iW'^F * o « » ° V °^- * • ' 1 ' A <^. PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE PH ILOSOPH Y AS A SCIENCE A SYNOPSIS OF THE WRITINGS OF Dr. Paul Carus CONTAINING AN INTRODUCTION WRITTEN BY HIMSELF, SUM- MARIES OF HIS BOOKS, AND A LIST OF ARTI- CLES TO DATE. CHICAGO THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING COMPANY London Agents: KEGAN PAUL, TRUBNER, TRENCH & CO., LTD. 1909 Copyright by THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING CO. 1909. ©CI.A2580S5 FOREWORD. IN preparing this sketch of the philosophy with which I have identified my work, I have found it now and then unavoidable to be more personal than is my wont. However, the use of the pronoun in the first person is not meant as a claim, but as a limitation. It is, after all, neces- sary to let the reader see in this presen- tation of "Philosophy as a Science," how much or how little may be regarded as assured scientific results which have been generally accepted, and where a personal contribution to it still awaits the consensus of the competent. Paul Carus. CONTENTS Page Foreword Introduction 1-28 Age of Science 1 Science and Scientific Methods 2 Form and the Philosophy of Form 5 The Scope of Philosophy 7 The Philosophy of the Future 8 No Things-in-Themselves 10 Causality, The Law of Transformation 11 The Importance of Psychology 12 The Doctrine of Parallelism 14 Organization and Memory 16 Memory, the Soul Builder 19 The Immortality Problem 21 Clearness and Mysticism 22 The Philosophy of Pure Form 24 Religion and Art 25 Summaries of Books 2 9'93 Philosophy and Psychology 29-44 Monism and Meliorism 29 Fundamental Problems 29 Three Philosophical Pamphlets 31 Primer of Philosophy 31 Kant's Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysic. . . 32 Kant and Spencer 33 The Surd of Metaphysics 34 The Soul of Man . 37 The Foundations of Mathematics 40 Whence and Whither ? 43 vii viii CONTENTS Pagb Ethics and Religion 44*57 The Ethical Problem 44 The Nature of the State 46 Our Children 47 The Rise of Man 49 Homilies of Science 50 The Dawn of a New Religious Era and Other Essays 52 The Religion of Science 53 The Idea of God 54 God : An Enquiry and a Solution 55 History of Religion 57-64 The History of the Devil 57 The Story of Samson 59 The Bride of Christ 61 German Literature 65-68 Angelus Silesius 65 Edward's Dream 66 Goethe and Schiller's Xenions 66 Friedrich Schiller 67 Goethe, His Philosophy and Art 68 Buddhism 68-77 The Dharma 68 The Gospel of Buddha 69 Buddhism and Its Christian Critics 71 Portfolio of Buddhist Art, Historical and Modern. 73 Stories of Buddhism (a) Karma 73 Karma, eine buddhistische Erzahlung. German edi- tion 74 (b) Nirvana 75 (c) Amitabha 76 CONTENTS ix Page Chinese Subjects 77-8/ Chinese Philosophy yy Chinese Thought 79 Lao-Tze's Tao Teh King 81 The Canon of Reason and Virtue 81 T'ai-Shang Kan-Ying P'ien 83 Yin Chih Wen 84 Chinese Life and Customs 85 Poetry and Fiction 87-92 De Rerum Natura 87 Godward 88 Sacred Tunes for the Consecration of Life 88 The Crown of Thorns 89 Eros and Psyche 89 The Chief's Daughter 91 The Philosopher's Martyrdom 92 Summaries of Editorial Articles 93-187 Publisher's Note 187 Index 189 INTRODUCTION. '"THE AIM of all my writings centers in Philosophy * the endeavor to build up a sound and an objective tenable philosophy, one that would be as science, objective as any branch of the natural sciences. I do not want to propound a new philosophy of my own but to help in work- ing out philosophy itself, viz., philosophy as a science ; and after many years of labor in this field I have come to the conclusion, not only that it is possible, but also that such a conception of the world is actually preparing itself in the minds of men. The old philosophies are constructions of purely subjective significance, while agnos- ticism, tired of these vain efforts and lack- ing strength to furnish a better solution of the problem, claims that the main tasks of philosophy cannot be accomplished; but if science exists, there ought to be also a philosophy of science, for there must be a jjeason for the reliability of knowledge. Every success of scientific inquiry, every Agnosticism progress of research in the several fields a failure. of knowledge, every new invention based upon methodical experiment, is a refuta- tion of agnosticism — the philosophy of nescience — in so far as these several ad- vances corroborate the reliability of science. PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. Dawn of the age of science, Science and scientific methods. Mankind has become more and more con- vinced of the efficiency of science, and in this sense the philosophy of science prevails even now as a still latent but nevertheless potent factor in the life of mankind, mani- festing itself in innumerable subconscious tendencies of the age. We may confidently hope that the future which the present generation is preparing will be the age of science. IT MIGHT seem redundant to ask the question, "What is Science?" but we will, nevertheless, answer it briefly. Science is not the monopoly of the naturalist or the scholar, nor is it anything mysterious or esoteric. Science is the search for tjuih, and truth is the adequacy of a description of facts. Science differs from so-called common sense only in this, that its work is done with scrupulous care according to well-considered methods and under the constant supervision of a reexamination. Science is based upon observation and experience. It starts with describing the facts of our experience, and complements | experience with experiment. It singles out the essential features of facts, and gen- eralizes the result in formulas for applica- tion to future experience ; partly, in order to predict coming events; partly, to bring about desirable results. Generalized state- INTRODUCTION. ments of facts are called truths, and our Philosophy stock of truths, knowledge. of science There are always two factors needed for an establishing scientific truth, indeed, for harmonious establishing any kind of knowledge: they system, are, first, sense_~experience, and second, .method. By method we mean the function of handling the material furnished by sense activity, viz., identifying samenesses and differences, comparing various phenomena, i. e., classifying and contrasting them; measuring and counting them ; tracing the succession of cause and effect, and arrang- ing the truths thus established into an har- monious system. D IGHT HERE it will be found neces- Formal *^ sary to point out the significance of sciences the distinction between form and substance, the organ An evaluation of pure form will yield on of the one hand the formal^ sciences, arith- thought, metic, geometry with all other branches of mathematics, pure mechanics, logic, and all that is kin to it; and, on the other hand, the sciences that investigate concrete things as well as definite occurrences — physics, chemistry, astronomy, physiology, psychol- ogy, history, etc. The philosophy of science uses the formal sciences as the organ of thought, and supplies to the sciences of concrete phenomena the method of establishing truth v,A PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. Monism and the economy of thought. Contrasts but no contradiction in the Cosmos. Truth. by describing facts of the same kind accord- ing to their characteristic and significant features in general formulas, and to sys- tematize these formulas in a unitary world- conception, commonly called "Monism." The several sciences are traveling on this path; they have instinctively found the right methods which alone can be justified before the tribunal of the philosophy of science, and there is nothing in the entire domain of existence that cannot become an object of scientific investigation. Experience verifies our conviction that the assured results of the various sciences, the so-called scientific truths, never con- flict with each other; they may form con- trasts but they never contradict one another. This indicates that the world in which we live is a cosmos, not a chaos. By this statement that the world is a cosmos is meant that its constitution is con- sistent in all its details; it presents itself to us as a unitary system; and a genuine truth (i. e., a formula describing the gen- eral features of a definite set of facts), if once proved to be true, will remain true forever. We may see old truths in a new light, we may better and ever better learn to understand their significance and also the relation between several truths ; but a truth will always remain true. In other words, the consistency of the world is both uni- INTRODUCTION. versal and eternal. What is true here is true everywhere, and what is true now is true forever. JTRNST MACH defines the character of *-* science "as an economy of thought/' and he is right ; but we go one step further in showing why an economy of thought is possible, nay, why it is necessary. Science or the economy of thought is conditioned by the systematic character of the formal sciences. The distinction between form and sub- Philosophy stance is of such paramount importance of Form, that I feel inclined to characterize my con- ception of philosophy as "the philosophy of form." All science consists in describing forms and tracing their changes. Matter and energy are mere names; they are empty words, denoting nothing but the objectivity of both things and events. The objectivity of things is called "reality" (i. e., thingish- ness), the objectivity of events, "actuality," which means that something is doing, some- thing is going on, there are changes taking place. All differences are ultimately dif- ferences of form, and all that we do or try to do, be it in art, in invention, or in morality, is by molding and remolding things as well as ourselves. PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. Distinction between form and the content of form. v Significance of quality. The distinction between form and the contents of form dates back to classical antiquity, to Aristotle and his school, but the contrast has been much misunderstood through a dualistic interpretation. The modern period in the history of philosophy begins with Kant, and rightly so. The reason of his great preeminence is exactly due to the fact that he saw the significance of the contrast between form and substance, which, however, led him to the wrong conclusion of his "critical idealism." We may look upon Schiller and Goethe (but especially the latter) as prophets of the philosophy of form. In fact, the classi- cal period of German civilization as charac- terized by the names of these two poets, together with Lessing, Herder, Beethoven, Mozart, etc., is to a great extent due to the clearness with which these men appre- ciated the significance of form. The philosophy of form throws light also on the problem of the- nature of quality. There is a common tendency in science to look upon its legitimate methods as being limited to counting and measuring, and the proposition has been actually made, that quality is a conception to be discarded and that ultimately the solution of all problems will always prove to be a matter of quan- tities. This conception is an error, for it INTRODUCTION. overlooks the most significant factor of the world, quality, which is not, however, an inexplicable mystery, for its nature can be satisfactorily understood through the philos- ophy of form. See my article, "Significance of Quality," Monist, XV, 375. CCIENCE IS originally one and undi- *■* vided and serves the practical purpose of guidance in life. When by a division of labor the several sciences originated, there remained a field which was common to all of them; and this field is the domain of the science of the sciences, i. e., of philos- ophy. The scope of philosophy is threefold : First, it investigates the methods of science, it explains their origin and justi- fies their efficiency. We may call this branch of philosophy methodology, which necessarily includes a theory of cognition, a description of the nature of abstract thought and of logic, and a definition of truth. Secondly, philosophy summarizes the assured results of the several sciences which would be characteristic of existence. This may be called ontology. In other words, philosophy attempts to ofifer a description of the nature of being, i. e., a world-concep- tion, the essential part of which must be a characterization of the soul, of our own Scope of philosophy. Methodology is the economy of thought. PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. Mysticism and pragmatism. Philosophy of the future. being, in its relation to the entirety of the whole, the universe, the All, or, religiously speaking, God. Thirdly, philosophy applies the truths thus established to practical life, a disci- pline which might be called pragmatology. It includes man's endeavors in the line of scientifically guided discoveries and inven- tions, sociology, political economy, educa- tion, religion and ethics, i. e., the so-called applied sciences, the arts, and the science of conduct in the broadest sense of the word. Pragmatology is the purpose of all meth- odology and ontology, and so it is the most important branch of philosophy, but it would be wrong to limit philosophy to it, as is done by pragmatists. They scorn theory, rationalism, and any methodical unification such as is attempted by monism, and the result is that they lose themselves in mere subjectivism. If the most essential element of a philosophy would remain the philosopher's subjective attitude constitut- ing the personal equation of his mode of thinking, a philosophy of science would be impossible, and philosophy would sink to the level of the poetical effusions of mysticism. The philosophy of science is not the affair of one man, but is being worked out in the scientific development of the race. INTRODUCTION. Most scientists adhere to it unconsciously. Often they employ scientific methods in- stinctively; they have been trained in their use and rely on them sometimes without having investigated their philosophical sig- nificance, yet their reliability is not doubted and the assured results of the several sciences affect the world-conception which, by a kind of indefinable consensus, consti- tutes the intellectual atmosphere of our social life. TTHE NEW world-conception, animated Meliorism * by the spirit of science, shows itself in an j th e a g e the changes that are wrought not only in f our views of the importance of science, science, but also in practical affairs, in the nature and administration of justice, in the edu- cation of children, in our judgment con- cerning social as well as international af- fairs, in the way we consider the occurrence of great disasters, such as earthquakes or volcanic eruptions, and in many other things. The spirit of the Middle Ages, with its penal code of barbaric punishments, its cruelty in pedagogy, its narrowness in nationalism and religion, retreats step by step, while truer and broader views that are being more and more universally recognized, herald the advent of an age of science. The duty of the philosopher is not to produce an original system of thought, but IO PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. Evolution to work out a philosophy of objective reli- of ability. This philosophy is actually dawn- scientific ing in the minds of scientific men, and thought. through them in the minds of all thinkers, finally destined to become a power in the life of the multitudes of mankind. All my literary work is subservient to this, my main purpose, the establishment of the philosophy of science, and I endeavor to let the heart-pulse of the best philos- ophers and scientists of the past, as well as of the present, beat in my own thinking. ] I have no desire to start life, and with it the evolution of scientific thought, de novo, but wish to continue the work of my pred- ecessors, to mature thoughts that are only half understood, to systematize scattered ideals of the significance of science, and to render clearly visible the aim toward which mankind is tending. Problems 'THERE ARE a number of problems wrongly which have been either wrongly formu- formulated. lated or wrongly answered, sometimes even absolutely neglected, and I will here call attention to some new solutions which I have proposed in contrast to the current and apparently well-established views. Al- most all of them center in an appreciation of the significance of form. A right comprehension of the significance of form disposes of the metaphysical ques- INTRODUCTION. ii tion, Are there things-in-themselves? It shows that things-in-themselves are forms in themselves, and these forms in them- selves are by no means unknowable. The philosophy of form helps us to solve a great number of other problems. It leads also to a solution of the problem of the nature of God and of the immortality of the soul. There is a deeper and more gen- eral truth in Spenser's words, "The soul is form and doth the body make/' than the poet himself was aware. No Things- in-them- selves. HPHE PHILOSOPHY of form throws * light also on Causality, the problem of which was pointed out first by Hume and taken up, but not correctly solved, by Kant. If we bear in mind that causality is nothing more nor less than the law of transforma- tion, we shall understand that it simply formulates the dynamic aspect of what, in a static consideration, is known as "the law of the conservation of matter and energy." Many philosophers who do not under- stand the nature of causation confuse the terms "cause" and "reason," and speak of "first cause" when they mean "ultimate reason," and of "final cause" when they mean "purpose." A cause is an event which produces an effect; a reason is an explanation why a certain cause (and with it the whole class Causality the law of transforma- tion. 12 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. Causes are of causes of the same kind) will, under consecutive ; definite conditions, produce its own peculiar reasons, effect. Causes and effects constitute a simultaneous, series of concatenated events. Every cause is the effect of a prior cause, and in its turn, every effect is or may be a cause that produces subsequent effects. However, reasons are not successive, they are simul- taneous ; they are more or less general, and We could arrange all of them (supposing that we were omniscient) into a system of co- and sub- and super-ordinated descrip- tions of facts (so-called truths), which are the so-called laws of nature. Importance A LL LAWS of nature are really one and of ^^ the same throughout existence, yet we psychology. m ust recognize that there are differences of conditions, and we can classify different kinds of phenomena according to their characteristic features into distinct groups. One of the most obvious divisions is the distinction between organized and unor- ganized nature, the latter consisting of the purely physical domains of existence, and the former comprising all the phenomena of life, vegetable and animal, reaching its climax in the development of humanity. If the whole of existence is one, we can- not look upon the development of life, of animation, of consciousness and of ration- ality as some accidental by-play, but on the INTRODUCTION. 13 contrary we must regard soul, spirit, mind, or whatever we may call it, as the neces- sary outcome of the intrinsic nature of existence. Nevertheless, organized life constitutes a domain of its own and within this domain the group of psychical phenomena is again a province with distinct characteristics of its own, which are absent in the domain of inorganic nature. The attempts to explain psychology from physics or chemistry must therefore be futile, for the very elements of psychic life (the significance of subjective states) are not met with in those fields where the ob- jective conditions alone (which are always matter in motion) are an object of investi- gation, viz., in molar mechanics, physics, chemistry and electricity. A view of the world based alone upon physics and chemistry, or in general upon the sciences of objective nature, will always prove a failure, for it will never explain the soul. Thus we must invert the prpcess and expect the solution of the world prob- lem, not from the lowest forms of existence but from its highest efflorescence. We must recognize the import of subjectivity which, though apparently absent in pure physics, exists and reveals itself in the conscious- ness of man, the noblest product of organ- ized life. Organization, an intrinsic necessity. Mental phenomena contain the solution of the world- problem. 1/ V 14 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. Test of a philosophy. Doctrine of parallelism. Here lies the paramount significance of psychology, and we do not hesitate to say that the way in which the psychological problem is treated is always the best test of a philosophy. IN PSYCHOLOGY, the doctrine of paral- * lelism has been generally accepted, but it must not be interpreted in a dualistic sense. There are not two separate fac- tors, the psychological and the physiolog- ical, running parallel to each other, but there is one reality which has two aspects — the one being the internal or subjective, the other, the external or objective. The two are as inseparable, and yet different, as the internal and the external curves of a circle. The character of the subjective domain exhibits the phenomena of sentiency, feel- ing, awareness, consciousness and self-con- ciousness in different degrees, beginning with the absolute zero of feeling and rising up to the concentrated attention of a ra- tional being. The character of the objective domain is motion, gravity and momentum, chemical reaction, heat, electricity, vitalism, physio- logical function and the action of premedi- tated purpose. The inner aspect of sub- jectivity always corresponds to the outer aspect of objective events. Both form a unit, and are mutually determined, or, prop- INTRODUCTION. 15 erly speaking, they are the same in two Monism aspects. It is a parallelism of aspects, but explains not a parallelism of two independent reali- parallelism ties. as one The two aspects are radically different, reality, but for feeling is not motion, nor is motion two aspects, feeling. The soul is not body, and the body is not soul, but they are one, of which the soul is the inner, and the body, the outer aspect. Such is the doctrine of parallelism in its monistic interpretation, which, however, leaves the question of the nature and origin of consciousness open, and here I offer an explanation which, briefly stated, is this: Every objectivity has its subjective aspect, and is possessed of the potentiality of de- veloping into actual feeling ; but the sub- jective interior of purely physical phenom- ena is not ensouled with anything like actual feeling or awareness, nor of consciousness, because its inner commotions or subjective states remain isolated. Elements of sub- jectivity, so long as they remain isolated, are not feelings in the proper sense of the word. In order to be actually felt, they must internally enter into an interrelation^ so that one subjective element meets an- other subjective element; two or several How elements must co-operate, so as to let one consciousness communicate with the other. One feels is while the other is being felt, thus produc- built up. i6 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. Unity of purpose imposes unity of psychic activities. ing the possibility of an interaction between several subjective states among themselves. Thereby alone can a state of awareness re- sult, and this internal interaction of feelings is possible only through organization. This explanation tallies with facts estab- lished both by biology and by physiology, for we know that consciousness is always associated with a nervous system originat- ing in those organisms which are moving about. Stationary organisms have to wait for the satisfaction of their needs, but a motor-endowed creature is enabled to go in search for food. In this way its organs learn to cooperate, and this imposes upon them unity of purpose. The unity of pur- pose produces the unity of the soul. The characteristic distinction of living be- ings, when compared to physical phenom- ena devoid of life, is organization, which, in moving creatures, produces a coordination of subjective states. Vitality is not a spe- cial force or substance, but solely the func- tion of organization, yet as such it is a phenomenon sui generis and different from the forces of physics, chemistry, electricity or molar mechanics. Vitality and organization. 'THE TYPICAL feature of organization * is the constant change of material which takes place in living substance. It is called metabolism, and in animal substance con- INTRODUCTION. 17 sists of a building up or anabolism, and a Forms partial breakdown of the energy thus stored and up, called catabolism. Anabolism is nutri- functions, tion; it changes food into living substance, a process called assimilation. Catabolism in setting energy free, renders motion possible and this motion has under certain condi- tions its subjective aspect, which means that it is accompanied with feeling. The partial breakdown of living struc- tures called catabolism is not always the same but varies in form, depending upon the circumstances under which it takes place. It is a reaction upon a stimulus, and the reactions upon ether waves or light, air waves or sound, upon chemical processes in the nose and on the tongue, called smell and taste, or upon mechanical impacts, called touch, are different physiologically as well as psychically. In other words, the irritation of light Feeling produces one kind of structural change, a product of while the irritations of sound and of touch organization. cause other modifications, all of them being analogous ; the same kind of cause corre- sponds to the same kind of physiological function, and each function possesses a form of its own and is accompanied by a feeling peculiar to itself. Here the great significance of form for the explanation of life and of the soul be- comes manifest. The psyche with its men- i8 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. Preservation tality, its reason, its purposes, its ideals, of form and all its religious and moral aspirations by would not be possible, without a preserva- orgamzation. tion of form in organized substance. The waste material of a catabolic break- down (mostly carbonic acid) is discarded, while through the anabolic process of nutri- tion the lost elements are again restored in the living substance, and this is done in such a way as to preserve the structure in its minutest detail. Thus the modifications produced by the reaction upon the several stimuli remain and constitute so-called vestigia or traces. In so far as this pres- ervation of the form of living substance is accompanied by feeling, and as former feelings can be revived on the application of proper stimuli, it is called memory. Memory, the Memory, as Hering has pointed out, is a preservation property common to all living substance ; it of ^ is the indispensable condition of the de- living forms. velopment of the soul. The differentiation of nerve activity into the senses, with its several modes of reacting upon the stimuli of the outer world, is due to a specialization of the several reactions in different spots ; and this specialization becomes permanent through memory, i. e., a preservation of the forms of the several reactions. The preservation of form is not so enduring as the conservation of matter and energy, but it is not less significant. INTRODUCTION. 19 TTHE MOST important service of mem- Memory * ory is the part it plays in building up the the soul. Memory creates the condition soul-builder. which begets the soul and then continues to foster its growth by adding and super- adding new mental riches to its capacity. First of all, memory renders possible comparisons between the images of past impressions and new sensations. Every memory image leaves a trace of its own, and a sense-impression of the same kind travels on the same path as its forerunner and revives its memory, which results in a feeling of sameness. The new sensation fits into the trace of the old one and is felt to be of the same kind. This feeling of sameness implies an unconscious act of recognition. Thereby the sense-impression gains meaning; and sense-impressions of the same kind come to represent the ob- jects which cause them. Here we have the principle from which Recognition we derive the explanation of the soul, for of the soul consists of feelings which have sameness become representative of things, conditions, makes experiences, etc. In order to solve the feelings rep- problem of the origin of the soul we must resentative. show how sentiency acquires significance. Certain feelings come to stand for certain objects. They represent them. The living ideas of a man are sentiments freighted 20 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. The soul with meaning and the soul is a system of is a system sentient symbols. of This solution looks very simple and it is sentient simple, indeed ; but how grand and infinitely symbols. complicated are the corollaries implied! Consider that a symbol, a form endowed with meaning, is what it is by its relation to an objective reality, which may be a concrete object, a condition or a general feature of many objects, or a universal truth. There are false symbols and there are true sym- bols, and these symbols are not merely pic- tures of actualities, but also of aims, of aspirations, of ends to be attained. They have a pragmatic tendency. They possess moral or religious values and these valued may be true or false. They lead in the right or in the wrong direction; they may be in agreement with the constitution of the All, or they may be, as it were, out of tune. They may be more or less an incarnation of the world-order which sways not only stars and motes, but also guides the thoughts and sentiments of man. The test Here we have the test of progress. Prog- of ress is not, as Spencer says, "a passage from progress. the homogeneous to a heterogeneous state," it is the realization of truth. Progress means growth of soul, and growth of soul means growth of truth. The more clearly, correctly and completely truth is mirrored INTRODUCTION. 21 in a man, the higher he ranges in the scale of evolution. In a certain sense all nature can be called alive; everywhere things are active and they carry the source of their activity in them; but in the narrower sense we mean by "life" the phenomena only of organized nature, the typical feature of which is metabolism. When metabolism is arrested organized life ceases, and the body which Death, it had built up will be disorganized, i. e., it will be left to the play of physical forces alone, a state which is called death. LI ERE WE feel tempted to enter into a Problem of * * discussion of the problem of immor- immortality, tality, which is of great importance for ethics and religion. But it would take too much space. We will only say that man's life, being a fragment only of a larger de- velopment, every individual instinctively feels the need of looking beyond the grave. We have not of ourselves become what we are and our interests are not limited to the brief span of our lives. We have a pur- pose that lies beyond the grave and this truth has in all religions found an appro- priate expression in the belief m immor- tality. Again the Though many erroneous notions are con- significance nected with the several views of the soul of and its continued existence after death, form. 22 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. there is a great underlying truth in the be- lief in immortality which can be explained scientifically as a preservation of form. Kant and CONSIDERING the fact that our very clearness souls are form and that all we do in of thought. life is forming and being formed, we shall be impressed again with the importance of form. There is no genuine philosophy which has not first investigated the nature of form and worked a way out into clearness con- cerning its significance. The many failures of abortive philosophies are mainly due to the fact that there are thinkers of ability who persistently ignore the lessons of the past, and, above all, scorn to learn from Kant. A philosophy of science is not otherwise attainable than through clearness of thought. What might stand in the way of a ready acceptance of the philosophy of form does not lie in the difficulties or intricacies that beset its issues, for, on the contrary, the so- lutions thus offered recommend themselves by their simplicity. Indeed the simplicity of the solution is almost puzzling and it is disappointing to those who take delight in the obscure hazes of occult explanations. Man naturally has a hankering after mysticism; he loves the chiaroscuro of the inexplicable and is disappointed if a cher- INTRODUCTION. 23 ished self-mystification is dispelled by a Mysticism rational explanation. There are philoso- attractive phers who gain great popularity by a shal- to hazy low obscurity. Their views, which are like thinkers. mud puddles through which every street urchin can wade without danger of going beyond his depth, acquire through their very confusion, the appearance of an un- fathomable profundity in the sight of the admiring public. This kind of philosophy suits the superficial man who does not care for scientific accuracy and is satisfied with the counterfeit of depth — an intricate and bewildering confusion of thought which pre- vents a clear vision to the bottom of things. The difficulties of the philosophy of form which originate through a necessity of studying the nature of form and forma! thought, are as great as the difficulties of studying mathematics or logic, but no greater, and they are overcome by a pains- taking exactness. There is, however, an- other difficulty which is a matter of attitude or judgment. We are apt to underrate a simple solution. It is not easy to estimate Simplicity the enormous depth of a clear Alpine lake, like an the bottom of which lies under us and is Alpine lake. contemplated as through a magnifying glass. So it seems to those who first become acquainted with the idea of pure form that, on account of its crystal clearness, it is sheer nothing, without depth, without mean- 24 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. Pure forms are eternal types. The philosophy of pure form the key to all problems of . existence. ing, and without efficiency. And yet what a wealth of applications, of possibilities, of inexhaustible potentialities ! What looks shallow at first sight is in truth possessed of an unfathomable profundity. It takes a Plato to understand that pure forms are eternal types, and that the entire system of all formal thoughts (or, to use a Platonic expression, of the Logoi) con- stitutes a divinity which Philo called "the Logos. " This Logos conditions the cosmic order and creates and governs the universe. Pure form looks like a nonentity, and yet the laws of pure form are the factors that determine existence in all its details. Pure forms are superreal. The truth that all bodily existence is transient and that it cannot be other than transient, is apparent. On the other hand, that those norms (the purely formal conditions) which constitute the laws of nature are wonderful presences, or better, omnipresences and eternalities of an unfailing efficiency and full of deep sig- nificance, is easily understood but not so easily appreciated. We are too apt to think of pure form as non-existent because it is not made of matter. Nevertheless pure form is of paramount importance and we must comprehend its significance for our interpretation of existence. The philosophy of pure form gives us the key by which we can unlock all the INTRODUCTION. 25 problems of existence, at least in theory, and in cases of practical investigation it suggests the method by which truth is to be attained. A PHILOSOPHER must not be a one- Religion ** sided intellectualist. He must bear in and Art. mind that the noetic operations of man's mind are only one feature of his life ; man is also endowed with sentiment and above all he is an actor, a doer, a worker. Man is a struggling creature who must make a living; he is not a mere thinker, his thoughts serve the purpose of life; they must be applied to the tasks which he has to accom- plish. Besides, he delights in giving ex- pression to his sentiments by depicting in poetry and in art the motives that sway his soul. It would be a serious defect in a philosophy if it attempted to be purely in- tellectual and ignored religion, literature, the arts and music. We must cultivate all the human aspirations that constitute the fullness of man's worth, the faculties of the head, the heart and the hand. Religion covers practically the same Relio-ion ground as philosophy and is in many re- and* spects even to be considered its rival. Like Philosophy, philosophy, every religion offers a world- conception and applies it to practical life, but while in religion, sentiment is for the 26 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. Study of comparative religions an important branch of philosophy. Radical, yet conservative. most part the dominant power, the ultimate criterion of philosophy is the intellect. The several religions are philosophies of continuous historical movements, while philosophies might be regarded as the re- ligions of individual thinkers. Every re- ligion is built up of the thoughts of many thinkers as they were understood by the people. Those notions that appealed to the multitudes in one way or another survived and hardened into creeds which operate with an unquestioning directness as do the instincts in the minds of animals. An ap- preciation of religious sentiments, there- fore, together with the history of religion, especially of Christianity and of compara- tive religion, is a highly important branch of philosophy. The correct method of treating religion (so far as I can see) would be a combina- tion of the two opposed principles, radi- calism and conservatism. I would rigidly and fearlessly apply scientific methods to religious doctrines, but while it can be fore- seen that this will destroy a belief in the letter of dogmas, I propose at the same time to search for and hold fast to the spirit of religion which is the truth con- tained in the several religious doctrines. Error should be fearlessly pointed out and discarded. Dogmas are symbols and the essential INTRODUCTION. 27 feature of a symbol is the meaning which Dogmas it conveys. We may be able to forego the and belief in the letter, but we must not lose moral the spirit; we shall probably be compelled conviction, to surrender our religious dogmas, but we shall need their significance. We must pre- serve the seriousness of moral conviction and the faithfulness in the performance of duty, which has been insisted upon by all religions. # * * Nor should art be neglected, for art, not Art reflects unlike religion, is a powerful factor in the man's spiritual life. Art is possessed of a world-con- deep significance, for every piece of art ception of reflects the mind of the artist and with it the times, his world-conception. There is no painting, no statue, no poem, no song, no symphony, which has not back of it a sentiment of the All, a cosmology, and in this sense it may be said that all art is the expression of a philosophy. The philosophy of science must encom- pass the entire man with all his aspirations, and in consideration of it we should not only cultivate the taste for art, but also bear in mind its philosophical significance. j}C 5JC ifc The best evidence that the scientific spirit Science pervades the atmosphere of the present age and can be seen in the influence which science Religion, exercises on religion. There it appears as 28 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. Evidences Biblical Research (sometimes called Higher of the Criticism), in the study of the history of purification Christianity and of other faiths, and in a of the philosophical purification and deepening of God-idea. the God-idea, and it is no accident that I have felt constrained to do much work in all these fields. A sympathetic reader of my books will find that in spite of the great- variety of subjects which I have treated, all my works constitute an organic whole and are subordinate to a general plan which attempts to awaken the unconscious in- stincts of scientific inquiry and to organize them into a consciously apprehended and clear conception of their unity, which is nothing more nor less than the philoso- phy of SCIENCE. Paul Carus. On several occasions Dr. Carus has made summaries of the tendency and scope of his work. One was published under the title, "Salu- tatory," in the January number of The Open Court for 1897 (vol. XI), another under the title, "A Retrospect and a Prospect," in the January number of The Open Court for 1907 (vol. XXI), republished as an introduction to Twenty Years of the Open Court. Another similarly comprehensive statement appears in the Introduction to Sacred Tunes for the Con- secration of Life. The latest one is the Intro duction to this book, pp. 1-28. SUMMARIES OF BOOKS By DR. PAUL CARUS i. PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOL- OGY. 1WIONISM AND MELIORISM. Pages, *** 83. Paper, 50 cents (2s. 6d.). A Philosophical Essay on Causality and A Ethics, which Dr. Carus published soon preliminary after his arrival in the United States, and statement, before he was called to take charge of The Open Court* It plainly foreshadows his views, which are more fully expressed in later publications. FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS. Third * edition, enlarged and revised. Pages, xii, 373. Cloth, $1.50 (7s. 6d.). The Method of Philosophy as a Syste- A matic Arrangement of Knowledge. This controversial book is a popular treatment of philosophical treatment, topics, and among them the most important is Form and Formal Thought, pointing out the contrast between sensation and pure 29 3 o SUMMARIES OF BOOKS. reason, matter and the inter-relation of its component parts. It lays the foundation for a comprehension of the significance of Form; the arrangement of the order of nature, the laws of nature and all that is implied thereby, the nature of spirit, of ethics, of ideals, of art, and also of causa- tion in general. Dr. Carus has charac- terized his position in a motto on the title The motto. page as follows: "Not agnosticism but positive Science, Not mysticism but clear thought, Neither supernaturalism nor materialism But a unitary conception of the world ; Not dogma but Religion, Not creed but faith." Many of these articles are discussions which took place in The Open Court, and the appendix contains replies to critics of different schools, among them agnostics, dogmatists, mystics, materialists, and others. "Reverent, elevated, and comprehensive. . . The book is of most excellent spirit and of great ability."-— Public Opinion, "A good introduction to the study of formal philosophy." — The Scotsman, Edinburgh, Free from . "^ r * Cams takes seriously one's duty of striv- nreinrlire mg after clear > sane > true and vital thinking, p ] lc. He seems to be singularly free from prejudice. He has not that itch for originality which is the bane of too many other system-makers." — Chi- cago Record-Herald. PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOLOGY. 3i THREE PHILOSOPHICAL PAMPH- 1 LETS, (a) The Philosophy of the Tool. 10 cents (6d.). (b) Our Need of Philosophy. 5 cents (3 d.). (c) Science a Religious Revelation. 5 ;cents (3d.). Three lectures delivered at Chicago in the memorable year (1893) of the World's Columbian Exposition, before the Congress of Education, the Congress of Philosophy and the Parliament of Religion. Appeals in brief form. DRIMER OF PHILOSOPHY. Third edition. Pages, vi, 242. Cloth, $1.00 (5s-). A systematic exposition of a philosophy of science based upon critically sifted ex- perience. Dr. Carus builds up his philoso- phy upon facts. He rejects axioms of any kind, even in mathematics. He derives the principles from which he builds up the formal sciences (mathematics, logic, etc.) from experience; discusses the nature of causation, the prevalent confusion of the notions, cause and reason, the problems of teleology and free will, the nature of the human mind, perceptions, generalizations, ideas, and the continued preservation of ideas from generation to generation, closing with a discussion of the religious problem. "Combines scholarship and original thought with an accurate and popular style of writing, and the result is a fascinating work upon what A systematic survey. Press notices. 32 SUMMARIES OF BOOKS. Recommended to the Orthodox. An important classic trans- lated and explained. most people consider an unusually dry sub- ject." — American Israelite. 'This volume, by one of the deepest thinkers and clearest writers of the age, is worthy of careful consideration even by the most con- servatively orthodox in religion and philosophy." — Cumberland Presbyterian. "The handiest and most educative, the best and brightest discussion of such problems as vex the souls of philosophers, accessible to English readers." — Amos Waters, in Watts' Literary Guide. "This little book is the most readable and lucid presentation of a system of philosophy that I have ever read." — Paper and Press. "While not expressly designed for the in- struction of beginners in philosophy, its text is divested of much of that abstract scientific nomenclature so puzzling to the uninitiated, while the subject is presented with such sim- plicity that its leading idea is gathered at a glance." — Harrisburg Telegram. "The Primer of Philosophy is the very best, if not the only work, in which men and women of the world, as well as scholars, will be able to find a rational, correct and clear explanation of the words and basic principles of philosophy. It really deserves its title." — Waco Evening News. RANT'S PROLEGOMENA TO ANY "> FUTURE METAPHYSIC. Pages, 301. Cloth, 75 cents, net (3s. 6d., net). Convinced of the significance of Kant's Prolegomena, Dr. Cams offers a new trans- lation of this most important Kantian pamphlet, which is practically an explana- tion of Kant's philosophy by Kant himself, PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOLOGY. 33 setting forth in plain and most uncon- ventional language the intention of his Critique of Pure Reason. Dr. Carus believes that Kant has for- Criticism mulated the problem of philosophy cor- of Kant, rectly, but that he has not succeeded with its solution. Pointing out the errors of Kant, which consist in the looseness of the use of certain terms, especially the words "experience" and "ideal," Dr. Carus builds up a foundation for the philosophy of science by demonstrating how the formal sciences enable us to solve the problems of objective reality. "I am very much pleased with Kantfs Prole- Opinions. gomena, and shall make use of the book with a class of about sixty students some time after Easter. It is, by all odds, the best book through which to appreciate Kant's system." — George Duncan, Professor in Yale University. "A new translation which has some advan- tages of lucidity over the older English versions made when Kant's hard terminology had been less thoroughly mastered by scholars than it now is. . . . It forms an admirable introduction to the writings of the founder of modern tran- scendentalism, and will prove welcome to stu- dents on both sides of the Atlantic." — The Scots- man. l^ANT AND SPENCER. Pages, 101. *^ Cloth, 50 cents, net (2s. 6d., net). A study of the Fallacies of Agnosticism. Contents: (i) The Ethics of Kant; (2) 34 SUMMARIES OF BOOKS. Philosophy Kant on Evolution; (3) Mr. Spencer's Ag- of science vs. nosticism ; (4) Reply to Mr. Spencer's the philoso- Comment. Herbert Spencer strangely mis- phy of interpreted Kant and distorted his views nescience. beyond recognition. The present book is a vindication of Kant and a criticism of Spencer's philosophy, as well as of the theory of agnosticism in general. Incidentally we learn something about the history of the doctrine of evolution, which is here briefly recapitulated, and we \ t * * t have to grant that Kant was a better evo- lutionist than Spencer. Opinions. "Dr. Carus certainly convicts Mr. Spencer of failing to understand Kant, and makes a posi- tive contribution to the broader understanding of Kant's doctrine of evolution, as well as to his general philosophical significance." — Presby- terian and Reformed Review. "The reader will find something helpful toward the understanding of Kant in this little volume. Dr. Carus is a writer who is always interesting, because he knows what he wants to say and how to say it most directly and plainly." — Ex- change. TTHE SURD OF METAPHYSICS. A Pages, vi, 233. 75 cents, net (3s. 6d., net). An inquiry into the question Are There Things-In-Themselves? This book is not metaphysical but antimetaphysical. The idea that science and philosophy are contrasts still prevails in many circles, PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOLOGY. 35 even among advanced thinkers, and the claim is frequently made that philosophy leaves a surd, some irreducible element analogous to the irrational in mathe- matics. Dr. Carus stands for the oppo- site view. He believes in the efficiency of science and to him the true philosophy is the philosophy of science. Now, it is true that certain methods of logic are in- sufficient to reduce our experiences to rational concepts, and science in general is limited in its various branches to the meth- ods employed, but there is no need of as- suming, for that reason, that the surd in the intellectual realm possesses any real objective value, and would render philos- ophy ultimately metaphysical or mystical. The present volume investigates the na- ture of this surd of metaphysics, which so far has proved the greatest stumbling block of philosophy to scientists. It looms up in Kant's philosophy as the "thing-in-itself," and is still adhered to in some form or another by many prominent thinkers of the present day. The author's intention is to establish philosophy as a science, and so he endeavors to make it the science of the sciences. He discusses in the present vol- ume the significance which this mysterious element has played in the realm of thought, and propounds his own views in contradic- The surd in philosophy. There are no "things-in- themselves." 36 SUMMARIES OF BOOKS. A verse from Schiller. Opinions. tion to those of Deussen, Jodl, Mach and Max Miiller. The aim of the book is to purge philoso- phy of the surd which clung to it in the days of metaphysicism and prevented its development into a philosophy of science. The need of this change was felt even a century ago by the prophetic poet, Friedrich Schiller, who, though an admirer of Kant, was impressed with the redundancy of the " thin g-in-it self" in philosophy, and so he wrote the following satirical distich: "Since Metaphysics of late Without heirs to her fathers was gath- ered, Here at the auctioneer's are 'Things-in-themselves' to be sold." "Filled with clear, wholesome, strong, intel- lectual food." — Unity. "A well-prepared work for the student of philosophy. The logic, in the main, is strong and convincing, and Dr. Carus's views are ably presented and defended." — Bookseller, News- dealer and Stationer. "Dr. Carus stands for man's deliberate cor- respondence with the forces of evolution, and sees in his creative power, his practical achieve- ments, his addition to usable thought, and in his hands' work, his true significance."—- Chicago Tribune. PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOLOGY. 37 'THE SOUL OF MAN. An investiga- * tion of the Facts of Physiological and Experimental Psychology. Third edition. With an Appendix on the latest researches in Physiology. 182 diagrams. Pages, xviii, 482. Price, cloth, $1.50, net (6s., net). This is a popular exposition of psychol- ogy, treating first the philosophical prob- lems of the origin of mind, and the rise of organized life, together with kindred topics, the question of vitalism, feeling and mo- tion, the nature of memory, etc. It then discusses the physiology of brain-activity from the standpoint of evolution, as well as comparative anatomy. This part of the book is fully illustrated, and affords an opportunity for a layman to acquire an insight into the physiology of both animal and human brain functions in their rela- tion to psychical processes. Of especial interest may be considered the chapter on the "Immortality of the Race and the Data of Propagation." It contains a new hypothesis of sex-forma- tion. Certain observations favor the theory that each sex has the tendency to produce its opposite, and it seems that if the male preponderates, the result will be female, and vice versa. For instance, the unfertilized queen bee produces drones, but it takes fertilization by a drone to produce a queen. Origin and nature of the soul. ¥ Physiology popularized. 38 SUMMARIES OF BOOKS. Organization and feeling. Subjective states inter- connected. The rest of the book is devoted to spe- cifically psychological chapters, including the discussion of facts of modern psychol- ogy, such as double personality, hypnotism and its dangers, dreams and hallucinations, suggestions, etc. The reader will be interested in Dr. Carus's theory that feeling and conscious- ness originate by organization. All exist- ence possesses a subjective and an object- ive, i. e., an inner and an outer aspect ; but so long as the subjectivity of every atom remains isolated (as is the case in the purely physical world), it cannot develop into actual feeling. Organization makes it possi- ble that several functions of subjectivity can communicate, and thus organized life in its lowest stages, even in plants, produces irritability ; further, animal life through the mechanism of a nervous system (which is nothing more nor less than an organ for coordinating the intercommunicating func- tions of subjectivity), yields that wonderful phenomenon of feeling. Dim feelings become clear by being com- pared to former feelings. Poorly intercon- nected irritations remain subliminal and develop into consciousness only by coordi- nation. Briefly stated, feelings become conscious by being felt, and a higher con- sciousness is a concentration of feelings through attention. PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOLOGY. 39 A step further in the origin of mind is made when feelings become representative, i. e., when they acquire meaning and when sense impressions denote the presence of objects. Dr. Carus further propounds a new theory of the nature of pleasure and pain, rejecting the old notion that pleasure is identical with growth, and pain with decay. Pleasure is the satisfaction of a want or a craving, while pain is due to a disturbance. Thus even growth (being a disturbance) is no uncommon cause of pain. (Cf. also his •article in the Monist, VI, 432.) The physiologist's attention is called to Dr. Carus's theory of the physiological con- ditions of consciousness. Dr. Carus claims that the cortex is not (as is the current view) the seat of consciousness, but a store- house of memories. It is the seat of intelli- gence, whose functions may or may not be accompanied with consciousness. Conscious- ness, the function of apprehension, is due to a concentration of feeling upon a thought, and there are reasons to believe that the organ of concentrating attention must be sought in the striate body of the mid-brain. The conclusion of the book is devoted to ethical and religious problems, such as free- dom of will and responsibility, the origin of death, immortality, the communism of soul life, and the soul of the universe. The Pleasure and pain. Organ of consciousness 4Q SUMMARIES OF BOOKS. Opinion of Rabbi Hirsch. soul of the universe is here identified with God, but in one of his later writings Dr. Carus proposes a more definite conception of God.* "A solid addition to the works upon physio- logical psychology." — Public Opinion. "The work of a profound scholar, and yet written in language so simple that the youngest reader can comprehend it." — Boston Transcript. "As a lesson in method, let alone their con- tents, his works are among the best in their field. . . . His religion of the future has in very truth all the essentials of the faith which alone can win the assent and devotion of the thinker. . . . This book must be read and reread to be fully appreciated." — Dr. E. G. Hirsch, in Reform Advocate. "A more enjoyable study we have not had for some time than the examination of such an in- vestigation of the facts of physiological and experimental psychology. The center of the universe lies in our own mind, and the well- written and beautifully illustrated volume which lies before us gives the reader a text-book from which he may learn the intricacies of such a center. The mentalist has his text-book at last." — The Educational Record, Montreal. THE FOUNDATIONS OF MATHE- 1 MATICS. A Contribution to the Philosophy of Geometry. Pages, 140. Cloth, gilt top, 75 cents, net (3s. 6d., net). *See page 55, God, an Enquiry into the Nature of Man's Highest Ideals and a Solu- tion of the Problem from the Standpoint of Science. PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOLOGY. 4i The enormous significance of the formal sciences makes it desirable that anyone who attempts to philosophize should understand the nature of mathematics. Plato was con- vinced that knowledge of the science of form was indispensable, so he wrote over his school the injunction that no one not versed in geometry should enter. The need of a philosophical basis of mathematics appears in the doubts which beset the axiom of parallels. In the present book the author discusses, first, the history of the notion of axioms and especially the Problem axiom of parallels; the attempts at solving f ^ e the problem by Gauss, Riemann, Lobats- axiom, chevsky, Bolyai, Grassmann and others; and then enters into a discussion of the philosophical basis of mathematics, the problems of the a priori, of anyness, of space, the uniqueness of pure space, mathe- matical and physiological space, etc. He shows that mathematics does not start from nothing, as is often assumed; it excludes only particularity and retains logical con- sistency as well as the idea of pure activ- ity. It is shown how in building up pure space, the idea of a straight line neces- sarily originates and why it is indispensable. The nature and the significance of the a Mysticism priori are set forth so as to dispel all mys- and the ticism that sometimes adheres to the idea, a priori. and the new term "anyness" contributes 42 SUMMARIES OF BOOKS. not a little to throw light on the nature of mathematical reasoning. The straight Among other important topics discussed line. in this book may be mentioned the author's method of explaining the nature of straight lines, the plane and the right angle as "even boundaries ;" his construction of tri- dimensional space is created from what he calls "the scope of motion in infinite direc- tions." While touching upon the subject of imaginary spaces, the conception of a four-dimensional space is made thinkable by the help of three mirrors placed at right angles. The God The chapters on the Superreal, Discrete of Units, Continuum, Infinitude, and the Epi- Mathematics. logue proclaiming the God of Mathematics, will be of interest to any thoughtful reader. "It will be worth the while of any think- ing^ man to read this book with some pains- taking. .. .Take it all in all, there has been no _ small book recently published more provo- cative of thought along certain directions than this." — Chicago Daily News. "For those who are interested in mathe- matics, that is, in the philosophy of mathe- matics, this book will come as a delight. It is written in delightfully clear and understand- able manner. — Business Philosopher. "An exceedingly interesting book. It is not above the comprehension of the high school teacher." — School Science. "The treatment of the subject is clear. To PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOLOGY. 43 the student of mathematics it will prove stimu- lating." — Boston Transcript. "The volume compels admiration of this mod- ern author's breadth of knowledge. He is al- ways modern, practical and, in the best sense, apologetic. The catholicity of his mind enables him to speak to a very large audience." — Lon- don Expository Times. "The Foundations of Mathematics, by Paul Carus, reflects the wide reading, the scholar- ship and clearness of exposition of its author." — Religious Education. "Dr. Carus discusses the history of mathe- matics interestingly, showing that, in spite of modern innovations, Euclid's claims remain un- shaken." — Army and Navy Journal. W7HENCE AND WHITHER? An In- Whence do ™ quiry Into the Nature of the Soul, Its we come ? Origin and Destiny. Pages, viii, 218. Price, cloth, 75 cents, net (3s. 6d., net). This little book treats of the central prob- lems of all religion ; the nature of the ego ; the origin, development, and destiny of the human personality; spiritual heredity; the dissolution of the body and the preservation of the soul; the nature of human immor- tality; mankind's ideals; the rational basis of ethics, etc., all from the standpoint of modern psychology and biology. It teaches an immortality consisting in the survival of our ideas and aspirations which are the quin- tessence of our very soul. The author takes pains to prove that this is a true immor- Immortality tality and not mere fiction. All doctrines 44 SUMMARIES OF BOOKS. Symbols are but makeshifts. Is life worth living? of immortality taught in allegory or symbol are but makeshifts to express for people untrained in philosophical thought this grandest of all religious truths. See also Fechner's View of Life After Death. Monist, XVI, 84. The Soul in Science and Religion. Monist XVI, 218. "Dr. Cants answers the question, 'Is Life Worth Living ?' very fully and satisfactorily. The whole is a comprehensive and helpful treat- ise. ,, — Journal of Education, Boston. 'Tull of stimulating thoughts." — Dominion Presbyter ion. "Reverent and actuated by noble purpose." — Congregationalist. "There are many fine passages in this book, and the general trend of the argument is unde- niably sound." — Literary Guide. A controver- sial treatment of ethics. ETHICS AND RELIGION. TTHE ETHICAL PROBLEM. Three Lectures on Ethics as a Science. Sec- ond edition, including a discussion of the subject by William M. Salter, John Mad- dock, F. M. Holland, Prof. Friedrich Jodl, Dr. R. Lewins, Prof. H. Hoffding, Prof. L. M. Billia. Pages, 351. Cloth, $1.25 (6s. 6d.). The Ethical Problem consists of three lectures, delivered before the Society of Ethical Culture at Chicago, criticizing the attitude of the Society. Dr. Carus believes ETHICS AND RELIGION. 45 that pure ethics, which means ethics not based on either philosophy or religion,_has__ — -**c no existence. For ethics is always based upon a world-conception and from this derives its character. Different ethical systems al- ways presuppose different philosophies. Hedonism, which is based on the princi- Pursuit of pie that that is moral which will bring pleasure is about a maximum of pleasure for the great- not morality, est number of people, is, closely considered, a denial of ethics. The pursuit of happi- ness has nothing to do with morality, and if there were no duty except to bring about happiness, ethics would be an illusion. The publication of these addresses elicited a number of discussions with Rev. William M. Salter and other men interested in the philosophy of ethics, among them Prof. Important Harold Hoffding of Copenhagen, Prof, discussion. Friedrich Jodl of Vienna, Dr. Robert Lewins, the English philosopher of solips- ism, Dr. L. M. Billia of Turin, Italy, etc. The book contains also discussions of the views of Goldwin Smith, Gustav Fechner, H. Sedgwick, John Stuart Mill, Rosmini, etc. "One cannot help admiring the calmness and the loftiness of tone with which the discussion is carried on." — Presbyterian Review. "It would be quite impossible for the author to have crowded more thought and suggestive- ness within the same compass. . . . It is a 4 6 SUMMARIES OF BOOKS. The State a superpersonal organism. A wholesome warning. fresh and up-to-date volume/' — Methodist Epis- copal Magazine and Review. "Thoughtful and suggestive." — The Evangelist. "Most stimulating reading." — Presbyterian and Reformed Review. TTHE NATURE OF THE STATE. * Cloth, 50 cents, net (2s. 6d., net). The Nature of the State is a small treatise, which conveys an important truth, throwing light not only on the character of communal life, but also on the nature of man's soul. It proves the significance of the social interrelations, and refutes the errors of individualism. It contains chapters with the following titles: Does the State Exist? Was the Individual Prior to Society? The State a Product of Natural Growth. The Au- thority of the State and the Right to Revo- lution. The Modern State Based on Revolution. Treason and Reform. "A timely aid to dissipate error and help to the realization of the genuine meaning of the state. Dr. Carus has treated the matter in a masterly and convincing way." — The Call, San Francisco. "As full of reason as an egg is of meat." — Wade's Fibre and Fabric. "The exposition is clear and the style inci- sive. The warning is also wholesome, that a man carefully consider what the State signifies before he inveighs against its authority or ex- poses himself as a vainglorious prophet of er- ror." — New York Ethical Record. ETHICS AND RELIGION. 47 "The positions taken are admirable and are admirably maintained, especially as against the individualistic conception of Hobbes and Rous- seau." — Princeton Theological Review. QUR CHILDREN. Hints from Prac- ^^ tical Experience for Parents and Teach- ers. Pages, 207. Si. 00, net (4s. 6d., net). In this little book the author gives an account of experiences with his own chil- dren, and offers suggestions to educators. Upon the whole his advice is based upon the principle don't say don't; he prefers to use the positive instruction of saying "do." Education should be guidance; there is no need of breaking the will. Here are a few of the chapter headings : First Steps ; Parenthood; Treatment of a Naughty Treatment Child ; Do Not Punish ; Direct or Divert, of a but Do Not Suppress ; The Use of Money ; naughty Counting; Facts, not Fancy; Foreign Lan- child. guages ; Mathematics ; Music in Education ; Santa Claus. "Brightly written, broad-minded, instructive, this book deserves serious perusal and praise." — Chicago Record-Herald. "Our Children has a value which it is difficult to exaggerate. The strong common sense of the book as a whole can better be judged from an extract than from any praise of it, however particularized. ... It is difficult to conceive of anything coming up in relation of parent or teacher to a child which does not find discus- sion or suggestion in this compact and helpful 48 SUMMARIES OF BOOKS. little book. It will be an aid to parents and teachers everywhere — an education for them no less than for the child." — Chicago Daily News. "We feel certain that any parent who thought- fully reads and studies this book will be richly paid, and if the readers be parents with grow- ing children they will keep the book by them for frequent consultation, not for iron rules, but for sympathetic suggestion.'' — Commercial News, Danville, III. "From my own personal point of view I can only welcome this volume in our pedagogical literature and express the hope that it may be- come a household book in the library of every parent and teacher." — M . P. E. Groszmann, Ph.D., Director of Groszmann School for Nervous Chil- dren. A "The book is delightful and most helpful. I mother's rea< ^ ** w ^^ mucn pleasure and profit, then re- read most of it aloud to my husband. The suggestions for discipline were exactly what I needed for our second boy; he had always been a great problem, but I was too stupid and pos- sibly too near him to solve it for myself. The chapter on The Naughty Child' seems to have done this, and I feel as if a wonderful thing had happened. . . . Our neighborhood club of women, mothers of fifty-one children, are reading Our Children, a chapter at a time, at club meetings and finding it so helpful. It is such good sense." — Extract from letters from a young mother in Oklahoma. "Little things are recommended that will ap- peal to the child's understanding and add to his interest in his work." — Cleveland Plain Dealer. "Its author has given to the world a careful, loving, thoughtful set of rules which may be used with profit in the bringing up of the young." — The Mantel, Tile and Grate Monthly. view. ETHICS AND RELIGION. 49 T^HE RISE OF MAN. A Sketch of the * Origin of the Human Race. Illus- trated. Pages, 97. Boards, cloth back, 75 cents, net (3s. 6d., net). The subject of this book is anthropo- logical, but the author's interest is ulti- mately concentrated in the religious prob- lem underlying the questions here presented. Dr. Carus upholds the divinity of man from Man's the standpoint of evolution. Man's physical divinity is origin does not disprove that his soul has the natural more and more become an incarnation of a im of life. God in the sense that man's reason is an echo of the world-order, and so man (or, generally speaking, a rational being) is the natural aim of life. In the second chapter the idea of evolution as an epigenesis, not as a process of evolving, is discussed? The chapters on the anthropoid apes and on primitive man are richly illustrated with special consideration of the Neanderthal man and Du Bois's pithecanthropoid. The concluding chapters, "Civilization and the Race" and "The Triumph of the Best," discuss the moral problems of anthropogenesis. "Might be called a primer in evolutionary the- ory. It is clearly written and excellently illus- trated." — Cleveland Plain Dealer. "Dr. Carus has a deep reverence for the man- ifestation of God in created things, and nowhere is it more in evidence than in his graceful treat- 5o SUMMARIES OF BOOKS. merit of this subject." — Tyler Publishing Com- pany, Ann Arbor, Mich. Sermons by LJOMJLIES OF SCIENCE. Pages x, a man who * * 3 X 7- Cloth, gilt top, $1.50 (7s. 6d.). believes in This is a collection of short sermons from science. the standpoint of a religion which recog- nizes no religious doctrine that is incon- sistent with the truths taught by science. Among the topics presented we mention: "Is Religion Dead?" "Living the Truth," "Is God a Mind?" "The Religion of Joy," "The Liberal's Folly," "Faith and Doubt," "The American Ideal." "They are written in a direct and interesting style, generally profound in thought, and elicit the attention of the intelligent reader. ,, — Re- formed Church Review. "Many of these articles might appear without criticism in the most orthodox church weeklies and magazines. One in particular, on The Hunger After Righteousness/ might be read from any Christian pulpit as a sermon, while the papers on 'Sexual Ethics/ 'Monogamy and Free Love* and 'Morality and Virtue" will aston- ish the very large class who imagine that rejec- tion of dogma tends to subversion of morals. This is a good book for those who want to know what unbelievers really believe." — Book News. Broadly "Their author is evidently animated by a Catholic. broadly catholic spirit, is widely read, and writes in the interests of higher morality." — Milwaukee Sentinel. "What Dr. Carus says on ethical subjects, though containing nothing particularly new, will ETHICS AND RELIGION. 5i find an echo in the hearts of good men of every creed. He is wholly uninfected with the social- istic heresies now so widely prevalent, and he sternly rebukes those free-thinkers who regard morality with indifference and scoff at its re- quirements. . . . As an example of existing tendencies, as well as by its moral earnestness, this book will interest the reader." — Science. "While these essays are opposed to some of the teachings of dogmatic Christianity, they are full of the spirit of the highest Christian mo- rality and are not in any true sense antagonistic to religious faith. They are constructive rather than destructive." — Review of Reviews, New York. ^ "It has all the genuine life and spirit of Chris- tianity, but is free from the dogmatic theology which is a stumbling block to so many intelli- gent believers. . . . Everyone who is inter- ested in the great problem of life, death and immortality should read this volume and pon- der over its practical suggestions." — Daily Her- ald, Norristown, Pa. "It is always a pleasure to read the utter- ances of the author of this book when religion and morality are under consideration. He is so frank in stating his own views and so utterly free from harshness or uncharitableness in stat- ing his opposition to the views of others as to be able to carry any reader along without per- sonal irritation. . . . We are attracted by the strong moral and spiritual tone in the book, and find a reverence and devotion here for things of the spirit, which do not exist in some of our so-called religious writers. . . . It will stir many a soul to a higher life."— Public Opinion. Opposed to dogma, but Christian in spirit. 52 SUMMARIES OF BOOKS. The T HE DAWN OF A NEW RELIGIOUS new L ERA AND OTHER ESSAYS. Pages, orthodoxy. vi, 145. Cloth, 50 cents, net (2s. 6d., net). The author gave up the religious con- viction which had become dear to him in his youth because he found it untenable under the strain of scientific critique. He first modified his faith, and finally sur- rendered everything that could be defended only by the claim of tradition or special revelation, thereby he reached the bottom rock and built up a new faith on the eternal truths that can be proved by science, and are verifiable in our daily experience. This is the constructive part of his work, which makes him the most conservative of radicals. He is vigorously opposed to agnosticism and all equivocation as well as indifference, building up a new orthodoxy of scientific- ally tenable truths. The This new religious era, which is here Religious vividly described, had its dawn in the Parliament. spirit that made the Religious Parliament possible. This little volume contains also a critical analysis of Professor Romanes's "Thoughts on Religion," discussing the reasons for his alleged conversion to Christianity shortly before his death; and finally an essay on "The New Orthodoxy." Instead of de- nouncing orthodoxy as is now customary, Dr. Carus defends the ideal of having the ETHICS AND RELIGION. 53 right faith and proposes to develop from the old orthodoxy a new orthodoxy which can stand the test of science. THE RELIGION OF SCIENCE. Pages, * vi, 145. Cloth, 50 cents, net (2s. 6d.). Religion should be able to stand the test of scientific critique. That religion which contains no presumptions incongruous with the verified truths of science alone fulfills all demands. The present volume is an The attempt to outline the doctrines of a relig- sanctity of ious conviction, whose ideals of God, soul, scientific immortality, together with its moral aspira- truth, tions, are tenable before the tribunal of science. "The best and briefest possible popular ex- position of the scientific attitude toward the re- ligious sentiment that we have read." — New England Magazine. " 'The Religion of Science' is, in its way, a masterpiece. Its author is unique, interesting and suggestive as a thinker. We may not, we do not, agree with his conclusions, but we ad- mire his force, originality and independence." — Boston Daily Traveler. "It is one of those helpful books which, in- stead of repudiating man's part, sneering at his religious history, and with grotesque and nar- row bigotry more intolerable than that which it scorns, renouncing the hard-earned wealth of human experience and striving and martyrdoms, rather enters joyfully into the spirit of that 54 SUMMARIES OF BOOKS. "Blessed is he who trusts in the truth." past and, learning its wisdom, goes forward in the strength of it to new positions of security and enlightenment. ,, — Rev. Robert D. Towne. "With much that he says we fully agree, and we respect the moral earnestness with which he discusses the problems of life and duty. . . . We have read his book with interest, and we cordially echo the sentiment he expresses that 'blessed is he who trusts in the truth, who hearkens to its behests, and leads a life in which obedience to truth is exemplified/ " — Sci- ence. Entheism. THE IDEA OF GOD. Fourth edition. * Pages, 32. Paper cover, 15 cents (9d.). This pamphlet is a lecture delivered be- fore the Ethical Culture Society in Chi- cago long before the author published his more comprehensive exposition on his solu- tion of the problem of God. It contains the following chapters : The Nature of Ideas, The Ethnology of the Word God, also the Hebrew names of God, the Reality of Ab- stract Ideas, the Different Conceptions of God, Entheism as a Monistic Conception of God, and a conclusion on the Universality of God. "A wonderful little book . . . clear, log- ical and scientific. . . . No Christian should fail to read it." — Current Events. "An effort to purify our 'Idea of God/ that it may be greater, sublimer and more awe-inspir- ing to future generations than it has ever been yet." — Literary World, London. ETHICS AND RELIGION. 55 pOD: AN INQUIRY Into the Nature ^■* of Man's Highest Ideal and a Solution of the Problem from the Standpoint of Science. Pages, iv, 245. Boards, cloth back, $1.00 (4s. 6d.). The God-conception here presented is that of the God of Science, not of nescience. The author combats agnosticism and the God preached is not an unknowable being whose existence cannot be proved and whose nature is a logical impossibility. The God of Science is that principle which constitutes the cosmic order of natural law, and which, in the religious development of mankind, is discovered as the authority of conduct. He is a God whose existence even the atheist cannot deny. One reader who looks upon religion as a huge aberration of the human mind said to the author: "People will say that the book is written by an atheist," to which the author replied: "I would make no objec- tion if they only modify the statement by saying, Written by an atheist who loves God/ " The author claims that his God is the only true God, and that other God-concep- tions, especially the traditional views of the churches, are only surrogates, which did service so long as the truth was not yet forthcoming. The author calls this new and scientific The God of science. "An atheist who loves God." 56 SUMMARIES OF BOOKS. "Theonomy" doctrine of God "theonomy, ,, which bears and the same relation to theology as does "nomothe- astronomy to astrology. ism." This view is not the old pantheism, for God is not identified with the All; God is omnipresent in nature (a view which is called "entheism"), but for all that he is different from nature. He is not the total- ity of existence, but its norm (or notnos), forming, directing and determining all things, and so this God-conception may ap- propriately be called "nomotheism." "Paul Carus is a clear thinker. His book is stimulating. We have read every word of it with unflagging interest. It helps one greatly in thinking about the mystery of all mysteries, the mystery of God." — Universalist Leader. "A clear statement of a modern view which is neither pantheistic nor personal." — Religious Education. "Dr. Carus's work on 'God* is one of the finest and most helpful books on the subject we have seen. It is written in a clear, force- ful style, and in a broad, sympathetic spirit. Every person struggling with intellectual doubt and uncertainty should get a copy. It is illu- minating." — Fellowship. Rev. "At the office of The Open Court in Chicago, Tames -^ r - P au l Carus, the indefatigable and the tt ,• brave, has published five volumes together. riastings pj ve vo lumes of most unmistakably religious interest, and each vying with the other in independence. This is the first article in the creed of Dr. Carus — independence. Tradition is ETHICS AND RELIGION. 57 nothing, and the idea which so irresistibly sent Newman into the Roman Church, the idea that 'the whole world' cannot be wrong, is pure heresy to Dr. Paul Carus and to those who write for him. The 'whole world' is more likely to be wrong than not. The 'whole world' almost always has been wrong. But, right or wrong, the 'whole world' is nothing to Dr. Carus. Let every man be fully persuaded in his own mind." — Rev. James Hastings, in the Exp ository Tim es. Compared with Cardinal Newman. HISTORY OF RELIGION. TTHE HISTORY OF THE DEVIL. * And the Idea of Evil from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. Printed in two colors, from large type, on fine paper. Bound in cloth, illuminated with cover stamp from Dore. Five hundred 8vo pages, with 311 illustrations in black and tint. Price, $6.00 (30s.). Beginning with prehistoric Devil-worship and the adoration of demon gods and mon- ster divinities, the author surveys the ancient beliefs of the Summero-Accadians, the Persians, the Jews, the Brahmans, the Buddhists, the early Christians and the Teutonic nations. He then passes to the demonology of the Middle Ages, the Ref- ormation, and Modern times, discussing the Inquisition, witchcraft, and the history of the Devil in verse and fable. Though the problem of evil is thus Idea of evil in antiquity. 58 SUMMARIES OF BOOKS. treated in its historical phase, the main pur- port of the book is philosophical, pointing out that the contrasts, good and evil, are the realities of life, and so the ideas, God and Satan, stand for actual facts. Though there is no Devil with horns and hoofs, as represented in mediaeval folklore, he is a real presence in the life of man which has to be reckoned with. In this sense, Dr. Carus quotes Goethe's quatrain on the Evil One: Goethe's "You have the Devil underrated, quatrain I cannot yet persuaded be! on the A fellow who is all-behated Evil One. Must something be." "It is seldom that a more intensely absorbing study of this kind has been made, and it can be safely asserted that the subject has never be- fore been so comprehensively treated. . . . Neither public nor private librarian can afford to be without this book, for it is a well of in- formation upon a subject fascinating to both students and casual readers." — Christian Israel- ite. "The work is a triumph of the printers' art, having more than 300 illustrations of the rarest and most curious religious deities, good and bad. For an interesting and instructive volume on demonology, Dr. Paul Cams' work surpasses anything we have ever seen." — Pacific Medical Journal. "The author has shown great diligence in gathering illustrative material, and it is doubt- ful if any such collection of ancient and mod- ern, quaint and curious, picturesque and fright- HISTORY OF RELIGION. 59 ful pictures relative to the subject has been before offered to English readers. ,, — The Dial. "We have several hours' reading here, and it is made the pleasanter by a profusion of grue- some pictures — pictures of the devil in all his shapes and of the devil's wonderful ways with his victims and votaries. The book as a book is charming, as charming as a book about the devil could be." — Expository Times, London. "The pictorial illustrations of this subject from earliest Egyptian frescoes, from pagan idols, from old black-letter tomes, from quaint early Christian sculpture, down to the model pictures of Dore and Schneider, add greatly to the value of the book." — M. E. Magazine and Review. ADDITIONAL ARTICLES ON THE DEVIL. The Reality of the Devil. With Illustra- tions. Open Court, XIX, No. 595, page 717. Healing by Conjuration in Ancient Baby- lon. A correction of the interpretation given in The History of the Devil, pp. 43 and 46. Open Court, XXIII, 65. Indian Chieftain's Story, An. Open Court, XV, 376. HTHE STORY OF SAMSON. And Its * Place in the Religious Development of Mankind. 80 illustrations. Pages, 183. Comprehensive index. Boards, $1.00, net (4s. 6d., net). The figure of Samson finds its prototype in those traditions of all primitive historical peoples which relate to a solar deity. Dr. Quaint pictures of the devil in mediaeval folklore. Samson, a prototype of Christ. 6o SUMMARIES OF BOOKS. Solar heroes and the zodiac. Carus believes that genuine tradition, no matter how mythological, is more conserva- tive than is at first apparent. Though the biblical account of Samson's deeds, like the twelve labors of Heracles, is the echo of an ancient solar epic which glorifies the deeds of Shamash in his migration through the twelve signs of the zodiac, there may have been a Hebrew hero whose deeds re- minded the Israelites of Shamash, and so his adventures were told with modifications which naturally made the solar legends cluster about his personality. The main significance of the Samson story, however, consists in the important fact that Samson is the prototype of Christ; and this leads to a discussion of the stories of gods who die and rise to life again. Comparisons are drawn between Samson on the one hand, and Heracles, Shamash, Melkarth, Siegfried and, ultimately, Christ on the other. The appendix contains a Controversy with Mr. George W. Shaw, in which is discussed at some length the rela- tion between myth and history. Samson and Christ. "Charmingly printed and copiously illustrated." — Picayune. "The discussion is learned and in good spirit/' — Watchman. "This beautifully illustrated book abounds in parallels to the Samson story from other liter- HISTORY OF RELIGION. 61 St. Catharine and mystic marriage. atures than the Hebrew, and sets forth the un- historical character of the story as a sun-myth. The view is not new, but is more fully pre- sented here than elsewhere." — Biblical World. YHE BRIDE OF CHRIST. A Study in Christian Legend Lore. 80 illustra- tions of reproductions of famous paintings. Pages, vii, in. Parchment boards, cloth back, 75 cents (3s. 6d.). The legend of St. Catharine, the bride of Christ, though once very popular, is almost forgotten now. The Puritan spirit, so powerful among Protestants, which wants religion pure and simple, without romance and sometimes even without the adornment of art, has affected even Roman Catholics, and yet the legend is full of charm and is apt to prove fascinating even to- the un- believer. Though the legend is neglected, the idea of a bride of Christ still lives even in Protestant hymns, where following the precedent of St Paul and the traditions of the mystics, the bride represents either the church or the soul. The story of the bride of Christ possesses an additional interest to the student of religion who is able to trace its history and compare it with its pagan prototypes. This is done in the present book and it is done with an appreciation of the religious senti- ment that produced the legend and inspired Pagan Prototypes. 62 SUMMARIES OF BOOKS. innumerable artists to give a worthy pres- entation of this conception of ideal woman- hood. Parallel "Dr. Cams, in his numerous writings, is fond Christian °^ running parallels between Christian and ■t pagan legends and symbols; and he is busy and pagan - m ^h a t sense i n this exquisite work. legends "The splendid reproductions of ancient statu- and symbols. ar Y an d decorations, and of the old masters' pictures, are truly delightful." — The Coming Day, London. "Do not lose sight of Dr. Paul Carus. Through devious and yet delightful ways he leads us, always illuminating the path by means of the most charming illustrations, and he brings us to rest at last in a thankful contemplation of the peace which the mystical love of Christ was able to bring to the devout saints of the early ages of the Cross." — Expository Times, London. "The St. Catharine legends grew to their completest proportions during the age of ex- aggerated chivalry, so that the earlier Christian symbol of the Bride as the Church, finally de- veloped into a mystic marriage with the spir- itualized soul of a pure saint, Catharine mean- ing purity. The book is beautifully illustrated with one hundred and six reproductions from the old masters, who have painted the subject." — Christian Advocate. "In The Bride of Christ Paul Carus adds another to his series of pleasantly written, well illustrated studies in comparative religions. These studies are not designed for critical study, but rather for a cultivated populace, although the popular style does not detract from the force with which the central theme is set forth." — Chicago Record-Herald. HISTORY OF RELIGION. 63 "A curious byway of religious folklore is explored in an interesting manner by Dr. Carus in this volume. Many interesting pictures il- lustrate Dr. Carus* stimulating text." — Boston Herald. "There is scarcely a great artist of the fif- teenth and sixteenth centuries who has not painted a 'St. Catharine' or a 'Mystic Mar- riage/ The history of the legend is full of interest, and Dr. Carus traces it from its most ancient pagan origin through its varied forms of religious sentiment. The symbolism of the union of the soul with its Savior runs through all the varied forms of this legend and makes it one of unusual sweetness." — Modern Miracles. St. Catharine in Art. TTHE PLEROMA. An Essay on the *' Origin of Christianity. Pages, 150. Cloth, $1.00 (4s.). Christianity has become the religion of the civilized world and mankind dates a new era with the birth of its founder, Jesus Christ. As in all religions, its origin has been attributed to a supernatural revelation, and opinions vary greatly as to its charac- ter, its worth, and the desirability of adher- ing to its traditions. The present book is a comparatively short treatise, which shows in terse outlines how Christianity naturally and necessarily developed as the inevitable result of the conditions of the age. In this sense Christianity came — to use the ter- minology of the early church — as the Pleroma, the fulfillment of the times. Fulfillment of religious needs of the times. 6 4 SUMMARIES OF BOOKS. A new point of view is taken, in so far as the old orthodox interpretation so vigor- ously insisted on by Augustine is retained, that Christianity is practically the religion Christianity of mankind as it was from the beginning anticipated of history, and thus it is not Jewish but by Gentile in its character. The ideals of a paganism. godman, of a savior, of the immortality of the soul, of a trinity, of the sacrament, are traceable in paganism but are con- spicuously absent in Judaism. The subject is treated in four divisions: Christianity Predetermined by the Needs of the Age; Pre-Christian Gnosticism, The Bloom Preceding the Fruitage of Chris- tianity; How the Gentile Savior Changed into the Christ, and The Origin of Judaism The future and Its Significance for Christianity. The of conclusion discusses the future of Chris- Christianity, tianity. "It is a book which reconciles us to the church of God universal and the brotherhood of all men at all times. There is not an orthodox Christian on the earth who might not be broadened or softened by it. We lose noth- ing but our mistaken prejudices by reading it." — The Sketch Book, Chicago. "One of the ablest books on the subject. ,, — Daily News, Springfield, Mass. "A valuable contribution to the literature of Christian origins." — Independent Gazette, Phil- adelphia. GERMAN LITERATURE. 65 ANGELUS SILESIUS. A Selection ** from the Rhymes of a Seventeenth Century German Mystic. Translated in the original meter, with introduction. Pages, xxxiii, 174. Cloth, blue and gold, $1.00 (4s. 6d.). Mysticism is banished from the domain of science, but science is not the only mode of approach to truth. There are other avenues which lead to the ideal realm; one is art, the other sentiment. Art attempts to picture life subspecie pulchritudinis, viewing the world in the mirror of beauty. The mystic, however, is swayed by sentiment; he endeavors to feel the solution which he deems too deep for the intellect. Dr. Cams has again and again opposed the mystic's claim, both in science and philosophy, but he is not for that reason an enemy of mysticism per se. He has ex- plained his views on the subject in an article on mysticism, which appeared in The Mon- ist, XVIII, 75, and his appreciation of mystic thought has led him to translate a selection of the verses of Johannes Scheff- ler, better known as Angelus Silesius. The preface of the present edition con- tains a sketch of the life of Angelus Silesius with a few illustrations, and the English translation is accompanied by the German text. A poet of religious mysticism. Truth and error in Mysticism. 66 SUMMARIES OF BOOKS. Humor and philosophy. P D WARD'S DREAM. The Philosophy ' L, of a German Humorist. Translated and edited, with introduction, by Dr. Carus. Pages, 75. Cloth, red and gold, $1.00 (4s. 6d.). Humor as a rule appears frivolous and flippant to the narrow-minded bigot who glories in vinegar and scowls at the silver ring of a laugh as an impious demonstra- tion. But, after all, the roots of humor go down into the most secret recesses of the human heart and are nourished by thoughts of a broad and profound comprehension of life. Wilhelm Busch's humorous writings are the expression of a world-conception which teaches us to smile at the ills of life:. He has reached this point of view by rising above himself and by looking down upon the world from a standpoint of good- natured and sympathetic irony. He has expressed his philosophy in a lit- tle book called Edward's Dream, the sub- stance of which is here presented. It is a product of German humor, but its place in the library is among the philosophers. Goethe and Schiller in collabora- tion. QOETHE AND SCHILLER'S XEN- ^* IONS. Selected and translated into English. Bound in album shape on heavy paper. Paper covers. Pages, vii, 162. Price, 50 cents (2s, 6d.). GERMAN LITERATURE. 67 The appearance of the Xenions is sig- nificant in the lives of both Goethe and Schiller. Each one of them is the product of their common activity. Some of them are personal and satirical, while others in- corporate in the terse form of a distich, profound thoughts or far-reaching moral principles. The latter class, containing thoughts of enduring worth, have been selected here for the sake of making them, as they deserve to be, a part of English literature. They are translated in the original meter and with the assistance of a preface consti- tute a good introduction to the methods of classical prosody. Thoughts of enduring worth. CRIEDRICH SCHILLER. A Sketch of * His Life and an Appreciation of His Poetry. Profusely illustrated. Pages, 102, octavo. Boards, cloth back, illustrated, cover, 75 cents net (3s. 6d.). Schiller, the poet, is better known than Schiller, the thinker. The present mono- graph, which is devoted to the biography of Schiller, dwells mainly on his philosophy as expressed in poems, which are not so well known as they deserve to be. "A strong character sketch, with critical ap- preciation of his work and specimens of his poetry in German and English translations, makes this volume to the Schiller lover a very Schiller's philosophy as expressed in poems. 68 SUMMARIES OF BOOKS. Schiller's keen insight into sham. attractive book." — Methodist Book and Publish- ing House, Toronto, "Schiller's philosophical thought, his keen insight into sham and pretense, and his heart- bracing utterances for freedom, may indeed be made clear to all; and Dr. Cams has done significant service. . . . We commend this book heartily." — Christian Register. "This adequately illustrated and tastefully bound volume by Dr. Paul Carus is an ad- mirable memorial of the recent Schiller Cen- tenary. In addition to a biographical sketch we have two thoughtful essays by Dr. Carus on Schiller as a philosophical poet and on Schiller's poetry. Both have well-chosen se- lections of considerable extent, and it was a good idea to present these illustrative excerpts in both German and English." — The Outlook. QOETHE, HIS PHILOSOPHY AND ^"* ART. Book now in preparation, with numerous rare illustrations. For contents see article list under "Goethe." Doctrines and poetry of Buddhism. BUDDHISM. •"THE DHARMA. Or the Religion of * Enlightenment, An Exposition of Bud- dhism. Fifth edition. Revised and en- larged. Pages, xii, 167. Price, 25 cents (IS.). The Dharma is a systematic exposition of Buddhist doctrines, containing quota- tions of the typical tenets formulated in Twelve Articles, an outline of the Abi- dharma, the Buddhist philosophy, and ex- BUDDHISM. 69 planations refuting some popular errors. Not the least noteworthy is a collection of gems of Buddhist poetry. The book is heartily recommended and indorsed by leading Buddhist priests of different coun- tries. "A compact and comprehensive exposition of Buddhism." — Boston Globe. "If you wish to see truth in simplicity, study this exposition of Buddhism. You will be ashamed to call yourself Presbyterian, or Meth- odist, or Baptist, and wish that you might be a true and sincere Buddhist. . . Truth de- rived from Buddhism enables us to understand the Prophets and the Gospels aright." — Occult Truths, Washington. T^HE GOSPEL OF BUDDHA. Eleventh * edition. Pages, xvi, 275. Cloth, $1.00 (5s.). German edition of the same, entitled, Das Evangelium Buddhas. Pages, 352. Cloth, $1.25 (5 marks). The sacred books of Buddhism are very voluminous, and the Scriptures referring to the life of its founder have never been sys- tematically compiled. Soon after the Relig- ious Parliament, when Dr. Carus had been thrown into contact with living representa- tives of this remarkable faith, he undertook this long-needed work, and he did it in a conservative as well as sympathetic way, arranging translations of the several sources of the life of the Buddha in one connected Buddha's life from Buddhist sources. 7° SUMMARIES OF BOOKS. Used in temples and schools in Japan. "God has nowhere left Himself without witness." narration, introducing his doctrines, to- gether with the occasions on which they were taught. The book has proved an un- paralleled success, for it has become an au- thoritative book with the Buddhists. It is used in temples and schools in Japan, Cey- lon and other Buddhist countries, and has been translated into Chinese, Japanese (two translations), Urdu, Bengali, Teluga, Si- amese, Tamil, Malay, etc. ; further, into German, Dutch, French and Spanish. "The book will help its readers to a clearer conception of the character of the sweetest of the pagans." — Chicago Evening Post. "In addition to a very luminous and sug- gestive preface, Dr. Carus furnishes a table of references, showing at an eye-glance the sources of his extracts and the parallelism in the Gospels. He gives also a glossary of names and terms, a method^ of pronunciation and a good index. The simplicity of this presentation, the freedom of the text from notes or uncouth and outlandish diacritical points, and the general arrangement of the work, are admirable. . . It is admirably fitted to be a handbook for the single reader or for classes." — The Critic. "A volume which many readers will find full of fascinating interest. . . Read^ with a pretty wakeful discrimination, this is a book which is fitted to widen one's thoughts as to the religious nature of man everywhere; to convince one of the truth that God has nowhere left Himself without witness." — The Advance. "Dr. Carus* book is one which will be ap- preciated by many a student of the religions BUDDHISM. 7i of the world, who will find here the best thoughts of the great Oriental faith put into readable shape by a clever, a learned and a sympathetic scholar." — Secular Thought "A series of chapters of extracts from the words of Buddha, from what for the Buddhist corresponds to our Bible, so to express it. Many chapters are beautiful in form and noble in sentiment. It is not offered in hostility to Christianity, but for study in connection with the latter and in the hope of promoting spiritual reflection." — The Congregationalism "The book furnishes very pleasant reading, and we lay it down with the feeling that if the Hindus, and the Chinese, and the Japanese, who are mostly Buddhists, conform their lives to the doctrines taught by their great masters, they will fare well both in this world and the next"— New York Herald. "The book is undoubtedly the best popular work on Buddhism in the English language. . . . . I think Dr. Carus presents an ac- curate account of Buddhism in his work." — D. B. Jayalilaka, B. A., Head Master Buddhist High School, Kandy, Ceylon. "I have read the work and like it immensely. I shall use it in our English schools." — A. E. Buultjens, B. A., Principal of Ananda College, and General Manager of Buddhist Schools at Colomba, Ceylon. "It is a perfect exposition of Buddha's life, his doctrine and his order; it is most instruc- tive and impressive." — Translated from the Jio- Do-Kioho. A Buddhist Bible. A text book on Buddhism. DUDDHISM AND ITS CHRISTIAN *■* CRITICS. New and revised edition. Pages, 311. $1.25 (6s. 6d.). Contents: 72 SUMMARIES OF BOOKS. Buddhism The Origin of Buddhism; The Philosophy compared of Buddhism; The Psychological Problem; with The Basic Concepts of Buddhism; Bud- Christianity, dhism and Christianity; Christian Critics. Buddhism, so important in the history of religion on account of its many parallels to Christianity, is greatly misunderstood and misrepresented. The present book sets forth in brief, but sufficiently detailed out- lines, the origin of Buddhism, its philos- ophy, its psychology, and its underlying world-conception, contrasting it with Chris- tianity, pointing out similarities, discussing the probabilities of a mutual influence, and finally criticizing the leading Christian critics of Buddhism. Dr. Carus shows a sympathetic attitude toward Buddhism, without, however, opposing Christianity. The He pays considerable attention to the mis- mission sion problem, and advocates missions on problem. both sides for the purpose of mutual ex- change of thought. The church, that does not missionarize is dead. Therefore we ought to send out missionaries, but we ought also be willing to receive missionaries of another faith. "What our author says of missionaries should be read and heeded by missionaries everywhere. As a study in comparative religion, as a de- marcation between the abstraction and pas- sivity of Buddhism and the activity and salva- tion-in-struggle of Christianity, Dr. Carus* vol- BUDDHISM. 73 time is admirable. It is hardly less so in its illuminative description of the origin, basic concepts, philosophy and psychology of Bud- dhism itself. The authors calm judicial-mind- edness and absence of mere sentimentalism peculiarly fit him for the work." — Outlook. "The enlightened Buddhist would be helped by it, and there is not a sectarian Christian on the planet who might not be broadened or softened by it. It is a reconciling book." — The Coming Day, London. PORTFOLIO OF BUDDHIST ART, r HISTORICAL AND MODERN. II- lustrations of Representative Monuments and Other Pictures. Thirty-one plates and descriptive text. 50 cents, net (2s. 6d., net). This is a collection representative of dif- ferent periods and types chosen almost at random from a wealth of innumerable art productions that have originated under the influence of the Buddhist religion. One novel feature consists in the illustrations of Dr. Carus's Gospel of Buddha, painted by Eduard Biedermann, who offers in these pictures a modern interpretation of the Buddhist ideal, basing a Western treatment upon a historical conception. Influence of Buddhism on Oriental art. CTORIES OF BUDDHISM. A trilogy, ^ comprising: (a) KARMA. A story of Buddhist eth- ics. Illustrated by Kwasong Suzuki. Amer- 74 SUMMARIES OF BOOKS. Buddhist morality, psychology, and theology. Tolstoy's recom- mendation. ican edition. Pages, 47. 15 cents (iod.). Japanese edition. Quaint water-color illus- trations. Crepe paper, tied in silk. 75 cents (3s. 6d.). Karma, eine buddhistische Erzahlung. German edition, with outline illustrations. Paper, 35 cents (is. 6d.). The story of Karma drives home in a direct and forcible way the advisability of good-will toward all. Count Tolstoy com- mended it for both "its artlessness and its profundity." He translated the story into Russian, and hence was supposed in cer- tain retranslations from Russian into French, German, and English to be its author. When he discovered the error, he wrote : "I deeply regret not only that such a falsehood was allowed to pass unchal- lenged, but also the fact that it was a false- hood in reality, for I should be very happy were I the author of this tale. ... It is one of the best products of national wis- dom, and ought to be bequeathed to all mankind." "A thing of rare beauty. — Boston Daily Ad- vertiser, "Simply a gem."— Presbyterian and Reformed Review. "I read it aloud to children, and they liked it. And among grown-up people its reading always gave rise to conversation about the gravest problems of life. And, to my mind, this is a very good recommendation." — Count Leo Tolstoy, BUDDHISM. 75 "The story puts the tangled and mysterious doctrine of Karma in such clear and pretty lights that each chapter reads in epigram melo- dious as the proverbs and as absorbingly in- teresting as a fairy romance." — Chicago Daily News. "There is nothing in the shape of a holiday book on the market that so strongly appeals to the intelligent and cultivated reader as does this odd and beautiful publication." — The Amer- ican Israelite, "The tale is in Dr. Carus' loftiest vein. It at once charms and enslaves. The reader is held spellbound till the end is reached, and he rises a wiser and better man. The tale is as wholesome as it is sparkling, and as uplifting as it is frank and fearless." — The Gentleman's Journal. ARTICLE IN COMMENT ON KARMA. Sampietro's Mother. By Dr. Paul Carus. Open Court, XIX, No. 595, p. 756. (b) NIRVANA. A story of Buddhist psychology. Illustrations by Kwasong Su- zuki. Pages, 93. Boards, 60 cents, net. In the development of its plot the story Nirvana contains an exposition of Buddhist psychology, together with an explanation of the Buddhist view of life after death. Compare "The Buddhist Conception of Death," by the Rt. Rev. Soyen Shaku, Mon, xvii. 1 ; and the chapter entitled "Buddhism and Oriental Culture" in Ser- mons of a Buddhist Abbot, by the same author. Buddhist conception of immortality. 7 6 SUMMARIES OF BOOKS. Buddhist wedding ceremony. The Buddhist God- conception. "The scene is in a Brahman village in North- ern Central India, and reminds one of parts of Mr. Rudyard Kipling's 'Jungle Books.' There is a charming account of a wedding ceremony, after which the wise men discourse of the Tathagata as taught by a wandering disciple of Buddha." — London Spectator. "This little book deserves translation into the languages of all countries where Buddhism is either believed in or studied, for it works on the lines laid down by the Pali originals, to which (with commendable clearness of ref- erence) it owes its inspiration." — The Athe- nceum, London. (c) AMITABHA. A story of Buddhist theology. Pages, 121. Boards, 50 cents, net. The story of Amitabha has a historical setting in the ascendancy of the kingdom of Gandhara, under King Kanishka, whose in- terest in Buddhism and whose connection with Acvaghosha, the great Buddhist phil- osopher, are well known. The plot gives ample opportunity in discussion and inci- dent to explain and illustrate some of the cardinal points of Buddhism, especially in regard to the way of salvation and the God- conception represented by Amitabha Bud- dha, the Source of Infinite Light and the Standard of Being, as distinct from the Brahman idea of a conscious personal deity. The frontispiece is a reproduction of a statue found at Gandhara, which is sup- CHINESE SUBJECTS. 77 posed to be the oldest Buddhist statue now in existence. It is especially appropriate to accompany the story of Amitabha, for it represents the influence of the Greek sculp- tors who in Kanishka's reign "flocked to Gandhara, transplanting the art of their home to the soil of India." The American editions of the trilogy will be sent to one address for $1.00. It should be noticed that the Japanese crepe edition of Karma is not included in this offer. If desired, add 60 cents to above offer to include it. Influence of Greek sculptors on Buddhist art. CHINESE SUBJECTS. CHINESE PHILOSOPHY. An Ex- v ^ position of the Main Characteristic Features of Chinese Thought. Numerous diagrams, 'native characters and illustra- tions. Paper, 25 cents (is. 6d.). It is a sketch, not an exhaustive treatise, and still less a history of Chinese philoso- phy. It purports to serve as an introduc- tion to the intricacies of typically Chinese notions, explaining their symbols and re- vealing their mysteries in terse and intelligi- ble language. The brevity is intentional, for the essay is meant to give a bird's-eye view of the Chinese world-conception. While appreciating the remarkable genius exhibited by the founders of the Chinese Remarkable genius of founders of Chinese civilization. 78 SUMMARIES OF BOOKS. Endorsed by the Chinese government. Chinese philosophy a rare mixture of deep thought and idle speculations. civilization, the author points out the foibles of the Chinese and traces them to their source. It is noteworthy that in spite of its candid and unreserved criticism, the essay was well received by the Chinese authori- ties and was granted the rare honor of be- ing recommended by the Tsung Li Yamen of Peking, the Imperial Foreign Office, and placed on file in their archives. A Chinese scholar writes: "When the Tsung Li Yamen voluntarily certifies that a Western scholar fully understands Chi- nese philosophy, and the Book of Changes as an incidental section of the same, it would be well for those who happen to be interested in either of these topics to in- quire what he has to say. . . . Suffice it to say that the author has made a pro- found, if not an absolutely incomprehensi- ble topic, to a certain extent, luminous, and to an even greater degree, interesting." "The author gives in his introduction terse and discriminating characterizations of the 'rare mixture of deep thought and idle speculations' which make up the Chinese philosophy, and in his conclusion expresses equally just opinions of China's present unhappy helplessness." — /. M. Foster y Swatow, China, in the American Journal of Theology. "Valuable and of unquestioned reliability. The delineation of the philosophy that under- lies the Chinese civilization is so ably done in these pages that the reader cannot fail to ap- CHINESE SUBJECTS. 79 predate the causes which produce Chinese con- servatism." — Toledo Blade, "There is no one in America better qualified than Dr. Carus to treat of this and kindred subjects. It has been his life study — and we know of no writer who can place so abstruse a subject in so interesting a form." — The Com- mercial Travelers' Magazine. "Causes of Chinese conserva- tism/' CHINESE THOUGHT. An Exposition ^ of the Main Characteristic Features of the Chinese World-Conception, being a continuation of the author's essay, Chinese Philosophy. Illustrated. Index. Pages, 195. $1.00, net (4s. 6d.). This book contains much that is of very great interest in the development of Chinese culture. Beginning in the first chapter with a study of the earliest modes of thought- communication among primitive people of different parts of the world, and tracing the growth of the present system of Chinese caligraphy. In ''Chinese Occultism" some interesting Oriental mystical ideas are ex- plained as well as the popular methods of divination by means of trigrams and the geomancer's compass. In a special chapter, the zodiacs of different nations are com- pared with reference to the Chinese zodiac, and also as to a possible common Baby- lonian origin. This chapter contains many rare and valuable illustrations representing almost all known zodiacs, from those of Chinese system of writing. Oriental methods of divination. 8o SUMMARIES OF BOOKS. Zodiacs of different nations. Characteris- tics of Chinese morality. Egypt to those of the natives of the West- ern hemisphere. The influence of Con- fucius is discussed, and a hurried recapitula- tion of the most important points in Chinese history is given, together with a review of the long novel which stands in the place of a national epic. Chinese characteristics and social conditions have their place in this volume, as well as remarks upon the part played in China by Christian missions, and upon the introduction of Western commer- cialism. The author's object is to furnish the necessary material for a psychological appreciation of the Chinese by sketching the main characteristic features of the ideas which dominate Chinese thought and inspire Chinese morality, hoping thereby to con- tribute a little toward the realization of peace and good-will upon earth. A great deal of information concerning things Chinese is here gathered into small compass, and much of it has been dug out from recondite sources sometimes not easily ac- cessible even to sinologists. "The author is to be commended on the completeness and the erudition with which he has handled an obscure subject. ,, — The Argonaut. "To all interested in Chinese and other East- ern civilization this book will possess compel- ling fascination, so full is it of careful research, ably presented, by one of the most competent scholars of the age." — Courier- Journal, Louis- ville, Ky. CHINESE SUBJECTS. 81 "The essential sanity and goodness of the Chinese character receives an appropriate trib- ute, and its very faults are set forth as rather misapplied virtues than anything widely varying from our own conceptions of right and wrong." — The Chicago Daily News. I AO-TZE'S TAO TEH KING. Chinese- Lao-tze. *-' English. With introduction, verbatim translation and notes. With a photo- gravure frontispiece of the traditional pic- ture of Lao-Tze, especially drawn for the work by an eminent Japanese artist. Ap- propriately bound in yellow and blue, with gilt top. Pages, 345. $3.00 (15s.). Lao-Tze, one of the most profound sages A in the history of human civilization, who great lived 600 years B. C, and 100 years before moral Buddha, left a most remarkable little treatise teacher, on Reason and Virtue, which is here repro- duced in its Chinese text, accompanied by translation and explanations so as to make even minute shades of the original accessible to the English reader. T^HE CANON OF REASON AND A VIRTUE. Separate reprint of Lao- Tze's Tao Teh King, the English transla- tion only. Pages, 75. Paper, 25 cents (is. 6d.). "Allow me to congratulate you on your ca- pacity for seeing into millstones. " — Rev. Arthur 82 SUMMARIES OF BOOKS. Rev. A. H. Smith of the American Board of Missions. Accords with Christian sentiment. H. Smith, American Board of Missions, Tient- sin, China. "It goes without saying that the task of obtaining sufficient acquaintance with the Chi- nese language to translate, under the condi- tions named, a book like that of Lao-Tze, is a gigantic one. Dr. Cams' success is little short of marvelous. He frequently cites the versions of others, and it seems clear that Dr. Carus has succeeded better than Dr. Legge or Dr. Chalmers in the passages where we are able to compare them — a very remarkable fact, indeed." — North China Herald. "I thank you heartily for your kindness in sending me a copy of your fine translation and critical exposition of Lao-Tze's Tao Teh King. It was years ago that I read it. Your pub- lication of the Chinese text will be highly ap- preciated by all who want to make a study of the philosopher. As I read the text and then the translation, I am astonished how well you kept the original terseness and severe brevity in English." — Professor S. Watase. "Nothing like this book exists in Chinese lit- erature; so lofty, so vital, so restful. . . . We have compared this translation with three others — two English, one German — and have no hesitation in saying it is the most satisfactory and serviceable as well as least expensive now accessible to the public. The bright cover of yellow and blue is very appropriate and sug- gestive of the Celestial Kingdom." — The Hart- ford Post. "The Canon contains much that is in accord with Christian sentiment, though written before the time of Jesus. It is exceedingly interest- ing as showing that truth is the same for all time and by whomever presented." — The Toledo Blade. CHINESE SUBJECTS. 83 T'AI-SHANG KAN-YING PTEN. Trea- C/ * tise of the Exalted One on Response and Retribution. Translation from the Chi- nese by Teitaro Suzuki and Dr. Paul Cams. Containing Chinese Text, Verbatim Trans- lation, Explanatory Notes and Moral Tales. Edited by Dr. Paul Carus. 16 plates. Pages, 135. Boards, 75 cents, net. The book contains a critical and descrip- China's most tive introduction, and the entire Chinese popular text in large and distinct characters, with religious the verbatim translation of each page ar- book, ranged on the opposite page in correspond- ing vertical columns. This feature makes the book a valuable addition to the number of Chinese-English text-books already avail- able. The text is a facsimile reproduction of Chinese texts made in Japan by Chinese scribes. After the Chinese text follows the Eng- lish translation, giving references to the corresponding characters in the Chinese original, as well as to the explanatory notes immediately following the English version. These are very full and explain the sig- nificance of allusions in the Treatise and compare different translations of disputed passages. This is the first translation into English directly from the Chinese original, though it was rendered into French by 84 SUMMARIES OF BOOKS. Stanislas Julien, and from his French edi- tion into English by Douglas. "Presents some startlingly impressive moral in junctions." — Chicago Evening Post. "A document of the first interest. ,, — Chicago Daily News. VIN CHIH WEN. The Tract of the * Quiet Way. With extracts from the Chinese commentary. Translated by Tei- taro Suzuki and Dr. Paul Carus. Pages, 48. 25 cents, net. This is a collection of moral injunctions which, among the Chinese, is, perhaps, sec- ond only to the Kan-Ying P'ien in popu- Translated larity, and yet, so far as is known to the for the publishers, this is the first translation that first time. has been made into any Occidental lan- guage. It is now issued as a companion to the T'ai-Shang Kan-Ying P'ien, although it does not contain either a facsimile of the text or its verbatim translation. The origi- nal consists of the short tract itself, which is here presented, of glosses added by com- mentators, which form a large part of the book, and finally a number of stories similar to those appended to the Kan-Ying P'ien. The translator's notes are of value in justi- fying certain readings and explaining allu- sions, and the book is provided with an index. The frontispiece, an artistic outline drawing by Shen Chin-Ching, represents CHINESE SUBJECTS. 85 Wen Ch'ang, one of the highest divinities of China, revealing himself to the author of the tract. The motive of the tract is that of prac- tical morality. The maxims give definite instructions in regard to details of man's relation to society, besides more general commands of universal ethical significance, such as "Live in Concord," "Forgive Mal- ice" and "Do not assert with your mouth what your heart denies." "Nothing is left undone to render these ven- erable and interesting booklets intelligible and attractive. The form in which they are issued does credit to the translators, to the editor, and to the publisher. We could scarcely be taught more impressively how inefTaceably God has written His law on the human heart." — Prince- ton Theological Review. Chinese maxims of universal ethical significance. pHINESE LIFE AND CUSTOMS. ^ With illustrations by Chinese artists. Pages, 114. 75 cents, net (3s. 6d., net). This book is little more than a compila- tion of Chinese illustrations, accompanied with only as much text as will suffice to explain them, and what further material has been added is merely in the way of quota- tions from Chinese literature. The inten- tion is to make the Chinese people charac- terize themselves by word and picture. Child rhymes, love lyrics and songs of revelry are introduced in translations from Chinese customs pictured by Chinese artists. 86 SUMMARIES OF BOOKS. Chinese poetry which is recognized as classical. The illustrations which form the great body of the book are from the most authentic sources of information concern- ing modern life in China, unaffected by aggressive Occidental foreigners. The book is divided into chapters on "Annual Fes- tivities," "Industries and Foreign Rela- tions," "Confucianism and Ancestor Wor- ship," "Taoism and Buddhism," "Child- hood and Education," "Betrothal and Mar- riage," "Social Customs and Travels," "Sickness and Death." Quaintness of Chinese humor "A unique book." — Louisville Courier-Journal. "A simple presentation of the realities of things unmixed with any theorizing. . . The numerous illustrations are genuine specimens of Chinese art, full of quaintness and some- times of quiet humor." — Glasgow Daily Herald. "With each of the reproduced illustrations goes the explanation needed for complete un- derstanding, whether the picture be one of the gods, of the celebration of a religious festival, of the planting of rice, or of boys in school. In this way nearly the whole of the life of the Chinese people finds exposition, and the western man can follow his eastern cousin into his home and through his entire days on earth with ready comprehension." — Chicago Daily News. "To understand all is to forgive all," may well be said after reading this interesting rec- ord of the kinship of all humanity." — The Sketch Book. POETRY AND FICTION. 87 D E RERUM NATURA. the Nature of Things. A Poem on German edi- English edition, 17 pages. cents (is.). Paper, 15 tion, 25 pages. Parchment, 25 cents. The world problem has always been a fascinating theme for poet-philosophers. The title, De Rerum Natura, is taken from a treatment of the same subject, written by another Carus (Titus Lucretius). But while the poet-philosopher of the golden age of Latin literature has written a pon- derous and argumentative discourse, his modern follower is terse, and attempts to express only the sentiments of the modern science-molded man, in contemplation of the Great All, of the soul and its destiny. The poem was originally published in the Philosophische Monatshefte. An English translation of the above has been made by Charles Alva Lane in collaboration with the author. "To me your poem is a song that thrills with genuine loftiness and grandeur; a romance recounting in rhythmic cadences and in rev- erential spirit the tale of the All-Soul. It con- demns nothing but that which is out of place, such as ignorance and superstition, etc., and these are not condemned, but merely disproved." — Dr. T. T. Blaise, Mason City, Iowa. "A noble poem, whose rugged music kindles enthusiasm in the search for the mighty god- dess, Truth"— Literary Critic, Chicago. Poem on the World Problem. 88 SUMMARIES OF BOOKS. /^•ODWARD. A Record of Religious ^-* Progress. Pages 26, 30 cents (2s. 6d.). This is a collection of short poems reflect- ing the author's religious development from orthodox Christianity through infidelity to a new and positive faith on broader, more philosophical and truer grounds. Most of these poems were originally written in Ger- man, but have been rewritten by the author to express the same thoughts in the lan- guage of his new home. A spiritual autobiog- raphy in verse. Hymns of the new interpretation of religion. "This little book of verse is a spiritual auto- biography. . . It is a surer testimony of the certitudes of religion than that of those who never doubted." — M. E. Magazine and Review. SACRED TUNES FOR THE CONSE- CRATION OF LIFE. Hymns of the Religion of Science, with Musical Accom- paniment. Pages, 48. 50 cents (2s. 6d.). This is a collection of hymns where the new interpretation of religion is set to some of the most beautiful chorals and hymns. It contains a new version of "Nearer, My God, to Thee," and also a Bridal Song for Marriage Ceremonies, and several Funeral Anthems. "The spirit of the poems is devout. The writer is sincere and honest. There is much that is beautiful, and true, and good." — M. E. Book and Publishing House, Toronto. POETRY AND FICTION. 89 HTHE CROWN OF THORNS. A Story *- of the Time of Christ. Illustrated by Eduard Biedermann. Pages, 73. Cloth, 75 cents, net (3s. 6d., net). "The Crown of Thorns" is a story of the An episode time of Christ. It is fiction of the charac- in the time ter of religious legend, utilizing materials of Christ, preserved in both the canonical Scriptures and the Apocryphal traditions, but giving preference to the former. The hopes and beliefs of the main personalities can be verified throughout by documentary evi- dence. The religious milieu is strictly his- torical and is designed to show the way in which Christianity developed from Ju- daism through the Messianic hopes of the Nazarenes as interpreted by the Apostle Paul of Tarsus. "A beautifully written, well-illustrated and entertaining little book/' — The Bookworm. "Though a short story, it is one of singular charm and power. As a whole it is a capital instance of how legitimately and effectively for the particular purpose in view, the imagination may co-operate with the historic spirit. The mood of the story is pervaded by a sentiment of exceeding delicacy and reverence. . . . There is not one false note in it." — Chicago Evening Post. CROS AND PSYCHE. One of the *-* Quaintest Stories of the World's Folk- Lore. Retold after Apuleius. Halftone 9o SUMMARIES OF BOOKS. reproductions, with ornamental borders,, of the famous illustrations of Paul Thumann. Printed from pica type on Strathmore deckle-edge paper, elegantly bound, and with classic cover design by E. Biedermann. Pages, xv, 108. Cloth, $1.50, net (6s.). A fairy This ancient Greek fairy story incor- tale of porates, in the shape of a myth, the primi- ancient tive religion of a prehistoric age, teaching Greece. the immortality of the soul. For this rea- son, the early Christians frequently repre- sented on their sarcophagi, Eros and Psyche, together with the good Shepherd. The present version, though faithful to the original, brings out the religious aspect of the story. "The Greek tone as well as the Greek name of the god is sustained in this little volume, which is daintily arranged, and beautifully illus- trated by Paul Thumann." — Outlook. "Dr. Carus is master of a clear, flowing English style, and tells in a graceful manner this ancient story of love and adventure/' — Dominion Presbyterian. The real "Dr. Carus has brought out the religious significance anc * philosophical leitmotiv with more emphasis of the tale ihan ^ P ossesses i n the original. By obliterating the flippant and satirical tone of the Greek writer and adding a few skillful touches where the real significance of the tale lies, he has made a story capable of giving religious com- fort and at the same time of delighting the ethical and artistic sense." — Chicago Tribune, POETRY AND FICTION. 9i "Lovers of the beautiful in mythology and in the book-makers art will be enraptured over this charming little book. The chaste and classical design on the front cover is in keep- ing with the high art ideal maintained through- out. The story itself is made more attractive than ever by Dr. Cams' discriminating explana- tion of its origin and symbolism." — Baptist Union. High ideal of the art of bookmaking. TTHE CHIEFS DAUGHTER. A Le- * gend of Niagara. Rich photogravure illustrations. Special initials and title page ornaments. Printed on fine paper in large, clear type. Pages, 54. Cloth, $1.00, net (4s.) : This Indian legend, which relates the annual sacrifice of a beautiful maiden to the waters of Niagara, has here been made the basis of a tale of religious development and emancipation. The scene is laid in the time of the French exploration of the North and Middle West, and the chief European role is played by the historic figure of Father Hennepin. The lesson of the legend shows the sig- nificance of human sacrifice practiced in all pagan religions. The cruel ritual is abolished here in the story in a way similar to its abandonment by European nations after the appearance of Christianity. "As a dainty and delicate, fanciful and phi- losophical story, it is interesting. ,, — Frederick Starr, in Unity. Indian legend of Niagara Falls. 9 2 SUMMARIES OF BOOKS. "A beautiful story, told in simple and ad- mirably chosen language, and with plenty of pure and ingenious moralizing between the lines for the reader. ,, — Chicago Record-Herald. "Dr. Carus tells the legend with many pa- thetically romantic incidents, in lucid and pret- tily adaptable language, not a word but conveys a direct and harmonious meaning. There's a touch of exalted moralizing in the story, the kind that appeals to the heart as well as to the intellect." — Exchange. THE PHILOSOPHER'S MARTYR- 1 DOM. A Satire. Pages vi, 67. Parchment wrapper. 50 cents, net (2s. 6d., net). Edition de luxe fully illustrated by Olga Kopetsky. Boards, $1.00, net (4s. 6d., net). A satire A satire to disprove agnosticism and on hedonism. It ridicules the proposition that agnosticism. the main philosophical problems are un- solvable and shows in practical instances that the greatest happiness of the greatest number is by no means always desirable, still less a test of moral conduct. These propositions are not discussed, but eluci- dated in a story containing a series of humorous events leading up to the martyr death of the hero who gallantly submits to his fate among the cannibals in faithful adhesion to his hedonistic philosophy. "With the aim of the well-known author we find ourselves in hearty accord. His satire is more than clever; it is effective." — Princeton Theological Review. SUMMARIES OF EDITORIAL ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN THE OPEN COURT, AND THE MONIST* 1 887- 1 909. ABHIDARMA OUTLINED. O. C. X, 5107-5109. Republished in The Dharma. ABOLITION OF WITCH PERSECUTION. O. C. X, 494<5- 4949. Republished in Hist, of the Devil. ABSOLUTE, THE. O. C VII, 3594-3596. Republished in Primer of Phil. ABSTRACT IDEAS, THE ASSAY OF. O. C. II, 1422. Brief Note in Comment on David Newport's essay, 'The Self- Evident." ABSTRACTION. O. C. VII, 3569-3572. Republished in Primer of Phil. ACCAD AND THE EARLY SEMITES. O. C. IX, 4651-4654. Republished in Hist, of the Devil. ACROPOLIS, THE. Fully illustrated. O. C. XVII, 193-21 1. Briefly relates the history of the stronghold of Athens from the first settlement of the Pelasgians in prehistoric times to the despoliation of the friezes of the Parthenon by Lord Elgin. The illustrations include a map of the Acropolis, views of the whole from different sides, and a restoration, besides details showing portions of the Cimonian wall, the Erechtheum, temple of Nike Apteros, the Propylaea, the Parthenon restored and in its present condition. AGNOSTICISM, A DEFENDER OF. R. G. Ingersoll. O. C. Ill, 1554. Brief note on an article on Huxley by Ingersoll. AGNOSTICISM AND AUGUSTE COMTES POSITIVISM. O. C. Ill, 1589-1590. Republished in Fund. Prob. AGNOSTICISM AND MONISM. O. C. Ill, 1893-1894. In reply to criticisms of Fund. Prob. Republished in the Appen- dix of. 2d Ed. ♦See page 187. 94 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. AGNOSTICISM AND RELIGION. O. C. II, 1042-1048; 1059- 1063. A Discussion of the Controversy between the Rev. H. M. Field and Col. R. G. Ingersoll, and of the Hon. W. E. Gladstone's remarks with regard to it. AGNOSTICISM IN THE PULPIT. O. C. XX, 411-416. A reply to the Rev. Frank Crane's eulogy on "The Cohesive Power of Ignorance," pointing out the dangers that lurk in this prevalent phase of popular religious thought. AGNOSTICISM, MODESTY OF. O. C. Ill, 1990. In reply to criticisms of Fund. Prob. Republished in the Appendix of 2d Ed. AGNOSTICISM OF MODESTY O. C. IV, 2148. In reply to criticisms of Fund. Prob. Republished in the Appendix of 2d Ed. AGNOSTICISM, QUESTIONS OF. O. C. IV, 2686-2688. Re- published in Homilies of Science. AGNOSTICISM REVISED, THE CASE OF. O. C. V, 2993- 2997. A discussion of the agnostic views of Mr. Ellis Thurtell and Dr. Lewis G. Janes, followed by a critique of Spencerism. AGNOSTICISM, SPENCERIAN. O. C. V, 2951-2957. Repub- lished in Kant and Spencer. AGNOSTICISM, TWO ERRORS OF. O. C. Ill, 1671-1672. In reply to Paul R. Shipman. Quotes Adeline Pond's poem about the Foolish Child and the Great Wise Man. AGNOSTICISM. See also: "Argument, The Highest Trump in." "Consolation of Errors." "Death is Silent, but Life Speaks." "Ghosts and the Belief in Ghosts." "Henism, The Wrong Method of." "Ignoramus and Inveniemus." "Monism a Terminus of Thought, Is?" "Religious Truth Possible, Is?" "Senses, The Limitations of Our." "Words and Their Mean- ings." "The Unknowable." AINUS, THE. Fully illustrated. O. C. XIX, 163-177. A brief sketch of the appearance, customs and beliefs of these inhabi- tants of Yezo, who, though subjects of the Japanese empire, are obviously a white race. It is illustrated by numerous photographs of the native group who were brought to the St. Louis Exposition by Prof. Frederick Starr. SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 95 ALADDIN'S LAMP. O. C. XXII, 588-590. In comment on Mr. Tebbetts' article, "Once upon a Time/' in which the romance of childhood is praised and its loss in later years deplored. The present article maintains that during the days of childhood its romance is not apparent, and that children's woes are to them as great as serious trouble in later years ; hence we should feel that as life advances we gain as much or more than we lose. ALIENS WANTED ! O. C. VII, 3759"376o. In comment on the Chicago anarchists and Gov. Altgeld's action. ALPHA AND OMEGA. O. C. XVI, 620. A brief note ex- plaining that these Greek letters, often found in the catacombs combined with the chrisma, probably represent a symbol older than Christianity. ALTGELD'S MESSAGE, GOVERNOR. O. C. IX, 4397-4398. With regard to the administration of justice, the conditions surrounding police and justice courts, and the settlement of labor troubles. AMERICAN IDEAL, THE. O. C. V, 2807-2809. Republished in Horn, of ScL AMERICANISM AND EXPANSION. O. C. XIII, 215-223. A justification of the government's assuming control of the Philippines, in the light of the history and principles of the United States. AMERICANISM IN THE ROMAN CHURCH. O. C. XIII, 253-255- The encyclical of the late Pope Leo XIII was inter- preted by the Italian party in the Church as a condemnation of American tendencies. Its expressions, however, were general enough to permit of a more lenient interpretation by Archbishop Ireland and his followers in America. This short article presents the position of The Open Court on the value and strength of the Roman Catholic Church, and maintains that so long as Ameri- canism with its love of freedom, self-reliance, and conscious- ness i of responsibility is recognized as an influence in the politics of the Church, there is hope that she may keep pace with the progress of Protestant countries. AMITABHA; A STORY OF BUDDHIST METAPHYSICS. O. C. XVI, 415-427; 486-505; 536-549- Reprinted in book form 96 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. under the same title. For explanatory comments see "Maha- yana Doctrine and Art." ANANDA METTEYA. See s. v. "Maitreya." ANARCHISM. O. C. XV, 579-581. A short discussion of the province of law and its relation to true liberty. ANARCHISM AND SOCIALISM. O. C. I, 754- An appreciative resume of the history of these two opposite ideals, showing that either, by itself, would lead to destruction; and that the path of progress lies between the two extremes. ANARCHISM, SOCIALISM AND. O. C. V, 2856-2857. See s. v. "Socialism." ANARCHISTS, A FEW WORDS ABOUT THE. O. C. IV, 2538. See s. v. "Joliet, A Visit to." ANARCHISTS. See also "Aliens Wanted!" ANGEL OF AUGSBURG. Agnes Bernauer. O. C. X, 4901- 4902. Republished in the Hist, of the Devil. ANGELUS SILESIUS. Illustrated. O. C. XXII, 291-297. Re- published in book form. ANNEXATION AND INTERNATIONAL STEALING. O. C. VII, 3557. A few comments on Gen. Trumbull's remarks on the annexation of Hawaii. See also s. v. 'Expansion, but not Imperialism." ANSCHAUUNG, WHAT DOES IT MEAN? Mon. II, 527- 532. Republished in Kant and Spencer. ANTHROPOID APES. Fully Illustrated. O. C. XX, 6-25. Republished in the Rise of Man. ANTI-CHRISTIAN, NOT. O. C. X, 4936-4937- In reply to certain criticisms of The Open Court, mistaking its attitude on religion and science. ANTI-VIVISECTION MOVEMENT, IMMORALITY OF THE. O. C. XI, 370-376. This article was written to combat the ill-informed and sentimental exaggerations of the Anti- vivisectionists. We sometimes have to harden our sensibilities (as has the medical student in the dissecting room), but care should be taken not to let such a hardening become rudeness or vulgarity. No doubt the sentiment of compassion is good, SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 97 but it easily leads to weakness. Where it hinders us from being courageous in the struggle after truth, the anti-vivisection movement becomes positively immoral. ANTS, RELIGION OF. O. C VIII, 4076-4078. Our conception of God must necessarily be human, just as other animals (if they could do so) would form a God-conception in their own image. This idea is illustrated in the fable of the religion of the ants, which is put into the mouth of a retired German professor, who finds that the ants' scripture begins with the sentence, "In the beginning was the Arch-Ant." ANUBIS, SETH, AND CHRIST. Fully Illustrated. The Sig- nificance of the "Spottcrucifix." O. C. XV, 65-97. Explains the significance of Anubis as a guide of souls through the land of the dead; of the Egyptian Seth as identified with the god of the Semitic invaders, being the same as the Greek Typhon, the ass-headed god; the deity on the famous Spott- crucifix is compared to similar donkey-headed deities on the lead tablets found in the Via Appia ; and it is pointed out that this interesting scrawl is not made in derision of Christ, but is a monument of the Sethite faith, presumably drawn by a Sethite slave named Alesamenos. APOCRYPHA OF THE OLD TESTAMENT. O. C IX, 4700- 4702. Republished in altered form in The History of the Devil. ARGUMENT, THE HIGHEST TRUMP IN. O. C. VI, 3266. Republished in Twelve Tales. ARISTOCRATOMANIA. O. C. V, 2846-2847. Republished in Horn, of S-ci. ART, CLASSICAL AND ROMANTIC. O. C. II, 1095-1098. Republished in Fund. Prob. in the two chapters, "The Im- portance of Art" and "Classical and Romantic Art." ART IN JAPAN, MODERN. O. C XX, 249. Brief note in explanation of four panel paintings by contemporary Japanese artists, reproduced as frontispiece. ASCENT OF MAN. Illustrated. O. C. XVIII, 178-190. Re- published in Rise of Man. ASHVAJITS STANZA AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE. 0. C. XIX, 178-181. Republished in Dharma. 98 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. ASSOCIATION PHILOSOPHY, THE. O. C. VII, 3611-3612. Republished in Primer of Philosophy. ASSYRIAN POEMS ON THE IMMORTALITY OF THE SOUL. O. C. XIX, 107-110. Translation following Talbot. Beautiful poems illustrating the Babylonian belief in the im- mortality of the soul. AVATARS, THE. Fully illustrated. O. C. XI, 464-482. Re- published in Hist, of the Devil. AXIOMS. O. C. VII, 3752-3755. Republished in Prim, of Phil AZAZEL AND SATAN. O. C. IX, 4692-4693. Republished in Hist, of the Devil. BABISM; A NEW RELIGION. Illustrated. O. C. XVIII, 355-372; 398-420. An appreciative and historical sketch of the youngest independent faith upon earth, which, like all other great religions, originated in the Orient, and has given promise to play no insignificant part among the religions of the world. Babism believes in a personal God and positive revelations; like other faiths ^ in their beginnings it has thrived on martyr- dom. After giving the history of this faith in its home in Persia, this article is engaged in reviewing I. G. Kheiralla's Beha U'llah, The Glory of God, and a book by Myron H. Phelps on Abbas Effendi, "The Master of Akka," leader of one of the two great parties into which the adherents of Babism split after the death of its great exponent, Beha U'llah. BABYLON, HEALING BY CONJURATION IN ANCIENT. Illustrated. O. C. XXIII, 65-74. See j. v. "Healing." BABYLONIAN AND HEBREW VIEWS OF MAN'S FATE AFTER DEATH, THE. Four illustrations. O. C. XV, 346- 366. The Hebrew view of the land of Sheol, abode of the dead, corresponds to the Assyrian Sualu. The Hebrews repu- diated the pagan practice of calling up the dead and com- municating with them, which appears to have been a common custom in Babylon. Passages of the Old Testament are quoted; Job xix. 25-27, wrongly translated in the authorized version, is explained; and the Babylonian belief in immortality is set forth in translations, especially the poem, Istar's Descent to Hell. SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 99 BAD FOR ME, BUT WORSE FOR HIM. O. C. IX, 4509- 4510. Comments on G. M. Steele's criticism of Fund. Prob. BALANCE OF THE HEART. Illustration. O. G XXII, 187- 188. Brief note on the Chinese method of keeping a record of good and evil deeds. BANKING METHODS, TENDENCY OF PRESENT. O. C. XX, 185-186. Brief note on decision of New York and Chicago banks to charge exchange on checks from smaller towns. BARROWS, DR., IN PARIS. O. C. X, 4911-4912. Citations from Dr. Barrows and Abbe Charbonnel in 1896 on the pros- pects of a Religious Parliament in Paris in 1900. BATTLE OF SHIMONOSEKI. O. C. XVII, 303-307. A ro- mantic incident of dynasty wars in Japan, with an illustration of the ghost-crab, whose legendary story is connected with the feudal history of Japan. BEHOLD! I MAKE ALL THINGS NEW. O. C. IX, 4343- 4346. A New Year's meditation on religion, with regard to the reformation of Christianity through higher criticism and a new orthodoxy. BELLIGERENCY IN CHRISTIANITY. Illustrated. O. C. XII, 280-287. Republished in slightly altered form in Hist, of the Devil. BEN-MIDRASH, THE GARDENER OF GALILEE. O. C. V, 3019-3020. Republished in Crown of Thorns. BERKELEY'S POSITIVISM. O. C. VIII, 4042-4044. This article, occasioned by a passage in Mr. T. C. Laws's "Meta- physics of Herbert Spencer,' , maintains that, apart from a difference in method and terminology, Berkeley's idealism is not far from agreement with the monistic positivism of The Open Court BERNAUER, AGNES. See "Angel of Augsburg." BHAGAVADGITA, THE. O. C. XX, 113-118. A recent trans- lation by Professor Richard Garbe of this canonical exposition of Brahmanism, is accompanied by an illuminating introduction in the line of higher criticism. This article is an extensive review of Professor Garbe's work. ioo PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. BIBLE, THE. Mon. X, 41-61. God is not like the pagan gods of ancient mythologies; he speaks to us in a spiritual way by the experiences we have in life and in the truths which we learn. The Bible, if treated as a secular book, a collection of records, on the same level with other books, is great and divine. But the moment it is literally or in any special sense proclaimed as the word of God, it becomes an idol full of ugliness and abomination. BIBLE AND FREE THOUGHT. O. C. II, 953-954- Repub- lished in Horn, of Sci. BIBLE, FAIRY TALE ELEMENT IN THE. Illustrated. Mon. XI, 405-447. See s. v. "Fairy-tale." BIBLE, PROFESSOR PEARSON ON THE. O. C. XVI, 152. Note on Prof. Chas. W. Pearson's essay, "Open Inspiration versus a Closed Canon and Infallible Bible." BIBLE. See also "Old Testament Scriptures." O. C. XV, 156- 175. BLISS OF A NOBLE LIFE. O. C IX, 4 749- Obituary of Mr. Eckley B. Coxe. BOLTZMANN, LUDWIG. O. C. XX, 759-7<5o. Obituary Note. BONNEY, CHARLES CARROLL. O. C. XIV, 4-8; XVII, 513-519. The first of these articles is a summary of the life and work of the inaugurator and president of the World's Parliament of Religions at Chicago in 1893, and the second is an address of farewell spoken at his funeral. BONNEY, MRS. LYDIA PRATT. XVII, 37-51. A tribute to Mrs. C. C. Bonney and her influence on her husband's career, including a series of poems by Mr. Bonney, of which she was the subject. BRAHMANISM AND BUDDHISM, OR THE RELIGION OF POSTULATES AND THE RELIGION OF FACTS. O. C. X, 4851-4854. The Vedanta doctrine of the atman or self is here discussed, as well as the Buddhistic denial of the atman theory, together with the views of Shankara, the reformer of Brahmanism and adversary of Buddhism — all in relation to modern psychology. SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 101 BRAIN, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE, Illus- trated. O. C. IV, 2550-2553. Republished in Soul of Man and in Psychology of the Nervous System. BRAIN, THE THALAMIC REGION OF THE. O. C. IV, 2269-2272. Republished in Soul of Man and in Psychology of the Nervous System. BRIDE OF CHRIST. Fully illustrated. O. C. XXI, 449-464. Republished in book form under same title. BUDDHA, CHRISTIAN CRITICS OF. O. C. IX, 4475-4478. Republished in Buddhism and Its Christian Critics. BUDDHA-GAYA CASE. O. C. X, 4957-4958. This is a brief account of the difficulties met by the Maha-Bodhi society and sympathizers in trying to establish a Buddhist center at Buddha- Gaya which might serve as a sacred place for devout Bud- dhist pilgrims. These facts are accompanied by observations tending to console the disappointed enthusiasts with the thought that religion does not consist in keeping sacred certain days, places, or relics, and that there is but little satisfaction in the possession of a sacred place situated in a country of un- believers. BUDDHA OF KAMAKURA, THE. Illustrated. O. C XXIII, 307-313. A description with photographic illustrations of the Kamakura and Nara Buddhas, two of the most interesting colossal statues of Buddhism. BUDDHA PICTURES AND STATUES. Fully illustrated. O. C. XII, 337-352. Many of the illustrations have been reproduced in the Portfolio of Buddhist Art. Besides explan- atory details about the pictures, the article takes up the analogy between Buddhist and Christian ideas of Paradise. BUDDHA, THE TEMPTATION OF. O. C. XIX, 46. Brief note relating the three temptations of the Bodhisattva before he attained Buddhahood. BUDDHA'S HYMN OF VICTORY, THE. O. C. XIX, 46-49. Gives Pali original and transcription, together with literal and poetical translations into English by A. J. Edmunds, Professor Lanman and also a new one by the author, set to music adapted from a German choral. 102 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. BUDDHISM AND CHRISTIANITY. Mon. V, 65-103. Re- published in Buddhism and Its Christian Critics. BUDDHISM AND THE RELIGION OF SCIENCE. O. C. X, 4844-4845. In answer to Mr. T. B. Wakeman's objections to the author's article, "Goethe a Buddhist." BUDDHISM, CHARLES GUTZLAFF ON. O. C. X, 4820-4821. Republished in Buddhism and Its Christian Critics. BUDDHISM, HINDUISM DIFFERENT FROM. 0. C. XX, 253-254. See s. v. "Hinduism Different from Buddhism." BUDDHISM IN ITS CONTRAST WITH CHRISTIANITY, as viewed by Sir iMonier Monier-Williams. O. C. X, 4783- 4789. Republished in Buddhism and Its Christian Critics. BUDDHISM INTO JAPAN, INTRODUCTION OF. O. C. VIII, 4321-4326. A review of the history of this most important episode in the early life of Japan, corresponding in significance to the introduction of Christianity in Europe, as given in the History of the Empire of Japan, which was compiled and trans- lated for the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893. BUDDHISM, MYTHOLOGY OF. Illustrated. Monist VI, 415- 445. Republished in History of the Devil. BUDDHISM, ON THE PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS OF CHRIS- TIANITY IN ITS RELATION TO. Monist VIII, 273-288. Contains extracts from early and mediaeval Christian literature bearing on the philosophical import of the soul. These extracts are from the collection of Prof. Rudolph Eucken of Jena and include quotations from Eusebius, Clement of Alexandria, St. Augustine, Scotus Erigena, Eckhart and Angelus Silesius. BUDDHISM, PHILOSOPHY OF. Monist VII, 255-286. Repub- lished in Buddhism and Its Christian Critics. BUDDHISM, REVIVAL OF. O. C. IX, 4525. A report from a Christian missionary journal contradicting the impression of many, that Buddhism is a moribund faith. BUDDHISM, THE RELIGION OF ENLIGHTENMENT. O. C. XVII, 567-568. See s. v. "Religion," etc. BUDDHISM TO CHRISTIANITY, MESSAGE OF. O. C. XX, 755-758. Comments on the relation between these two greatest world-religions, including quotations from Prof. E. Washburn SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 103 Hopkins to the effect that Christianity may learn from Bud- dhism the importance to many people of founding their formal religion on a strictly criticized belief. BUDDHIST ART, GREEK SCULPTURE THE MOTHER OF. Illustrated. O. C. XXII, 306-315. See s. v. "Greek Sculpture/' etc. BUDDHIST CONVERT, A. O. C. XVI, 250-251. A brief sketch of the experiences of Ananda Maitreya (originally Allan McGregor) and his rejection of the doctrines of Christianity in favor of Buddhism. BUDDHIST POETRY, GEMS OF. O. C. XX, 156-167. An English translation in verse of about forty gems from the Dham- mapada, Sutta Nipata and other Buddhist scriptures. Repub- lished in The Dharma. BUDDHIST REAWAKENING IN INDIA AND CEYLON, SYMPTOMS OF A. O. C XII, 511-512. Report of Dharma- pala's Ethico-Psychological College, and of the Sanghamitta School for Girls in Colombo, Ceylon, and of an increase of prosperity in the Maha-Bodhi Journal. BUDDHIST SOUL-CONCEPTION, IMMORTALITY AND THE. O. C. VIII, 4259-4261. The similarity between the Bud- dhist law of Karma and denial of the atman, with the monistic soul-conception of the religion of science, is dwelt upon. BUDDHIST TRACT, A. O. C. X, 5057-5062. Republished in Budd. and Its Chris. Crit BUECHNER, PROF L, ON RELIGION. O. C. II, 965-967. In review of a pamphlet, and comment on the definitions of religion there stated or implied. BUSCH, WILHELM. O. C. XXII, 128, 181-186. The first is a brief obituary announcement; the second, accompanied by a por- trait, contains biographical notes and a discussion of the sig- nificance of humor. Republished in Edward's Dream. BUSCH, WILHELM, A POEM BY. O. C. XXII, 447-448. Re- published in Edward's Dream. CAABA, THE. Illustrated. O. C. XVII, 151-153. Contains a view of Mecca and of the Caaba. The worship of the Caaba is a relic of pre-Mohammedan religion. See also "Stone Worship." 104 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. CANAVARRO, COUNTESS M. DE S.; A MODERN IN- STANCE OF WORLD-RENUNCIATION. Illustrated. O. C. XIII, 111-117. CAPITAL AND LABOR. O. C. VI, 3258-3260. In the form of an exchange of thought between two workmen of a superior type, this sketch develops the problems of capital and labor. It explains how certain conflicts repeat themselves in history, and why some ideals of a definite settlement of the question are Utopian. It is further suggested that an improvement of con- ditions is taking place which is nothing less than the general increase in wealth which will change laborers into small capital- ists. When civilization has reached that stage the laborer will be able to look at the problem from both sides. CARNERI, THE ETHICIST OF DARWINISM. O. C. XV, 641-644. CATHARINE OF ALEXANDRIA, SAINT. Fully illustrated. O. C. XXI, 664-677, 727-744. Republished in The Bride of Christ. CAUSALITY, THE PROBLEM OF. O. C II, 1200-1204. Re- published in Fund. Prob. CAUSATION, IS THERE ANYTHING UNKNOWABLE IN? O. C. II, 1254-1256. Republished in Fund. Prob. CAUSES AND NATURAL LAWS. O. C. II, 1240-1241. Re- published in Fund. Prob. CELESTIAL LANGUAGE, GRAMMARIAN OF THE. G. R. Kirchhoff. O. C. II, 782-783. KirchhofFs name is connected with that of Bunsen in the realm of chemical science. Perhaps their greatest service was in the perfection of spectral analysis. CEREBELLUM AND PONS. Illustrated. O. C. IV, 2255-2257. Republished in Soul of Man and in Psychology of the Nervous System. CHANDRA DAS BROTHERS. O. C. X, 4997-4998. Two native scholars of India and their work. CHANDRA, THE PESSIMIST. O. C. VIII, 4107-4108. Repub- lished in Nirvana. CHARITY. O. C. VI, 3307-3308. Republished in Twelve Tales. SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 105 CHARITY BALL, THE. O. C. XXI, 122-123. Explanatory note on the frontispiece, a reproduction of de Laubadere's painting, which exhibits the contrast of the charitable rich to the needy poor, represented in the picture by Christ himself. CHASTITY AND PHALLIC WORSHIP. O. C. XVII, 611- 617. The creative faculty is looked up to by primitive people with awe, and the figure which speaks of God as the Father, taken literally, sanctifies the mystery of sexual procreation. In its original sense it is by no means obscene, and we find traces of it in the Bible, where th@ relation of Israel to God is spoken of as a marriage, and idolatry resented as adultery. Some ancient practices mentioned by Herodotus and others are quoted, and it is pointed out how the sanctification of the sexual instinct is of a religious nature, and this, in its best sense, is true chastity. CHICKEN AND THE EGG, THE. O. C. II, 854. A short article discussing the question of priority and solving it by stat- ing that neither the egg nor the chicken was first, but living protoplasm which, under certain conditions, produced the egg- bearing hen. CHILDREN, FEW HINTS ON THE TREATMENT OF. Monist IX, 234-247. Republished in Our Children. CHILDREN, MORAL EDUCATION OF. O. C. XIII, 176-184. Republished in Our Children. CHINA AND THE PHILIPPINES. O. C. XIV, 108-110. Writ- ten in 1900, advocating an open-door policy in the Philippines. CHINA, BETROTHAL AND MARRIAGE IN. Illustrated. O. C. XX, 740-754. Republished in Chinese Life and Customs. CHINA, FILIAL PIETY IN. O. C XVI, 754-764. Republished in Chinese Thought. CHINA, RELIGIONS OF. O. C. XVII, 622-624. Explanation of an old Chinese drawing reproduced, representing the three religions of China. CHINA. See also s. v. "Confucius," and "Corea." CHINESE ART. Illustrated. O. C. XXII, 364-375. Review of Hirth's Scraps from a Collector's Note Book and Giles' Intro- duction to the History of Chinese Pictorial Art. Contains com- ments on Prof. Giles* interpretation of the "Three in One" io6 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. medallion; also a further exposition of the famous Wu Tao Tze Nirvana picture. CHINESE EDUCATION ACCORDING TO THE "BOOK OF THE THREE WORDS." O. C IX, 4567-4573- Translation of this famous educational classic, preceded by some general remarks on Chinese civilization and literature. CHINESE FABLE, A. O. C. IX, 4622. A short fable, on which is founded the Chinese proverb, "When the bittern and the mus- sel fall out, the fisherman gains a prize." CHINESE LIFE AND CUSTOMS. Fully illustrated. O. G XX, 545-564, 587-615, 668-684. Republished in book form under the same title. CHINESE OCCULTISM. Illustrated. Monist XV, 500-554- Republished in Chinese Thought. CHINESE PHILOSOPHER, GRAVE OF A. Illustrated. O. C. XXII, 695-700. A sketch of the life and philosophy of Chou Fu Tsz, supplementing the account given in Chinese Philosophy. CHINESE PHILOSOPHY. Illustrated. Monist VI, 188-249. Republished in book form. CHINESE PROBLEM', THE. Fully illustrated. O. C. XV, 608- 623. Republished in somewhat altered form in Chinese Thought CHINESE SCRIPT AND THOUGHT. Illustrated. Monist XV, 271-293. Republished in Chinese Thought. CHRISMA AND THE LABARUM. Fully illustrated. O. C. XVI, 428-439. The Chrisma or Christogram was the favorite Christian emblem in the fourth century. Its use is a Christian interpretation of a pagan symbol, known as the "labarum." Con- stantine made use of it before his conversion. Here the various probabilities of its origin are discussed in connection with the many associations in which it has been used. CHRIST, A MODERN. Harold Brodrick. O. C. VII, 3545- 3547. An account of one of many insane pretenders to the divine Sonship, but one of greater interest than most. He wrote a book containing much that is appealing and much that is beautiful, and it is to be regretted that we have not a care- ful scientific study of the pathology of his case. SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 107 CHRIST AND CHRISTIAN. O. C. XXII, 110-118. This article discusses the following topics : Christ and Messiah, Christos and Chrestos, Christ and Krishna, The Saviour Idea of Pagan Origin, No Exact Hebrew Equivalent for the Word Saviour, Nazarene, the Name Christian, which latter is a late Latin form of the second century. In The Open Court this title is errone- ously printed to read "Christ and Christians." CHRIST AND THE CHRISTIANS. A Contrast. O. C. VII, 3696-3700. Republished in The Religion of Science. "CHRIST," DERIVATION OF. O. C. XXII, 376-377- A brief note supplementing "Christ and Christian" and in comment on the Hon. Willis Brewer's Egyptian derivation of the word. THE CHRIST-IDEAL AND THE GOLDEN AGE. O. C. XXII, 328-339. Containing a metrical translation of Virgil's Fourth Eclogue written in 40 B. C, which reads like a prophecy of the coming of the Saviour. The poem is explained and the views about the expected saviour illustrated by other incidents of the time. Inscriptions call Augustus the Saviour, and Tiridates of Persia visited Nero the Roman emperor because he had heard that the Saviour had appeared on earth. CHRISTIAN AND BUDDHISTIC SENTIMENTS. O. C. X, 4828. Republished in Bud. and Its Chris. Crit. CHRISTIAN CRITICS OF BUDDHA. O. C. IX, 4475-4478, 4483-4485. Republished in Bud. and Its Chris. Crit. CHRISTIAN MISSIONS. Mon. V, 274-281. A debate before the Nineteenth Century Club of New York, with J. M. Thoburn and R. Gandhi. CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES IN THIBET, FIRST. Illus- trated. O. C. XII, 418-435. Comprising mainly quotations from Hue and Gabet's Travels in Tar tar y, Thibet and China. CHRISTIAN SCIENCE AND THE REASON OF ITS STRENGTH. Monist XVII, 200-208. The Christian Science movement is the revival of a belief based upon certain experi- ences and to some extent justified by the remarkable events that have happened again and again under all zones and in all ages. Such beliefs crop out spontaneously whenever they are needed, and will disappear again when they have done their work. The significance of self-discipline and the power of mind has been io8 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. unduly neglected by educators, physicians and other guides and advisers of mankind. To be sure, Christian Science has its very weak points, but it would not exist had it not a mission to fulfill. CHRISTIAN SUNDAY, THE. O. C. XX, 360-366. A comment on Dr. William Weber's article on the observance of Sunday. It is pointed out that the week is a non-Christian institution, and Sunday was celebrated as the day of Mithras. It is inter- esting to learn that in some ancient calendars the Chinese still call Sunday by the syllable Mih, which is an abbreviation of Mithras. CHRISTIANITY AS THE PLEROMA. O. C XXIII, 177-188, 219-230, 263-279. An essay on the origin and significance of Christianity published in book form under the same title. CHRISTIANITY AS THE PLEROMA. Monist XIV, 120-151. This article shows that the three essential doctrines of Chris- tianity — (a) Immortality, (b) Vicarious Atonement, (c) God- Incarnation — are pre-Christian. It is pointed out how Christian the spirit is of such pagans as Epictetus, Marcus Aurelius An- toninus, and even Julian the Apostate; and Seneca has seriously been claimed to be a personal^ friend of St. Paul. St. Anselm's reasoning in Cur deus homo is quite in line with pre-Christian religion. Instances of pre-Christian views of vicarious atone- ment are found among savages such as the Khond tribe of India. It is not denied that the nucleus of the Gospels is his- torical. The very passages which contain unfulfilled prophecies as to the second advent of Christ prove that at least parts of the Gospels are of a very early date. CHRISTIANITY, BUDDHISM AND. ,Mon. V, 65-103. See s. v. "Buddhism." CHRISTIANITY, CORNER-STONE OF. O. C. V, 2986-2987. This is declared to be the spirit of Christ, which, however, is rather to be found in the bold scientific search after truth than in the blind belief of obsolete dogmas. CHRISTIANITY, GNOSTICISM IN ITS RELATION TO. Mon. VIII, 502-546. See s. v. "Gnosticism." CHRISTIANITY? HOW FAR HAVE WE STRAYED FROM. See s. v. Pro Domo. SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 109 CHRISTIANITY IN ITS RELATION TO BUDDHISM, ON THE PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS OF. Mon. VIII, 273-288. See s. v. "Buddhism." CHRISTIANITY IN JAPAN. O. C. XX, 55- A short review of an article in a Japanese paper on Christian missions in Japan. CHRISTIANITY IN JAPAN, HISTORY OF. O. C. XVI, 690- 693. Review of a German book on this subject by the Rev. Hans Haas. CHRISTIANITY, JEW AND GENTILE IN EARLY. Monist XI, 267-276. See s. v. "Jew." CHRISTIANITY, ORIGIN OF. O. C. XV, 235-241. Repub- lished in The Age of Christ. CHRISTIANITY, PAGAN ELEMENTS OF, AND THE SIG- NIFICANCE OF JESUS. Monist XII, 416-425. See s. v. "Pagan." CHRISTMAS. O. C. Ill, 1991. Republished in Homilies of Science. CHRISTMAS GIFTS. O. C. I, 669-670. Remarks on the Christ- mas spirit and the right enjoyment of Christmas gifts. CHRISTMAS SONG, A GERMAN. O. C. XXII, 768. A new English version of O Tannenbaum. CHRISTMAS, YULE-TIDE AND. O. C. II, 1367. CHURCH AND STATE IN FRANCE. O. C. XIX, 381. CIRCLE-SQUARER, THE. O. C. VIII, 4121-4125, 4130-4133. Republished in Twelve Tales. CLASSICAL AND ROMANTIC LITERATURE. Illustrated. O. C. XIII, 363-373. Comments on Goethe's "Nature and Art," including a translation of the poem. The article deals with lit- erary periods of "storm and stress" and the consequent reac- tions, and is illustrated by portraits of representatives of both periods in German literature, with special reference to their connection with Goethe. CLEAN MONEY. O. C. XXII, 125-126. An endorsement of the work done by Clean Money Clubs to prevent the circulation of filthy bills and contagion-carrying coins. no PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. CLEARNESS, THE IMPORTANCE OF, AND THE CHARM OF HAZINESS. O. C. 2923-2925. Clearness of thought, in spite of its paramount importance, is not always welcome when it destroys a long-cherished illusion which had appeared as something wonderful. It then produces a great disappointment in our mind. The problem dissolves into nothing and we are deprived of the awe that we felt while thinking ourselves in the presence of some unfathomable mystery. This observation has its application especially in the religious field. CLERGY'S DUTY OF ALLEGIANCE TO DOGMA AND THE STRUGGLE BETWEEN WORLD-CONCEPTIONS. Monist II, 278-285. This article shows how religion depends on the prevalent world-conception, and with a change in our world- conception our religion becomes gradually modified. Such modi- fications have taken place from time to time; when, for exam- ple, the Copernican world-conception replaced the old idea of the flatness of the earth, and at present when the idea of evolu- tion renders our God-conception less childlike and more scien- tific. The article points out that a clergyman need not be obliged to surrender his calling because of a change in the interpretation of religion, but may stay in his place and inter- pret the old in the light of the new without either giving offense to those who cling to the old view or becoming hypo- critical. CLOCK OR THE WATCHES, THE. O. C. VI, 3292-3294. Republished in Twelve Tales. COGNITION, KNOWLEDGE AND TRUTH. O. C. II, 1458- 1459. Republished in Fundamental Problems. COGNITION, METAPHYSICAL "X" OF. Monist V, 510-552. See s. v. "Metaphysical." COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER. O. C VI, 3435-3437- A sketch of his life from the Encyclopedia Britannica, showing that what ever his ^ views concerning saints and the magical powers of ecclesiastical ceremonies, he was a man who had unbounded trust in science. The famous painting "Columbus Ridiculed'' is reproduced as a frontispiece to the first number of Vol. XXI. COMPOSER IN THE PULPIT, A. Rev. O. H. P. Smith, O. C. XII, 698-699. SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. in CONCEPTION OF THE SOUL AND THE BELIEF IN RESURRECTION AMONG THE EGYPTIANS, THE. Fully illustrated. Monist XV, 409-428. Explaining the meaning of khatj ba, khaibit, ka, (of the double), khu, sekhem, and ren; khat (the double body) ; ba (consciousness) ; khaibit (the shade; a kind of ghost) ; ka (the double) ; khu (the spirit) ; sekhem (vitality) ; and ren (the name). Other terms such as maa- kheru, the transfigured soul ; pat-ela, the eternal house ; sahu, the mummy, which means literally victorious or sainted; the ankh, or handle cross ; the tet, or backbone of Osiris ; the feather of truth, and other symbols are briefly explained ; also extracts made from the confessions of a dead person indicating the moral influence of the Egyptian idea of immortality. CONCILIATION OF RELIGION WITH SCIENCE. O. C. VI, 3285-3286. A review of Lyman Abbott's Evolution of Chris- tianity. CONFUCIANISM AND ANCESTOR WORSHIP. Illustrated. O. C. XX, 598-615. Republished in Chinese Life and Customs. CONFUCIUS ON MODERATION. O. C. XXII, 636-637. A note explaining the frontispiece which illustrates the parable of the three buckets from which the Chinese sage drew a sermon on moderation. CONGRESS OF RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES, AMERICAN. O. C. VIII, 4101-4102. An account of the rise of one of the move- ments which were the fruits of the Parliament of Religions. CONGRESSES OF ARTS AND SCIENCES AT ST. LOUIS. Mon. XIV, 779-783. Brief criticism and report of these con- gresses held at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in 1904. CONSCIENCE, THE GROWTH OF. O. C. IV, 2598-2600. Re- published in The Ethical Problem. CONSCIOUSNESS, A MONISTIC VIEW OF. Mon. XVIII, 30-45. In reply to Mr. W. E. Ayton Wilkinson's article on "Will-Force," and Mr. Montague's "Are Mental Processes in Space?" with regard to the part played by energy in psychic phenomena. Mr. Montague is a representative of the Ostwald theory of energetics. CONSCIOUSNESS, PROBLEM OF. Monist XIII, 69-79. Com- ments on Prof. Charles Sedgwick Minot's attacks on Monism. H2 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. CONSCIOUSNESS, SEAT OF. Illustrated. O. C. IV, 2523- 2526. Republished in Soul of Man. CONSERVATIVE RADICALISM. O. C. IX, 4728-4732. Reply to Corvinus (pseud, of T. F. Mathias), who was a radical critic of the position of The Open Court, and maintained that it is in irreligion "that the hope of true morality lies." This article is a continuation of the argument given in "Not Irre- ligion but True Religion." CONSOLATION OF ERRORS. O. C. VII, 3891-3893. A reply to the agnosticism of Mrs. Alice Bodington. CONWAY, MONCURE D., A MILITANT MISSIONARY OF LIBERALISM. O. C. XV, 374- A brief note of characteriza- tion. COREA. O. C. XVIII, 218-220. Outline of Corea's history with explanation of the philosophical import of the national coat-of- arms. Illustrated by picture of the emperor. CORTEX AND ITS RELATIONS. Illustrated. O. C. IV, 2326- 2328. Republished in Soul of Man and in the Psychology of the Nervous System. COXE, ECKLEY B., OBITUARY OF. O. C. IX, 4749. CREED BUT FAITH, NO. O. C. Ill, I575-I577- Republished in Fund. Prob. CREED, THE REVISION OF A. O. C. Ill, 2075-2076. Repub- lished in Horn, of Science. CRISIS IN GREAT BRITAIN, THE. O. C. XV, 301-31 1. Comments on the Boer War. The English are not blamed for extending their influence in South Africa, but are criticised for using wrong methods. They would have attained their end better and more enduringly by peaceful methods. CRISPI, FRANCESCO, AN OBITUARY. O. C. XV, 645-646. CRITERION OF ETHICS, AN OBJECTIVE REALITY. Mon. I, 552-571. See s. v. "Ethics." CROSS AMONG THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS. Fully Illustrated. O. C. XIII, 296-312. CROSS AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE. Fully illustrated. O. C. XIII, 149-163. SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 113 CROSS IN CENTRAL AMERICA. Illustrated. O. C. XIII, 224-246. CROSS OF GOLGOTHA. Illustrated. O. C. XIII, 472-484. CROSS OF JESUS, SHAPE OF THE. O. C. XVI, 247-249. CROSS, PLATO AND THE. Illustrated. O. C. XIII, 364- 372. CROSS, REV. W. W. SEYMOUR ON THE PRE-HISTORIC. Illustrated. O. C. XIII, 745-751. CROSS, THE WHEEL AND THE. Illustrated. O. C. XVI, 478-485. CROSS, THE. See also Alpha and Omega, Chrisma and the Labarum, Crucifix, The, Staurolatry, Evolution of Ornament, Fylfot and Swastika, Image-Worship, Seal of Christ, Seven the Sacred Number, Signets, Badges and Medals, Anubis, Seth, and Christ. CROWN OF THORNS. Illustrated. O. C. XV, 193-217. Re- produced in book form under the same title. CRUCIFIX, THE. Illustrated. O. C. XIII, 673-690. CRUCIFIXION OF DOGS IN ANCIENT ROME. O. C. XVI, 249-250. A brief note in which this strange custom is explained as the substitution of an animal sacrifice for a human sacrifice to the sun-god. CUBA AS AN ALLIED REPUBLIC OF THE UNITED STATES. O. C. XII, 690-693. See s. v. "Expansion but Not Imperialism." CUSTOM HOUSE, OUR. O. C. XVI, 141-145. A protest and an incident from personal experience. DAR.WIN AND LINCOLN CENTENNIAL. O. C. XXIII, 124. Brief note accompanied by a rare portrait of Darwin in the prime of life. DE RERUM NATURA. Mon. App. to Vol. V, No. 2. Philo- sophical poem republished in booklet form. DEATH A FINALITY, IS? Illustrated. O. C. IV, 2185-2189. Republished in Soul of Man. DEATH AND IMMORTALITY IN ANCIENT EGYPT, THE ii 4 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. CONCEPTIONS OF. Illustrated. O. C. IX, 4666-4670. Re- published in Hist, of the Devil. DEATH AND RESURRECTION. Illustrated. Open Court XIII, 495-503. This article contains reproductions of the cup of Boscoreale, the Thibetan skeleton-dance, and a Gnostic stone representing King Death as a skeleton, and points out that the Christian conception of death represented as a resurrection by Prudentius has changed of late into the more spiritual hope of the immortality of the soul. DEATH AND THE DEAD, THE SKELETON AS A REPRE- SENTATION OF. Illustrated. O. C. XXII, 620-633. Writ- ten in refutation of Laufer's theory that the origin of our dances of death must be sought in Thibetan Buddhism. The Thibetan skeletons are reproduced and shown to be different in meaning from the skeletons of the European middle ages. The Thibetan skeleton dance is described and representations of Yama, the god of death, reproduced. The skeletons of the cup of Boscoreale are not representatives of death but of the dead, and also the Japanese ghost, which is not in skeleton form. There is no skeleton among Mara's army in the bas relief of Buddha's temptation, and the Japanese ghosts are not skeletons but horrible-looking half-decayed figures without feet. DEATH, CHRISTIAN CONCEPTION OF. Illustrated. O. C. XI, 752-763. The early Christians believed in bodily resurrec- tion, but their art in the catacombs can be traced back to pagan prototypes. On some sarcophagi, pagan and Christian symbols are mixed. This is a supplement to "Death in Religious Art," and supplies many additional illustrations on the subject. DEATH, CONQUEST OF. O. C. Ill, 1967-1968. Republished in Homilies of Science. DEATH, DANCES OF. Illustrated. O. C. XII, 40-53. This article contains reproductions of woodcuts of the fifteenth century of the pictures of Bazil, Massmann, Holbein, Abraham a Sancta-Clara, etc. DEATH IN RELIGIOUS ART. Illustrated. O. C. XI, 678- 685 ; XII, 752-763. The Greek conception of death is a genius with the down-turned torch. Hades is the place of torture and we have many illustrations of these scenes. The skeleton as representative of death appears in Christianity. The subject of SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 115 demons and of hell is frequently represented in Christian art in cathedrals and in cemeteries. DEATH IS SILENT, BUT LIFE SPEAKS. O. C. IX. A discussion of the subject of immortality based on a considera- tion of the nature of soul as form. DEATH, LOVE, IMMORTALITY. O. C. II, 1324-1325. Re- published in Homilies of Science. DEATH, MODERN REPRESENTATIONS OF. Illustrated. O. C. XII, 101-109. In modern times artists have given up the idea of representing death in the shape of a horrible figure. As an instance, the monument of Daniel C. French, and a German one dedicated to Emperor William, show death in a serious but not offensive form. M. Bartholome represents death as a house door in his famous "Monument aux morts " DELUGE LEGENDS OF AMERICAN INDIANS. Illustrated. O. C. XV, 758-760. The drawings on bark which relate a deluge legend of the Algonquins are reproduced, accompanied by an English version of the Indians' interpretation of the pictures. DEMONOLOGY, THE INFLUENCE OF ANCIENT GREECE UPON CHRISTIAN. O. C. X, 4867-4868. Republished in Hist, of the Devil. DEMONOLOGY, NORTHERN CONTRIBUTIONS TO CHRISTIAN. O. C. X, 4875-4877. Republished in Hist, of the Devil. DEMONOLOGY OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. O. C. X, 4988-4990. Republished in Hist, of the Devil. DESIGN IN NATURE. O. C. IV, 2619-2621. Republished in Homilies of Science. DESTRUCTIVE OR CONSTRUCTIVE? O. C. Ill, 2107-2108. In answer to the criticisms of illiberal liberals, Mr. H. L. Green and the editor of Freethought. DETERMINISM AND FREE WILL. O. C. II, 887-888. Re- published in Fund. Prob. DEVIL-CONCEPTION IN PROTESTANT COUNTRIES. O. C. X, 4930-4932. Republished in Hist, of the Devil. n6 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. DEVIL, REALITY OF THE. Illustrated. O. C. XIX, 717-736. Contains a number of pictures and material supplementary to the Hist, of the Devil. Marlowe's conception is contrasted with the present-day humorous view of devil-lore, as illustrated by Tartini's dream. Additional illustrations of devils from many dates and climes are given and incidents are related which show how great the influence of the power of evil, per- sonified as the devil, has been in all ages. DEVIL STORIES AND DEVIL CONTRACTS. O. C. X, 4961- 4966. Republished in Hist, of the Devil. DHARMAPALA'S MISSION. O. C. X, 5071. Contains a letter from the Anagarika Dharmapala announcing his mission to the United States. DHARMAPALA'S SCHOOL IN CEYLON. Illustrated. O. C. XX, 760-761. A short description of a school of traditional Buddhism in Ceylon. DILETTANTISM IN LITERATURE. O. C. Ill, 1708-1709. The dangers to the reading public from professional litterateurs who cater to popular taste from mercenary motives, and, on the other hand, from the ignorance of dilettanti; what is most desirable is a combination of the virtues of both classes. DISCOVERIES, NEW; HOW THEY AFFECT THE WORLD. O. C. X, 4821. Brief note on the various forms of recognition awarded Rontgen's rays en their first appearance before the scientific press. DISEASE, LATEST DEVELOPMENT OF AN OLD. O. C. VIII, 4163-4165. The strike of the American Railway Union in 1894 was new only in its peculiar combinations, but the case was as old as society, and the first great satire written upon it was "The Birds" of Aristophanes. DOGMATISM, A REVIEWER'S VIEW OF. 0. C. IV, 2371. Republished in Fund. Prob. DOLLS' FESTIVAL, THE. O. C. XXI, 188. Note on the frontispiece, which is a picture of a party of Japanese children on the annual festival of dolls, celebrated March 3. An English version of a Japanese poem on the subject is appended. DOUBLE EAGLE, THE ANCIENT SYMBOL OF THE. With illustration. O. C. XXIII, 57-58. Instance of a double eagle SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 117 discovered on a German expedition into central Asia. A fur- ther illustration pertaining to the article, "The Persistence of Symbols." DOUBLE PERSONALITY AND DOUBLE SOUL. O. C. Ill, 1948-1951. Republished in the Soul of Man. DOUBLE PERSONALITY, PROBLEM OF. O. C. II, 1178- 1179. Republished in Soul of Man. DREAMS AND HALLUCINATIONS. O. C. Ill, 2024-2026. Republished in Soul of Man. DROSS IS DISCARDED, BUT NOTHING IS LOST. O. C. VI, 3244. An Allegory republished in Twelve Tales. DUALISM, COMMENTS ON MINOT'S. M'on. XII, 69-79. See s. v. "Consciousness, the Problem of." DUNNING DEVIL OF CHINA AND JAPAN. One illustra- tion. O. C. XII, iio-iii. The picture, which is a reproduc- tion of a wood carving in the author's possession, is given a mistaken interpretation in this article. It is republished in The History of the Devil and there correctly explained as the devil, in guise of a monk, being a demon representing greed and hypocrisy. EASTER, THE FESTIVAL OF LIFE VICTORIOUS. Illus- trated. O. C. XVI, 193-199. This article contains a transla- tion of Gerok's "Meditation on Death in a Cemetery,'' and shows how the Easter festival of the ancient pagans was changed to a commemoration of the risen Christ in Chris- tianity. EGO AS IDENTITY OF SELF. O. C. VII, 3000-3901. In comment on Mr. Thomas Williams's article, "Is Reincarnation a Natural Law?" EGOLESS MAN, AN. O. C. IX, 4657-4660. An account of a pathological loss of conscious recollection, followed by a dis- cussion of a common error of psychologists by which the soul is identified with the ego. EGYPT, CONCEPTIONS OF DEATH AND IMMORTALITY IN ANCIENT. Illustrated. O. C. IX, 4666-4670. See s. v. "Death." n8 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. EGYPTIANS, CONCEPTION OF THE SOUL AND THE BELIEF IN RESURRECTION AMONG THE. Illustrated. Mon. XV, 409-428. See s. v. "Conception." EIGHT-HOUR DAY, THE SUNSET CLUB ON THE. O. C. VI, 31 15-31 16. Report of a Debate in a Chicago club. Wm. M. Salter, Murry Nelson, Franklin MacVeagh, Geo. A. Schil- ling, Clarence Darrow, Frederick Greeley and Frank H. Scott are quoted. This report is followed by comments on the debate by Gen. M. M. Trumbull. ELECTION, THE. O. C. X, 5118. A brief note, written immediately after the election of McKinley to the presidency. ELECTRICITY AND PHOSPHORESCENCE IN THE ANI- MAL WORLD. Illustrated. O. C. XV, 540-550. EMPEROR'S ORTHODOXY, THE. O. C. XVII, 146-150. Republished in Delitzsch's Babel and Bible. EROS ON THE SHIP OF LIFE. Illustrated. O. C. XXI, 245-248. A monument in Genoa representing the modern idea of immanent immortality and the Greek myth in which Eros descends to Hades and returns again. Pictures of analogous legends and of Christ's resurrection illustrate this short article. ESCHATOLOGY OF CHRISTIAN ART. Illustrated. O. C. XI, 401-412. The Christian doctrine of eschatology was more prominent among early Christians than it is now. It may be regarded as a proof of the genuineness of St. Paul's Epistles that he confidently predicts the near approach of doomsday, and believes that he and his congregation v/ill live to see it. These views formed an important chapter in the Apocrypha of the Old Testament, but at present these visions have grown very pale and are no longer deemed essential doctrines of the church, at least among Protestants. ESPERANTO. Mon. XVI, 450-455. An account of the nature of the language, its endings and prefixes and general construc- tion. ESPERANTO, ILO AND MALAY. Mon. XIX, 430-432. This short discussion repeats the editorial position, that it would be as easy to construct an ideal plant as to produce an ideal language; that though theoretically each may be possible, prac- tically the idea is Utopian. In order to give both sides of the SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 119 Esperanto-Ilo differences, the author quotes a German Esper- antist; the reform side is represented elsewhere in the same number. He also reports the suggestion of a Dutch gentleman, born and raised in Holland, that the Malay language possesses many characteristics necessary for an ideal universal language. ESSENCE OF THE DOCTRINE (with Music). O. C. XIX, 182-183. Republished without music in The Dharma. ETERNITY, A HYMN WITH MUSIC. O. C. XII, 245. Re- published in Sacred Tunes. ETHICAL PROBLEM, THE. Discussion with Mr. Salter. O. C. IV, 2549-2550, 2564-2567, 2624-2626. Republished in The Ethical Problem. ETHICAL SOCIETIES AND THEIR VIEWS OF ETHICS. O. C. VI, 3145-3147. In answer to Horace L. Traubel's criti- cism of former discussions of the author on the deficiencies of Ethical Societies, as they exist. ETHICS A LAW OF NATURE. O. C. IV, 2440-2441. Repub- lished in Fund. Prob. ETHICS AND NATURAL SCIENCE. O. C. Ill, 1563-1566. Republished in Fund. Prob. ETHICS AND THE COSMIC ORDER. Mon. IV, 403-416. Criticism of Professor Huxley's position in his lecture, Evo- lution and Ethics. ETHICS AND THE STRUGGLE FOR LIFE. O. C. IV, 2137- 2138. Republished in Homilies of Science. ETHICS, BASIS OF, AND THE ETHICAL MOVEMENT. O. C. 2247-2248. Republished in The Ethical Problem. ETHICS, BASIS OF, AND THE LEADING PRINCIPLES IN. O. C. IV, 2574-2577. Republished in The Ethical Problem. ETHICS, CRITERION OF, AN OBJECTIVE REALITY. Mon. I, 552-571. Republished in The Ethical Problem. ETHICS IN OUR PUBLIC SCHOOLS. O. C. V, 2816-2817. Summary of a symposium on the advisability of introducing ethical instruction into our public schools. This showed such diversity of opinion that it seemed to prove conclusively that ethics cannot be taught publicly without coming in conflict with 120 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. some religious views. The question as to the proper medium for ethical instruction will be decided on the principle of the survival of the fittest. ETHICS OF EVOLUTION. O. C. V, 3004-3005. Republished in Homilies of Science. ETHICS OF EVOLUTIONISM. O. C. VII, 3886. The theory of evolution is not compatible with hedonism, for the ethics of evolutionism must be based upon the fact that the fittest will survive in the struggle for existence, and in the long run the fittest are always the most moral. ETHICS OF KANT, MR. SPENCER ON. O. C. II, 1155- 1160, 1165-1169; Mon., II, 512-526. See s. v. "Spencer." ETHICS OF STRUGGLE AND ETHICAL CULTURE O. C. V, 3059-3061. Controversies of science and philosophy are compared to the ethics of war. ETHICS OF THE NEW POSITIVISM. O. C. IV, 2414-2415. In reply to Clemence Royer. Republished in Fund. Prob. ETHICS POSSIBLE, IS? O. C. XI, 295-308. In reply to Illustrated. O. C. XVI, 153- 162, 356-366. Showing how evidences of prehistoric use of this emblem are scattered in widely separated portions of the globe. SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 125 The illustrations reproduce relics and monuments which bear the swastika as decoration. The original meaning of the figure is thought to be the same as the disk, a solar symbol. GALILEI, GALILEO. Illustrated. O. C. XXII, 1-13. A sketch of his life, including translations of the verdict pronounced upon him by the Holy Office, and his abjuration. GEMS OF BUDDHIST POETRY. O. C. XX, 156-167. See s. v. "Buddhist Poetry, Gems of." GENIUS, PLAYFUL INSTRUCTION AND. O. C. XIII, 566- 570. Republished in Our Children. GEOMETRY, FOUNDATIONS OF. Mon. XIII, 370-397, 493- 522. Republished in Foundations of Mathematics. GERMAN IN AMERICA, THE. O. C. XIII, 626-636. A pro- test against Miinsterberg's statement that German-Americans are responsible for lack of sympathy between the two coun- tries. America is entirely cognizant and appreciative of Ger- man science and character. Its assimilation of diverse na- tionalities into one people is destined to so merge its patriotism into cosmopolitanism as to cause it to advance beyond Old World nations. Though regarded as restless and fond of innovations, the character of the American nation is a conservatism unknown in Europe; e. g., its flag is one of the oldest in the world. See also "International Friendship" and "International Good-Will." GERMAN MONISTIC ALLIANCE, THE. O. C. XXII, 188. Review of one of their leaflets, written by Dr. Heinrich Schmidt. GERMAN UNIVERSITIES AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. Mon. IV, 106-120. The appointment and advancement of a professor of a German university does not depend upon his ability to teach, but almost exclusively upon his accomplish- ments in the field of research. German universities are in- stitutions devoted to the search for truth, and the scientist, the philosopher, the searchers for truth serve at the same time as instructors of the German youth. Their exhibit at the Columbian Exposition of 1893 was well planned and arranged, and we have here a brief review of this unique display of the ways, the means, and the summarized results of German science. 126 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. GERMANY, THE FATHERLAND. See s. v. "Fatherland, The," GHOST OF A LIVING PERSON, THE. O. C. XXIII, 231- 232. Reporting an incident in which the ghost of the Rev. W. H. Withrow was made to appear in a mediumistic seance in Australia while Mr. Withrow himself was carrying on an active life in Canada. GHOSTS. O. C. V, 2811-2812. A review of Ibsen's drama. Re- published in Homilies of Science. GHOSTS AND THE BELIEF IN GHOSTS. O. C. VI, 3106- 3109. In comment on the revival of spiritualistic beliefs and in reply to Mr. W. T. Stead and Mrs. Besant; also on a book of Mr. Gerhard, a Swedenborgian. Kant's Relation to Swedenborg is mentioned, and the statement as to the practical usefulness of clairvoyance is investigated and found wanting. GILGAMESH AND EABANI; THE TRUSTS AND THE UNIONS. O. C. XVIII, 291-292. The trusts and unions are likened to Gilgamesh and Eabani in the old Babylonian epic. We are told that a monster was created to overpower a tyrant, until finally both became friends, and then the world had no defender. GISSAC, F. DE, OBITUARY. O. C. X, 5125. GNOSTICISM IN ITS RELATION TO CHRISTIANITY. Mon. VIII, 502-546. It is maintained and satisfactorily proved in this article that gnosticism precedes Christianity. It is here characterized as a period of storm and stress preparatory to Christianity. The fact is recognized by pur best Church his- torians that gnostics existed before Christianity and were after- ward regarded as Christian heretics only when a catholic faith had been established. The trinity idea is mentioned in connection with Simon Magus before it becomes a Christian dogma. The Kabala was influenced by gnosticism, and the Essenes, as well as the Therapeutes of Egypt, are unequiv- ocally pre-Christian. The book of Daniel and the books of Esdras show innumerable influences of the gnostic spirit, and the Apostle Paul presupposes gnostic terms as well known. The Zabians or Baptizers had spread throughout the Jewish dispersion, and Paul was especially well received among them. The similarity of the Lord's Sacrament with the Mithraistic ceremony of the same kind is alluded to and the idea is SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 127 proposed that the word missa or mass is derived from myazda, which is the food of the Mithraistic sacrament. Apollonius of Tyana studied philosophy at Tarsus, and we may assume that he cherished many ideas similar to those of St. Paul the apostle, who was born in the same city and owed his Roman citizenship to the honor which the Roman Senate wanted to bestow upon this pagan savior. Gnosticism is older than Christianity, which is really a gnostic sect, and it is maintained that it survived its rivals because it was superior to them. GOBINEAU, COUNT. With portrait. O. C. XV, 440-442. An account of the life and work of a French anthropologist, who has become an object of enthusiasm in German circles. GOD. 0. C. IV, 2305-2306. Republished in Homilies of Science. GOD. A DISCUSSION. Mon. IX, 106-130. Republished in God. GOD A MIND, IS? O. C. V, 2978-2980. Republished in Homi- lies of Science. GOD AND IMMORTALITY, PROFESSOR HAECKEL'S MONISM AND THE IDEAS OF. O. C. V, 2957-2958. A letter explaining the position of The Open Court on the sub- jects of God and immortality, and a reply from Professor Haeckel expressing agreement in essential points. GOD, CONCEPTIONS OF. O. C. V, 2771-2772. Republished in Homilies of Science. GOD, FREEDOM AND IMMORTALITY. O. C. Ill, 1625- 1626. Republished in Homilies of Science. "GOD IN SCIENCE AND RELIGION/' REMARKS ON CANON LOW'S. Mon. VIII, 610-615. See s. v. "Low." GOD, MR. SEW ALL ON THE PERSONALITY OF. O. C. XXI, 506-510. In comment on his book, Reason in Belief. GOD OF ATHEISM AND THE IMMORTALITY THAT OBTAINS IN THE NEGATION OF THE EGO-ENTITY. O. C. VIII, 4226-4229. A resume of conceptions of God and immortality which accord with evolution and the religion of science, written in answer to criticisms by Dr. Lewins, Pro- fessor Cook, Mr. Thurtell and Mr. Reeves. The conception of the super-personal God is especially dwelt upon. 128 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. GOD OF IRON, THE. O. C. XII, 188-190. A hymn suggested by a patriotic song of Arndt, written to arouse the Germans against their French enemies, but in this case the narrowness of nationalism yields to the broader spirit of international fellow- ship and religion. GOD OF SCIENCE, THE. Mon. XIV, 458-469. In reply to the Rev. H. C. Mmton's reviews of Fundamental Problems and Surd of Metaphysics. GOD, PERSONALITY OF. O. C. XI, 618-635. Correspondence with Pere Hyacinthe Loyson. Republished in God. GOD, PERSONALITY OF. Mon. IX, 300-305. See s. v. "Per- sonality." GOD, RESPONSIBILITY OF. O. C. X, 4803-4804. Comments on a sermon by the Rev. Geo. T. Smith, who, while recogniz- ing to some extent the identity of nature's God and nature's laws, looks upon God as a person — therefore responsible. The argument is given against the personality of God, that Bud- dhism, the greatest non-Christian religion, distinguished for the noblest moral maxims, yet knows nothing of the existence of a personal God. GOD, THE SUPERPERSONAL O. C. XXI, 765-766. Brief comment on a communication from Pere Hyacinthe. Repub- lished in God. GOD, UNMATERIALITY OF SOUL AND. Mon. VIII, 415- 445. See s. v. "Soul." GODWARD. O. C. XII, 128. A hymn with music. Repub- lished in Sacred Tunes. GOEHTE, A BUDDHIST. O. C. X, 4832-4837. Republished in Buddhism and Its Christian Critics. GOETHE AND CRITICISM. O. C. XXI, 301-305. GOETHE AND SCHILLER'S XENIONS. O. C. I, 318, 320; VIII, 3939-3940, 3948-3949, 3955-3957, 3965-3966. Republished in book form under same title. GOETHE MUSEUM IN WEIMAR. O. C. XXII, 126-128. An account of the establishment of Goethe's Weimar residence as a National Museum, accompanied by a picture of Eberlein's SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 129 famous sculpture representing Goethe contemplating Schiller's skull, to which he addressed a poem. GOETHE, SOME EPIGRAMS OF. Illustrated. O. C. XXIII, 438-443. An English translation of about twenty miscellaneous verses, accompanied by the German original. Three of them are illustrated. GOETHE, TWO PHILOSOPHICAL POEMS OF. O. C. XVI, 694-696. Translation of and comments on "One and All," and "Bequest." GOETHE'S CONFESSION OF FAITH. O. C. XXI, 472-480. GOETHE'S FAUST, SIGNIFICANCE OF. Illustrated. O. C. XXII, 147-172. GOETHE'S MONISM. O. C. II, 782. Republished in Funda- mental Problems. GOETHE'S NATURE PHILOSOPHY. O. C. XXI, 227-237. GOETHE'S POLYTHEISM AND CHRISTIANITY. O. C. XXI, 435-443- GOETHE'S SOUL CONCEPTION. O. C. XXI, 745-751. GOETHE'S VIEW OF IMMORTALITY. O. C. XX, z^-yj2. Above articles to be republished in book form. GOETHE'S VIEWS ON TELEPATHY. O. C. XXIII, 174-176. GOOD AND EVIL AS RELIGIOUS IDEAS. O. C. VIII, 4642- 4644. Republished in History of the Devil. GOOD AND EVIL, THE PROBLEM OF. Mon. VI, 580-599. Republished in History of the Devil. GOSPEL OF BUDDHA, A JAPANESE TRANSLATION OF. O. C. IX, 4404-4405. Contains an English translation of the Rt. Rev. Soyen Shaku's preface to the Japanese translation. GOSPEL, THE FOURTH. O. C. XXI, 269-271. With special reference to Dr. Moxom's article, "Jesus's View of Himself in the Fourth Gospel." GOSPELS, THE SOURCE OF. O. C. II, 1079-1080. Professor Seydel of Leipsic advanced the theory that the Christian gos- pels were borrowed from the Buddhist sacred literature. This article quotes at some length the passage in which he defends his position. 130 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. GRASSHOPPER, THE. O. C. VII, 3663-3664. Republished in Twelve Tales. GREEK IDEA OF SALVATION. Illustrated. O. C. XII, 675- 689. Republished in History of the Devil. GREEK MYSTERIES, A PREPARATION FOR CHRISTI- ANITY, THE. Mon. XI, 87-123. Illustrated. Christianity owes a number of important terms to Greek mysteries, especially the very word "mystery" itself, and in addition such words as parousia, i. e., the act of becoming bodily present, ecstasy, teleiosis, or completion, etc. The Orphic songs foreshadow the Christian idea of the immortality of the soul, and Christ is represented as Orpheus in the catacombs. The main idea of the Orpheus ceremonials is his death and resurrection. The significance of the wine in the sacrament has also its pagan correlate in the cult of Dionysus, who was born in a cave, tortured, slain, and rises to life again. He enters the city riding on an ass. But while the mysteries were communicated to a few initiates, the doctrine of Christianity was preached from the housetops. GREEK RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY. Richly illustrated. O. C. XIV, 513-538, 577-6o6, 641-658, 705;733- Vol. XV, 1-22. A sketch of Greek religion which was written with the special purpose of showing how far the religion of ancient Greece was preparatory to Christianity. The last article contains numerous quotations which prove that the Christian idea "love your enemies" was plainly anticipated by a great many sages of ancient Greece. GREEK SCULPTURE THE MOTHER OF BUDDHIST ART. Illustrated. O. C. XXII, 306-315. Comparing remains of Gandhara sculpture with classical Greek art. GREEKS, THE. See also "Acropolis, The." "Demonology, The Influence of Ancient Greece Upon Christian." GRIEF AT UNBELIEF. O. C. VII, 3579-358o. Unbelief, doubt, the spirit of keen criticism, should not cause grief in anybody's soul. Let him who doubts search for the truth, and he will find that it quickens and comforts. SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 131 GUNKEL VERSUS DELITZSCH. O. C. XVIII, 226-241. An account of Professor Gunkel's true position with regard to the Babel and Bible discussion compared to the position ascribed to him by an uninformed anonymous translator. GUNNING, PROF. WM. D., MEMORIAL SERVICE TO. O. C. II, 1278. HAECKEL AS AN ARTIST. Illustrated. O. C. XX, 428-433. A review of Kunstformen der Natur and Wanderbilder. HAECKEL— LOOF CONTROVERSY, THE. Mon. XIII, 24-37. Republished in God. HAECKEL'S ANTHROPOGENY, PROFESSOR. O. C. VI, 3125-3126. A brief note on Haeckel's monism on the appear- ance of the 4th edition of his Anthropogeny. HAECKEL'S CONFESSION OF FAITH. O. C. VII, 3528-3529. Professor Haeckel believes that monism is the bond of union between religion and science, and is in sympathy, in spite of minor differences, with the efforts of The Open Court toward their amalgamation. HAECKEL'S MONISM. Mon. II, 598-600. The conclusion is drawn that the main differences between Haeckel's monism and that of The M.onist are differences of terminology. HAECKEL'S MONISM AND THE IDEAS OF GOD AND IMMORTALITY. O. C. V, 2957-2958. See s. v. "God, etc.'* HAECKEL'S THESES FOR A MONISTIC ALLIANCE. Mon. XVI, 120-123. A criticism of Professor Haeckel's confession^ of faith as destructively negative in its statement instead of positive. HAMLET, THE HINDU. O. C. XXI, 359-363. Resemblances between Shakespeare's hero and the philosophy of the Bha- gavadgita. HAMMURABI. Illustrated. O. C. XVII, 274-280. Hammurabi is the Amraphel of Genesis, supposed to be a contemporary of Abraham. His famous code is here compared with the Mosaic law. HARD TIMES TEACH, THE LESSON THAT. O. C. V, 3042-3043. The value of struggle, the errors of hedonism, and the need for only educational charity, are the main points touched upon. 132 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. HARMONY OF SCIENCE AND RELIGION. O. C. VII, 3553- 3554. In reply to Mr. W. Stewart Ross of The Agnostic Journal. HARMONY OF THE SPHERES. O. C. I, 33-35- Astronom- ical laws relating to the symmetrical proportions of the plane- tary system are here summed up, establishing the harmony of cosmic laws. HARMONY OF THE SPHERES. O. C. XX, 220-227. There is a harmony of the noblest aspirations among all the religions, and such a maxim as "Love your enemies" was echoed in ancient China by Lao Tze; in Buddhist literature by innumer- able admonitions to exterminate hatred and practice benevo- lence; and in Greek literature by Plato, who introduces in his symposium Demeter's glorification of love, which has rightly been compared to Paul's 13th chapter to the Corinthians. HARNACK, PROFESSOR ADOLF, ON THE RELIGION OF SCIENCE. Mon. IV, 494-506. A reply to Harnack's criticism of a review of his "Outlines of the History of Dogma," in which he confuses his reviewer with the editor. HARPER'S BIBLE CRITICISM, PRESIDENT. O. C VIII, 3996. A defense of President Harper's reverent spirit and sound scholarship against critics who expose their own ig- norance of the work done in the field of orthodox theology by accusing him of heresy. HAZING AND FAGGING. Illustrated. O. C. XXIII, 430-437. Gives some history of these customs from the times of the mediaeval universities. The illustrations are taken from con- temporary woodcuts. HEALING BY CONJURATION IN ANCIENT BABYLON. Illustrated. O. C. XXIII, 65-74. A small tablet coming down to us from Babylonian antiquity was thought to represent the soul's descent to the underworld, but recent investigation shows that it is probably a conjuration tablet, and the figure thought to be a dead body is probably the patient. Instances of con- jurations are quoted at length, the English version being made from Dr. Karl Frank's translation of cuneiform inscriptions. SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 133 HEART OF MAN AS MIRRORED IN RELIGIOUS ART. Illustrated. O. C. XII, 236-242. Republished in History of the Devil. HEDONISM AND ASCETICISM. O. C. Ill, I5i7 : i5i8. A systematic conception of the universe is the theoretical, and ethics, the practical aspect of philosophy. Materialism pro- duces an ethics of hedonism or utilitarianism; spiritualism leads to asceticism. Monism rejects both views, for mere happiness will leave the heart empty, and asceticism is de- structive ; while the performance of our daily duty, directed toward the progress of mankind, gives sufficient occasion for self-control and at the same time furnishes a nobler satis- faction, which is the highest kind of happiness. HEDONISM, MR. SPENCER'S, AND KANT'S ETHICS OF DUTY. Mbn. XVIII, 306-315. See s. v. "Spencers." HEGELER, GISELA. 0. C. VI, 3279-3280. An address de- livered at the funeral of the daughter of Mr. E. C. Hegeler. HEGELER, MRS. E. C, A TRIBUTE TO. O. C. XXII, 385- 386. A funeral address. HEMISPHERIC REGION, THE. Illustrated. O. C. IV, 2295- 2298. Republished in Soul of Man and in Psychology of the Nervous System. HENISM, THE WRONG METHOD OF. O. C. VIII, 4067- 4068. In answer to Paul R. Shipman's "Suggestions Touching Matter and Energy." HERACLITUS ON CHARACTER. O. C. XX, 42-44- With special reference to the Platonic God-conception; see also s. v. "Ethos Anthropoi Daimon." HEREDITY AND THE A PRIORI. O. C. IX, 4540-4541. In reply to Mr. Ellis Thurtell, who condemns a criticism of Lewis's and Spencer's reconciliation of the a priori and a poste- riori schools. HEWAVITARNE, THE MUDALIYAR. O. C. XX, 314-315. An obituary note on the death of the father of Dharmapala. HIGHER HUMANITY, AN INSTANCE OF. O. C. Ill, 1616. A brief note on the man-of-war Trenton. i 3 4 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. HINDUISM DIFFERENT FROM BUDDHISM. O. C. XX, 253-254. Sums up in a few words the characteristic differences between Hinduism, Buddhism and Theosophy. HISTORY IS TRANSFIGURED BY MYTH, HOW. O. C. XVIII, 690-694. Republished in The Story of Sught. REALITY, THE NATURE OF MIND AND THE MEANING OF. Mon. II, 434-437. See s. v. "Mind." REASON. O. C. VII, 3688-3692. Republished in Primer of Phil. REASON WHY ABBE CHARBONNEL FAILED. O. C. XII, 300-305. He was a zealous advocate of a Religious Parliament to be held at the Paris exposition in 1900. REFLEX-MOTIONS, THREE PHASES OF. O. C. Ill, 2084- 2086. Republished in Soul of Man. RELIGION A FEELING OF DEPENDENCE? IS. O. C. XIII, 363-365. A comment on Schleiermacher's definition of religion with reference to Sasha Schneider's picture of this conception. RELIGION AND IMMORTALITY. O. C. Ill, 2087. Repub- lished in Horn, of Science. RELIGION AND MORALS. O. C. II, 981-982. In answer to Prof. Von Gizycki's statement that theology and metaphysics have nothing to do with morality. RELIGION AND SCIENCE. O. C. I, 405-407; II, 1217. The first article gives an exposition of the significance of the re- ligion of science, claiming that the only true religion in its application to real life is ethics. The second is a resume of the Theophilus discussion in the second volume and consists of definitions of the terms — truth, science, knowledge, religion, morals, and ethics. RELIGION AND SCIENCE, CONCILIATION OF. O. C. VI, 3285-3286. See s. v. "Conciliation." RELIGION AND SCIENCE, SUPERSTITION IN. O. C. II, 837-839. In answer to D. Theophilus. RELIGION BASED UPON FACTS. O. C. Ill, 2104-2106. Re- published in Homilies of Science. RELIGION, DEFINITION OF. Mon. XIV, 766-770. In brief, religion covers man's relation to the entirety of existence. The characteristic feature of religion is conviction, and its content a world-conception which serves for the regulation of conduct. 166 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. RELIGION IN FAIRY TALES. O. C. XIII, 184-185. Repub- lished in Eros and Psyche. RELIGION INSEPARABLE FROM SCIENCE. O. C. VII, 3560. We cannot dispense with a rational inquiry into truth in our religion. RELIGION OF ENLIGHTENMENT. O. C. XVII, 567-568. Republished in The Dharma. RELIGION OF OUR ANCESTORS. Illustrated. O. C. XI, 177-285. Survivals in Christianity of the paganism of northern Europe. RELIGION OF PROGRESS, THE. O. C. V, 2964-2965. See s. v. "Progress." RELIGION OF RESIGNATION. O. C. Ill, 2051-2052. Repub- lished in Horn, of Science. RELIGION OF SCIENCE. O. C. VII, 3511-3512; 3634-3647; 3640-3644; 3649-3652; 3658-3660; 3668-3669; 3672-3674- Re- published in book form, except the first article, which sums up the position of the Open Court on science, religion, truth, etc., the occasion being the change in the headline of the magazine to "Devoted to the Religion of Science." RELIGION OF SCIENCE. Mon. II, 600-606. Quotations from and comments on Professor Jodl's article discussing the philo- sophical principles in the conflict in Germany between the advocates of the incorporation of religious instruction in the public schools, and the progressive educators. RELIGION OF SCIENCE, CATHOLICITY OF THE. O. C V, 4793. In comment upon Canon Low's exposition of the Trinity. RELIGION OF SCIENCE, PROFESSOR ADOLF HARNACK ON. Monist IV, 494-506. See s. v. "Harnack." RELIGION OF SCIENCE, WITCHCRAFT AND THE. 0. C. X, 4923-4926. Republished in Hist, of the Devil. RELIGION, PROF. L. BUECHNER ON. O. C. II, 965-967. See s. v. "Biichner." RELIGION OF THE FUTURE. O. C. XII, 571. Hymn set to music. Republished in Sacred Tunes. SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 167 RELIGION, PROGRESS OF. O. C. V, 2834. A comment on the Briggs controversy written before the heresy trial. RELIGION, PROSPECTS OF. O. C. IX, 4708-4709. The future of mankind will not be an age of irreligion, but the religion of the future will be based on science. RELIGION, STATE CONFERENCES OF. O. C. XIII, 313. Brief note on the conference instituted by the churches of the state of New York after the pattern of the Religious Parlia- ment of 1893. RELIGION, THE LOVE OF TRUTH AND THE APPLICA- TION OF TRUTH. O. C VI, 3480-3484. After-dinner speeches on problems of agnosticism delivered in London in answer to agnostic friends, mainly W. Stewart Ross (Saladin) and F. J. Gould. RELIGION, UNIVERSAL AND SPECIAL. O. C. X, 5012- 5013. Comments on Rev. Alfred Martin's "universal religion." The position is taken that his work would be more efficient if he ceased to denounce denominations which are working on parallel lines simply because they do not sink their individuality into the pure abstraction of universal religion. RELIGIONS OF CHINA. O. C. XVII, 622-624. See s. v. "China." RELIGIOUS PARLIAMENT, EUROPEAN OPINIONS ON THE SECOND. O. C. X, 4807-4810. A collection of letters on the proposed Paris religious parliament in 1900. RELIGIOUS PARLIAMENT EXTENSION. O. C. IX, 4355- 4356. Report of the New Year's Reunion, 1895. RELIGIOUS PARLIAMENT EXTENSION, THE WORLD'S. Mon. V, 345-353. A few words of encouragement for the movement inaugurated at the New Year's meeting, 1895, in- cluding messages of greeting from prominent participators of the first Parliament. RELIGIOUS PROBLEM, THE. O. C. IV, 2263-2264. Repub- lished in Horn, of Science. RELIGIOUS TRUTH POSSIBLE? IS. O. C VII, 3883-3884. In answer^ to Mrs. Alice Bodington, an agnostic. The nature of our religious ideal is as much predetermined as man's rea- i68 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. son and the multiplication table; for religious truth is ulti- mately founded in the immutable and eternal constitution of the universe. RENDER NOT EVIL FOR EVIL. O. G IV, 2123-2125. Re- published in Horn, of Science. REPRESENTATION WITHOUT TAXATION. O. C. XVI, 183. Brief editorial note on the irresponsible voter who is not a property-holder. RESURGAM. O. C. X, 4906-4908. In answer to Mr. George M. McCrie. The soul is form ; man consists not of the material particles of his body, but the strength of our days is labor and sorrow; and if our labor is not in vain, it shall continue to be effective after death. RESURRECTION A HYPERHISTORICAL FACT. 0. C. XIX, 690-696. Explains what higher criticism has to say on the subject. (Quotations from Holtzmann.) Theology no longer insists as strongly as formerly on the bodily resurrec- tion, but looks upon it more as the symbol of the truth of immortality. RESURRECTION AND IMMORTALITY, THE. m O. C. XXI, 198-201. A critical summary of the resurrection accounts. With the change of our views concerning immortality from a belief in the revival of the body to a belief in the immor- tality of the soul, we have grown more accustomed to consider the account of Christ's resurrection as a legend in which the current notion of life after death among the early Christians found its typical embodiment. RESURRECTION, CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE OF THE. Mon- ist XV, 1 1 5- 1 19. In comment on the view of James Riggs, D. D., pointing out divergent views of the risen Christ as stated by St. Paul. Present theological authorities by no means agree as to the character of the resurrection, and of the nature of the risen Christ. RESURRECTION, THE DOCTRINE OF THE, AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN THE NEW CHRISTIANITY. O. C. IX, 4738. A comment on the views of the Rev. George J. Low, and the Reverend Haweis, who wish the doctrine reinter- preted. SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 169 RESURRECTION, THE FESTIVAL OF. O. C. IV, 2179-2180. Republished in Horn, of Science. RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT. O. C XXI, 1-10. An ex- position of the aims, methods and spirit of the work of The Open Court after twenty years of existence. The following heads are discussed : The Work of The Open Court, Science the Reformer, Evolution, Fulfillment not Destruction, The Root of Religion, God, The Duty of Inquiry, The Divinity of Science, The Old Terms in a New Sense, The God of Truth, No Substitute, Difference and Unity in Religion, The Future. REVELATION. O. C. IV, 2277-2278. Republished in Homilies of Science. REVOLUTION? DO WE WANT A. O. C. (No. 166) IV, 2590-2591. Republished in Homilies of Science. REVOLUTION, THE MODERN STATE BASED UPON. O. C. VIII, 3970-3971. Republished in Nature of the State. REVOLUTION, THE RIGHT TO. O. C. VIII, 3961-3963. Re- published in Nature of the State. RIBOT ON DISEASES OF MEMORY. O. G I, 344-348. A resume of Ribot's Diseases of Memory. RIBOT ON MEMORY. O. C. I, 264-267. See s. v. "Memory." RIBOT ON WILL. O. C. I, 455-458; 487-490. A resume of Ribot's Diseases of the Will RIBOT'S PSYCHOLOGY. O. C. VII, 3661-3662. Notes in comment on Mr. Edward Sokal's article. RIDDLE OF THE UNIVERSE, THE KEY TO THE. Mon. V, 408-411. A disquisition on Mr. Edward Douglas Fawcett's philosophy. The key lies in a correct comprehension of the nature of form. ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH AND THE JESUITS. O. C. XVI, 40-43. Comments on an article by M. Ladaveze dis- cussing those characteristics of the Jesuits which distinguish them from other Monastic orders. Although they seem to be extremists in orthodox doctrine, there is frequently hostility between the Jesuits and the Church and they were expelled from France a few years ago. It is also true that the Jesuit 170 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. order bears remarkable similarities to the Mussulman secret societies. ROMAN CHURCH, AMERICANISM IN THE. O. C. XIII, 253-255. See s. v. "Americanism." ROMANES, PROF. GEORGE JOHN. Obituary notice with portrait. O. C. VIII, 4111-4112. ROMANES, GEORGE JOHN: IN MEMORIAM. (With por- trait.) Monist IV, 482. ROMANES, G. J., AND MAX MUELLER, SCIENCE OF LAN- GUAGE VERSUS THE SCIENCE OF LIFE AS REPRE- SENTED BY. Mon. II, 70-94. See s. v. "Evolution, Con- tinuity of." ROMANES' THOUGHTS ON RELIGION. Mon. V, 385-400. Republished in Dawn of a Nvw Era. ROME AND SCIENCE. O. C. IX, 4365-4366. Comments on a speech by Archbishop Ireland. ROSETTA STONE, THE, Illustrated. O. C. XVIII, 531-536. The Rosetta stone, written in three languages, is the key by the help of which the Egyptian alphabet was deciphered. The three parts of the stone are here reproduced, and the names Cleopatra and Ptolemy, which were used by Champollion, iden- tified with hieroglyphs. ROSETTA STONE, THE HISTORY AND SIGNIFICANCE OF. O. C. XIX, 89-91. This article complements the preced- ing by recapitulating the history of the rosetta stone, on the authority of Professor E. A. Wallis Budge. ROSMINI'S PHILOSOPHY. O. C. VII, 3685-3688. Repub- lished in Ethical Problem. RUSSIAN ICONS. Illustrated. O. C. XVIII, 449-453. The Reformation did not reach Russia, and so the reverence shown to icons (images or pictures) is still one of the characteristic features of the Russian Orthodox Church. SALUTATORY. O. C. XI, 1-15. This article explains the prin- ciples of the Open Court; the significance of science for re- ligion; and the helplessness of agnosticism, the philosophy of nescience. Several superstitions of modern liberalism are re- SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 171 pudiated. No awe should be attached to Energy (spelled with a capital "E"), First Cause, the Infinite, etc. Most of the unknowables of agnosticism are due to a mere confusion of thought. Not what is unknown to us is of religious signifi- cance, but everything that authoritatively determines human conduct. SAMARITANS, THE. O. C. XXII, 488-491. Review of Dr. James Alan Montgomery's book. SAMPIETRO'S MOTHER. O. C. XIX, 756-758. A folk-tale parallel to the stoiy of the spider-web in Karma. SAMSON STORY, MYTHICAL ELEMENTS IN. Illustrated. Monist XVII, 33-83. Republished in The Story of Samson. SANTA CLAUS. O. C. XIII, 45-50. Republished in Our Chil- dren. SCHEFFLER, JOHANNES. See "Angelus Silesius." SCHILLER, FRIEDRICH. Illustrated. O. C. XIX, 260-318. Republished in Friedrich Schiller. SCHILLER AS A PROPHET. O. C. XI, 214-220. Republished in Friedrich Schiller. SCHILLER THE DRAMATIST. Illustrated. O. C. 330-344; 407-419. Republished in Friedrich Schiller. SCHOLAROMANIA. O. C. IX, 4335-4337- In reply to Pro- fessor J. Estlin Carpenter's critique of the author's Gospel of Buddha. SCHOOL, ANTICIPATE THE. O. C. XIII, 747-757. Repub- lished in Our Children. SCHOPENHAUER, THE PROPHET OF PESSIMISM. O. C. XI, 257-264. With autograph of the great pessimist, reproduc- tion of bust by Elisabet Ney, and four photographs, together with extracts from Schopenhauer, and an appreciative criticism of his philosophy. SCIENCE. O. C. VII, 3520-3521. Republished in Prim, of Phil. SCIENCE A RELIGIOUS REVELATION. O. C. VII, 3809- 3814; 4253-4254. Republished in pamphlet form. SCIENCE AND ETHICS. O. C. IV, 2590-2592. Republished in The Ethical Problem. 172 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. SCIENCE AND IMMORTALITY. O. C. V, 3022-3026. See s. v. "Immortality." SCIENCE AND RELIGION. O. C. IV, 2678. Comments on Dr. Robert Lewins' article on the incongruity of science and religion. SCIENCE, GOD OF. Mon. XIV, 458-469. See s. v. "God, etc." SEAL OF CHRIST, THE Illustrated- O. C. XIV, 229-245. The oldest symbol of Christianity is not the cross, but the seal of Christ, mentioned in the epistles of Paul, which are the earliest writings of the New Testament. It is difficult to prove definitely what it was, but very probably it was the simple equilateral cross formed of two equal intersecting lines, instead of the Roman cross of the crucifixion, by which later it was naturally replaced. The article also contains considerable mis- cellaneous material of great interest following the articles on the Cross as an aftermath. Illustrations of many interesting crosses from widely different sources are here collected and explained. SECULARISM, MR. G. J. HOLYOAKE'S. O. C. X, 5092-5094. See s. v. "Holyoake." "SELF," MEANING OF. O. C. VIII, 4240-4243. In answer to Mr. George M. McCrie's article, "The Barriers of Personality." SELF, PROF. F. MAX MUELLER'S THEORY OF THE Mon. VIII, 123-139. See s. v. "Muller." SELF-RESIGNATION, ADVANTAGES OF. O. C. X, 51 15- 5 1 18. Both Christian and Buddhist ethics teach self-abnega- tion, and the religion of science joins them in the spirit of their teachings. He who is anxious to preserve his self in its separateness will surely fail, for his present individuality will be dissolved in death; but he whose aim is to be an incarna- tion of truth is sure to succeed. He has attained immortality. Napoleon, Omar Khayyam, Goethe, Newton, are used as in- stances of different attitudes. SENSATION AND MEMORY. O. C. II, I43I-I433- Repub- lished in Fund. Prob. SENSES, THE LIMITATIONS OF OUR. O. C. IV, 21 19 2120. The fallacy of the agnostic's position is pointed out; for, SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 173 though sensations are the basis of all knowledge, man's knowl- edge is not limited to his own direct sensations. SEVEN, THE SACRED NUMBER. Illustrated. O. C XV, 335-34°; 412-427. A compilation of the part which the number seven played in Babylon, and among other nations. There are the seven sages, the seven stories of the Ziggurat, the seven planets, and the seven week days, the seven stars cf the Pleia- des. Among the Buddhists there are the seven gems, the seven jewels of the law, etc. In Greece, as well as in China, there are seven sages, there is the seven-armed candlestick of the Jews, the seven gifts of the spirit among the Christians, etc. SEXUAL ETHICS. O. C. IV, 267S-2676. Republished in Horn. of Science, SHAKESPEARE, THE ORIGINAL OF THE DROESHOUT. O. C. XX, 572-573. An oil painting (reproduced for frontis- piece) has been brought to light, which may be the original from which the famous Droeshout engraving was made. SHAKESPEARE? WHO WROTE. Illustrated. O. C. XVIII, 65-106. Without making original independent research, the author thinks the evidence which has been collected goes to prove that the William Shakespeare who wrote the poems is not the William Shaksper of the documents, the owner of New Place. He also considers the identification of the poet with Lord Bacon as fantastical and without support. SHAKU, SOYEN, AT KAMAKURA. With illustration. O. C. XXI, 123. SIGNETS, BADGES AND MEDALS. Fully illustrated. O. C. XIV, 284-300. At first, Christianity was but one religion among several that had been imported from the Orient. Therefore, it is not surprising to find Christian graves in the catacombs adorned with symbols that were later to be spurned as pagan. The illustrations show many Christian gems, seals, medals and decorations from the catacombs that bear a miscellaneous as- sortment of symbols — swastika, chrisma, solar disk, phenix, Ish- thys, as well as Roman and maltese crosses. SIGNIFICANCE OF NAMING THINGS IN THE NUR- SERY. O. G XIII, 669-672. See s. v. "Naming." 174 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. SILO AM INSCRIPTION, THE. O. C. XVII, 662-665. The stone records the completion of the water tunnel built for the purpose of supplying Jerusalem with water. It is reproduced here and translated with philological and historical explana- tions. SIMIANS, RECENT PHOTOGRAPHS OF. Illustrated. O. C. XXI, 169-175. Republished in Rise of Man. SIN AGAINST THE HOLY GHOST, THE. O. C. Ill, 1904- 1905. Republished in Fund. Prob. SIXTH SENSE, THE. Illustrated. O. C. XXII, 591-596. The faculty of prophetic vision was supposed to accompany a per- son who was born with six fingers or six toes. For this rea- son, Pope Sixtus IV is represented with six fingers in the "Sistine Madonna," and St. Joseph is furnished with six toes in Raphael's famous "Marriage of the Virgin." The article is illustrated by these famous pictures and their details. SKELETON AS A REPRESENTATION OF DEATH AND THE DEAD. Illustrated. O. C. XXII, 620-633- See s. v. "Death/' SMITH, GOLDWIN, ON MORALITY AND RELIGION. O. C. V, 2^65-2768. See s. v. "Morality, etc." SMITH, OLIVER H. P., A COMPOSER IN THE PULPIT. O. C. XII, 698-699. SOCIAL PROBLEMS. O. C. II, 822. A brief note on two articles on economic subjects, in behalf of taxation on real estate and luxuries in preference to an income tax. SOCIALISM AND ANARCHISM. O. C. V, 2856-2857. Re- published in Horn, of Science. SOCRATES, A FORERUNNER OF CHRISTIANITY. Illus- trated. O. C. XXI, 523-527. Some features of his soul were incorporated into the history of the life of Jesus, where they helped to build up that great ideal of a new era, the figure of Christ, which is still exerting its power upon the present age. SOLSTITIAL TEMPLES ACCORDING TO LOCKYER. Illus- trated. O. C. XX, 243-248. Extensive quotations from The Dawn of Astronomy, in comment on Larkin's "Waning of the Light of Egypt." SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 175 SOUL AN ENERGY? IS THE. O. C. IX, 4362-4365. Reply to Mr. C. H. Reeve's article, "The Soul an Energy." SOUL AND GOD, THE UNMATERIALITY OR Mon. VIII, 415-445. In reply to the Hon. Chas. H. Chase. Republished in God. SOUL AND THE ALL, THE. O. C. IX, 4353;4354- In answer to Mr. Geo. M. McCrie's "Imaginary Experiment," in which Mr. McCrie follows Dr. Lewins and his solipsism. SOUL HUMAN. O. C. Ill, 2003-2004. Republished in Homilies of Science. SOUL IN SCIENCE AND RELIGION. Monist XVI, 219-253. This article is a continuance of the criticism of Fechner's view of the soul, but applied to movements of the present time, such as the Society of Psychical Research and man's anxiety to prove the spirituality and immortality of the soul. St. Paul's view of the spiritual body is discussed and, though pre-scientific conceptions of the soul are rejected, it is insisted that they are as if they were true. See also "Fechner's View of Life After Death." SOUL, LIFE AND THE. Mon. XVIII, 192-216. See s. v. "Life." SOUL-LIFE AND THE PRESERVATION OF FORM. O. C. IV, 2285-2286. Republished in Soul of Man. SOUL-LIFE, CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL. O. C. Ill, 1938-1941. Republished in Soul of Man. SOUL-LIFE, COMMUNISM OF. O. C. IV, 2398-2399. Re- published in Soul of Man. SOUL-LIFE, NATURE OF. Illustrated. O. C. Ill, 1926-1929. Republished in Soul of Man. SOUL-LIFE OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS. Illustrated. O. C. Ill, 1914-1917. Republished in Soul of Man. SOUL OF MAN, SOME REVIEWS OF. O. C. V, 2777. Com- ments on reviews in The Week, Independent, Christian Union and Reform Advocate. SOUL OF THE UNIVERSE. O. €. Ill, 2071-2074. Repub- lished in Soul of Man. 176 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. SOUL, UNITY OF THE. O. C. V, 2883-2884. Republished in Homilies of S-cience. SPACE AND TIME. O. C. Ill, 1600-1602. Criticising Kant's definition of space and time as ideal forms of the thinking subject on the ground that Kant confuses the words "ideal" and "subjective." Though space and time may be considered ideal in so far as they are abstract conceptions, yet space is a real property of objects. SPACE OF FOUR DIMENSIONS. Monist XVIII, 471-473- Though tri-dimensional space cannot be represented in two- dimensional space, it can be indicated as is done when a cube is drawn on paper. By analogy the author constructs, with the aid of mirrors, a corresponding indication of four-dimensional space in our three-dimensional space. Republished in Founda- tions of Mathematics, SPACE, PROBLEM OF THE THREE DIMENSIONS OF. O. C. VII, 3721-3724. Republished in Primer of Philosophy. SPACIAL SENSE, THE. O. C. IV, 2697. The origin of the spacial sense was formerly interpreted as caused by the con- vergence of the two lines of vision, which is disproved by the experience of one-eyed persons. The simplest explanation is to regard it as an automatically operating interpretation of motion-experiences. SPANISH WAR, A FEW SUGGESTIONS CONCERNING. O. C. XII, 436-438. In the future we should be better prepared for the emergencies of war — both in equipment and diplomacy. SPENCER, HERBERT. With portrait. O. C. XVIII, 1-2. A characterization of the classical exponent of agnosticism written on the occasion of his death. SPENCER, HERBERT, ON THE ETHICS OF KANT. O. C. II, 1155-1160; 1165-1169; Mon. II, 512-526. Republished in Kant and Spencer. SPENCER'S HEDONISM AND KANT'S ETHICS OF DUTY. Monist XVIII, 306-315. Kant's position is supported and ex- plained for those who have the quite general impression that Kant is weak in his ethical position and that Spencer's hedon- ism is on firm ground. The author is convinced that, though the principles of hedonistic ethics are favored by a large num- SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 177 ber of broad-minded and serious men, its errors exercise a baneful influence upon the rising generation. SPENCERIAN AGNOSTICISM. O. C. V, 2951-2957. Mostly incorporated in Kant and Spencer. SPINAL CORD AND MEDULLA OBLONGATA. Illustrated. O. C. IV, 2239-2243. Republished in Soul of Man. Also re- printed in Psych, of the Nervous System. SPINNING DAMSEL, THE. Illustration. O. C. XVIII, 568- 569. A reproduction and description of a bas-relief discovered by M. J. DeMorgan at Susa, which is a beautiful specimen of Oriental art of ancient Persia. SPINOZA, BENEDICTUS DE. O. C. XX, 439. English and Dutch versions of Latin lines found under what is almost a contemporary engraving of a portrait of Spinoza. A reproduc- tion of the engraving forms the frontispiece of The Open Court, and also of Spinoza's Short Treatise, where the lines are also republished in the three languages. SPIRIT OR GHOST. Mon. XII, 365. . The existence of spirit is accepted, but a belief in ghosts is disclaimed. SPIRITISM AND IMMORTALITY. O. C. II, 1360-1362. Re- published in Horn, of Science. STAGE, A REFORMED. O. G < XXII, 617-619. The desira- bility of an endowed theater which would have no excuse to pander to a vulgar taste on the ground that lower class enter- tainment pays better than higher class. STATE A PRODUCT OF NATURAL GROWTH. O. C. VIII, 3944-3948, 3952-3955. Republished in Nature of the State. STATE, AUTHORITY OF, AND THE RIGHT TO REV- OLUTION. O. C. VIII, 3961-3963. Republished in Nature of the State. STATE BASED UPON REVOLUTION, THE MODERN. O. C. VIII, 3970-3971. See ^. v. ''Revolution." STATE EXIST? DOES THE. O. C. VI, 3449-345L Repub- lished in Nature of the State. STAUROLATRY. Illustrated. O. C. XIII. 546-558. Discussing the history of cross-worship. 178 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. STILL SMALL VOICE, THE. Mon. XIV, 194-206. Repub- lished in pamphlet form. STONE WORSHIP. Illustrated. O. C. XVIII, 45-52, 661-686. Stone worship is a very ancient form of religion, of which traces are found in all nations, including the patriarchal age, recorded in the Bible. The present article mentions the stone worship of the Phoenicians, and compares the Phoenician Batyl to the Hebrew Bethel. Such Bethels or holy stones are found on many ancient coins or medals, many of which are here reproduced. Jacob's dream serves as an illustration of the religious spirit of these pagan views. Joshua erected a circle of stones. The Egyptian obelisks correspond to the pillars of the Solomonic temple. Babylonian kudurrus, Judean maz- zebas, the English Stonehenge, and other stone monuments in various parts of the globe are treated successively. STONE WORSHIP, COMMENTS ON: AN AFTERMATH. O. C. XX, 289-294. Additional comments on the Caaba, the stone pillar called Lot's wife, and the modern ceremony of the so-called Ancient Order of Druids, accompanied by illus- trations. STONE'S FALL, THE. O. C. II, 1256. A brief explanation, written in reply to an article, "Causes and Natural Laws.'' Incorporated in Fund. Prob. STRAIGHT LINE, CONSTRUCTION OF THE. Mon. XIX, 402-407. In comment on Mr. Francis C. Russell's article, 'A Modern Zeno," both as regards his criticism of Lobatchevsky's parallel axiom, and his construction of the straight line, which, though claiming to utilize only the compasses, nevertheless pre- supposes the existence of many straight lines, as will be seen at a glance from the illustrative diagram. STRIKE OF THE HORSES. O. C. VIII, 4275-4277. A fable is used to illustrate economical principles. Let everyone fight for his rights by all legitimate means, but it should be under- stood that under normal conditions the prosperity of one contributes to the prosperity of all. STRUGGLE IN THE FAR EAST. Illustrated. O. C. XVIII, 710-722. The Russo-Japanese war is held to have been in- evitable. Fifteen photographs illustrate the battle of Shou Shan Pao. SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES, 179 SUGGESTIBILITY OF CROWDS, THE. O. C. IV, 2197- 2200. Republished in Soul of Man. SUGGESTION AND SUGGESTIBILITY. Illustrated. O. C III, 2032-2036. Republished in Soul of Man. SUICIDE BE JUSTIFIED, CAN? O. C. V, 2911-2913. In this article are summed up the opinions of a number of promi- nent men, clergymen and others, on the subject of suicide, following upon a statement of Dr. Felix Adler, that, at least, in certain cases of incurable disease, suicide may be justifi- able. The editorial position also is that we have no right to sit in judgment on the man who takes his own life ; that suicide should be discouraged, but that the arguments of its severe judges is neither humane, nor Christian, nor religious, nor Biblical. SUPERSCIENTIFIC AND PURE REASON. O. C. IV, 2509- 251 1. Republished in Fund. Prob. SUPERSTITION IN RELIGION AND SCIENCE. O. C II, 837-839- See s. v. "Religion." SUPREME COURT AND THE POST OFFICE. O. C. XVIII, 348-350. With regard to the adverse decision about the reduced book rate in 1904. SYMBOLS, THE PERSISTENCE OF. Illustrated. O. C. XXII, 391-397- As instanced by the double eagle and the staff of Hermes. The former may be traced to an ancient Phrygian monument at Boghaz-K6i; and the latter is much older than Greek mythology, and doubtless consisted originally of a solar disk surmounted by a crescent. TAOISM. 0. C. X, 5155-5157. Incorporated in the Introduc- tion of Lao Tze's Tao-Teh-King. TAOISM AND BUDDHISM. Illustrated. O. C. XX, 654-667. Republished in Chinese Life and Customs. TAXATION OF CAPITAL DISCOURAGES THRIFT. O. C XVI, 182-183. On the principle that the taxation of a com- modity reduces the production of the object more than the returns of the tax. The income tax and single tax theories are discussed. i8o PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. TEST OF PROGRESS. O. C. V, 2915-2917. Republished in Horn, of Set. THANKSGIVING-DAY. O. C. Ill, iQ55 : Republished in Horn. of Sci. In The Open Court it is credited to C. P. Geoffrey, a pseudonym. THANKSGIVING DAY. O. C. XVI, 689-690. A few words in defense of taking life to sustain life. THEOLOGY AS A SCIENCE. Mon. XII, 544-567; XIII, 24- S?. Republished in God. THEOLOGY, MODERN: AN EXPLANATION AND JUS- TIFICATION. O. C. XXI, 684-687. In comment on Mr. H. F. Bell's "Criticism of Modern Theology." Modern The- ology is in a state of transition, but its course of development is rapid enough and should not be unduly hastened. THEOLOGY, PROBLEMS OF MODERN. O. C. XXII, 234- 246. The article discusses the following topics : "Religion based upon eternal truth, not on historical facts;" "A sum- mary of higher criticism;" "Christianity a child of paganism;" "Diverse attitudes;" "Other possibilities" (if Christianity had not become the world religion some other religion, such as Mithraism, Manicheeism, etc., would have assumed that place and would not have been very different); and "The dispersion of the Jews." Here for the first time the theory is proposed that the Jews have not scattered more than other nations, but the peculiar phenomenon of the dispersion is produced by their preservation; while other nations are assimilated, Jews remain Jews, and this is due to their religion, which has been a monotheistic religion since the days of the Babylonian exile. THEOLOGY, TENDENCIES OF MODERN. O. C. XXII, 407-411. In comment on Mr. Bell's "Vital Theology" and Mr. Kampmeier's "Importance of the God-Ideal," both of whom agree in proposing to find the only true ideal of religion in God himself, offering this as the substance of a universal creed in which all could agree. Here the view is held that, though the churches may grow to agree in their belief as to the main facts, they will not become uniform in their religious insti- tutions, since different temperaments need different expression. SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 181 The present tendency to a reaction against religious myths will grow into tolerance when their spirit is understood after the letter is discarded. THEOPHANIES. Illustrated. O. C. XX, 705-712. Republished in Story of Samson. THIBET, THE FIRST CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES IN. Illustrated. O. C. XII, 418-435. See s. v. "Christian." THINGS-IN-THEMSELVES, ARE THERE? Mon. II, 225- 265. Republished in Surd of Metaphysics. THIRD COMMANDMENT, THE. O. C. XVIII, 502-503. The current interpretation of taking the name of the Lord in vain as meaning profanity or blasphemy is not generally agreed upon by scholars as correct. "In vain" probably should read "with- out offering a sacrifice." THOMSON, WILLIAM, LORD KELVIN. Obituary note. Mon. XVIII, 151-152. THOUGHT-CONCEPTION, C. S. WAKE ON. O. C. VII, 3964. Brief notes on an article about the origin of language and reason. THOUGHT— FORMS, THE ORIGIN OF, Mon. Ill, 120. Suggested by an article of Dr. H. Potonie, in which the state- ment is made that all forms of thought, as well as organisms, have originated in the struggle for life. The following topics are treated: Thought-forms and the forms of existence, the problem of apriority, conservation of matter and energy, causa- tion, the meaning of "necessity," and modern logic. THOUGHT, NATURE OF. O. C. Ill, 2009-2012. Republished in Soul of Man. THREE CHARACTERISTICS. O. C. XIX, 563-567. A Bud- dhist formula, versified and set to the music of the Andante of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony. The prose formula is re- published in The Dharma. TIDINGS OF JOY. O. C IV, 2643. Buddhism and Christi- anity celebrate the birth of a Saviour; both are religions of resignation. Wherever a religion of self-denial has been preached, it has been a gospel of cheer. The religion of sci- 182 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. ence, while demanding self-denial, does not preach asceticism, but, if their hearts are ready to receive the gospel, a religion of joy to rich and poor alike. TIELE ON BABYLONIAN MYTHS. O. C. XV, 436-437- Professor Tide's opinion is quoted from his Babyl. Assyr. Geschichte. TOLSTOY, A TRIBUTE TO COUNT. O. C. XXII, 701-702, In honor of his 80th birthday. A recent portrait, with Tolstoy's signature, furnishes the frontispiece. TOOL, THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE. O. C. VII, 3735-3741. Republished as one of the Philosophical Pamphlets. TRAGEDY AND .THE PROBLEM OF LIFE. O. C. II, 1120-1122. Republished in Fund. Prob. TRAGEDY OF A LONELY THINKER. O. C. XXII, 744-749. A discussion of the class represented by Dr. Charles de Medici, who, though a fine type of man, wasted his life in the pursuit of an ignis fatuus and died in poverty, of a broken heart. Though equipped with considerable mathematical knowledge, he was convinced that he had squared the circle. The tragic ele- ment comes in when we consider that a small fault, situated, however, at the core of a man's soul in his false estimate of his own capabilities, leads him along the path to certain failure. TRAVELING DURING A RAILROAD STRIKE. O. C. VIII, 4140-4142. Description of the author's experience in trying to make a hundred-mile journey; including a report of the public opinion expressed by his fellow passengers. The ulti- mate basis of all established law is the common will of the people. If labor unions represent the common will, they can dictate the law. We love progress, but should beware of a side-switch which endangers liberty. TREASON AND REFORM. O. C. VIII, 3971-3972. Repub- lished in Nature of the State. TRINITY, THE. O. C XVI, 612-613. A brief summary of the prevalence of the Trinity-conception in all ages and climes; its persistence down to the present is not surprising, because of the conservatism belonging to religious matters, and also because of the natural foundation which it finds in the facts of life. SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 183 TRINITY, DOGMA OF THE. O. C. X, 4771-4773- The He- brew word for spirit is feminine, and among the Semites, the Holy Ghost was conceived as feminine rather than neuter. It became neuter among Greek Christians, whose word pneumd is of the neuter gender. TRINITY IDEA Illustrated. O. C. XI, 85-98. There are many different Trinity concepts, both philosophical and religious ; the Hegelian, the Brahman, the Buddhist, and some Christian conceptions, including mariolatry, are treated here. TRUMBULL, GEN. M. M., IN MEMORY OR O. C VIII, 4145-4147. Quotations from many letters of personal tribute from friends at home and abroad. TRUTH. O. C. VII, 3596-3597. Republished in Primer of Phil TRUTH, LIVING THE. O. C. IV (No. 167), 2589-2590. See s. v. "Living." TRUTH, UNITY OF. O. C. IV, 2501-2502. Republished in Horn, of Sci. TYCHISM, THE FOUNDER OR Mon. Ill, 571-622. See s. v. "Peirce." TYPE, AFTER THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE. O. C. VI, 3234-3236. Republished in Twelve Tales. UNIVERSAL, THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE. O. C. V, 3051- 3052. A criticism of Dr. R. N. Foster's "Universal and Par- ticular." UNIVERSE MORAL? IS THE. O. C. Ill, 2050-2051. Reply to Mr. Francis Ellingwood Abbot. UNKNOWABLE, THE. O. C. I, 667-669. Partly incorporated in Fund. Prob. VEGETARIANISM. O. C. XII, 565-570. It is more important how we eat than what we eat, but on the whole a mixed diet is best. The sentimental objection to eating meat, if carried to a consistent conclusion, would make all food disgusting, and the use of brushes made of bristles a sin. Even Buddha did not condemn meat-eating, and Christ said, "Not that which goeth into the mouth defileth a man/' 184 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. VENUS OF MILO, THE. Illustrated. O. C. XXIII, 257-262. Since art books fail to give any explanation of the history of this famous statue, the author here briefly recapitulates the prob- able course of events as taught by the simple facts of the statue itself, its workmanship, its mutilated condition and the place of its discovery. VERA ICON, KING ABGAR AND ST. VERONICA, THE. Illustrated. O. C. XXII, 663. VICARIOUS ATONEMENT, THE. O. C. Ill, 1502. Brief com- ment on Mr. Wm. R. Thayer's "Aspects, Christian and Human." VIOLIN MUSIC, A NEW SYSTEM OF NOTATION FOR. O. C, 584-591. A suggestion for a system more in accordance with the construction of the violin than the usual notation, which was formed for the piano. VITALISM AND THE CONSERVATION OF ENERGY. O. C. Ill, 2047-2049. Republished in Soul of Man. VOCATION, THE. O. C. Ill, 2027-2028. Republished in Hom- ilies of Science. WAGNER, RICHARD. O. C. Ill, 1850-1854. An account of the life, work and philosophy of the great composer. WAKE, C. S., ON THOUGHT-CONCEPTION. O. C. VII, 3694. See s. v. "Thought-Conception." WATER OF LIFE. With illustration. O. C. XVII, 112-114. A piece of Chinese sculpture, whose interpretation is a parallel to the story of Christ and the woman of Samaria. WHENCE AND WHITHER. O. C. XVI, 74-85. In reply to critics. Republished in Whence and Whither. WIDOW'S TWO MITES, THE. O. C. XVII, 352-360. The gospel story and its Buddhist parallel. WILL, TH. RIBOT ON. O. C. I, 455*458; 487-490. A resume of Ribot's Diseases of the Will. WITCH PROSECUTION. O. C. X, 4892-4894. Republished in Hist, of the Devil. WITCH PROSECUTION, ABOLITION OF. O. C. X, 4946- 4949. Republished in Hist, of the Devil. SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 185 WITCH PROSECUTION AFTER THE REFORMATION. O. C. X, 4941-4942. Republished in Hist, of the Devil. WITCHCRAFT AND MIRACLES. O. C. X, 4955-4957- Re- published in Hist, of the Devil. WITCHCRAFT AND THE RELIGION OF SCIENCE. O. C. X, 4923-4926. Republished in Hist of the Devil. WITCHCRAFT, BELIEF IN. O. C. X, 4883-4885. Republished in Hist, of the Devil. WOMAN, EMANCIPATION OF. 0. C. V, 2747-2748. Re- published in Homilies of Science. WOMAN'S SUFFRAGE. O. C. VII, 3822. Some advantages there would be if the privileges of the ballot were extended to women. WORDS AND THEIR MEANING. O. C. VIII, 4234-4238. A reply to Mr. Ellis Thurtell, who takes exception to the author's including himself in the phrase "We Christians." The article also includes a definition of agnosticism. Sec also "Names." WORLD-RENUNCIATION, A MODERN INSTANCE OF Il- lustrated. XIII, 111-117. Exemplified in the Countess M. deS. Canavarro. WU TAO TZE'S NIRVANA PICTURE. 0. C. XVI, 163-166. Republished to accompany the picture. YAHVEH AND MANITOU. Mon. IX, 382-415. A comparison of Yahveh, the god of the Semites, to Manitou, the god of the American Indians. The parallels to the god of nature are in- teresting and prove that both represent a typical phase in the de- velopment of worship. The Rechabites, and later on the Nazirees, clung to the original conception of Manitou longer than the mass of the people. They hesitated to use for religious serv- ices, hewn altars, anything touched by human hands, and even objected to making fire with flint or stone. They clung to the fire sticks, let their hair grow, abstained from wine (as an artificial product not because it was intoxicating), and lived in tents, not in houses. The American Indians had similar no- tions and objected, for instance, to the use of the plow, looking 186 PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE. upon the white man's civilization as irreligious on account of its constant interference with nature. YAHVEH, AN IMAGE OF. O. C. XXIII, 189-190. A brief note on a previous frontispiece accompanying Professor W. Max Mtiller's article, "The Semitic God of Tahpanhes." YAHVEH, THE ORACLE OF; URIM AND THUMMIM; THE EPHOD AND THE BREASTPLATE OF JUDGMENT. Mon. XVII, 365-388. The ancient Hebrew oracle of the Urim and Thummim was not used after the time of Solomon, but was regarded with great awe even by the iconoclastic reformers of the post-Exilic period. The nature of the Urim and Thummim was forgotten, and we may assume that the descriptions of it in the Priestly code are no longer reliable. We have to fall back on the historical writings where the oracle is mentioned in order to form a correct idea of it. In the present article, the breastplate of judgment is referred to the Babylonian tablet of destiny and to Enmeduranki's tablet of the mysteries of heaven and earth. The Urim and Thummim, the instruments by which lots were drawn, are compared to the Chinese system of div- ination, the Yang and Yin, and attention is drawn to the fact that the Chinese, too, have a tablet of Fuh-Hi containing the mysteries of heaven and earth. Incidentally, the ephod is de- scribed as a pouch which is carried under the breastplate and contained the Urim and Thummim. Y'ELLOW PERIL, THE. O. C. XVIII, 430-433- Republished for the most part in Chinese Thought YIN CHIH WEN, A RELIGIOUS TRACT OF CATHAY. O. C. XX, 259-265. Republished in book form. YOUTH, THE PRICE OF ETERNAL. O. C. 1979-1980. Re- published in Homilies of Science. YULE-TIDE AND CHRISTMAS. O. C. II, 1367. ZERO IN MATHEMATICS, FUNCTION OF. O. C. II, 1146- 1147. Analogy of zero in mathematics to nothingness in logic. ZODIACS OF DIFFERENT NATIONS. Fully illustrated. O. C. XX, 458-483. Republished in Chinese Thought. SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES. 187 ZOROASTER'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO CHRISTIANITY. Il- lustrated. O. C. XIX, 409-417. The influence exercised by Mazdaism on Christianity is still seen in the tradition of the Magi, who come from the East to greet the new-born Saviour. Cyrus, who was called by Isaiah, the Messiah of Yahveh, was friendly to the cause of the Jews and influenced their religion. The holy fire for incense was kept up in the temple at Jerusalem at his command, and it continues to-day in the Christian churches as the eternal lamp. ZOROASTRIAN RELIGION AND THE BIBLE. O. C XX, 434-435- Importance of the knowledge of Persian religion to ministers of Christianity. PUBLISHER'S NOTE. The Open Court Publishing Company was founded in 1887 by Mr. E. C. Hegeler, of La Salle, 111., for the purpose of estab- lishing ethics and religion upon a scientific basis. It has formu- lated its aims differently at different times, but has always ad- hered to the same ideal of working out a religious reformation through the light that science affords. Without animosity to any of the established creeds of the world, it stands for conservative progress based upon the most radical thought and fearless in- vestigation. For the realization of this purpose, two periodicals were es- tablished, The Monist, a quarterly magazine devoted to the philos- ophy of science, and The Open Court, an illustrated monthly, de- voted to the science of religion, and the Religious Parliament idea. Complete files of The Open Court and The Mo7iist are ob- tainable at most public libraries in large cities. A limited number of complete files are still on sale. The Monist, $2.00 the year, single copy, 60 cents. The Open Court, $1.00 the year, single copy, 10 cents. Address, CHICAGO, U. S. A. The Open Court Publishing Company Postoffice Drawer F A«™,. fl . j N ® w York: Baker and Taylor. agents, -j London: Kegan Paul, Triibner, Trench A Co., Ltd. INDEX Abbas Effendi, 98. Abbott, David P., 153. Abbott, Lyman, xix. Aberration, religion an, 55. Abidharma, the, 68, 93. Abnormal, psychology, 164. Abolition, of witch persecution, 184. Abortive, philosophies, 22. Absolute, the, 93; zero of feeling, 14. Abstract, ideas, 93, 176. Abstraction, 93. Abyssinian, Queen of Sheba, 164. Accad, 93. (See Akkadians.) Accuracy, scientific, 23. Achilles, spear cures its own wounds, 143. Acropolis, the, 93. Activity, pure, 41; localization of, M3. Actuality, 5. Actualization of justice, 140. Acvaghosha, the great Buddhist phil- osopher, 76. Adler, Dr. Felix, on justifiable sui- cide, 179. Administrative Nihilism, Huxley's, quoted, 134. Aftermath, an, stone worship, 178. Age of science, the advent of, 9. Agnosticism, refuted, 1; fallacies of, 33; Spencer's, 34, 177; Dr. Cams opposed to, 52; satire on, 92; R. G. Ingersoll on, 93; summaries of ar- ticles on, 93-94; journal of, 132; and monism, 150, 185; speeches on, 167; salutatory, 170. Ahriman, the Persian satan, 145. Aim, of author, 1, 28; of life, man's divinity, 49. Ainus, the, inhabitants of Yezo, 94. Akkadians, the, Trinity-idea of, 153. Aladdin's lamp, childhood's romance, 95- Alesamenos, and "the spottcrucifix," 97. Aliens wanted, 95. Alliance, Haeckel's theses for a mon- istic, 131. Allegory, "Nothing lost but dross," 117. Allegiance of clergy to dogma, no. All, the, constitution of, 20; re- flected in art, 27; soul of, 87, 175 (see also De Rerum Natura). Alpha and Omega, the, 95. Alphabet, the Egyptian, 170. Alpine lake, an, clearness of thought and, 23. Altgelt, Gov., of Illinois, 95. Ambrose, St., 154. American, the, board of missions, 82; ideal, 95; Indian Manitou-Yahveh, 185; railway union, 116. Americanism, in the Roman church, 95; and imperialism, 121. AMITABHA,* 76. Amitabha, outlined, 95. Amraphel, 131. Anabolism, 17. Analogy, of the surd to the irra- tional, 35; theology to astrology, 56; memory to the phonograph, 161; constructing space by, 176; of zero *Titles of books by Dr. Paul Carus are printed in small caps. KS9 igo INDEX in mathematics, to nothingness in logic, 186. Ananda Metteya, 96; Maitreya, 103, 144. Anarchists, Chicago, 95-96. Anarchism, 96; socialism and, 174. Anachronism, dogmatic idolatry an, 135. Ancestors, worship of, in; religion of our, 166. Ancient, devil-beliefs, 57; Greece, demonology of, 115. Angel of Augsburg, 96. ANGELUS SILESIUS, 65. Angelus Silesius, mysticism and, 96, 102, 153. (Johannes Scheffler.) Animals, God-conception, and soul- life among, 97, 175. Annexation, 96. Anselm, St., 108. Anschauung, 96, 160. Anthropogenesis, moral problems of, 49; of the Igorot, 135. Anthropogeny, Haeckel's, 131. Anthropoid apes, 96. Anti-vivisection, immorality of, 96. Antiquity, the devil in, 57. Ants, religion of, 97. Anubis, 97. "Anyness" in mathematics, 41. Apes, 49. Apocalyptic literature, tt m, 156. Apocrypha, 97, 118. Apollonius of Tyana, 126. Apuleius, 89. A priori, the, 41; and heredity, 133. Apriority, problem of, 181. (See thought- forms.) Arbitrary, 150. Argument, 97. Aristocratomania, 97. Aristop hanes, 116. Armada, the, 137. Arndt, 128. Art, philosophy of, 27; mysticism in, 65; oriental, 73; classical and ro- mantic, 97; Buddhist, 103; Chinese, !05> x 55; death depicted in, 114; religious, 133; modern Japanese, 138; ancient Persian, 177. Articles, editorial, summaries of, 93- 187. Articulates, 155. Artificial, language, 137; persons, natural and, 160. Artists, and St. Catharine, 63; and dances of death, 114. Arts, congress of, at St. Louis, in. Aryan deities, 138. Ascent of man, 97. Asceticism, 133, 181. Ashvajit's stanza, 97. Aspects, subjective and objective, 14- 15; Christian and human, 184. Aspirations, universal, harmony of, 132. Assimilation, 17. Association philosophy, the, 98, 161. Assyrian poems, 98, 136. Astray, Christianity, how far, 108. Astrology, and theology, 56. Astronomy, and theonomy, 56. Atheism, God of, 127. Atheist, an, "who loves God," 55. Atman, the, 103. Atmosphere, intellectual, 9. Atoms, soul,, theory of, 142. Atonement, vicarious, 184. Attention, 38. Attitude, of mind, 23. Auctioneer, 36. Augustine, St., 64. INDEX 191 Authority, state, 177. Biedermann, Edward, 73, 89. Augustus, as a saviour, 107. Bigelow, Poultney, 160. Autobiography, spiritual, 88. Billia, Prof. L. M., 44, 45- Author's aim, 28. Biochemical mental processes, 164. Avatars, the, 98. Biology, of consciousness, 16. Awareness, 15-16. Birthday, Prof. Ernst Mach's 70th, Awe, religious, no. 144; Count Tolstoy's 80th, 182; Axiom, the, 31, 41, 98. pagan saviours' and Christ's, 154. Axum, 164. Blasphemy, misinterpreted, 181. Blessed is "he who trusts in the Babel and Bible, 131. truth," 54. Babism, 98. Bliss, of a noble life, 100. Babylon, healing by conjuration in Bluntness, 143. ancient, 59, 98; Babylonian exile, Bodhisattva, the, 10 1. 180. Bodington, Mrs. Alice, 112, 167. Bacon- Shakespeare, 173. Body, the resurrection of, 168. Bad " — for me, but worse for him," Boer war, 112. 99. Boltzmann, L., xoo. Badges, pagan-Christian, 173. Bolyai, 41. Banking, 99. Bonney, Charles Carroll, 100. Bartholome, M., 115. Bonney, Mrs. Lydia Pratt, 100. Barrows, Dr., 99. Bookmaking, 91. Basis, of ethics, 119. Book, China's most popular religious, Bata, 122. 83. Bee, the, 37. Book of Changes, Chinese, 78. Beethoven, 6, 181. Boscoreale, 114. Beha U'llah, 98. "Boundaries, even," 42. Bel Merodach, 122. Brain, 37, 101, 133, 143. Belief, strictly criticized, 103. Brahmanism, Prof. R. Garbe on, 99; Belligerency, in Christianity, 99. modern psychology and, 100. Ben Midrash, 99. Breastplate, the, of judgment, 1S6. Berkeley, 99. Brewer, Hon. Willis, 107. Bernauer, Agnes, 99. BRIDE OFTHRIST, THE, 61. Besant, Mrs. Annie, 126. Bride of Christ, illustrated, 101. Bethel, 178. Brides, Olympian, 156. Bhagavadgita, the, and Prof. Garbe, Briggs, heresy trial, 167. 99; philosophy of, 131 Brodrick, Harold, a modern Christ, Bible, the, Buddhist, 71 ; as an idol, 106. 100; stone worship in, 178. Buckham, Rev. J. W., 152. Biblical research, 28. Buddha, "the sweetest of the pa- I Q2 INDEX gans," 70; summaries of articles on, 101-103. Buddhism, origin of, 72; modern psy- chology and, 100; relation to Chris- tianity, 109; great moral maxims of, 128; summaries of articles on, 101-103; in Japan, 138. BUDDHISM AND ITS CHRIS- TIAN CRITICS, 71. Buddhist, Goethe a, 129; conception of immortality, 136; formula, 181. Budge, Prof. E. A. Wallis, 170. Buechner, Prof. L., 103, 166. Burbank, Luther, 144. Burke, J. Butler, 142. Busch, Wilhelm, 66, 103. Caaba, the, 103, 178. Caligraphy, Chinese, 79. Canavarro, Countess, M. de S., 104, 185. CANON OF REASON AND VIR- TUE, 8:. Capitalists, workingmen as, 103. Carneri, Bartholomew, 104. Carus, Dr. Gustav, 150, 151. Carus, Titus Lucretius, 87. Catabolism, 17. Catacombs, 1 14. Catalepsy, 142. Catharine, St., of Alexandria, 104. Cathay, 186. Cathedrals, Christian art in, 115. Catholicity, of mind, 43; and science, 166. Cause, definition, 11, 12; essay on, 29. Causality, 104. Causation, 31, 104. Celestial language, the, 104. Centennial, Darwin and Lincoln, 113. Central America, the cross in, 113. Cerebellum, 104. Champollion, 170. Chandra Das Brothers, 104* Character, 133. Charbonnel, Abbe, 99, 165. Charity, 104, 131. Chase, Hon. Charles H., 175. Chastity, 105. Chauvinism, 158. Ceylon, 103. Cherubinean Wanderer, 153. Chiaroscuro, of truth, 22. Chicago, 31, 121. Chicken, the question of priority, 105. CHIEF'S DAUGHTER, THE, 91. Children, 47, 105. China, summaries of articles on, 105- 106, 160, 167. Chinese, art, 155; Book of Changes, 78; conservatism, 79; world-con- ception, 79; good and evil, 99; fa- bles, 121; classic, 141. CHINESE LIFE AND CUSTOMS, 85. CHINESE PHILOSOPHY, 77. CHINESE THOUGHT, 79. Chou Fu Tsz, 106. Chrisma, 106. Christmas, summaries of articles on, 109. Christ, and Sampson, 59; Anubis, Seth and, 97; and charity, 105; and Christian, 107; frauds and, 137; seal of, 174. Christian, missions in China, 80; sci- ence, 107; gospels and Buddhism, 129. Christianity, a branch of philosophy, INDEX 193 26; inevitable, 63; future of, 64; in relation to Buddhism, 102; the new, 135; in Japan, 138; imported from the Orient, 173; oldest sym- bol of, 174. Church, and state in France, 109; re- sponsibility for the Inquisition, 136; for the laity, a scientific, 141; Rus- sian orthodox, 170. Chrysostum, St., 154. Circle, a, and dualism, 14. Circle-squarer, the, 109. Civilization and American Indian legends of Manitou, 185. Classic, an important, 32. Clean money, 109. Clearness and the charm of haziness, no. Cleopatra and Ptolemy, 170. Clement of Alexandria, 102. Cleveland, President Grover, 151. Clock or the watches, the, no. Co git 0, ergo sum, 135. Cognition, knowledge, truth and, no; formal principle of, 150. Collaborators, Goethe and Schiller, 67. Columbian Exposition, the, 31. Columbus, Christopher, no. Common sense and scientific meth- ods, 2. Communal life, 46. Communism) of soul life, 39, 175. Comparisons, Buddhism and Chris- tianity, 72. Compassion, maudlin, 96. Compulsion, 124. Comte Auguste, 93. Conceptions, of God, 127; abstract, 176. Conciliation of religion with science, in, 165. Conduct, the science of, 8. Confucianism, III, 138. Confusion, 23. Congress, of philosophy, 31; of re- ligious societies, in, 142; an ap- peal to U. S., 124, 154; national peace, 159; of orientalists, 161. Conjuration, healing by, 59, 132. Conscience, growth of, 11 1; liberty of, 142. Consciousness, and organization, I2ff; new theory of, 38; organ of, 39; summaries of articles on, 111-112. Conservatism, Chinese, 79. Consistency, of the cosmos, 4; log- ical, 41. Constantine, 106. Contracts, devil, 116. Contrasts, in the cosmos, 4; good and evil as, 58. Controversy, a, on form and formal thought, 29; ethics, 44; agnosticism, 94; Briggs heresy trial, 167. Cook, Prof., 127. Co-ordination, and consciousness, 38. Continuity, of evolution, 121. Converse, C. Crozat, 123. Convert to Buddhism, 103. Conway, Moncure D., a militant lib- eral, 112. Cope, Prof. Henry, 144. Copernican world-conception, no. Corner-stone of Christianity, 108. Corollaries of principle, 20. Cortex, the, a storehouse of memo- ries, 39; and consciousness, 112. Cortez, 148. Cosmology, art, 27. 194 INDEX Cosmos, consistency of the, 4; order Decadence, senile, 147. and ethics in the, 119; omnipresent Deeds, good and evil, 99. God in. 151. Defects, in psychology, 13; in phil- Cosmopolitanism, 125. osophy, 25. Coxe, Eckley B., 112. Definition, differences in, 153; of re- Crane, Rev. Frank, 94. ligion and science, 165. Creation story, Babylonian, 122; Deity, Samson, a solar, 59; Brah- Harpax and Oneiros, 156. man idea of, 76; names of days, Creeds, and instincts, 26; faith and, 138. 112. Deluge legends, 115, 122. Crisis in Great Britain, 112. Demonology, mediaeval and modern, Crispi, Francesco, 112. 57 ff; summaries of articles on, 115. Criterion, of philosophy, 26; of eth- De Morgan, M. J., 177. ics, 112. De novo, scientific thought, 9. Criticism of Kant, 33. DE RERUM NATURA, poem on the Critique, scientific, and dogma, 52f. world problem, 83, 113. Critique of pure reason, Kant*s, 33. Descartes, 135. Cross, the, summaries of articles on, Design in nature, 115. 112-113. Destiny, 186. CROWN OF THORNS, THE, 89, Determinism, 115. 113. Deussen, Dr. Paul, 36. Crucifix, the, animal sacrifice and, Devil, prehistoric and modern, 57, 113. 115-116-117. Cuba, 113. Dewey, Prof. John W., 136 Culture, ethical, 120. Dhammapada, the, 103. Cuneiform tablets, 122, 132. DHARMA, THE, 68. Cur deus homo, 108. Dharmapala, 116. Curtiss, Prof. Samuel Ives, 163. Differentiation, 18. Custom House, 113. Dilettantism, 116. Cyrus, and Mazdaism, 149; called the Dimensions, spacial, 42, 176. messiah, 187. Dionysus, 130. Dance of death, 114. Diplomacy, 176. Danger, hypnotism, 134. Disasters, 9. Darrow, Clarence, 118. Disciple of Nietsche, 135. Darwin, Carneri's Darwinism, 104; Discoveries, effect of, 116. centennial, 113. Discussion, on ethics, 119; on mathe- DAWN OF A NEW RELIGIOUS matics, 41. ERA AND OTHER ESSAYS, 52. Disease, of politics, 116; of philos- Death, existence after, 21; summar- ophy, 147; of memory, 169. ies of articles on, 113-114. Dispersion, the, 139, 180. INDEX 195 Dissolution and memory, 146. Destructive, criticism, 115. Diversions, mathematical, 124. Divination, Oriental, 99. Dixon, Edward, 145. Dogmas, and error, 26-27; Christian spirit opposed to, 51; obsolete, 108; review on, 116; of Christian res- urrection, 168; of the Trinity, 182. Dogs, crucifixion of, in ancient Rome, Dolls, Japanese festival af, 116. Doomsday, 118. Double symbol, 116; personality, 117; unity, 150. Dreams, 117. Droeshout, 173. Druids, 178. Dualism, 150, 159. Du Bois-Reymond, 49. Duty, 27. Eagle, the double, 116. Easter, 117. Eberlein, Gustav H., 128. Eckhart, 102. Economy of thought, 4, 5. Editorial articles, summaries of, 93- 187. Edmunds, A. J., 101. Education, and guidance, 47; and mathematics, 145; music in, 152. EDWARDS DREAM, 66. Efflorescence, the highest mental, 13. Ego, the, nature of, 43; summaries of articles on, 117; Des Cartes and, 135. Egypt, conceptions of death and im- mortality in ancient, 113, 118, 136; stone worship in, 170. Eine Kleine Hiitte, 140. Election, the McKinley, 118. Electricity, animal, 118. Element, in philosophy, the myste- rious, 35 ; in Christianity, the pagan, 109, 157. Elgin, Lord, 93. Emblems, prehistoric, 124. Emotionalism, Nietsche's, 135. Energy, the objectivity of events, 5; mind not a storage of, 148; spelled with capital E, 171; is the soul an, 175. England, liberty-loving, 137. Enlightenment, religion of, 102. Enmeduranki, 186. Entheism, 54. Epics, solar, 60; of China, 80; Baby- lonian, 126. Epictetus, 108. Epigenesis, 49. Epigrams of Goethe, 129. Equipment, Spanish war, 176. Equivocation in dogma, 52. Eros, 118. EROS AND PSYCHE, 89. Error, 26; of Kant, 33; vainglorious prophets of, 46; in freethought, 124; consoled, 112; of identifying soul and ego, 117. Eschatology of Christian art, 118. Esperanto, 118. Essence of the Dharma, 119. Eternity, a hymn on, 119; and in- finitude, 136. Ethics, basis of, 45; Chinese maxims and, 85; summaries of articles on, 1 19-120; and formal thought, 124; of Kant, H. Spencer on the, 140; science and, 171. 196 INDEX Ethical Culture, Chicago Society of, 44, 54; Confucian ideals of, 138. ETHICAL PROBLEM, THE, 44. Ethnology of the word God, 54. Ethos Anthropoi Daimon, motto of the Open Court, 120. Eucharists, pre-Christian, 124. Eucken, Prof. Rudolph, 102. Euclid, 43. European opinions on religious par- liaments, 167. Eusebius, 102. EVANGELIUM BUDDHAS, DAS, 69. Events, to-day's, 120. Evil, idea of, in antiquity, 57; in early Christianity, 120; for evil, render not, 168. Evolution, of scientific thought, 10; of truth, 20-21; and moral triumph, 49; summaries of articles on, 120- 121. Exile of the Jews, 180. Existence, two aspects of, 38. Expansion, summaries of articles on, 121. Experience, principles derived from, 31; the Primer of Philosophy, 121; and objective existence, 150; mo- tion, 176. Explanation, by principle, 19. Exposition, St. Louis, 94. Expository Times, 163. Extension, Religious Parliament, 167. Fables, Chinese, 106, 121. Facts, established by science, 16; a religion based on, 165. Factors of scientific truth, 3. Faculty, intellectual, 148. Fagging in mediaeval universities, 132. Fairy tale, sweetest Greek, 90; ele- ment in the Bible, 121; summaries of articles on, 121-122; in religion, 166. Faith, and doubt, 122; Goethe's, 129; Haeckel's, 131. Fallacies, of the peacemakers, 159; of the agnostic position, 172. False estimate of capabilities, 182. Fate, distinguished from necessity, 154; of Zeus, 163. Father Hennepin, 91. Fatherland, the, special articles on Germany, 122. Faust, Goethe's, significance of, 129. Fawcett, Edward Douglass, 169. Fechner, Gustav Theodor, 44, 123, 175. Feeling, a product of organization, i8fT; summaries of articles on the origin and nature of, 123. Festivals, Chinese, 86; of dolls in Japan, 116; of the Resurrection, 169. Field, H. M., 94- Filial piety in China, 123. Filipino question, 123. First steps, children's, 47, 123. Flag, hymn, 123; the American, 125. Folklore, the devil in mediaeval, 58; in poetry, 122; Scumpietro, a tale of Chinese, 171. Food, sacramental, 123. Force, and causation, 124; in rela- tion to gravity, 145. Forerunner, the, of sensation, 19. Form, and the formal sciences, 3, 41; and philosophy, 5; and immortality, INDEX 197 21; and formal thought, 29, 30, 124. Forms-in-themselves, 11. Formula, a generalized fact, 2, 4; a Buddhist, 181. FOUNDATIONS OF MATHEMAT- ICS, THE, 40. Foundations of mathematics, philo- sophical, 145. Fourth gospel, the, 129. Frank, Dr. Karl, 132. Franklin squares, 124, 145. Frauds, in spiritualism, 146; as the Christ, 106. Freedom, of will, 12; immortality, God, and, 127. Freethought, and the Bible, 100; he- roes of,. 124. Friar, the, a song, 124. French, Daniel C, 115. FRIEDRICH SCHILLER, 67. Friendship, international, 137. Fulfilment, science comes as the, 124. FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS, 29. Future, the, philosophy of, 8; of Christianity, 64; religion of, 166, 167. Fylfot, 124. Galilei, Galileo, 125. Gandhi, R., 107. Garbe, Prof. Richard, 99. Gauss, 41. Gentile, the, in early Christianity, 139. German, classical period, 6; topics, summaries of articles on, 125-126; mystics quoted, 153. Gerhard, a Swedenborgian, 126. Genius, of founders of Chinese civil- ization, 77; of death, 114; and playful instruction, 125. Geoffrey, C. P., pseudonym of Dr. Carus, 180. Geometry, philosophy of, 40; founda- tions of, 125. Geomancer's compass, 79. Ghosts, summaries of articles on, 126. Ghost crab, the, 99. Gifts, Christmas, 109. Gilgamesh and Eabani, 126. Gill, W. J., 150. Gissac, F. de, 126. Gladstone, Hon. W. E., 94. Gnosticism, pre-Christian, 64, 108, 126, 127, 139. Gobineau, Count, 127. God, idea of, purified, 28; soul of the universe, 40; incarnate in man, 49; of Buddhism, 76; animal concep- tion of, 97; oriental personal, 98; speaks in experience, 100; sum- maries of articles on, i27ff; as om- nipresent order, 151. GOD, AN ENQUIRY INTO THE NATURE OF MAN'S HIGHEST IDEALS AND A SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM FROM THE STANDPOINT OF SCIENCE, 55. God-ideal, Kampmeier's, 180. God of Iron, the, a hymn, 128. Gods of Japan, jolly, 138. GODWARD, 88. Godward, a hymn, 128. Goethe, 6, 58, 68, 109, 150, 172; summaries of articles on, 128-129. GOETHE AND SCHILLER'S XEN- IONS, 66-67. Golgotha, 113. Golden age and the Christ-ideal, 107. 198 INDEX Good and evil, problem of, 129. Henism, 133, 149. Gospel of cheer, 181. Heracles, 60. GOSPEL OF BUDDHA, 69. Heraclitus, 120, 133. Gospels, historical nucleus of Chris- Herder, Prof., 6. tian, 108; Christian and Buddhist, Heredity, spiritual, 43, 133. 129; cause of their success, 139. Heresy, 132, 152, 167. Grasshopper, 130. Hermes, 179. Grassmann, Prof., 41. Hering, Prof. Ewald, 18, 146. Gravitation, Le Sage's theory of, 145. Herodotus, 105. Greed, Chinese dunning devil of, 117. Heroes of freethought, 124. Greek, mysteries, religion, mythology Hewavitarne, 133. and art, 130; sculptors in India, yy. Hieroglyphs, 170. Greeley, Frederick, 118. Higher criticism, 168, 180. Grief at unbelief, 130. Hinduism and Theosophy, 134. Gros, M. Johannes, 164. Historical movements, 26. Gunkel vs. Delitsch, 131. HISTORY OF THE DEVIL, THE, Gunning, Prof. W. D., 131. 57. Gutzlaff, Charles, 102. Hobbes, 47. Hobgoblin, 149. Haas, Rev. Hans, 109. Hoffding, Prof. H., 44, 45. Hades, 114, 118. Hokusai, 134. Haeckel, Ernst, Prof., 127, 131, 150. Holland, F. M., 44, 45. Hallucinations, 38, 117. Holmes, C. J., 134. Hamlet, the Hindu, 131. Holtzmann, Heinrich Julius, 134. Hammurabi, 131. Holy, edict, Chinese, 134; fire, 187; Harmony of the spheres, 132. Ghost, 174, 182; office, the, 125. Harnack, Adolf, 132, 166. Holyoake, G. L., 134. Harper, Pres. William R., 132. Homeopathy, 143. Hard times, 131, 146. HOMILIES OF SCIENCE, 50. Hastings, Rev. James, 56. Hopkins, Prof. E. Washburn, 102. Haweis, Rev., 168. Horns and hoofs, 58. Haziness, 23, no. Horses, strike of the, 178. Hazing, 132. Human soul, the, 175. Healing, by conjuration, in ancient Humanity, higher, 133. Babylon, 132. Hume, 11. Hebert, Marcel, 163. Humor, and philosophy, 66; Chinese, Hedonism, 92, 95, 133, 140, 176. 86. Hegeler, Edward C, 161. Humorist, a, 161. Hegeler, Gisela, 133. Hunger after righteousness, 134. Hegeler, Mrs. E. C, 133. Huxley, 119, 134. INDEX 199 Hymns, 88, ioi, 123, 136, 166. Ingersoll, R. G., 93. Hypnotism, 38, 134. Injunction, Plato's, 41. Hypocritical allegiance to dogma, no. Inquisition, the, 57, 136. Inscription, Mesha's, 146; Siloam, Iconoclasm, 135. 174. Icons, 170. Instruction, ethical, 1 19-120; playful, IDEA OF GOD, THE, 54. 137. Idea-worshipper, 135. Intellectual surd, the, 35. Idealism, Berkeley's, 99; in modern Intelligence, consciousness and, 39. philosophy, 135. International, stearing 96; friend- Ideas, living, 19; preservation of, 31; ship, 125, 137; pasigraphy, 158. good and evil as religious, 129; Intrinsic necessity, 13. summaries of articles on, 134. Investigation, scientific, and common Identity, of self, 117; in change, 135. sense, 2, 4. Idol, the Bible an, 100. Ireland, Archbishop, 95, 170. Idolatry of dogmatists, 135. Irreligion, 156. Ignis fatuus of circle squarers, 182. "Is," the, and the "ought," 137. Ignorance, 94, 135. islam, 151. Igorot, the, 135. Ishtar's Descent to Hell, 98, 122. Illiberal, the, 142. "It thinks," 137. Illusions, of Hedonism, 45; of re- ligion, no. James, Prof. William, 137, 148, 161, Ilo, 118. 162. Image worship, 135. Janes, Dr. Lewis G., 94. Immanent, God is, 151. Japan, art, 97; dynasty wars, 99; Immorality, philosophic principle of, Buddhism, 102; summaries of arti- 135; Nietsche on, 155. cles on, 138-139. Immortality, instinctive, 21; racial, Java, legend of Jesus, 136. 37; not fiction, 43; Buddhist, 75; Jenkins, Richard, 138. Goethe on, 129; summaries of arti- Jesuits, the, 169. cles on, 136; science and, 172 Jesus Christ, the pleroma, 63; pagan- Immutable, 168. Christian, 109; cross of, 113; per- Impetus, the individual an, 136. sonality, 139. Imperialism in America, 121. Jew, the, in early Christianity, 109; "In Vain," 181. dispersion of, 139, 180. Independence, creed of science, 56. Jodl, Prof. Friedrich, 36, 44, 45, 139, Indonesian legend, 136. 166. Indians, N. A., 112. Johnston, Charles, 139. Individualism, 46. Joliet, visit to, 96, 139. Infinite, the, 136. Joseph, story of, 122. 200 INDEX Joshua, 178. Jubilate, 139. Judaism, 64. Judson, H. D., 140. Julian, the apostate, 108. Justice, criticism of Spencer's book on, 140. Kabala, 126. Kamakura, 101, 173. Kamo No Chomei, 140. Kan Ying P'ien, 140. K'ang-hi, 134. Kant, Immanuel, and Hume, 11; prophet of form, 22\ his philosophy, 32; ethics, 33; and Spencer, 120, 176; duty, 133; evolution, 140; summaries of articles on, 140; his terms confused, 176. KANT AND SPENCER, 33. KANT'S PROLEGOMENA TO ANY FUTURE METAPHYSIC, 32. KARMA, 73. Karma, Tolstoy's translation of, 74; law of, and monism, 103; in song and story, 140. Kelvin, Lord, William Thomson, 140. Key to world problems, 24, 169. Kheiralla, I. G., 98. King Death, 114. Kipling, Rudyard, 76. Kirchoff, Prof. G. R., 104, 140. Knowledge, 141. Koerner, Gustav, 141. Kopetsky, Olga, 92. Kudurrus, Babylonian, 178. Labarum, 106. Labor, curse or dignity of? 141; the Pope's encyclical on, 162. Language, international, 137, 157. Lane, Charles Alva, 87. Lanman, Prof., 101. Lao-Tze, a great moral teacher, 81; maxims of, 132; summaries of arti- cles on, 141. LAO-TZE'S TAO-TEH KING, 81. Larkin, 174. Latin literature, 87. Laubadiere, 105. Laufer, 114. Laughing, 141. Laws, of nature, 12; of ethics, 119; moral, 141. Lay church, a, 141, 142. Leaders, Russo-Japanese, 138. Legend, religious, 89; Indian, 91; deluge, 115; resurrection, 118, 168; homeopathy, 143; Indonesian, 136; creation, 156. Leo XIII, Pope, 162. Lessing, 5. Lethargy, 142. Letter, and spirit, 27; Greek x» *S6» Lewins, Dr. R., 44, 45, 127. Liars, 143. Liberal religion and thought, 142. Liberty and nationalism, 142. Lie, the useful, 162. Life After Death, Fechner's, 44. Life, the struggle for, 142, 175. Lincoln, Abraham, centennial, 113. Literary discussion, ethics of, 143. Literature, Chinese, 85, 106; "storm and stress," 109. Littre's, 143, 162. Living the truth, 143. Llano, Antonio, 120. Lobatschevsky, 41, 178. Logic, nothingness and zero in, 186. INDEX 201 "Logos, the," 24, 148. London, Parsees of, 148. Lonely thinker, a, 182. Loof-Haeckel, 131. Looking forward, 143. Lord's prayer, 143; Lord's sacra- ment, 126. Lore, Christian legend, 61. Lost Manuscript, Freytag's novel, 143. Lot's wife, 122, 178. Louisiana Purchase Exposition, at St. Louis, in. Love, and immortality, 115; Deme- ter's glorification of, 132; of truth, religion and, 167. Low, Canon George, 127, 143, 168. Loyson, Pere Hyacinthe, 128. Mach, Prof. Ernst, 5, 36, 144. Maddock, John, 44, 45. Magi, 187. Magic, Evans* Old and New, 144; squares, mathematical, 144. Maha-Bodhi, society, 10 1; Journal, 103. Mahayana, 144. Maitreya, Ananda, 96, 103, 144. Malay, 119. Man, a worker and a thinker, 25; oneness of nature and, 144. Manichaeism, 149. Manila, 137. Manitou, Yahveh and, 185. Marcus Aurelius, 108. Marduk, 122. Mariolotry, 183. Marlowe, 116. Marriage, 144. Martin, Rev. Alfred, 167. Master of Akka, the, 98. Materialism, errors of, 145; monism and, 150. Mathematics, philosophical basis of, 41; God of, 42; diversions and magic squares, 124, 144, 145; the old and the new, 156. Matriarchy, 122. Matter, an empty word, 5; and grav- ity, 14s. Maxims, Chinese, 85. Mayors of Illinois, two, 120. Mazdaism, 145, 149, 186. Mazzebas, 178. McCrie, George M., 168, 172, 175. McGregor, Allan, 103. McKinley, William, 144. McVeagh, Franklin, 118. Middle ages, spirit of, 9. Milieu, religious, 89. Mill, John Stuart, 154. Mills, Prof. L. H., 148. Mind, noetic operations of, 25; power of, and Christian Science, 107; is God a, 127; reading in the nursery, 149; summaries of articles on, 148- 149. Minot, Prof. Charles S., 111, 149. Minton, Rev. H. C, 128. Miracles and witchcraft, 185. Missions, Christian, 107, 109. Missionaries, Christian and pagan, 72, 149. Mithras, 108, 145, 149. Mivart, Prof. George, 121. Mecca, 103. Mechanical philosophy, 150, 154. Medals, 173. Medhurst, 146. Medium, an ex-, 146. 202 INDEX Medici, Dr. Charles de, 146, 182. Mediaeval Christian literature, 102. Medulla Oblongata, 177. Meliorism, o* Memory, definition, 16; nerve activ- ity, 18; soul-builder, 19; organized substance, 146; mechanical, the phonograph, 161; Ribot, 169. Memorial customs in Japan, 138. Mental, biochemical, phenomena, 164. Mene tekel, 146. Mer-monkey, the, 146. Mesha, 146. Message, of Buddhism to Christianity, 102; of Monism to the world, 151. Metabolism, 16, 21. Metaphysical, questions, 10-11, 34 J "x" in cognition, no, 147. Metaphysics, the surd of, 35; purged, 36; Buddhist, 95; a vicious habit in, 147; Von Gizycki's statement, 165. Metchnikoff, Elie, 147. Method, 2, 3. Methology, 7. Mexico, 148. Moderation, Chinese sermon on, in. Modesty of agnosticism, 94. Moltke, Trostgedanken, 149. Monastic orders, 169. Money, clean, 109. Monier-Williams, Sir Monier, 102. MONISM AND MELIORISM, 29. Monism, a unitary world-conception, 4» 93; criticized by Minot, in; its definition of feeling, 123; Goethe's, 129; Haeckel's, 131; hedonism and, 133; message of, 147; actualization of, 149; summaries of articles on, 149-151; no dilemma in, 150. Monist, the, 39, 44, 65, 151. Monk, China's dunning devil, 117. Monogamy and free love, 50, 151. Monotheism, 145, 180. Monroe Doctrine, 151. Montgomery, Dr. James Alan, 171. Monuments, to death, 115; prayers on, 136; Moabite stone, 146; sum- maries of articles on, 151. Moore, George, disciple of Nietsche, 135. Morality, the letter and the spirit, 27; pursuit of pleasure not, 45; Chinese, 80; test of, 92; Goldwin Smith, 151; moral ought, 151; and nature, 154; Von Gizycki's state- ment, 165. Moribund, Buddhism not, 102. Morning Glory, the, 151. Mote, the, and the beam, 151. Mother, a, 48. Motion, and feeling, 23; in infinite directions, 42; nothing in physical life but, 152; motion-experiences, 176. Motto, Dr. Cams', 30; the Open Court, 120. Motor-organisms, 16. Moxom, Dr., 129. Mozart, 6. Murato Tanryo, 141. Music, summaries of articles on, 152. Must, the, 157. Mud-puddles and mysticism, 23. Mueller, Prof. F. Max, 36, 121, 152, 170, 186 (see also Mtiller). Muhammad, 151. Multiplication table, 168. Multitude, the, 26. Miinsterberg, Prof. Hugo, 125. INDEX 203 Myazda, 126. Mystery, of mysteries, the, 56; plays, Greek, 130. Mysterious beetle, the, 152. Mystic, traditions in religion, 61; marriage in art, 61-62; number ir t 156. Mysticism, and pragmatism, 8; at- tractive, 23; and the a priori, 41; sentiment in, 65; dangerous, 152. Mystifications, unexplained, 153. Myth, and history, 60, 134; in Egypt and Chaldea, 121. Mythology of Buddhism, 102. Names, days and deities, 138; Chris- tian, Christianity, 153. Napoleon, 153, 172. Nara Buddha, 101. Naram-sin's stele, 153. Nativity, the, 153. Nature, all, living, 21; Goethe's phil- osophy of, 129; oneness of man and, 144; of mind, 148; alive? 154. NATURE OF THE STATE, THE, 46. Natural, laws and causes, 104; science and ethics, 119; selection of soul- atoms, 142. Naval Academy, U. S., 154. Nazarenes, 89. Neanderthal man, the, 49. Necessity, basis and scope of, 154; C. S. Peirce on, 159. Need of philosophy, 161. Nelson, Murry, 118. Nero, 107. Nervous system, the, purpose, 16; consciousness, 58; vertebrates, 154; articulates, 155. Nescience, agnosticism, 1 ; philosophy of, 34; God of, 55. Nestorious, 155. New Testament, Eucharist, 124; Ger- man critic of, 134; authorities, 139. New wine, 155. New Year's Eve, meditations, 99; his- tory of, 155. Newman, Cardinal, 57. Newport, David, 93. Newton, Isaac, 172. Newspaper, the ideal, 155. Ney, Elisabet, 155, 171. Niagara Falls, legend of, 91. Nietsche, Frederick, 135, 155. Nike Apteros, 93. Nile, the, 158. Nilsson, 144. Nineteenth Century, club, New York, 107; demonology in the, 115. NIRVANA, 75- Nirvana, and Karma, 140; Buddhist psychology, 155. Nobel, Dr. Alfred B., 155. Noetic, 25. Noire, Ludwig, 149. Nomenclature, 32, 160. Nomotheism, 56, 138. Norms, 24. North China Herald, press notice, 82. Norway, 155. Nothingness, in logic, 186. Notions, Chinese, 77. Notovitch, Nicolas, 137. Number tt in Christian prophecy, 156. Nun, a pagan, 158. Nursery, the, mind-reading in, 149. Obelisks, 178. Obituary, Wilhelm Busch, 103; Eck 204 INDEX ley B. Coxe, 112; F. de Gissac, 127; W. D. Gunning, 131; Mrs. E. C. Hegeler, 133; Gisela Hegeler, 133; Lord Kelvin, 140, 181; Gus- tav Koerner, 141; William B. Mc- Kinley, 144; Elisabet Ney, 155; Otto Pfleiderer, 160; Major Powell, 162; George John Romanes, 170. Objective, the, domain of, 14; cri- terion of ethics, 112. Obscene, phallic worship not, 105. Occultism, Chinese, 79, 106; in math- ematics, 145; and the meaning of quality, 164. Old philosophies, 1. Old Testament, 98, 122, 149. Old and new, 145, 156. Olympian brides, 156. Omar Khayyam, 172. Omnipresences, laws of nature, 24; order as God, 151. Omniscient, if we were, 12. One-eyed persons, spacial sense of, 176. Oneiros and Harpax, 156. Oneness, of man and nature, 144; of the phenomenal and the noumenal, 160. Ontology, 7, 156. Open Court, The, 29, 30, 56, 95, 99, 107, 112, 121, 127, 131, 166, 177, 180. Open-door policy, 105. Order, God as omnipresent, 151. Organization and feeling, 38. Orient the, world religions of, 98. 173; art in, 177. Origin, of Christianity, 109; of mind, 149; of thought- forms, 181. Originality, itch for, 30. Ornament, evolution of, 121, 157. Orphic, songs, 130; mosaic, 157. Orthodoxy, the new, 52, 99; the em- peror's, 118. Osiris, in. Ostwald, Prof., 157. "Ought," the, and the "is," 137, 157. OUR CHILDREN, 47. OUR NEED OF PHILOSOPHY, 31. Paganism, anticipated Christianity, 64; summaries of articles on, 157- 158; of northern Europe, 166. Pain, 39, 158, 161. Painting, 2j. P'a-lek, 158. Pali, 101. Pan-biotism, -logism, -psychism, 158. Pan-malaya, 160. Parable, 158. Parallelism, in psychology, 14; in reality, 15. Parallels, pre-Christian, 126, 143. Parenthood, 158. Parliament of religions, 31, 69, 100. Parousia, 130. Parsees, 148. Parthenon, the, 93. Particularity, 41. Parties in philosophy, politics and religion, 160-161. Pasigraphy, 137, 158. Pasteur, 147. Pathology, of Christ pretenders, 106; of the egoless man, 117. Patriotism, 158. Paul of Tarsus, 89. Peace, summaries of articles on, 158- 159. Pearson, Prof., 159. INDEX 205 Pechvogel, John, 159. Peirce, Charles S., 154, 159. Peking, 78. Pelasgians, the, 93. Peripheral soul-life, 175. Persian dualism, 159. Personal equation, and pragmatists, 8; philosophy of the, 161, 163. Personality, double, 38; human, 43; continues after death, 123; of God, 127, 159; of Jesus, 139. Persons, natural and artificial, 160. Pessimist, Chandra, the, 104; Schop- enhauer, 171. Petrarch, 160. Phagocytes, 148. Phallic worship, 105. Phenomena and noumena, 160. Pfleiderer, Dr. Otto, 160. Philippines, the, 95, 105, 135, 160. Philo, 24. Philology, and monism, 149; and ar- tificial languages, 160. PHILOSOPHICAL PAMPHLETS THREE, 31, 182. Philosophy, objective, 1; scope of, 7; of form and the nature of God, 1 1 ; of Buddhism, 102; Chinese, 106; in Japan, 138; mechanical, 154; parties, 160; summaries of articles on, 161-162. Philosopher, a, not one-sided, 25. PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE, 1 et. seq. PHILOSOPHY OF THE TOOL, 31. PHILOSOPHER'S MARTYRDOM, THE, 92. Philosophische Monatshefte, 87. Phoenicians, 178. Phonograph, 161. Phosphorescence, 118. Pictures, Buddha, 101; Nirvana, 155. Piety, filial, 105. Pithecanthropus, the, 161. Plants, soul-life in animals and, 175- Plato, 24, 41, 132, 161. Pleasure, 39, 158, 161. Pleiades, the, 173. PLEROMA, THE, 63. Pleroma, the, a fulfilment, 63; Chris- tianity as, 108. Pneuma, 183. .Poems, and the world conception, 27; Assyrian, 97; philosophical, 113, 129. Poetry, Buddhist, 68, 103, 125; Chi- nese, 85; philosophical, 87. Politics, McKinley-Bryan, 161; par- ties in philosophy, 160. Polychrome Bible, the, 161. Polytheism, Goethe's, 129. Pompeian fresco, a, 122. Pons, the, 104. Pope, the, Leo XIII, 162; Sixtus IV, 174. PORTFOLIO OF BUDDHIST ART, HISTORICAL AND MODERN, 73> Positivism, Comte's, 93; Berkeley's, 99; the new, 120; Littre's, 143; from metaphysicism to, 147; vs. gnosticism, 162. Possible, is religious truth? 167. Postal service, 162, 179. Potentialities, of form, 24; of things, 162. Potiphar's wife, 122. Potonie, Dr. H., 181. Powell, Major, 162. Pragmatism, 8, 137, 162, 163. 206 INDEX Pragmatology, and the science of con- duct, 8. Prajnaparamita, 163. Prang, Louis, 163. Prayer, the Lord's, 143. Pre-Christian Christians, 108. Pre-existence, 163. Preliminary statement, a, 29. Pre-scientific, soul-conceptions, 175. Presbyterian, a, 163. Present age, 27. Press, the, scientific, 116. Pretenders, Christ, 106. Priestly code, 186. PRIMER OF PHILOSOPHY, 31. Primitive, religion, 90; man, 163. Priority, society or the individual, 46; the chicken or the egg, 105. Principle, the, of the soul, 19; of the formal sciences, 31; of radical con- servatism, 26; of cosmic order, 55; of ethics, 119; of monism, 149. Pro Domo, 163. Problems, wrongly formulated, 10; central, of religions, 43; of evil, 57-58; Chinese, 105; each solution creates new, 135; one principle for all, in monism, 150; social, 174; of three-dimensional space, 170; of modern theology, 180. Professors in German universities, 125. Profundity, apparent, 23. Progress, test of, 20, 179; religion of, 163, 166; of religion, 167; side- switches of, 182. Prometheus and Zeus, 163. Propagation, sex, 37. Prophecy, Virgil's fourth eclogue, 107; number ^ in Christian, 156. Prophets, Goethe, 6; Kant, 22; Schiller, 6, 36, 171. Prosody, classical, 67. Prospect of religion, 167; retrospect and, 169. Prosperity, 178. Proto-Semitism, 163. Prototypes, pagan and Christian, 60, 61, 114. Prudentius, 114, 154. Prussia, liberty of conscience in, 142. Psyche, the, 17-18. Psychical phenomena, 13, 16, 37. Psychical Research, Society of, 175. Psychologists and the ego, 117. Psychology, importance of, 12 ff; ex- perimental, 37, 40; Buddhist, 74- 75, 100; summaries of articles on, 164; Ribot's, 169. Psycho-physics, questions of, 144, 164. Public schools, ethics in, 119. Pulpit, the, Christian, 50; agnosticism in, 94; a composer in, no. Pure forms in mathematics, 145. Puritan spirit, 61. Purpose, author's main, 10; unity of, 28. Quality, 6-7, 164. Quatrain, Goethe's, 58. Queen of Sheba, 164. Quintessence, mental, 43. Rabbi Hirsch, 40. Railroad strike, a, 164. Rainbows, 164. Rationalism in the nursery, 164. Ratzel, 164. Reaction against materialism, 45. Reality, two aspects of, 14; of the INDEX 207 devil, 59; mind and, 165. Realization of truth, 20. Reason, n, 165. Reason and Virtue, Canon of, 141. Reasons are simultaneous, 12. Recognition, process of, 19. Recollection, loss of, 117. Recondite sources, 80. Records, 174. Reeves, 127. Reflex motions, 165. Reformation, the, 57, 137, 184. Reliability of science, 1. Religion, its rival, 25; comparative study of, 26; of science and Bud- dhism, 102, 103; in China, 105; in art, 114; in fairy tales, 122; great- est non-Christian, 165; and monism, 149, 150; summaries of articles on, 165-166; rational inquiry into, 166. RELIGION OF SCIENCE, THE, 53. Religious parliament, 52, 165, 167. Religious problems, 31; and psychol- ogy* 39; the grandest of all, 44, 167. Representation, by feelings, 39; of death, 115; without taxation, 168. Resignation, 166. Response and retribution, 140. Responsibility and free will, 39, 124; of God, 128. Retrospect and prospect, 169. Resurgam, 168. Resurrection, Egyptian terminology for, in; summaries of articles on, 168-169; a hyperhistorical fact, 168. Revelations, of an ex-medium, 146; New Testament xii, xix, 157; in Reviews of Soul of Man, 17$- Revival of Buddhism, 102. Revolution, the right to, 46, 169; the state based upon, 177. science, 169; of science, religious, 171. Phymes, 65. Ribot, Th., 146, 169. Riches, mental, 19. Riddle of the universe, 10, 169. Riemann, 41. Riggs, James, D. D., 168. Righteousness, hunger after, 50, 134. RISE OF MAN, THE, 49. Rituals, cruel, 91; change, 135. Rival of Christianity, 149. Robertson, John M., 157. Roman church, St. Catharine, 61; Jesuit, 169. Romance of childhood, 95. Romanes, Prof. George John, 52, 121, 170. Rome and science, 170. Rosary, 143. Rosetta Stone, 170. Rosmini, 170. Ross, W. Stewart, 132. Rousseau, 47. Royer, Clemence, 120. Russell, F. C, 150, 178. Russian Icons, 170. Russo-Japanese war, 178. SACRED TUNES FOR THE CON- SECRATION OF LIFE, 88. Saints, Augustine, 102; Anselm, 108; Catharine, 61; Joseph, 174; Paul, 108, 118, 139, 175- Salter, William M., 44*45, "8. Salutatory, summary of Open Court principles, 170. Samaritans, 171. 208 INDEX Sameness, principle of, 19. Self, Max Mueller's theory of, 152; Sampietro's Mother, 75» *7*» meaning of, 172. Sampson, 59, 171. Self-discipline and Christian Science, Sanskrit, 121. 107. Santa Claus, 47, 171. Sarcophagi, 90. Satire, Goethe's, 36; on agnosticism, 92. Saviour, equivalents for the word, 107; pre-Christian, 157; birth of a, 181. Scavengers, body, 147, 148. Science, present age of, 2 ff; of sciences, 35; God of, 55; immor- tality and, 136; religion of, 166; summaries of articles on, 17 1-1 72. SCIENCE A RELIGIOUS REVE- LATION, 31. Scheffler, Johannes, 65, 171. (An- gelus Silesius.) Schiller, Friedrich, a prophet, 6, 36; philosopher, 67; verses, 137; drama- tist, 171. Schilling, George, 118. Schleiermacher, 165. Schneider, Sasha, 165. Scholaromania, 171. Schopenhauer, 171. School, 171. Scott, F. H., 118. Scotus Erigena, 102. Script, Chinese, 106. Scriptures, of Buddhism, 69, 103; canonical, 89, 156. Sculpture, Greek-Buddhist, 130, 184. Seal of Christ, 172. Seances, 146. Secret societies, Jesuit, Mussulman, 170. Secularism, 134, 172. Self-resignation, Christian and Bud- dhist, 172. Semites, 93. Seneca, 108. Senile decadence, 147. Sensation, Mach's terminology, 144; and memory, 146, 172. Senses, the psychical and physiologi- cal, 17; limitation of, 172. Sentiency, phenomena of, 14; how developed, 19. Sentiment, in religion, 25-26; pre- Christian, in China, 82; Buddhist Christian, 107. Sermons, by a man who believes in science, 50. Seth, 97. Seven, Jolly Gods of Japan, 138; sa- cred number, 173. Sex, ethics, 50, 173; theory of, 37. Seydel, 129. Seymour, Rev. W. W., 113. Shakespeare, 173. Shaksper, William, 173. Shaku, Rt. Rev. Soyen, 75, 129, 173. S-hankara, 100. Shaw, George W., 60. Sheol, 98. Shimonoseki, 99. Shipman, Paul R., 94. Signets, 173. Significance, of music, 152; of naming things, 173. Silent, death is, 115. Siloam, 174. Simians, 174. INDEX 209 Simon Magus, 126, 139. Simplicity, 22, 23. Sin, against the Holy Ghost, 174. Sinologists, 80. Sixth sense, 174. Skeleton, the, representative of death, 114, 174. Sketch (see foreword). Smith, Goldwin, 174. Smith, Rev. Oliver H. P., 123, 124, 174. Socialism, 96, 174. Society, or the individual? 46. Society of Psychical Research, 175. Socrates, 174. Sokal, Edward, 169. Solar, heroes, 60; symbol, 125. Solipsism, 151. Solstitial temples, 174. Somnambulism, 142. Sonata, life a, 152. Songs, 27, 109, 152. Soul, form, 11; origin and nature of, 37, 43; double, 117; Goethe, 129; immortality, 136; summaries of ar- ticles on, 175-176. SOUL OF MAN, THE, 37. Source, of activity, 21; of gospels, 129. South Africa, 112. Space, pure, mathematical, physiologi- cal, 41 ; summaries of articles on, 176. Spanish War, 176. Speculation, idle, 78. Spencerism, 94. Spencer, Herbert, on progress, 20; Kant, 34; metaphysics, 99; Hedon- ism, and Kant's ethics, 133; Justice reviewed, 140; summaries of ar- ticles on, 176. Spenser, Edmund, 11. Spinal cord, 177. Spinning damsel, the, 177. Spinoza, Benedictus de, 177. Spirit, feminine gender, 182. Spiritism, and immortality, 136, 177. Spiritualism, ghosts, 126, 135; frauds, 146; monism opposes, 150. Spontaneity, 154. (See necessity.) Spontaneous religious beliefs, 107. "Spottcrucifix," the, 97. Stage, reformed, 177. State, the, superpersonal, 46; Phil- ippines, 105; clean money, 109; Am. Railway Union, 116; expan- sion, 121; religious conferences, 167; revolution, 169; a natural po- litical product, 177. Starr, Prof. Frederick, 94. Statue, embodiment, 27; of Buddha, 101. Staurolatry, 177. Stead, W. T., 126. Steele, G. M., 99. Stein, Ludwig, 163. Still small voice, the, 177. St. Louis Exposition, 94, in, 135. Stockwell, C. T., 120. Stonehenge, 178. Stone worship, Caaba, 103; Rosetta, 107; Stonehenge, 178. Stone's fall, the, 178. Stories of Buddhism, 73. "Storm and Stress," in German lit- erature, 109; in Christianity, 126. STORY OF SAMSON, THE, 59. Straight line, the, 42, 178. Strange case, a, 153. 210 INDEX Stray shots, 159. Symbolism, Christian, 135; pre-Chris- Striate body, the, 39. tian, 157. Strikes, of the horses, 178; side Symbols, pragmatic tendency of, 20; switches of progress, 182. dogmas as, 26; Chinese, 77; of all Struggle, ethics of, 119; of pre-Chris- religions, 113; double eagle, 116; tian religions, 157; in the far East, vary, religion remains, 135; old, in 178. new sense, 156; seal of Christ, 172; Stumbling block, in philosophy, a, 35. persistence of, 179. Suala, 98. Sympathy, international, 8; reader's, Subliminal, 38. 28. Substance and form, 5. Symphony, an embodiment, 27. Suffrage, woman's, 185. Symposium, occultism in mathemat- Suggestibility of crowds, 178. ics, 145. Suggestion, hypnotic, 179. Synonyms, mind and spirit not al- Suicide, justifiable? is, 179. ways, 148. Sui generis, vitality, 16. Sumerians, 153. T'AI-SHANG-KAN-YING P'lEN, 83. Summaries, of books, 29-93; of arti- Tao Teh King, 141. cles, 93-187. Taoism, 179. Summero-Accadians, 57. Tathagatha, 76. Sunday, 108. Tax theories, income, 174; single, 179. Sunset Club, 118, 121. Taxation, representation without, 168; Super-personal God, the, 127, 1 38. of capital, 179. Superscientific, and pure reason. 179. Teacher, a great moral, 81. Superreal, the, 24, 42. Teleiosis, 130. Superstition, in religion and science, Teleology, 31. 165, 179; in modern liberalism, 170. Telepathy, 129. Supreme Court and the P. O., 162, Telephus, 143. 179. Temptation of Buddha, 101. Sutta Nipata, 103. Tendencies, modern scientific, 147. Surd, the, in philosophy, 34 ; in Tenets, Buddhism, 68. mathematics, 35. Terminology, Kant's hard, 33; SURD OF METAPHYSICS, THE, Haeckel's, 131. 34- Terms, confusion of, 11; Egyptian Surrogates, 55. resurrection, in; psychology, 164. Survey, a systematic, 31. Test, of philosophy, 14; of progress, Suzuki, Kwasong, 75. 163, 179. Suzuki, Teitaro, 83. Text book, for the mentalist, 40; Swastika, 124. of Buddhism, 70-71; Chinese-Eng- Swedenborgian, 126. lish, 83. INDEX 211 Tidings of Joy, 181. conservative, 60; apocryphal, 89; Tiele, Prof., 182, Queen of Sheba, 164. Time, 176. Tragedy, 182. Tiridates, 107. Transfigured, history, by myth, 34. Thalmic region, the, 10 1. Transcendentalism, modern, 33. Thanksgiving Day, 180. Transient, bodily existence, 24. Theater, 177. Transition, in modern theology, period Theist? Dr. Carus a, 137. of, 180. Theology, and astrology, 56; sum- Translation, 71, 84. maries of articles on, 180. Traubel, Horace L., 119. Theonomy and astronomy, 56. Traveling, during a strike, 182. Theophanies, 181. Treason and reform, 182. Thophilus, 165. Trigrams, 79. Theory of self, Max Mueller's, 152. Trilogy, Buddhist, 77. Theosophy, 134. Trinity, the, a universal conception, Thibet, first missions in, 107, 181; 182. skeleton dance, 114. Trumbull, Gen. M. M., 118, 183. "Thingishness," actuality, 5. Trusts and Unions, epic of two Things-in-themselves, do not exist, monsters, 126. 11; the surd in philosophy, 34 ff; Truth, once true, always true, 4; of Schiller's verse on, 36; the prob- immortality, 22; verified, 50, 53; lem of, 181. living it, 143; possible?, is re- Third Commandment, 181. ligious, 167; summaries of articles Thoburn, J. M., 107. on, 183. Thomson, William, Lord Kelvin, 181. Twelve Tales, 1 59. Thought, organ of, 3; is monism a Tychism, 159, 183. terminus of? 149; summaries of Type, 183. articles on, 181. Three characteristics, 181. Ultimate cause, 11. Thrift and taxation, 179. Unbelievers, 50. Thumann, Paul, 90. Uniqueness, pure space, 41. Thurtell, Ellis, 94, 127, 149, 185. Unity, of purpose, 28; church, Chi- To-day, 120. cago, 139; of souls, 176; of truth, Tolerance, 162. 183. Tolstoy, Count, commends Karma, Universal, maxims, 130; peace, 155; 74; 80th birthday, 182. writing, 158; religions, 167; creed, Tool, the, philosophy of, 31, 182. 180; philosophy of the, 183. Topics, philosophical, 29. Universality of God, 54. Trace, i. e., image, 19. Universe, the, soul of, 39-40, 175; Tradition, Cardinal Newman, 56-57, moral? 183. 212 INDEX Universities, German, 125. Unknowable, god of nescience, 55; is anything in causation? 104; The, 183. Unmateriality, of the soul, 128; of God, 175. Untenable, 52, 151* Urchin, street, 23. Urim and Thummin, 186. Utility and evolution, 121. Utopian, questions of labor, 104; international language, 118. Value of mysticism, 153. Vedantism, 139. Vegetarianism, Christ's words, 183. Venezuela, the Monroe doctrine and, 151. Venus of Milo, 183. Vera Icon, 184. Verse, Schiller, 36. Vestigia, 18. Via Appia, 97. Vicarious atonement, pre-Christian, 108, 184. Vicious, habit in metaphysicism, 147. View, bird's-eye, 77. Vinegar, and bigotry, 66. Violin notation, 152, 184. Virgil, 107. Virgin, vestal, 158. Virtue and morality, 151. Vitalism, questions of, 37, 184. Vitality, a phenomenon, 16; conserva- tion of, 184. Vital-theology, Mr. Bell's, 180. Vivisectionists, 96. Vocation, the, 184. Vocke, William, 137. Vogt, I. G., 161. Voter, the irresponsible, 168. Von Gizycki, Prof., 165. Wagner, Richard, 184. Wake, C. S., 181, 184. Wakeman, T. B., 102. Ward, Prof. Lester F., 148. Water of life, a Chinese sculpture, 184. Weber, Dr. William, 108. Weimar, Goethe museum in, 128. Wheel, the, and the cross, 113. WHENCE AND WHITHER? 43, 184. White corpuscles, 147, 148. Widow's Two Mites, Buddhist para- ble, 184. Wilkinson, Mr. W. E. Ayton, in, 156, IS9. Will, freedom of, 39; Th. Ribot on, 184. Wise and foolish, poem, 94. Witch persecution, 93; religion of science and, 166; abolition of, 184; summaries of articles, 184-185. Withrow, Rev. W. H„ 126. Witness, God's works his own, 70. Woman, of Samaria, the, 184; eman- cipation of, 185. Womanhood, ideal, 62. Woodcuts, fifteenth century, 114. Words, 147, 185. Work of the Open Court, 169. Worship, image, 135. World, folk-lore, 89; religions, two great, 102; language, Ostwald's theory, 157; parliament of reli- gions, 167; renunciation, modern instance of, 185. INDEX 213 World's Columbian Exposition, Chi- cago, 1893, 102, 125. World-conception, of Monism, 4; in art, 27; the basis of ethics, 45; Chinese, 77; Copernican, no. World-order, incarnate in motes and in men, 20; reason an echo of the, 49. World Problem, the, poem on, 87. Worms, nervous systems of, 155. Wu Tao-tze, 106, 155, 185. "X," in cognition, 147. Yahveh, wars of, 122; Manitou, 185; summaries of articles on, 185-186. Yama, God of Death, 114. Yang and Yin, 186. Yellow peril, the, 186. YIN CHIH WEN, 84, 113, 186. Youth, price of eternal, 186. Yule Tide, 109, 186. Zero, of feeling, 14; in mathematics and logic, 186. Zeus and Prometheus, 163. Ziggurat, 173. 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