COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT 
 
y^""^-^^ 
 
 ^ ^\.^ 
 
T h o m a s 
 Jeffer son 
 
 A Little Journey by 
 
 Elbert Hubbard 
 
 And an Address by 
 
 Jo hn J, Lent z 
 
 Being two attempts to help 
 perpetuate the memory & 
 pass along the influence 
 of the Great American s^ 
 
 Done into a Printed Book by The 
 Roycrofters at their Shop which is 
 in East Aurora, New York, U.S.A., 
 in the Year Nineteen Hundred Six 
 
LIBRARY of CONGRESS 
 TwoCoDles Received 
 
 APR 20 1906 
 COPY e. 
 
 Copyright 
 
 1906 
 
 By Elbkrt Hubbard 
 
 ^S3. 
 
 By G. P. Putnam's Sons 
 
Thomas Jefferson 
 
Thomas Jefferson 
 
 [ILLIAM and Mary Col- 
 lege was founded by the 
 persons whose names it 
 bears, in 1692. The foun- 
 ders bestowed on it an 
 endowment that would 
 have been generous had there not 
 been attached to it sundry strings in 
 way of conditions. The intent was to 
 make Indians Episcopalians, & white 
 students clergymen ; and the assump- 
 tion being that between the whites 
 and the aborigines there was but little 
 difference, the curriculum was an 
 ecclesiastic medley. 
 All the teachers were appointed by 
 the Bishop of London, and the places 
 were usually given to clergymen who 
 were not needed in England. 
 To this college, in 1760, came Thomas 
 Jefferson, a tall, red-haired youth of 
 seventeen. He had a sharp nose and a 
 sharp chin ; and a youth having these 
 has a sharp intellect — mark it well. 
 €[ This boy had not been "sent " to 
 
 1 
 
Thomas college. He came of his own accord 
 Jefferson from his home at Shadwell, five days' 
 horseback journey thru the woods ^ 
 His father was dead and his mother, 
 a rare gentle soul, an invalid. 
 Death is not a calamity per se; nor is 
 physical weakness necessarily a curse, 
 for out of these seeming unkind con- 
 ditions, nature often distils her finest 
 products. The dying injunction of a 
 father may impress itself upon a son 
 as no example of right living ever can, 
 and the physical disability of a mother 
 may be an influence that works for 
 excellence and strength ^ The last 
 expressed wish of Peter Jefferson was 
 that his son should be well educated, 
 and attain to a degree of useful man- 
 liness that the father had never been 
 able to reach. And into the keeping 
 of this fourteen-year-old youth the 
 dying man, with the last flicker of 
 his intellect, gave the mother, sisters, 
 and baby brother. 
 
 We often hear of persons who became 
 aged in a single night, their hair turn- 
 ing from dark to white, but I have 
 
 2 
 
seen death thrust responsibihty upon Thomas 
 a lad and make of him a man between Jefferson 
 the rising of the sun and its setting. 
 When we talk of right "environ- 
 ment" and the " proper conditions " 
 that should surround growing youth 
 we fan the air with words, — there is 
 no such thing as a universal right 
 environment. 
 
 An appreciative chapter might here 
 be inserted concerning those beings 
 who move about only in rolling chairs, 
 who never see the winter landscape 
 but through windows, and exert their 
 gentle sway from an invalid's couch, 
 to which the entire household or 
 neighborhood come to confession or 
 counsel. And yet I have small sym- 
 pathy for the people who profession- 
 ally enjoy poor health, and no man 
 more than I reverences the Greek 
 passion for physical perfection. But 
 a close study of Jefferson's early life 
 reveals the truth, that the death of 
 his father and the physical weakness 
 of his mother and sisters were factors 
 that developed in him a gentle sense 
 
 3 
 
Thomas of chivalry, a silken strength of will, 
 Jefferson and a habit of independent thought 
 and action that served him in good 
 stead throughout a long life. 
 Williamsburg was then the capital of 
 Virginia. It contained only about a 
 thousand inhabitants, but when the 
 legislature was in session was very 
 gay ^ ^ 
 
 At one end of a wide avenue was the 
 capitol, at the other end was the 
 *' palace" of the Governor, and when 
 the city of Washington was laid out 
 it was modeled after Williamsburg. 
 On Saturdays there were horse races 
 along the ** Avenue"; every one 
 gambled; cock-fights and dog-fights 
 were regarded as manly diversions; 
 there was much carousing at taverns, 
 and often at private houses there were 
 all-night dances where the rising sun 
 found everybody but the servants 
 plain drunk. 
 
 At the college, both teachers and 
 scholars were obliged to subscribe to 
 the Thirty-nine Articles and to recite 
 the Catechism. The atmosphere was 
 
 4 
 
charged with theology. C[ Young Thomas 
 Jefferson had never before even seen Jefferson 
 a village of a dozen houses, and he 
 looked upon this as a type of all cities. 
 He thought about it, talked about it, 
 wrote about it, and we now know that 
 at this time his ideas concerning city 
 versus country crystallized. 
 Fifty years after, when he had come 
 to know London and Paris, and had 
 seen the chief cities of Christendom, 
 he repeated the words he had written 
 in youth, *' The hope of a nation lies 
 in its tillers of the soil I " 
 On his mother's side he was related 
 to the "First Families," but caste 
 and aristocracy had no fascination 
 for him, and he then began forming 
 those ideas of utility, simplicity and 
 equality that time only strengthened. 
 C[ His tutors and professors in college 
 served chiefly as * ' horrible examples, * ' 
 with the shining exception of Doctor 
 Small. The friendship that ripened 
 between this man and young Jeffer- 
 son is an ideal example of what can 
 be done through the personal touch. 
 
Thomas Men are only great as they excel in 
 Jefferson sympathy ; and the difference between 
 sympathy and imagination has not 
 yet been shown us. 
 Doctor Small encom-aged the young 
 farmer from the hills to think and 
 express himself. He did not endeavor 
 to set him straight or explain every- 
 thing for him, or correct all of his 
 vagaries, or demand that he should 
 memorize rules. He gave his affec- 
 tionate sympathy to the boy who, 
 with a sort of feminine tenderness, 
 clung to the only person who under- 
 stood him. 
 
 To Doctor Small, pedigree and his- 
 tory unknown, let us give the credit 
 of being first in the list of friends that 
 gave bent to the mind of Thomas 
 Jefferson. John Burk, in his History 
 of Virginia, refers to Professor Small 
 thus : ' * He was not any too orthodox 
 in his opinions. ' ' And here we catch 
 a glimpse of a formative influence in 
 the life of Jefferson that caused him 
 to turn from the letter of the law and 
 cleave to the spirit that maketh alive. 
 6 
 
After school hours the tutor and the Thomas 
 student walked and talked, and on Jefferson 
 Saturdays and Sundays went on ex- 
 cursions thru the woods; and to the 
 youth there was given an impulse for 
 a scientific knowledge of birds and 
 flowers, and for the host of life that 
 thronged the forest. And when the 
 pair had strayed so far beyond the 
 town that darkness gathered and stars 
 came out, they conversed of the won- 
 ders of the sky. 
 
 The true scientist has no passion for 
 killing things. He says with Thoreau, 
 *'To shoot a bird is to lose it." Pro- 
 fessor Small had the gentle instinct 
 that respects life, and he refused to 
 take that which he could not give. 
 To his youthful companion he would 
 impart the secret of enjoying things 
 without the passion for possession and 
 the lust of ownership. 
 There is a myth abroad that college 
 towns are intellectual centers ; but 
 the number of people in a college 
 town (or any other) who really think, 
 is very few. 
 
 7 
 
Thomas Williamsburg was gay, and, this 
 Jefferson much said, it is needless to add it 
 was not intellectual. But Professor 
 Small was a thinker, and so was Gov- 
 ernor Fauquier; and these two were 
 firm friends, although very unlike in 
 many ways. And to " the palace " of 
 the courtly Fauquier, Small took his 
 young friend Jefferson. Fauquier was 
 often a master of the revels, but after 
 his seasons of dissipation he turned 
 to Small for absolution and comfort. 
 At these times he seemed a paragon 
 of excellence to Jefferson. To the 
 grace of the French he added the 
 earnestness of the English, and he 
 quoted Pope, and talked of Swift, 
 Addison and Thompson. Fauquier 
 and Jefferson became friends, altho 
 more than a score of years and a 
 world of experience separated them. 
 Jefferson caught a little of Fauquier's 
 grace, love of books, and delight in 
 architecture. But Fauquier helped 
 him most by gambling away all of 
 his ready money and getting drunk 
 and smoking strong pipes with his 
 
feet on the table. And Jefferson then Thomas 
 vowed he would never handle a card, Jefferson 
 nor use tobacco, nor drink intoxica- 
 ting liquors. And in conversation with 
 Small he anticipated Buckle by say- 
 ing, "To gain leisure, wealth must 
 first be secured; but once leisure is 
 gained, more people use it in the pur- 
 suit of pleasure than employ it in 
 acquiring knowledge." 
 
Thomas ^I^^VcS^AD Jefferson lived in a 
 Jefferson J&|iSST«i great city he would have 
 been an architect. His 
 practical nature, his mas- 
 tery of mathematics, his 
 love of proportion, and 
 his passion for music, are the basic 
 elements that make a Christopher 
 Wren. But Virginia, in 1765, offered 
 no temptation to ambitions along 
 that line; log houses with a goodly 
 ** crack" were quite good enough, 
 and if the domicile proved too small 
 the plan of the first was simply dupli- 
 cated. Yet a career of some kind 
 young Jefferson knew awaited him. 
 C, About this time the rollicking 
 Patrick Henry came along. Patrick 
 played the violin and so did Thomas. 
 These two young men had first met 
 on a musical basis. Some otherwise 
 sensible people hold that musicians 
 are shallow and impractical; and I 
 know one man who declares that truth 
 and honesty and uprightness never 
 dwelt in a professional musician's 
 heart; and further, that the tribe is 
 
 10 
 
totally incapable of comprehending Thomas 
 the difference between meum & tuumi Jefferson 
 But this same man claims that actors 
 are rascals who have lost their own 
 characters in the business of playing 
 they are somebody else. And yet I '11 
 explain for the benefit of the captious 
 that although Thomas Jefferson and 
 Patrick Henry both fiddled, they 
 never did and never would fiddle 
 while Rome burned. Music was with 
 them a pastime, not a profession. 
 C[ As soon as Patrick Henry arrived 
 at Williamsburg he sought out his 
 old friend Thomas Jefferson, because 
 he liked him — and to save tavern bill. 
 And Patrick announced that he had 
 come to Williamsburg to be admitted 
 to the bar. 
 
 " How long have you studied law?" 
 asked Jefferson. 
 
 *'Oh, for six weeks last Tuesday," 
 was the answer. 
 
 Tradition has it that Jefferson advised 
 Patrick to go home and study at least 
 a fortnight more before making his 
 application. But Patrick declared that 
 
 11 
 
Thomas the way to learn law is to practise it, 
 
 Jefferson and he surely was right. Most young 
 
 lawyers are really never aware of how 
 
 little law they know until they begin 
 
 to practise. 
 
 Patrick Henry was duly admitted, 
 although George Wythe strenuously 
 protested. Then Patrick went back 
 home to tend bar (the other kind) for 
 Laban, his father-in-law, for full four 
 years. He studied hard and practised 
 a little betimes — and his is the only 
 instance of a bar- keeper acquiring 
 wisdom while following his calling, 
 that history records; and so for the 
 encouragement of budding youth I 
 write it down. 
 
 12 
 
WITHOUT doubt it was Thomas 
 the example of Patrick Jefferson 
 Henry that caused Jef- 
 erson to adopt his pro- 
 fession. But it was the 
 Uterary side of law that 
 first attracted him — not the practice 
 of it.' As a speaker he was singularly 
 deficient, a slight physical malforma- 
 tion of the throat giving him a very 
 poor and uncertain voice .^ But he 
 studied law, and after all, it does not 
 make much difference what a man 
 studies — all knowledge is related, and 
 the man who studies anything if he 
 keeps at it will become learned. 
 So Jefferson studied in the office of 
 George Wythe, and absorbed all that 
 Fauquier had to offer, and grew wise 
 in the beneficent companionship of 
 Doctor Small. From a red-headed, 
 lean, lank, awkward mountaineer, he 
 developed into a gracious and grace- 
 ful young man who has been described 
 as ' ' auburn-haired. ' ' And the evolu- 
 tion from being red-headed to having 
 red hair, and from that to being 
 
 13 
 
Thomas auburn-haired proves he was the gen- 
 Jefferson uine article. Still he was not hand- 
 some — that word cannot be used to 
 describe him until he was sixty — for 
 he was freckled, one shoulder was 
 higher than the other, and his legs 
 were so thin that they could not do 
 justice to small-clothes. 
 Yet it will not do to assume that thin 
 men are weak, any more than to take 
 it for granted that fat men are strong. 
 Jefferson was as muscular as a pan- 
 ther and could walk or ride or run 
 six days and nights together •?* He 
 could lift from the floor a thousand 
 pounds. 
 
 When twenty-four, he hung out his 
 lawyer's sign under that of George 
 Wythe at Williamsburg. And clients 
 came that way with retainers, and 
 rich planters sent him business, and 
 wealthy widows advised with him — 
 and still he could not make a speech 
 without stuttering. Many men can 
 harangue a jury, and every village 
 has its orator; but where is the wise 
 and silent man who will advise you 
 
 14 
 
in a way that will keep you out of Thomas 
 difficulty, protect your threatened Jefferson 
 interests, and conduct the affairs you 
 may leave in his hands so as to return 
 your ten talents with other talents 
 added I And I hazard the statement, 
 without heat or prejudice, that if the 
 experiment should be made with a 
 thousand lawyers in any one of our 
 larger cities, four- fifths of them would 
 be found so deficient either mentally 
 or morally, or both, that if ten tal- 
 ents were placed in their hands, they 
 would not at the close of a year be 
 able to account for the principal, to 
 say nothing of the interest. And the 
 bar of to-day is made up of a better 
 class than it was in Jefferson's time, 
 even if it has not the intellectual fibre 
 that it had forty years ago. 
 But at the early age of twenty-five, 
 Jefferson was a wise and skilful man 
 in the world's affairs (and a man who 
 is wise is also honest) and men of this 
 stamp do not remain hidden in ob- 
 scurity. The world needs just such 
 individuals and needs them badly. 
 
 15 
 
Thomas Jefferson had the quiet, methodical 
 Jefferson industry that works without undue 
 expenditure of nervous force; that 
 intuitive talent which enables the 
 possessor to read a whole page at a 
 glance and drop at once upon the 
 vital point; and then he had the 
 ability to get his whole case on paper, 
 marshaling his facts in a brief pointed 
 way that served to convince better 
 than eloquence. These are the char- 
 acteristics that make for success in 
 practice before our Courts of Appeal; 
 and Jefferson's success shows that 
 they serve better than bluster even 
 with a backwoods bench composed 
 of fox-hunting farmers. 
 In 1768, when Jefferson was twenty- 
 five, he went down to Shadwell and 
 ran for member of the Virginia Leg- 
 islature. It was the proper thing to 
 do, for he was the richest man in the 
 county, being heir to his father's 
 forty thousand acres, and it was ex- 
 pected that he would represent his 
 district. He called on every voter in 
 the parish, shook hands with every- 
 
 16 
 
body, complimented the ladies, ca- Thomas 
 
 ressed the babies, treated crowds at Jefferson 
 
 every tavern and kept a large punch 
 
 bowl and open house at home. 
 
 He was elected. 
 
 The Legislature convened on the 11th 
 
 of May, 1769, with nearly a hundred 
 
 members present, one of the number 
 
 being Colonel George Washington. 
 
 It took up two days' time for the 
 
 assembly to elect a speaker and get 
 
 ready for business. On the third day, 
 
 four resolutions were introduced — 
 
 pushed to the front largely through 
 
 the influence of our new member. 
 
 These resolutions were : 
 
 I. No taxation without representa- 
 tion. 
 
 II. The Colonies may concur and 
 unite in seeking redress for grievan- 
 ces f^ ^ 
 
 III. Sending accused persons away 
 from their own country for trial is an 
 inexcusable wrong. 
 
 IV. We will send an address on these 
 things to the King beseeching his 
 royal interposition. 
 
 17 
 
Thomas The resolutions were passed; they 
 Jefferson did not mean much anyway, said the 
 opposition. And another resolution 
 was then passed to this effect: **We 
 will send a copy of these resolutions 
 to every legislative body on the 
 continent." 
 
 That was a little stronger but did not 
 mean much either. 
 It was voted upon and passed. 
 Then the assembly adjourned, having 
 dispatched a copy of the resolutions 
 to the newly appointed Governor, 
 Lord Boutetourt, who had lately 
 arrived from London. 
 Next day, the Governor's secretary 
 appeared when the assembly con- 
 vened and repeated the following 
 formula: **The Governor commands 
 the House to attend His Excellency 
 in the Council Chamber." The body 
 marched to the Council Chamber, 
 and stood around the throne waiting 
 the pleasiu-e of His Lordship ,4^^ 
 He made a speech which I will quote 
 entire. "Mr. Speaker and Gentlemen 
 of the House of Burgesses: I have 
 
 18 
 
heard your resolves, and augur ill of Thomas 
 their effect. You have made it my Jefferson 
 duty to dissolve you, and you are 
 dissolved accordingly." 
 And that was the end of Jefferson's 
 first term in office, — the reward for 
 all the hand-shaking, all the caress- 
 ing, all the treating I 
 The members looked at each other 
 but no one said anything because 
 there was nothing to say. The secre- 
 tary made an impatient gesture with 
 his hand to the effect that they should 
 disperse, and they did. 
 Just how those legally elected rep- 
 resentatives and now legally common 
 citizens took their rebuff we do not 
 know. 
 
 Did Washington forget his usual 
 poise and break out into one of those 
 swearing fits where everybody wisely 
 made way ? And how did Richard 
 Henry Lee like it, and the Randolphs, 
 and George Wythe? 
 Did Patrick Henry wax eloquent 
 that afternoon in a barroom and did 
 Jefferson do more than smile grimly, 
 
 19 
 
Thomas biding his time ? Q Massachusetts 
 Jefferson kept a complete history of her poUt- 
 ical heresies, but Virginia chased 
 foxes and left the refinements of lit- 
 erature to dillettanti. But this much 
 we know : Those country gentlemen 
 did not go off peaceably and quietly 
 to race horses or play cards. The slap 
 in the face from the gloved hand of 
 Lord Boutetourt awoke every boozy 
 sense of security and gave vitality to 
 all those fanatical messages sent by 
 Samuel Adams. Washington, we are 
 told, spoke of it as a bit of upstart 
 authority on the part of the new Gov- 
 ernor; but Jefferson with prophetic 
 vision saw the end. 
 
 SO 
 
LEADING lawyer at Thomas 
 
 Williamsburg, and one Jefferson 
 
 against whom Jefferson 
 
 was often pitted, was 
 
 John Wayles J^ I need 
 S^ not explain that lawyers 
 hotly opposed to each other in a trial 
 are not necessarily enemies. The way 
 in which Jefferson conducted his cases 
 pleased the veteran Wayles and he 
 invited Jefferson to visit him at his 
 fine estate, called "The Forest," a 
 few miles out from Williamsburg. 
 In the family of Mr. Wayles dwelt 
 his widowed daughter, the beautiful 
 Martha Skelton, gracious and rich as 
 Jefferson in worldly goods j^ She 
 played the spinet with great feeling, 
 and the spinet and the violin go very 
 well together. So together Thomas 
 and Martha played and sometimes a 
 bit of discord crept in, for Thomas 
 was absent-minded, and in the busi- 
 ness of watching the widow's fingers 
 touch the keys, played flat. 
 Long years before, he had liked and 
 admired Becca, gazed most fondly at 
 
Thomas Sukey, and finally loved Belinda. He 
 Jefferson did not tell her so, but he told John 
 Page, and vowed that if he did not 
 wed Belinda he would go through 
 life solitary and alone. 
 In a few months Belinda married that 
 detested being — another. Then it was 
 he again swore to his friend Page he 
 would be true to her memory even 
 though she had dissembled. But now 
 he saw that the widow Skelton had 
 intellect, while Belinda had been but 
 clever; the widow had soul, while 
 Belinda had nothing but form. Jef- 
 ferson's experience seems to settle 
 that mooted question, '* Can a man 
 love two women at the same time ? " 
 Unlike Martha Custis, this Martha 
 was won only after a protracted and 
 persistent wooing, with many little 
 skirmishes and misunderstandings & 
 explanations, and sweet makings-up 
 that were surely worth a quarrel. 
 Then they were married at "The 
 Forest," and rode away through the 
 woods to Monticello. Jefferson was 
 twenty-seven, and although it may 
 
not be proper to question closely as Thomas 
 to the age of a widow, yet the bride, Jefferson 
 we have reason to believe, was about 
 the age of her husband. 
 It was a most happy mating — all of 
 their quarreling had been done before 
 marriage. The fine intellect and high 
 spirit of Jefferson found their mate. 
 She was his comrade and helpmeet 
 as well as his wife *^ He could read 
 his favorite Ossian aloud to her, and 
 when he tired she would read to him ; 
 and all of his plans and ambitions and 
 hopes were hers. In laying out the 
 grounds and beautifying that home 
 on Monticello mountain she took 
 much more than a passive interest. 
 It was "Our Home," and to make 
 it a home in very sooth for her be- 
 loved husband was her highest ambi- 
 tion. She knew the greatness of her 
 mate, and all her dreams for his ad- 
 vancement were to come true. With 
 her, ideality was to become a reality. 
 But she was to see it only in part. 
 C{ Yet she had seen her husband re- 
 elected to the Virginia Legislature ; 
 
 23 
 
Thomas sent as a member to the Colonial 
 Jefferson Congress at Philadelphia, there to 
 write the best known of all Ameri- 
 can literary productions; from their 
 mountain home she had seen British 
 troops march into Charlottesville, 
 four miles away, and then, burdened 
 with household treasure, had fled, 
 knowing that Monticello would be 
 devastated by the enemy's ruthless 
 tread. She had known AVashington, 
 and had visited his lonely wife there 
 at Mount Vernon when victory hung 
 in the balance, when defeat meant 
 that Thomas Jefferson and George 
 Washington would be the first vic- 
 tims of a vengeful foe. She saw her 
 husband War- Governor of Virginia 
 in its most perilous hour ; she lived to 
 know that Washington had won ; that 
 Cornwallis was his "guest," and that 
 no man, save Washington alone, was 
 more honored in proud Virginia than 
 her beloved lord and husband >^^ 
 She saw a messenger on horseback 
 approaching with a packet from the 
 Congress at Philadelphia to the effect 
 
 24 
 
that "His Excellency, the Honor- Thomas 
 able Thomas Jefferson," had been Jefferson 
 appointed as one of an embassy to 
 France in the interest of the United 
 States, with Benjamin Franklin and 
 Silas Deane as colleagues, and know- 
 ing her husband's love for Franklin, 
 and his respect for France, she leaned 
 over his chair and with misty eyes 
 saw him write his simple *'No," and 
 knew that the only reason he declined 
 was because he would not leave his 
 wife at a time when she might most 
 need his tenderness and sympathy. 
 H And then they retired to beloved 
 Monticello to enjoy the rest that 
 comes only after work well done — 
 to spend the long vacation of their 
 lives in simple home-keeping work 
 and studious leisure, her husband yet 
 in manhood's prime, scarce thirty- 
 seven, as men count time, and rich, 
 passing rich in goods and lands. 
 And then she died. 
 And Thomas Jefferson, the strong, 
 the self-poised, the self-reliant, fell in 
 a helpless swoon, and was laid on a 
 
 25 
 
Thomas pallet and carried out, as though he, 
 Jefferson too, were dead. For three weeks his 
 dazed senses prayed for death. He 
 could endure the presence of no one 
 save his eldest daughter, a slim, slen- 
 der girl of scarce ten years, growTi a 
 woman in a day. By her loving touch 
 and tenderness he was lured back 
 from death and reason's night into 
 the world of life and light. With tot- 
 tering steps, led by the child who had 
 to think for both, he was taken out 
 on the veranda of beautiful Monti- 
 cello. He looked out on stretching 
 miles of dark blue hills and waving 
 woods and winding river. He gazed, 
 and as he looked it came slowly to 
 him that the earth was still as when 
 he last saw it, and reaUzed that this 
 would be so even if he were gone. 
 Then, turning to the child, who stood 
 by, stroking his locks, it came to him 
 that even in our grief there may be 
 selfishness, and for the first time he 
 responded to the tender caress and 
 said : * ' Yes, we will live, daughter — 
 live in memory of her! " 
 
 S6 
 
[HEN two men of equal Thomas 
 intelligence and sincerity Jefferson 
 quarrel, both are prob- 
 ably right .J* Hamilton 
 and Jefferson were op- 
 posed to each other by 
 
 temperament and disposition, in a 
 
 way that caused either to look with 
 
 distrust on any proposition made by 
 
 the other ^ Yet, when Washington 
 
 pressed upon Jefferson the position 
 
 of Secretary of State, I cannot but 
 
 think that he did it as an antidote to 
 
 the growing power and the vaunting 
 
 ambition of Hamilton. Washington 
 
 won his victories, as great men ever 
 
 do, by wisely choosing his aides »^ 
 
 Hamilton had done yeoman's service 
 
 in every branch of the government, 
 
 and while the chief sincerely admired 
 
 his genius, he guessed his limitations. 
 
 Power grows until it topples, and 
 
 when it topples, innocent people are 
 
 crushed. Washington was wise as a 
 
 serpent, and rather than risk an open 
 
 ruction with Hamilton by personally 
 
 setting bounds, he invited Jefferson 
 
 27 
 
Thomas into his cabinet, and the acid was neu- 
 Jefferson trahzed to a degree where it could 
 be safely handled. 
 
 Jefferson had j us t returned from Paris 
 with his beloved daughter, Martha. 
 He was intending soon to return to 
 France and study social science at 
 close range. Already he had seen that 
 mob of women march out to Ver- 
 sailles and fetch the King to Paris, 
 and had seen barricade after barricade 
 erected with the stones from the lev- 
 eled Bastile; he was on intimate and 
 affectionate terms with the Marquis 
 de Lafayette and the Republican 
 leaders, and here was a pivotal point 
 . in his Hfe. Had not Washington per- 
 suaded him to remain "just for the 
 present" in America, he might have 
 played a part in Carlyle's best book, 
 that book which is not history, but 
 more — an epic. So, among the many 
 obligations that we owe Washington, 
 must be named this one of pushing 
 Thomas Jefferson, the scholar and 
 the man of peace, into the political 
 embroglio and shutting the door. 
 
 28 
 
Then it was that Hamilton's taunt- Thomas 
 
 ing temper awoke a degree of power Jefferson 
 
 in Jefferson that before he wist not 
 
 of; then it was that he first fully 
 
 realized that the "United States" 
 
 with England as a sole pattern was 
 
 not enough. 
 
 A pivotal point ! Yes, a pivotal point 
 
 for Jefferson, America, and the world ; 
 
 for Jefferson gave the rudder of the 
 
 ship of state such a turn to starboard 
 
 that there was never again danger of 
 
 her drifting onto aristocratic shoals, 
 
 an easy victim to the rapacity of 
 
 Great Britain. Hamilton's distrust of 
 
 the people found no answering echo 
 
 in Jefferson's mind. 
 
 He agreed with Hamilton that a 
 
 *' strong government" administered 
 
 by a few, provided the few are wise 
 
 and honorable, is the best possible 
 
 government. Nay, he went further 
 
 still and declared that an absolute 
 
 monarchy in which the monarch was 
 
 all-wise and all-powerful, could not 
 
 be improved upon by the imagination 
 
 of man. 
 
 29 
 
Thomas In his composition there was a saving 
 Jefferson touch of humor that both Hamilton 
 and Washington seemed to lack. He 
 could smile at himself; but none ever 
 dared turn a joke on Hamilton, much 
 less on Washington ^ And so when 
 Hamilton explained that a strong 
 government administered by Wash- 
 ington, President; Jefferson, Secre- 
 tary of State; Hamilton, Secretary 
 of the Treasury; Knox, Secretary of 
 War, and Randolph, Attorney Gen- 
 eral, was pretty nearly ideal, no one 
 smiled. But Jefferson's plain infer- 
 ence was that power is dangerous and 
 man is fallible ; that a man so good 
 as Washington dies to-morrow and 
 another man steps in, and that those 
 who have the government in their 
 present keeping should curb ambi- 
 tion, limit their own power, and thus 
 fix a precedent for those who are to 
 follow. 
 
 The wisdom that Jefferson as a states- 
 man showed in working for a future 
 good, and the willingness to forego 
 the pomp of personal power, to sac- 
 
rifice self if need be, that the day he Thomas 
 should not see might be secure, ranks Jefferson 
 him as first among statesmen. For a 
 statesman is one who builds a state v,^^ 
 and not a politician who is dead, as 
 some have said. 
 
 Others, since, have followed Jeffer- 
 son's example, but in the world's 
 history, I do not recall a man before 
 him who, while still having power in 
 his grasp, was willing to trust the 
 people. 
 
 The one mistake of Washington that 
 borders on blunder, was in refusing 
 to take wages for his work. In doing 
 this he visited untold misery upon 
 others, who not having married rich 
 widows, tried to follow his example 
 and floundered into woeful debt and 
 disgrace; and thereby were lost to 
 useful society and the world. 
 And there are yet numerous public 
 offices where small men rattle about 
 because men who can fill the place 
 cannot affbrd it. Bryce declares that 
 no able and honest man of moderate 
 means can affbrd to take an active 
 
 31 
 
Thomas part in municipal affairs in America 
 Jefferson — and Bryce is right. 
 
 When Jefferson became President, 
 in his message to Congress again and 
 again he advised the fixing of suffi- 
 cient salaries to secure the best men 
 for every branch of the service; and 
 suggested the absurdity of expecting 
 anything for nothing, or the hope of 
 officials not ' ' fixing things ' ' if not 
 properly paid. 
 
 Men from the soil who gain power 
 are usually intoxicated by it ; begin- 
 ning as democrats they evolve into 
 aristocrats, then later into tyrants, if 
 kindly fate does not interpose, and 
 are dethroned by the people who 
 made them. And it is not surprising 
 that this man, born into a plenty that 
 bordered on affluence, and who never 
 knew from experience the necessity 
 of economy (until in old age tobacco 
 and slavery had wrecked Virginia 
 and Monticello alike), should set an 
 almost ideal example of simplicity, 
 moderation and brotherly kindness. 
 Q Among the chief glories belonging 
 
 32 
 
to him are these : Q I. Writing the Thomas 
 Declaration of Independence. Jefferson 
 
 II. Suggesting and carrying out the 
 present decimal monetary system. 
 
 III. Inducing Virginia to deed to the 
 States as their common property, the 
 Northwest Territory. 
 
 IV. Purchasing from France for the 
 comparatively trifling sum of fifteen 
 million dollars Louisiana and all the 
 territory extending from the Gulf of 
 Mexico to Puget Sound, being at the 
 rate of a fraction of a cent per acre, 
 and giving the United States full 
 control of the Mississippi River. 
 But over and beyond these is the 
 spirit of patriotism that makes each 
 true American feel he is parcel and 
 part of the very fabric of the state, 
 and in his deepest heart believe that 
 *' a government of the people, by the 
 people, and for the people, shall n^t 
 perish from the earth." 
 
 33 
 
Thomas Jefferson 
 
 THE RADICAL 
 
 Address of Hon. John J. Lentz, of 
 Columbus, Ohio, at the Roy croft 
 Pavilion, Ea^t, Aurora, New York, 
 July Fourth, Nineteen Hundred Five 
 
lERE in East Aurora, Thomas 
 the Mecca of more than Jefferson 
 five hundred thousand 
 thinkers who read The 
 Philistine, here in the 
 city of the greatest uni- 
 versity in all America, the greatest 
 institution of learning, I come to 
 address an East Aurora audience — 
 no, an American audience — on the 
 birthday of the American Republic. 
 Q We are living in an age of elec- 
 tricity and we travel with great speed 
 in every direction and on every line 
 of civilization. I can't forget, how- 
 ever, that I am in New York when 
 I am in East Aurora. Ordinarily we 
 think of East Aurora as in the upper 
 atmosphere, dealing with something 
 higher than the earth, dealing with 
 something more noble than the mere 
 pocketbook; but when the balloon 
 comes dowTi we are in the State of 
 New York. 
 
 There seems at times to be a strong 
 bias toward the belief that Jeiferson 
 was an aristocrat and a conservative. 
 
 37 
 
Thomas H This is the Fourth of July, the 
 Jefferson birthday given to Thomas Jefferson 
 by his ovm brain and heart, and I will 
 show you that he was at all times 
 the radical of the radicals. 
 Eloquence has carried the eagle into 
 the skies, eloquence has bounded this 
 country with its seas and -with its 
 Canada and its Mexico ^ But there 
 are occasions when we ought to come 
 down to sober thought. I pride myself 
 in speaking here to an audience that 
 recognizes that there is something 
 better than the purse, that there is 
 something better than acres, and that 
 there is after all a higher purpose than 
 money grubbing, & that is to liberate 
 the intellect. Build all the houses, 
 and railways, and ships you please, 
 but when you 're through building 
 you 're building nothing unless you 
 have built better hopes and better 
 hearts for this country. I recognize 
 in politics no right except to build a 
 higher manhood and a nobler woman- 
 hood. I recognize no statesmanship 
 that does not everlastingly look after 
 
 38 
 
the common herd of humanity with Thomas 
 the hope and the purpose that every Jefferson 
 individual shall be built up & become 
 a pride to the country. 
 I believe that this country has no 
 other mission than to have as high 
 intellect and as high moral purpose in 
 the factory, as in the church, in the 
 school or in the legislative hall. I do 
 not concede that the time still remains 
 for masses and privileged classes. We 
 have passed beyond that. 
 I do not care to discuss Hamilton, 
 except to say that he was the one 
 who believed in a president for life. 
 He believed that the president should 
 appoint the governors of the different 
 states for life — he believed substan- 
 tially in a monarchy. He brought to 
 our attention a line of thought which 
 it was well enough to consider, but 
 which was repudiated by a majority 
 of the best men that ever lived in the 
 American Republic. He proposed a 
 form of government that was found 
 wanting when tried in the crucible 
 of 1776. 
 
 39 
 
Thomas Gf Hamilton and Jefferson stood for 
 Jefferson diametrically opposite propositions. 
 Hamilton called the people ' ' a blind 
 and brutal monster." Jefferson said 
 that within the heart and brain of the 
 people you will find the true aristoc- 
 racy of this Republic ^ Hamilton 
 believed in an aristocracy that meant 
 an oligarchy. Jefferson believed in 
 a democracy that meant Christian 
 socialism ^ Jefferson believed, with 
 Jesus of Nazareth, in the doctrine 
 of loving yoiu- neighbor as you love 
 yourself .^^ Jefferson was the first 
 politician or statesman who "v\Tote 
 into a public document the teachings 
 of Jesus of Nazareth, and he ^vrote 
 it in one word — Equality. And the 
 
 ^ great Lincoln was good enough and 
 
 frank enough to say that he never 
 entertained a political sentiment that 
 he did not draw from the Ufe and 
 ■wTitings of Thomas Jefferson. 
 Now, my friends who think you are 
 Republicans, and you who think you 
 are Democrats, unless }^ou believe in 
 the brotherhood of man, unless you 
 
 40 
 
are willing to concede to every one Thomas 
 
 what you ask for youi'selves, and go Jefferson 
 
 farther than that, and extend to every 
 
 one what you demand for yourselves, 
 
 you are neither Lincoln Republicans 
 
 nor JefFersonian Democrats. Emerson 
 
 said, " It is not so important that we 
 
 prevent others from cheating us, but 
 
 it is exceedingly important that we 
 
 do not cheat them. ' ' j^ That is the 
 
 business of an American citizen. Be 
 
 careful that you don't cheat some 
 
 one else. 
 
 The same thing is true in politics. A 
 
 man can't be an American citizen 
 
 and be a Christian at the same time, 
 
 without doing unto others as he would 
 
 have others do unto him. And the 
 
 political party that resorts to the boss 
 
 and the crimes perpetrated by the 
 
 bosses, has no Christianity in it. The 
 
 political party that will resort to the 
 
 gerrymander, in order to control an 
 
 unfair proportion of the total vote of 
 
 a state, is criminal in its methods. 
 
 And the man or woman who is willing 
 
 to accept that kind of an advantage, 
 
 41 
 
Thomas is a coward instead of a Jeffersonian 
 Jefferson Democrat or a Lincoln Republican. 
 It is the lowest kind of cowardice. 
 Talk about King George the Third 
 and his httle five per cent taxation 
 without representation I When you 
 Repubhcans are willing to take the 
 control in the State of Pennsylvania 
 of all congressional representatives, 
 by resorting to the gerrymander, or 
 when you Democrats, who dominate 
 in a state Hke Texas, ai-e willing to 
 do likewise, there is something rotten 
 not only in Denmark but also in this 
 country. 
 
 Xow, if Jefferson was a fakir, it was 
 because he imphcitly beheved that 
 all men were created equal ^ And 
 he proved his words by his practices. 
 You can't take the full measure of 
 Jefferson in the Hght of 1905 — you 
 must take this man as he stood in the 
 environments of his first pubhc act 
 in 1769. ^Alien Socrates sacrificed his 
 fife, when Jesus of Nazareth sacrificed 
 His life, was either a fakir / > When 
 Thomas Jefferson in the House of 
 
 4fi 
 
Burgesses, in 1769, introduced a bill Thomas 
 
 to permit the master to make his slave Jefferson 
 
 free, knowing that every slave master 
 
 in Virginia was opposed to it, was he 
 
 doing a popular thing ? Was he then 
 
 catering to the rich ? ^ Was he a 
 
 flunky ? Was he a sycophant ? Or was 
 
 he a radical ? Did he go down to the 
 
 root of things ? J^ Did he beheve in 
 
 equality when he introduced that 
 
 measure ? I remind you that prior to 
 
 1769, and for many years thereafter, 
 
 the black man or black woman was a 
 
 mere beast of burden — if a neighbor 
 
 chose to liberate his slave and the 
 
 slave was turned out on the highway, 
 
 the very first person who saw this 
 
 slave, could take him, as he would 
 
 take a stray horse or cow, and put 
 
 him on the auction block and sell him, 
 
 and make him a slave again, and put 
 
 the proceeds in the public treasury. 
 
 Jefferson simply introduced a bill to 
 
 permit a humane master to liberate 
 
 a black man or a black woman — to 
 
 make of the black man or the black 
 
 woman a human being. But it was 
 
 43 
 
Thomas repudiated almost unanimously in 
 Jefferson the House of Biu-gesses of A^irginia. 
 I hear a great many name some other 
 as the originator of the an ti- slavery 
 movement, but it was Jefferson who 
 introduced the first bill against it. 
 Q I propose to show my friend Elbert 
 Hubbard that this man Jefferson has 
 made all the la^vyers respectable. Our 
 friend Elbert Hubbard teaches every 
 one something, and almost any one 
 a great many things, and following 
 his example and precept, I made a 
 little journey, on the first day of last 
 February, to Williamsburg, Virginia. 
 I wanted to see the very ground upon 
 which this Thomas Jefferson entered 
 his college career, and I went to the 
 library of William and Mary College, 
 and the librarian showed me the old 
 account books of the college in the 
 winter and summer of 1760-'61-'62, 
 and what do you suppose Thomas 
 Jefferson paid for his learning? In 
 the year 1760-'G1 he paid thirteen 
 pounds, that is sixty-five dollars ; and 
 for the second year, thirteen pounds, 
 
 44 
 
and thus he graduated at a cost of Thomas 
 one hundred and thirty dollars. The Jefferson 
 author of the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence got his collegiate education 
 for one hundred and thirty dollars I 
 What Thomas Jefferson learned was 
 to use his own head. That is what 
 Elbert Hubbard does, & he is the best 
 representation of Thomas Jefferson 
 in this country to-day. This country 
 has a drought of thinking people just 
 now. You can hire men to dig in a 
 ditch for a dollar a day .^ But you 
 can't hire men to think at any price. 
 Most men who pretend to think are 
 flunkies, trailing along after some 
 one, either in politics or religion. 
 Thomas Jefferson's career began right 
 in that little town of Williamsburg 
 — it is hardly big enough now to be 
 called a town .^ At one end of the 
 street is William and Mary College, 
 & at the other end of the street they 
 have marked out the old foundation 
 lines of the House of Burgesses. But 
 this same House of Burgesses has 
 something else in store for you and 
 
 45 
 
Thomas me. C( In 1662, from this selfsame 
 Jefferson town. Colonial Governor Berkeley 
 sent over to England, to Charles II., 
 a report on the condition of the 
 colony. In that message were these 
 two statements: *' There are no free 
 schools in Virginia. There are no 
 printing-presses in Virginia. God be 
 thanked for it. ' ' What do you think 
 of that for a governor ? Thanking God 
 that there are no free schools and no 
 printing-presses in Virginia. And he 
 went farther and said: **And there 
 are not likely to be these hundred 
 years, and God be thanked for that." 
 Well, Berkeley, you were neither a 
 prophet nor the son of a prophet! 
 Berkeley never thought that this boy 
 would ride from Charlottesville, on 
 horseback, clear over to Williamsburg 
 and fiddle his way back and forth, 
 stopping at the farm-houses and thus 
 paying for his night's lodging. 
 Such, my friends, was the condition 
 of Virginia in 1662. They had no free 
 schools, they had no printing-presses. 
 We will come down quickly to 1776, 
 
 46 
 
for I want to reach the Declaration Thomas 
 
 of Independence and call attention Jefferson 
 
 to the fact that this was only one of 
 
 the many radical things that Thomas 
 
 Jefferson did. Thomas Jefferson, in 
 
 1777, stood in the little House of 
 
 Burgesses, or House of Delegates, 
 
 as it was afterwards called, and there 
 
 did as important work as that of 
 
 writing the word Equality in the 
 
 Declaration of Independence — for as 
 
 a legislator in the State of Virginia his 
 
 bills directed against entailed estates 
 
 and primogeniture, and in favor of 
 
 entire religious freedom and universal 
 
 education, were long strides toward 
 
 practical equality. The word Equality 
 
 in the Declaration of Independence 
 
 still stands as an ideal rather than the 
 
 real — still stands as a matter of hope 
 
 rather than a matter of history. 
 
 When I was a schoolboy I thought 
 
 this Thomas Jefferson was a man who 
 
 went to Philadelphia in 1776, and 
 
 after a few days wrote the Declaration 
 
 of Independence. But this is not so. 
 
 Jefferson was eleven years writing 
 
 47 
 
Thomas that Declaration of Independence. 
 Jefferson Robert G. IngersoU made a political 
 speech in Indianapolis in 1876. His 
 subject on this occasion was, "Why I 
 am a Republican & not a Democrat. ' ' 
 He had an audience of about ten 
 acres of people to which he spoke 
 nearly the entire afternoon. When 
 he had finished they gathered around 
 him, and among those who eagerly 
 congratulated him was a blue jeans 
 Hoosier, who said: "Mr. IngersoU, 
 that 's the best oiF-hand speech I ever 
 heard in my life. " «^ To which Mr. 
 IngersoU promptly replied: "Yes, 
 my friend, but I have been just ten 
 years preparing that speech." 
 So Thomas Jefferson did not write 
 the Declaration of Independence with 
 one stroke of the pen ^ In 1765, 
 while a law student at Williamsburg, 
 he stood out in the corridor of the 
 little House of Burgesses and heard 
 Patrick Henry say: "Caesar had his 
 Brutus, Charles the First had his 
 Cromwell," & when some of the old 
 Tories shouted, "Treason, treason," 
 
 48 
 
Henry said, ' * and George the Third Thomas 
 may profit by their example. If this Jefferson 
 be treason, make the most of it." 
 That is the day, that is the hour and 
 minute when Thomas Jefferson began 
 the preparation of the Declaration of 
 Independence. 
 
 From May 30, 1765, down to July 
 4, 1776, Thomas Jefferson was think- 
 ing continuously on the rights of the 
 people as against any and every form 
 of tyranny, however and wherever 
 intrenched, either in state or church, 
 and it was during these eleven years 
 of thought and preparation that he 
 reached that mental and philosophic 
 stage which prompted him to sum- 
 marize a holy and sacred principle in 
 these words: '* Resistance to tyrants 
 is obedience to God. " Of all the vows 
 taken and of all the oaths registered, 
 dedicating human lives and mortal 
 careers either to church or state, 
 there probably never was a more 
 loyal & faithful resolution registered, 
 on earth or in heaven, than that of 
 Thomas Jefferson when he declared, 
 
 49 
 
Thomas *' I have sworn on the altar of God 
 Jefferson eternal hostility to every form of 
 tyranny over the mind of man. " And 
 the tyrants against whom Jefferson 
 swore this eternal hostility, & against 
 whom Lincoln swore eternal hostility 
 when he took up the work of human 
 rights where Jefferson left it off, are 
 not all dethroned. 
 
 The English monarch who levied 
 tribute upon American citizenship 
 was repudiated and dethroned so far 
 as one form of tyranny and taxation 
 is concerned. The slave masters who 
 misappropriated the daily service and 
 earnings of the black slaves, are no 
 longer an American oligarchy. That 
 school of priests and preachers who 
 believed in the union of church and 
 state, who believed that the All- wise 
 and Omnipotent God could only be 
 served at the expense of the taxpayers 
 of the state, are to-day without any 
 support except here & there in some 
 insignificant sectarian school, where 
 the beardless youth in the debating 
 society rushes in to defend an obsolete 
 
 50 
 
institution, upon the principle that Thomas 
 "fools rush in where angels fear to Jefferson 
 tread." That class of citizens who 
 argued against the right of the state 
 to maintain a public school system, 
 and guarantee universal education 
 and universal emancipation from the 
 demons and monsters of superstition 
 and bigotry, are substantially all in 
 the graveyard of oblivion, their bones 
 lying side by side with the skeletons 
 of the ichthyosaurus and the mas- 
 todon. "Defunct" and "obsolete" 
 are the words burnt into the very bone 
 of the forehead of several forms of 
 tyranny ^ But the tyrants on the 
 throne are not the only tyrants who 
 have afflicted humanity and retarded 
 civilization ^ It does not matter 
 whether you levy tribute upon the 
 masses while you sit as a monarch, 
 or whether you levy tribute upon the 
 masses by controlling some great 
 trust, like the oil trust, the beef 
 trust, the street-railway trust, or 
 some other trust. 
 Allow me to digress, for a moment, 
 
 51 
 
Thomas from my subject, while I read j^ou a 
 Jefferson paragraph from an article by Charles 
 Edward Russell on the beef trust, in 
 which Mr. Russell says: ** Names 
 change ; details change ; but when the 
 facts of these actual conditions are 
 laid bare it vdW puzzle a thoughtfiil 
 man to say wherein the rule of the 
 great power to be described differs 
 in any essential from the rule of a 
 feudal tyrant in the darkness of the 
 Middle Ages. Three times a day this 
 power comes to the table of every 
 household in America, rich or poor, 
 great or small, known or unknoTVTi; 
 it comes there and extorts its tribute. 
 It crosses the ocean and makes its 
 presence felt in multitudes of homes 
 that would not know how to give it 
 a name. It controls prices and regu- 
 lates traffic in a thousand markets. 
 It changes conditions and builds up 
 and pulls ^io^yn industries ; it makes 
 men poor or rich as it will ; it controls 
 or establishes or obhterates immense 
 enterprises across the civilized circuit. 
 Its hghtest words affect men on the 
 
 52 
 
plains of Argentina or the by-streets Thomas 
 
 of London." Jefferson 
 
 Such is the tyranny against which 
 
 both Thomas Jefferson and Abraham 
 
 Lincoln would proclaim, if they were 
 
 living to-day, just as they fulminated 
 
 against the white man's tyranny over 
 
 the black slave, years ago c^ The 
 
 tyranny of a foreign power is not so 
 
 much to be feared, my friends, as the 
 
 tyranny of the trustocracy here at 
 
 home. We need not in the least fear 
 
 the aggressions of Russia, or Spain, 
 
 or Great Britain, but if it were not 
 
 for the educational work of the East 
 
 Aurora University and other like 
 
 institutions, I would fear that the 
 
 greed of our own trustocracy would 
 
 destroy the Republic just as all other 
 
 republics have been destroyed by the 
 
 greed and arrogance of a class who 
 
 have secured special privileges for the 
 
 few «^ ^ 
 
 When the students in Munich, in 
 
 Berlin, or Heidelberg lose themselves 
 
 in the labyrinth of philosophy, some 
 
 one says : * 'Back to Kant, ' ' Immanuel 
 
 53 
 
Thomas Kant, the greatest modern philoso- 
 Jefferson pher ^ > 
 
 And so, ^^'ith an Americiin problem, 
 whatever problem it may be. if you 
 only go back to Jefferson you will 
 tind how to solve it, whether it is 
 1005 or 2005. After Jeiferson went 
 up to Philadelphia and MTote the 
 Dechiration oi Independence, what 
 did he do next / Wa> he seeking that 
 which influences the average m:m of 
 vanity • No. He declined a reelection 
 to the Continental Congress, saying: 
 *• I must go to the State Legislature. 
 I must begin reforms at home where 
 I can be of the most serWce to the 
 people." What did he do- Let me 
 say to you that he introduced the 
 fo lu- bills which have contributed 
 more to the progress and prosperity 
 of tlie American people in a single 
 centiu^'. than has been accompUshed 
 in any other civilization in a thousand 
 years. He introduced a bill against 
 entailed estates, jmd made it a part 
 of the fimdamental law of the State 
 of Virginia, and made it substantially 
 
 54 
 
the law of an entire continent. He Thomas 
 
 took away from the dead hand the Jefferson 
 
 power of controlhng and directing 
 
 property in perpetuity regardless of 
 
 the needs and conditions of a higher 
 
 intelligence and a later civilization. 
 
 He also introduced another bill to 
 
 abolish the laws in favor of the clergy, 
 
 who were being paid out of the public 
 
 treasury. You could n't believe with 
 
 Confiicius, nor with Mohammed, nor 
 
 in the Jewish religion; you had to 
 
 believe in the Christian religion — 
 
 not that Christian religion taught by 
 
 Jesus of Nazareth, but that Christian 
 
 religion taught by the theologians. 
 
 You were compelled to accept the 
 
 theology of Milton's Paradise Losty 
 
 and you were compelled to accept the 
 
 religion which imposed upon many 
 
 thinkers the penalty of ostracism and 
 
 martyrdom, or the degradation and 
 
 dry rot of hypocrisy. 
 
 It was still more true in the day of 
 
 Jefferson than it is now, as Father 
 
 Ducey of New York so happily puts 
 
 it, *' We have too much churchianity 
 
 55 
 
Thomas and too little Christianity. ' ' You were 
 Jefferson not permitted to voice any thought 
 or idea, or advance any theory outside 
 the beaten path of superstition and 
 bigotry, without assuming the pains 
 & penalties of legalized persecution, 
 without subjecting yourself to the 
 danger of legalized murder. It is a 
 matter of recorded history that prior 
 to the teachings of Thomas Jefferson, 
 a poor Quaker woman came to this 
 country to preach her simple and 
 sincere doctrine of Christ's work and 
 mission on earth. For the first offense 
 of such preaching the statutory pen- 
 alty was to cut off one ear. For the 
 second offense they cut off the other 
 ear, and if she came back the third 
 time she was put to death. 
 Think, my friends, of a civilization 
 so benighted, so bigoted, so viciously 
 superstitious as this! Think of the 
 founders of the Quaker rehgion, who 
 came to teach the simple lesson of 
 lo\'ing your neighbor as j^ou love 
 yourself, who came to emphasize by 
 their precept and their example, the 
 
 56 
 
religion of the Nazarene teacher who Thomas 
 taught that we should do unto others Jefferson 
 as we would have them do unto us, 
 and who did not teach the necessity 
 of church spires and taxation of the 
 people for the support of the clergy. 
 CJ I think it was Anna Dickinson 
 who said that the Quaker religion, in 
 proportion to the number of followers 
 of that faith, has nestled and fledged 
 more philanthropists than any other 
 religion on the face of the earth ; and 
 yet the heroic women and men who 
 brought that simple faith to America 
 were persecuted even unto death. 
 Legalized murder did not stop with 
 the repeal of this statute against the 
 imion of church and state, nor did 
 legalized murder begin in the State 
 of Virginia or in the State of Massa- 
 chusetts r€^> Neither did legalized 
 murder begin when John Calvin had 
 Michael Servetus indicted, convicted 
 and burned at the stake for believing 
 and saying that ** Unbaptized infants 
 are not lost," and that, *'It is foolish 
 to say that the salvation of a baby 
 
 57 
 
Thomas depends upon a man's choosing to 
 Jefferson have it baptized." Neither did legal- 
 ized murder begin when Jesus of 
 Nazareth was indicted c^- condemned 
 to death. Neither did legahzed murder 
 begin when Socrates was indicted, 
 convicted and condemned to death. 
 G[ But we need not go back forther 
 in studying the history of these legal- 
 ized murders and mm-derers »^ The 
 question before us on this aimiversary 
 of the birthday of American freedom 
 is to decide not when this legahzed 
 persecution and murder began, but 
 when they shall cease. John Bro-^Ti, at 
 the hands of a coin-t duly organized, 
 was legally murdered ^ Benjamin 
 Limdy, the teacher and inspirer of 
 William Lloyd GiU-rison, was tramp- 
 led almost to death mider the heel of 
 a brutal and ^icious slave dealer in 
 the city of Balthuore, :md when the 
 slave dealer was brought before the 
 coiu-t and tried for assault vriih intent 
 to kill, the httle political puppet who 
 sat on the pohticiil bench catering 
 to the controUing influence of the 
 
 58 
 
community, commenting upon the Thomas 
 verdict of the jury, which found the Jefferson 
 slave dealer guilty, fined him one 
 dollar and remarked that Lundy had 
 received no more than he deserved. 
 Q I cite these instances to show how 
 imcertain &; unreliable any intellect is ; 
 to show you how necessary it is that 
 each generation as well as each indi- 
 vidual should be instant and constant 
 in the prayer for that divine help 
 which will make us honest enough, 
 generous enough and bold enough to 
 dedicate ourselves with Jefferson to 
 the doctrine of ' ' eternal hostility to 
 every form of tyranny over the mind 
 of man." This statute of religious 
 freedom, written by the hand of 
 Thomas Jefferson, deserves a monu- 
 ment towering as high as the tallest 
 monument that ever has been or ever 
 will be dedicated to the brain that 
 formulated for all time the Christian 
 charity and the Christian equality of 
 the Declaration of Independence. 
 CJ In addition to the statute against 
 entails and the statute for religious 
 
 59 
 
Thomas freedom, Jefferson introduced and 
 Jefferson secured the passage of the act against 
 primogeniture, that accursed pohcy 
 transplanted from England to this 
 country, under which the oldest son 
 inherited all the real estate of the 
 father, regardless of the rights of the 
 daughters and the other sons. In this 
 generation it is impossible to respect 
 the brain and heart of a civilization 
 gross enough to entertain the plan of 
 disinheriting the daughters whose 
 mothers had helped to create the 
 estate, but such was its tyranny over 
 the mind of man in Jefferson's time 
 that at first it was impossible to 
 induce the committee having the bill 
 in charge to report in favor of placing 
 all the sons and daughters upon a 
 basis of equality with reference to 
 ancestral realty. 
 
 Finally the other members of the 
 committee proposed to report an 
 amendment to Jefferson's bill, so as 
 to give the oldest son twice as large 
 a share as any of the other children. 
 Thereupon, Jefferson, in the course 
 
 60 
 
of his argument against this proposed Thomas 
 modification of his bill, said : Jefferson 
 
 *' I will agree to support your bill 
 giving twice as much of the property 
 of the father to the oldest son as is 
 given to each of the other sons or 
 daughters, provided you will incor- 
 porate into the law a condition that 
 requires the oldest son to eat twice 
 as much food, wear twice as much 
 clothing, and do twice as much work 
 as each of the other children." 
 C[ This argument lifted the cloud of 
 ignorance from the stupid brains of 
 the other members of the committee, 
 and strange to say, they all consented 
 to bring in the bill giving to each of 
 the children, whether son or daughter, 
 equal share in the father's property. 
 C, This bill, my friends, is another 
 evidence of the radicalism of Thomas 
 Jefferson — another evidence of the 
 courage and determination of this 
 master statesman to free the human 
 mind from one more of the tyrannies 
 and fetiches of the Dark Ages. It was 
 no small matter for Jefferson to thus 
 
 61 
 
Thomas antagonize the first-born sons of the 
 Jefferson entire State of Virginia. Conceive, if 
 you please, the mental status of the 
 first-born sons who were then in 
 possession of the estates of their dead 
 fathers *s^ Conceive, if you will, the 
 bitter opposition of the first-born sons 
 who were still living in expectation 
 of receiving the ancestral establish- 
 ment in its entirety ^ Here was a 
 powerful and wealthy class whom 
 Jefferson antagonized at the expense 
 of being called an anarchist and a 
 demagogue, but time and the sense 
 of decency of a higher civilization 
 has demonstrated that Jefferson, the 
 radical, was not a bidder for place 
 and power when he introduced a bill 
 against primogeniture. 
 In addition to these three bills, he 
 introduced, in the same legislature 
 of 1777, a bill providing for universal 
 education, beginning with what is 
 to-day known as the common or the 
 district school, and ending with what 
 is to-day known as the state univer- 
 sity. Let us, if possible, transport 
 
 62 
 
ourselves into the conditions and Thomas 
 environments of the men who Hved Jefferson 
 in Jefferson's time, and we shall find 
 that class known as the landed aris- 
 tocracy and another class known as 
 the "white trash," inferior to the 
 negro slaves in the estimation of the 
 landed aristocrats. There we find the 
 people ruled by a clergy supported 
 at the expense of the taxpayers >^^ 
 There we find many of the ministers 
 reaping a rich reward in the way of 
 bonuses and compensation for acting 
 as teachers and tutors, and thus we 
 find two united influences, the land 
 owners and the preachers, opposed, 
 for selfish reasons, to the education 
 of the children of the poor at the 
 expense of the state, and so effective 
 was this opposition to Jefferson's bill 
 for universal education that the bill 
 was defeated. 
 
 At that time the ministers had two 
 special privileges, one was to dictate 
 religion on Sunday, and the other to 
 sell education on Monday; in fact, 
 the special privileges and property 
 
 63 
 
Thomas rights of the preachers in education 
 Jefferson and religion in the days of Jefferson's 
 young manhood, remind me of a 
 remark I once heard made by one 
 who said that he kept all his property 
 and all his religion in his wife's name. 
 The preachers of Jefferson's time also 
 remind me of a remark I heard made 
 by Henry Ward Beecher, when he 
 said from his pulpit in Plymouth 
 Church: *'I have known a great 
 many men so religious they would 
 not shave themselves on Sunday, but 
 they would shave their neighbors on 
 Monday." 
 
 Have I made it plain that this radical, 
 Thomas Jefferson, was more radical 
 and more courageous than the most 
 radical of any of the radicals of your 
 day and my day ? Jefferson found 
 himself surrounded and hemmed in 
 by an intellectual and social condition 
 which required the teaching of dead 
 languages, and the translation from 
 one language into another, almost to 
 the exclusion of any other form of 
 intellectual activity. This process of 
 
 64 
 
education was largely responsible for Thomas 
 the petrified intellects of the Dark Jefferson 
 Ages, where it was contended that 
 *' nothing that is new is true, and 
 nothing that is true is new ; " an age 
 which branded scientific thought as 
 a heresy and repudiated the spirit of 
 invention as the manifestation of a 
 witch or a devil. 
 
 What sheer nonsense, this drumming 
 and drumming away at Latin and 
 Greek to the exclusion of electricity 
 and chemistry! I believe in mental 
 muscle ; I believe in the discipline of 
 the brain by the act of translating 
 from one language to another, but 
 there is such a thing as overtraining 
 in the translation of dead languages 
 as well as overtraining in baseball 
 and football, and other forms of ath- 
 letic intoxication J^ This generation 
 does not fully appreciate its indebt- 
 edness to Jefferson the educator, nor 
 its great indebtedness to Jefferson the 
 legislator. It was Jefferson's mission 
 to liberate the human mind from the 
 routine repetition of classic literature. 
 
 65 
 
Thomas It was Jefferson's mission to open 
 Jefferson the human mind to the Hght and the 
 Hghtning of God's increasing purpose. 
 It was Jefferson's mission to prepare 
 the way for the progress that has 
 come as a result of the pubHc school 
 system. Since the day when Jesus of 
 Nazareth came to teach the father- 
 hood of God and the brotherhood of 
 man, no teacher, no preacher, no 
 legislator has brought to the millions 
 of human beings a diviner or holier 
 message than the bill for universal 
 education introduced by Jefferson, 
 the radical, in the little House of 
 Burgesses in the Old Dominion in 
 1777 "^ Then and there began the 
 agitation which to-day has its best 
 vindication in our common school 
 system and in such institutions as the 
 University of Michigan. 
 I was taught Latin and Greek, but 
 I thank God I was able to forget it, 
 and I condemn my teachers for not 
 having known enough to direct my 
 hours, and days, and weeks, and 
 months, and years to the study of 
 
 66 
 
science, history & literature. Cf The Thomas 
 
 business of the state should be more Jefferson 
 
 than building penitentiaries and jails, 
 
 and electing sheriffs and constables. 
 
 It is fully as much the business of the 
 
 statesman and the state to train the 
 
 brain as it is the business of the clergy 
 
 and the church to train the heart. I 
 
 have no patience with that class of 
 
 statesmanship which collects taxes 
 
 for the sole purpose of placing a club 
 
 in the hands of a policeman, a gun 
 
 in the hands of a soldier, and a 
 
 battleship upon the bosom of the 
 
 ocean. I am one of those who agree 
 
 with Elizabeth Barrett Browning 
 
 that : 
 
 Conquering may prove as lordly and complete 
 
 a thing 
 In lifting upward as in striking low. 
 
 I am one of those who believe that 
 the fame of Alexander, and Caesar 
 and Napoleon should be cast upon 
 the junk heap of curiosities of an 
 obsolete age. Their military careers 
 are as much out of date, &c as useless 
 for instruction or inspiration, as are 
 
 67 
 
Thomas the ox-cart and the corduroy road in 
 Jefferson this day of steam and electric travel. 
 C, Jefferson believed what the Japan- 
 ese adopted thirty years ago as their 
 national motto: *' Education is the 
 basis of all progress." But Thomas 
 Jefferson found the preachers and the 
 wealthier classes opposed to his free 
 school system, because it threatened 
 to take away from the one class a 
 few paltry pieces of silver, which they 
 were accustomed to receive for their 
 teaching, and from the other class 
 a few extra dollars in the way of 
 taxes for the support of the free 
 schools »2^ This measure deprived 
 Jefferson, the radical, of the influence 
 of the rich, because they did not want 
 their sons and daughters educated 
 with the * * white trash, ' ' nor did they 
 care to be taxed for the purpose of 
 lifting the children of the poor to a 
 position where, by education, they 
 might easily prove themselves the 
 superior, intellectually and morally, 
 to those who had been reared in 
 indolence and luxury. The combined 
 
 68 
 
influences of these so-called upper Thomas 
 classes — the so-called best society — Jefferson 
 prevented the passage of this bill at 
 this time. 
 
 In Jefferson's young manhood he 
 was unable to secure the establish- 
 ment of the university, the grammar 
 school or the primary school. His 
 bill for a free school was defeated 
 absolutely in 1777, nor did he make 
 any substantial headway with his 
 educational system until ten years 
 after he had retired from the presi- 
 dency of the United States; but 
 Jefferson, Uke Socrates of Athens, 
 and Jesus of Nazareth, was untiring 
 and unwavering in his devotion to a 
 principle, and having foreseen in his 
 philosophic eye the great benefits of 
 a free school system, was instant and 
 constant in his advocacy of it, and 
 finally there came some little evidence 
 that his agitation was bearing fruit. 
 CJ In 1819, he secured from the State 
 Legislature a petty appropriation of 
 fifteen thousand dollars to change 
 Albemarle Academy into the Central 
 
Thomas College of Virginia, and a little later 
 Jefferson he succeeded in having them call the 
 institution the University of Virginia, 
 of which he was the father & founder. 
 Q At this time the people of Virginia 
 lacked in conscience and intelligence 
 sufficient to establish the common 
 school. It remained for the State of 
 Michigan and other western states to 
 establish a school system extending 
 from the district school through the 
 high school to the state university. 
 Calculate, if you can, the very great 
 influence for good, for higher and 
 nobler manhood and purer woman- 
 hood, that has permeated every state 
 of the United States as a result of 
 the establishment of the University 
 of Michigan ^ Its influence is not 
 confined to the United States and 
 Canada — it is world-wide. It is but 
 a fair tribute to the University of 
 Michigan and the citizenship of that 
 state, to say, that in the State of 
 Ohio in the city of Columbus, we 
 have the Ohio State University, 
 fashioned and patterned after the 
 70 
 
University of Michigan, which is Thomas 
 destined to become one of the great Jefferson 
 educational institutions of the world ; 
 an institution which, I believe, will 
 do more for the people of Ohio than 
 all its lawyers, all its editors, all its 
 preachers, & all its doctors combined. 
 C( Thomas Jefferson was the man who 
 reformed our monetary system. It was 
 he who brought about the decimal 
 system, and induced our government 
 to abandon the English system ^ 
 Those of you who think this was a 
 small matter, would have learned 
 better had you been in Detroit at 
 any time within the past few years, 
 and seen how the people there have 
 quarreled about whether they would 
 use Eastern Standard Time, Central 
 Standard Time or Sun Time. For 
 several years the people of Detroit, 
 it seems, had no other occupation 
 except explaining to each other, and 
 to visitors, which kind of time they 
 were using in making their appoint- 
 ments, and which kind of time they 
 had in mind while explaining their 
 
 71 
 
Thomas failure to keep their appointments. 
 Jefferson In five minutes' time they could 
 have agreed to either set all their 
 watches a few minutes ahead, or to 
 turn them back a few minutes and 
 drop the subject forever. 
 And so, in the days of Jefferson, the 
 radical, it was a matter of much 
 controversy whether they should give 
 up the system of pounds, shillings 
 and pence, and adopt the system of 
 dollars, dimes and cents. Even to 
 this day, in some parts of the country, 
 the people are talking about shillings. 
 C[I have not tried in this hurried 
 review of his legislative efforts, to 
 point out all the radical propositions 
 of this greatest political philosopher 
 of any age, but I have demonstrated, 
 I am sure, not only that Jefferson 
 was a radical in 1769, but that he 
 was so radical that his greatest fol- 
 lower, Abraham Lincoln, suffered 
 martyrdom in 1865, for beheving with 
 Jefferson in the emancipation of the 
 black slave. 
 
 72 
 
iHAT do we mean by a Thomas 
 radical ? We mean a man Jefferson 
 who pulls things up by 
 the roots and examines 
 them, shakes off the dirt 
 and looks at them as 
 they actually are, strips them of all 
 the rubbish of superstition and the 
 prejudice handed down from the Dark 
 Ages; handed down from the time 
 when men believed in alchemy and 
 branded chemistry as heresy ; handed 
 down by the benighted brains that 
 never saw nor dreamed of an electric 
 light. The radical in politics and in 
 statesmanship is he whose intellect is 
 controlled & dominated by the same 
 holy and poetic purpose that inspired 
 Tennyson to say : 
 
 I doubt not through the ages one increasing 
 
 purpose runs. 
 And the thoughts of men are widened with the 
 
 process of the suns. 
 
 Lincoln was a radical when, on the 
 floor of Congress, he denounced the 
 message of President James K. Polk 
 as a falsified statement concerning 
 
 73 
 
Thomas conditions obtaining in the matter 
 Jefferson of Texas and Mexico. Lincoln was a 
 radical when he delivered his Cooper 
 Institute speech, so radical indeed, 
 that the New York Herald, the 
 leading newspaper of that day, called 
 him a baboon, monkey and buffoon. 
 Lincoln was a radical when he issued 
 the Proclamation of Emancipation. 
 Jesus of Nazareth was a radical when 
 He overturned the tables of the money 
 changers in the Temple, and took a 
 whip and drove the sordid hypocrites 
 out of the House of God. 
 Martin Luther was a radical when he 
 repudiated the doctrine of the church 
 concerning celibacy, & declared that 
 he would not give up the love of his 
 wife for all the wealth of Croesus. It 
 was an exceedingly radical proposition 
 in his day for a religious devotee to 
 assert that the holiest and noblest and 
 most helpful fellowship a man could 
 have is the wife who understands. 
 The English barons who forced the 
 Magna Charta from King John were 
 radicals, and the men who signed the 
 74 
 
Declaration of Independence were Thomas 
 radicals. Cowardice and conservatism Jefferson 
 has not been the characteristic of any 
 of the great leaders of any of the 
 great reforms in the history of the 
 world ^ Step by step the march of 
 democracy, which is the march of the 
 rights of man, has been accomplished 
 under the banner and leadership of 
 the radical .3* The people who have 
 suffered under the heel of the tyrant 
 have always been in the majority, 
 and they are still in the majority, 
 and they will continue to suffer under 
 the debasing tyrannies of slaveocracy , 
 czarocracy and trust ocracy so long as 
 God is unable to find or create enough 
 radicals to brave the pains and the 
 penalties of persecution, ostracism, 
 slander, libel and assassination. 
 All the good things of the world 
 come up from the people, grow up 
 from below, from the roots, if you 
 please. Even God Himself, with all 
 His chemistry, with all His power, 
 and with all His knowledge, has 
 never been able to fashion a great 
 
 75 
 
Thomas man or a noble woman either in the 
 Jefferson palace or the castle *^ He finds it 
 necessary, when He wants a Jesus of 
 Nazareth, to go to the manger; when 
 He needs an Abraham Lincoln He 
 goes to the humblest and meanest 
 little cabin in the State of Kentucky. 
 And every time some divine leader 
 comes up branding social & economic 
 bodies as whited sepulchers, every 
 time a leader inspired from on High 
 puts in his appearance, the opposing 
 conservatives find themselves branded 
 by this » earnest radical as hypocrites 
 and Pharisees. 
 
 One of the sad things in the history 
 of the world is that all the hypocrites 
 and Pharisees in the age of Jesus of 
 Nazareth did not, like Judas, go and 
 hang themselves. Unfortunately, the 
 hypocrites and Pharisees have never 
 stopped propagating and multiplying 
 their kind and now we have a vast 
 overproduction in every country of 
 the world. 
 
 It was Jefferson's supreme purpose 
 to make men think. The Declaration 
 76 
 
of Independence was a political sum- Thomas 
 mary and crystallization of all the Jefferson 
 moral purpose of the laws of Moses 
 and all the teachings of the Divine 
 Master, who taught that you should 
 *'love your neighbor as yourself." 
 Coming at the time it did, its chief 
 purpose was to set men thinking of 
 their political rights. 
 The purpose of the law of religious 
 freedom for Virginia was to set men 
 and women thinking of their religious 
 rights, likewise the bill for universal 
 education was to set men and women 
 thinking of the incalculable & sacred 
 advantages of an educated mind as 
 against one darkened and enslaved by 
 ignorance, superstition and prejudice. 
 The commercial instinct tells us that 
 ' * he is a benefactor who makes two 
 blades of grass grow where only one 
 grew before, ' ' but God, in His divine 
 messages, is whispering the idea to 
 every cultivated & civilized intellect 
 that the supreme benefactors of all 
 ages, the holiest and noblest teachers 
 and preachers of all religions, are 
 
 77 
 
Thomas those who can make two thoughts 
 Jefferson grow where only one grew before. 
 C[ Thought — free, untrammeled and 
 unprejudiced thought — is the mother 
 of invention ^ The unequaled and 
 unparalleled strides of progress along 
 all the lines of transportation, mech- 
 anism, chemistry and electricity, in 
 the last generation, are due entirely 
 to the ever increasing intellectual 
 purposes & privileges of those minds 
 which have been liberated from the 
 fetiches, superstitions and prejudices 
 of an obsolete age ^ Thought is 
 the greatest architect, the greatest 
 sculptor, the greatest painter in the 
 universe ^ There can be no higher 
 architecture than the building of a 
 head; there is no higher sculpture 
 than the chiseling of a face ; there is 
 no higher portraiture than the paint- 
 ing of an expression, and nothing can 
 prevent you from building a good 
 head, or chiseling a good face, or 
 painting a good expression except 
 your own thoughts, and it was with 
 this faith and with this belief that I 
 78 
 
wrote in several of your albums here Thomas 
 to-day, "You are what you think, Jefferson 
 not what you think you are," and if 
 to-day, on this anniversary of the 
 birthday of American liberty, you 
 are thinking about justice to your 
 neighbor, if you are thinking about 
 equality, if you are thinking of loving 
 others as you love yourself, if you are 
 thinking of doing unto others as you 
 would have them do unto you, then, 
 my friends, you fully understand the 
 meaning of the word "democracy," 
 and if you understand the meaning 
 of the word ' * democracy, ' ' you will 
 not be merely passive or indifferent or 
 conservative in the face of so much 
 injustice and inequality in our great 
 republic. 
 
 Democracy is the doctrine of doing 
 things. True democracy is not an 
 organization for the benefit of a few 
 spoilsmen. There is a wide difference 
 between the statesmanship of dem- 
 ocracy and the politics of democracy, 
 as wide as the difference between a 
 statesman & a politician. A statesman 
 
 79 
 
Thomas is a man seeking an opportunity to 
 Jefferson do something for everybody, and the 
 poHtician is a man seeking an oppor- 
 tunity to do everybody for something. 
 C{ If you are a Democrat or if you 
 are a Republican, you may be a good 
 partisan, or you may be a good citi- 
 zen, and there is a wide gulf between 
 the two. If the party to which you 
 belong does not make you love all 
 humanity better and better each day, 
 then it is high time that you change 
 your party. I once heard a Quaker 
 woman preach a sermon, in which 
 she said: *'If thy religion doesn't 
 change thee, then thee had better 
 change thy religion. ' ' 
 And so I say in this message, that 
 if your political party does n't day 
 by day inspire you with a nobler and 
 sweeter love for all your neighbors, 
 then it is high time that you change 
 your political religion ^ The true 
 Democrat is the radical who wants 
 to make our eighty millions of people 
 each and all educated, self-respecting, 
 neighbor- loving men and women, 
 
 80 
 
recognizing equality without regard Thomas 
 to sex, & without regard to previous Jefferson 
 condition of rehgious or economic 
 servitude. True democracy is a swarm 
 of bees, each & all ready and willing 
 to carry its share of honey to the 
 hive, and each and all ready to sting 
 the drones and cast them out. 
 As I said before, God Himself cannot 
 make a man or woman worthy of 
 consideration except in the crucible 
 of industry ^ Work is not a curse. 
 Indolence is a beastly mother, breed- 
 ing no high purpose and no sweet 
 sentiments, breeding nothing but the 
 imps of selfishness ^ Earning one's 
 bread by the sweat of one's brow — 
 whether on the outside or the inside 
 — is not a curse ^ God help the 
 children of the rich, the poor can 
 work. I have no patience with the 
 rich loafer, I think much less of him 
 than I do of the poor loafer, and I 
 have no more respect for the female 
 loafer than I have for the male loafer. 
 A loafer is a loafer — nothing more 
 need be said, nothing worse can be 
 
 81 
 
Thomas said. Q It doesn't make any difFer- 
 Jefferson ence to me what the color or the sex, 
 I am a strict constructionist on the 
 word "equality," and the only thing 
 worth living for is an opportunity to 
 work, and the greatest privilege of 
 work is the building of a brain. The 
 honor of a bee is the storing of the 
 hive with honey, and the salvation 
 and immortality of the human being 
 is the storing of the human brain 
 with thought and love. I never felt 
 quite so much pleased as when I saw 
 carved deeply on that chapel door of 
 the Roy crofters this thought : '*Life 
 without industry is guilt; Industry 
 without art is brutality." If I had 
 traveled a thousand miles to get here, 
 and could carry back to my home 
 only that one thought, and have it 
 with me throughout the rest of my 
 life, I would consider the time and 
 the expense of the trip as the best 
 investment ever made ^ I repeat: 
 *' Life without industry is guilt; 
 Industry without art is brutality." 
 Q According to my understanding 
 
 82 
 
of Thomas Jefferson, the radical, this Thomas 
 
 was his conception of the principle Jefferson 
 
 and sentiments which should govern 
 
 the life and career of every American 
 
 citizen. 
 
 I think my friend Powderly, and 
 
 Carroll D. Wright, and others who 
 
 are working on the statistics of labor, 
 
 tell us that if all the men and women 
 
 in this country were to work two 
 
 hours and thirty minutes a day, we 
 
 could produce as much food, clothing 
 
 and shelter as each of us needs and 
 
 now uses. Why is it, then, that a 
 
 mother's work is never done, and 
 
 that men are still driven eight, ten 
 
 or twelve hours a day ? Why should 
 
 we not work two hours and thirty 
 
 minutes a day, and spend the rest of 
 
 our time in hanging pictures on the 
 
 wall, putting beautiful art glass in the 
 
 windows, covering our floors with 
 
 carpets, listening to sweet music, and 
 
 holding communion with the master 
 
 minds of the centuries, whose books 
 
 would be so easily within our reach 
 
 in these days of Roycroft industry 
 
 83 
 
Thomas and ingenuity? Q I have heard it said 
 Jefferson that a country that can raise good 
 hogs can raise good men, but I am 
 afraid that the commercial spirit of 
 this age is showing a disposition to 
 consolidate the two and make mere 
 hogs of the men in order to increase 
 the commercial assets of the country. 
 Greed and vanity are the examples 
 furnished us by the trustocracy, and 
 the young manhood and the young 
 womanhood of this country seem to 
 be more desirous of imitating this 
 so-called social ''Four Hundred," 
 than to practise the radicalism of 
 Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, 
 Benjamin Franklin, Washington and 
 the Adamses. 
 
 It is vanity, it is selfishness, which 
 develops and establishes trustocracy 
 in the land t^ This desire to strut 
 and pose as the superior of your 
 neighbors, is the actual cause and 
 substance of the parasite who lives 
 on the labor of others. The difference 
 between the parasite and other men 
 is only a matter of degree. The farmer 
 
 84 
 
is very apt to be a man who wants Thomas 
 
 to own all the adjoining farms. The Jefferson 
 
 merchant in the city is very apt to 
 
 be a man who wants to own all the 
 
 stores in the city. This greed to be 
 
 the whole thing and to own the earth 
 
 is not solely confined within the thick 
 
 pachyderm of kings and czars. 
 
 I remember the story of a preacher 
 
 in a country community, who went 
 
 from house to house soliciting money 
 
 to repair the church «^ One of the 
 
 farmers replied : "I can't subscribe, 
 
 I need all my money. " " What for ? " 
 
 said the preacher. '*I want to buy 
 
 another farm." *'What for?" said 
 
 the preacher. "To raise more corn," 
 
 said the farmer. "What for?" said 
 
 the preacher. * ' To fatten more hogs, ' ' 
 
 said the farmer. "What for?" said 
 
 the preacher. ' ' To sell and get more 
 
 money," said the farmer. "What 
 
 for ?" said the preacher. "To buy 
 
 more land, ' ' said the farmer. 
 
 And thus, my friends, we are all 
 
 living in a civilization where the 
 
 tendency and the temptation is to 
 
 85 
 
Thomas get into the treadmill of more land, 
 Jefferson more corn, more hogs, more money. 
 Oh, for an age and a civilization 
 where the universal cry shall not be 
 more land, more corn, more hogs, 
 & more money, but more men, more 
 women, more brain and more heart I 
 If we are to be monopolists, let us 
 be monopolists of the intellectual 
 and spiritual substance, with which 
 God's universe is stored so full, so 
 high, so deep and so wide that there 
 is enough for all of us. The dollar 
 should be regarded as only a crowbar 
 to open the safe of civilization. 
 Doctor Gladden stands forth to-day 
 as conspicuous against one of the 
 grossest crimes of our civilization as 
 did Abraham Lincoln against negro 
 slavery. The great power which the 
 Rockefellers have acquired in this 
 country is by the corrupt use of their 
 money. The system with which John 
 D. Rockefeller has been identified is 
 one which has depended largely upon 
 corruption for its greatest power. It 
 is a system which to-day furnishes 
 
 86 
 
the corruption funds in the cities and Thomas 
 
 states of this Union by which the Jefferson 
 
 nominations of the legislative and 
 
 even the judicial candidates are made. 
 
 City councilmen, state legislators, 
 
 national legislators, and judges ahke 
 
 receive their nominations in both the 
 
 parties in many communities at the 
 
 hands of hired political bosses, whose 
 
 corruption funds are furnished them 
 
 by the men who represent the great 
 
 corporate interests such as the steam 
 
 railways, the street railways, the 
 
 Standard Oil and other institutions 
 
 which live and fatten by the special 
 
 privileges secured from the hands of 
 
 the puppets placed in power by this 
 
 so-called system. 
 
 And it was high time that Doctor 
 
 Washington Gladden, or some other 
 
 great and courageous representative 
 
 of God's kingdom on earth, should 
 
 point the finger of scorn at this school 
 
 of hypocrites and Pharisees j^ I am 
 
 proud of the fact that Washington 
 
 Gladden is an honored and eminent 
 
 citizen of my own city of Columbus ; 
 
 87 
 
Thomas that he has for years been recognized 
 Jefferson as the ablest man in the pulpit in the 
 State of Ohio, and all good men and 
 all good women ought to be thankful 
 that this man had the courage and 
 character to point the finger of scorn 
 at John D. Rockefeller and say, 
 "Thou art the man." 
 What we need most in this age is a 
 JefFersonian radical, and such choice 
 characters as Washington Gladden, 
 Ida Tarbell, Lincoln StefFens, John 
 Brisben Walker, Thomas Lawson, 
 S. S. McClure, Wilham Randolph 
 Hearst, Elbert Hubbard and Eugene 
 Debs are but a few of the patriots of 
 this day and this generation who will 
 lead the millions to a higher plane of 
 intellectual light and moral purpose 
 than that ever attained in the past. 
 H We have Washington Gladden 
 and Ida Tarbell to thank for the 
 eleven millions of money contributed 
 to the cause of education by Mr. 
 John D. Rockefeller within the past 
 few weeks. I like the argument made 
 by Mr. Rockefeller in support of my 
 
 88 
 
hero, Thomas Jefferson, the radical. Thomas 
 
 This contribution of eleven million Jefferson 
 
 dollars by Rockefeller is a confession 
 
 by him that in order to pm-chase 
 
 respectability he must make gigantic 
 
 contributions to the cause of free 
 
 education, a proof on his part that 
 
 Jefferson's bill for free education, 
 
 although it was defeated in 1777 — 
 
 ignominiously defeated — was a bill 
 
 so sacred and holy that Rockefeller 
 
 confesses that the surest way he can 
 
 divert public attention from the wave 
 
 of contempt which is about to engulf 
 
 him is by contributions to the cause 
 
 of education. 
 
 By these gifts Rockefeller concedes 
 
 that the great mission of American 
 
 manhood is not to acquire and retain 
 
 millions, but that the noblest cause 
 
 to be served in this grand American 
 
 Republic is to furnish an opportunity 
 
 to the children of the poor to blossom 
 
 a heart and ripen a brain equal to that 
 
 of Plato, Demosthenes, Aristotle, 
 
 Socrates and Pericles e^ These five 
 
 choice intellects were the product of 
 
 89 
 
Thomas the little city of Athens almost in a 
 Jefferson single generation. One might well 
 say that they lived so near each other 
 that they shook hands each with the 
 others, and the question that often 
 comes to me is why is it not possible 
 for such minds as these to be reared 
 in a single generation in all the great 
 cities of America? Along scientific 
 lines, in the fields of transportation, 
 machinery and electricity, we have 
 the equals if not the superiors of 
 these intellectual giants of ancient 
 times, but let us not forget that the 
 time is ripe for giants and heroes in 
 the science of government, that we 
 may lift this entire republic into a 
 higher atmosphere of equality. 
 You men and women who are here 
 from all parts of the United States, 
 honoring this your Mecca, are doing 
 a great work each in your respective 
 communities emphasizing the urgent 
 necessity of thinking, emphasizing 
 the necessity of exercising the brain 
 and the heart in all the light and 
 science of this electric age. And if in 
 
 90 
 
each of your communities you are Thomas 
 
 exercising the heart and the brain of Jefferson 
 
 equahty, then you are devoting your 
 
 energies to the cause of the equahty 
 
 of the sexes in every particular. The 
 
 same Wendell Phillips, the same 
 
 William Lloyd Garrison, the same 
 
 Benjamin Lundy who advocated the 
 
 liberty of the negro slave, began the 
 
 agitation for woman's equality ,4^^ 
 
 Benjamin Lundy, the little Quaker, 
 
 who taught William Lloyd Garrison 
 
 his first lessons against negro slavery, 
 
 was reared in a Quaker home, reared 
 
 in a Quaker church, married to a 
 
 Quaker girl, believed and preached 
 
 and practised the Quaker doctrine of 
 
 equality of the sexes. 
 
 I hope that each and every one of us 
 
 may take a new courage and a new 
 
 resolution from this East Aurora 
 
 meeting, and go home determined 
 
 not only for that equality which will 
 
 level down the trustocracy to the 
 
 plane of all democracy, but level up 
 
 the women of our great republic to 
 
 a plane of democracy and equality, 
 
 91 
 
Thomas making the Declaration of 1776 not 
 Jefferson merely a prophecy and a dream, but 
 a reality and a consummation. 
 The only quarrel I have with you, 
 Elbert Hubbard and Alice Hubbard, 
 is that you have not placed enough 
 pictures of the great women of the 
 world on the walls of this institution. 
 You have a room dedicated to George 
 Eliot, and another one to Elizabeth 
 Barrett Browning, but you should 
 not forget there was an American 
 woman who preached a sermon that 
 was greater than any ever preached 
 by her great and immortal brother. I 
 refer to Harriet Beecher Stowe. Her 
 Uncle Torns Cabin did more for 
 liberty and equality than did all the 
 sermons of Henry Ward Beecher, 
 the greatest of American preachers. 
 There are other women also whose 
 pictures and whose names should 
 decorate the walls of this Roycroft 
 University, and I am sure when we 
 come back on some other occasion, 
 we shall see that the Hubbards have 
 done their full duty in this direction 
 
 92 
 
as they have in so many others y^^ Thomas 
 
 KH Not only would I have you take Jefferson 
 
 back to your respective homes the 
 
 thought that the time is ripe for 
 
 legislation and for amendments to 
 
 the constitution that will secure the 
 
 equality of women, but there is also 
 
 another great reform that ought to 
 
 be in operation before the close of 
 
 President Roosevelt's term, and that 
 
 is, the improvement of the postal 
 
 service by the installation of the 
 
 telegraph in every post-office of the 
 
 republic. There are only twenty-five 
 
 thousand Western Union offices in 
 
 this country, while there are over 
 
 seventy-five thousand post-offices .3* 
 
 This leaves more than fifty thousand 
 
 centers of population where there is 
 
 no way to communicate thought by 
 
 electricity. 
 
 No one can explain why the national 
 
 government has been so dilatory in 
 
 this except by the same explanation 
 
 which must be given in shame for so 
 
 many other short -comings in our 
 
 governmental affairs. It is estimated 
 
 93 
 
Thomas that thirty words could be sent by 
 Jefferson wire, no matter what the distance, 
 for the petty sum of five cents. In 
 other words, instead of sending a 
 letter by using a two- cent stamp, we 
 would use a five-cent stamp to send 
 a telegram, whether we sent it to the 
 neighboring town or sent it to the 
 Pacific coast. 
 
 In Franklin's day, when post-offices 
 and post-roads were established, we 
 carried thought on horseback at the 
 rate of forty miles a day ^ At this 
 time we are carrying thought on the 
 iron horse at the rate of sixty miles 
 an hour. What reason can be given 
 why we should not be using God's 
 electricity to send messages of thirty 
 words three thousand miles in thirty 
 seconds at a cost of only five cents ? 
 C( More than seventy bills have been 
 introduced in Congress to install a 
 postal telegraph, but not one of them 
 has been passed. Out of the nineteen 
 committees appointed to investigate 
 the matter, seventeen have reported 
 favorably, and yet we do not have 
 
 94 
 
the postal telegraph, and the only Thomas 
 
 opposition to it among the eighty Jefferson 
 
 millions of people is the one family 
 
 that owns and controls the Western 
 
 Union. If the people understood the 
 
 science of government, they would 
 
 soon call to a reckoning those who 
 
 represent them at Washington and 
 
 have this reform without any further 
 
 delay. 
 
 In a recent issue of The Philistine 
 
 our friend Hubbard published John 
 
 Wanamaker's statement about the 
 
 parcel post *^ Mr. Wanamaker, in 
 
 explaining why he could not get 
 
 Congress to act, stated that there 
 
 were only five arguments against the 
 
 parcel post, and these five arguments 
 
 were the Adams Express Company, 
 
 the United States Express Company, 
 
 the American Express Company, the 
 
 Wells Fargo Express Company and 
 
 the Southern Express Company »^^ 
 
 CE And so, my friends, there is only 
 
 one argument against the installation 
 
 of the postal telegraph, and that is 
 
 the Western Union. 
 
 95 
 
Thomas How long will it be before you use 
 Jefferson your heads on a question like this 
 and become radicals ? How long will 
 it be before President Roosevelt will 
 be radical enough to call the attention 
 of Congress to the urgent necessity 
 of investigating this great trust that 
 has a monopoly of the privilege and 
 right to transmit thought by wire ? 
 The national government used the 
 people's money to enable Professor 
 Morse to make the experiments with 
 an electric telegraph, which resulted 
 in sending the first message between 
 Baltimore and Washington e^ Will 
 some one explain how it happens 
 that to-day the national government 
 and the eighty millions of people 
 have been cheated out of their legal 
 title to this great property right ? 
 C{ You and I know that there is no 
 sensible argument against the postal 
 telegraph. You and I know there is 
 no good and sufficient reason why the 
 post-office system in this country 
 should be inferior to that of most 
 European countries. You and I know 
 
 96 
 
that there is no good reason why the Thomas 
 American government should not Jefferson 
 avail itself of the use of electricity 
 in transmitting thought. If Franklin 
 was right in carrying thought on 
 horseback, if the governmental poHcy 
 was correct in transferring the burden 
 from the horse to the locomotive, 
 then why should we not take the 
 next step and make use of God*s 
 electricity for the benefit of all the 
 people ? 
 
 I insist upon it that the best is none 
 too good for the poorest and the 
 humblest in this land. I insist upon 
 it that it would be better for this 
 government to stop its expenditures 
 on an increasing army and navy, and 
 instead make an appropriation for the 
 construction of the postal telegraph 
 system at once. 
 
 I know there are those who call 
 themselves conservatives who are 
 opposed to any reform, and opposed 
 to all progress. We had conservatives 
 in the days of George Washington. 
 We now speak of them with scorn 
 
 97 
 
Thomas and call them Tories. In every age, 
 Jefferson in every race, in every nation, we 
 have that class of catering, cringing 
 things that call themselves conserva- 
 tives. It was the conservative that 
 crucified Jesus; it was the conserva- 
 tive that executed John Brown; it 
 was the conservative that murdered 
 Lovejoy ; it was the conservative that 
 spit upon Wendell Phillips & stoned 
 William Lloyd Garrison in the streets 
 of Boston. With this array of facts 
 against the conservative, it is high 
 time that he be known and branded 
 as a public enemy. 
 I do not consider it any honor or 
 credit to a man to say that he was a 
 conservative when the great crime of 
 negro slavery was here. Neither is it 
 a credit to a man to say that he is a 
 conservative to-day when the great 
 crime of female slavery is here. Nor 
 is it any credit to a man to say that 
 he is a conservative, when one trust, 
 when one monopoly, deprives the 
 eighty millions of people of the right 
 to transmit their thoughts and to 
 
 98 
 
transact their business by the use of 
 God's electricity at actual cost. 
 Property rights have had their day. 
 We have talked all too long about 
 vested rights. The hour is at hand 
 when the men and women of highest 
 moral purpose, not only here but in 
 other countries, have stepped onto 
 that upper plane where they are 
 demanding of governments that they 
 consider human rights, and moral 
 rights and sentimental rights ^ The 
 civilization of the coming age will 
 be known as the age of love, as the 
 age of affection and as the age of 
 sentiment. Here, on this side of the 
 ocean, or nowhere, the human race 
 will be lifted up to that high plane 
 of equality where the majority will 
 no longer be subordinated by the 
 tyrants, where the greatest good to 
 the greatest number will mean not 
 merely commercial assets but will 
 mean intellectual and spiritual good. 
 CJ Here in this country, or nowhere, 
 we shall rear the men and women fit 
 for higher and nobler things than the 
 
 99 
 
Thomas accumulation of money, and the 
 Jefferson concentration of power within the 
 possession of a few, that they may 
 use it to dominate and tyrannize over 
 the millions of their fellow citizens. 
 I am tired of reading in literature 
 that ** He was the noblest Roman of 
 them all." I am exceedingly anxious 
 to live to see the time when the very 
 highest manhood and womanhood of 
 the world will make it necessary for 
 the new literature to describe the 
 highest attainment intellectually and 
 morally by saying of some heroic 
 personality, "He was the noblest 
 American of them all." 
 Thomas Jefferson was aware that the 
 greatest citizenship was possible only 
 in a country that had the greatest 
 intellectual liberty. Thomas Jefferson 
 was a philosopher, and he was more 
 than that, he was a prophet. To his 
 keen insight and high moral intellect 
 it was clear that the mission of this 
 country was to produce men and 
 women rather than dollars, pig iron 
 and pork. From 1769 down to 1826, 
 
 100 
 
a period of fifty-seven years, Thomas 
 Jefferson's life was dedicated and 
 consecrated to the sacred cause of the 
 intellectual and spiritual property of 
 every human being, and well might 
 he say on his deathbed : * * I have done 
 for my country and for all mankind 
 all that I could do, and I now resign 
 my soul without fear to my God." 
 Even in this dying expression he 
 recognized and preached the fact that 
 in doing God's service & accoimting 
 for the same, it was only necessary 
 to report to Peter at the gate, **I 
 have done for my country and for all 
 mankind all that I could do." He 
 knew that Peter would ask him no 
 questions as to whether he believed 
 in * ' infant damnation, ' ' or whether 
 he believed in *' sprinkling " or in 
 "immersion." He knew that On 
 High the only test of your religion 
 would be applied by an inquiry into 
 your acts in behalf of your neighbors. 
 CJ That Thomas Jefferson was both 
 sincerity and integrity personified, is 
 best shown by the memorandum left 
 
 101 
 
Thomas indicating what he desired inscribed 
 Jefferson upon his tombstone ^€^> It was his 
 request that his last resting place be 
 marked by a simple granite shaft, and 
 that upon this granite these words 
 should be carved: 
 
 HERE LIES BURIED 
 
 THOMAS JEFFERSON 
 
 Author of 
 
 The Declaration of Independence 
 
 of the Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom 
 
 and Father of the University of Virginia 
 
 Mark these words, mark these three 
 recitals, concerning equality, religious 
 freedom and education; each and all 
 of them represent the life work of a 
 man who recognized no other test or 
 criterion of manhood or womanhood 
 except intellectual attainment. 
 We have just closed the greatest of 
 all the Worlds' Fairs. The St. Louis 
 Exposition cost three times as many 
 millions of dollars as it cost Thomas 
 Jefferson, President of the United 
 States, to purchase half a continent. 
 Three times as much was spent in 
 
 102 
 
preparing to celebrate this one act of 
 Jefferson's presidential career as was 
 expended for the entire Louisiana 
 Purchase, and yet Jefferson himself 
 did not deem it worthy of mention. 
 Neither was his character blemished 
 with that kind of vanity which would 
 care to record the fact that he had 
 been twice elected President of the 
 United States. Material & mercenary 
 things, worldly fame and glory, did 
 not appeal to his philosophic mind. 
 I am doubtful whether he would have 
 suggested any inscription had it not 
 been God's purpose to have Thomas 
 Jefferson proclaim even from the 
 granite that marks his last resting 
 place that the radical, and the radical 
 alone, is the man who keeps the fires 
 of progress burning upon the altars 
 of equality, religious freedom, and 
 education. 
 
 Jefferson was the greatest political 
 philosopher, the greatest political 
 agitator, the greatest political radical 
 the world has ever known, and I 
 know of no higher tribute to pay to 
 
 103 
 
Thomas Thomas Jefferson than to remind you 
 Jefferson again of Lincoln's declaration that 
 he never entertained a sentiment 
 which he did not draw from the life 
 and writings of Thomas Jefferson, 
 and the sweet sentiment and loving 
 charity of Lincoln's brain and heart 
 were never better expressed, than 
 when he said to one of his friends : 
 "I hope it will be said of me when 
 I am dead and gone, by those who 
 know me best, that I always plucked 
 a thistle and planted a flower when 
 I thought a flower would grow." 
 I know of no language sweeter or 
 more poetic than this expression of 
 Lincoln, the radical disciple, who was 
 great enough to admit that his own 
 ripe and patriotic soul was but the 
 result of the radical teaching of his 
 great master, Thomas Jefferson. 
 In this great age, with manifestations 
 of God's increasing purpose on every 
 hand, I am not a pessimist, believing 
 that the most patriotic souls are in 
 the grave. I believe there are to-day 
 American men and women with a 
 
 104 
 
patriotic purpose as great as that of Thomas 
 Jefferson and Lincoln, and I believe Jefferson 
 that you and I will live to see the 
 names of other great radicals carved 
 in God's firmament, high above the 
 horizon, shining like the stars of 
 eternity, more enduring than the 
 granite over Jefferson's grave, in 
 memory of the heroic struggles, the 
 sacrifices, the ostracism, persecution, 
 martyrdom & victories of radicalism. 
 CJ And it remains for you and me, 
 in the exercise and expression of our 
 highest patriotic devotion to the 
 perpetuity of this great American 
 Republic, to thank God for every 
 radical He has ever given to the 
 children of men, and to demonstrate 
 the sincerity of our thankfulness, not 
 by slandering, but by praising and 
 immortalizing the life and career of 
 the greatest of American radicals, 
 Thomas Jefferson. 
 
 105 
 
Here endeth the Two Articles on 
 Thomas Jefferson, written by Elbert 
 Hubbard and John J. Lentz, and 
 Printed with Rubricated Side-heads 
 on Italian Hand- Made Paper, by 
 The Roycrofters, at their Shop, 
 which is in East Aurora, Erie Co. , 
 New York, U. S. A. MCMVl 
 
/ 
 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
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