, and afterward in first story of the Com- mercial Exchange building. City, 32 North Sixth street. Chartered 1855. Capital, $400,000. Building 24 feet by 110, with brownstone front. The institution formerly occupied a brick building on the same premises. The new building was erected in 1874. Central, 109 South Fourth street below Chestnut. Char- tered 1865. Capital, $750,000. Occupies a building with sandstone front of business-like appearance. Commonwealth, south-west corner of Chestnut and Fourth, Chartered 1857. Capital, $300,000. Occupies a portion of the old Philadelphia Bank building. Consolidation, 331 North Third above Vine. Chartered NATIONAL BANKS. 157 1855. Capital, $300,000. Its building is of brownstone in handsome architectural style. It was finished in 1857. Corn Exchange, north-east corner of Chestnut and Second street. Chartered 1858. Capital, $500,000. Occupies a plain, solid-looking brick building, which was finished in 1859. Union, north-east corner of Third and Arch streets. Char- tered 1858. Capital, $500,000. Building of yellow sandstone, with brownstone trimmings. Western, south side of Chestnut street, west of Fourth Chartered 1832. Capital, $400,000. This institution was originally established on the south side of Market street, between Ninth and Tenth, afterward at the north- west corner of Sixth and Market. The bank erected, in connection with the Philadelphia Bank, the large building a portion of which it now occupies. It went into that building April 4, 1848. For a long time the banking-room was in the second story. Within three years the whole of the property has been taken for the purposes of the institution, and the interior altered and reconstructed. Germantown, 4800 Germantown avenue. Chartered 1814. Capital, $200,000. This institution occupies a handsome stone building on Germantown avenue corner of School- house lane. Keystone, south-west corner of Chestnut and Juniper streets. Chartered 1872. Capital, $200,000. Occupies a plain brick building, the first story being of marble. This institution was originally a State banking company, and ad- mitted to the privilege of a National Bank in 1875. Republic, Guarantee Trust building, Chestnut street, between Third and Fourth. Capital, $1,000,000. The business was for some years transacted in a large building originally con- structed for L. J. Levy's dry-goods store, on the north side of Chestnut above Eighth. When the Guarantee Trust Com- pany's building was completed, in 1875, the bank removed to that place. Security, north-w^est corner of Girard avenue and Seventh street. Capital, $250,000. Occupies a plain, substantial brick building. First, north-east corner of Chestnut and Hudson streets, 14 168 NATIONAL AND STATE BANKS. between Third and Fourth. Chartered 1863. Capital, $1,000,000. The building is of granite, of an imposing style of architecture, and considered one of the finest ornaments of the street. Second, 4434 Frankford avenue, Frankford. Chartered 1863. Capital, $300,000. Occupies a neat building in that portion of the city formerly known as Frankford. Third, south-west corner of Market and Penn square. Chartered 1863. Capital, $300,000. Occupies a building of marble in a neat style of architecture. Sixth, north-west corner of Second and Pine streets. Char- tered 1863. Capital, $150,000. The building is of brick, and of plain appearance. Seventh, north-west corner of Fourth and Market streets. Chartered 1863. Capital, $250,000. The building is plain in appearance. Eighth, north-east corner of Second and Girard avenue. Chartered 1863. Capital, $275,000. STATE BANKS. Union Banking Company, 310 Chestnut street. Capital, $700,000. The building is of variegated brick, stone and tiles in Moorish style of architecture. People's, north side of Chestnut street, east of Fifth. Capital, $100,000. This institution occupies a magnificent building of granite erected by the Board of Public Trusts for the Girard estate. It is one of the handsomest structures on the street. The banking-house is in the rear, spacious and well lighted. Spring Garden, north-west corner of Eidge avenue and Spring Garden street. Capital, $250,000. The building is of white marble, in handsome style, and a conspicuous orna- ment of the neighborhood. Twenty-second Ward, 4850 Germantown avenue. Char- tered 1873. Capital, $150,000. Occupies an old-fashioned building constructed in the style prevalent among the better class of houses in Germantown before 1800. STATE BANKS — SAVING FUNDS. 159 Manayunk, 4371 Main street, Manayunk. Chartered 1873. Capital, $100,000. Shackamaxon, 1737 Frankford avenue. Chartered 1873. Capital, $100,000. West Philadelphia, 3839 Market street. Capital, $100,000. Bank of America, 306 Walnut street. Chartered 1873. Capital, $500,000. Occupies a marble building formerly be- longing to the Philadelphia Saving Fund. Merchants' Exchange, south-east corner of Third and Dock streets. Chartered 1872. Capital $50,000. This institution was formerly located at 915 Market street, and called the Iron Bank. United States Banking Company, Chestnut street below Ninth. Chartered 1873. Capital, $50,950. SAVING FUNDS. These institutions, according to the design of the original association, were intended to assist poor people in saving money by the reception of small amounts on deposit and payment of interest. The rate of interest is 4 8-10 per cent., and it is added to the principal at the end of every year, and interest given on the whole amount. Philadelphia Saving Fund Society, Building, south-west corner of Seventh and Walnut streets. It is of granite, two stories in height, and presents a solid appearance. The society has in trust about thirteen millions of dollars, and the annual deposits are over four millions of dollars. It was established in 1816, and incorporated February, 1819. Western Saving Fund, south-west corner of Tenth and Walnut streets, occupies a large brownstone building. The society was incorporated in 1847. This institution has a large number of depositors, and is conducted upon the plan of the old Philadelphia Saving Fund. Beneficial Saving Fund, south-west corner of Twelfth and Chestnut streets, was incorporated April 20, 1853. Germantown Saving Fund, 4908 Germantown avenue, in- corporated 1854. 160 TKUST COMPANIES, ETC. TRUST COMPANIES, Trust powers are held by several corporations, which have other business rights that they also exercise. Some of these will be treated of under other heads. Pennsylvania Company for Insurance on Lives and granting Annuities occupies a fine granite building on the north side of Chestnut street adjoining the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank. The life insurance business is not exercised by the company at the present time. It receives and executes trusts, acts as executor or administrator of the estates of deceased persons and grants annuities. The business is very large and valuable. The capital is $1,000,000. The company was chartered in 1812. For a long time its office was in a brick building on the south side of Walnut street, west of Third. The present building was finished in 1872. Provident Life and Trust Company, west side of Fourth street below Chestnut, is devoted to the same line of business as the above. The building has an iron front, is of massive proportions and imposing in appearance. The company was chartered in 1865. The capital is $500,000. Girard Life Annuity and Trust Company, north-east corner of Seventh and Chestnut streets, was incorporated in 1836, and occupied for many years the first floor of the Western Bank building. Chestnut street near Fourth. Capital, $300,000. SAPBrDEPOSIT AND TRUST COMPANIES. Within a few years the increase of valuable personal property in bonds, stocks, etc., with plate, jewels and other valuable articles, has created a necessity for the assistance of institutions which would take safe care of them. The safe-deposit company receives articles of a valuable character not bulky, undertakes to keep them safely, and ensures their delivery when needed. The buildings are very strong, spe- cially constructed for the purpose, believed to be burglar- proof as well as fireproof, and are watched with great care. Fidelity Insurance, Trust and Safe-deposit Company occu- SAFE-DEPOSIT AJN'D TRUST COMPANIES. 161 pies a very large building with white marble front, in hand- some style, situate on the north side of Chestnut street, be- tween Third and Fourth streets. The character of the archi- tecture is Italian. The capital is $1,000,000. The charter was granted in 1866, and the company established in business in the Philadelphia Bank building. The new building was opened April 6, 1869. The Philadelphia Trust, Safe-deposit and Insurance Com- pany, incorporated 1869, occupies a fine white marble building on the north side of Chestnut street, between Fourth and Fifth streets, adjoining the Philadelphia Bank on the east. This company was opened in 1869-70 in the apartments previously occupied by the Fidelity Trust Company. The new building was finished and opened in 1874. Northern Saving Fund, Safe-deposit and Trust Company, south-west corner of Sixth and Spring Garden streets. The building is of granite, and presents a fine appearance. The company was incorporated in 1871, and occupied a temporary oflice during that year at the south-east corner of Sixth and Noble streets. The present building was finished and occu- pied about the beginning of 1873. Guarantee Trust and Safe-deposit Company. This company occupies a very large, solidly-built and odd-looking building of brick, gray stone, black stone and tiles, which is situate on the south side of Chestnut street, extending from Hudson street to Carpenters' Court, between Third arid Fourth streets. The front is made conspicuous by two square towers with mansard roofs. The style of architecture is Venetian, and the appearance of the building is so peculiar that it attracts much attention. The building is large, and devoted not only to the business of the Guarantee Trust Company, but accom- modates also the National Bank of the Republic and the Fame Insurance Company. The safe-deposit vaults are at the extreme .south end of the building, and are very strong. The interior is richly decorated in the Italian style. The capital is $1,000,000, and the charter was granted in 1872. The present building was opened for business January 1, 1875. 14 * L 162 SAFE-DEPOSIT AND TRUST COMPANIES, ETC. Penn Trust and Safe-deposit Company occupies the western portion of the Spring Garden Bank building, on Spring Gar- den street west of Eidge avenue. It was opened for business in 1874. INSURANCE. The business of insurance has very much increased within a few years, and is applied to subjects not thought of when this plan of guarantee against loss was originated. Com- mencing with insurance against the risks of the seas, the principle was gradually extended to insurance against fire, to the insurance of families against the losses occasioned by death of relatives, and of late years there has been added in- surance against accidents, not only to persons, but to property At the beginning of 1875 there were in Philadelphia, acting under charters from the State of Pennsylvania, 26 joint-stock fire and marine insurance companies, 6 mutual fire and ma- rine and 9 life insurance companies, some of them with trust and annuity powers. There were also over 125 agencies of companies acting under charters granted in other States of the Union, and about 20 Pennsylvania companies which did not belong to the city, and 15 foreign companies, English, French and German. The majority of these companies and agencies occupy offices in buildings devoted to other purposes than the objects of those institutions. It is our design only to notice such of them as have been long established and own and occupy the buildings in which their business is carried on. FIRE INSURANCE COMPANIES. Philadelphia Contributionship. Incorporated March 25, 1752. Occupies four-story brick building west side of South Fourth street below Walnut. This is the oldest fire insurance company in America. It was instituted upon the mutual principle, the subscribers undertaking to insure each other against loss and to contribute toward losses in ratio with the insurance interests of each. The insurance is only upon real estate, and is what is called ''perpetual," enduring as long as the building stands. The insured can withdraw their FIRE IXSUEiANCE COMPANIES. 163 premium money, less a percentage retained by the company, at any time, and close the policy and risk. The badge of this company, from which it obtained the popular name of the "Hand in Hand," is four hands clasped. Mutual Assurance. Incorporated 1784. Occupies the building at 526 Walnut street, the first story being of marble and the upper portion of brick. This company was popularly known as the "Green Tree," from its badge. American. Incorporated 1811, with a capital ot $500,000. Office, 310 Walnut street, four-story brick building. Delaware Mutual Safety. Incorporated 1835. Occupies a stately brownstone building at the south-east corner of Third and Walnut streets, 47 feet 4 inches front on Walnut by 70 feet deep, which was finished in the spring of 1855. Fire Association. Incorporated March 27, 1820. Sand- stone three-story building, south-west corner of Fifth and North streets, below Arch. This association was originally formed among the volunteer fire companies of Philadelphia, and intended, out of the profits, to as- sist in supporting those companies. The capital at the commence- ment was raised by contribution from each engine and hose com- pany, and was very small. But the association met with great favor from citizens and commanded a large business from the beginning. With good luck and small losses, it increased until it became a pow- erful company. The volunteer fire department was superseded by the paid fire department March 15, 1871. The Fire Association was then made, by act of legislature, a joint-stock company. Franklin. Chartered 1829. Occupies a building 421 Wal- nut street between Fourth and Fifth. This company does a very large business. Pennsylvania. Incorporated 1825. Capital, $400,000. Oc- cupies white marble building, in the Egyptian style, 510 Walnut street between Fifth and Sixth. This building was erected about 1835, and from the peculiar architecture attracted much attention for many years. Spring Garden. Incorporated 1835. Office in brick build- ing, the first story of marble, north-west corner of Sixth and Wood streets. 164 FIRE INSURANCE COMPANIES, ETC. County. Incorporated 1832. Building of sandstone and brick, 110 South Fourth street below Chestnut. Sun, occupies brick rough-cast building south-east corner of Spring Garden street and Eidge avenue. FIRE AND MARINE. North America. Incorporated 1794. Capital, $1,000,000. Occupies brownstone building, 232 Walnut street east of Third. LIFE. Penn Mutual. Incorporated June 1, 1847. Occupies build- ing north side of Chestnut street between Ninth and Tenth, which was originally the Kohne mansion. This company built for its office, in 1851, one of the first iron buildings erected in Philadelphia, at the north-east corner of Third and Dock streets. It was in the Italian style. Some years later the company removed to its present office, on Chestnut street. American. Incorporated 1850. Occupies a brick building of plain appearance. New York Mutual. Building, north-west corner Tenth and Chestnut streets, one of the most splendid structures in the city. It occupies a lot, 58 feet front on Chestnut street by 176 feet on Tenth street, upon which was once built a mansion, the residence of Major David Lenox, and which, afterward passing to his heirs, was known as the Keen mansion. This building is of granite, in the Renaissance style. Ionic and Corinthian pillars, with arches, balconies, cornices and pilas- ters, add to the effect of the fronts on Tenth and Chestnut streets. The building is four stories high, including the base- ment, with a high Mansard roof of iron, and from the side- walk to the top of the Mansard crest is 97 feet ; to top of main pavilion 104 feet, and to top of flag-staff 140 feet. It is fire- proof throughout, and cost over $1,000,000. Business was opened in this building by the New York Mutual Life Insur- ance Company on the 25th of August, 1875. CHAPTER IX. INSTITUTIONS OF EDUCATION. THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. rpHE buildings connected with the University of Pennsylva- J- nia are the largest and most conveniently arranged college buildings in the country. The building for the departments of science and arts stands on Locust street between Thirty-third and Thirty-fourth streets, in a square of ground containing more than six acres, and is two hundred and fifty-four feet in length and one hundred and two feet two inches in depth, and at central building one hundred and twenty-four feet in depth. The building is four stories high, including the basement, which is almost entirely above ground. The architecture is of the collegiate Gothic ; the material is of green serpentine stone ornamented with gray stone. There is a central build- ing of grand proportions, and wings with pavilions. On the eastern and western fronts large towers rise to a conspicuous height. The style of the building, with its gables, buttresses, pinnacles and bay and oriel windows, is very attractive. Upon the grounds are other buildings, the hospital and med- ical departments of the university, which will be described in their proper places. The corner-stone of this edifice was laid on the 15th of June, 1871, and it was finished and opened for use on the 11th of October, 1872. The building cost to construct $235,910.46. The department of science occupies the eastern portion of the building, and the department of arts the western. The centre building includes the chapel, library, assembly-rooms, etc. There are laboratories, class- rooms, recitation-rooms, museum-rooms, library, offices, etc., there being all together over sixty apartments for various purposes. This building was planned with special reference to the 165 THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 167 greatly increased number of rooms required for the fall devel- opment of that elective system of studies which has now be- come the settled policy in the department of arts, as well as for the purpose of affording every facility for teaching science in its application to the arts. A very complete library is at- tached to this department, also a collection of minerals em- bracing over 10,000 specimens. All the necessary conve- niences for demonstrating experimental physics are supplied, and also the same for the department of mechanical engi- neering. Number of students over two hundred. Access by Chestnut and Walnut, Darby branch, passenger railway cars. The history of the University of Pennsylvania may be said to commence with the institution of an academy and charitable school which was advocated by Benjamin Franklin in 1749, liberal sub- scriptions, for those days, being obtained for the purpose. The friends of this measure succeeded in obtaining the grant of what was called the " New Building," which had been erected on the west side of Fourth street below Arch as a preaching house for the use of the celebrated Whitefield, the itinerant preacher. The building was unfinished. The academy obtained possession of it, and here, in 1750, it was opened for instruction in the Latin and English lan- guages and mathematics. In 1755 the association was chartered with the title of " The College, Academy and Charitable School of Philadelphia," and authority was given to grant degrees. The lit- erary department continued in active operation up to the time of the Revolution. The first provost was Rev. AVilliam Smith D. D., and he continued in charge for twenty-four years. In 1779 the college fell into unpopularity in consequence of the agitations of the times, some of the trustees and teachers being suspected of tory sentiments. The assembly of Pennsylvania passed an act annulling the charter of the college, and conferred all the franchises of that corporation upon a new institution called " The University of Pennsylvania." The latter succeeded to the rights of the college, attracting to its service some of the old professors. Others refused to join the new institution. In 1789 the council of censors of the State declared that the forfeiture of the charter of the college was illegal, and the Legislature passed an act restoring the franchises of the institution. The old college was reorganized, and for two years the college and university conducted the work of education in rivalry. In 1791 good sense prevailed, and by arrangement and compromise it was agreed that the two institutions should be united— an arrange- 168 THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, ETC. ment which the Legislature ratified, giving to the united corporation the title of " The University of Pennsylvania." The medical school, which was begun in 1764 by Dr. William Shippen, was a part of the institution before the Revolution, and afterward when the two insti- tutions were separate, and was much strengthened upon the union. In the year 1798 the trustees of the university bought the house erected for the use of the President of the United States by the State of Pennsylvania, on Ninth below Market street. It was one hundred feet front by one hundred feet deep, and three stories in height. The medical school, which had not occupied the buildings of the college or university at any time, was brought nearer to the parent institution in 1807 by the erection of an octagonal building adjoining. In 1829 the President's house and the medical department building were torn down and two buildings erected, one for the use of the library and the other for the medical department. These buildings were torn down in 1874, the United States government having pur- chased the ground for a post-office. GIRARD COLLEGE. This magnificent marble building, situate on a lot of ground extending from South College avenue to North College avenue and from Ridge avenue at Nineteenth street and Girard ave- nue to Twenty-fifth street, occupying 41 acres, is one of the finest architectural works in the United States. The design of the main building is in the richest Corinthian style. The superstructure rests upon a basement consisting of eleven steps extending around the entire edifice. The building, 111 feet wide and 169 feet long, is surrounded by a range of fluted columns, 8 on each end and 11 on each side, including the corner columns. The columns support a portico with archi- traves 21 feet in width, and are 55 feet in height, 9 feet 3 inches in diameter at the base, and surmounted by richly carved capitals 8 feet 6 inches high. The total height of the building is 97 feet. It is arched throughout, with brick and stone, floored with marble and roofed with marble tiles. The weight of the roof is estimated at over 969 tons. The great doors in the south and north fronts are 16 feet wide and 32 high. In the south vestibule in a sarcophagus rest the ashes of Stephen Girard, the founder, surmounted by his 170 GIRARD COLLEGE. statue by N. Gevelot, which, for fidelity of likeness and posi- tion rendering the figure of the merchant and mariner as he lived, cannot be excelled by any modern statue. This build- ing is used entirely for educational purposes. Four marble buildings, two on the east and two on the west of the main building, are devoted to the use of pupils as residences, etc. There are various other buildings in the enclosure. There is a fine parade-ground, upon which the pupils are exercised in military discipline. West of the main building, upon the grounds and near the front, is a monument erected by the pupils to the memory of their associates killed in the army and navy during the war of the rebellion. A fine statue rep- resenting a soldier decorates the memorial. In the main col- lege building are deposited personal relics of Girard — furni- ture, etc.— which are considered curious. The whole of the grounds are enclosed by a solid stone wall, ten feet in height, in conformity with the will of Mr. Girard. The whole cost of this building and the improvement of the grounds was $1,933,821.78. The college is controlled by the Board of Public Trusts, elected by the city corporation. The institu- tion has 20 professors and teachers in the Faculty, with 12 pre- fects and governesses. In 1874 there were over 500 pupils in the institution ; and owing to the increased revenues from the Girard estates, the directors expect in a short time to be able to enlarge the capacity to 1000. Admission to the institution is accorded to visitors every day except Sundays. Tickets may be procured at the office of the Girard Trusts, Fifth street, op- posite Minor, Mayor's office. Fifth and Chestnut streets, or at the ofiice of the Public Ledger, Sixth and Chestnut streets. Clergymen cannot under any circumstances be admitted to the institution, such being the absolute wdll of Mr. Girard. Access to the college may be had by the Girard avenue, Ridge avenue and Seventeenth and Nineteenth streets pas- senger railway lines. This institution was founded for the education of poor white orphan boys by Stephen Girard, a native of France, who was born May 21, 1750, near Bordeaux, and died in Philadelphia December GTRARD COLLEGE, ETC. 171 26, 1831. He went to sea as a cabin-boy, rose to be master and part owner of a small vessel, and earned enough money to establish himself in. business in Philadelphia in a small way in 1769. He made money, and after the Revolution gradually increased his com- mercial ventures, until he became one of the richest merchants in the country. In 1812 he engaged in business as a private banker, loaned the United States government $5,000,000 in that year, maintained an active commercial business, bought largely in real estate, built fine stores and dwelling-houses and added much to the beauty of the city. Upon his death it was found that he had bequeathed half a million dollars to the city of Philadelphia for the improvement of streets and buildings, $300,000 to the State of Pennsylvania for the improve- ment of canals, $2,000,000 and the residue of his property — after other legacies and bequests were paid — for the support and education of "poor white male orphans, between the ages of six and ten years when admitted to the institution, giving the preference, first, to those born within the bounds of the [old] oity of Philadelphia ; secondly, to those born in Pennsylvania ; thirdly, to those bom in New York ; and lastly, to those born in Kew Orleans." The boys are bound apprentices to the corporation of Philadelphia, and bound out from the institution between the ages of fourteen and eighteen years. The college was originally intended to be erected on a lot of ground bounded by Tenth, Eleventh, Market and Chestnut streets; but Mr. Girard having bought, shortly before his death, a lot of ground on Ridge road called Peel Hall, he directed by a codicil that the college should be built there. The corner-stone was laid July 4, 1833, and the college opened for use on the 1st of January, 1848. Germantown Academy, School-house lane between Green and Wayne streets, Germantown. This venerable institution is one of the oldest now existing in the city. The building, quaint and old-fashioned, constructed of stone, with an odd little cupola and bell, is one of the ante-Revolutionary relics yet preserved in Philadelphia. The education is plain Eng- lish, and the academy is well patronized by residents of Ger- mantown and the neighborhood. This institution was founded by inhabitants of Germantown by proceedings originated at a meeting on the 6th of December, 1759. It was resolved at that time that a building should " be erected near the centre of the town for the use of an English and High Dutch or German school, and also suitable dwellings for the teachers to reside in." Money was subscribed, and the corner-stone laid on the 21st 172 GERMANTOWN ACADEMY, ETC. of April, 1760. It was opened for use September, 1761, and during that month received 131 pupils, of which 61 were in the English and 70 in the German department. Greek, Latin and the higher math- ematics were also taught. The school was discontinued during the Kevolution, but was revived at its close, and chartered in 1784, under the title of the " Public School of Germantown." It has been in operation ever since. Aimwell School, north side of Cherry street between Ninth and Tenth. This school occupies a brick building. It is supported by the Society for the Free Instruction of Female Children, which was founded by three young women of the Society of Friends in 1796. They taught the scholars for some years in sewing, reading, writing and arithmetic. For many years the school was held in the Quaker school-house on South Fourth street. The school-house has been in its present situation for a long time. Beck School-house, north side of Catherine street between Sixth and Seventh streets, occupies a lot of ground 65 feet front by 203 feet deep. There is a boys' and girls' school, grammar and secondary, with capacity to accommodate from three hundred and fifty to four hundred pupils. These schools are maintained by the Philadelphia Society for the Establishment and Support of Charity Schools, established in 1799, and incorporated September 8, 1801. For some years the schools of this society and the Aimwell and Adelphi Schools, the latter of which has gone out of existence, were the only free schools in the city. The school was opened 1801, in a room in the rear of the Second Presbyterian Church, Third and Arch streets. In that year a bequest by Christopher Ludwick of his residuary estate, estimated at $13,000, for teaching poor children gratis, was secured by the society. A lot of ground was purchased on Walnut street west of Sixth in 1804. A building was erected upon it, which was opened for school purposes at the end of that year. In 1859 the property, being very valuable, was appropriated to the means of obtaining enlarged in- come by altering it to the use of offices, etc. It is now known as the Ludwick Building. A lot of ground on Catherine street was pre- sented to the society by Paul Beck, Sr., by deed. When the new school was finished, in May, 1859, it was called the Beck School-house. This school has a riglit to send pupils to the Central High School. CHAPTER X. COLLEGIATE AND ACADEMICAL INSTITUTIONS UN- DER CONTROL OF RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL ACADEMY. Protestant Episcopal Academy, south-west corner of Locust and Juniper. Building of red sandstone of the Elizabethan 15* 173 174 ACADEMICAL INSTITUTIONS. style of architecture. The instruction comprises all the branches that are usually taught in the elementary and higher schools ; and although the sessions open and close with short services in the chapel and the trustees are Episcopalians, the course of study is by no means sectarian in its character. This building is near the line of the Thirteenth, Spruce and Walnut street railways. The walk from each is but a short distance. This institution was founded in the year 1785 by efforts of church- men in the city, conspicuous among whom were Bishop White, Rev. Doctor Pillmore, Rev. Doctor Blackwell and others. A lot was pro- cured on the south side of Chestnut street west of Sixth, upon which a fine large building for the use of the academy was erected. The undertaking, however, proved to be too great for the means of the institution. The building was sold, and became Oeller's hotel, the most fashionable establishment of that kind in the city. It was totally destroyed by fire, with Rickett's circus, adjoining, in Decem- ber, 1799. The academy went to the south-east corner of Third and Pear streets. Subsequently it was in other places, and had fallen to the position of an ordinary school. In 1846 steps were taken to enlarge and improve its means by Bishop Potter and others, and the institution placed on a permanent basis. Protestant Episcopal Divinity School, corner of Thirty-ninth and Walnut streets, West Philadelphia. This institution is devoted to the theological instruction of students for the ministry. There are six professors. Theology, homiletics, Hebrew, biblical learning and canon law are taught. This school was established several years ago. Access by cars of the Chestnut and Walnut streets passenger railway. Theological Seminary of Saint Charles Borromeo (Roman Catholic). This institution was incorporated in 1848, under the direction of Lazaritists, or priests of the Congregation of Missions. It was originally located at the north-east corner of Eighteenth and Race streets. A few years ago the ground at Overbrook, four miles and a half from the city, was pur- chased, and a fine building of graystone in the Italian style of architecture erected. The edifice has a front of three hun- dred and eighty-four feet, with wings and pavilions. A high ACADEMICAL INSTITUTIONS. 175 dome, with cross and lantern, surmounts the central building. Towers surmounted with crosses are upon the end buildings. The interior is fitted for the purposes of a theological seminary, with class- and recitation-rooms, dormitories and a fine chapel, with every appointment for the services of the Church. Ac- cess by Pennsylvania Eailroad to Overbrook station. Seminary of Saint Vincent de Paul (Eoman Catholic), Chew street, Germantown, is nearly finished, and is to be dedicated to the education of priests, under the charge of the same order that have control of Saint Charles Borromeo. The building is to be extensive, and is constructed of dark graystone and granite. La Salle College (Roman Catholic), north-east corner of Juniper and Filbert streets, under charge of Christian Bro- thers, is a brick building devoted to primary and classical education. Saint Joseph's College (Roman Catholic), 317 Willing's alley, is connected with Saint Joseph's Roman Catholic church, and is devoted to the purpose of an academical edu- cation. It was incorporated in 1852. Parish Schools. There are in many parts of the city Eoman Catholic schools attached to the churches, which are under control of clergymen and Christian Brothers and re- ligious women. Theological Seminary of Evangelical Lutheran Church, 216 Franklin street above Race. This institution occupies a large brick building. The Faculty consists of five professors. The object is to educate young men in the work of the Lutheran ministry. Haverford College. Society of Friends (Orthodox). This institution, founded in the year 1833, is situated upon the line of the Pennsylvania Railroad, at a distance of nine miles from the city. The grounds occupy nearly two hundred acres, sixty of which are devoted to a lawn tastefully laid out and adorned with an unusual variety of trees and shrubbery. The college buildings consist of the original structure, used hitherto for boarding and educational purposes ; an astronomical observ- 176 ACADEMICAL INSTITUTIONS. atory, containing an SJ-inch telescope and other instruments ; a large gymnasium and lecture-room, with laboratory, etc., and the alumni hall, which includes the reading-room and library of about ten thousand carefully selected volumes. A large new edifice is to be erected during the year 1876, for the purpose of giving improved accommodations and educational facilities to a larger number of students. There are six professors and in- structors. The course of education is academic and practical. Swarthmore College (Society of Friends) is situate near Westdale station, upon the line of the West Chester and Philadelphia Railroad, about eight or nine miles from the city. This college occupies very extensive stone buildings, which present an imposing appearance from the railroad. The course of instruction is collegiate, and the college is divided into two departments, one of which is devoted to male and the other to female students. There are usually several hundred students or pupils in this institution. This college has been in operation a few years, and is under con- trol of the members of the Society of Friends usually de- nominated "Hicksites." William Penn Charter-school. This school is held in con- nection with Friends' Meeting (Orthodox) adjoining the meeting-house, corner of Twelfth and Clover streets, above Chestnut street. It was chartered by William Penn in 1701, and for more than a century the school-house was in Fourth street below Chestnut. Friends' Central School, Fifteenth and Race streets, is con- nected with the meeting-house there. The course is thorough, from primary up to academic and classical. The schools are primary, secondary, grammar and central. There are six schools at this place, and about six hundred pupils. CHAPTER XI. INSTITUTIONS FOR SCIENTIFIC EDUCATION. MEDICAL COLLEGES. Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania (Allopathic). This branch of the university occupies a capa- cious building of greenstone situate at the corner of Locust and Thirty-fourth streets. The style of the architecture is in harmony with that of the main university building, to the east of it, and of the university hospital, to the south, although there are essential differences in all of them. This building MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. is fitted up especially for purposes of medical instruction. The laboratory is in the basement. Two large lecture-rooms are upon the first floor. The museum and clinical amphi- theatre are on the second floor. The third story contains the dissecting-rooms and surgical-rooms. There are ample ac- commodations for six hundred students; and besides the in- struction of the Faculty and assistants, practical, clinical and M 177 178 MEDICAL COLLEGES. ' surgical instruction is afforded by the practice at the university hospital, on the same ground. Access by Chestnut and Walnut streets passenger railway (Darby branch). The medical department of the university owes its foundation to Doctor William Shippen of Philadelphia, who commenced private lectures upon medicine and surgery in 1764. In 1765 the College of Philadelphia instituted a medical department, and Doctor Shippen was made the first professor, being awarded the chair of anatomy. Other chairs were added, and for some years the medical school was the only one available to students in America. The classes were taught before the Revolution at Doctor Shippen's residence, or in a building adjoining the back of his house, on Fourth street above Market. About the time of the Revolution a building was erected for the special use of the medical department, on the east side of Fifth street above Walnut, halfway to Library street. This was called Surgeons' Hall, and was in use until 1807, when the medical building adjoining the university on Ninth street was erected. Since that pei-iod the medical department has always been near the scientific and literary departments of the university. The medical depart- ment has been from its institution under the charge of professors of the highest reputation in their own profession. Among them may be mentioned Shippen, Morgan, Bond, Rush, Physic, Wistar, Rogers, Horner, Wood, Jackson and Gibson. The new buildijig was formally opened on the 12th of October, 1874. Jefferson Medical College, west side of Tenth street below Bansom. The building is of rough-cast brick, with a Corinth- ian portico of six columns on Tenth street. It is well arranged for scientific instruction. There is a fine large museum, class-rooms, lecture-rooms, theatre, dissecting-rooms, etc. There is a full Faculty, and the annual attendance of students is large. Adjoining the college on the west, a hos- pital, which will soon be finished, will atford clinical instruc- tion to the student. Among the noted professors of Jefferson College have been Samuel and George McClellan, Dungiison, Mutter, Meigs, Bache, Pancoast and others of eminence. Cars of the Tenth and Eleventh streets passenger railway going south pass the building. This college was originally established under the charter of Jefferson College, Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, which had authority MEDICAL COLLEGES. 179 to maintain a medical school. It was established in Philadelphia about 1824, in a building on the south side of Prune street between Fifth and Sixth streets. April 12, 1828, the medical college received a separate charter. A lot of ground was obtained on Tenth street, and a brick building 51 by 57 feet in size, with an L measuring on the angle 94 feet, was established, with a three-story building in the rear for an anatomical class-room. In 1845 the building was en- larged and a handsome front built by the architect Le Brund. The University College (Eclectic) occupies a brownstone building in the collegiate Gothic style, with towers, on the west side of Ninth street below Locust. The building was constructed for the Pennsylvania College, an institution which is not now in existence. It is 60 by 80 feet, five stories high. The comer-stone was laid 31st May, 1849, and the building occupied and completed in 1850. The Woman's Medical College (Allopathic), N. W. comer of North College avenue and Twenty-first street, a hand- some brick building, specially constructed for the use of the institution. The corner-stone was laid October 1, 1874, and the building opened for education at the autumn session of 1875. This institution was formed in order to ensure a medical education to women, there being prejudice against their being furnished with facilities for medical study in other institutions. Many of the pro- fessors are women, and a considerable number of women have graduated there and are now in practice. The Woman's Hospital, adjoining, furnishes clinical advantages. The college was founded in 1849, and was the first distinctive medical school for women established in the world. Access by Pvidge Avenue passenger rail- way. Hahnemann Medical College (Homoeopathic), north side of Filbert street, between Eleventh and Twelfth. The building — ^the first story of marble and portico of two pillars — pre- sents a neat, handsome and attractive front. There is a full Faculty connected with the institution, and a considerable number of students attend annually. A dispensary is at- tached, and Hahnemann Hospital, adjoining, on the north, gives opportunity for clinical and practical instruction 180 MEDICAL AND DENTAL COLLEGES. This college was instituted in 1846. The building had been pre- viously erected for the use of the Philadelphia Institute. College of Physicians (Allopathic), N. E. corner of Thir- teenth and Locust streets. This institution is one of the oldest in the city, having been founded in 1787 and incorpo- rated in 1789. The building is of brick, and well adapted for the purposes intended. The society is composed of physicians only, and they meet twice a month for the discussion of sub- jects connected with the science of medicine and its advance- ment. For numy years this association met in Locust street between Eleventh and Twelfth. The present building was completed in ISGo. It contains the Pathological Museum of the late Dr. Thomas D. Mutter, with many additions, a val- uable library enhanced by donations of Samuel Lewis and George Ord, which reaches about 15,000 volumes. Dr. Mut- ter left a fund for the support of pathological lectures before the institution. Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, east side of Tenth street above Cherry. The building actually occupied by this institution is of considerable dimensions and stands back from the street. The Tenth street front is merely a place of entrance. This college is intended to instruct students for the business of apothecaries and physicians, and for "the pur- pose of cultivating, improving and making known a know- ledge of pharmacy and its collateral branches of science and the best modes of preparing medicine and their compounds, and of giving instruction in the same by public lectures." The College of Pharmacy was cliartered in 1S21, and occupied a building on the south side of Zaue street, west of Seventh, for many years. The present building has been in use about five years. The conrse of instruction is in che.nistry, materia medica, botany and practical pharmacy. There are three professors, and there are a considerable number of students. DENTAL COLLEGES. There are two institutions devoted to instruction in the theory and practice of dentistry. They are well organized, with a large corps of professors and with museums, instru- DENTAL COLLEGES, ETC. 181 ments, implements and everything necessary to add to the thoroughness of the instruction. Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery, B. E. corner of Tenth and Arch streets, has thirteen professors and assistant professors. The building is of brick, four stories in height. Philadelphia Dental College, 108 North Tenth street, above Arch, also occupies a brick building. There are eight pro- fessors. POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE OF STATE OF PENNSYLVANLA. This institution, located on the south side of Market, be- tween Seventeenth and Eighteenth, is devoted to instruction in technical science, mechanics, engineering, mining, archi- tecture and metallurgy. Geology, mineralogy, chemistry, mathematics, are also taught, with book-keeping, commercial accounts and industrial jurisprudence. The college was founded in 1853, and its studies were held for many years in the building at the south-west corner of Merrick and Market streets. U CHAPTER XII. SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS. THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. THIS valuable institution will soon be installed in its new building, on Race street, opposite Logan square. It is a fireproof building, in the Collegiate Gothic style of archi- tecture, the exterior walls being faced with green serpentine- and the openings trimmed with Ohio sand-stone. The plan ACADEMY OF NATURAI. SCIKNCES. of the entire building includes room for a library of 80,000 volumes, cabinets, etc. Apartments for the use of male and female artists engaged in copying natural objects, a reading- room, in which will be found all the leading scientific periodi- cals of the world, as well as work-shops and committee- and 1S3 184 THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, ETC. study-rooms, are provided. A portion of the building will be occupied by a handsome lecture-room and laboratory. The public are admitted on Tuesday and Friday afternoons. A small fee of ten cents is charged. The following will give some idea of the size of the collec- tion: Natural objects, many of them unique, as the restored skeleton of the Hadrosaurus Foulkii, 250,000 specimens; pa- Iseontological collection, 65,000 specimens ; mineralogical cab- inet, 5000 specimens ; botanical, 70,000 species of plants ; in- sect cabinet, 25,000 species; shells, more than 100,000 spe- cimens of 20,000 species ; birds, 31,000 specimens (the largest collection in the world); reptiles, 800 species; fishes, 1170 species; mammals, 1000 specimens. Comparative anatomy: skeletons, 271; crania, 346; parts of different animals, 259. Ethnology: 1200 human crania of different races, 4 human mummies, 41 mummified animals. The Academy of Natural Sciences was founded January, 1812, by seven gentlemen who met together for the purpose of conversing upon scientific subjects, and thus communicating to each other the results of their reading, observation and reflection, A museum, a library of scientific works, a laboratory and philosophical appara- tus were the first objects of acquisition. The room of the society was first established on North Second street, subsequently on Arch street, and for many years in a building at the north-east corner of Twelfth and George streets, which had been erected for the purposes of a Swedenborgian church. The hall at Sansom and Broad streets was erected in 1842, and enlarged by the addition of a third story some years afterward, ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. The rooms of this society are located at 518 South Thirteenth street, where may be found a very large collection of speci- mens of entomology and the most complete library on the subject in the United States, Visitors are admitted free of charge on Monday evenings from 7.30 to 10, when they have the privilege of the use of the library. This society was incorporated in 1862, Germantown Scientific Society, 4836 Germantown avenue. Useful to the residents of that portion of the city. THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE. 185 THE WAGNER INSTITUTE. This institution was founded by Professor William Wagner in 1855. The building is located at Seventeenth street and Montgomery avenue. It contains a valuable library, philoso- phical and chemical apparatus, cabinets of minerals, etc. A course of free lectures is given every winter in the large lec- ture-room, holding over one thousand persons. William Wagner was originally a merchant, and having been suc- cessful in business retired many years ago. Desiring to put his wealth to some good purpose and having scientific tastes, he devoted himself to the project of this institution. The ground was pur- chased and the large building erected at his expense, and it has been maintained for twenty years as a means of benefit to the people. The winter lectures comprise a course, and they are delivered by gentlemen of scientific ability. American Philosophical Society was founded in May, 1763, upon the union of two societies, one of which was the Junto, of which Benjamin Franklin was a member. The new society was established in 1743. (See chapter on Independence Hall and Square.) THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE, East side of south Seventh below Market street. This society was organized in 1824 for the promotion of the me- chanic arts. The building which it occupies is of Pennsyl- vania marble, a plain and unassuming edifice, and contains a library, lecture-room and museum. It is well worthy of a visit, and can be seen daily on application at the hall. This institution was incorporated March 30, 1824. It maintained a library and reading-room for many years. For some years it gave exhibitions of the progress of American manufactures, which were held in the old Masonic Hall building on Chestnut street and the museum building, Ninth and George. Lectures were given during winter seasons, and a drawing-school has been maintained for many years. The " Journal of the Franklin Institute " is the oldest ex- tant periodical for mechanics published in America. ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIETY AND ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS. This attractive addition to the sights of Philadelphia is under the control of a society composed of stockholders, 16* 188 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND GARDENS. whose original subscriptions formed the basis upon which the buildings were erected and the collection secured. The location, directly on the banks of the Schuylkill, is unsurpassed, and the shade of a beautiful grove of forest trees secures the visitor from the heat of the summer sun. The buildings, for comfort and convenience, are unexcelled in any country in THE MONKKY-HOITSE. Europe, and the care taken of the animals and the general cleanliness of the surroundings have been commented upon by all visitors. The total amount of land occupied by this garden is thirty-three acres, which is laid out very handsomely with walks and flower-beds, and the stream crossed by rustic bridges. The collection of animals and birds so far made is most creditable, and while comprising those usually met with ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND GARDENS. 189 in menageries has many rare additions, constantly increased either by donation or purchase. The admission fee is twenty- five cents, with half rate for children. The Zoological Garden can be reached by boats on the Schuylkill, and by the street cars via Girard avenue, and also via Race and Vine streets. THE BEAR-PIXS. In this enclosure are the following large buildings: first, Penn's mansion of Solitude, now appropriated to various purposes (see Chapter XXVIII.), the Carnivora House, with outdoor cages, a very large building, the aviary, the monkey- house, the eagle-house, the elephant- and rhinoceros-house, bear-pits and other buildings, besides large numbers of pens, cages, etc. The cost of the buildings is already above $150,000. The Zoological Society was incorporated in 1859, and a site allotted to its use by the State of Pennsylvania in Fairmount Park. For four- 190 ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND GARDENS, ETC. teen years very little was done toward establishing the societ>' on a permanent basis. In June, 1873, the Park Commissioners granted the society the ground on the west side of the river now occupied by the collection, and from that time the work was prosecuted with great vigilance and spirit. The gardens were first opened July 1, 1874. THE HOBTICULTURAX. SOCIETY. Hall, east side of Broad street north of Spruce street, ad- joining the Academy of Music. This is the oldest society devoted to horticulture in the United States. Semi-annual exhibitions are held of plants, flowers, fruits and vegetables, as well as of horticultural implements. Liberal premiums are awarded to successful competitors. The society po^esses a large and well -selected library of works on horticulture and kindred subjects. The hall is extensive and covers a large space of ground, being 75 feet front by 200 feet deep. The front is of sandstone, handsomely ornamented with brown- stone trimmings. The main apartment is one of the largest in the city, devoted to meetings, etc. Besides the purposes of the society, this hall is frequently used for lectures, balls, concerts, etc. The Pennsylvania Horticultural Society was formed in the year 1829 by gentlemen interested in botanical and horticultural pursuits. The objects of the society are '' promoting and encouraging horti- culture by improving the growth of vegetables, plants, trees, fruits and flowers, and of introducing into our country new varieties and species." The society was incorporated in 1831. It gave exhibitions for many years in the old museum building and other places, and once or twice upon one of the public squares. The present building was commenced in 1866 and opened for use 29th of May, 1867. Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture occupies a portion of the building on the south-west corner of Ninth and Walnut streets. This is the oldest agricultural society in the United States, and was instituted 1857. It holds monthly meetings, has a cabinet and library, has in former years awarded many premiums for improvements in agricul- ture, and has published several volumes of memoirs of its transactions. CHAPTER XIII. PAINTING, SCULPTURE, MUSIC. THE PENNSYLVANIA ACADEMY OF THE FINE ARTS. rilHE new academy building is situated at the south-west -*- corner of Broad and Cherry streets, entirely covering the lot of two hundred and sixty feet in length on Cherry street, and one hundred feet front on Broad street. It is thoroughly THE ACADEMY OF FINE AKTS. fireproof, and the dwellings of the janitor, curator and porter are so disposed as to properly guard it. The structure, of Byzantine or Venetian style of architecture, is of mingled brick and stone. Over the portal on Broad street stands a mutilated colossal statue in marble of the goddess Ceres like a presiding genius of antique art ; for is not all art since 191 192 acadp:my of the fine arts. Michael Angelo founded on the grand principles evolved by him out of the ancient buried masterpieces just then discov- ered and reinstalled to gladden the sight and mould the taste of after generations ? This noble fragment was dug up at Megara, in Greece, and was brought thence by Commodore Patterson and presented by him to the academy. The column beneath it, dividing the entrance into two, is of polished Aberdeen granite, as are also those that decorate the windows and door, and the smaller ones of the central balcony and under the cornice. In panels between these latter, and also in the arches of the upper cornice, are inlaid encaustic tiles, rich in color and gold. The carved spandrels of the arch over the mullioned window also have inlaid borders of colored tiles, through which flow veins of gold in gracefully waving lines. On either side of the western window are great slabs of stone, to be wrought hereafter into figures typical of painting and sculpture. On nine other slabs of smaller size are to be sculptured medallion portraits of prominent representative men distinguished in the arts. The lower story, devoted principally to educational uses, furnishes accommodation for the board of directors' room, a library and print-room fifty -four feet in length by twenty-four, a lecture-room sixty feet by forty, a life-class room nearly forty feet square, with adjoining studio for painting drapeiy and still-life, a modelling-room, and five galleries of casts from the antique averaging more than thirty feet- in width each, so that students may obtain sufficient distance when drawing from the figures. Ample room is provided for put- ting away unfinished work of the student safe from accidental injury, as well as every other convenience and comfort that could be devised. The schools are conducted on the liberal plan of offering all their advantages gratuitously, merely obliging the appli- cant to show a drawing indicating suflicient capacity. Lec- tures on artistic anatomy form an essential feature, and per- spective and a general knowledge of architectural styles are imparted, the whole being directed by competent professors. ACADEMY OF THE FINE ARTS. 193 The second story is reached from a noble hall forty feet square by a grand flight of stairs fifteen feet in breadth, each step a single block of stone. Above the landing there are three diverging flights, one, of the original width, continuing the stairway in the same direction to the sculpture gallery, while two narrower ones form returning wings to right and left. This portion of the structure is the only part in which much architectural display could be attempted. It is en- riched by no less than thirty-one polished columns of rose- crystal marble with polished black marble bases and richly- sculptured capitals. Eighteen of them support the pointed arches which enclose three sides of the hall on the second story ; seven support the stair-landing before referred to, and from four of massive proportions, the most beautiful in color and quality, springs the ponderous archway that spans the main stairway. On the remaining two rest the abutments of the arch over the flight of entrance to the sculpture gallery. The galleries of the upper story, all of them lighted from the ceiling, are divided into three ranges running east and west, the middle one being appropriated to marble sculpture and original models owned by the academy. Midway of this gallery extends north and south a transept of more than thirty feet in breadth, and at the intersection, enlarged into a grand central hall, is placed the heroic group by Lough of the " Bat- tle of the Centaurs and Lapithse." Around it, and in the south transept, are assembled the more important marbles belonging to the academy — the "Jerusalem" by Story, "Penelope" by Rinaldini, "Deborah" by Lombardi, "Hero and Leander" by Steinhauser, "The Prodigal Son" by Mosier, Powers' bust of "Proserpine," Palmer's "Spring," and other fine specimens of the statuary art. The range of galleries on the north side of the building is for the accommodation of the annual or other transient ex- hibitions, while the range on the south side, consisting of six galleries, three on either side the sculpture transept, contains the permanent collection. In each of these latter galleries is an important painting by a deceased American artist of dis- 17 N 194 ACADEMY OF THE FINE ARTS, tinction, from wliicli it receives its designation. Thus, " Death on the Pale Horse " and " Paul and Silas " give name to the Benjamin West gallery; the "Eaising of the Dead Man" names the Allston gallery; "The Murder of Clifford" the Leslie gallery ; the whole length " Portrait of Washington " the Stuart gallery ; " Cooke as Eichard III." the Sully gallery ; " Pat Lyon " the Neagle gallery. Thus the oldest American art academy enshrines the memory of pioneers of the profes- sion, all of whom may be regarded as Philadelphian except Allston, who is national. Among other noteworthy pictures in this collection may be mentioned "The Belief of Leyden" by Wittkamp, "Mac- chiavelli and Csesar Borgia" by Farruffini, "Parisina" by Gastaldi. Numbers of other pictures of nearly equal import- ance would extend this brief notice beyond our limit, if the attempt were made to particularize further. Suffice it to say that the institution and its contents are a credit not merely to the city, but to the continent. The large gallery in the north-western angle of the building is divided by columns into three compartments, the w^estern division of which is styled the Gilpin gallery, after the Hon. Henry D. Gilpin, a former president of the academy, and lib- eral donor to it. The six marble statues, reproductions of antiques, and the copies in oil after Andrea del Sarto, Claude Lorraine, Salvator Rosa and others, which adorn it, were col- lected by him in Italy, and now occupy the place he designed for them. The remaining two divisions of this gallery will receive an important collection of fine paintings which has been secured, and which will add greatly to its art-wealth. This institution was organized in 1805, at a meeting in Independ- ence Hall, by seventy-one gentleraen, a majority of whom were mem- bers of the bar. Early in the succeeding yenr an aet of incorporation was obtained, and later in the same year a building on Chestnut street above Tenth was completed and occupied, thus forming the oldest academy of the fine arts in the United States.. The first struc- ture, after many additions had been made to it, was partially de- stroyed by fire in 1845, when quite a number of valuable works of art perished, among them a fine original picture by Murillo of the ACADEMY OF THE FINE ARTS. 195 ^' Roman Daughter," which had been presented by Joseph Bona- parte, ex-king of Spain, and the entire gallery of fine casts from the antique, a donation from the first Napoleon, besides many other works, original models, etc., in the same room. In 1846 a new building was erected on a much larger scale than the first, and was made in great measure fireproof. But the grow- ing wants of the institution very soon demanded more space, and finally, in the year 1870, the property was sold, and a theatre now occupies the site. There are also many private collections in the city that would richly repay a visit. Among them may be named that of Mr. Henry C. Gibson, 1612 Walnut street, probably the finest in the country, and particularly rich in specimens of modern French and Spanish art — viz., fine works of For- tuny, Cabanel, Schenck, Breton, Detaille, Schreyer, Troyon, GerSme, Meissonnier, Rosa Bonheur, Rousseau, Corst, Millet, Diaz, Munkacsy, Villegas, Aug. Bonheur, Van Marke, etc., etc. Mr. James L. Claghorn, 222 West Logan square, has a fine gallery adjoining his reception-room, and here are excellent examples of Knauss, Vibert, Rosa Bonheur, Schreyer and other great artists, as well as "The Spirit of the Waterfall," undoubtedly the finest poem on canvas of the late lamented T. Buchanan Read, some of the best of the works of Rother- mel. Church, Bierstadt, Kensett and other prominent Ameri- cans. Mr. Claghorn has also a superb collection of engrav- ings, possibly the finest private one in America. Mr. Wm. B. Bement, 1812 Spring Garden street, has a noble collection, a few representative names of which are Tissot, Peralti, Schreyer, Zamacois, Madrazzo and others. Mr. Adolph E. Borie, 1025 Spruce street, has a collection almost entirely of the works of French artists, with notable examples of Fortuny, Zamacois, Merle, Hamon, Troyon, Rousseau, Noel, Dupr6, several wonderful in color by Isa'bey, and others equally important. Mr. Fairman Rogers, 202 West Rittenhouse square, has some charming works of Meyer von Bremen, Carl HofF, Isabey, Madrazza, Herzog, and the fine and well-known " Mayflower " by Boughton, and other noble works. 196 ACADEMY OF THE FINE ARTS. Mr. J. W. Bates, 1814 Chestnut street, has a number of fine English pictures, Jutsum, Erskine Nicol and other masters being well represented, also a collection of Belgian and Ger- man works, important and valuable. Mr. Geo. Whitney, 247 North Eighteenth street, has a gal- lery and water-color room adjoining, filled with specimens of modern art, wellnigh perfect, and among which selections of American artists are well mingled. Here are the very finest efi'orts of Church, Giff"ord, Kensett, Brown, Guy, E. L. Henry, W. T. Richards, Eastman Johnson, Lambdin, Boughton, and from abroad pictures by Detaille, Vibert, Meyer von Bremen, Salentin, Breton, Goubie, Delers, Very, Jazet, Bougereau, Jacques, Parcutti, Landelle and others. Two or three of the sculptures of Palmer, of Albany, find worthy place in this collection. The gallery of the late Jos. Harrison, Jr., 221 South Eigh- teenth street, contains many fine paintings by Wittkamp, of Antwerp, and Rothermel's most remarkable picture, " King Lear," some fine statuary, and many works of interest. Mrs. Wilstach, at Eighteenth and Walnut streets, has many most remarkable modern French and Belgian pictures, a col- lection quite unknown to the public, but soon, it is hoped, to be more accessible. Mr. S. B. Fales, 707 Vine street, has a large number of excellent English, French and Belgian works, some exqui- site water-color drawings, valuable engravings, illustrated works, etc., etc. His collection includes one or more of the finest specimens of Hasenclever, one or more by Hasenpflug, Diaz, Verboeckhoven, Von Schendel, Jutsum, Richardson and others. There are still many other private collections in Phil- adelphia, not all as extensive as those remarked above, but which contain many hidden gems. The collection of Hon. Henry C. Carey, 1102 Walnut street, is one which has not been added to within the past twenty years, and consists of well-selected and now most rare speci- mens of Sully, Leslie, Leutze, Huntingdon and others— the famous original " Mercy's Dream" being a prominent picture. LITERARY AND ART ASSOCIATIONS. 197 Mr. J. Gillingham Fell, 1406 Walnut street, has a remark- able Merle, "The Maniac," also "The Beggar Boys," by Dore, and some of the finest efforts of Aschenbach, Herzog and others. Access to these collections is in many cases made easy by cards, to be found at the principal art gal- leries, while in others the simple presentation of the visitor's card is sufficient to procure an entrance. LITERARY AND ART ASSOCIATIONS. Philadelphia Sketch-Club has its rooms at 524 Walnut street. It has a gallery, and is resorted to weekly by artists and amateurs. The club was founded in 1861. The School of Design for Women, south-west corner of Merrick and Filbert streets, occupies a building extending through to Fifteenth street. This institution is designed for the instruction of women in drawing, sculpture and painting. It is maintained by the contributions of members of the so- ciety. The course of instruction is practical and particu- larly relates to the decorative arts. The teaching is espe- cially directed to making the talent of the pupils available in the industrial arts, so that their avocations may be pleasing and profitable. This institution originated under the patron- age and assistance of the Franklin Institute. It was estab- lished in 1850, and for some time had its rooms at 70 Walnut street. When the means of the society permitted, the present building was purchased and fitted for the purpose of a school. It has been occupied for some years with much advantage. Access by Market street passenger railway. Faipmount Park Art Association, office, 708 Walnut street. This society is devoted to the embellishing of Fairmount Park with objects of art. The members make an annual payment of five dollars each. They numbered at the end of 1875 about 1300, and ensured an annual income of $6500. The association has placed in the Park since its organization, February 2, 1872, " Night," bronze statue by Shoch ; " Hud- son Bay AVolves," bronze, by Kemys ; " II Penseroso," marble, 198 LITERARY AND ART ASSOCIATIONS. by Mozier; and is ready to set up the "Dying Lioness," by Wolff of Berlin, consisting of four figures, life size. Musical Fund Society, hall. Locust street above Eighth, south side. This building was for many years the fashion- able one for concerts, lectures and balls. The grand saloon is considered the most perfect hall for hearing and for the delivery of music in the United States. The building is of brick, with rough-cast front in plain style. The concert-room, on the second floor, is 60 by 110 feet. The building was orig- inally constructed for a church, to be occupied by the Eev. Mr. Birch ; but the congregation failing, the unfinished build- ing was bought by the Musical Fund Society in 1824, and opened for concerts in that year. In this building the most eminent artists have performed. Among them may be men- tioned Malibran, Sontag, Jenny Lind, Alboni, Grisi, Braham, Mario, De Begnis and others, and among instrumental performers, Ole Bull, Sivori, Goldschmidt, Vieuxtemps and others. The Musical Fund Society was formed 1820 for the "relief of distressed musicians and their families, and the cultivation of profi- ciency in the musical art." The association was chartered 1823. The concerts at one time embraced the finest professional and am- ateur musicians. Frequently there were 120 performers in the or- chestra. Hande! and Haydn Hall, north-east corner of Eighth and Spring Garden, a large building, four stories high, devoted to concerts by the Handel and Haydn Musical Society, etc. This association was formed for the study and practice of sacred music, and has been in existence for many years. Con- certs of sacred music are given at certain periods. CHAPTEE XIV. LIBRARY COMPANIES AND ASSOCIATIONS. PHILADELPHIA LIBRARY. THIS venerable institution is located on the north-east corner of Fifth and Library streets, between Chestnut and Walnut. The building is of brick, with marble trim- mings. The corner-stone was laid 31st of August, 1789, the design being the plan of Dr. William Thornton, a mem- ber, and finished October, 1790. The statue of Benjamin Franklin, placed in a niche in the front, was presented by William Bingham, first United States Senator from Pennsyl- vania. It was executed by Francisco Lazzarini of Carrara, in Italy. The Loganian Library is united with the Philadelphia Library, and principally kept in an apartment east of the main building, but connected with it. This library comprises a collection of books bequeathed by James Logan, the first secretary to William Penn, and at one time chief-justice of the Province of Pennsylvania. By his will Logan ordered that his library, which was very rich in classic authors and con- tained many rare and curious books in the ancient languages, should be maintained for ever for the use of the citizens of Philadelphia, members of his own family being hereditary librarians. The Loganian Library was placed in a building erected for the purpose at the north-west corner of Sixth and Walnut streets, where it remained for nearly forty years. By negotiation, in 1791, it was agreed that the Loganian be transferred to the care of the Philadelphia Library Company, to be held upon the original trusts. Valuable estates for the support and increase of the Loganian Library went with the 199 200 PHILADELPHIA LIBRARY. transfer also. The present librarian of the Philadelphia Library is hereditary librarian under the Logan will. The Loganian Library is always open for consultation by any respectable person who may apply, and conveniences for reading and writing are in the library. Books of the Phila- delphia Library are liberally opened to the same privilege. There are many literary relics and bibliographical curiosities PHir.ADEIiPHIA LIBRARY. that will well repay a visit. The library comprises about 100,000 volumes. Visitors are admitted from 9 A. M. to 5 P. M. daily, excepting Sundays. , The Philadelphia Libraiy Company was instituted by a small number of persons, including Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Hopkin- son, Thomas Cadwalader, Eobert Grace and others, July 1, 1731. The New Ri AY Library. PHILADELPHIA LIBRARY, ETC. 201 It became of some importance when the first importation of books from London, valued at £45,815, arrived, in 1732. It gradually attracted subscribers and met with favor, as it was started on the then unusual plan of a lending library, the members being allowed to take the books to their homes. It received many donations of books and moneys. It absorbed, before the Revolution, three library companies instituted for similar objects. The library was first opened in 1732 in a room in Jones or Pewter Platter alley, between Front and Second streets. In 1773 it was removed to Carpenters' Hall. In 1790 went to the present building. THE RIDGWAY LIBRARY. This building is located upon a lot which extends from Broad to Thirteenth and from Carpenter to Christian streets. The exterior walls are of granite, with a frontage of 220 feet and a depth of 105 feet, and three porticoes, one in the centre and one at each end. The main hall will be devoted to the library, and the wings for reading-rooms. Dr. James Rush, a son of Dr. Benjamin Rush, who died May 26, 1869, by his will left a large amount of money, estimated at a mil- lion and a half of dollars, to his executor in trust that he would erect a building suitable for the use of a library of large proportions, and devoted money to its support. By the will Dr. Rush directed that this bequest should be appropriated to the use of the Philadelphia Library Company, if the shareholders would accept the gift subject to the restrictions named in the will. In that case the institution was to be named the Ridgway Branch of the Philadelphia Library. In case the bequest should be refused. Dr. Rush ordered that the in- stitution should be opened as a free library, under the name of the Ridgway Library. Ihe Philadelphia Library Company is not com- pelled to decide upon the subject until the building is finished. At the present time the question is unsettled, and great opposition has been expressed by many of the stockholders against acceptance of the gift, on account of the location of the library building, and also by dislike of the restrictions in Dr. Rush's will. The name Ridg- way was adopted by Dr. Rush from the maiden name of his wife, a daughter of Jacob Ridgway, a rich merchant of Philadelphia, through whom the wealth devised for this purpose was derived. MERCANTILE LIBRARY. The Mercantile Library is located on the west side of Tenth street between Chestnut and Market. The building has been 202 MERCANTILE LIBRARY. specially prepared for the purpose, and both in location and arrangement is very convenient for its thousands of readers. The number of volumes in the library is now about 128,000. There are also over 500 periodical publications, including >»»£i«!»iv;j^^— "%'•«* MERCANTILE LIBRA KY. both foreign and American. There are very pleasant rooms attached for conversation, correspondence, chess, reading, etc., etc. The present membership is estimated at over 12,000. Rooms open every day from 9 A. m. to 10 P. M. Visitors from abroad are invited to visit the rooms. This association was formed in the year 1820 for the benefit of young men employed in the various mercantile establishments in the city. The collection was first opened for use in the second story of No. 100 Chestnut street on the 19th of January, 1821. The society was incorporated in 1822. It was afterward removed to the American Sunday-school Union building, Chestnut sti'eet above Sixth, opposite the theatre. In 1844 the company bought a lot on the south-east corner of Fifth and Library streets, whereon was erected a fine building, with marble basement story, and brick covered with mastic for the second story. A poi-tico of six columns MERCANTILE LIBKARY, ETC. 203 fronts on Fifth street. The present building, which was originally erected by the Franklin Market Company, was purchased in 1868, fitted up for the library and opened July 15, 1869. The size of the building is 80 feet front by 300 deep, ATHEN^UM LIBRARY AND READING-ROOM. This library is located on the south-east corner of Sixth and Adelphi streets, below Walnut. The building is of brownstone, in the Palladian style of architecture, present- ing a chaste and beautiful appearance. It is 50 feet front on Sixth street and 125 on Adelphi, and 58 feet high, and in character and appearance is considered one of the finest buildings in the city. The first floor is occupied by the offices of the controllers of the public schools. This institution originated in the year 1813 by the efforts of a few young men of literary taste who felt the want of a place of com- mon resort during their leisure-hours. They agreed to have a read- ing-room and library. The association was organized February 9, 1814, and had its room over Carey's book-store. Fourth and Chestnut streets. A few years afterward the institution rented the first story of Philosophical Hall, Fifth street below Chestnut, which it occu- pied for some years. The corner-stone of the present building was laid November 1, 1845, and the building opened October 18, 1847. APPRENTICES' LIBRARY. The Apprentices' Library, south-west corner of Fifth and Arch streets, is the only free library in the city. It was estab- lished in the year 1820 "for the use of apprentices and other young persons, without charge of any kind for the use of books." The boys' library contains over 15,000 volumes and the girls' library 8600 volumes, all of which have been selected with care and discretion. Since its commencement 48,000 boys and 20,000 girls have enjoyed the advantages of this institution. A reading-room has recently been established for men, and the large attendance every evening proves its great value to the city. This building is open daily for the reception of visitors, who will be cordially welcomed. This excellent institution was instituted in 1820 and incorporated on the 2d of April, 1821. It is supported by the contributions of 204 apprentices' and friends' libraries. apprentices' library. members. The library was originally opened in Carpenters' Hall. Afterward it was removed to a room on the north side of Carpenter (now Jayne) street, east of Seventh, and at a later period to the old Mint building, Seventh street below Arch. About twenty-five years ago the company leased the Free Quaker meeting-house. Fifth and Arch streets, which has been occupied ever since. FRIENDS' LIBRARY. This collection of books is located at 304 Arch street, and comprises over 7000 volumes, largely relating to Quakers, their progress and history. Visitors are admitted on the introduction of members. This library belongs to the " Four Monthly Meetings of Friends." It commenced in a bequest of books by Thomas Chalkley in 1741, which were increased by a bequest of John Peniberton in 1794, and by other gifts. Many of the books are rare— very rare. Some vol- umes are believed to be the only copies extant. friends' library, etc. 205 Friends' Library, Eace street west of Fifteenth. This col- lection is also largely devoted to publications connected with Quaker history. It was established in the year 1834 in the meeting-house, Cherry street below Fifth, and was removed when the congregation went farther west. The number of volumes is about 7000. Law Association Library, south-east corner of Sixth and Walnut streets, was founded in 1802 by members of the bar for the purpose of obtaining a complete collection of law- books available for consultation and within reach of the courts for ready reference. There are several thousand vol- umes, and the collection is considered very complete. This library was for many years kept in the court-house building. Southwaric Library Company, Second street below German, is a stock company founded January 18, 1822, and has about 10,000 volumes. Mechanics' Institute, Southwark, Fifth street below Wash- ington avenue. Incorporated 1852. Occupies its own build- ing, has a reading-room, and a library of about 4000 volumes. Lectures on literary and scientific subjects are delivered during the winter season. City Institute, hall north-east corner of Eighteenth and Chestnut streets, has a library of about 3000 volumes. The building is of brick, 44 feet by 120, and was dedicated March, 1855. There is a reading-room, lectures being given in the hall. The institution is sustained by the members for the benefit of young persons of both sexes. Spring Garden Institute, north-east corner of Broad and Spring Garden streets, occupies a large rough-cast building, which was finished in 1853. This institution is also main- tained for the benefit of the young, owns a library of 5000 volumes, contains a reading-room, has lectures, etc. Moyamensing Institute Library, corner of Eleventh and Catharine streets. Founded July 1, 1852, as a branch of the Philadelphia Institute, but is now independent of it. The corner-stone of the present building was laid November 18, 1852. The number of volumes is about 4000. IS 206 KENSINGTON INSTITUTE LIBRARY, ETC. Kensington Institute Library, corner of Girard avenue and Day street. Incorporated 1853. The society maintains read- ing-rooms, a library, etc. Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 820 Spruce street, was founded December 2, 1824, and incorporated June 2, 1826. The library contains 17,000 volumes. There are a great num- ber of relics and curiosities. The building is 68 feet wide and 42 feet deep. This association kept its collection for many years in the rooms of the American Philosophical Society, Fifth street below Chestnut, afterward at 115 South Sixth street, and subsequently in the upper stories of the Athenteum building, on South Sixth street. The new hall was dedicated March 11, 1872. Library of Numismatic and Antiquarian Society, south-west corner of Eighteenth and Chestnut streets. This association owns some valuable books treating upon subjects for which the association was formed, and has a collection of coins and curiosities. It was incorporated 1858. Library of Friends' Historical Association, organized in 1875, kept in the Pennsylvania Historical Society's hall. Library of Baptist Historical Society, 530 Arch street. Library of Methodist Historical Society, 1018 Arch street. Library of Presbyterian Historical Society, 1334 Chestnut street. OTHER LIBRARIES. There are associations of importance treated of in other parts of this work, the main objects of which are not con- nected with collecting books, but which maintain libraries. Among them may be mentioned the German Society library, 24 South Seventh street, which is a very considerable collec- tion — probably 10,000 volumes. The scientific institutions, colleges and many other associations maintain libraries. In 1870, according to the United States census returns, there were nearly 3700 libraries in Philadelphia, public and pri- vate, belonging to corporations and individuals, embracing the collections of citizens, etc. They comprise 2,985,770 vol- umes. CHAPTER XV. HOSPITALS. Pennsylvania Hospital occupies the square bounded by Eighth and Ninth, Spruce and Pine streets. The entrance is upon Eighth street. The main building fronts on the south, stands a considerable distance from the street, is open to view upon Pine street through a palisade fence, and is surrounded with trees and flowers. In the garden is a statue of William Penn of lead bronzed, which was presented to the institution by John Penn, grandson of the founder. The main building is connected with the wings by long wards. It is surmounted by a dome and balustrade 72 feet in height. The wings are ornamented by small cupolas. The main building is 64 feet front, the wards 80 feet front, and the wings 27 feet each. The entire front is 278 feet in width. The end wings extend 110 feet. There is in addition a hall lately erected for surgical clinics, and several other buildings on the premises. There is a valuable anatomical museum, containing, among other things, models of all parts of the human l>ody in wax, which were once the property of Doctor Abraham Chovet, a noted physician of the last century. The hospital has been from its foundation a blessing to the sick and miserable. Thousands of patients have been treated within its walls, many of whom have been permanently cured or greatly relieved. The gates of the hospital are always open for the reception of persons in any way injured by accidents of recent occurrence and needing surgical assistance. Nearly one hundred thousand patients have been admitted to this hospital since its establishment, and over fifty thousand of these have been poor patients supported by the institution. 207 HOSPITALS. 209 This is the oldest hospital in the city, and the first one established in any of the American colonies. The foundation of this worthy institution was proposed about the year 1750 by Doctor Thomas Bond, who had experienced the want of such an establishment in the course of his practice. It was not difiicult to enlist the attention of the benevolent in such a plan. The assembly of the province granted a charter of incorporation to the contributors and made an appro- priation of £2000. More than that amount was realized from private subscriptions ; and in February, 1752, the hospital went into opera- tion in a house in Market street, between Fifth and Sixth. Two years afterward the lot of ground on which the hospital is now built was purchased, and the foundation-stone laid on the 28th of May, 1755, bearing upon it an appropriate inscription written by Doctor Ben- jamin Franklin. The eastern wing was finished as soon as possible, and the institution went into operation. The western wing was not commenced until after the Revolution, and the centre building was finished about the year 1805. Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane (male department), between West Chester and Haverford roads, west of Forty- third street. The first provision for the care and treatment of the insane in America was made in the Pennsylvania Hospital as early as 1751, and a portion of the buildings was always kept for that purpose. But the number very much increasing and interfering with the sick, efforts were made for the establishment of a separate hospital for the cure and treat- ment of persons deprived of their reason. Contributions to a very large amount of money were received. A lot of ground, farm property, containing one hundred and eleven acres, was purchased. The corner-stone of the building was laid 22d of June, 1836, and the hospital opened for the reception of patients January 1, 1841. The principal building and wings present a front of 436 feet, three stories in height. The centre building is 96 feet deep and 63 feet wide. It is built of cut stone, and ornamented with a Doric portico. The wings run north and south from the centre building. There are lodges and other buildings for the purpose of separating the patients, according to the nature of their disease. There is a workshop, a library, a museum and a reading-room. The enclosure is beautifully laid out as a pleasure-ground. The building 18* 210 HOSPITALS. will accommodate two hundred and fifty patients, and when originally constructed was intended for the use of male and female patients. But the numbers increasing, another build- ing was erected. Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane (female department). It is situate west of the former and fronts on Forty-ninth street, and has accommodations for two hundred and fifty patients. The buildings were commenced July, 1856, and finished and opened for use in 1859. In size and general appearance this building resembles the older one, but their architectural difference the practiced eye will easily observe. Access to both branches of the Insane Hospital by cars of the Market street line, Haddington branch. Philadelphia Hospital is conducted as a branch of the Blockley Almshouse, and is, as we have said, the oldest hospital in the country. The insane department connected with this hospital is crowded beyond its capacity, and contains on the average more than one thousand patients. Wills Hospital for diseases of the eye, south side of Eace street, between Eighteenth and Nineteenth. Building of New- Jersey freestone, 80 feet long, 50 feet deep, with pavilion wards 90 feet long. This institution is devoted to the treat- ment of eye diseases not only among the patients who remain within its walls, but by clinical assistance to all who may choose to repair to it. There is a large and skilful corps of surgeons, who operate daily free of charge. This institution owes its foundation to the benevolence of James Wills, a grocer, who died in 1825, and by his last will bequeathed to the city of Philadelphia a sum of money which at the completion of the building had accumulated to $122,548. Several other legacies have been added to the fund, which is under control of the Board of Public Trusts. The corner-stone was laid April 2, 1832, and the hospital opened March 3, 1834. The pavilions were dedicated Octo- ber 11, 1875. Friends' Asylum, for the treatment of persons deprived of their reason, Adams street, west of Frankford village. The institution was founded 1811 by members of the Society of HOSPITALS. 211 Friends, and a constitution adopted June, 1813. It occupies a large tract of ground handsomely laid out and well cultivated. The buildings are 308 feet front, three stories high. There is a central building and wings, which are plain but well suited to the object intended. They were finished and occupied on the 15th of June, 1817. There are accommodations for about seventy-five patients, also a reading-room and a library. This institution was one of the first for the separate treatment of the insane established in the United States. Preston Retreat, Hamilton street, from Twentieth to Twenty- first street, A very handsome marble building, with portico in firont, wings and central dome. The building is back from the street on an eminence, and presents a very fine appearance. It is a lying-in hospital, charitably devoted to the use of "indigent married women of good moral character, residents of the city and county of Philadelphia and the county of Delaware." Doctor Jonas Preston of Philadelphia, who died in 1836, was a member of the Society of Friends. By his will he bequeathed $250,000 for the support of this charitable institution. Unfortunately, in the succeeding year the suspension of specie payments by the banks, and the failure of the Schuylkill Navigation Company, in which Doctor Preston was largely interested, crippled the estate to such a degree that there were not sufficient funds to justify the opening of the building. It remained for eighteen years after it was finished unused for the purposes of its foundation ; but for a long time it was leased to the Foster Home, a charitable institution. By judicious means the managers increased the fund that remained until it became available, and on the 1st of May, 1866, the building was opened for the purposes which were intended by the founder. Municipal Hospital, Hart lane near Twenty-first street. Main building and wings of brownstone, with a fi-ont of 280 feet, two stories in height, with Mansard roof. This in- stitution belongs to the city of Philadelphia, and is specially intended for the use of persons " laboring under infectious diseases." Cases of small-pox, yellow fever, typhus fever and cholera are here treated. There is a resident physician, appointed by the Board of Health. Poor patients are re- 212 HOSPITALS. ceived without charge. Those able to pay are expected to do so. This institution succeeds the City Hospital, which was erected by the corporation of the city of Philadelphia under authority of an act of assembly passed January 17, 1818. It occupied a lot of groun.«.. .T .. .MtcSLi DRINKING FOUNTAIN ON THE WISSAHICKON. third and Dauphin streets; Girard avenue (Fourth and Eighth streets) line west, crossing the bridge to West Park, and along Girard avenue to Elm avenue and Centennial buildings; Race and Vine streets line, crossing Spring Garden street bridge, out Spring Garden street and Lancaster and Belmont avenues to Centennial buildings ; Chestnut and Walnut streets line west by way of Walnut, Chestnut and Thirty-second streets, Lan- caster and Belmont avenue to Centennial buildings ; Market Y 370 FAIRMOUNT PARK — HUNTING PARK. street line via Forty-first street to Elm avenue and east, end of main Exhibition building; West End to Elm avenue and Centennial buildings. Steamboats ply upon the Schuylkill within the Park bound- aries, running from Fairmount just above the reservoir, to Zoological Gardens, East Park entrance, Belmont landing and Centennial buildings, Rockland, Strawberry Mansion, Laurel Hill, Falls and Manayunk. Within the Park are special Park carriages which will carry persons to any part of the enclosure. Main stand near the Lincoln monument. Hunting Park contains forty-five acres, and is situate at the intersection of Nicetown lane and old York road. The en- closure was used fifty years ago as a race-ground, and after it was abandoned for such purposes laid for several years un- used. In 1854 certain citizens bought this propeiiy, and pre- sented it to City Councils as a free gift for the purposes of a public park. The ground was occupied in January, 1855. Trees were planted and walks laid out. This park is under the control of the Commissioners of Fairmount Park. PUBLIC SQUARES. At the foundation of the city William Penn dedicated five squares as public parks or enclosures. They were then known as North-east, South-east, North-west and South-west squares and Centre square; the latter, at the intei^section of Broad and Market streets, was intended for public uses, eventually to be occupied by municipal buildings. Washington, formerly South-east square, takes up the block of ground between Sixth, Washington, Walnut and Locust streets, is 540 feet north and south by 540 feet 4 inches east and west, and contains six acres and two roods. Some years after the settlement the City Councils appropriated this square for public purposes as a burial-ground and potter's field, and it was used for that purpose for many years— until health for- bade its further employment. During the Revolutionary war hundreds of American soldiere who died from wounds PUBLIC SQUARES. 371 and disease were buried in this square. On February 22, 1833, the corner-stone of a monument to the memory of Washington was laid in this square, but the contemplated memorial was never constructed. The square was closed as a public burial-ground in 1795 and laid out for public uses in 1815, but not opened until some years later. It contains a fine assortment of trees, some of which are of rare varieties, which were planted under supervision of the eminent French botanist Michaux. Franklin, formerly North-east square, is situate between Sixth and Franklin streets and Race and Vine streets. It is 632 feet north and south by 543 feet 6 inches east and west, and contains seven acres and three roods. Upon this square during the Eevolution was placed the public powder maga- zine. A portion of the ground was for a long time appropri- ated as a burial-ground by a German Reformed congregation, a grant for that purpose having been made by one of the Penns, proprietary and a descendant of the founder. About forty years ago the city of Philadelphia, by action at law, ejected the congregation from use of the ground upon the principle that the grant by the younger Penn was illegal, William Penn having divested himself of all property in the square by the original dedication. This square is handsomely laid out, with fine trees, and has in the centre a fountain of greater size, number of jets, etc., than any other in the city. Logan, formerly North-west square, extends from Race street to Vine street and from Eighteenth street to Logan street. It is 632 feet north and south by 540 feet east and west, and con- tains seven acres, three roods. This square was also appro- priated to burial use by the city after the South-east square ceased to be used for that purpose. Public executions for- merly took place there, and the place was one of notoriety. In 1864 the United States Sanitary Fair occupied the whole square, by permission of the city, with buildings erected for the purpose of the exhibition, which was very successful, realizing over a million of dollars. Rittenhouse or South-west square extends from Walnut street 372 PUBLIC SQUARES. to Locust street and from Eighteenth street to Rittenhouse street, and contains six acres and two roods. It is 540 feet 4 inches north and south and 540 feet 4 inches east and west. Handsome fountains of unique design are near the four gates of entrance at the corners of the square, and are well worthy inspection by the stranger. Independence square has been spoken of in the article on the State-house. It occupies four acres, two roods. Jefferson square extends from Washington street to Fed- eral street and from Third street to Fourth street. It is 392 feet east and west, 307 feet on Fourth street and 292 feet on Third street, and contains two acres and two roods. It was purchased by the commissioners of Southwark in 1854, pre- vious to the consolidation of the city and districts. Passyunk square occupies a portion of the old Parade- ground between Twelfth and Thirteenth streets and Wharton and Reed streets. The enclosure was originally obtained for the use of the military, but of late years has not been occu- pied by them. Norris square is situate between Diamond street and Sus- quehanna avenue and Howard and Hancock streets. It is 486 feet north and south by 330 feet east and west. The ground was presented to the city by the Norris family for public use. Fairhill square is situate on Lehigh avenue, and is 500 feet north and south by 210 feet east and west. The ground of this square was also presented to the city by the Norris family. Germantown square, one half acre, is situate in front of and surrounding the old town-hall of Germantown, which is now used as a police station. Union square occupies the small triangle at Fifth and But- tonwood streets. Shackamaxon square is a triangular section of ground at the intersection of Maiden street and Frankford road. Thouron square is a triangular piece of ground at the intersection of Sixth street and Germantown road. CHAPTEE XXXI. THE PHILADELPHIA INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION OF 1876. fTTHE Exhibition buildings are located in Fairmount Park, J- wMch adjoins the built-up portions of Philadelphia on the north-western border. The buildings are located on some of the most beautiful spots on the bank of the Schuylkill River, groves of stately trees surrounding them, splendid views of river and landscape being afforded. These buildings stand from 112 feet to 120 feet above the highest tide-water level in the Delaware River, and fully that height above the Schuyl- kill. Girard avenue, one of the chief streets of Philadelphia, leads directly from the heart of the city to the entrance to the Main Exhibition building. This is a broad highway 100 feet in width, crossing the Schuylkill River upon a magnificent iron bridge which was erected at a cost of $1,500,000 expressly to furnish good facilities of access to the Exhibition grounds. This avenue passes through the Park in a westerly direction, and is a very fine drive. Bordering it on the right hand are the Exhibition grounds. These cover about 236 acres, which are enclosed for the buildings, in addition to which there will be other enclosures for the displays of horses and cattle. At the Vienna Exhibition of 1873 the enclosure, including that for the horses and cattle, which was of considerable size, covered 260 acres. The buildings at Vienna gave about 2,000,000 square feet of ground-floor surface for exhibitors, and covered 42 acres. There were originally provided at Philadelphia 50 acres of buildings, giving 2,107,000 square feet of surface, but applications for space are so numerous as to render enlarge- ments necessary. 32 373 374 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. -■ ■ The articles to be exhibited have been classified in seven departments, which, for the most part, are located in appro- priate buildings, whose several areas are as follows : DEPARTMENTS. BUILDINGS. ACRES COVERED. 1. Mining and Metallurgy, "] 2. Manufactures, Ulain building, 21.47 3. Education and Science, J 4. Art, Art Gallery, 1.5 5. Machinery, Machinery building, 14 6. Agriculture, Agricultural building, 10 7. Horticulture, Horticultural building, 1.5 Total, 48.47 The building most eastwardly situate is the Main Exhibition hall. Immediately beyond, extending in a north-westwardly direction, is Machinery Hall. The northern faces of the Main and Machinery buildings are in a line, divided by an avenue, but connected by a covered way. The length from the ex- treme of one building to the extreme of the other is very great— more than two-thirds of a mile. Eunning along the northern length of these buildings is a boulevard 100 feet in width, which is traversed by a double line of narrow-gauge cars for the accommodation of visitors. Three hundred feet back of the Main building, their centres being in a line, stands the Art Gallery. Next northward, and on the further side of Lans- downe valley, which is crossed by a bridge, is the Horticultural building; back still of it, north of most of the principal struc- tures, is the Agricultural building ; on the west side of Belmont avenue and north of the Machinery Hall is the site of the building for the exhibition to be made by the United States government. A fine view of all the buildings can be had from the sum- mit of George's Hill, west of Machinery Hall. It shows all the great structures and the numerous accessory buildings which have been added as portions of the great exhibition. THE MAIN BUILDING. This is a parallelogram, running east and west 1876 feet long, and north and south 464 feet wide. The larger portion 376 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. is one story high, the interior height being 70 feet, and the cornice on the outside 48 feet from the ground. At the centre of the longer sides are projections 416 feet in length, and on the ends of the building projec- tions 216 feet in length. In these, which are in the centre of the four sides, are located the main entrances, which are provided with arcades upon the ground floor, and central fayades 90 feet high. The east entrance will form the principal approach for car- riages, visitors alighting at the ^. doors of the building under cover g of the arcade. The south en- ^ trance will be the principal ap- ^ proach from railway cars. The 55 west entrance opens upon the ^ main passage-way to two princi- B pal buildings, the Machinery and ^ Agricultural Halls, and the north ^ entrance to Memorial Hall (Art ^ Gallery). Towers 75 feet in height ^ rise at each corner of the building. In order to obtain a central fea- ture, the roof for 184 feet square at the centre has been raised above the surrounding portion, and four towers 48 feet square, rising to 120 feet high, are introduced into the corners of this elevated roof. This gives ventilation as well as orna- ment. The main building gives 936,008 square feet of surface, or nearly 21.] acres. Its ground plan shows a central avenue 120 feet in width and 1832 feet in length, which is the longest avenue of that width ever introduced into an exhibition INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. 377 building. On either side of this is another avenue of equal length, and 100 feet wide. Between the central and side avenues are aisles 48 feet wide, and on the outer sides of the building smaller aisles of 24 feet width. To break the great length of the roof-lines three transepts have been intro- duced, of the same widths and in the same relative positions to each other as the longitudinal avenues. These cross the building, and are 416 feet in length. The intersections of these various avenues make at the centre of the building nine spaces, free fi-om supports, which are from 100 feet to 120 feet square, and which aggregate 416 feet square. The general elevation of the r(»ofs of all these avenues varies from 45 feet to 70 feet. This building rests upon the ground, the land having been thoroughly graded and prepared. The foundations consist of piers of masonry, the superstructure being composed of wrought-iron columns placed 24 feet apart, which support wrought-iron roof-trusses. There are 672 of these columns in the entire structure, the shortest being 23 feet and the longest 125 feet long. Their aggregate weight is 2,200,000 pounds. The roof-trusses and girders weigh 5,000,000 pounds. The sides of the building, to 7 feet above the ground, are finished with brickwork in panels between the columns. Above this there are glazed sashes. The roof-covering is of tin, that being the best roofing known in this climate to resist leakage. The flooring is of plank upon sills resting upon the ground, with no open space beneath. Turrets surmount the building at all the corners and angles, and the national stand- ard, with appropriate emblems, is placed over each of the main entrances. There are numerous side-entrances, each being surmounted with a trophy, showing the national colors of the country occupying that portion of the building. In the vestibules variegated brick and tile are introduced. Louvre ventilators surmount all the avenues, and skylights the central aisles. Light, of which there will be an ample supply, comes from the north and south sides almost entirely. There under- lie the building two miles of drainage-pipe, the water-supply 32* 378 INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, ETC. and drainage systems being complete. Offices for the foreign commissions are placed along the sides of the building, in close proximity to the products exhibited. Offices for the administration are at the ends. The design of the building is such that all exhibitors will have an equally fair opportunity ■ of exhibiting their goods to advantage. There is compara- tively little choice of location, as the light is uniformly dis- tributed, and each of the spaces devoted to products is located upon one of the main thoroughfares. THE ART GALLERY. The most imposing and ornate of all the structures is Memorial Hall, built at a cost of |1,500,000, by the State of Pennsylvania and city of Philadelphia. This is placed at the disposal of the Centennial Commission, to be used during the exhibition as an art gallery, after which it is designed to make it the receptacle of an industrial and art collection similar to the famous South Kensington Museum at London. It stands on a line parallel with, and a short distance northward of, the main building, and is in a com- manding position, looking eastward across the Schuylkill over Philadelphia. It stands upon a terrace 122 feet above the level of the Schuylkill. Being designed for an absolutely fireproof structure, nothing combustible has been used. The design is modern Renaissance. It covers an acre and a half, and is 365 feet long, 210 feet wide and 59 feet high, over a spacious basement 12 feet high. A dome, rising 150 feet above the ground, surmounts the centre, capped by a colossal ball, from which rises the figure of Columbia. The main front of this building looks southward, displaying a main entrance in the centre consisting of three enormous arched doorways, a pavilion on each end, and two arcades connecting the pavilions with the centre. The entrance is 70 feet wide, to which there is a rise of 13 steps. Each of the huge doorways is 40 feet high and 15 feet wide, opening into a hall. Between the arches of the doorways are clusters of columns, terminating in em- blematic designs illustrative of science and art. The doors 380 THE ART GALLERY. are of iron, relieved by bronze panels, displaying the coats- of-arms of all the States and Territories. The United States coat-of-arms is in the centre of the main frieze. The dome is of glass and iron, of unique design. While Columbia rises at the top, a colossal figure stands at each corner of the dome, typifying the four quarters of the globe. In each pavilion there is a large window 12J feet by 34 feet. There are all together eight of these windows, which will be used for the display of stained glass, glass paintings, etc. The arcades designed to screen the long walls of the galleries each consists of five groined arches, and form promenades looking outward over the grounds and inward over open gardens extending back to the main wall of the building. These garden-plots are each 90 feet by 36 feet, ornamented in the centre with fountains, and intended to display statuary. The arcades are highly ornamented, and the balustrades of them and of the approaching stairways are also designed for statuary. The walls of the east and west sides of the structure display the pavilions and the walls of the picture-galleries, and are relieved by niches designed for statues. The frieze is richly ornamented, and above it the central dome shows to great advantage. The rear or north front of the building is of the same general character as the main front, but, in place of the arcade, has a series of arched windows, twelve in number, with the entrance in the centre. Between the pavilions is the grand balcony, a promenade 275 feet long and 45 feet wide, elevated 40 feet above the ground, and overlooking to the northward the beautiful grounds of the Park. On each front of the buildings the entrances open into halls 82 feet long, 60 feet wide, 53 feet high, decorated in modern Eenaissance. These, in turn, open into the centre hall, 83 feet square, the ceiling rising over it 80 feet in height. From the east and west sides of this centre hall extend the galleries, each 98 feet long, 48 feet wide and 35 feet high. These galleries admit of temporary divisions for the better display of paintings, and with the centre hall form a grand hall 287 feet long and 83 feet wide, capable of comfortably accommodating 8000 persons. This THE ART GALLERY — MACHINERY HALL. 381 is nearly twice the dimensions of the largest hall in the United States. Doorways open from the galleries into two smaller galleries 89 feet long and 28 feet wide. These open north and south into private apartments connecting with the pavilion- rooms, and forming two side-galleries 210 feet long. Along the whole length of the north side of the main galleries and central hall extends a corridor 14 feet wide, opening on its north line into a series of private rooms, twenty -three in number, designed for studios and smaller exhibition rooms. All the galleries and the central hall are lighted from above, the pavilions and studios from the sides. The pavilions and central hall are designed especially for the exhibition of sculpture. This fine building gives 75,000 square feet of wall space for paint- ings, and 20,000 square feet of floor space for statues, etc. The skylights throughout are double, the upper being of clear glass and the under of ground glass. MACHINERY HALL. This structure is located about 550 feet west of the main Exhibition building ; and as its north front stands upon the same line, it is practically a continuation of that edifice, the two together presenting a frontage of 3824 feet from their eastern to their western ends upon the principal avenue within the grounds. This building consists of a main hall, 1402 feet long and 360 feet wide, with an annex on the southern side 208 feet by 210 feet. The entire area covered is 558,440 square feet, or nearly 13 acres, and the floor space afibrded is about 14 acres. The chief portion of the building is one story in height, the main cornice upon the outside being 40 feet from the ground, and the interior height to the top of the ventilators in the avenues 70 feet, and in the aisles 40 feet. To break the long lines of the exterior, projections have been introduced upon the four sides, and the main entrances are finished with fagades extending to 78 feet in height. The eastern entrance will be the principal approach from railways, and from the main Exhibition building. Along the southern side are placed the boiler-houses, and such other buildings 382 MACHINERY HALL. for special kinds of machinery as may be required. The plan of the Machinery building shows two main avenues 90 feet wide, with a central aisle between and an aisle on either side, these being 60 feet in width. These avenues and aisles together have 360 feet width, and each of them is 1360 feet long. At the centre of the building there is a transept of 90 feet width, which at the south end is prolonged beyond the building. This extended transept, begin- ning at 36 feet from the building and extending to 208 feet, is flanked on either side by aisles 60 feet wide, and forms an annex for machines. The are : in the avenue 15 feet wide, in the aisles 10 feet, and in the transept 25 feet. The walks extending across the build- ing are all 10 feet wide, and lead at either end to exit doors. The foundations of this building are piers of masonry, the superstructure consisting of solid timber columns supporting roof- trusses constructed of straight wooden principal beams and wrought-iron ties and struts. The columns are placed in longitudinal lines, and in these rows stand 16 feet apart. The columns are 40 feet ^ hydraulic a promenades MACHINERY AND AGRICULTURAL HALLS. 383 high, and support respectively the 90 feet roof-spans over the avenues at a height of 40 feet, and the 60 feet roof-spans over the aisles at a height of 20 feet. The outer walls are built of masonry to a height of 5 feet, and above that are composed of glazed sash between the columns. Portions of these sashes are movable for ventilation, and Louvre ventilators are intro- duced in continuous lengths over both the avenues and the aisles. The building is entirely lighted by side-light from the north and south. Double lines of shafting are introduced into each avenue and aisle at a height of about 20 feet. A Corliss steam-en- gine of 1400 horse-power drives the main shafting. There are also counter-lines of shafting in the aisles, and special steam-power furnished where necessary. Steam-power is fur- nished free to exhibitors. In the annex for hydraulic ma- chines there is a tank 60 feet by 160 feet, with 10 feet depth of water. It is intended to exhibit all sorts of hydraulic ma- chinery in full operation ; and at the southern end of the tank there will be a waterfall 35 feet high by 40 feet wide, supplied from the tank by the pumps on exhibition. There will prob- ably be a larger exhibition at Philadelphia of processes of manufacture than at any previous exhibition. THE! AGRICULTURAL HALL stands north of the Horticultural Hall, being separated from it by a romantic ravine, and has a commanding view of the Schuylkill Eiver and the north-western suburbs of Philadel- phia beyond. This building illustrates a novel combination of materials, mainly wood and glass, and consists of a long nave crossed by three transepts, each being composed of truss-arches of Gothic form. The nave is 820 feet long by 125 feet in width, with a height of 75 feet from the floor to the point of the arch. The central transept is 100 feet wide and 75 feet high, and the two end transepts 80 feet wide and 70 feet high. Its interior appearance resembles that of a great cathedral, and in looking from transept to transept the vista is extremely imposing. A portion of this building is 384 AGRICULTURAL HALL, supplied with steam-power for the use of agricultural ma- chinery. The four courts enclosed by the nave and transepts, and also the four spaces at the corners of the building, having the nave and end tran- septs for two of their sides, are roofed, and form valuable spaces for exhibits. The ground plan of the building is a parallelogram 540 feet by 820 feet, covering about lOi acres. In con- nection with this build- ing are extensive stock- yards for the exhibition ^ of horses, cattle, swine, K sheep, poultry, etc., and ^ also a race -track for g horses. S In order to allow the o Agricultural department § to produce the largest ^ amount of good to the farming interest, and to afford information and instruction to cultivators of the soil, special efforts will be made by the offi- cers having charge of this department of the Exhibition. An agri- cultural machine viewed when not in action may suggest the object for which it has been constructed, but it cannot certify to its power and ability. Hence practical trial of the merits of the ma- chines will be most satisfactory. The most important agricul- AGRICULTURAL HALL, ETC. 385 tiiral implements are the ploughers, mowers and reapers. Also the steam-machinery which of late years has been ap- plied to work in the fields. For this purpose the Commission has obtained the use of a fine piece of land near Schenck's Station on the line of the Philadelphia and Trenton Eailroad, where the trials of heavy field-machines will be made. HORTICULTURAL. HALL. The city of Philadelphia made a liberal grant of money to provide for the Horticultural department of the exhibition an extremely ornate and commodious building, which is de- signed to remain in permanence as an ornament of Fair- mount Park. This structure is located on a terrace bordering the Schuylkill Eiver, a short distance north of Memorial Hall, and has a commanding view of the Schuylkill River valley and the north-western portions of Philadelphia. Re mantic ravines running down to the river are on either side, sep- arating it on the south from Memorial Hall and on the north from Agricultural Building. These ravines are spanned by ornamental bridges 500 feet long and 60 feet wide, for conve- nience of access. Carriage-roads, a railway and foot-walks pass over them. The Horticultural Building is designed in the Moresque style of architecture of the twelfth century, the chief materials externally being iron and glass, supported by fine marble and brickwork. The building is 383 feet long, 193 feet wide and 72 feet high to the top of the lantern. The main floor is occupied by the central conservatory, 230 feet by 80 feet, and 55 feet high, surmounted by a lantern 170 feet long, 20 feet wide and 14 feet high. Running entirely around this conservatory, at a height of 20 feet from the floor, is a gallery 5 feet wide. On the north and south sides of this principal room are four forcing-houses for the propagation of young plants, each of them 100 feet by 30 feet, and covered by curved roofs of iron and glass, which, appearing upon the exterior of the building, present a very fine feature. A ves- tibule 30 feet square separates the two forcing-houses on each side, and there are similar vestibules at the centre of the east 33 Z 386 HORTICULTURAL HALL. and west ends, on either side of which are apartments for restaurants, reception-rooms, offices, etc. Ornamental stair- ways lead from these vestibules to the internal galleries ot the conservatory, as well as to four external galleries, each 100 feet long and 10 feet wide, which surmount the roots ot the forcing-houses. These external galleries are connected with a grand promenade, formed by the roofs of the rooms on the lower floor, giving a superficial area of about 17,000 square feet. The east and west entrances to the Horticultural building are approached by flights of blue marble steps, from terraces 80 feet by 20 feet, in the centre of each of which stands an open kiosque 20 feet in diameter. Each entrance is beautified by ornamental tile and marble work, and the angles of the main conservatory are adorned with eight at- tractive fountains. The corridors connecting the conservatory with the surrounding apartments open fine vistas m every direction, and the beauties of the surrounding Park, and the river flowing in front and more than 100 feet beneath the building, add to the attractions. Extensive heating arrange^- ments are provided in the basement, which is of fireprool construction, and the restaurant kitchens will also be located Surrounding this building there are 35 acres of ground, which will be devoted to horticultural purposes, and are prepared for planting. In this plot there is an extensive series of sunken gardens. MISCELLANEOUS BUILDINGS. Having thus noted the five principal buildings of the ex- hibition proper, it will be convenient to return to the mam entrance to the grounds and take up in order such of the minor buildings as can be definitely described This mam entrance is the interval between the Main and Machinery buildings, and is approached by a covered bridge crossing Elm avenue from the terminus of the Pennsylvania Bailroad where visitors from every part of the Union will be landed onlv a street's breadth from the exhibition. :388 MISCELLANEOUS BUILDINGS. Executive oflRcers' building. Either side of the entrance is a building containing some twenty-five rooms, which are de- voted to the use of the executive ofiicers, those of the custom- house, post-office, police, telegraph operators, etc. These buildings are to be connected by a spacious veranda, so that in passing between the neighboring buildings and the d6p6t one need not at any time go from under cover. Jury Pavilion. Facing the entrance, and on the boulevard which runs at the back of the Main and Machinery buildings, is the Jury Pavilion, an ornate two-story structure, which contains, besides the numerous smaller chambers appropriated to the deliberations of the international juries, a spacious hall suitable for receptions and banquets, the meetings of conventions and international congresses, and similar pur- poses. The Women's Exhibition building. Next in the rear of this will be the building, an acre in size, which is to accommodate the Women's Exhibition, a tasteful and commodious structure, erected at a cost of $30,000 by the subscriptions of the women of America. United States government building. West of this, and on the lower slope of George's Hill, will be another structure, rivalling some of the exhibition buildings in size and interest. This is to contain the collection, provided for by an executive order of the President, of " such articles and materials as will, when presented in a collective exhibition, illustrate the func- tions and administrative faculties of the government in time of peace, and its resources as a war power, and thereby serve to demonstrate the nature of our institutions, and their adap- tation to the wants of the people." The last Congress provided for the expenses of this exhibition by an appropriation of $505,000, and its preparation has been entrusted to officers representing the War, Treasury, Navy, Interior, Post-Office, and Agricultural Departments, and the Smithsonian Institute. State buildings. In addition to these exhibition buildings, special structures have been put up by Pennsylvania, New Jer- sey, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas and other States. 390 MISCELLANEOUS BUILDINGS, ETC. Restaurants, Refreshments. There are also six large res- taurants within the enclosure, besides from two to four buffets in each of the Exhibition buildings, and eight or ten outdoor pavilions for the sale of aerated waters. Special trade buildings. The photographers, carriage- builders and a number of other associations and individual exhibitors will find accommodations in buildings for their peculiar use. Foreign government buildings. Many foreign nations erect special buildings for their own use. Arrangements to this effect have been completed by England, Japan, Germany, Sweden, Turkey and Morocco, and other countries. Sawyer's Observatory. Upon the highest ground in the Park at Belmont, a short distance north of Agricultural Hall, there has been erected an observatory 150 feet in height. This overlooks all the buildings, and affords a fine view of the Exhibition grounds, the city and its environs. This structure is an ornamental column of iron, and visitors are taken to the top on an elevator car. The Grounds. — Water Drainage. The plan of the grounds embraces seven miles of roads and foot-walks, all of them of substantial character, quite a number of bridges, summer- houses, etc. An ample water-supply is provided. There is a complete system of mains and drains, and the Exhibition, in addition to being able to draw from the George's Hill city reservoir, which is just outside the enclosure and has 40,000,000 gallons capacity, has an independent source of supply on the Schuylkill River, pumping-engines being placed there especially for the Exhibition which have a daily capacity of 6,000,000 gallons. MISCELLANEOUS BUILDINGS, ETC. The World's Ticket and Inquiry Office stands on the triangular piece of ground immediately in front of the lake and adjoining the main entrance to Machinery Hall, in the Exhibition Grounds. The building is quite handsome in its outward appearance, while its interior combines a large central room, sixty feet in diameter, used for the purpose of issuing Tourist Tickets, the sale of Guide-books and for the display of oli^e-wood ornaments from Palestine. The concession for the erection of this building has been granted by the Centennial Commission to Messrs. Cook, Son, & Jenkins, the world-renowned Tourist and Excursion Man- agers, who have also received from the Duke of Eichmond, Lord-President of the Council, the appointment as General Passenger Agents to the British section of the International Exhibition; and in pursuance of this appointment this building has been erected. To our European readers, Messrs. Cook, Son, & Jenkins need no introduction, as the system established by their senior so many years ago, known as " Cook's Tours," is as familiar as household words. And we only need say to our reader from abroad that the system of Tours and Excursions which this firm have arranged, in the United States and Canada, is almost as extensive as those they show in their European connection. For the benefit of our American readers we desire to say, that this firm are the originators of the present system of Tours and Excursions in operation in the world ; and for a period of nearly forty years they have been teaching the people of the world how to travel cheaply, pleasantly and without trouble. They issue their own tickets over all the principal railways and steamboats through the civilized world ; and the number of passengers who have traveled by means of the facilities prepared by this firm now number millions. 390* MISCELLANEOUS BUILDINGS, ETC. They have had an official connection with really all the great Expositions the world has seen, commencing with London, in 1851, to which Exhibition, by their own eflforts, they brought over forty thousand visitors. The last connec- tion held of the kind was at Vienna, in 1873, where their Tourist Pavilion was one of the "comforts" to the old as well as the new traveler. The present building contains two hundred and fifty feet in length of ticket cases ; and here are congregated together such an array of railway and steamboat traveling tickets as the world never before saw in one collection. Besides all the Local, Through, Coupon and Excursion Tickets of the Pennsylvania Central, the Philadelphia, Wil- mington and Baltimore, the Beading and the North Penn- sylvania Eailroads, there can be found the Tourist Ticket issued by the firm over all the leading lines of railway m the United States and Canada, as well as for Ireland, Scotland, England, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Holland, Belgium, Germany, Austria, Turkey, Greece, Egypt, Palestine, Italy, Algiers, Sicily, France, Spain, Switzerland, Portugal, &c., as well as for tours round the world : here the tourist or pleasure seeker can get information and tickets to any point, no matter whether in Europe or in America, for a journey of a few miles or for thousands. The offices are supplied by clerks brought from every part of the world, who are able to give information in any language likely to be spoken at Philadelphia. Centennial E COOK'S WORLD'S TICKET OFFICES L rllBlTION. d876, liLROaSHTS -.sc-//y TENXIAL GROUNDS, PHILADELPHIA. CHAPTER XXXI. SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA. {See index for further reference to places spoken of.) WHEN a traveller finds himself for the first time in a strange city with time to spare and disposition to make the most of it, the question naturally rises in his own mind, Where shall I go in order to spend my leisure-hours with the best advantage? Those who come in the Centennial year wdll, of course, turn their attention in the first place to the exhibition, and they will devote some time to the beauties of Fairmount Park. After that, if they have one, two, three or more days to spare, they may desire to know how the time can be spent to the best advantage. After all, this must be a matter of taste, only to be settled by individual preferences. Some may desire to make their investigations almost entirely in a certain direction, others will take an opposite course, and yet others will endeavor to make proper selections so as to save time. This publication gives full information upon almost every subject connected with municipal affairs, and upon institutions of every kind, so that all tastes may be suited. We suggest in this place objects of attraction which will be worthy the attention of strangers, and wdth which they may make themselves acquainted in the course of a few days. FIRST DAY. The stranger may be placed at the intersection of Broad and Market streets, in front of the Municipal Buildings, say about nine o'clock of a fine morning. South of him he will see the north end of the United States Mint. By walking down a square to Chestnut street he will find the entrance to that building, which will afford him instruction and interest 391 392 SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA. by an inspection of the interior, and will take up, say, an hour of time. Leaving that building, he may return to Broad street. Passing upon the western side the Third National Bank, at the corner of Market street, if he looks west he will see the large freight dep6ts of the Pennsylvania Eailroad Company, at Fif- teenth street, and the buildings, depot and offices of Adams Express Company, at Sixteenth street. A few feet farther on- ward on his course northward will bring him to the corner of Filbert street, where he will observe the School of Design for Women, an institution of merit and usefulness. An hour may be spent there. Proceeding down Filbert street, the grand Masonic Temple fronts him at the north-east corner of Broad street. Eeference by means of the index to the ac- count of that building will inform him when and how he can obtain admission. An hour may be spent here. Leaving the temple and proceeding on, as he turns his face northward he will observe on his right hand, nearly adjoining the temple, the beautiful white marble building of the Arch Street M. E. church, whilst opposite, at the respective corners of Arch street, are in strong contrast the greenstone and brownstone churches of the Holy Communion (Lutheran) and First Bap- tist. A little farther up, on the left hand, will be found the Academy of Fine Arts, with its splendid collection of pic- tures, statuary, etc. Hours may be spent here with pleasure and advantage ; but if we allow our stranger two hours to look through the collection in a hurried manner, we shall be able to conduct him back to Broad and Market streets, and dis- miss him to seek his hotel, which he may reach by railroad car or otherwise as suits him best. It is now two o'clock. An hour will be allowed him to dine, and at three o'clock precisely he starts again from Broad and Market, with an afternoon before him of three or four hours of daylight if the time should be summer. Where will he go ? Shall it be to the Academy of Natural Sciences or the Zoological Gardens? He may have his choice and take up the whole of the after- noon at either, but we cannot expect to crowd the sight-seeing of both in the same afternoon. Suppose we visit the Acad- SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA. 393 emy of Natural Sciences. The distance is not great, and we will walk. We will go by way of Chestnut street. As we go down Broad we pass the Tabernacle Presbyterian church, which adjoins the Mint. From Broad and Chestnut we observe south of us, on our right hand, the lofty front of the La Pierre House, next to it, quite as high, the old Academy of Natural Sciences, and on the south-west corner of Sansom street the stately and comfortable Union League house. Far- ther down, not more than two squares, are the Academy of Music and Horticultural Hall adjoining, whilst Beth Eden church looms up in solemn contrast at the corner. On the left hand we have not so many objects of interest. The brownstone front of Chambers' Presbyterian church, at San- som street, is nearest, but below upon that side is no building of a public character until the towers of the First Reformed Presbyterian church stand out in prominence below Spruce street. Farther down the stranger whose sight is good may notice the front of the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb at Pine street and several handsome mansions beyond, and a United Presbyterian church at Lombard street, and on the left hand St. Theresa's Poman Catholic church at Christian street, the solid walls of the Rush Library immediately below, whilst the semi-circular cornice on the front of the Baltimore depot closes up the view. We will now go out Chestnut street. On our left hand we soon come to the massive buildings of the Baptist Publication Society, beyond which, yet more lofty and imposing, is the Hall of the Young Men's Christian Associa- tion. Oj)posite this, on Fifteenth street, and extending along Chestnut street, is the lofty Colonnade Hotel, A little far- ther on is the Reform Club-House. On the right hand, at the corner of Fifteenth street, the church of the Epiphany will arrest attention, and on the same side, at Eighteenth street, is the hall of the Philadelphia Institute, and just beyond the Tabernacle Baptist church, with its tall brown steeple and clock. Beyond is a succession of mansions of marble, brownstone and brick, some of them particularly large and costly. The eye may discern the tower of the Rink, at the 394 SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA. north-west corner of Twenty-third and Chestnut streets, whilst beyond is the rise of the elegant bridge which here crosses the Schuylkill. Our route is now north. We shall go by way of Eighteenth by preference. At the corner of Mar- ket street we will halt two or three minutes and look westward. From this point to the Schuylkill is a series of shops, ware- houses and manufactories, finished up with the gasometers and buildings of the Gas-Works at the river. We will now go on. On our left, at Filbert street, is the Fourth Presbyterian Re- formed church. At Arch street is the elegant building of the West Arch Street Presbyterian church. At Race street we turn west. Looking up Eighteenth street, we observe the seminary buildings at the corner of Race street, the grand front of the Roman Catholic Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul, and the archbishop's palace, immediately north of it. The fine enclo- sure on our right hand is Logan square. On our left, as we go toward the Schuylkill, is Wills Hospital for the Blind. At Nineteenth street is the new building of the Academy of Natural Sciences. Here we pay a small admission fee and enter, and we may be sure the rest of the afternoon will be well spent in reviewing the immense collection of curiosities which the society possesses. The evening we may devote, if we choose, to lecture-rooms, to concerts, the opera or the theatre, as the case may be, or attend some public meeting of a religious or moral cha- racter. Perhaps we decide to spend the afternoon at the Zoological Gardens rather than in the Academy of Natural Sciences. In that case we must take the cars. We will simply walk from our station at Broad and Market up the street to Arch street, and taking a western-bound car go over a route which offers no subject for particular remark until we reach the east end of the Callowhill street or Spring Garden street bridge, at the old en- trance to Fairmount Water- Works. The car stops here, but the conductor gives us a pass, armed with which we mount the terraces adjoining until we reach the upper floor of the bridge. A Race street car toiling up the embankment receives us, and SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA. 395 we pass over the top of the bridge. The view here is inter- esting from either side. North of us is the Schuylkill, with the water tumbling over the dam. Eight and left of us on the banks is Fairmount Park. The old Water- Works are on our right, the boat-houses and the heights of Lemon Hill beyond. On the left are the locks and office of the Schuylkill Navigation Company, and beyond that we may perceive the river shore immediately in front of our destination, the Zo- ological Gardens. Looking southward, we have something like a panoramic view of the old city and of West Philadel- phia. On the right are the immense derricks and machinery of the dep6t of the Eeading Eailroad, Iron and Coal Com- pany. Adjoining are the abattoir and stock-yards, and farther on is the great grain warehouse of the Pennsylvania Eailroad Company. On the left hand there are wharves and docks, and the Gas- Works beyond. The river is crowded with canal- boats, and there are signs of great activity. But the car car- ries us away from these scenes. We proceed along Spring Garden street. The sidewalks are shaded with large trees. The houses stand back from the street, and are surrounded with flowers and shrubbery. At the intersection of the road leading to the Zoological Gardens the driver informs us of the fact. He gives us a pass. The little car conveys us past the old standpipe of the West Philadelphia Water- Works. We soon reach the gardens, and once within the enclosure can take our time in studying the wonders of animated nature. We may return the way we came, except that we will go down Haverford street, cross the lower floor of the bridge, and leave the car at the east end of that structure. The conductor will give us a pass for the Arch street car, standing near by. Our route will be by way of Piddle, St. Francis's Eoman Catholic church, on the right hand, to Spring Garden street, and thence east. We find this to be the widest street in the city, exceed- ing the width of Broad street by seven feet. On the right hand, at Twenty-second street, we pass the Fairmount Market; at Twentieth street, on the left hand, is the brownstone Spring Garden Street Methodist Episcopal church. Farther east, on 396 SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA. the left hand, is the Fifth Baptist brownstone church, with its peculiar steeple. The greenstone walls of the Girls' Normal School are immediately beyond; and looking down Spring Garden street, the high walls of the Spring Garden Institute, at Broad street, are in front of us. The car turns and goes down Twentieth street. We pass, on our right, the Logan Square Presbyterian church at Vine street, and the Protestant Episcopal church of St. Clement's at Cherry street, thence to Arch street and Broad, where we are near our starting-point. There are other routes from the Garden. Passing out of the north entrance, the steamboat wharf is near, and we may take a short trip down the river and land at Old Fairmount. Here we will walk over, passing the Lincoln Monument, and take the Fairmount avenue car, purchasing an exchange ticket for this particular trip. We will observe at Twenty-second street, on our left hand, the frowning portals of the Penitentiary. On Twenty-second below Fairmount avenue is the church and school of Olivet Presbyterian congregation. At Green street we turn. Our route is past fine dwelling-houses ; on our left is Alexander Presbyterian church at Nineteenth street, and Cen- tral at Eighteenth street ; Christ Eeformed church is on our right at Fifteenth street. In front of us, when we reach Broad street, are the synagogue Eodef Shalom, the towering walls and spire of the Broad Street Presbyterian church, south of it the building of the Boys' High School, and next to it the New Jerusalem church. At Thirteenth street we change cars. The remainder of the route is not very interesting. On our right hand, at Callowhill street, is the Beading Railroad d^pot: below Vine street is Nazareth Methodist Episcopal church ; at the corner of Arch street is St. George's Hall. At Market street we leave and walk to Broad street, our starting-point, passing on the left hand the old railroad d6p6t, lately conse- crated to the evangelizing labors of Moody and Sankey. We may take another route. Passing out of the northern entrance-lodge of the " Zoo," we cross the magnificent Girard avenue bridge, thence through the Park to the cars, which are at the avenue entrance, a short distance from us. We buy an SIX BAYS IN PHILADELPHIA. 397 exchange ticket. We rapidly approach the enclosure of Girard College, which is half a mile in breadth. We make a little detour to avoid it ; and when we come upon South College avenue, the buildings and grounds are on our left hand. At Twenty- fourth street is the Foster Home, and immediately opposite, on the same street, the high and forbidding walls which enclose the House of Refuge. The mound which rises south of us is the Corinthian avenue reservoir. At Corinthian avenue we pass the German Hospital, on our right. At the corner of Eighteenth street, on our left, is St. Matthew's Protestant Epis- copal church, with its fine Sunday-school building. On the right, extending from Sixteenth to Seventeenth street, is St. Joseph's Roman Catholic hospital. Opposite is Green Hill Presbyterian church, with its handsome spire. On the left, at Seventeenth street, is the new stone Friends' meeting- house. As we cross Broad street, looking northward we see the gables of the Memorial Baptist church and the tower and spires of the Incarnation Protestant Episcopal and Oxford Presbyterian churches. Immediately in front of us, upon a railed enclosure in the middle of the street, is the Soldiers' Monument, erected by the artillery corps Washington Grays to the memory of their comrades killed during the Rebellion. At Thirteenth street we change cars and proceed southward, passing below Green street the buildings on Tliirteenth street described in the preceding paragraph. SECOND DAY. We will now devote some of our spare hours to objects of historical interest. Starting from Broad and Market streets at nine o'clock, we will walk to Chestnut street and pass down that popular avenue, which, notwithstanding its nar- rowness and thronged condition, maintains its supremacy as the street for fashionable promenade. We find it to be in the western part built up with shops and stores, in which the most expensive goods are sold by retail. Here the fashion- able lady resorts for her laces, gloves, jewelry, dry goods and toilet articles. Almost everything which taste, refinement and 34 398 SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA. wealth covet can be bought on this street. We pass the Mint, which we visited yesterday. The Presbyterian Publication House is immediately opposite. Concert Hall and the Chestnut Street Theatre are on our left, between Twelfth and Thirteenth, the Sunday-school Union on the right, between Eleventh and Twelfth. Between Tenth and Eleventh streets is St. Stephen's Hotel. At the corner of Tenth street on our left looms up the magnificent edifice of the New York Mutual Life Insur- ance Company. On our left, at Ninth street, is the high fence enclosing the ground upon which the new post-ofllce is to be built. Immediately beyond we enter a deep valley on each side of which tower the mountainous walls of the Continental Hotel and the Girard House. On our left, below Eighth street, is the old Masonic Hall ; Guy's Hotel is on the same side, at Seventh street ; the Ledger building on the right hand, at Sixth street. Here we are near Independence Hall. We pass the old court-house building and ofiices ; and stopping to admire the elegant marble statue of Washington by Bailey, we enter the broad doorway. The apartment at our left is Independence Hall, on the right the National Museum. The " Liberty Bell " is in the hall of the tower. Here we may remain for a couple of hours, and finish ofi' by climbing to the top of the steeple and taking a view of the billows of roofs which rise and fall on every side of us. Tickets to enter the steeple are furnished by the superintendent of the hall at his desk. Having performed this duty, we may take a look at the State-House yard, which was once better shaded and more beautiful than it is now. It has fallen a victim to a tasteless and expensive spirit of alteration. We will go out into Chest- nut street. Our route is toward the Delaware Eiver. The American Hotel is immediately opposite as we descend the State-House steps. On our left, at Fifth street, we note a range of very elegant structures extending to Fourth street. In fact, this square contains the handsomest collection of noble buildings to be found in the city. They include the grand edifice occupied by the People's Bank, the building of the Pennsvlvania Life and Trust Company, the Farmers' and SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA. 399 Mechanics' Bank, of white marble, adjoining, Pennsylvania Bank, of solid granite, and the Philadelphia Trust and Safe Deposit Company. A few steps on our right hand bring us to the Post-Office, and beyond the grand front of the Custom- house opens to sight. Still farther on is the double building of marble occupied partially by the Commonwealth and the Western Banks. At Fourth street, looking south, we may perceive on our right hand the ponderous building of the Provident Life and Trust Company, on the left the Central National Bank, and below the lofty brownstone office building of the Reading Railroad, and the equally splendid edifice of the Pennsylvania Railroad adjoining. "We have a little farther to go on Chestnut street. On our left hand is the chaste marble front of the Fidelity Trust Company building. On our right we stop at the corner of a small court from which rises a remark- ably curious-looking structure. It is the Moorish building of the Guarantee Trust Company. We are not going to pass it. In fact, we are going down this small court and will enter the plain-looking brick building which stands beyond and seems as if it might be devoted to some very quiet purpose, its front and cupola being so old-fashioned. We need not hesitate, however. Greater and more patriotic persons than we are have walked up and down this court. This is Carpenters' Hall, and here, one fine morning in the autumn of 1774; assembled the delegates representing the American colonies to consult upon measures of mutual action and defence which might be necessary. The hall is restored, as nearly as can be. to its ancient appearance. There are interesting relics on the walls, and a handsomely fitted up library in the second story. We may look at these things with interest, and consider how much our country owes to the men who once assembled here, and after having gratified our historical memories and endeav- oring to people the place with the Adamses, Lees, Randolph, Dickinson, Washington and Henry of the past, we wall pro- ceed. Going down Chestnut street, on the left hand, nearly opposite Carpenters' court, is the elegant granite building of the F^rst National Bank. The brownstone front of the Bank 400 SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA. of North America is seen farther on on the same side. On the right we pass the Commercial Bank, the Union Banking building, and reach Third street. We may stop and look up and down. It is the great financial mart, in which bankers, brokers and speculators are busy. North of us, on the east side, we may perceive the granite front of the Manufacturers' Bank, above Market street, and the sandstone round-cornered build- ing of the Union National Bank, at Arch street. On the west side, between Market and Chestnut, is the Mechanics' Na- tional Bank. Looking south, on the east side, we note the front of the Tradesmen's Bank and the western front of the Exchange, at Third and Walnut streets. On the west side are newspaper offices. The fine portico of the Girard Na- tional Bank attracts us, and below Walnut street we may see the lofty front of the Lehigh Valley Eailroad Company building. Let us proceed. This tremendous granite build- ing on the right hand was erected by the late Dr. David Jayne for business purposes. It is considerably over one hundred feet high, and is the tallest building in the city. Wholesale stores occupy this part of the street. At Second street is the Corn Exchange Bank. We intend to go a little farther. We shall not go so far as Front street. This nar- row street which we are now treading, going in a northward direction, is called Letitia street. We cross a small intersect- ing alley, and on our left hand, near Market street, at the intersection of another court or alley, which runs toward Sec- ond street, we find the house for which we are looking. It is William Penn's house, finished in 1682-3, the first brick dwell- ing built in the city and the oldest building standing in Penn- sylvania. It was our State-house for many years, for here the governors and colonial councils met frequently. The secretary of the governor, James Logan, had his office here for a long time. We may enter, if we choose, if thirsty and not teetotal in our determination ; for this is a place where they sell beer. It seems to be a base transformation, but the present owner of the house probably does not^hink so. The stranger should understand that the William Penn House is at the cornier of SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA. 401 the court, and is not the William Penn Hotel, next door. We leave this ancient relic and go to Market street. A few steps farther toward the river brings us to another object of curiosity. It is the Old London Coffee-house, at the south- west corner of Front street. The gables upon the two streets present, in contrast to our present style of building, a quaint and picturesque appearance. It is now dinner-time, and we may return to our hotel. The station of the Market street and of the Union passenger railway cars is immediately before us. To reach our starting-place we have only to get into one of the former. We find Market street devoted entirely to business. Stores! stores! stores! Wholesale principally, some retail. The Seventh National Bank is at the corner of Fourth street. The Bingham House at the south-east corner of Eleventh street. On our right, near Twelfth street, is the magnificent Farmers' Market. There was only one building entirely used as a dwelling-house be- tween the Delaware and Schuylkill on this street at the be- ginning of 1874. What shall we do after dinner ? We might go as far as the Penn Monument and find that the game was not worth the candle. We might visit the battle-ground at Germantown or at Red Bank, but these are trips which should be made in the morning. As we are given to antiquities to-day, we will visit the Pennsylvania Hospital, Christ church and Swedes' church. From Broad and Market streets we will take the object most north-east ; and as we have travelled along Market street so recently, let us take the cars at Broad and Arch streets. St. George's Hall we passed yesterday. On the left hand, near Tenth street, is Simmons & Slocum's Opera-house, and im- mediately opposite is the Arch Street Presbyterian church, with its fine wooden steeple. Keeping on, we pass, on the left, at Ninth street. Wood's Museum, St. Cloud Hotel, near Seventh street. Arch Street Theatre, near Sixth, Free Qua- kers' meeting-house, now Apprentices' Library, on the right, at the corner of Fifth street. Here is Christ church burial- ground. The section of the brick wall which has been removed 34 * ? A 402 SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA. and replaced by an iron railing is immediately in front of the tomb of Benjamin Franklin and bis wife, wbieb adjoins the wall. We can see it plainly and read the lettering as we stand there. Farther, on the right hand, between Third and Fourth streets, is the Quakers' meeting-house, and opposite is the St. Elmo Hotel. We reach Second street, turn south, and here we are at the noble old-fashioned building of Christ church. We will find the gateway open on Second street. There are afternoon services throughout the week. We can see the interior, and thence pass out into the crypt, where the tombs of Bishop White, Eobert Morris and Thomas Willing are. We may even go into the tower and look at the curiosi- ties there. Out again into the streets. Our judicious course is to get into a Second street car, one which goes over the south route. This is the street of retail shops. They are set side by side, and stretch for miles. It is wonderful, with so much to sell, that there could be found enough people to buy, and yet these shops are kept open year after year. The proprietors carry on business, obtain reputation for wealth and retire, and others take their places. On the left, before we reach Walnut street, is the solid brick edifice of the Commercial Exchange, and op- posite, yet more solid, is the United States appraisers' building. At Pine street we find that the street divides and runs upon each side of a market. A brick building with an archway run- ning entirely through the first story in the middle of the street, with pediment, cupola and bell, is a landmark, and can be seen from a great distance. It was considered a great im- provement when built, and was called New Market Hall. On the right, below South street, is the Southwark bank. On the left, north of Catharine street, the Third Baptist church stands back from the thoroughfare. Near Christian street is the old Southwark Commissioners' Hall, venerable for past uses. At Christian street we will alight and walk toward the river, pass Front street and reach Swanson street. We turn south and arrive at Swedes' church ; and it seems to the stranger that this venerable building is in the wrong SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA. 403 place. It is surrounded by the bustle and excitement of com- mercial traffic. North of it but a few squares the Franklin sugar refinery rises far above other buildings. Immediately opposite is the freight-yard of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. A little below are the docks of the American Steamship Company and the great grain elevator. Only a short time since the ship-houses of the Navy Yard closed up the view, but they have been removed. There is noise and excite- ment everywhere, except in this quiet little graveyard, in which sleep the relics of the people who inhabited these shores two hundred years ago, even before Penn came. There are old tombstones here dating early in the last century. The church itself is interesting. The contrast between the quiet within and the hum of busy life without is remarkable. We leave the premises. We shall walk down to the Navy Yard gate, on Front street, where we enter the cars of the Union passenger railway company. Our route is by way of Whar- ton street west to Ninth . There is nothing of much interest on the road until we reach Ninth and Pine streets, where we alight ; for this is the hospital ground. We walk to Eighth street, and up the latter to the entrance gate. The building itself will occupy two or three hours of our time. When we are ready to leave, it is night. Back to our hotel or to our starting-place as we choose ; the ways are many. THIRD DAY. We shall devote this opportunity to prisons and reforma- tory institutions. Our first point is the House of Correction. Our easiest course from Broad and Market streets is to take the car to the New York d6p5t, west of the Schuylkill River. We buy our ticket for Holmesburg. Under the swift guidance of steam, we pass rapidly out of the intricacy of tracks which interlace at the depot. Into the Park, over the connecting rail- road bridge, with cheerful views of the Schuylkill, and across the country. We pass on our right Glenwood and Odd Fel- lows' cemeteries; on our left, at Second street, the New Cathedral Cemetery is not far off. We wind around the lower 404 SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA. part of Frankford, and ran east of it until we arrive at the Holmesburg station, from which we walk a quarter mile, until we reach the great pile of buildings near the river. Two or three hours may be spent with advantage at this place. Back again to the railroad station. The train carries us this time to the Kensington d6p5t, instead of that in West Philadel- phia. As we near the city we cross at intersection the Bead- ing Eailroad, and east of us we may see the masts of the ves- sels lying at the great coal-wharves at Port Richmond. ^ At the Kensington depot we take the cars of the Fifth and Sixth streets passenger railway company. They carry us on Berks street to Sixth, past the North Pennsylvania Railroad depot, and then south. Upon Sixth street, on our left hand near Brown, is the solid-looking building of the Reformed Hebrew organization (Keneseth Israel). On the right hand, at Fair- mount avenue, is the Wyoming school-house, and below, near Green street, the Saracenic front of the North Presbyterian church attracts observation. At Spring Garden street is the solid granite building of the Northern Safe Deposit Company. At Noble street a substantial Quaker meeting-house gravely stands on our right. At Vine street, on the right hand, is the Penn National Bank. The next block is occupied by Frank- lin square. Odd Fellows' Hall is on the right, a square below. Between Market and Arch the City Bank's brownstone front must be looked at. Below Chestnut street, we pass Independ- ence square on the left, and reach Washington square on the right. Holy Trinity Roman Catholic church is on the right at the corner of Spruce street. Thence the route is through a dreary district, penetrating a section where poverty and vice huddle together. We get out of the car at Reed street, walk four squares west, and reach the front entrance of the county prison. From two to three hours may be spent here with ad- vantage. It is now dinner-time. Home by the cars, Tenth and Eleventh streets line, which we find at the corner of the prison. Our course does not take us in front of any building of consequence between the prison and Chestnut street. North of the latter, on the right hand, are Eleventh Street Opera- SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA. 405 house and the Bingham House. At Market street, if we need, we can go west to Broad street. If not, company will dismiss until after dinner. The penitentiary is the object of our afternoon visit. To reach it we walk to Fifteenth and Market streets, buy an ex- change ticket and take our seats in a car going northward. We soon enter a region of great factories, machine-shops and forges, which lies between Callowhill and Spring Garden streets. At Fairmount avenue we change cars and go west. There is no building of importance along our route until we reach the penitentiary, the gloomy portcullis of which seems to fall behind us as we enter, and whi^h reminds us of the in scription made famous by Dante : "Abandon hope, all ye who enter here." We leave these gloomy scenes. As we are in the neighbor- hood, we walk to Twenty-third and Brown streets, where the Northern Home for Friendless Children is worthy of our at- tention, and where we can see what good, charity can bestow in education and training, upon helpless youth. The Girard College is so near that we may as well avail ourselves of the opportunity of a visit; or if we so choose, we may contrast what we saw yesterday in the oldest hospital in the country — the Pennsylvania — with the German, among the newest. We have a ticket of admission to the college ; and as we do not look like clergymen, there will be no difficulty about our entrance. Our return route is by Seventeenth street, which we can reach by walking or by car. There is little of interest on this route after we leave Girard avenue. Germania Hall and Market, at Seventeenth and Poplar streets, is on our left. The church of Atonement, corner of Summer street, below Vine, on our left, the Second Presbyterian Reformed, below Race street, on our right, and opposite, the high brick wall which shuts out everything is Friends' burying-ground, a peaceful enclosure in which the grass grows green and no tombstone suggests that what was once human is mouldering beneath. On the right, at the corner of Filbert street, is the 406 SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA. First Presbyterian Eeformed church, and near by, on the other side of Filbert street, is the Protestant Episcopal church of the Covenant. At Jones street the Western Market comes out to Seventeenth street. It is a small distance to Broad street, and there we close the interest of the day. FOURTH DAY. As yet we have paid no attention to the cemeteries of the city. We have no time to visit all of them. Laurel Hill will occupy our morning and Woodlands our afternoon to-day. Our route is by the Eidge avenue cars. We can reach them by way of Fifteenth strco., to which we walk from our starting- place at Broad and Market. Here, on entering the car, we purchase an exchange ticket. Fifteenth street strikes Eidge avenue at Brown street. As we change cars and look down the avenue we will observe the fine large Lincoln Market building at the corner of Fairmount avenue, and before us, toward the east, the sombre front of the Broad Street Bap- tist church, with its neat spire. Eidge avenue is one of the few "catercornered" streets which we have in Philadelphia. It commences at Ninth and Vine streets, runs north-west all the way, and crosses, before it passes Laurel Hill, all the streets as far as Thirty-fifth street. It also passes twenty-three prin- cipal streets running east and west. It is a short cut running across the north-western part of the city, and is thronged in consequence. It is a street of shops, which stretch along it with scarcely an interruption from Vine street to Columbia avenue, and are ready to march out to Manayunk with little delay. There are no public buildings of any great extent upon this street, but we notice some at the intersecting streets. On our left hand, below Girard avenue, we pass the new Eidge Avenue Market and Hotel. On the same side shortly afterward we notice the high stone wall of Girard College, along which we pass for a quarter of a mile. At North College avenue, if we look toward the Schuylkill, we will see the handsome buildings of the Woman's Medical College and Woman's Hospital. Above Columbia avenue, on our right, is SIX DAYS IN PHIT.ADELPHIA. 407 the Penn TownsMp Odd Fellows' Hall. At Islington lane, on the right, we reach Glenwood Cemetery, the Odd Fellows' and Mechanics' Cemeteries adjoining on the east. Shortly after passing this enclosure the East Park comes in sight ; the reservoir looms up immediately in front. At Thirty-second street we reach the dep6t of tlie railway company, and here our passage-right on the original fare ends. If we wish to go farther, we must pay another fare. This is a matter of choice. It is but a short walk of three or four squares to the south entrance of Laurel Hill. Before we reach it we are at the Park boundary. The mansion nearest is Woodford, in which the Park superintendent resides. A little beyond, nearer the Schuylkill, and shaded by magnificent old trees, is Strawberry Mansion, one of the Park restaurants. This is the gate of South Laurel Hill. Let us enter. We will be struck by the elegance of the enclosure, the riches of flowers and shrubbery, and will perhaps be lost in the wilderness of monumental marble and granite which encompasses us. If we have time, we may iaspect Mount Vernon Cemetery, opposite, Mount Peace, adjoining, and the interesting building and grave- yard of the church of St. James the Less. We may return by the Schuylkill River steamboat, which we will reach by the lane which divides Central from North Laurel Hill and leads to the Schuylkill ; or re-entering the Park and passing Straw- berry Mansion, lingering for a few moments on the brow of the precipice, we may enjoy the view of the river north of us, showing the railroad Falls bridge, the falls and the dis- tant steeples and chimneys of Manayunk. Immediately op- posite, on the west side of the river, the heights of Chamouni rise before us, and the view down the stream, showing the Bel- mont bridge, with glimpses of Memorial Hall, is charming. The steamboat will take us through the water-way of the Park, past Edgely and Rockland on our left hand, and Cham- ouni, Ridgeland and Belmont on our right. Passing under the railroad bridge, we notice on our right Belmont Water- Works, and the Centennial Water- Works a short distance be- low. We soon pass on the right the deep and romantic open- 408 SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA. ings of Belmont Valley, Lansdowne Glen and Sweet-Brier Vale. The Centennial Buildings rise before us all along. Shooting under the connecting railroad and Girard avenue bridges, we pass the Zoological Gardens on our right; the Park is on our left hand all the way. We reach and pass the boat- houses; land, walk through the water-works buildings and galleries, and at the entrance to the bridge take the Arch street car, from which we land at Broad and Arch streets. In the afternoon, walking south on Broad street to Walnut, we wait for a car of that line which belongs to the Mount Moriah and Darby branch. Our route is out Walnut street, passing the mansions of the rich and fashionable, which are of brick, granite, brownstone, sandstone and marble. On our left hand, at Eighteenth street, extending to Nineteenth, is Eittenhouse square. Two large and unique fountains are near the entrances. At the south-west corner of Nineteenth is the brownstone church of the Holy Trinity, P. E. The large and heavy-looking brick building with high steps lead- ing to the front entrance which we notice a short distance south of the church is the Catholic academy of Notre Dame, devoted to the education of young ladies. At Twentieth street, looking south on the left side, we will observe the Western, once known as the Brickmakers', M. E. Church, and on the west side the Roman Catholic church of St. Patrick. On our left hand, at the corner of Twenty-first street, is the fine and costly Second Presbyterian church- building. At Twenty-second street we turn north. St. James* Protestant Episcopal church is now on our left hand, and the House of the Good Shepherd on our right. At Chestnut street we again turn west. We pass the Rink and cross the handsome bridge. South of us is the South street bridge, while the Pennsylvania Railroad bridge is in sight. The wharves and the shipping, the steeples and towers in the dis- tance, give interest to the view. On our left, at Thirty-first street, is the dep6t of the West Chester and Philadelphia Railroad Company ; and from this, if we choose, a walk of a square north would bring us to the d6p6t of the Pennsyl- SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA. 409 vania Eailroad. But we are going onward. At Thirty-third street we reach the Darby road, called here Woodland avenue. The group of magnificent buildings on our left, which we are approaching, are the University of Pennsylvania, the Medical Department, west of the main building, and the University Hospital, south of it. Farther off, on the left, an immense pile of lofty buildings attracts our attention. It comprises the Blockley almshouse establishment, in which the city boards and lodges several thousand paupers and insane persons. At Thirty-ninth street we reach the front en- trance of Woodland Cemetery, and for some hours will engage in contemplating the City of the Dead. To return we walk to Chestnut street. We notice the elegance of the mansions in this part of the city. North and west of this are the finest portions of West Philadelphia. The buildings are tasteful and elegant. The sidewalks are deeply shaded with old trees. Every house has its garden-plot with flowers and shrubbery. We walk up Thirty-ninth street, and reach Chestnut. At Locust street, looking west, we observe the ele- gant front of St. Mary's Protestant Episcopal church. At Walnut street we see the Walnut Street Presbyterian church. While we are waiting for a car we notice the tall steeple and church front on the north side of Chestnut street about a square west. It is the Berean Baptist church. On Thirty- eighth street, north of Chestnut is the Protestant Episcopal church of the Saviour. At Thirty-sixth street, on the right, is the brownstone church, with tower and spire, of the West Philadelphia Baptist congregation. At Thirty-third street we again strike our former route, and proceed to Broad and Chest- nut streets. FIFTH DAY. We owe something to our country. Patriotism demands that we pay some attention to national establishments. The Mint we have visited ; the Post-Office detains us but a few moments ; we can walk through the Custom-House and the sub-Treasury office, the portions open to the public, without 410 SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA. obstruction. The appraisers' office may be looked at if we are so inclined. The arsenals, Naval Asylum and Hospital and Navy Yard will give us occupation to-day. All these estab- lishments, except the Navy Yard at League Island, may be conveniently reached from our starting-point by railway cars ; but to-day we shall take a little more ease. We will secure a carriage and agree with the driver beforehand exactly what we are to pay, or pay him, according to the provisions of the city ordinance, by the hour. The Frankford arsenal lies north- east of our starting-point. We shall proceed for several miles through a thickly-built portion of the city, in which the build- ings are substantial, but not elegant, and where the dwelling- houses stand side by side in rows which seem endless, whilst in other portions of the town we will find shops and factories next door to stables and churches. Great industrial buildings loom up in gloomy solidity. Immense dep5ts and shops, and factories for every conceivable manufacture, wharves and yards and business enclosures, are on all sides. Our driver may take his own route, and we shall not attempt to describe it. Girard avenue will be a judicious route, say from Broad street. We will pass on our right, at Fifth street, St. Peter's Koman Catholic church. At Front street our course is no longer east and west, but tends to the north-east. We cross the Aramingo Creek at Norris street, reach Eichmond, and still press to the north-east, passing immense coal wharves, foundries, machines, docks, etc., out to Bridesburg and the arsenal. Back again, by way of Frankford and Kensington avenue, and to our hotel to dinner. In the afternoon our route will be south and south-west. Perhaps it will be judicious to go immediately from Broad iind Market streets, down Broad to League Island. There is nothing of interest after we pass the Baltimore Railroad d6- p5t. As citizens of a free and enlightened country the guard at the Navy Yard will admit us, and we may examine the great buildings and docks, and go aboard some of the mon- itors which are moored in the Back Channel and gloomily rise and fall with the tide. SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA. 411 Back again. Up Broad street to Federal, and out the latter to Gray's Ferry road, and then north-east. These large build- ings on the left enclosed by a high brick wall are the Schuyl- kill Arsenal. We will be admitted and find it to be an im- mense clothing dep6t, but we will be pleased with the museum of uniforms and other curiosities in the establishment. Out again, we cross the tracks of the Pennsylvania Eailroad, get a nearer view of the bridge of that company, which crosses, the Schuylkill just here. A little farther beyond, on the left, the tall flagstaff rising in the centre of the ground, from which float the stars and stripes, and the spacious buildings beyond, assure us we have reached the United States Naval Asylum. Here there are many matters of interest to be looked at. The old pensioners are a quiet, respectable set of men. They are pleased to meet strangers, and are communicative. Adjoin- ing is the United States Naval Hospital. It is under capital superintendence, and kept scrupulously clean. A half hour or an hour may be spent here. And so out to the road, where our carriage is waiting, and home again. SIXTH DAY. The morning we will devote to literature, and look into the libraries. The nearest to our starting-place is the Mercan- tile, on Tenth street above Chestnut, opposite St. Stephen's church. We find the collection, which is the largest in the city, conveniently arranged in a very spacious apartment, and observe the comfort of the reading-room and other acces- sories. To-day we walk; our area is somewhat circum- scribed. Down Tenth street, passing on our right the build- ing of the New York Mutual Life Insurance Company, the Assembly Building and Jefferson College, near Walnut street, Western Saving Fund, First Unitarian church, on the left at Locust street, we reach Spruce street. Eastward, down Spruce street. At the comer of Ninth street is a plain brick Quaker meeting-house. Adjoining is the old Jewish cemetery. On our right is the enclosure of the Pennsylvania Hospital, and in the centre of the square is the building we are about to 412 SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA. enter. It is the hall of the Historical Society, and the most interesting place to visit among all the libraries in the city, because it not only possesses a great collection of books, but there are also paintings, portraits, views of old buildings and historical relics of various kinds, curious, and some of them of great value on account of the antique associations con- nected with them. There are some very important manu- scripts ; and taken all together, the visit will be gratifying to the stranger. We get through the examination. Along Spruce street we pursue our way, passing Holy Trinity Eoman Cath- olic church, at Sixth street, the Horace Binney school-house east of Sixth street, and turn up Fifth street. A little beyond the latter, on our right, is the Spruce Street Baptist church. Going northward, we pass, near Locust street, between the walls of St. Mary's Roman Catholic churchyard on one side and of Free Quakers' burying-ground on the other. Beyond Locust street, on our left, is the building in which the Survey Department of the city has its offices, St. Thomas' African Protestant Episcopal church and the City Solicitor's office. Thus we are brought by regular approaches to the corner of Walnut street. Proceeding northward, with Independence Square on our left hand, we pass the quaint, old-fashioned hall of the Philadelphia Dispensary, the handsome building once occupied by the Mercantile Library, and crossing Library street enter by high, old-fashioned steps the Philadelphia Li- brary. There are many ancient books and manuscripts here, the most valuable of which are displayed in a case near the door. There are old paintings, engravings, busts, and such an atmosphere of learning and literature permeates the hall and lingers among the alcoves that one feels here might the true scholar learn to live and die. Nearly opposite, the American Philosophical Society has its collection in the second story of a building. Here also are old books, old pictures, and in the small museum old curiosi- ties and plans of machinery. Among the latter is a model for a propelling power made by John Fitch when he was considering his steamboat schemes. As we are in no hurry, SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA. 413 we will devote two or three hours to business and finance. The finest banking buildings are within a stone's throw of Fifth and Chestnut streets. We may enter such of them as attract our fancy, and notice particularly the great height of the ceilings, the elegant finish of the counters and desks, and the arrangements which facilitate the discharge of business. At Third and Dock streets we will enter the second floor of the Merchants' Exchange by the entrance on the east, and as soon as we do so will think ourselves in Bedlam. The Board of Brokers is in session. Five, ten or twenty excited luna- tics, according to appearance, are shouting to a man who stands up in a sort of pulpit and screams back at them ; and this is the way they buy and sell stocks. Out of it, along the narrow alley which bounds the huge United States Ap- praisers' building, and we come upon the Commercial Ex- change. A friend introduces us; we find an immense hall, upon the floor of which are numerous tables, and upon each little heaps of wheat, rye, corn, etc., samples of what the owners are ready to sell. Immense business transactions are effected in this apartment without other ceremony than in- spection of the samples and an agreement on the price. We will leave the Exchange, go to Market street, look at the docks and gaze at the shipping. We may take a steam- boat to Camden, N. J., which we will find to be a large and thrifty city. We obtain there a better view of the river front of Philadelphia ; it is crescent-shaped. An island in the centre of the stream cuts off" a portion of the view to the south-east of us, but we see beyond and below ft. Windmill Island they called ft more than a century ago, because a windmill was upon ft. It properly has that name now, but sometimes is called Smith's Island. Immediately opposfte Chestnut street the ground is devoted to the purposes of a pleasure garden and for baths. A small steamboat carries the passenger to and fro. South of this is a canal, through which our steamboat found its way in bringing us to Camden. The southern part of the island is an immense coal dep5t, used by the Lehigh Navigation Company. We observe the smoke of numerous 35* 414 SIX DAYS IN PHILADELPHIA. foundries and factories, wharves bright with piles of lumber and others gloomy with piles of coal. There are great ware- houses looming over beyond, masts and cordage and sails and fluttering flags; in front of us vessels are moored, steamboats are crossing and recrossing or moving with great rapidity up and down the stream. Large ships are under the tow of in- significant looking tug-boats, which in comparison of size are mere toys, and yet they drag along the great hulks easily. Eow-boats are toiling in the stream. Unemployed tug-boats are puffing and blowing, seemingly running about in search of business. Everything is life, bustle and activity. In the background, from among walls, roofs and dormer windows, rise the great towers, steeples and chimneys of the city. It is a splendid panorama, and one which the stranger unused to the life of a commercial metropolis ought to see. CHAPTEE XXXIIl. S UPPLEMENTAR Y. LARGE cities grow very fast. So much activity occurs in public matters, in benevolence, commerce, trade, and in every concern of life, that additions are constantly being made to public buildings and associations. The following have oeen originated since the foregoing pages were printed, and ft>r the sake of completeness are necessary to be noticed. COMMERCE. Cotton compress. The Pennsylvania Warehousing Com- pany (see page 146) has added to its means of accommodating trade a very powerful compress or packing-machine available for the compression of cotton, hay or other material usually put up in bales. The building used for this purpose is sit- uate on South Delaware avenue, convenient to the wharves. The press is operated by hydraulic power, and is of immense "orce. FOOD SUPPLY. The new abattoir and cattle stock-yards established under iie control of the Pennsylvania Eailroad Company are upon The west side of the Schuylkill River, north of Market street. The principal building is of brick, 200 feet long by 150 feet wide; a hay and grain barn of brick, 40 by 100 feet; 48 cat- tle sheds, each 24 by 200 feet ; two sheep-pens, each 350 by 130 feet; hog-pens, etc., the whole being contrived for the easy delivery of cattle and for slaughtering them in large quantities, all smell and annoyance being provided for by scientific arrangement. 415 * 416 * SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS, ETC. SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS. The Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art was chartered in March, 1876, for the purpose of establishing a school of industrial art on the plan of the great South Kensington Museum, London— an institution which has rev- olutionized the art industries of Great Britain. It is hoped that the Centennial Exhibition will afford many facilities for the establishment of such an institution. The managers have memorialized the Pennsylvania Legislature to use a part or all of Memorial Hall for the purposes of the museum after the Exhibition shall have been closed. PLACES OF AMUSEMENT. Alhambra, east side of Broad street, north of Spruce. A theatre and garden for musical, dramatic and spectacular performances, under the charge of Kiralfy Brothers. The front on Broad street is two stories high, of zinc and iron, in the Mauresque style, handsomely ornamented with horseshoe arches, columns, etc., gilded and painted in bright colors. At each end is a dome of iron and glass. The theatre stands on the south side of the lot, and will seat 1000 persons. The garden on the north is 150 feet square, and connects with the theatre. There are fountains, grottoes, promenades, flower- beds, carving, paintings and sculpture. Colosseum, south-east corner Broad and Locust streets, ad- joining the Alhambra. Specially constructed for the purpose of displaying the cycloramic painting of " Paris by Night." The building is cylindrical, 129 feet in diameter at the base. Eoof at the top of the outer wall, 77 feet from the pavement; rising in a sloping form until it meets a central tower 38 feet wide, which rises from the interior to a height of 166 feet from the ground. This tower, above the roof, is decorated with balconies, from which the city may be seen. The pic- ture is arranged on the interior walls. Spectators view it from that portion of the tower which is within the building, and the effect of the painting seems wonderfully real anu attractive. PLACES OF AMUSEMENT. * 417 Centennial Music-Hall, adjoining the Forrest mansion, at south-west corner of Broad and Master streets. Front on Broad street 100 feet, depth on Carlisle street 200 feet, of brick, iron and stained glass. The interior will have 3 tiers of private boxes and a stage 32 feet in width, saloons, etc. The stage has been specially constructed for the use of Theo. Thomas' orchestral concerts. The music-hall opens into the garden north of it. There will be seating capacity in tlie building for 2000 persons. II^DEX. Abbatoiti, 50, 395. Academies, 174. of P. E. Church, 173, 174. Academv of Eine Arts, 191-195. of Music, 257, 393. of Natural Sciences, 185, 393. Access to the Park, 368. Adams, John, Vice-President, 34. inaugurated, 35. Agricultural Society, 190. Aimwell School, 172. Alexander Presby. Church, 276. Almshouse, Blockley, 116. Friends', 225. Amateur's Drawing room, 259. Ambler Trotting Park, 256. American Baptist Pub. Society, 300. fleet burned, 31. , Hotel, 66, 398. Insurance Company, 163, 164. Mechanics' Hall, 241. Protestant Asso. Hall, 242. Steamship Line, 150. Sunday-school Union, 300. vessels lost and destroyed, 28. Amusement, places of, 257. Appraisers', U. S., Of&ce, 127, 410. Annunciation R. C. Church, 296. Apprentices' Library, 203, 401. Aramingo Creek, 410. Arch Street M. E. Church, 271. Railway route, 81. Theatre, 258, 401. Area of the city, 43-46. Armories, 243. Arnold, Benedict, gov. of city, 33. country-seat, 350. mansion of, 332. marries Miss Shippen, 33. Arsenal, Frankford, 135, 410. Schuylkill, 135, 410. Art Association, Park, 1 97. Academy, 191. Gallery, Park, 346. galleries, private, 196. Assembly Buildings, 260, 411. Assistance Societies, 235. Assumption R. C. Church, 296. Asylums for children, 221. Little Sisters of the Poor, 227. for the Unfortunate, 228. Atheneeum, 203. Atlantic City, 93. Atonement P. E. Church, 405. Augusta, Brit, frigate, blown up, 29. Baggage system, 87. Bainbridge Street Market, 74. Bank, America, 159. Central, 156. City, 156, 404. Commerce, 156. Commercial, 155, 400. Commonwealth, 156, 399. Consolidation, 156. Corn Exchange, 157, 400. Eighth National, 158. Farmers' and Mechanics', 154. First National, 158. Germantown, 157. Kensington, 155. Keystone, 157. Manayunk, 159. Manufacturers', 156, 400. Mechanics', 154, 400. Merchants' Exchange, 159. North America, 153, 399. Northern Liberties, 154. Penn, 155, 399. People's, 158, 398. Philadelphia, 154. Republic, 157. 415 416 INDEX. Bank, Second National, 168. Security, 167. Shackamaxon, 169. Sixth National, 158. Spring Grarden, 158. State, 158. Third National, 168, 392. Tradesmen's, 166, 400. Twenty-second Ward, 168. Union, 157, 400. United States, 159. Western, 167, 399. West Philadelphia, 159. Banking Company, Union, 158. Baptist Churches, 261. Home for Women, 227. Baring, Alex. (Lord Ashburton), 356. Baron Steuben's country-seat, 350. Bartram's House, 329. Base ball, 264. Bath-rooms, 48. Baths, etc., 54. Battery on the Delaware, 20. Battle-grounds, 317. Beck School, 172. Bedford St. Mission, 228. Belleville, 350. Belmont, 330, 356, 407. Valley, 358. Glen, 358. Water-works, 5.3, 407. driving park, 266. Beneficial Saving Fund, 169. Berean Baptist Church, 266, 409. Bethany Presby. Church, 277. Beth-Eden Baptist Church, 264. El Emeth Cemetery, 314. Bingham House, 66. Wm., 355. Binney, Horace, School-house, 412. Births, 45. Blind Asylum, 229. Men's Working Home, 229. Women's Working Home, 229. Blockley Almshouse, 409. Boarding-houses, 69. House for Young Women, 228. Board of Brokers, 413. Boat Clubs (Rowing), 263. houses, 347. Boquet's expedition, 23. Boston Port Bill, 26. Braddock's defeat, 21. Bridges, 337. British tax law resisted, 24, 25. army capture the city, 28. Burd Orphan Asylum, 223. Cape May, 94. Callowhill Street Market, 73. Railway route, 80. Calvary Presbyterian Church, 277 Camden and Atlantic R. R., 93. Canals, 37. Carpenters' Hall, 322, 399. Carre captures Trinity fort, 15. Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul, R. C, 293. Cemetery, 314. Cemetery, New, 314, 403. Catholic (Roman) Churches, 293. Home for Orphan Girls, 222. Parish schools, 175. Theological seminaries, 174, 175. Cedar Hill Cemetery, 313. Centennial Buildings, 366. Exhibition, 373-390. Agricultural Hall, 383. Art Gallery (Memorial Hall), 378. comparisons with other exhi- bitions, 373. drainage of exhibition grounds, 390. executive oflBcers'building,388. foreign governments' build- ings, 390. Horticultural Hall, 385. jury pavilion, 380. Machinery Hall, 381. Main building, 374. restaurants, 390. special trade buildings, 390. U. S. Gov. building, 388. hotels, 70. Water-works, 358, 407. Women's Exhibition Building, 388. Lodging-house Agency, 69. Market, 73. Central Congregational Church,266. High-school, 121, 396. Market, 72. School (Friends'), 176. INDEX. 417 Chambers' Presb. Cburch, 3^3. Charitable orders, 237. Charity hospital, 212. Chestnut and Walnut Street Rail- way route, 81. Chestnut Hill, 364. Street Bridge, 342, 394. Street Theatre, 259. 398. Chew's House, 317, 331. Children's Hospital, 216. Homes, 221. Cholera, 38. Christ Church, P. E., 281, 402. Church Hospital, 224. German Reformed Church, 291 . Rejected,paintingbyWest, 347. Churches, 261-298. Church Home for Children, 222, City Armory, 245. charter, 41, Hall, 105. Hall, New, 106. Institute Library, 205. ofl^cers, 48, 49. Solicitor's ofl&ce, 412. Clergymen's Annuity and Ail Funds, 301. Cliveden, Chew's House, 317, 331. Coal trade, 147. Coastwise steamers, 151. Coat-of-Arms of Philadelphia, 42. Coinage at United States Mint, 134. College of Philadelphia, 21. Colleges, 165-185. Colonization Society, 236. Colonnade Hotel, 65, 393. Colony settled, 16, 17. Colored Orphans' Shelter, 221. Columbia Avenue Market, 73. Commerce. 141. Commercial Dep5ts, 146. Exchange, 142, 402, 413. Common Pleas Courts, 106. Concert Hall, 260, 398. Concordia Theatre, 259. Congregational Chui-ches, 263. Congress, Continental, 26, 33, 95, 98, 101, 322. Federal, 34, 36, 101. Hall, 104. Congressional representation, 45. Connecting Railroad Bridge, 342. Continental Hotel, 63, 398. Constitution, procession in honor of adoption, 34. Contributionship Insurance Com- pany, 162. Convention to frame Constitution of United States, 33. Cornwallis captures Red Bank, 32, County Insurance Company, 164. Court-house building, 104. Courts, 106, 129. Covenant P. E. Church, 406. Cricket clubs, 254. Criminal trials, 59. Cruelty to animals, prevention of, 236. Custom-house, 125, 399, 410. Darby Railway route, 82. Day Nursery for Children, 223. Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 228. Deaths, 45-47. Decatur Market, 73. Declaration of Independence, 27. De la War discovers a river, 13. Delaware Avenue Market, 72. Insurance Company, 163. River, 414. Water-works, 52. Dental, Pennsylvania, College, 18. Philadelphia, College, 181. Dickinson, John (Fair Hill), 336. Dispensaries, 218, 219. Dock Creek, 35. Docks, American Steamship, 403. Donop defeated, 29. Drainage, 55. Drinking fountains, 54, Drove-yards, 50. Druids, 242. Dry Docks, 149. Dutch colonies on the Delaware, 1 4. Reformed Churches, 292. Dwelling-houses, 46. Eastern Market, 72. Penitentiary, 109. East Park, 347, 407. Reservoir, 348. Edgely, 352, 407. Educational Home for Boys, 222. institutions, 119, 165-184. Effigies burned, 26. 2B 418 INDEX. Eleventh Street Opera House (min- strel), 260, 404. Emmanuel Lutheran Church, 270. Entomological Society, 184. Entrenchments thrown up, 36. Epiphany P. E. Church, 290. Evans, Governor, the false alarm^ 18. Exchange, Coal, 146. Commercial, 142. Drug, 146. Grocers', 146. Maritime, 146. Merchants', 144. Produce, 146. Tobacco, 146. Exports, 141. Express Companies, 86. Fair Hill burying-geound, 313. mansion, 336. square, 372. Fairmount Market, 72, 401. Park, 345. Park Art Association, 195. Water-works, 50. works, 368. Falls of Schuylkill Bridge, 343. Families, 46. Farmers and butchers, 73. Farmers' Market, 72, 401. Western Market, 72. West Philadelphia Market, 73. Federal Market, 73. Female Belief Society, 234. Ferries and river steamboats, 84. Fidelity Safe Deposit Company, 160. Fifth and Sixth Street Railway routes, 78. Baptist Church, 263. Presbyterian Church, 277. Financial Institutions, 153. Fire alarm telegraph, 56. and marine insurance, 164. Association, 163. Department, 55. plugs, 56. First Baptist Church, 262, 392. Dutch Reformed Church, 292. fountain in the Park, 363. German Reformed Church, 291. Moravian Church, 271. First Presbyterian Church, 272. Reformed Presb. Church, 393. Troop (City Cavalry), 243. Unitarian Church, 297, 411. Universalist Church, 297. Fishing clubs, 251. Fitch, John, steamboat of, 34, 412. Flat Rock Bridge, 343. Food prices, 49, 50. supply, 49, 50. Fort Beversrede, 14. Casimir, 15. Miflain, 28, 30, 31, 320. Nassau, 14, 15. Red Bank, 29, 42, 205. . Fortieth and Forty-first Street Railway route, 83. Foster Home, 223, 397. Fountain Green, 350. Fourth and Eighth Street Railway Co., 78. Fourth Baptist Church, 264. Frankford and Southwark Railway route, 78. Arsenal, 135. Market, 73, Franklin Fire Insurance Co., 163. fund, 235. Institute, 185. Market, 72. Reformatory Home, 230. square, 371. Sugar Refinery, 403. Free Quakers' burying-ground,412. Meeting-house, 327. Freedmen's societies, 236. French Benevolent Society, 234. Friends' Central school, 176. Insane Asylum, 210. Library, 204, 205. meeting-house, Arch st., 265. meeting-house, Girard av., 266. meeting-house. Race st., 266. Fuel Saving Society, 235. Friends' Charitable Society,235. Gas introduced, 38. manufacture, 59. works, 60, 394. George's Hill, 352, 368. Germania Market, 73. German Hospital, 214, 397, 405. Reformed churches, 291. INDEX. 419 German Society, 231. Society Library, 206. Germantown Academy, 171. battle-ground, 317. battle-ground in Park, 360. Hospital, 216. Market, 73. Railway routes, 78. Saving Fund, 159. Scientific Society, 184. square, 372. Gettysburg, painting of battle of, 346. Gethsemane Baptist Church, 264. Gibson's Point, 141. Girard Avenue Bridge, 340, 347,373. Market, 74. College, 168, 405. House, 65, 398. Life and Trust Co., 160. Glenwood Cemetery, 311, 403, 407. Girls' Normal School, 122. Good Shepherd, House of, 230. Templars, 242. Grace M. E. Church, 271. Graff Memorial, 346. Grain elevator, Girard Point, 148, Washington av., 148, 403. storage buildings, 148. Grammar schools, 122. Grand Army of Republic, 242. Grandom Institution, 235. Grant of Pennsylvania, 16. Grant's cottage, 347. Gray's Ferry Bridge, 338. Railway route, 82. Green and Coates Railway route, 80. Green Hill Presb. Church, 397. Greenwood Cemetery, 313. Guarantee Safe Deposit Co., 161. Guy's Hotel, 65, 398. Gymnastics, 256. Hack rates, 84. Haddington Railway route, 81. Hahnemann Medical College, 179. Handel and Haydn Hall, 198, 260. Society, 198. Haverford (Friends') College, 175. Health, 47. Hebrew Charities (United), 236. synagogues, 266. Hendrickson, Captain, discovers mouth of river Schuylkill, 13, 14. Hermit's Glen, 360. of Wissahickon, 362, Hestonville Railway route, 80. Hibernia Society, 234. Historical Library, Baptist, 206. Friends', 206. Methodist, 206. Presbyterian, 206. Society Hall, 412. Society Library, 206. Historic public buildings, 321. History of the city, 13-42, Holy Communion Luth, Church, 268. Holy Trinity P. E. Church, 289. R. C. Church, 294, 412. Homes for Colored Children, 223. for Colored Men and Women, 228. for the Aged, 224. for the Homeless, 227. Home Missionary Society, 235. Horticultural Hall, 190, 260, 393. Society, 190. Hospital for the Insane, 209, 210. Philadelphia, 117. Hospitals, 207. Hotels, 63. Alphabetical Index to, 67. House of Correction, 114, 403. of Industry, 230, 235. of Refuge, 113, 397. where Declaration of Inde- pendence was written, 324. Howard Institution, 230. Hudson, Henry, discovers the Dela- ware, 13. Humane societies, 236. Hunting Park, 370. Imports, 141. Incarnation P. E. Church, 291. Inclined Plane Railway, 83. Increase of population, 47. Independence Hall, 95, 398. square, 95, 372, 412. Indian Aid Association, 236, Hope Association, 236. Rock, 360. Indians massacred at Paxton, 22. 420 INDEX. Industrial Aid Societies, 234. Home for Girls, 222. Inebriates' Home, 230. Insane asylums, 219. Insurance, 162. International Navigation Co., 151. Iron-ship building, 150. Irving House, 65. Italian Society, 234. Jefferson, Thomas, 34. inaugurated, 35. Medical College, 178, 411. square, 372. Jewish Cemetery, Old, 314, 411. Foster Home, 224. Hospital, 215. Kelpius' Spring, 360. Keneseth Israel Synagogue, 404. Kensington anti-railroad riots, 39. Institute Library, 206. Market, 73. Keystone Battery Armory, 245. Kittanning destroyed, 22. Knights of Pythias, 242. Ladies' Depository, 235. Lafayette, attempt to surprise him unsuccessful, 32. Lansdowne, 354. Glen, 356. La Pierre House, 65, 393. La Salle College, 176. Laurel Hill Cemetery, 305, 406. Central, 310. South, 310, 407. West, 310. Law Library, 205. Lazaretto, 118. League Island Navy Yard, 137, 410, 411. Ledger Building, 398. Lehigh Navigation Co., docks of, 416. Valley Railroad, 94, 400, Lemon Hill, 333, 345, 395. mansion, 347. Leverington Cemetery, 313. Liberty bell, 27. Library companies, 199. Life Insurance, 164. Lincoln Institute for Boys, 222. Lincoln Market, 72, 406. Monument, 347. Literary and art associations, 197. Lodging-houses, 69. Logan's House (Stenton), 330. Logan Square, 371, 394. Lombard and South Street Railway route, 82. London Coffee-house, the Old, 326, 401. Loyal Legion, 242. Lutheran churches, 267. Home for Aged, 224, 227. Orphans' Home, 224. Publication Societies, 301. Theological Seminary, 175. Lying-in Hospital (Northern Dis- pensary), 218. M^NNERCHOR HaLL, 260. Magdalen Asylum, 229. Magistrates' courts, 68. Manayunk Bridge, 343. and Roxborough Railway route, 83. Mantua Market, 73. Manufactures, 151. Manufacturing statistics, 151. Maple Hall, 360. Mapother Home, 228. Marine Railways, 149. Markets, 71. Market Street Railway route, 81. Markham, Wm., Deputy Governor, 16, 17. Masonic Order, 237. Temple, 237, 392. halls, 237-240. Mechanics' Cemetery, 313, 407. Institute Library, 205. Medical colleges, 177. Medical department. University of Pennsylvania, 177, 409. Memorial Baptist Church, 263, 397. Mennonite Meeting, 271. Mennonites, 271. Mercantile Beneficial Association, 236. Library, 201, 411. old building of, 412. Merchants' Exchange, 413. Fund, 236. Hotel, 66. INDEX. 421 Merlin, Britisli frigate, blown up, 29. Meschianza, 32. Messiah Universalist Church, 297. Methodist churches, 270. Home for Women, 227. Mey, his discoveries, 13, 14. Mickve Israel Synagogue, 266. Midnight Mission, 230. Military, 243. Militia, volunteer, 19-22. Minstrel Halls, 260. Mint, the old, 326. Mission Hospital, 218. Moore's cottage, 359. Monument Cemetery, 310. Moravians, 271. Morgue, 116. Morris, Robert, Lemon Hill, 333. Mount -Moriah Cemetery, 312. Peace Cemetery, 313, 407. Pleasant, Arnold's home, 332. Pleasant, 350. Sinai Cemetery, 314. Vernon Cemetery, 311, 407. Moyamensing Hall, riot, 39. Institute Library, 205. Prison, 112, 404. Mud Fort, 28-30. abandoned, 31. Municipal Hospital, 211. Museum, Wood's, 259. Musical Fund HaU, 198, 260. Fund Society, 198. Mutual Assurance Company, 163. National Banks, 153. Guards' armory, 244. Guards of Pennsylvania, 243. Museum, 97, 398. societies, 231. Native American riots, 39, 40. Naval action on the Delaware, 27. at Red Bank, 29. with British vessels, 36. Asylum, 410, 411. Hospital, 410, 411. Navy Yard, 137, 410, 411. Nazareth M. E. Church, 396. New Church, 272. New York Mutual Life Insurance Company, 164. 36 New York Mutual Life Insurance Company building, 411. Norris Market, 73. square, 372. Northern Home for Children, 222. Liberties Market, 73. Relief Society, 235. Safe Deposit Company, 161. North American Insurance Com- pany, 164. Broad Street Presbyterian Church, 280. Pennsylvania Railroad, 93. Second Street Market, 73. Notre Dame Academy, 408. Numbering of houses, 44. Numismatic and Antiquarian Li- brary, 206. Observatory, Sawyer's, 359, 390. Odd Fellows' Cemetery, 313, 403. Hall, 240, 241, 404. lodges, 240. Old Ladies' Home, 228. Men's Home, 227. Oaks Cemetery, 312. Pine Street Presby. Church, 274. Swedes', Gloria Dei, P. E., 85. Olivet Presbyterian Church, 396. Opera House, 257. Opposition to the law, 23, 24. Ormiston, 352. Orphans' Asylum, 221. Orthopaedic Hospital, 215. Otter Point Fish House Company, 252. Our Saviour P. E. Church, 409. Oxford Market, 73. Presbyterian Church, 280. Park bridges, 344. history, 367. Parks, 345. Passenger railway fares and regu- lations, 75. Passyunk square, 372. Peace Society, 236. Pegasus, statuary, 359. Penn Charter school, 176. Club, 250. family, 18. Hannah, 17. 422 INDEX. Penn, John, 354. John, Solitude, 333. mansion, 321. Mutual Life Insurance Com- pany, 164, Safe Deposit Company, 162. Sewing-school, 235. Treaty ground, 315. Widows' Asylum, 226. William, proprietor of West Jersey, 15. William, statue of, 109. Pennsylvania frigate, 22. Hall, 39. Hospital, 207, 403, 412. Insurance Company, 163. Railroad, 90. Railroad bridges, 342, 411. Railroad depot, 409. Trust Company, 160, 398. Penrose Ferry Bridge, 340. Petroleum trade, 147. Pharmacy, College of, 182. Philadelphia Club, 247. Dental College, 181, Dispensary, 218. History, 13-42. Hospital, 210. Institute, 393. Library, 199, 412. Safe Deposit Company, 161. Savings' Fund, 159. Sketch Club, 197. Philosophical Hall, 105. Society, 412. Physicians, College of, 180. Pipe Bridge, 363. " Plain Truth," Franklin's pamph- let, 20. Point Breeze, 61. Park, 255. Police system, 56. stations, 57. telegraph, 56. Polytechnic College, 181. Population, 46. Port Richmond coal wharves, 147. Post-office, 128, 399, 409. new, 130. Preachers' Aid Society, Methodist, 302. Presbyterian Board of Publication, 299, 398. Presbyterian churches, 272. Home for Women, 227. Hospital, 216. Ministers' Fund, 302. Preston Retreat, 211. Prisons, 109. Society, 236. Privateers, 20, 22. commissioned, 19. Prospect Hill Fishing Company, Protestant Episcopal Academy, 174. Churches, 280. Clergymen's Fund, 302. Divinity School, 174. Hospital, 212. Provident Life and Trust Com- pany, 160. Public Schools, 119. squares, 345. Quakers, 13-43, 204, 210, 235, 266, 327, 412. Quarter-sessions Court, 106. Race and Vine Streets Railway route, 80. Railroad passenger depSts, 89. Railroads, 37, 38, 90. special ticket offices, 89. Reading Railroad, 91. Bridge, Belmont, 342. Falls Bridge, 343. Red Bank battle-ground, 319. battle, 29. Men, Order of, 242. Men's Hall, 242. Star Steamship Line, 150. Reform Club, 249. Reformed Churches, 291. Church publications, 301. Relief societies, 231. Resistance to Great Britain, 27. Restaurants, 69. Restoration Universalist Church, 298. Ridge Avenue Market, 73, 406. Railway route, 77. Ridgeland, 356, 407. Ridgway Library, 201. Riots against blacks, 39. Rittenhouse square, 371, 408. INDEX. 423 Kiver Road, East Park, 347. steamboat lines, 84. Rodef Shalom, 267. Roman Catholic Asylums, 221. Cemeteries, 314. churches, 293. Hospitals, 212. Seminaries, 173. Ronaldson's Cemetery, 304. Rosine Asylum, 230. Roxborough Water-works, 53. Royal army in the city, 32. abandons the city, 32. Rysingh, 15. Safe Deposit and Trust Compa- nies, 160. Salem German Reformed Church, . 291. Saturday Club, 250. Saying funds, 159. Sawyer's Observatory, 390. School of Design for Women, 197. Schutzen Park, 255. Schuylkill Arsenal, 136. discovered by Hendrickson, 13, 14. river steamboats, 84. Water-works, 52. Scientific institutions, 175, 183. Seamen's Friend Society, 236. Second Congress, 26, 27. Dutch Reformed Church, 292. Moravian Church, 272. Presbyterian Church, 273. and Third Streets Passenger Railway routes, 77. Secret Societies, 237. Sedgely Guard-house, 347. Seventeenth and Nineteenth Streets Railway route, 80. Shackamaxon square, 372. Shipbuilding yards, 150. Shipmasters' Society, 236. Shooting Club, 255. Simcoe's British rangers, 32. Simmons & Slocum's Opera-house (minstrel), 260, 401. Sixth Street Quaker meeting-house, 404. Skating clubs, 254. rink, 255. Sketch Club, 197. Smith's Beneficial Hall burned, 39. Island, 413. Social Art Club, 250. clubs, 247. Society of Friends, Hicksite, 266. Orthodox, 265. Solitude, Penn's house, 191, 333, 352. Sons of America, 242. Sons of Honor and Temperance, 242. Temperance, 242. Soup societies, 234. South Eleventh Street Market, 73. or Delaware, discovered, 13. River, 15. Second Street Market, 73. Street Bridge, 342. Southwark Library, 205. South-western Market, 72. Sporting clubs, 251. Spring Garden Institute Library, 205. Insurance Company, 163. M, E. Church, 271. Street Market, 74. or Callowhill Street Bridge, 338, 394. Spruce Street Baptist Church, 412. Quaker meeting-house, 411. and Pine Streets Railway route, 82. Squares, public, 370, St. Andrew's P. E. Church, 289. St. Andrew's Society, 232. St. Ann's Widows' Asylum, 226. St. Augustine's R. C. Church, 39, 4t), 204. St, Bonifacius' R. C. Church, 296. St. Charles Borromeo R. C. Semin- ary, 175. St. Clement's P. E. Church, 290. St. Cloud Hotel, 68, 401. St. George's Methodist Church, 270. Hall, 231-233. Society, 231. St. James the Less P. E. Church, 291, 407. St. Johannes' Lutheran Church, 270. St. John's Lutheran Church, 268. St. John the Evangelist's R. C. Church, 294. St. John's Orphan Asylum, 221. 424 lEDEX. St. Joseph's R. C. Church, 292. College, 175. Hospital, 212, 397. Orphan Asylum, 221. St. Luke's P. E. Churchy 290. Home for Aged Women, 226. St. Mark's Lutheran Church, 2S8. P. E. Church, 289. St. Mary's P. E. Church, 409. R. C. Church, 293. E,. C. burying-ground^ 412. Hospital, 215. St. Matthew's P. E. Church,. 397. St. Paul's Church, P. E., 284, St. Peter's Church, P. E., 284. R. C. Church, 296, 410. St. Philip Be Neri Church,^ at- tacked, 40. St. Stephen's P. E. Church, 288. St. Stephen's Church, 411. Hotel, 66, 398. St. Thomas' African P. E. Church, 412. St. Vincent de Paul Theological Seminary, 175. St. Vincent's Home, 223. Orphan Asylum, 224. Stamp Act passed^ 23. Stand-pipe, 358. State-house, 95. square, 95. history, 97. State Hospital, 218. in Schuylkill Fishing €o-m- pany, 251. Statistics, manufacturing, 151. Statues at Fairmount, 346. Statuary in the Park, 356. Steamboat, John Fitch's, 34, 412. Steamboats, 36. Steamers, coast-wise, 150. Steamships, 149, 150. Steamship wharves, 150. Stenton, 330. Strawberry Mansion, 352, 407. Streets, extent of, 43. Streets, system, 43, 44. bridges, 343. Markets, 73. numbers, 45. Stuyvesant captures Fort Casimir, 15. Sub-treasury, 410. Suffolk Trotting Park, 256. Sun Insurance Company, 164. Supreme Court of United States, 105. Survey Department, 412. Swarthmore (Friends') College,176. Swedish colonies, 14. Swedes' Church of Gloria Dei, 285, St. James, 287. Sweet-brier, 352. Ravine, 356. Swiss Benevolent Society, 234. Tabernacle Baptist Church, 264. Presbyterian Church, 280. Tammany Pea-shore Fishing Com- pany, 252. Tax on tea, 25. Tea-ships captured and sent back to England, 25, 26. Telegraph companies, 86. Temporary Home, 226. Tenth and Eleventh Streets Rail- way route, 79. Theatres, 258. Theological Seminaries, 173. Third Presbyterian Church, 274. Thirteenth and Fifteenth Streets Railway route, 79. Thouron square, 372. Timber Creek, 14. Tienpont, discoveries in the Dela- ware, 14. Tinicum Fishing Company, 252. Tract societies, 301. Treasury department, 34. Treaty ground, 315. Trees in Park, 364. Trinity P. E. Church, 287. Trotting Associations, 253. Troubles in England, 18. Trust companies, 160. Turnverein, 256. Twelfth and Sixteenth Streets rail- way route, 79. Union Benevolent Society, 235. Children's Home, 224. League, 247, 393. Market, 72. Railway routes, 76. square, 372. Temporary Home, 224. INDEX. 425 Unitarian churclies, 297. Universalist churches, 297. University College, 181. Hospital, 217, 409. of Pennsylvania, 165, 409. United States Appraisers' building, 127, 402. Arsenals, 135. Courts, 129. Government buildings, 125. Mint, 131, 398. Naval Asylum, 138. Naval Hospital, 140. Navy Yard, 137. Post-office, 128. Sub-treasury, 125. Treasurer's office, 127. Valley Green, 360. Vessels entered at port, 142. Vital statistics, 48. Wagner Institute, 185. Walnut Street Presbyterian Church, 409. Theatre, 258. Warehouse, bonded, 146. Warehousing, Pennsylvania, Com- pany, 146. Philadelphia, Company, 146. War with France and Spain, 18- 21. France, 20, 22. Great Britain, 36. Spain, 19. Washington inaugurated, 35. President of Convention, Presi- dent of United States, his residence, 34. Grays' Armory, 245. Grays' monument, 397. House, 66. rock, 360. square, 370, 404. Water pipe, 54. privileges, 45. supply, 50-54. works, 35. .36* Welcome, ship, arrives, 16. Welsh Society, 234. West Arch Street Presbyterian Church, 276, 394. Chester and Philadelphia Rail- road, 94. End Railway route, 83. Park, 352. Philadelphia Baptist Church, 265, 409. Philadelphia Market, 73. Spruce Street Presbyterian Church, 277. Western Market, 71, 406. Provident Society, 224, 235. Relief Society, 234. Saving Fund, 159, 411. Wharton Street Market, 74. Wharves and docks, 149. Whitemarsh military manoeuvres, .32. Whitefield preaches, 21. Widows' and Single Women's Asy- lum, 226. Wills Hospital, 210, 394. Wilson, Alexander, 328. School-house, 328. Windmill Island, 413. Wissahickon Bridge, 343. Hall, 36. Park, 359. Woman's Medical College, 179. Hospital, 218, 406. Woodbury Trotting Park, 256. Woodford Mansion, 352, 407. Woodlands, 334. Cemetery, 311, 409. Wood's Museum Theatre, 259, 401. Yacht clubs, 253. Yellow fever, 35. Young Men's Christian Association, 299. ZioN Lutheran Church, 267. Zoological Gardens, 185, 352, 407. Society, 187. Gardens Railway route, 81, 83. INDEX TO ADVERTISERS. PAGE. AMUSEMENTS. Chestnut Street Theatre, -^" BAGGAGE. ^-, Union Transfer Company, BANKERS. . Drexel & Co., ^ BOLT AND NUT WORKS. Hoopes & Townsend, ...••••• ^^ BOOKS AUen, Lane & Scott and J. W. Lauderbach, 6th page, front cover. American Sunday-School Union, 5^ Baptist Publication Society, ^* Joseph H. Coates & Co., ^^ A. J. Holman & Co., ^^ Wm. W. Harding, ^J Methodist Episcopal Book House, o» Thomas Nelson & Sons, ^^ T. B. Peterson & Bros., ^^ George Routledge & Sons, f 2 Sower, Potts & Co., . ^^ Porter & Coates, 1^^ 60, 61, 62, 63 George Routledge James K. Simon, Sower, Potts & C BOOTS AND SHOES. C. Benkert & Son, j° Charles Blase, ^^ Jacob Zaun, CARPETINGS. John & James Dobson, ^° McCallum, Crease & Sloan, ^^ CEMETERY. The Laurel Hill Cemetery Company. ... . • ib, 17 CIGARS. Batchelor Brothers, ^^ CLOTHING. „„ E. 0. Thompson, ^'' Hoyt&Day, l\ John Wanamaker & Co., '^^ Bines k, SneaflF, |^ Louis L. Houpt, ^^ 11 INDEX TO ADVERTISERS. PAGE COLLEGES AND EDUCATIONAL APPARATUS. Bryant & Stratton, Business College, . 6tli page of front cover. Haverford College, . . . . . . , . .69 CONFECTIONERY. E. G. Whitman & Co., . . . . . . . .36 DRUGGISTS. Frederick Brown, ......... 34 R. F, Fairthorne, . . . 35 DRY GOODS. Cooper & Conard, ......... 24 Homer, Colladay & Co., . . . . . . . .25 ENCAUSTIC TILES. Sharpless & Watts, . . . . . . . . .41 ENGRAVINGS, STEREOSCOPIC VIEWS AND FINE ARTS. G. Meyer, 37 Thomas Hunter, Jr., 60 FLAGS AND BUNTING. William F. Scheible, 47 FURNITURE. G. Vollmer, .40 Hale, Kilburn & Co., . . . . . . . .41 FURS. F. K. Womrath, 22 GENTS' FURNISHING GOODS. J. W. Scott & Co., 26 GLUE. Baeder, Adamson & Co., 46 GROCERIES. Mitchell, Fletcher & Co., 32 HATS AND CAPS. Blaylock & Co., . . .27 HOTELS AND BOARDING-HOUSES. Bingham House, ......... 8 Centennial Lodging-House Agency, 9 Continental Hotel, 6 Girard House, .......... 7 La Pierre House, 9 Trans-continental Hotel, .6 INSURANCE. American Life Insurance Co., 48 Penn Mutual Life Insurance Co., 48 Provident Life and Trust Company, 49 JEWELRY. J. E. Caldwell & Co., 21 Lewis Ladomus & Co., 20 Robbins, Biddle & Co., . , . . . . . ,20 INDEX TO ADVERTISERS. m PAGE. LIVERY STABLES AND PUBLIC CONVEYANCES. ^^ David Mullen^ ,, Exhibition Transfer Company, :J Passenger Transfer Company, MAGAZINES. g^ Atlantic Monthly, MARBLE WORKS. -.o Van Gunden, Young & Drumm, METALS. AA Hall & Carpenter, MILLINERY GOODS. 24 George W. Miles, • * * 23 Thomas Kennedy & Bro., MUSIC. 50 Louis Meyer, NEWSPAPERS. gg Evening Bulletin, g^ The Press, gc The Turf, Field and Farm, PAPER BOXES. .0 George W. Plumly & Son, M. P. Philpot & Co., PAPER MANUFACTURERS. ^^ Charles Magarge & Co., gg Jessup & Moore, ... * PATENTS. 49 John A. Wiedersheim, PHILOSOPHICAL APPARATUS. ^^ ^ James W. Queen & Co., .... 4th page of front cover. PHOTOGRAPHER. 35 Wm. Curtis Taylor, . . • - PLUMBING. 4g William H. Johnson, RAILROADS. 12 Pennsylvania Railroad, . . • ' -r. .; Z * * iq Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, . • -L^ '"TLiTtfrior- . . 2a and 3d pages Of front cove^r. Henry A. Dreer, SEWING MACHINES. ^5 D. S. Ewing, STATIONERY. ^ ^ ^0 Mason & Co., . • UMBRELLAS AND PARASOLS. 22 Wm. A. Drown & Co., WINDOW CURTAINS, SHADES AND UPHOLSTERY. ^^ Carrington, De Zouche & Co., ^2 I. E. Walraven, WINES AND LIQUORS AND CIGARS. ^^ Joseph F. Tobias & Co., JN admitting advertisements at the end of The Official Guide Book to Philadelphia, the greatest care has been exercised to accej^t only such firms as the Publishers felt assured were first-class, and we believe that visitors will find it of advantage to consult this list in making their purchases. PORTER & COATES. ADVERTISEMENTS. 5 DREXEL & CO. Bankers, 34 South Third Street, PHILADELPHIA. DREXEL, MORGAN & CO. DREXEL, HARJES & CO. Broad and "Wall Streets, 31 Boulevard Haussmann, NEW YORK. PARIS. ISSTJE Commercial and Traveler's Letter of Credit and Bills of Exchange on all parts of Europe; negotiate State, Municipal and R. R. Securities. Buy and Sell Sovernment Bonds, Stocks and ^old. Transact a Geieral Banlini Bnsiiess. ADVERTISEMENTS. THE AT FAIRMOUNT PARK, Is also under the same management as THE CONTINENTAL. ADVERTISE M E N T S. GiRARD House, Corner Chestnut and Ninth Streets, PHILADELPHIA. McKIBBIN, VOSBUEG & CO., Proprietors. The Girard House passed into the hands of the present proprietors on the 1st day of July, 1875. Since their occupation extensive alterations and additions hare been made ; the House haying been refurnislied, and its capacity increased by one hundred sleeping apartments, making it in every respect equal to any hotel in the country. The Girard House fronts the Continental Hotel, on Chestnut Street, and the new Post-office, on Ninth Street, making it a convenient centre for strangers and business men. It is acces- sible by street cars from all Railroad Depots ; and they also furnish direct and cheap communication between the Hotel and Centennial Grounds. The Girard proper will accommodate nicely about TOO guests, and outside apartments are prepared for 400 more. ADVERTISEMENTS. BINGHAM HOUSE, Eleventh and Market Streets, PHILADELPHIA. ACCOMMODATION FOR FIVE HUUDKED GUESTS, ADVERTISEMENTS. 9 LA PI The La Pierbb House, situated at the corner of Bboadway and Chestn-ut Street, having a frontage on Broadway of 200 feet and 60 on Chestnut, the most pleasant and fashionable part of the city, with all modern improvements, comprising 50 Suites with Private Baths and Water Closets, making it one of the most desirable stopping-places in this city. ^,-,-(L Endorsed by the Centennial Board of Finance, the Presidents xQ^/C 1//0, ofthe several Railway Companies, and the Mayor of the City. J-tJ/u. cffliiiii imm-imi mn Oflaee, 1010 Walnut Street. This organization, composed of prominent gentlemen connected with the various lines of railway entering the city, and with other enterprises devoted to the interests of the travelling public, can, by means of its systematic arrange- ments, comfortably provide for the immense number of visitors to the Exhibi- tion. Our plan of operations is to place on sale at the principal Railroad Ticket OflSces throughout the United States, Accommodation Tickets, each of which entitles the bearer to one day's clean, comfortable and respectable accommoda- tion, which day consists of supper, lodging and breakfast; dinner is not provided for, as it is presumed this meal will be taken at Centennial grounds. Courteous Agents pass through the trains before arriving in Philadelphia, and furnish each holder of these tickets a card assigning them to their temporary homes, as well as giving direction how they can be reached immediately upon arrival. The housekeeper takes up the ticket in payment for accommodation furnished. Every visitor can secure, before leaving home, his or her accommodations for as long a stay as desirable in Philadelphia at a defined and reasonable charge, and all can be made comfortable, and freed from care or fear of extortion or imposition. Every information can be had by applying in person, or by letter, to WM. HAMILTON, General Superiniendeni, Central OfBce, 1010 Walnut Street. 10 ADVERTISEMENTS. CHESTNUT ST. THEATRE. PHILADELPHIA'S COMEDY THEATRE. GEMMILL, SOOTT & 00 Lessees. WILLIAM D. aEMMILL, J. PEED'K j Managers -SOOTT and F. F. MAOKAY, 1 Managers. WM. H. DALT Assistant Stage Manager. PERFORMANCE EVERY EVENING AT 8 O'CLOCK. And SATURDAY MATINEE AT 3. The Chestnut is the only Stock Theatre in Philadelphia, and is devoted to the production of the best Comedies and Society Plays, by a first-class Company- All the Plays presented at this Theatre are placed upon the stage with an elegance of appointments, and carefulness in detail, never before attempted in this city. The Company comprises the following well-known Artists : Me. W. E. SHERIDAN, Mrs. LOUISE ALLEN", Mr. JAMES W. NORRIS, Mrs. MAY SAVILLE, Mr. GEO. H. GRIFFITHS, Mrs. E. J. PHILLIPS, Mr. CHAS. STANLEY, Mrs. ANNIE YEAMANS, Mr. CHAS. H. BRADSHAW, Miss LIZZIE HAROLD, Mr. GEORGE HOLLAND, Miss FLORENCE RICHMOND, Mr. L. F. BARRETT, MiSS EMMA MARKLEY, Mr. A. H. STUART, Mrs. ANABEL DALY, Mr. E. BARTRAM, Miss LAURA B. SCANLAN, Mr. T. F. BRENNAN, Miss LYDIA YEAMANS, Mr. H. lewis, Miss CLAREEN PETREA, Mr. H. BAVE, Miss BERTHA WINANS, Mr. O. GREGORY. Leader of Orchestra SIMON HASSLER. Scenic Artist HAELET MEEKY. Master Machinist JOHN FUEZE. Property Maker JOHN A. DASET. Gas Engineer SAMUEL HATHUEST. Oostnmer A. E. VAN HOEN. Doors open at' 7. 75. Performance begins at 8. ADVERTISEMENTS. H UNION TRANSFER COMPANY BAGGAGE EXPRESS, OflSce, 838 Chestnut Street, UNDER CONTINENTAL HOTEL, &E1TEIIAL HAILBOAD TICKET AGENTS. ^ ■• » » » Tickets Sold and Baggage Checked from Hotels and Residences to all points in the United States and Canada. Baggage delivered to all points of the City of Philadelphia (Hotels, Residences, Depots), Germantown, Chestnut Hill, Frankford, or Cam- den, N. J. Passengers will find polite agents on all trains arriving in Philadelphia, who will receive checks for the delivery of Baggage. Branch Offices in Baltimore, WASHiNaiON, Cape May and Atlantic City. Always ask for Agents of Union Transfer Company. J. P. MURPHY, Secretary. PASSENaER TRANSFER. Caeriages for the Transfer of Passengers in PuiLADEii- PHiA are now running direct from Depots to Hotels, Resi- dences, and the Centennial Grounds. Tickets, reserving seats, are for sale on trains by the Ageiits of the UNION TRANSFER CO. (Baggage Express.) Fare, 50 cents. Special arrangements provided for patrons of the Centennial LODGING-HOUSE AGENCY, LIMITED. . ■ » • The Exhibition Transfer Co., Limited, Also runs Carriages from all prominent points in the City to Centennial Grounds every 10 minutes during the day, from 9 a.m. Special Carriages, seating 10 persons each, provided Societies, Cdubs, Excursionists and others, to Theatres, Balls, Par- ties, Centennial Grounds and elsewhere at reasonable rates. Application made and information furnished at the Otnce of the Company, S. E, cor. Broad and Chestnut Sts, J. H. BENHAM, Jr., Gen'l Supt. 12 ADVERTISEMENTS. PIIlSILfilli MIlEOiD, Centennial Travel. The arrangements made and facilities provided by the PE]Sr]S^SYl.VA:N^IA RAILROAD COMPAlSrY, for the accommodation of Centennial Visitors and Exhibitors, are on a comprehensive and complete scale. The tracks of the Company are connected direct to the IVIain Exhibition Build- ings, where Depots, Warehouses and Sidings have been con- structed, capable of furnishing all the accommodations that will be demanded by the public. The lines of this Company connect with all the principal Cities and centres of population in the East, West, North and South. EXCURSION TICKETS AT REDUCED RATES, good for thirty dmjs^ will be sold, and TRAINS will be run from all these points direct to the Centennial Depot, and will depart from thence to destination, thus saving visitors from inconve- nience and delay. Ample facilities have been provided at this Depot for the Sale of Tickets and the Checking or Storing of Baggage, while Telegraph Offices, Hotels, Restaurants, &c., are in the immediate vicinity. This Depot is connected with all portions of Philadelphia by passenger railway lines. It is the intention of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company to extend every facility possible to Centennial visitors and ex- hibitors, during the continuance of the Great Exhibition, and in furtherance of this determination the necessary preparations have been liberally and carefully made. EXCURSION TICKETS to all principal Summer Resorts and Places of Interest in the United States, allowing ample time for extended tours of pleasure and investigation, will be sold at the Centennial Depot and at all Ticket Offices of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. PEANK THOMSON, General Manager. D. M. BOYD, Jr., General Passenger Agent. ADVERTISEMENTS. 13 MndfilpMa, fflilmington ^ mUlmm KAILROAD. THE ONLY LINE BY WHICH VISITOES TO THE Centennial Exhibition CAN REACH WASHINGTON, D. C. ■ — ♦♦♦ The Road has a Double Track, Steel Rails, and First-class Rolling Stock. Trains are equipped with the Miller Coupler, BufiPer and Platform ; the Westinghouse Air Brake and Vacuum Brake; and all modern appliances for securing Safety, Speed and comfort. During" tlie continuance of tlie Exhibition, Trains will toe run direct to and from tlie Cen- tennial Grounds. This road, with its Delaware Division, reaches all parts of the Peninsula of Maryland and Delaware, the great Peach and small fruit country. A line of Tickets to Baltimore, Washington, and principal points South and West, will be found in COOK'S WORLD'S TICKET OFFICE, in the Centennial Grounds, where all necessary information may be obtained. H. F. KENNEY, GEO. A. DADMUN, Superintendent. General Ticket Agent. PHILADELPHIA, PA. 14 ADVERTISEMENTS. 1818, 1820 & 1822 Filbsrt St., Philadelphia. 0AERIAG-E3, for Balls, Parties, Weddings, Pleasure Driving & Funerals. Horses taken at Livery receive special attention. THE TROTTIN& HORSE OP AMERICA: ia:o"w TO Tis-.A.i3^ j^L.i RETAIIL., AT THE MANUFACTORY AND ^WAREROOMS, No. 246 MARKET STREET, PHILADELPHIA, War er 00ms in New York, 498 & 500 Broadway. ADVERTISEMENTS. 23 THOMAS KENNEDY & BROS., 1216 CHESTKUT STREET, AND 914 ARCH STREET, Philadelphia. -^ • • • » FRENCH ^^m^m^ GOODS. Eeceives Weekly all the Enropeaa PasMons ; Fimmi Fmrn^k FMw@m mmM Plmmmn PAEISIAN BONNETS & HATS. BRIDAL REGIALIA Ribbons, Velvets, Silks, Laces. Fans, Jets, Ornaments and Hair Goods. BLACK DRESS SILKS Of a superior make. AliSO, A FINE ASSOKTMENT OF 24 ADVERTISEMENTS. FRElirCH BOiriSrETS AUD HATS, ff^IMMED /lND •IJnTRIMMED, GEO. W. MILES, No. 938 CHESTNUT STREET, Third door telow lOth St., SILKS. DRESS GOODS. LADIES' & CHILDREN'S OUTFITS, DRESSMAKES^G, White Goods, Notions, Hosiery, OLOTBCS, OLOA^ECinsrO-S, PIANO COVERS, LiinenSy Cottons, Quilts, Blankets, &c., COOPER k CONARD, EETAILEES AND IMPOETEES, S. E. cor, Ninth and Market Sts., Philadelphia. ADVERTISEMENTS. 25 HOMER, COLLADAY & CO. IMPORTERS AND RETAILERS OF SILKS. DRESS GOODS. Xj^OES, iBttM^ GLOVES, HOSIERY, &c., Also, a Ml Assoitment of Nos. 1412 & 1414 Chestnut St., f HILADELPHIA. 26 ADVERTISEMENTS. Fine Dress Shirts MADE TO ORDER, WITH PALMER'S PATENT DOUBLE YOKE. <••»■> J. W. SCOTT & CO.. No, 814 Chestnut Street, Four doors below Continental Hotel, PHILADELPHIA. < • • » > Being direct Importers, we have always full lines Metis Furnishing Goods. ADVERTISEMENTS. 27 mjj 824 Chestnut St., f||l|S tJNDER EASTERN WIKa OF CONTINENTAL HOTEL and opp. GIRARD HOUSE. BLAYLOCK&CO. IMPORTERS AND MANUFACTURERS OF CORRECT AND LEADING STYLES OF A. coiMii^XjErrE stock: oif DERBY AND LIGHT WEIGHT SOFT HATS, Suitable for Travelling. MAOEINAW STRAW EATS A SPECIALTY. Yoifs, Boys' ant CMlflren's Hats aM Wans. IMPORTERS OF EMLISH HATS, From Lincoln, Bennett & Co., Henbt Melton, Christy & Co., and Teess & Co., of London, and Dash, of Brighton. LADIES' FURS AND SEAL SACQUES On sale all Summer. Furs Sold, Insured and Delivered, -sRrhen ordered. BLAYLOCK & CO. 824 Chestnut Street. 28 ADVERTISEMENTS. IFIlTEi BOOTS MP SHOES, FOR GENTLEMEN LADIES, AND YOUNG FOLKS. C. BENKERT & SON, No. 716 Chestnut Street, PHILADELPHIA. x:si'ik.BiL.iisixx:x> in isss. The only large Establishment in the City "where exclusively First-class Goods are kept. ADVERTISEMENTS. 29 CHAHLES BLASE, BOOTS AND SHOES, No. 48 North Ninth Street, PHILADELPHIA. < « » • » GENTLEMEN'S and BOYS' BOOTS and SHOES CONSTANTLY On Hand and Made to Order. JACOB ZAUN & SON, H W o o kajStufactubebs of Fashionable Boots & Shoes for Men & Boys' Wear. 30 ADVERTISEMENTS. t E. O. THOMPSON'S Fashionable ail0ring ||stalilishmenit IS LOCATED AT 908 W^ALNUT STREET, Ji^- WHICH YOU ARE INVITED TO VISIT -^H HERE Citizens or Strangers can Le supplied "witli every article of Dress essential to tte Wardrobe of a gentleman to their entire satisfaction at moderate prices. THE CONTEOLLING IDEA Is to lead in everytliing demanded by fashion, and to omit no feature essential to a popular and successfal business. r^SPEClALTIES.^ LADIES' SACQUES, COATS AND RIDim HABITS. GENTLEMEN'S DRESS SUITS, j^OR THE PpKRA, J^ARTIES, ^C UNIFOEMS FOE THE ARMY AND NAVY. ADVERTISEMENTS. 31 Joii Wamme k O. FINEST CLOTHING, READY MADE AND MADE TO MEASURE, FKOM THE Finest Lines of Imported Fabrics, in tfie Highest Styles of t/ie Tailoring Art. Gentlemen in business, or of leisure, aeeustonned to Dress witli serupnlous Taste, on all occasions, find our unexampled Stock of Garments Ready-made, and Materials in the Piece, all that could be desired, for extent, variety, faultlessness of fit and make, and moderation in prices. FURNISHING GOODS, Por tlie Complete and Elegant Outfit of a Gentleman's WAEDEOBE and TOILET. SPECIALTIES IN CHILDREN'S FIRST-SUITS, And full and beautiful lines in all Clothing for YOUTHS, BOYS and CHILDREN. JOHN WANAMAKER & CO. 818 & 830 Cliestmat Street, PHILADELPHIA. 32 ADVERTISEMENTS. MITCHELL, FLETCHER & CO. IMI'ORTJSIiS AXD DEALERS IJY TEAS, COFFEES, AND FINE GROCERIES, Twelfth and Chestnut Streets, PHILADELPHIA, Invite the attention of the Visitors to the Centennial Exhibition, and the public generally, to their extensive and well-selected stock of STAPLE AND FANCY GROCERIES. Being direct importers, and dealing with manufacturers, they can always present a full line of all FOiIGN ii DOiSl DELICiCIES. From their large experience in their Country Trade, they are enabled to pack goods carefully, and ship promptly to all distant points, Delivering- at Depots Free of Charg-e. J|@^ They respectfully invite an examination of their stock. ADVERTISEMENTS. 33 ESTABLISHED 1821. JOSEPH F.TOBIAS & COMPANY, No. 241 Ohestnut Street, PhiladelpHa, WIHE AND SPiniT MERCHAITTS, AND DEALERS IN FINE OLD MONONCAHELA, RYE, WHEAT AND BOUHBON WHISKIES. Also, 80ZE AGENTS in the United States for GIESLEU & COMPANY'S BLUE SEAL, and DRY VERZENAY CH AMPAGNE \VINES. BATCHELOR BROTHERS, FINE CIGAR MANUFACTURERS, JSTo. 808 Market Street. BRANCHES! ISO. 837 Chestnut Street, under Gxrard House, Ko. 33 N. Second St., opposite Christ Church, PHILADELPHIA. 34 ADVERTISEMENTS. FREDERICK BROWN, (Established 1822) IMPORTING, MANUFACTURING AND DISPENSING N. £. Corner of Fifth and Chestnut Streets, PHILADELPHIA, PA. SOLE PBOPBIETOIt AND MA.NTIFACTTTMEM OF ESSENCE JAMAICA GINGEE. \ "g 05 1 CHOLEKA MIXTUEE. PEESEEYED TAEAXACUM JUICE. I ^ MtJTTEE'S COUCH SYEUP. . ) BITTEE WINE OP lEON. ^ y COOPEE'S ANTI-BILIOUS PILLS. I « rr \ CHAPMAN'S ANTI-DYSPEPTIC PILLS. / S O WISTAE'S COUCH LOZENGES (from original > ^ «l prescription), \ !> / MBS. HAEVEY'S COUGH SYEUP. \ o VI n o DENTIPEIGE, in Bottles. g DENTIFEICE, in Tin Canisters, snitable for Travelers, / ^ AEABIAN EACAHOUT, in convenient Bottles. ' M AGENT FOR E. DEJARDIN'S SYRUP RED ORANGE, of malta. None genuine without my name as Agent on the Label. COBBESPONDENTS. SAVORY & MOORE, 143 New Bond Street, W., London. S. MAW, SON & THOMPSON, 12 Aldersgate Street, E. C, « F. NEWBERY & SONS, 37 Newgate Street, E. C, « G. VOSS, 21 Jahannis Strasse, Hamburg. E. DEJARDIN, 2 Avenue de I'Opera, Paris. PeICE lilST OF ENGLISH AND FRENCH MEDICINES AND PEAEMACEUTIOAL PEEPAEATIONS WILT, BE MAILED ON APPLICATION. ADVERTISEMENTS. 35 FAIRTHO IIITE^S SPEC IALITIES PEPSIN. In regard to its efficiency, read the following, from Dr. Wm. Murphy, Physician in Chief of Mount Vernon Retreat for Inebriates, and late Health Commissioner of New York City. , . ^ ,. ■, ^ •4. +^ " I have used Mr. Fairthorne's Pepsin with much satisfaction, and preler it to any other in the market." WM. MURPHY, M.D. AROIVIATIC WINE OF RHUBARB. A pleasant laxative. WINE OF QUININE Sl CHAMOMILE FLOWERS A tonic and anti-material remedy. WOOD-VIOLET COLOGNE. Delicate, refreshing and persistant. LAVOLINE. For removing sun-burn and freckles. Perfectly safe and non-poisonous. These superior and elegant preparations made only by Druggist & Manufacturer of Pharmaceutical Products, N. W, cor, 19th and Arch Streets, Philadelphia, PURE SODA WATER. Drawn from steel fountains at his stand, which is three-quarters of a square below the ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENeES. WM. CURTIS TAYLOR, 914 CHESTNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA, NEXT BLOCK ABOVE CONTINENTAL HOTEL. « » • » > All the most approved Styles of HNS PORTRAITURE. 36 ADVERTISEMENTS. l&IliitfliaD&Co. 812 Chestnut St., PHILADELPHIA, Manufacturers of the finest I In the country. Put up in neat Boxes and fancy styles for presents, Or in large quantities for Wholesale Trade. Goods can be easily ex- pressed from our store to all parts of the United States. P. PHILPOT & CO. MANUFAOTUEEES OF Nos. 401 & 403 Commerce Street, PHILADELPHIA. MADE TO ORDER AT SHORT NOTICE. CONFECTIONERS' FINE WORK AND SHELF BOXES A SPECIALITY. ADVERTISEMENTS. 37 G. MEYER, PmLADELPHIA. ENGLISH, FEEHOH, GEEMAH AND AMEEIOAIT i-K^ »1 rs ao) .M. wr m w '^- [^t3pmm.T ";KXNL^^Ofi GOUP/L'S, HANFSTAENGEUS, BERLIN PHOTOGRAPH COMPANrS, BRAUN'S, BRUCKMAN'S, PLAIN AND COLORED PHOTOGRAPHS, Graphoscopes and Views for the same. ]p^r^AMEg OF ALL ^INDg, AT THE MOST REASONABLE PRICES. 38 ADVERTISEMENTS. JOHN & JAMES DOBSON, Proprietors. W. OLDtNG NEWMAN, Manager. PALLS OP SCHUYLKILL CARPET MILLS. PHILADELPHIA, 809 ^ 811 Chestnut Street. cn^ m%%th, f ^M ^4pj^$tjtg |jm$4$, EXTRA SUPERrilSrES, Snperfines, Medium Supers, Extra Pines, "^ooL puTCH, Stair Carpets, Wholesale and Retail. ADVERTISEMENTS. 39 McCALLUM, CREASE k SLOAN, Manufacturers, Importers, Jobbers & Eetailers of ^Warehouse, 1012 & 1014 Chestnut St., PHILADELPHIA. ADVERTISEMENTS. rURIflSHED for DECORATION and PUEITISHIITG entire HOUSES. and PILLOWS Made to Order. I^o. 1108 Oliestnixt Street, JPliiladelpliia;. ADVERTISEMENTS. 41 HALE, KILBURN & CC Sole Proprietors and Manufacturers of the " FOLBIi iEDSmO AND HALE'S FLEXIBLE SPEING BED. HALE'S PLEXIBLE SEAT OHAISS, STOOLS, SETTEES. General Manufacturers of Frames, MouxDnsres, Looking Glasses, and Cabinet Wokk of every kind. Salesroom and Factory, 48 & 60 N. Sixth Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Branch Store, 613 Broadway, New York. ENCAUSTIC TILES. SHARPLESS & WATTS, No. 1885 Market St., Philadelpliia, Agei^^ts and Importers of laiiffToiff's Geometric, Encaustic, Majolica, Enamelled and Art-Painted Tiles, For Pavements, Walls, Heartlis, Fire-places, Flower Boxes, and all purposes of interior and exterior decorations. PHILADELPHIA REFERENCES. Independence Hall, Guarantee Trust and Safe Deposit Co. Carpenter's Hall, Northern Saving Fund, United States Mint, St. Stephen's Hotel, Academy of Fine Arts, St. Mark's Episcopal Church, Academy of Natural Sciences, Memorial Baptist Church, Philadelphia College of Physicians, Fire Association, As also innumerable stores and private residences throughout the city. 42 ADVERTISEMENTS. UPHOLSTERY GOODS, AND tA CAREINGTON, DE ZOUCHE & CO., S. E. CORNER Tliirteentli and Cliestiiiit Streets, Philadelphia. WALRAVEN, 1105 Chesthtjt Steeet, PEILABELPmA, mTERIOR DECORATIONS, CURTAINS AND Artistic Furniture. ADVERTISEMENTS. 43 DREER'S GARDEN CALENDAR Is published annually on the 1st of December, and contains select lists of VEGETABLE AND PLOWER SEEDS, Plants, Roses, Verbenas, Dahlias, Carnations, Geraniums, &c.. With brief and practical directions for tfieir culture, mailed free to all applicants. American Paper Box Co. G. W. PLUMLY & SON, No. 213 North Fourtli Street, (Corner of Braucli), PHILADELPHIA. Manufacturers of ROUND, SQUARE, OVAL, and all kinds of DRUGGISTS' POWDER AND PILL BOXES A SPECIALTY. 44 ADVERTISEMENTS. Hall & Carpenter. IMPORTERS OF Cirt 1}tei4 anil mMx AGENTS FOB THE SALE OF AMERICAN SPELTER AND SHEET ZINC, No. 709 Market Street, Philad ELPHIA. ADVERTISEMENTS. 45 fJoOPES & ^OWNSEND MANUFACTURE MACHINE AND CAR BOLTS, Cold-Punched Sq^uare ^ Hexagon ITnts, KEYSTONE BOILEE EIVETS, TANK EIVETS, RAILROAD TRACK BOLTS, Chain Links, Car Irons, Bridge Bolts, Bridge Irons, RODS AND BOLTS FOR BUILDINGS &.c., No. 1330 BUTTONWOOD St.^ PHIIiADEI^PHIA. 46 ADVERTISEMENTS. ^ ISO MarW SW, PMMelpliia, ' MANUFACTUBEBS OF CURLED PTTTP FLINT&SAND HAIR, vXllUJjy PAPER, Emery Paper & Emery Olotli, G-round Flint & Emery, FELTING FOB COVERSNG STEAW PIPES, &c. Cow-hide Whips, Saddlers' i, Plasterers' Hair, Moss, &c. PHIIAD'A, 730 Market Street. BOSTON, 143 Milk Street. NEW lORR, 67 Beekman Street. CHICAGO, 182 lake Street. WM. H. JOHNSON, Plumber and Gas Fitter, No. 1714 FILBERT STREET, PHILADELPHIA. "Water Closets and Bedet Pans, Hot, Cold and Shower Baths, Stationary Wash-stands complete, Pantry and Kitchen Sinks, Hydrants and Wash Paves, Drains to Sewers, Water Wheels, W^ind Mills, Hy- draulic Bams, Lift and Force Pumps. Work in the Country and Johhing of all hinds promptly attended to. ADVERTISEMENTS. 47 WM. F. SCHEIBLE, 310 Cliestiiiit Street, Pliiladelpliia, MA2?UFACTTTKER OF Flags of ever J [lescription in Silt, MH & Mislli, TrH:OIL(E!SA.XiE A.1SI> RJETA-IX^. PI ■Hi < <5 cb. P4 EH w o *3 ^3 a I— ■ VI > HI Awnings of every style and design. Awning Strips by the bale or yard. Tents of all sizes on hand and made to order. DECOBATIOlSrS TO HIBB. STENCIL CUTTING AND CANVAS PRINTING. SILK BANNERS, TRANSPARENCIES, &c. 48 ADVERTISEMENTS. THE Life Insurance Company, No. 921 Chestmit Street, Philadelphia. A JPURELY MUTUAL COMFANY— INCORPORATED JiV 1847. Dividends declared Annually. Assets, $5,600,000. THE PENN IS ENTHtELiT MUTIJAIi. All of its surplus premiums are returned to its Policy -holders every year, thus furnishing them Insurance at the lowest possible cost. The Life Rate Non- Forfeiting Endowment Policy issued by the Penn, while giving protection to the family of the Insured in case of early death, provides at moderate rates of premium, a fund for future support, should he reach old age. All Policies are non-forfeitable for their value after the third year. SAM'L G. HUEY, Pres't. SAM'L E. STOKES, H. S. STEPHENS, Vice-Pres't. Second Vice-Pres't, JAS. weir MASON, HENRY ATJSTIE, Actuary. Secretary. 0} f^ :^e.5Wh H oWqi^gW Hi H^CIP4 ,>y, . SLCorJourth^lWalnut St. -A-JSJSIEST'S, $3,000,000- GEORGE W. HILL, President. JOHN C. SIMS, Actuary. GEORGE NUGENT, Vice-Pres't. JOHN S. WILSON, Sec'y and Treas. ALEX. WHILLDIN, Ch. Finance Com. J. G. HAMMER, Asst. Sec'y. ADVERTISExMENTS. 49 OF PHILADELPHIA. i]ycoi«.npoii^T£:i> 3d. iweo. 33, ises. ASSETS OVER $3,000,000. strictly Mutual. Distinguished for Careful Selection of Risks, Prudent Investment of Funds, great Economy, and Liberality to its Policy Holders. PRESIDENT. SAMUEL R. SHIPLEY. VICE PEESIDENT. W. C. LONGSTRETH. ACTUARY. ROWLAND PARRY. ^V <^ ^ ^^V'''> y> PROCURED BY JOHN A. WIEDERSHEIM, 110 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia. Call OP Send for Book of Instructions. CONSULTATION FBEE. 60 ADVERTISEMENTS. LOUIS MEYER, MUSIC PUBLISHER, 1413 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Draws the attention of all music-loving people to the excellent advan- tages he offers them in selecting new music. The following notices from the press will assure the public that they can expect only the best and most satisfactory. NEW MUSIC TRIED AT THE PIANO. Catalogues free on application. The publications of Mr. Louis Meyer are exciting the attention of cultivated musical people in all the principal cities of the Union.— P/ii7a. Evening Bulletin. The admirable taste exhibited In the musical publications of Mr. Louis Meyer has heretofore elicited our cordial commendation. — Christian Union. Louis Meyer is rendering an excellent service to all lovers of good music by his publications. — Home Journal. Mr. Louis Meyer is endeavoring to encourage a higher taste by publishing a better class of music. — Albany Evening Times. Mr. Meyer's publications are of more than ordinary merit. We find in his entire collection not one common-place composition. — Cleveland Herald. ALWAYS ON HAND, All the new Music, Foreign and American. THOMAS HUNTER, 716 Filbert Street, Philadelphia. ■ ^ • • • > LIST OF CENTENNIAL PUBLICATIONS. I. VIETATS IW THREE COLORS. 1. Art Gallery. 2. Main Building. 3. Horticultural Hall. 4. Machinery Hall. 5. Agricultural Hall. 6. Bird's-Eye Yiew. 7. Double. 8. Triple. 9. Quintuple. 10. Octuple. 11. Independence Hall. Price, per sheet, 50c. II. CENTEirisriAIi PORTFOLIO. Three Series. Each Series containing Eight Views in three colors, with Map of Fairmount Park and vicinity. Price, per package, 50 cents. III. CEWTENIsriAL CABINET. Six Views in black, on tinted Card Board, with Map of Fairmount Park and vicinity. Price, per package, 25 cents. Copies sent free by mail on receipt of above prices. List of prices in quanti- ties sent on application. IlsT :FI2.ESS. SOUVENIR OF THE AMERICAN CENTENNIAL.— Containing a" the Views of ihe Portfolios, with letter-press description of each building. Handsomely bound in Cloth. A D V E R T I S E iM E N T S. 51 T.B.Peterson & Brothers, PUBLISHERS AND BOOKSELLERS, 306 Chestnut Street PHILADELPHIA, PA. We publish and have constantly on hand full and varied editions of the works of all the famous American and Foreign novelists, whose writings are very entertaining, and are among the most popular now in existence. The most of them are hound in strong cloth binding, and a few in paper covers. Examination is asked for the editions of the writings of Mrs. Ann S. Stephens, a very popular favorite; Mrs. E. D. E. 'N. Southworth, whose romances are always in demand; Mrs. Ellen Wood, the authoress of "East Lynnej" Mrs. Caroline Lee Hentz, whose stories of Southern life stand unparalleled in their simple truth and exquisite beauty ; Mrs. C. A. Warfield, another very popular Southern writer; Miss Eliza A. Dupuy, who has made a wonderful mark, and is gaining great popularity every day ; Gr. W. M. Reynolds, whose romances of London life, founded on facts, are of matchless interest; Sir Walter Scott, whose "Waverley" novels still maintain a strong hold on the people. Charles Dickens' complete writings we furnish in every variety of style. We have also complete sets, in various styles of binding, of the weird stories of George Lip- pard; the martial novels of Charles Lever; the comical nautical tales of Captain Marryatt; Emerson Bennett's Indian stories; Henry Cockton's laughable narratives; T. S.Arthur's temperance tales and household stories ; the wonderful and entertaining novels of Alexander Dumas, Eugene Sue, and W. H. Ainsworth; Gustaye Aimard's stories of Western life; the quiet domestic novels of Fred- RiKA Bremer and Ellen Pickering; the masterly novels of Wilkie Collins and George Sand; Frank Fairlegh's quaint stories, and Samuel Warren's elaborate romances ; the works of Mrs. C. J. Newby, Mrs. Grey, and Miss Pardoe; W. H. Herbert's sporting stories ; and the graphic Italian romances of T. A. Trollope ; together with numer- ous others. Our collection of novels is large and choice, and we are in a position to supply all book-buyers, either retail or wholesale, on very advantageous terms, and at exceedingly low prices for cash. We invite all visiting our city to give us a call, if only to inspect our various editions and secure a copy of our new Illustrated Catalogue, containing a Portrait and Sketch of all our principal Authors, which is free to all ; or it will be sent to any address, if written for, and care- ful and immediate attention will be paid to all orders sent to us. Address all orders and communications for further information to T. B. PETERSOK & BROTHERS, Publishers k Booksellers, "No, 306 Chestnut Street, PHILADELPHIA, PA. ADVERTISEMENTS. Standard English Novelists. PBINTED IN A CONVENIENT, POKTABLE SIZE, STBONGLY BOUND IN CLOTH OB, HALF BOXBUBGHE. EJacli Set in a IVeat Paper IBos:, AINSWORTH (WILLIAM H.). 17 volumes, 16mo, cloth, . $12 00 AUSTEN (JANE). 5 volumes, 16mo, cloth, . . . . 4 00 BRONTE (CHARLOTTE AND ANNE), t vols., 16mo, cloth, 8 75 BULWER (LORD LYTTON). Knebworth Edition. 27 vol- umes, 12mo, cloth, 40 00 Standard Edition. 22 vol- umes, IGmo, cloth, . . • 22 00 CARLETON (WILLIAM). 5 volumes, 16mo, cloth, . . 3 75 CHAMIER (CAPTAIN). 4 volumes, 16mo, cloth, . . 5 00 COCKTON (HENRY). 3 volumes, 16mo, half Roxburghe, . 3 75 COLLINS (WILKIE). 12 volumes, illustrated, 12mo, cloth, 24 00 DUMAS (ALEXANDRE). 18 volumes in 10, 16mo, cloth, . 15 00 EDGEWORTH (MARIA). 10 vols., illustrated, 16mo, cloth, 15 00 FARJEON (B. L.). 3 volumes, 12mo, half Roxburghe, . 3 75 FERRIER (MISS). 3 volumes, 16mo, half Roxburghe, . 3 75 FIELDING AND SMOLLETT, 6 volumes, 12mo, cloth, . 9 00 GERSTAECKER (FRED.). 4 vols., 16mo, half Roxburghe, . 5 00 GRANT (JAMES). 32 volumes, 16mo, half Roxburghe, . 40 00 " GUY LIVINGSTONE"— Novels by the Author of. 8 vol- umes, 12mo, half Roxburghe, 10 00 HALLIBURTON (JUDGE). 3 vols., 12mo, half Roxburghe, 3 75 HOOK (THEODORE). 15 volumes, 16mo, half Roxburghe, . 18 75 "JOHN HALIFAX"— Novels by the Author of. 5 volumes, 12mo, cloth, 6 25 KINGSLEY (HENRY). 8 volumes, 12mo, half Roxburghe, . 10 00 LEVER (CHARLES). 27 volumes, 12mo, cloth, . . . 35 00 LOVER (SAMUEL). 4 volumes, 12mo, half Roxburghe, . 5 00 MARRYAT (CAPTAIN). 13 volumes, 16mo, cloth, . . 13 00 ■ New Illustrated ^Edition. 16 vols., 12mo, cloth, 20 00 MAXWELL (WM. H.). 10 volumes, 16mo, half Roxburghe, . 12 60 RICHARDSON (SAMUEL). 3 volumes, 12mo, cloth, . . 3 75 SCOTT (SIR WALTER). Waverley Novels, complete. 4 vol- umes, 12mo, cloth, 7 00 SMEDLEY (FRANK). 4 volumes, 12mo, cloth, . . . 6 00 SMITH (ALBERT). 5 volumes, 16mo, half Roxburghe, . 6 25 TROLLOPE (ANTHONY). 19 volumes, 16mo, cloth, . .23 75 YATES (EDMUND). 11 volumes, 12mo, cloth, . . . 13 75 J6@= A complete Catalogue of our entire stock, in detail, will be fur- nished on application. GEORGE ROUTLEDGE & S0:N^S, Publishers, Lonclon, and 4X6 I3rooiu© (Street, IS&w Yox'fe. ADVERTISEMENTS. 53 ART GIFT BOOKS. u4.n. entirely N'eiv Series of first-class and richly Illustrated SooTiS on ^at%ire and Natural S.istory, EDITED AND TRANSLATED BY W. H. DAVENPORT ADAMS. *^This Series of Works has done much to advance the popularizing of Science." THE INSECT. By Jules Michelet. With one hundred and forty illustra- tions, drawn specially for this work by Giacomelli, and engraved by the most eminent French and English artists. Imperial 8to, cloth, richly gilt. Price, $6 00. NATURE; or, The Poetry of Earth and Sea. From the French of Mme. Michelet. With upwards of two hundred illustrations, drawn specially for this work by Giacomelli (illustrator of " The Bird"), and engraved by the most eminent French and English artists. Imperial 8vo, cloth, richly gilt. Price, $7 50. THE MOUNTAIN. From the French of Jules Michelet, author of "The Bird," &c. With upAvards of sixty illustrations by Peecival Skelton and Clark Stanton. Imperial 8vo, cloth, richly gilt. Price, $6 00. THE MYSTERIES OF THE OCEAN. From the French of Arthur Man- gin. By the translator of "The Bird." With one hundred and thirty illustrations by W. Freeman and J. Noel. Imperial 8vo, full gilt side and gilt edges. Price, $6 00. THE BIRD. By Jules Michelet, author of "History of France," &c. Illus- trated by two hundred and ten exquisite engravings by Giacomelli. Im- perial 8vo, full gilt side and gilt edges. Price, $6 00. THE SEA. By Jules Michelet, author of "The Bird," &c. With handsome full-page illustrations by Giacomelli and others. Imperial 8vo, cloth, richly gilt. Price, $6 GO. BOOKS OP TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE, FOR BOYS. BY W. H. G. KINGSTON. THE WESTERN WORLD. Picturesque Sketches of Nature and Natural History in North and South America. With nearly two hundred engrav- ings. Crown 8vo, cloth extra. Price, $3 00. ON THE BANKS OF THE AMAZON. A Boy's Journal of his Adventures in the Tropical Wilds of South America. With one hundred and twenty illustrations. Crown 8yo, cloth extra, gilt edges. Price, $2 50. IN THE EASTERN SEAS; or, The Regions of the Bird of Paradise. A Tale for Boys. With one hundred and eleven illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth, richly gilt. Price, S2 50. IN THE WILDS OF AFRICA. With sixty-six illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth, richly gilt. Price, $2 50. ROUND THE WORLD. A Tale for Boys. With fifty-two engravings. Crown 8vo, cloth extra. Price, $2 50. OLD JACK. A Sea Tale. With sixty engravings. Crown 8vo, cloth extra. Price, $2 50. MY FIRST VOYAGE TO SOUTHERN SEAS. With forty-two engravings. Crown 8vo, cloth extra. Price, $2 50. NELSON'S POPULAR GUIDE BOOKS. NIAGARA AND VICINITY. A New Series. Twelve views, beautifully exe- cuted. Fancy cover, 25 cents ; muslin cover, 50 cents. SALT LAKE CITY AND UTAH. Twelve oil-colored views. Muslin, fancy cover, 75 cents. UNION PACIFIC RAILWAY. Twelve oil-colored views. Muslin, fancy cover, 75 cents. CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILWAY. Twelve oil-colored views. Muslin, fancy cover, 75 cents. CALIFORNIA AND THE YO SEMITE VALLEY. Twelve oil-colored views. Muslin, fancy cover, 75 cents. Published by THOMAS NELSON & SONS, New York. rOK SAI.E BY AI,I. BOOKSIi:i.I.ERS. 54. ADVERTISEMENTS. jf() ifl ^ If 1420 CHESTNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA, Keep coDHtantly on hand a full supply of SUNDAY-SCHOOL LIBRARY BOOKS, Embracing some Ttto Tliousand Volumes of their own publications, and selections from leading Sunday-school publishers. These books are of the choicest kind, new and interesting. Also, BIBLES AND TESTAMENTS, Of all varieties, sizes and styles. Teacters* Eibles a siDecialty. Sunday-School ;^ids and Requisites, Maps, Blackboards, Chromo Reward Cards, Wall Texts, Commentaries, Diction- aries, and everything necessary to a well-equipped Sunday-school, or to aid the teacher in his work, kept on hand or furnished to order. SUTOAY-SGHOOL SINGIl^a BOOKS, All the popular and latest publications. STATIONERY AND FANCY GOODS, A full line, English and domestic. PERIODICAL DEPARTMENT. The Society also publishes the following list of Periodicals : The Baptist Quarterly, a Theological Review, price, S3 00 Tlae National Baptist, for the Family " 3 60 The Baptist Teacher, for Sunday-school Workers.... " 75 The Young Reaper, for Sunday-school Scholars " 75 Our Little Ones, for the Nursery " 60 All the above Periodicals will be sent to one address, for one year, post-paid, for $5.00. Two grades of BIBLE LESSON LEAFLETS, Intermebiate and Primary, on the INTERNATIONAL SERIES OP BIBLE LESSONS, are issued. Price, 75 cents for 100 copies for one month; or, $9.00 for 100 copies for one year — postage paid. Subscriptions for JPeriodicals can commence at any time and continue for any length of time. *^* Orders by mail, for anything in our line, will receive prompt attention. Satisfaction guaranteed. Address, B. GRIFFITH, Secretary, 1420 CHESTNUT ST., PHILADELPHIA. ADVERTISEMENTS. 55 CALVARY SONGS, A NEW HYMN AND TUNE BOOK, For the Family and the Sunday- School. PEEPABED BY Rev. CHAS. S. EOBINSON, D.D., and THEODOSE E. PEEEINS. JUST PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN SUNDAY-SCHOOL UNION. Price 35 cents. 100 Copies, $30. A Beautiful Gift Bock! ILLUSTRATED Rambles in Bible Lands. By Eev. EIOHAED NEWTOlf, D.L. SIXTY LAEGE ENGEAVINGS. HAPSOMEIY BOUND IN CLOTH. Price $2.50. Gilt Edges, $3. Catalogues and specimen copies of the SUNDAY-SCHOOL WORLD a monthly paper for Teachers, and the CHILD'S WORLD, published twice a month, furnished gratuitously and subscriptions received at the DEPOSITORIES OF TEE AMERICAN SUNDAY- SCHOOL UNION PHILADELPHIA, No. 1122 Chestnut Street.-A. Kirkpateick NEW YORK, No. 10 Bible House.-G. S. Scofiei^d BOSTON, No. 40 Winter Street.- J. A. Ckowley. ' CHICAGO, No. 98 Dearborn Street.— W. R. Port ST. LOUIS, No. 207 N. Sixth Street.-S. Passon.' 56 ADVERTISEMENTS. 930 Arch St., Philadelphia. » ♦ ♦ A. J. HOLMAN & CO. PUBLISHERS OF Pamilj and Pulpit BiUes, MANUFACTURERS OF PHOTOGRAPI^ALBUMS. FIRST PKEimS AWAEMD FOR ^mniisTEATED FAIIIY BIBLES BY THE Our numerous styles oi UiliLiiii& vary nyi" "^ • „TrkTTTP T'B'VA'N'T. HOW TO WRITE LETTERS. By Prof. J. Willis Westlake, A.M. A reference book for the desk and a Text book for schools; allowing the Letters, Notes and Cards. It is intended as AN AUTHORITATIVE WORK, to which the most cultured writer may resort, in Ar. HARDING, No. 630 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. CARS FROM THE CENTENNIAL GROUNDS and from all parts of the cit3^ BRING VISITORS ALMOST TO THE DOOR. 58 ADVERTISEMENTS. METHODIST EPISCOPAL BOOKAND PUBLISHING HOUSE, PHILADELPHIA CONFERENCE TRACT SOCIETY. No. 1018 Arch Street. . ■ ♦■ . General Depositor}^ of Methodist Books, Tracts and Periodicals. ALSO, CHUnOH ANL SUNDAY-SCHOOL MUSIC. Books for Children and Sunday -School Libraries a Specialty. J. B. McCULLOUGH, Agent, 1018 Arch Street, 4®=Arch Street Cars pass the door. PHILADELPHIA. JAMES K. SIMON, 29 South Sixth Street, above Chestnut, Philadelphia, Dealer in StaMard and Miscellaneous Boots, AND PUBLISHER OF E. WRIGLEY'S WORKS ON BUILDING ASSOCIATIONS, viz. BUILDING ASSOCIATIONS; >A7'HAT THEY ARE AND HO\A7' TO USE THEM. FMICE, 75 CENTS. AND HOW TO MANAGE BUILDING ASSOCIATIONS. A DIRECTORS' GUIDE. PRICE, $'4.00. ADVERTISEMENTS. 59 "We advise all Americans to read it carefully and judge for themselves if 'the future historian of our war,' of whom we have heard so much, be not already- arrived in the Comte de Paris. The translation is very good."— The Nation, New York. " It is so superior to all those preceding it that there is not one in America or Europe worthy to be placed in the same class." — Saturday Heview, London, England. HISTORY OF THE CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA. BY THE COMTE DE PARIS. Translated with the approval^ of the author, hy LOUIS F. TASISTEO. Edited by HENET OOPPEE, LL.D. Each volume embracing, without abridgment, two volumes of the Prench Edition, With Maps faith- fully engraved from the originals, and printed in three colors. 8vo, per vol., Cloth, $3.50; Sheep, Library Style, $4.50; Half Turkey Morocco, $6.00. VOIL.IS. I. i^]VI> II. ]VOW REA.OY. To be complete in 4= Vols. * * - m m » KIXG AND COMMONWEALiTH. A History of Charles I. and the Great Kebellion. By B. Meriton Cordeey and J. Subtees Phillpotts, editor of " Epoch of History Series." Crown 8vo, with Maps and Plans. Cloth, $1 75. CANON KlINGStEY'S LECTURES, Delivered in America. Edited by Mrs. Kinuslet Toned paper, 12mo, cloth, $1 25. Contents— Westminster Abbey— The First Discovery of America— The Stage as it once was — The Servant of the Loi'd — Ancient Civilization. " We know of no recent book that contains, in the same space, so much well worth reading." — Boston Courier. AX ACCOUNT OF THE CENTENNIAIj EXHIBITION OF 1 8 76. A handsome blank-book with Illustrations, Index, &c., &c., in which visitors to the Exhibition may record a narrative of their trip, for the benefit of those at home, and for future reference. Conveniently divided into chapters, and with suggestions, &c., &c. Yarious sizes, styles and prices. DIARY OF VISITS TO THE EXHIBITION. A small blank- book, pocket size, for daily notes in connection with the above, or for sepa- rate use. With Calendar, Street Directory of Philadelphia, and various useful information ; blank space for sixty days, a space of a page or more to each day. Cloth extra, 50 cents. J. H. COATES & CO., PubUshers, PHILADELPHIA. *** For sale at all bookstores, or sent by mail on receipt of price. 60 ADVERTISEMENTS. No. 822 Chestnut Street, PhiladelpMa. The Zargest and Sest Stock in the City. ADVERTISEMENTS. 61 pORTER & CRATES, No. 822 Chestnut Street, PHILADELPHIA, Have now in store a most complete and varied stock of Books, comprising choice GIFT BOOKS, STANDARD AUTHORS, JUVENILE BOOKS, AND OTHEES IN GREAT VAEIETT. In addition to their very elegant stock of Gift Books, they have on hand the best editions of Standard English & American Aut/jors, superbly bound by the best binders of this country and Europe. THEIK stock; of Juvenile Books, BilDles, Prayer Books, ALBUMS, &c., &c., is the largest and best selected in the city, and in such great variety that every taste can be suited. The very lowest cash price. 62 ADVERTISEMENTS. THE International Series OF NEW AKD APPROVED NOVELS. Iiarge 12mo, printed in large clear type (easily readable, where tlie ordinary double column, unleaded 8vo. is too great a strain on the eyes). Paper Covers {marked ^), 75 cents; others, . . . $1.00 Price, per vol.. Light lead-colored English Cloth, Black Stampings, . 1.25 n, IN THE DAYS OP MY YOUTH. By Amelia B. Edwards, authoress of " Barbara's History," etc. " A singularly brilliant novel." — E. P. Whipple, in the Boston Globe. 2. CHARLOTTE ACKERMAN. From the German of Otto MiIller, by Mrs. Chapman Coleman and her daughters, the translators of the " Muhlbach " novels. " Carefully written, well digested, and exhibits great merit." — Times, New Orleans. 3. THE CROSS OP BERNY. Written jointly by Mme. Emile de Gieaedin, Mme. Theophile Gautier, Jules Sandeau, and Jules Meet. " A book of unusual brilliancy and of curious literary interest As a story it is no less notable than as a collaboration, distinguished by a plot of deep interest, characters drawn with masterly power, and a style of dazzling bril- liancy." — Saturday JEvening Gazette, Boston. 4. THE SON OP THE ORGAN-GRINDER* By Marie Sophie Schwartz, author of "Gold and Name," etc. "At once a remarkable study of character, a discussion of politico-social pro- blems, and a fascinating story." — Globe, St. Louis. *5. NO ALTERNATIVE. By Annie Thomas, authoress of " Dennis Donne," etc. " One of the very best novels of this year." — Dr. R. Shelton Mackenzie. 6. GERDA. By M \RiE Sophie Schwartz. " A very fascinating story." — Golden Age, New York. *7. THE VICISSITUDES OP BESSIE PAIRPAX. By Holme Lee, author of " Sylvan Holt's Daughter," etc. " Her former novels betoken the possession of rare talent, which is shown to still better advantage in this book." — Globe, Boston. *8. VALENTINE, THE COUNTESS. From the German of Carl Detlep (Miss Clara Baur), by M. S. " An exceedingly good novel, with a clever plot and some remarkably strong bits of character-drawing." — Saturday Evening Gazette, Boston. ADVERTISEMENTS. 63 *9. CHASTE AS ICE, PURE AS SNOW. By Mrs. M. C. Despaed. " In a certain refinement of thought and subtle analysis of motive, the author has shown herself quite the equal of some of the most famous of English female novelists." — Christian at Work, New York. *10. GENTIANELLA. By Mrs. Randolph. " The novel is intensely interesting, and from the opening chapter to the end of the volume the reader is held intent." — The Traveler, Boston. m. KATERFELTO. A Story of Exmoor. By G. J. Whtte-Melville. This novel is commended by the London Athenseum, Globe, and other papers as the author's best. It ran through three editions in England in a few weeks. 12. OLDBURY. By Annie Keaet. author of "Janet's Home," etc. " It is a carefully-written and well-considered work, characterized by power in its leading incidents, and by skill and judgment in its conduct and develop- ment." — Boston Gazette. n3. AT CAPRI. A Story of Italian Life. By Carl Detlef. "This author writes with a deeper purpose in mind than mere amusement, and has deservedly won a high place among the modern German writers of fiction." — Saturday Evening Gazette, Boston. 14. APRAJA; Or, LIFE and LOVE IN NORWAY. By Theodore MiieoK. " One of tiie most remarkable romances of this generation," — Bayard Taylor. 15. CASTLE DALY. By Annie Kf^rt. " A really good novel. ... It is really a pleasure to come across so unpre- tending, clever, natural, and, if the word may be used, so unmorbid a novel as 'Castle Daly.' It r"minds us strongly of some of the best of Miss Edgeworth's novels with the strong bias taken out." — The Nation, New York. ne. A MARRIAGE IN HIGH LIFE. " It is pleasant to make the acquaintance of so bright and entertaining a writer, and those who are not already familiar with him cannot make his acquaintance more agreeably than in ''Marriage in High Life." The dialogue is as bright and piquant as possible, and — incredible as it may seem — has not been spoiled in the translation. — Philadelphia Times. 17. ON DANGEROUS GROUND; Or, AGATHA'S FRIENDSHIP. By Mrs. Bloomfield H. Moore. "The dialogue is sparkling, the characters unexaggerated, and the whole marked by a well-bred familiarity with the subject, which has been conspicu- ously absent from the majority of preceding efforts to depict fashionable society. — N. T. World. *18. AN ODD COUPLE. By Mrs. Oliphant, author of "The Chronicles of Carlingford," etc. 19. THE PRIME MINISTER. By Anthony Trollope, author of "The Small House at AUington," "Orley Farm," " Phineas Einn." PORTER & COATES, Publishers, PHILADELPHIA. 64 ADVERTISEMENTS. PORTRAI T OF LOH fiFELLOW, This splendid life-size Portrait of Mr. Longfellow was prepared by his special permission, and was drawn on stone by Mr. J. E. Ba.ker, wiio is acknowledged to be one of the best and most snccessful artists in this class of work. The result is a lithographic portrait, 24 X 30 inches, which inny well hang in every library and every home in the country. The softness of tone, combined with excellence ot drawing, render the portrait satisfactory as a work of art, while the truthful- ness of portraiture and the feeling in the picture will make it a worthy reminder of the Par/r of Amecicv. Tiie Publishers subm't a few of the expressions of opinion which have come to them from those who are in a position to judge of the excellence of the work. WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT. "I shall greatly value the large portrait of Longfellow which you have published. It is a fine head, and seems to me successful in every respect." DR. OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES. «' Remembering that no single por- trait can give us all that we remember in the changing features of our friends as we see them in their various moods, I am more tlian satisfied with this as per- petuating one of the poet's most characteristic looks. The author of the ' Psalm of Life,' and of ' Resignation,' could hardly be more perfectly idealized than as he is here presented to us." JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL. "I should be glad to think that so good a likeness of the poet should make his face familiar in the countless households that have been made happier and better by his poetry." GEORGE WILLIAM CURTIS. " To his personal friends it will be invalu- able, while the vast host of friends who do not personally know him will have in it a most faithful and satisfactory likeness." BAYAR D TAYLOR. " It is one of the most admirable likenesses I have ever seen and I can scarcely imagine a better representation of the poet and the man." SAMUEL L. CLEMENS ("Mark Twain"). "To condense all commenda- tion into a single sentence, I think it the perfection of a portrait." This portrait ran be had only by subscribers to The Atlantic Monthly, and the price of the magiziue and portrait has been placed at the low sum of $5.00, postage on both being prepaid by the Publishers. , THE PROGRAMME OF THE ATLA17TI0 FOR 1876, Includes contributions from the ablest and best writers in the country. LONG- FELLOW, LOWELL, HOLMES and WHITTIER will iurnish, as hitherto, their latest and best productions to the public through the Atlantic. WARNER and ALDRICH vfiW write of Eastern and Continental Travel ; GEN. HO WARD will give his recollections of Gettysburg and other famous battles of the War ; and MARK TWAINvf'iW. contribute some of his inimitable papers. MR. HOW- ELLS'S stovy, "■Private Theatrical.^,'' MRS.KEMBLE'S-'Old Woman's Gossip," and MR. ADAMS'S papers on Railroads will be among the special features of the year, and new attractions will be constantly added. QUESTIONS OF PUB- LIC INTEREST \i\\\ be discussed upon the plan adopted by the Atlantic of having both sides presented independently by representative and authoritative writers. The magazine will present, as in the case of Free Trade, the opposite sides of the questions of Currency, Catholicism and State Education, Railroads, State and Municipal Debts, State Rights and Centralization, by the leading pub- licists of the country. ,,. , , ... & m nn TERMS : Single or specimen numbers, 35 cents. Yearly subscriptions, $4.0U, postage free; with life-size portrait of the poet Longfellow. $5.00. Remittances by mail should be sent by a money-order, draft on New York or Boston, or registered letter, to H. 0. Houghton & Co., Riverside Press, Cam- bridge, Mass. H HOUGHTON AND COMPANY, cor. Bacon and Somerset Sts., Boston. HURD AND HOUGHTON, 13 Astor Place, New York. f^e llifacrsibe f rcss, Cambnbge. ADVERTISEMENTS. 65 M^ITHOTJT JL ItlV^LJI VOL. ZZIII. 1875. The Tttrp, Field and Far^i Las by far the largest circulation of any paper of its class published in the country. Its contributors are geutleTuen of culture and ability, and the corps of editors are recognized authority in their several dei)artments. The high moral tone and advocacy of healthy, elevating and manly sports have won for the Turf, Field and Farm the approval of the intelligent and best people in the land. The substantial evidence of its growing popularity is the continual increase of circulation throughout the WORLD. STADAKD PUBLICATIONS ON THE HORSE, FIELD, SPORTS, ETC. American Stud Book (Bruce), 2 vols $20 00 Forester'sHorseof America (revised by Messrs. 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By its large circulation amongst the most intelligent and substantial classes of the community, it has long been recognized in business circles as unsurpassed in its advantages, in this city, as a desirable ADVERTISING MEDIUM. The newspaper which is read at the Fireside as well as in the Counting House, is the one that serves the best purpose of business men as AN ADVERTISER, and it is the aim of the proprietors of the EVENING BULLETIN TO MAKE IT Useful to the Public, Attractive at the Fireside, Valuable to Business Men in every branch of industry. The EVENING BULLETIN devotes large space and attention to careful and accurate FINANCIAL AND COMMERCIAL reports of the leading Domestic and Pobeign Markets. For particular information in regard to advertising, address the proprietors, PEACOCK, FETHERSTON & CO., PHILADEIiPHIA. ADVERTISEMENTS. 67 THE PRESS Is a first-class eight-page paper, of forty-eight columns, published - every morning (except Sundays). Daily Press (by mail), $8.75 per annum; $4.40 for six months; $2.20 for three months, including postage. Served by carriers in the city at 18 cents per week. TRI-WEEKLY PRESS. $4.40 per annum; $2.20 for six months; $1.10 for three months, in- cluding postage. THE WEEKLY PRESS, The best Weekly Newspaper in the United States. One copy, one year, including postage, . . . . . $2 00 Five copies, '' " " 9 50 Ten « « « " 16 00 Twenty « « " « 29 00 Fifty " « " " 60 00 All orders should be addressed to JOH^ W. FORNEY, Editor and Proprietor, 7th and Chestnut Sts., Philadelphia. WISSAHICKON PAPER MILLS, HANWELL PAPER MILLS. MANTirACTURE ZFiiTEi book:. Printing & Map Papers. <■*•»> ■ The undersigned are sole Agents for the above, and a number of NEW ENGLAND MILLS, that give them a complete assortment of all the variety of Papers, including Plate, Map, Printing, Writing and Colored. CHAS. MAGARGE & CO. Nos. 30j 32 & 34 South. Sixth. Street, PHILADELPHIA. 68 ADVERTISEMENTS. 27 N. Sixth St., 128 William St., PHILADELPHIA. NEW YORK. JESSUP & MOORE Paper Manufacturers IMPORTERS OF PAPER MAKERS' SUPPLIES. MAKE TO ORDER, AND HAVE IN STORE, WRITING PAPER, Standard Sizes and Weight. COPPER-PLATE PAPERS, Standard Sizes and Weight. LITHOGRAPH PAPERS, Standard Sizes and Weight. SUPER-CALLENDERED BOOK, (VARIOUS TINTS.) Standard Sizes and Weight. BOOK PAPER, Standard Sizes and Weight. NEWSPAPER, Standard Sizes and Weight. Samples sent upon application. ADVERTISEMENTS. 69 HAVERFORD COLLEGE, Near Haverford College Station, Pennsylvania Railroad, nine miles west of Philadelphia. This College, noted for the thoroughness of its instruction, offers TWO COURSES of liberal training : one for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts, the other for that of Bachelor of Science. Its location is remarkably healthy, its grounds extensive and attractive, and it provides for its students an agreeable and comfortable home. Endeavoring to promote sound moral, as well as intellectual culture, it is designed to be a family of Christian scholars ; and this is a distinctive feature in its char- acter. The price of Board and Tuition is $425.00 per annum, pay- able one-half at the beginning, and one-half at the middle, of the College year. There are three Terms in the year, beginning, in 1876, First month (Jan.) 5th, Fourth month (April) 26th, and Ninth month (Sept.) 6th, respectively. The next Academical Year will open Ninth month {Sept.) 6th, 1876. CANDIDATES FOR ADMISSION will present themselves at the College for Examination on the afternoon of Commencement Bay, Sixth month (June) 28th, 1876, or at nine o'clock on the morning of JVinth month (Sept.) bth. Examinations for admis- sion are also held on the mornings preceding the opening of the Winter and Spring Terms. For Circulars or Catalogues, address Pres. THOMAS CHASE, Haverford College P. O., Montgomery County, Penna. 70 ADVERTISEMENTS. MASON & CO [ESTABLISHED 1823.] 1202 CHESTNUT STREET 1202 HERALDRT, HERALDIC PAINTING, I Illuminating, Engraving and Die Sinking, WEDDING INVITATIONS. Visiting Cards &W ^ RUSSIA LEATHER GOODS. Samples of Fine Stationery sent free upon application. ADVERTISEMENTS. H. T, HOYTi -\ 1303 j OWEN DAT, Late of r mim • ■ ^ • 'j Late of P.A.HOTT & BEOJ CJieStlllLt St. ^HUGHES & MULLER. HOYT &L DAY, LEADERS OF ENGLISH AND PARISIAN FASHIONS, AND IMPORTEBS OF <^£]MTLEMEJM'g 'pABRICg. Mr. OW^JV DAY^ being in charge of the Cutting Department is sufficient guaran- tee to our Customers that the latest Jfovelties will be introduced. No. 1303 Chestnut Street. POTT, YOUNG & CO. COOPEB UNION, NEW YOBK, Sole Agents for the United States for The London Bible Warehouse of Messrs. EYRE & SPOTTISWOODE, Have constantly on hand a full supply of BIBLES, PRAYER BOOKS, HYMNALS, ETC., From the presses of the above firm, in Calf, Moeocoo, Ivory Tortoise-shell, and many other specialities of binding. Also, the Containing, besides the Text of tlie Authorized Version, many carefaUy prepared Aids, which make it of great value to Students and Teachers of the Holy Bihle. The additional matter comprises : A very full and Complete Concordance, with Context: an Index of Persons, Places and Subjects mentioned m Holy Scripture; a Chronological Index to the Bible ; a Harmony of the Four Gospels ; a lable ot Proper Names, with their Pronunciation and Meaning; a Table of Scripture Weights, Measures, Distances, and Divisions of Time ; an Alphabetical Index to the Psalms; a Table of the Special Prayers Recorded in Scripture ; Tables of the Parables, Miracles and Discourses of Christ ; Tables of the Parables and Miracles Recorded in the Old Testament; Descriptions of the Topography and Physical Features of the Holy Land ; Descriptive Lists of the Remarkable Lakes, Rivers Hills, and Mountains Mentioned in the Bible ; an Explanation ot the Word Selah; Table of the Origin of Nations; Table of the Names, Titles, and Characters of Christ; Lists of the Prophecies Relating to Christ; Lists ot Pas- sages Relating to the Nature, Office and Work of our Saviour ; and a very accu- rate and complete set of Maps— covering the entire ground on vphich the events of the Bible were enacted, at various dates of the Sacred History. The Prices have not been matched as to Cheapness. P Y. & Co. are also Sole Agents for the London SOCIETY FOB PBO- MOTINO CHBISTIAX KNOWI^EDGBf and keep constantly on hand SUNDAY-SCHOOL BOOKS, CARDS, And other Publications of this Society. 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