SF?5 
 
 ^ 
 
FEEDING AND FARMING 
 
 SF 95 
 .M2 
 
 Copy 1 
 
 OVER TEN YEARS OF FEEDING IN THIRTEEN STATES 
 
 Every cent taken from the cost of 
 production adds to profits. 
 «? «r isr 
 
 Prices depend on markets; hut the 
 south with its climate clips over 
 one-third from the cost of produc- 
 ing meat. 
 
 tS !S !S 
 "During the winter months expen- 
 sive gains are almost always en- 
 countered, no matter what kind ol 
 live stock is being raised or fatten- 
 ed. The cost of summer gains was 
 small." — Bui. 157 U. S. Bureau An- 
 imal Industry. 
 
 Compiled aud Published by 
 
 H/M/MADISON 
 
 SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS 
 
 (Pamphlet Edition) 
 Price 25 Cents 
 
 (Copyright 1914 by H. M. Madison) 
 All Rights reserved 
 
©CI.A390«73 
 
 X 
 
• i, 
 
 4^ 
 
 fiepe: 
 
 PAMPHLET EDITION 
 
 (Copyright 1914 by H. M. Madison) 
 
 OXK ol' tile most sti'ikiiig tliiiiys ;ilioiit nortli- 
 eni and eastern cattle feedings is, tliat of 
 tlie feeds used in the i)ul)lislied reports of 
 the tests in northern States, there was 14.3 
 per ceiili (in cost) shipped in from the south; while 
 every ounce of the feeds used in southern tests was 
 absolutely home grown. 
 
 Another striking fact was that there was fed,, 
 per steer, in the north, almost as nnich cotton-seed* 
 meal and similar products, as in the south — the' 
 exact figures being, an average of 31-1 pounds of 
 cotton-seed meal and 59 pounds of oilmeal per 
 steer, in the northern States; and 411 pounds of 
 cotton-seed meal in the south. This fact is ren- 
 dered the more vividily striking ])y remembering 
 that the average grain fed in northern States was 
 2.026 pounds per steer; and only 127 pounds in 
 the south. 
 
 The amount of diy roughage fed in northern 
 States was 823 pounds, per .steer, as against 875 
 pounds in the south. 
 
 But there was a notably less amount of silage 
 used in the south, the one feed that reduces the 
 cost of gains more than any other; the average 
 amount used in the north was 2.554 pounds per 
 steer ; and only 830 pounds in the south — had there 
 been as much increase in the silage ration in the 
 south as in the north in the past few years, it is 
 not improbable that dry roughage would have dis- 
 ajipeared from southern feed lots, and the cost of 
 grains shown a further reduction. 
 
 Briefly summarized, the feeds of the north and 
 south were practically equal as regards cotton-seed 
 meal and similar products, and also as to dry rough- 
 ages; while in the northern States there was used 
 three times as much silage and sixteen times as 
 much grain as in the south. 
 
 It is frankly said that the feeding term is a lit- 
 tle longer in the north than in \\w south, hut this 
 will not account for the excess exi)ense of producing 
 a given number of pounds of mc;it in the north as 
 compared with the south. In the 267 feeding tests 
 which are investigated and compared in this book- 
 let tliriv was approximately 240,1)00 pounds of 
 
 beef produced in southei'n tests, at a cost of about 
 i|il2,000; while in northern tests there was pro- 
 dueetl about 236,000 pounds at a cost of about 
 .*)!l!),000 — these are of eour.se round numbers, and 
 do not include States herein classed as eastern oi- 
 western — the detailed figures will be found in cuts 
 1 to 7, at the latter part hereof. 
 
 Vital Facts 
 
 Such facts as these are of more than passing 
 moment — they have far more than simply news 
 value ; they concern the economic production of 
 one of the largest single elements of the food supply 
 of the country and the world; they materially af- 
 
 'fect the problem of "the high cost of living"; 
 they will ex(^rt a most powerful influence on the 
 
 I development of agriculture in the south; they will 
 very materially affect the rapidity of the coloniza- 
 tion of the vast tracts of idle lands in the south- 
 west ; they will positively help the railroad, bank- 
 ing, business and commerce of the, entire south; 
 
 yind, in a way be felt throughout the nation and 
 
 the world. 
 
 ^ The facts presented on the following pages would 
 rf'ver have been sought out as news items — the 
 iHany months of patient and laborious investiga- 
 tiottjand compai'ison and tabulation would have 
 been*8peiit.iji more pleasant ways; but it was real- 
 ized that through these investigations there would 
 appear facts tli3^ would materially affect the well 
 being of the soutR^st, the south and the entire 
 country. 
 
 It is with no small detree of regret that it is said 
 that there has never beeV^n investigation like the 
 one herein presented. Fo^he most part, the con- 
 
 elusions and facts herein 
 in the sense they have never 
 practical feeders for years; not 
 that no references have been made 
 tins and publications; not new in 
 no scientific experiments have been m 
 upon them — but new, because this is 
 
 new — not new 
 
 suspected by 
 
 i' in the sense 
 
 in bulle- 
 
 sense that 
 touching 
 first at- 
 
 hem 
 
 tempt to gather widely distributed data fr-on^jjourc- 
 es that are authentic ; then finding a ba.sis fot. its 
 
FEEDING AND FARMING 
 
 proper eomparison ; and tiiially deriving eooelusions 
 therefrom, deductively, instead of setting up a 
 theory and trying to tind a few cases to illustrate it 
 
 A man once said that it was not difficult to prove 
 anything by the Bible. When asked how, he took 
 two separate and isolated passages and arbitrarily 
 combined them: ''Judas hanged himself" — "go 
 and do thou likewise," saying this was proof of 
 propriety of suicide. 
 
 A score of absurdities, and absolutely opposing 
 conclusions, could be drawn from taking a few of 
 the 267 tests given herein ; but that kind of a pro- 
 ceeding would be both childish and impotent. The 
 conclusions and facts stated in this booklet, are 
 based on a large amount of data — so arranged that 
 it can be legitimately compared — that furnishes an 
 ample source for deduction. This mass of data 
 is even sufficient to make possible the formulation 
 of some of the fundamental laws that govern prof- 
 itable beef production, and some of them are given 
 in this booklet — possibl.y for the first time in a 
 distinct form. It is in these broad senses that the 
 facts and conclusions herein stated are new. 
 
 Authority and Sources of Data 
 
 A brief explanation of how the data used herein 
 was collected, and from what sources, is proper. 
 Months ago, authority was given by the Depart- 
 ment of Agriculture of the State of Texas, to gather 
 this data. 
 
 Letters were sent to the chief State Experimental 
 Feeding Station of every State, and to the Depart- 
 ment of Agriculture at Washington, asking all 
 possible information about feeding. Some States 
 had conducted no tests; some had conducted noth- 
 ing but tests with dairy cattle, hogs, or simply 
 digestion tests — at least published reports of no 
 other kinds of tests were available. The Depart- 
 ment at Washington had made many tests in Ala- 
 bama and these are given as the Alabama tests. In 
 all thirteen States responded with published re- 
 ports. 
 
 Every reported feeding test that was given with 
 sufficient fulness to tabulate has been used. In all 
 there were 267 tests, in which 2.814 cattle were 
 fattened on 47 different kinds of feeds; the cOst 
 of the feeds in round numbers was approximately 
 $55,000, and the gains made were apm'oximatelv 
 700,000 pounds. (See cuts 1 to 7^j' 
 
 In each of these 267 tests, the number of pounds 
 of each particular feed was taken and the cost . 
 recalculated to a uniform _price scale. This price 
 scale was based on the ^erage of prices in one 
 southern and one northern State — Texas and In- 
 diana — and was such a^ to make the cost of 100 
 pounds of gain to be about 50 cents less than the 
 average reported in the bulletins of these States. 
 A detailed statement of the prices used herein will 
 be found in the Table of General Data, in connec- 
 tion with the 'analysis of the feeds used and the 
 statement of tlieir digestible nutrients. 
 
 After tlu/cnst of the feeds \ised in each test had 
 been recaleulnted to this uniform price scale, the 
 results wfre tabulated and compared, and finally 
 averaged. The one thing always kept in mind and 
 sought for was the cost of making 100 pounds of 
 gain. The buying and selling price of the cattle 
 
 was not considered, nor anything else but that 
 wdiich had to do with the feed cost of making gains. 
 
 There were a few cases — somewhat numerous in 
 one State — where the very uneconomic practice of 
 feeding whole grain prevailed, and hogs were al- 
 lowed to run with the fattening cattle, but as com- 
 pared to the whole uumlier of tests, these cases 
 were too few to materially affect the general av- 
 erage. 
 
 In another place, special reference is made Ir 
 the cost of barns, sheds and other feeding equip- 
 ment in northern States. All published bulletins 
 absolutely ignore the interest on the investment in 
 such equipment, its cost of upkeep, insurance and 
 depreciation — as a factor in the cost of fattening 
 cattle; this cost so far overbalances any gain pos- 
 sible by making pork with fattening cattle (even in 
 those tests where the hogs run with the cattle), 
 that one cannot but be surprised that it is not 
 figured into the cost of beef production. 
 
 While it is pai'tially inexact, the States -sending 
 published reports of feeding tests are herein classi- 
 fied as Southern, including Alabama, Mississippi 
 and Texas; Northern, including Illinois, Indiana, 
 and Michigan ; Eastern, including Virginia, North 
 Carolina, and- Tennessee; Western, including Kan- 
 sas, Missouri, Nebraska, South Dakota and Waslr 
 ington. These groupings, together with some gen- 
 eral average figures, are shown in the lower right 
 hand corner of the cut marked "The Three In- 
 fluences." 
 
 Correctness and Tabulations 
 
 There are several methods of computing aver- 
 ages ; the one herein used is to take the average for 
 each single test as to weights and gains of steers, 
 feeds used, their cost, and the cost of gains per 
 head, and per 100 pounds; these figures are used 
 as the basis for all other averages — in no case was 
 the average of two or more averages taken. 
 
 Decimal calculations were not made — this and 
 the possibility of an occasional trivial error in the 
 very extensive computations required, may show 
 extremely slight variations occasionally: liut as the 
 compilations M'ere not intended for scientific ac- 
 curacy, but rather for the purpose of demonstrating 
 facts of vital importance to practical feeders, any 
 such trivial variation is of no moment whatever. 
 
 Preliminary Facts 
 
 The upper part of the cut called "The Three 
 Influences," contains a chart that reproduces the 
 main rainfall lines of the United States Weather 
 Bureau Chart of Normal Rainfall; the number of 
 inches of normal rainfall, annually, are shown in 
 the figures on each line. 
 
 Within this rainfall chart are dotted lines that 
 repioduce the geographic divisions of the United 
 States as adopted by the Census Bureau. In each 
 of the.se divisions there is shown the niunber of 
 beef cattle per capita, according to the census of 
 1010, together with the percentage decline since 
 1S80. It will be seen that the smallest number of 
 bei^f cattle are in the New England and other north- 
 eastern States— it will also be noted that in these 
 sections the declijie haq been heaviest. To the 
 
 06C ISIiJl4 
 
FEEDING AND FARMING 
 
 THE THREE IMrLUEnCES 
 
 THEEErECTS OF CLlMflTE ?i7ir OF STEER AMD FEEDS SHOWN IN THE T/18LESAN0 MAP BELC 
 
 SIZE or STCCR 
 
 THE crfECTs or size, or ini 
 
 or r/lTTENINC CATTLE IS SHOl' 
 
 VSICHT, on TH E COST 
 rHE fOLLOWINC T/IBLE. 
 CRREO TO UfloER 
 
 r'cEo, 
 
 HEIGHT- C>w£ICHT AT SECrNNINC 
 
 Tcsrs 
 
 f: 
 
 COST 
 
 UMOER s-0 Pounos 
 
 J 4 
 
 /.JV, 
 
 4 >; 
 
 S-OO TO ' * 
 
 «3 
 
 ' -.3 
 
 1 *J- 
 
 100 1000 
 
 US- 
 
 / 9J 
 
 f /? 
 
 OVER 
 
 35 
 
 I j; 
 
 /O 11 
 
 flvcnffcr 
 
 al> 
 
 / 11 
 
 '^•i. 
 
 rcco s 
 
 ULL5 WAS SOLE ReUCMnCE 
 
 
 flVEHflCC FOR ALL FCE03 
 DETfllLJS FOR VflRrOUS SECTIONS 
 
 LLS - COTTON SEE 
 
 nORTH 
 
FEEDING AND FARMING 
 
 south of tliis section, in the South Atlantic States, 
 tlie nuiul)er of cattle, jier capita, is much larger, 
 and the decline much smaller. To the westward 
 from the New England States the number of cat- 
 tle per capita, becomes greater, and the percentage 
 of decline smaller. 
 
 These figures seem to point to the fact that the 
 beef industry suffers most in wet, cold climates, 
 and the relieving it of either element — wetness or 
 coldness — helps the industry, as is seen by traveling 
 southward from New England when cold is re- 
 lieved, but not wetness; or, as is seen in traveling 
 westward from New England when wetness is re- 
 lieved, but not cold. 
 
 It is not possible to carry this geographical illus- 
 tration to its legitimate end, for the reason that the 
 States that are grouped in the census reports as 
 the West South Central, embracing Texas, Arkan- 
 sas, Louisiana, and Oklahoma, have a large part of 
 their territory with as much rainfall as anywhere 
 in the United States, and as a consequence the 
 combined effects of both the drier and milder cli- 
 mate cannot be tabulated. It is even true that 
 Texas, the greatest cattle-raising State in the union, 
 has a large part of its territory receiving the heav- 
 iest rainfall. It is not possible therefore to gather 
 statistics that will show the final facts geographi- 
 cally, about the fact that as we travel from wet 
 and cold sections to drier and milder ones, the beef 
 cattle indiistry increases in thrift and profit. 
 
 But it would seem that a somewhat close study 
 of this rainfall chart with its beef cattle figures, 
 would clearly indicate that the best beef cattle 
 country lies between the rainfall lines of 15 and 
 30 inches of normal annual rainfall. Confirma- 
 tion of this is given by looking at the gradual in- 
 crease of the number of cattle, per capita, in going 
 westward, till the wetter regions of the Pacific 
 Coast are reached, where the decline begins. 
 
 The general increase of the beef cattle industry 
 as milder climates are reached is so fully treated 
 hereafter that no further statement or argument 
 is here added. 
 
 While this general fact, pointing to the success! 
 of the beef cattle industry in drier and milder, 
 sections would seem to indicate that portion of the| 
 southwest lying between the lines of 15 and 
 inches of rainfall as the climatically idealsec-titei 
 of the United States, there are many^oEE^ sec- 
 tions of the south where the beef idnnstry is ex- 
 tremely profitable as is abtindantlypttested by the 
 experiments of the United S^jfPs Department «f 
 Agriculture for the past 13 ^rars in the valley of 
 the Tennessee in northern ^Alabama, where ex- 
 tremely inexpensive gains liaf^e lieen made. 
 
 The Infliience of Size 
 
 It is usually tri^That the larger the steer at the 
 beginning of the fleding period, the more exiiensive 
 will be the gains./ There is an apparent exception 
 ase of young calves in cold or 
 eding: their being yonng seems to 
 •e sensitive to the effects of inclera- 
 As a rule, however, the cheapest 
 de with steers that weigh from 500 to 
 at the time of the beginning of fc^d- 
 the initial weight of the steer increases 
 
 from 700 the expense of the gains increase some- 
 wJiat rapidly. In the cut "The Three Influences" 
 the a\-erage residts of the effect of size on the ex- 
 pense of making gains is shown, under the subhead 
 "Size of Steer." It will be seen from this table 
 that in steers weighing from 500 to 700 j)ounds the 
 average cost of gains was $4.45 per 100 pounds, 
 while in steers weighing over 1,000 pounds at the 
 lieginning of the feeding period, the cost was $10.19 
 jier 100 pounds. 
 
 Feeds 
 
 The third great influence on the economy of mak- 
 ing gains is feed. The details of this influence are 
 brought out under the subhead "Feeds" in th^ 
 chart of "The Three Influences." These tables 
 show that where hay was used as the sole roughage, 
 the gains were the most expensive, averaging $9.34 
 per hundred pounds; cotton-seed hulls were sec- 
 ond, showing a cost of $9.30 per 100 pounds of 
 gain ; grains came next with a cost of $8.75 per 
 100 pounds gain. 
 
 These three classes of feeds made gains cost 
 above the average for all feeds, which was $8.24 
 per 100 pounds ; so that hays, grains and cotton-seed 
 hulls may be classed as the excess expense feeds. 
 .• Aside from pasture, silage was the cheapest of 
 'all feeds, showing an average cost of $7.56 per 100 
 pounds gain. 
 
 The average difference, in cost per 100 pounds 
 gain, between hays and silage was $1.78, or about 
 23.7 per cent. 
 
 The Three Influences 
 
 It was utterly impossilile to select from the en- 
 tire 267 tests enough to illustrate clearly the posi- 
 tive influence of the three influences of climate, 
 size, and feeds — as separate forces — in the differ- 
 ent sections of the country. It is enough to have 
 pointed out that these three influences exist in a 
 very positive and unmistakable way, and to gather 
 from 267 tests as many facts as possible witli re- 
 gard to each of the three influences, and to indi- 
 cate that practical feeders can have due regard 
 for them, and utilize all the advantages possible 
 while avoiding the expenses and dangers. The 
 chief facts about the three influences are brought 
 out in the charts and tables in the cut "The Three 
 Influences," a careful study of which will prove 
 very illuminating, 
 
 The purpose of this booklet is to present the 
 results of investigation into climatic conditions, 
 chiefly. Reference has been made to the effect 
 that feeds, and the size of the steer, has on the 
 cost of gains because it was unavoidal)le ; there 
 is also a fourth influence — the influence of breeding 
 — that is not refei-red to here at all. But its effects 
 are so well known that almost any thoughtful per- 
 son will be able to examine the details of the 267 
 tests in the latter part of this treatise and dis- 
 tinguish the better bred cattle through differences 
 not accounted for by the other three influences. 
 
 Feeding Experts and Climatic Conditions 
 
 The State of Washington, on page 6 of Bulletin 
 79 says : 
 
FEEDING AND FAK'MIXO 
 
 
 
 
 TABLE 
 
 OF 
 
 CEIiER/M- DMTM 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DJCESTiSlE NUTRlEttTS - PC 
 HUNOHEO 
 
 UN 05 PEB 
 
 
 TEEDS USED in 117 
 TESTS IM 13 STATES 
 FEED COST flVERflCE.flNSL 
 .VSIS AMD OiCESTfltE itOTRftHTS 
 
 flvERACE ANALYSES - POLMDS PER H 
 
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 '- -"<""- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "The slu'lter needed by the cattle on feed depends 
 very largely on the climate. They need protection 
 from the storms and want dry sleepin;; and feeding 
 places. Ill sections where the climate is damp and 
 raw, cattle need a shed and sloping yards that are 
 most apt to keep dry, in order that they may be com- 
 fortable and satisfactory gains be made, while in lo- 
 calities where the ■weather is dry though somewhat 
 cold, steers seem to do well even without protection." 
 
 ]\Iaryland Bulletin 121, on pages 91 to 93, saj-s: 
 
 "Most cattle in Maryland are fed in stalls, open 
 stables and sheds, or in an adjoining lot with a 
 pound. Most of the stall feeding is carried on during 
 the winter months. 
 
 "There shouM be suffieient protection, so that the 
 animal will not need to use much more food for heat 
 production to keep up the normal temperature of the 
 
 body, than is naturally 
 lation of food. 
 
 radiated during rapid assimi- 
 
 "The character of thekbarns and sheds for feedin 
 cattle varies consideraffljf in different parts of the 
 State. The climate of thefjyestern counties has caused 
 the farmers to construct la^^ barns for the shelter- 
 ing of their crops and live-stoN»r^hile farmers in the 
 southern jiart, and on the eastera shore, have built 
 less expensive structures. Simpll sheds have suf- 
 ficed quite as well. • • • F^^ barns and little 
 shedding are used during the sun^Jer months 
 beef cattle, but in the winter most ori,tlie feed! 
 done in the barns.' 
 
 There is consideralile i-laboration (I'Nlhrsc statf- 
 ments in tliis bulletin, liut the.y ii'ferniostly to 
 detailed conditions, and are not quotetTntiiull. 
 
 ilissouri Bulletin 112, pae:e 262, says: 
 
 V 
 
FEEDING AND FARMING 
 
 ''The test was conducted at the University Ex- 
 perimental Feeding Plant. This includes a series of 
 lots 100 feet long by 19 feet wide, with a 20-foot 
 shed running along the north side. The lots slope 
 slightly to the south allowing a reasonable surface 
 drainage, but they are not paved and consequently 
 became muddy during bad weather. The cattle were 
 fed grain and silage in ilat-bottom feed bunks placed 
 in the lots while hay and shocked corn was fed m 
 mangers provided for the purpose under the shed." 
 
 In Kansas Bulletin 113, page 40, is a sentence 
 reading : 
 
 ■'Efch lot of calves was sheltered with a common 
 board shed, closed on the north and open on the 
 south. ' ' 
 
 Indiana Bulletin 136 says on page 6: 
 
 ' ' The lots in which the cattle were fed were 40 x 50 
 feet, with an open shed 12 x 40 feet on the west side 
 of each lot. They were built up of cinders and gravel 
 ::nd sloped away from the sheds. No bedding was used 
 in the lots. The sheds were kept as dry as possible by 
 a liberal supply of old straw. The mild winter of 
 19(i8-tl. together with the large amount of rainfall, kept 
 the lots muddy throughout a greater part of the time 
 covered by the experiments. Water was supplied 
 from the town water supply in galvanized iron tanks, 
 protected by 5 inches of manure, outside of which 
 was a wooden jacket 1 inch thick, and a cover, which 
 was closed during extremely cold weather." 
 
 This description is practically repeated in Bulle- 
 tin 153 with the addition that the lots became ver^' 
 nuiddy and sloppy, and that some cinders got be- 
 tween the hoofs of the steers causing. some lame- 
 ness. 
 
 Again this description is practically repeated in 
 Bulletin 163, but it is added that the winter of 
 1911-12 was cold and the ground was kept frozen 
 till the last ievf, weeks of tlie test, when the same 
 troubles were experienced with sloppiness as be- 
 fore. 
 
 Still once more is the description repeated in 
 substance in Bulletin 167, but it is stated that dur- 
 ing the first three months of that year's tests the 
 lots were in a very satisfactorj^ condition, though 
 the-last three months they were bad and were "un- 
 doubtedly responsible to a certain extent for the 
 less satisfactory gains on the cattle." 
 
 Just here attention is directed to the fact that 
 the feeding station of the State of Waslij^igtou is 
 located in the east< rn part of that State.' where tlie 
 rainfall is very light — only about 20 inches an- 
 nually, while the feeding station of 'JJexas is located 
 toward the northeastern part fl#^he State where 
 the rainfall (37.37 inches annually is greater than 
 in any west north-central S^te except southeast 
 Missouri and equal to that di Jlichigan. northern 
 Indiana, Illinois, Oliio, the Great Lakes and north- 
 ernmost New England, as will be seen by looking 
 at the rainfall linorfiBT the chart of the cut "The 
 Three Influences.'^ 
 
 A description oAthe feeding pens is taken from 
 Texas Bulletin 1^. page 9 : 
 
 "The pens ipwhii-h the steers wore confined and 
 fed throughout the test were equal in all respects. 
 They were liflx 100 feet in area, had neither sheds nor 
 vindbrcaks, and hence were entirely unprotected 
 from the weather." 
 
 At Jhis fei 
 
 ding station, in the tests conducted 
 
 the previous year, the gains were far less eco- 
 nomic ; but on page 9 of Bulletin 153 is found' the 
 chief reason: 
 
 "The weather conditions were unusually severe 
 during a greater portion of the time the experiment 
 was in progress. A few days after the cattle were 
 started on feed a heavy snow fell and, in melting, 
 placed the pens and the space under the shed in a 
 very bad condition. This was followed by alternate 
 freezing and thawing so that when the ground was 
 not frozen the mud was knee deep. The steers ' feet 
 were very sore and for several days it seemed an 
 effort for them to get to the troughs. These condi- 
 tions began about December 19, and with the snows 
 that fell in February, the pens and sheds were kept 
 in such bad condition until near the close of the feed- 
 ing experiment that there was no dry place for' the 
 cattle to lie down. Neither lot therefore made the 
 gains that they should have made had the conditions 
 been normal." 
 
 Mississippi Bulletin 121 says on page 3 that thi; 
 steers — 
 
 "were placed in one-acre lots fenced with woven 
 wire and containing water. There was no shelter of 
 any kind provided. The weather was excellent during 
 the feeding period, and the stock at no time suffered 
 to any extent from cold winds or rains." 
 
 North Carolina Bulletin 218, page 31, says: 
 
 "The steers were fed in a barn. The stalls were 
 located on the south side and were 15 x 20 feet. They 
 were connected with lots 20 x 80 feet. The steers 
 were kept in the stalls during the, night and a larger 
 part of the day. This system of close housing was fol- 
 lowed primarily for the purpose of conserving the 
 manure, otherwise the steers would have been given 
 free use of the lots. While the barn was closed on all 
 sides, it was well ventilated so that the steers always 
 had comfortable and healthy surroundings. Bedding 
 was supplied in the stalls and lots in quantities suf- 
 ficient to retain the manure and keep the lots in dry 
 condition, which was sometimes difficult in rainy 
 weather. ' ' 
 
 ; The next year conditions were changed so as to 
 provide free access of the steers to a lot 20x80 
 feet. 
 
 The totally different character of protection re- 
 quired in the south against that in the north is 
 beginning to be already apparent, but will become 
 much more so in the further quotations from feed- 
 ing bulletins. 
 
 Nebraska .Bulletin 75, on page 19, describes the 
 sheds and barns used : 
 
 "Six steers were confined to open sheds 8x14 
 feet with a yard attached of the same size, making 
 a stall and yard 8 x 28 feet, in which the steer was 
 confined. This shed opened to the east and was pro- 
 tected from the southwest winds and partially pro- 
 tected from the northeast winds. 
 
 "Six steers were also confined in box stalls 6x12 
 feet, opening to the south. They had no exercise 
 except when driven to the scales, and the privilege 
 of a small yard while the stall was being cleaned 
 daily. One steer was confined to each stall. 
 
 "Six steers were also fed in an open yard 100 x 
 200 feet in dimensions, having an open shed 16 x 24 
 feet facing the south, under which they could run at 
 pleasure. They were also protected from the north 
 by la shed 85 feet long and 10 feet high, a tight 
 board fence 6 feet high along the remainder of the 
 north side of the yard." 
 
 The gains reported for the steers fed in the box 
 stalls averaged -101 poYinds; those in the shed and 
 yard were 328 pounds, while those in the open 
 shed and yard were 314 pounds. The average cost 
 
FJOKDING AND FARMING 
 
 oC 100 pounds gain on the stciTs ivd in the box 
 stalls was !|^8; on those fed in the shed, and yard, 
 $10.06 ; and on those i'ed in the open yard and 
 shed, $10.8-1. 
 
 In this eonueetiou it seems proper to rei'er to 
 Cireular 104 of the Illinois K.\poriiiii'nt;i] Station 
 that gives the details of the reciuirenienis loi- a feed- 
 ing eqiii])niL'nt for 200 stivers. But before this is 
 (jiioted reference is made to Bulletin 14'2 Illinois, 
 where it is said. "The feed lots proper were paved 
 with briek and measured 36x48 feet, with a shed 
 running' along the north side. In these small lots 
 eattle were allowed to run at all times." It is also 
 said of one paitieular experiment begun very early 
 in the season: "Owing to the prevailing w'arm 
 weather at the beginning of the experiment, it was 
 thought best not to confine the steers to a small feed 
 lot with no shade other than that provided* by the 
 shed. Consequently they wei-e given the run of a 
 small jjaddock 2'S7 x 112 feet, which adjoined the 
 feed lots." 
 
 The significance of the specifications for the feed- 
 ing equipment for 200 cattle in Illinois can now 
 better be appreciated. The details of the specifi- 
 cations are here omitted, and the prices of ma- 
 terials and labor are of the date of 1904, and are 
 given below as summarized in the Illinois circular: 
 
 Storage barn $1,'321. 25 
 
 Open sheds 2, 036. 57 
 
 Closed sheds 793. 80 
 
 Engine house 144. 22 
 
 Corn crib 350. 91 
 
 Paving ■ 412. 64 
 
 Drainage 46. 50 
 
 Fencing 43. 08 
 
 Water taul£ 15. 09 
 
 Scales, silo cutter, silo, and grinder 524. 23 
 
 Total $5, 689. 49 
 
 Interest on this investment at the rate of 6 per 
 cent annually ; and insurance, upkeep and deprecia- 
 tion figured at 10 per cent would make the annual 
 expense of this plant $1)10.24; being designed for 
 200 cattle, it would make the cost per head $4.55. 
 Using the average daily gain made by the eattle 
 i-eported in the Illinois bulletin, the cost of this 
 feeding equipment would lie $1.44 per 100 pounds 
 of gain. 
 
 If it be said that this investment is unnecessary 
 or excessive, reference is made to the Nebraska test 
 of different kinds of protection from winter's cold 
 and the results shown ; as quoted above these show 
 a difference in the cost of gains made under ample 
 protection as against moderate protection, of $2.06 
 per 100 pounds; and a difference of $2.84, as be- 
 tween adequate ]irotection and poor protection. It 
 is simply a question of much more expensive gains 
 without barns and feeding equipment in northern 
 winters ; or, having the expensive equipment and 
 making cheaper gains. 
 
 The northern portions of all States bordering on 
 the Gulf (except Florida), are within the snow 
 line, and demand some protection in winter for 
 stock being fed, particularly young calves; in the 
 southern half of these States snow is practically 
 unknown, and the only protection needful is a cheap 
 shed for the rainy weather in winter, and trees for 
 a shade in the summer — the expense of such protec- 
 
 tion is trivial, and constitutes a very large factor 
 in the economy of beef pr(jduction. When it is re- 
 iiiemiit'red that beef has been producetl on southern 
 pa.stures for less than $2 per 100 pounds, and that 
 the loss in Nebraska as between a i)Oor and good 
 shelter was $2.84 per 100 pounds, the significance 
 of the climatic difference becomes striking indeed. 
 
 It reniains to luake some quotations from the 
 bulletins published by the Department of Agricul- 
 ture at Washington as to the feeding tests con- 
 ducted iu Alabama. On page 41 of JiuUetin 131 
 the cost of making gains are tabulated (when cot- 
 ton-seed cake had to be hauled 15 miles) and are 
 given as from $2.56 to $8.21 per 100 pounds of gain. 
 Below these figures it is said: 
 
 "In every case above, the cost to make 100 pounds 
 of increase in live weight was very low. When 
 steers were fattened in winter time each pound of 
 gain is put on at a loss, as each pound put on may be 
 e.xpected to cost from 8 to 12 cents, aud the profit, 
 of course, dependent on the enchancement of the 
 value of the steer over and above the selling value 
 of pounds of gain made. ' ' 
 
 Another test is referred to on page 32 of Bulle- 
 tin 157: 
 
 "It cost $8.63 to make 100 pounds of gain during 
 the winter period but the gains were made for only 
 $4.84 when the calves were on pasture and received a 
 partial ration of cotton-seed cake and alfalfa hay. 
 ' * * During the winter months expensive gains 
 are almost always encountered, no matter what kind 
 of live-stock is being raised or fattened. • • • 
 The cost of summer gains w'as small compared with 
 that of the winter gains, yet these summer gains were 
 unusually expensive." 
 
 The tests referred to were conducted in northern 
 Alabama and the series of bulletins referring to 
 them are most heartilj' recommended to all cattle 
 feeders. 
 
 Heat and Flesh Producing Feeds 
 
 The wide difi'erence between the diet of whale 
 blubber and tallow candles in the arctic regions, and 
 of cocoanuts and bananas in the tropics forcibly 
 illustrates the difference in feed requirements of 
 the north and south. Fats, the strongest of all 
 heat-producing foods, is the one great essential in 
 the arefci^is^ loods with practically no fats, and the 
 minimum amoiiut of other heat-producing elements 
 are what is required iu the tropics. In the sub- 
 tropics, and in the ^i^^armer portions of the year in 
 the temperate zones, less, fat meat is used and re- 
 quired by man. 
 
 Broadly speaking, there are two general aud 
 very distinct qualities in all feeds. These two dis- 
 tinct qualities are composed' of sevenil elements, 
 but the consideration of themTis for the chemist, 
 rather than for the practical fe(?"der. Roughly 
 speaking, these two distinct qualities (may be called 
 the flesh-producing and the heat-prd&ucicng quali- 
 ties ; the general name of Protein is allied to the 
 flesh-producing quality, while three names are used 
 in connection with the heat-producing one — Crude 
 Fibre, the most indigestible and least valual^le ele- 
 ment in feeds : Carbohydrates, the largest factor in 
 grains: Fats, the most powerful heatproducing ele- 
 ment known. 
 
FEEDING AND FARMING 
 
 In no possible way can the heat-producing ele- 
 ments take tlie place of the Hesh-producers ; but, 
 under some conditions the desh producers can take 
 the place of the heat producers. 
 
 Heat producers also furnish all the energy that 
 the animal recj[uires for moving about and digest- 
 ing feeds; whatever is not needed for keeping the 
 body warm or used as energy, is either radiated 
 from the animal's body or stored up as fat. The 
 importance of keeping a fattening animal quiet and 
 in quarters where cold and wet weather will not af- 
 fect it is at once apparent, as the one chief purpose 
 in fattening cattle is to store up fat in the system — 
 the flesh gains being comparatively trivial. 
 
 The proportion in which the flesh and heat-pro- 
 ducing elements exist in any particular feed is 
 called nutritive ratio; the figure 1 represents the 
 Proteins, wliile some other figure that shows the 
 relation of the heat producers, represents the heat 
 elements — be that figure 4, 7, 9, 11, or any other 
 number. 
 
 Only a certain portion of the tiesh and heat-pro- 
 ducing elements are digestilile, and these are called 
 the Digestive Nutrients. In recent years it has been 
 the custom to only use the Digestible Nutrients in 
 making up the Nutritive Ratio. 
 
 To find the Nutritive Ratio of any feed, multiply 
 the Digesti])le Fat by 21/4, and add to this product ( 
 the Digestible Crude Fibre and Carbohydrate — 
 then di\ide this sum by the Digestible Protein; the 
 quotient will be the figure that represents the heat 
 producers. 
 
 The Table of General Data gives the average 
 analysis of the 47 feeds used in the 267 tests that{ 
 are the subject of this treatise ; also the percentage i 
 of Digestible Nutrients — both these are for the mostV 
 part taken from Bulletin 321 of Cornell University, ) 
 and Farmers' Bulletin 22 of the Department off 
 Agriculture. \ 
 
 It will be seen by the Table of General Data that' 
 the average nutritive ratio of feeds used in the 
 south was approximately 1 : 4.1, while in the north 
 it was 1 : 10.6 — in other words, there was about two 
 and one-half times as much of the heat-produci|ig 
 elements, proportionately, in the northern as 'in 
 southern feeds. Jn the western States this jiidpor- 
 tion was double that of the south; while in tlu' east- 
 ern States (from the standpoint of-*tei»pei'ature 
 more nearly southern), the ratiojiras higher than 
 in the south. 
 
 ' Table of General 
 Tace in the body of the 
 bf fattening. In all the 
 is an actual gain in 
 1 of these elements change, 
 
 There is also given on 
 Data, the changes that takj 
 steer during the process 
 elements of the body tl]( 
 pounds, but the proportijj 
 so the figures are given in percentages. The ratio 
 of the water decre^i^Ps^ wliile the fat is more than 
 treliled. 
 
 But in a cali there is a larger per cent of wati' 
 and a smaller Aioimt of fat. 
 
 It is eurjjjips, perhaps, to note that the initial 
 weight of Cattle fattened in the north is greater 
 than thos(/in the south. As the accumulation of 
 fat is grater in steei's of heavier weight, they fur- 
 that is better adapted to the rigors of 
 than^ld of northern winters ; but the smaller steers, 
 
 ih their less accumulation of fat, furnish meat 
 
 better adapted for summer use and in those sections 
 where cold is not so much in evidence. 
 
 Special Phases of General Averages 
 
 An examination of the cut — The Three Influences 
 — will show that the cost of making 100 pounds of 
 gain averaged as follows: 
 
 South $5. 34 
 
 North 9.08 
 
 East : 10. 34 
 
 West 8. 19 
 
 (Note. — There were do summer tests in the east to 
 cut down the average cost.) 
 
 In order to center attention on the fact that the 
 cold of the north and other sections was a positive 
 factor in the cost of making gains, the summer and 
 winter average cost for making 100 pounds of gain 
 in all sections is referred to — these costs were as 
 follows : 
 
 Summer $4. 41 
 
 Winter 8.71 
 
 Where grain was fed the special averages show- 
 ing the cost of 100 pounds of gain are given below : 
 
 South \ : $6. 99 
 
 North 9. 10 
 
 East 10. 34 
 
 West 8. 36 
 
 Cotton-seed hulls were not fed in the north, nor 
 was hay fed in the south as the sole roughage ; but 
 in feeding-cotton seed hulls as sole roughage, there 
 was a difference of $2.89 per 100 pounds of gain 
 in favor of the south over the east. 
 
 As the south did not feed hay as a sole roughage, 
 there is no average figures to compare. 
 
 As there was only a single test where silage was 
 fed as a sole roughage in the south, average figures 
 are impossible ; again, the steers in this one test had 
 an initial weight of 824 jjounds, but in most of the 
 western tests the cattle used were young, so there is 
 a bad ba.sis for any comparison ; with this explana- 
 tion of it will be eas.y to understand the slight favor 
 of the west over the south on this mal-proportioned 
 comparison : 
 
 South.., __ _ _. $5.27 
 
 North 8.06 
 
 East 8. 70 
 
 West 5. 20 
 
 Special averages based on all initial weight classi- 
 fications (under 500 pounds — 500 to 700 — 700 to 
 1000), for the south, north, east and west cannot 
 be shown, as all sections did not feed cattle coming 
 under these initial weight classifications. Under 
 only one of them (700 to 1000) was there enough 
 tests in all sections to make the comparison legiti- 
 mate — the cost of 100 pounds of gain under this 
 classification averaged as follows : 
 
 South $6. 30 
 
 North 9.05 
 
 East 11. 15 
 
 West 10. 23 
 
 It is fair to add that as far as tlie results obtained 
 under the other elas.sifications show anything, they 
 indicate the same ratios as in those just given. 
 
 A General View 
 
 It has been seen that northern cattle eat practi- 
 cally as much thy roughage and cotton-seed meal 
 
 y^' 
 
FEEDING AND KAKxMlN'G 
 
 (anil similar) i)n)(luuts as those of liu' south; it has 
 beeu seen tiiat tile grain (cliii'lly heat-producing) 
 ration oi' the north is many times in excess of that 
 for the south; it has been seen tiiat the uutritive 
 ratio of northei'n feeds shows proportionately, about 
 two and one-half times as nuich of the heat-produe 
 ing elements, as those used in the south — so it is fair 
 say that northern tiekls nuist be matle to grow heat 
 jiroducing feeds to such an extent that they may l)e 
 partially likened to a coal mine; that northei'ii corn- 
 cribs ai'e partially like a coal bin; and grain is 
 given to cattle partly for the purpose of being 
 burned (by animal oxidization) to furnish the re- 
 quired hea't to carry them through the rigors of 
 cold, and the exposure to rain and sleet and snow. 
 
 It has been seen that rain and mud and snow 
 ai'e disastrous to the feedei-s' profits; it has been 
 seen that the fewest cattle are in the cold, wet cli- 
 mates ; it lias been seen that the ratio of declines in 
 tile number of cattle is greatest in these cold, wet 
 climates; it has been seen that relief from either 
 wetness or coldness makes the raising of cattle more 
 profitable, and that the relief of both wetness and 
 tackiness furnishes still greater opportunity for 
 pi'ofits; it has beeu seen that a warm, dry climate 
 is a positive asset to the cattle industry ; it has been 
 seen that the expense of a feeding equipment in the 
 north adds materially to the cost of beef produc- 
 tion ; it has been seen that summer gains are made 
 more cheaply than winter gains: it has been seen 
 that with any of the more general classes of feeds 
 that gains are made in the south more economically 
 than in any other section of the country ; it has been 
 seen that from any angle of consideration that 
 gains can be made in feeding cattle more cheaply in 
 the south than in the east, west or north — so that 
 all these things point inevita])ly and conclusively to 
 the direct, positive and powerful influence of cli- 
 mate on the cost of producing beef. 
 
 Prom whatever viewpoint beef production is con- 
 sidered — census reports, rainfall chart, tempera- 
 ture conditions, geographic distribution, quantity 
 of feed, nutritive ratio of feeds, cost of making ' 
 gains, or care and expense in sheltei'ing — there V 
 stands out clearly and boldly the striking influence 
 of climate, even the quality of beef produced seems, 
 in some way to tell about climatic conditions. 
 
 Enough data and facts hav(* been adduced to 
 make possible the announcement of a law that gov- 
 erns beef production — a law that may be very 
 simpl}' stated in ordinary business language: 
 
 Cold, wet weather increases the cost of beef pro- 
 duction; dry. mild climates decrease the cost. 
 
 SuflSciency of Feeds in Dry Climates 
 
 But granting that the gains of tlu' south are made 
 at a lower cost than elsewhere, is there any ques- 
 tion of there being such climatic conditioT^s that 
 there cannot be enough feed raised to take care of 
 the feeding needs, particularly in the western or 
 drier parts of the south? 
 
 The first answer that will be given to this ]ios- 
 sible query is, that the north found it necessary 1o 
 import from the south 14. M per cent (in valui') of 
 the feeds used in the feeding of cattle in tests re" 
 ported in the published bidletins, while the south, 
 did not find it needful to get an ounce from any 
 place but her own fields. 
 
 The .second answer is that in 1880, 60 per cent of 
 the cattle of the United States were east of the ^Mi.s- 
 si.ssi|)pi Hiver, while in 1910 the census showed that 
 almost (Jl per cent were west of it. J\Iost of the 
 heavy rainfall is ea.st of the Mississippi, but the cat- 
 tle of the country have gone to the regions west of 
 the Father of Waters where the rainfall is light — 
 it is in these dry climates that the cattle industry 
 of the country has thriven far more thau in sec- 
 tions where the rainfall was great. 
 
 As feeds are essential to the growing of cattle, 
 the answer as to the sufficiency of feed growing in 
 the south and the drier parts of the southwest, has 
 been very largely given. Hut a further answer is 
 found in the — - 
 
 Type of Feed Crops 
 
 In the drier regions west of the Mississippi River, 
 particularly in the southern portions of these re- 
 gions, there has been develojjcd a type of crops that 
 is ditfereut from those used in the rainbelt sec- 
 tions. In these drier regions corn is ceasing to be 
 the "one and only" great feed crop. In its place 
 are others that are proving themselves more produc- 
 tive, not only in these drier sections but actually 
 yielding a larger production, per acre, than does 
 corn in the rainbelt regions. These types of crops 
 do not dry up and '"fire" or parch or wither, in 
 "dry spells" or drouths — they simply stop grow- 
 ing, and start again with the next rain. There are 
 many varieties of these types of crops, but they are 
 coming to be familiar under the general names of 
 Kafir Corn, Feterita and ^lilo Maize. Kansas feed- 
 ing tests have shown that, as silage, they have more 
 fattening value than corn; as grains, they are ac- 
 knowledged liy all competent authorities to have 90 
 per cent of the feeding value of corn. 
 
 Among the hay crops sorghum has a demon- 
 strated value that puts it beyond timothy or any 
 similar grass, both as regards feeding value and 
 tonnage per aOre; besides it has the same drouth 
 resistant power as Kafir Corn. Sudan grass is also 
 coming to be recognized as a great hay crop. 
 
 In pastures, the southwest has an advantage not 
 possessed by the north, west or east; for pastures 
 can be maintained throughout almost the entire 
 ""Vvvinter — in fact, in most of South Central Texas, 
 pastui-'e-.can be maintained for the entire winter. 
 Among {kii winter pasture crops are bur clover, 
 oats, winter \yheat, rape and rye. In the very early 
 spring eome^-Uiaf greatest of all pastures for pro- 
 ducing gains che^sly — wdiite sweet clover. By 
 glancing at Cut Noll, and noting the gains made on 
 pasture, it will be ^een that there has never been 
 such low-priced gainSsUiade anywhere in the United 
 States, and this pasture was white sweet clover 
 chieriy. It is to be regiPetted that there is not more 
 of this greatest of all pastnTe gra.sses grown, but 
 as its value becomes better knawn its extensive use 
 is more than assured. There 4re native and other 
 grasses that have been the basW for the successful 
 growth of cattle for more than 3^ century, and to 
 the u.se oi' which some of the greatest fortunes of 
 the southwest owe their existence. F'di-funes are liv- 
 ing monuments attesting, ineontrover(jJjly, the suc- 
 cess of the country as a cattle producerS,,^,^ 
 
 Grain and hay crops can l)e harvested H;om one 
 
 \ 
 
10 
 
 FEEDING AND FAKMING 
 
 to three times annually; alfalfa can be cut from 
 three to eiglit times per season. 
 
 Special Soil Conditions 
 
 By many the San Antonio Country has been 
 called "semi-and". Taking this section as a type 
 of the drier regions of the mild, dry climates, it 
 may first be said that the rainfall of the San An- 
 tonio founti-y is about the same as the producing 
 portions of Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, the 
 i^'akotas, and the northern Lake Superior region, as 
 can be seen by examining the rainfall chart heieiu. 
 Some generations ago the sections above named 
 were called "dry", but this cry has passed, and iu 
 the same way the cry \\'ill pass as to the San Antonio 
 country, and there will be a reason — this reason will 
 have reference to the special soil conditions. 
 
 Any man fully conversant with the vast territory 
 of South Central Texas (exceeding in area the en- 
 tire of New England, New Jersey, Delaware a:nd 
 Maryland), has noticed that the early farmers went 
 to the poorer sandy lands ; he has also noticed that 
 by far the larger part of the improved lands are 
 of this sandy character. He knows that the rich, 
 valley lands — the rich loams and clays are for tJie 
 most part untouched. 
 
 The comparative stranger will sometimes ask wliy 
 the "sandy land farmers" are given credit more 
 fully than those on the "rich lands"; and will mar- 
 vel at the superior appearance of the "sandy land 
 farms" and the wild, raw look of the "licli land 
 farms". 
 
 There can be no question but that the sandy lauds 
 are poorer in quality than the loams and clays — 
 and these two classes of lands are so intermixed as 
 to make the idea of one receiving more rainfall 
 than the other is an absolute absurdity. Every pos- 
 sible explanation seems to have been attempted, but 
 the plain, simple, and only obvious one. 
 
 The sands are, by nature, open and loose ; when- 
 ever it rains they take in whatever rain falls. On 
 the other hand, the loams and clays have been 
 packed by centuries of rainfall, the tramping of 
 millions of buffalo and cattle, and the marching of . 
 armies and the travel of men. No freezes have I 
 ever come to mellow these rich lands, and they lie i 
 there in all their centuries old compactness. When- ; 
 ever rain falls, they do not take it in as do the f^ 
 sands, but they shed it like a roof — they i:«ii,,tlie ' 
 rainfall off down the streams to the riveMS and to 
 the gulf, creating floods that wash away bridges, 
 overflow lowlands and create general- iavoc. 
 
 A careful examination of th^/T^asonably lev'el 
 sandy lands fails to to show any surface washing, 
 streamlet channels, or any otl;er evidence ol' the 
 rainfall running off; it has gdbe into the soil. A 
 careful examination of the sub-soil of the .sands 
 will show moisture at almost any season; tlie dig- 
 ging down to an inipepviotis bed below the sands will 
 always reveal a shallow well. 
 
 The most cursory examination of loams and clays 
 (in their raw stjije), will show erosions, little 
 sitreamways and j^ashing almost anywhere ; the 
 sub-soils will aljiin.st invariably be dry; and no 
 amount of diggfng will reveal a shallow well. 
 
 The raiiifalj'on the sands has been sufficient to 
 make a moist sub-soil, plenty of shallow wells and 
 sure (bul rather small) crops. Precisely the same 
 
 amount of rain falls on the adjoining rich loams 
 and clays. What is the inevitable conclusion'/ It 
 was tile quality of looseners that caused the sands 
 to take in the rain and make the subsoil moist, 
 create the shallow well, and bring forth sure crops. 
 
 Cannot the loams and clays be made loose f They 
 are lich. To sureness of crops they can be made 
 to add largeness. 
 
 Nor is this theory. It has already been accom- 
 plished in tile section about Taylor, as well as in 
 other places. Something of this kind has happened 
 in the prosperous west north central States, and it 
 has been repeated over and over again in other sec- 
 tions of the world. 
 
 Loosening of the soils of south-central Texas by 
 the use of the plow in the fall has accomplished 
 more for the few farmers that have tried it than 
 all the irrigation systems that have been devised, 
 though it is frankly said that the irrigation systems 
 very much add to the producing possibilities of 
 many lands. The point here urged is, to save the 
 rain as it falls and where it falls — to get it into the 
 soil at once, instead of waiting till it runs down 
 some stream and is impounded behind a dam and 
 carried b.y ditches to the crops; or, till it sinks into 
 the artesian beds and is drilled for and pumped out 
 and carried to the fieldside. 
 
 Plowing is more economic than artesian well 
 drilling, or dam and reservoir building. Get all 
 the moisture in the land po,ssible through rainfall — 
 let artificial irrigation supply what is absolutely 
 required in emergencies. 
 
 A Deaf Ear 
 
 ; The question of raising adequate supplies of 
 feeds in the drier portions of the .southwest depends, 
 very largely, on turning an absolutely deaf ear to 
 any one advocating shallow, spring plowing of clays 
 and loams, and the plowing of them deeply in the 
 fall, so they will take in the stock of fall and winter 
 rains; next, to cultivate the crops frequently so 
 ^hat a soil mulch will be maintained to prevent sum- 
 mer evaporation. No farmer who has intelligently 
 "adopted deep fall plowing and frequent shallow 
 crop cultivation has ever had unusual reason to 
 complain of drouths in the southwest, nor has he 
 'failed to raise satLsfaetory crops as to both size and 
 sureness. 
 
 Dz-outh is not the trouble with lands in South 
 Central Texas — the trouble is the slavish adherence 
 to customs that invite and have always brought 
 more or less disaster, and a refusal to consider 
 methods that offer good results. 
 
 The Silo 
 
 Inasmuch as silage has been shown to be the feed 
 that produces gains with less expense than any 
 other, a brief reference to the silo is not only prop- 
 er, but necessary. 
 
 There are now in the United States over 800,000 
 silos, but hardly 1 per cent of them are in Texas, 
 the greatest eattle-rai.sing State in the Union. The 
 great pasture areas offered such advantages for 
 growing cattle, that feeding them has been to a 
 large extent lost sight of, but now that the silo is 
 beginning to appear, fattening cattle is coming to 
 be an industry of importance. There are States 
 with less than one-fourth the area of Texas that 
 
FEEDING AND FAR.MIXC 
 
 11 
 
 have five times (is many silo.s, niiil the riTcct of 
 these, in the other States, in lowering tlie eost of 
 fattening cattle makes the disin-oportionate cost oi 
 Texas tests aiipear as a gioss iiijvis1ii-i. to tiie Ijonc 
 Star State. 
 
 In a general way, it may he said that crops fed 
 as gi-ain and dry roughage lose alioul :58 per cent 
 of their nutritive elements, as against only about 10 
 l)er cent in the silo. To put it differently — a 100- 
 acre farm only furnishes nutrients to the extent of 
 a ()2-acre farm when tlie crojjs are feil as grain and 
 dry roughage, while if thry are fed as silage, the 
 loss is trivial. 
 
 The modern silo is built of wood (staves or some 
 like material) brick, stone, metal or cement. They 
 may be above or below ground. It is out of place 
 here to discuss the various kinds of silos, further 
 than to say the material used is, very largely, to l)e 
 judged in the same way as material for a building 
 — by its duraliility, its ability to withstand storms 
 and the elements, its insurance aspect, and its 
 cheapness or expense. But whatever material is 
 used, there are a few tilings that can never under 
 any circumstances be lost sight of; these are first 
 and moremost that the silo must not only be water 
 tight, but must be airtight — this is an absolute es- 
 sential. The next most essential thing is that the 
 diameter be uniform from top to bottom and that 
 the inside walls be smooth. Among other things 
 needful is that the height or depth be from two to 
 four times the diaineti'r: the best shape has been 
 demonstrated to be the round fonn. 
 
 The Silo Cutter 
 
 The green crops are haided to the silo and run 
 through a power cutter that chops the stalks, stems, 
 leaves, ears and heads into lengths of a little over 
 one-cpiarter inch. By a "blower" usually, or some 
 other device, these chopped pieces are put in the 
 silo and thoroughly packed by tramping. When 
 the silo is filled, a cover of leaves, stalks or some 
 other substance, is placed over the top to exclude 
 the air. 
 
 Then begins a process that has been called liy 
 many names — fermenting, cooking, predigesting, 
 etc. But whatever this piocess is called, it con- 
 tinues for a few days, and then the green feed has 
 become silage. A little leak of air, the exposing 
 of the silage to air, or any other way of letting air 
 to it will turn it dark, or develop certain tvpes of 
 mold. These molds are invariably unhealthy, and 
 in many eases are absolutely poisonous, and have 
 been known to kill horses, and sometimes cattle and 
 other stock. In this connection it is easy to see 
 why the inside walls of the silo should be smooth 
 and the diann^ter the same, for the green feed 
 "seltles" from one-fourth to one-third and if the 
 inner walls were uneven it would leave air ehinks 
 as the silage settled. 
 
 Good and Bad Silage 
 
 Occasionally a man is found who condemns silage 
 and the silo — he says fi'om bad experience. It were 
 almost as well to say farming is had becausi^ there 
 happens to be some bad farnn-rs. Good silage is 
 good for almost any kind of stock, but poor silage 
 is liable to do injury to stock, especially to horses. 
 
 For the purjiose of making gains in feeding cat- 
 
 tle — the thing that this booklet was written about — 
 there has been no feed that has shown such economy 
 as good silage; but it is unhesitatingly said that 
 moldy or otherwise defective silage is to be avoided. 
 There is no difiiculty about making good silage — 
 crops can be harvested and cared for more cheaply 
 as silage than in almost any other way, particularly 
 when it is remembered that in this form there is 
 more feeding value to be had than in saving the 
 crop in any other way. In a general way, it may 
 be said that putting up a silo is the equivalent of 
 having a third more land in cultivation, but, as this 
 eqiuvaleiit of one-third more land is in the form of 
 a silo, it takes neither teams nor plows to culti- 
 vate it. 
 
 Quantity of Silage Fed and Re.sults 
 
 In a feeding term of four mouths, two and one- 
 half tons of silage has seemed to be about the most 
 economic amount, per steer. The lowest average 
 production of Kafir Corn or similar crop, per acre, 
 that has been given by any responsible observer is 
 8 tons, which means tliat one acre will fatten three 
 steers. Taking the average gain of steers in Texas, 
 this would mean that one acre would pi'oduce 1,000 
 pounds of beef — this at 7i/o cents per pound would 
 be $63.70, after having deducted the average cosi 
 of all other feeds used in the Texas tests. There are 
 well-authenticated cases of choice irrigated acres 
 producing 30 tons of silage per acre. 
 
 Worn-out Cotton Lands 
 
 With distressing frequency, cotton farmers are 
 beginning to inquire "what can we do to restore 
 our woi-n-out cotton lands." Not only is this true 
 of a few farmers here and there, but the inquiries 
 sometimes come from whole communities, and occa- 
 sionally from counties and sections of States — in 
 other words, the inc|uiry is broad and deeply sig- 
 nificant. Lands that were rich and well located, 
 anil that in former years ijroduced from a bale to 
 a liale and a half per acre have been i-educed to a 
 half-bale or even less per acre. 
 ■ Such communities and farmers are reminded that 
 the 2(37 tests herein examined show that the fertil- 
 izing value of feeds given to a northern steer would 
 sell in the open market for $17.93, and that of this 
 vali^, .$7.55 came from the cotton-.seed products of 
 southCTU a«i^s. In other words, for every steer 
 fattened in m^north there was $7.55 in fertilizer 
 values taken fram southern farms and placed on 
 northern fields, \ftki' cotton farmer has not simply 
 been selling cotton-se^l, he has been selling his 
 farm. If he doubts tliK, it is only needful to re- 
 mind him of his inquirer about wdiat he can do to 
 restore his worn-out eot^i lands; lands that per- 
 haps at one time iiroduceoVi bale or more per acre, 
 but that now gives but a §a4f bale or less — if the 
 production is reduced by half, thety can lie no ques- 
 tion but that he has sold half his frarm. 
 
 At the same time, the northernuarmer who has 
 bought the cotton-seed products nkt enriched his 
 land, and is not only making a proWvoff the feed- 
 ing, l)ut is adding value constantly to his land. Yet 
 the southern farmer marvels at the high'^jirices of 
 lands in the north and sighs over the lo^fcr values 
 
 nets bvft 
 
 in the south 
 
 But this is not al 
 
 Cotton-seed products by'the 
 
12 
 
 FEEDING AND FARMING 
 
 shipload go to Europe. (Jotton-seed meal is used 
 very extensively in feeding European cattle. With 
 this drain on the fertility of southern soils by the 
 sale of cotton-seed, there is little cause to marvel 
 at there being a cry about worn-out cotton lands. 
 
 In this connection, it is well to remember that 
 the lint takes very little fertiliiy from the soil, 
 but that the seed draw very heavily upon the land 's 
 richness; it is in reference to cotton-seed and its 
 products that the above statements are directed. 
 
 If it pays the northern farmer to ship cotton- 
 seed products to his cattle-feeding pens, it will i^ay 
 the southez'n farmer to use them when he does not 
 have to ship them. If it pays the European farmer 
 to carry them across the Atlantic to his feed yards, 
 it will pay the southern farmer to use them at home. 
 
 Only 5.7 per cent of the entire area of the south 
 is in cotton, yet that small portion of its area sup- 
 plies 5y per cent of the woi'ld's cotton; this is the^, 
 statement of a bulletin of the State of Tennessee', 
 published in April, 1914. If the entire supply of 
 the world were to come from the south, only about 
 10 per cent of its lauds would be under cidtivation. 
 There are millions upon millions of acres of idle 
 agricultural laud that could be used l^o cultivate 
 feed crops, or used as pasture. Cattle can be gro^vn 
 on these pastures, au.d fattened upon the feed crops. 
 The cotton-seed products can be fed at home and the 
 fertilit.y of the lands be kept up, instead of being 
 used to increase the value of northern and Euro- 
 pean acres. 
 
 It would be well if a maxim from dozens of the 
 bulletins of the United States Department of Agri- 
 culture — a maxim that occurs in almost every good 
 l)ook on farming — a maxim that is reflected in the 
 amount of money that manufacturers are putting 
 into making manure spreaders, and that northern 
 farmers are buying and tindiug profitable — a max- 
 im that has been almost like a proverb among Eu- 
 ropean farmers for centuries — it would be well if 
 southwestern and western farmers would adopt it 
 into their every day farm methods — this in the/' 
 maxim : "No man can maintain the fertility of his J 
 farm withovit the constant feeding of live-stock/ 
 upon it.'' I 
 
 Fertilizing Value of Feeds \ 
 
 It may help to realize the value of the fertili:^iirg 
 elements in feeds, in the forms of manivmss^y call- 
 ing attention to the commercial vali).©-'of these fer- 
 tilizing elements in the feeds consutried I)y the cat- 
 tle in the 267 tests herein treatejlJ The hgures are 
 as follows: 
 
 South - - - -X $9, 047. 90 
 
 North - 1 7, 828. 41 
 
 East - /-. 0, 135. 49 
 
 West jf. 10, 459. 52 
 
 Total .^r* $32,471.32 
 
 This is considM'ably more than half the cost of 
 tile feeds used. iThe values above given are based 
 on the Fertiliziiis Values in Feeds as shown in the 
 tables in W. A^^Henry's book on Feeds and Feed- 
 ing on page^^S2 to 589. It is well, however, to 
 point out that as the amount of feeds used in the 
 south was^uch less, per steer, than were used in 
 the nortli^-it would not be expected that the fertiliz- 
 ing v^diies would be as great, per steer, in the south 
 as tfiev were in the north. The value as.signed to 
 
 the fertilizing elements in feeds are their fair aver- 
 age commercial value, as follows : Nitrogen, 18 cents 
 pel- pound; potash and phosphate, each 5 cents per 
 iiouiid. 
 
 
 SOUTH 
 
 NORTH EAST WEST 
 
 
 Per 
 Head 
 
 Per 100 
 Pounds 
 
 p„ Per 100 
 Head Gain 
 
 Per 
 Head 
 
 Per 160 
 
 .Pounds 
 
 Gain 
 
 Per Pf'lOO 
 „ , Pounds 
 H'Sl' Gain 
 
 Cost of Gains 
 
 $12.33 
 8.65 
 3.62 
 
 S5.31 
 3.76 
 1.58 
 
 830.T1 »9.08 
 17.93 5.32 
 12.78 3.76 
 
 818.25 
 13.27 
 4.98 
 
 $10.86 
 7.84 
 3.02 
 
 $20.24 
 11.08 
 9.16 
 
 S8 19 
 
 Cost, Less Fertilizer Value 
 
 3.75 
 
 The fertilizing values given above represent what 
 it is possible to return to the land by feeding cat- 
 tle, and with proper care of the manures. They 
 mean just that much to the crop of succeeding years. 
 They mean the difference between keejiing up the 
 land to its highest state of fertility and production, 
 and seeing the lands degenerate tiU their owners be 
 gin to inquire, ' ' What can we do to restore our woin- 
 out land i ' " They mean the difference between lands 
 that are hard to cultivate, and lands that are mel- 
 low and easy to till. They mean the difference lie- 
 tween lauds that allow moisture to evaporate wilh 
 much readiness, and lands that hold moisture very 
 tenaciously. They mean (in sections where alkaline 
 water has to be used for irrigation), the difference 
 ( between hard, crusty soils and a stunted croiJ, and 
 : mellow soils with better crops. 
 
 It will not recpiire but a few years to demonstrate 
 to any practical farmer that, from the standpoint 
 of moisture alone, an abundance of manure on land 
 is worth more than artesian wells, though it is 
 frankly said irrigation is most desirable if the ex 
 ■, peuse attendant up it it not too excessive for the 
 i^ crops raised. 
 
 But the great fact for the farmer-feeder is that 
 when the manure is returned to his land, little or 
 ^ nothing of value has been taken from his farm; 
 whereas, if he sells his crojjs, he is rapidly disposing 
 of his farm, and in a few years he will have little 
 left but "wornout land". 
 
 The figures given abo\'e showing the cost of feed- 
 ing cattle, after fertilizing values are returned to 
 the land, are not entirely legitimate; they rather 
 show how much of the fertility of his lands he has 
 sold in selling cattle, as compared to what he would 
 sell in putting his crops on the market. It is, how- 
 ever, very different when the southern farmer sends 
 his land's fertility to the north and to Europe to 
 increase the value of those acres and deplete the 
 lands of the south. A motto ought to be: "Feed 
 southern feeds to southern live-stock," and a com- 
 panion one, "Don't send the fertility of southern 
 acres to enrich northern and European fields." 
 
 Conclusion 
 
 This entire booklet is one set of facts and con- 
 clusions. It is practically incapable of being sum- 
 marized. Rut the one broad, new fact that has been 
 brought to the attention of the public is the direct, 
 po.sitive aud always present influence of climate on 
 the cost of making gains in fattening cattle, or, in 
 fact, in raising cattle. This big, new fact inevi- 
 tably points to the south, and particularly to the 
 western or drier portion of the south as the great 
 beef-producing section of the United States. 
 
FEEDING AND FARMING 
 
 13 
 
 Explanation of Cuts 1 to 7 
 
 In cuts 1 to 7 are prespntcil the ilolailcd figures and 
 tables on whicb the statements iimi coiu-Iiisious already 
 expressed are based. These taljles eo\ er ten years of 
 feeding tests in thirteen States — a few .-nitedatiiig these 
 ten years. Every available publishetl ficding test has 
 been used, where the reports were suffieiently full to be 
 tabulated. Sometimes there were certain items in the 
 published reports that were omitted that had to be cal- 
 culated from other items that were jjiven, e. g., the total 
 jiouuds of feed, per steer,, from the pounds fed per day. 
 Sometimes the current ciist of feeds were n6t given; 
 again, the cost of making gains were shown if feeds had 
 been at certain varied prices. 
 
 In cuts 1 to 7 the same number of iioujids of feed arc 
 given as was published in the State reiiorts, but in all 
 cases the local prices were disregarded, and the prices 
 used that are given in the Table of General Data. Calcu- 
 lations have not been carried into decimals, and in the 
 very extemled calculations sonu> minor errors may have 
 occurred, but they are so trivial that they will not affeet" 
 in any way the general results already stated. 
 
 There are four groups of tests. The southern groop 
 includes Alabama, Mississippi and Texas; the northern 
 group includes Illinois, Indiana and Michigan; the east- 
 ern group includes North Carolina, Tennessee and Vir- 
 ginia; the western group includes Kansas, Missouri, Ne- 
 braska, South Dakota and Washington. The tests in each 
 group are, for convenience, numbered consecutively under ^ 
 the heading, "Group No." 
 
 On the left end of the table for each group are columns 
 showing (1) test number which corresponds to the one 
 given under the head '-Group No.," (2) the length in 
 days, of the test; (3) the date of the test; (4) the number 
 of the State bulletin from which the test was taken. 
 
 To the right of these columns, running along the top 
 of these tables, are four rows of figures. Tn the upper- 
 most row is found both the "Group No." of the test 
 and the number of cattle used in each particular test; 
 the next three rows of figures contain (1) the average 
 initial weight of the cattle, (2) the average gain per 
 liead, and (3) the average gain per day. Below the heavy 
 line is found the number of pounds of the different kinds 
 of feeds used per steer in the different tests. Beneath 
 the heavy line running under the statement of the pounds 
 of feeds used, is the cost of these feeds i)er steer according 
 to the prices in the Table of General Data. Below the 
 heavy line running under the cost of feeds, is the cost, 
 per head, and per 100 pounds of gain, for each test. 
 
 The extreme right column gives the averages for each 
 group of tests. Averages heretofore given cover all 
 groups in cuts 1 to 7. 
 
 USES OF FIGURES AND TABLES IN CUTS 1 TO 7. 
 
 The value of the 47 different kinds of feeds used in 
 these tests can be studied in detail in these tables by the 
 practical feeder — studied with reference to season, loca- 
 tion, cost and from any other angle. This study will re- 
 lieve the necessity for unnecessary and sometimes ex- 
 pensive experiments in feeding, for the very facts sought 
 in these experitnents are contained in these tables. Among 
 the things that will become readily apparent in the study 
 of these tables is that silage, particularly in large quan- 
 tities, almost invariably reduces the cost of gains; that 
 hay, cotton-seed hulls and other dry roughages add to the 
 expense of gains; that whole grain is more expensive 
 than meals, that where meals are used there are no hogs 
 fattened with cattle. But the facts that may be gained 
 by the study of these tables are so numerous and valuable 
 that no feeder or farmer can afford to consider them as 
 "mere dr,v figure? and tables." 
 
 These tables furnish, for the first time, in a form that 
 makes a comparison possible, the .iccumulated knowledge 
 of feeding tests from the whole country. They are aver- 
 ages, and do not represent the lowest cost of making 
 gains, but from them the practical feeder and farmer can 
 got the knowledge that will enable him to make the 
 cheapest gains. 
 
 
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LIBRORY OF CONGRESS 
 
 ■^^^^HE purpose of this booklet is to give accurate and auth- 
 m (y\ entic information about feeding live stock in the south 
 ^L J as compared to other sections of the country. Facts 
 ^^^ appear that have #ver before been published. These 
 facts open the way for enlaf^ed agricultural industry, more suc- 
 cessful farming, and the broadest and safest basis for colonizing 
 virgin lands — to make idle acres contribute to the food supplies 
 the world now so badly needs. These facts point to added profits 
 to the farmer and feeder of the south, and constitute an open in- 
 vitation to use the low priced land, the climatic assets and feeding 
 economy of the south. Data about dairying, hog feeding and 
 other live stock and feed raising is in course of preparation, and 
 will be published from time to time, information about which can 
 be obtained from the author. Recipients of this booklet may obtain 
 added copies or have them mailed postpaid to any address for 10 
 cents each. 
 
 S 
 
 a 
 
 ® 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 DQ0DflT4EaQa 
 
 CooMTTation Resources 
 Llt-Free» Typ« 1 
 Pb 8.5, Boflored