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A HAND-BOOK 
 
 OF 
 
 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 FOR 
 
 Dentists and Dental Students. 
 
 1 v 
 
 BY DZR. STUBBLEFIELD, A.M., M.D., D.D.S., 
 
 Professor of Anatomy and Physiology in the Dental Department 
 of Vanderbilt University. 
 
 *.*- 
 
 "A FAIR TRIAL; THEN, LYNCH HIM." 
 
 NASHVILIiE, Tenn.: 
 
 Printed at the Southern Methodist Publishing House, 
 
 for the author. 
 
 1882. 
 

 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1882, by 
 
 D. R. STUBBLEFIELD, 
 in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
Preface. 
 
 No apology is made for entering an almost unoc- 
 cupied field. Text-books, full enough yet brief, 
 explicit yet terse, are a necessity to students. In 
 the opinion of some, the dentist needs but a few 
 articles of materia medica; those who are abreast 
 with the age know better. "Dentistry," said a 
 learned dental instructor, "has had three epochs, 
 viz. : institutive, when to make a set of teeth fit 
 was the highest perfection; reparative, when to 
 save by filling was the best practice; and the pres- 
 ent, when the intelligent treatment of the teeth and 
 surrounding structures, according to the laws of 
 medicine and surgery, is the highest qualification." 
 Scientific dentists know that special therapeutics 
 is but contemptible when compared to the broad 
 principle underlying general medicine. Dental 
 education of to-day looks to generous cultivation. 
 
 No claim is urged for cyclopedic exhaustiveness. 
 
 The effort has been made to present those articles 
 
 necessary to make a foundation. To this end the 
 
 work is offered dental students and practitioners. 
 
 Hopeful of appreciation, to them and to students of 
 
 medicine in general the volume is consigned by 
 
 The Author. 
 Nashville, Tenn., Sept., 1882. 
 
DEDICATION. 
 
 With Esteem and Love, 
 
 I INSCRIBE THIS WORK TO 
 
 PBOFS. T. A. ATCHISON AND W. H. MOKGAN, 
 
 My Intelligent Instructors and Venerated Friends. 
 
 D. E. STUBBLEFIELD. 
 
A HAND-BOOK 
 
 OF 
 
 Materia Medic^ and Therapeutics. 
 
 ACACIA. — Gum Arabic. 
 
 Origin. — Gummy exudation from Acacia Verek, 
 Guil. et PerotL, Acacia Senegal, Willd., and other 
 species of Acacia. Natural order, Leguminosse, Mi- 
 mosse. 
 
 Habitat. — Eastern Africa, principally Kordofan; 
 Western Africa, near the River Senegal. 
 
 Constituents. — Arabic acid, combined with cal- 
 cium, magnesium, and potassium; ash 3 to 4 per 
 cent. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 
 
 Syrupus Acacise, used as a vehicle. 
 Mucilago Acacise, used as a vehicle. 
 
 Actions and Uses. — Demulcent, slightly nourish- 
 ing. 
 
 ACIDUM ACETUM GLACIALE, B. P. 
 
 Glacial Acetic Acid. 
 
 ACIDUM ACETUM, U. S., B. P. 
 
 Acetic Acid. Specific gravity 1.047. A color- 
 
 (5) 
 
Materia Meclica and Therapeutics 
 
 less liquid, having a strong acid reaction and pun- 
 gent odor. It is derived from two sources: (1) the 
 acetous fermentation of alcohol, and (2) the de- 
 structive distillation of hard wood. The former 
 furnishes the varieties of vinegar, the latter the acid 
 under consideration. 
 
 Officinal Preparation, U. S. 
 Acidum Acetum Dilutum (fgij to Oi). Dose, f 3i-ij. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Alkalies and their 
 carbonates. In poisoning, they are to be followed 
 by copious draughts of warm water rendered alka- 
 line with soap. 
 
 Synergists. — Mineral and vegetable acids. 
 
 Actions and Uses. — Glacial acid, a popular caustic, 
 especially for venereal warts; also, vesicant and ru- 
 bifacient. The diluted acid is refrigerant. Largely 
 used in pharmacy. 
 
 ACIDUM AKSENIOSUM.— Arsenious Acid. 
 
 Sublimed arsenious acid in masses, IT. S. 
 (See Arsenicum.) 
 
 ACIDUM BENZOICUM.— Benzoic Acid. 
 
 "White, feathery crystals, of a peculiar, agreeable 
 odor, and w T arm, acidulous taste; sparingly soluble 
 in cold water, more soluble in boiling water, which 
 deposits it in part on cooling, and very soluble in 
 alcohol." (See Benzoin.) 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 7 
 
 ACIDUM BORACIC UM.— Boracic Acid. 
 
 " Glittering, white, scaly crystals, soluble in twen- 
 ty-six parts of cold and in three parts of warm water, 
 and is freely soluble in alcohol." 
 
 Actions and Uses. — Antiseptic and deodorant. It 
 arrests fermentations and putrefactive decomposi- 
 tions, is destructive to minute organisms — bacteria, 
 vibrio, etc. To w r ounds, it is free from irritating 
 effects, lessens suppuration, and prevents decompo- 
 sition. Important in antiseptic methods. Just as 
 effective as carbolic acid, and even less irritating 
 than salicylic acid. It is largely used in antiseptic 
 cotton-dressings to wounds. 
 
 Mr. Lister used boracic solutions with great suc- 
 cess in pruritus ani, ulcers, burns, eczemas, etc. 
 
 It may be employed in all the various forms and 
 combinations in which carbolic and salicylic acids 
 are now used. 
 
 ACLDUM CARBOLfCUM IMPURUM, U. S. 
 
 Impure Carbolic Acid. 
 Used externally, or as a disinfectant. 
 
 ACIDUM CARBOLICUM, U. S. 
 
 Carbolic Acid. HC 6 H 5 0. 
 
 Synonyms. — Phenic Acid, Oxybenzine, Phenyl 
 Hydrate, Phenol. 
 
 Laurent's method (1844) obtained it from coal-tar 
 
Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 by destructive distillation, between 300° and 400° F., 
 and subsequent purification. Occurs in colorless 
 acicular crystals, that become an oily fluid at 95° F.; 
 sp. gr. 1.065; resembles creasote in odor, taste, and 
 other properties; soluble in warm water, less in 
 cold, but is freely soluble in glycerine, alcohol, and 
 ether, in all proportions. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Glyceritum Acidi Carbolici. Dose, m.x-xl. 
 Unguentum Acidi Carbolici (3i to Si). 
 
 Antagonists and- Incompatibles. — Alkalies almost 
 check its physiological action. Saccharate of lime, 
 or lime, freely given, is the best antidote. As there 
 is no chemical antidote after absorption, toxic symp- 
 toms are to be treated on general principles. Local 
 effect is lessened by vegetable demulcents, but not by 
 oils and glycerine. 
 
 Synergists. — Corrosives and antiseptics, physiolog- 
 ically. 
 
 Actions and Uses. — Generally a local application. 
 Stimulant, sedative, irritant, styptic, antiseptic, es- 
 charotic; coagulates the albumen of tissues; ob- 
 tunds exposed nerve-pulp, or even destroys it. 
 
 For itching of the skin from any cause, sponge 
 with: #. Acidi Carb., f3iss; glycerinse, fgi; aquse 
 vel aquse rosse, ad fSviij. M. Ordinary mouth- 
 wash: #. Acidi Carb., gtt. viij; aq. menthse, rosae 
 vel des till at, f3i. M. Antiseptic lotion: R. Acidi 
 Carbol., 3i; glycerine, 3i. M. Listerian spray: #. 
 Acidi Carbol., f3i: aqure, Oi. M. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 
 
 ACIDUM CHROMICUM, U. B. 
 
 Chromic Acid — Cr0 3 . 
 
 Occurs in crimson-red crystals. Formed by the 
 action of sulphuric acid upon a saturated solution of 
 potassa bichromate. 
 
 Actions and Uses. — Oxidizing^ caustic, and escha- 
 rotic; antiseptic. The destruction is comparatively 
 painless, but remarkably penetrating and active. 
 
 For the destruction of malignant growths, hemor- 
 rhoids, warts, etc., should be made into paste with 
 water. Part becomes first yellow, then brownish, 
 then black; the eschar is detached in from twenty- 
 four to forty-eight hours. 
 
 Detergent wash for ulcerated gums: #. Acidi 
 Chromici, gr. ss; aquse dest., f3i. M. 
 
 ACIDUM GALLICUM, U. S. 
 Gallic Acid. H 3 C 7 H 3 5 H 2 0. 
 
 A silky crystalline substance, obtained by the ox- 
 idation of tannic acid. Soluble in three parts boil- 
 ing and one hundred parts cold water. Unlike 
 tannic acid, does not precipitate with a solution of 
 gelatine. With sesquioxide of iron, it produces a 
 bluish -black precipitate, which loses its color by 
 boiling, and is finally decomposed. 
 
 Actions and Uses. — Astringent. Used in the per- 
 sistent hemorrhage of hemorrhagic diathesis (Todd). 
 
10 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 ACIDUM HYDROCYANICUM, U. S. 
 Hydrocyanic Acid; Prussic Acid. HCN". 
 
 ACIDUM HYDROCIANICUM DILUTTJM,U. S. 
 
 Dilute Hydrocyanic Acid. 
 
 (A two per cent, solution of Hydrocyanic Acid in 
 
 water.) 
 
 A colorless liquid having a peculiar odor, and is 
 wholly volatilized by heat. 
 
 Dose of officinal two per cent., m.i-v. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatible s. — Metallic salts gen- 
 erally; also, red oxide of mercury and the sulphides. 
 Freshly precipitated sesquioxide of iron has been 
 proposed as a chemical antidote, but it is too slow in 
 its action to be effective. Cold affusion to the spine, 
 inhalation of ammonia, are of greatest utility. Atro- 
 pia has been proposed by Preyer as the physiolog- 
 ical antidote; but it falls under the same objection 
 of slow absorption. Artificial respiration should be 
 promoted at once. 
 
 Synergists. — The motor depressants, conium, aco- 
 nite, etc. 
 
 Actions and Use. — Motor depressant, heart seda- 
 tive. As it is the most powerful and speedy poison, 
 the greatest care should be taken in its administra- 
 tion. 
 
 Largely diluted, it is used for neuralgia and troub- 
 lesome eczemas: #. Acidi hydrocyanici diluti, f3ij; 
 glycerinse, fgi; aquae rosse, ad fgviij. M. ft. lotio. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 11 
 
 Irritative dyspepsia (where it seems to be most 
 effectual): #. Acidi hydrocyanici diluti, m.xxv; bis- 
 muthi subnitrat., 3ss; syr. aurantii, fgi; infus. gen- 
 tians, ad f 3 viij . M. Sig. Tablespoonful three times 
 a day before eating. 
 
 Irritable cough: #. Acidi hydrocyanic! diluti, 
 m.xij; misturse amydalse, fgvi. M. Sig. Table- 
 spoonful every hour when cough is worst. 
 
 ACEDUM MURIATICITM, U. S. 
 Muriatic Acid. HC1. Sp. gr. 1.16. 
 
 ACIDUM MURIATICITM DILUTUM, IT. S. 
 Dilute Muriatic Acid. Sp. gr. 1.038, IT. S. ; 1.052, Br. 
 
 A nearly colorless, strongly acid liquid, emitting 
 white vapors, having a pungent odor. Ordinary 
 table-salt (sodium chloride) is one of the most im- 
 portant sources from which muriatic acid is derived 
 for commerce. When the sodium chloride is dis- 
 tilled with water acidulated with sulphuric acid, the 
 gas evolved is washed, and conducted into water till 
 it absorbs it to the proper density. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Alkalies and their 
 carbonates, salts of lime and lead. 
 
 Synergists. — Bitters. 
 
 Actions and Uses. — Tonic, astringent, antiseptic, 
 antipyretic, escharotic. 
 
 The use in the mouth should be followed by alka- 
 line washes to prevent destruction of teeth. 
 
12 Materia Meclica and Therapeutics 
 
 Dyspepsia, where there is excessive production of 
 gastric juice, is effectively treated with twenty-min- 
 im doses of this acid, taken before meals. 
 
 In the laboratory, to dissolve off zinc and borax, it 
 is used as a "pickle." 
 
 ACIDUM NITRICUM, IT. S., Br. 
 Nitric Acid. HN0 3 . Sp. gr. 1.42. 
 
 ACIDUM NITRICUM DILUTUM, IT. S., Br. 
 Dilute Nitric Acid. Sp. gr. 1.068, U. S. ; 1.101, Br. 
 
 Synonym. — Aqua Fortis. 
 
 An almost colorless liquid, fuming in the air 
 pungent odor. Nitric acid is made by the action of 
 sulphuric acid upon potassium or sodium nitrate; 
 then, by proper dilution, the officinal is obtained. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Alkalies and their 
 carbonates, salts of lime and lead. 
 
 Synergists. — Bitters. 
 
 Actions and Uses. — Chemically pure, escharotic, 
 corrosive; diluted, it is alterative, tonic, astringent, 
 antipyretic. 
 
 Obtunds the sensibility of exposed nerve -pulp, 
 but great care must be taken to prevent its effect on 
 the teeth. Local application to ill-conditioned sores. 
 R. Acidi nitrici diluti, f3i ; aq. dest., Oij. M. This 
 may be increased in strength somewhat. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 13 
 
 ACIDUM NITRO-MURIATICUM, U. S. 
 Nitro-muriatic Acid. 
 Take nitric acid, three troy ounces; muriatic acid, 
 five troy ounces. Mix in a glass vessel. When ef- 
 fervescence has ceased, stop well, and keep secluded 
 from light. U. S. 
 
 ACIDUM NITRO-MURIATICUM DILUTUM, 
 
 U.S. 
 
 Diluted Nitro-muriatic Acid. 
 
 Take nitric acid, one troy ounce and a-half; mu- 
 riatic acid, two troy ounces and a-half; distilled 
 water, sufficient quantity. Shake the acids together 
 in a pint -measure, occasionally, for twenty -four 
 hours; then add sufficient distilled water to make 
 the diluted acid measure a pint. Keep in a cool 
 place, protected from the light. U. S. 
 
 Dose, two to fifteen drops, well diluted. 
 
 Antagonists and Incornpatibles. — Alkalies and their 
 carbonates, salts of lime and lead. 
 
 Synergists. — Bitters. 
 
 Actions and Uses. — Supposed to have elective ac- 
 tion on the liver, and is used extensively in chronic 
 derangements of that organ. The bath is recom- 
 mended (six fluid ounces to each gallon of water) 
 for the same disorders. 
 
 Sluggish liver: fy. Acidi nitro-muriatici cliluti, 
 f3ij; succi taraxaci, fgss; spiriti chloroformi, f3iss; 
 aquse dest., adfgviij. M. Sig. Two tablespoonfuls 
 three times daily. 
 
14 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 ACIDUM PHOSPHORICUM GLACIALE, IT. S. 
 
 Glacial Phosphoric Acid. HP0 3 . 
 
 A colorless, transparent, glass-like mass, obtained 
 from bones with sulphuric acid by an elaborate 
 chemical process. Deliquesces in the air, and is 
 soluble in water and alcohol. 
 
 ACIDUM PHOSPHORICUM. DILUTUM, 
 U. S., Br. 
 
 Dilute Phosphoric Acid. H 3 P0 4 . Sp. gr. 1.056, 
 U. S.; 1.08, Br. 
 
 Besides the methods by U. S. and Br. Pharmaco- 
 poeias, there is an alternative process of the U. S.: 
 Dissolve a troy ounce of glacial phosphoric acid in 
 three fluid ounces of distilled water, adding to the 
 solution forty grains of nitric acid, boiling it to a 
 syrupy consistence, free from the nitric acid odor, 
 then adding sufficient distilled water to make the 
 diluted acid measure twelve fluid ounces and a-half. 
 
 A colorless liquid, of acid taste and reaction. 
 Dose, m.xx-f3i, well diluted. 
 
 Antagonists and Incornpatibles. — Alkalies and their 
 carbonates, salts of lime and lead. 
 
 Synergists. — Bitters. 
 
 Actions and Uses. — Tonic, alterative, in rickets and 
 scrofula; excellent adjuvant in cough mixtures and 
 tonics for the aged. The mistaken idea prevails to 
 some extent that by its administration phosphorus 
 may be introduced into the system. Phosphorus 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 15 
 
 free is the only way to give it, and of this the acid 
 has none. An acidulous drink may be made from 
 it that is very refreshing in diabetes. 
 
 ACIDUM SALICYLICUM. 
 
 Salicylic Acid. H 2 C 7 H 4 3 . 
 
 Occurs as methyl-salicylic ether in the leaves of 
 Gaultheria procumbens and Andromeda Lesche- 
 naultii, and is formed from salicin, indigo, and some 
 other organic matters, by adding them to hydrate of 
 potassium, heated to fusion. It is at present ex- 
 tensively prepared, according to Kolbe (1874), from 
 carbolic acid. The acid appears in small acicular 
 crystals, white, inodorous, and of a sweetish, acidu- 
 lous, and somewhat acrid taste; sparingly soluble in 
 cold, but freely so in boiling water; dissolves freely 
 in wood-spirit, alcohol, and ether, especially when 
 heated. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Combination with 
 alkalies destroys its antiseptic power (Kolbe). 
 
 Synergists.— -Those agents that are germ-destroy- 
 ers — as carbolic, benzoic, and boracic acids. 
 
 Actions and Uses. — Antiseptic, antipyretic, deo- 
 dorizer. 
 
 Less irritating than carbolic acid, it has been sub- 
 stituted for it, in Lister's method, with success. 
 Largely used in treatment of rheumatism. 
 
 Disinfectant mouth-wash may be made from one 
 part acid to three hundred parts distilled water; 
 used also in ethereal solutions and dry powder. The 
 salicylate of sodium is now the form preferred, be- 
 
16 Materia Medica ami Therapeutics 
 
 cause of its solubility — sixty or seventy grains, at 
 intervals of half an hour, being thought not too 
 large. 
 
 ACIDUM SULPHURICUM, U. S., Br. 
 
 Sulphuric Acid; Oil of Vitriol. Sp. gr. 1.843. 
 
 Formula: H 2 S0 4 . 
 
 ACIDUM SULPHURICUM DILUTUM,U.S.,Br. 
 
 Diluted Sulphuric Acid. Sp. gr. 1.082 U. S., 1.094 Br. 
 
 Take diluted sulphuric acid two troy ounces; dis- 
 tilled water sufficient quantity. Add the acid grad- 
 ually to fourteen fluid ounces of distilled water, and 
 mix them. After twenty -four hours, filter through 
 paper, and pass sufficient distilled water through 
 the filter to make the diluted acid measure a pint. 
 U.S. 
 
 ACIDUM SULPHURICUM AROMATICUM, 
 
 U. S., Br. 
 Aromatic Sulphuric Acid; Elixir Vitriol. 
 
 Take sulphuric acid six troy ounces; ginger, in 
 moderately fine powder, one troy ounce; cinnamon, 
 in moderately fine powder, one troy ounce and 
 a-half; alcohol sufficient quantity. Add the acid 
 gradually to a pint of alcohol, and allow the liquid 
 to cool. Mix, and pack the ginger and cinnamon 
 firmly in a percolator, pour on alcohol. Obtain a 
 pint of tincture and mix with acid. U. S. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 17 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Alkalies and their 
 carbonates, salts of lime and lead. 
 
 Synergists. — Bitters. 
 
 Actions and Uses. — Sulphuric acid — escharotic, cor- 
 rosive; diluted — tonic, refrigerant, astringent; aro- 
 matic — tonic, refrigerant. 
 
 For internal use only the diluted acid may be 
 used; preferably the aromatic. 
 
 In night-sweats, the aromatic, in ten to twenty 
 minim doses, is highly recommended. 
 
 Summer diarrhea, cholera, and dysentery: #. 
 Morph. sulph., 31; acidi sulph. dil. vel aromat., f 3y ; 
 morph. sulph., gr. i; aq. dest., f3iv. M. Sig. Ta- 
 blespoonful every three or four hours. 
 
 In lead-colic, the diluted or aromatic acid is effica- 
 cious. 
 
 The derangement of the digestion from its long- 
 continued use is the contraindication. 
 
 ACID TANNICUM, IT. S., Br. 
 
 Tannic Acid; Tannin. C 14 H 10 O 9 . 
 
 Obtained from the nutgall commercially; but is 
 abundant in nature; appears in yellowish - white 
 masses, or thin glistening scales, strongly astringent 
 and acid reaction; readily soluble in water and rec- 
 tified spirits, and six parts of glycerine; but spar- 
 ingly so in ether. In the presence of alkalies or 
 air its solutions turn brown. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Mineral acids, salts 
 of antimony, lead, silver, and persalts of iron, and 
 
 2 
 
18 Materia Meclica and Therapeutics 
 
 alkalies, chemically. Vegetable alkaloids and gel- 
 atine form insoluble precipitates. Lime-water, with 
 which it forms tan n ate of lime; oxidizing agents 
 generally, which rapidly change it to gallic acid. 
 Solutions of albumen form with it an insoluble pre- 
 cipitate. 
 
 Synergists. — Tonics, bitters; agents that increase 
 waste. 
 
 Actions and Uses. — Astringent, styptic. It is the 
 type and essence of vegetable astringency. 
 
 Catarrh of the stomach, relaxed state of the mu- 
 cous membrane, are conditions which indicate the 
 exhibition of this agent. Heematemesis, depending 
 on ulcer of the stomach or obstructive disease of the 
 liver and not of inflammatory origin, is another field 
 for its use. Diarrheas of almost every kind, and by 
 some even cholera, may be treated successfully with 
 tannin. It may be given in large doses (grs. x-9i) 
 with impunity; ordinary dose, gr. ij-x. 
 
 ACIDUM TARTARICUM, U. S., Br. 
 Tartaric Acid. H 2 C 4 H 4 G . 
 
 Either free or in combination with bases, in grapes, 
 sumach-berries, tamarinds, pine-apples, and other 
 acidulous fruits; also, in other parts of many plants. 
 It occurs in colorless, oblique rhombic prisms or ta- 
 bles, which are inodorous and have a strongly but 
 agreeably acid taste. They are soluble in less than 
 their weight of water; freely soluble in alcohol and 
 wood-spirit, but are insoluble in ether. The Amer- 
 ican commercial often appears in powdered form. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 19 
 
 Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 
 
 Ferri et Ammonii Tartras. Dose, gr. x-xxx. 
 
 Pulveres Efiervescentes — Soda Powders. 
 
 Pul veres Effervescentes Aperientes — Seidlitz Pow- 
 ders. 
 
 Antagonists and Ineompatibles. — Alkalies, magne- 
 sia, lime, soap, or the alkaline carbonates. 
 
 Synergists. — Vegetable (fruit) acids. 
 
 Actions and Uses. — Refrigerant; laxative <and di- 
 uretic (tartrates). 
 
 ACONITUM. — Aconite. Monkshood. 
 
 Origin. — Leaves and root of Aconitum Napellus, 
 Lin. Nat. ord., Ranunculacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Mountainous districts of Europe, Asia, 
 and Western North America. 
 
 Constituents. — Root: resin, fat, sugar, aconitic acid, 
 about 0.07 per cent, of alkaloids, viz. : aconitia, pseu- 
 daconitia, aconina, pseudaconina. Leaves: aconitia, 
 napellina, gum, sugar, albumen, tannin, aconitic 
 acid, ash 16 per cent. 
 
 Aconiti Folia — the leaves of Aconitum Napellus, 
 U.S. 
 
 Aconiti Radix — the root of Aconitum Napellus, 
 U. S. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Aconitia (from the root). Not given internally. 
 Extractum Aconiti (of the leaves). Dose, gr. ss. 
 Emplastrum Aconiti (from the root). 
 Linimentum Aconiti (from the root). 
 
20 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 Tinctura Aconiti Radicis. (3vi to Oi.) Dose, gtt. 
 i-v. 
 
 (Fleming's tincture of aconite root contains 3iss 
 to Oi.) 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Alcohol, ether, 
 ammonia, turpentine, digitalis, heat, etc. 
 
 In cases of poisoning, wash out the stomach and 
 give stimulants by rectum, or hypodermically, if 
 necessary, and apply external warmth. To over- 
 come the heart depression, inject atropia; by no 
 means assume any but the recumbent posture. 
 
 Synergists. — Motor depressants — cold, fatigue, 
 etc. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Anodyne, sedative, poisonous, 
 antiphlogistic, diaphoretic. 
 
 Fever: #. Tine, aconiti rad., f3i; spts. nitric, 
 dulc, fgiiss. M. Sig. Teaspoonful in water every 
 hour or two. 
 
 Acute pluritis: #. Tr. aconit. rad., f 3ij ; tine, opii 
 deodor., f3vi. M. S. Eight drops in water every 
 hour or two. 
 
 For neuralgia: #. Tine, aconit. rad., chloroformi, 
 aa fgss; lin. saponis, f3i. M. S. Apply to painful 
 spot. 
 
 AETHER.— Ether. 
 
 A colorless, volatile and highly inflammable liq- 
 uid, having a peculiar odor; sp. gr. 0.735; neutral, 
 except after exposure to the air; soluble in ten parts 
 of water, freely so in alcohol in any proportion. 
 Obtained by distilling rectified spirit of wine and 
 sulphuric acid, agitating the distillate with calcium 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 21 
 
 chloride and slacked lime, and then redistilling. 
 Ether absolute, the anaesthetic, is prepared by wash- 
 ing the above with water to remove any spirit, de- 
 canting the supernatant ether, and digesting it with 
 freshly burnt lime and calcium chloride; then finally 
 by redistilling. 
 
 Ether dissolves fats, oils, resins, some alkaloids, 
 caoutchouc, and gun-cotton. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Arterial sedatives, 
 quinia, oxygen, protoxide of nitrogen, the tetanizing 
 alkaloids, strychnia, picrotoxine, etc. 
 
 Synergists. — Alcohol and its congeners, chloro- 
 form, arterial stimulants, cerebral stimulants, etc. 
 
 Actions and Uses. — Local and general anaesthetic 
 (see Anaesthesia), diaphoretic, diuretic, carminative, 
 cardiac stimulant, expectorant, antispasmodic. 
 
 Being such a rapidly diffusible stimulant, it is es- 
 pecially useful in cases of acute debility, prostration, 
 etc., either hypodermically or by stomach. 
 
 Hoffmann's Anodyne (ether, alcohol, and ethereal 
 oil), or Compound Spirit of Ether, is a well-known 
 agent. Dose, m.x— f3i. 
 
 ALCOHOL.— Alcohol. 
 
 Spirit of "Wine; Rectified Spirit. Sp. gr. 0.835, 
 U. S.; .838, Br. 
 
 ALCOHOL DILUTUM, U. S. 
 Diluted Alcohol, Proof Spirit. Sp. gr. .941, IT. S. 
 
22 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 ALCOHOL FORTIUS, L T . S. C 2 H 5 HO. 
 
 Stronger Alcohol. Sp. gr. .817, IT. S. 
 
 A colorless, limpid liquid, free from empyreumatic 
 odor, volatilized entirely by heat. Obtained from 
 the fermentation of the sugars by distillation. It 
 is a solvent for resins, volatile oils, most fats, sugars, 
 alkaloids, organic acids, alkalies, iodine, and many 
 other salts and elements. 
 
 Antagonists and. Incompatible s. — Fatigue, pain, 
 depressing emotions; sulphates of sodium, mag- 
 nesium, zincum, cuprum, ferrum; carbonates of 
 potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, lithium; 
 chlorides of sodium, hydrargyrum (mitis); cellulin, 
 starch, gum, most sugars, gelatine, and albumen. 
 
 Synergists. — All agents which diminish or suspend 
 the functions of the cerebrum, after a preliminary 
 stage of excitement. 
 
 Actions and Uses. — Rapidly diffusible stimulant, 
 astringent, and styptic, diuretic, diaphoretic, intox- 
 icant. It is the active principle in all intoxicating 
 fluids, varying in proportion in each. 
 
 ALUMEN.— Alum. 
 
 Sulphate of Ammonia and Alumina, Ammonia 
 Alum. NH 4 A12S0 4 .12H 2 0. 
 
 Known to the ancients; made in the fifteenth 
 century in Italy; afterward in Germany, Spain, 
 and England in the time of Elizabeth. Occurs in 
 transparent crystalline masses; has a sweetish as- 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 23 
 
 tringent taste. Prepared by treating calcined clay, 
 containing but little iron, until a pasty mass is ob- 
 tained, then by exposure to the air is converted into 
 sulphate of aluminium, which needs merely to be 
 mixed, while in solution, with ammonium or potas- 
 sium sulphate to obtain alum. 
 
 Alumen Exsiccatum. Dried alum, or alum de- 
 prived of its water of crystallization by heat. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Alkalies and their 
 carbonates; acetate of lead. 
 
 Synergists. — The mineral and vegetable astrin- 
 gents. 
 
 Actions and Uses. — Astringent, emetic. Dried 
 alum is a mild escharotic. 
 
 Colica pictonum: #. Aluminis, 3ij; acidi sulph. 
 diluti, f3i; syr. limonis, f3i; aq. dest., fgiij. M. 
 Sig. Tablespoonful every hour or two. Also, alum- 
 whey, viz.: To a pint of boiling milk add ninety 
 grains of alum powdered; separate the curd, sweet- 
 en the whey, if desired. A wine-glassful may be 
 taken every hour or two. 
 
 Toothache: Jjfc. Aluminis, 3ij ; spts. nitrosi sether., 
 f3vj. M. 
 
 Spongy gums: #. Aluminis, 3i; vini, Oi; tine, 
 cinchonse, f3ss; tine, myrrhs, f 3ij ; mel. rosse, fgi; 
 M. S. Rinse or gargle the mouth. 
 
 Ulcers of mouth and throat: I£. Inf. lini, f3xv; 
 tine, kino, f3i; aluminis, 3ij. M. S. Gargle. 
 
 AMMONIA.— Ammonia. H 3 N. 
 
 As "Spiritus Sal Urince," it was known to the an- 
 
24 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 cients; to the earlier chemists, as volatile alkali. 
 First obtained as a gas by Priestly. A trace exists 
 at all times in the air, hence rain-water contains a 
 small amount of it. 
 
 It is a colorless, transparent gas, with a pungent, 
 suffocating odor, having alkaline and caustic prop- 
 erties. Highh 7 volatile; sp. gr. 0.59. Water ab- 
 sorbs it rapidly and to a great extent; alcohol and 
 ether readily dissolve it. Salts of many metals form 
 compounds with it. When heated with potash or 
 quicklime, they give off an ammoniacal odor. The 
 compound metal ammonium (H 4 N), though resident 
 in the ammoniates, similar to potassium, has no 
 special interest to us, and shall be known through 
 its compounds merely. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Aqua Ammonia Fortior (about 26 per cent, of 
 Ammonia). 
 
 Aqua Ammonia (about 10 per cent, of Ammonia). 
 
 Linimentum Ammoniee (Aq. Amm., J; Olive- 
 oil, f). 
 
 Liquor Ammonii Acetatis. Dose, f3ss-i. 
 
 Spiritus Amnionic. Dose, m.x-xv. 
 
 Spiritus Ammonise Aromaticus. Dose, f3ss-i. 
 
 Tinctura Guaiaci Ammoniata. Dose, f3i. 
 
 Tinctura Valerianae Ammoniata. Dose, f3i-ij. 
 
 Aluminii et Ammonii Sulphas (Alum). 
 
 Ammonii Benzoas. Dose, gr. x-xx. 
 
 Ammonii Bromidum. Dose, gr. x-xv. 
 
 Ammonii Carbonas. Dose, gr. x. 
 
 Ammonii Chloridum. Dose, gr. v-xx. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 25 
 
 Ammonii Chloridum Purifieatum. Dose, gr. v-xx. 
 
 Ammonii Iodidum. Dose, gr. v-x. 
 
 Ammonii Nitras (used in making Nitrous Oxide.) 
 
 Ammonii Sulphas (used in making Ammonio- 
 ferric Alum). 
 
 Ammonii Valerian as. Dose, gr. ij-v. 
 
 Cuprum Ammoniatum. Dose, gr. J-J. 
 
 Ferri et Ammonii Citras. Dose, gr. v-x. 
 
 Ferri et Ammonii Sulphas. Dose, gr. iij-x. 
 
 Ferri et Ammonii Tartras. Dose, gr. v-xxx. 
 
 Hydrargyrum Ammoniatum (used in ointments). 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Vegetable and 
 mineral acids, acidulous salts, earthy salts and lime- 
 water, with the carbonate; the acids, soda, potash, 
 and their carbonates, salts of lead, silver and metal- 
 lic sulphates, with solutions of the acetate; the per- 
 salts of iron, acids, and liquor potassse, with the 
 benzoate; alkalies, alkaline earths, and their carbon- 
 ates, and lead and silver salts, with the muriate. 
 
 In poisoning, the vegetable acids, followed by 
 free use of oil and demulcents. Therapeutically, 
 the ammoniates are antagonized by veratrum viride, 
 aconite, digitalis, cold and cardiac sedatives gen- 
 erally. 
 
 Synergists. — Heat, opium, iodine, the antispas- 
 modics, valerian, asafetida, etc., by the diffusible 
 and aromatic stimulants, as alcohol, ether, etc. The 
 carbonate promotes the activity of the iodides and 
 bromides. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Ammonia preparations gen- 
 erally are diffusible stimulants, especially the car- 
 bonate and aq. amnion, (secondarily, irritant); dia- 
 
26 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 phoretic in febrile conditions (liq. acetat.), emetic 
 (carbonate, in full doses), expectorant (muriate, 
 carbonate), tonic, in neuralgia (chloride). 
 
 Stimulating expectorant: #. Amm. muriat., 3ss; 
 syr. toiutan., f'3iss; spts. vini gallici, f3i; aq. des- 
 tillat., ad f3vi. M. S. Teaspoonful every hour. If 
 much irritation and coughing is present, add about 
 two or three grains of sulph. morph. 
 
 Myalgia: #. Amm. muriat., 3i; ext. cimicifugse, 
 f3ij; syr. simp, aq. laur-cerasi, aa f3i. M. S. Tea- 
 spoonful three or four times a day. The ammonia 
 liniments are effective and popular. 
 
 Headaches, dependent upon adynamic conditions, 
 inhalation of vapor of ammonia. 
 
 For snake-bites, insect-bites, etc., the aq. amm. 
 
 ANAESTHESIA AND ANESTHETICS. 
 
 Anaesthesia is a condition of temporarily abolished 
 sensation. Though discovered but recently, it is of 
 unquestioned benefit to mankind. To the surgeon 
 it is invaluable, and scarcely less so to the accou- 
 cheur and dentist. 
 
 It is produced by the rapid diffusion of certain 
 agents in the blood, or, locally, the benumbing effect 
 of certain applications. These agents may be intro- 
 duced by all the avenues through which medicaments 
 enter the system — the lungs stomach, rectum, vagi- 
 na, sub-cutaneously, etc. For obvious reasons, when 
 nothing contraindicates, the lungs afford the best 
 point of entrance, and is resorted to usually. 
 
 It is not without danger. If the circulatorv or 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 27 
 
 respiratory systems are of doubtful integrity, much 
 less diseased, it is too dangerous to be resorted to, 
 except under thorough advisement. 
 
 There are certain precautions, other than physical 
 examination, that must not be neglected. The cloth- 
 ing and posture of the patient, the surroundings as 
 to ventilation, the individual idiosyncrasies, if any, 
 the absolute purity of the agent, the reasonable 
 means for resuscitation convenient — all must be an- 
 ticipated. Very little food should have been taken 
 before — usually at the previous meal-time — but fast- 
 ing should not be prolonged to the point of increas- 
 ing the danger. 
 
 Another danger arises from the erethism occa- 
 sionally produced. Operators, especially dentists, 
 should guard themselves by the presence of a third 
 party, as charges have been made productive of a 
 tragedy in more than one instance. 
 
 Anaesthetics, or anaesthesiants, embrace all hydro- 
 carbons, though but few of them are available. 
 They are divided into two classes — local and gener- 
 al. The local — cold (by freezing mixtures or evap- 
 oration of ether), veratria, aconitia — act upon the 
 sensory nerves of the part they are applied to; the 
 general — chloroform, ether, nitrous oxide, chloral 
 hydrate, nitrite of amyl, amylene, bichloride of 
 methylene, opium, alcohol, and all narcotics — act 
 upon the brain, with a preliminary stage of excite- 
 ment. As the rapid and deep breathing of air is 
 anaesthetic, it will facilitate matters to have the pa- 
 tient practice it several minutes before administer- 
 ing any anaesthetic. 
 
28 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 First, chloroform. None but reliable, purified 
 chloroform should be used. After it is seen that 
 none of the contraindications exist, the patient 
 should be comfortably placed, on table or chair, as 
 near the supine position as possible, clothing loosed, 
 especially at the throat. The operator should, by 
 cheerfulness, allay the fears of the patient as much 
 as possible. 
 
 As the first effect of this agent is to exhilarate, it 
 is well to give a good drink of some alcoholic before 
 commencing, if it is not disagreeable to the patient. 
 In this way the effect is more readily obtained and 
 more easily prolonged. 
 
 As the important fact to be regarded in the adminis- 
 tration of this agent is to secure only the admixture of 
 three and one-half per cent, of chloroform vapor in pure 
 air, the simplest form of inhaler is necessary. A 
 handkerchief, or napkin, upon which from a few 
 drops to half a drachm has been poured, is the usual 
 and convenient, as well as satisfactory, manner. The 
 mouth and nose should be guarded against the irri- 
 tation with oil or some unguent. As this vapor is 
 four times the density of air, the cloth may close 
 down and shut off all but the vapor, and must be 
 carefully attended to. 
 
 The state of the circulation and respiration is to 
 be carefully watched throughout. 
 
 It must be remembered, in the use of this and all 
 other anaesthetics, that the effect is desired for a cer- 
 tain end, and the operator must know just what he 
 wants in any definite case. 
 
 Suspension of the respiration must be met by 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 29 
 
 withdrawal of the vapor, inversion of patient, ac- 
 cording to Nelaton — heels up and head down — and 
 artificial respiration, either by rolling the patient on 
 the side, and then on the back, about fifteen to eight- 
 een times a minute, or by raising the arms above the 
 head and then depressing them to the chest-wall at 
 about the same rate, Favor circulation of blood to 
 the brain and a reinstatement of respiration. Arti- 
 ficial heat should be applied; cold-water douche, 
 etc., prohibited. The tongue should be drawn for- 
 ward and held, if retracted. Faradization of the 
 respiratory muscles, acupuncture with the galvanic 
 needle, and injection of ammonia, have been recom- 
 mended. 
 
 The use of this agent is not advised, for death has 
 often occurred — oftenest in the dental chair. 
 
 Ether comes next, and popularly outranks chloro- 
 form in the surgery of America. 
 
 In its administration the same precautions should 
 be observed—free breathing, no physical contraindi- 
 cation, free ventilation, recumbent posture, etc. It 
 is highly inflammable, and no flame should be near. 
 In this, the purest ether only should be used. The 
 air should be excluded as nearly as possible, as less 
 excitement and more rapid effect follows if only the 
 vapor is inhaled. 
 
 It takes longer, but is safer than chloroform. A 
 cone specially prepared, or one readily formed with 
 a newspaper inclosing a sponge or napkin, closely 
 fitting the nose and mouth of the patient, is used. 
 
 Remember it is the effect, and not the quantity in- 
 haled, and the free use of it is recommended. 
 
30 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 The irritation of the fauces and throat, and fear 
 of suffocation, will gradually pass off as the ether is 
 absorbed. 
 
 If arrest of respiration occur, artificial respiration, 
 as described under Chloroform, and inversion of the 
 body according to Nelaton, should be resorted to as 
 the most promising expedients. 
 
 The use of this agent is advocated. The pro- 
 found anesthesia manifested by loss of sensibility of 
 cornea, loss of muscular power, deep sleep, etc., may 
 be prolonged to any necessary extent with impunity. 
 Then there is theirs* anaesthesia, especially useful to 
 the dentist or minor surgery, when the first loss of 
 consciousness and sensation is taken advantage of. 
 The patient escapes all pain, and yet avoids the 
 nausea and sickness following the full effect. 
 
 Comparative Utility of Chloroform and Ether. 
 
 Chloroform is more pleasant to inhale, less irri- 
 tant, not inflammable like ether, and can be used at 
 night better; its stage of excitement is shorter; its 
 effect is more rapid; its narcosis is more sustained; 
 but all these are more than counterbalanced by the 
 danger in its use. Ether should be preferred in all 
 cases except in labor. 
 
 Next, nitrous oxide, or laughing-gas — a protoxide 
 of nitrogen. A colorless, sweetish-tasting gas; sp. 
 gr. 1.527; consists of one equivalent each of oxygen 
 and nitrogen. It may be condensed to a liquid by 
 cold and pressure, thus favoring transportation. 
 
 The gas is inhaled from a rubber receiver. The 
 effect is rapid— sufficient for minor operations — but 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 31 
 
 transient. It is thought to be entirely free from 
 danger, though usually followed by slight headache 
 and some nervousness. From a frightened look to 
 a deadly pallor the face passes under its administra- 
 tion, and this is presently replaced by a bluish tint, 
 resembling the appearance of asphyxia. Carbonic 
 acid accumulates. Animals live no longer in it than 
 in pure nitrogen. Its administration must be pre- 
 ceded by the same precautions before mentioned. 
 
 The other hydro-carbons classed as anaesthetics 
 are not used as such for general anaesthesia, and their 
 properties and actions may be ascertained by refer- 
 ence to them. 
 
 ANTHEMIS.— Chamomile. 
 
 Origin. — Flowers of Anthemis nobilis, Lin. Nat. 
 ord., Compositee. 
 
 Habitat. — Southern and Western Europe; culti- 
 vated. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, bitter principle (anthe- 
 mic acid?), resin, little tannin, etc. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 
 
 Infusum Anthemidis. Dose, f 3 ij, as tonic; emetic, 
 ad lib. 
 
 Oleum Anthemidis. Dose, gtt. v-xv. 
 
 Actions and Uses. — Stimulant, tonic, carminative, 
 nervine, emmenagogue. 
 
 The country people use the infusion for dyspepsia. 
 The oil is, latterly, thought to have a lowering effect 
 on reflex irritability of the spinal cord. A poultice 
 is often made of the flowers. 
 
32 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 ANTIMONIUM.— Antimony, Sb. 
 
 Though known to the alchemists, Basil Valentine 
 made known the method of obtaining it. The na- 
 tive antimony occurs in France and Germany. A 
 bluish- white, very brittle metal, usually lamellar in 
 structure; sp. gr. about 6.7: unchanged by exposure 
 to the air. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Antimonii Sulphuretum — the purified tersulphide 
 (used in making the oxide of antimony). 
 
 Antimonii Oxidura. Dose, gr. ij-iij. 
 
 Antimonii et Potassii Tartras (tartar emetic). 
 Dose, gr. y^-i. 
 
 Antimonium Sulphuratum (sulphurated antimo- 
 ny). Dose, gr. i-xx. 
 
 Antimonii Oxysulphuretum (Kermes mineral). 
 Dose, gr. ss-i. 
 
 Pilulae Antimonii Composite. (Six grains of the 
 mass contains one grain each of calomel and sul- 
 phurated antimony.) Plummer's Pills. Dose, 1 to 
 5 pills. 
 
 Vinum Antimonii (gr. ij to f3i). Dose, gtt. x; 
 emetic, f3i. 
 
 Emplastrum Antimonii (tartrate of antimony and 
 potassium, 1 part in 4). 
 
 Unguentum Antimonii (do., do., 1 to 4). 
 
 Syrupus Seillse Compositus (contains tartar emet- 
 ic gr. i to 3i). 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Tannic and gallic 
 acids, and infusions containing them, form insoluble 
 tannates. Alkalies and the salts of lead decompose 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 33 
 
 tartar emetic; physiologically, opium, alcohol, ether, 
 etc., together with the antispasmodics generally. 
 
 Antidote: Tannic acid (green tea, catechu, rhat- 
 any, rhubarb, etc.). 
 
 Synergists. — The minerals that promote waste; 
 also, the emetics and cathartics, and depressing 
 agents generally — as veratrum viride, etc. 
 
 Actions and Uses. — Emetic, sedative, antiphlogis- 
 tic, diaphoretic. 
 
 In acute catarrh (nasal, pharyngeal, and bron- 
 chial), small doses repeated (from one-twentieth to 
 one-twelfth of a grain), combined with morphia, is 
 very effective. #. Antimonii et potassii tartrat., 
 gr. ss; morph. acetat., gr. ss; aquse dest., f3ij. M. 
 Sig. Teaspoonful every hour or two. 
 
 In acute inflammatory and febrile diseases, tartar 
 emetic in minute doses ( T J ff gr.), frequently repeated, 
 is of undoubted benefit. Combined with morphia 
 and muriate of ammonia, it makes an excellent 
 cough mixture, with tolu syrup as a vehicle. 
 
 The depressing effect of this agent (tartar emetic 
 being the type) has almost occasioned its disuse. 
 
 AQUA.— Water. H 2 0. 
 
 This chemical compound — two equivalents of hy- 
 drogen to one of oxygen — is one of the most abun- 
 dant and important in nature. It ranges from a 
 comparatively pure state (rain-water) to any varying 
 condition of impurity. It is the vehicle of many 
 natural and artificial substances, because of its great 
 solvent power. Its great importance in the human 
 
34 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 economy may be readily and fairly inferred by its 
 abundance there, constituting from two -thirds to 
 three -fourths of its weight. It may be colorless, 
 and devoid of both taste and smell, or of any color, 
 any taste, any smell — depending upon the materials 
 dissolved in it. But while natural water, of springs, 
 rivers, and cisterns, may be used for some pharma- 
 ceutical purposes, still it is usually distilled, com- 
 pletely purified, for medical uses. Unless specified 
 to the contrary, distilled water is meant when water 
 is called for in prescriptions, etc. 
 
 Mineral waters (i. e., natural waters containing 
 some mineral or medical substance naturally), and 
 medicated waters (i. e., those with medicines dis- 
 solved in them by the pharmacist), are left out of this 
 article. They are innumerable, and all of any im- 
 portance have analyses showing the substance or 
 substances in them, whose actions and uses may be 
 easily ascertained. It would make this article too 
 long to enumerate them, much less to describe them. 
 The only officinal preparation is aquce destillata, men- 
 tioned above. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Externally: Refrigerant, febri- 
 fuge (cold-bath, cold affusion, cold packing), rubifa- 
 cient, counter-irritant (hot-bath, hot fomentation), 
 tonic (both hot-bath and cold-bath, discreetly ap- 
 plied in each case), relaxant, depressant (hot-bath, 
 varying with duration, in effect). 
 
 Internally: Laxative, purgative (cold, especially 
 with a little common salt added), emetic (warm, 
 drunk to distension), diaphoretic (both, especially 
 warm), diuretic (cold, drunk freely). 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 35 
 
 The use of water promotes digestion by stimulat- 
 ing the secretion of gastric juice, and aiding the 
 passage of peptones into the blood (Ringer). 
 
 It is not to be taken in any but small quantity 
 during meals; but freely taken before or some time 
 after meals, obtains the best results. 
 
 Another important use is to diminish bodily tem- 
 perature. Cold water, though it abstracts a certain 
 amount of caloric from the system, does not act as 
 efficiently as hot water in its ultimate effects. The 
 rationale is that the blood is called from the heat- 
 making area to the heat-losing area, where, coming in 
 contact with the air, the caloric is rapidly abstracted. 
 
 ARGENTUM.— Silver. Ag. 
 
 Silver is widely diffused in nature as native silver 
 and in combination w T ith many other metals. It is 
 a brilliant, white metal; sp. gr. 10.57; tarnishes in 
 the air by combining with the sulphuretted hydro- 
 gen. Its compounds only are used in pharmacy. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 
 
 Argenti Nitras. Dose, gr. |-ij, in pill. 
 Argenti Mtras Pusa. For external use. 
 Argenti Oxidum. Dose, gr. ss-ij, in pill. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatible^ . — The soluble chlo- 
 rides and substances containing them— salt, mineral- 
 water, etc. — form an insoluble chloride of silver. 
 The following acids and their salts are chemically 
 incompatible: Sulphuric, muriatic, tartaric, and sul- 
 
36 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 phurous; alkalies and their carbonates; astringent 
 infusions and lime-water. 
 
 Table-salt is its chemical antidote, freely given as 
 to act secondarily as an emetic. Therapeutically, 
 those agents which promote constructive metamor- 
 phosis. 
 
 Synergists. — Agents promoting waste — as mercu- 
 ry, iodides, etc. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Astringent, caustic, callyrium. 
 
 To stimulate weak or unhealthy granulations, the 
 nitrate of silver in varying strength of solution is 
 recommended. The internal use of silver is very 
 limited, because of the consequent discoloration. 
 The oxide has been highly recommended as a nerv- 
 ous sedative, and a hemostatic in menorrhagia. 
 
 ARNICA.— Arnica. 
 
 Origin. — Flowers of Arnica Montana, Lin. Nat. 
 ord., Compositee. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe, Northern Asia, and America, 
 in mountainous districts. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil a trace, resin, arnicin 
 (amorphous, yellow, acrid), etc. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Extractum Arnicse. Dose, gr. v-x. 
 Emplastrum Arnicse (extract gr. ss). 
 Tinctura Arnicse (giij to Oi); used externally. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Ammonia, alco- 
 holic stimulants, opium, camphor, etc. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 37 
 
 Synergists. — Aconite, veratrum viride, digitalis, 
 arterial sedatives generally. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Stimulant, diuretic, vulnerary, 
 irritant, antipyretic (in full doses). 
 
 There is much difference of opinion concerning 
 its properties and uses. It is used as application to 
 bruises and strains, especially in domestic practice. 
 
 ARSENICUM.— Arsenic, As. 
 
 Arsenicum is sometimes found native, but usually 
 occurs in combination with other metals, sulphur, and 
 oxygen. It has a steel-gray color, high metallic lus- 
 ter, sp. gr. 5.7 to 5.9, volatilizes under heat without 
 fusion, and if air is present oxidizes to arsenious ox- 
 ide. This arsenious oxide- — the only form known to 
 the people — is called white arsenic and arsenious acid. 
 
 Acidum Arseniosum. Hydrate arsenious oxide 
 in masses, U. S. Dose, gr. ^ (twentieth). 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Arsenici Iodidum. Dose, gr. J (eighth). 
 
 Liquor Arsenici et Hydrargyri Iodidi (m.xx con- 
 tains arsenic gr. 5 \ (twenty-fourth). Donovan's so- 
 lution. Dose, m.x. 
 
 Liquor Arsenici Chloridi. (Acid, arsen., gr. iv to 
 f3i.) Dose, m.v. 
 
 Liquor Potassii Arsenitis. (Arsen. acid., gr. iv to 
 f3i). Fowler's solution. Dose, m.ij-v. 
 
 Liquor Sodii Arseniatis. (Arsen. acid., gr. iv. to 
 fgi.) Dose, m.v. 
 
 Sodii Arsenias. Dose, gr. T J 3 (twelfth). 
 
38 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Salts of iron, mag- 
 nesia, and lime, and astringents; in poisoning, freshly 
 prepared hydrated sesquioxide of iron, and magnesia 
 freshly calcined. When Fowler's solution has been 
 taken, the ferric salts are to be used. The gastro- 
 enteritis and nervous symptoms are to be treated 
 on general principles, and followed by diluents, 
 skimmed milk, alkaline mineral-waters, etc. 
 
 Synergists. — Agents that promote constructive 
 metamorphosis. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Locally, escharotic; generally, 
 alterative, tonic, antiperiodic, corrosive poison (full 
 doses). 
 
 As an escharotic, it acts by destroying the tissues; 
 but, owing to its great diffusive power, there is dan- 
 ger of systemic poison. 
 
 As an alterative, it acts by combining with the 
 tissues, displacing the phosphorus, as it is of the 
 same group, and takes its place along with the his- 
 tological elements. (Gubler.) Hence its power of 
 remaining inert in the system. 
 
 As a secondary effect to this, it is tonic. 
 
 As an antiperiodic, it acts probably by reason of 
 its germicide power, indirectly becoming a tonic like 
 quinine. 
 
 As a corrosive poison, it acts locally upon the coats 
 of the stomach, no matter how it may have found its 
 way into the system, giving rise to symptoms closely 
 analagous to Asiatic cholera. These symptoms gen- 
 erally follow a toxic dose, but in exceptional cases 
 the force of the poison is expended on the nervous 
 svstem. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 39 
 
 Dentists use arsenic to kill exposed nerve-pulps. 
 While this practice may not result disastrously, it is 
 not advisable, because absorption is likely to occur. 
 If it does, it combines with the bone — the triarseni- 
 ate of lime displacing the tribasic phosphates — or it 
 may bring about caries of the bone; and systemic 
 poison may result from absorption. 
 
 As a remedial agent, it should be given usually 
 after meals, on a full stomach. 
 
 Irritative dyspepsia, indicated by red, pointed 
 tongue, poor appetite, distress after meals, food 
 causing intestinal pain, colic, desire to go to stool — 
 one-drop doses of Fowler's solution before meals is 
 efficacious. 
 
 Chronic gastric catarrh, gastralgia, enteralgia, 
 chronic diarrhea, yield kindly to these one -drop 
 doses, in a large proportion of cases. 
 
 Iron is very much assisted by arsenic in chlorosis. 
 
 In chronic skin affections, Fowler's solution is 
 empirically used. If syphilis is present, Donovan's 
 solution (mercury, iodine, and arsenic) is better. 
 
 In malarial fever, arsenic ranks next to quinia, 
 and is happily combined with it in intractable cases. 
 
 To destroy pulp of nerve: R. Acid, arsen., gr. ij; 
 sulph. morph., gr. i; creasoti, q. s. M. ft. pasta. S. 
 Apply small quantity on a bit of cotton. 
 
 Depilatory: Quicklime, J ounce; yellow sulphide 
 of arsenic, 20 grains; starch, 180 grains. This is 
 supposed to be the same depilatory to which the 
 Egyptian women resorted to remove the hair from 
 the pubes. 
 
40 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 ASAFCETID A— Asafetida. 
 
 Origin. — Gum resin from (1) Ferula Narthex, 
 Boissier; Earth ex Asafoetida, Falconer. (2) Ferula 
 Scorodosma, Benth. et Hook.; Scorodosma Fcetidum, 
 Bunge. Nat. ord., Umbelliferse, Orthospermse. 
 
 Habitat. — 1. Western Thibet, and probably Cash- 
 mere. 2. Persia, Turkistan, and Afghanistan. 
 
 Constituents. — Aside from impurities, 3 to 9 per 
 cent, volatile oil, 20 to 30 per cent, (sometimes more) 
 of gum, and 50 to 70 per cent, resin, of which a 
 small portion (3 to 4 per cent.) is insoluble in ether, 
 and which contains a little ferulaic acid. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Mistura Asafcetidse (3iv to Oi), milk of asafetida. 
 Dose, fgss-i. 
 
 Tinctura Asafcetidee (3ij to Oi). Dose, f3ss-i. 
 
 Pilule Asafceticte (each, gr. iij). Dose, 2 to 4 pills. 
 
 Pilulae Aloes et Asafcetidee (each, gr. 1J). 
 
 Pilule Galbani Composite (each, gr. ss). 
 
 Suppositoria Asafoetida (each, gr. v, or m.xv of 
 tincture). 
 
 Emplastrum Asafcetidse. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Acids, neutral 
 salts, cold, and arterial sedatives. 
 
 Synergists. — The gum-resins, the balsams, the aro- 
 raatics, essential oils containing sulphur and phos- 
 phorus, and alcohol and ether. 
 
 Actions and Uses. — Stimulant, expectorant, laxa- 
 tive, antispasmodic. 
 
 Has been used for a variety of affections, but is 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 41 
 
 now only prescribed in flatulence, dyspepsia, hyste- 
 ria; also, sobering-up mixtures for inebriates. 
 
 AURANTIUM.— Orange. 
 
 Origin. — Peel and flowers of (1) Citrus Vulgaris, 
 Bisso, bitter orange; (2) Citrus Aurantium, Risso, 
 sweet orange. Nat ore/., Aurantiacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Northern India; cultivated in sub-trop- 
 ical countries. 
 
 Constituents. — Peel: volatile oil, hesperidin, in the 
 white zest a principle giving a black color with fer- 
 ric salt. Flowers: volatile oil, mucilage, bitter ex- 
 tractive. 
 
 Aurantii Amari Cortex — the rind of the fruit of 
 Citrus Vulgaris. 
 
 Aurantii Dulcis Cortex — the rind of the fruit of 
 Citrus Aurantium. 
 
 Aurantii Flores — the flowers of Citrus Aurantium 
 and Vulgaris. 
 
 Officinal Preparations. 
 
 Aqua Aurantii Florum. Used as a vehicle. 
 Syrupus Aurantii Florum. Used as a vehicle. 
 Confectio Aurantii Corticis. Used as a vehicle. 
 Syrupus Aurantii Corticis. Used as a vehicle. 
 Tinctura Aurantii. Dose, f3i-ij. 
 Infusam Gentianse Compositum. Dose, fgss-ij. 
 Tinctura Cinchonse Composita. Dose, f3i-ij. 
 Tinctura Gentianse Composita. Dose, f3i-iv. 
 Action and Uses. — The flowers: stimulant, anti- 
 spasmodic, the oil being called the oil of Nereoli. 
 
42 Materia Meclica and Therapeutics 
 
 The peel: stimulant, tonic. Used as a flavoring and 
 vehicle principally. 
 
 BALSAM PERUVIAOTM.— Balsam Peru. 
 
 Origin. — An empyreumatic liquid balsam from 
 Myroxylon (Myrospermum, Boyle; Toluifera, Bail- 
 Ion) Pereirse, Klotzsch. Nat. ord., Leguminosse, Pa- 
 pilionaceee. 
 
 Habitat. — Central America. 
 
 Constituents. — Cinnamein or benzylic cinnamate, 
 about 60 per cent.; resin, about 32 per cent.; ben- 
 zalcohol, benzoate, stilbene, cinnamic and benzoic 
 acids. 
 
 Action and, Uses. — Stimulant, expectorant, vulner- 
 ary. Checks copious and unhealthy secretion. 
 
 In bronchitis, f3i in emulsion at a dose. 
 
 BALSAM TOLUTANUM.— Balsam Tolu. 
 
 Origin. — A semifluid balsam from Myroxylon 
 (Myrospermum, Bichard) Toluifera, Kunth; Tolu- 
 ifera Balsamum, Miller. Nat. ord., Leguminosse, 
 Papilionacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Venezuela and New Grenada. 
 
 Constituents. — Resins, benzylic benzoate, benzylic 
 
 cinnamate, tolene 1 per cent., cinnamic and benzoic 
 
 acids. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. j 
 
 Syrupus Tolutanus (Tine. f3ij-Oi). Dose, f3ss-i. 
 Tinctura Tolutana (3iss-Oi). Dose, f3i. 
 Tinctura Benzoini Composita (Tolu 3ss-Oi). 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 43 
 
 Action and Uses. — Stimulant, expectorant, vulner- 
 ary. 
 
 Agreeable flavoring to cough mixtures, especially 
 in the form of syrup. 
 
 BELLADONNA.— Belladonna. 
 
 Origin. — Leaves and root of Atropia Belladonna, 
 Lin. Nat. ord., Solanacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Central and Southern Europe; in woods. 
 
 Constituents. — Atropia 0.2 to 0.6 per cent., bella- 
 donnia, starch. Atropia, C 17 H 23 N0 3 , white, crys- 
 talline, soluble in ether, chloroform, alcohol, and 
 water; yields tropic acid and tropina. 
 
 Leaves (in addition to above): mucilage, wax, al- 
 bumen, asparagin (?), ash 14 per cent. 
 
 Belladonna Folia — leaves of Atropa Belladonna, 
 U. S. 
 
 Belladonna Radix — root of Atropa Belladonna 
 (two years old), U. S. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 
 
 Tinctura Belladonna (from leaves, gij-Oi). Dose, 
 gtt. x-xx. 
 
 Extractum Belladonnse (inspissated juice of 
 leaves). Dose, gr. ss-ij. 
 
 Extractum Belladonnse Alcoholicum (of the 
 leaves). Dose, gr. ss-ij. 
 
 Extractum Belladonna Radicis Eluidum. Dose, 
 m.ij. 
 
 Emplastrum Belladonnse (from the root). 
 
 Unguentum Belladonna (from Ext. Belladonnse, 
 3i-3i). 
 
Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 Suppositoria Belladonna (from Ext. Belladonnse 
 Ala, gr. ss). 
 
 Atropia (from the ( Dose, gr. fa (sixtieth), or 
 root). < hypodermically, gr. jh-^ (one 
 
 Atropia Sulphas, (.hundred and twentieth). 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Chemically, fresh 
 animal charcoal, tannin, vegetable astringents, etc.; 
 physiologically, opium, calabar-bean, tartrate of an- 
 timony and potassa. In case of poisoning, rapidly 
 acting emetics should be used at once. Purgatives 
 containing the chemical antidotes should be admin- 
 istered to neutralize any poison remaining in the in- 
 testinal canal. Artificial respiration, cold douches, 
 counter-irritants, and diffusive stimulants, should be 
 resorted to for narcotism. 
 
 The physiological antidotes, being poisons, should 
 be exhibited with great caution. 
 
 Synergists. — Electricity, strychnia, ergot, digitalis, 
 cimicifuga, stramonium, and hysocyamus. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Locally, sedative, applied di- 
 rectly; generally diuretic, dilating the pupil, nar- 
 cotic. Care must be taken to prevent hurtful effects 
 from absorption when applied locally. Its active 
 principle, atropia, is given by mouth or hypoder- 
 mically. 
 
 In mercurial stomatitis, gastralgia, pyrosis, ir- 
 ritative dyspepsia, atropia is recommended: #. 
 Sulph. atropine, gr. i; sulph. zinci, 3ss; aq. dest., 
 fgi. M. S. Three to five drops twice or thrice a 
 day. 
 
 Habitual constipation yields readily to the extract 
 of belladonna combined with other purgatives: #. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 45 
 
 Ext. belladonna, ext. nuc. vom., ext. physostig- 
 mat., aa gr. iij. M. ft. pil. No. vi. S. One at bed- 
 hour. 
 
 Acute nasal catarrh, with profuse secretion: R. 
 Tine, aconit. rad., f3i; tine, belladon., f3ij. M. S. 
 Four drops in water every hour or two. This is 
 good for sore throat also. 
 
 Eecommended in certain nervous disorders. 
 
 Sick headache, due to or accompanied by spasm 
 of the arterioles, manifested by excessive pallor, ver- 
 tigo, and tinnitus aurium: #. Sulph. atropine, gr. ss; 
 chinoidin., 3i. M. ft. pil. No. xl. Sig. One pill two 
 or three times a day. 
 
 Neuralgic dysmenorrhcea, nocturnal incontinence 
 of urine, seminal losses, and certain cutaneous neu- 
 roses, are all benefited by this agent. 
 
 For sweating of phthisis, in doses of one-sixtieth 
 of a grain, as recommended by Bartholow, in his 
 " prize essay," atropia is used with benefit. 
 
 Local application of belladonna arrests excessive 
 secretion. 
 
 BENZOINUM.— Benzoin. 
 
 Origin. — Balsam from Styrax Benzoin, Dryander. 
 Nat. ord.y Styracese. 
 
 Habitat. — Sumatra, Java, probably; also Siam. 
 
 Constituents. — Benzoic acid 12 to 24 per cent, 
 (usually fragrant from adhering volatile oil, sub- 
 limable, sparingly soluble in cold water), vanillin, 
 cinnamic acid, several resins, yielding with potassa 
 (melted) parabenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid and 
 pyrocatechin. 
 
46 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Acidum Benzoicum. Dose, gr. x-xxx. (Enters 
 into Tine. Opii Camphorata.) 
 
 Ammonii Benzoas. Dose, gr. x-xxx. 
 
 Tinctura Benzoini. Dose, f3ss-i. 
 
 Tinctura Benzoini Composita. Dose, f3i-ij. 
 
 Unguentum Benzoini (Adeps Benzoatus, Br.). 
 
 Action and Uses. — Stimulant, expectorant. 
 
 Administered by means of spray atomizer, is 
 useful for bronchitis (deep-seated). 
 
 BISMUTHUM.— Bismuth. Bi. 
 A brilliant grayish -white metal, with a distinct 
 roseate tinge, found in the mines of Saxony, asso- 
 ciated with cobalt, nickel, and silver ores. It is 
 purified for commercial purposes by heating and re- 
 heating with potassium nitrate. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Bismuthi Subcarbonas. Dose, gr. xv-xlv. 
 
 Bismuthi Subnitras. Dose, gr. v-xxx. 
 
 Action and Uses. — To raw or mucous surfaces it 
 is astringent and sedative; internally, sedative, as- 
 tringent. 
 
 In apthse, indigestion, mercurial stomatitis, ten- 
 dency to diarrhea after eating, it is found of great 
 benefit. 
 
 In summer diarrhea of children it is used. 
 
 It should be given before meals when employed 
 in stomach disorders. Milk is a very good vehicle 
 for its administration. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 47 
 
 BROMIDUM.— Bromine. Br. 
 
 A liquid, non-metallic element, obtained from 
 sea-water and some saline springs. It is a dark-red 
 liquid, having a very disagreeable odor; sparingly 
 soluble in water, more so in alcohol, and even more 
 so in ether. 
 
 Dose, gtt. ij-iij, largely diluted in water. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Ammonii Bromidum. Dose, gr. x-xxx. 
 
 Potassii Bromidum. Dose, gr. x-xxx. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Similar, if not identical, with 
 chlorine. Deodorant, antiseptic, escharotic (undi- 
 luted). 
 
 In acute coryza, the vapor of it is used: #. Bro- 
 minii, f3ss; alcoholis, f3iv. M. S. Inhale often at 
 intervals. 
 
 As an escharotic for the removal of chancre, is 
 recommended. Its volatility, fetid odor, and pain 
 after its use as an escharotic, render it objectionable. 
 
 BUCHU.— Buchu. 
 
 Origin. — Leaves of Barosma Betulina, Bartling; 
 B. Crenulata, Hooker; and B. Serratifolia, Willd. 
 Nat. ord., Rutacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Southern Africa. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, resin, mucilage, bitter 
 principle, rutin (?), etc. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 Extractum Buchu Fluidum. Dose, f3ss-i. 
 Infusum Buchu (f«3i to Oi). Dose, f3i-ij. 
 
Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 Action and Uses. — Stimulant, tonic, diuretic, to 
 some extent diaphoretic. 
 
 Useful in chronic inflammations of the genito- 
 urinary tract, it acting eleetively there. 
 
 CALCIUM.— Calcium. Ca. 
 
 A brilliant white metal, proved by Davy to be 
 present in its oxide — lime. Calx, or lime (CaO), is 
 the well-known form used in pharmacy, together 
 with the chalks. 
 
 Calcii Chloridum — chloride of calcium prepared 
 by fusion, U. S. 
 
 Calcii Hypophosphis — hypophosphite of lime. 
 Dose, gr. x-xxx. 
 
 Calx — lime recently prepared by calcination. U. S. 
 
 Calx Chlorinata — a compound by the action of 
 chlorine on the hydrate of calcium; contains 25 per 
 cent, of chlorine, U. S. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Calcis Hydras. Used in pharmacy. 
 Calcis Carbonas Precipitata. Dose, gr. x-3i* 
 Calcis Phosphas Precipitata. Dose, gr. x-xxx. 
 Creta Preparata. Dose, gr. x-xv. 
 Hydrargyrum cum Creta (Hg. 3 parts, chalk 5 
 parts). Dose, gr. x-xxx. 
 Trochischi Cretse. 
 Mistura Cretse. Dose, fgss. 
 Testa Preparata. Dose, gr. x-xv. 
 Liquor Calcii Chloridi. Dose, f3ss-i. 
 Liquor Calcis (lime-water). Dose, f3i-iv. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 49 
 
 Linimentum Calcis (lime-water, f3vij ; linseed oil, 
 f 3 vij). 
 
 Potassa cum Calce. Caustic; used in pharmacy. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. —Acids, acidulous 
 salts and metallic salts. 
 
 In cases of poisoning, vegetable acids — vinegar, 
 lemon-juice, etc. — with demulcents and fixed oils, 
 given freely. 
 
 Synergists. — Alkalies, all agents promoting waste, 
 iodides, etc. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Antacid, disinfectant (chlorinate 
 of lime). 
 
 Excipient in pharmacy. Enters into antacid mixt- 
 ures very extensively. 
 
 CALUMBA.— Columbo. 
 
 Origin. — Root of Jateorrhiza Calumba, Miers. 
 Nat. ord., Menispermacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Eastern Africa, cultivated in some East 
 Indian Islands. 
 
 Constituents. — Columbin (white, crystalline, slight- 
 ly soluble in water), berberina (yellow, crystalline), 
 calumbic acid (colorless, nearly insoluble in cold 
 water), starch, mucilage. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 Extractum Calumbse Fluidum. Dose, m.xv-xxx. 
 Infusum Calumbse (root, 3ij to Oi). Dose, fgss-ij. 
 Tinctura Calumbse (root, gij to Oi). Dose, f3i-ij. 
 
 Antagonists and- Incompatibles. — Those agents 
 which promote destructive metamorphosis. 
 4 
 
50 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 Synergists. — Iron, mineral acids, pepsin, bismuth, 
 etc., and, under some circumstances, the alkalies. 
 Actions and Uses. — Tonic; simple bitter. 
 Having no tannin, it may be combined with iron. 
 
 CAMPHORA.— Camphor. 
 
 Origin. — Cinnamomum (Laurus, Lin.) Camphora, 
 F. Nees et Ebermaier; Camphora officinarum, C. Gr. 
 Nees. Nat. ord., Lauracese. 
 
 Habitat. — China and Japan. 
 
 Constituents. — C 10 H 16 O. Heated with zinc chloride, 
 it yields cymol (C ]0 H 4 ) ; with nitric acid, C y H 12 5 . 
 
 Oleum Camphorae (Camphor oil). Dose, gtt. ij-iij. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Aqua Camphorse (3i to Oi). Dose, fgss-ij. 
 
 Linimentum Camphorse (camph., 1 part; olive-oil, 
 6 parts). 
 
 Linimentum Saponis. 
 
 Mistura Chloroformi (chlorof., fgss; camph., 3i 
 in f3vi). 
 
 Spiritus Camphorse (3ij to Oi). Dose, f3ss-i. 
 
 Tinctura Opii Camphorata (paregoric). Dose, 
 f3i-iv. 
 
 Ceratum Plumbi Subacetatis (Goulard's Cerate). 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Water precipitates 
 it from its spirit solutions; alkaline and earthy salts 
 — sulphate of magnesium — from its aqueous solu- 
 tions. Coffee, cold, arterial sedatives, depressing 
 agents generally. 
 
 Synergists. — Cerebral excitants; opium, alcohol, 
 narcotics. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 51 
 
 Actions and Uses. — Stimulant, antispasmodic, sed- 
 ative, rubifacient, resolvent. Enters into most den- 
 tifrices. 
 
 Though contramdicated in gastro-enteritis, it is 
 advised in diarrheas, flatulence (hysterical), and even 
 the preliminary diarrhea of cholera. It is in these 
 cases usually combined with opium. 
 
 In nervousness, delirium tremens, maniacal excite- 
 ment, melancholia, of doubtful benefit. 
 
 A popular antaphrodisiac (Ricord's formula): Pr. 
 Camphorse, lactucarii, aa si. M. ft. pil. No. xxx. 
 Sig. One, two, or more if necessary. 
 
 A popular local application for almost every 
 thing. 
 
 Camphorated oil is a mild and efficient counter- 
 irritant. 
 
 CANELLA.— Canella. 
 
 Origin. — Bark of Canella Alba, Murray. Nat. ord., 
 Canellacese. 
 
 Habitat. — "West Indies. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, 1 per cent, (contains eu- 
 genic acid); resin, bitter principle, mannite, muci- 
 lage, starch, albumen. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, L t . S. 
 
 Pulvis Aloes et Canellse. Dose, gr. x-xx. 
 Vinum Rhei (rhubarb, 3ij; canelte, 3i to Oi). 
 Dose, f3i-iv. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Tonic, stimulant. 
 Having no tannin, it may be combined with iron 
 or some of its preparations. 
 
Materia Medicd and Therapeutics 
 
 Under the title of Hiera Picra, the powdered aloes 
 and canella is given for amenorrhcea. 
 
 CANNABIS AMERICANA.— American Hemp. 
 
 Origin. — Flowering top of Cannabis Sativa, grown 
 in the United States. 
 
 Like in all respects to Cannabis Indica, except less 
 powerful. 
 
 Officinal Preparation, U. S. 
 
 Extractum Cannabis Americans. Dose, gr. J to J. 
 
 CANNABIS INDICA.— Indian Hemp. 
 
 Origin. — Cannabis Sativa, Lin. Nat. ord., Urtica- 
 cese, Cannabineae. 
 
 Habitat. — Asia, collected in India 
 
 Constituents. — Little volatile oil, brown amorphous 
 resin. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Extractum Cannabis Indicse. Dose, gr. ss. 
 Tinctura Cannabis (gr. iij to f3i). Dose, gtt. x-xx. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Anodyne, nervine, sudorific. 
 
 Like opium, it produces sleep after a preliminary 
 stage of excitement, which lasts longer than that of 
 opium. The difficulty of obtaining a reliable prep- 
 aration precludes any definite rules for its exhibition 
 therapeutically. 
 
 Neuralgias and migraine are thought to be bene- 
 fited by its cautious exhibition. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 53 
 
 CANTHAPIS.— Cantharides. 
 
 Origin. — Cantharis Vesicatoria, De Geer; Lytta 
 Vesicatoria, Fabricius; Meloe Vesicatorius, Lin. 
 Class, insecta; order, beetles. 
 
 Habitat. — Southern and Central Europe, and 
 Western Asia. 
 
 Constituents. — According to Robiquet's analysis: 
 Cantharidin, free acetic and uric acids, fatty matters, 
 yellow viscid matter soluble in water and alcohol, 
 yellow substance soluble in ether and alcohol, black 
 extractive, magnesium and calcium phosphates. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Tinctura Cantharidis. Dose, m.ij-iv. 
 
 Ceratum Cantharidis (for spreading blisters). 
 
 Ceratum Extracti Cantharidis. 
 
 Charta Cantharidis (blistering papers). 
 
 Collodium cum Cantharide. 
 
 Linimentum Cantharidis. 
 
 Emplastrum Picis cum Cantharide. 
 
 Unguentum Cantharidis (3ij in the 3i). 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — There is no chem- 
 ical or physiological antidote — toxic symptoms to be 
 met generally. 
 
 Synergists. — Acids and fats increase its solubility 
 and favor its absorption. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Vesicant, principally; but in 
 chronically inflamed conditions of the genito-uri- 
 nary apparatus, where it acts electively, it has been 
 thought to prove useful. 
 
 Too violent to be used as a diuretic, producing 
 strangury and bloody urine. 
 
54 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 CAPSICUM. — Capsicum. Cayenne. 
 
 Origin. — Fruit of Capsicum Fastigiatum, Blume. 
 Nat. ord.j Solanaceae. 
 
 Habitat. — Probably tropical America; cultivated. 
 
 Constituents. — Capsaicin, fixed oil, waxy matter, 
 resin, coloring matter, trace of volatile oil with odor 
 of Conium. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 
 
 Infusum Capsici. Dose, fgss. 
 
 Oleo-resina Capsici. Dose, gtt. i. 
 
 Tinctura Capsici. Dose, f3i-ij. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Stimulant, stomachic, powerful 
 rubifacient. 
 
 Used in atonic dyspepsia, dyspepsia of chronic 
 alcoholism, flatulent colic in hysterical subjects, de- 
 lirium tremens. 
 
 It is contraindicated in all acute affections of the 
 genito-urinary apparatus; in chronic inflammatory 
 conditions it is advised. 
 
 In functional impotence and spermatorrhoea ex- 
 cellent results are obtained, the oleo-resin being the 
 best form: #. Oleo-resinae capsici, fBi; ergotin (aq. 
 ext.), Bij. M. ft. pil. No. xx. Sig. One three times 
 a day. 
 
 The plaster is an excellent counter-irritant. The 
 infusion is a good gargle in tonsillitis. 
 
 CARBO.— Carbon. 
 Carbo Animalis, Charcoal from Bone, U. S. 
 Used in preparing cinchona sulph., morphia, and 
 quinia sulphas, and santoninum. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 55 
 
 Carbo Ligni, Charcoal from Wood, U. S. 
 Used in preparing acidum sulphurosum and po- 
 tassi iodidum. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 
 
 Carbo Animalis Purificatus. 
 
 Used in making acidum gallicum, digitalinum, 
 strychnia, and veratria. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Antiseptic, deodorizer, decolor- 
 izer. 
 
 Used in dyspepsia, flatulence, but its unsightliness 
 renders it objectionable. 
 
 CARD AMOMUM.— Cardamom. 
 
 Origin. — Fruit of Elettaria (Alpinia, JRoxb.; Amo- 
 mum, White) Cardamomum, Maton. Nat. ord., Zin- 
 giberacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Malabar; cultivated in other parts of 
 India. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, 4 to 5 per cent. ; fixed oil, 
 10 to 11 percent.; starch, albuminoids, mucilage; 
 ash, 15 per cent., containing 0.8 per cent of manga- 
 nese. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Extractum Colocynthidis Compositum. Dose, gr. 
 v-xxx. 
 
 Pulvis Aromaticus. Dose, gr. x-xxx. 
 Tinctura Cardamomi. Dose, f3i-ij. 
 Tinctura Cardamomi Composita. Dose, f3i-iv. 
 Tinctura Gentianse Composita. Dose, f3i-ij. 
 Tinctura Rhei. Dose, f3i-iv. 
 Vinum Aloes. Dose, f3i-3i"- 
 
56 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 Action and Uses. — Stimulant, carminative, stom- 
 achic, flavoring adjunct. 
 
 CAR YOPHYLLUS.— Cloves. 
 
 Origin. — Buds of Eugenia Caryophyllata, Than- 
 berg; Caryophyllus Aromaticus, Lin. Nat. ord., 
 Myrtacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Molucca Islands; cultivated in tropical 
 countries. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, 18 per cent.; tannin, 13 
 percent.; gum, 13 percent.; resin, 6 per cent.; wax, 
 caryophyllin, eugenin. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 Infusum Caryophylli (3ij-Oi). Dose, f3ij. 
 Oleum Caryophylli. Dose, gtt. ij-vi. 
 Spiritus Lavandulee Compositus. Dose, f 3i— ij . 
 Syrupus Rhei Aromaticus (for infants). Dose, f3i. 
 Vinum Opii. Dose, gtt. xv-xxx. 
 Action and Uses. — Stimulant, stomachic, anti- 
 emetic, possibly antispasmodic. 
 
 Good adjunct in flatulence, colic, hysteria. 
 
 CASCARILLA. — Cascarilla. 
 
 Origin. — Bark of Croton Eluteria, Bennett. Nat. 
 ord., Euphorbiacese. 
 
 Habitat. Bahama Islands. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, 15 percent.; cascarillin; 
 resin, 15 per cent.; little tannin, pectin, gum, starch. 
 
 Officinal Preparation, IT. S. 
 Infusum Cascarilte. Dose, f3ij. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 57 
 
 Action arid Uses. — Stimulant, tonic, febrifuge, in 
 large doses a nauseant. 
 
 CATECHU.— Catechu. 
 
 Origin. — The heart -wood of Acacia Catechu, 
 Willd., and A. Suma, Kurz. Nat. ord., Legumino- 
 see, Mimosse. 
 
 Habitat. — India; the second species also in East- 
 ern Africa. 
 
 Constituents. — Catechutannic acid, 50 per cent.; 
 quercetin, catechin, catechu red; ash, 0.6 per cent. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Infusum Catechu Compositum. Dose, fgi-iij. 
 Tinctura Catechu. Dose, f3i-iij. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Mineral acids; 
 salts of lead, silver, and antimony; persalts of iron, 
 alkalies, chemically; vegetable alkaloids, and gela- 
 tine, therapeutically. 
 
 Synergists. — Tonics, bitters, agents increasing 
 waste. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Tonic, astringent. 
 
 Much used in relaxed conditions of mucous mem- 
 branes; especially used in diarrhea. 
 
 CERIIM.— Wax. 
 
 Cera Alba. Yellow wax, bleached. U. S. 
 Cera Flava. A peculiar concrete substance pre- 
 pared by Apis mellifica. II. S. 
 
 Wax is a good excipient, and is made the basis of 
 
58 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 cerates. It enters also into pills, ointments, plas- 
 ters, and suppositories. It also affords the mechan- 
 ical dentist a substance with which to take impres- 
 sions, though latterly it has almost been supplanted 
 by plaster Paris. 
 
 Wax is an ancient remedy for dysentery. 
 
 CERIUM.— Cerium. 
 
 A metal discovered in 1803, by three chemists 
 simultaneously, of which only the oxalate is used in 
 pharmacy. 
 
 Cerii Oxalas. Dose, gr. i-iij. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Sedative, in vomiting of preg- 
 nancy. 
 
 It is given in powder, pill, or suspended in muci- 
 lage. It cannot be relied on, because of its frequent 
 combination with salts of lauthanum, didymium, or 
 other minerals. 
 
 CETRARIA.— Iceland Moss. 
 
 Origin. — Cetraria Islandica, Acharius. Nat. ord., 
 Lichenes. 
 
 Habitat. — Northern hemisphere. 
 
 Constituents. — Lichenin; cetraric acid, 2 per cent, 
 (crystalline, bitter); lichen-stearic acid, 1 per cent.; 
 fumaric acid, oxalic acid, sugar; cellulose, 16 per 
 cent. ; ash, 1 to 2 per cent. 
 
 Officinal Preparation, U. S. 
 Decoctum Cetrarise. Dose, f3ss-iv. 
 Action and Uses. — Demulcent, tonic, nutritive. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 59 
 
 CHENOPODIUM.— Worm-seed. 
 
 Origin. — Fruit of Chenopodium Ambrosioides, 
 Lin.; Var. Anthelminticum, Gray. Nat. ord., Che- 
 nopodiacese. 
 
 Habitat. — West Indies and Central America; nat- 
 uralized in the United States. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, sp. gr. 0.91; consists 
 of C 10 H 16 and C 10 H 16 O. 
 
 Dose, in substance, gr. xx-xl. 
 
 Officinal Preparation, U. S. 
 Oleum Chenopodii. Dose (for child), gtt. v-x. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Anthelmintic. 
 
 A popular remedy for lumbricoides, given night 
 and morning for two or three days, then followed by 
 a brisk cathartic. 
 
 CHIMAPHILA.— Pipsissewa. 
 
 Origin. — Leaves of Chimaphila Umbellata, Nut- 
 tall. Nat. ord., Ericaceae. 
 
 Habitat. — Northern continents. 
 
 Constituents. — Arbutin, ericolin, urson, tannin, chi- 
 maphillin (yellow, tasteless, volatile prisms), sugar, 
 gum, etc. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Decoctum Chimaphilae. Dose, fgij-iv. 
 Extractum Chimaphilse Fluidum. Dose, m. xx-xl. 
 
 Actions and Uses. — Astringent, tonic, alterative, 
 diuretic, nephritic. 
 
 Winter-green is an Indian remedy for scrofula, 
 
60 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 rheumatism, and nephritic affections; also, a diu- 
 retic in dropsy. 
 
 CHLORAL. — Chloral (Hydrate). 
 
 Chloral (C 2 HC1 3 0.H 2 0) was discovered by Leibig 
 in 1832; soon after, he and Dumas determined its 
 production and composition. It was introduced as 
 a therapeutic agent by Dr. Leibreich, of Berlin, a few 
 years ago. 
 
 It is formed by dry chlorine being passed into ab- 
 solute alcohol; and by continuing this, three atoms 
 of hydrogen are abstracted from the resulting alde- 
 hyd, with the formation of hydrochloric acid, and 
 are replaced by three atoms of chlorine, producing 
 chloral. It is subsequently purified and hydrated. 
 
 Chloral hydrate occurs in white, crystalline masses, 
 soluble in four parts of chloroform, and in less than 
 its own weight of water, alcohol, and ether. In 
 water or glycerine, it dissolves morphia, veratria, 
 and other alkaloids. 
 
 Antagonists and Incomp edibles. — The depression of 
 heart and respiration caused by chloral is met by 
 alcoholic stimulants, ammonia, atropia, galvanism, 
 and artificial heat. 
 
 Leibreich held strychnia, used hypodermically, to 
 be antagonistic. 
 
 Synergists. — The hypnotics, notably opium and 
 anaesthetics, especially when given simultaneously. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Locally, antiseptic, and, by some 
 authorities, sedative; generally, hj^pnotic, sedative. 
 
 Leibreich thought, from the action of an alkali 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 61 
 
 upon chloral, that the soda of the blood would split 
 it up into chloroform and formic acid. The follow- 
 ing objections to this theory seem to invalidate it: 
 
 1. The effects of chloral differ from those produced 
 by a corresponding quantity of chloroform. 
 
 2. After its administration, there is no elimination 
 of chloroform by breath or urine. 
 
 3. It is more decidedly hypnotic, and much less 
 anaesthetic, than chloroform. 
 
 4. Its crystals have been recognized in the blood, 
 and the products of its decomposition recovered 
 from the urine. 
 
 The "chloral habit" must be guarded against in 
 all cases where its use is to be prolonged. 
 
 Valuable in seasickness, in from fifteen to thirty 
 grain doses, every four hours. 
 
 Effective in cholera, especially w^hen combined 
 with morphia. #. Chloral hydrat., 3iij; morph. 
 sulph., gr. iv; aq. laur.-cerasi, f3i. M. Sig. From 
 15 to 20 minims in water every three or four hours. 
 
 As a pure hypnotic is unequaled in sleeplessness, 
 delirium tremens, acute mania, etc. 
 
 Chloral and camphor, rubbed together, produce an 
 oily fluid that is a good local anaesthetic. 
 
 CROTON CHLORAL.-^Croton Chloral. 
 
 A substance obtained bypassing a stream of chlo- 
 rine through acetic aldehyd for twenty-four hours, 
 separating and purifying the oleaginous fluid (butyl- 
 chloral, or croton-chloral) which is formed, and con- 
 verting it into hydrate. 
 
62 Materia Mech'ca and Therapeutics 
 
 It was first obtained by Kramer and Pinner, in 
 1870, when they thought it was croton-chloral, but 
 subsequently decided it to be trichlor-butylaldehyd, 
 which is butylaldehyd with 3H replaced with 3C1. 
 The hydrate contains a little over 9 per cent, of 
 water. 
 
 It occurs in small, brilliant tabular crystals, sol- 
 uble, but not freely so, in water; and, as respects 
 antagonists and incompatibles, may be classed with 
 chloral hydrate. 
 
 Dose, gr. ij-xv, largely diluted in water. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Is feebler and less certain, 
 though resembling chloral hydrate. According to 
 Leibreich, it has special action on the sensory di- 
 visions of the fifth nerve; hence, used in facial neu- 
 ralgias with success. It may be substituted for the 
 hydrate when heart involvements are present. A 
 combination of the two acts happily as a hypnotic, 
 better than either alone. On account of its bitter 
 taste, it is well to mask it in glycerine or syrup 
 flavored with peppermint; or, still better, the syrup 
 of licorice-root. The following mixture may be 
 used: Butyl-chloral hydrate, 5 to 10 parts: glycer- 
 ine, 20 parts; distilled water, 130 parts; to be well 
 shaken. 
 
 CHLORINUM.— Chlorine. CI. 
 
 An elemental gas, powerfully decolorizing, irri- 
 tating, and suffocating; also disinfecting, for which 
 it is most used. 
 
 Aqua Chlorinii, II. S. Dose, f3i-iv. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 63 
 
 CHLOROFORMUM.— Chloroform. CHCL 
 
 Chloroform was discovered by Soubeiran in 1832; 
 analyzed by Dumas, 1834; used as an anaesthetic in 
 1847, at the suggestion of Turnell, by Lawrence 
 and Holmes Coate in London. It was introduced 
 for this purpose in obstetric practice by the late Sir 
 J. Simpson. 
 
 Formerly procured by the action of caustic alka- 
 lies on chloral, but prepared now by the distillation 
 of diluted alcohol with chlorinated lime. 
 
 CHLOROFORMUM VENALE.— Commercial 
 Chloroform. 
 
 A colorless liquid, varying sp. gr. from 1.45 to 
 1.49. Shaken with an equal volume of officinal sul- 
 phuric acid in a bottle closed with glass stopper, it 
 forms a mixture which separates by rest into two 
 layers, the upper one colorless, and the lower one 
 (the acid) of a brownish hue, which after twenty- 
 four hours becomes darker, but never quite black. 
 
 CHLOROFORMUM PURIFICATITM.— Purified 
 Chloroform. 
 A colorless volatile liquid, not inflammable, of a 
 bland, ethereal odor, and hot, aromatic, saccharine 
 taste. Sp. gr. 1.48. Slightly soluble in water, free- 
 ly so in alcohol and ether. In the experiment above 
 no color is imparted to either. It dissolves gutta- 
 percha, caoutchouc, etc. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 Mistura Chloroformi (f3ss to f3vi). Dose, fjss. 
 
64 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 Spiritus Chloroformi (fji to fgxii, U. S.; f3i to 
 fgxx, Br.). Dose, f3ss-i. 
 
 Linimentum Chloroformi (f chloroform, f olive- 
 oil). 
 
 Liquor Gutta-perchae. And in preparing Atro- 
 pia. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatible s. — It separates when 
 prescribed with weak spirits or glycerine. It is sol- 
 uble in alcohol (ten to six), in ether (one to seven), 
 in water (one to two hundred). Dissolves freely 
 with olive-oil and turpentine, but does not mix with 
 glycerine. It dissolves caoutchouc, gutta-percha, 
 mastic, tolu, benzoin, copal, among the gums; io- 
 dine, bromine, the organic alkaloids; fixed and vol- 
 atile oils, resins, and fats. 
 
 There is no chemical antidote; artificial respira- 
 tion, cold affusion, and galvanism may be employed. 
 
 Synergists. — Anesthetics, opium, chloral, alcohol, 
 etc. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Counter-irritant, anaesthetic, 
 stimulant, sedative, antispasmodic. (See Anaesthe- 
 sia.) 
 
 Flatulent colic: #. Chloroformi, tine, cardamom, 
 comp., aa f3ij. M. S. Teaspoonful every hour, in 
 water. 
 
 Irritable ulcer of rectum and itching about the 
 anal region: #. Ung. zinci oxid., 3i; chloroform, 
 f3i. M. ft. unguentum. 
 
 Neuralgia, by Bartholow's deep injection: Inject 
 deeply in the region of the affected part five to fif- 
 teen minims of pure chloroform. The consequent 
 pain and swelling slowly disappear. Chronic cases 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 65 
 
 are successfully treated thus, especially tic-doulou- 
 reux, but of any nerves. 
 
 Ointment for pruritus: #. Chloroformi, m.vi; cu- 
 cumber cerat., Si. M. S. Apply. Or: #. Plumbi 
 carbonat., 3ss; chloroformi, m.iv; ung. rosse aq., 
 f3i. M. S. Apply. Also : Take of acetate of mor- 
 phia one part, of chloroform eight parts, lard sixty 
 parts, and oil of sweet almonds forty parts. Mix, 
 and apply several times a day. 
 
 CIMICIFUGA.— Black Snakeroot. 
 
 Origin. — Root of Cimicifuga Racemosa, Elliott. 
 Nat. ord., Ranunculaceae. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, in rich woodlands. 
 
 Constituents. — Crystalline principle not precipi- 
 tated by lead acetate; soluble in chloroform and 
 alcohol, the solution intensely acrid; resin, tannin, 
 starch, gum. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Extractum Cimicifugse Fluidum. Dose, f3ss-i. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — As its prepara- 
 tions contain tannin and gallic acids, they are in- 
 compatible with iron. Stimulants, as alcohol, am- 
 monia, antagonize therapeutically. 
 
 Synergists. — Its action lies between digitalis and 
 ergot; hence it is assisted by cold, digitalis, ergot, 
 belladonna, etc. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Alterative, emmenagogue, sed- 
 ative, antispasmodic, and in large doses emetic. 
 
 Decoction, not officinal, has been used consider- 
 ably with benefit in chorea in children. 
 5 
 
66 Materia Meclica and Therapeutics 
 
 CINCHONA.— Cinchona. 
 Syn. Peruvian, Cinchona Barks. 
 
 Origin. — (1) Bark of the trunk of Cinchona Cal- 
 isaya, Weddell; (2) bark of the branches of C. Offici- 
 nalis, Hooker; (3) bark of the trunk of C. Succiru- 
 bra, Pavon. Nat. ord., Rubiaeese, Cinchoneae. 
 
 Habitat. — 1. North-eastern Bolivia and South- 
 eastern Peru; altitude, 5,000 to 6,000 feet. 2. Ec- 
 uador, chiefly in the neighborhood of Loxa. 3. 
 Ecuador, west of Chimborazo; altitude, 2,500 to 
 5,000 feet. 
 
 Constituents. — Kinic (quinic) acid, kinovic (quino- 
 vic) acid, kinovin (quinovin), cinchotannic acid, cin- 
 chona red, volatile oil, guru, sugar, wax; ash, 2 to 3 
 per cent. 
 
 The most important constituents are these five 
 alkaloids: quinia and quinidia (conquinamina), cin- 
 chonia and cinchonidia, and quinarnina. 
 
 Cinchona Flava. The yellow (Calisaya) bark of 
 Cinchona. U. S. 
 
 Cinchona Pallida. The pale bark of Cinchona. U.S. 
 
 Cinchona Rubra. The red (succirubra) bark of 
 Cinchona. U. S. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Cinchonise Sulphas. Dose, gr. ij-xxx. 
 Deeoctum Cinchonse Flavse. Dose, f3ij-iv. 
 Extractum Cinchonee. Dose, gr. v-xv. 
 Extractum Cinchonse Fluidum. Dose, gtt. ij-xv. 
 Infusum Cinchonee Elavse. Dose, fgij. 
 Quinise Sulphas. Dose, gr. i-xx. 
 Pilulae Quinine Sulphatis (each, gr. i). 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 67 
 
 Tinctura Cinchona. Dose, f 3i— ij . 
 Of the red bark: 
 
 Decoctum Cinchonse Rubrse. Dose, f3ij-iv. 
 
 Infusum Cinchunae Rubrse. Dose, f3ij. 
 
 Tinctura Cinchonee Composita. Dose, f 3i— ij . 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Substances con- 
 taining free tannic acid should not be administered 
 with the infusion or decoction. Preparations of 
 iodine (tincture or comp. tincture) form insoluble 
 compounds. The alkalies, alkaline carbonates, and 
 alkaline earths, precipitate the alkaloids. 
 
 Therapeutically, by mercury, the iodides, and salts 
 of copper, zinc, and lead. 
 
 Gubler has shown that morphia and quinia are 
 antagonists, with respect to their effect on the brain. 
 In their effect on the sympathetic system, the heart, 
 and the temperature, quinia and belladonna and its 
 alkaloids are antagonistic. 
 
 Synergists. — Agents which promote constructive 
 metamorphosis, bitters, irons, arsenic, and the acids. 
 
 Action and, Uses. — Astringent, tonic, antiperiodic, 
 antiseptic, febrifuge, bitter. 
 
 The specific in the treatment of malarial affec- 
 tions. Except for bitters, the alkaloids have sup- 
 planted the bark. 
 
 Quinia combines with its synergists to make ton- 
 ics, efficient and popular. 
 
 CIKNAMOMUM.— Cinnamon. 
 Origin. — Bark of Cinnamomum Zeylanicum, Nees. 
 Nat. ord., Lauraceee. 
 
Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 Habitat. — Ceylon; cultivated. 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, etc. 
 Oleum Cinnamomi. Dose, gtt. i-ij. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 
 
 Tinctura Cinnamomi (3iss to Oi). Dose, f3i-ij. 
 
 Aqua Cinnamomi. As a vehicle. 
 
 Pulvis Aromaticus (cinnamon, ginger, each 2 
 parts; cardamom and nutmeg, each 1 part). Dose, 
 gr. x-xx. 
 
 Confectio Aromatica (pulv. aromat. and honey). 
 
 Spiritus Cinnamomi (oil, 3i to Oi). Dose, f3i-ij. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Mild astringent, aromatic. Used 
 in flavoring. 
 
 COLCHICUM.— Colchicum. 
 
 Origin. — Root and seed of Colchicum autumnale, 
 Lin. Nat. ord., Melanthacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Southern and Central Europe. 
 
 Constituents. — Root: starch, gum, resin, sugar, fat, 
 colchicia. Leaves: fixed oils, 6 to 8 per cent. ; gum, 
 sugar, colchicin and its derivatives. 
 
 Colchici Radix. The corm of Colchicum autum- 
 nale. U. S. 
 
 Colchici Semen. The seed of Colchicum autum- 
 nale. U. S. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Extractum Colchici Actum (of the root). Dose, 
 
 gr. i-ij. 
 
 Extractum Colchici Radicis Fluidum. Dose, 
 m.ij-iv. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 69 
 
 Vinum Colchici Radicis (f3vi to Oi). Dose, gtt. 
 x-xv; purg., m.xxx. 
 
 Extractum Colchici Seminis Fluidum. Dose, 
 m.ij-vi. 
 
 Tinctura Colchici (seeds, gij to Oi). Dose, f3ss-i. 
 
 Vinum Colchici Seminis (seeds, 3ij to Oi). Dose, 
 f3ss-iss. 
 
 Antagonists and Incomjp edibles.— Tannic acid by com- 
 bination retards, but does not prevent, absorption. 
 
 In poisoning, emetics, purgatives, and demul- 
 cents, followed by opium and alcohols to meet heart 
 depression.* 
 
 Synergists. — Alkaloids that are gastro- intestinal 
 irritants and heart depressants — veratria, aconitia, 
 etc. ; therapeutically, emetics, purgatives, and alka- 
 lies. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Cathartic, emetic, sedative. 
 
 Used also in gout and rheumatism. 
 
 COLOCYNTHIS.— Colocynth. 
 
 Origin. — Fruit, deprived of its rind, of Citrullus 
 Colocynthis, Schrader; Cucumis Colocynthis, Lin. 
 Nat. ord., Cucurbitaceee. 
 
 Habitat. — Southern and Western Asia, and North- 
 ern Africa. 
 
 Constituents. — Colocynthin, resin, colocynthitin 
 (tasteless, crystalline resin), pectin, gum; ash, 11 per 
 cent. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 
 
 Extractum Coloeynthidis (alcoholic). In com- 
 bination only. 
 
70 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 Extractum Colocynthidis Compositum. Dose, 
 gr. v-xxx. 
 
 Pilulse Catharticae Composite. Dose, 1 to 3 pills. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Drastic purgative, in large 
 doses, emetic and irritant. 
 
 Never used alone, but in combination with other 
 purgatives; as a derivative purgative is best. 
 
 CONIUM.— Hemlock. 
 
 Origin. — Leaves and green-dried fruit of Conium 
 Maculatum, Lin. Nat. ord., Umbelliferae, Campy- 
 lospermse. 
 
 Habitat. — Asia and Europe; naturalized in North 
 America. 
 
 Constituents. — Leaves: Conia (minute quantity), 
 volatile oil(not poisonous), albumen, mucilage; ash, 
 12 per cent. Fruit: Conia, I to j| per cent.; methyl- 
 conia, conhydrina, little volatile oil, fixed oil. 
 
 Conii Folia. The leaves of Conium Maculatum. 
 U. S. 
 
 Conii Fructus. The full-grown fruit of Conium 
 Maculatum, gathered while green and carefully 
 dried. IT. S. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Extractum Conii Fructus Fluidum. Dose, m.i-v. 
 
 Extractum Conii (of the leaves). Dose, gr. i-ij. 
 
 Extractum Conii Alcoholicum (leaves). Dose, 
 
 gr- i-ij- 
 
 Succus Conii. Dose, f3ss-i. 
 
 Tinctura Conii (3ij to Oi). Dose, f3ss-i. 
 
 Antagonists and Incomvatibles. — The caustic alka- 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 71 
 
 lies, tannic acid, chemically; nux vomica, its alka- 
 loids strychnia and brucia, picrotoxine and the te- 
 tanizing agents in general, physiologically. 
 
 Synergists. — Gelsemium, tobacco, veratrum viride, 
 aconite, methylstrychnia, hydrocyanic acid, and 
 opium. 
 
 Action and Uses.- — Sedative, narcotic. 
 
 It acts upon the nervous system electively, and is 
 found useful in most, if not all, nervous affections. 
 
 COPAIBA.— Copaiba. 
 
 Origin. — Oleo-resin of (1) Copaifera Langsdorffii, 
 Desf.; (2) Cop. Officinalis, Lin., and other species 
 of Copaifera. Nat. ord., Leguminosee, Caesalpinese. 
 
 Habitat. — 1. Brazil; 2. Venezuela and New Gra- 
 nada. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, bitter principle (soluble 
 in water), resins, bitterish and mostly amorphous; 
 copaivic, oxy-copaivic, and meta-copaivic acids are 
 crystalline. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 
 
 Oleum Copaiba. Dose, m.iij-xv. 
 
 Pilulse Copaibse (each, gr. ivss). Dose, 3 to 5 
 pills. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Agents increasing 
 waste and vaso-motor depressants. 
 
 Synergists. — Oils of cubeb and sandal-wood, stim- 
 ulants. 
 
 Action and, Uses. — Stimulant, expectorant, diuret- 
 ic, diaphoretic, laxative, and nauseant. 
 

 72 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 In gonorrhea, after the subsidence of the acuter 
 symptoms, we find its most useful field. A good 
 formula: R. 01. copaiba, ol. cubebee, et ol. sant. 
 flaw, aa f3i.; magnesise, 3ij. M. ft. pil. No. lx. S. 
 2 pills every 4 hours. 
 
 The nauseous taste and irritation that follow its 
 use render it objectionable. Another objection is 
 that it causes a roseola, or urticaria, to break out, 
 occasionally, in subjects with tender skins. 
 
 COPTIS.— Gold-thread. 
 
 Origin. — Coptis Trifolia, Salisbury. Nat. ord., 
 Ranunculacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Northern continents. 
 
 Constituents. — Berberina, coptina (white alkaloid), 
 resin, sugar, etc.; ash, 4 to 5 per cent.; no tannin. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Nitrate of silver 
 and acetate of lead. Agents promoting waste or 
 destructive metamorphosis, in general. 
 
 Synergists. — Iron, mineral acids, pepsin, bismuth, 
 etc., and under some circumstances the alkalies. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Tonic (indigenous), bitter, re- 
 sembling quassia. 
 
 May be given in substance (gr. x-xxx), infusion 
 (3i to Oi; dose, f3i-ij), and tincture (3i to Oi; dose, 
 f3i-ij). 
 
 CORIANDER.— Coriander. 
 
 Origin. — Fruit of Coriandrum Sativum, Lin. Nat. 
 ord , Umbelliferee, Ccelospermse. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 73 
 
 Habitat. — Central Asia and Southern Europe; 
 cultivated. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, J to 1 per cent.; fat, 
 13 per cent.; mucilage, etc. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Carminative, stimulant, stom- 
 achic. 
 
 Dose, 9i-3i; rarely used, except in combination. 
 
 CORNUS FLORIDA.— Dogwood. 
 
 Origin. — Bark of Cornus Florida, Lin. Nat. ord. y 
 Cornacese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, in woods. 
 
 Constituents. — Cornin; tannin, 3 per cent.; resin, 
 gum, etc. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Decoctum Cornus Florida. Dose, f3ij. 
 
 Extractum Cornus Florida Fluidum. Dose, f 3ss. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles.— Agents promoting 
 waste. 
 
 Synergists. — Iron, mineral acid, pepsin, bismuth, 
 and under some circumstances the alkalies. 
 
 Actions and Uses. — Astringent, tonic, bitter, febri- 
 fuge. 
 
 Has been recommended as a substitute for quini#. 
 
 CREASOTUM.— Creasote. 
 
 Obtained by the destructive distillation of differ- 
 ent species of Pinus, is a thick viscid semifluid 
 called tar, in which creasote is found. Sparingly 
 soluble in water, freely so in alcohol and ether. 
 
74 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Aqua Creasoti (m. f to f3i). Dose f3i-iv. 
 
 Unguentum Creasoti (f3ss to lard 3i). 
 
 Action and Uses. — 'Disinfectant, antiseptic. 
 
 It has been superseded almost entirely by carbolic 
 acid. Its antagonists, incompatibles, and synergists 
 may be reckoned as identical with those of that acid. 
 
 The ointment is used in scaly eruptions. 
 
 CITBEBA.— Cubeb. 
 
 Origin. — Unripe fruit of Cubeba Officinalis, Mi- 
 quel. Nat. ord., Piperacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Java; cultivated. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, 5 to 15 per cent.; resin, 
 3 per cent.; cubebic acid, 1 to 3 per cent.; cubebin, 
 fat, wax, etc. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Extractum Cubebse Fluidum. Dose, f3ss-ij. 
 
 Oleo-resina Cubebse (8 times strength of powder). 
 Dose, m. x-xx. 
 
 Oleum Cubebse. Dose, gtt. x-xij. 
 
 Tinctura Cubebae. Dose, f3ss-ij. 
 
 Trochischi Cubebee (each, gtt. i of the oleo-resin.) 
 
 Action and Uses. — Stimulant, local irritant, car- 
 minative (volatile oil), diuretic (resin and cubebic 
 acid), laxative (medium dose). In chronic inflam- 
 mations of the mucous surfaces, it is almost univers- 
 ally used, viz.: nasal catarrh, by insufflation; atonic 
 dyspepsia; catarrh of colon and rectum; catarrh of 
 bladder; and in gonorrhea, in the oleo-resin, or oil. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 75 
 
 CUPRUM.— Copper. Cu. 
 
 Copper is found in nature as native copper, and 
 in various ores. It is a reddish metal, sp. gr. 8.95, 
 malleable, ductile, and of fair tenacity. Oxidizes 
 in the air, becoming slowly coated with the subear- 
 bonate. Its salts only, especially the sulphate, are 
 used in pharmacy. 
 
 Cupri Subacetas (verdigris), Impure Subacetate. 
 U. S. 
 
 Cupri Sulphas (blue-stone), Sulphate. U. S. 
 Dose, gr. i-J. 
 
 Cuprum. Copper wire, or foil. U. S. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Cuprum Ammoniatum. Dose, gr. ^-J. 
 
 Copper is used in preparing Spts. ^Etheris Ni- 
 trosi. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Alkalies and their 
 carbonates, lime-water, mineral salts (except sul- 
 phates), iodides, and most astringent vegetables. 
 
 In poisoning, albumen, milk, freely given, fol- 
 lowed by emesis or stomach-pump. 
 
 The most effective chemical antidote is ferro-cya- 
 nide of potassium, forming the insoluble ferro-cya- 
 nide of copper. 
 
 Synergists. — Salts of lead, tin, zinc, mercury, sil- 
 ver, gold; as they all promote destructive metamor- 
 phosis, and affect the nervous system secondarily. 
 
 All unfavorable surroundings favor the action of 
 the salts of copper. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Locally, astringent, haemo- 
 static; generally, astringent, emetic. 
 
76 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 Sulphate in small doses at times effective in vom- 
 iting of pregnancy. Dose, gr. ^ (twentieth). 
 
 Sulphate as emetic (gr. J closes) repeated till vom- 
 iting is produced. It has been supplanted by zinc 
 salts, which are better. 
 
 Acute dysentery: #. Cupri sulph., gr. ss; magne- 
 siae sulph., gi; acidi sulph. dil., f3i; aquse, f3iv. M. 
 S. Tablespoonful every four hours. 
 
 Chronic diarrhea or dysentery: #. Cupri' sulph., 
 gr. i; morph. sulph., gr. i; quinise sulph., gr. xxiv; 
 M. ft. pil. No. xij. S. One pill three times a day. 
 The copper may be increased as tolerance is estab- 
 lished. 
 
 DIGITALIS.— Fox-glove. 
 
 Origin. — Leaves of Digitalis Purpurea, Lin. Nat. 
 ord. r Scrophulariacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe, in sandy soil, in edges of 
 woods. 
 
 Constituents. — Digitalin, resin, mucilage, extract- 
 ive, inosite, pectin. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 
 
 Digitalinum (active principle). Dose, gr. ^\. 
 Extractum Digitalis. Dose, gr. i-J. 
 Extractum Digitalis Fluidum. Dose, m. i-ij. 
 Infusum Digitalis (3ij to Oi).. Dose, f3ij-iv. 
 Tinctura Digitalis (gij to Oi). Dose, m. v-x. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Cinchona prepa- 
 rations, acetate of lead, sulphate and tine, chloride 
 of iron, chemically; opium, aconite, lobelia, and the 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 77 
 
 cardiac paralyzers partly; tannic acid and tannates 
 more nearly; but saponine (active principle of Sa- 
 ponaria officinalis) entirely, physiologically. 
 
 Synergists. — Cold, ergot, belladonna. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Diuretic, sedative, narcotic. 
 Especially efficacious as a diuretic in dropsies result- 
 ing from heart involvements. 
 
 Its action is generally explained upon the hy- 
 pothesis of increased blood-pressure, though Brun- 
 ton says it is due to special action on the Malpig- 
 hian tufts. 
 
 In almost all cases of excited circulation the 
 stimulating and tonic effect of digitalis acts most 
 happily to regulate, and finally to relieve. 
 
 ELATERIUM.— Elaterium. 
 
 Origin. — Resin from the fruit of Ecbalium (Mo- 
 mordica, Lin.) Elaterium, Richard. Nat. ord., Cu- 
 curbitacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Western Asia and Southern Europe; 
 cultivated. 
 
 Constituents. — Elaterin, 27 to 33 per cent. ; chloro- 
 phyll; ash, 8 to 10 per cent.; perhaps, also, proph- 
 etin, ecballin, hydro-elaterin, and elaterid. 
 
 Elaterium. Dose, gr. \ (of Clutterbuck's, dose,. 
 
 Elaterin (not officinal). Dose, gr. yg-yV 
 Action and Uses. — Hydragogue cathartic. 
 Used in ascites, or anasarca — general dropsy — to 
 
 carry off fluid. The after exhausting effects have 
 
 to be met with stimulants. 
 
78 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 ERGOTA.— Ergot. 
 
 Origin. — Claviceps Purpurea, Tulasne. Nat. ord., 
 Fungi. 
 
 Habitat. — In the inflorescence of Secale cereale, 
 Lin. j and of other grasses. 
 
 Constituents. — Fixed oil, 30 per cent.; niycose, pro- 
 teids; sclerotic acid, 4 per cent. ; scleromucin, 2 to 3 
 percent.; sclererythrin, T i^ per cent.; scleroiodin, 
 picrosclerotin, sclerocrystallin, and scleroxanthin, 
 ecbolina and ergotina, ergotinia. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Extractum Ergotae Fluidum. Dose, m.x-f3i. 
 
 Yinura Ergotae (fgij fld. ext. in Oi). Dose, f3ss-ij. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Caustic alkalies, 
 metallic salts, chemically; aconite, veratrum viride, 
 tobacco, lobelia, etc., physiologically. 
 
 Synergists. — Electricity, cold, digitalis, belladonna, 
 physiologically; savin, gossypuim, rue, borax, ther- 
 apeutically. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Emmenagogue, ecbolic, partu- 
 rient, haemostatic, poisonous. 
 
 Of late years, it is the haemostatic for oozing 
 hemorrhage, as from the lungs, uterus, etc. 
 
 ERIGERON.— Flea-bane. 
 
 Origin. — Leaves and top of Erigeron Philadelphi- 
 cum, Lin.; Erigeron Annuum, Persoon; and Erige- 
 ron Strigosum, Muhlenberg. Nat. ord., Compositae. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, in fields and pastures. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 79 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Extractum Erigerontis Canadensis Fluidum. 
 Dose, f3ss-i. 
 
 Oleum Erigerontis Canadensis. Dose, gtt. v. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Diuretic, diaphoretic, tonic, 
 astringent. 
 
 EUPATORIUM.— Thoroughwort. Boneset. 
 
 Origin. — Tops and leaves of Eupatorium Perfoli- 
 atum, Lin. Nat. ord., Composite. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, in low grounds. 
 
 Constituents. — Eupatorin (bitter glucoside), vola- 
 tile oil, tannin, gum, sugar, etc. 
 
 Officinal Preparation, IT. S. 
 
 Infusum Eupatorii. Dose, f«?i-ij. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Stimulant, tonic, diaphoretic, 
 emetic, laxative. 
 
 Large dose of the infusion (1 pint) to produce 
 vomiting. 
 
 TEGMENTUM.— Yeast. 
 
 Origin. — Torula (Saccharomyces, Meyen) Cerevis- 
 ise, Turpin. Nat. ord., Fungi. 
 
 Habitat. — In fermenting malt liquors. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Tonic, stimulating, laxative, 
 antiseptic. 
 
 FEKPTTM.— Iron. Fe. 
 
 Iron, found native, is of supposed meteoric origin ; 
 extensive combination with oxygen, sulphur, etc., 
 
80 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 found in ore-beds. Its separation from ores is a 
 rich industry in the world. Hard, dark-gray metal, 
 ductile and malleable, exceeds all other metals in 
 tenacity. Its great utility may, from these proper- 
 ties, be inferred. Sp. gr. 7.8. 
 
 It exists in the animal and vegetable juices, and 
 is an essential element to the blood. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Ferri Chloridum. Dose, gr. v-x. 
 
 Liquor Ferri Chloridi. Dose, m.ij-x. 
 
 Tinctura Ferri Chloridi. Dose, m.x-xl. 
 
 Ferri Citras. Dose, gr. x-xx. 
 
 Liquor Ferri Citratis. Dose, m.x-xl. 
 
 Ferri et Ammonii Citras. Dose, gr. v-x. 
 
 Ferri et Ammonii. Sulphas. Dose, gr. ij-xij. 
 
 Ferri et Ammonii Tartras. Dose, gr. x-xxx. 
 
 Ferri et Potassii Tartras. Dose, gr. x-xxx. 
 
 Ferri et Quinise Citras. Dose, gr. v-xv. 
 
 Ferri et Strychinse Citras. Dose, gr. iij-v. 
 
 Ferri Ferro - cyanidum (Prussian blue). Dose, 
 gr. v. 
 
 Ferri Lactas. Dose, gr. ij-x. 
 
 Ferri Oxalas. Dose, gr. ij-v. 
 
 Ferri Oxidum Hydratum. Dose, gr. v. 
 
 (As an antidote, 20 grains to every 1 of arsenious 
 acid taken.) 
 
 Ferri Phosphas. Dose, gr. v-x. 
 
 Ferri Pyrophosphas. Dose, gr. ij-vi. 
 
 Ferri Subcarbonas. Dose, gr. v-xx. 
 
 Emplastrum Ferri. 
 
 Trochischi Ferri Subcarbonatis. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 81 
 
 Ferri Sulphas. Dose, gr. i-x. 
 
 Mistura Ferri Composita. Dose, f3ss. 
 
 Ferri Sulphas Exsiccata. Dose, gr. i-ij. 
 
 Ferrum Redactum. Dose, gr. i-v. 
 
 Pilute Ferri Carbonatis (Vallet's Mass). Dose, 
 gr. x-xx. 
 
 Pilulse Ferri Composite. Dose, 2 to 6 pills. 
 
 Pilulae Ferri Iodidi (each, gr. i, Iodid. Ferri and 
 gr. A Ferri Redac). 
 
 Syrupus Ferri Iodidi (grs. vijj to f3i). Dose, 
 m.xx-xl. 
 
 Liquor Ferri Nitratis. Dose, m.x-xx. 
 
 Liquor Ferri Subsulphatis (Monsel's Solution). 
 Dose, m.ij-x. 
 
 Liquor Ferri Tersulphatis (to prepare hydrated 
 sesquioxicle). 
 
 Potassii Ferro-cyanidum. Dose, gr. x-xv. 
 
 Ferri Bromidum (unofficinal). Dose, gr. x-xx. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — The carbonate, 
 with acids, acidulous salts, and vegetable astrin- 
 gents; the citrates and tartrates, with mineral acids, 
 alkalies, and their carbonates, tannic acid; the 
 iodides, with acids, acidulous salts, alkalies, and 
 their carbonates, lime-water, vegetable astringents; 
 the tincture of the chloride, with alkalies and their 
 carbonates, lime-water, carbonate of lime, magne- 
 sia and its carbonate; and astringent vegetables, 
 that turn it black. 
 
 Synergists. — Agents that promote constructive 
 metamorphosis, especially animal aliment, the sim- 
 ple, aromatic and astringent bitters, cinchona, man- 
 ganese, bismuth, etc. 
 6 
 
82 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 Action and Uses. — Haematic tonic, astringent 
 (haemostatic and styptic). 
 
 Debility from chronic malarial poisoning: #. 
 Sulph. strychniae, gr. i; arsenic, acid., gr. iij ; ferri 
 redact., 3i; sulph. quiniae, 3iss. M. ft. pil. No. Ix. 
 S. One pill three times a day. 
 
 Epilepsy, in anaemic subjects, it is recommended 
 to combine bromide of potassium and iron: R. Po- 
 tassii brom., 3i; ferri bromid., gr. iv; aq. dest., f3>j; 
 syr. simp., fgvi. M. S. Tablespoonful three times 
 a day. 
 
 In giving iron it is best to administer a brisk ca- 
 thartic every four or five days. 
 
 FILIX MAS.— Male Fern. 
 
 Origin. — Rhizome of (1) Aspidium Filix Mas, 
 Swartz; and (2) Aspidium Margin ale, Willdenow. 
 Nat. ord., Filices. 
 
 Habitat. — 1. Rocky Mountains, Canada, Northern 
 Europe, and Asia. 2. United States. 
 
 Constituents. — Fixed oil, 6 to 7 per cent.; filitan- 
 nic acid, filix red, chlorophyll, filicic acid — these 
 found in the oleo-resina filicis. 
 
 Officinal Preparation, U. S. 
 
 Oleo-resina Filicis. Dose, m.v-xv. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Taenifuge. 
 
 Should be taken fasting, at bed-time, the dose be- 
 ing suspended in milk. 
 
 The following formula acts well in concealing it: 
 R. Ext. filicis liquid (oleo-resina filicis), f3iss; mucil. ■ 
 tragacanth, f3ss; syr. Zingerb., f&ij; aq. dest., ad 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 83 
 
 f3iss. M. S. Taken at bed-hour, after a fast of 
 several hours. 
 
 FCENICULITM.— Fennel. 
 
 Origin. — Fruit of Fceniculum Vulgare, Gartner. 
 Nat ord., Umbelliferae, Orthosperrnee. 
 
 Habitat. — Levant and Southern Europe; culti- 
 vated. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, 2 to 4 per cent. ; fixed 
 oil, 12 per cent.; sugar, mucilage. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 Oleum Fceniculi. Dose, m.v-$:v. 
 Tinctura Rhei et Sennse. Dose, fgss-ij. 
 Aqua Fceniculi (oil, m.xv to Oi). 
 Action and Uses. — Carminative, stimulant, stom- 
 achic, galactogogue. 
 
 In flatulent colic of infants infusion is much used. 
 
 GALBANUM.— Galbanum. 
 
 Ori^m.— Gum-resin from Ferula Galbaniflua, Bois- 
 sier et Buhse, and other species of Ferula. Nat. ord., 
 Umbelliferse, Orthospermse. 
 
 Habitat. — Persia. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, 6 to 9 per cent.; resin, 
 60 to 66 per cent.; gum, 15 to 20 per cent.; umbel- 
 liferon. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Emplastrum Asafoetidse. 
 
 Emplastrum Galbani Compositum (turpentine, 
 Burgundy pitch, lead-plaster). 
 
84 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 Pilulse Galbani Composite (each, galban., gr. iss; 
 myrrh, gr. iss ; asafcetidae, gr. ss). Dose, in substance, 
 gr. x-xx. 
 
 Action and Uses. Stimulant, expectorant, anti- 
 spasmodic. 
 
 GALLA. — Nut-gall. 
 
 Origin. — Excrescences on Quercus Lusitanica, 
 Webb; Var. Infectoria, De Cand.; Q. Infectoria, 
 Olivier. Nat. ord., Cupuliferse. Caused by the punct- 
 ures and deposited ova of Cynips Gallse Tinctorise, 
 Olivier. 
 
 Habitat. — Levant. 
 
 Constituents. — Tannin, 50 to 60 per cent.; gallic 
 acid, 2 to 3 per cent.; mucilage, sugar, resin, starch 
 (in nucleus). 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 Acidum Gallicum (vide page 9). Dose, gr. v-xx. 
 Acidum Tannicum (vide page 17). Dose, gr. i-v. 
 Tinctura Gallee (3ij to Oi). Dose, f3i-iij. 
 Unguentum Gallae (1 to 7 of lard). 
 Unguentum Acidi Tannici (3ss to gi). 
 Glyceritum Acidi Tannici (3ij to 3i). 
 Glyceritum Acidi Gallic! (3ij to gi). 
 Suppositoria Acidi Tannici (each, gr. v). 
 Trochischi Acidi Tannici (each, gr. i). 
 The active principles in galls are tannic and gallic 
 acids, which see for description, etc. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Mineral acids, salts 
 of antimony, lead, and silver, persalts of iron, al- 
 kalies. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 85 
 
 Synergists. — Tonics, bitters, agents that promote 
 waste. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Astringent, styptic. 
 
 (Its further use is but the exhibition of either tan- 
 nic or gallic acids, which see.) 
 
 GAMBOGIA.— Gamboge. 
 
 Origin. — Garcinia Hanburii, Hooker fit.; G. Mo- 
 rella, Desrousseaux; Var. Pedicellata, Hanbury. Nat. 
 ord., Guttiferse. 
 
 Habitat. — Anam, Camboja, and Siam. 
 
 Constituents. — Gum, 16 to 20 per cent.; resin or 
 cambogic acid, about 80 per cent. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Hydragogue cathartic. Dose, 
 in substance, gr. ss-v. 
 
 Gamboge enters in comp. cathartic pills: Calo- 
 mel, gr. i; jalap, gr. i; comp. ext. colocynth, gr. 1J; 
 and gamboge, gr. J, in each pill. Dose, 1 to 4 pills. 
 
 It is rarely prescribed alone, owing to its violence 
 and harshness, but is combined with other cathar- 
 tics that modify its action. 
 
 It is thought to be diuretic in small doses, re- 
 peated at short intervals. 
 
 GAULTHERIA.— Partridge-berry. 
 
 Origin. — Leaves of Gaultheria Procumbens, Lin. 
 Nat. ord., Ericaceae. 
 
 Habitat. — Canada and United States; cool, damp 
 woods. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, arbutin, ericalin, urson, 
 tannki, sugar, gum, etc. 
 
86 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 Oleum Gaultherise. Dose, gtt. v-xx. 
 Syrupus Sarsaparillse Compositas. 
 Trochischi Morphia et Ipecacuanha. 
 Action a,nd Uses. — Stimulant, astringent, aromatic 
 tonic, diuretic, emmenagogue. 
 Chiefly used in flavoring. 
 
 GELSEMIITM.— Yellow Jasmine. 
 
 Origin. — Root of Gelsemium Sempervirens, Alton. 
 Nat. ord. 9 Loganiacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Southern United States. Creeping rhi- 
 zome and rootlets used. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, gelseminia, gelseminic 
 acicl, resin, starch. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 
 
 Extractum Gelsemii Pluidum. Dose, gtt. or 
 m.v-x. 
 
 Tinctura Gelsemii (unofficinal). Dose, gtt. x-xl. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — The caustic alka- 
 lies, tannic acid, chemically; diffusible stimulants, 
 belladonna, digitalis, etc., physiologically. 
 
 Synergists. — Conium, physostigma, tobacco, opi- 
 um, etc. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Nervine, antispasmodic, seda- 
 tive. 
 
 Especially useful in spasmodic coughs, neuralgias 
 of fifth pair, and asthmas. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 87 
 
 GENTIANA.— Gentian. 
 
 Origin. — Root of Gentiana Lutea, Lin.; also, G. 
 Purpurea, Lin.; G. Pannonica, Lin.; G. Punctata, 
 Lin. Nat. ord., Gentianacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Mountains of Central and Southern 
 Europe. 
 
 Constituents. — Gentiopicrin, gentisie acid, pectin, 
 fixed oil. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Extractum Gentianae. Dose, gr. ij-iv. 
 
 Extractum Gentianae Fluidum. Dose, ru.x-xxx. 
 
 Infusum Gentianse Compositum. Dose, f3i-ij. 
 
 Tinctura Gentianse Composita. Dose, f3i-iv. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Sulphate of iron, 
 silver and lead salts; agents which promote waste. 
 
 Synergists. — Iron, mineral acids, pepsin, bismuth, 
 and, under some circumstances, the alkalies. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Aromatic bitter tonic. 
 
 GL YCERINA.— Glycerine. 
 
 A sweet principle obtained from fats and fixed 
 oils. It is a colorless, inodorous, syrupy liquid, sp. 
 gr. 1.25, with chemical formula, C 3 H 8 3 . U. S. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Antiseptic, emollient, solvent, 
 vehicle. 
 
 The basis of the officinal glycerites. 
 
 GLYCYRRHIZA.— Licorice. 
 
 Origin. — Root of Glycyrrhiza Glabra, Lin. Nat. 
 ord., Le^uminospe, Pnpilionace?e. 
 
Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 Habitat. — Southern Europe; cultivated. 
 Constituents. — Glycyrrhizin, about 6 per cent. ; su- 
 gar, starch, asparagin, resin. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, II. S. 
 Extractum Glycyrrhizse Fluidum (for flavoring). 
 Extractum Glycyrrhizse. Licorice. 
 Action and Uses. — Demulcent, expectorant. 
 Especially useful as a vehicle. 
 
 GOS YPII RADICIS CORTEX.— Bark of Cotton- 
 
 ROOT. 
 
 Origin. — Gossypium Herbaceum, Lin., and other 
 
 species of Gossypium. Nat. ord., Malvaceae. 
 
 Habitat. — Subtropical Asia, Africa; cultivated in 
 United States. 
 
 Constituents. — Chromogene becoming red resin; 
 yellow resin, fixed oil, little tannin, sugar, starch. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 
 
 Extractum Gossipii Radicis Fluidum. Dose, 
 f3ss-i. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Emmenagogue, oxytoxic. 
 
 Supposed to be used in the Southern States as a 
 parturifacient. 
 
 GOSSYPIUM.— Cotton. 
 
 Origin. — Filamentous substance from the seed of 
 Gossypium Herbaceum, im., and other species of 
 Gossypium. Nat. ord., Malvaceae. 
 
 Habitat. — Tropical Asia, Africa; cultivated in 
 tropical and subtropical countries. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 89 
 
 Constituents. — Cellulose and fixed oil, 9 to 10 per 
 cent.; the latter removed by repeated boiling with 
 caustic alkali, making " absorbent cotton." 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Pyroxylon. Gun-cotton. 
 
 Collodium. Pyroxylon dissolved in ether and 
 alcohol. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Absorbent cotton is extensively 
 used as a surgical dressing. 
 
 Aurists make of it an artificial membrana tym- 
 
 pani. 
 
 Collodium. — Collodion . 
 
 Collodium cum Cantharide. Blistering Collo- 
 dion. 
 
 Collodium Flexile. Flexible Collodion. 
 
 Its use meets two indications, viz. : (1) To exclude 
 air and hinder scratching; (2) to exert moderate 
 astringency when dried. It is therefore used in 
 small-pox to prevent pitting; in herpes zoster and 
 erysipelas; to abort small boils; to facilitate careful 
 union of incisions. 
 
 The blistering collodion is a counter-irritant. 
 
 GUAIACTJM.— Guaiac. 
 
 Origin. — The heart-wood of Guaiacum Officinale, 
 Lin. Nat. ord., Zygophyllacese. 
 
 Habitat. — West India and Northern South Amer- 
 ica. 
 
 Constituents. — Resin, 20 to 25 per cent.; extract- 
 ive soluble in water, 3 to 4 per cent. 
 
 Guaiaci Lignum. 
 
90 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 Guaiaci Resinse. Resin by spontaneous exuda- 
 tion by incision, by dry heat, or by decoction of the 
 wood. IT. S. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Tinctura Guaiaci. Dose, f3i-ij. 
 
 Tinctura Guaiaci Ammoniata. Dose, f 3i— ij - 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Spirits of nitrous 
 ether, mineral acids. 
 
 Synergists. — Agents which promote cutaneous ac- 
 tivity; its action aided by warmth and warm dilu- 
 ent drinks. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Diaphoretic, alterative, sialo- 
 gogue. 
 
 Used with marked success in tonsillitis, half- 
 drachm doses every four hours; also, chronic gout, 
 rheumatism, lumbago, sciatica, etc. 
 
 As it is acrid and disagreeable, it should be given 
 in emulsion with mucilage, yelk of eggs, or milk. 
 
 GUTTA-PERCHA.— Gutta-percha. 
 
 Origin. — Concrete juice of Dichopsis (Isonandra, 
 Hooker) Gutta, Bentley et Trimen. Nat. ord., Sapo- 
 tacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Malay peninsula and islands. 
 
 Constituents. — A hydro-carbon (C 20 H 32 ), fine white 
 powder, a yellow resin (C 20 H 32 O), and a white crys- 
 talline resin (C 20 H 32 O 2 ). 
 
 Officinal Preparation, U. S. 
 
 Liquor Gutta-perchse (in chloroform). Used in 
 charta sinapis. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 91 
 
 Action and Uses. — Adhesive and protective for 
 wounds; also, for bougies, pessaries, caustic-holders, 
 splints, etc. 
 
 HJSMATOXYLOK— Logwood. 
 
 Origin. — Heart-wood of Hsematoxylon Campechi- 
 anum, Lin. Nat. ord., Leguminosse, Papilionacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Central America; naturalized in the 
 West Indies. 
 
 Constituents. — Hematoxylin, resin, tannin, fat. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Decoctum Hsematoxyli, Dose, f3ij. 
 
 Extractum Hsematoxyli. Dose, gr. x. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Mineral acids, 
 salts of antimony, lead, silver, the persalts of iron, 
 and alkalies. Vegetable alkaloids and gelatine form 
 insoluble precipitates. 
 
 Synergists. — Tonics, bitters; agents that increase 
 waste. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Astringent, tonic. 
 
 Agreeable remedy for diarrhea, and is especially 
 well taken by children. 
 
 Used in combination with other astringents, cate- 
 chu, etc. 
 
 HUMULUS.— Hops. 
 
 Origin. — The Strobiles of Humulus Lupulus, Lin. 
 Nat. ord., TTrticacese, Cannabinese. 
 
 Habitat. — Northern temperate zone; cultivated. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, 0.8 per cent.; resin, 9 
 to 18 per cent.; tannin, 3 to 4 per cent.; ash, 7 to 
 
92 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 10 per cent. The aromatic and bitter virtues reside 
 
 in the glands. 
 
 - Lupulina. The yellow powder from the strobiles. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 
 
 Infusum Humuli (gij to Oi). Dose, ad lib. 
 
 Tinctura Humuli (giss to Oi). Dose, f3ss-ij. 
 
 Extractum Lupulinse Fluidum (3xvi to Oi). Dose, 
 f3ss-ij. 
 
 Oleo-resinse Lupulinse. Dose, m.x-f3i. 
 
 Tinctura Lupulinae (3ij to Oi). Dose, f3ss-ij. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Tonic, sedative anodyne, astrin- 
 gent, anaphrodisiac. 
 
 In the form of a pillow or poultice, hops has 
 long been used, and as such is thought to act hap- 
 pily in restlessness, or slight nervousness. 
 
 With capsicum it is a good substitute, in effect, 
 for alcohol, in old drunkards: fy. Ext. Lupulinee 
 fl'd, tine, capsici, aa f3i. M. S. Teaspoonful when 
 needed. 
 
 HYDRARGYRUM.— Mercury. Hg. 
 
 Mercury is a silver-white metal, liquid at ordina- 
 ry temperatures, and has a specific gravity of 13.5. 
 The Romans and Arabs used it externally; but the 
 Hindoos were the first to use it internally. It 
 occurs native, but usually in ores, the sulphide 
 or cinnabar being most widely known, and the 
 source from which it is obtained, by distillation 
 w r ith iron or lime, for commercial and medicinal 
 purposes. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 93 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 I. IN THE METALLIC STATE. 
 
 Hydrargyrum. Mercury. Quicksilver. 
 
 Emplastrum Ammoniaci cum Hyclrargyri. 
 
 Emplastrum Hyclrargyri. 
 
 Hydrargyrum cum Creta (Hg. 37J per cent.). 
 Dose, gr. x-xxx. 
 
 Pilulse Hyclrargyri (Hg. 33 per cent.). Dose, 1 to 
 3 pills. 
 
 Unguentum Hyclrargyri (Hg. 50 per cent.). 
 
 II. OXIDIZED. 
 Hyclrargyri Oxidum Rubrum. Used externally. 
 Ung. Hyclrarg. Oxidi Rubri (3i-3vij). 
 Hydrargyri Oxidum Flavum. Used externally. 
 Ung. Hydrarg. Oxidi Plavi (3i-3viij). 
 
 III. SULPHUKETTED. 
 
 Hydrargyri Sulpliuretum Rubrum. For fumi- 
 gating. 
 
 IV. AS PBOTOCHLOEIDE (SUBCHLOEIDE?). 
 
 Hydrargyri Chloriclum Mite. Dose, gr. ss-x. 
 
 Pilufe Antimonii Composite (Calomel, 16f per 
 cent.). 
 
 Pilute Cathartica Composite (each pill contains, 
 calomel, ext. jalap, aa gr. i; ext. colocynth. comp., 
 gr. 1^; and gamboge, gr. i), Dose, 1 to 4 pills. 
 
 • V. AS BICHLOEIDE (PEOTOCHLOEIDE [?] 
 PEECHLOEIDE, Br.), 
 
 Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosivum. Dose, gr. 
 i _^ i_ 
 
 2 10* 
 
 Hydrargyrum Ammoniatum. Used externally. 
 Unguentum Hydrarg. Ammoniati (gr. xl to 3i). 
 
94 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 VI. WITH IODINE. 
 
 Hydrargyri Iodidum Bubrum (biniodide). Dose, 
 
 g r - tV 
 
 ling. Hydrarg. Iodi. Rub. (gr. xvi to 3i). 
 
 Liquor Arsenici et Hydrarg. Iodidi (Donovan's 
 
 Solution). Dose, m.v-x. 
 
 Hydrarg. Iodidum Viride (protoiodide). Dose, 
 
 firr. i. 
 
 VII. WITH CYANOGEN. 
 
 Hydrargyri Cyanidum. Dose, gr. y 1 ^-^. 
 
 VIII. WITH ACIDS. 
 Liquor Hydrarg. Nitratis. As a caustic. 
 Ung. Hydrarg. Mtrat. (Citrine Ointment). 
 Hydrarg. Sulphas Flava (Turpeth Mineral). Dose, 
 gr. J-J. As an emetic, dose, gr. ij. 
 
 Oleate of Mercury (unofficinal). 
 
 Of from 5 to 20 per cent, strength, ranging from 
 a pale-yellow color to a deep-yellow, and from an 
 oily fluid to a stiff ointment. An excellent substi- 
 tute for mercurial ointment, clean, and may be 
 scented to taste. In the treatment of syphilis by 
 inunction, this form is to be preferred; the same pre- 
 cautions to be observed as in other treatment. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Corrosive subli- 
 mate, with alkalies, their carbonates, lime-water, 
 tartar emetic, nitrate of silver, acetate of lead, albu- 
 men, iodide of potassium, soaps, various vegetable 
 infusions, including cinchona. 
 
 Calomel, with alkalies, alkaline earths, alkaline 
 carbonates, iron, lead, copper. It should not be 
 given with iodine (forms red iodide), or nitro-muri- 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 95 
 
 atic acid (forms corrosive sublimate). It forms cor- 
 rosive sublimate with the chlorides of potassium, 
 sodium, and ammonium. 
 
 In poisoning by corrosive sublimate, albumen 
 (the white of eggs, four eggs to each grain) should 
 be followed by immediate emesis. 
 
 Physiologically and therapeutically, mercury is 
 opposed by chlorate of potassium, bitter tonics, 
 stimulants, and restorative medicines in general — 
 quinia, iron, etc.; chemically, by iodide of potas- 
 sium, by re-dissolving it in the system. 
 
 Synergists. — Depressing agents, antimony, alka- 
 lies, especially alkaline chlorides. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Mercury has a most diversified 
 range of powers. It is antisyphilitic, antiphlogis- 
 tic, chologogue, and vermicide. 
 
 As an antisyphilitic, it acts by its general catalytic 
 power, first upon lower organisms, then upon new 
 growths, and finally upon normal structures. As 
 the specific for syphilis, it electively antidotes its 
 special entity, whatever it is. 
 
 As an antiphlogistic, it acts by modifying the 
 blood, especially the components of fibrin, and, in 
 some way, the amoeboid wanderings of the leuco- 
 cytes. Absorption is promoted, and lymph does 
 not become organized under its use. 
 
 As a chologogue, it acts by stimulating the bile- 
 producing function of the liver, as it passes out of 
 the system through it, in common with all other 
 glands, kidneys, salivary, liver, pancreas, etc. It 
 stimulates the liver, however, especially, being per- 
 haps the only chologogue per se. 
 
96 Materia Meclica and Therapeutics 
 
 As a vermicide, it destroys the parasite directly; 
 and when it does not succeed in this, it is acknowl- 
 edged to be an excellent adjuvant to vermicides and 
 vermifuges. 
 
 Possessing such extensive powers, this agent is 
 very valuable. But as its power is due principally, 
 if not entirely, to its catalytic nature, care must be 
 observed in its exhibition. It becomes a poison 
 when pushed too far, and should then be withdrawn, 
 or the dose diminished, preferably the latter. Its 
 poisonous effect is first manifested by the blue line 
 along the gum, near the incisors soonest, the fetid 
 breath, and increasing salivation. 
 
 Salivation is but rarely seen in the aged, and nev- 
 er in infants, depending upon shrunken glands in 
 the one, and rudimentary glands in the other, hence 
 it is supposed they escape its catalytic power. But 
 infants do experience its baleful effects in a remote 
 way, seen in imperfect dentures and perverted nu- 
 trition of the tooth-matrices. Their teeth are im- 
 perfect, or are so modified as to yield to decay early. 
 
 Again, salivation may occur during a course of 
 iodide of potassium after a course of mercury, due 
 to the elimination of mercury re-dissolved in the 
 system by it. 
 
 This agent becomes incidentally a tonic. In syph- 
 ilis, by relieving the specific cachexia, and in debil- 
 ity depending upon an obstructed portal circulation 
 and deficient quantity of bile, by its chologogue 
 power. 
 
 By its local excitation in passing through the 
 glands of the intestines, it becomes a purgative. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 97 
 
 HYDRASTIS. — Hydrastis. Golden-seal. 
 
 Origin. — Root of Hydrastis Canadensis, Lin. Nat. 
 ord.y Ranunculacese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, east of the Mississippi, 
 in woodlands. 
 
 Constituents. — Berberina, 3 to 4 per cent.; hydras- 
 tia, xanthropuccina, starch, sugar, etc. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Extractum Hydrastis Fluidum. Dose, f3ij-iv. 
 
 Tinctura Hydrastis (un officinal). Dose, m.x-f3i. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Alkalies, tannic 
 and muriatic acids. 
 
 Synergists. — Vegetable tonics, especially berberis 
 vulgaris and colutnba, both of which contain berbe- 
 rina. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Tonic, deobstruent, alterative, 
 diuretic. 
 
 In combinations, care should be taken to avoid 
 tannic acid. 
 
 In the treatment of subacute inflammations — ca- 
 tarrhs — the tincture or fluid extract (dose 5 to 15 
 drops) is specially useful. 
 
 As an intermittent it ranks close to quinia. 
 
 Used also in debility from acute diseases. 
 
 ICTHYOCOLLA.— Isinglass, 
 
 From the swimming-bladder of Acipenser Huso, 
 and of other fishes. U. S. 
 
 Isinglass is only used in medicine as an article 
 of diet for the sick, and as the basis of glue for 
 court-plaster. 
 
98 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 HYOSCYAMUS.— Henbane. 
 
 Origin. — Leaves and seed of Hyoscyamus Niger, 
 Lin. Nat. ord., Solanacege. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe and Asia; naturalized in North 
 America. 
 
 Constituents. — Hyoscyamia, hyoscypicrin, mucil- 
 age, albumen, from leaves; fixed oil, 25 per cent.; 
 mucilage, proteids, hyoscyamia, from seeds. 
 
 Hyoscyami Folia et H. Semen. II. S. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Extractum Hyoscyami (from the juice). Dose, 
 gr. i-iij. 
 
 Extractum Hyoscyami Alcoholic, (dried leaves). 
 Dose, gr. i-iij. 
 
 Extractum Hyoscyami Fluidum (leaves). Dose, 
 m.v. 
 
 Tinctura Hyoscyami (dried leaves, 3ij to Oi). Dose, 
 f3ss-ij. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Caustic alkalies. 
 Physiologically, physostigma. Opium, within cer- 
 tain limitations. 
 
 In poisoning, these two should be used, followed" 
 by prompt emesis. 
 
 Synergists. — Excito-motors, belladonna, digitalis, 
 ergot, etc. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Anodyne, hypnotic, dilates the 
 pupil, narcotic. 
 
 One of a group — belladonna, stramonium, hyos- 
 cyamus — and is usually combined with them. 
 
 The hypnotic property is taken advantage of in 
 cases of young children, where opium may not be 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 99 
 
 used. It is also combined with purgatives to pre- 
 vent griping. 
 
 IODINUM.— Iodine. L 
 
 A bluish-gray, non-metallic element, usually in 
 scales, obtained principally from ashes of sea-weeds. 
 Obtained by Courtois, in 1812, in the residual liquor 
 of the process of procuring soda from kelp (ashes 
 of sea- weed). Occurs in sea- water, and several 
 kinds of mineral-waters, in sea-weeds, sponge, cor- 
 als, and some moluscous animals. Its name means 
 violet-colored, given because of the color of its va- 
 por. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Tinctura Iodini (3i to Oi). For external use. 
 
 Tinctura Iodini Composita (Iodini, 3ss; iod. po- 
 tas., 3i; alcohol, Oi). Dose, gtt. x-xx. 
 
 Liquor Iodini Compositus (Iodid., 3vi; potas. iod., 
 3iss; aq. dest., Oi). Dose, m. v-xx. 
 
 Unguentum Iodini. 
 
 Unguentum Iodini Compositum. 
 
 Liquor Arsen. et Hydrarg. Iodini (Donovan's Sol.). 
 Dose, gtt. v-x. 
 
 Syrupus Ferri Iodidi (Iod. of iron, gr. vij J to f3i). 
 Dose, m.x-xxx. 
 
 Pilulse Ferri Iodidi (Ferri iod., gr. i; ferri redact., 
 gr. i, in each). 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Mineral acids, me- 
 tallic salts, vegetable alkaloids. 
 
 Its chemical antidote is starch, forming the iodide 
 of starch, which, from danger of absorption, should 
 be removed at once. 
 
100 Materia Medico, and Therapeutics 
 
 Water precipitates the tincture, but dilutes the 
 compound tincture. 
 
 Therapeutically, those remedies which promote 
 constructive metamorphosis, and the vaso- motor 
 tonics, quinia, digitalis, cold, etc. 
 
 Synergists. — Alkalies and other remedies which 
 increase waste. Under some circumstances mercu- 
 rials, especially, are synergistic. 
 
 Action. — Iodine is a powerful sorbefacient, acting 
 upon the entire lymphatic system, composed of ves- 
 sels, glands, and spaces (serous). It modifies the 
 blood much in the manner of mercury, and, by this 
 action upon the fibrin factors and albumen, causes it 
 to turn to even the normal tissues themselves. 
 
 It has also a positive chemical action upon met- 
 als in the system, and, by combination rendered 
 soluble, they are eliminated. This is especially the 
 case with the insoluble albuminates of mercury and 
 lead, which are readily dissolved by the iodides. 
 Partly owing to this power, and partly to an inherent 
 catalytic power, it is antisyphilitic, useful in the 
 secondary or tertiary stage, when specific new 
 growths have begun. This effect obtains after a 
 course of mercury. 
 
 It is disinfectant by coagulating the albumen of 
 the tissues, when applied locally. 
 
 It is also counter-irritant, and even vesicant. 
 
 The iodide of potassium is the best form for its 
 exhibition, as it loses no power by the combination, 
 and is even more readily introduced. Its effect is 
 sometimes manifested by a coryza and considera- 
 ble irritation of nasal and pharyngeal mucous mem- 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 101 
 
 branes. These symptoms, exaggerated by idiosyn- 
 crasy or saturation of the system, become what is 
 known as iodism, which is thought to be due to 
 some occult neurotic effect not thoroughly under- 
 stood. 
 
 As a sorbefacient, it is used in the treatment of 
 goiter, hydrocele, and other chronic enlargements 
 not sensitive to moderate pressure. The first effect 
 is to increase the inflammatory symptoms, but in a 
 few days, at most, they commence to disappear, 
 and the cure is obtained. Some have thought this 
 the result in all cases in which it is effective, and rely 
 on it. 
 
 Dentists employ the tincture to remove tartar 
 from the teeth; to stimulate receding gum; and as 
 an injection in alveolor abscess. In the latter case 
 it is deodorant by the sulphuretted hydrogen re- 
 sulting in a precipitation of sulphur and the forma- 
 tion of hydriodic acid. This acid, it is thought, 
 favors resolution. 
 
 IODOFOEMUM.— Iodiform. 
 
 A terioclide of formyl, occurring in yellow, scaly 
 crystals, with a saffron-like odor. 
 
 Prepared by decomposing an alcoholic solution 
 of iodide of potassium with chlorinated lime. It is 
 insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, ether, and 
 the fixed and volatile oils. Decomposed by heat at 
 250 F., giving off violet vapors. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Local anaesthetic, disinfectant. 
 
 Used as a powder, dusted on; or suppositories, 
 urethral especially (gr. v-x) ; or application in chron- 
 
102 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 ic or irritable inflammations. A twenty per cent, 
 ethereal solution sometimes advised in chronic sore- 
 throat. 
 
 IPECACUANHA.— Ipecacuanha. 
 
 Origin. — Root of Cephselis Ipecacuanha, A. Rich- 
 ard. Nat. ord.j Rubiaceae, Coffese. 
 
 Habitat. — Brazil to Bolivia and New Granada, in 
 damp forests. 
 
 Constituents. — Emetia, 1 per cent.; ipecacuanhic 
 acid, resin, pectin, starch, sugar. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Extractum Ipecacuanhas Fluidum. Dose, gtt. 
 xx-xxx. 
 
 Pulvis Ipecacuanha Compositus. Dose, gr. x. 
 
 (Dover's Powder: Ipecac, 1 part; opium, 1 part; 
 sulph. potash, 8 parts.) 
 
 Trochischi Ipecacuanha. 
 
 Trochischi Morphise et Ipecacuanha (Morph., 
 
 Syrupus Ipecacuanha (fgij ext. to syr. f3xxx). 
 Dose, f3i-f3ss. 
 
 Vinum Ipecacuanhae (fgij ext. to sherry wine 
 f3xxx). Dose, f3i-iv. 
 
 Antagonists and In compatibles. — Salts of lead and 
 mercury, vegetable acids, and astringent infusions. 
 Bismuth, carbolic acid, hydrocyanic acid, and nar- 
 cotics generally, hinder its action. 
 
 Synergists. — The local and systemic emetics. 
 Opium and warm diluents promote its diaphoretic 
 action. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 103 
 
 Action and Uses. — Expectorant, nauseant, emetic, 
 tonic (in small doses, gr. J- to £). 
 
 As an emetic, four grains every half hour, with 
 free ingestion of warm water. 
 
 In epidemic or acute dysentery, large doses (gr. 
 xx to 3i), combined with, or preceded by, an opiate, 
 to obtain tolerance, is used with success; not so 
 good in chronic forms. 
 
 JALAPA. — Jalap. 
 
 Origin. — The tuber of Exogonium Purga, Ben- 
 tham. Nat. ord., Convolvulacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Eastern Mexico. 
 
 Constituents. — Starch, gum, sugar, etc.; resin, 12 
 to 22 per cent.; about one-tenth of the resin is sol- 
 uble in ether and alkaline solutions, and is precipi- 
 tated by acids; the remainder is glucoside con vol v- 
 ulin, which is soluble in alkalies, and converted into 
 convolvulic acids, which are soluble in water. 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Extractum Jalapse. Dose, gr. v-x. 
 
 Pulvis Jalapse Compositus (Jalap 1, and cream of 
 tartar 2 parts). Dose, gr. xx-3i. 
 
 Resina Jalapse. Dose, gr. ij-iv. 
 
 Tinctura Jalapae (powd., 3iij to Oi). Dose, f3i-ij. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Diuretic, hydragogue cathartic. 
 
 Used to carry off excessive fluids in general drop- 
 sy and ascites. 
 
 JUGLANS. — Butternut. 
 Origin. — Inner bark of Juglans Cinerea, Lin. 
 Nat. ord. y Juglandacese. 
 
104 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 Habitat. — North America. 
 
 Constituents. — Mucin, fixed oil, 14 per cent.; trace 
 of volatile oil and tannin. 
 
 Officinal Preparation, U. S. 
 
 Extractum Juglandis. Dose, gr. v-x, laxative; 
 gr. xx-xxx, purgative. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Cathartic, tonic. 
 
 Like rhubarb, it evacuates the bowels without 
 debilitating. Given in decoction, or the officinal 
 extract. 
 
 JUNIPERTJS.— Juniper. 
 
 Origin. — Fruit of Juniperus Communis, Lin. 
 Nat. ord.j Conifers. 
 
 Habitat. — Northern hemisphere. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, J to 2 J per cent.; su- 
 gar, 30 per cent.; resins, 10 per cent.; yellowish 
 juniperin, wax, fat, mucilage, etc. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Infusum Juniperi (berries, 3i to Oi). Dose, 
 fSiv-Oi. 
 
 Oleum Juniperi. Dose, gtt. ij-xv. 
 
 Spiritus Juniperi Compositus (oil, 3iss to Oviij). 
 Dose, f3ij-iv. 
 
 Spiritus Juniperi (oil, fgi to Oiij). Dose, f3ss-ij. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Stimulant, diuretic; externally, 
 anodyne. 
 
 Acts better in combination with other diuretics. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 105 
 
 KINO.— Kino. 
 
 Origin. — Inspissated juice of Pterocarpus Marsu- 
 pium, Roxburgh. Nat. ord., Leguminosae, I^apiliona- 
 ceae. 
 
 Habitat. — East Indies. 
 
 Constituents. — Kino-tannic acid, kino red, pyro- 
 catechin, kinoin: ash, 1.3 per cent. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 
 
 Tinctura Kino (giss to Oi). Dose, f3i. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Mineral acids, 
 salts of antimony, lead, and silver, persalts of iron, 
 and the alkalies; vegetable alkaloids and gelatine 
 form insoluble precipitates. 
 
 Synergists. — Tonics, bitters; agents promoting 
 waste. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Tonic, astringent. 
 
 KRAMERIA.— Rhatany. 
 
 Origin. — Root of (1) Krameria Triandra, Ruiz et 
 Pavon; (2) K. Tomentaso, St. Hilaire. Nat. ord., 
 Polygalaceae, Kramerieae. 
 
 Habitat. — 1. Peru and Bolivia. 2. New Granada. 
 
 Constituents. — Kramero-tannic acid, about 20 per 
 cent. ; rhatanic red, starch. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 
 
 Extractum Krameriae. Dose, gr. v-x. 
 Extractum Krameriae Fluidum. Dose, gtt. xx. 
 Infusum Krameriae (3i to Oi). Dose, f3i-ij. 
 Syrupus Krameriae. Dose, f3ss. 
 Tinctura Krameriae (3iij to Oi). Dose, f3i-ij. 
 
106 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Mineral acids, 
 salts of antimony, lead, and silver, persalts of iron, 
 the alkalies; vegetable alkaloids and gelatine form 
 insoluble precipitates. 
 
 Synergists. — Tonics, bitters; agents increasing 
 waste. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Gently tonic, astringent (due to 
 tannin). 
 
 LACTUCARIUM.— Lactucarium. 
 
 Origin. — Concrete juice of Lactuca Yirosa, Sativa, 
 and Scariola, Lin. Nat. ord., Composite. 
 
 Habitat. — Southern and Central Europe; culti- 
 vated (garden lettuce). 
 
 Constituents. — Lactucin, lactucic acid, lactucerin 
 or lactuon, lactucopicrin, caoutchouc, resin, sugar, 
 mucilage, asparagin, trace of volatile oil; ash, 8 to 
 10 per cent. 
 
 Officinal Preparation, U. S. 
 
 Syrupus Lactucarium (3i to Oi). Dose, f3ss. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Feeble narcotic, laxative, diu- 
 retic. 
 
 Sometimes substituted for opiates in children. 
 
 LAVANDULA. — Lavender. 
 
 Origin. — Flowers of Lavandula Vera, De Candalle. 
 Nat. ord., Labiatse. 
 
 Habitat. — Southern Europe; cultivated. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, 1J per cent.; resin, lit- 
 tle tannin. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 107 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Oleum Lavandulae. Dose, gtt. iij-x. 
 
 Spiritus Lavandulae (is in Mist. Ferri Comp.). 
 Dose, f3ss-i. 
 
 Spiritus Lavandulae Compositus. Dose, f3i-iv. 
 
 Action arid Uses. — Stimulant, carminative, nerv- 
 ine, errhine. 
 
 The oil is used in perfumery. 
 
 LEPTANDRA.— Leptandra. 
 
 Origin. — The root of Leptandra Virginica, Nut- 
 ted. Nat. ord.y Scrophulariaeeae. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, in low grounds. 
 
 Constituents. — Leptandrin; resin, 6 per cent.; sap- 
 onin, tannin, mannite, gum, and possibly a volatile 
 alkaloid. 
 
 Extractum Leptandrae Fluidum (unofficinal). 
 Dose, m.xxx-f3i. 
 
 Dose, in substance, gr. x-3i. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Culver's root is emetic, cathar- 
 tic (chologogue). 
 
 In small doses, thought to be like rhubarb. 
 
 The fluid extract is aperient. 
 
 LIMOKES.— Lemon. 
 
 Origin. — Citrus Limonum, Risso. Nat. ord., Au- 
 rantiaceae. 
 
 Habitat. — India; cultivated in subtropical coun- 
 tries. 
 
 Constituents. — Citric acid, 7 to 9 per cent. ; malic 
 acid, mucilage. 
 
108 Materia MecUca and Therapeutics 
 
 On keeping lemons for months, the citric acid is 
 changed to sugar and carbonic acid. 
 Limonis Cortex. Lemon-peel. 
 Limonis Succus. Lemon-juice. Dose, f3i-iv. 
 Oleum Limonis. 
 Acidum Citricum. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Spiritus Limonis. Used for flavoring. 
 
 Mistura Potassii Citratis (Neutral Mixture). Dose. 
 f3i-ij. 
 
 Syrupus Limonis. As a vehicle. 
 
 Spiritus Ammonise Aromaticus. Dose, f3ss-i. 
 
 Syrupus Acidi Citrici. As a vehicle. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Refrigerant, tonic, antispas- 
 modic, antiscorbutic. 
 
 It is refrigerant, possibly, more because it can be 
 so readily formed into effervescing and cooling 
 drinks than from any inherent properties. 
 
 LINTTM.— Flaxseed. 
 
 Origin. — Linum Usitatissimum, Lin. Nat. ord., 
 Linacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Levant and Southern Europe; cultivat- 
 ed and spontaneous in most temperate countries. 
 
 Constituents. — Fixed oil, 30 to 35 per cent.; mu- 
 cilage, 15 per cent.; proteids, 25 per cent.; resin, 
 wax, sugar; ash, 3 per cent. 
 
 Oleum Lini. Flaxseed oil (Linseed oil). 
 
 Lini Farina. Flaxseed meal. , 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 109 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Infusum Lini Compositum. As a demulcent. 
 Dose, f3i-iv. 
 
 Ceratrum Resinre Compositum. Deshler's Salve. 
 
 Linimentum Calcis. Carron oil. For burns. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Demulcent, antiphlogistic, as a 
 poultice. 
 
 LITHIUM.— Lithium. Li. 
 
 Lithium is the lightest solid body known, sp. gr. 
 0.59, floats in naphtha. Discovered by Arfwedson, 
 in 1818; occurs in the minerals petalite and lepid- 
 olite, from Sweden, and in many mineral waters. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Lithii Carbonas. Dose, gr. iij-vi. 
 
 Lithii Citras. Dose, gr. v-x. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatible^ . — Acids, acidulous 
 salts, and metallic salts. 
 
 Synergists. — Alkalies; agents promoting waste, 
 iodides, etc. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Diuretic, forming a very solu- 
 ble compound with urea, which favors its rapid 
 elimination. 
 
 Used in chronic rheumatism and rheumatic gout, 
 with success. 
 
 The bromide (unofficinal) is most used, especially 
 after the subsidence of the acute stage. 
 
 #. Lithii brom., 3iij ; syr. Zingerb., fgss ; aq. dest., 
 fSiss. M. S. Teaspoonful three times a clay. 
 
 R. Lithii carb., 3i; acid, citric, 3ij; aq. dest., 
 f3ij. M. S. Teaspoonful every four hours. 
 
110 Materia Medlca and Therapeutics 
 
 LOBELIA.— Lobelia. 
 
 Origin. — Lobelia Inflata, Lin. Nat. ord. 9 Lobe- 
 liacese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, in fields and open 
 woods. 
 
 Constituents. — Lobelina, lobelocrin, lobelic acid, 
 resin, fat, gum, wax. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 
 
 Acetum Lobelia (f3ij to Oi). Dose, gtt. x to f3i-ij. 
 
 Tinctura Lobelia (3ij to Oi). Dose, gtt. x to 
 f3i-ij. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — The caustic alka- 
 lies (decompose the lobelina). The depression of 
 the circulation caused by it, met by digitalis, bella- 
 donna, ergot, and other vaso-motor excitants, as al- 
 cohol, ether, ammonia, etc.; effect on the nervous 
 system, by strychina, picrotoxine, thebaia, etc. 
 
 Synergists. — All motor depressants. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Expectorant, emetic, diuretic, 
 diaphoretic, narcotic, nervine, antispasmodic. 
 
 In asthma, may be combined with the iodide and 
 bromide of ammonium: #. Tinct. lobelia, fgi; am- 
 nion, iodid., 3ij ; amm. bromicl., 3ij; syr. tolutan., 
 fgij. M. S. Teaspoonful every one, two, or three 
 hours. 
 
 MAGNESIUM.— Magnesium. Mg. 
 
 A silver-white metal, obtained by decomposing 
 chloride of potassium or sodium, hard, ductile, not 
 acted on by water or air, except at high tempera- 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. Ill 
 
 ture, when it oxidizes, burns with an intense white 
 light, and deposits a cloud of magnesia. As the 
 chloride, is found in sea-water; as oxide, in mineral 
 waters. 
 
 It exists in most plants, as wheat-straw; in small 
 quantity found in the animal system, especially the 
 urine and urinary calculi. 
 
 Magnesii Carbonas. Dose, 3ss-3i. 
 
 Magnesii Sulphas (Epsom Salts). Dose, 3i-3i. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Magnesia. Dose, 3i-iv. 
 
 Trochischi Magnesiae (each, gr. iij). 
 
 Liquor Magnesia Citras. Dose, fgij-iv. 
 
 Synergists. — Cathartics and purgatives— senna, the 
 salines, etc. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Magnesia and its carbonate are 
 antacid, and act secondarily as laxative (thought to 
 be transformed to bicarbonate by the carbon diox- 
 ide in the intestines). 
 
 The sulphate of magnesium is the great hydra- 
 gogue cathartic. Small doses, largely diluted, taken 
 every morning, are recommended for constipation. 
 Boiling with coffee easily conceals the taste, which is 
 disagreeable to some, without impairing its action ; 
 combining with syrup of ginger and mint-water, is 
 another recourse. 
 
 Its most important use (sulph. magn.) is in lead- 
 colic, combined with dilute sulphuric acid : Vc Magn. 
 sulphat., 3i; acid, sulph. dil., f3i; aq. dest., fgiv. 
 M. S. Tablespoonful every three hours. 
 
 Acute dysentery is treated with it: Saturate seven 
 
112 Materia Medico, and Therapeutics 
 
 ounces of water with it, add one ounce of dilute 
 sulphuric acid. Take of this a tablespoonful every 
 hour or two, till it operates. Sulphate of morphia 
 may be combined with it; or starch and morphia 
 enemata may be used with propriety. 
 
 MANGAKESIUM.— Manganese. Mh. 
 
 This metal was discovered by Gahn, in 1774. It 
 is hard, brittle, of grayish color, and emits a pecul- 
 iar odor when handled, or in moist air; sp. gr. 8. 
 When pure it oxidizes readily in the air, requiring 
 to be kept under naphtha. 
 
 It forms numerous combinations with oxygen, but 
 the black oxide (or peroxide) is the only officinal 
 form. 
 
 Manganesii Oxidum Nigrum. Dose, gr. iij-xx. 
 
 Manganesii Sulphas. Dose, gr. v-xx. 
 
 Unofficinal Preparations. 
 
 Syrupus Perri et Manganesii Iodidum. Dose, 
 m.x-f3i. 
 
 Perri et Manganesii Carbonas Sach. Dose, gr. 
 v-xx. 
 
 Syrupus Manganesii Iodidum ; same dose as offi- 
 cin. syr. of iron. 
 
 Potassse Permanganas. Dose, gr. J-i. 
 
 (In prescribing this, water free of organic matter 
 is necessary.) 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Salts of lead, sil- 
 ver, and mercury; caustic alkalies. 
 
 Synergists. — Iron (haematic effect) ; salts of copper, 
 silver, zinc (neurotic effect). 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 113 
 
 Action and Uses. — In small doses, alterative, tonic; 
 large, purgative. 
 
 In combination with iron, is given in anaemia and 
 chlorosis. 
 
 Gastrodynia and pyrosis are relieved by ten to fif- 
 teen grain doses of the black oxide (Dr. Leard) — 
 the io ashed oxide. 
 
 To promote constructive metamorphosis : #. Quin- 
 ine sulph., ferri sulph., exsic, mangan. sulph. exsic, 
 aa 9i. M. ft. pil. No. xx. Sig. One pill three times 
 a day. 
 
 In malarial jaundice: #. Chinoidin, 3i; man- 
 gan. sulph. excise, Bij. M. ft. pil. No. xx. S. One 
 pill three times a day. 
 
 The permanganate of potassa is a powerful ox- 
 idizing agent, yielding oxygen readily in the form 
 of ozone. Externally, it is used as a disinfectant 
 and deodorizer; but as its effect is not lasting, it must 
 be repeated often. Internally, for flatulence of obes- 
 ity, dyspepsia, the so-called uric acid diathesis, ery- 
 sipelas, septicsemia, and diphtheria, small closes, in 
 pure water, or in combination with other agents. 
 
 MANNA. — Manna. 
 
 Origin. — Fraximus Ornus, Lin. Nat. ord., Ole- 
 acese. 
 
 Habitat. — Basin of the Mediterranean. 
 
 (Juice exuding from incisions, allowed to harden.) 
 
 Constituents. — Mannite, 90 per cent., in the best 
 varieties; glucose, mucilage, resin, fraxin (largest in 
 inferior grades). 
 
114 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 Action and Uses. — Demulcent, laxative. Dose 
 (syr., f3i-f3i; boiled in milk), f3i-iij. 
 
 MARPUBIUM.— Hoarhound. 
 
 Origin. — Marrubium Vulgare, Lin. Nat. ord., La- 
 biatse. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe, Central Asia; naturalized in 
 America; cultivated. 
 
 Constituents. — Little volatile oil, tannin, resin, 
 marrubiin. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Stimulant, tonic, resolvent, de- 
 obstruent, anthelmintic. 
 
 Dose, in infusion, about gr. xxx. 
 
 For colds: Decoction (3i to Oi), syrup, and candy. 
 
 MATICO.— Matico. 
 
 Origin. — Artanthe Elongata, Miquel. Nat. ord., 
 Piperaceee. 
 
 Habitat. — Tropical America. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, 1J per cent.; pungent 
 resin, artanthic acid, tannin, mucilage, etc. 
 
 Officinal Preparation, U. S. 
 Extractum Matico Eluidum. Dose, f3ss-i. 
 Action and Uses. — Stimulant, tonic, vulnerary, 
 styptic (externally). 
 
 Used in gonorrhea and leucorrhoea. 
 
 MENTHA PIPERITA.— Peppermint. 
 Leaves and top of Mentha Piperita. U. S. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 115 
 
 MENTHA VIRIDIS.— Spearmint. 
 
 Leaves and top of Mentha Viridis. U. S. 
 
 Habitat. — Wild in Europe and North America; 
 cultivated. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, J to 1 per cent.; resin, 
 gum, little tannin (M. piperita). 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Aqua Menthse Piperitse. Used as a vehicle. 
 
 Oleum Mentha Piperitse. Dose, gtt. ij-x. 
 
 Spiritus Menthse Piperitse. Dose, gtt. x-xx. 
 
 Trochischi Mentha Piperitse. 
 
 Aqua Menthse Viridis. Used as a vehicle. 
 
 Oleum Menthse Viridis. Dose, gtt. ij-x. 
 
 Spiritus Menthse Viridis. Dose, gtt. x-xx. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Carminative, stimulant, nerv- 
 ine. 
 
 The peppermint is a little stronger than the spear- 
 mint. 
 
 The troche of peppermint is a popular carmina- 
 tive. 
 
 MEZEREUM.— Mezereon. 
 Origin. — Daphne Mezereum, Lin., and other spe- 
 cies of Daphne. Nat. ord., Thymelacese. 
 Habitat. — Europe, in mountainous regions. 
 Constituents. — Soft acrid resin and oil; daphin. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Decoctum Sarsaparillse Compositum. Dose, 
 f3iij-iv. 
 
 Extractum Mezerei Fluidum. Used in Ung. Me- 
 zerei. 
 
116 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 Extractum Sarsaparillse Compositum Fluidum. 
 Dose, f3ss-i. 
 
 Unguentum Mezerei. A stimulant dressing. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Sialagogue, stimulant, diuretic, 
 alterative; externally, a vesicant. 
 
 Rarely used, except in Decoc. Sarsap. Comp. 
 
 MOSCHUS.— Musk. 
 
 Origin. — From the preputial follicles of the male 
 Moschus Moschiferus, Lin. 
 
 Habitat. — Central Asia. 
 
 Constituents. — Ammonia, an acid, cholesterin, fat, 
 wax, gelatinous and albuminous principles. The 
 odorous principle has not been separated. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Diffusible stimulant, aphrodis- 
 iac, antispasmodic. 
 
 Its high price and frequent adulterations have 
 caused it to be discarded almost entirely. Dose, gr. 
 i-xv. 
 
 MYRISTIC A.— Nutmeg. 
 
 Origin. — Myristica Fragrans, Houttuyn. Nat. 
 ord., Myristicacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Molucca Islands; cultivated in tropical 
 countries. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, 2 to 8 per cent.; fixed 
 oil, 25 to 30 per cent.; starch, proteids, mucilage. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, D". S. 
 Spiritus Myristicse. Dose, f3i. 
 Oleum Myristacse. Volatile Oil of Nutmegs. 
 Dose, gtt. ij-iij. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 117 
 
 Dose in substance, gr. x-xv. 
 The aryllus of this fruit is known as Mace. 
 Action and Uses. — Stimulant, stomachic; large 
 dose narcotic. 
 
 Rarely used, except for flavoring. 
 
 MYRRHA.— Myrrh. 
 
 Origin. — Balsamodendron Myrrh a, Nees. Nat. 
 ord.j Terebinthacese, Burseraceee. 
 
 Habitat. — Eastern Africa, and South-western Ara- 
 bia. 
 
 Exudes spontaneously from the bark. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 
 
 Tinctura Myrrhse (3iss to Oi). Dose, f3ss-i. 
 
 Tinctura Aloes et Myrrhse. Dose, f3i-ij. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Stimulant, astringent, tonic, 
 expectorant, emmenagogue, vulnerary. Dose, gr. 
 x-xxx. 
 
 NUX VOMICA.— Nux Vomica'. 
 
 Origin. — Strychnos Nux Vomica, Lin. Nat. ord., 
 Loganiaceae. 
 
 Habitat. — India and East India Islands. 
 
 Constituents. — Strychnia, brucia, igosuria (proba- 
 bly impure brucia); proteids, 11 per cent.; fat, gum; 
 sugar, 6 per cent.; igosuric acid. The seeds are the 
 part used. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Tinctura Nucis Vomicae (3iv to Oi). Dose, m.v-x. 
 
 Extractum Nucis Vomicae. Dose, gr. \-\. 
 
 Strychnia (sulphate). Dose, gr. gV~2V~A" 
 
US Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — The paralyzers 
 (woorara, conium, tobacco, opium, belladonna, and 
 physostigma) in part. 
 
 Physiologically, chloral, bromide of potassium, 
 ether, and chloroform (inhaled). 
 
 In poisoning, the vegetable astringents, especially 
 tannin ; emetics or stomach-pump ; chloral, ether by 
 inhalation, bromide of potassium in large doses 
 (3ij to 3ss); artificial respiration. 
 
 Synergists. — Brucia, picrotoxiue, thebaine, ergot; 
 belladonna, electricity, and cold (Bartholow). 
 
 Action and Uses. — Tonic, spinal nervine, poison- 
 ous. 
 
 To diminisli the craving for stimulants, and sus- 
 tain the nervous system: #. Tine, capsici, f3vi; 
 tine. nuc. vom., f3ij. M. S. Twenty drops in 
 water every four hours. 
 
 For constipation, combined with purgatives: #. 
 Tine, aloes et myrrhse, f3vi; tine. nuc. vom., f3ij. 
 M. Sig. Fifteen to thirty drops two or three times 
 a day. 
 
 In tonic pills, it is combined w T ith quinia, iron, 
 and arsenic. 
 
 Hypodermic dose ranges from gr. T ^ to Jg, in- 
 serted directly to the atonic part. 
 
 OLEUM ^ETHEREUM.— Ethereal Oil. IT. S. 
 
 Heavy oil of wine is a limpid, almost colorless, 
 volatile fluid, of a pungent taste and vinous odor. 
 Used in Spiritus ^Ether. Comp.; never used alone. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 119 
 
 OLEUM MORRHUA.— Cod-liver Oil. 
 
 Origin. — The livers of Gadus Morrhua, Lin., and 
 other species of Gadus. 
 
 Habitat. — North Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 Constituents. — Chiefly olein, with palmitin and 
 stearin, iodine, traces of chlorine, bromine, phos- 
 phorus, and sulphur, biliary compounds, probably 
 also butyric and acetic acids. 
 
 The livers are heated slowly, and the oil decanted. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Demulcent, alterative; easily 
 digested form of fat. 
 
 May be given by inunction; usually in emulsion. 
 
 Taken very much like castor-oil. Dose, f3i-3ss. 
 
 OLEUM OLIV^E.— Olive-oil. 
 
 Origin. — Olea Europsea, Lin. Nat. ord., Oleacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Southern Europe; cultivated. 
 
 Constituents. — Mainly olein ; solid fats with palm- 
 itin, arachin, and stearin, possibly ; also, cholesterin. 
 
 The crushed fruit, subjected to cold pressure, yields 
 virgin oil; inferior oils are obtained byre-pressing. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Demulcent, laxative; nutritious 
 addition to salads. 
 
 Dose, fgi-iv. tJsed in liniments and ointments. 
 
 OLEUM RICINL— Castor-oil. 
 
 Origin. — Ricinus Communis, Lin. Nat. ord., Eu- 
 phorbiacese. 
 
 Habitat. — India; cultivated. 
 
120 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 Constituents. — Ricinolein and palmitin; acrid prin- 
 ciple, 
 
 (Crushed seeds, freed from their integuments, 
 kiln-dried and expressed.) 
 
 Action and Uses. — Demulcent^ purgative, with 
 astringency following its use. Dose, from f3i to 
 fSi-rj. 
 
 Though the best quality has no flavor, it leaves a 
 greasy, sickly sensation, very unpleasant to the pal- 
 ate. To avoid this, the floating dose between two 
 strata of some alcoholic is used; various emulsions; 
 boiling milk effectually conceals it; beer-foam and 
 soda-water also conceal it. 
 
 OLEUM SUCCIKL— Oil of Amber. 
 
 Amber subjected to destructive distillation gives 
 a volatile oil. 
 
 Officinal Preparation, U. S. 
 
 Oleum Succini Purificatum. Dose, gtt. x-xx. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Stimulant, antispasmodic, irri- 
 tant; externally, sedative, rubifacient. 
 
 Infantile convulsions (Dr. Parrish): #. Olei suc- 
 cini rectif., tine, opii, aa f3ss; ol. olivse, spts. vini. 
 gal., aa fgij. M. ft. lotio. S. To be rubbed along 
 the spine. 
 
 OLEUM THEOBROM^E.— Cacao Butter. 
 
 Origin. — Theobroma Cacao, Lin. Nat. ord., Bytt- 
 neriacese (Sterculeaceee). 
 Habitat. — South America. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 121 
 
 Seeds, deprived of their testa, are expressed be- 
 tween heated plates; yield 40 to 45 per cent. 
 
 Constituents. — Stearin, palmitin, olein, probably a 
 little resin. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Demulcent; used in making 
 suppositories. 
 
 OLEUM THYMI.— Oil of Thyme. 
 
 Origin. — Thymus Vulgaris, Lin. Nat. ord., La- 
 biate. 
 
 Habitat. — Southern Europe; cultivated. 
 
 Constituents. — Cymene, thymene, and thymol 
 (C 10 H 14 O). 
 
 Action and Uses. — Carminative, tonic, emmena- 
 gogue, antispasmodic. 
 
 Usually locally applied; thymol is antiseptic. 
 
 Dose, gtt. ij-x. 
 
 Thymol is advocated as a good disinfectant for 
 dental practice — alveolor abscesses, etc. 
 
 OLEUM TIGLIL— Croton-oil. 
 
 Origin. — Croton Tiglium, Lin. Nat. ord., Eu- 
 phorbiacese. 
 
 Habitat. — India; cultivated. 
 
 Crushed seed are expressed, or exhausted, by car- 
 bon bisulphide; yield 50 to 60 per cent. 
 
 Constituents. — Glycerides of formic, acetic, isobu- 
 tyric, tiglinic, valerianic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, 
 and stearic acids; also, crotonol. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Powerful purgative, irritant, 
 rubifacient, vesicant. 
 
122 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 Dose, gr. J-ij, in fixed oils or emulsion; external- 
 ly, as an addition to liniments, counter-irritants, etc. 
 
 OPIUM.— Opium. 
 
 Origin. — Papaver Somniferum, Lin.' Nat. ord., 
 Papaveraceae. 
 
 Habitat. — Western Asia ; cultivated. 
 
 (Obtained from the unripe capsule, by incision 
 and spontaneous drying.) 
 
 Constituents. — Odorous principle, glucose, mucil- 
 age, pectin, caoutchouc, wax, fatty matter, coloring 
 principle; ash, 6 per cent.; meconicacid; lactic acid, 
 1J per cent.; meconin, and numerous alkaloids: 
 
 Narcotina, 1 to 11 per cent.; morphia, 3 to 23 per 
 cent.; codeia, 0.2 to 0.4 per cent.; pseudomorphia 
 (phormia), 0.2; thebaina (paramorphia), 0.15 to 1.0 
 percent.; narceina, 0.1 to 0.7 per cent.; papaverina, 
 1 percent.; rhceadina, cryptopia, lanthopia, meco- 
 nidia, laudania, codamina, deuteropia, laudanosina, 
 protopia, and hydro-cotarnina. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Acetum Opii — black drop (gr. i in m.viss). Dose, 
 m.v-vij. 
 
 Confectio Opii (gr. i in 36). Dose, 3ss. 
 
 Extractum Opii (double strength of opium). Dose, 
 gr. ss. 
 
 Emplastrum Opii (extract, 1 in 16 parts). 
 
 Suppositoria Opii (extract, gr. ss). 
 
 Pilute Opii (each, gr. i). 
 
 Pilulse Saponis Composita (Mass, 20 per cent, of 
 opium). 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 123 
 
 Pulvis Ipecacuanha Comp. (Dover's Powder, gr. 
 1 in 10). Dose, gr. x. 
 
 Tinctura Opii (gr. i in m.xiij). Dose, m.xiij. 
 
 Tinctura Opii Acetata (gr. i in m.x). Dose, m.x. 
 
 Tinctura Opii Camphorata (gr. i to f3ss). Dose, 
 f3i-iv. 
 
 Tinctura Opii Deodorata (gr. i in m.xiij). Dose, 
 m.xiij. 
 
 Trochischi Glycyrrhizse et Opii (gr. i in 20 grs.). 
 
 Trochischi Morphise et Ipecacuanha (each, gr. 
 
 Liquor Morphiee Sulphatis (gr. i to f3i). Dose, 
 f3i-f3i. 
 
 Suppositoria Morphise (each, gr. ss). 
 
 Yinum Opii (gr. i in m.viij). Dose, m.viij. 
 f Morphise Acetas ^ 
 
 Morphia^ Morphine Muras V. Dose, gr.y^-J. 
 ( Morphige Sulphas J w™-^* t0 oue - half s^o 
 
 Antagonists and Incornpatibles. — Chemically, alka- 
 line carbonates, lime-water, salts of iron, lead, 
 zinc, copper, mercury, Fowler's Solution; vegetable 
 astringents (tannin). 
 
 Physiologically, atropia. 
 
 In cases of poisoning, produce emesis, if possible, 
 by ordinary emetics; resort to hypodermic use of 
 apomorphia (dose gr. T * g ), if the patient is unable to 
 swallow; use stomach-pump, if early; cold affusions, 
 flagellations, or faradization, and artificial respira- 
 tion. Small doses of atropia sulphate (dose, gr. T J^) 
 should be administered, and repeated cautiously un- 
 til the antagonism is evident. Strong coffee (caf- 
 feine) is very useful and convenient. The patient 
 
124: Materia Meclica and Therapeutics 
 
 must be kept awake all the time, if possible, by 
 walking, etc. 
 
 Synergists. — Alcohol and its derivatives (notably, 
 chloral), and, within certain limits, the mydriatics; 
 its depressing effect is favored by aconite, veratrum 
 viride, lobelia, gelsemium, etc.; its sudorific action 
 is favored by ipecacuanha. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Anodyne, narcotic, sedative, 
 antispasmodic, hypnotic, chiefly due to the morphia 
 present. 
 
 Jfarcotina, antiperiodic and tetanizing; codeia, 
 hypnotic (used in diabetes); thebaina, soporific, ex- 
 citant, convulsant; narceina, feebly hypnotic; pa- 
 paverina, hypnotic, sedative; cryptopia, hypnotic. 
 
 Opium itself is more diaphoretic than any of its 
 alkaloids, and is the active principle in all pain- 
 killers. 
 
 ORIGANUM. — Common Marjoram. 
 
 Origin. — Origanum Marjorana and 0. Vulgare, 
 Lin. Nat. ord., Labiate. 
 
 Habitat. — Asia Minor and Southern Europe; cul- 
 tivated; naturalized in North America. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil (sp. gr. 89, readily solu- 
 ble in alcohol). 
 
 Officinal Preparation, U. S. 
 
 Oleum Origani. Dose, gtt. ij-v. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Carminative, stimulant, em- 
 menagogue, cephalic. 
 
 It has been superseded by oil of thyme; used only 
 externally, in fomentations. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 125 
 
 PAREXRA.— Pareira Brava. 
 
 Origin. — Chondodendron Toinentosum, Ruiz et 
 Pavon. Nat. ord., Menispermacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Brazil. 
 
 Constituents. — Pelosina, identical with berberina 
 and buxina. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 Extractum Pareirae Fluidum. Dose, fgss-i. 
 Infusum Pareirae. Dose, f3i-ij. 
 Action and Uses. Diuretic, tonic (cystic). 
 
 PEPO. — Pumpkin-seed. 
 
 Origin. — Seed of Curcubita Pepo, Lin. Nat. ord., 
 Curcubitaeese. 
 
 Habitat. — Tropical Asia and America; cultivated. 
 
 Constituents. — Fixed oils, 40 per cent.; proteids, 
 starch, sugar, resin. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Efficient tsenieide, in doses of 
 one to two ounces. 
 
 The decorticated seeds, beaten into a paste with 
 sugar or milk, are given in the morning fasting, fol- 
 lowed in an hour or two by a dose of castor-oil. 
 
 PHOSPHORUS.— Phosphorus. P. 
 
 Discovered by Brandt, in 1669. He separated it 
 from the phosphates of urine, but it is now procured 
 entirely from the ashes of bones (tricalcic phos- 
 phate). It is an important constituent of nerve tis- 
 sue, and is found in all animal and vegetable juices, 
 
126 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 and the mineral phosphates that enrich various 
 soils. 
 
 Seen in commerce in cylindrical sticks, pale yel- 
 low, transparent, of a waxy luster, and about as 
 hard as beeswax. Easily inflammable in the air, 
 and must be kept and cut under water. Its specific 
 gravity is 1.8. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 
 
 Aciclum Phosphoricum Dilutum. Dose, m.x-xl. 
 
 Dose, in substance, gr. ^o - !^ (sixtieth to twelfth). 
 
 Antagonists and Incomp edibles. — Turpentine and 
 demulcents, hydrated magnesia, lime-water, pow- 
 dered charcoal. 
 
 Synergists. — Oils and fats; arsenic, in a feeble de- 
 gree, sulphur. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Irritant poison (one to five 
 grains), nervous stimulant and tonic, gr. ^; aphro- 
 disiac. 
 
 It enters the blood in an unoxidized condition, 
 being held in solution in the serum. In doses of 
 from one to five grains, it has produced fatal de- 
 pression of nervous power, especially of the vaso- 
 motor system; fatty degeneration of the liver and 
 intestinal glandule occurs. In the course of a few 
 days, jaundice, suppression of urine, vomiting of 
 bilious or sanguinolent matters, and a fluid condi- 
 tion of the Wood. Resulting ecchymoses in the 
 skin, mucous and serous membranes appear, and the 
 temperature, which has not been increased, rapidly 
 falls. 
 
 In medicinal doses (one-fortieth of a grain) it is 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 127 
 
 a stimulant to the nervous system, and may be given 
 where there is a tendency to nervous prostration 
 and general enfeeblement, as in the early stages of 
 palsy of the insane; also, in cerebral or spinal atro- 
 phy- 
 
 Has long been regarded as an aphrodisiac, and 
 may be given sometimes with benefit in sexual de- 
 bility. 
 
 Oil is the proper menstruum. 
 
 PHYSOSTIGMA.— Calabar-bean. 
 
 Origin. — Physostigma Venenosum, Balfour. Nat. 
 ord., Papilionacese, Leguminosse. 
 
 Habitat.— Tropical Western Africa, near the mouth 
 of the Niger and Old Calabar. 
 
 Constituents. — Physostigma or eserina, calabarina, 
 phytosterin; starch, 40 per cent.; proteids, 23 per 
 cent.; mucilage, ash. 
 
 " Officinal Preparation, IT. S. 
 
 Extractum Physostigmatis. Dose, gr. ^— J. 
 
 Antagonists and. Incompatibles. — Chemically, veg- 
 etable astringents, tannic acid, and caustic alkalies; 
 physiologically, atropia and chloral; therapeutic- 
 ally, the tetanizing agents. 
 
 Synergists. — The paralysers or depressers of the 
 motor-nervous system— conium gelsemium, nitrite 
 of amyl, etc. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Sedative, poisonous; contracts 
 the pupil. 
 
 In reflex excitability producing spasms, and in 
 
128 Materia Meclica and Therapeutics 
 
 strychnia-poisoning (used hypodermically) is the 
 field of its usefulness. 
 
 The doses must be small, ranging experimentally 
 upward from the minimum. 
 
 PIMENTO.— Pimento (Allspice). 
 
 Origin. — Eugenia Pimenta, De Candolle. Nat. 
 ord., Myrtacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Tropical America; cultivated. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, 3 to 4 per cent.; resin, 
 fat, tannin, sugar, gum, etc. 
 
 Officinal Preparation, U. S. 
 Oleum Pimento. Dose, gtt. ij-vi. 
 Action and Uses. — Stomachic, stimulant, carmina- 
 tive (pulv., gr. xx-xxx). 
 
 PIPER.— Black Pepper. 
 
 Origin. — Fruit of Piper Nigrum, Lin. Nat. ord., 
 Piperacese. 
 
 Habitat. — India; cultivated in the tropics. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, 1 to 2 per cent.; pipe- 
 rina, pungent resin, fat, ash. 
 
 Officinal Preparation, IT. S. 
 Oleo-resina Piperis. Dose, m.i. 
 Action and Uses. — Acrid stimulant, condiment. 
 
 PIX LIQUIDA.— Tar. 
 
 Origin.— From different species of Pinus. Nat. 
 ord.. Conifers. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 129 
 
 Constituents. — Acetic acid, aceton, methylic alco- 
 hol, mesit, toluol, xylol, cumol, methol; these pass 
 over with the light oil of tar. Naphthalin, pyrene, 
 chrysene, retene, paraffin, phenols, creasote, pyro- 
 catechin, empyreumatic resin. 
 
 Juniper tar — oil of Cade — from the wood of Ju- 
 niperus Oxycedrus, Lin., is more liquid, and of a 
 different odor, though allied to it. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Glyceritum Picis Liquidse (m.xxx in f3i). Dose, 
 f3i-iv. 
 
 Infusum Picis Liquidse (tar, 20 per cent). Dose, 
 f3ss-i. 
 
 Unguentum Picis Liquidee (tar, 50 per cent). 
 
 Action and Uses. — Stimulant, irritant, insecticide. 
 
 The unofficinal syrup of tar (tar, 3i in f3vi), good 
 in bronchitis. 
 
 Prof. Ringer advises two-grain pills three times a 
 day for winter cough. 
 
 PLUMBUM.— Lead. Pb. 
 
 Found in many countries as carbonate, but gen- 
 erally as sulphide (galena), from which it is com- 
 mercially obtained. 
 
 A malleable, ductile, bluish-gray metal, sp. gr. 
 11.4; deficient in tenacity, soft, leaves mark on 
 paper. 
 
 Not used in metallic form, though its salts are 
 numerous and useful. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 Plumbi Oxidum (litharge). 
 9 
 
130 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 Liquor Plumbi Sabacetatis (Goulard's Extract). 
 
 Liq. Plumbi Subacetatis Dilutus (lead-water). 
 
 Plumbi Acetas (sugar of lead). Dose, gr. ij-v. 
 
 Plumbi Carbonas (white lead). 
 
 Plumbi Nitras (a disinfectant — Ledoyen's Solu- 
 tion). 
 
 Plumbi Iodidum. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Natural waters 
 containing lime, sulphates, carbonates, carbonic 
 acid, mineral and vegetable acids, mineral salts, al- 
 kalies, iodide of potassium, vegetable astringents, 
 albuminous solutions, and preparations of opium. 
 
 Synergists. — Cold, digitalis, ergot, veratrum viride, 
 and agents that act similarly; copper, mercury, an- 
 timony, and agents that promote waste. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Astringent, especially the ace- 
 tate; externally used in plasters, etc., when it is 
 mildly sedative. 
 
 Haemoptysis, treated with acetate, doses gr. J to 
 
 gr. iij. 
 
 Summer diarrhea of children: #. Plumb, acet., 
 gr. viij ; acid, acetic, gtt. vi; tine, opii deod., gtt. iv; 
 aq. dest., fsi. M. S. Teaspoonful every 2, 3, or 4 
 hours (for child two years old). 
 
 Enemata of lead and morphia for chronic dysen- 
 tery: #. Plumb, acet., gr. iv; morph. sulph., gr. ss; 
 aq. fevid., f3i. M. S. Use, and repeat if necessary. 
 
 PODOPHYLLUM.— May-apple. 
 
 Origin. — Root of Podophyllum Pellatum, Lin. 
 Nat. ord. Berberidacese. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 131 
 
 Habitat. — North America, in rich woods and 
 thickets. 
 
 Constituents. — Resin, 4 to 5 per cent.; starch, su- 
 gar. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 
 
 Extractum Podophylli. Dose, gr. iv-xv. 
 
 Resina Podophylli (incorrectly called podophyl- 
 lin). Dose, gr. ^ to gr. J. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Alterative, cholagogue, cathar- 
 tic. 
 
 Because of its uncertain and irritant action it is 
 best to commence at one-fourth of a grain and range 
 upward, and to combine it with substances to re- 
 strain its action. #. Resinse podophyl., gr. ij; ext. 
 belladon., gr. iij; pil. colocynth. comp., gr. xxxvi. 
 M. ft. pil. No. xii. Sig. One pill at night. 
 
 It is recommended for children, to dissolve a grain 
 in a drachm of rectified spirit, and give five or six 
 drops, three or four times a day, on a lump of sugar. 
 
 POTASSIUM.— Potassium. K. 
 
 Potassium is the metallic base of potassa and the 
 potash salts. Exists abundantly in acids, earths, 
 iodine, bromine, etc., and in the vegetable king- 
 dom. 
 
 Discovered by Davy, in 1807, with a powerful 
 voltaic battery. Ordinarily obtained from the car- 
 bonates of potassium. A silvery-white metal, spe- 
 cific gravity 0.86, rapidly takes oxygen from air or 
 water; kept under naphtha. 
 
132 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Potassa. Caustic Potassa. 
 
 Liquor Potassee. Dose, m.v-xxx. 
 
 Potassa cum Calce (equal parts), used as caustic. i 
 
 Potassii Acetas. Dose, gr. x-3i. 
 
 Potassii Carbonas Impura (Pearl-ash). 
 
 Potassii Carbonas. Dose, gr. x-xxx. 
 
 Potassii Carbonas Pura. Dose, gr. x-xxx. 
 
 Potassii Bicarbonas. Dose, gr. x-3i. 
 
 Potassii Bichromas (as an alterative). 
 
 Potassii Bitartras (Cream of Tartar). Dose, 3i-iv. 
 
 Potassii Bromidum. Dose, gr. xx-3i. 
 
 Potassii Chloras. Dose, gr. v-xx. 
 
 Potassii Citras. Dose, gr. x-xx. 
 
 Potassii Cyanidum. Dose, gr. J. 
 
 Potassii Ferro-cyanidum. Dose, gr. x-xv. 
 
 Potassii Hypophosphis. Dose, gr. x-xxx. 
 
 Potassii Iodidum. Dose, gr. v-3i. 
 
 Potassii Nitras. Dose, gr. x-xv. 
 
 Potassii Permanganas. Dose, gr. i-v. 
 
 Potassii Sulphas. Dose, gr. xx-3iv. 
 
 Potassii Sulphis. Dose, gr. xv-3i. 
 
 Potassii Sulphuretum. Dose, gr. ij±-v. 
 
 Potassii et Soclii Tartras (Eoehelle Salts). Dose, 
 Sss-i. 
 
 Potassii Tartras. Dose, 3i-3i. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Acids, acidulous 
 salts, metallic salts; vinegar, lemon-juice. 
 
 Synergists. — Alkalies; agents promoting waste, 
 mercury,, iodides, etc. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Locally, escharotic, antiseptic 
 (caustic potassa and bichromate); generally, sedative 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 133 
 
 (bromide), astringent (chlorate), purgative (acid tar- 
 trate, sulphate), diuretic (acetate, nitrate, citrate, 
 acid tartrate), emetic (bichromate, dose, gr. f), irri- 
 tant, corrosive poison (bichromate, large doses), 
 glandular excitant and eliminant (iodide — see Io- 
 dine). 
 
 Ulcerative stomatitis: fy. Potas. chlor., 31; acid, 
 carbol., f3ss; aq. dest., fgiv. M. S. Lotion or 
 gargle. 
 
 PRTTNTTS VIRGINIANA.— Wild Cherry. 
 
 Origin. — Bark ' of Prunus (Cerasus, De Cand.) y 
 Serotina, Ehrhart. Nat. ord., Rosacea, Amygda- 
 lese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, in woods. 
 
 Constituents. — Tannin,. gallic acid (?), bitter prin- 
 ciple, resin, starch, amygdalin, emulsin. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 Extractum Pruni Virginianse Fluidum. Dose, 
 
 f3i. 
 
 Infusum Pruni Virginians. Dose, fgi-iij. 
 Syrupus Pruni Virginianse. Dose, f3ss. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Tonic, sedative, pectoral. 
 Very popular in cough mixtures and bitter tonics. 
 
 QUASSIA.— Quassia. 
 
 Origin. — "Wood of Simaruba (Quassia, Swartz) 
 Excelsa, De Cand. Nat ord., Simarubacese. 
 Habitat. — Jamaica. 
 Constituents. — Mucilage, pectin, resin, quassin. 
 
134 Materia Medico, and Therapeutics 
 
 Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 
 
 Extractum Quassiee. Dose, gr. i-iij. 
 
 Infusum Quassise (3y to Oi). Dose, f 3 i — ij . 
 
 Tinctura Quassise (31 to Oi). Dose, gtt. xx-f3i. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Agents promoting 
 waste or destructive metamorphosis. 
 
 Synergists. — Iron, mineral acids, pepsin, bismuth, 
 etc.; alkalies. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Tonic, febrifuge. 
 
 The infusion as enema, for ascarides vermiculares. 
 
 QUERCUS.— Oak. 
 
 Origin. — Bark of Quercus Alba, Lin. Nat. ord., 
 Cupuliferse. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, in woods. 
 
 Constituents. — Tannin, 6 to 11 per cent.; red- 
 brown coloring matter, pectin, resin, etc. 
 
 Quercus Alba. Inner bark of Quercus Alba. 
 IT. S. 
 
 Quercus Tinctoria. Inner bark of Quercus Tinc- 
 toria. IT. S. 
 
 Officinal Preparation, IT. S. 
 
 Decoctum Quercus Alba (3i to Oi). Dose, f3iv. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Astringent. 
 
 RHEUM.— Rhubarb. 
 
 Origin. — Root of Rheum Officinale, Baillon, and 
 probably other species of Rheum. Nat. ord., Po- 
 lygonacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Western and Central China. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 135 
 
 Constituents. — Chrysophan, Chrysophanic acid, 
 erythroretin, emodin, phgeoretin, aporetin, starch, 
 tannin, crystals of calcium oxalate. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 Extractum Khei. Dose, gr. v-xxx. 
 Extractum Ehei Fluidura. Dose, gtfci x-xxx. 
 Infasum Ehei (3ss to Oi). Dose, f"3i-4v. 
 Pilute Rhei (each, gr. iij). Do3e, 2 to 8 pills. 
 Pilulse Rhei Compositse (rhei, gr. ij ; aloes, gr. iss). 
 Dose, 1 to 4 pills. 
 
 PulvisRheiJ^ hnbarb 'f V .] Ti 
 Composita,! Magnesia 3 xy I. Dose, 3ss-i. 
 r I Ginger, 311 J 
 
 Syrupus Rhei (3iss to Oi). Dose, f3ij-f3i. 
 
 Syrupus Rhei Aromat. (3ijf to Oi). Dose, in- 
 fantile, f 3ss-i. 
 
 Tinctura Rhei (3iss to Oi). Dose, f3i-f3ss. 
 
 Tinctura Rhei et Sennse (3 J to Oi). Dose, f3ss-i. 
 
 Vinum Rhei (3ij to Oi). Dose, f3i-f3ss. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Tonic, astringent, purgative, 
 aperient. 
 
 In diarrhea of children : #. Infus. rhei, f gii ; pot. 
 bicarb., 3i; tine, cinnamomi, f3ij; syr. simp., f3vi. 
 M. S. Teaspoonful every two hours. 
 
 Antacid purgative: #. Pulv. rhei, gr. xxx; sodii 
 bicarb., gr. xv; spts. myristicse, m.xxx; syr. zin- 
 gerb., f 31 ; aq. menth. pip., aa fsiss. M.' S. A 
 draught at night. 
 
 RUTA.— Rue. 
 
 Origin. — Leaves of Rata Graveolens, Lin. Nat. 
 ord., Rutacese. 
 
136 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 Habitat. — Southern Europe; cultivated. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, rutin, resin, etc. 
 
 Oleum Rutse. Dose, gtt. ij-vi. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Irritant, stimulant, aphrodisiac, 
 emmenagogue. 
 
 The tincture is, at times, efficient as carminative 
 in flatulent colic, and hysteria in women. 
 
 In large doses it is an acro-narcotic poison. 
 
 As an emmenagogue, its decided effect causes 
 miscarriage. For such, is used unprofessionally. 
 
 SABADILLA.— Cevadilla. 
 
 Origin. — Seeds of Asagr&a (Helonias, Don) Offi- 
 cinalis, Lindley; Veratrum Sabadilla, Schlecht. Nat. 
 ord.j Melanthacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Mexico to Venezuela. 
 
 Constituents. — Veratrina, cevaclina, cevadillina, 
 cevadic and veratric acids, fixed oils. 
 
 This agent is valuable only as the source of the 
 alkaloid, veratria. 
 
 Akin to it, and more fruitful sources of it: 
 
 Veratrum Album — White Hellebore. 
 
 Veratrum Viride — American Hellebore. 
 
 Extractum Veratri Viridis Fluidum. Dose, m.ij-v. 
 
 Tinctura Veratri Viridis. Dose, m.i-v. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 Veratria. Not used externally. 
 Unguentum Veratriae (veratria, 9i; adeps., 3i). 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Alcohol, opium, 
 ammonia, heat. When dangerous symptoms are 
 present, the recumbent position must be rhaintained, 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 137 
 
 and the patient treated to opium, alcoholic stimu- 
 lants, and dry heat, according to the case. 
 
 Synergists. — Vaso-motor depressants, tobacco, lo- 
 belia, aconite, etc. Depletants of all kinds. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Irritant; depressant to the res- 
 piration, circulation, and nervous system. 
 
 The veratria ointment, carefully applied over the 
 locality of superficial neuralgias, is highly recom- 
 mended by some. 
 
 SABUsTA.— Savine. 
 
 Origin. — The tops of Juniperus Sabina, Lin. Nat. 
 ord.. Conifers. 
 
 Habitat. — Siberia, Europe, Canada, Northern 
 United States. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, resin, tannin. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Ceratum Sabinse (fTd ext., f3iij; resin cerat., 
 3xij). 
 
 Extractum Sabinee Fluidum. Dose, gtt. v-xv. 
 
 Oleum Sabinse. Dose, gtt. ij-v. 
 
 Action and, Uses. — Irritant, diuretic, emmenagogue, 
 vermifuge, abortifacient (in large doses). 
 
 Emmenagogue, combined with other oils: #. 01. 
 sabinae, ol. rutse, aa fl$i; tine, polygen. hyclropip., 
 fgi; ol. amygdal. express., mucil. acacue, aq. menth. 
 pip., aa f3ij. M. Sig. Teaspoonful two or three 
 times a day. 
 
138 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 SALVIA.— Sage. 
 
 Origin. — Leaves of Salvia Officinalis, Lin. Nat. 
 ord., Labiatse. 
 
 Habitat. — Southern Europe ; cultivated. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, resin, tannin, albumen, 
 extractive, etc. 
 
 Officinal Preparation, U. S. 
 
 Infusum Sal vise (3ss to Oi). Used as a gargle. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Stimulant, tonic, astringent, 
 aromatic, vulnerary. 
 
 The infusion is used sometimes to allay nausea 
 in fevers; also, the hot infusion as a diaphoretic. 
 
 SANGUIS ASIA.— Blood-root. 
 
 Origin. — The rhizome of Sanguinaria Canadensis, 
 Lin. Nat. ord., Papaveraceae. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, in rich woods. 
 
 Constituents. — Sanguinaria, citric and malic acids, 
 resins, starch. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Acetum Sanguinarise (gij to Oi). Dose, m.x-xxx. 
 
 Tinctura Sanguinarise (3ij to Oi). Dose, gtt. x-xl. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatible^. — Alkalies, tannic 
 and gallic acids, most metallic salts. Physiological 
 antagonist, opium. 
 
 Synergists. — Mineral and vegetable emetics, so- 
 called alteratives of the vegetable kingdom, and 
 mineral salts. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Alterative, tonic, stimulant, 
 emetic, sternutatory, expectorant. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 139 
 
 In acute bronchitis: #. Tine, sanguinariae, f3i; 
 tine, lobelise, f3i; vin. ipecac., f3ij; syr. tolut., fjss. 
 M. S. Teaspoonful every three hours. 
 
 In humid asthma: #. Tine, sanguin. et 1 obelise, 
 aa f3i; muriat. anim,, 3ij; syr. tolutan., f3vi. M. 
 Sig. Teaspoonful every two, three, or four hours. 
 
 Aphrodisiac, combined with stillingia: Br. Tine, 
 sanguin., f3iij; ext. stilling, fl'd, f3v. M. S. Ten 
 to twenty drops, in water, three times a day. This 
 is indicated when the parts are relaxed, and diurnal 
 losses of semen, etc., occur. 
 
 SAJSTONICA.— Santonica. 
 
 Origin. — Buds of Artemisia Maritima, var. Stech- 
 manniana, Besser. Nat. ord., Composite. 
 
 Habitat. — Turkistan. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, 1 per cent.; santonin, 
 1 to 2 per cent.; resin, gum, etc. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Santonum. Dose, gr. ss-iij. 
 
 Trochisci Santonini(each, gr. ss). 
 
 Synergists. — Cathartics, especially calomel. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Stimulant, anthelmintic. 
 
 For ascarides lumbricoides : A laxative in the 
 morning, fasting through the day, a dose of calomel 
 and santonine at bed-hour, and followed by a senna- 
 draught, or some other cathartic, next morning. 
 
 Caution: Care must be used, as it sometimes pro- 
 duces intestinal irritation. 
 
140 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 SAPO.— Soap. 
 
 Soap made with Soda and Olive-oil. U. S. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Ceratum Saponis. 
 Emplastrum Saponis. 
 Linimentum Saponis. 
 Pilulse Saponis Compositum. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Only the hard soap enters into 
 pills; both hard and soft, in making liniments and 
 plasters. 
 
 Soft or potassa soap — green soap (sapo-viridis) — 
 has been recommended in alcoholic solution (spirit- 
 us saponatus kalinis — one part alcohol, two parts 
 soap) in the treatment of chronic eczema. 
 
 SARSAPARILLA.— Sarsaparilla. 
 
 Origin. — Root of Smilax Officinalis [Humboldt and 
 Bonplandt), and other species of Smilax. Nat. ord., 
 Smilacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Tropical America, from Mexico to Bra- 
 zil. 
 
 Constituents. — Parillin (smilacin, parillic acid), 
 traces of volatile oil, starch, resin, coloring matter. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Decoctum Sarsaparillee Comp. (sarsaparilla, sas- 
 safras, guaiac, mezereon, and licorice). Dose, 
 f3ij-iv. 
 
 Extractum Sarsaparillse Fluidum. Dose, f3ss. 
 
 Extractum Sarsaparilla Fluidum Comp. Dose, 
 f3ss-i. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 141 
 
 Syrupus Sarsaparillee Compositura (3iv to Oi). 
 Dose, f3ss. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Alkalies decom- 
 pose the decoction and fluid extracts. 
 
 Iodine antagonizes the starch in it. 
 
 Synergists. — Mercury and other alteratives; warm 
 clothing, to excite the skin; diluents, to increase 
 the quantity of urine. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Alterative, especially in ter- 
 tiary syphilis. 
 
 Thought to be diuretic and diaphoretic. It is 
 also a good vehicle for iodide potassium. 
 
 SASSAFRAS.— Sassafras. 
 
 Origin. — Root of Sassafras Officinalis, Nees. Nat. 
 ord., Lauracese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, in woods. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, tannin, sassafrid, starch, 
 gum, resin, wax. 
 
 Oleum Sassafras. Dose, fftt. i-x. 
 
 Officinal Preparation, U. S. 
 
 Mucilago Sassafras Medulla (3ij to Oi). A col- 
 lyriurn. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Stimulant, diaphoretic, altera- 
 tive. 
 
 Infusion is the usual method (3ss-ij, root). 
 
 SCAMMONIUM.— Scammony. 
 
 Origin. — Resin from the root of Convolvulus 
 Scammonia, Lin. Nat. ord., Convolvulacese. 
 
142 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 Habitat. — Western Asia. 
 
 Constituents. — Resin, 80 to 93 per cent.; gum. 
 The resin is scarnmonin, the active part of the 
 agent. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Hesina Scamnionii. Dose (in milk), gr. ij-viij. 
 
 Extractum Colocynthidis Compositum. Dose, 
 gr. iv-xxx. 
 
 Dose, in substance, gr. v-xv. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Hydragogue cathartic. 
 
 SCILLA.— Squill. 
 
 Origin. — Bulb of Urginea Scilla, Steinheil; Scilla 
 Maritima, Lin. Nat. ord., Liliacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Basin of Mediterranean, near the sea. 
 
 Constituents. — Mucilage, sugar, crystals of calcium 
 oxalate; active principles are scillipicrin, scillitox- 
 in, scillin. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 
 
 Acetum Scillae (3ij to Oi). Dose, m.v-xx. 
 
 Syrupus Scillse. Dose, f3ss. 
 
 Pilulse SciUse Comp. (squill, gr. ss; ammoniac and 
 ginger, each gr. i). Dose, 1 to 5 pills. 
 
 Tinctura Scillse (3ij to Oi). Dose, ni.v-xx. 
 
 Extractum Scillse Fluidum. Dose, m.iss-iij. 
 
 Syrupus Scillse Comp. (tartar emetic, gr. i in fgi). 
 Dose, gtt. v-f3ss. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Expectorant, diuretic, cathartic, 
 emetic, irritant. 
 
 Cough mixture: #. Acet. scilte, f 3 ss; ext. ipecac, 
 fl'd, f3ss; tine, opii deodor., f3i; syr. tolutan., f3x. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 143 
 
 M. S. Teaspoonful every two, three, or four 
 hours. 
 
 In chronic bronchitis: #. Syr. scilte, f3ss; tine, 
 opii camphorat., f3ij ; muriat. amm., 3ss; syr. tolut., 
 f3x. M. S. Teaspoonful every hour, till easy. 
 
 As diuretic, it must be used with caution, because 
 of its irritating effects — best to combine it with dig- 
 italis: #. Infus. digital., f3iijss; acet. scill., f3ss. 
 M. S. Tablespoonful every three or four hours. 
 
 SCOPARIUS.— Broom. 
 
 Origin. — Tops of Sarotharanus Scoparius, Koch. 
 Nat. ord., Leguminosse, Papilionaceee. 
 
 Habitat. — Western Asia, Southern and Western 
 Europe. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, scoparin, sparteina, 
 tannin, fat, wax, sugar; ash, 5 to 6 per cent. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Diuretic, slightly narcotic, in 
 large doses emetic. 
 
 Dose, gr. xv-xxx, in decoction. 
 
 In the same group with buchu, uva ursi, pareira, 
 and pipsissawa. 
 
 Used as active diuretic in dropsy. 
 
 SENEGA.— Seneka. 
 
 Origin. — Eoot of Polygala Senega, Lin. Nat. ord., 
 Poly gal acese. 
 
 Habitat. — United States. 
 
 Constituents. — Polygalic acid (senegin), 3 per cent. ; 
 fixed oil, pectin, coloring matter. 
 
1M Materia Meclica and Therapeutics 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Decoctum Senega (3i to Oi). Dose, f3ss-i. 
 Extractum Senega (alcoholic). Dose, gr. ss-iij. 
 Extractum Senega Fluidum. Dose, m.x-xxx. 
 Syrupus Senegse. Dose, fti. 
 Syrupus Scillse Compositus. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Expectorant, emetic, somewhat 
 diuretic. 
 
 Usually combined with other expectorants: R. 
 Aram, carbonat., gr. iv; tine, scill., m.xv; ext. gly- 
 cyrrh., gr. v; infus. senegre (Br.), ad fgi. M. ft. 
 haustus. S. To be taken three times a day. 
 
 SENNA.— Senna. 
 
 Origin. — Leaves of Cassia Acutifolia, Delile; Cas- 
 sia Elongata, Le Maire — Lesancourt; Cassia Obova- 
 ta?, De Candolle; Cassia Marilandica. Nat. ord., Le- 
 guminosee, Ceesalpineoe. 
 
 Habitat. — C. Acutif., Eastern and Central Africa; 
 C. Elongat., Eastern Africa to India; C. Mariland., 
 United States. 
 
 Constituents. — Chrysophanic acid, phaeoretin, sen- 
 nacrol, cathartic acid, cathartomannite, mucilage, 
 etc. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Confectio Sennre. Dose, 3i-ij. 
 Extractum Sennse Fluidum. Dose, f3i-iv. 
 Infusum Sennae (3i to Oi). Dose, f3i-iv. 
 Tinctura Rhei et Sennse. Dose, f3ss-ij. 
 Enters also into Syr. Sarsaparillee Comp. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 145 
 
 Action and Uses. — Tonic, astringent and resin- 
 bearing cathartic. 
 
 Rarely given alone. 
 
 Sulphate of Magnesium (Epsom Salts) makes the 
 black draught: #. Infus. sennae, f3iv; sulph. rnagn., 
 3i. M. 
 
 It combines well with the aromatics. 
 
 SERPENTARIA.— Virginia Snake-root. 
 
 Origin. — Root of (1) Aristolochia Serpentaria, 
 Lin.; (2) A. Recticulata, Nuttall. Nat. ord., Aristo- 
 lociacese. 
 
 Habitat. — United States, hilly woods: (1) East of 
 the Mississippi; (2) in the Southern States. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, \ per cent. ; bitter prin- 
 ciple, soluble in alcohol and water; little tannin, 
 starch, sugar, albumen. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Extractum Serpentarise Fluidum. Dose, gtt. xx. 
 Infusum Serpentariee (3ss to Oi). Dose, f3ss-iv. 
 Tinctura Serpentariee (3ij to Oi). Dose, f3i-ij. 
 Action and Uses. — Stimulating tonic and expecto- 
 rant, diaphoretic. 
 
 One of the aromatic bitters. 
 
 SINAPIS.— Mustard. 
 Sinapis Alba and Sinapis Nigra. TJ. S. 
 Origin.— Seeds of Sinapis Alba and Nigra, Lin. 
 Nat. ord., Cruciferee, Siliquosse. 
 
 Habitat. — Asia and Southern Europe; cultivated. 
 10 
 
146 Materia Medico, and Therapeutics 
 
 Constituents. — The white, fixed oil, 20 to 25 per 
 cent.; mucilage, myrosin, sinalbin, no starch; the 
 black, fixed oil, 25 per cent.; mucilage, myrosin, 
 sinnigrin, no starch. 
 
 Officinal Preparation, U. S. 
 
 Charta Sinapis. Mustard papers, four inches 
 square. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Tonic, laxative, diuretic, emet- 
 ic, stimulant; externally, rubifacient, epispastic. 
 
 Dose, in substance, gr. x-3i; a plaster externally. 
 
 Method of making the plaster: Mix with cold 
 water. Warm water dissipates the volatile oil, vin- 
 egar destroys it, and alcohol prevents its formation. 
 It is to be kept on twenty minutes to a half hour, 
 depending on the effect desired. A blister caused 
 by it is frequently very annoying, and should be 
 avoided. 
 
 SODIUM.— Sodium. Na. 
 
 Sodium, the metallic base of soda, was discovered 
 by Davy, in 1837. It occurs in nature in sea-water, 
 rock-salt, animal and vegetable juices, combined 
 with chlorine. It is of the consistence of wax, 
 malleable, brilliant, silvery luster; specific gravity 
 0.972; floats on water, producing a hissing as it en- 
 ergetically combines with it, freeing hydrogen, and 
 forming a protoxide of sodium that remains in solu- 
 tion. In the air it oxidizes, and must be kept un- 
 der naphtha; burns with a yellow flame. 
 
 Sodii Acetas. Dose, gr. xx-3ij. 
 
 Sodii Boras (Borax). Dose, gr. x-xl. 
 
 Mel. Sodii Boratis (31 to fji). 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 147 
 
 Glyceritum Sodii Boratis (3ij to fgi). 
 
 Soclii Carbonas. Enters into many preparations. 
 
 Sodii Hypophosphis. Dose, gr. x-xxx. 
 
 Sodii Hyposulphis. Dose, gr. x-xx. 
 
 Sodii Nitras. (Used in making sodii arsenias.) 
 
 Sodii Sulphas (Glauber's Salts). Dose, 3ss-i. 
 
 Sodii Sulphis. Dose, 3i. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Soda. Caustic Soda. 
 
 Liquor Sodse. Dose, well diluted, m.ij-x. 
 
 Sodii Arsenias. Dose, gr. T V-i- 
 
 Liquor Sodii Arseniatis. Dose, m.ij-v. 
 
 Sodii Bi carbonas. Dose, gr. x-xx. 
 
 Pulveres Effervescentes. Soda powders. 
 
 Pulveres Effervescentes Aperientes. Seidlitz pow- 
 ders. 
 
 Trochischi Sodii Bicarbonatis. 
 
 Sodii Carbonas Exsiccata. In making Sodii Ar- 
 senias. 
 
 Sodii Phospbas. Dose, as a cholagogue, gr. xx-xl; 
 as a purgative, 3i-ij. 
 
 Liquor Sodse Chlorinate. (Labarraque's Solu- 
 tion.) 
 
 Dose, f3ss-ij, largely diluted. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Acids, acidulous 
 salts, metallic salts, vegetable acids. 
 
 Synergists. — Alkalies; agents promoting waste, 
 mercury, iodides, etc. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Antacid (bicarbonate), to allay 
 nausea (soda powders), emetic (chloride — table-salt), 
 laxative (phosphate and tartrate). Externally, a 
 solution of common soda (impure bicarbonate) 
 
148 Materia Meclica and Therapeutics 
 
 freely applied, removes foetid sweat of feet and 
 axilla. 
 
 To cleanse the scalp from dandruff, a saturated 
 solution of borax is recommended. 
 
 Apthse in children may be cured with borax and 
 powdered sugar. 
 
 Freckles, and sometimes pruritus vaginae, cured 
 with a saturated solution of borax in rose-water. 
 
 Seidlitz Powder: #. Sodae et potassre tart., 3ij; 
 sodse bicarb., gr. xl, in one powder; R. Acidi tar- 
 tarici, gr. xxxv, in the other powder. Dissolve first 
 powder in two-thirds of a glass of water, then stir 
 the second powder in, and drink while effervescing. 
 This method obviates the danger of strangling, as 
 in the old way of putting in two glasses of water. 
 
 SPIGELIA.— Pink-root. 
 
 Origin. — Root of Spigelia Marilandica, Lin. Nat. 
 ord., Loganiacese. 
 
 Habitat. — United States, in rich woods. 
 
 Constituents. — Little volatile oil, tasteless resin, 
 bitter principle, tannin, wax, etc. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Extractum Spigeliee Fluiduni. Dose, f3i-ij. 
 
 Extractum Spigelise et Sennse Fluidum. Dose, 
 f3ij-iv. 
 
 Infusum Spigelise (3ss to Oi). Dose, f3iij-vi; for 
 child, f3ii~iv. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Anthelmintic (round worms), 
 overdose, narcotic, dilates pupil. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 149 
 
 As anthelmintic, to be followed by a brisk ca- 
 thartic. 
 
 STILLINGIA.— Stillingia. (Queen's-root.) 
 
 Origin. — Root of Stillingia Sylvatica, Lin. Nat. 
 ord., Euphorbiaceae. 
 
 Habitat. — Southern United States, in sandy soil. 
 Constituents. — Pungent resin, fixed oil, starch. 
 
 Officinal Preparation, U. S. 
 
 Extractum Stillingise Fluidum. Dose, m.xx-xl. 
 
 Dose, in substance, gr. xx. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Alterative, antisyphilitic; in 
 large doses, emetic and cathartic. 
 
 As an alterative, it is combined with sarsaparilla. 
 
 Unofficinal preparations: Decoction (3i to Oiij, 
 boiled to Oi), dose, f3i-ij; tincture (gij to Oi), dose, 
 f3ss-i. 
 
 STRAMONIUM.— Stramonium. 
 (Henbane, Thorn-apple, Jamestown-weed.) 
 Origin. — Leaves and seeds of Datura Stramonium, 
 Lin. Nat. ord., Solanacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Asia; naturalized in most countries. 
 Constituents. — Daturia, mucilage, albumen; ash, 
 17 per cent. 
 
 Daturia, the alkaloid, resembles atropia. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 Extractum Stramonii Foliorum. Dose, gr. ^-J. 
 Extractum Stramonii Seminorum. Dose, gr. i-J. 
 Tinctura Stramonii (seeds, 3ij to Oi). Dose, 
 m.x-xx. 
 
150 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 Unguentum Stramonii (ext., 3i to si). 
 
 Antagonists and Tncompatibles. — Caustic alkalies, 
 physostigma, opium. 
 
 Synergists. — Belladonna, hyoscyainus, digitalis, 
 etc. ; agents known as excito-motors. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Antispasmodic, narcotic, ano- 
 dyne, dilates the pupil, diuretic. 
 
 Used in asthma. 
 
 SULPHUR.— Sulphur, S. 
 
 (Washed sulphur, sublimed sulphur, or flowers of 
 sulphur, precipitated sulphur, brimstone.) 
 
 Sulphur is found in the proteids, mineral-waters, 
 and also in combination with many metals. 
 
 Commercially obtained .native, from volcanic re- 
 gions of the world, Italy and Sicily supplying most 
 of it, from surface and sub-surface beds found near 
 volcanoes. 
 
 It is an opaque, brittle, shining solid, having a 
 crystalline fracture. When pure it is pale yellow, 
 but may vary from lemon yellow to greenish, or 
 dark-brown yellow, according to the degree of heat 
 to which it has been subjected. Has insipid taste, 
 crackles when crushed in the hand, from unequal 
 expansion. The washed, sublimed (flowers), and 
 precipitated, are more or less completely pulverized 
 forms. It is freely soluble in boiling alcohol and 
 turpentine; also, in benzol and disulphide of car- 
 bon ; feebly soluble in ether and chloroform ; and is 
 insoluble in water. 
 
 It dissolves in most fattv and essential oils. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 151 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Sulphur Precipitatum. Dose, 3i-iij. 
 
 Sulphuris Ioclidum. Not used internally. 
 
 Unguentum Sulphuris (sulph., 1 part; lard, 2 
 parts). 
 
 Unguentum Sulphuris Iodidi (sulph. iod., gr. xxx 
 to 3i). 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Mineral acids, 
 and also sulphuric acids, decompose the sulphites 
 and hyposulphites; oxidizing substances antago- 
 nize it. 
 
 Synergists. — Remedial agents that arrest ferment- 
 ative processes. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Externally, stimulant; second- 
 arily, an irritant; internally, laxative (gr. x-xl), an- 
 tiseptic. 
 
 As purgative, the confection (Br.): Sulph., giv; 
 cream of tartar, 3i, in syrup of orange-peel, fgiv. 
 M. S. Teaspoonful, or tablespoonful, according to 
 the nature of the case. 
 
 TABACUM.— Tobacco. 
 
 Origin. — Leaves of Nicotiana Tabacum, Lin. Nat. 
 ord., Solanacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Tropical and temperate America; cul- 
 tivated. 
 
 Constituents. — Nicotiana, 2 to 8 per cent.; nocoti- 
 anin, albumen, gum, extractive; ash, 14 to 18 per 
 cent. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, U. S. 
 
 Infusum Tabaci«(3i to Oi). Dose, f3ij-iv. 
 
152 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 Oleum Tabaci. Not used internally. 
 
 Unguentum Tabaci (aq. ext. folioruin, f3i; adi- 
 pis, 3xvi). 
 
 Vinum Tabaci. Dose, gtt. xx. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Caustic alkalies, 
 tannin, iodides. Physiologically, strychnia, ergot, 
 digitalis, ammonia, alcohols, etc. 
 
 Synergists. — Motor depressants. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Sedative, emetic, narcotic; ex- 
 ternally, sternutatory, enema. 
 
 T AM ARINDUS.— Tamarind. 
 
 Origin. — Preserved fruit of Tamarindus Indica, 
 Lin. Nat. ord., Leguminosae, CEesalpinese. 
 
 Habitat.— -India and Tropical Africa; naturalized 
 in the West Indies. 
 
 Constituents. — Tartaric, citric, malic, and acetic 
 acids, in potassium combinations; also, sugar, pectin, 
 tannin. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Laxative. Dose, 3ss-v; more 
 in confections. 
 
 TARAXACUM.— Dandelion. 
 
 Origin. — Root of Taraxacum Dens-leonis, Desf. 
 Nat. ord.j Composite. 
 
 Habitat. — Grassy places and road-sides of Europe; 
 naturalized in United States. 
 
 Constituents. — Early in spring contains uncrystal- 
 lizable sugar, which disappears during the summer. 
 In the autumn, it contains 24 per cent, of inulin, 
 and some pectin. The milk-juice contains the bit- 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 153 
 
 ter crystalline principle taraxacin, and an aglutin- 
 ous resin. 
 
 Taraxacin is soluble in water and alcohol. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, XT. S. 
 Extractum Taraxaci. Dose, gr. xx-xxx. 
 Extractum Taraxaci Pluidum. Dose, f 3i— ij . 
 Infusum Taraxaci (3ij to Oi). Dose, f3ij-iv. 
 Succus Taraxaci. Dose, fjij-iv. 
 Action and Uses. — Deobstruent, tonic in hepatic 
 disorders. 
 
 Deranges digestion, if continued for a long time. 
 
 TEREBINTHINA.— Turpentine, 
 
 Origin. — Tough, yellowish masses of gum-resin 
 from Pinus Australis, Mich. (P. Palustris, Miller); 
 and P. Taeda, Lin. Nat. ord., Coniferse. 
 
 Habitat. — Southern United States. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, 20 to 30 per cent.; ab- 
 ietic acid, and other resin acids. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Stimulant, diuretic, diaphoretic, 
 astringent. Dose, gr. x-xl, pills. 
 
 Terebinthina Canadensis — Canada Turpentine. 
 
 Origin. — Oleo-resin of Abies Balsamea, Marshall. 
 Nat. ord., Coniferse. 
 
 Habitat. — Canada and Northern United States. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, 25 to 30 per cent.; un- 
 crystallizable resin, and bitter principle, soluble in 
 water. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic; 
 mostly used externally. 
 
154 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 Oleum Terebinthin^i — Oil of Turpentine. 
 
 The volatile oil distilled from most of the species 
 of Pinus. 
 
 Dose of the oil, m.x-xx, given three or four times 
 a clay, in typhoid fever or dysentery; or, f3i-f3ss, 
 as a vermifuge. 
 
 Officinal Preparation, U. S. 
 
 Linimentum Terebinthinae. 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Agents that pro- 
 mote waste, and the vaso-motor depressants. 
 
 In case of poisoning, anodynes and demulcents 
 should follow the evacuation of the stomach. 
 
 Synergists.— -The diffusible and alcoholic stimulants. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic, 
 astringent. 
 
 Chronic intestinal catarrh: #. 01. terebinth., f 31 ; 
 ol. amygdal. express., fgss; tine, opii, f 3ij ; mucil. 
 acacise, f3v; aq. laur-cerasi, f3ss. M. S. Teaspoon- 
 ful every three, four, or six hours, as indicated. 
 
 Anthelmintic, half an ounce combined with an 
 ounce of castor-oil — for round worms and taenia. 
 
 Acts happily in chronic, cystic, and urethral in- 
 flammations, because of its rapid elimination through 
 the kidneys. 
 
 Locally, stupes, liniments and vaporizations, etc. 
 
 UVA TJRSL— Bear-berry. 
 
 Origin. — Leaves of Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi, 
 Sprengel. Nat. ord. 9 Ericaceae. 
 
 Habitat. — Northern Hemisphere, in dry, sandy 
 places. 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 155 
 
 Constituents. — Tannin, gallic acid, arbutin, erico- 
 lin, ursone (tasteless crystals). 
 
 Officinal Preparations, II. S. 
 
 Decoctum Uvae Ursi (3i to Oi). Dose, fiji-iv. 
 
 Extractum Uvae Ursi Pluidum. Dose, f 3i— ij . 
 
 Action and Uses. — Astringent, tonic, diuretic, ne- 
 phritic. 
 
 Its astringency acts electively on the genitouri- 
 nary tract — its widest field of usefulness. 
 
 VALERIANA.— Valerian. 
 
 Origin. — Root of Valeriana Officinalis, Lin. Nat. 
 ord., Valerianaceae. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe and Northern Asia; naturalized 
 in New England, in moist and dry localities; culti- 
 vated. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, valerianic, formic, and 
 acetic acids, tannin, resin, starch, mucilage. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, II. S. 
 
 Extractum Valeriana. Dose, gr. x-xxx. 
 
 Extractum Valerianae Pluidum. Dose, f3i. 
 
 Infusum Valerianae (fgi to Oi). Dose, fgij-iv. 
 
 Oleum Valerianae. Dose, gtt. ij-v. 
 
 Tinctura Valerianae (3\j to Oi). Dose, f3i-ij. 
 
 Tinctura Valerianae Ammoniata (3ij to Oi). Dose, 
 f3i-ij. 
 
 Antagonists and Incom.p edibles. — Quinia, digitalis, 
 ergot, and similar agents. 
 
 Synergists. — Cerebral excitants — opium, alcohol, 
 etc. 
 
156 Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
 
 Action and Uses. — Stimulant, anodyne, antispas- 
 modic, nervine. 
 
 Nervous headache: #. Tine. Valerianae amm., fgi. 
 M. S. One to two teaspoonfuls every three or four 
 hours. This may be combined with the tincture of 
 aconite root with good effect. 
 
 Acidum Valemanicum. — Valerianic Acid. 
 
 This is the odorous principle, and rapidly appears 
 in the urine and sweat. It is a colorless liquid of 
 oily consistence, penetrating, disagreeable odor, and 
 caustic taste. 
 
 Its officinal preparations are (IT. S.), Valerianas 
 Ammonii, Valerian. Quiniee, Valerian. Zinci. 
 
 The doses range from gr. i to gr. v. 
 
 ZINCITM.— Zinc. Zn. 
 
 Zinc is found abundantly in nature in various 
 combinations, the silicate (calamine) and the carbon- 
 ate (blende) being most common. 
 
 It is obtained commercially by smelting the ores 
 of lead and zinc. 
 
 The salts are usually colorless, soluble in water, 
 of acid reaction, disagreeable taste. By long heat- 
 ing, most of them are converted into the oxide. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 
 Zinci Oxidum. Dose, gr. ij-viij. 
 Zinci Oxidum Venale. Ung. Zinci Ox. (one to 
 five parts). 
 
 Zinci Chloridum. Caustic and astringent. 
 Zinci Acetas. Collyrium (gr. ss-ij to fgi). 
 
For Dentists and Dental Students. 157 
 
 Zinci Carbonas Precipitata. 
 
 Zinci Sulphas (white vitriol). Dose, emetic, gr. 
 x-xxx. 
 
 Zinci Valerianas (pill). Dose, gr. i-ij. 
 
 Ung. Benzoicum Ox. Zinci (zn. ox., gr. lxxx to 
 ling, benz., gr. cccc). 
 
 Antagonists and Incompatibles. — Lime-water, the 
 alkalies and their carbonates, nitrate of silver, veg- 
 etable astringents, acetate of lead. 
 
 Synergists. — The mercurial, silver, antimonial, and 
 copper compounds. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Caustic (chloride), astringent, 
 tonic, specific emetic, antispasmodic. 
 
 Summer diarrhea of children, with bismuth and 
 pepsin: #. Zinci ox., gr. viij; bismuth subnit., 3iss; 
 pepsin, sach., 3i. M. ft. pulv. No. xij. Sig. One 
 powder every three to six hours. 
 
 Chronic dysentery, combined with opium and ip- 
 ecac: #. Sulph., pulv. opii, pulv. ipecac, aa gr. xij. 
 M. ft. pil. No. xij. S. One pill three or four times a 
 day. 
 
 Whooping-cough, the sulph. zinc. (gr. J-i), and 
 ext. belladonna (gr. i-ss), used with success. 
 
 Nervine tonic: #. Zinc. Valerian., gr. xxiv; con- 
 feet, rosee, q. s. M. ft. pil. No. xij. S. One pill 
 twice or thrice a day. 
 
 Chronic alcoholismus: #. Zinc, ox., 3i; piperin., 
 9i. M. ft. pil. No. xx. S. One pill every three or 
 four hours. 
 
 Gonorrhea: #. Zinc, sulph., gr. viij; acid, tannic, 
 gr. vi; glycerin., f^ij; aq. dest., f3vi. M. S. In- 
 ject three or four times a day. To be used after an 
 
158 Materia Meclica and Therapeutics. 
 
 injection of reasonably pure water, to wash out the 
 urethra. 
 
 ZESTGERIBER.— Ginger. 
 Origin. — Rhizome of Zingeriber Officinale, Roscoe. 
 
 Nat. ord., Zingeriberaceae. 
 
 Habitat. — India; cultivated in the tropics 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, resin (to which the hot 
 
 taste is due), starch, mucilage, etc. 
 
 Officinal Preparations, IT. S. 
 
 Extractum Zingeriberis Fluidum. Dose, m.x-xx. 
 
 Infusum Zingeriberis (3ss to Oi). Dose, f3ij-iv. 
 
 Oleo-resina Zingeriberis. Dose, m.ss-ij. 
 
 Syrupus Zingeriberis. As a vehicle. 
 
 Trochischi Zingeriberis (each contains m.ij of 
 tincture). 
 
 Dose, in substance, gr. x-xv. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Agreeable stimulant, carmi- 
 native, rubifacient, anodyne. As a flavoring. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 TABLES OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES, 
 
 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES OF U. S. PHARMACOPOEIA. 
 
 One pound, ib =12 Troy ounces = 5760 grains. 
 
 One Troy ounce, § = 8 drachms = 480 grains. 
 One drachm, 3 =3 scruples = 60 grains. 
 One scruple, 9 =20 grains. 
 
 One grain, gr. = 1 grain. 
 
 1 minim, TTL- 
 60 minims = 1 fluid drachm, f £ . 
 480 minims = 8 fluid drachms = 1 fluid ounce, 13 . 
 7680 minims = 128 fluid drachms = 16 fluid ounces = 1 pint,0. 
 61440 minims = 1024 fluid drachms = 12S fluid ounces = 8 pints 
 
 [= 1 gal. Cong. 
 
 METRIC WEIGHTS AND MEASURES OF THE FRENCH 
 CODEX AND GERMAN PHAR. 
 
 The unit of all metric measures is the meter (French metre), and 
 this is the ten-millionth part of the quadrant, or fourth part of the 
 terrestrial meridian, the quadrant being the distance from the equa- 
 tor to the pole. The cube of the tenth part of a meter, denominated 
 liter (Fr. litre), was adopted as the unit of measures of capacity. 
 The weight of the one-thousandth part of a liter of distilled water 
 at its greatest density (4° C. ; 24.8° F.) was denominated gram (Fr. 
 gramme), and adopted as the unit of weight. The subdivisions of 
 all measures are named by prefixing to the name of the unit the 
 Latin numerals deci (,1), centi (.01), and milli (,001); and the larger 
 denominations by prefixing the Greek numerals deka (10), hehto 
 (100), kilo (1000), and myria (10,000). 
 
 (159) 
 
160 Appendix. 
 
 1 milligram = 0.001 gram. 
 10 milligrams = 1. centigram = 0.010 gram. 
 100 milligrams = 10. centigrams = 1. decigram = 0.100 gram. 
 1000 milligrams = 100. centigrams = 10. decigrams = 1.000 gram. 
 
 1 gram (weight of 1 cubic centimeter of water at 4° C). 
 10 grams = 1 dekagram. 
 100 grams = 10 dekagrams = 1 hektogram. 
 1000 grams = 100 dekagrams — 10 hektograms = 1 kilogram. 
 
 1 milliliter (or 1 cubic centimeter) = 0.001 liter. 
 10 milliliters = 1 centiliter — 0.01 liter. 
 
 100 milliliters = 10 centiliters = 1 deciliter = .10 liter. 
 
 1000 milliliters = 100 centiliters = 10 deciliters = 1.0 liter. 
 
 1 liter (or 1 cubic decimeter). 
 10 liters = 1 dekaliter. 
 100 liters = 10 dekaliters = 1 hektoliter. 
 1000 liters = 100 dekaliters = 10 hektoliters = 1 kiloliter. 
 
 WEIGHTS AND MEASUEES OF THE BKITISH 
 PHARMACOPEIA. 
 
 One pound, ft) = 16 ounces = 7000 Troy grains = 1ft) g ij £ iv gr.xl. 
 One ounce, oz. = 437.5 Troy grs. = 5 vij gr. xvijss. 
 
 One grain, gr. = 1 grain. 
 
 The pound and ounce of the Br. Pharni. are identical with the 
 same denominations of avoirdupois weight. The avoirdupois ounce 
 is subdivided into 16 drachms (1 drachm = 27.34 Troy grains) ; but 
 the Br. Pharm. recognizes no subdivisions between the ounce and 
 grain. It is, however, optional with the physician in prescribing to 
 use the symbols ►) and 3 , the former representing 20 and the latter 
 60 grains, if such should conduce to accuracy or convenience. 
 
 Troy grs. 
 
 1 minim, min. = 0.91. 
 
 60 minims= 1 fluid drachm, fl. dr. = 54.7. 
 
 480 minims— 8 fl'd draclims= 1 fluid ounce, fl. oz. = 437.5. 
 
 9600 minims— 160 fl'd drachms= 20 fl'd ozs.=l pint, 0= 8750. 
 
 76800 minims=1280 fl'd drachms=160 fl'd ozs.=8 pints =70000. 
 
Appendix. 
 
 161 
 
 APPROXIMATE MEASURES. 
 
 In the United States and in Great Britain prescriptions are com- 
 pounded by weighing the solids and measuring the liquids ; but on 
 the Continent of Europe weights alone are employed in the making 
 of preparations and in the compounding of prescriptions. Medi- 
 cines are, however, taken by familiar domestic measures, which are 
 subject to considerable variations, but are usually estimated as hav- 
 ing the following capacity : 
 
 In the United States. In France. 
 
 A teaspoon ful, One fluid drachm, 5 grams of water. 
 
 A dessertspoonful, Two fluid drachms. 
 
 A tablespoonful, Half a fluid ounce, 20 grams of water. 
 
 A wineglassful, Two fluid ounces. 
 
 A glassful, 160 grams of water. 
 
 A teacupful, Four fluid ounces. 
 
 A tumblerful, Eight fluid ounces. 
 
 Gutta — a drop — is very uncertain, depending on the viscidity of 
 the liquid, size and shape of the vessel, the curvature of the lip, the 
 temperature, the rapidity of dropping, and probably other circum- 
 stances. Between aqueous liquids and others the difference ranges 
 from 50 to 200 per cent. Hence, the drop should give place to 
 weight or measure; and this may be approximated by each minim 
 to contain of 
 
 Ether and ethereal solutions. - 2} to 3 drops. 
 
 Tinctures, alcoholic solutions, and volatile oils, 1J to 2 or 2J drops. 
 
 Medicated wines 1 to 1J drops. 
 
 Water and aqueous solutions f to 1 drop. 
 
 11 
 
162 Appendix. 
 
 TABLE OF ELEMENTS. 
 
 Symbols. 
 
 Aluminium Al. 
 
 Antimony (Stibium) Sb. 
 
 Arsenic As. 
 
 Barium Ba. 
 
 Beryllium Be. 
 
 Bismuth Bi. 
 
 Boron B. 
 
 Bromine Br. 
 
 Cadmium Cd. 
 
 Csesium Cs. 
 
 Calcium Ca. 
 
 Carbon C. 
 
 Cerium Ce. 
 
 Chlorine CI. 
 
 Chromium Cr. 
 
 Cobalt Co. 
 
 Copper (Cuprum) Cu. 
 
 Decipium Dp. 
 
 Didymium D. 
 
 Erbium Eb. 
 
 Fluorine F. 
 
 Gallium Ga. 
 
 Gold (Aurum) Au. 
 
 Hydrogen H. 
 
 Ilmenium II. 
 
 Indium In. 
 
 Iodine I. 
 
 Iridium Ir. 
 
 Iron (Ferrum) Fe. 
 
 Lanthanum La. 
 
 Lavcesium Lv. 
 
 Lead (Plumbum) Pb. 
 
 Lithium Li. 
 
 Magnesium Mg. 
 
 Atomic 
 Value. 
 
 Atomic 
 Weight. 
 
 Ill 
 
 27.5 
 
 III, V 
 
 122. 
 
 III, V 
 
 75. 
 
 II 
 
 137. 
 
 II 
 
 9.5 
 
 III, V 
 
 210. 
 
 III 
 
 11. 
 
 I 
 
 80. 
 
 II 
 
 112. 
 
 I 
 
 133. 
 
 II 
 
 40. 
 
 II, IV 
 
 12. 
 
 II, VI 
 
 92. 
 
 I 
 
 35.5 
 
 III, VI 
 
 52.5 
 
 II, VI 
 
 58.8 
 
 II 
 
 63.5 
 
 II 
 
 106. 
 
 II 
 
 96. 
 
 II 
 
 112.5 
 
 I 
 
 19. 
 
 I 
 
 68. 
 
 I, III 
 
 197. 
 
 I 
 
 1. 
 
 V 
 
 105. 
 
 II 
 
 75.6 
 
 I 
 
 127. 
 
 IV 
 
 198. 
 
 I, III, VI 
 
 56. 
 
 II 
 
 93.6 
 
 ? 
 
 ? 
 
 II, IV 
 
 207. 
 
 I 
 
 7. 
 
 II 
 
 24. 
 
Appendix. 163 
 
 Symbols. 
 
 Manganesium Mn. 
 
 Mercury (Hydrargyrum) Hg. 
 
 Molybdenum Mo. 
 
 Mosandrium Ms. 
 
 Neptunium Np. 
 
 Nickel Ni. 
 
 Niobium Nb. 
 
 Nitrogen N. 
 
 Osmium Os. 
 
 Oxygen O. 
 
 Palladium Pd. 
 
 Phillipium Pp. 
 
 Phosphorus - P. 
 
 Platinum Pt. 
 
 Potassium (Kalium) K. 
 
 Rhodium Rh. 
 
 Rubidium Rb. 
 
 Ruthenium Ru. 
 
 Selenium Se. 
 
 Silicium Si. 
 
 Silver (Argentum) Ag. 
 
 Sodium (Natrium) Na. 
 
 Strontium Sr. 
 
 Sulphur S. 
 
 Tantalum Ta. 
 
 Tellurium Te. 
 
 Terbium Tb. 
 
 Thallium Tl. 
 
 Thorium Th. 
 
 Tin (Stannum) Sn. 
 
 Titanium Ti. 
 
 Tungsten, or Wolfram W. 
 
 Uranium U. 
 
 Vanadium V. 
 
 Ytterbium Yb. 
 
 Yttrium Y. 
 
 Zinc Zr\ e 
 
 Zirconium Zi\ 
 
 Atomic 
 
 Atomic 
 
 Value. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 II, IV, VI 
 
 55. 
 
 II 
 
 200. 
 
 VI 
 
 96. 
 
 II 
 
 ? 
 
 V 
 
 118. 
 
 II, VI 
 
 58.8 
 
 V 
 
 94. 
 
 i, ni, v 
 
 14. 
 
 IV 
 
 199. 
 
 II 
 
 16. 
 
 IV 
 
 106.6 
 
 II 
 
 74. 
 
 III, V 
 
 31. 
 
 IV 
 
 198. 
 
 I 
 
 39. 
 
 IV 
 
 104.4 
 
 I 
 
 85.4 
 
 IV 
 
 104.4 
 
 VI 
 
 79.4 
 
 IV 
 
 28. 
 
 I 
 
 108. 
 
 I 
 
 23. 
 
 II 
 
 87.5 
 
 II, IV, VI 
 
 32. 
 
 V 
 
 182. 
 
 VI 
 
 128. 
 
 II 
 
 98. 
 
 III 
 
 204. 
 
 II, IV 
 
 235. 
 
 II, IV 
 
 118. 
 
 IV 
 
 50. 
 
 VI 
 
 184. 
 
 IV, VI 
 
 240. 
 
 V 
 
 51.2 
 
 II 
 
 115.? 
 
 ffi 
 
 9.2. 
 
 H 
 
 65,. 
 
 IV 
 
 89.6 
 
164 
 
 Appendix. 
 
 Abbreviations Used in Writing Prescriptions, 
 
 Abbreviation. 
 aa 
 
 Ad lib. 
 Ad saturand. 
 Aq. ferv. 
 Aq. tepid. 
 Chart. 
 Coch. mag. 
 Coch. parv. 
 Colent. 
 Collyr. 
 Contus. 
 F. vel ft. 
 Fol. 
 Garg. 
 Gtt. 
 Haust. 
 Infus. 
 M. 
 
 Mass. 
 Mist. 
 Pil. 
 Pulv. 
 Q.s. 
 R 
 
 Ead. 
 S. 
 Ss. 
 Tinct. vel tr. 
 
 Latin. 
 Ana. 
 
 Ad libitum. 
 Ad saturandum. 
 Aqua fervens. 
 Aqua tepida. 
 Chartula. 
 
 Cochlear magnum. 
 Cochlear parvum. 
 Colentur. 
 Collyrium. 
 Contusus. 
 Fiat vel fiant. 
 Folium vel folia. 
 Gargarisma. 
 Gutta vel guttse. 
 Haustus. 
 Infusis. 
 Misce. 
 Massa. 
 Mistura. 
 
 Pilula vel pilulse. 
 Pulvis vel pulveres. 
 Quantum sufficit. 
 Recipe. 
 Radix. 
 Signa. 
 Semis. 
 Tinctura. 
 
 English. 
 Of each. 
 At pleasure. 
 Until saturated. 
 Hot water. 
 Warm water. 
 A small paper. 
 A tablespoonful. 
 A teas poonf ul. 
 Let them be strained. 
 An eye-water. 
 Bruised. 
 
 Let them be made. 
 A leaf or leaves. 
 A gargle. 
 A drop or drops. 
 A draught. 
 An infusion. 
 Mix. 
 A mass. 
 A mixture. 
 A pill or pills. 
 A powder or powders. 
 A sufficient quantity. 
 Take. 
 A root. 
 Write. 
 The half. 
 A tincture. 
 
Appendix. 165 
 
 OBTUNDENTS OF SENSITIVE DENTINE. 
 
 Dryness, mechanical and chemical. The former, by absorbents, 
 hot air, etc. ; the latter, by materials having an infinity for the water 
 of the dentine, as glycerine, alcohol, or either of these combined 
 with tannic acid, chloride of zinc, tincture of aconite root, etc. 
 
 Dr. Shumway's method: Two parts of glycerine to one part of 
 tincture of aconite root. 
 
 Dr. S. J. MeDougall's: 
 
 R. 
 
 Alcohol, absolut f ^ ss. 
 
 Glycerinse f ^ ss. 
 
 Acidi tannici f^ss. 
 
 M. 
 
 Also: 
 
 R. 
 
 Alcohol, absolut f g ss. 
 
 Glycerinae fg ss. 
 
 Zinci chloridi f^ss. 
 
 M. 
 Formula of Weatherbee's "Dental Obtundent :" 
 
 Concentrated solution of phosphoric acid f^i. 
 
 Chloroform f 3^ ij. 
 
 High-proof alcohol f^vi-viij. 
 
 Sulphate of morphia.... gr. cxxv. 
 
 These to be rubbed together in a mortar. 
 
166 Appendix. 
 
 TABLE OF POISONS AND ANTIDOTES. 
 
 In all cases of poisoning, the first step is to evacuate the stomach, 
 which should be effected by one of those emetics which is most pow- 
 erful and speedy in its operation, as sulphate of zinc, or sulphate of 
 copper. When vomiting has already taken place, copious draughts 
 of warm water or mucilaginous drinks should be given, to keep up 
 the effect till the poisoning substance has been evacuated. If vom- 
 iting cannot be produced, the stomach-pump must be used. 
 
 Inflammation of the stomach, congestion of the brain, and other 
 symptoms, are to be treated on general principles, viz., by blood-let- 
 ting, cold applications, revulsives, cool mucilaginous drinks, milk, 
 lime-water, etc. When prostration exists, stimulants should be re- 
 sorted to, as in other cases. 
 
 The following is a list of the usual poisoning substances, with the 
 appropriate remedies : 
 
 Poisons. — Acids. Antidotes. — The alkalies. Common soap (soft 
 or hard) in solution is an efficient remedy, and has the advantage 
 of being always at hand. It should be followed by copious draughts 
 of tepid water or flaxseed tea. For nitric and oxalic acids, the car- 
 bonates of magnesia and lime (chalk and water) are the best anti- 
 dotes. When sulphuric acid has been taken, the use of much water 
 will be improper. 
 
 Alkalies and their salts. Antidotes. — The vegetable acids. Com- 
 mon vinegar being always at hand, is most frequently used. The 
 fixed oils, as castor, flaxseed, almond, and olive oils, form soaps with 
 the alkalies, and thus, also, destroy their caustic effect. They should 
 be given in large quantities. 
 
 Earths — Baryta and its salts, Lime. Antidotes. — Epsom or Glau- 
 ber's Salts, in solution, or diluted sulphuric acid. The fixed oils 
 also have the same effect as with the alkalies proper when not in a 
 compound state. 
 
 Iodine ; Iodide of Potassium. Antidotes. — Starch, or wheat-flour, 
 in large quantities well mixed with water. For Iodide of Potassium, 
 there being no antidote, vomiting must be promoted by copious 
 draughts of warm water. 
 
Appendix. 167 
 
 Antimony and its salts. Antidotes. — Astringent Infusions, as of 
 galls, oak bark, Peruvian bark, or green tea, very strong. 
 
 Arsenic and its compounds. Antidotes. — Hydrated Peroxide of 
 Iron (freshly prepared), in tablespoonful doses every five or ten 
 minutes, or better, "Dialysed Iron," in teaspoonful doses. Freshly 
 precipitated Magnesia, Demulcents, etc. 
 
 Bismuth and its compounds. Antidotes. — Albumen. Copious 
 draughts of milk, combined with sweet mucilaginous drinks. 
 
 Copper and its compounds. Antidotes. — Albumen, as milk or 
 whites of eggs in solution, should be freely administered. Vinegar 
 must be avoided. 
 
 Gold, salts of. Antidote. — Sulphate of Iron, with a free use of 
 mucilaginous drinks. 
 
 Iron, salts of. Antidote. — Carbonate of Soda, with mucilaginous 
 drinks. 
 
 Lead, salts of. Antidotes. — Sulphate of Magnesia (Epsom Salts), 
 or diluted sulphuric acid. 
 
 Mercury, salts of. Antidotes. — Albumen, as whites of eggs, milk, 
 or wheat-flour beaten up with water. 
 
 Silver, salts of. Antidotes.— Common salt (chloride of sodium), 
 largely given ; white of egg or milk, followed by an emetic. 
 
 Tin, salts of. Antidotes. — Albumen. Whites of eggs, milk, or 
 flour. 
 
 Zinc, salts of. Antidotes. — Albumen, or carbonate of soda, with 
 copious draughts of warm water, and especially milk. 
 
 Phosphorus. No chemical antidote ; therefore get the poison out 
 of the system as soon as possible, by stomach-pump or an emetic of 
 sulphate of zinc. Give cathartic, if the poison has reached the in- 
 testines. Give no oily or fatty matter. Old oil of turpentine has been 
 used with advantage — the older the better. 
 
 Gases. Antidotes. — Ammonia, cautiously inhaled, is recommended 
 for chlorine. Asphyxia produced by carbonic acid or carbonic ox- 
 ide gases or sulphuretted hydrogen, must be treated by copious affu- 
 sions of cold water, especially to the head, blood-letting, artificial 
 respiration, stimulants carefully administered, etc. 
 
 Creasote. Antidotes. — Albumen, or whites of eggs, milk, or wheat- 
 flour. 
 
 Alcohol or spirituous liquors. Antidotes. — A powerful emetic 
 should be given, followed by copious draughts of warm water. Con- 
 
168 Appendix. 
 
 gestion of the brain, and other symptoms, to be treated on general 
 principles. 
 
 Opium and other narcotics. Antidotes. — The chief reliance is to 
 be placed on the most active emetics (as tartar emetic, sulphate of 
 copper, or sulphate of zinc), and the stomach-pump. Emetics are 
 preferable to the stomach-pump when the narcotic has been taken 
 in substance. The patient should be kept in motion, and cold water 
 dashed on the head and shoulders. Blood-letting may become nec- 
 essary to relieve congestion. After other remedies fail, artificial 
 respiration should be resorted to. Strong hot coffee, a teacupful al- 
 ternately with vinegar and water, may be useful. Electro-magnet- 
 ism has also been efficacious. 
 
 Poisonous serpents. Antidotes. — A cupping-glass over the wound, 
 or a tight ligature above it ; cauterization of wound. Warm dilu- 
 ent drinks and small doses of ammonia to promote perspiration. 
 Whisky has been given in large doses. Bibron's antidote is as fol- 
 lows: R. Potass. Iodid., gr. iv; Hydrarg. chlor. corros., gr. ij; Bro- 
 minii 3 v. M. Ten drops in a tablespoonful of wine or brandy, 
 repeated if necessary. 
 
Appendix. 169 
 
 REMEDIES IN FREQUENT USE, 
 
 BUT COMPARATIVELY NEW. 
 
 BRAYERA.— Kooso. 
 
 Origin. — The flowers and unripe fruit of Brayera Anthelmintica, 
 Kunth. Nat. ord., Rosaceae, Roseae. 
 
 Habitat. — Table-land and mountains of Abyssinia. 
 
 Constituents. — An acrid bitter resin, 6.25 per cent.; tannin, 24.4 
 per cent. ; ash, 15.71 per cent. ; wax, sugar, gum. 
 
 Officinal Preparation, IT. S., Br. 
 
 Infusum Kooso. Dose, f § ss-i. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Anthelmintic, especially as a teanicide. 
 
 It is to be given fasting in the morning, and followed by a brisk 
 cathartic in three or four hours. 
 
 Abyssinian method: Infusion is made with water or beer, or the 
 flowers are mixed with honey to the amount of from four to six 
 drachms, and the whole is taken in the morning, fasting, and no 
 food taken all day. The tape- worm is usually expelled in from 
 twelve to twenty-four hours. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS. [Ph. B.] 
 
 Origin. — Leaves of Eucalyptus Globulus, Labill. Nat ord., Myr- 
 tacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Tasmania; cultivated in Europe, Northern Africa, 
 Southern United States, and California. 
 
 Constituents. — Hartzer (1876) found tannin, cerylic alcohol, a crys- 
 tallizable fatty acid, and three resins. Many other constituents have 
 been found, but the most important is the dextrogyre volatile oil, 
 composed of eucalyptol, terpene, and cymol. 
 
 Action and Uses. — An excellent antiseptic, rapidly destructive to 
 infusoria. 
 
 It paralyzes the spinal cord and medulla, a period of excitement 
 
170 Appendix. 
 
 rapidly giving way to profound muscular weakness, loss of reflex 
 sensibility, and finally death by respiratory failure. The pulse loses 
 its force, temperature is lowered, urea is increased. 
 
 Therapeutically the drug is antiperiodic ; and is thought to re- 
 claim malarious districts. This is strongly doubted by later experi- 
 menters. 
 
 Recommended in bronchitis and asthma. 
 
 Dose, of the tincture, f^ss-ij. Oil is its best form; dose, gtt. v-x. 
 
 JABOKANDL— Jaborandi. 
 
 Origin, — Leaflets of Pilocarpus Pennatifolius, Lemaire. Nat. ord., 
 Rutacese, Xanthoxylese. 
 
 Habitat. — Brazil, near Pernambuco. 
 
 Constituents. — Byasson (1875) obtained a volatile oil and an alka- 
 loid pilocarpina or pilocarpin, Upon which its power depends. 
 
 Action and Uses. — When taken (thirty to ninety grains in boiling 
 water) a diffused glow is soon felt, followed by profuse perspiration. 
 Temperature falls, circulation excited. It is thought to be the only 
 direct and essential diaphoretic known. It is also galactagogue. It 
 produces flushing, etc., like atropia, but is its antagonist upon the 
 mammary, sudoral, and salivary secretions, and on the pupils and 
 minute arteries. 
 
 Pilocarpin, or its muriate, injected hypodermically, acts as jabo- 
 randi, and is less apt to produce vomiting. 
 
 Therapeutically, it is confined to lessening the fluids in the sys- 
 tem. Dropsy of Bright' s disease is met by it most happily. To 
 avoid vomiting, it may be given by anema. May be given in infu- 
 sion (ninety grains to four ounces ; dose, one ounce), and a concen- 
 trated tincture representing thirty grains to the fluid drachm. 
 
 Pilocarpin, dose, gr. J to f , by mouth ; gr. J, hypodermically. 
 
 LAURO-CERASI FOLIA.— Cherry-laurel Leaves. [Ph. B.] 
 This drug contains prussic acid, but, as it is very variable, its use 
 cannot be advised. 
 
 LIQUOR FERRI DIALYSATUS.— Dialysed Iron. 
 A recent preparation rapidly coming into favor. Its merits are : 
 Has no styptic taste, mixes with water in any proportion, does not 
 stain the teeth, or produce constipation. 
 
Appendix. 171 
 
 Some experimenters cast serious doubt on it. 
 Dose, thirty drops, three or four times a day. 
 Its use as an antidote to arsenic is questioned by some authors. 
 
 PETROSELINUM.— Parsley. 
 
 Origin. — The root of Petroselinum Sativum, Hofm. ; S. Apium 
 Petroselinum, Lin. Nat. ord., Umbelliferse. Orthospermse. 
 
 Habitat. — Southern Europe. 
 
 Constituents. — Starch, sugar, volatile oil, and apiin. Joret and 
 Homalle (1855) separated apiol from parsley. 
 
 Action and Uses. — Carminative, discutient, diuretic, emmenagogue. 
 Also thought to be antiperiodic. 
 
 As an emmenagogue, is the field where it is thought to be of 
 unquestionable benefit. 
 
 Powdered seeds may be given in doses of from ten to fifteen 
 grains; strong infusion of root is used. 
 
 Apiol is given two or three times a day, in doses of five or six 
 drops, in capsules. 
 
 To be given four or five days before the "period," when used as 
 an emmenagogue. 
 
Acknowledgment. 
 
 The author makes grateful acknowledgment to 
 the works of Gubler, Bartholow, Farquharson, 
 Ringer, Headland, Stille and Maisch (U. S. Dispen- 
 satory), Maisch, Biddle, Fowne, and Stocken, from 
 which valuable assistance was derived. 
 (172) 
 
General Index. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Acacia 5 
 
 Acetic acid 5 
 
 Acetum lobelia? 110 
 
 opii 122 
 
 sanguinarise 138 
 
 scillse 142 
 
 Acidum aceticum 5 
 
 aceticum dilutum .... 6 
 
 aceticum glaciale 5 
 
 arseniosum 6 
 
 benzoicum 6 
 
 boracicum 7 
 
 carbolicum 7 
 
 carbolicum impurum 7 
 
 chromicum 9 
 
 gallicum 9 
 
 hydrocyanicum 10 
 
 hydrocyanicum dilutum. . 10 
 
 muriaticum 11 
 
 muriaticum dilutum 11 
 
 nitricum 12 
 
 nitricum dilutum 12 
 
 nitro-muriaticum 13 
 
 nitro-muriaticum dilutum 13 
 
 phosphoricum dilutum ... 14 
 
 phosphoricum glaciale ... 14 
 
 salicylicum 15 
 
 sulphuricum 16 
 
 sulphuricum aromaticum. 16 
 
 sulphuricum dilutum 16 
 
 tannicum 17 
 
 tartaricum 18 
 
 valerianicum 156 
 
 Aconite 19 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Aconitia 19 
 
 Aconiti folia 19 
 
 radix 19 
 
 Aconitum 19 
 
 iEther 20 
 
 fortior 29 
 
 Alcohol 21 
 
 dilutum 21 
 
 fortius 22 
 
 Allspice 128 
 
 Alum 22 
 
 Alumen 22 
 
 exsiccatum 23 
 
 Aluminii et ammonii sulphas 24 
 
 American hellebore 136 
 
 Ammonia 23 
 
 Ammoniated copper 75 
 
 mercury 93 
 
 Ammonii benzoas 24 
 
 bromidum 24 
 
 carbonas 24 
 
 chloridum 24 
 
 chloridum purificatum ... 25 
 
 iodidum 25 
 
 nitras 25 
 
 sulphas 25^ 
 
 yalerianas 25 
 
 Ammonio-ferric alum 25 
 
 Ammonio-tartrate of iron . . 25 
 
 Ammonium benzoate 24 
 
 Anaesthesia and anaesthetics . 26 
 
 Anaesthesia by chloroform . . 28 
 
 by ether 29 
 
 by nitrous oxide gas 30 
 
 (173) 
 
174 
 
 General Index. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Anthemis 31 
 
 Antidote, acetic acid 6 
 
 aconite 23 
 
 ammonia 25 
 
 arsenious acid 38 
 
 belladonna 44 
 
 camphor 50 
 
 cantharides 53 
 
 carbolic acid 8 
 
 chloral 60 
 
 chloroform 28, 64 
 
 conium 70 
 
 copper 75 
 
 corrosive sublimate 95 
 
 digitalis 76 
 
 Fowler's solution 38 
 
 hydrocyanic acid 10 
 
 iodine 99 
 
 lead 130 
 
 lobelia 110 
 
 muriatic acid 11 
 
 nitrate of silver 36 
 
 nitric acid 12 
 
 opium 123 
 
 phosphorus 126 
 
 physostigma 127 
 
 potassium 132 
 
 stramonium 150 
 
 strychnia 118 
 
 sulphuric acid 17 
 
 table of. 166 
 
 tartar emetic 32 
 
 tartaric acid 19 
 
 tobacco . 152 
 
 veratria 136 
 
 zinc 157 
 
 Antimonial wine 32 
 
 Antimonii et potassii tartras 32 
 
 oxidum 32 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Antimonii oxysulphuretum. 32 
 
 sulphuretum 32 
 
 Antimonium 32 
 
 sulphuratum 32 
 
 Antimony 32 
 
 Apiol 171 
 
 Appendix 159 
 
 Approximate measures 160 
 
 Aqua 33 
 
 ammonise 24 
 
 ammonise fortior 24 
 
 aurantii florum 41 
 
 camphorse 50 
 
 chlorini 62 
 
 cinnamomi 68 
 
 creasoti 74 
 
 destillata 34 
 
 fceniculi 83 
 
 menthse piperitse 115 
 
 menthse viridis 115 
 
 Argenti nitras 35 
 
 nitras fusa 35 
 
 oxidum 35 
 
 Argentum 35 
 
 Arnica 36 
 
 Arsenic 37 
 
 Arsenicum 37 
 
 Arsenici iodidum 37 
 
 Arsenious acid 6, 37 
 
 Asafetida 40 
 
 Asafoetida 40 
 
 Atropia 44 
 
 Aurantii amari cortex 41 
 
 dulcis cortex 41 
 
 flores 41 
 
 Aurantium 41 
 
 Balsam of Peru 42 
 
 of tolu 42 
 
General Index. 
 
 175 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Balsam Peruvianum 42 
 
 tolutanum 42 
 
 Bark, cinchona 66 
 
 Bath, nitro-muriatic dilute . . 13 
 
 Bear-berry 154 
 
 Belladonna 43 
 
 folia 43 
 
 leaves 43 
 
 radix 43 
 
 root 43 
 
 Benzoate of ammonium .... 24 
 
 Benzoic acid 6 
 
 Benzoin 45 
 
 Benzoinum 45 
 
 Bichromate of potassium. . . 132 
 
 Bismuth 46 
 
 subcarbonate of 46 
 
 subnitrate of 46 
 
 Bismuthi subcarbonas 46 
 
 subnitras 46 
 
 Bismuthum 46 
 
 Black draught 145 
 
 drop 122 
 
 Blistering collodion 89 
 
 papers 53 
 
 Blood-root 138 
 
 Bone-set 79 
 
 Borax 146 
 
 Brayera 169 
 
 Bromide of ammonium .... 24 
 
 of potassium 132 
 
 of iron 81 
 
 Bromine 47 
 
 Brominium 47 
 
 Broom 143 
 
 Buchu 47 
 
 Butternut 103 
 
 Cacao-butter 120 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Calabar-bean 127 
 
 Calcii carbonas precipitata . . 48 
 
 Calcii chloridum 48 
 
 hypophosphis 48 
 
 phosphas precipitata 48 
 
 Calcis hydras 48 
 
 Calcium 48 
 
 Calomel 93 
 
 Calumba 49 
 
 Calx 48 
 
 chlorinata 48 
 
 Camphor 50 
 
 Camphora 50 
 
 Canella 51 
 
 Cannabis Americana 52 
 
 Indica 52 
 
 Cantharides 53 
 
 Cantharis 53 
 
 Capsicum 54 
 
 Carbo 54 
 
 animalis purificatus 55 
 
 ligni 55 
 
 Carbolic acid 7 
 
 ointment 8 
 
 Carbon 54 
 
 Carbonate of ammonium ... 24 
 
 Cardamom 55 
 
 Cardamomum 55 
 
 Carronoil 49, 109 
 
 Caryophylus 56 
 
 Cascarilla 56 
 
 Castor-oil 119 
 
 Catechu 57 
 
 Caution in regard to chloral . 61 
 
 in regard to chloroform . . 28 
 
 Cayenne pepper 54 
 
 Cera alba 57 
 
 fiava 57 
 
 Cerate of cantharides 53 
 
176 
 
 General Index. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Ceratum cantharidis 53 
 
 sabinse 137 
 
 saponis 140 
 
 Cerii oxalas 58 
 
 Cerium 58 
 
 oxalate 58 
 
 Cerum 57 
 
 Cetraria 58 
 
 Cevadilla 136 
 
 Chalk troches 48 
 
 Charcoal, purified animal . . 55 
 
 wood 55 
 
 Charta cantharidis 53 
 
 sinapis 146 
 
 Chenopodium 59 
 
 Chimaphila 59 
 
 Chloral 60 
 
 hydrate 60 
 
 Chloride of ammonium .... 24 
 
 of ammonium purified ... 25 
 
 of lime 48 
 
 Chlorine 62 
 
 water 62 
 
 Chlorinum , 62 
 
 Chloroform 63 
 
 Chloroformum 63 
 
 purificatum 63 
 
 venale 63 
 
 Chromic acid 9 
 
 Cimicifuga 66 
 
 Cinchona 66 
 
 flava 66 
 
 pallida 66 
 
 rubra 66 
 
 Cinchonia 66 
 
 Cinchonise sulphas . 66 
 
 Cinchonidia 66 
 
 Cinnamomum 67 
 
 Cinnamon 67 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Citrate of iron and ammonium 80 
 
 Citric acid 108 
 
 Citrine ointment 94 
 
 Cloves „ 56 
 
 Codeia 122 
 
 Cod-liver oil 119 
 
 Colchici radix 68 
 
 semen 68 
 
 Colchicum 68 
 
 Collodion 89 
 
 Collodium 89 
 
 cum cantharide 89 
 
 flexile 89 
 
 Colocynth 69 
 
 Colocynthis 69 
 
 Columbo 49 
 
 Compound cathartic pills ... 85 
 
 spirit of ether 21 
 
 Confectio aromatica 68 
 
 aurantii corticis 41 
 
 opii 122 
 
 sennae 144 
 
 Confection of orange-peel . . 41 
 
 Conii folia 70 
 
 fructus 70 
 
 Conium 70 
 
 Copaiba 71 
 
 Copper 75 
 
 Coptis 72 
 
 Coriander 72 
 
 Cornus Florida 73 
 
 Corrosive sublimate 93 
 
 Cotton 88 
 
 Cotton-root bark 88 
 
 Cream of tartar 132 
 
 Creasote 73 
 
 Creasotum 73 
 
 Creta preparata 48 
 
 Croton chloral 61 
 
General Index. 
 
 177 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Croton-oil 121 
 
 Cubeb 74 
 
 Cubeba 74 
 
 Culver's root 107 
 
 Cupri subacetatis 75 
 
 sulphas 75 
 
 Cuprum 75 
 
 ammoniatum 75 
 
 Daturia 149 
 
 Decoction of Iceland moss. . 58 
 
 of pipsissewa 59 
 
 Decoctum cetrariae 58 
 
 chimaphilae 59 
 
 cinchonae flavae 66 
 
 cinchonae rubrae 67 
 
 cornus Florida* 73 
 
 haematoxyli 91 
 
 quercus albas 134 
 
 sarsaparillae compositum . 140 
 
 senegae 144 
 
 uvse ursi 155 
 
 Deodorized tincture of opi um 123 
 
 Dialysed iron 167 
 
 Digitalinum 76 
 
 Digitalis 76 
 
 Dilute acetic acid 6 
 
 alcohol 21 
 
 hydrocyanic acid 10 
 
 nitric acid 12 
 
 Distilled water 34 
 
 Dogwood 73 
 
 Donovan's solution 37, 94 
 
 Dover's powder 102 
 
 Drachma 160 
 
 Dried alum 23 
 
 Elaterin 77 
 
 Elaterium 77 
 
 12 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Emetia , 102 
 
 Emplastrum aconiti 19 
 
 ammoniaci cum hydrarg. . 93 
 
 antimonii 32 
 
 arnicae 36 
 
 asafoetidae 40 
 
 belladonnas 43 
 
 ferri 80 
 
 galbani compositum 83 
 
 hydrargyri 93 
 
 opii 122 
 
 saponis 140 
 
 Ergot of rye 78 
 
 Ergota 78 
 
 Ergotine 78 
 
 Erigeron 78 
 
 Eserina 127 
 
 Ether 20 
 
 Ethereal oil 118 
 
 Eucalyptus globulus 169 
 
 Eupatorium 79 
 
 Extract of pipsissewa, fluid . 59 
 
 Extractum aconiti 19 
 
 arnicae 36 
 
 belladonnae 43 
 
 belladonnae alcoholicum . . 43 
 
 belladonnae radicis fluidum 43 
 
 buchu fluidum 47 
 
 calumbae 49 
 
 cannabis Americanae 52 
 
 cannabis Indicae 52 
 
 chimaphilae fluidum 59 
 
 cimicifugae fluidum 65 
 
 cinchonae 66 
 
 cinchonae fluidum 66 
 
 colchici aceticum 68 
 
 colchici radicis fluidum . . 68 
 
 colchici seminis fluidum. . 69 
 
 colocynthidis 69 
 
178 
 
 General Index. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Extractum colocynthidis 
 
 compositum 70 
 
 conii 70 
 
 conii alcoholicum 70 
 
 conii fructus fluidum 70 
 
 cornus Florida? fluidum . . 73 
 
 cubeba? fluidum 74 
 
 digitalis 76 
 
 digitalis fluidum 76 
 
 ergota? fluidum 78 
 
 erigerontis canadensis flu- 
 idum 79 
 
 gelsemii fluidum 86 
 
 gentiana? 87 
 
 gentiana? fluidum 87 
 
 glycyrrhyza? 88 
 
 glycyrrhiza? fluidum 88 
 
 gossypii radicis fluidum . . 88 
 
 hsematoxyli 91 
 
 hydrastis fluidum 97 
 
 hyoscyami 98 
 
 hyoscyami alcoholicum . . 98 
 
 hyoscyami fluidum 98 
 
 ipecacuanha fluidum 102 
 
 jalapa? 103 
 
 juglans 103 
 
 krameria? 105 
 
 krameria? fluidum 105 
 
 lupulina? fluidum 92 
 
 matico fluidum 114 
 
 mezerei fluidum. . 115 
 
 nucis vomica? 117 
 
 opii 122 
 
 pareira? fluidum. 125 
 
 physostigmatis 127 
 
 podophyli 131 
 
 pruni Virginiana? fluidum 133 
 
 quassia? 134 
 
 rhei 135 
 
 t 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Extractum rhei fluidum .... 135 
 
 sabina? fluidum 138 
 
 sarsaparilla? fluidum 140 
 
 sarsaparilla? fluidum comp. 140 
 
 scilla? fluidum 142 
 
 senega? 144 
 
 senega? fluidum 144 
 
 senna? fluidum 144 
 
 serpentaria? fluidum 145 
 
 spigelian 148 
 
 spigelian et senna? fluidum 148 
 
 stillingia? fluidum 149 
 
 stramonii foliorum 149 
 
 stramonii seminorum .... 149 
 
 taraxici 153 
 
 taraxici fluidum 153 
 
 uva? ursi fluidum 155 
 
 Valeriana? 155 
 
 Valeriana? fluidum 155 
 
 veratri viridis fluidum . . . 136 
 zingerberis fluidum 158 
 
 Fennel 83 
 
 Fermentum 79 
 
 Ferri chloridum 80 
 
 citras 80 
 
 dialysatus 167 
 
 et ammonii citras 80 
 
 et ammonii sulphas 80 
 
 et ammonii tartras 80 
 
 et potassi tartras 80 
 
 et quinia? citras 80 
 
 ferrocyanidum 80 
 
 lactas 80 
 
 oxidum hydratum 80 
 
 phosphas 80 
 
 pyrophosphas 80 
 
 subcarbonas 80 
 
 sulphas 81 
 
General Index. 
 
 179 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Ferri sulphas exsiccata 81 
 
 Ferrum 80 
 
 red actum 81 
 
 Filix mass 82 
 
 Flaxseed 108 
 
 Fluid drachm 160 
 
 ounce 160 
 
 Fceniculum 83 
 
 Fowler's solution 37 
 
 Fox-glove 76 
 
 Galbanum 83 
 
 Galla 84 
 
 Gamboge 85 
 
 Gambogia 85 
 
 Gaultheria 85 
 
 Gelsemium 86 
 
 Gentian 87 
 
 Gentiana 87 
 
 Glauber's salt 147 
 
 Glycerina 87 
 
 Glycerine 87 
 
 Glyceritum acidi carbolici . . 8 
 
 acidi gallici 84 
 
 acidi tannici 84 
 
 picis liquidae 129 
 
 sodi boratis 147 
 
 Glycyrrhiza 87 
 
 Gold-thread 72 
 
 Gossypii radicis cortex 88 
 
 Gossypium 88 
 
 Goulard's extract 130 
 
 Green soap 140 
 
 Guaiac 89 
 
 Guaiaci resinae 90 
 
 Guaiacum . 89 
 
 Gum arabic 5 
 
 Gun-cotton 89 
 
 Gutta 161' 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Gutta-percha 90 
 
 Hsematoxylon 91 
 
 Hemlock 70 
 
 Hemp, American 52 
 
 Indian 52 
 
 Henbane 98 
 
 Hiera picra 52 
 
 Hoarhound 114 
 
 Hoffman's anodyne 21 
 
 Hop-pillow 92 
 
 Hops 91 
 
 Humulus 91 
 
 Hydrargyri chloridum cor- 
 
 rosivum 93 
 
 chloridum mite 93 
 
 cyanidum 94 
 
 iodidum rubrum 94 
 
 iodidum viride 94 
 
 oxidum flavum 93 
 
 oxidum rubrum 93 
 
 sulphas flava 94 
 
 sulphuretum rubrum 93 
 
 Hydrargyrum 92, 93 
 
 ammoniatum 93 
 
 cum creta 93 
 
 Hydrastis 97 
 
 Hydrated lime 48 
 
 oxide of iron 80 
 
 Hyoscyami folia 98 
 
 semen 98 
 
 Hyoscyamia 98 
 
 Hyoscyamus 98 
 
 Hypophosphite of lime .... 48 
 
 Iceland moss 58 
 
 Icthyocolla 97 
 
 Impure carbolic acid 7 
 
 Infusum anthemidis 31 
 
180 
 
 General Index. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Infusum buchu 47 
 
 calumbae 49 
 
 capsici 54 
 
 caryophili 56 
 
 cascarillae 56 
 
 catechu compositum 57 
 
 cinchonae flavae 66 
 
 cinchonae rubrae 67 
 
 digitalis 76 
 
 enpatorii 79 
 
 gentianae compositum 87 
 
 humuli 92 
 
 juniperi 104 
 
 krameriae 105 
 
 lini compositum 109 
 
 pareirae 125 
 
 picis liquidae 129 
 
 pruni Virginianae 133 
 
 quassiae 134 
 
 rhei 135 
 
 salviae 138 
 
 sennas 144 
 
 serpentariae 145 
 
 spigelian 148 
 
 tabaci 151 
 
 taraxici 153 
 
 Valerianae 155 
 
 zingerberis 158 
 
 Iodide of ammonium 25 
 
 of arsenic 37 
 
 Iodine 99 
 
 Iodinum 99 
 
 Iodism 101 
 
 Iodoform 101 
 
 Iodoformum 101 
 
 Ipecacuanha 102 
 
 Iron 79 
 
 Isinglass , , 97 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Jaborandi 170 
 
 Jalap 103 
 
 Jalapa 103 
 
 Juglans 103 
 
 Juniper 104 
 
 Juniperus 104 
 
 Kermes mineral 32 
 
 Kino 105 
 
 Kooso '169 
 
 Krameria 105 
 
 Labarraque's solution 147 
 
 Lactate of iron 80 
 
 Lactucarium 106 
 
 Laudanum 123 
 
 Laughing-gas 30 
 
 Lauro-cerasi folia 170 
 
 Lavandula 106 
 
 Lavender 106 
 
 Laxative effect of water 34 
 
 Lead 129 
 
 Lemon 107 
 
 juice 108 
 
 Leptandra 107 
 
 Licorice 87 
 
 Lime . 48 
 
 water 48 
 
 Limones 107 
 
 Limonis cortex 108 
 
 succus 108 
 
 Lini farina 108 
 
 Linimentum aconiti 19 
 
 ammoniae 24 
 
 calcis 49 
 
 camphorae . . , 50 
 
 cantharidis , . , 53 
 
 chloroformi 64 
 
 saponis 140 
 
General Index. 
 
 181 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Linimentum terebinthinae . . 154 
 
 Linseed meal 108 
 
 oil 108 
 
 Linum 108 
 
 Liquor ammonii acetatis ... 24 
 
 arsenici chloridi 37 
 
 arsenici et hydrargyri io- 
 
 didi 37, 94 
 
 calcii chloridi 48 
 
 calcis 48 
 
 ferri chloridi 80 
 
 ferri citratis 80 
 
 ferri dialysatus 170 
 
 ferri nitratis 81 
 
 ferri subsulphatis 81 
 
 ferri tersulphatis 81 
 
 gutta-perchae 90 
 
 hydrargyri nitratis 94 
 
 iodini compositus 99 
 
 magnesiae citratis Ill 
 
 morphiae sulphatis 123 
 
 plumbi subacetatis 130 
 
 plumbi subacetatis dilutus 130 
 
 potassae 132 
 
 potassii arsenitis 37 
 
 sodae 147 
 
 sodae chlorinatae 147 
 
 sodii arseniatis , 147 
 
 Lithii carbonas 109 
 
 citras 109 
 
 Lithium 109 
 
 Lobelia 110 
 
 Logwood 91 
 
 Lupulina 92 
 
 Mace 117 
 
 Magnesia Ill 
 
 Magnesii carbonas Ill 
 
 sulphas Ill 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Magnesium 110 
 
 Male fern 82 
 
 Manganese 112 
 
 Manganesii oxidum nigrum . 112 
 
 sulphas 112 
 
 Manganesium 112 
 
 Marrubium 114 
 
 Matico , 114 
 
 May-apple 130 
 
 Meconin 122 
 
 Menthae piperita 114 
 
 viridis 115 
 
 Mercury 92 
 
 Mezereon 115 
 
 Mezereum 115 
 
 Milk of asafetidae 40 
 
 Mistura asafcetidae 40 
 
 chloroformi 63 
 
 cretae 48 
 
 ferri composita 81 
 
 Morphia 122 
 
 Morphias acetas 123 
 
 murias 123 
 
 sulphas 123 
 
 Moschus 116 
 
 Mucilago acaciae 5 
 
 sassafras medullae 141 
 
 Musk 116 
 
 Mustard... 145 
 
 poultice, how to make 146 
 
 Myristica 116 
 
 Myrrh 117 
 
 Myrrha t . . . . 117 
 
 Oak 134 
 
 Oil of amber 120 
 
 of camphor 50 
 
 of cloves 56 
 
 of nereoli , 41 
 
182 
 
 General Index. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Oil of thyme 121 
 
 of worm-seed 59 
 
 Ointment, antimony 32 
 
 belladonna 43 
 
 benzoin 46 
 
 cantharides 53 
 
 carbolic acid 8 
 
 Oleo-resina capsici 54 
 
 cubeba? 74 
 
 filicis 82 
 
 lupulina? 92 
 
 piperis 128 
 
 zingerberis 158 
 
 Oleo-resin of capsicum 54 
 
 Oleum sethereum 118 
 
 anthemidis 31 
 
 camphora? 50 
 
 caryophyli 56 
 
 chenopodii , 59 
 
 cinnamomi 68 
 
 copaiba? 71 
 
 cubeba? 74 
 
 erigerontis Canadensis ... 79 
 
 fceniculi 83 
 
 gaultheriae 86 
 
 juniperi 104 
 
 lavandula? 107 
 
 limonis 108 
 
 lini 108 
 
 mentha? piperita? 115 
 
 ruentha? viridis 115 
 
 morrhua? 119 
 
 myristica? 116 
 
 oliva? 119 
 
 origani 124 
 
 pimenta? 128 
 
 ricini 119 
 
 rutae 136 
 
 sabina? 137 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Oleum succini 120 
 
 tabaci 152 
 
 terebinthina? 154 
 
 theobroma? 120 
 
 thymi 121 
 
 tiglii 121 
 
 Valeriana? 155 
 
 Olive-oil 119 
 
 Opium 122 
 
 Orange 41 
 
 flowers , 41 
 
 Orange-peel, bitter 41 
 
 sweet 41 
 
 Origanum 124 
 
 Ounce (Troy) 159 
 
 Oxalate of cerium 58 
 
 Oxide of antimony 32 
 
 Oxysulphuret of antimony . . 32 
 Oyster-shell prepared 48 
 
 Papaverina 122 
 
 Paramorphia 122 
 
 Paregoric 123 
 
 Pareira v 125 
 
 Parsley 171 
 
 Partridge-berry 85 
 
 Pearl-ash 132 
 
 Pepo 125 
 
 Pepper 128 
 
 Peppermint 114 
 
 Peruvian bark 6Q 
 
 Petroselinum 171 
 
 Phosphorus 125 
 
 Physostigma 127 
 
 Pill, Plummer's 32 
 
 Pilocarpin 170 
 
 Pilula ferri carbonatis 81 
 
 saponis compositum 140 
 
 Pilula? antimonii composita? 32 
 
General Index. 
 
 183 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Pilulse asafoetidse 40 
 
 catharticse composite .... 85 
 
 copaibse 71 
 
 ferri composite 81 
 
 ferri iodidi 81 
 
 galbani composite 84 
 
 hydrargyri 93 
 
 opii 122 
 
 quinine sulphatis 66 
 
 rhei 135 
 
 rhei composite 135 
 
 scillse composite 142 
 
 Pimenta 128 
 
 Pimento 128 
 
 Pink-root 138 
 
 Pint, imperial 160 
 
 Piper 128 
 
 Piperin 128 
 
 Pipsissewa 59 
 
 Pixliquida 128 
 
 Plumbi acetas 130 
 
 carbonas 130 
 
 iodidnm 130 
 
 nitras 130 
 
 Plumbum 129 
 
 Podophyllin 131 
 
 Podophyllum 130 
 
 Poisoning by acids 166 
 
 by alcohol 22, 167 
 
 by alkalies and their salts 166 
 
 by ammonia 25 
 
 by antimony 32. 167 
 
 by arsenic 38, 167 
 
 by belladonna 44 
 
 by bismuth and its com- 
 pounds 167 
 
 by carbolic acid 8 
 
 by chloral 60 
 
 by chloroform 28, 64 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Poisoning by copper 75, 167 
 
 by corrosive sublimate ... 94 
 
 by creasote 167 
 
 by earths — baryta, lime . . 166 
 
 by gases 167 
 
 by gold, salts of 167 
 
 by hemlock 70 
 
 by hydrocyanic acid 10 
 
 by iodine ; iodide of potas- 
 sium 99, 166 
 
 by iron, salts of 81, 167 
 
 by lead 130, 167 
 
 by mercury, salts of . . .94, 167 
 
 by opium 123, 168 
 
 by phosphorus 126, 167 
 
 by physostigma 127 
 
 by poisonous serpents 168 
 
 by silver, salts of 167 
 
 by tin, salts of 167 
 
 by zinc, salts of 167 
 
 Potassa 132 
 
 Potassa cum calce 132 
 
 Potassii acetas 132 
 
 bicarbonas 132 
 
 bichromas 132 
 
 bitartras 132 
 
 bromidum 132 
 
 carbonas 132 
 
 carbonas impura 132 
 
 chloras 132 
 
 citras 132 
 
 cyanidum 132 
 
 et sodii tartras 132 
 
 ferrocyanidum 132 
 
 hypophosphis 132 
 
 iodidum 132 
 
 nitras 132 
 
 permanganas 132 
 
 sulr>has 132 
 
184 
 
 General Index. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Potassium 131 
 
 bromide 132 
 
 sulphis 132 
 
 sulphuretum 132 
 
 tartras 132 
 
 Precipitated carbonate of 
 
 lime 48 
 
 phosphate of lime 48 
 
 Prepared chalk 48 
 
 Primus Virginianae 133 
 
 Prussian blue 80 
 
 Pulveres effervescentes 147 
 
 effervescentes aperientes . . 147 
 
 Pulvis aromaticus 68 
 
 ipecacuanha? compositus. . 102 
 
 jalapse compositus 103 
 
 rhei compositus 135 
 
 Pumpkin-seed 125 
 
 Pyroxylon 89 
 
 Quassia 133 
 
 Queen' s-root 149 
 
 Quercus alba 134 
 
 tinctoria 134 
 
 Quinia sulphas 66 
 
 valerianas 156 
 
 Quinic acid 66 
 
 Quinidia 66 
 
 Remedies in frequent use, 
 
 but comparatively new. 169 
 
 Eesina jalapse 103 
 
 podophylli 131 
 
 scammonii 142 
 
 Rhatany 105 
 
 Rheum 134 
 
 Rhubarb 134 
 
 Rochelle salt 132 
 
 Rue 135 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Ruta 135 
 
 Sabadilla 136 
 
 Sabina 137 
 
 Sage 138 
 
 Salicylic acid 15 
 
 Salvia 138 
 
 Sanguinaria 138 
 
 Santonica 139 
 
 Santoninum 139 
 
 Sapo 140 
 
 viridis 140 
 
 Sarsaparilla 140 
 
 Sassafras 141 
 
 Scammonium 141 
 
 Scammony 141 
 
 Scilla... 142 
 
 Scoparius 143 
 
 Scruple 159 
 
 Seidlitz powders 147 
 
 Senega 143 
 
 Seneka 143 
 
 Senna 144 
 
 Serpen taria 145 
 
 Silver 35 
 
 fused nitrate 35 
 
 nitrate of 35 
 
 oxide of 35 
 
 Sioapis alba 145 
 
 nigra 145 
 
 Snake-root, Virginia 145 
 
 Soap 140 
 
 Soda 147 
 
 Soda powders 147 
 
 Sodii acetas 146 
 
 arsenias 147 
 
 bicarbonas .147 
 
 boras 146 
 
 carbonas 147 
 
General Index. 
 
 185 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Sodii hypophosphis 147 
 
 hyposulphis 147 
 
 nitras 147 
 
 phosphas 147 
 
 sulphis 147 
 
 Sodium 146 
 
 arseniate of 147 
 
 Spanish fly 53 
 
 Spearmint 115 
 
 Spigelia.... 148 
 
 Spirit of ammonia 24 
 
 of ammonia, aromatic. ... 24 
 
 of camphor 50 
 
 Spiritus a?theris compositus . 21 
 
 ammonia? 24 
 
 ammonia? aromaticus 24 
 
 camphora? 50 
 
 chloroformi 64 
 
 cinnamomi 68 
 
 juniperi 104 
 
 juniperi compositus 104 
 
 lavandula? 107 
 
 lavandula? compositus. . . . 107 
 
 limonis 108 
 
 mentha? piperita? 115 
 
 mentha? viridis 115 
 
 myristica? 116 
 
 saponatus kalinis 140 
 
 Squill 4 142 
 
 Stillingia 149 
 
 Stramonium 149 
 
 Strong alcohol 22 
 
 Strychnia 117 
 
 Strychnia? sulphas 117 
 
 Succus conii 70 
 
 taraxici 153 
 
 Sugar of lead 130 
 
 Sulphate of aluminium and 
 
 ammonium * 24 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Sulphate of ammonium 25 
 
 of atropia 44 
 
 of iron and ammonium . . 25 
 
 Sulphur 150 
 
 iodidum 150 
 
 lotum (washed) 150 
 
 prsecipitatum 150 
 
 sublimatum 150 
 
 Sulphurated antimony 32 
 
 Sulphuret of antimony 32 
 
 Sulphuric acid 16 
 
 Suppositoria acidi tannici . . 84 
 
 asafcetida? 40 
 
 belladonna? 44 
 
 morphia? 123 
 
 opii 122 
 
 Syrupus acacia? 5 
 
 acidi citrici 108 
 
 aurantii corticis 41 
 
 aurantii florum 41 
 
 ferri iodidi 81 
 
 ipecacuanha? 102 
 
 krameria? 105 
 
 lactucarii 106 
 
 limonis 108 
 
 pruni Yirginiani 133 
 
 rhei 135 
 
 rhei aromaticus 135 
 
 sarsaparilla? compositum . 141 
 
 scilla? 142 
 
 scilla? compositus 142 
 
 senega? 144 
 
 tolutanus 42 
 
 zingeriberis 158 
 
 Tabacum 151 
 
 Table salt 147 
 
 Tamarind 152 
 
 Tamarindus 152 
 
186 
 
 General Index. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Tar 128 
 
 Taraxicum 153 
 
 Tartar emetic 32 
 
 Tartaric acid 18 
 
 Tartrate of antimony and 
 
 potassium 32 
 
 of iron ammonia 25 
 
 Temperature reduced by 
 
 baths 35 
 
 Terebinthina 153 
 
 Canadensis 153 
 
 Testa preparata 48 
 
 Thebaia 122 
 
 Theobroma 120 
 
 Thorough- wort 79 
 
 Tinctura aconiti radicis .... 20 
 
 aloes et myrrhae 117 
 
 arnicae 36 
 
 asafcetidae 40 
 
 * aurantii 41 
 
 belladonna 43 
 
 benzoini 46 
 
 benzoini composita 46 
 
 calurnbae 49 
 
 cannabis 52 
 
 cantharidis 53 
 
 capsici 54 
 
 cardamomi 55 
 
 cardamomi composita .... 55 
 
 catechu 57 
 
 cinchona 67 
 
 cinchonae composita 67 
 
 cinnamomi 68 
 
 colchici 69 
 
 conii 70 
 
 cubebae 74 
 
 digitalis 76 
 
 ferri chloridi 80 
 
 galke 84 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Tinctura gentianae composita 87 
 
 guaiaci 90 
 
 guaiaci ammoniata 90 
 
 humuli 92 
 
 hyoscyami 98 
 
 iodini 99 
 
 iodini composita 99 
 
 jalapae 103 
 
 kino 105 
 
 krameriae 105 
 
 lobeliae 110 
 
 lupulinae 92 
 
 myrrhae 117 
 
 nucis vomicae 117 
 
 opii 123 
 
 opii acetata 123 
 
 opii camphorata 123 
 
 opii deodorata 123 
 
 quassiae 134 
 
 rhei 135 
 
 rhei et sennae 135 
 
 sanguinariae 138 
 
 scillae 142 
 
 serpentariae 145 
 
 stramonii 149 
 
 tolutana 42 
 
 Valerianae 155 
 
 Valerianae ammoniata . 155 
 
 veratri viridis 136 
 
 Tobacco 151 
 
 Trochischi acidi tannici 84 
 
 cretae 48 
 
 cubebae 74 
 
 ferri subcarbonatis 80 
 
 glycyrrhizae et opii 123 
 
 ipecacuanhae 102 
 
 magnesiae Ill 
 
 menthae piperitae 115 
 
 morphiae et ipecacuanhae . 102 
 
General Index. 
 
 187 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Trochisci santonini 139 
 
 sodii bicarbonatis 147 
 
 zingeriberis 158 
 
 Turpentine 153 
 
 Turpeth mineral 94 
 
 Uncia (ounce) 159 
 
 Unguentum acidi carbolici . 8 
 
 acidi tannici 84 
 
 antimonii 32 
 
 belladonna? 43 
 
 benzoini 46 
 
 cantharidis 52 
 
 creasoti 74 
 
 gallse 84 
 
 hydrargyri 93 
 
 liydrargyri ammoniati ... 93 
 
 hydrargyri iodidi rubri . . 94 
 
 hydrargyri nitratis 94 
 
 hydrargyri oxidi flavi ... 93 
 
 hydrargyri oxidi rubri ... 93 
 
 iodini 99 
 
 iodini compositum 99 
 
 mezerei 116 
 
 picis liquidae 129 
 
 stramonii 150 
 
 sulphuris 151 
 
 sulphuris iodidi 151 
 
 tabaci 152 
 
 veratrise 136 
 
 zinci oxidi benzoati 157 
 
 Uva ursi 154 
 
 Valerian 155 
 
 Valerianate of ammonia ... 156 
 
 Valerianic acid 156 
 
 Vallet's mass 81 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Veratria 136 
 
 Veratrum album 136 
 
 Veratrum viride 136 
 
 Vinum antimonii 32 
 
 colchici radicis 69 
 
 colchici seminis 69 
 
 ergotse 73 
 
 ipecacuanha? 102 
 
 opii 123 
 
 rhei 135 
 
 tabaci 152 
 
 Water 33 
 
 ammonia 24 
 
 ammonia, stronger 24 
 
 camphor 50 
 
 orange-flower 41 
 
 Wax 57 
 
 white and yellow 57 
 
 Weights and measures 159 
 
 W T ild-cherry 133 
 
 Winter-green 59 
 
 Worm-seed 59 
 
 Yeast 79 
 
 Yellow jasmine 86 
 
 Zinc 156 
 
 Zinci acetas 156 
 
 carbonas pra?cipitata 157 
 
 chloridum 156 
 
 oxidum 156 
 
 oxidum venale 156 
 
 sulphas 157 
 
 valerianas 157 
 
 Zincum 156 
 
 Zingiber 158