F 73 .1 .B76 Copy 1 1907. mti §)out|) iLraflEts. Boston History in the Boston Poets. Old South Meeting House, Boston, 1907. II THE OLD SOUTH LEAFLETS. TWENTY-FIFTH SERIES 1907. BOSTON : OLD SOUTH MEETING HOUSE. 1907. 2/ OCT l»lt INTRODUCTION. The Old South Leaflets were prepared primarily for circulation among the attendants upon the Old South Lectures for Young People. The subjects of the Leaflets are immediately related to the subjects of the lectures, and they are intended '.o supplement the lectures and stimulate historical interest and inquiry among the young people. They are made up, for the most part, from original papers of the periods treated in the lectures, in the hope to make the men and the public life of the periods more clear and real. The Old South Lectures for Young People were instituted in the sum- mer of 1883, as a means of promoting a more serious and intelligent atten- tion to historical studies, especially studies in American history among the young people of Boston. The success of the lectures has been so great as to warrant the hope that such courses may be sustained in many other cities of the country. The Old South Lectures for 18S3, intended to be strictly upon subjects in early Massachusetts History, but by certain necessities somewhat modi- fied, were as follows: "(iovernor Bradford and Governor Winthrop " by Edwin D. Mead. "Plymouth," by Mk.s. A. M. Diaz. "Concord" by Prank B. Sanborn. "The Town-meeting," by Prof. James K. HosMER. " Franklin, the Boston Boy," by George M. Towle. " How to study American History," by Prof. G. Stanley Hall. "The Year 1777." by John Fiske. " History in the Boston Streets," by Edward Everett Hale. The Leaflets prepared in connection with the.se lectures consisted of (i) Cotton Mather's account of Governor Bradford, from the " Magnaha"; (2) the account of the arrival of the Pilgrims at Cape Cod from Bradford's Journal; (3) an extract from Emerson's Concord Address in 1835; (4) extracts from Emerson, Samuel Adams, De Tocqueville, and others, upon the Town-meeting; (5) a portion of Franklin's Autobiogra- phy; (6) Carlyle on the Study of History; (7) an extract from Charles bumners oration upon Lafayette, etc.; (8) Emerson's poem, "Boston." The lectures for 18S4 were devoted to men representative of certain epochs or ideas in the history of Boston, as follows: " Sir Harry Vane in New England and in C'.d England," by Edward Everett H-\le Jr "John Harvard, and the Founding of Harvard College," by Edward Channing, Ph.D. "The Mather Family, and the Old Boston Ministers," by Rev. Samuel J. Barrows. " Simon Bradstreet, and the Struggle for the Charter," by Prof. Marshall S. Snow. " Samuel Adams and the Beginnmg of the Revolution," by Prof. James K. Hosmer. " Josiah Quincy the Great Mayor," by Charles W. Slack. "Daniel Webster, the Defender of the Con.stitution," by Charles C. Coffin. " John A Andrew, the great War Governor," by Col. T. W. Higginson. The Leaflets prepared in connection with the second course were as follows- (I) Selections from Forster's essay on Vane, etc.; (2) an extract from Cotton Mathers "Sal Gentium"; (3) Increase Mather's "Narrative of the Miseries of New England "; (4) an original account of " The Revolu- tion in New England" in 1689; (5) a letter from Samuel Adams to John Adams, on Republican Government ; (6) extracts from Josiah Quincy's Boston Address of 1830; (7) Words of Webster; (S) a portion of Cover' nor Andrew's Address to the Massachusetts Legislature in January, 1861, The lectures for 1885 were upon " The War for ihe Union," as follows : "Slavery," by William Lloyd Garrison, Jr. "The Fall of Sumter," by Col. T. W. Higginson. "The Monitor and the Merrimac," by Charles C. Coffin. "The Battle of Gettysburg," by Col. Theodore A. Dodge. "Sherman's March to the Sea," by Gen. William Cogswell. "The Sanitary Commission," by Mrs. Mary A. Livermore. " Abraham Lincoln," by Hon. John D. Long. "General Grant," by Charles C. Coffin. The Leaflets accompanying these lectures were as follows : (i) Lowell's " Present Crisis," and Garrison's Salutatory in the Liberator of January i, 1831 ; (2) extract from Henry Ward Beecher's oration at Fort Sumter in 1S65; (3) contemporary newspaper accounts of the engagement between the Monitor and the Merrimac; (4) extract from Edward Everett's address at the consecration of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg, with President Lincoln's address; (5) extract from General Sherman's account of the March to the Sea, in his Memoirs ; (6) Lowell's " Commemoration Ode"; (7) extract from Lincoln's First Inaugural Address, the Emanci- pation Proclamation, and the Second Inaugural Address; (8) account of the service in memory of General Grant, in Westminster Abbey, with Arch- deacon F'arrar's address. The lectures for 1886 were upon "The War for Independence," as follows :" Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry," by Edwin D. Mead. "Bunker Hill, and the News in England," by John Fiske. "The Declara- tion of Independence," by James MacAllister. "The Times that tried Men's Souls," by Albert B. Hart, Ph.D. " Lafayette, and Help from France," by Prof. Marshall S. Snow. "The Women of the Revolu- tion," by Mrs. Mary A. Livermore. " Washington and his Generals," by George M. Towle. "The Lessons of the Revolution for these Times," by Rev. Brooke Herford. The Leaflets were as follows: (i) Words of Patrick Henry; (2) Lord Chatham's Speech, urging the removal of the British troops from Boston ; (3) extract from Webster's oration on Adams and Jefferson; (4) Thomas Paine's "Crisis," No. i; (5) extract from Edward Everett's eulogy on Lafayette; (6) selections from the Letters of Abigail Adams; (7) Lowell's "Under the Old Elm"; (8) extract from Whipple's essay on "Washington and the Principles of the Revolution." The course for the summer of 1887 was upon "The Birth of the Nation," as follows : " How the men of the English Commonwealth planned Constitutions," by Prof. James K. Hosmer. "How the American Colo- nies grew together," by John Fiske. " The Confusion after the Revolu- tion," by Davis R. Dewey, Ph.D. " The Convention and the Constitu- tion," by Hon. John D. Long. " James Madison and his Journal," by Prof. E. B. Andrews. " How Patrick Henry opposed the Constitution," by Henry L. Southwick. "Alexander Hamilton and the Federalist" " Washington's Part and the Nation's First Years," by Edward Everett Hale. The Leaflets prepared for these lectures were as follows: (i) Extract from Edward Everett Hale's lecture on " Puritan Politics in England and New England"; (2) "The English Colonies in America," extract from De Tocqueville's " Democracy in America " ; (3) Wash- ington's Circular Letter to the Governors of the States on Disbanding the Army ; (4) the Constitution of the United States ; (5) " The Last Day of th« Constitutional Convention," from Madison's Journal; (6) Patrick Henry's First Speech against the Constitution, in the Virginia Convention; ,7; the Federalist, No. IX.; (8) Washington's First Inaugural Address. The course for the summer of i8S8 had the general title of " The Story of the Centuries," the several lectures being as follows : " The Great Schools after the Dark Ages," by Ephraim Emerton, Professor of History in Harvard University. " Richard the Lion-hearted and the Crusades," by Miss Nina Moore, author of " Pilgrims and Puritans." " The World which Dante knew," by Shattuck O. Hartwell, Old South first prize essayist, 1S83. "The Morning Star of the Reformation," by Rev. Philip S. MoxoM. " Copernicus and Columbus, or the New Heaven and the New Earth," by Prof. Edward S. Morse. "The People for whom Shakespeare wrote," by Charles Dudley Warner. " The Puritans and the English Revolution," by Charles H. Levermore, Professor of His- tory in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. " Lafayette and the Two Revolutions which he saw," by George Makepeace Towle. The Old South Lectures are devoted primarily to American history. But it is a constant aim to impress upon the young people the relations of our own history to English and general European history. It was hoped that the glance at some striking chapters in the history of the last eight centuries afforded by these lectures would be a good preparation for the great anniversaries of 1889, and give the young people a truer feeling of the continuity of history. In connection with the lectures the young people were requested to fix in mind the following dates, observing that in most instances the date comes about a decade before the close of the cen- tury. An effort was made in the Leaflets for the year to make dates, which are so often dull and useless to young people, interesting, significant, and useful. — -iith Century: Lanfranc, the great mediaeval scholar, who studied law at Bologna, was prior of the monastery of Bee, the most famous school in France in the nth century, and archbishop of Canterbury under William the Conqueror, died 1089. 12th Cent.: Richard I. crowned 1 1 89. 13th Cent. : Dante, at the battle of Campaldino, the final overthrow of the Ghibellines in Italy, 1289. 14th Cent.: Wyclif died, 1384. 15th Cent.: America discovered, 1492. i6th Cent.: Spanish Armada, 1588. 17th Cent.: William of Orange lands in England, 1688. iSth Cent.: Washington inaugurated, and the Bastile fell, 1789. The Old South Leaflets for 1888, corresponding with the several lectures, were as follows : (1) " The Early History of O.xford," from Green's " History of the English People,"; (2) "Richard Coeur de Lion and the Third Crusade," from the Chronicle of Geoffrey de Vinsaut; (3) "The Universal Empire," passages from Dante's De Monarchia ; (4) "The Sermon on the Mount," Wyclif 's translation ; (5) " Copernicus and the Ancient Astronomers," from Hum- boldt's " Cosmos " ; (6) " The Defeat of the Spanish Armada," from Cam- den's "Annals"; (7) "The Bill of Rights," 16S9; (8) " The Eve of the French Revolution," from Carlyle. The selections are accompanied by very full historical and bibHographical notes, and it is hoped that the series will prove of much service to students and teachers engaged in the general survey of modern history. The year 1889 being the centennial both of the beginning of our own Federal government and of the F>ench Revolution, the lectures for the year, under the general title of " America and France," were devoted en- tirely to subjects in which the history of America is related to that of France as follows: "Champlain, the Founder of Quebec," by Charles C. Coffin. " La Salle and the French in the Great West," by Rev. W. E. Griffis. " The Jesuit Missionaries in America," by Prof. James K HosMER. " Wolfe and Montcalm : The Struggle of England and France for the Continent," by John Fiske. "Franklin in France," by George M. Towle. " The Friendship of Washington and Lafayette," by Mrs. Abba Goold Woolson. "Thomas Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase," by Robert Morss Lovett, Old South prize essayist, 1888. "The Year 1789," by Rev. Edward Everett Hale. The Leaflets for the year were as follows : (i) Verrazzano's account of his Voyage to Amer- ica ; (2) Marquette's account of his Discovery of the Mississippi; (3) Mr. Par'kman's Histories; (4) the Capture of Quebec, from Parkman's " Con- spiracy of Pontiac"; (5) selections from Franklin's Letters from France ; (6) Letters of Washington and Lafayette; (7) the Declaration of Inde- pendence; (8) the French Declaration of the Rights of Man, 1789. The lectures for the summer of 1890 were on "The American Indians," as follows : " The Mound Builders," by Prof. George H. Perkins. " The Indians whom our Fathers Found," by Gen. H. B. Carrington. " John Eliot and his Indian Bible," by Rev. Edward G. Porter. " Kmg Philip's War," by Miss Caroline C. Stecker, Old South prize essayist, 1889. "The Conspiracy of Pontiac," by Charles A. Eastman, M.D., of the Sioux nation. " A Century of Dishonor," by Herbert Welsh. " Among the Zuiiis," by J. Walter Fewkes, Ph.D. " The Indian at School," by Gen. S. C. Armstrong. The Leaflets were as follows: (i) extract from ress of the Gospel among the Indians of New England," 1670 ; (4) extract from Hubbard's " Narrative of the Troubles with the Indians" (1677) on the Beginning of King PhiHp's War; (5) the Speech of Pontiac at the Council at the River Ecorces, from Parkman's " Conspiracy of Pontiac"; (6) extract from Black Hawk's autobiography, on the cause of the Black Hawk War; (7) Coronado's Letter to Mendoza (1540) on his Explorations in New Mexico; (8) Eleazar Wheelock's Narrative (1762) of the Rise and Progress of the Indian School at Lebanon, Conn. The lectures for 1S91, under the general title of "The New Birth of the World," were devoted to the important movements in the age preceding the discovery of America, the several lectures being as follows: "The Results of the Crusades," by F. E. E. Hamilton, Old South prize essay- ist, 1883. " The Revival of Learning," by Prok. Albert B. Hart. " The Builders of the Cathedrals," by Prof. Marshall S. Snow. " The Changes which Gunpowder made," by Frank A. Hill. "The DecHne of the Barons," by William Everett. "The Invention of Printing," by Rev. Edward G. Porter. "When Michel Angelo was a Boy," by Hamlin Garland. "The Discovery of America," by Rev. E. E. Hale. The Leaflets were as follows: (i) "The Capture of Jerusalem by the Cru- saders," from the Chronicle of William of Malmesbury ; (2) extract from More's "Utopia"; (3) " The Founding of Westminster Abbey," from Dean Stanley's " 1 listorical Memorials of Westminster Abbey " ; (4) " The Siege of Constantinople," from Gibbon's " Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire"; (5) "Simon de Montfort," selections from Chronicles of the time ; (6) " Caxton at Westminster," extract from Blade's Life of William Caxton; (7) " The Youth of Michel Angelo," from Vasari's " Lives of the Italian Painters"; (8) " The. Discovery of America," from Ferdinand Colum- bus's life of his father. The lectures for 1892 were upon "The Discovery of America," as fol- lows : " What Men knew of the World before Columbus," by Prof. Edward S. Moksk. " Leif Erikson and the Northmen," by Rev. Edward A. HoRTON. "Marco Polo and his Book," by Mr. O. W. Dimmick.. "The .Story of Columbus," by Mrs. Mary A. Livermurk. " Americus Vespucius and the Early Books about America," by Rev. E. G. Porter. "Cortes and Pizarro," by Prof. Chas. II. Levermore. " De Soto and Ponce de Leon," by Miss Ruth Ballou Whittemore, Old South prize essayist, 1891. "Spain, France, and England in America," by Mr. John FiSKE. The Leaflets were as follows : (i) Strabo's Introduction to Geog- raphy; (2) The Voyages to Vinland, from the Saga of Eric the Red; (3) Marco Polo's account of Japan and Java; (4) Columbus's Letter to Gabriel Sanchez, describing his First Voyage; (5) Amerigo Vespucci's account of his First Voyage; (6) Cortes's account of the City of Mexico; (7) the Death of De Soto, from the " Narrative of a Gentleman of Elvas " ; (8) Early Notices of the Voyages of the Cabots. The lectures for 1893 were upon " The Opening of the Great W^est," as follows: "Spain and France in the Great West," by Rev. William Elliot Gkiitts. " The North-west Territory and the Ordinance of 1787," by John M. Merriam. "Washington's Work in Opening the West," by Edwin D. Mead. "Marietta and the Western Reserve," by Miss Lucy W. Warren, Old South prize essayist, 1892. " How the Great West was settled," by Charles C. Coffin. " Lewis and Clarke and the F:xplorers of the Rocky Mountains," by Rev. Thomak Van Ness. " California and Oregon," by Prof. Josiah Royce. "The Story of Chicago," by Mrs. Mary A. Livermore. The Leaflets were as follows: (i) De Vaca's account of his Journey to New Mexico, 1535; (2) Manasseh Cutler's De- scription of Ohio, 1787 ; (3) Washington's Journal of his Tour to the Ohio, 1770; (4) Garfield's Address on the North-west Territory and the Western Reserve; (5) (ieorge Rogers Clark's account of the Capture of Vincennes, 1779; (f") Jefferson's Life of Captain Meriwether Lewis; (7) Fremont's account of his Ascent of Fremont's Peak; (8) Father Marquette at Chi- cago, 1673. The lectures for 1894 were upon " The Founders of New England,'" as follows : " William Brewster, the Elder of Plymouth," by Rev. Edward Everett Hale. " William liradford, the Governor of Plymouth," by Rev. William Elliot Griffis. "John Winthrop, the Governor of Massachusetts," by Hon. Frederic T. Greknhalge. "John Harvard, and the Founding of Harvard College," by Mr. William R. Thayer. " John Eliot, the Apostle to the Indians," by Rev. James De Normandie. " John Cotton, the Minister of Boston," by Rev. John Cotton Brooks. " Roger Williams, the Founder of Rhode Island," by President E. Benjamin Andrews. "Thomas Hooker, the Founder of Connecticut," by Rev. Joseph II. Twichell. The Leaflets were as follows: (i) Brad- ford's Memoir of Elder Brewster; (2) Bradford's First Dialogue; (3) Winthrop's Conclusions for the Plantation in New England ; (4) New England's Urst Fruits, 1643; (5) John Eliot's Indian Grammar Begun; (6) John Cotton's "Clod's Promise to his Plantation"; (7) Letters of Roger Williams to Winthrop; (8) Thomas Hooker's "Way of the Churches of New England." The lectures for 1S95 were upon " The Puritans in Old England," as follows: "John Hooper, the First Puritan," by Edwin D. Mead; " Cam- bridge, the Puritan University," by William Evereti ; "Sir John Eliot and the House of Commons," by Prof. Albert B. Hart; "John Hamp- den and the Ship Money," by Rev. F. W. Gunsaulus; "John Pym and the Grand Remonstrance," by Rev. John Cuckson ; " OUver Cromwell and the Commonwealth," by Rev. Edward Everett Hale; "John Milton, the Puritan Poet," by John Fiske ; " Henry Vane in Old England and New England," by Prof. James K. Hosmer. The Leaflets were as follows: (i) The English Bible, selections from the various versions; (2) Hooper's Letters to BuUinger; (3) Sir John EHot's "Apology for Soc- rates"; (4) Ship-money Papers ; {5) Pym's Speech against Strafford; (6) Cromwell's Second Speech ; (7) Milton's " Free Commonwealth " ; (8) Sir Henry Vane's Defence. The lectures for 1896 were upon " The American Historians," as follows : " Bradford and Winthrop and their Journals," by Mr. Edwin D. Mead; "Cotton Mather and his ' Magnalia,' " by Prof. Barrett Wendell; " Governor Hutchinson and his History of Massachusetts," by Prof. Charles H. Levermork ; "Washington Irving and his Services for American History," by Mr. Richard Burton; "Bancroft and his His- tory of the United States," by Pres. Austin Scott; " Prescott and his Spanish Histories," by Hon. Roger Wolcott; " Motley and his History of the i:)utch Republic," by Rev. William Elliot Griffis; " Parkman and his Works on France in America," by Mr. John Fiske. The Leaflets were as follows: (i) Winthrop's " Little Speech " on Liberty; (2) Cotton Mather's " Bostonian Ebenezer," from the " Magnalia " ; (3) Governor Hutchinson's account of th^ Boston Tea Party; (4) Adrian Van der Donck's Description of the New Netherlands in 1655; (5) The Debate in the Constitutional Convention on the Rules of Suffrage in Congress ; (6) Columbus's Memorial to P^erdinand and Isabella, on his Second Voyage ; (7) The Dutch Declaration of Independence in 1581; (8) Captain John Knox's account of the Battle of Quebec. The last five of these eight Leaflets illustrate the original material in which Irving, Bancroft, Prescott, Motley, and Parkman worked in the preparation of their histories. The lectures for 1897 were upon "The Anti-slavery Struggle," as follows: " William Lloyd Garrison, or Anti-slavery in the Newspaper," by William Llovd Garrison, Jr.; "Wendell Phillips, or Anti-slavery on ihe Platform," by Wendell Phillips Stafford; "Theodore Parker, or Anti-slavery in the Pulpit," by Rev. Edward Everett Hale ; " John G. Whittier, or Anti-slavery in the Poem," by Mrs. Alice Freeman Palmer ; " Harriet Beecher Stowe, or Anti-slavery in the Story," by Miss Maria L. Baldwin; "Charles Sumner, or Anti-slavery in the Senate," by Moorfield Storf:v ; "John Brown, or Anti-slavery on the Scaffold," by Frank B. Sanborn; "Abraham Lincoln, or Anti-slavery Trium- phant," by Hon. John D. Long. The Leaflets were as follows: (i) The First Number of The Liberator ; (2) Wendell Phillips's Eulogy of Garrison ; (3) Theodore Parker's Address on the Dangers from Slavery ; (4) Whittier's account of the Anti-slavery Convention of 1833; (5) Mrs. Stowe's Story of "Uncle Tom's Cabin"; (6) Sumner's Speech on the Crime against Kansas; (7) Words of John Brown; (8) The First Lincoln and Douglas Debate. The lectures for 1S98 were upon " The Old World in the New," as follows: "What Spain has done for America," by Rev. Edward G. Porter; " What Italy has done for America," by Rev. Willi.\m Elliot Griffis ; " What France has done for America," by Prof. Jean Charle- Magne Bracq ; " What England has done for America," by Miss Kath- ARINK COMAN ; "What Ireland has done for America," by Prok. F. Spencer Baldwin; "What Holland has done for America," by Mr. Edwin D. Mead; "What Germany has done for America," by Miss Anna B. Thompson; "What Scandinavia has done for America," by Mr. Joseph P. Wakrkn. The Leaflets were as follows: (r) Account of the Founding of St. Augustine, by Francisco Lopez de Mendoza Grajales ; (2) Amerigo Vespucci's Account of his Third Voyage; (3) Champlain's Ac- count of the Founding of Quebec; {4) Barlowe's Account of the First Voyage to Roanoke; (5) Parker's Account of the Settlement of London- derry, N.H.; (6) Juet's Account of the Discovery of the Hudson River; (7) Pastorius's Description of Pennsylvania, 1700: (8) Acrelius's Account of the Founding of New Sweden. The lectures for iS()() were upon "The Life and Influence of Washing- ton," as follows : "Washington in the Revolution," by Mr. John Fiskk; "Washington and the ('onstitution," by Rkv. Edwakd Evereit Hale ; "Washington as President of the United States," by Rev. Albert E. WiNSHiP; "Washington the True Expander of the Republic," by Mr. Edwin D. Mead; "Washington's Interest in Education," by Hon. Ai.kred S. Roe; "The Men who worked with Washington," by Mrs. Alice Freeman Palmer; "Washington's Parewell Address," by Rev. Franklin Hamilton; "What the World has thought and said of Washington," by Prok. Edwin A. Grosvenor. The Leaflets were as follows: ([) Washington's Account of the Army at Cambridge in 1775; (2) Washington's Letters on the Constitution; {3) Washington's Inaug- urals; (4) Washington's Letter to Benjamin Harrison in 1784; (5) Wash- ington's Words on a National University; (6) Letters of Washington and Lafayette; (7) Washington's Farewell Address; (8) Henry Lee's P^uneral Oration on Washington. The lectures for 1900 were upon "The United States in the Nine- teenth Century," as follows: "Thomas Jefferson, the First Nineteenth- century President," by Edwin D. Mead; "The Opening of the Great West," by Rev. William E. Barton; "Webster and Calhoun, or the Nation and the States," by Prof. S. M. Macvane; "Abraham Lincoln and the Struggle with Slavery-," by Rev. Charles G. Ames; " Steam and Electricity, from Fulton to Edison," by Prof. F. Spencer Baldwin; " The Progress of Education in the Nineteenth Century," by Mr. Frank A. Hill; "The American Poets," by Mrs. May Alden Ward; "America and the World," by Hon. John L. Bates. The Leaflets were as follows : (i) Jefferson's Inaugurals ; (2) Account of Louisiana in 1803; (3) Calhoun on the Government of the United States; (4) Lincoln's Cooper Institute Address; (5) Chancellor Livingston on the Invention of the Steamboat; (6) Horace Mann's Address on the Ground of the Free School System; (7) Rufus Choate's Address on the Romance of New England History; (8) Kossuth's First Speech in Faneuil Hall. The lectures for 1901 were upon "The English Exploration of America," as follows: "John Cabot and the First English Expedition to America," by Prof. Charles H. Levermore; "Hawkins and Drake in the West Indies," by Mr. Joseph P.' Warren ; " Martin Frobisher and the Search for the North-west Passage," by Prof. Marshall S. Snow; "Sir Hum- phrey Gilbert and his Expedition to Newfoundland," by Mr. Ray Greene HuLiNG; "Sir Walter Raleigh and the Story of koanoke," by Rev. Edward Everett Hale; "Bartholomew Gosnold and the Story of Cuttyhunk," by Rev. William Elliot Griffis ; " Captain John Smith in Virginia and New England," by Hon. Alfred S. Roe; " Richard Hak- luyt and his Books about the English Explorers," by Mr. Milan C. Ayres. The Leaflets were as follows: (i) John Cabot's Discovery of North America; (2) Sir Francis Drake on the Coast of California; (3) Frobish- er's First Voyage ; (4) Sir Humphrey Gilbert's Expedition to Newfound- land ; (5) Raleigh's First Roanoke Colony; (6) Gosnold's Settlement at Cuttyhunk; (7) Captain John Smith's Description of New England; (8) Richard Hakluyt's Discourse on Western Planting. The lectures for 1902 were upon " How the United States Grew," as follows: "The Old Thirteen Colonies," by Hon. John D. Long; "George Rogers Clark and the North-west Territory," by Prof. Albert B. Hart; " How Jefferson bought Louisiana from Napoleon," by Rev. George Hodges; "The Story of Florida," by Rev. William Elliot Griffis; " The Lone Star State," by Hon. John L. Bates ; " The Oregon Country," by Rev. Samuel A. Eliot ; " The Mexican War and What Came of It," by Prof. F. Spencer Baldwin ; " Alaska in 1867 and 1902," by Mr. George G. WoLKiNS. The Leaflets were as follows : (i) Brissot's Account of Boston in 1788; (2) The Ordinance of 1784; (3) The Cession of Louisiana; (4) Monroe's Messages on Florida ; (5) Captain Potter's Account of the Fall of the Alamo; (6) Porter's Account of the Discovery of the Colum- bia River; (7) Sumner's Report on the War with Mexico; (8) Seward's Address on Alaska. The lectures for 1903 were upon " The World which Emerson knew," as follows : " The Boston into which Emerson was born," by Mr. Edwin D. Mead; "The Latin School and Harvard College a Century Ago," by Rev. Edward Everett Hale; " Emerson in Concord: The Citizen and the Neighbor," by Rev. Loren B. Macdonald; "Emerson's Friends and Fellow-workers," by Mr. George Willis Cooke; " Emerson in Europe, and the Men whom he met," by Rev. John Cuckson ; "The Lecturer, the Essayist, and the Poet," by Mr. John Tetlow; "The Anti-slavery Struggle and the Civil War," by Rev. Charles G. Ames; "A Century from the Birth of Emerson," by Lieut. Governor Curtis Guild, Jr. The Leaflets were as follows: (i) William Emerson's Fourth of July Oration, 1802; (2) James G. Carter's Account of the Schools of Massa- chusetts in 1824; (3) President Dwight's Account of Boston at the Be- ginning of the Nineteenth Century; (4) Selections from the First Number of The Dial : (5) Alexander Ireland's Recollections of Emerson; (6) The American Lyceum, 1829; (7) Samuel Hoar's Account of his Expulsion from Charleston in 1844 ; (8) Channing's Essay on National Literature, 1830. The lectures for 1904 were upon " Heroes of Peace," as follows : " Johr» Eliot, the Apostle to the Indians," by Prof. Edward C. Moore ; " Horace Mann and his Work for Better Schools," by Mr. George H. Martin ; " Mary Lyon and her College for Girls," by Miss Mary E. WooLLEY; " Elihu Burritt, the Learned Blacksmith," by Rev. Charles E. Jefferson ; " Peter Cooper, the Generous Giver," by Mr. Edward H. Chandler; " Dorothea Dix and her Errands of Mercy," by Rev. Chris- topher R. Eliot; "General Armstrong and "the Hampton Institute," by Pres. Booker T. Washington; "Colonel Waring and How he made New York clean," by Rev. William Elliot Griffis. The Leaflets were as follows: (i) John Eliot's Day-breaking of the Gospel with the Indians; (2) Passage on Education and Prosperity, from Horace Mann's Twelfth Report; (3) Mary Lyon's Pamphlet on Mount Holyoke Seminary, 1835; (4) Elihu Burritt's Addresses on A Congress of Nations; (5) Peter Cooper's Autobiography ; (6) Dorothea Dix's Memorial to the Massachu- setts Legislature, 1843; (7) General Armstrong's Account of the Found- ing of the Hampton Institute; (8) George E. Waring, Jr.'s, Account of Old Jersey. The lectures for 1905 were upon "The "Story of Massachusetts," as fol- lows : " The Men who Came in the ' Mayflower,' " by Mr. Edwin D. Mead ; "John Winthrop in Old England and New England,'" by Rev. William E. Griffis ; " How the Settlements Spread from Boston to Berkshire," Dy Mr. Joseph P. Warren; "Samuel Adams and the Town Meetings before the Revolution," by Mr. James P. Munrue; "The Building of the Railroads and the Cotton Mills," by Mr. Henry T. Bailey ; "The Anti-Slavery Leaders and the Great War Governor," by Prof. Henry G. Pearson; "The Massachusetts Poets and the History which they Teach," by Rev. William E. Barton; "The Story of the Schools and Colleges," by Prof. F. Spencer Baldwin. The Leaflets were as follows: (i) The Voyage of the " Mayflower," from Bradford's History; (2) The Planting of Colonies in New England, from John White's "The Planters' Plea"; (3) Captain Thomas Wheeler's Narrative of the Fight with the Indians at Brookfield,, 1675; (4) The Lexington Town Meetings from 1765 to 1775; (5) The Lowell Offering, October, 1S45; (6) Gov. Andrew's Address to the Ma.ssachusetts Legislature, May 14, 1861 ; (7) Selections from the Poems of Mrs. Anne Bradstreet; (8) Memorials of the First Graduates of Harvard College, by John Farmer. The lectures for 1906 were upon " Early Days in the Old Colonies," as follows: "Sir Walter Raleigh and the Effort at Roanoke," by Mr. Edwin D. Mead; "Captain John Smith and the Jamestown Settlement," by Prof. Marshall L. Perrin; "New Amsterdam and the Old Dutch Towns on the Hudson," by Mr. James P. Munroe; "The New England Colonies and their Federation," by Rev. W. E. Barton ; " The Two Lord Baltimores and the Founding of Maryland," by Rev. Everett D. Burr; " William Penn and the Quakers at Philadelphia," by Rev. Georce Hodges; "The Story of the Carolinas and Georgia," by Mr. Albert Perry Walker; " F'ranklin's Plan of Union in 1754, and the Conti- nental Congress in 1774," by Mr. John C. S. Andrew. The Leaflets- were as follows : (i) "The Invention of Ships," by Sir Walter Raleigh; (2) Captain John Smith's Account of the Settlement of Jamestown; (3^ De Vries's Account of New Netherland in 1640; (4) The New England Confederation, 1643; (5) Relation of Lord Baltimore's Plantation in Maryland. 1634; (6) William Penn's Description of Pennsylvania, 1683; (7) The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina, 1669; (8) "The Rights of the Colonists," by Samuel Adams, 1772. The lectures for 1907 were upon " Boston History in the Boston Poets," as follows : " St. Botolph's Town," and the old English Homes of the Founders of Boston, by Mr. Edwin D. Mead; "Up the litttle school- house shot"— The Latin School and the College, by Mr. Horace H. Morse ; " Freedom of worship is dear to all " — The Period of Persecution, and how it ended, by Rev. Woodman Bradbury; "For tribute never a cent "—The Town Meetings and the Tea Party, by Prof. James K. Hos- MER ; " There the freedom of a race began "—How Garrison and his Friends worked for the Slave, by Mr. William H. Lkwis; " Stainless soldier on the walls "—Robert Gould Shaw and the Young Heroes of the Civil War> by Prof. Henry G. Pearson ; "The light a great man leaves behind" — Boston Boys who became Great Men, by Rev. William E. Griffis ; ^' Freedom shall stand in the Old South Church "—The Service of our Historic Buildings, by Hon. Winslow Warren. The Leaflets were as follows: (i) "The Founding of Boston," by Edward Johnson; (2) Cotton Mather's Tribute to Ezekiel Cheever ; (3) Governor Hutchinson's Account^ of Anne Hutchinson; (4) John Adams's Tribute to James Otis, Samuel Adams and John Hancock; (5) Garrison's First Anti-slavery Address in Boston, 1829 ; (6) Thomas Hughes's Tribute to the Young Heroes of the Civil War; (7) Josiah Quincy's Farewell Address as Mayor of Boston, 1829; (8) Wendell PhilHps's Address on the Old South Meedng-house, 1876. The Old vSouth Leaflets, which have been published during the years since 1883 in connection with these annual courses of historical lectures at the Old South Meeting-house, have attracted so much attention and proved of so much service that the Directors have entered upon the pub- lication of the Leaflets for general circulation, with the needs of schools, colleges, private clubs, and classes especially in mind. The Leaflets are prepared Viy Mr. Edwin D. Mead. They are largely reproductions of im- portant original papers, accompanied by useful historical and bibliographi- cal notes. They consist, on an average, of twenty pages, and are sold at the low price of five cents a copy, or four dollars per hundred. The aim is to bring them within easy reach of everybody. The Old South Work, founded by Mrs. Mary Hemenway, and still sustained by provision of her will, is a work for the education of the people, and especially the education of our young people, in American history and politics ; and its promoters believe that few things can contribute better to this end than the wide cir- culation of such leaflets as those now undertaken. It is hoped that pro- fessors in our colleges and teachers everywhere will welcome them for use in their classes, and that they may meet the needs of the societies of young men and women now happily being organized in so many places for his- torical and political studies. Some idea of the character of these Old South Leaflets may be gained from the following list of the subjects of the numbers which are now ready. It will be noticed that most of the later numbers are the same as certain numbers in the annual series. Since 1890 they are essentially the same, and persons ordering the Leaflets need simply observe the following numbers. No. 1. The Constitution of the United States. 2. The Articles of Confederation. 3. The Declaration of Independence. 4. Washington's Farewell Address. 5. Magna Charta. 6. Vane's " Healing Question." 7. Charter of Massachusetts Bay, 1629. 8. Fundamental Orders of Con- necticut, 1638. 9. Franklin's Plan of Union, 1754. 10. Washington's Inaugurals. 11. Lincoln's Inaugurals and Emancipation Proclamation. 12. the Federalist, Nos. i and 2. 13. The Ordinance of 1787. 14. The Constitution of Ohio. 15. Washington's Circular Letter to the Govern- ors of the States, 1783. 16. Washington's Letter to Benjamin Harrison, 1784. 17. Verrazzano's Voyage, 1524. 18. The Constitution of Switz- erland. 19. The Bill of Rights, 1689. 20. Coronado's Letter to Men- doza, 1540. 21. Eliot's Brief Narrative of the Progress of the Gospel among the Indians, 1670. 22. Wheelock's Narrative of the Rise of the Indian School at Lebanon, Conn., 1762. 23. The Petition of Rights, 1628. 24. The Grand Remonstrance. 25. The Scottish National Covenants. 13 26. The Agreement of the People. 27. The Instrument of Government. 28. Cromwell's First Speech to his Parliament. 29. The Discovery of America, from the Life of Columbus, by his son, Ferdinand Columbus. 30. Strabo's Introduction to Geography. 31. The Voyages to Vinland, from the Saga of Eric the Red. 32. Marco Polo's Account of Japan and Java. 33. Columbus's Letter to Gabriel Sanchez, describing the First Voyage and Discovery. 34. Amerigo Vespucci's Account of his First Voyage. 35. Cortes's Account of the City of Mexico. 36. The Death of De Soto, from the " Narrative of a Gentleman of Elvas." 37. Early Notices of the Voyages of the Cabots. 38. Henry Lee's Funeral Oration on Washington. 39. De Vaca's Account of his Journey to New Mexico. 1535. 40. Manasseh Cutler's Description of Ohio, 1787. 41. Wash- ington's Journal of his Tour to the Ohio, 1770. 42. Garfield's Address on the North-west Territory and the Western Reserve. 43. George Rogers Clark's Account of the Capture of Vincennes, 1779. 44. Jefferson's Life of Captain Meriwether Lewis. 45. Fremont's Account of his Ascent of Fremont's Peak. 46. Father Marquette at Chicago, 1673. 47. Washing- ton's Account of the Army at Cambridge, 1775. ^^- Bradford's Memoir of Elder Brewster. 49. Bradford's first Dialogue. 50. Winthrop's " Con- clusions for the Plantation in New England." 51. " New England's First Fruits," 1643. 52. John Eliot's "Indian Grammar Begun." 53. John Cotton's " God's Promise to his Plantation." 54. Letters of Roger Will- iams to Winthrop. 55. Thomas Hooker's "Way of the Churches of New England." 56. The Monroe Doctrine: I'resident Monroe's Message of 1823. 57. The English Bible, selections from the various versions. 58. Hooper's Letters to Bullinger. 59. Sir John Eliot's " Apology for Soc- rates." 60. Ship-money Papers. 61. Pym's Speech against Strafford. 62. Cromwell's Second Speech. 63. Milton's "A Free Commonwealth." 64. Sir Henry Vane's Defence. 65. Washington's Addresses to the Churches. 66. Winthrop's " Little Speech " on Liberty. 67. Cotton Mather's " Bostonian Ebenezer," from the " Magnalia." 68. Governor Hutchinson's Account of the Boston Tea Parly. 69". Adrian Van der Donck's Description of New Netherlands in 1655. 70. The Debate in the Constitutional Convention on the Rules of Suffrage in Congress. 71. Columbus's Memorial to Ferdinand and Isabella, on his Second Voyage. 72. The Dutch Declaration of Independence in 1 58 1. 73. Captain John Knox's Account of the Battle of Quebec. 74. Hamilton's Report on the Coinage. 75. William Penn's Plan for the Peace of Europe. 76. Washington's Words on a National University. 77. Cotton Mather's Lives of Bradford and Winthrop. 78. The First Number of T//g Liber- ator. 79. Wendell Phillips's PLulogy of Garrison. 80. Theodore Par- ker's Address on the Dangers from Slavery. 81. Whittier's Account of 'the Anti-slavery Convention of 1833. 82. Mrs. Stowe's Story of "Uncle Tom's Cabin." 83. Sunnier's Speech on llie Crime against Kansas. 84. The Words of John Brown. 85. The First Lincoln and Douglas Debate. 86. Washington's Account of his Capture of Boston. 87. The Manners and Customs of the Indians, from Morton's "New English Canaan." 88. The Beginning of King Philip's War, from Hubbard's History of Philip's War, 1677. 89. Account of the Founding of St. Augustine, by Francisco Lopez de Mendoza Grajales. 90. Amerigo Vespucci's Account of his Third Voyage. 91. Champlain's Account of the Founding of Quebec. 92. Barlowe's Account of the First Voyage to Roanoke. 93. Parker's Account of the Settlement of Londondenv, N.H. 94. Juet's Account 14 of the Discovery of the Hudson River. 95. Pastorius's Description of Pennsylvania, 1700. 96. Acrelius's Account of the Founding of New- Sweden. 97. Lafayette in the American Revolution. 98. Letters of Washington and Lafayette. 99. Washington's Letters on the Constitu- tion. 100. Robert Browne's " Reformation without Tarrying for Any.'* 101. Grotius's " Rights of War and Peace." 102. Columbus's Account of Cuba. 103. John Adams's Liaugural. 104. Jefferson's Inaugurals. 105. Account of Louisiana in 1803. 106. Calhoun on the Government of the United States. 107. Lincoln's Cooper Institute Address. 108. Chancellor Livingston on the Invention of the Steamboat. 109. Horace Mann's Address on the Ground of the Free School System. 110. Rufus Choate's Address on the Romance of New England History. 111. Kos- suth's First Speech in P^aneuil Hall. 112. King Alfred's Description of Europe. 113. Augustine in England. 114. The Hague Arbitration Treaty. 115. John Cabot's Discovery of North America. 116. Sir Francis Drake on the Coast of California. 117. Frobisher's First Voy- age. 118. Sir Humphrey Gilbert's Expedition to Newfoundland. 119. Raleigh's First Roanoke Colony. 120. Gosnold's Settlement at Cutty- hunk. 121. Captain John Smith's Description of New England. 122. Richard Hakluyt's Discourse on Western Planting. 123. Selections from Dante's " Monarchia." 124. Selections from More's " Utopia." 125. Wyclif's English Bible. 126. Brissot's Account of Boston in 17S8. 127. The Ordinance of 17S4. 128. The Cession of Louisiana. 12&. Monroe's Messages on Florida. 130. Captain Potter's Account of the Fall of the Alamo. 131. Porter's Account of the Discovery of the Columbia River. 132. Sumner's Report on the War with Mexico. 133. Seward's Address on Alaska. 134. William Emerson's Fourth of July Oration, 1802. 135. James G. Carter's Account of the Schools of Massa- chusetts in 1824. 136. President Dwight's Account of Boston at the Re- ginning of the Nineteenth Century. 137. Selections from the First Number of The Dial. 138. Alexander Ireland's Recollections of Emer- son. 139. The American Lyceum, 1829. 140. Samuel Hoar's Ac- count of his Expulsion from Charleston in 1844. 141. Channing's Essay on Natural Literature, I S30. 142. Words of John Robinson. 143. John Eliot's " Day-breaking of the Gospel with the Indians." 144. Passage on Education and Prosperity, from Horace Mann's Twelfth Report. 145. Mary Lyon's Pamphlet on Mount Holyoke Seminary, 1835. 146. Elihu Burritt's Addresses on a Congress of Nations. 147. Peter Cooper's Au- tobiography. 148. Dorothea Dix's Memorial to the Massachusetts Legis- lature, 1843. 149. General Armstrong's Account of the Founding of the Hampton Institute. 150. George E. Waring, Jr.'s, Account of Old Jersey. 151. Commodore Perry's Landing in Japan in 1853. 152. John Paul Jones's Account of the Battle between the " Bon Homme Richard "and the " Serapis." 153. The Voyage of the " Mayflower," from Bradford's History. 154. The Planting of Colonies in New England, from John White's "The Planters' Plea." 155. Captain Thomas Wheeler's Narra- tive of the Fight with the Indians at Brookfield, 1675. 156. The Lex- ington Town Meetings from 1765 to 1775. 157. The Lmvell Offering, October, 1845. 158. Governor Andrew's Address to the Massachusetts Legislature, May 14, 1861. 159. Selections from the Poems of Mrs. Anne Bradstreet. 160. Memorials of the First Graduates of Harvard College, by John Farmer. 161. Frankhn's Boyhood in Boston, from his Autobiography. 162. Franklin on War and Peace. 163. Franklin's 15 Plan for Western Colonies, 1754. 164. The Massachusetts Body of Liberties, 1641. 165. John Wise on Government, 1717. 166. The Invention of Ships, b)- Sir Walter Raleigh. 167. Captain John Smith's Account of the Settlement of Jamestown. 168. DeVries's Account of New Netherland in 1640. 169. The New England Confederation, 1643. 170. Relation of Lord Baltimore's Plantation in Maryland, 1634. 171. William Penn's Description of Pennsylvania, 16S3. 172. The Funda- mental Constitutions of Carolina, 1669. 173. The Rights of the Col- onists. By Samuel Adams, 1772. 174. The Discovery of Pike's Peak, from Pike's Journal. 175. Longfellow Memorial. 176. The Found- ing of Boston, by Edward Johnson. 177. Cotton Mather's Tribute to Ezekiel Cheever. 178. Governor Hutchinson's Account of Anne Hutch- inson. 179. John Adams's Tribute to James Otis, Samuel Adams and John Hancock. 180. Garrison's First Anti-slavery Address in Boston, 1829. 181. Thomas Hughes's Tribute to the Young Heroes of the Civil War. 182. Josiah Quincy's Farewell Address as Mayor of Boston, 1829. 183. Wendell Phillips's Address on the Old South Meeting-house, 1876. The leaflets, which are sold at five cents a copy or four dollars per hundred, are also furnished in bound volumes, each volume containing twenty-five leaflets: Vol. i., Nos. 1-25 ; Vol. ii., 26-50 ; Vol. iii., 51-75 ; Vol. iv., 76-100; Vol. v., 101-125 ; Vol. vi., 126-150; Vol.vii., 151-175. Price per volume, $1.50. Title-pages with table of contents will be furnished to all purchasers of the leaflets who wish to bind them for themselves. Annual series of eight leaflets each, in paper covers, 50 cents a volume. Address DIRECTORS OF THE OLD SOUTH WORK, Old South Meeting-house, Boston. OLD SOUTH ESSAYS, 1881-1907. The Old South prizes for the best essays on subjects in American his- tory were first offered by Mrs. Hemenway in 1881, and they have been awarded regularly in each successive year since. The competition is open to all graduates of the various Boston high schools in the current year and the preceding year. Two subjects are proposed each year, forty dollars being awarded for the best essay on each of the subjects named, and twenty-five dollars for the second best, — in all, four prizes. The first prize essay for 1S81, on "The Policy of the early Colonists of Massachusetts toward Quakers and Others whom they regarded as In- truders," by Henry L. Southwick, and one of the first-prize essays for 1889, on "Washington's Interest in Education," by Miss Caroline C. Stecker, have been printed, and can be procured at the Old South Meeting- house. Another of the prize essays on " Washington's Interest in Educa- tion," by Miss Julia K. Ordway, was published in the A'ew England Maga- zine, for May, 1S90; one of the first-prize essays for 1890, on "Philip, Pontiac, and Tecumseh," by Miss CaroHne C. Stecker, appeared in the New England Magazhie for September, 1891 ; one of the first-prize essays for 1891, on " Marco Polo's Explorations in Asia and their Influence upon Columbus," by Miss Helen P. Margesson, in the number for August, 1892; one for 1893, on "The Part of Massachusetts Men in the Ordinance of 1787," by Miss Elizabeth H. Tetlow, in March, 1895; o"^ for 1898, on " The Struggle of France and England for North America," by Caroline B. Shaw, in January, 1900; and one for 1901, on "Early Explorations of the New England Coast," by Hyman Askowith, in March, 1903. The subjects of the Old South essays from 1881 to 1907 are given below, in the hope that they will prove suggestive and stimulating to other stu- dents and societies. It will be observed that the subjects of the later essays are closely related to the subjects of the lectures for the year. 1881. What was the policy of the early colonists of Massachusetts toward Quakers and others whom they regarded as intruders ? Was this policy in any respect objectionable, and, if so, what excuses can be offered for it ? Why did the American colonies separate from the mother country? Did the early settlers look forward to any such separation, and, if not, how and when did the wish for it grow up.' What was the difference between the form of government which they finally adopted and that under which they had before been living ? 1S82. Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain boys; or, the early history of the New Hampshire grant, afterward called Vermont. The town meeting in the Old South Meeting-house on July 22 and 28, 1774- 1883. The right and wrong of the policy of the United States toward the North American Indians. What were the defects of the " Articles of Confederation " between the United States, and why was the " Constitution of the United States " sub- stituted ? I? 1884. Why did the Pilgrim Fathers come to New England ? The struggle to maintain the Massachusetts charter, to its final loss ic 1684. Discuss the relation of the struggle to the subsequent struggle of the colonies for independence. 1885. Slavery as it once prevailed in Massachusetts. The " States Rights" doctrine in New England, with .special reference to the Hartford Convention. 1886. The Boston town meetings and their influence in the American Revolution. EngUsh opinion upon the American Revolution preceding and during the war. 1887. The Albany Convention of 1754, its history and significance, •with reference to previous and subsequent movements toward union in the colonies. Is a Congress of two houses or a Congress of one house the better? What was said about it in the Constitutional Convention, and what is to be said about it today ? 18S8. England's part in the Crusades, and the influence of the Cru.sades upon the development of English liberty. The political thought of Sir Henry Vane. Consider Vane's relations to Cromwell and his influence ii])on America. 1889. The influence of French political thought upon America during the period of the American and French Revolutions. Washington's interest in the cause of education. Consider especially his project of a national university. 1890. Efforts for the education of the Indians in the American colonies before the Revolution. King I'hilip, I'ontiac, and Tecumseh : discuss their plans for Indian union and ccmipare their characters. 1891. The introduction of printing into England by William Caxton, and its effects upon English literature and life. Marco Polo's explorations in Asia, and their influence upon Columbus. 1892. The native races of Mexico, and their civilization at the time of the conquest by Cortes. English explorations in America during the century following the dis- covery by Columbus. 1893. The part taken by Massachusetts men in connection with the Ordinance of 1787. Coronado and the early Spanish explorations of New Mexico. ^ 1894. The relations of the founders of New England to the Univer- sities of Cambridge and Oxford. The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut and their place in the history of written constitutions. 1895. New England politics as affected by the changes in England from 1629 to 1692, the dates of the two Massachusetts charters. The character of Cromwell as viewed by his contemporaries. Consider especially the tributes of Milton and Marvell. 1896. Earlyihistorical writings in America, from Captain John Smith to Governor Hutchinson. The Harvard historians, and the services of Harvard University for American history. i8q7. The history of slavery in the Northern States and of Anti-sla- very Sentiment in the South before the Civil War. i8 The Anti-slavery movement in American literature. 1898. The Struggle of France and England for North America, from the founding of Quebec by Champlain till the capture of Quebec by Wolfe. The History of Immigratioti to the United States from the close of the Revolution to the present time. Consider the race and character of the immigrants in the earlier and later periods. 1899. The American Revolution under Washington and the English Revolution under Cromwell: Compare their Causes, Aims, and Results. Washington's Plan for a National University: The Argument for it a Hundred Years Ago and the Argument To-day. 1900. The Monroe Doctrine: Its History and Purpose. Longfellow's Poetry of America: His Use of American Subjects and his Services for American History. 1 90 1. The Explorations of the New England Coast previous to the landing of the Pilgrims in 1620, with special reference to the early maps. The Services of Richard Hakluyt in promoting the English coloniza- tion of America. . 1902. The Pohtical History of the Louisiana Territory, from the Treaty of Paris in 1763 to the Admission of Louisiana as a State in 181 2. Explorations beyond the Mississippi, from the Discovery of the Colum- bia River by Captain Gray to the Last Expedition under Fremont. 1903. The Works of Emerson in their Reference to American History, — the Colonial period, the period of the Revolution, and the period of the Anti-slavery Struggle and the Civil War. The Condition of Public Education in Massachusetts at the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century. 1904. The services of Elihu Burritt and other Americans in connection with the International Peace Congresses in Europe from 1843 *o 1851. The life and work of Francis Parkman as an illustration of heroic de- votion in the historical scholar. 1905. The Constitution of Massachusetts : History of the Constitutional Convention of 1779-80, and Comparison of the Massachusetts Constitution with the Constitutions of the other New England States. The Rise and Decline of the Massachusetts Whale-fishery, studied es- pecially in connection with the history of New Bedford and Nantucket. 1906. The Political Principles of William Penn, as shown in his Writ- ings and in the Frame of Government of Pennsylvania. Franklin's Plan of Union in 1754, and its relation to his work in con- nection with the Articles of Confederation and the National Constitution. 1907. The Removal of the Acadians in 1755, the subject of Long- fellow's " Evangeline." Compare Parkman's account with the accounts by the New England men in the expedition and other original authorities. The Beginning of German Emigration to America, illustrated by Whit- tier's " Pennsylvania Pilgrim." Study the growth of the German element up to the time of the Revolution. OLD SOUTH HISTORICAL SOCIETY. The Old South essayists of these years now number over two hun- dred; and they naturally represent the best historical scholarship of their successive years in the Boston high schools. They have been organized into an Old South Historical Society, which holds monthly meetings for the reading of papers and general discussion. The meetings of the society for the season of 1S96-97 were devoted to the study of the Anti-slavery Struggle. The general subject for the season of 1897-98 was "The Heri- tage of Slavery," taking up reconstruction, the education of the freedmen, etc. The subject for 1898-99 was " The History of the Spanish Power in America." The 1899-1900 studies were of "Economic and Social Forces in Massachusetts to 1800." The courses for 1900-1901 and 1901-1902 were on "The Puritan Movement." The course for 1902-1903 was on various movements in the United States during the Nineteenth Century. The course for 1903- 1904 was on the French and Indian Wars. The course for 1904-1905 was on Boston in the Nineteenth Century. The course for 1905-1906 was on Boston Men of the Revolution. The course for 1906- 1907 was on the early Massachusetts Towns. The society is not concerned with self-culture alone. The promotion of good citizenship is one of its objects, as well as historical study. It aims to bnng history to bear upon life. It has a strong Educational Committee; and through the arrangements of this committee, many of its young men each winter give courses of illustrated historical lectures in the various educational centres of Boston, devoting their work largely to Boston local history. The society has also instituted annual historical pilgrimages, in which it invites the young people of Boston and vicinity to join. Its first pilgrim- age, in 1896, was to old Rutland, Mass., " the cradle of Ohio." Its second pilgrimage, June, 1897, in which six hundred joined, was to the homes of Whittier by the Merrimack. The third pilgrimage, June, 1898, joined in by an equal number, was to the King Philip Country, Mount Hope, R.I. The 1899 pilgrimage was to Plymouth. The 1900 pilgrimage was to New- buryport. The 1901 pilgrimage was to Newport. The 1902 pilgrimage was to Portsmouth. The 1903 pilgrimage was again to the Whittier country. The 1904 pilgrimage was to Andover. The 1905 pilgrimage was to New Bedford. The 1906 pilgrimage was to Ipswich. The 1907 pil- grimage was to Quincy and Hingham. THE OLD SOUTH WORK. The extent of the obligation of Boston and of America to Mary Hemenway for her devo- Uon to the historical and political education of our young people dufing the closing period of the iQth century is something which we only now begin to properly appreciate, when she has left us and we view her work as a whole. I do not think it is too much to say that she has done more than any other single individual in the same time to promote popular interest in American history and to promote intelligent patriotism. , , , ,. Mrs. Hemenwav was a woman whose interests and sympathies were as broad as the world but she was a great patriot, and she was pre-eminently that. She was an enthusiastic lover of freedom and of democracv, and there was not a day of her Ufe that she did not think of the great price with which our own heritage of freedom had been purchased. Her patriot- ism was loyalty. She had a deep feeUng of personal gratitude to the founders of New Eng- land and the fathers of the Repubhc. She had a reverent pride in our position of leadership in the history and movement of modem democracy; and she had a consuming zeal to keep the nation strong and pure and worthv of its best traditions, and to kindle this zeal among the young people of the nation. With all her great enthusiasms, she was an amazingly practical and definite woman. She wasted no time or strength in vague generalities, either of speech or action Others might long for the time when the kingdom of God should cover the earth as the waters cover the sea, and she longed for it; but, while others longed, she devoted her- self to doing what she could to bring that corner of God's world in which she was set into con- formity with the laws of God,— and this by every means in her power, by teaching poor girls how to make better clothes and cook better dinners and make better homes, by teaching people to value health and respect and train their bodies, by incitmg people to read better books and love better music and better pictures and be interested in more important things. Others might long for the parliament of man and the federation of the world, and so did she; but while others longed, she devoted herself to doing what she could to make this nation, for which she was particularly responsible, fitter for the federation when it comes. The good patriot to her thinking, was not the worse cosmopolite. The good State for which she worked was a 'good Massachusetts; and her chief interest, while others talked municipal reform, was to make a better Boston. . ■ ■ t j American historv, people used to say, is not interesting; and they read about I\Ty and Marathon and Zaiiia, about Pym and Pepin and Pericles, the ephors, the tribunes, and the House of Lords. American historv, said Mrs. Hemenway, is to us the most interesting and the most important history in the world, if we would only open our eyes to it and look at it in the right way; and I will help people to look at it in the right way. Our very archa-ology, she said is of the highest interest; and through the researches of Mr. Gushing and Dr. Fewkes and 'others among the Zuuis and the Moquis, sustained by her at the cost of thousands of dollars, she did an immense work to make interest in it general. Boston, the Puritan city,— how proud she was of its great hne of heroic men, from Winthrop and Cotton and Eliot and Harvard to Sumner and Garrison and Parker and Phillips ! How proud she was that Harry Vane once trod its soil and here feh himself at home! How she loved Hancock and Otis and Warren and Revere and the great men of the Boston town meetings— above all, Samuel Adams, the very mention of whose name always thrilled her, and whose portrait was the only one save Washington's which hung on the oaken walls of her great dining-room! The Boston historians, Prescott, Motley, Parkman; the Boston poets, Longfellow, Lowell, Emerson,— each word of every one she treasured. She would have enjoyed and would have understood, as few others, that recent declaration of Charles Francis Adams, that the founding of Boston was fraught with consequences to the world not less important than those of the founding of Rome. All other Boston men and women must see Boston as she saw it, — that was her high resolve. Thev must know and take to heart that they were citizens of no mean city; they must be roused to the sacredness of their inheritance, that so they might be roused to the no- biUty of their citizenship and the greatness of their duty. It was with this aim and with this 'spirit, not with the spirit of the mere antiquarian, that Mrs. Hemenway inaugurated the Old South Work. History with her was for use,— the history of Boston, the history of New England, the history of America. . , • i In the first place, she saved the Old South Meeting-house; and, having saved U, she determined that it should not stand an idle monument, the tomb of the great ghosts, but a living temple of patriotism. She knew the didactic power of great associations; and every one who in these thirty vears has been in the habit of going to the lectures and celebrations at the Old South knows with what added force many a lesson has been taught within the walls which heard the tread of Washington and which stiU echo the words of Samuel Adams and James Otis and Joseph Warren. — Edwin D. Mead. (01ti ^out^ ILeafUtif, No. 176. The Founding of Boston. From Captain Edward Johnson's "Wonder-working Provi- dence," PUBLISHED IN LONDON IN 1654. Of the voluntary banishment, chosen by this People 0} Christ, and their last jarewell taken of their Country and Friends. And now behold the severall Regiments of these Souldiers of Christ, as they are shipped for his service in the Western World, part thereof beinjf come to the Towne and Port of Souihamptan in England, where they were to be shipped, that they might prosecute this designe to the full, one Ship called the Eagle, they wholy purchase, and many more they hire, filling them with the feede of man and beast to sow this yet untilled Wildernesse withall, making sale of such Land as they possesse, to the great admiration of their Friends and Acquaintance, who thus expostu- late with them. What, will not the large income of your yearly revenue content you, which in all reason cannot chuse but be more advantagious both to you and yours, then all that Rocky Wilder- nesse, whither you are going, to run the hazard of your life? Have you not here your Tables filled with great variety of Foode, your Coffers filled with Coyne, your Houses beautifully built and filled with all rich Furniture? (or otherwise) have you not such a gainfuU Trade as none the like in the Towne where you live? Are you not inriched daily? Are not your Children very well provided for as they come to years ? (nay) may you not here as pithily practise the two chiefe Duties of a Christian (if Chri=t give strength) namely Mortification and Sanctification as in any place of the World? What helps can you have there that you must not carry from hence? With bold resolvednesse these stout Souldiers of Christ reply; as Death, the King of terror with all his dreadfull attendance inhumane and barbarous, tortures doubled and trebled by all the infernal furies have appeared but light and momentany to the Souldiers of Christ lesus, so also the pleasure, Profits and Honours of this World set forth in their most glorious splendor, and magnitude by the alluring Lady of Delight, proffering pleasant embraces, cannot intice with her Syyen Songs, such Souldiers of Christ, whose aymes are elevated by him, many Millions above that brave Warrier Vlysses. Now seeing all can be said will but barely set forth the im- moveable Resolutions that Christ continued in these men; Passe on and attend with teares, if thou hast any, the following discourse, while these Men, Women and Children are taking their last farwell of their Native Country, Kindred, Friends and Acquaint- ance, while the Ships attend them; Many make choise of some solitary place to eccho out their bowell-breaking affections in bidding their Friends farwell, deare friends (sayes one) as neare as my owne soule doth thy love lodge in my brest, with thought of the heart-burning Ravishments, that thy Heavenly speeches have wrought: my melting soule is poured out at present with these words, both of them had their farther speach strangled from the depth of their inward dolor, with breast-breaking sobs till leaning their heads each on others shoulders, they let fall the salt-dropping dews of vehement affection, striving to exceede one another, much like the departure of David and Jonathan: having a little eased their hearts with the still streames of Teares, they recovered speech againe. Ah! my much honoured friend, hath Christ given thee so great a charge as to be Leader of his People into that far remote, and vast Wildernesse, I, oh, and alas thou must die there and never shall I see thy Face in the flesh againe, wert thou called to so great a taske as to passe the pretious Ocean, and hazard thy person in Battell against thousands of Malignant Enemies there ? there were hopes of thy return with triumph, but now after two three, or foure moneths spent with daily expectation of swallowing Waves, and cruell Pirates, you are to be Landed among barbarous Indians, famous for nothing but cruelty, where you are like to spend your days in a famishing condition for a long space; Scarce had he uttered this, but pres- ently hee lockes his friend fast in his armes, holding each other thus for some space of time, they weepe againe, But as Paul to his beloved flock: the other repHes what doe you weeping and breaking my heart? I am now prest for the service of our Lord Christ to re-build the most glorious Edifice of Mount Sion in a Wildernesse, and as John Baptist, I must cry prepare yee the way of the Lord, make his paths strait, for behold hee is comming againe, hee is comming to destroy Antichrist, and give the whore double to drinke the very dregs of his wrath. . . . They thrust in among the throng now ready to take Ship, where they beheld the like affections with their own among divers Relations, Husbands and Wives with mutuall consent are now purposed to part for a time 900 Leagues asunder, since some providepce at present will not suffer them to goe to- gether, they resolve their tender affections shall not hinder this worke of Christ, the new Married and betrothed man, exempt by the Law of God from war, now will not claime their priviledge, but being constrained by the Love of Christ, lock up their naturall affections for a time, till the Lord shall be pleased to give them a meeting in this Westerne World, sweetly mixing it with spirituall love, in the meane time many Fathers now take their yong Samu- ells, and give them to this service of Christ all their Lives. Breth- ren, Sisters, Unkles, Nephewes, Neeces, together with all Kindred of bloud that binds the bowells of affection in a true Lovers knot, can now take their last farewell, each of other, although naturall affection will still claime her right, and manifest her selfe to bee in the body by looking out at the Windowes in a mournefuU manner among this company, thus disposed doth many Reverend and godly Pastors of Christ present themselves, some in a Seamans Habit, and their scattered sheepe comming as a poore Convoy loftily take their leave of them as followeth, what dolefuU da yes are these, when the best choice our Orthodox Ministers can make is to take up a perpetuall banishment from their native soile, together with their Wives and Children, wee their poore sheepe they may not feede, but by stoledred should they abide here. Lord Christ, here they are at thy command, they go, this is the doore thou hast opened upon our earnest request, and we hope it shall never be shut: for Englands sake they are going from England to pray without ceasing for England, O England ! thou shalt finde New England prayers prevailing with their God for thee, but now woe alas, what great hardship must these our indeared Pastors indure for a long season, with these words they lift up their voyces and wept, adding many drops of salt liquor to the ebbing Ocean; Then shaking hands they bid adue with much cordiall affection to all their Brethren, and Sisters in Christ, yet now the Scorne and Derision of those times, and for this their great enterprise counted as so many crackt-braines, but Christ will make all the earth know the wisdome he hath indued them with, shall over-top all the humane policy in the World as the sequell wee hope will shew. . . . 0/ the wonderjull preservation of Christ, in carrying his People Men, Women, Children, through the hirgest Ocean in the World. Being safe aboard weighing Anker, and hoysting saile they betooke them to the protection of the Lord on the wide Ocean, no sooner were they dispersed by reason of the widenesse of the Sea, but the ArrabeUa (for so they called the Eagle which the com- pany purchased in honour of the Lady ArrabeUa, Wife to that godly Esquire, Izack Johnson) espied foure Ships, as they sup- posed, in pursuit of them, their suspition being the more augmented by reason of a report (when they lay in harbor) of foure Dunkerk- men of war, who were said to lie waiting for their comming forth, at this fight they make preparation, according to their present condition, comforting one another in the sweete mercies of Christ: the weaker sex betooke them to the Ships hold, but the men one Decks waite in a readinesse for the enemies approach. At whose courage many of the Seamen wonder, not knowing under whose command these their passengers were, even he who makes all his Souldiers bold as Lions. Yet was he not minded to make triall of his peoples valiantcy in fight at this time, for the ships comming up with them proved to be their own Countrymen and friends, at which they greatly rejoyced, seeing the good hand of their God was upon them, and are further strengthened in Faith to rely one Christ, for the future time against all Leakes, Stormes, Rockes, Sands, and all other wants a long Sea-voyage procures, sustain- ing them with all meeknesse and patience, yet sensible of the Lords frownes, humbling their soules before him, and also re- joycing in his deliverances in taking the cup of Salvation, and paying the tribute of thankfulnesse to the most high, whose provident hand was diversly directed toward them, purposely to point out the great hardships they must undergoe in this their Christian warfare, and withall to tell them, although their diffi- 5 culties were many and mournfull, yet their victories should be much more glorious and joyfuU, eminently eyed of the whole World, but now keeping their course so neare as the winds will suffer them, the billowes begin to grow lofty and rageing, and suddenly bringing them into the vale of death, covering them with the formidable flouds, and dashing their bodies from side to side, hurling their unfixed goods from place to place at these unwonted workes. Many of these people amazed finde such opposition in nature, that her principles grow feeble, and cannot digest her food, loathing all manner of meat, so that the vitall parts are hindered from co-operating with the Soule in spirituall duties, insomuch that both Men, Women and Children are in a helplesse condition for present, and now is the time if ever of recounting this service they have, and are about to undertake for Christ; but he, who is very sensible of his peoples infirmities, rebukes the winds, and Seas for their sakes, and then the reverend and godly among them begin to exhort them in the name of the Lord, and from the Lord, being fitted with such words as much incourrages the worke they are going about, many of their horses and other Cattell are cast over-board by the way, to the great disheartning of some, but Christ knew well how far his peoples hearts would be taken off the maine worke with these things.- And therefore although he be very tender in providing outward necessaries for his, yet rather than this great worke (he intends) should be hindered, their Tables shall be spred but thinly in this Wildernesse for a time. After the Lord had exercised them thus severall ways, he sent Diseases to visit their Ships, that the desart Land they were now drawing near unto might not be deserted by them at first enterance, which sure it would have been by many, had not the Lord prevented by a troublesom passage: At forty dayes end, or thereabout, they cast to sound the Seas depth, and find them sixty fadom, by which they deem the bankes of New found Land are near, where they being provided with Cod-line and Hooke hale up some store of fish to their no small refreshing, and within some space of time after they approach the Cost of New England, where they are againe provided with Mackarell and that which was their greater rejoycing, they discover Land, at sight thereof they blessed the Lord„ . . . Oj the first leading of these People oj Christ, when the Civil Government was Established. But to goe on with the Story, the 12 of July or thereabout 1630. these Souldiers of Christ first set foote one this Westerne end of the World; where arriveing in safety, both Men, Women and Children. On the North side of Charles River, they landed neare a small Island, called Noddells Island, where one Mr. Samuel Mavereck then living, a man of a very loving and curteous behaviour, very ready to entertaine strangers, yet an enemy to the Reformation in hand, being strong for the Lordly Prelaticall power one this Island, he had built a small Fort with the helpe of one Mr. David Tompson, placing therein foure Murtherers to protect him from the Indians. About one mile distant upon the River ran a small creeke, taking its Name from Major Gen. Edward Gibbons, who dwelt there for some yeares after; One the South side of the River one a point of Land called Blaxtons point, planted Mr. William Blaxton, of whom we have former spoken: to the South-East of him, neare an Island called Tomp- sons Island lived some few Planters more, these persons were the first Planters of those parts, having some small Trading with the Indians for Beaver -'$>k\ns, which moved them to make their aboade in those parts, whom these first Troopes of Christs Army, found as fit helpes to further their worke. At their arrivall those small number of Christians gathered at Salem, greatly rejoycing and the more, because they saw so many that came chiefly for promoting the great Work of Christ in hand, the Lady Arrabella and some other godly Women aboad at Salem, but their Husbands continued at Charles Town, both for the settling the civill Gov- ernment, and gathering another Church of Christ. The first Court was holden aboard the Arrabella the 23. of August. When the much honoured John Wintrope Esq. was chosen Governour for the remainder of that yeare, 1630. Also the worthy Thomus Dudly Esq. was chosen Deputy Governour, and Mr. Simon Brodestreet Secretary, the people after their long Voyage were many of them troubled with the Scurvy, and some of them died: the first station they tooke up was at Charles Towne, where thev pitched some Tents of Cloath, other built them small Huts, in which they lodged their Wifes and Children. The first beginning of this worke seemed very dolorous; First for the death of that worthy personage Izaac Johnson Esq. whom the Lord had indued 6 with many pretious gifts, insomuch that he was had in high esteeme among all the people of God, and as a chiefe Pillar to support this new erected building. He very much rejoyced at his death, that the Lord had been pleased to keepe his eyes open so long, as to see one Church of Christ gathered before his death, at whose departure there was not onely many weeping eyes, but some fainting hearts, fearing the fall of the present worke. For future Remembrance of him mind this Meeter. Izaac Johnson Esquire, beloved of Christ and his people, and one of the Magistrates of New England. What mov'd thee on the Seas upon such toyle with Lady-taking; Christs drawing love all strength's above, when way for his hee's making. Christ will have thee example be, honoured with's graces, yeilding His Churches aid, foundation laid, now new one Christ a building. Thy Faith, Hope, Love, Joy, Meeknesse prove improved for thy Lord, As he to thee, to people be, in Government accord. Oh/ people why, doth Christ deny this worthies life to lengthen? Christ onely trust, Johnsons turnd dust, and yet hee's crownd and (strengthend. The griefe of this people was further increased by the sore sicknesse which befell among them, so that almost in every Family Lamentation, Mourning, and woe was heard, and no fresh food to be had to cherish them, it would assuredly have moved the most lockt up affections to Teares no doubt, had they past from one Hut to another, and beheld the piteous case these people were in, and that which added to their present distresse was the want of fresh water, for although the place did afford plenty, yet for present they could find but one Spring, and that not to be come at, but when the tide was downe, which caused many to passe over to the South-side of the River, where they afterward erected some other Townes, yet most admirable it was to see with what Christian courage many of these Souldiers of Christ carried it amidst all these calamities, and in October, the Gover- nour Deputy and Assistants, held their second Court on the South- side of the River; Where they then began to build, holding cor- respondency with Charles Towne, as one and the same. At this Court manv of the first Planters came, and were made free vet afterward none were admitted to this fellowship, or free- dome but such as were first joyned in fellowship with some one of the Churches of Christ, their chiefest aime being bent to pro- mote his worke altogether. The number of Freemen this yeare was no. or thereabout. 0/ the second Church oj Christ, gathered at Charles Towne in the Mattacusets Bay, 1631. And now the new-come Souldiers of Christ strengthen them- selves in him, and gather a Church at Charles Towne, whose extent at present did reach to both sides of the River, and m very little time after was divided into two Churches, the Reverend and judicious Mr. John Wilson was called to be Pastor thereof, a Man full of Faith, Courage and Zeale, for the truth of Christ persecuted, and hunted after by the usurping Prelates (and forced for present to part from his indeared Wife) yet honoured by Christ, and made a powerfuU instrument in his hands for the cutting downe of Error, and Schisme. The Grave and Reverend Mr. John Wilson, now Pastor of the Church of Christ at Soston, in New England. John Wilson will, to Christs will submit, In Wildernesse, where thou hast Trialls found, Christ in new making did compose thee fit. And made thy Love zeale, for his truth abound. Then it's not Wilson, but Christ by him hath, Error cut down when it o'retopping stood, Thou then 'Gainst it didst shew an holy wrath; Saving mens soules from this o're-fiowing floud. They thee deprave, thy Ministrey dispise. By thy thick utterance seeke to call Men back, From hearing thee, but Christ for thee did rise. And turnd the wheel-right over them to crack. Yea, caused thee with length of dayes to stand, Steadfast in's house in old Age fruit to bring. I and thy seed raise up by his command; His Flock to feed, rejoyce my Muse and sing. That Christ doth, dust regard so plentiously, ^ Rich gifts to give, and heart to give him his, Estate and person thou spends liberally; Christ thee, and thine will Crown with lasting Blisse. This, as the other Churches of Christ, began with a small num- ber in a desolate and barren Wildernesse, which the Lord in his wonderfull mercy hath turned to fruitfull Fields. Wherefore behold the present condition of these Churches compared with their beginnings; as they sowed in teares, so also have they Reaped in joy, and shall still so go on if plenty and liberty marre not their prosperity. This towne of Charles is situated one the North-side of Charles River, from whence it tooke its Name, the River being about five or six fathom deepe; Over against the Town many small Islands lieing to the Seaward of it, and Hills one either side. By which meanes it proves a very good harbor for Ships, which hath caused many Sea-men and Merchants to sit downe there, the forme of this Towne in the frontice piece thereof, is like the Head, Neck and Shoulders of a Man, onely the pleasant, and Navigable River of Mistick runs through the right shoulder thereof, and by its neare approach to Charles River in one place makes a very narrow neck, by which meanes the chiefe part of the Towne, whereon the most building stands, becomes a Peninsula: it hath a large Market-place neer the water side built round with Houses, comly and faire, forth of which there issues two streetes orderly built with some very faire Houses, beautified with pleasant Gardens and Orchards, the whole Towne consists in its extent of about 150. dwelling Houses. Their meet- ing house for Sabbath assembly stands in the Market-place, very comly built and large, the Officers of this Church are at this day one pastor, and one Teacher, one Ruling Elder, and three Deacons, the number of Soules are about 160. wonderfull it is to see that in so short a time such great alterations Christ should worke for these poore people of his: their Corne Land in Tillage in this Towne is about 1200. Acres, their great Cattell are about 400. head, Sheepe neare upon 400. as for their horse you shall hear of them, Godwilling, when we come to speak of their Military Discipline. Of the Third Church of Christ gathered at Dorchester, 1631. The third Church of Christ gathered under this Government was at Dorchester, a frontire Town scituated ver\' pleasantly both 9 lO for facing the Sea, and also its large extent into the main Land, well watered with two small Rivers; neere about this Towne inhabited some few ancient Traders, who were not of this select band, but came for other ends, as Morton of Merrymoiini, who would faine have resisted this worke, but the provident hand of Christ prevented. The forme of this Towne is almost like a Serpent turning her head to the North-ward; over against Tomp- sons Island, and the Castle, her body and wings being chiefly built on, are filled somewhat thick of Houses, onely that one of her Wings is dipt, her Tayle being of such a large extent that shee can hardly draw it after her; Her Houses for dwelling are about one hundred and forty. Orchards and Gardens full of Fruit-trees, plenty of Corne-Land, although much of it hath been long in tillage, yet hath it ordinarily good crops, the number of Trees are neare upon 1500. Cowes, and other Cattell of that kinde about 450. Thus hath the Lord been pleased to increase his poore dispersed people, whose number in this Flock are neare about 150. their first Pastor called to feede them was the Rev- erend, and godly Mr. Mavenick. Maveruck thou must put period to thy dayes, In Wildernesse thy kindred thee provoke To come, but Christ doth thee jor high ends Raise; Amongst his worthies to strike many a stroke. Thy godly Life, and Doctrine speake, though thou In dust art laid, yet Christ by thee did jeede His scattered Lambes, they gathered are by you; Christ calls thee home, but flock he leaves to jeede. Of the Fourth Church of Christ gathered at Boston, 1631. After some little space of time the Church of Christ at Charles Town, having their Sabbath assemblies oftenest on the South side of the River, agreed to leave the people on that side to themselves, and to provide another Pastor for Charles Towne, which accord- ingly they did. So that the fourth Church of Christ issued out oi Charles Towne, and was seated at Boston, being the Center Towne and Metropolis of this Wildernesse worke (but you must not imagine it to be a Metropolitan Church) invironed it is with the Brinish flouds, saving one small Istmos, which gives free accesse to the Neighbour Townes; by Land on the South side, on the North west, and North East, two constant Faires are kept II for daily traffique thereunto, the forme of this Towne is like a heart, naturally scituated for Fortifications, having two Hills on the frontice part thereof next the Sea, the one well fortified on the superfices thereof, with store of great Artillery well mounted, the other hath a very strong battery built of whole Timber, and filled with Earth, at the descent of the Hill in the extreme poynt thereof, betwixt these two strong armes lies a large Cave or Bay, on which the chiefest part of this Town is built, over-topped with a third Hill, all three like over-topping Towers keepe a constant watch to fore-see the approach of forrein dangers, being furnished with a Beacon and lowd babling Guns, to give notice by their redoubled eccho to all their Sister-townes, the chiefe Edifice of this City-like Towne is crowded on the Sea-bankes, and wharfed out with great industry and cost, the buildings beautifull and large, some fairely set forth with Brick, Tile, Stone and Slate, and orderly placed with comly streets, whose continuall inlarge- ment presages some sumptuous City. The wonder of this mod- erne Age, that a few yeares should bring forth such great matters by so meane a handfull, and they so far from being inriched by the spoiles of other Nations, that the states of many of them have beene spoiled by the Lordly Prelacy, whose Lands must assuredly make Restitutions. But now behold the admirable Acts of Christ, at this his peoples landing, the hideous Thickets in this place were such, that Wolfes and Beares nurst up their young from the eyes of all beholders, in those very places where the streets are full of Girles and Boys sporting up and downe, with a continued concourse of people. Good store of Shipping is here yearly built, and some very faire ones: both Tar and Mastes the Countrey affords from its own soile; also store of Victuall both for their owne and Forreiners-ships, who resort hither for that end: this Town is the very Mart of the Land, French, Portugalls and Dutch, come hither for Trafiique. 0/ the Fist Church oj Christ, gathered at Roxbury, 1631. The fist Church of Christ was gathered at Roxhiry scituated between Boston and Dorchester, being well watered with coole and pleasant Springs issuing forth the Rocky-hills, and with small Freshets, watering the Vallies of this fertill Towne, whose forme is somewhat like a wedge double pointed, entring betweene the two foure-named Townes, filled with a very laborious people,. ii whose labours the Lord hath so blest, that in the roome of dismall Swampes and tearing Bushes, they have very goodly Fruit-trees, fruitfull Fields and Gardens, their Heard of Cowes, Oxen and other young Cattell of that kind about 350. and dwelling-houses neere upon 120. Their streetes are large, and some fa\Te Houses, yet have they built their House for Church-assembly, destitute and unbeautified with other buildings. The Church of Christ here is increased to about 120. persons, their iirst Teaching Elder called to Office is Mr. Eliot a yong man, at his comming thither of a cheerfull spirit, walking unblameable, of a godly conversation, apt to teach, as by his indefatigable paines both with his own flock, and the poore Indians doth appeare, whose Language he learned purposely to helpe them to the knowledge of God in Christ, frequently Preaching in their Wigwams, and Catechizing their Children. Mr. Eliot Pastor of the Church of Christ at Roxbury, in New England, much honoured for his labours in the Lord. Great is thy worke in Wildernesse, Oh man, Young Eliot neere twenty yeares thou hast, In W ester ne world with miccle toile thy span Spent well-neere out, and now thy gray hayrs gracestf Are by thy Land-Lord Christ, who makes rise of thee To feede his flock, and heathen people teach In their own Language, God and Christ to see; A Saviour their blind hearts could not reach, Poore naked Children come to learne Gods Mind Before thy face with reverend regard; Blesse God for ihee may these poore heathen blind, That from thy mouth Christs Gospell sweete have lieard. Eliot thy Name is, through tJte wild woods spread. In Indians mouths frequent' s thy fame, for why ? In sundry shapes the Devills made them dread; And now the Lord makes them their Wigwams fly, Rejoyce in this, nay rather joy that thou. Amongst Christs Souldiers hast thy name sure set, Although small gaine on Earth accrew to you. Yet Christ to Crowne will thee to Heaven soone set. 13 0} the great cheerejulnesse oj their Souldiers of Christ, in and under the penuries of a Wildernesse. These were the beginnings of these resolute Souldiers of Christ Jesus in the yeare, 1631. Even to lay the Foundation of their severall Churches of Christ, built onely on him as their chiefe Corner Stone. But as his chosen Israel met with many difficulties after their returne from Captivity, in building the Temple and City, which they valiantly waded through; So these weake wormes (Oh Christ to thy praise be it spoken) were most wonderfully holpen in such distresses, as to appearance of man seemed to be both hopelesse, and helplesse, threatning destruction to the whole building, and far from accomplishing such great things as you have in part seene already, and shall in the following discourse (God willing) see more abundantly, adding a strong testimony to the work, that as it was begun by Christ, so hath it beene carried on by him, and shall to the admiration of the whole World be perfected in his time, and unlesse men will be wilfully blinde, they must needs see and confesse the same, and that the influence thereof hath already run from one end of the Earth unto the other. This yeare 1631. John Winthrop Esq. was chosen Governour, pickt out for the worke, by the provident hand of the most high, and inabled with gifts accordingly, then all the folke of Christ, who have seene his face and beene partaker of the same, remember him in this following Meeter. John Winthrope Esq. Eleven times Governour of the English Nation, inhabiting the Mattacusets Bay in New England. Why leavest thou John, thy station, in Suffolk, thy own soile, Christ will have thee a pillar be, for's people thou must toyle, He chang'd thy heart, the take his part, 'gainst prelates proud invading (His Kingly throne) set up alone, in wildernesse their shading His little flocks from Prelates knocks, twice ten years rul'd thou hast, With civill sword at Christs word, and eleven times been irast. By name and Note, with peoples vote, their Governour to be, Thy means hast spent, 'twas therefore lent, to raise this work by thee. Well artn'd and strong with sword among, Christ armies marcheth he, Doth valiant praise, and weak one raise, with kind benignity. »3 I ^ To lead the Van, Against Babylon, doth worthy Winthrop call, Thy Progeny, shall Batlell try, when Prelacy shall jail. With fluent Tongue thy Pen doth run, in learned Latine phrase, To Sweads, French, Dutch, thy Neighbours, which thy lady rhetorick praise. Thy bounty feeds Christs servants needs, in wilderness of wants To Indians thou Christs Gospell now, 'motigst heathen people plants. Yet thou poore dust, now dead and must, to rottennesse be brought. Till Christ restore thee glorious, more then can of dust be thought. The much honoured Thomas Dudly Esquire was chosen Deputy Governour, and the number of P>ee-men added was about 83. Those honoured persons who were now in place of Government, having the propagation of the Churches of Christ, in their eye laboured by all meanes to make roome for Inhabitants, knowing well that where the dead carkass is, thither will the Eagles resort. But herein they were much opposed by certaine persons, whose greedy desire for land much hindered the worke for a time, as indeed all such persons do at this very day, and let such take notice how these were cured of this distemper, some were taken away by death, and then to be sure they had Land enough, others fearing poverty, and famishment, supposing the present scarcity would never be turned into plenty, removed themselves away and so never beheld the great good the Lord hath done for his people, but the valiant of the Lord waited with patience, and in the misse of beere supplied themselves with water, even the most honoured as well as others, contentedly rejoycing in a Cup of cold water, blessing the Lord that had given them the taste of that living water, and that they had not the water that slackes the thrist of their naturall bodies, given them by measure, but might drinke to the lull; as also in the absence of Bread they feasted themselves with fish, the Women once a day, as the tide gave way. resorted to the Mussclls, and Clambankes, which are a Fish as big as Horse-mussells, where they daily gathered their Families food with much heavenly discourse of the provisions Christ had formerly made for many thousands of his followers in the wilder- nesse. Quoth one, my Husband hath travailed as far as Plimoth, (which is neere 40 miles,) and hath with great toile brought a little Corne home with him, and before that is spent the Lord will assuredly provide: quoth the other, our last peck of Meale is 14 15 now in the Oven at home a baking, and many of our godly Neigh- bours have quite spent all, and wee owe one Loafe of that little wee have; Then spake a third, my husband hath ventured him- selfe among the Indians for Corne, and can get none, as also our honoured Governour hath distributed his so far, that a day or two more will put an end to his store, and all the rest, and yet methinks our Children are as cheerefull, fat, and lusty with feed- ing upon those Mussells, Clambanks and other Fish as they were in England, with their fill of Bread, which makes mee cheerful! in the Lords providing for us, being further confirmed by the exhortation of our Pastor to trust the Lord with providing for us; whose is the Earth and the fulnesse thereof. And as they were incouraging one another in Christs carefuU providing for them, they lift up their eyes and saw two Ships comming in, and presently this newes came to their Eares, that they were come from Jacland full of Victualls, now their poore hearts were not so much refreshed in regard of the food they saw they were like to have, as their soules rejoyced in that Christ would now manifest himselfe to be the Commissary Generall of this his Army, and that hee should honour them so far as to be poore Sutlers for his Camp, they soone up with their Mussells, and hie them home to stay their hungry stomacks. After this manner did Christ many times graciously provide for this his people, even at the last cast. 0} the gratious provisions the Lord made for his people. The yeare 1632. John Winthrope Esquire, was chosen Gov- ernour againe, and the antient Thomas Diidly Esquire, was Deputy Governour, a man of a sound judgement in matters of Religion and well read, bestowing much labour that way, of whom as folio weth: The honoured, aged, stable and sincere servant of Christ, zealous for his truth Thomas Dudly, Esq. fonre times Governour of the English Nation, in the Mattacusets, and first Major Generall oj the Millitary Forces. What Thomas now believe dost thou that riches men may gaine, In this poore Plot Christ doth allot his people to snstaine; Rich Truth thou'lt buy and sell not, why no richer Jem can be. Truths Champion in campion, Christ's grace hath placed thee, 15 i6 With civill Sword, at Christs Word, early cut ofj wilt thou, Those Wolfish sheep, amongst flocks do creep, and damned doc- trine low. To trembling age, thou valiant sage, one foot will not give ground Christs Enemies jrom thy jace flies, his truth thou savest sound. Thy lengthened dayes, to Christs praise, continued are by him : To set by thee, his people free, jrom joes that raging bin. Wearied with yeares, it plaine appeares, Dudly not long can last, It matters not, Christ Crown thee got. its now at hand, hold fast. This yeare was the first choise of Magistrates by free-men, whose number was now increased, fifty three or thereabout, to declare the manner of their Government is by the Author deferred till the year. 1637. where the Reader may behold Government both in Churches and Common-wealth, to be an institution of the Lord, and much availeable through his blessing for the accom- plishment of his promises to his people. This year these fore-runners of the following Army of Christ, after the fight of many of the admirable Acts of his providence for them, begun to take up steddy resolution through the helpe of him to wade through the Ocean, they were farther like to meete withall, and therefore began to plant the yet untilled Earth, having as yet no other meanes to teare up the bushy lands, but their hands and howes, their bodies being in very ill temper by reason of the Scurvy (a Disease in those dayes very frequent) to undergoe such extremity, but being prick'd on with hungers sharpe gode, they keepe doing according to their weake abilities, and yet produce but little food for a long season, but being per- swaded that Christ will rather raine bread from Heaven, then his people should want, being fully perswaded, they were set on the worke at his command. . . . Although the great straites this Wildernesse people were in for want of food, was heard of among the godly people in Eng- land, yet would they not decline the worke, but men of Estates sold their possessions, and bought plenty of foode for the Voyage which some of them sent before hand, by which meanes they were provided for, as also the Lord put it into the hearts of such as were Masters, and Undertakers of Ships to store their Vessells so well that they had to spare for this peoples need, and further Christ caused abundance of very good Fish to come to their Nets and Hookes, and as for such as were unprovided with these 16 17 meanes, they caught them with their hands, and so with Fish, wild Onions and other Herbs were sweetly satisfied till other provisions came in. . . . 0} the gratious goodnesse of God, in hearing his peoples prayers in times oj need, and oj the Ship-loades oj goods the Lord sent them in. Here againe the admirable Providence of the Lord is to be noted, That whereas the Country is naturally subject to drought, even to the withering of their summers Fruits, the Lord was pleased, during these yeares of scarcity, to blesse that small quantity of Land they planted with seasonable showers, and that many times to the great admiration of the Heathen, for thus it befell: the extreame parching heate of the Sun (by reason of a more constant clearnesse of the Aire then usually is in England) began to scorch the Herbs and Fruits, which was the chiefest meanes of their livelyhood, they beholding the Hand of the Lord stretched out against them, like tender hearted Children, they fell down on their knees, begging mercy of the Lord, for their Saviours sake, urging this as a chiefe argument, that the malig- nant adversary would rejoyce in their destruction, and blaspheme the pure Ordinances of Christ, trampling down his Kingly Commands with their owne inventions, and in uttering these words, their eyes dropped down many teares, their affections prevailing so strong, that they could not refraine in the Church- Assembly. Here admire and be strong in the Grace of Christ, all you that hopefully belong unto him, for as they powred out water before the Lord, so at that very instant, the Lord sho\\Ted down water on their Gardens and Fields, which with great industry they had planted, and now had not the Lord caused it to raine speedily, their hope of food had beene lost: but at this these poore wormes were so e.xceedingly taken, that the Lord should shew himselfe so neere unto their Prayers, that as the drops from Heaven fell thicker, and faster, so the teares from their eyes by reason of the sudden mixture of joy and sorrow, and verily they were exceedingly stirred in their affections, being unable to re- solve themselves, which mercy was greatest, to have a humble begging heart given them of God, or to have their request so suddenly answered. The Indians hearing hereof, and seeing the sw^eet raine that fell, were much taken with Englishmens God, but the Lord seeing 17 i8 his poore peoples hearts were to narrow to beg, his bounties exceeds toward them at this time, as indeed hee ever hitherto hath done for this Wilde rnesse-People, not onely giving the full of their requests, but beyond all their thoughts, as witnesse his great worke in England of late, in which the prayers of Gods people in New England have had a great stroke; These people now rising from their knees to receive the rich mercies of Christ, in the refreshed fruits of the Earth; Behold the Sea also bringing in whole Ship-loades of mercies, more being filled with fresh forces, for furthering this wonderfull worke of Christ, and indeed this yeare came in many pretious ones, whom Christ in his grace hath made much use of in these his Churches, and Common- wealth, insomuch that these people were even almost over- ballanced with the great income of their present possessed mercies, yet they addresse themselves to the Sea shore, where they cour- teously welcom the famous servant of Christ, grave godly and judicious Hooker, and the honoured servant of Christ, M John Haynes, as also the Reverend and much desired Mr. John Cotton, and the Retoricall, Mr. Stone, with divers others of the sincere servants of Clu-ist, comming with their young, and with their old, and with their whole substance, to doe him service in this Desart wildernesse. Thus this poore people having now tasted liberally of the salvation of the Lord every way, they deeme it high time to take up the Cup of thankfulnesse, and pay their vowes to the most high God, by whom they were holpen to this purpose of heart, and accordingly set apart the i6. day of October (which they call the eighth Moneth, not out of any pevish humour of singu- larity, as some are ready to censor them with, but of purpose to prevent the Heathenish and Popish observation of Dayes, Moneths and Yeares, that they may be forgotten among the people of the Lord) this day was solemnly kept by all the seven Churches, rejoycing in the Lord, and rendering thanks for all their benefits. Here must not be omitted the indeared affections Mr. John Wilson had to the worke in hand, exceedingly setting forth (in his Sermon this day) the Grace of Christ in providing such meet helps for furthering thereof, really esteeming them beyond so many Ship-loading of Gold; manifesting the great humility Christ had wrought in him (not complementing, but in very deede pre- fering the Reverend Mr. John Cotton, many hundreds before him- selfe, whom they within a very little time after called to the Office i8 19 of a Teaching Elder of the Church of Christ at Boston where hee now remaines, of whom as followeth: When Christ intends his glorious Kingdome shall Exalted be on Earth, he Earth doth take, Even sinjull Man to make his worthies all; Then praise I Man, no Christ this Man doth make. Sage, sober, grave, and learned Cotten thon: Mighty in Scripture, without Booke repeat it Annatomise the sence, and shew Man how Great mysteries in sentence short are seated. Gods Word with's word comparing ojt unjould: The secret truths Johns Revelations hath By thee been open'd, as nere was 0} old; Shewes cleere, and neere 'gainst Romes whore is Gods wrath. Then Churches 0} Christ, rejoyce and sing, John Cotten hath Gods minde, I dare believe. Since he from Gods Word doth his witnesse bring; Saints cries are heard they shall no longer grieve. That song oj songs, Hwixt Christ and's Church thou hast Twice taught to all, and sweetly shewed the way, Christ would his Churches shoidd, in truth stand fast; And cast ofj mans inventions even for aye. Thy labours great have met with catching cheats, Mixing their Brasse with thy bright Gold jor why ? Thy great esteeme must cover their ill jeates. Some soile thou getVst, by comming them so nie. But i'ts wipt off, and thou Christs Champion left. The faith to fight for Christ hath arm'd thee well, His worthies would not, thou shoulds be bereft. Of honours here thy Crown shall soon excell. These people of God having received these farther helps, to instruct, and build them up in the holy things of Christ, being now greatly incouraged, seeing the Lord was pleased to set such a broad Scale to their Commission for the worke in hand, not onely by his Word and Spirit moving thereunto, but also by his Providence in adding such able instruments for furthering this great worke of Reformation, and advancing the Kingdome of Christ, for which they spent this day of rejoycing, and sure the Lord would have all that hear of it know, their joy lay not in the 19 20 increase of Come, or Wine, or Oyle, for of all these they had but very Httle at this time, yet did they not spare to lend such as they had unto the poore, who could not provide, and verily the joy ended not with the day, for these active instruments of Christ, Preaching with all instancy the glad Tidings of the Gospell of lesus Christ, rejoyced the Heart of this People much. Edward Johnson's " Wonder- Working Providence of Sion's Savior in New England" gives us one of the few authentic original accounts of the settlement of Massachusetts Bay and the founding of Boston. Johnson was himself one of the settlers, coming over with Winthrop in 1630. He returned soon after to England, and came over again with his family in 1636. He resided in Charlestown until 1642, when he became one of the leading settlers of Wobum, being justlv termed the " Father of the Town." Here he lived until his death in 1672, devoting himself to public duties in the town and in the General Court of the Colony. His " Wonder- Working Providence "—this being the running title of the book— was pub- lished in London in i6s4, the full title upon the title-page being as follows: "A History of New-England. From the English planting in the Yeere 1628 until the Yeere 1652. De- claring the forms of their Government, Civill, Military, and Ecclesiastique. Their Wars with the Indians, their Troubles with the Gortonists, and other Heretiques. Their manner of gathering of Churches, the commodities of the Country, and description of the principall Towns and Havens, with the great encouragements to increase Trade betwixt them and Old England. With the names of all their Govemours, Magistrates, and Eminent Ministers." The work was pubhshed anonymously; "but the true author," as Thomas Prince wrote in the preface of his Chronology of New England, "was Mr. Johnson of Woburn in New Eng- land, as the late Judge Sewall assured me, as of a thing familiarly known among the fathers of the Massachusetts colony." A full discussion of the authorship and publication of the work, as well as a sketch of the life of Edward Johnson, will be found in the introduction to the edition of the work edited by William F. Poole, published in 1867, which is the critical modem edition, with full notes. The work is in three books; and it is a storehouse of facts connected with the history of Massachusetts from 1628 to 1652. It is a quaint and curious work, interspersed with remarkable poetry, some samples of which are given in the present leaflet, and is particularly full of information touching the early churches of Massachusetts and general religious matters. Generally accurate, its statements, even some of those relating to the earliest days in Boston, need to be read in the light of such critical discussions as those by Mr. Poole. The student is referred for further authorities upon the founding and founders Of Boston to the various chapters in the first volume of the Memorial History of Boston. PUBLISHED BY THE DIRECTORS OF THE OLD SOUTH WORK, Old South Meeting-house, Boston, Mass. No. 177. Cotton Mather's Tribute to Ezekiel Cheever. From the Funeral Sermon, 1708. "Duty to the Merit and Memory of my Departed Master, is now in its Operation. The Fifth Commandment well consid- ered will demand such a Duty. When Quirinus made a Marble Monument for his Master, there was this Effect of it, Invisunt Locum Stiidiosi Jiivenes frequenter, ut hoc Exemplo Edocti, quan- tum Discipuli ipsi prceceptorihus suis debeant, perpetuo meminisse velint. Scholars that saw it, Learnt from the Sight what Ac- knowledgments were due from Schohirs to their Masters. I with my little feeble Essay for Mine, may in any measure animate the Gratitude of any Scholars to their Well-deserving Tutors." "A due Care about a Funeral for the Dead, among the Jews had that Phrase for it; .4 Bestowing of Mercy. But the Sermon which I have Employ'd on the Funeral of my Master, must be called; A Doing of Justice. And I am very much misinformed, if this were not the General Voice of all the Auditorv." '^Perfection in this Life, is to be Despaired of, must not be pretended to." "We must not wonder at it then, if the Best of our Masters be thought attended with their Imperfections. Whatever mine might have, they are buried. And we generally concur in acknowledging. That New-England has never known a better. I am sure, I have as much Reason to appear for him, as ever Crito for his Master Socrates." " The Short History of his Long Usefulness, is to be comprized in the Ensuing Articles. "He was Born in London, many years before the Birth of New- England. It was Jan. 25. 1614. "He arrived into this Country, in June 1637. with the rest of those Good men, who sought a peaceable Secession in an American Wilderness, for the pure Evangelical, and Instituted Worship of our Great Redeemer; to which he kept a strict Adherence all his Days. He then Sojourned first a little while, part of a Year, at Boston; so that at Boston, he both Commenced and Concluded his American Race. His Holy Life, was a Married Life. "He began the Laborious Work of a S'djool^fKastcr, at New- haven; where he continued for Twelve Years. "From New-haven, he removed unto Ipswich, in December, 1650. where he Laboured Eleven Years. "From /^^it'/r//, he removed to Charlstown, in November, 1661. where he Laboured Nine Years. "From Charlstown, he came over to Boston, Jan. 6. 1670. where his Labours were continued for Eight & Thirty Years. "He Died, on Saturday morning, Aug. 21. 1708. In the Ninety Fourth Year of his Age; After he had been a Skilful, Painful, Faithful School-master, for Seventy Years; And had the Singular Favour of Heaven, that tho' he had Usefully spent his Life among Children, yet he was not become Twice a Child; but held his Abilities, with his Usefulness, in an unusual Degree to the very last." . The preceding is from the Historical Introduction. In the sermon he says: "School-masters that have Used the Office well, purchase to themselves, a Good Esteem to Out-live their Death, as well as ]SIerit for themselves a good Support while they Live. 'Tis a Justice to them, that they should be had in Everlasting Remem- brance; and a Place and a Name among those Just men does particularly belong to that Ancient and Honourable Man; a Master in our Israel; who was with us, the last Time of my Standing here; but is lately Translated unto the Colledge of Blessed Spirits, in the Mansions, where the First Resurrection is Waited and Longed for. Allow me the Expression; For I Learn't it of my Hebrew Masters, among whom, 'tis a phrase for the Death of Learned and Worthy men, Requisiti sunt in Academiani Ccelestem." " Verrius the blaster to the Nephews of Augustus, had a Statue Erected for him; And Antoninus obtained from the Senate, a Statue for his Master Fronto. I am sorry that Mine has none. And Cato counted it more glorious than any Statue, to have it asked. Why has he None? But in the grateful Memories of his Scholars, there have been and will be Hundreds Erected for him." "Under him we Learnt an Oration, made by Tully, in praise of his own Master; namely that. Pro Archia Poeta. A Pagan shall not out-do us, in our Gratitude unto our Master. There was a famous Christian in the Primitive Times, who wrote a. whole Book, in praise of his Master Hierotheus; Entituling it^ TTcpt Tov fxaKapLov lepoOeov Concerning the Blessed Hierotheus. And if I now say a few things. Concerning the Blessed Cheever^ no man who thinks well of Gratitude, or likes well to see the Fifth Commandment observed, will censure it." "In the Imperial Law, we read, that Good Grammarians, having taught with diligence Twenty Years, were to have Special Honour conferr'd upon them. I Challenge for my master, more than a Treble portion of that Special Honour. But, Oh, Let it all pass thro' him, up to the Glorious Lord, who made him to be what he was!" "His Eminent Abihties for the Work, which rendred him so long Useful in his Generation, were universally acknowledged- The next Edition of, Tranquillus de Claris Grammaticis, may well enough bring him into the Catalogue, and acknowledge him a Master. He was not a Meer Grammarian; yet he was a Pure One. And let no Envy Misconstrue it, if I say, It was noted, that when Scholars came to be Admitted into the Colledge, they who- came from the Cheeverian Education, were generally the most unexceptionable. What Exception shall be made, Let it fall upon him, that is now speaking of it." '*He flourished so long in this Great Work, of bringing our Sons to be Men, that it gave him an opportunity to send forth, many Bezaleels and Aholiabs for the Service of the Tabernacle; and Men fitted for all Good Employments. He that was my Master, Seven and Thirty Years ago, was a Master to many of my Betters, no less than Seventy Years ago; so long ago, that I must even mention my Fathers Tutor for one of them." "And as it is written for the Lasting Renown of the Corderius, whose Colloquies he taught us; That the Great Calvin had beert a Scholar to him; So this our American Corderius had man/ Scholars that were a Crown unto him; yea, many that will be his Crown, in the Presence of our Lord Jesus Christ at his Com- ing; yea, many that were got into the Heavenly World before him. And the mention of the Heavenly World, leads me to that which I would principally take notice of. His Piety, I say. His. Piety; and his care to infuse Documents of Piety into the Scholars under his Charge, that he might carry them with him to the Heavenly World. When Aristotle set up a Monument for his. Master Plato, he inscribed upon it, this Testimony, He was one 23 WHOM ALL GOOD MEN OUGHT TO IMITATE, AS WELL AS TO CELE- BRATE. My MASTER went thro' his Hard \\'()rk with so much Delight in it, as a Work for God and Christ, and His People: He so constantly Pray'd with us every Day, and Catechis'd us every Week, and let fall such Holy Counsels upon us; He took so many Occasions, to make Speeches unto us, that should make us Afraid of Sin, and of incurring the fearful Judgments of God by Sin; That I do propose him for Imitation." The sermon concludes as follows: "Ye have heard, what my MASTER was, In the School. Sir Walter Rawleigh commends it as a piece of wisdom, to use great moderation when we are treating men with Commendation. I will not forget the Rule, in carrying on my Commendation of my Master. But I will say very much in a Little. Out of the School, he was One, Antiqiia Fide, priscis nwribits; A Christian of the Old Fashion: An Old New-English Christian: And I may tell you. That was as Venerable a Sight, as the World, since the Days of Primitive Christianity, has ever look'd upon." "He was well Studied in the Body of Divinity: An x\ble De- fender of the Faith and Order of the Gospel; Notably Conversant and Acquainted with the Scriptural Prophecies; And, by Conse- quence, A Sober Chiliast. "He Lived as a Master, the Term, which has been for above three thousand years, assign'd for the Life of a Man; he continued unto the Ninety Fourth year of his Age, an unusual Instance of Liveliness. His Intellectual Force, as little abated as his Natural. He Exemplified the Fulfilment of that word. As thy Days, so shall thy Strength he; in the Gloss which the Jerusalem Targum has })ut upon it; As thou wast in the Dayes of thy Youth, such thou shall be in thy Old Age. The Reward of his Fruitful ness ! For, Fructus Liberal Arborem! The product of Temperance; Rather than what my Lord Verulam assigns, as a Reason for Yivacious Scholars.'" " Death must now do its part. He Dy'd, Longing for Death. Our old Simeon waited for it, that he might get nearer to the Consolation of Israel. He Dyed Leaning like Old Jacob, upon a Staff; the Sacrifice and the Righteousness of a' Glorious Christ, he let us know, was the Golden Staff, which he Lean'd upon. He Dyed mourning for the Quick Apostasie, which he saw break- ing in upon us; very easie about his own Eternal Happiness, but full of Distress for a poor People here under the Displeasure of Heaven, for Former Iniquities, he thought, as well as Later 24 Ones. To say no more: He Dyed, A Candidate for the First Resurrection. And Verily, our Land is Weakened, when those Fly away, at whose Flight we may cry out. My Father, My Fathery the Chariots oj New England, and the Horsemen thereof." GRATITUDINIS ERGO. An Essay ®n the Memory of my Venerable Master; C^ffeifl Ctjretjcr. Augusto perstringere Carmine Laiides. Quas nulla Eloquij vis Celebrare qiieat. You that are Men, cf Thoughts of Manhood know, Be Just now to the Man that made you so. Martyred by Scholars the stabb'd Cassian dies, And falls to cursed Lads a Sacrifice. * Not so my Cheever; Not by Scholars slain, But Prais'd and Lov'd, and wish'd to Lije again. A mighty Tribe of Well-instructed Youth Tell what they owe to him, and Tell with Truth, All the Eight parts of Speech he taught to them They now Employ to Trumpet his Esteem. They fill Fames Trumpet, and they spread a Fame To last till the Last Trumpet drown the same. Magister pleas'd them well, because 'twas he; They saw that Bonus did with it agree. While they said, Amo, they the Hint improve I Him for to make the Object of their Love. No Concord so Inviolate they knew As to pay Honours to their Master due. With Interjections they break off at last, But, Ah, is all they use, Wo, and, Alas! We Learnt Prosodia, but with that Design Our Masters Name should in our Verses shine. Our Weeping Ovid but instructed us To write upon his Death, De Tristibus. Tully we read, but still with this Intent, That in his praise we might be Eloquent. Our Stately Virgil made us but Contrive As our Anchises to keep him Alive. 25 When Phanix to Achilles was assign'd A Master, then we thought not Homer blind: A PhcEnix, which Oh! might his Ashes shew! So rare a Thing we thought our Master too. And if we made a Theme, 'twas with Regret We might not on his Worth show all our Wit. Go on, ye Grateful Scholars, to proclame To late Posterity your Masters Name. Let it as many Languages declare As on Loretto-TB.h\t do appear. Too much to be by any one exprest: ril tell my share, and you shall tell the rest. Ink is too vile a Liquor; Liquid Gold Should fill the Pen, by which such things are told. The Book should .4;;7ya«//n<5-Paper be All writ with Gold, from all corruption free. A Learned blaster of the Languages Which to Rich Stores of Learning are the Kcyes: He taught us first Good Sense to understand And put the Golden Keyes into our Hand, We but for him had been for Learning Dumb, And had a sort of Turkish Mutes become. Were Grammar quite Extinct, yet at his Brain The Candle might have well been lit again. If Rhet^rick had been stript of all her Pride She from his Wardrobe might have been Supply'd. Do but Name Cheever, and the Echo straight Upon that Name, Good Latin, will Repeat. A Christian Terence, Master of the File That arms the Curious to Reform their Style. Now Rome and Athens from their Ashes rise; See their Platonick Year with vast surprize: And in our School a Miracle is wrought; For the Dead Languages to Life are brought. His Tl'or^ he Lov'd: Oh! had we done the same! Our Play-dayes still to him ungrateful came. And yet so well our Work adjusted Lay, We came to Work, as if we came to Play. Our Lads had been, but for his wondrous Cares, Boyes of my Lady Mores unquiet Pray'rs. Sure were it not for such informing Schools, Our LaVran too would soon be fiU'd with Owles. 26 Tis Corlet's pains, & Cheever's, we must own, That thou, New-England, art not Scythia grown. The Isles of Silly had o're-run this Day The Continent of our America. Grammar he taught, which 'twas his work to do: But he would Hagar have her place to know. The Bible is the Sacred Grammar, where The Rules of speaking well, contained are. He taught us Lilly, and he Gospel taught; And us poor Children to our Saviour brought. Master of Sentences, he gave us more Than we in our Sententicc had before. We .Learn't Good Things in Tullies Offices; But we from him Learn't Better things than these. With Cato's he to us the Higher gave Lessons of Jesus, that our Souls do save. We Constru'd Ovid's Metamorphosis, But on our selves charg'd, not a Change to miss. Young Austin wept, when he saw Dido dead, Tho' not a Tear for a Lost Soul he had: Our Master would not let us be so vain, But us from Virgil did to David train, Textors Epistles would not Cloathe our Souls; Paids too we heard; we went to School at Pauls. S\TS, Do you not Remember well the Times, When us he warn'd against our Youthful Crimes: What Honey dropt from our old N'estors mouth When with his Counsels he Reform'd our Youth: How much he did to make us Wise and Good; And with what Prayers, his work he did conclude. Concern'd that when from him we Learning had. It might not Armed Wickedness be made! The Sun shall first the Zodiac forsake, And Stones unto the Stars their Flight shall make; First shall the Summer bring large drifts of Snow, And beauteous Cherries in December grow; E're of those Charges we Forgetful are Which we, O Man of God, from thee did hear. Such Tutors to the Little Ones would be Such that in Flesh we should their Angels see; Ezekiel should not be the Name of such; We'd Agathangelus not think too much. 27 Who Serv'd the School, the Church did not forget; But Thought, and Pray'd, and often wept for it. Mighty in Prayer: How did he wield thee, Pray'r! . Thou Reverst Thunder: CHRisx's-Sides-piercing Spear? Soaring we saw the Bird oj Paradise; So Wing'd by Thee, for Flights beyond the Skies. How oft we saw him tread the Milky Way, Which to the Glorious Throne of Mercy lay! Come from the Mount, he shone with ancient Grace, Awful the Splendor of his Aged Face. Cloath'd in the Good Old Way, his Garb did wage A War with the Vain Fashions of the Age. Fearful of nothing more than hateful Sin; 'Twas that from which he laboured all to win, Zealous; And in Truths Cause ne'r known to trim; No Neuter Gender there allow'd by him. Stars but a Thousand did the Ancients know; On later Globes they Nineteen hundred grow: Now such a Cheever added to the Sphere; Makes an Addition to the Lustre there. Mean time America a Wonder saw; A . Youth in Age, forbid by Natures Law. You that in t'other Hemisphere do dwell, Do of Old Age your dismal Stories tell. You tell of Snowy Heads and Rheumy Eyes And things that make a man himself despise. You say, a frozen Liquor chills the Veins, And scarce the Shadow of a ^hJn remains. Winter of Life, that Sapless Age you call, And of all Maladies the Hospital: The Second Nonage of the Soul; the Brain Cover'd with Cloud; the Body all in pain. To weak Old Age, you say, there must belong A Trembling Palsey both of Limb and Tongue; Dayes all Decrepit; and a Bending Back, Propt by a Staff, in Hands that ever shake. Nay, Syrs, our Cheever shall confute you all. On whom there did none of these Mischefs fall. He Liv'd and to vast Age no Illness knew; Till Times Scythe waiting for him Rusty grew. He Liv'd and Wrought; His Labours were Immense; But ne'r Declined to Prccter- perfect Tense. A Blooming Youth in him at Ninety Four We saw; But, Oh! when such a siajht before! At Wondrous Age he did his Youth resume, As when the Eagle mew's his Aged plume. With Faculties of Reason still so bright, And at Good Services so Exquisite; Sure our sound Chiliast, we wondring thought, To the First Resurrection is not brought! No, He for That was waiting at the Gate In the Pure Things that fit a Candidate. He in Good Actions did his Life Employ, And to make others Good, he made his Joy. Thus well-appris'd now of the Life to Come, To Live here was to him a Martyrdom. Our brave Macrohius Long'd to see the Day Which others dread, of being CaWd away. So, Ripe with Age, he does invite the Hook, Which watchful does for its large Harvest look; Death gently cut the Stalk, and kindly laid Him, where our God His Granary has made. Who at New-Haven first began to Teach, Dying Unshipwreck'd, does White-Haven reach. At that Fair Haven they all Storms forget; He there his Davenport with Love does meet. The LNminous Robe, the Loss whereof with Shame Our Parents wept, when Naked they became; Those Lovely Spirits wear it, and therein Serve God with Priestly Glory, free from Sin. But in his Paradisian Rest above. To Us does the Blest Shade retain his Love. With Rip''ned Thoughts Above concern'd for Us, We can't but hear him dart his Wishes, thus. 'Tutors, Be Strict; But yet be Gentle too: 'Don't by fierce Cruelties fair Hopes undo. ' Dream not, that they who are to Learning slow, 'Will mend by Arguments in Ferio. 'Who keeps the Golden Fleece, Oh, let him not 'A Dragon be, tho' he Three Tongues have got. 'Why can you not to Learning find the way, 'But thro' the Province of Severii? 'Twas Moderatus, who taught Origen; 'A Youth which prov'd one of the Best of men. ?9 'The Lads with Honour first, and Reason Rule. 'Blowes are but for the Refractory Fool. 'But, Oh! First Teach them their Great God to fear; 'That you hke me, with Joy may meet them here.' H'has said I — Adieu, a httle while. Dear Saint, Adieu; Your Scholar won't be Long, Sir, after you. In the mean time, with Gratitude I must ■ Engrave an Epitaph upon your Dust. 'Tis true, Excessive Merits rarely safe: Such an Excess forfeits an Epitaph. But if Base men the Rules of Justice break. The Stones (at least upon the Tombs) will speak. Et Tumulnm jacite, et Tiimulo siipcraddite carmen. (Virg. in Daphn.) EPITAPHIUM. EZEKIEL CHEEVERUS: Ludimagister; Primo Neo-portensis; Deinde, Ipsuicensis; Postea, Carolotenensis Postremo, Boston ensis: cujus Doctrinam ac Virtutem Nosti, si Sis Nov-Anglus, Colis, si non Barbarus; Grammaticus, a Quo, non pure tantum, sed et pie, Loqui ; Rhetoricus, a Quo non tantum Ornate dicere coram Hominibus, Sed et Orationes coram Deo fundere Efficacissimas; POETA, a Quo non tantum Carmina pangere, Sed et Caelestes Hymnos, Odasq; Angelicas, canere, 30 Didicerunt, Qui discere voluerunt; LUCERNA, ad Quam accensa sunt, Quis queat numerare, Quot Ecclesiarum Luniina ? Et Qui secum Corpus Theologiae abstulit, Peritissimus Theologus, Corpus hie suum sibi minus Charum, deposuit. Vixit Annos, XCIV. Docuit, Annos, LXX. Obiit, A.D. M.DCC.VIII. Et quod Mori potuit, Heic Expectat Exoptatq: Primam Sanctorum Resurrectionem ad Immortalitatem. Exuvijs debetur Honos. THE GRAMMARIANS FUNERAL. OR, An ELEGYcomposed upon the Death of Mr. /o//;; Woodnnnicy, formerly a School-Master in Boston: But now Published upon the E)EATH of the Venerable ^r. Cl;^^!?! Ct)ftlCr0, The late and famous School-Master of Boston in New-England; Who Departed this Life the Tzt'enty-first of August 1708. Early in the Morning. In the Ninety-fourth Year of his Age. Eight Parts of Speech this Day wear Mourning Gowns Declin'd Verbs, Pronouns, Participles, Nouns. And not declined, Adverbs and Conjunctions, In Lillies Porch they stand to do their functions. With Preposition; but the most afTection Was still observed in the Interjection. The Substantive seeming the limbed best, Would set an hand to bear him to his Rest. 31 The Adjective with very grief did say, Hold me by strength, or I shall faint away. The Clouds of Tears did over-cast their faces. Yea all were in most lamentable Cases. The five Declensions did the Work decline, And Told the Pronoun Tii, The work is thine: But in this case those have no call to go That want the Vocative, and can't say O! The Pronouns said that if the Nouns were there, There was no need of them, they might them spare: But for the sake of Emphasis they would, In their Discretion do what ere they could. Great honour was confer'd on Conjugations, They were to follow next to the Relations. Amo did love him best, and Doceo might AUedge he was his Glory and Delight. But Lego said by me he got his skill, And therefore next the Herse I follow will. Audio said little, hearing them so hot. Yet knew by him much Learning he had got. O Verbs the Active were. Or Passive sure, Sum to be Neuter could not well endure. But this was common to them all to Moan Their load of grief they could not soon Depone. A doleful Day for Verbs, they look so moody, They drove Spectators to a ^Vlournful Study. The Verbs irregular, 'twas thought by some. Would break no rule, if they were pleas'd to come. Gaudeo could not be found; fearing disgrace He had with-drawn, sent Mcereo in his Place. Possum did to the utmost he was able. And bore as Stout as if he'd been A Table. Volo was willing, Nolo some-what stout. But Mala rather chose, not to stand out. Possum and Volo wish'd all might afford Their help, but had not an Imperative Word. Edo from Service would by no means Swerve, Rather than fail, he thought the Cakes to Serve. Fio was taken in a fit, and said. By him a Mournful POEM should be made. Fero was willing for to bear a part, Altho' he did it with an aking heart. 3^ 13 Feror excus'd, with grief he was so Torn, He could not bear, he needed to he born. Such Nouns and Verbs as we defective find. No Grammar Rule did their attendance bind. They were excepted, and exempted hence. But Supines all did blame for negligence. Verbs OfTspring, Participles hand-in-hand. Follow, and by the same direction stand: The rest Promiscuously did croud and cumber. Such Multitudes of each, they wanted Number. Next to the Corps to make th' attendance even, Jove, Mercury, Apollo came from hea\"en. And Virgil, Cato, gods, men, Rivers, Winds, With Elegies, Tears, Sighs, came in their kinds. Ovid from Pontiis hast's Apparrell'd thus, In Exile-weeds bringing De Tristibus: And Homer sure had been among the Rout, But that the Stories say his Eyes were out. Queens, Cities Countries, Islands, Come All Trees, Birds, Fishes, and each W'ord in Um. What Syntax here can you expect to find? \Miere each one bears such discomposed mind. Figures of Diction and Construction, Do little: Yet stand sadly looking on. That such a Train may in their motion chord, Prosodia gives the measure ^^'ord for \\'ord. Sic Mccstns Cecinit, ISenj. (lompson. The above tribute made to serve for both John W'oodmancy and Ezekiel Cheever is here reprinted from the copy pubhshed in the Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, October, i88g, where it is accom- panied by an explanatory word by Dr. Samuel A. Green: "John Wood- mancy, the subject of the Elegy, was, without doubt, a master in the Boston Latin School, as it is evident, from the tenor of the lines, that he taught Latin. I am unable to connect him either with Robert Woodmansey, head-master of that school, who died on August 13, 1667, or with John Wood- mancy, merchant, who died in the year 1684. . . . Benjamin Tompson, the writer of the lines, was a graduate of Harvard College in the Class of 1662, and a physician of some repute. He was Mr. Cheever's im- mediate predecessor as head-master of the school, and a man of various attainments. He was the earliest native American poet, and the author of several printed poems. A list of his works, so far as they were known, ap- pears in Mr. John Langdon Sibley's 'Harvard Graduates' (vol. ii. pp. 109, no), but 'The Grammarian's Funeral' is not mentioned. There is a sug- 33 14 gestion of resemblance between this production and an 'Essay' in metre, which appears at the end of Cotton Mather's sermon on Ezekiel Cheever, pubhshed in the year 1708." AT THE LATIN SCHOOL UNDER EZEKIEL CHEEVER. The Rev. John Barnard, of ISIarblehead, who was born in Boston, Nov. 6, 1681, thus speaks in his Autobiography * of his early days at the Latin school: " In the spring [1689], of my eighth year I was sent to the grammar-school, under the tuition of the aged, venerable, and justly famous Mr. Ezekiel Cheever. But after a few weeks, an odd accident drove me from the school. There was an older lad entered the school the same week with me; we strove who should outdo; and he beat me by the help of a brother in the upper class, who stood behind master with the accidence open for him to read out off; by which means he could recite his [ ] three and four times in a forenoon, and the same f »///'ing vexations, and visited them with plagues of their own creation. Mrs. Hutchinson and the other sufferers felt the blows, which were inflicted by persons possessed of an evil spirit, and who were first convulsed and crazed by its inward workings before they found a measure of relief by striking at outward objects. The spirit of persecution vexed its subjects as much as its objects, the persecutors as much as the persecuted. — George E. Ellis. The eldest son of William and Anne Hutchinson was Edward Hutchinson, who was born in England before the family's removal to Massachusetts, and was killed by the Indians at Brookfield, Mass., in 1675, in King Philip's War. Thomas Hutchinson, the royal governor of Massachusetts, the author of the History of Massachusetts Bay, from the first volume of which the account of Anne Hutchinson's career given in the present leaflet is taken, was a great-grandson of this Captain Edward Hutchinson, a direct descendant therefore of Anne Hutchinson, of whom he writes. His History, the first volume of which was published in 1764, is a work of great value. His biography has been written by James K. Hosmer. The selection from his History given in the leaflet is 'sufficiently full to show the general situa- tion in Massachusetts at the time of the controversy concerning Mrs. Hutch- inson and her banishment from the colony. It should be compared with other accounts, as everything in the history of the controversy which raged about this gifted woman was the subject of sharp differences of opinion. The leading facts in Mrs. Hutchinson's life are given by Hutchinson in the passage here printed. There is a Life of Mrs. Hutchinson by George E. Ellis (Sparks, vol. 16). See also Dr. Ellis's chapter on "The Puritan Commonwealth," in the Memorial History of Boston, vol. i. pp. 173-176; the note on p. 176 gives references to the original authorities — chiefly Winthrop's New England and what is known as "A Short Story," etc. (1644), the American edition of which had a preface by Rev. Thomas Weld, of Roxbury. Contemporary documents are given in Hutchinson's Collec- tion of Papers. Palfrey's account of the controversy, in his History of New England (vol. i. 472), is one of the most important modern surveys. Much more interesting is the paper on the Antinomian Controversy, in Charles Francis Adams's "Three Episodes of Massachusetts History." In the appendix to the first volume of his History Hutchinson preserves a very complete account of Mrs. Hutchinson's trial. See also the account of the same in P. W. Chandler's "American Criminal Trials," vol. i. PUBLISHED BY THE DIRECTORS OF THE OLD SOUTH ^A/'ORK, Old South Meeting-house, Boston, Mass. 56 No. 179. James Otis, Samuel Adams, and John Hancock. John Adams's Tributes to these as the Three Principal Movers and Agents of the American Revolution. TO WILLL4M TUDOR. QuiNCY, 29 March, 18 17. Is your daughter, Mrs. Stuart, who I am credibly informed is one of the most accompHshed of ladies, a painter? Are you acquainted with Miss Lydia Smith, who, I am also credibly informed, is one of the most accomplished ladies, and a painter? Do you know Mr. Sargent? Do you correspond with your old companion in arms, Colonel John Trumbull? Do you think Fisher will be an historical painter? Whenever you shall find a painter, male or female, I pray you to suggest a scene and a subject for the pencil. The scene is the Council Chamber in the old Town House in Boston. The date is in the month of February, 1761, nine years before you entered my office in Cole Lane. As this was five years before you entered college, you must have been in the second form of master Lovell's school. That council chamber was as respectable an apartment as the House of Commons or the House of Lords in Great Britain, in proportion, or that in the State House in Philadelphia, in which the declaration of independence was signed, in 1776. In this chamber, round a great fire, were seated five Judges, with Lieutenant-Governor Hutchinson at their head, as Chief Justice, all arrayed in their new, fresh, rich robes of scarlet English 57 broadcloth; in their large cambric bands, and immense judicial wigs. In this chamber were seated at a long table all the barristers at law of Boston, and of the neighboring county of Middlesex, in gowns, bands, and tie wigs. They were not seated on ivory chairs, but their dress was more solemn and more pompous than that of the Roman Senate, when the Gauls broke in upon them. In a corner of the room must be placed as a spectator and an auditor, wit, sense, imagination, genius, pathos, reason, pru- dence, eloquence, learning, and immense reading, hanging by the shoulders on two crutches, covered with a great cloth coat, in the person of Mr. Pratt, who had been solicited on both sides, but would engage on neither, being, as Chief Justice of New York, about to leave Boston forever. Two portraits, at more than full length, of King Charles the Second and of King James the Second, in splendid golden frames, were hung up on the most conspicuous sides of the apartment. If my young eyes or old memory have not deceived me, these were as fine pictures as I ever saw; the colors of the royal ermines and long flowing robes were the most glowing, the figures the most noble and graceful, the features the most distinct and characteristic, far superior to those of the King and Queen of France in the Senate chamber of Congress — these were worthy of the pencils of Rubens and Vandyke. There was no painter in England capable of them at that time. They had been sent over without frames in Governor Pownall's time, but he was no admirer of Charles or James. The pictures were stowed aw^ay in a garret, among rubbish, till Governor Bernard came, who had them cleaned, superbly framed, and placed in council for the admiration and imitation of all men — no doubt with the advice and concurrence of Hutchinson and all his nebula of stars and sateUites. One circumstance more. Samuel Quincy and John Adams had been admitted barristers at that term. John was the young- est. He should be painted looking like a short thick archbishop of Canterbury, seated at the table with a pen in his hand, lost in admiration, now and then minuting those poor notes which your pupil. Judge Minot, has printed in his history,* with some interpolations. I will copy them from the book, and then point out those interpolations.! * Vol. ii pp. So-gg. t The extract is omitted. The speech is printed, with the omission of the interrolations, in vol. ii. of the works of John Adams, Appendix, p. -^li. It was not in the letter as first pub- lished 58 You have now the stage and the scenery. Next follows a narration of the subject. I rather think that we lawyers ought to call it a brief of the cause. When the British ministry received from General Amherst his despatches, announcing the conquest of Montreal, and the consequent annihilation of the French government in America, in 1759, they immediately conceived the design, and took the resolution, of conquering the English colonies, and subjecting them to the unlimited authority of Parliament. With this view and intention they sent orders and instructions to the collector of the customs in Boston, Mr. Charles Paxton, to apply to the civil authority for WTits of assistance, to enable the custom- house officers, tide-waiters, land-waiters, and all, to command all sheriffs and constables, Sec, to attend and aid them in breaking open houses, stores, shops, cellars, ships, bales, trunks, chests, casks, packages of all sorts, to search for goods, wares, and mer- chandise, which had been imported against the prohibitions or without paying the taxes imposed by certain acts of Parlia- ment, called the acts of trade; that is, iDy certain parliamentary statutes, which had been procured to be passed from time to time for a century before, by a combination of selfish intrigues between West India planters and North American royal governors. These acts never had been executed as revenue laws, and there never had been a time, when they would have been or could have been obeyed as such. Mr. Paxton, no doubt consulting with Governor Bernard, Lieutenant-Governor Hutchinson, and all the principal crown officers, thought it not prudent to commence his operations in Boston. For obvious reasons, he instructed his deputy collector in Salem, Mr. Cockle, to apply by petition to the Superior Court, in November, 1760, then sitting in that town, for writs of assist- ance. Stephen Sewall was then Chief Justice of that Court, an able man, an uncorrupted American, and a sincere friend of liberty, civil and religious. He expressed great doubts of the legality of such a writ, and of the authority of the Court to grant it. Not one of his brother judges uttered a word in favor of* it; but as it was an application on the part of the crown, it must be heard and determined. After consultation, the Court ordered the question to be argued at the next February term in Boston, namely in 1761. In the mean time Chief Justice Sewall died, and Lieutenant- Governor Hutchinson was appointed Chief Justice of that Court 59 in his stead. Every observing and thinking man knew that this appointment was made for the direct purpose of deciding this question in favor of the crown, and all others in which it should be interested. An alarm was spread far and wide. Merchants of Salem and Boston applied to Mr. Pratt, who refused, and to A^Ir, Otis and Mr. Thacher, who accepted, to defend them against the terrible menacing monster, the writ of assistance. Great fees were offered, but Otis, and, I believe, Thacher, would accept of none. "In such a cause," said Otis, "I despise all fees." I have given you a sketch of the stage, and the scenery, and the brief of the cause, or, if }ou like the phrase better, the tragedy, comedy, or farce. Now for the actors and performers. Mr. Gridley argued with his characteristic learning, ingenuity, and dignity, and said everything that could be said in favor of Cockle's petition; all depending, however, on the "if the Parliament of Great Britain is the sovereign legislature of all the British empire." Mr. Thacher followed him on the other side, and argued with the softness of manners, the ingenuity and cool reasoning, which were remarkable in his amiable character. But Otis was a flame of fire!— with a promptitude of classical allusions, a depth of research, a rapid summary of historical events and dates, a profusion of legal authorities, a prophetic glance of his eye into futurity, and a torrent of impetuous elo- quence, he hurried away every thing before him. American independence was then and there born; the seeds of patriots and heroes were then and there sown, to defend the vigorous youth, the non sine Diis animosus injans. Everv man of a crowded audience appeared to me to go away, as I did, ready to tiike arms against writs of assistance. Then and there was the first scene of the first act of opposition to the arbitrary claims of Great Britain. Then and there the child Independence was born. In fifteen years, namely in 1776, he grew up to manhood, and declared himself free. The Court adjourned for consideration, and after some days, at the close of the term, Hutchinson, the Chief Justice, a.rose and said, "The Court has considered the subject of writs of assist- ance, and can see no foundation for such a writ; but, as the practice in England is not known, it has been thought best to continue the question until next term, that in the mean time opportunity may be given to write to England for information concerning the subject." In six months the next term arrived, 60 .5 but 110 judgment was pronounced, no letters from England were produced, and nothing more was ever said in Court con- cerning writs of assistance; but it was generally reported and understood that the Court clandestinely granted them, and the custom-house officers had them in their pockets, though I never knew that they dared to produce them or execute them in any one instance. Mr. Otis's popularity was without bounds. In May, 1761, he was elected into the House of Representatives by an almost unanimous vote. On the week of his election, I happened to be at Worcester, attending the Court of Common Pleas, of which Brigadier Ruggles was Chief Justice, when the news arrived from Boston of Mr. Otis's election. You can have no idea of the consternation among the government people. Chief Justice Ruggles, at dinner at Colonel Chandler's on that day, said, "Out of this election will arise a d — d faction, which will shake this province to its foundation." Ruggles's foresight reached not beyond his nose. That election has shaken two continents, and will shake all four. For ten years Mr. Otis, at the head of his country's cause, conducted the town of Boston, and the people of the province, with a prudence and fortitude, at every sacrifice of personal interest, and amidst unceasing persecution, which would have done honor to the most virtuous patriot or martyr of antiquity. The minutes of Mr. Otis's argument are no better a representa- tion of it than the gleam of a glow-worm to the meridian blaze of the sun. I fear I shall make you repent bringing out the old gentleman. Ridendo dicere veriim quid vetat? TO WILLIAM TUDOR. QuiNCY, 15 April, 181 7. I have received your obhging favor of the 8th, but cannot consent to your resolution to ask no more questions. Your questions revive my sluggish memory. Since our national legis- lature have established a national painter, — a wise measure, for which I thank them, — my imagination runs upon the art, and has already painted, I know not how many, historical pictures. I have sent vou one ; give me leave to send another. The bloody 61 rencounter between the citizens and the soldiers, on the 5th of March, 1770, produced a tremendous sensation throughout the town and country. The people assembled first at Faneuil Hall, and adjourned to the Old South Church, to the number, as was conjectured, of ten or twelve thousand men, among whom were the most virtuous, substantial, independent, disinterested, and intelligent citizens. They formed themselves into a regular deliberative body, chose their moderator and secretary, entered into discussions, deliberations, and debates, adopted resolutions, appointed committees. \Miat has become of these records, Air. Tudor? \^^lere are they? Their resolutions in public w^ere conformable to those of every man in private, who dared to express his thoughts or his feelings, "that the regular soldiers should be banished from the town at all hazards." Jonathan Williams, a very pious, inoffensive, and conscientious gentleman, was their Moderator. A remonstrance to the Governor, or the Governor and Council, was ordained, and a demand that the regular troops should be removed from the town. A committee was appointed to present this remonstrance, of which Samuel Adams was the chairman. Now for the picture. The theatre and the scenery are the same with those at the discussion of writs of assistance. The same glorious portraits of King Charles II. and King James XL, to which might be added, and should be added, little miserable likenesses, of Governor Winthrop, Governor Bradstreet, Gov- ernor Endicott, and Governor Belcher, hung up in obscure corners of the room. Lieutenant-Governor Hutchinson, commander- in-chief in the absence of the Governor, must be placed at the head of the council table. Lieutenant-Colonel Dalrymple, commander- in-chief of his Majesty's mihtary forces, taking rank of all his Majesty's counsellors, must be seated by the side of the Lieu- tenant-Governor and commander-in-chief of the province. Eight- and-twenty counsellors must be painted, all seated at the council board. Let me see — what costume? What was the fashion of that day, in the month of March ? Large white wigs, English scarlet cloth cloaks, some of them with gold-laced hats, not on their heads, indeed, in so august a presence, but on the table before them, or under the table beneath, them. Before these illustrious personages appeared Saiiuel Adams, a member of the House of Representatives and their clerk, now at the head of the committee of the great assembly at the Old South Church. Thucydides, Livy, or Sallust would make a speech 62 for him, or, perhaps, the Italian Botta, if he had known any thing of this transaction, — one of the most important of the revolution,^ but I am wholly incapable of it; and, if I had vanity enough to think myself capable of it, should not dare to attempt it; He represented the state of the town and the country; the dangerous, ruinous, and fatal effects of standing armies in populous cities in time of peace, and the determined resolution of the public, that the regular troops, at all events, should be removed from the town. Lieutenant-Governor Hutchinson, then commander- in-chief, at the head of a trembHng council, said, "he had no authority over the king's troops; that they had their separate commander and separate orders and instructions, and that he could not interfere with them." Mr. Adams instantly appealed to the charter of the province, by which the Governor, and in his absence the Lieutenant-Governor, was constituted com- mander-in-chief of all the military and naval power within its jurisdiction. So obviously true and so irrefragable was the reply, that it is astonishing that Mr. Hutchinson should have so grossly betrayed the Constitution, and so atrociously have vio- lated the duties of his office by asserting the contrary. But either the fears or the ambition of this gentleman, upon this and many other occasions, especially in his controversy with the two houses, three years afterwards, on the supremacy of Parlia- ment, appear to have totally disarranged his understanding. He certainly asserted in public, in the most solemn manner, a multitude of the roundest falsehoods, which he must have known to be such, and which he must have known could be easily and would certainly be detected, if he had not wholly lost his memory, even of his own pubhc writings. You, Mr. Tudor, knew Mr. Adams from your childhood to his death. In his common appearance he was a plain, simple, decent citizen, of middling stature, dress, and manners. He had an exquisite ear for music, and a charming voice, when he pleased to exert it. Yet his ordinary speeches in town meetings, in the House of Representatives, and in Congress exhibited nothing extra- ordinary; but, upon great occasions, when his deeper feelings were excited, he erected himself, or rather nature seemed to erect him, without the smallest symptom of affectation, into an upright dignity of figure and gesture, and gave a harmony to his voice which made a strong impression on spectators and auditors, — the more lasting for the purity, correctness, and nervous elegance of his stvle. 63 This was a delicate and a dangerous crisis. The question in the last resort was, whether the town of Boston should become a scene of carnage and desolation, or not? Humanity to the soldiers conspired with a regard for the safety of the town, in suggesting the wise measure of caUing the town together to de- liberate. For nothing short of the most solemn promises to the people that the soldiers should, at all hazards, be driven from the town, had preserved its peace. Not only the immense assemblies of the people from day to day, but military arrange- ments from night to night, were necessary to keep the people and the soldiers from getting together by the ears. The life of a red coat would not have been safe in any street or corner of the town. Nor w^ould the lives of the inhabitants ha^■e been much more secure. The whole militia of the city was in requi- sition, and military watches and guards were ever\^vhere placed. We were all upon a level; no man was exempted; our military officers were our only superiors. I had the honor to be sum- moned, in my turn, and attended at the State House with my musket and bayonet, my broadsword and cartridge-box, under the command of the famous Paddock. I know you will laugh at my military figure; but I believe there was not a more obe- dient soldier in the regiment, nor one more impartial between the people and the regulars. In this character I was upon duty all night in my turn. No man appeared more anxious or more deeply impressed with a sense of danger on all sides than our commander. Paddock. He called me, common soldier as I was, frequently to his councils. I had a great deal of conver- sation with him, and no man appeared more apprehensive of a fatal calamity to the town or more zealous by every prudent measure to prevent it. Such was the situation of affairs, when Samuel Adams was reasoning with Lieutenant-Governor Hutchinson and Lieu- tenant-Colonel Dalr}'mple. He had fairly driven them from all their outworks, breastworks, and entrenchments, to their cita- del. There they paused and considered and deliberated. The heads of Hutchinson and Dalrymple were laid together in whis- pers for a long time; when the whispering ceased, a long and solemn pause ensued, extremely painful to an impatient, expect- ing audience. Hutchinson, in time, broke silence. He had consulted with Colonel Dalrymple, and the Colonel had authorized him to say, that he might order one regiment down to the castle, if that would satisfv the people. With a self-recollection, a 64 self-possession, a self-command, a presence of mind that was admired by every man present, Samuel Adams arose with an air of dignity and majesty, of which he was sometimes capable, stretched forth his arm, though even then quivering with palsy, and with an harmonious voice and decisive tone said, "If the Lieutenant-Governor or Colonel Dalrymple, or both together, have authority to remove one regiment, they have authority to remove two, and nothing short of the total evacuation of the town by all the regular troops will satisfy the public mind or preserve the peace of the province." These few words thrilled through the veins of every man in the avidience, and produced the great result. After a little awk- ward hesitation, it was agreed that the town should be evacu- ated, and both regiments sent to the castle. After all this gravity, it is merry enough to relate that Will- iam Molineux was obliged to march side by side with the com- mander of some of these troops, to protect them from the indig- nation of the people, in their progress to the wharf of embarcation for the castle. Nor is it less amusing that Lord North, as I was repeatedly and credibly informed in England, with his characteristic mixture of good humor and sarcasm, ever after called these troops by the title of "Sam Adams's two regiments." The painter should seize upon the critical moment, when Samuel Adams stretched out his arm, and made his last speech. It wiU be as difficult to do justice as to paint an Apollo; and the transaction deserves to be painted as much as the surrender of Burgoyne. Whether any artist will ever attempt it, I know not. TO WILLIAM TUDOR. QuiN'CY, June i, 1817. That Mr. Hutchinson repented as sincerely as Mr. Hamilton did, I doubt not. I hope the repentance of both has been ac- cepted, and their faults pardoned. And I hope I have repented, do repent, and shall ever repent of mine, and meet them both in another world, w^here there will need no repentance. Such vicissitudes of fortune command compassion; I pity even Na- poleon. You "never profoundlv admired Mr. Hancock. He had 65 10 vanity and caprice." I can say, with truth, that I profoundly admired him, and more profoundly loved him. If he had vanity and caprice, so had I. And if his vanity and caprice made me sometimes sputter, as you know they often did, mine, I well know, had often a similar effect upon him. But these little flickerings of little passions determine nothing concerning essential characters. I knew IMr. Hancock from his cradle to his grave. He was radically generous and benevolent. He was born in this town, half way between this house and our congregational temple, son of a clergyman of this parish, and grandson of a clergyman of Lexington, both of excellent characters. We were at tlae same school together, as soon as we were out of petticoats. His father died when he was very young. His uncle, the most opulent merchant in Boston, who had no children, adopted him, placed him in Mr. Lovell's school, educated him at Harvard college, and then took him into his store. And what a school was this! Four large ships constantly plying between Boston and London, and other business in proportion. This was in 1755. He became an example to all the young men of the town. Wholly devoted to business, he was as regular and punctual at his store as the sun in his course. His uncle sent him to London, from whence, after a residence of about a year, he returned to his store, with the same habits of business, unaltered in manners or deportment, and pursued his employments with the same punctuality and assiduity, till the death of his uncle, who left him his business, his credit, his capital, and his fortune; who did more — he left him the protector of his widow. This lady, though her husband left her a handsome independence, would have sunk into oblivion, like so many other most excellent widows, had not the public attention been fastened upon her by the fame of her nephew. Never was a nephew to an aunt more affectionate, dutiful, or respectful. No alteration appeared in Mr. Hancock, either from his travels in England, or from his accession to the fortune of his uncle. The same steady, regular, punctual, in- dustrious, indefatigable man of business; and, to complete his character with the ladies, always genteelly dressed, according to the fashions of those days. What shall I say of his fortune, his ships? His commerce was a great one. Your honored father told me, at that time, that not less than a thousand families were, every day in the year, dependent on Mr. Hancock for their daily bread. Con- sider his real estate in Boston, in the country, in Connecticut, 66 1 1 and the rest of New England. Had Mr. Hancock fallen asleep to this day, he would now awake one of the richest men. Had he persevered in business as a private merchant, he mi,ti;ht have erected a house of Medicis. Providence, however, did not in- tend or permit, in this instance, such a calamity to mankind. Mr. Hancock was the deli.sj^ht of the eyes of the whole town. There can be no doubt that he might have had his choice, and he had his choice of a companion; and that choice was very natural, a granddaughter of the great patron and most revered friend of his father. Beauty, politeness, and every domestic virtue justified his predilection. At the time of this prosperity, I was one day walking in the mail, and, accidentally, met Samuel Adams. In taking a few turns together, we came in full view of Mr. Hancock's house. Mr. Adams, pointing to the stone building, said, "This town has done a wise thing to-day." "What?" "They have made that young man's fortune their own." His prophecy was lite- rally fulfilled; for no man's property was ever more entirely devoted to the public. The town had, that day, chosen Mr. Hancock into the legislature of the province. The quivering anxiety of the public, under the fearful looking for of the ven- geance of king, ministry, and parliament, compelled him to a constant attendance in the House; his mind was soon engrossed by public cares, alarms, and terrors; his business was left to subalterns; his private affairs neglected, and continued to be so to the end of his life. If his fortune had not been very large, he must have died as poor as Mr. S. Adams or Mr. Gerry. I am not writing the life of Mr. Hancock; his biography would fill as many volumes as Marshall's Washington, and be quite as instructive and entertaining. Though I never injured or justly offended him, and though I spent much of my time, and suffered unknown anxiety, in defending his property, reputation, and liberty from persecution, I cannot but reflect upon myself for not paying him more respect than I did in his lifetime. His life will, however, not ever be written. But if statues, obelisks, pyramids, or divine honors were ever merited by men, of cities or nations, James Otis, Samuel Adams, and John Hancock, deserved these from the town of Boston and the United States. Such adulations, however, are monopolized by profligate libel- lers, by cringing flatterers, by unprincipled ambition, by sordid avarice, bv griping usurers, by scheming speculators, bv plun- ' ' . '67 12 dering bankers, by l)lind enthusiasts, })y superstitious bigots, by puppies and butterflies, and by everything but honor and virtue. Hence the universal slavery of the human species. Hence a commentary on the well known and most expressive figure of rhetoric, "It grieved the Almighty, at his heart, that he had made man." Nevertheless, this is a good world, and I thank the Almighty that he has made man. Mr. Hancock had a delicate constitution. He was very in- firm. A great part of his life was passed in acute pain. He inherited from his father, though one of the most amiable and beloved of men, a certain sensibility, a keenness of feeling, or, in more familiar language, a peevishness of temper, that some- times disgusted and afiiicted his friends. Yet it was astonish- ing with what patience, perseX'erance, and punctuality he at- tended to business to the last. Nor were his talents or attain- ments inconsiderable. They were far superior to many who have been much more celebrated. He had a great deal of political sagacity and penetration into men. He was by no means a contemptible scholar or orator. Compared with Washington, Lincoln, or Knox, he was learned. So much, for the present, of Mr. Hancock. When, in the beginning of this letter, I agreed with you in your opinion of Mr. Hutchinson's repentance, I should have added, he had great reason for repentance. Fled, in his old age, from the detestation of a country, where he had been be- loved, esteemed, and admired, and applauded with exaggera- tion — in short, where he had been everything, from his infancy — to a country where he was nothing; pinched by a pension, which, though ample in Boston, would barely keep a house in London; throwing round his baleful eyes on the exiled companions of his folly; hearing daily of the slaughter of his countrymen and conflagration of their cities; abhorred by the greatest men and soundest part of the nation, and neglected, if not despised, by the rest, hardened as had been my heart against him, I assure you I was melted at the accounts I heard of his condition. Lord Townsend told me that he put an end to his own life. Though I did not believe this, I know he was ridiculed by the courtiers. They laughed at his manners at the levee, at his perpetual quo- tations of his brother Foster, searching his pockets for letters to read to the king, and the king turning away from him with his head up, &c. A few words concerning S. Adams in my next. 68 13 TO WILLIAM TUDOR. QuixcY, 5 June, 1817. You "never profoundly admired ^Ir. Hancock." I have sug- gested some hints in his favor. You ''never profoundly ad- mired Mr. Samuel Adams." I have promised you an apology for him. You may think it a weak one, for I have no talent at panegvric or apology. "There are all sorts of men in the world." This observation, \-ou may say, is self-evident and futile; yet Mr. Locke thought it not unworthy of him to make it, and, if we reflect upon it, there is more meaning in it than meets the eye at the first blush. Y"ou say, Mr. S. Adams "had too much sternness and pious bigotry." A man in his situation and circumstances must pos- sess a large fund of sternness of stuff, or he will soon be anni- hilated. His piety ought not to be objected to him, or any other man. His bigotry, if he had any, was a fault; but he certainly had not more than Governor Hutchinson and Secretary Oliver, who, I know from personal conversation, were as stanch Trini- tarians and Calvinists as he was, and treated all Arians and Arminians with more contempt and scorn than he ever did. Mr. Adams lived and con\ersed freel\- with all sectarians, in philosophy and divinity. He never imposed his creed on any one, or endeavored to make proselytes to his religious opinions. He was as far from sentencing any man to perdition, who differed from him, as Mr. HoUey, Dr. Kirkland, or Dr. Freeman. If he was a Calvinist, a Calvinist he had been educated, and so had been all his ancestors for two hundred }-ears. He had been, from his childhood, too much devoted to politics to be a pro- found student in metaphysics and theology, or to make extensive researches or deep investigations into such subjects. Nor had any other man attempted it, in this nation, in that age, if any one has attempted it since. Mr. Adams was an original— 5;/i generis, sui juris. The variety of human characters is infinite. Nature seems to dehght in showing the inexhaustibility of her resources. There never were two men alike, from the first man to the last, any more than two pebbles or two peas. Mr. Adams was born and tempered a wedge of steel to split the knot of lignum vitce, which tied North America to Great Britain. Blunderheaded as were the British ministry, they had sagacitv enough to discriminate from all others, for inexorable ^4 vengeance, the two men most to be dreaded by them, Samuel Adams and John Hancock; and had not James Otis been then dead, or worse than dead, his name would have been at the head of the triumvirate. James Otis, Samuel Adams, and John Hancock were the three most essential characters; and Great Britain knew it, though Aftierica does not. Great and important and excellent characters, aroused and excited by these, arose in Pennsylvania, Virginia, New York, South Carolina, and in all the other States, but these three were the first movers, the most constant, steady, persevering springs, agents, and most disinterested sufferers and firmest pillars of the whole Revolution. I shall not attempt even to draw the outlines of the biography of Mr. Samuel Adams. Who can attempt it? " QucB ante conditam condendamve urbem, poeticis niagis decora fabidis, qiiam incorriiptis rerum gestariim momimentis traduntur, m"* nee possum rejelhre. Quia nan temptis, nee ociilos, nee ma- uus habeo. But, if I had time, eyes, and fingers at my command, where should I find documents and memorials? Without the character of Samuel Adams, the true history of the American Revolution can never be written. For fifty years, his pen, his tongue, his activity, were constantly exerted for his country without fee or reward. During that time, he was an almost incessant writer. But where are his writings? Who can collect them ? And, if collected, who will ever read them ? The letters he wrote and received, where are they? I ha\-e seen him at Mrs. Yard's in Philadelphia, when he was about to leave Congress, cut up with his scissors whole bundles of letters into atoms that could never be reunited, and throw them out of the window, to be scattered by the winds. This was in summer, when he had no fire. In winter he threw whole handfuls into the fire. As we were on terms of perfect intimacy, I have joked him, perhaps rudely, upon his anxious caution. His answer was, "Whatever becomes of me, my friends shall never suffer by my negligence." This may be thought a less significant anec- dote than another. Mr. Adams left the letters he had received and preserved in possession of his widow. This lady, as was natural, lent them to a confidential friend of her husband, Mr. * Livy finishes the sentence thus, iicc ajj'irmare nee rejelhre, in animo est. The additicn in the text is by the writer. 70 15 Avery, who then was, and had been secretary of the common- wealth under the administration of Mr. Adams and Mr. Hancock. Mr. Avery informed me, that he "had them, and that they were a complete history of the Revolution." I will not say into whose hands they fell, after Mr. Avery's death, and I cannot say where they are now; but I have heard that a gentleman in Charlestown, ]Mr. Austin, undertook to write the life of Mr. Adams; but, finding his papers had been so garbled that the truth could not be discovered, he abandoned his design. Never will those letters, which Secretary Avery possessed, be brought together again; nor will they ever be found. So much for Mr. Adams, at present. Now for Mr. Otis. I write no biographies or biographical sketches; I give only hints. James Otis was descended from our most ancient families. His education was the best his country afforded. He was bred to the bar under Mr. Gridley, the greatest lawyer and the greatest classic scholar I ever knew at any bar. His application was incessant and indefatigable. Justice Richard Dana has often told me, that the apartment in which Otis studied, when a pupil and a clerk of Mr. Gridley, was near his house; that he had watched him from day to day, and that he had never known a student in law so punctual, so steady, so constant and perse- vering. Accordingly, as soon as he was admitted to the bar, he became a conspicuous figure. And among whom? Gridley, Pratt, Trowbridge; and he was much admired, and as much celebrated as any of them. His generous, manly, noble character, as a private gendeman, his uncommon attainments in literature, especially in the law, and his nervous, commanding eloquence at the bar, were everywhere spoken of. The government soon discerned his superiority, and commissioned him Advocate- General. He married a lady, who, in that day, was esteemed a fortune. From 1755 to 1758, I heard my master. Colonel James Putnam, of Worcester, who was a critical judge, and Mr. Trowbridge, the then Attorney-General, and his lady, constantly speaking of Otis as the greatest, the most learned, the most manly, and most honest young man of his age. All this was before I had ever seen Mr. Otis. I never saw him till late in the autumn of 1758, nor Mr. Samuel Adams till after that year. To sum up in a few words, the two young men, whom I have known to enter the stage of life with the most luminous, un- clouded prospects, and the best founded hopes, were James Otis and John Hancock. They were both essential to the Rev- 71 i6 olvition, and both fell sacritices to it. Mr. Otis, from 1760 to 1770, had correspondences in this province, in New England, in the middle and southern colonies, in England, and in Scot- land. What has become of these letters and answers ? Mr. Otis, soon after my earliest acquaintance with him, lent me a summary of Greek Prosody of his own collection and com- position, a work of profound learning and great labor. I had it six months in m\' possession, before I returned it. Since my return from Europe, I asked his daughter whether she had found that work among her father's manuscripts. She answered me with a countenance of woe that you may more easily imagine than I can describe, that she "had not a line from her father's pen; that he had spent much time, and taken great pains, to collect together all his letters and other papers, and, in one of his unhappy moments, committed them all to the flames." I have used her own expressions. Such has been the fate of the memorials of Mr. James Otis and Mr. Samuel Adams. It was not without reason, then, that I wrote to Mr. Niles, of Baltimore, that the true history of the American Revolution is lost forever. I could write volumes of other proofs of the same truth, before, during, and since the Revolution. But ciii bono ? They would be read by very few, and by very few of those few would be credited, and, by this minimum of a few, would be imputed to the vanity, egotism, ill humor, envy, jealousy, and disappointed ambition of your sincere friend, John Adams; for the character of this nation is strangelv altered. TO WILLL\M WIRT. QuiNCY, 5 January, 1818. Your sketches of the life of ^Ir. Henry have given me a rich entertainment. I will not compare them to the Sybil conduct- ing iEneas to see the ghosts of departed sages and heroes in the region below, but to an angel conveying me to the abodes of the blessed on high, to converse with the spirits of just men made perfect. The names of Henry, Lee, Bland, Pendleton, Washington, Rutledge, Dickinson, Wythe, and many others, will ever thrill through my veins with an agreeable sensation. I am not about to make any critical remarks upon your work, at present. But, Sir, 72 17 Erant heroes ante Agamemnona multi. Or, not to garble Horace, Vixere fortes ante Agamemnona Alulti; sed onines illacrimabiles Urguentur, ignotique longa Nocte, carent quia vate sacro. If I could go back to the age of thirty-five, Mr. Wirt, I would endeavor to become your rival; not in elegance of composition, but in a simple narration of facts, supported by records, histories, and testimonies, of irrefragable authority. I would adopt, in all its modesty, your title, '' Sketches of the Life and Writings of James Otis, of Boston," and, in imitation of your example, I would introduce portraits of a long catalogue of illustrious men, who were agents in the Revolution, in favor of it or against it. Jeremiah Gridley, the father of the Bar in Boston, and the preceptor of Pratt, Otis, Thacher, Gushing, and many others; Benjamin Pratt, Chief Justice of New York; Colonel John Tyng, James Otis, of Boston, the hero of the biography; Oxen- bridge Thacher, Jonathan Sewall, Attorney-General and Judge of Admiralty; Samuel Quincy, SoHcitor-General; Daniel Leon- ard, now Chief Justice of Bermuda; Josiah Quincy, the Boston Cicero; Richard Dana, and Francis Dana, his son, iirst minister to Russia, and afterwards Chief Justice; Jonathan Mayhew, D.D., Samuel Cooper, D.D., Charles Chauncy, D.D., James Warren and his wife; Joseph Warren, of Bunker's Hill; John Winthrop, Professor at Harvard College, and a member of Council; Samuel Dexter, the father; John Worthington, of Springfield; Joseph Hawley, of Northampton, and James Lovell, of Boston; Governors Shirley, Pownall, Bernard, Hutchinson, Hancock, Bowdoin, Adams, Sullivan, and Gerry; Lieutenant-Governor Oliver, Chief Justice Oliver, Judge Edmund Trowbridge, Judge Wihiam Gushing, and Timothy Ruggles, ought not to be omitted. The military characters. Ward, Lincoln, Warren, Knox, Brooks, Heath, &c.,' must come in, of course. Nor should Benjamin Kent, Samuel Swift, or John Read, be forgotten. I envy none of the well-merited glories of Virginia, or any of her sages or heroes. But, Sir, I am jealous, very jealous, of the honor of Massachusetts. The resistance to the British system for subjugating the col- onies, began in 1760, and in the month of February, 1761, James Otis electrified the town of Boston, the province of Massachu- 73 i8 setts Bay, and the whole continent, more than Patrick Henry ever did in the whole course of his life. If we must have pane- g}Tic and hyperbole, I must say, that if Mr. Henry was Demos- thenes and Mr. Richard Henry Lee, Cicero, James Otis was Isaiah and Ezekiel united. I hope. Sir, that some young gentleman of the ancient and honorable family of the "Searches," w^ill hereafter do impartial justice both to Virginia and Massachusetts. After all this freedom, I assure you. Sir, it is no flattery, when I congratulate the nation on the acquisition of an Attorney- General of such talents and industry as your "Sketches" ■demonstrate. TO W'lLLIAM WIRT. QuiNCY, 7 March, 1818. Be pleased to accept my cordial thanks for the present of an elegant copy of your Sketches of Mr. Henry. I know not whether I shall ever have time to make you any other return than thanks; but, as I see you wish to investigate the sources of the American Revolution, if you will give me leave, I will give you such hints as my memory affords, to assist you. In 1764 was published, in Boston, a pretty little pamphlet, "The Sentiments of a British American," the motto of which ought to have warned Great Britain to desist from her t}Tan- nical system of taxation. Asellum in prato timidus pascebat senex. Is, hostium clamore subito territus, Suadebat asino fugere, ne possent capi. At ille lentus: qu^so, num binas mihi Clitellas impositurum victorem putas? Senex negavit. Ergo quid refert mea Cui serviam ? clitellas dum portem meas. P]i(pdnis. Considering "An Act for granting certain duties in the British colonies and plantations in America," of the 4 G. III., he says: "The first objection is, that a tax is laid on several commodi- ties, to be raised and levied in the plantations, and to be remitted home to England. This is esteemed as a grievance, inasmuch as they are laid without the consent of the representatives of the colonists. It is esteemed an essential British right, that 74 ^9 no person shall be subject to any tax, but what, in person or by his representative, he has a voice in laying." I am indebted to you, Sir, for the reperusal of this pretty Uttle thing. I had never seen it for fifty-four years,' and should never have seen it again; but your book has excited me, having no copy of it, to borrow it as a great favor for a short time. It was written by Oxenbridge Thacher, a barrister at law in Bos- ton. There is so much resemblance between this pamphlet and Mr. Jay's address to the people of England, written ten years afterwards, that, as Johnson said of his Rasselas and Vol- taire's Candide, one might be suspected to have given birth to the other. In 1764 was published, in Boston, "The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved," by James Otis, Esq. This work was read in the House of Representatives of Massachusetts, in manuscript, in 1764, and, though not ordered by them to be published, it was printed with their knowledge. In it these propositions are asserted as fundamental. "i. That the supreme and subordinate powers of legislation should be free and sacred in the hands where the community have once rightfully placed them. 2. The supreme, national legislative cannot be altered justly till the commonwealth is dissolved, nor a subordinate legislative taken away without forfeiture or other good cause. Nor then can the subjects in the subordinate government be reduced to a state of slavery, and subject to the despotic rule of others. 3. No legislative, supreme or subordinate, has a right to make itself arbitrary. 4. The supreme legislative cannot justly assume a power of rulijig bv ex tempore arbitrary decrees, but is bound to dispense justice by known, settled rules, and by duly authorized, inde- pendent judges. 5. The supreme power cannot take from any man any part of his property, without his consent in person, or by repre- sentation. 6. The legislative cannot transfer the power of making laws to any other hands " In an appendix to this work is a cop}' of instructions, given by the city of Boston at their annual meeting, in May, 1764, to their representatives, Royal Tyler, James Otis, Thomas Gush- ing, and Oxenbridge Thacher, Esqrs. These instructions were drawn by Samuel Adams, who was one of those appointed by 75 20 the town for that purpose. These instructions are a sample of that simplicity, purity, and harmony of style, which distin- guished all the productions of Mr. Adams's pen. I wish I could transcribe the whole; but the paragraph most directly to the present purpose is the following: — "But what still heightens our apprehensions is, that these unexpected proceedings may be pre- paratory to new taxations upon us. For, if our trade may be taxed, why not our lands ? Why not the produce of our lands, and every thing we possess or make use of ? This, we apprehend, annihilates our charter right to govern and tax ourselves. It strikes at our British privileges, which, as we have never forfeited them, we hold in common with our fellow-subjects, who are na- tives of Britain. If taxes are laid upon us in any shape, without our having a legal representation where they are laid, are we not reduced from the character of free subjects to the miserable state of tributary slaves?" This whole work was published more than a year before Mr. Henry's resolutions were moved. John Adams, in passages in the foregoing letters, laments that important papers which had been prepared by Samuel Adams and James Otis were destroyed, and that with them "the true history of the American Revolution is lost forever." This word is perhaps too strong, but certain it is that nothing brings us into such close touch with the Revolution as the words of the actors in it. Among all the actors in those stirring scenes, none was a more graphic writer than John Adams himself; and we have in his large correspondence and other papers pictures of the Revolution and the stirring time before it which have a vividness and a historical value not surpassed by any similar writings relating to the period. A few of his letters to William Tudor and William Wirt are given in the present leaflet, as samples of a score of such relating to the men and events in Massachusetts in the decade before 1775, which may be found in vol. x of his collected works. An interesting letter on Hutchinson, the royal governor, is that to William Tudor, Nov. 16, 1816. Many letters relate to Otis and his speech against the writs of assistance, one of the most impressive being that to Dr. J. Morse, Nov. 29, 1815. "A history of military operations from 1775 to 17S3," he says here, "is not a history of the American Revolution. The revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people, and in the union of the colonies, both of which were substantially effected before hostilities commenced." Under date of June i, 1818, he begins a series of letters to William Tudor, giving an analysis of Otis's argument in his famous speech. PUBLISHED BY THE DIRECTORS OF THE OLD SOUTH WORK, Old South Meeting-house, Boston, Mass. 76 No. iSo. Garrison's First Anti-slavery Address in Boston. Address at Park Street Church, Boston, July 4, 1829. It is natural that the return of a day which estabhshed the Uberties of a brave people should be hailed by them with more than ordinary joy; and it is their duty as Christians and patriots to celebrate it with signal tokens of thanksgiving. Fifty- three years ago the Fourth of July was a proud day for our country. It clearly and accurately defined the rights of man; it made no vulgar alterations in the established usages of society; it presented a revelation adapted to the common sense of mankind; it vindicated the omnipotence of pubHc opinion over the machinery of kingly government; it shook, as with the voice of a great earthquake, thrones which were seemingly propped up with Atlantean pillars; it gave an impulse to the heart of the world, which yet thrills to its extremities. [The orator then proceeded to speak of the degeneracy of the national jubilee, from an occasion distinguished for rationality of feeling and purity of purpose to a day marked by reckless and profligate behavior, vain boasting, and the foolish assumption that no dangers could ever assail or threaten the republic. To him the prevalence of infidelity, the compulsory desecration of the "holy Sabbath," the ravages of intem- perance, the profligacy of the press, the corruptness of party politics, were all sources of danger and causes for alarm; and he briefly con- sidered them before he took up slavery, the main theme of his discourse.] I speak not as a partisan or an opponent of any man or measures, when I say that our politics are rotten to the core. We boast of 77 our freedom, who go shackled to the polls, year after year, by tens and hundreds and thousands! We talk of free agency, who are the veriest machines — the merest automata — in the hands of un- principled jugglers! We prate of integrity, and virtue, and in- dependence, who sell oiir birthright for office, and who, nine times in ten, do not get Esau's bargain, — no, not even a mess of pottage! Is it republicanism to say that the majority can do no wrong? Then I am not a republican. Is it aristocracy to say that tlae people sometimes shamefully abuse their high trust? Then I am an aristocrat. It is not the appreciation, but the abuse of Hberty, to withdraw altogether from the polls, or to visit them merely as a matter of form, without carefully investigating the merits of candidates. The republic does not bear a charmed life: our prescriptions administered through the medium of the ballot- box — the mouth of the political body — may kill or cure, accord- ing to the nature of the disease and our wisdom in applying the remedy. It is possible that a people may bear the title of free- men who execute the work of slaves. To the dullest obser\-ers of the signs of the times it must be apparent that we are rapidly approximating to this condition. . . . But there is another evil, which, if we had to contend against nothing else, should make us quake for the issue. It is a gan- grene preying upon our vitals, an earthquake rumbling under our feet, a mine accumulating materials for a national catastrophe. It should make this a day of fasting and prayer, not of boisterous merriment and idle pageantry, a day of great lamentation, not of congratulatory joy. It should spike every cannon, and haul down every banner. Our garb should be sackcloth, our heads bowed in the dust, our supplications for the pardon and assistance of Heaven. Last week this city was made breathless by a trial of consider- able magnitude. The court chamber was inundated for hours, day after day, with a dense and living tide which swept along like the rush of a mountain torrent. Tiers of human bodies were piled up to the walls, with almost miraculous condensation and in- genuity. It seemed as if men abhorred a vaccuum equally with Nature: they would suspend themselves, as it were, by a nail, and stand upon air with the aid of a peg. Although it was a barren, ineloquent subject, and the crowd immense, there was no perceptible want of interest, no evidence of impatience. The cause was important, involving the reputation of a distinguished citizen. There was a struggle for mastery between two giants, 78 a test of stren.eth in tossing mountains of law. The excitement was natural. * I stand up here in a more solemn court, to assist in a far greater cause; not to impeach the character of one man, but of a whole people; not to recover the sum of a hundred thousand dollars, but to obtain the liberation of two millions of wretched, degraded beings, who are pining in hopeless bondage, over whose sufferings scarcely an eye weei)s, or a heart melts, or a tongue pleads either to God or man. I regret that a better advocate had not been ft)und, to enchain your ;ittention and to warm your blood. What- ever fallacy, however, ma}' a])])ear in the argument, there is no flaw in the indictment; what the speaker lacks, the cause will supply. Sirs, I am not come to tell you that slavery is a curse, debasing in its effect, cruel in its operation, fatal in its continuance. The day and the occasion reciuire no such revelation. I do not claim the discovery as my own, that "all men are born equal," and that among their inaliena1)le rights are "life, liberty, ancl the pursuit of happiness." Were I addressing any other than a free and Chris- tian assembly, the enforcement of this truth might be pertinent. Neither do I intend to analyze the horrors of slavery for your in- spection, nor to freeze your blood with authentic recitals of savage cruelty. Nor will time allow me to explore even a furlong of that immense wilderness of suffering which remains unsubdued in our land. I take it for granted that the existence of these evils is ac- knowledged, if not rightly understood. My object is to define and enforce our duty, as Christians and Philanthropists. On a subject so exhaustless it will be impossible, in the moiety of an address, to unfold ;ill the facts which are necessary to its full development. In view of it my heart swells up like a living fountain, which time cannot exhaust, for it is perpetual. Let this be considered as the preface of a no1)le work, which your in- ventive sympathies must elaborate and complete. I assume as distinct and defensible propositions: — I. That the slaves of this country, whether we consider their moral, intellectual, or social condition, are pre-eminently entitled to the prayers and sympathies* and charities of the American [)eople; and their claims for redress are as strong as those of any Americans could be in a similar condition. II. That, as the free States— by which I mean non-slavehold- * The case was that of Farnum, Executor of Tuttle Hubbard, vs. Brooks, and \vas heard in the Massachusetts Supreme Court. The "two giants" in opposition were Wilham Wirt ex-Attorney-General of the United States, and Daniel Webster. Wirt's eloquence made a gre'at impression. (Boston Traveller, June 23, 30, 1829; Columbian Centtnel, June 27.J 79 ing States — are constitutionally involved in the guilt of slavery by adhering to a national compact that sanctions it, and in the danger by liability to be called upon for aid in case of insurrection, they have the right to remonstrate against its continuance, and it is their duty to assist in its overthrow. III. That no justificative plea for the perpetuity of slavery can be found in the condition of its victims; and no barrier against our righteous interference, in the laws which authorize the buving, selling, and possessing of slaves, nor in the hazard of a collision with slaveholders. IV. That education and freedom will elevate our colored population to a rank with the white, making them useful, intelli- gent, and peaceable citizens.- In the first place, it will be readily admitted that it is the duty of every nation primarily to administer relief to its own necessities, to cure its own maladies, to instruct its own children, and to watch over its own interests. He is "worse than an infidel" who neglects his own household, and squanders his earnings upon strangers; and the policy of that nation is unwise which seeks to proselyte other portions of the globe at the expense of its safety and happi- ness. Let me not be misunderstood. My benevolence is neither contracted nor selfish. I pity that man whose heart is not larger than a whole continent. I despise the littleness of that patriotism which blusters only for its own rights, and, stretched to its utmost dimensions, scarcely covers its native territory; which adopts as its creed the right to act independently, even to the verge of licen- tiousness, without restraint, and to tyrannize wherever it can with impunity. This sort of patriotism is common. I suspect the reahty, and deny the productiveness, of that piety which confines its operations to a particular spot — if that spot be less than the whole earth; nor scoops out, in ever}- direction, new channels for the waters of life. Christian charity, while it "begins at home," goes abroad in search of misery. It is as copious as the sun in heaven. It does not, like the Nile, make a partial inundation, and then \\ithdraw; but it perpetually overflows, and fertilizes every barren spot. It is restricted only by the exact number of God's suffering creatures. But I mean to say that, while we are aiding and instructing foreigners, we ought not to forget our own degraded countrymen; that neither duty nor honesty requires us to defraud ourselves, that we may enrich others. The condition of the slaves, in a religious point of view, is deplorable, entitling them to a higher consideration, on our part, 80 5 than any other race; higher than the Turks or Chinese, for they have the privileges of instruction; higher than the Pagans, for they are not dwellers in a gospel land; higher than our red men of the forest, for we do not bind them with gyves nor treat them as chattels. And here let me ask, What has Christianity done, by direct effort, for our slave population? Comparatively nothing. She has explored the isles of the ocean for objects of commiseration; but, amazing stupidity, she can gaze without emotion on a multitude of miserable beings at home, large enough to constitute a nation of freemen, whom tyranny has heathenized by law. In her public services they are seldom remembered, and in he. private donations they are forgotten. From one end of the coun- try to the other her charitable societies form golden links of benevolence, and scatter their contributions like raindrops over a parched heath; but they bring no sustenance to the perishing slave. The blood of souls is upon her garments, yet she heeds not the stain. The clankings of the prisoner's chains strike upon her ear, but they cannot penetrate her heart. I have said that the claims of the slaves for redress are as strong as those of any Americans could be, in a similar condition. Does any man deny the position ? The proof, then, is found in the fact that a very large proportion of our colored population were born on our soil, and are therefore entitled to all the privileges of Ameri- can citizens. This is their country by birth, not by adoption. Their children possess the same inherent and unalienable rights as ours, and it is a crime of the blackest dye to load them with fetters. Every Fourth of July our Deckiration of Independence is produced, with a sublime indignation, to set forth the tyranny of the mother country and to challenge the admiration of the world. But what a pitiful detail of grievances does this document present in comparison with the wrongs which our slaves endure! In the one case, it is hardly the jjlucking of a hair from the head; in the other, it is the crushing of a live body on the wheel, — the stings of the wasp contrasted with the tortures of the Inquisition. Before God, I must say that such a glaring contradiction as exists be- tween our creed and practice the annals of six thousand years cannot parallel. In view of it I am ashamed of my country. I am sick of our unmeaning declamation in praise of liberty and equality, of our hypocritical cant about the unalienable rights of man. I could not, for my right h;ind, stiind up before a Euro- 8i pean assembly, and exult that I am an American citizen, and de- nounce the usurpations of a kingly government as wicked and unjust; or, should I make the attempt, the recollection of my country's barbarity and despotism would blister my lips, and cover my cheeks with burning blushes of shame. I', Will this be termed a rhetorical flourish? Will any man coldly accuse me of intemperate zeal? I will borrow, then, a ray of humanity from one of the brightest stars in our American galaxy, whose light will gather new effulgence to the end of time. "This, sirs, is a cause that would be dishonored and l)etrayed if I con- tented myself with appealing only to the understanding. It is too cold, and its processes are too slow for the occasion. I desire to thank God that, since he has given me an intellect so fallible, he has impressed upon me an instinct that is sure. On a question of shame and honor — liberty and oppression — reasoning is some- times useless, and worse. I feel the decision in my pulse: if it throws no light upon the brain, it kindles a fire at the heart." . . . I come to my second proposition, — the right of the free States to remonstrate against the continuance, and to assist in the over- throw of slavery. This, I am aware, is a delicate subject, surrounded with many formidable difficulties. But if delay only adds to its intricacy, wherefore shun an immediate investigation? I know that we of the North affectedly believe that we have no local interest in the removal of this great evil; that the slave States can take care of themselves, and that any proftered assistance, on our part, would be rejected as impertinent, dictatorial, or meddlesome; and that we have no right to lift up even a note of remonstrance. But I believe that these opinions are crude, preposterous, dis- honorable, unjust. Sirs, this is a business in which, as members of one great family, we have a common interest; but we take no responsibility, either individually or collectively. Our hearts are cold, our blood stagnates in our veins. We act, in relation to the slaves, as if they were something lower than the brutes that perish. On this question, I ask no support from the injunction of Holy Writ, which says, "Therefore all things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them: for this is the law and the prophets." I throw aside the common dictates of hu- manity. I assert the right of the free States to demand a gradual abolition of slavery, because, by its continuance, they participate in the guilt thereof, and are threatened with ultimate destruction; 82 because they are bound to watch o\cr the interests of the whole country without reference to territorial divisions; because their white population is nearly double that of the slave States, and the voice of this overwhelming majority should be potential; because they are now deprived of their just influence in the councils of the nation; because it is absurd and anti-republican to suffer property to be represented as men, and vice versa;* because it gives the South an unjust ascendancy over other portions of terri- tory, and a power which may be perverted on every occasion. . . . Now I say that, on the broad system of ec|ual rights, this mon- strous inequality should no longer be tolerated. If it cannot be speedily put down — not by force, but by fair persuasion; if we are always to remain shackled by unjust Constitutional provisions, when the emergency that imposed them has long since passed away;- if we must share in the guilt and danger of destroying the bodies and souls of men, as the price of our Union; if the slave States will haughtily spurn our assistance, and refuse to consult the general welfare, — then the fault is not ours if a separation eventually take place. . . . It may be objected that the laws of the sla\-e States form in- surmountable barriers to any interference on our part. Answer. I grant that we have not the right, and I trust not the disposition, to use coercive measures. But do these laws hinder our prayers, or obstruct the flow of our sympathies? Cannot our charities alleviate the condition of the slave, and perliaps break his fetters? Can we not operate upon public sentiment (the lever that can move the moral world) by way of remonstrance, advice, or entreaty ? Is Christianity so powerful that she can tame the red men of our forests, and abolish the Burman caste, and over- throw the gods of Paganism, and liberate lands over which the darkness of Superstition has lain for ages, and yet so weak, in her own dwelling-place, that she can make no impression upon her civil code? Can she contend successfully with cannibals, and yet be conquered by her own children? Suppose that, by a miracle, the slaves should suddenly become white. Would }'ou shut }our eyes upon their sufferings, and calmly talk of Constitutional limitations? No, your voice would peal in the ears of the taskmasters like deep thunder; you would carry the Constitution by force, if it could not be taken by treaty ; patriotic assemblies would congregate at the corners of every *By the three-fifths representation clause of the Federal Constitution, Art. I., Sect, ii., 3. 83 street; tlie old Cradle of Liberty would rock to a deeper tone than ever echoed therein at British aggression; the pulpit would acquire new and unusual eloquence from our holy religion. The argu- ment, that these white slaves are degraded, would not then obtain. You would say, It is enough that they are white and in bondage, and they ought immediately to be set free. You would multiply your schools of instruction and your temples of worship, and rely on them for security. . . . But the plea is prevalent that any interference by the free States, however benevolent or cautious it might be, would only irritiite and inflame the jealousies of the South, and retard the c^use of emancipation. If any man believes that slavery can be abolished without a struggle with the worst passions of human nature, quietly, liarmoniously, he cherishes a delusion. It can never be done unless the age of miracles return. No; we must expect a collision, full of sharp asperities and bitterness. We shall have to contend with the insolence and pride and selfish- ness of many a heartless being. But these can be easily con- quered by meekness and perseverance and prayer. Sirs, the prejudices of the North are stronger than those of the South; they bristle, like so many bayonets, around the slaves; they forge and rivet the chains of the nation. Conquer them, and the victory is won. The enemies of emancipation take cour- age from our criminal timidity. They have justly stigmatized us, even on the floor of Congress, with the most contemptuous epithets. We are (they say) their "white skives,"! afraid of our own shadows, who have been driven back to the wall again and again; who stxmd trembling under their whips; who turn pale, retreat, and surrender, at a talismanic threat to dissolve the Union. . . . It is often despondingly said that the evil of slavery is beyond our control. Dreadful conclusion, that puts the seal of death upon our country's existence! If we cannot conquer the monster in his infancy, while his cartilages are tender and his limbs power- less, how shiill we escape his wrath when he goes forth a gigantic cannibal, seeking whom he may devour? If we cannot safely unloose two millions of slaves now, how shall we bind upwards of TWENTY MILLIONS at the close of the present century ? But there is no cause for despair. We have seen how readily, and with what •fin Henry Adams's Life ot John Randolph we read (p. 281), "On another occasion, he [Randolph] is reported as saying of the people of the Nortli, 'We do not govern them by our black slaves, but by their own white slaves.' " 84 ease, that horrid gorgon, Intemperance, has been checked in his ravages. Let us take courage. Moral influence, when in vigorous exercise, is irresistible. It has an immortal essence. It can no more be trod out of existence by the iron foot of time, or by the ponderous march of iniquity, than matter can be annihi- lated. It may disappear for a time; but it lives in .some shape or other, in some place or other, and will rise with renovated strength. Let us, then, be up and doing. In the simple and stirring language of the stout-hearted Lundy, "all the friends of the cause must go to work, keep to work, hold on, and never give up." If it be still objected that it would be dangerous to liberate the present race of blacks, I answer, the emancipation of all the slaves of this genera- tion is most assuredly out of the question. The fabric, which now towers above the Alps, must be taken away brick by brick, and foot by foot, till it is reduced so low that it may be overturned without burying the nation in its ruins. Years may elapse before the completion of the achievement; generations of blacks may go down to the grave, manacled and lacerated, without a hope for their children; the philanthropists who are now pleading in behalf of the oppressed may not live to witness the dawn which will precede the glorious day of universal emancipation; but the work will go on, laborers in the cause will multiply, new resources will be discovered, the victory will be obtained, worth the desperate struggle of a thousand years. Or, if defeat follow, woe to the safetv of this people! The nation will be shaken as if by a mighty earthquake. A cry of horror, a cry of revenge, will go up to heaven in the darkness of midnight, and re-echo from every cloud. Blood will How like water, — the blood of guilty men and of innocent women and children. Then will be heard lamenta- tions and weeping, such as will blot out the remembrance of the horrors of St. Domingo. The terrible judgments of an incensed God will complete the catastrophe of republican America. And since so much is to be done for our country; since so many prejudices are to be dispelled, obstacles vanquished, interests secured, blessings obtained; since the cause of emancipation must progress heavily, and meet with mvich unhallowed opposition, — why delay the work? There must be a beginning, and now is a propitious time, — perliaps the last opportunity that will be granted us by a long-suffering God. No temporizing, lukewarm measures will avail aught. We must put our shoulders to the wheel, and 85 lO heave with our united strengtli. Let us not look coldly on and see our Southern brethren * contending; single-handed against an all- powerful foe, — faint, weary, borne down to the earth. We are all alike guilty. Slavery is strictly a national sin. New England money has been expended in buying human flesh; New England ships hiive been freighted with sable victims; New England men have assisted in forging the fetters of those who groan in bondage. I call upon the ambassadors of Christ everywhere to make known this proclamation: "Thus saith the Lord God of the Africans, Let this people go, that they may serve me." I ask them to "proclaim liberty to the captives, and the opening of the prison to them that are bound," — to light up a flame of philan- thropy that shall burn till all Africa be redeemed from the night of moral death and the song of deliverance be heard throughout her borders. I call upon the churches of the living God to lead in this great enterprise. f If the soul be immortal, priceless, save it from remedi- less woe. Let them combine their energies, and systematize their plans, for the rescue of suft'ering humanity. Let them pour out their supplications to Heaven in behalf of the slave. Prayer is omnipotent: its breath can melt adamantine rocks, its touch can break the stoutest chains. Let anti-slavery charity-boxes stand uppermost among those for missionary, tract, and educational purposes. On this subject Christians have been asleep: let them shake oft" their slumbers, and arm for the hoh' contest. I call upon our New f^ngland women to form charitable asso- ciations to relieve the degraded of their sex. As yet an appeal to their sympathies was never made in \ain. The\- outstrip us in every benevolent race. Females are doing much for the cause at the South: let their example be imitated, and their exertions surpassed, at the North. I call upon our citizens to assist in establishing auxiliarv coloni- zation societies in every State, county, and town. I implore their direct and liberal patronage to the parent societ}'. I call upon the great body of newspaper editors to keep this subject constantly before their readers; to sound the trumpet of alarm, and to plead eloquentl}- for the rights of man. The\- * .\n allusion to the few anti-slavery societies among the Friends in some of the Southern States. tSo Daniel Webster, in his Plymouth oration, Dec. 22, 1820, of the African slave-trade and of New England complicity with it : "I invoke the ministers of our religion, that they proclaim its denunciation of these crimes, and add its solemn sanctions to the authority of human laws. If the pulpit be silent whenever or wherever there may be a sinner bloody with this guilt within the hearing of its voice, the pulpit is false to its trust" (Works, i, 46). 86 II must give the tone to public sentiment. One press may ignite twenty; a city may warm a State; a State ma}' impart a generous heat to a whole country. I call upon the American people to enfranchise a spot over which they hold complete sovereignty; to cleanse that worse than Augean stable, the District of Columbia, from its foul im- purities. I ask them to sustain Congress in any future efforts to colonize the colored population of the States. I conjure them to select those as Representatives who are not too ignorant to know, too blind to see, nor too timid to perform their duty. I will say, finally, that I despair of the Republic while slavery exists therein. If I look up to God for success, no smile of mercy or forgiveness dispels the gloom of futurity; if to our own re- sources, they are daily diminishing; if to all history, our destruc- tion is not only possible, but almost certain. Why should we slumber at this momentous crisis? If our hearts were dead to every throb of humanity, if it were lawful to oppress, where power is ample, still, if we had any regard for our safety and happiness, we should strive to crush the Vampire which is feeding upon our life-blood. x\ll the selfishness of our nature cries aloud for a better security. Our own vices are too strong for us, and keep us in perpetual alarm: how, in addition to these, shall we be able to contend successfully with millions of armed and desperate men, as we must eventually, if slavery do not cease? William Lloyd Garrison was born in Newburyport, Mass., in 1805. After editing a newspaper in Newburyport for some time, he came to Boston in 1826, presently becoming editor of a temperance paper here. Benjamin Lundy came to Boston from Baltimore about this time, and Garrison became acquainted with him and deeply interested in the anti-slavery cause, in behalf of which Lundy held his first public meeting in Boston on the evening of August 7, 1828, in the vestry of the Federal Street Baptist Church. A report of this meeting was sent to the Courier by Mr. Garrison, who after the meeting joined in forming an anti-slavery committee of twenty members. Later in the same year he became the editor of a paper in Bennington, \'t.; but he returned to Boston the next year, and accepted an invitation from the Congregational societies of the city to deliver a Fourth of July address in Park Street Church in the interest of the Colonization Society, announcing as his theme "Dangers to the Nation." The address was printed in full in the National Philanthropist and Investigator, July 22 and 29, 1829. The important portions of it are printed in the Life of William Lloyd Garrison by his sons, vol. i. p. 127, and reprinted here. Among those who heard Mr. Garrison at the Park Street Church on this afternoon of July 4, 1829, were Whittier and John Pierpont, who wrote 12 a special h}-nin for the occasion, which was sung under the direction of Lowell Mason, and was used afterwards at many anti-slavery meetings. Immediately afterwards Garrison left for Baltimore, to join Lundy in pub- lishing the "Genius of Universal Emancipation." Returning to Boston after severe hardships and imprisonment in Baltimore, he issued the first number of the Liberator on January i, 1831. This number of the Liberator has been reprinted as one of the Old South Leaflets, No. 78. See also Wendell Phillips's eulogy of Garrison (No. 79) and other leaflets illustrating the anti-slavery movement. It is worthy of remembrance that this first anti-slavery address of William Lloyd Garrison in Boston was given in Park Street Church, — "The Giant, standing by the elm-clad green, His white lance lifted o'er the silent scene." Park Street Church has had a great history, even if we forget, that "America" was there first sung, with Edward Everett Hale as one of the boys in the Fourth of July audience, and that there Garrison gave his address on July 4, 1829. The first rendering of "America" took place in Park Street church just three years later, July 4, 1832, and fortunately we have an account of it from Dr. Smith's own hand. Lowell Alason was the musical director on this historical occasion also. Much of his great work for our church music was associated with Park Street Church; and this identifica- tion of the composer of our strongest and dearest old native church tunes , with this finest of our old New England churches is grateful. Park Street church helped to organize the first Sunday-school in Boston, and it is inter- esting that in its own Sunday-school room "America" should have been first sung. The early Park Street Singing Society was most influential in the musical history of Boston. The place of the church in missionary his- tory has been conspicuous. In 1849 the American Peace Society began to hold its annual conventions here, and this remained the place of its meet- ings for a dozen years. At the first meeting here Charles Sumner was the speaker, giving his great address on "The War System of Nations," perhaps the greatest single address on Peace and War ever given in America or in the world. PUBLISHED BY THE DIRECTORS OF THE OLD SOUTH WORK, Old South Meeting-house, Boston, Mass. #lti ^outi) itcaficts. No. i8i. Young Heroes of the Civil War. Thomas Hughes's Tribute to the Young Heroes in the American Civil War, published under the title of "Peace on Earth" in "Macmillan's Magazine," London, January, 1866. The last time that the season of " peace on earth and good will to men" came round, the great struggle between the free and slave powers in America had not yet come to death-grips. Here, at least, many people still believed that the Southern States could not be svibdued, and were sure, sooner or later, to establish their independence, and a new policy which would act for the rest of time as a healthy corrective to the dangerously popular institutions and ideas of New England. The year has passed, and the great revolutionary epic of our time has closed. Perhaps some of us may still stop short of Mr. Seward's triumphant summing up. "Death," he says, in his yearly address to his fellow-citizens at Auburn, "death lias removed his victims; liberty has crowned her heroes; humanity has crowned her martyrs; the sick and the stricken are cured; the surviving combatants are fraternizing; and the country — the object of our just pride and lawful affection — once more stands collected and composed, firmer, stronger, and more majestic than ever before, without one cause of dangerous discontent at home, and without an enemy in the world." We may think him somewhat too hopeful in the breadth of his asser- tions, and may liave our fears that it may take a generation yet to weld again into one brotherhood all the States of the Union. But, when he predicts so fearlessly that "under next October's sun he shall be able, with his fellow-townsmen in Auburn, to rejoice in the restoration of peace, liarmony, and union throughout the land," we cannot but own that earlier prophecies of his, which seemed at least as rash, have been fulfilled almost to the letter. In any case, we do all willingly now admit, and honor, the mar- vellous energy and constancy with which the great game has been played out by the American people. As one of the many English- men whose faith in that people never faltered during the contest, I do most heartily rejoice to see that all classes of my countrymen are at last not only ready to appreciate, but hearty in their appre- ciation of, what has been done for freedom in America in this revolutionary war. I am sure that we now only want further knowledge of facts to honor our kith and kin across the Atlantic as they deserve to be honored for the glorious sacrifices which they made of all that was most precious and dearest to them in a struggle upon which not only their own life as a nation, but the future of at least one-third of the world, was at stake. In this belief, I think that Christmas is the right time for bring- ing out into somewhat clearer light a side of the drama which has not been as yet fairly presented to us here : I mean, first, the strain on the resources of the Northern States while the war lasted; and, secondly, the heroism of tlie men of gentle birth and nurture, who, so far from shrinking from the work, and fighting by substitute (as was asserted by some of our leading journals), took at least their fair share of all the dangers and miseries and toils of those dark years. First, then, as to the people's work; and, highly as we may value the men who have come to the front, and whose names as soldiers and statesmen are now known over the whole world, we must acknowledge that the true hero of the war is, after all, the American people. In proof of this I will take one or two of the Northern States, and look for a moment at what the call was which was made on them, and how they answered to it. Let us look, as a first instance, at the smallest in area of all the States and the smallest in population of all the free States. Little Rhode Island, at the census of i860, just before the breaking out of the war, contained a population of 174,620. As usual in the Eastern States, the females considerably exceeded the males, and of the latter there were 82,304 altogether. Up to December i, 1862, — that is to say, in less than two years from the first call of the Presi- dent for troops, — Rhode Island furnished 14,626 men to the army and 1,400 to the navy, or almost one in five of her total male popu- lation, and, of course, far more than that proportion of her men of fighting age, between 18 and 45. In the first enthusiasm, when the call for 500,000 men came in the summer of 1861, the quota of 90 Rhode Island was 4,057, and she furnished 5,124. I do not give the later returns, because there appears to have been a large num- ber of substitutes amongst her recruits after 1862, and I have no means of knowing whether these were or were not natives of tlie State. There is no need to overstate the case, and I should on every account shrink from doing so. Rhode Island, though the smallest, is tenth in rank of all the States as a producer, and her people are consequently rich and prosperous. If, in the later years of the war, they found substitutes in kirge numbers, it must be, at the same time, remembered that they contributed more largely than any other State, in proportion to numbers, to that noblest of all charities, — the Sanitary Commission. But Englishmen will very likely say, " Give us an instance of any but a New England State: they are e.xceptional." Let us take Indiana, then, one of the mighty young Western sisters, a community scarce half a century old. A stronger contrast to Rhode Island could scarcely have been found. Indiana in i860 possessed 8,161,717 acres of improved farming land, Rhode Island but 329,884. Indiana was fifth of all the States in agricultural production, and thirteenth in manufacturing, Rhode Island standing tenth, or three higher than her gigantic younger sister. Yet we find the same readiness of response to the President's call to arms amongst the Western farmers as amongst New England mechanics and merchants. The population of Indiana is returned in the census of i860 at 1,350,428, and her males at 693,469. On the 31st of December, 1862, she had furnished 102,698 soldiers, besides a militia home-guard when her frontiers were threatened. When Morgan made his raid into the State, 60,000 tendered their services within twenty-four hours, and nearly 20,000 were on his track within three days. I do not happen in this case to have the later returns, and so must turn back to New England, to the old Puritan Bay State, to give one perfect example of what the Ameri- can people did in the great struggle. Massachusetts, at the outbreak of the war, held a population of 1,230,000, or thereabouts, out of which there were 257,833 males between the ages of fifteen and forty. The first blood shed in the war against the slave power, as in the Revolutionary War against England, was Massachusetts blood. The Sixth Massachusetts was tired on in the streets of Baltimore on April 19, 1861, and had to fight its way through the town, losing four killed and thirty wounded in the operation. Well, the number of men demanded of Massachusetts during the war was 117,624. The number 91 furnished by her (reducing all to the tliree years' standard) was 125,437, being a surplus over all calls of 7,813. Besides these, 6,670 were mustered in answer to a call for three months' men in 1864, which were never credited to her by the government. Look at the meaning now of this other fact, that she has actually sent more men to the war tlian are now to be found in the State liable to do military duty. How does this tell as to wear and tear of the human material in tlaose Southern campaigns ? The last assessors' return gave these at 133,767; while the total number who served (including three and nine months' men, and not adhering to the three years' standard) was 153,486. Out of these, how many does the reader (who has probably heard more or less of "stopping the war by prohibiting emigration from Ireland," and of "New Eng- land hiring foreign mercenaries to do the fighting") think were foreign recruits? Just 907. This does not include men born out of the State, but resident or naturalized there before the war broke out. These latter, however, I suppose could not come within the definition of foreign rnercenaries ; and, of foreigners arriving in America during the war, Massachusetts enlisted, as I hiive said, 907 out of 150,000. While on this point, I may add that the most reliable sUitistics as to the whole forces of the North show that of native-born Americans there were nearly eighty per cent., of naturalized Americans fifteen, and of foreigners five per cent, only, in the ranks. I can honestly say that I have chosen these Sfcites at hazard, and that a scrutiny of the remaining free Stiites would give a very similar result. And now let vis consider what that result is. Rhode Island, Indiana, and Massachusetts may, perhaps, equal in population this metropolis with its immediate suburbs; while one of them alone actually sent to active service, in the four years of the war, an army equal in numbers to the total volunteer force now under arms in Great Britain. Rhode Island is not so populous as Sheffield; and in eighteen months she armed and sent South 15,000 of her citizens. I know that England, in like need, would be equal to a like efl'ort. Let us honor, then, as they deserve the people of our own lineage, to whom the call has come, and who liiive met it. I need scarcely pause to note how the Northern people have paid in purse as well as in person. Let one instance suffice. In 1864 the assessment of Massachusetts for taxes to support the general government amounted to fourteen millions, every fraction of which was collected without impediment or delay. Add to 92 5 this the State taxation and the amounts contributed to the Sani- tary Commission and other organizations for distributing vohm- tary contributions in support of the war, and we should reach a figure almost exceeding belief. I have no means of stating it accurately, but am quite safe in putting it as high as twenty-five million dollars, actually raised and paid, by a State with a popula- tion less than half of that of our metropolis, in one twelvemonth. And now for my second point, — the ex;imple set by the men of birth, wealth, and high position. Here, too, I feel sure that a few simple facts, taken at hazard from the mass which I have under my hand, will be more than enough to satisfy every just and generous man amongst my countrymen; and I am proud to be- lieve that, whatever our prejudices may Ije, there are few indeed amongst us to whom such an appeal will be made in vain. I have said above that the mass of materials is large: I might have said unmanageable. It is, indeed, impossible to tiike more than an example here and there, and to bring these out as clearly as one can in the limits of an article. Let me take as mine a family or two, with some one or more of whose members I have the honor of friendship or acquaintance. And, first, that of J. Russell Lowell, the man to whose works I owe more, personally, than to those of any other American. It would be hivrd to find a nobler record. The young men of this stock seem to have been all of high mark, distinguished specially for intellectual power and attainments. Surely, the sickle of war has never been put more unsparingly into any field. First in order comes Willie Putnam, age twenty-one, the sole surviving son of Lowell's sister, a boy of the highest culture and promise, mortiUy wounded at Ball's Bluff in October, 1861, in the Ih-st months of the war, while in the act of going to the help of a wounded companion. At the same bitter fight" his cousin, James Jackson Lowell, aged twenty-four, was badly hurt, but, after a short absence to recruit, joined his regi- ment again, and fell on June 30, 1862. "Tell my father I was dressing the line of my company when I was hit," was his last message home. He had been first in his year at Harvard, and was taking" private pupils in the law school when the war broke out. Warren Russell fell at Bull's Run in August, 1862. Many of us here may remember the account, which was reprinted in the ''Times" and other papers, of the presentation of colors to the Second Massachusetts Infantry by Mr. Motley, at Boston, in the summer of 1861. It attracted special notice from the fact that the author of the "History of die Dutch Republic" had been 93 so lately living amongst us, and was so well known and liked here. The group of officers who received these colors were the very jeunessedoreeoi Massachusetts, — Quincy,Dwight, Abbot, Robeson, Russell, Shaw, Gordon, Savage, Perkins. Such a roll will speak volumes to all who have any acquaintance with New England history. Those colors have come home riddled, tiittered, blackened; but five-sixths of the young officers have given their lives for them, and of the one thousand rank and file who then surrounded them, scarcely one hundred and fifty sur\-ive. This by the way. I refer to the muster because Robert Shaw was amongst those officers, — a name already honored in those pages, and another nephew of Lowell's. Shaw's sister married Charles Lowell, of whom more presently. We all know how Robert Shaw, after two years' gallant service, accepted the command of the first black regiment raised in Massachusetts (the Fifty-Fourth); how he led them in the operations before Charleston, and was buried with his "niggers" in the \n\. under Fort Wagner, — the grandest sepulture earned by any soldier of this century. By his side fought and died Cabot Russell, the third of Lowell's nephews, then a captain of a black company. Stephen George Perkins, another nephew, was killed at Cedar Creek; and Francis Button Russell at one of the innumerable Virginia battles. I pass to the last on the list, and the most remarkable. Charles Russell Lowell, the only brother of the James who died " dressing his line," was also the first scholar of his year (1854) at Harvard. He had visited Europe for health, and made long riding tours in Spain and Algeria, where he became a consummate horseman. On the day after the Sixth Massachusetts were fired on in Balti- more streets, Charles Lowell heard of it, and started by the next train to Washington, passing through Baltimore. All communica- tion between the two cities was suspended, but he arrived on foot at Washington in forty-eight hours. In those first days of con- fusion he became agent for Massachusetts at Washington, and brought order out of chaos, for his own State, before joining the army. His powers of command and organization gained him rapid promotion. He served with distinction in the Peninsula campaigns of McClellan, and, after Antietam, was selected to carry the captured standards to Washington. He raised a second cavalry regiment at home in the winter of 1862. He was placed in command of the cavalry force which protected Washington during the dark days of 1863. In Sheridan's brilliant campaign of 1864 he commanded the cavalry brigade, of four regular regi- 94 ments, and the Second Massachusetts voUmteer cavalry. He had thirteen horses shot under him before the battle of Cedar Creek on October 19; was badly wounded early in that day, and lifted on to his fourteenth horse to lead the final charge, so faint that he had to give his orders in a whisper. Urged by those round him to leave the field, he pressed on to the critical point of attack; and himself led the last charge, which ended one of the most obstinate Ixittles of the war. It is the death of this nephew which wrung from his uncle the lines which occur in one of the last " Biglow Papers " published in one of last winter's numbers of the Atlantic Magazine: — " Wut's words to them whose faith and truth On War's red techstone rang true metal, Who ventured Hfe, an' love, an' youth, For the gret prize o' deth in battle ? To him who, deadly hurt, agen Flashed on afore the charge's thunder, Tippin' with fire the bolt of men That rived the rebel line asunder? " 'Ta'n't right to hcv the young go fust, All throbbin' full o' gifts and graces, Leaving life's paupers dry as dust To try and make b'lieve fill their places; Nothin' but tells us wut we miss: Ther's gaps our lives can't never bay in. An' thet world seems so fur from this, Lef for us loafers to grow gray in." He died next day of his wounds, leaving a widow of twenty, him- self not thirty. The gazette, in which his commission as general was published, did iiot reach the army till after his death. Sheridan, with the generosity which most of the great Northern captains have shown, declared that the country could better have spared himself, and that there was no one quality of a soldier which he could have wished added to Charles Lowell. My first example, then, gives us one family, in which there was no soldier in i860, losing eight young men under thirty in little more than three years' fighting. I have mentioned the name of Motley above. Let us see how it fared with his circle. He has assured me more than once that of his own immediate family there were few^er than the average in the ranks; but he had at least five near relatives serving, — three Lothrops, one of whom was killed in Louisiana; Major Motley, badly wounded in Virginia early in 1864; and Major Stackpole, 95 another hij^hly distinguished graduate of Harvard, who served through the whole war, and has now resumed his practice as a barrister. Miss IVIotley married Captain Ives, a gentleman of fortune in Rhode Island, who was travelling in Europe when the war broke out. He volunteered into the navy, commanded the Potomac flotilla, and accompanied Burnside's expedition to North Carolina, where he contracted the illness of which he has since died. His cousin, Robert Ives, also a man of large fortune, volunteered into the army, and was killed at Antietam. I belie\-e they were the two last men who bore the name of Ives in their State. The name of Wadsworth is better known here than most Ameri- can names in consequence of its English connection. The head of the family was a country gentleman hving on his estates in Geneseo, in New York State, up to i860, with a family of tliree sons and three daughters. At the news of the attack on the Union troops in Baltimore he instantly chartered a steamer, loaded her with provisions, and sent her up the Potomac, — a most timely aid to the capiUd. He acted as aide-de-camp to McDowell, and was his right hand man in the Bull Run Campaign, "his youngest as well as his oldest aide"; was made a general soon afterwards; and after several campaigns was placed in command of Washington. His reputation as an ofi&cer had now become such that at the beginning of the last campaign every corps commander of the Army of the Potomac applied to the War Department to have him with them as brigadier. He was killed in the Wilderness in the last advance on Richmond. His three sons have all served, the youngest ha\ing enlisted at sixteen. Thus every man in the family served; and the only married daughter is the widow of Colonel Montgomery Ritchie, one of two brothers, both of whom served with distinction, one to the sacrifice of his life by the same subtle disease that struck down Captain Ives. I could go to any length, for my acquaintance with Americans is large, and I scarcely know a man who has not lost some relative in the war. But apart from one's own acquaintance there is scarcelyone of the famous colonial and Revolutionary names which has not been represented. The Jays, Adamses, Schuylers, Living- stons, Van Rensselaers, have not failed their country in her second great need, and have fought well and worked hard, though the present holders of these honored names, mostly quiet young men, have not had time to reach their ancestors' places. The bearers of great names, I take it, do not get such a start in the States as 96 with us at home. A descendant (grandson, I beheve) of Alex- ander Hamilton, however, became a general, while several of his cousins remained in lower ranks. Colonel Fletcher Webster, only surviving son of Daniel Webster, was killed in Virginia. Perhaps the man who excited most the hopes and martial enthusiasm of Americans in the first month of the war was Major Theodore Winthrop, a descendant of the famous Governor John Winthrop, scholar, traveller, poet, athlete, who was killed at the disastrous battle of Great Bethel, June lo, 1861. A son of General Porter, who was distinguished in the last war with us, fell as a colonel in the spring campaign of 1864. Even the families famous, as yet, for wealth only have not shrunk from the fighting, one Astor, at least, and Cuttings, Schermerhorns, Lydigs, and others, having held their own in the volunteer ranks. Or — let us come to names more familiar than any other trans- atlantic ones to us — the Boston group. Longfellow's young son (Charlie, as I hear all men call him) has managed to fight a cam- paign, and get badly hit in Louisiana, at an age when our boys are thinking of their Freshman's term at Oxford. Oliver Wendell Holmes (junior), poet, artist, Greek scholar, \irtuoso, has been twice — I was going to say killed — well, shot through the body and neck and again in the heel; and, having fought through all to the end of the war, is again busy with brush and pen. Olmstead has fought with mightier weapons tlian rifled cannon, at the head of the SaniUiry Commission. Of four brothers Dwight, two were killed and a third fought his way to General. Whittiers, Apple- tons, Lorings, Crowninshields, Dehons — but I will tiix my readers' patience no longer with rolls of names which perhaps, to most of them, will be names and nothing more. Let this last summing up of the work of men of birth and position in one State suffice (I choose Massachusetts again, because, thanks to Governor Andrew, we have more accurate returns as to her over here than as to any other State): Since the declaration of war, 434 officers from Massachusetts have been killed, — 9 Generals, 16 Colonels, 17 Lieutenant-colonels, 20 Majors, 15 Surgeons, 2 Chaplains, no Captiiins, and 245 Lieutenants. Of the 35 General officers from that State, 10 only have escaped wounds. Of all the living graduates of Harvard (the university of highest repute in America), one-fifth, or, to be as accurate as possible, nineteen and some fraction per cent., have served with the army. At Yale College the percentage liiis been even higher. Con- ceive a struggle which should bring one in every five of men who 97 lO have taken degrees at Oxford and Cambridge under fire, and which should call on us, besides our regular army, to keep on foot and recruit for three years a volunteer army five times as large as our present one. Such plain facts and returns as these will, I am sure, convince the last skeptic — if there be one left amongst us at this Yule tide, 1865 — that New England has not spared of her best blood in the great day of the Lord, under the burden and heat of which the whole North has reeled and staggered indeed, but without ever bating heart or hope, and always gaining fresh power, through three \-ears of war, which have seemed — nay, which have been — a lifetime. In such crises time is not measured by years or days. The America which looked on paralyzed and doubtful when John Brown prophesied all these things on his way to the scaffold, kissing a negro child as he passed along, while Stonewall Jackson and his pupils guarded the gibbet, — the America of State sovereignty and Dred Scott law, in which the gospel news meant avowedly " good will io ivhite men," and abolitionism was loathed as a vulgar and mischievous fanaticism, — is as far behind us to-day, for all practical purposes, as the England of the Stuarts or the France of the Regency. What this means, for the Old World as well as for the New, I will not pause to consider. My estimate might raise smiles or provoke criticism amongst us, both of which (good as they are in their right time and place) I am anxious here to avoid. I prefer, at parting, to endea\'or to put my readers in sympathy with the spirit, the heart, and conscience of the North, in the presence of their astounding success. I cannot do this better than b\- a glance at the commemoration of the living and dead soldiers of the Harvard University. Commemoration Da}' at Harvard, in July, 1865, rnust indeed have stamped itself indelibly on the memories of all those sons of the first of American univer- sities who were present at the gathering. To me, I own, e\'en the meagre reports one got over here in the American papers were unspeakably touching. The irrepressible joy of a people delivered, after years of stern work and patient waiting, from an awful burden, almost too heavy for mortal shoulders to bear, tempered, as it was, b}' the tenderest sympathy for the families of the fallen, and a solemn turning to give glory and thanks, with full heart, to that God who giveth victory, and healeth wounded spirits, and standeth above His people as the shadow of a great rock in a weary land, — the mingled cry of triumph and agony, 98 1 1 and trust and love, which went up from the very heart of that meeting, — must ever, to my mind, rank amongst the most noble, the most sublime pieces of history of the century in which we are living. Let the reader consider the following as compared with the ordinary commemoration poetry. The tirst is the hymn written for the commemoration service, by Robert Lowell: — "Thy work, O God, goes on in earth, With shouts of war, and harvest songs ; \ ready will is all our worth; To Thee our Maker all belongs. "Thanks for our great and dear, who knew To lavish life great needs to earn; Our dead, our living, brave and true, To each who served Thee in his turn. "Show us true life as in Thy Son; Breathe through our flesh the Holy Ghost; Then earth's strongholds are stormed and won; Then man dies faithful at his post. "They crowd behind us to this shade. The youth who own the coming years; Be never God, or land, betrayed. By any son our Harvard rears!" My second quotation shall be a stanza from the " Commemoration Ode," by the best known member of the family, James Russell Lowell, author of the "Biglow Papers": — "Bow down, dear Land, for thou hast found release! Thy God, in these distempered days. Hath taught thee the sure wisdom of His ways, .\nd through thine enemies hath wrought thy peace! Bow down in prayer and praise! O Beautiful! my Country! ours once more ! Smoothing thy gold of war-dishevelled hair O'er such sweet brows as never other wore, And letting thy set lips, Freed from wrath's pale eclipse, The rosy edges of their smile lay bare. What words divine of lover or of poet Could tell our love and make thee know it, Among the Nations bright beyond compare ? What were our lives without thee ? What all our lives to save thee ? We reck not what we gave thee ; We will not dare to doubt thee ; But ask whatever else, and we will dare!" 99 12 Was ever truer or braver ring struck out of the metal of which English-speaking men are made? If so, I for one have yet to learn when and where. And now, at this Christmas time, when their tremendous storm-cloud has broken up, and nothing but a light streak or two of vapor is to be seen in their heavens, let us seize this precious moment, never to recur again in their or our history, and by graceful and loyal word and deed show them that we honor, as it deserves, the work they have done for the world since the election of i860, and can sympathize with their high hopes for the future of their continent with no jealousy or distrust, as brethren of the same stock and children of the same Father. This noble tribute by Thomas Hughes to the young heroes of the American Civil War was felt at the time to be so noteworthy that it was reprinted in the rep)ort of the Adjutant- General of Massachusetts, January i, 1866,— which report altogether contains a mass of valu- able material relating to the part of Massachusetts in the Civil War, including an accojint of the impressive military ceremony upon the return of the colors of the different regiments to the State on Forefathers' Day, 1865, with. the address by Governor Andrew and poem by Gen- eral Sargent. Adjutant-General Schouler, in reprinting Mr. Hughes's memorable article, said: "It would be folly to discriminate between the various classes of citizens which have con- tributed of their members and substance to sustain the Union cause, with men and money, during the Rebellion, when all have done so nobly. No class held back. When the Presi- dent issued his calls for men, the men came. When the Sanitary and Christian Commissions required contributions, to supply the sufferers in the hospitals mth clothing and other neces- sities, and to furnish good books and religious consolations to our soldiers in the field and elsewhere, the requirements were supplied with unstinted benevolence. There is hardly a family in the Commonwealth that has not furnished a husband, a son, or brother to the ranks, or that has failed to contribute liberally of its substance to their support and comfort when in the field." Thomas Hughes, knovm to boys the world over as the author of "Tom Brovra's School Days at Rugby," was bom at Uffington in England, near Wantage, the birthplace of Alfred the Great, in 1822, and died in 1896. His life was largely passed in London, in the profes- sion of the law; and he was always active in social and pohtical reform, being for a time member of ParUament. He was associated with Maurice and Kingsley in the Christian Socialist movement, and was the founder of the Workingmen's College in London. He was the author of various valuable works, including " Tom Brown at Oxford " and a Life of Alfred the Great. A complete list of his writings may be found in the careful article upon him in the Dictionary of National Biography. There is a fine statue of him in the school- grounds at Rugby. He had a great admiration for the poetry of Lowell, and in 1859, in col- laboration with J. M. Ludlow, wrote an introduction for an English edition of the "Biglow Papers." He was one of the most steadfast and outspoken EngUsh friends of the Union cause during our Civil War. In 1870 he first visited the United States, and gave two addresses, one in Boston on "John to Jonathan," and one in New York on the Labor Question. He was afterwards interested in establishing an English colony at Rugby, Tenn. PUBLISHED BY THE DIRECTORS OF THE OLD SOUTH WORK, Old South Meeting-house, Boston, Mass. No. 1S2. Farewell Ad- dress as Mayor of Boston, 1829. By Josiah Quincy, Gentlemen 0} the Board oj Aldermen: Having been called, nearly six years since, by my fellow- citizens to the ofi&ce of their chief magistrate, and having during that period been six times honored by their suffrages for tliat station, I have endeavored, uniformly, to perform its duties to the best of my abihty, with unremitting zeal and fidelity. At the late election it was twice indicated by a majority of those who thought the subject important enough to attend the polls that they were willing to dispense with my services. According to the sound principles of a republican constitution, by which the will of a majority distinctly expressed concerning the continuance in office of public servants is to them the rule of duty, I withdrew from being any longer a cause of division to my fellow-citizens, declaring that "no consideration would induce me again to accept that office." These were not words of passion or of wounded pride or temporary disgust, but of deep conviction concerning future duty, in attaining which my obligations to my fellow-citizens were w^eighed as carefully as those which I owe to my own happi- ness and self-respect. I stand, then, to this office in a relation final and forever closed. There are rights and duties which result from this con- dition. It is an occasion on which acknowledgments ought to be made, feehngs to be expressed, justice to be done, obligations to be performed. To fulfil these duties, I have thought proper to seek and avail myself of this opportunity. And first, gentlemen, permit me to express to you that deep and lasting sense of gratitude which is felt for all the kindness, sup- port, and encouragement with which you have lightened and strengthened official labors. In bearing testimony to the intel- ligence, activity, and fidelity with which you have fulfilled the duties of your station, I but join the common voice of your fellow- citizens. With me your intercourse has been uniformly charac- terized by a willing and affectionate zeal, leaving in this respect nothing to be desired, and resulting on my part in an esteem which will make the recollection of our association in these duties among the most grateful of my life. Accept my thanks for the interest and assiduity with which you have aided and sustained endeavors to advance the prosperity of this city. I owe also to the gentlemen of the Common Council a public expression of my obligations for the candor and urbanity with which they have received and canvassed all my communications. It is a happy omen for our city that for so many successive years the intercourse between the branches and members of its govern- ment has been distinguished for gentlemanly character not less than for official respect. The collisions which are naturally to be expected in a community where rival interests and passions exist have never disturbed the harmony of either council. WTien diversity of opinion has arisen, a spirit of mutual concession has presided over the controversy. Happy if in this respect past years shall be prototypes of those which are to come ! To my fellow-citizens who for so many years have supported or endured an administration conducted on none of the principles by which popularity is ordinarily sought and acquired, I have no language to express my respect or my gratitude. I know well that recent events ha^•e given rise in some minds to reflections on the fickleness of the popular will and on the ingratitude of re- publics. As if the right to change was not as inherent as the right to continue, for the just exercise of this right the people being responsible, and to bear the consequences! As if permission to serve a people at all, and the opportunity thus afforded to be useful to the community to which we belong and owe so many obliga- tions, were not ample recompense for any labors or any sacrifices made or endured in its behalf! Is it wonderful or a subject of re- proach that in a populous city, where infinitely varying passions and prejudices and interests and motives must necessarily exist, an individual who had enjoyed the favor of its citizens for six years should be deprived of it on the seventh ? Is it not more a 3 matter of surprise that it has been enjoyed so long than that it is lost at last? At no one moment have I concealed from myself or my fellow- citizens that the experiment carrying on was one very dubious in its effects on continuance in office. Who that knows the nature of man, and the combinations which for particular ends at times take place in society, could hesitate to believe that an administra- tion which should neither court the few nor stand in awe of the many, which should identify itself exclusively with the rights of the city, maintaining them not merely with the zeal of official station, but with the pertinacious spirit of private interest, which in executing the laws should hunt vice in its recesses, turn light upon the darkness of its haunts, and wrest the poisonous cup from the hand of the unlicensed pander, which should dare to resist private interest seeking to corrupt, personal influence striving to sway, party rancor slandering to intimidate, would in time be- come obnoxious to all whom it prosecuted or punished, all whose passions it thwarted, whose projects it detected, whose interests it crossed? Who could doubt thiit from these causes there would in time come an accumulation of discontent; that, sooner or later, the ground swell would rise above the land-marks with a tide which would sweep it from its foundations ? In the furst address which nearly six 3'ears ago I load the honor to make to the City Council, the operation of these causes was distinctly stated almost in the terms just used, and the event which has now occurred was anticipated. Nothing was then promised except "a laborious fulfilment of every known duty, a prudent exercise of every invested power, a disposition shrinking from no official responsibility, and an absolute self-devotion to the interest of the city." I stand this day in the midst of the multitude of my bretliren and ask, without pride, yet without fear. Have I failed in ful- filUng this promise? Let your hearts answer. Other obligations remain. A connection which has subsisted long and happily is about to be dissolved, and forever. To look back on the past and consider the present is natural and proper on the occasion. I stand indebted to my fellow-citizens for a length and uniformity of support seldom exemplified in cities where the executive office depends upon popular election. They have stood by me nobly and with effect in six trials. In the seventh, though successless, I was not forsaken. To such men I owe more than silent gratitude. Their friendship, 103 their favor, the honors they have so Hberally bestowed, demand return, not in words, but in acts. I owe it to such goodness to show that their confidence has not been misplaced, their favor not been abused, and that their friendship and support, so often given in advance, have been justified by the event. What, then, has the departing city administration done ? What good has it effected? What evil averted? What monument exists of its faithfulness and efficiency? If in the recapitulation I am about to make I shall speak in general terms, and sometimes in language of apparent personal reference, let it be understood once for all that this will be owing to the particular relation in which I stand at this moment to the subject and to my fellow-citizens, and by no means to any dis- position to claim more than a common share of whatever credit belongs to that administration. This I delight to acknowledge is chiefly due to those excellent and faithful men who, during suc- cessive years, have in both branches of the City Council been the light and support of the government, by whose intelligence and practical skill I have conducted its affairs full as often as by my own. The obligations I owe to these men I mean neither to deny nor to conceal. Speedily, and as soon as other duties permit, it is my purpose, in another way and in a more permanent form, to do justice to their gratuitous labors and unobtrusive fidelity. Touching the measures and results of the administration which will soon be past, I necessarily confine myself to a few particular topics, and those either the most vital to our safety and prosperity or, in my apprehension, the most necessary to be understood. Time will not permit, nor on this occasion would! it be proper, to speak of all the various objects of a prudential, economical, re- strictive, or ornamental character which, in adapting a new organ- ization of government to the actual state of things, have been attempted or executed. I skill chiefly refer to what lias been done by way of protection against the elements, in favor of the general health, in support of public education, and in advancement of public morals. The element which chiefly endangers cities is that of fire. It cannot at this day be forgotten by my fellow-citizens with what labor and hazard of popularity the old department was abolished and the new established. From the visible and active energy which members of a fire department take in the protection of the city against that element, they always have been and always must be objects of general regard. Great as is the just popularity at 104 5 present enjoyed by that department, the same public favor was largely enjoyed by their predecessors. Those who at tliat time composed it were a hardy, industrious, effective body of men who had been long inured to the service and who, having the merit of veterans, naturally imbibed the errors into which old soldiers in a regular service are accustomed to fall. They were prejudiced in favor of old modes and old weapons. They had little or no con- fidence in a hose system; and, above all, tliey were beset with tlie opinion that the continuance of their corps was essential to the safety of the city. More than once it was said distinctly to tlie executive of the city that, " if they threw down the engines, none else could be found capable of taking them up." Under the in- fluence of such opinions they demanded of the city a specified annual sum for each company. It was refused. And in one day all the engines in the city were surrendered by their respective companies. And on the same day every engine was supplied with a new company by the voluntary association of public-spirited individuals. From tliiit time a regular systematic organization of tlie fire de- partment was begun, and gradually efl'ected. The best models of engines were sought, the best experience consulted which our own or other cities possessed. New engines were obtained, old ones repaired, proper sites for engine-houses sought; when suitable locations were found, purchased, and those built; when such were not found, they were hired. No requisite preparation for efficiency was omitted, and every reasonable inducement to enter and remain in the service extended. The efficient force and state of preparation of this department now consists of 1,200 men and officers, 20 engines, i Hook and Ladder Company, 800 buckets, 7,000 feet of hose, 25 hose car- riages, and every species of apparatus necessary for strength of the department or for the accommodation of its members. In this estimate also ought to be included fifteen reservoirs, containing three hundred and fifty thousand gallons of water, located in dift'erent parts of the city, besides those sunk in the Mill Creek, and the command of water obtained by those con- nected with the pipes belonging to the aqueduct. Of all the expenditures of the city government, none perhaps have been so often denominated extravagant as those connected with this department. But when tlie voluntary nature of the service, its importance, and the security and confidence actually attained are considered, it is believed they can be justified. 105 In four years all the objects enumerated, including the res- ervoirs, have cost a sum not exceeding $60,000, which is about $48,000 more than the old department in a like series of years was accustomed to cost. The value of the fixed and permanent property now existing, in engine-houses and their sites, engines and apparatus, and reservoirs, cannot be estimated at less than $20,000. So that the actual expenditure of the new department beyond the old, for these four years, cannot be stated at more than five thousand dollars a year, or $20,000. Now it will be found that in consequence solely of the efl5ciency of this department there has been a reduction of twenty per cent, on the rate of insur- ance within the period above specified. By this reduction of premiums alone there is an annual gain to the city on its insurable real estate of $10,006, the whole cost remunerated in two vears. In this connection let it be remembered how great is the security in this respect now enjoyed by the city, and that previouslv to its establishment two fires, that in Central, Kilby, and Broad Streets and that in Beacon Street, occasioned a loss to it, at the least estimate, of eight hundred thotisand dollars! Unquestionably, greater economy may be introduced hereafter into this department in modes which were impracticable at its commencement and in its earlier progress. Measvires having tliat tendency have been suggested. These, doubtless, future City Councils will adopt, or substitute in their stead such as are wiser and better. All the chief great expenses necessary to perfect efficiency have been incurred; and little more remains to be done than to main- tain the present stiite of completeness in its appointments. Under this head of protection against the elements may be justly included the preservation of our harbor from the effects of waves and tempests. By the vigilance and successive application of the city government, the protection of the two great islands, on which depends the safety of our internal and external roadsteads, has been undertaken by the general government; and works are finished or in progress of a magnitude and strength exceeding all antecedent hope or expectation. In relation to what has been done in favor of general health, when this administration came into power, of the two great branches on which depends the health of a city, the removal of street dirt and of that which accumulates in and about the houses of private families, the former was almost entirely neg- lected and the latter was conducted in a manner exceedingly 106 offensive to the citizens. So great was the clamor and urgency of the citizens and so imperious was deemed the duty, tliat the records of the mayor and aldermen will show tliat the present executive on the first day of his office, indeed before he hiid been inducted into it an hour, made a recommendation to the City Council on the subject. From that time to the present the arrangement of those subjects has been an object of incessant attention and labor. It was until early in the present year a subject of per- petual struggle and controversy, first with the old Board of Health who claimed the jurisdiction of it, then with contractors whose interests the new arrangements thwarted, then with the citizens with whose habits or prejudices or interests they some- times interfered. The inhabitants of the country were indignant that they could not enjoy their ancient privilege of carrying away the street dirt when they pleased and the offal of families as they pleased. The inhabitants of the city, forgetting the nature of the material and the necessity of its being subjected to general regu- lations, were also indignant because they "could not, as they did formerly, do what they would with their own." For three years the right of the city to control this subject was contested in courts of law, and it was not until last April tliat the city authority overcame all opposition and acquired by a judicial decision com- plete jurisdiction in the case. Since tliat time the satisfaction of the citizens with the conduct of this troublesome concern, indicated not only by direct acknowl- edgment, but also by evidence still more unequivocal, has equalled every reasonable wish and exceeded all previous anticipation. I state as a fact that in a city containing probably sixty-five thousand inhabitants and under an administration inviting and soliciting complaints against its agents during seven months, from May to November, both inclusive, amidst a hot season in which a local alarm of infectious fever naturally excited great anxiety concerning the causes tending to produce it, the whole number of com- plaints from citizens whose families were neglected by the agents of the city, made or known to the mayor or to any officers of the city, amounted only to the number of eight in a month, or two in a week, for the whole city; and four-fifths of these, it is asserted by the intelligentand faithful Superintendent of the Streets, were owing to the faults of domestics rather than to his agents, — a degree of efficient action on a most difficult subject which it is the interest of the citizens never to forget, as it shows what may be done, and therefore what they have a right to require. 107 8 I refer to this topic with the more distinctness because it is one of vital interest, not only to this, but to all populous cities. I know- not that the practicability of establishing an efficient system for the removal from populous cities of these common and unavoid- able nuisances has anywhere been more satisfactorily put to the test. Nor has the evidence of the direct effects of such efficiency upon the general health of the population been anvwhere more distinctly exhibited by facts. I speak before citizens who have enjoyed the benefits of these arrangements, who now enjoy them, who see what can be effected, and what is reasonable, therefore, for them in this respect to claim at the hands of their public agents. I cannot close this head without referring to the tables con- nected with, and the facts stated in, the address I had the honor to make to the City Council at the commencement of the present year. It is there stated that the city authorities commenced a systematic cleansing of the city and removal of noxious animal and vege- table substances, with reference to the improvement of the general health and comfort, in the year 1823. "That the bills of mortality of this city, and calculations made on them for the eleven years from 1813 to 1823, inclusive, show that the annual average proportion of deaths to the population was about one in forty-two. ^^ "Similar estimates on the bills of mortality of this city since 1823 show that this annual average proportion was for the four years from 1824 to 1827, inclusive, less than one in fifty, for the two years from 1826 to 1827, inclusive, less than one in fifty- five. ^^ It now appears that on the principles stated in these tables, for the three years just terminated, 1826, 1827, 1828, the annual average proportion of deaths to population was less than one in fifty-seven. tJpon the usual estimates of this nature a city of equal popu- lation in which this annual average should not exceed one in forty- seven would be considered as enjoying an extraordinary degree of health. From the facts thus stated it is maintained that this city does enjoy an uncommon and gradually increasing state of general health, and that for the four last years it has been unexampled. And although the whole of this important improvement in the general health of the city is not attributed to the measures of the police, yet since in the year 1823 a system was adopted expressly for the purpose of preventing disease by an efficient and timely loS removal of nuisances, it is just and reasonable to claim for that system a portion of the credit for that freedom from disease which, subsequently to their adoption, has resulted in a degree so extraordinary. The residue of what was then said upon this topic I repeat as being important enough to be reiterated. "I am, thus distinct in alluding to this subject because the re- moval of the nuisances of a city is a laborious, diflEicult, and re- pulsive service, requiring much previous arrangement and constant vigilance, and is attended with frequent disappointment of en- deavors, whence it happens there is a perpetual natural tendency in those intrusted with municipal affairs to throw the trouble and responsibility of it upon subordinate agents and contractors, and very plausible arguments of economy may be adduced in favor of such a system. But, if experience and reflection have given certainty to my mind upon any subject, it is upon this, — that upon the right conduct of this branch of the police the executive powers of a city should be made directly responsible, more than for any other, and that it can never, for any great length of time, be executed well except by agents under its immediate control and whose labors it may command at all times in any way which the necessities, continually varying and often impossible to be anticipated, of a city in this respect recjuire." "In the whole sphere of municipal duties there are none more important than those which relate to the removal of those sub- stances whose exlialations injuriously affect the air. A pure atmosphere is to a city what a good conscience is to an in- dividualj^a perpetual source of comfort, tranquillity, and self- respect." In relation to what has been done for the support of public edu- cation, considering the multiplied and pressing objects of attention necessarily occurring in the first years of a new organization of government, I know not that a greater degree of support of this branch of public service could have been justly given or reason- ably expected than has occurred. Under our ancient institutions the scale of appropriations for this object was, of all others, the most liberal and complete. It was founded in 1823 , with an annual expenditure of $44,500. It is left at this day with one of $56,000. In the interval two school-houses have been built, and sites pur- chased at an additional direct expenditure of upwards of $55,000. In addition to which the House of Reformation of Juvenile Of- fenders, which is in fact a school of most important character, 109 lO has been established and supported at an expense already mcurred of upwards of $16,000. But the High School for girls has been suspended. As on this topic I have reason to think very gross misrepresentations and falsehoods have been circulated hi every form of the tongue and the press, I shall speak plainly, it being, in fact, a subject on which my opinion has at no time been concealed. This school was adopted, declaredly, as "an experiment." It was placed under the immediate care of its known authors. It may be truly said that its impracticability was proved before it went into operation. The pressure for admission at the first ex- amination of candidates, the discontent of the parents of those re- jected, the certainty of far greater pressure and discontent which must occur in future years, satisfied every reflecting mind that, however desirable, the scheme of giving a high classical education equal about to a college education to all the girls of a city whose parents would wish them to be thus educated at the expense of the city was just as impracticable as to give such a one to all the boys of it at the city's expense. Indeed, more so, because girls, not being drawn away from college by preparation for a profession or trade, would have nothing except their marriage to prevent their parents from availing of it. No funds of any city could endure the expense. The next project was so to model the school as that, although professedly established for the benefit of all, it might be kept and maintained, at the expense of the city, for the benefit of the jew. The School Committee were divided ecjually on the resulting questions. The subject was finally postponed by the casting vote of the chairman. As all agreed that, if the school was to be main- tained according to its original conception, new and great appro- priations were necessary, the chairman was directed to make a report on the whole subject to the City Council. The report indicated that in such case appropriations were indispensably necessary, but did not recommend them, because a majority of the committee were not favorable to the project. That report was printed and circulated throughout the city. A year has elapsed, and not an individual in either branch of the City Council has brought forward the question of its revival by moving the necessary appropriations. No shield has ever before been protruded by the individual principally assailed as a defence against the calumnies which have been circulated on this subject. It has now been alluded to more II for the sake of other honorable men who have for a like cause been assailed by evil tongues and evil pens than for his own. In all this there is nothing uncommon or unprecedented. The public ofhcer who from a sense of public duty dares to cross strong interests in their way to gratification at the public expense always has had, and ever will have, meted to him the same measure. The beaten course is first to slander in order to intimidate, and, if that fail, then to slander in order to sacrifice. He who loves his office better than his duty will yield and be flattered as long as he is a tool. He who loves his duty better than his office will stand erect and take his fate. All schools requiring high qualifications as the condition of admission are essentially schools for the benefit comparatively of a very few. The higher the qualification, the greater the ex- clusion. Those whose fortunes permit them to avail themselves of private instruction for their children during their early years, men highly educated themselves, who have leisure and ability to attend to the education of their own children, and thus raise them at the prescribed age to the required quahfication, will chiefly enjoy the privilege. To the rest of the community, con- sisting of parents not possessing these advantages, admission to them is a lottery in which there is a hundred blanks to a prize. The scheme to reduce the school to an attendance of one year seems to be a needless multiplication of schools and of expense, as it is plainly far better that a year should be added to the con- tinuance in the Common Schools, and their course of instruction proportionably elevated. The great interest of society is identified with her Common Schools. These belong to the mass of the people. Let the people take care lest the funds which ought to be devoted exclu- sively to the improvement and elevation of these Common Schools, thus essentially theirs, be diverted to schools of high qualification. Under whatever pretence established, their necessary tendency is to draw away not only funds, but also interest and attention, from the Common Schools. The sound principle upon this sub- ject seems to be that the standard of public education should be raised to the greatest desirable and practicable height, but that it should be effected by raising the standard of the Common Schools. In respect of what has been done in support of public morals, when this administration first came into power, the police had no comparative effect. The city possessed no House of Correction, and the natun^l inmates of that establishment were in our streets, 12 on our "hills," or on our commons, disgusting the delicate, offend- ing the good, and intimidating the fearful. There were parts of the city over which no honest man dared to pass in the night- time, so proud there and uncontrolled was the dominion of crime. The executive of the city was seriously advised not to meddle with those liaunts, their reformation being a task alto- gether impracticable. It was attempted. The success is known. Who at this day sees begging in our streets? I speak generally: a transient case mav occur, but there is none systematic. At this day (I speak it confidently) there is no part of the city through which the most timid may not walk, by day or by night, without cause of fear of personal violence. Wliat streets present more stillness in the night-time ? Where in a city of equal population are there fewer instances of those crimes to which all populous places are subject? Doubtless much of this condition of things is owing to the orderly habits of our citizens, but much also is attributable to the vigilance which has made vice tremble in its haunts and fly to cities where the air is more congenial to it, which by pursuing the lawless vender of spirituous liquor, denying licenses to the worst of tliat class or revoking them as soon as found in improper hands, has checked crime in its first stages and introduced into these establishments a salutary fear. By the effect of this system, notwithstiinding in these six years the population of the city has been increased at least -fifteen thousand, the number of licensed houses has been diminished from 679 to 554. Let it be remembered that this state of things lias been effected without the addition of one man to the ancient arm of the police. The name of poHce olflcer has, indeed, been clianged to City Marshal. The venerable old Charter number of twenty-four constables still continue, the entire array of city police. And eighty watchmen, of whom never more than eighteen are out at a time, constitute the whole nocturnal host of police militant to maintiiin the peace and vindicate the ^^Tongs of upwards of sixty thousand citizens. If it be asked why more liave not been provided, I answer it has frequently been under consideration. But on a view of all circumstances, and experience having hitherto proved the present number enough, there seemed no occasion to increase it from any general theory of its want of proportion to the population, seeing tliat practically there seemed to be as many as were necessary. 13 The good which has been attained — and no man can deny it is great — has been effected by directing unremittingly the force of the executive power to the haunts of vice in its first stages and to the favorite resorts of crime in its last. To diminish the number of licensed dram-shops and tippling- houses; to keep a vigilant eye over those which are licensed; to revoke without fear or favor the licenses of those who were found violating the law; to break up public dances in the brothels; to keep the light and terrors of the law directed upon the resorts of the lawless, thereby preventing any place becoming dangerous by their congregation, or they and their associates becoming insolent through sense of strength and numbers, — these have been the means; and these means faithfully applied are better than armies of constables and watchmen. They have been applied with as much fearlessness as though the executive office was not elective, with- out regarding the fact that the numerous class thus offended, their landlords, dependents, and coadjutors, had votes and voices in city elections. So far as these classes had any influence on a recent event, — and it must have been small, — the cause is not a matter of regret, but of pride. Without pressing these topics further into detail and without stating how the condition of things was found at the coming in of this administration, because the faithful men who executed the ancient town government did as much as the form of the organiza- tion under which they acted permitted, I shall simply state in one view how the city affairs in respects not yet alluded to have been left. Every interest of the city, so far as has come to the knowledge of the city government, has been considered, maintained, and as far as practicable arranged. All the real estate of the city surveyed and estimated, plans of it prepared, the whole analyzed and presented in one view for the benefit of those who come after. The difficulties of the voting lists laboriously investigated, and the sources of error ascertained and in a great degree remedied. The streets widened, the crooked straightened, the great avenues paved and enlarged, they and other public places ornamented. Heights levelled, declivities smoothed or diminished. The com- mon sewers regulated and made more capacious. New streets of great width and utility in the centre of population obtained without cost to the city. ' Its markets made commodious. New public edifices in the old city and at South Boston erected, the old repaired and ornamented. "3 14 These things have been done, not indeed to the extent which might be desired, but to a degree as great, considering the time, as could reasonably be anticipated. But, then, "the city debt," "the taxes," "we are on the eve of bankruptcy," " the citizens are oppressed by the weight of assessments produced by these burdens," — such are the hollow sounds which come up from the halls of caucussing discontent! The state of the city debt has recently been displayed by ofi&cial authority, by which it appears that, after deducting funds in the hands of the committee for the reduction of the city debt and also the amount of bonds, well secured by mortgages payable to the city, the exact city debt amounts to $637,256.66, concerning which subject I undertake to maintain two positions: — 1. It has not been and never can be a burden; that is, it has not been and never will be felt in the taxes. 2. So far from city bankruptcy, the state of its resources is one of enviable prosperity. It may be stated with sufficient accuracy that the present city debt is entirely the result of operations which obtained for the city the New Faneuil Hall Market, the City Wharf, and land north of the block of stores on North Market Street; and of those which gave it, free of encumbrance, the lands west of Charles and Pleasant Streets. Now this propert}' thus newly acquired by these operations, for which the city debt was incurred, may be exchanged, no intelli- gent man can doubt, at any hour in the market for an amount equal to the entire city debt. The property thus acquired now in actual unencumbered or undisputed possession of the city consists: — 1. Of the New Market and its site, estimated by its annual incomes ($26,000), whicli are, in their nature, permanent, and must increase rather than diminish, at . . . $500,000 2. City Wharf, estimated by some at $100,000, — on this occasion it is put down at ....... . $75,000 3. 8,528 feet of land on both sides of the ]MilI Creek, and the new streets now completing in that vicinity, — on this occasion estimated at, as an unquestionable price, al- though its real value probably greatly exceeds, . . $12,000 4. Twenty-eight acres and a half of land west of Charles and Pleasant Streets, exceeding 1,200,000 square feet, esti- mated only at 10 cents, which (how far it is exceeded by the fact my fellow-citizens understand) is set down at . $120,000 707,000 114 15 Consisting of a real estate of an unquestionable value, exceed- ing seven hundred thousand dollars, as an offset for a debt of six hundred and thirty seven thousand dollars. It may confidently be said that no capitalist of intelligence and resources equal to the purchase would hesitate an hour to contract, on condition of a transfer of that property, to assume the whole city debt. Should I say he would give a hundred thousand dollars as a bonus for the bargain, I should probably come nearer the truth. Am I not justified, then, in my position that the marketable value of the real estate acquired and left to the city bv tlmt administration greatly exceeds the amount of debt it has left? The scales are not simply even: they greatly preponderate in favor of the value of the property above the debt. It is no answer to this to say that the property thus newly acquired is of a nature or value so important to the city that it ought never to be disposed of. This is probably true, at least of a very great part of it. But wliat of this? Does not the fact show that, greatly as the marketable value of the property exceeds the debt, the value of it, in its interest or importance to the city, greatly exceeds even that marketiible value? After this have I not a right to assert, according to the usual and justifiable forms of expression under circumstances of this kind, that, so Jar as respects the operations of the administration now passing away, they have left the city encumbered with no debt, because they have left it possessed of a newly acquired real property far greater in marketable value than the whole debt it has incurred? Again, it has not only done this, but, when this subject is con- sidered with reference to annual income received and annual interest to be paid, it will be found that this administration leaves the city with a property in real estate and bonds and mortgages the income and interest of which amounts to fifty-two thousand dollars, while the annual interest of the debt which it leaves is only forty-seven thousand dollars. If, then, the annual income of the property left be now, and ever must be, far greater than the annual interest of the debt incurred, if the newly acquired real estate is, and always must be, far greater in marketable value than the whole amount of that debt, has not this administration a right to say that, so far as respects its financial operations, it has left the city encumbered with no burden AND NO DEBT? If there is no debt, then there is no bankruptcy. Whatever -estate the city now has over and above that which is above 115 i6 specified is so much clear and unencumbered property, to be used or improved for its advancement or relief, in all future times and emergencies, according to the wisdom and fidelity of succeeding administrations. Unless, indeed, that wisdom direct, as it prob- ably will, that the property above specified obtained for the city by this administration shall be kept as the best possible invest- ment of city capital, and the proceeds of the other lands applied to the discharge of the debt incurred for the purchase of the prop- erty thus acquired. Now what is that clear, unencumbered city property which remains after deducting that thus newly acquired? It consists of nothing less, as appears by the official report of the committee on public lands, than upwards of -five million three hundred thousand feet of land on the neck and in different parts of the city, — lands capable of being sold without any possible objection, lands belonging to the House of Industry amounting to sixty acres and a township of land in the State of Maine being neither of them mcluded in this estimate. Without taking into consideration, then, the encouragement given to our mechanic interests, to the influx of capital and population which have been necessarily the effect of the activity of capital induced by the measures of the city government, and confining myself to the single consideration of the amount and unencum- bered state of the real property of the city, am I not justified in the assertion that it is, in respect of its financial resources, ONE OF ENVIABLE PROSPERITY? But "the taxes," "the taxes," are heavy beyond all precedent. In answer to which I state that the taxes have not increased in a ratio equal to the actual increase of property and popidation. The assessors' books will show that the ratio of taxation has been less, in every year of the seven years in which the city government has had existence, than was the ratio of any year in the next preceding seven years of the town government, one year only excepted, and even in this it was less than in one of those next preceding seven years above mentioned. Comparing the average of the ratios of these two periods of seven years together, it will be found that, while the average of the ratios of seven years of the town government was eight dollars and fifteen cents, the average of the ratios of the seven years of the city government has been only seven dollars and twenty-seven cents. I might here close. But there have been objections made publicly to this executive which, although apparently of a per- ii6 17 sonal nature, are, in fact, objections to the principles on which he has conducted his office. Now, in the particular relation in which that executive stood to his office, it was his duty well to consider those principles, since they might become precedents and give a character and tone to succeeding administrations. He has uniformly acted under a sense of this relation and of the obligations resulting from it, and intentionally has done noth- ing or omitted nothing without contemplating it. On this account it may be useful to state those objections and answer them. And first it has been said: "The mayor assumes too much upon himself. He places himself at the head of all committees. He prepares all reports. He permits nothing to be done but by his agency. He does not sit, solemn and dignified, in his chair, and leave general superintendence to others, but he is everywhere and about everything, — in the street, at the docks, among the common sewers, no place but what is vexed by his presence." In reply to this objection I lay my hand first on the City Charter, which is in these words: "It shall be the duty of the mayor to be vigilant and active at all times in causing the laws for the govern- ment of said city to be duly executed and put in force, to inspect the conduct of all subordinate officers in the government thereof, and, as far as in his power, to cause all negligence, carelessness, and positive violations of duty to be duly prosecuted and punished. It shall be his duty from time to time to communicate to both branches of the City Comicil all such information and recom- mend all such measures as may tend to the improvement of the finances, the police, health, cleanliness, comfort, and ornament of the city." Now let it be remembered that to the performance of these duties he was sworn, and that he is willing to admit that he con- siders an oath taken before God as a serious affair, and that, hav- in