I r> \ N "^ . \ ,0o. -^ ttikt?* 2 ^ ^N^*.wv.^' AN OUTLINE HISTORY OF THE United States FOR PUBLIC AND OTHER SCHOOLS FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE PRESENT TIME. BENSON J. LOSSING, LL.D., AUTHOR OF THE FIELD BOOKS OF " THE REVOLUTION," u THE WAR OF l8l2, AND THE " CIVIL WAR;" THE " HOME OF WASHINGTON," U LIFE AND TIMES OF PHILIP SCHUYLER," ETC. COPIOUSLY ILLUSTRATED BY MAPS AND OTHER ENGRAYINGS. NEW YORK: SHELDON & COMPANY No. 6 77 BROADWAY. 187 5. LOSSING'S SCHOOL HISTORIES OF THE UNITED STATES. I. LOSSING'S PEIMAEY UNITED STATES HISTOEY. For the Youngest Children. Elegantly Illustrated. Price $1.00. H. LOSSING'S OUTLINE UNITED STATES HISTOEY. A Complete History of our Country in a Condensed but Attrac- tive form. For Public and Private Schools. It is the most elegantly illustrated School History ever published. Price $1.25. III. LOSSING'S COMMON SCHOOL HISTOEY. A Full, Com- plete, and Attractive History of our Country. For Private Schools and more advanced Scholars. Elegantly Illustrated. Over 400 pages. Price $ 1 . 75. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, by SH ELDON & CO., In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. Electrotyped by Smith & McDougal, 82 Beekman St., N. Y. INTRODUCTION. This book has been prepared to meet the demands of Teachers and Pupils, and the conditions of our Common School Teaching. They require a book clear and concise in all its statements of facts concerning the more prominent events in the History of the United States, with helps for the memory. They require a book that shall be full, and accurate, and attractive, and at the same time to occupy, in its study and the recitations, as little time as possible in the routine of the school-work. To answer these require- ments the Author has bestowed the most careful thought and labor on this work, and has given to it prominent features, which may be defined as follows : 1. As few words as possible have been used in giving it a pleasing narrative form. Ideas are not smothered in words ; nor is the living interest in the story dulled by the dryness of a mere chronological form. 2. The narrative is divided into six distinct periods, in the natural time and order which events suggest, namely : Discoveries, Settlements, Colonies, The Revolution, The Motion, and The Civil War and its Consequences. This is the general arrangement of the whole series of the author's Histories of the United States for Schools and Families. 3. The work is arranged in short sentences, so that the substance of each may be easily comprehended by an ordinary effort of memory. 4. The most important events are indicated in the text by heavy-faced letter, so as to impress the vision, and thereby give to the memory powerful aid in the retention VI INTR OD UCTION. of facts. For the same reason all proper names are printed in italic letter. 5. Full questions are framed for every verse. 6. A pronouncing vocabulary is furnished in foot- notes wherever required, giving to the teacher and pupil an ever-present index to the method of pronouncing the proper names used in the book. 7. A brief synopsis of topics is given at the close of each section. 8. An outline history of important events is given at the close of every chapter, affording a review of the pre- vious studies, and texts for the exercise of the pupil in his- torical tabulation or more elaborate composition, as illus- trated on pages 32 and 33 of the text. At the close of the volume are Topical Review Questions. 9. The work is profusely illustrated by Maps, Charts, and Plans explanatory of the text, and by carefully- drawn pictures of objects and events. These are very numerous and useful, and give powerful help to the memory in the comprehension of the narrative, for the eye seldom forgets. The Colonial Seals have been copied from impressions taken from the originals, and are accurate representations of those originals. The National Constitution, which, with its several amendments, forms the supreme law of the land, is intro- duced as a part of the lessons of prime importance. It being the guarantee for all the privileges of American citi- zenship, a knowledge of it should be deeply impressed upon the minds of the young. With these remarks concerning the general character of this book it is submitted to the public. I) titling ftiaiorg of the JmM Males. CHAPTER I. f West Indies. 15. Columbus did not then see the Continent of Amer- ica, which was thinly inhabited by a copper-colored race, who were savages and barbarians, such as he saw on San Salvador. Their general appearance was the same every- where. Their habits varied with circumstances. 16. The Indians, in the colder parts of America, were dressed in the skins of beasts, and in the warmer parts they were almost naked. They got their food by hunting and fish- southern Indians. ing. They also raised grain, which we call Indian corn, and a few vegetables. 17. The Indians were divided into large and small fami- lies. The larger families were known as Nations, and spoke different languages. The smaller were known as Tribes, and the languages of these also some- times differed. They lived in huts made of poles and covered with barks and skins, which they called wigwams. . 18. The Indians had no written language excepting rude picture-writ- ings, and these were confined to records of war, of alliances, Questions.— 15. What can you tell about the continent of America and its inhabi- tants? 16. What can you tell about the dress and food of the Indians ? 17. Hew were the Indians divided, and how did they live ? 18. What can you tell about their writing and the transmission of their history ? A WIGWAM. 16 DISCOVERERS AND DISCOVERIES. The Writing, Money, and War-Making of the Indians. r- k^^^^^^m^ 3 ^ 19 and brave deeds. Their history was transmitted by memory. Their indian picture-writing. 1 money was made of parts of shells in the form of short tubes, arranged in strings or belts, and was called wampum. These were used in traffic, and between nations and tribes, as tokens of alliance or affection. Wampum belts were held by sachems, or chief men, as records of public acts, WAMPUM. INDIAN CHIEF IN MILITARY DRESS. INDIAN WEAPONS. 20. War was the principal business of the men. The women performed all other labor. They fought with bows and arrows, clubs, hatchets of stone and iron called toma- hawks, and knives. They made peace by the action of the chief Questions.— 19. What can you tell about their money and its uses? 20. What have you to say about the men and their way of making war or peace ? 1 This is part of a record of a war expedition. The figures on the right and left— DISCOVERERS AND DISCOVERIES. 17 CALUMETS. The Religion, "Burials, and Government of the Indians. men of both parties, who would sit around a large fire after the terms were agreed upon, and smoke the calumet, or pipe of peace. 21. The religion of the Indians was sim- ple. They believed in a great Good Spirit and a great Evil Spirit ; and anything which they could not understand or control, such as the sun, moon and stars, lightning, wind, fire and water, they thought to be a kind of god. 22. They believed that at death, each one went to a beautiful land, where there was plenty of game. When a man was buried they placed by the side of his dead body, bows and arrows for use in the spirit land. Sometimes the body was laid in a shallow grave ; sometimes placed in the ground in a sitting posture and covered, and sometimes laid upon a scaffold out of the reach of wild beasts. 23. The government of the Indians was simple. The head ruler, or President, was called Sa- chem, and the head warrior, Chief. The Sachem was at the head of civil affairs. The warriors followed the Chief wherever he might lead. Both were chosen by the people. 24. Marriage among the Indians was a contract that SCAFFOLD BURIAL-PLACE. Questions.— 21. What can you tell about the religion of the Indians? 22. What can you tell about the death and burial of Indians ? 23. Tell about the government of the Indians. one with a gun, and the other with the hatchet— denote prisoners taken by a warrior. The one without a head, and holding a bow and arrow, denotes that one was killed ; and the figure with a shaded part below the cross indicates a feminine prisoner. Then he goes in a war canoe, with nine companions, denoted by the paddles, after which a council is held by the chiefs of the Bear and Turtle tribes, indicated by rude figures of these animals on each side of a fire. 18 DISCOVERERS AND DISCOVERIES. . If a r ridge Cere man i es. Character and .Fate of the Indians. s&dii&ii INDIANS IN BUFFALO-SKIN BOAT. might be broken by the husband, who had a right to take and dismiss a wife at pleasure. Women were the slaves of men. They -were never permitted to engage in any games, but were allowed to be present, with their children, at the war-dances. 25. The Indians were nearly all wanderers, and left the vast continent in an uncultivated state. In this condition the Europeans found our country. They brought with them the arts of civilization. Where the Indians hunted and fished, are now seen farms, villages, and cities. The race of red or copper-colored men, who have played an important part in the history of the United States, is rapidly passing away, and the white or pale-faced men are taking the*ir places. Questions.— 24. What can you tell about the marriages of the Indians, and the condition of the women ? 25. What have you to say about the Indians when Euro- peans first came ? What is their fate ? DISCOVERERS AND DISCOVERIES. 19 Indian JWitions. Jfeefinr/ of While Men and Indians. 1EETING OF -WHITE MEN AND INDIANS. 26. When Europeans came to America, they found here eight distinct nations of Indians, named respectively : 1 This represents the meeting of General Oglethorpe, the founder of Georgia, with the Indians, at Savannah. To-mo-chi-chi, the famous Chief Sachem of the Creek Indians, presented to Oglethorpe the skin of a huffalo, on which was spread out an eagle. He desired Oglethorpe to accept it, because the eagle was an emblem of speed and the buffalo of strength, and the English, he said, were as swift as the bird and strong as the beast. They flew in their ships to the uttermost parts of the earth, and were too sharp for all other people. The feathers of the eagle, being soft, repre- sented love ; the buffalo skin was warm, and represented protection. " Therefore," he said, " I hope the English will love and protect our families." 20 DISCOVERERS AXD DISCOVERIES. Names of the Indian Nations. Voyages of Columbus. Huron-Iroquois, 1 Algonquins, 2 Mobilians, 3 Cher- okees, 4 Catawbas, 5 Uchees, 6 Natchez, 7 and Daco- tahs. 8 There was one of those nations, the Tuscaroras, who belonged to the Huron- Algonquin people, then located in North Carolina. For the position of these nations in our country, see the frontispiece map. 27. In this section we have considered — (1) The extent of our country and its form of govern- ment ; (2) its discovery by the Northmen and by Colum- bus ; and (3) the character, habits and destiny of the native inhabitants. SECTION II. SPANISH DISCOVERERS AND DISCOVERIES. 1. On his return to Spain, Columbus was received with great applause by the sovereigns and the people. The report of his discoveries, printed soon afterward, caused other exploring expeditions to be fitted out in Spain. Columbus himself made three other voyages across the Atlantic and back, in search of other lands. 2. The second voyage of Columbus was made in the autumn of 1493. The third voyage was undertaken in May, 1498, and on the first day of August he discovered the con- tinent of South America, near the mouth of the Orinoco River, a few days after Sebastian Cabot had discovered North America. The fourth voyage was begun in May, 1502. Questions.— 26. Give me the names of the eight Indian nations. 27. What have you learned in this section ? Give a general account of these facts. Questions.— 1. What can you tell ahout the return of Columhus and his other voyages ? 2. What other discoveries did he make ? 1 e-re-kwd. 2 ahl-gon-kin. 3 mo-beel'-yun. * cher-o-kees' . 6 ka-taw'-bahs. u'-chees. 7 nat'-chez. h dah-kb-tahs. SPANISH DISCOVERERS AND DISCOVERIES. 21 Death of Isabella and Columbus. Amerieus ) 'espucctut. 3. The fourth voyage of Columbus was made for the purpose of discovering a strait through which ships might pass from the Gulf of Mexico into the Indian Ocean. It was not found, and the now aged navigator returned to Spain. Queen Isabella died a few days after his arrival. Neglected and poor, the great discoverer died the next year, with the belief that he had seen the continent of Asia on its Eastern side. He did not suspect that he had discovered an unknown continent. 4. Americus Vespuccius} a Florentine, was in Spain when Columbus made his second and third voyages. He went with a former companion of Columbus to South America in 1499 ; and a year after the great navigator had discovered that continent, Vespu- cius saw it for the first time. 5. In a fraudulently dated let- ter, written in 1504, Americus claimed the honor of the first discovery. A German friend of his, in a printed work, suggested the name of America for the new-found continent, in compliment to the Floren- tine. Thus it was that our country received its title, and Columbus was cheated out of the deserved honor of having it bear his name. 6. Immediately after Columbus discovered the West India Islands, Spanish settlements were made on some AMERICUS VESPUCCIUS. Questions.— 8. Give an account of Columbus after his last voyage. 4. What can you tell about Americus Vespuccius ? 5. How came America to be named in his honor ? 1 ves-pu' 'she-us. 1 \ FOUND 'J^ND I DISCOVERIES FROM 1492 TO 1609. SPANISH DISCOVERERS AND DISCOVERIES. 23 Discovery of Florida and t/ie 'Pacific Ocean. Conquest of Mexico. of them, and expeditions were soon sent out from them in search of other lands. Yucatan 1 was discovered ; and in 1510 a settlement was made on the isthmus of Darien. 2 7. John Ponce cle Leon, 3 an old Spanish soldier in Porto Rico, having heard of a marvellous fountain in an island at the northward, whose waters would restore youth and make it perpetual, sailed in quest of it in 1512. He did not find the fountain, but he discovered a land fragrant with spring flowers, which he called Florida. It is yet so called. 8. The next year (1513) Vasco Nunez cle Balboa' 1 ascended the highlands of the isth- mus of Darien, and discovered a great ocean, which he took possession of in the name of Spain, and called it the South Sea. Six years later (1519) Magellan, 5 a Portu- gese, sailed through the straits that bear his name, and over that sea, which he called the Pacific Ocean, because it was so free from storms. 9. Meanwhile Spanish adventurers had explored portions of Yucatan and Mexico, and thought they discovered evidences of much gold in the interior. Hernando Cortez, with a fleet and soldiers, went to conquer Mexico in 1519. He was successful. In 1521 Mexico became a Spanish province, and remained so just three hundred years. Questions.— 6. What followed the discoveries of Columbus ? 7. What can you tell about the discovery of Florida? 8. Tell about the discovery of the Pacific Ocean, and its name. 9. What had other Spanish adventurers done ? Tell about the conquest of Mexico. 1 yu~ka-tan'. • day -re-en'. 3 pone'-tha-da-la-on. * msco-noon-yez da bohl-W-a. s ma-gel'-lan. SPANlSB DISCOVERIES AND DISCOVERIES. 25 Adventures of Cortez. 2)>Ayllon and A'arraez. 10. The conquest of Mexico led to explorations north- ward of it, along the Pacific coast. Cortez, it is believed, discovered the Gulf of California ; and in the course of a few years Spanish adventurers penetrated to New Mexico, up the Colorado x to the Gila, 2 and along the Pacific coast to Oregon? 11. In 1520 a planter of San Domingo, named D'Ayllon,* went to the coast of South Carolina to kidnap natives for slaves. He treacherously carried away many of them. Whilst he was there a second time, and was preparing to make a settlement, the Indians, exasperated by his con- duct, acted as treacherously as he, and murdered D'Ayllon and a large number of his followers. 12. Eight years later (1528) an adventurer named Narvaez 5 went from Cuba with ships and troops to conquer Florida. His cruel treatment of the Indians made them unite in efforts to expel him. He was obliged to leave the country in an open boat, and while on the waters of the Gulf of Mexico, he and most of his companions perished. 13. The bad conduct of Narvaez made the expedition of Be Soto 6 to conquer Florida, a perilous and unsuccessful under- taking. De Soto was a rich Spanish cavalier and bold soldier, who had assisted Pizawo in conquering Peru, and shared with him in the plunder of the Incas. de so™. 14> De Soto had a splendid retinue of Questions.-IO. What did the conquest of Mexico lead to ? 11. What can yon tell about a kidnapper from San Domingo ? 12. Give an account of Narvaez m Florida and his fate. 13. What can you tell about De Soto ? 1 kol-a-rah'-do. 2 he'-lah. 3 or-e-gon'. * da-ile-yone'. s nar'-rah-eth. 8 daso'-to. : , . ,'. . . SPANISH DISCOVERERS AND DISCOVERIES. 27 Adventures of De Solo. "Discovery of the Mississippi and California. several hundred Spaniards, many of them mounted on horses. After wandering in the region bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, and far into the interior, for about two years, from 1539, fighting the Indians and searching for gold, he discovered the Mississippi River. 15. Crossing that great stream, De Soto, with the num- ber of his followers greatly diminished, penetrated the coun- try westward far toward the Rocky Mountains. Return- ing to the Mississippi in 1542, De Soto died there. His body was buried beneath the muddy waters of that stream. The remnant of his followers made their way, in a small vessel, to Mexico, taking with them some beautiful young Mobilian 1 women, their captives. 16. The same year in which Be Soto died (1542) Cabrillo 2 first explored the coast of the present State of California, up to the borders of Oregon. It is believed that he discov- ered the Bay of San Francisco. Forty years afterward (1582) Fspejo 3 explored New Mexico and founded Santa Fe. 4 17. In this section we have considered — (1) the return of Columbus to Spain and his three other voyages; (2) his impressions concerning his discovery; (3) the voyage of Americus Vespuccius and his claims ; (4) discovery of Yucatan, Florida and the Pacific Ocean; (5) the conquest of Mexico and explorations northward; (6) events on the coast of South Carolina ; Questions.— 14. Give an account of De Soto in Florida, and his discovery of the Mississippi. 15. Give an account of his wanderings and death, and the fate of his followers. 16. What have you to say about explorations of California and New Mexico ? 17. What have you learned in this section ? Give a general account of the facts. 1 mo-beel-yvn. - Mb-recl-yov. s e^-pmi'-hn. 4 sontafay. 28 ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERERS. CaboPs Discovery of Worth Carolina. (7) the attempts of Narvaez and Be Soto to conquer Florida ; and (8) the discovery of the Mississippi River. SECTION III. ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERERS AND DISCOVERIES. 1. Sebastian Cabot, 1 son of a Venetian merchant in England, sailing from Bristol in search of a northwest passage to India beyond Greenland, discovered the conti- nent of North America, on the coast of Labrador, late in June or early in July, 1498. That was a little while before Columbus discovered the continent of South America. 2. Cabot did not land on Lab- rador. He sailed far up the coast, and then turning southward, he discovered JVewfoundland and the coasts of Nova Scotia and Maine. He . probably went as far South as North Carolina. Then he returned to England and told of his great Sebastian cabot. discoverv. 3. Cabot was only about twenty-one years of age when he discovered America. That made him famous, and he made other voyages of discovery from England and Spain. He had told of the great number of codfishes seen off the coast of JVewfoundland. English and Fi^ench fishermen soon went there to catch them, and this led to discoveries and settlements on the adjacent shores. Questions.— 1. What can you tell about the discovery of America by Sebastian Cabot ? 2. What portion did he discover ? 3. What were the effects of his discoveries ? 1 kak'-bot. ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERERS. 29 Discoveries of T'erazzatu'. 4. A Florentine named Verazzani, 1 employed by the King of France, crossed the Atlantic in 1524, and touched the American Continent near Cape Fear, in North Carolina. He sailed northward as far as Nova Scotia, entering bays and rivers on his way, took possession of the country in the name of the French King, and called the country New France. VERAZZANI. BANKS OF THE ST. LAWRENCE. Questions.— 4. What can you tell about the discoveries of Verazzani ! 1 ver-at-sah'-ne. 30 • ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERERS. Discovery of the .S/. Lawrence. Fauna 'in;/ of. Quebec. 5. Ten years after Verazzani's voyage, Jaques Cartier J- of St. Malo, in France, sailed for America. He first landed on Newfoundland, and there discovered and named the Gulf and River St. Lawrence, the discovery having been made on the festival of that saint. He, also, took pos- session of that region in the name of the French monarch. He was thus the discoverer of Canada. 6. In the following spring (1535) CaHier made another voyage to the St. Lawrence. From the site of Que- bec 2 he went up the river in a boat to Hochelaga, an Indian town. Charmed with the view from a great hill near, he called it Mont Real (Royal Moun- tain), and the French city built on the site of Hochelaga 3 was called Mon- treal. 7. Cartier made a third voyage to the St. Lawrence in 1541, with some men, to settle there. He had carried off the Indian " King of Canada " on his last visit, and the natives were unfriendly. The Frenchmen built a fort near Quebec, spent a hard winter there, and in the spring of 1542, at about the time De Soto was dying on the Mississippi , they abandoned the country. 8. France was now disturbed by bitter quarrels between the Roman Catholics and the Protestants. As the Roman Catholics were the most numerous, they deprived the Prot- Questions.— 5. What can you tell of the discoveries of Cartier? 6. What did Car- tier do on the St. Lawrence ? 7. What did he do on the St. Lawrence on a third voyage ? 8. What can you tell about two parties in France ? 1 kar'-te-ay. 2 ke-bek'. 3 hosh-e-lah'-ga. ENGLISH AND FRENCH DLSCOVEEEUS. 31 Huguenots in 6'oul/t Carolina and Florida. estants of many privileges in Church and State, and made them discontented. 9. Admiral Coligny} an eminent soldier of France, was a Protestant. He wished to have his friends settled where they might not be molested. In the spring of 1562 he sent a colony of them to America to found a settlement to which others might go. They were led by a worthy man named Ribault? 10. The Huguenots, 3 us the French Fvot- estants were called, landed on an island near the shores of South Carolina, where they built a fort. Ribault returned to Europe for supplies. Many of the settlers died, and the remnant, fearing starvation, started for home in a weak vessel. 11. These colonists suffered from starva- tion at sea, and the few who were left were about to perish, when they were picked up ™ c ™< IN 15 "° on the ocean and taken to England. Their story of the beautiful land they had abandoned caused Englishmen to make attempts to settle in that region. 12. In 1564 Coligny sent over another colony, in three ships, under Laudonuiere} They settled on the St. Johns River, in Florida, and built a fort there. Spain claimed ownership of all that region by right of discovery, and sent Melendez, 5 or Menendez, a brave naval officer, to drive Questions.— 9. Who was Admiral Coligny, and what did he do? 10. What were the French Protestants called? Where did they settle, and what did they do? 11. What happened to the Huguenots ? 12. What can you tell about another colony sent by Coligny ? What happened to them ? Tio-leen'-ye. - re' -bo. 3 hug'-nots. * law-don' -e-a. 5 ma-len'-deth. 32 ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERERS. Jfassacre of Huguenots in Florida. Retaliation. BUILDING THE FORT. FRENCH SOLDIER IN away the Frenchmen. He laid the foun- dations of the city of St. Augustine, 1 and then proceeded to murder the Huguenots on the St. Johns. 13. The French King did not resent this cruel massacre. One of his subjects, named Be Gou?ges, 2 did. He came with ships and soldiers, in 1567, and destroyed nearly all the Spaniards. So ended, for a time, all at- tempts of Frenchmen to colonize America. 14. Again English navigators tried to Question.— 13. Wliat did a French soldier do ? 1 aw-gus'-tten, a da-goorg'. ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERERS. 33 Discoveries by Drake. Voyages of Gilbert. find the northwest passage for which Cabot sought. Mar- tin Frdbisher made three voyages on that errand, but failed. 15. In 1578 Francis Drake went through the Straits of Magellan; sailed up the Pacific Coast; plundered Spanish settlements in Peru; discovered the coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington Territory (1579), and made a voyage around the world. He named our West- ern coast New Albion. 16, Walter Raleigh} a wealthy and energetic young Englishman, who had been a soldier under Coligny, in France, was now a favorite of Queen Elizabeth. He procured for his step-brother, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, the Queen's permission to plant a colony in the warmer regions of America. 17. Early in 1579, GilbeH, who was an eminent navigator, sailed for America with a number of followers. Storms and Spanish cruisers drove him back. He sailed again, with emigrants, four years later (1583), stayed awhile at Newfoundland, and on a voyage off the coast of Nova Scotia he and his ship perished in a storm. 18. Raleigh now fitted out two ships at his own ex- pense, and sent them to America. They reached the coast of North Carolina in July, 1584. The people landed Questions.— 14. What did English navigators do ? 15. What can you tell about Sir Francis Drake? 16. Who was Sir Walter Raleigh, and what did he do? 17. What can you tell about Sir Humphrey Gilbert ? 18. What can you tell about an expedition sent out by Raleigh ? 1 raw'-U. WALTER RALEIGH. SITUATION OF tfOA^OliX. ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERERS. 35 Saleiffh V Expeditions. ) 'irginia JVamed. ENGLISH GENTLEMAN, 1580. on Roanoke Island, and after trading with the Indians and exploring the country near, they returned to England, accompanied by two native chiefs. 19. When Barlow and Amidas} com- manders of the vessels, told Raleigh of the beauty and grandeur of the region they had visited, he was delighted. So also was the Queen ; and she gave the name of Vir- ginia to this region which Verazzani had called New France sixty years before. 20. The following year (1585) Raleigh sent five ships to America under Sir Richard Grenville, with one hundred emigrants, and Ralph lane as governor. They and their governor were gold-seekers, and did not cul- tivate the soil. They offended the Indians by bad conduct, and were in great peril. 21. When they were on the point of perishing from star- vation or the weapons of the Indians, Sir Francis Drake appeared at Roanoke Island, and bore the emigrants back to England. This was in 1586. 22. Learning wisdom by experi- ence, Raleigh sent out mechanics and farmers, with their families, to plant a colony. This was in 1587. John White was their governor. His daughter and her husband, RALEIGH'S SHIP. Questions.— 19. What effect did the report of the sailors have ? 20. What can you tell about another expedition sent by Raleigh? 21. How was a colony paved ? 22. What can you tell about a third expedition sent by Raleigh ? What happened in the colony ? 1 am'-i-clas. 36 ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERERS. Virginia Dare. End of Raleigh's Expeditions. named Dare, were with him. There she gave birth to a girl, whom they named Virginia. Virginia Dare was the first English child born in America. 23. Governor White went to England for supplies. He was gone very long, and when he returned the colonists had disappeared, and were never heard of afterward. Raleigh did not send any more colonies to America. '-AND MAP OF GOSN OLD'S EXPEDITION. QUESTIONS.-23. What was the fate of Raleigh's last colony? ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERERS. 37 Discoveries by Englishmen. French Settlements. 24, In 1602, Bartholomew Gosnolcl crossed the ocean and visited a part of the coast of Massachusetts. He dis- covered a long cape, and because of the many codfishes which he saw there, he named it Cape Cod. On one of a group of islands, which he named Elizabeth, in honor of his Queen, he attempted to plant a colony, but failed. 25, In 1603, Martin Pring, an English sailor, discovered the coast of Maine and explored the shores of New England westward to Martha's Vineyard. In 1605, Captain Weymouth, another sailor, visited Maine, and there kidnapped some Indians. This crime made the natives hate the white people, and they gave the English much trouble afterward. 26, At this time the French tried again to make settle- ments in America. De Monts, 1 a wealthy Protestant, obtained a grant from his King for that purpose, and in 1604 and 1605 he planted a colony on what is now Nova Scotia, and called the country Acadia. 2 27, E>e Monts sent Samuel Champlain to the St. Lawrence in 1608. There he planted a settlement and named the place Quebec, It is the oldest French settle- ment in America, for the others were short-lived. In 1609, Champlain discovered the lake that bears his name. 28, In 1607, some London merchants sent Henry Hud- son to search for a northwest passage to India. He made two voyages, but failed, and the project was abandoned. 29, In 1609, Hudson 'offered his services to the Dutch Questions.— 24. What can you tell about Gosnold's voyage and discoveries? 25. What can you tell about other English sailors ? 26. What can you tell about French settlements in America ? 27. Tell about the voyage and discoveries of Champlain. 28. What can you tell about Hudson ? 1 deh-mong'. 2 ah-ka'-de-a. 38 ENGLISH AND FREXCH DISCOVERERS. Discoveries in America by Hudson. East India Company, at Am- sterdam, in searching for a passage to India around the north of Eu- rope. They sent him in a small vessel called the Half Moon. Ice covered the sea in that direction, and he sailed westward to America. 30. Early in September, 1609, Hudson entered New York Har- hotbok. bor. He explored the .river that bears his name as far up as the site of Alba uij. This discovery led to a traffic in furs between the Dutch and the Indians, and then to the founding of a settle- ment on the site of New TorJc. 31. Hudson afterward discovered the great bay in the far north which bears his name. There some of his sailors, who rebelled, put Hudson and his son, with seven sick companions, in an open boat, and set them adrift to perish on the deep with cold and hunger. 32, In this section we have considered — (1) The discovery of America by Cabot and Verazzani ; (2) the discovery of the St. Lawrence and Canada by Car- tier ; (3) the attempts of Coligny to found a colony in Florida, and the cruelty of the Spaniards there ; (4) the voyages of Frobisher and Drake, the latter to the Pacific coast ; (5) the failures of Raleigh to make settlements ; HALF-MOON. Questions.— 29. What else did Hudson attempt ? 30. What discoveries did he make, and what did they lead to ? 31. What did Hudson afterward discover, and what was his fate '/ 32. What have we considered in this section ? bote!4M P A c if r TTceTTn Eng'd by Fisk A Russell N.Y. ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERERS. 39 Outline of Important Bvents. (6) explorations of the New England coasts; (7) the French settlements in Acadia and in Canada ; and (8) the discovery of the Hudson River. OUTLINE OF IMPORTANT EVENTS FROM 1002 TO 1609.* 1002. America discovered by Northmen. 1492. American islands discovered by Columbus. 1498. North American Continent discovered by Sebastian Cabot. 14.98. South American Continent discovered by Columbus. 1499. The American Continent first seen by Americus Vespuccius. 1504- The name of America given to our Continent in honor of Americus Vespuccius. 1510. Settlement made on the Isthmus of Darien. 1512. Florida discovered by John Ponce de Leon. 1513. The Pacific Ocean discovered by Vasco Nunez de Balboa. 1517-1518. Coasts of Yucatan and Mexico explored. 1519. Straits of Magellan discovered. 1519-1521. Mexico conquered by Cortez. 1520. D'Ayllon visits the coasts of South Carolina and kidnaps Indians. 1524. Verazzani explores the coasts of North America from the Caro- linas to Nova Scotia. 1528. Narvaez attempts to conquer Florida. 1534. Cartier discovers the Gulf and River St. Lawrence. 1535-1541. Cartier explores the St. Lawrence and winters at Quebec. 1589-1541. De Soto attempts to conquer Florida. 1542. Cabrillo explores the coasts of California and Oregon. 1562. Coligny attempts to settle French Protestants in Florida. 1504. Coligny sends another colony to Florida. They are massacred by the Spaniards. 1567. De Gourges destroys the Spaniards in Florida. 1579. Francis Drake visits the coasts of California, Oregon and Wash- ington Territory. 1582. Espejo explores New Mexico. 1584. Walter Raleigh sends an expedition to the coasts of North Caro- lina. The country named Virginia. 1585. Raleigh plants a settlement on Roanoke Island. * This outline is for the use of the teacher and pupil. The teacher may find in each topic, suggestions for queries, to which answers, without reference to the text, may be given by the pupil, orally or in writing on paper or on the blackboard. The written exercise is recommended as the best for giving essential aid to the memory in retaining facts. A pattern may be found on the next page. 40 ENGLISH AXD FRENCH DISCOVERERS. Outline of Important Events. 'Pattern for a Synopsis. 1586. The Roanoke settlers return to England. 1587. Raleigh sends another colony to Virginia, It was lost. 1602, Gosnold discovers the coasts of Massachusetts and names Cape Cod. 1603-1604, Martin Pring explores the New England coasts. 1604-1605. The French plant a colony in Nova Scotia and call the country Acadia. 1605, Captain Weymouth visits New England and kidnaps Indians. 160S. Cham plain founds Quebec. 1609, Champlain discovers Lake Champlain. 1609, Henry Hudson discovers the Bay of New York and the North or Hudson River. The following is a sis or outline sketch TOPIC i PERSONAL NOTES { raleigh's step-bro- ther, HUMPHREY GILBERT. RALEIGH'S NAVIGA- J TORS. EFFECT OF THE NAV- J IGATORS 1 REPORT. [ OTHER PERSONS SENT TO AMERICA BT RALEIGH. END OF RALEIGH'S EFFORTS TO PLANT A ■ COLONY IN AMERICA pattern for the pupil in making a synop- of a subject : ; SIR WALTER RALEIGH. A young Englishman. A soldier under Coligny, in France. A favorite of Queen Elizabeth. Receives a commission from Queen Elizabeth. Sails for America in 1579. Driven back by storms and Spanish cruisers. Visits America and perishes in a storm at sea. Amidas and 'Barlow sail for America in 1584. Land on Roanoke Island and explore the neighbor- ing regions. Return to England with a good report. Raleigh and the Queen delighted. The Q.ueen names a portion of New France, Vir- ginia. Five ships under Sir Richard Grenville sail for Roanoke in 1585. Emigrants land on Roanoke Island and search for gold. They offend the Indians, and are in great peril. They are taken back to England by Sir Francis "Drake . Raleigh sends farmers and mechanics to plant a colony in America in 15S7. John White governor of the colony. Virginia Dai*e, grand-daughter of Governor White, born on Roanoke Island. Virginia Dare the first English child born in America. While White was in England, the colony disappears forever. Raleigh sends no more ships to America. 42 SETTLERS AXD SETTLEMENTS. Discoveries and "Planting of Settlements. Virginia rind its Divisions. CHAPTER II . SETTLERS ANT® SETTLEMENTS. SECTION I. SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS IN VIRGINIA. 1. We have considered the principal events in the dis- covery of different parts of America. By these discov- eries different nations claimed a light to the country. These were the Spanish, French, English and Dutch nations. The English claimed a right to the whole region across the continent, in width, from Cape Fear, in North Carolina, to Halifax, in Nova Scotia. 2. We will now notice the planting of settlements in parts of America where Colonies and States have since existed. We will notice them in the order of time in which settlements were first made, beginning with Virginia. 3. This domain was divided into North and South Vir- ginia. In 1606, King James of England gave a charter or written agreement, by which a number of persons were permitted to make settlements in Virginia. They formed two associations. One was named the Plymouth x Com- pany, and the other the London Company. 4. The Plymouth Company were authorized to make settlements in North Virginia. The London Company Questions.— 1. What, have we considered? What can you tell about different claims ? 2. How will we notice the planting of settlements ? 3. How was Virginia divided ? What companies were formed ? 4. What privilege had each company ? 1 plim'-uth. SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 43 'Plymouth and London Companies. Emigration to Virginia. were allowed to do the same in South Virginia. The Plymouth Company made the first attempts at settlement, but failed. 5. In December, 1606, the London Company sent Cap tain Newport, with three ships and one hundred and five men, to make a settlement on Roanoke Island. The ships were driven "by a storm into Chesapeake 1 Bay. They sailed up a broad river more than fifty miles, and landed at a place which they afterward called Jamestown. The river they called the James. 6. It was in April, 1607, when the emigrants landed. The King had appointed certain persons among them to govern the colony. Among these was Cap- tain John Smith, a great soldier, and Bartholomew Gosnold, 2 who had proposed the expedition. Ed- ivard Wing field was chosen to be president of this council. 7. Most of the emigrants were unfit to be the founders of a colony. They had come without john smith. families, to make a fortune by dig- ging gold, and then to return. Many of them were idle. Some of them were vicious. The president turned out to be a knave. 8. Virginia was then inhabited by Indians. They were ruled by an emperor called Powhatan? He lived on the Qttestions.-5. What did the London Company do ? What happened ? 6. What can you tell about the emigrants in Virginia? 7. What was their character? 8. What can you tell about the inhabitants and their monarch ? 1 ches'-a-peek. a goz'-nold. 3 pow-hah-tan' 44 SETTLERS AND SETTLE31ENTS. Captain Smith and the First Virginia Settlers. banks of the James River, near the site of Richmond. Smith and Newport visited him there, and were kindly re- ceived. 9. In June, Newport sailed for England with the ships, leaving a small vessel at Jamestown. The idle settlers would not work. The food they had brought with them was gone before the close of summer, for much had been spoiled on the voyage. They had raised almost nothing from the soil, and the Indians, who were unfriendly, would not bring them corn. 10. Famine came and with it sickness. Early in Septem- ber one-half of the settlers were dead. Captain Smith went down to the mouth of the James, and by his courage and energy compelled the Indians there to bring him large quantities of corn, with which he returned to Jamestown and saved the colony from starvation. 1 1 . When he returned, President Wing field and a few others were about to go away with the small vessel and what was left of the stores, when Smith, by force of arms, com- pelled him to stay. Soon after that Smith was chosen to be president of the colony. 12. In October, wild fowl became plentiful on the waters, and corn was procured fiom the abundant crop of the Indians. When order and abundance were restored, Cap- tain Smith and a few others went up the Chickahominy 1 River in a boat, where he was made a prisoner by the Questions.— 9. How did the settlers act ? 10. What can you tell about famine and sickness, and the services of Captain Smith ? 11. What can you tell about President Wingfield and his successor ? 12. What was now the condition of the colony ? What about Captain Smith ? 1 chick-a-hom'-i-ny. SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 45 Captain 6'mith and Pocahontas. Arrival of other Emir/rants. POCAHONTAS. Indians. He was taken to another dwelling of Powhatan, on the Yorh River. 13. After much consultation, the Indians concluded to put Smith to death. His head was laid upon a large stone, and two warriors had raised their clubs to beat out his brains, when Pocahontas, 1 the favorite daughter of Powhatan, sprang from her father's side, clasped the head of Smith with her arms, and begged for his life. Her request was granted, and Smith was sent back to Jamestown. 14, The colony was again starving. It was winter. Only forty were living when Smith returned, and these were pre- paring to leave Virginia, and go to the West Indies. Smith again procured food, and they remained. In the spring of 1608, Newport came with supplies and a company of emi- grants, when the hopes of the first settlers were revived. 15. The new emigrants were no better than the first. They were mostly gold-hunters, and would not work. Smith turned from Jamestoivn with disgust for a while, and with a few companions he explored Chesapeake 2 Bay and its tributary streams, in an open boat. In this way, in the course of three months, they voyaged about three thousand miles. Smith made a map of the country he had explored. Questions.— 13. Tell the story of Captain Smith and Pocahontas. 14. What did Smith find and what did he do at Jamestown ? 15. What can you tell about new emigrants, and what did Smith do in the way of explorations ? 1 po-kah-hon' -tas. a ches'-a-peek. t Ei SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 47 Lazy Settlers. New Arrangements. jPerils of the Colony. 16. In the autumn Newport came again, with emigrants. With them were two women, the first who had ever come from Europe to Virginia. The men who then came were of the same sort as the others. Smith tried to induce them to cultivate the soil, but they would not. Laziness af- flicted most of the settlers, and at the end of two years they had not more than forty acres under tillage. 17. The London Company obtained a new charter in 1609, by which the management of the colony was put in the hands of a governor with a council. Under this second charter, Lord De la Wavr (Delaware x ) was appointed gov- ernor for life. Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Somers 2 and Captain Newport were appointed commissioners to manage the colony until the arrival of the governor. 18. In June, Newport sailed with nine ships and five hundred emigrants. Gates and Somers sailed in the same vessel with Newport. A storm scattered the fleet, and Newport's ship was wrecked on one of the Bermuda islands. 19. Seven vessels reached Jamestown in safety, with most of the emigrants. It was a more vicious company than any which had , yet arrived. In the autumn, an accident compelled Captain Smith to go to England. Left to themselves, the lawless colony so offended the Indians that the savages refused to let them have food, and resolved to kill all the Englishmen. The settlers were saved by a timely warning from the good and loving Pocahontas. Questions.- 16. Who came with Newport ? What about the men ? 17. What can you tell about a second charter and appointments under it ? 18. Tell about a large emigration to Virginia. 19. What was the character of the emigrants, and how did they act ? How were they saved ? 1 del'-ah-ware. 2 sum'-mers. ^V^'V; SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 49 2'he "Starving Time." Setter Emigrants. 20. Famine did much of the work which the Indian s had conspired to do. The winter and spring of 1610 was long remembered as "the starving time." Within six months after Smith left only sixty of the five hundred set- tlers were alive. 21. When the commissioners reached Jamestown, in June, the prospect was so gloomy, that they resolved to abandon Virginia, and go to JVeivfoundland. When they reached the mouth of the James in their vessels, they met a small squadron coming in. Lord Delaware had arrived with food and emigrants. The whole company were resting at Jamestown that night. 22. Now there was a happy change. Six ships with three hundred emigrants came in 1611. They were mostly sober and industrious men, who tilled the ground and made food abundant. The colony flourished, and in 1613 there were a thousand Englishmen in Virginia, when an event happened that affected the colony favorably. 23. That event was the kidnapping of Pocahontas by Captain Argall, 1 a sort of freebooter. Her father was sullen and unfriendly. Food had become scarce at James- town, and Powhatan would not allow any to be carried there. Argall declared that he would not give up Poca- hontas until food should be sent. Her father was firm, and she remained a prisoner several months. 24. Meanwhile John Rolfe, 1 a well-born Englishman, fell in love with Pocahontas, and they wished to be married. Questions.— 20. What can yon tell about the " starving time ? " 21. What did the commissioners attempt to do, and what occurred ? 22. What happy change occurred ? 23. What remarkable event happened ? What can you tell about Captain Argall ? 24. What can you tell about the marriage of Pocahontas and its result ? 1 ar'-gmd. 5 rdf. 50 SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. Jlfarrictf/e of "PocaJiontas. MARRIAGE OF POCAHONTAS. Her father gave his consent, and they were married in the church at Jamestown in April, 1613. Powhatan was the friend of the English ever afterward. Pocahontas went to England with her husband, and there died. 25. Under a third charter, obtained in 1612, the London Company permitted the establishment of a representa- tive government in Virginia. The colony was divided Questions.— 25. What good thing occurred under a third charter? SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 51 Virginia Representative Assembly. Jitock at Manhattan. into counties. Each county was allowed two representatives, called burgesses, in a general assembly. In June, 1019, when George Yeardly was governor, the first representa- tive assembly met at Jamestown. Then was laid the foundation of the State of Virginia. 26. We have considered in this section— (1) The nationalities of the discoverers and the claims of the English; (2) the divisions of Virginia and the companies formed to colonize it ; (3) the companies of set- tlers sent there ; (4) the progress and suffering of the colony and the career of Captain Smith ; (5) the services and marriage of Pocahontas ; and (6) the establishment of Representative Government. SECTION II. SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS IN NEW YORK, MASSACHUSETTS AND NEW HAMPSHIRE. 1. We have observed that the discoveries of Hudson led to traffic, and the founding of a colony on the site of New York. One of the greatest of the Dutch seamen who came to the mouth of the Hudson River to trade was Adrian Block, who landed on the lower part of Manhat- tan IslanbZ, on which the city of New York now stands. 2. Late in 1613, Block's ship was burnt. During the following winter he and his men built another, and in it they sailed through Long Island Sound, discovering the Con- Questions. — 26. What have we considered in this section ? Questions.— 1. What can you tell about a great Dutch seaman ? 2. What can you tell about his ship and his explorations ? 52 SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. ATew Netherland and 'Dutch West India Company, Settlements. necticut 1 River and other considerable streams, extending their explorations as far as the coasts of Massachusetts. 3. In 1614, the government of Holland granted exclusive permission to certain Amsterdam merchants to traffic on the Hudson and in the territory then included in North Virginia. This territory the Dutch or Holland people claimed as theirs, by right of discovery, and called the country New Netherlands 4. The vessels of these merchants went up the Hudson to the site of Albany, southward to the Delaware, and eastward to Rhode 3 Island, on trading voyages. These traders built a fort near the head of the tide-waters of the Hud- son, and named it Fort Orange. Dutchman [leao]. 5. In 1621, these merchants and others formed the Dutch West India Compa- ny. They bought Manhattan 4 ' Island, at the mouth of the Hudson, from the Indians, for about twenty-five dollars ; and New Netherland was made a province of SEAL OF NEW NETHER- land. Holland. 6. The settlement of families in New Netherland was desirable, and in 1623 about thirty families of French Protestants, who had lived in Holland, came over the sea to Manhattan. Some settled there ; some founded a set- Questions — 3. What did the government of Holland do, and what was the result? 4. What did Dutch vessels do ? 5. What can you tell about the Dutch West India Company and the island of Manhattan ? 6. What can you tell about colonizing New Netherland ? kon-net'-i-cut. 2 neth'-er-land. 3 rode. * man-hat' -tan. SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 53 JV'ew England Explored. 'Permanent Settlements there. The Puritan*. tlenient at Fort Orange, now Albany, and some young married couples located on the Delaware River. 7. Thus was established the colony of New Nether- land. The city that grew on Manhattan was called New Amsterdam. 1 Both the province and city were afterward named New York. 8. We have observed that the Plymouth Company had made vain efforts to plant colonies in North Virginia. So early as 1614, Captain John Smith had explored the north- eastern coasts of America from Cape Cod to the Penob- scot 2 River, and made a map of the region, which he called New England. 3 9. It was not until 1620 that a permanent settle- ment was made in New England. What the Plymouth Company, an association of rich speculators, failed to do, was done by a few humble Christian men and women. At that time there was a large class of Protestants in England, who, because of the purity of their professions and lives, were called Puritans. These, as well as Roman Catholics, were persecuted by King James of England and the leaders in the church fe of England. 10. These Puritans were so annoyed, that many of them went to Holland, where they could worship God as they pleased. a puritan. g ut tne y were kiig ec i t0 g secretly. A Questions.— 7. What can you tell about the change of names ? 8. What can you tell about explorations on the New England coasts ? 9. Give an account of the Puritans, and how they were treated. 10. What did the Puritans do ? 1 am'-ster-dam', a pe-nub'scot. 3 ing'-land. 54 SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. Attenijrted Embarkation for Holland. whole congregation trying to get on board a Dutch vessel qu the coast of England, were surprised by a party of SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 55 The Puritans in Holland. 'Their Emigration to America. horsemen sent to prevent their going. Some had embarked, and some, with women and children, were left on shore. But all got to Holland finally. 11. At Ley den, 1 in Holland, these Puritans formed a church, with John Robinson as their pastor. They con- cluded to plant a free colony in America, under the domin- ion of their native country. A bargain was made with the Plymouth Company, and a partnership was formed with London merchants for planting a colony. In September, 1620, "the youngest and best" of the Leyden congregation, who went to England, left Plymouth in the May -Flower, in charge of Elder Brewster. 12. These " Pilgrims,' ' as they called themselves, one hun- dred and one in number, including women and children, arrived at Cape Cod in December, and landed on the shores of Massachusetts on the 22d of that month, at a place they called Plymouth. On the lid of Elder Brewster's chest, in the cabin of the May-Flower, they had signed an agreement for the government of the colony, and chose John Carver to be their governor. Thus they laid the basis of a State. 13. Log-huts were built in the snow. Here they passed a severe winter in extreme suffering. At one time only MAY-FLOWER. Questions.— 11. Give an account of the Puritans in Holland, and what they did. 12. Who were the " Pilgrims ? " Tell about their coming to America. 13- Give an account of the sufferings of the " Pilgrims." IV-den. 56 SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. The 'Puritan Government in jYew England. seven persons were well enough to take care of the sick. Before spring came one-half of the Pilgrims had died. SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 57 Sufferings of the ^Pilgrims. Settlement of JVew Hampshire. Governor Carver and his wife perished ; and William Bradford was chosen governor in his place. 14. The survivors of that dreadful winter persevered. They built houses, planted grain, and were joined by other Puritans ; and so the foundations of the State of Massachusetts x were laid. 15. North of Massachusetts is New GOV. CARVER'S chair. Hampshire? It was, at first, part of a larger territory named Maine. In 1620, the Plymouth Company received a new charter, under the title of the "Council of Plymouth," with great powers ; and they put forth vigorous efforts to colonize New England. 16. In 1622, the Company granted to John Mason, its Secretary, and Sir Ferdinando Gorges? its most active member, a tract of land " bounded by the Merrimack,* the Kennebec, 5 the Ocean and the River of Canada," 6 or the St. Lawrence. 17- Fishermen employed by Mason and Gorges built log huts on the Piscataqua, 7 at PoHsmouth and Dover. In 1629, Mr. Wheelwright, a clergyman, purchased from the Indians the territory between the Merrimack and Pis- cataqua, and founded Exeter. 9, The same year Mason and Gorges dissolved their partnership, when the former obtained a grant of the same territory, and called the domain New Hampshire. Questions.— 14. What did the surviving Pilgrims do, and what was* the result? 15. What can you tell about New Hampshire and the Plymouth Company? 16. To whom did rhey grant a domain, and what were its boundaries V 17. How were the settlements begun in New Hampshire ? 1 mas-m-chu'-sets. "~ hamp'-sheer. 3 gor'-jes. * mer'-i-mak. 5 ken-e-bek' '. * kan'- a-dah. 7 pis-cat' -a-kwah. 8 ex'-e-ter. 58 SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. Cape Cod 7? ay. 18. Mason had been governor of Portsmouth^ in 1 ports'-muth. SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 59 Founding of "Portsmouth. JVew Hampshire a Ztoyal Pre CLEARING THE LAND. Hampshire, England. He built a house near the mouth of the Piscataqua, and named the place Portsmouth. Other feeble settlements were made further eastward. Those in New Hampshire were too scattered to form a government, and in 1641 that domain became a part of the colony of Massachusetts. 19. In 1679, New Hampshire was made a separate royal province, when its foundations as a commonwealth were laid. It was ruled by a governor appointed by the Questions —18. What did Mason do ? What can you tell about the settlements : 19. How was the commonwealth of New Hampshire established and governed? 60 SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. Kinr; James atid the Soman Catholics. Calvert, Lord ^Baltimore. King and an assembly elected by the people. From 1641 to this date (1679) it had been for a large part of the time under the control of Massachusetts. 20. We have considered in this section — (1) The Dutch on Manhattan and their explorations ; (2) the founding of New Netherlands by the Butch West India Company ; (3) the colonizing of New Netherland ; (4) the early explorations in New England; (5) the Puritans and the " Pilgrims "; and (6) the settlements in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. SECTION III. SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS IN MARYLAND, CONNECTICUT AND RHODE ISLAND. 1. King James persecuted the Roman Catholics as well as the Puritans. One of them, however, he esteemed and honored. That was George Calvert, 1 who was a zealous royalist. The King made him a Secretary of State and created him Lord Baltimore? 2. Baltimore wished to find a place of refuge in America for his persecuted brethren. While he was seek- ing a place, the King died. His son and successor, Charles the First, granted to Baltimore a charter for a large terri- Questions.— 20. What have we considered in this section ? Questions.— 1. What did King James do ? What can yon tell ahout George Cal- vert ? 2. What did Lord Baltimore desire, and what did he obtain '( ka«l'-iert. - bawl' '-ti-mort SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 61 Charter of Maryland. Settlement of Maryland. Clay borne. tory lying on each side of Chesapeake Bay, which was called Maryland, in honor of the King's wife, Henrietta Mary. 3. Before the charter was issued, Lord Baltimore died, and was succeeded by his son, Cecil Calvert, who received the grant in 1632. Late in 1633, a company of settlers, many of them Roman Catholic gentle- men, with their families and ser- vants, sailed for the Chesapeake, with Leonard Calvert as their governor. This was the first Roman Catholic colony that came to America from Great CECIL, SECOND LORD BALTIMORE. _ . , . Britain. 4. The colonists arrived in the spring of 1634. The gov- ernor purchased an Indian village near the mouth of the Potomac River, named it St. Marys, and there founded the capital of the province. William Claybome, 1 from Virginia, had established trading posts within the domain of Maryland as early as 1631, and he gave the colonists much trouble by his claims. 5. The charter of Maryland was a liberal one. It pro- vided for a representative government, and left the people almost free in religious matters. The consequence was that persecuted persons flocked to Maryland from other places, and the colony flourished. Questions.— 3. What can you tell about Cecil Calvert and emigration to America ? 4. What did the governor and colonists do ? What can you tell about an earlier set- tler ? 5. What have you to say about the charter of Maryland and the effects of its liberality ? 1 kla'-born. 62 SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. The Government of Maryland. Settlement of Connecticut. 6. The first legislature of Maryland met at St. Marys, to make laws, in March, 1635. It was a purely democratic assembly, for every freeman was allowed to vote. These freemen soon became so numerous that a representative gov- ernment was established in 1639. Then the foundations of the commonwealth of Maryland were laid. 7. In the same year (1633) in which the Roman Catho- lics sailed for Maryland, Puritans from Massachusetts had begun a settlement in the valley of the Con- necticut River. Block's discovery of that river, almost twenty years before, made the Dutch claim the territory as a part of New Netherland. They had already built a fort there near the site of Hartford. 8. In the fall of 1633, Captain Holmes} with a number of Puritans from Plymouth, with materials for a house, went up the Connecticut River in a sloop. The Butch at the fort ordered them to stop there, but they sailed by, and on the site of Windsor, above Hartford, they set up their house and began a settlement. Soldiers were sent from Manhattan (New York) to drive them away, but they were unable to do so. 9. Late in 1635, a company of men, women and children from the Puritan settlements in Massachusetts, went through the woods to the Connecticut, and on the site of Hartford they spent a severe winter. They suffered much from FmST meeting-house. Questions.— 6. What can you tell about the government of Maryland ? 7. What can you tell about the valley of the Connecticut ? 8. Give an account of the first English settlers in Connecticut. 9. Give an account of a winter emigration to Con- necticut. SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 63 Settlements in Connecticut. 2'he ^Pequods Hostile. cold and hunger. They built log-huts and a small meeting- house, in which to worship God in common. 10. Many of the settlers at Hartford returned. In the following summer (1636) another company of Puritans, led from Massachusetts by the Rev. Mr. Hooker, went through the wilderness to Hartford. It was a pleasant journey. They arrived there on the 4th of July, and on the following Sabbath they worshipped in the little meeting-house. That was the first permanent settlement made in the Connecticut Valley. 11. The year before (1635), John Winthrop was sent to be governor of Connecticut, assisted by two others. They built a fort at the mouth of the river just in time to have it useful as a defence against the fierce Pequod x or Pequot Indians, who made war on the white people, kidnapped their children, and murdered their men in the woods and fields. 12. The Pequods were jealous because the English were the friends of the Mohegans 2 and Narragansets? their enemies. They feared the white people would take their country away from them. They therefore determined to destroy the English. 13. In the spring of 1637, the Massachusetts colonies joined those of Connecticut, in fighting the Pequods. In May full five hundred Englishmen and JVarraganset In- dians marched into the country of these savages, between the Mystic* and Illumes 5 rivers. They were led by Cap- tain Mason, a famous Indian fighter. Questions.— 10. Give an account of a second emigration from Connecticut. 11. What did Winthrop and others do in Connecticut ? 12. What, can you tell about, the Pequods ? Why did the Pequods make war on the English ? 13. What did the Massachusetts colonists do ? Tell about their doings with Connecticut colonists. 1 pe'-quod. 3 mo-lit'-q'ns, 3 mr-ra-gan'-sets. * mW-tik. 5 tem$. 64 SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. Dispersion of the 'Pequods. MAP OF THE PEQUOD OR PEQUOT COUNTRY. 14. These allies attacked a strong fort of the Pequods, and by fire and weapons destroyed more than six hundred men, women and children. Sassacus, 1 their great sachem, fled westward, with a few followers, hotly pursued. Most of the Pequods were destroyed. Sassacus escaped to the Mohawks. 2 His nation had literally perished in a day. For forty years afterward, the white people of Connecticut were unmolested by the Indians. Questions.— 14. Give an account of the destruction of the Pequods as a nation 1 sas'-sa-Tcus. - nw'-hawks. SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 65 New Haven and Connecticut Colonies. Roger Williams 'Banished. 15. The English who chased the Pequods discovered the beautiful country that borders Long Island Sound. Its fame spread in Massachusetts, and in the spring of 1638, emigrants formed a settlement on the site of New Haven. They were led by Rev. John Davenport, who preached the first sermon there under a large oak tree. They formed a government after a pattern found in the Bible. It was called the New Haven Colony. 16. In 1639, the settlers in the Connecticut Valley met in convention at Hartford, and signed a written constitu- tion. They formed a representative government. Provision was made for the annual election of a governor and legislature by the people. Allegiance to the new State, and not to the King, was required. It was called the Con- necticut Colony. Thus were laid the foundations of the commonwealth of Connecticut. 17. At about the same time movements were in progress for the founding of a state between Connecticut and New Plymouth. The authorities in Massachusetts, in church and state, were such rigid disciplinarians, that a non-con- formist to their rules could not be tolerated. 18. Roger Williams, a minister of the gospel at Salem, offended these authorities by his liberal and tolerant views, and late in 1635 they issued an order for his banishment. He left his home in the dead of winter (1636), and sought refuge among the savages of the wilderness near Narra- ganset Bay. 19. In the spring of 1636, Williams was joined by some Questions— 15. What led to a settlement at New Haven ? How was it accom- plished ? 16. What can you tell about the settlers in the Connecticut Valley, and the government which they formed ? 17. What can you tell about movements for found- ing a new State ? 18. What can you tell about Roger Williams ? 66 SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. "Providence Founded. Other Settlements in Hkode Island. Its Name. friends, and at the head of Narraganset Bay they founded a settlement, which, in recognition of God's providential care, was named Providence. It is now the chief city of Rhode Island. 20. Men and women, persecuted by the authorities of Massachusetts, went to Providence to enjoy freedom of conscience. The settlement grew. The settlers established a purely democratic government, and the great chiefs of the Narraganset Indians were their fast friends. It was through the influence of Roger Williams that these Indians were induced to help the English against the Pe- quods, which saved the New England settlements from destruction. 2 1 , Other persecuted men from Boston received from the Narraganset chief the island of Aquiday, 1 or Aquitnet, 2 the " Peaceable Isle." The Dutch called it Roodt Eyland — Red Island — which has been corrupted into Rhode Island, In 1638, the English settled at the upper end of it, and founded Portsmouth there. 22. The next year other immigrants from Boston settled toward the southern extremity of the island, and founded Newport. These settlers organized a democratic govern- ment after the model of that at Providence, and with the latter received the name of the Providence and Rhode Island Plantations. The seal bore the words, " Amor vincit omnia" — "Love is all-powerful." 23, In 1643, Roger Williams went to England to ob- Questions.— 19. Give an account of the settlement of Providence. 20. Give an ac- count of the colony at Providence, its government, and the services of Roger Wil- liams. 21. Give an account of the settlement of Portsmouth. 22. Give an account of the settlement of Newport and their government. 1 ah'-Jcwee-day. a ah-kweet'-net. SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 67 2'he Commonwealth of IRJiode Island Established. tain a charter for the creation of the settlements into a com- monwealth. He succeeded, and in 1644, he returned with a charter, making the Providence and Rhode Island Plan • tations an independent colony. Thus were laid the foundations of the commonwealth of Rhode Island. 24, We have considered in this section — (1) The relations of King James to the Roman Cath- olics ; (2) the creation of Lord Baltimore and the char- ter for Maryland ; (3) the settlements of Maryland and the government of the province ; (4) settlements in the Valley of the Connecticut ; (5) the war with the Pe- qwods, the settlement at New Haven, and the founding of the commonwealth of Connecticut; and (6) the founding of the commonwealth of Rhode Island. SECTION IV. SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS IN DELAWARE, NEW JERSEY AND PENNSYLVANIA. 1. In the year 1638, a small colony from Sweden, with Peter Minuit 1 as governor, sent by the Swedish West India Company, made the first permanent settlement on the present domain of Delaware. It was on the site of New- castle. They built a fort and church on the site of Wil- mington, and called the territory New Sweden. Questions.— 23. What can you tell about the charter of Rhode Island and the founding of the commonwealth? 24. What have we considered in this section? Questions,— 1. What can you tell about first permanent settlers in Delaware ? 1 min'-wit. 63 SETTLER J AND SETTLEMENTS. The Swedes on the Delaware. Settlements in JVen> Jersey. 2. The Dutch claimed the territory as a part of New Netherlands, and ordered the Swedes to leave. The Swedes stayed. The colony grew, and finally they laid the foundations of the capital of a Swedish province upon an island a little below Philadelphia. 3. The Dutch West India Company now resolved to subdue or expel the Swedes. Governor Stuyvesant 1 went to the Delaware from Manhattan, with ships and soldiers, in the summer of 1655, and within a month he subjugated the Swedes and destroyed then- capital. New Sweden was no more. Its colonists remained faithful subjects of the Dutch and English ever afterward. 4. New Jersey was also a part of New Netherland. Just below the site of Camden the Dutch built a fort in 1623. Four young married couples came from Manhattan the same year, and began a settlement on the Delaware, near this fort. Some Danes had settled at Bergen 2 the year before. 5. In 1664, the Duke of York, to whom New Nether- land had been granted by his brother, King Charles, took possession of the whole province by force of arms ; and the same year some English families of Long Island settled on the site of Elizabeth, in New Jersey. 6. The following year the Duke granted the territory be- tween the Hudson and Delaware rivers to Lord Berkeley 3 and Sir George CaHeret. The latter sent Philip Car- Questions.— 2. What did the Dutch do ? What did the Swedes do ? 3. What can you tell about the act of the Dutch West India Company and General Stuyvesant ? 4. What can you tell about first settlements in New Jersey ? 5. What did the Duke of York do ? What people went to New Jersey ? 6. What did the Duke of York do then ? What did Carteret do ? 1 sW-ve-sant. 2 bur-g'n. 3 berk'-ly. SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. 69 Founding of JVew Jersey and Pennsylvania. teret 1 as governor, and steps were taken to promote emigra- tion to that province. 7, The territory was called New Jersey, in honor of Sir George, who had been governor of Jersey, one of the British islands. A representative government was established in 1665, and then the foundations of the com- monwealth of New Jersey were laid. 8* Less than twenty years later, another colony was established be- yond the Delaware by William Penn, son of the eminent English admiral of that name. He was of a sect who called themselves "Friends," but who were named Quakers in derision. They were persecuted in England, and, like other leading non-conformists, Penn desired to find an asylum for his brethren where they might enjoy peace. 9. Already the " Friends " had possession of West Jersey by purchase, and had founded a settlement at a place which they called Salem. Penn sought and obtained a charter for the territory between New Jersey and Maryland, in 1681, to which the King gave the name of Pennsylvania. The land was given in payment of a debt which the King owed to Penn's father. 10. Penn sent a deputy to organize civil government on his domain. Emigrants followed ; and when Penn came WILLIAM PENN. Questions —7. How came New Jersey to be so named ? What can you tell about the government ? 8. What can you tell about William Penn and the Friends or Qua- kers ? 9. Give an account of the Friends in New Jersey and the charter given to Penn. 10. What did Penn do ? Give an account of his coming to America and what was done. 1 kar'-te-ret. ^() SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. Delaware Purchased by Penn. Penn founds Philadelphia. over the next year, and landed at Newcastle, he was met by a thousand settlers. He had purchased Delaivare from the Duke of York, and, in the presence of the settlers, a formal surrender of the domain was made to Penn. 1 1, Penn made a wise and just treaty with the In- dians, which remained inviolate so long as any of his family were proprietors of the prov- ince. He met the first repre- sentative assembly at Chester, and gave them a new and liberal charter ; and between the Delaware and Schuylkill he laid out a city, the assembly house at ches- which he named Philadelphia ] — TEK ' City of Brotherly Love. Thus were laid the foundations of the commonwealth of Pennsylvania. 12. In this section we have considered— (1) The Swedish settlement on the Delaware ; (2) the movements of the Dutch in relation to them; (3) the first settlements in New Jersey and the claims and acts of the Duke of York and of the subsequent proprietor of New Jersey ; (4) William Penn, his charter for Penn- sylvania and his doings there ; (5) his treaty with the Dxdians, his meeting the first representative assembly and his founding of Philadelphia. Questions.— 11. Give an account of Penn's treaty with the Indians, meetiDg the Assembly and laying out a city. 12. What have we considered in this section V 1 ftl-a-del'-fta. SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. It Settlements in North Carolina. Two Colonies f maided there. SECTION V. SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS IN THE CAROLINAS AND GEORGIA. 1. We have noticed the unsuccessful attempts to make settlements on the coasts of North and South Carolina. The first persons who settled and remained in North Caro- lina went from Jamestozvn, between the years 1640 and 1650. They lived happily without any government for awhile. 2. Others followed these earlier emigrants, and in 1663, William Drummond, a Presbyterian preacher, was made their governor. The King had given the country to eight of his friends. One of these was the Duke of Albemarle, 1 and DrummoncVs province was called the Albemarle County Colony. In honor of the King {Charles, Latin Carolus), the country was named Carolina. 3. In 1665, some emigrants came from Barbadoes 2 with Sir John Yeamans, and made a settlement on the Cape Fear River, near Wilmington. A government was organ- ized, with Yeamans as governor. In honor of Lord Clar- endon, another of the proprietors, it was called the Claren- don County Colony. 4. These two colonies were within the limits of North Carolina. In 1668, a popular legislative assembly was convened at Edenton, in Albemarle County Colony, and then were laid the foundations of the commonwealth of North Carolina. Questions.— 1. What can you tell about settlers in North Carolina? 2. Give an account of permanent settlers there, with a governor. 3. Give an account of a set- tlement on the Cape Fear River. 4. What can you tell about government in North Carolina ? 1 ahV -he-marl. - bar-ba'-doze. V2 SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. South Carolina Mettled. 5. Two years later (1670) some emigrants under William Sayle and Joseph West attempted to make a settlement on Beaufort 1 Island. They soon left that spot, sailed into the harbor of Charleston, and settled on the Ashley River, a few miles from its mouth. There they were joined by Sir John Teamans, who brought fifty families from Barba- cloes and two hundred negro slaves. SETTLEMENTS IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 6. Teamans was appointed governor of the settlers on the Ashley, and in honor of another proprietor, that settlement was called the Carteret 2 County Colony. That was in 1672. Questions.— 5. Give an account of settlements in South Carolina and the introduc- tion of negro slaves. 6. What can you tell ahout the settlement on the Ashley River ? b(/-furt. 2 kar'-te-ret. SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS 73 Charleston Founded. 'Propositions for Settling Georgia. 7. Eight years later (1680) Charleston was founded at the junction of the Ashley and Cooper rivers. Emigrants came and settlements spread. Representative govern- ment was established in 1682, and thus the com- monwealth of South Carolina was founded. 8. The cruel laws of England, which caused many worthy people to be imprisoned for debt, caused General Edward Oglethorpe? a CHARLESTON IN 1680. ' James member of parliament, to assist in devising a scheme for their relief. He proposed to release all such prison- ers on the condition that they should immediately emigrate to America. 9. A law to that effect was passed. The King granted a char- ter in 1732 for the founding of a colony in the country south of the Savannah River. A company was formed to act as trustees for twenty years. JAMES EDWARD OGLETHORPE. Late in the Questions.— 7. Give an account of the founding of Charleston and the spread of settlements. 8. What state of things in England caused Oglethorpe to propose emi- gration to America ? What was his proposition ? 9. What was done in the matter of emigration to Georgia ? 1 The ahove engraving illustrates the manner of fortifying towns, as a defence against foes. It exhibits the walls of Charleston in 1680. and the location of churches, in 1704. The points marked a, a, a, etc., are bastions for cannons. P, English church ; Q, French church ; R, Independent church ; S, Anabaptist church ; and T, Quaker meeting-house. 9 o-gH-thorp'. V4 SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. First Settlers in Georgia. Founding of the State of Georgia. autumn of 1732, one hundred and twenty emigrants — re- leased prisoners for debt — sailed for the Savannah River, with Oglethorpe as their governor. 10. At the middle of February, 1733, Oglethorpe and his followers were on Yamacraw Bluff, the site of the city of Savannah. There they had a friendly interview with To-mo-chi-chi, 1 the great chief of the Creek confederacy, who showed warm friendliness, and presented Oglethorpe with a buffalo skin, on which was the figure of an eagle. 11. On that spot Oglethorpe built a fort and laid the foundations of the capital of the future State, which he called Georgia, in compliment to the reigning Kiug, George the Second. Then and there the commonwealth of Georgia was founded. 12. In this section we have considered — (1) The beginning of settlements in the Carolinas ; (2) the causes which led to the settlement of Georgia ; and (3) the chief incidents of that settlement. 13. In the chapter here ended we have considered the subject of the settlers and settlements, as the beginning of the colonies of New England, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, the Carolinas and Georgia. We will now consider the his- tory of these colonies, until the period of the French and Indian War, when they assumed the form of a national league. Questions.— 10. Give an account of the emigration to Georgia. 11. What can yon tell about the founding of Savannah and the name of the State ? 12. What have we considered in this section ? 13. What have we considered in the chapter here ended, and what shall we now consider ? 1 to-mo-chi'-chl. SETTLERS ANB SETTLEMENTS. ^5 Outline of Important Events. OUTLINE OF IMPORTANT EVENTS FROM 1606 TO 1733. 160G, Plymouth and London Companies chartered. 1607. English emigrants land in Virginia, Captain Smith saves them from starvation. Smith saved by Pocahontas. 1GOS. Newport arrives at Jamestown with more emigrants. Smith ex- plores Chesapeake Bay and its neighborhood. First English women seen in Virginia. 1609, London Company obtain a new charter. Many emigrants go to Virginia. 1610, Fatal sickness at Jamestown. Arrival of Governor Delaware. 1611, Better emigrants come to Virginia. 1611. Another charter given to the London Company. 1612. Pocahontas kidnapped. She marries John Rolfe. 1613. Block's ship burned at Manhattan. 1614. Block discovers the Connecticut River and other places on the New England coast. Holland charters a company to trade on the Hudson River. Captain Smith explores the New England coasts. 1620. English Puritans in Holland emigrate to America. They land on the shore of Massachusetts. Plymouth Company receives a new name and a new charter. 1621. Dutch West India Company chartered. They buy Manhattan island and establish the province of New Netherland. Plym- outh Colony founded. 1622. Part of New England granted to Mason and Gorges. First set- tlement made in New Jersey. 1623. First settlement of families in New Netherland. First settlement on the Delaware, in New Jersey. 1629. Exeter, N. H., founded. New Hampshire granted to Mason 1631. Portsmouth, N. H., founded. Clayborne appears in Maryland. 1632. Charter for Maryland given to Lord Baltimore. First English settlers appear in the Valley of the Connecticut. 1634. Maryland settled. 1635. First legislature of Maryland meet at St. Marys. Second party of English emigrants in the Valley of the Connecticut. 1636. Third English emigrants to the Connecticut Valley. Roger Will- iams banished from Massachusetts, and founds Providence, R. I. 1637. War with the Pequods. 1638. Settlement at New Haven. First settlement on Rhode Island, Swedish colony settle on the Delaware. ^6 SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS. Outline of Important Events. 1639. Newport founded. Representative government established in the Connecticut Valley and in Maryland. 1640, 1G5U. Settlements made in Upper North Carolina. IG41. New Hampshire annexed to Massachusetts. I644. Royal charter for Rhode Island issued. 1655. Swedes on the Delaware subdued by the Dutch. I664. New Netherland passes into the possession of the English. English families settle at Elizabeth, N. J. 16G5. Territory of New Jersey granted to Lord Berkeley'and Sir George Carteret. Emigrants from Barbadoes settle near the Cape Fear River. 1668. Representative government established in North Carolina. 1670. Emigrants settle on the Ashley River, in South Carolina. Negro slaves there first introduced into South Carolina from Barba- does. 1672. Carteret County Colony founded in South Carolina. 1680. Charleston founded. 1681. William Penn receives a charter for Pennsylvania. 1682. Penn first visits America. He makes a treaty with the Indians. Meets the first legislative assembly of his province at Chester. Republican government established in South Carolina. 1733. Georgia fouuded by Oglethorpe. THE COLONIES. Enc/lish Settlements and Colonies. 11 CHAPTER III. THE COLONIES SECTION I. THE COLONY OF VIRGINIA. SEAL OP VIRGINIA. 1. In the same order of time, and name, that we have con- sidered the English settlements in America, out of which grew the colonies, we will now consider the history of those colonies. We will begin with Virginia. 2, We have seen that a representative government was established in Virginia — the first in America — in the sum- Qtjestions.— 1, 2. What have we observed? and what was lacking in Virginia? 78 THE COLONIES. Women and Slaves in Virginia. Murders by Indians. mer of 1619. But an important element in the structure of a state was wanting. There were no "white women in the colony. That want was soon supplied. 3. In the year 1620, ninety young women, " pure and un- corrupt," were sent to Virginia to become wives for the planters or farmers there. The family relation and homes were thus established, and so the more solid foundations of a state were laid. 4. A year earlier a Dutch trader took twenty captives from Africa to Jamestown, and sold them for slaves. So negro slavery was first introduced into the United States. 5. Emigrants now flocked to Virginia. New settlements were formed. In 1621 Sir Francis Wyatt was appointed governor, and brought with him a written charter which gave the people the privilege of electing the members of the legislative assembly. He established regular courts of justice like those in England. 6. Trouble now fell upon the colonists. Powhatan was dead, and his brother, an enemy of the English, ruled the Indian empire. He planned the destruction of the English in Virginia. In April, 1622, his warriors fell upon the people of eighty plantations out of Jamestown. 7. Seventy-two of the plantations were desolated. Three hundred and fifty men, women, and children were mur- dered. The surviving Englishmen struck the Indians such a terrible blow in return that the dusky nation was almost destroyed. Questions.— 3. What can you tell about women and homes in Virginia ? 4. When and how were negro slaves first introduced into the United States '? 5. What can you tell about emigration to, and a new government in, Virginia? 6. What trouble befell the colony ? 7. Give an account of the massacre by the Indians. THE COLONIES. 79 Sufferings in Virginia. Virginia a ftqyal Province. 8. Sickness followed the massacre, and of the four thou- sand settlers who were in Virginia in the spring, by mid- summer not more than twenty-five hundred remained alive. 9. In 1624, King James took Virginia from the Lon- don Company, and it became a royal province. The governor and twelve councillors were appointed by the crown ; the members of the Assembly, or House of Burgesses, were chosen by the people. 10. As a rule, the people prospered under the royal gov- ernors. They lived well, and exported products of their soil. Tobacco became an important article of commerce, and a sort of currency for the colony, being rated at about seventy-five cents a pound. 11. After several changes in the governorship of Vir- ginia, Sir William Berkeley 1 was appointed chief magis- trate in 1641. He ruled the colony with wisdom, and held the people of Virginia loyal to the crown during the civil war in England. That war began in 1642, and ended in 1649, when the Republicans cut off the head of King Charles and made Oliver Cromwell ruler. 12. In 1644, the Indians again fell upon the English and murdered about three hundred of them. The savages were so terribly smitten in return by the English that they never again gave the colonists any trouble. 13. During Cromwell's rule, the Virginians remained Questions.— 8. What other misfortune fell upon the colony? 9. What can you tell about a change in the government of Virginia? 10. What can you tell about the life and industry of the people? 11. Who became governor of Virginia, and what did he do ? What was a result of a civil war in England ? 12. Tell about another massacre by the Indians. 13. How did the Virginians show their loyalty to the monarch ? 1 tyurk'-ly. 80 THE COLONIES. Civil War in Virginia. Revolution in England. the firm friends of the dead King's family. They invited his son, Charles, to come to Virginia and reign there as King. He was placed on the throne of his father in 1660. 14. There were now many republicans in Virginia, for the new monarch became the oppressor of the colonists. These republicans opposed Governor Berkeley, for he was a proud royalist, and had become exacting and persecuting in matters of church and state. Disputes ran high, and led to civil war in 1676, in which the Republicans were led by Nathaniel Bacon. 15. Berkeley proclaimed Bacon to be a traitor. The majority of the people took sides with the " rebel.' ' He drove the governor from Jamestown. When informed that royal troops were coming against him, he laid Jamestown in ashes. Everything was destroyed but the old church tower, which yet remains. 16. Bacon died soon afterward, and the war, known as "Bacon's Rebellion," ceased. At length King James the Second, who succeeded his brother, King Charles the Second, was driven from the throne, and in 1689 his son-in-law, William of Orange, with Mary, his daughter, became joint monarchs of England. 17. After that England had better rulers. Virginia and all the other colonies prospered wonderfully, until they joined in a common struggle for independence, in 1775. Questions.— 14. What can you tell about the governor and the cause of civil war in Virginia ? 15. What did Berkeley and Bacon do? 16. How did the civil war end ? what was it called? and what occurred in England? 17. What can you tell about the condition of England and the colonies after that ? CHURCH TOWER. THE COLONIES. 81 Indians at Plymouth. 18. In this section we have considered— (1) The state of society in Virginia and its improve- ment; (2) the introduction of negro slavery into that colony ; (3) a change in the government ; (4) the sufferings of the colonists ; (5) the effects of the civil war in England ; (Q) the loyalty of the Virginians, and (7) " Bacon's Re- bellion." SECTION II. THE COLONY OF MASSACHUSETTS. SEAL OF MASSACHUSETTS. 1. In the spring of 1621 Indians prowled around the settlement at Plymouth. One of them went among the huts, and in broken words said : " Welcome Englishmen ! " Questions.— 18. What have we considered in this section ? Questions.— 1. What can you tell about Indians at Plymouth ? 82 THE COLONIES. Treaty with Indians. Vicious Emigrants. He was Squanto, who had been carried to England a cap- tive, and had returned. 2. Squanto was the herald of Massasoit, 1 sachem of the Wampanoags. The latter came in stately pomp, with sixty warriors, to confer with Governor Carver. He tarried on a hill ; and, when invited, he went into the village and made a treaty of friendship with the English, which was kept inviolate fifty years. 3. The colony, reduced by deaths, was reinforced by many new coiners from England the following summer. The protection of Massasoit' s friendship gave them peace. Prosperity and happiness followed industry and thrift, until society was disturbed by the arrival of some emigrants who had been sent by a discontented member of the Company to plant a new settlement. 4. Many of the new-comers were idle and vicious, and offended the Indians by their bad conduct. Fearing the savages, they called on Captain Miles Standisli to protect them. After seeing several of the In- dians slain by this fiery soldier, these worthless settlers returned to England. 5. The partnership between the "Pil- grims " and the London merchants was dissolved at the end of seven years, when the former became sole owners of the soil. Greater prosperity was the conse- quence of the change. Their democratic government con- FIKST COLONY SEAL, Questions.— 2. What did Squanto do? Give an account of an interview with Mas- sasoit. 3. What can you tell about new emigrants, and the result of Masj-asoitV friendship? 1. Give an account of new comers and their conduct. 5. What can you tell about a change in ownership and in the government of Plymouth ? 1 mas-sa-saw'-U. THE COLONIES. 83 Settlements in Massachusetts. Union of 'Plymouth and Massachusetts. tinued in force until 1634, when a representative system was established, and a colonial seal was adopted. 6. The prosperity at Plymouth caused leading Puritans in England to formal association under the name of the Massachusetts Bay Company, to colonize other por- tions of New England. They purchased lands and sent out emigrants in 1628, with John Enclicot as governor, who settled at Salem and built cabins at Charlestown. 7. The charter of the company was transferred to the colony in 1629, which gave the people self -government. The next year, three hundred more families came to Salem, and some of these settled on the peninsula where Boston now stands. 8. These settlements were soon united, with John Winthrop as governor. The foundations of the city of Boston were laid where this magistrate's cottage was built. 9. The Plymouth and Mas- ^ f ™f|pm i |%^ sachusetts Bay colonies existed separately until 1692, when they were united by royal decree. From JOHN WINTHROP. . t . , • . •, , -, i -, o that time until the old war for independence, the whole domain was known as Massa- chusetts Bay. 10. Winthrop was a wise man and ruled well. He made friends with the Indians. He held friendly intercourse with Questions.— 6. Give an account of a new settlement by Puritans. 7. What can you tell about their charter and a settlement on the site of Boston? 8. Tell about the unity of settlements and the founding of Boston. 9. What can you tell about the formation of the Massachusetts Bay Colony ? 10. What can you tell about Governor Winthrop and the prosperity of the colony ? 84 THE COLONIES. Theological Disputes. Soger Williams and olnne Hutchinson Sanished. the Dutch on Manhattan ; and ships came from Virginia to trade with the people of Boston and Salem. In this way the Coast Trade of this country was begun. 11. The colony prospered wonderfully. It comprised twenty settlements in 1636, when it was greatly agitated by theological disputes. Its government was carried on by a governor, deputy-governor, and magistrates called "assistants," who, with the members of the legislature, were all elected by the " freemen," who were church mem- bers. , 12. The Puritans of Massachusetts, having escaped from the persecutions of Churchmen, regarded them as deadly foes, and kept them at a distance. Desiring to enjoy, without molestation, their peculiar religious doctrines and forms of worship, they could not tolerate any non-conform- ity, and so in turn became persecutors. 13. In 1635 the authorities of Massachusetts decreed the banishment of Roger Williams, a Puritan preacher, because he upheld the rights of conscience against the authority of magistrates, and advocated toleration in matters of religion. He went to Narraganset Bay and founded the colony of Rhode Island. 14. For a similar offence they first imprisoned and then banished an accomplished woman named Anne Hutchin- son, with her family. She finally perished in the wilderness, at the hands of the Indians, near New York. 15. The civil war in England left the colonists free to act. Those of New England, excepting Rhode Island, Questions.— 11. Tell about the growth of the colony and its government. 12. How did the Puritans regard churchmen, and what did they do? 13. Give an account of the banishment of Roger Williams. 14. Give an account of Anne Hutchinson. 15. What did some New England colonies do ? THE COLONIES. 85 New England Confed eracy. Commerce and Coinage in Massachusetts. formed a political confederacy in 1643, to oppose royal encroachments and hostile Indians. 16. At that time there were fifty villages and twenty thousand whites in New England. The Confederation promised good results. Each colony was represented in a Congress which had general supervision of the affairs of the Union. 17. The league then formed lasted more than forty years, when mutual jealousies caused it to be dissolved. It was the first important step toward the formation of a national confederacy in America. 18. Unlike the people of Virginia, those of Mas- sachusetts took sides against the King during the Civil War. While Cromwell ruled they prospered wonderfully, and had almost absolute freedom. They built ships and traded with the Spanish colonies in the West Indies. Thus they began the foreign commerce of the United States. 19. The Massachusetts colonists also coined silver money. They issued six- ^t^T^^N P ences an( ^ shillings, on f^fTT>^\ which was the figure of 191^717 ff SfeJ a pine-tree. These were first issued in 1652. This was the first coinage in the United States. SO. The same year (1652) the jurisdiction of Massachusetts was extended over the Questions— 1(3. What can you tell about the population of New England and a Confederation? 17. What more can you tell about the Confederation 'i 18. What can you tell about the politics, independence, and enterprise of the New England colonies ? 19. Tell about the coinage of money in Massachusetts. F1KST MONEY COINED IN THE UNITED STATES. 86 THE COLONIES. Friends or Quakers in Boston. ^Political Troubles in Massachusetts. territory of Maine. But while the Puritans were looking for a further extension of their domain, events occurred which produced lamentable scenes in Boston. 2 1 . Two women of the sect called Friends, or Quakers, came to Boston in 1656. The authorities there had heard of the denunciations of magistrates by Friends in England, and they put these women in jail to stop their mouths. 22. Other Friends came. They were not, generally, true representatives of their sect. They were fanatics, and real disturbers of good order. They were driven away ; and, finally, others who came, and seemed to court martyrdom, were imprisoned, whipped, and banished. They were threat- ened with death if they should return. Some did return and were hanged. 23. When persecution of these people ceased, the Friends were no longer disturbers of the peace. But another trouble came upon the people of Massachusetts. When Charles the Second came to the throne in 1660, he determined to punish the New Englanders for their friendship for Crom- well and Republicanism. He ordered them to pay taxes to the government in the shape of a certain amount of money for everything that was received from England in ships. 24. This act was in violation of their charter. The Massachusetts merchants refused to pay the tax, and the people upheld them in it. The King recalled his tax- gatherers ; and Massachusetts was ever afterward the leader in the march toward final independence. Questions— 20. What can you tell about the extension of the jurisdiction of Mas- sachusetts ? 21. Give an account of Friends, or Quakers, in Boston. 22. What have you to tell about the character and treatment of the Friends in Boston ? 28. What more have you to say about the Friends? What new trouble disturbed the people of Massachusetts ? 24. What did the people do, and what was the result t THE COLONIES. 87 Kin ft 'Philij) and his Acts. JVeff JZng landers in 'I'eril. 25. A worse trouble now fell upon New England. Old Massasoit was dead. His brave son, Metacomet, 1 known as King Philip, did not respect the treaty made with the white people by his father. He suspected that they intended to seize all the lands of the Indians, and he determined to destroy them. 26. King Philip laid his plans secretly, and on Sunday, the 4th of July, 1675, he and his followers attacked the inhabi- tants of the village of Swanzey, thirty-five miles from Plymouth, when they were returning from public worship. Many were killed or made captives. Thus was begun the conflict known in history as king Philip's war. 27. The white people of New England flew to arms, and Philip was closely pursued. Other tribes joined the Wampanoags, and death and desolation were spread over the settlements, even to the Connecti- cut Valley. 28. For several months the work of the savages was fearful. The white people palisaded their houses ; but, for awhile, it seemed as if the English would all be destroyed. In December, KING PHILIP. PALISADED BUILDING. Questions.— 25. Give an account of the origin of trouble with the Indians. 26. What can you tell of King Philip and his attack on the white people ? 27. What did the white people and the Indians then do ? 2S, What was done during several months in New England ? 1 met-a-kom'-et. 88 THE COLONIES. King Philip's Hefuge in jRhode Island. Philip's career was checked, and he took refuge with the JfarragansetSy who violated their treaties by giving him shelter. 29. In a swamp in Rhode Island the Indians had gath- ered their winter provisions. There, too, the Narragansets, Ah K S i S K C W V>-1\ with PJiilip and his followers, took refuge from the white people. There were about three thousand Indian warriors there, with women and children. Questions.— 29. Give an account of the Indians and their stores in a swamp. 90 THE COLONIES. Destruction of Indians. TJeath of ^/litip. slndros in A'ew England. 30. Fifteen hundred New Englanclers surrounded the swamp, and at the close of December, 1675, they destroyed by fire five hundred wigwams with provisions, and killed a thousand warriors. Hundreds of men, women, and children perished in the flames. 31. Philip escaped. He gathered new allies, and opened war vigorously in the spring of 1676. It spread over a space of three hundred miles along the coasts of New Eng- land. The white people fought the savages with equal vigor, killing many, and chasing Philip from one hiding- place to another. 32. At length Philip's family were made prisoners. He was shot in a swamp, and his head was cut off and carried into Plymouth on a pole. His body was quartered, and his little son was sold for a slave in Bermuda. So per- ished the last prince of the Wampanoags, 1 and the war was ended. 33. King Charles the Second, observing the power and independence of the New England people, determined to take away their charters and rule them himself. He died before he effected his purpose. His brother, James the Second, who succeeded him, attempted the same thing. He sent Edmund Andros, in 1686, to take away their charters and govern all New England. The people were about to send Andros back, when news came that James had been driven from the throne of England (1688) and had fled to France. Questions.— 30. What can you tell about an attack on the Indians in the swamp ? 31. What did Philip and the white people then do? 32. Give an account of the fate of Philip and his family. 33. What did King Charles attempt to do ? What did his successor do, and what occurred in England ? 1 ivam-pa-ncy-ags. THE COLONIES. 91 King )t 'illiam's "War. Indian Foray. Expedition against Canada. 34. William, a Hollander, and his wife Mary, now (1689) sat on the throne of England. The King of France favored James, and the French and English made war upon each other. That war spread to the French and English colonies in America, and is known in history as 35. During this conflict, which began in 1689, the New Englanclers suffered dreadfully. The French had gained great influence over the Indians in Canada and in the East, and these savages joined them. Several New Eng- land villages were burned and the inhabitants were mur- dered. 36. In February, 1690, French and Indians went down from the St. Lawrence, and at midnight set fire to Sche- nectady, near Albany, in New York, and murdered many of the inhabitants. The people of New York joined those of New England in making war upon Canada, the home of these enemies. 37. A land force was sent by way of Lake Champlain to attack Montreal, and a naval force was sent up the St. Lawrence to capture Quebec. 1 Both expeditions failed. The war continued, and the New Englanders suffered much until it ended in 1697, by a treaty at Byswick. 38. Meanwhile there was another change in the govern- Qtjestions.— 34. Who succeeded King James ? What caused " King William's War"? 35. What can you tell ahout the sufferings of New Englanders, and the French and Indian allies ? 36. Tell about the destruction of Schenectady. What did New Yorkers and New Englanders do? 37. Give an account of expeditions against Canada. 38. What can you tell about changes in New England and the creation of a royal province ? 1 ke-bek'. 92 THE COLONIES. Witchcraft Detusion in Massachusetts. Queen slnne's War. merit of New England. Massachusetts and Plymouth and the Eastern settlements were united under one govern- ment. A new charter was given in 1692, and the domain was made a royal province, under the name of Massa- chusetts Bay Colony. 39. A strange thing occurred in Massachusetts in 1692. There was a general belief in witches and witchcraft. At Salem, two young girls twitched and acted strangely. An old Indian servant woman was accused of bewitching them. Yery soon all sorts of people acted as strangely, and many respectable persons — even the wife of Governor Phipps — were suspected of practising witchcraft. 40. The delusion spread, and lasted many months. Many persons, some of great respectability, were punished as wizards and witches. The jails were filled with the accused, and twenty suspected persons were hanged. The delusion ended as suddenly as it began, and the accusers were overwhelmed with shame. 41. The exiled King James died in 1701, and the French monarch acknowledged James' son to be the rightful sov- ereign of England. William and Mary were both dead, and Mary's sister Anne was on the throne. England declared war against France. The conflict that ensued is known in American history as QUEEN AME'S WAK. 42. As before, the English and French colonies in America were involved in the war. The white people of Questions.— 39. Give an account of a delusion concerning witchcraft in Massachu- setts. 40. What further can you tell ahout the delusion ? 41. What caused war be- tween England and France J Who then ruled England ? 42. What have you to say about the effects of " Queen Anne's War " ? WILLIAMS S HOUSE. THE COLONIES. 03 Position of the Five Nations. /?.r/>er/itio}t against Canada. New England again suffered much from Indian cruelties. The frontiers were desolated by fire, and blood flowed in almost every valley. Among the victims at Deer field was the Rev. John Williams, though his house escaped the flames. 43. A powerful confederation of In- dians in the province of New York, known as the Five Nations, agreed not to fight for either party. This was a great blessing to the white people, for these nations stood as a wall between them and the fierce savages of Canada. 44. Some of the New England colonies united in fitting out a fleet and army to chastise the French in Nova Scotia or Acadia. Little was done until 1710, when an expedition from Boston, assisted by a fleet from England, captured Port Royal, in Acadia. 45. In August, 1711, seven thousand troops and a power- ful English fleet, under Sir Hovenden Walker, sailed for Quebec. At the mouth of the St. Lawrence, eight of the ships were wrecked on the rocks, and a thousand men perished. The remainder returned. A land force of four thousand men, on their way toward Montreal, hearing of this disaster, returned to Albany. 46. The expedition against Canada was abandoned. In the spring of 1713, peace was secured by a treaty at Utrecht. The Eastern Indians sent chiefs to Boston to treat for peace the same year. For thirty years after- Questions.— 43. What can you tell about Indians in New York? 44. Give an ac- count of expeditions fitted out against Nova Scotia. 45. Tell about an army and navy sent to capture Quebec. Also of a force sent toward Montreal. 46. What was done ? What can you tell about treaties of peace and their result ? 04 THE COLONIES. Causes of <{ King George's War." Capture of Louisburg. ward the New England colonies enjoyed quiet, and pros- pered. 47. England and France quarrelled again in 1744, and commenced war. The English and French colonists were involved in the contest. George the Second was then monarch of England, and the conflict is known in Ameri- can history as 48. Eastward of Nova Scotia is a large island called Cape Breton. 1 On that island the French had a town named Louisburg, and there they built a strong fort. This gave them great strength in that region, and the people of New England and New York determined to capture the fort. 49. In April, 1745, a provincial army sailed from Boston for Cape Breton. They were joined by English ships and troops under Admiral Warren, which came from the West Indies, and in May the land forces, four thousand in num- ber, landed near Louisburg. The French garrison, alarmed by such a force, made but little resistance. The fort and town were surrendered to the English after a siege of only a month. 50. The following year (1746) the Duke D'AnviUe* was sent from France to recapture Louisburg and its fort. He Qttestions.-47. What can you tell about the beginning of King George's War? 48. Give an account of Cape Breton and a French town and fort there. 49. What can you tell about the capture of Louisburg by the English ? 50. Tell about an attempt of the French to recapture Louisburg. 1 bre'-ton. - dan'-vill THE COL OXTER. 05 D'slnville'g Expedition to recover Louisbnrg. had a powerful fleet and a large army. Terrible storms wrecked many of his vessels, and disease swept away many of his sol- diers and sailors, D'Anville, disheart- ened, returned tc France. 51. A trea- ty of peace, made at Aix- la- Chapette 1 in 1748, ended CAPTURE OP LOUISBURG IN 1745. the war. There was peace for a few years. Then mutual animosities growing out of these conflicts, and disputes concerning territorial boundaries, caused another long conflict between the three races. It is known in American history as the French and Indian War. 52, In this section we have considered — (1) The friendship of Massasoit and his people ; (2) the coming of new emigrants to Massachusetts and their character ; (3) the changes in the ownership and govern- ment of Massachusetts; (4) the founding of Massa- chusetts Bay Colony ; (5) the government, and the result of theological disputes ; (6) the New England confed- eracy ;> (7) the politics of the Massachusetts people; Questions.— 51. What can you tell about a treaty, and the causes which produced the French and Indian War ? 5fc. What have we considered in this section ? aks-lah-shap'-el. THE COLONIES. Purchase of Manhattan Island. Fort Amsterdam. (8) their coinage of money; (9) their treatment of the "Quakers" ; (10) their defiance of the King ; (11) King Philip's War ; and (12) King William's, Queen Anne's and King George's Wars. SECTION III. THE COLONY OF NEW YORK. SEAL OF NEW YORK. 1. We have observed that the colony of New Nether- lands was established when families came from Holland and settled on Manhattan Island and elsewhere. That island was bought of the Indians for about twenty-five dollars, by Peter Minnit, who arrived there as governor in 1626. 2. Governor Minnit built a stockade at the lower end of the island, and called it Fort Amsterdam. The village Questions.— 1. What can you tell about the purchase of Manhattan Island? 2. What did Governor Minuit do ? THE COLONIES. 01 Minuit and his Friends. 27/e 'Patroong. Governor Kieft. that grew up near it — the germ of the city of New York — he called New Amsterdam. By kindness, Minuit made friends of the Indians. He had a friendly correspondence with the Plymouth people ; and Butch traders trafficked with the Indians on the borders of Nai~ra$anset Bay. 3. To encourage emigration to New Netherland, the Dutch West India Company offered large tracts of land and many privileges to persons who would lead or send a certain number of persons to settle upon them. Several Hollanders accepted the conditions, and each received the title of Patroon, or patron. 4. Wouter Van Twiller, who came over to examine the country and select lands for Van Rensselaer, one of the Patroons, was appointed governor in 1633. He was a man of hasty temper, and involved the colony in trouble. He was followed by William Kieft 1 in 1638, who loved money, power, and strong drink. 5. Kieft quarrelled with everybody, and made the Eng- lish, Swedes and Indians his bitter enemies. His conduct interfered with the prosperity of New Amsterdam, and the people raised a clamor against him because he made war upon neighboring Indians, and thereby lessened the fur trade. 6. The governor was afraid of the people. In 1641 he called some of the wisest men of New Amsterdam to con- fer with him on public affairs. This was the germ of repre- sentative government in New Netherland. These counsellors opposed the governor's projects, and talked Questions.— 3. What was done to encourage emigration ? 4. What can you tell about Governors Van Twiller and Kieft ? 5. Give an account of Kieft's conduct. What did the people do ? 6. What can you tell about the beginning of representative government in New Netherland ? 1 keeft. 98 THE COLONIES. h art with the Indians. Departure of A'ieft. Governor Stuypesant. about the rights of the people. Alarmed by these indi- cations of democratic principles, he dissolved them early in 1642. 7. At length Kieft involved the colony in a terrible war with the Indians, which, at one time, threatened its very existence. Some " River Indians," pursued by fierce Mo- hawks, took shelter at Hoboken, 1 opposite New Amster- dam. Kieft treacherously caused Dutch soldiers and some Mohawks 2 to cross the river on a cold winter night, to attack the sleeping fugitives. Before the dawn more than a hundred helpless men, women and children were murdered, or driven off the bank into the freezing waters. 8. This atrocious act kindled the fierce anger of the In- dians all over the country. They killed every white person whom they saw, and burned buildings and crops. The savages were finally subdued. Kieft was recalled. On his way to Holland with much ill- gotten wealth, the ship in which he sailed was wrecked, and his life and property were lost. 9. Peter Stuyvesant? a brave soldier, became governor of New Netherland in 1647. His kind- ness made friends of the Indians, and his justice won for him the re- peter stuytesant. spect of the English in the East and the Swedes in the West. He ruled with power, but wisely and faithfully. Questions.— 7. What injurious things did Kieft do ? 8. What were the effects of Kieft's had conduct ? What was his fate ? 9. What have you to say about Governor Stuy vesant ? 1 Tw-bc/'Tcen. 2 mrf-hawks. 8 sti' -vesant. THE COLONIES. 90 The Swedes in the "Delaware. ^Representative Government in JVew ) 'ork. 10. As we have observed, the Dutch became jealous of the Swedes on the Delaware, who were clearly within the bounds of New Netherlands. Stuyvesant was directed to bring them into subjection to the authorities at Manhattan. In 1651 he built a fort on the site of Newcastle, in Dela- ware, which territory the Swedes claimed as their own. 1 1 . The Swedes attacked the Dutch fort ; Stuyvesant went there with an armed force and soon made them acknowledge his government as their own. With this con- quest, the pacification of the Indians, and the settlement of a dispute with the English in Connecticut, Stuyvesant concluded that all causes for trouble were at an end. 12. For awhile everything was serene. But the people, who had tasted the sweets of representative govern- ment in Kieft's time, now yearned for more liberty. Stuyvesant never sought their counsel. Finally, in 1663, deputies, chosen by the people of each village in New Neth- erland, assembled at New Amsterdam, without Stuyve- sant 's consent, to consult on public affairs. 13. This representative assembly proposed certain laws. Stuyvesant scolded, and violently opposed them. They refused to be taxed without being consulted, and told the governor plainly that they would prefer to bear English rule for the sake of enjoying English lib- erty. 14. It was not long before the Dutch in New Nether- land had an opportunity to bear English rule. King Charles, who claimed the whole territory as English do- Questions.— 10. Tell about the Swedes on the Delaware and Governor Stuyvesant. 11. What did the Swedes and Dutch do ? What good results followed ? 12. What can you tell about another attempt to establish representative government ? 13, What did a popular assembly and Governor Stuyvesant do ? 100 THE COLONIES. JS 'en- JVetherland Surrendered to the English. Retaken by the Dutch. main, and regarded the Dutch as intruders, gave it to his brother James, the Duke of York, in May, 1664. The Duke sent a land and naval force to take it from the Dutch, and early in September following, Stuyvesant was compelled to surrender the fort and territory to the English. NEW YORK IN 1664. 15. The name of the territory and the city of New Am- sterdamwere changed to New York, in compliment to the Duke. The Dutch found that there was more "rule" than "liberty " under the English. Taxes were greater and privileges were less. 16. The English governor (Nicolls) said he would make the people think of nothing, except how to pay their taxes. They bore the burden impatiently about nine years, and when, in 1673, they were on the point of breaking out into open rebellion, a Dutch squadron appeared in New York harbor. 17. The Dutch and English governments were then at war. This squadron was looked upon with favor by the Dutch inhabitants of New York; and the fort and city were surrendered to the commander of the Holland navy. By a treaty of peace the city and province were restored to the English in 1674. Questions.— 14. Give an account of the passage of New Netherland from the pos- session of the Dutch to the English. 15. What can you tell about a change in names ? 16. What can you tell about English rule and a Dutch squadron ? 17. Tell about the Dutch and English at New York ? THE COLONIES. 101 Political Chnnges in JVew York. Execution of Leisler and Milborne. 1 8. Edmund Andros 1 was now made governor of Ne w York. He was succeeded by Thomas Dougan 2 in 1683, when the Duke of York gave the people a constitution called a Charter of Liberties, which established a repre- sentative government in New York. 19. When Duke James became King in 1685, he with- drew the Charter of Liberties and refused to let the peo- ple make laws through representatives. They were on the point of rebellion when James was dethroned. 20. For awhile there was no royal governor in New York. The people chose Jacob Leisler? a merchant and commander of militia, to govern the province until the new monarch should send them a ruler. Leisler managed well, but roy- alists were offended by this elevation of a republican. When Governor Sloughter 4 arrived they accused Leisler of treason, and urged the new magistrate to hang him . 21. Sloughter saw no reason for so harsh a measure. One day, while he was dining with one of Leisler 's ene- mies, he became very drunk. In the absence of his reason he signed the death-warrant, and before he became sober Leisler and his son-in-law, Milbome, 5 were hanged. This was in 1691. 22. The death of Leisler created two violently antago- nistic parties in the province of New York. Those who supported the royal governor were called Aristocrats, and those who favored the people were called Democrats. The latter regarded Leisler as a martyr. Questions.— 18. Who was appointed governor of New York ? What did the Duke of York do ? 19. What did the Duke do when he became King ? 20. Give an account of Leisler's operations in New York, and their effects. 21. Tell about Governor Sloughter and the death of Leisler and Milborne. 22. What were the effects of Leis- ler's death ? 1 an'-dros. 2 dou'-gan. 3 lise'-ler. * slaw'-ter. 6 mil' -bom. 102 THE COLONIES. Hqyal Governors in Check. Liberty of the 2>ress Vindicated. 23. The Democrats, having the advantage of a represen- tative Assembly, held the royal governors in check. When, more than forty years after Leisler's death, one of them im- prisoned the editor of a democratic newspaper (J. P. Zenger)* because of his criticism on the public conduct of the gov- ernor, the liberty of the press was nobly vindicated by a court and jury, who acquitted him. 24. So important was this vindication of the freedom of the press considered, that to Mr. Hamilton of Phila- delphia (who was employed as Zenger's counsel), the authorities of the city of New York presented the " free- dom of the city " in a gold box. 25. From that time until the beginning of the French and Indian war, the history of New York is made up chiefly of the stories of the quarrels of political partisans. 26. In this section we have considered — (1) The establishment of the colony of New Netherland; (2) the management of successive governors ; (3) the admin- istrations of Kieft and Stwyvesant ; (4) the attempts to establish representative government in New Netherland ; (5) the surrender of New Netherland to the English ; (6) affairs under English rule ; (7) the martyrdom of Leisler and Milborne, and (8) the vindication of the freedom of the press. Questions.— 23. What did the Democrats do ? What can you tell about the vindi- cation of the freedom of the press? 24. What honors were paid to Hamilton, of Philadelphia ? 25. Of what was the later history of the province of New York made up ? 26. What have we considered in this section ? r » zang'-er. THE COLONIES. 103 71 >')•}?/ of the Maryland Colony. JVature of its Government. SECTION IV. THE COLONY OF MARYLAND. SEAL OF MARYLAND. 1. In 1635 a legislative Assembly of all the freemen in Maryland met at St. Malays and formed that colony. It began its vigorous growth when, in 1639, the more conve- nient form of representative government was estab- lished. 2. The freemen chose as many representatives as they pleased, and so did the proprietor. These, with the governor and secretary, formed the government. At their first session they adopted a Declaration of Rights ; defined the powers of the governor, and guaranteed to the people the privileges of English subjects. Questions.— 1. At what time do you date the birth of Maryland, and the beginning Of its growth, and. why ? 2, What was the nature of the government ? 104 THE COLONIES. Civil War in Maryland. Toleration Jict. Political Changes. 3. William Claybome has been mentioned as a disturber of the peace. He claimed to have a better right to the soil of Maryland than Lord Baltimore. It is believed that he did much to excite the Indians against the white people, and to urge them to the hostilities which broke out in 1642. In 1645 he stirred up dissensions among the people, and kindled the flames of civil war. Claybome 's faction was defeated in 1646. 4. In 1649 an important law called the Toleration Act was passed by the Assembly. It gave freedom of opinion and action to nearly all men in religious matters. It fostered democratic ideas, and when royalty was abolished in Eng- land the same year, a large portion of the people of Mary- land were republicans. 5. The Toleration Act caused persecuted Protestants in other colonies to flock to Roman Catholic Maryland. In 1654 the Protestants outnumbered the Roman Catholics. They bore rule in the Assembly, which changed the laws so as to deprive Roman Catholics of rights. This led to a civil war which lasted two years. 6. The legislature took all power from Lord Baltimore early in 1660, and gave it to the people. There was con- fusion and great trouble in the province for several years. Later, in 1660, the restoration of monarchy in Eng- land caused the old order of things in Maryland to be restored. For almost thirty years afterward the colony was peaceful and prosperous. 7. Charles Calvert became proprietor of Maryland, on Questions.— 3. Give an account of Clayborne's doings. 4. What can you tell about a generous law and its effects ? 5. How did the Toleration Act affect the growth of the province ? What did the Protestants do ? 6. What did the legislature do ? What have you to say about confusion and a restoration of order? THE COLONIES. 105 Civil War again. Maryland a Royal Province, the death of his father, in 1684, as the fourth Lord Balti- more. In 1689, when news of the revolution in England which dethroned King James, reached Maryland, a tur- bulent man, named Coode, 1 stirred up the people to rebellion by false stories concerning the intentions of the governor, who was slow to acknowledge William and Mary as his sovereigns. King James was a Roman Catholic, and so was the governor. This fact gave ready belief to Coode's stories. 8. The Protestants flew to arms. Led by Coode, they took possession of the public records, deposed Lord Balti- more as proprietor, and declared that the province belonged to the inhabitants of Maryland. 9. In 1691, William and Mary made a royal prov- ince of Maryland. The Church of England was made the established church of the province. The proprietor's rights were restored in 1715, when Lord Baltimore was dead and his eldest son was an infant. The child's rights were protected, and he and his family owned the province and appointed governors to rule it until it became an inde- pendent State in 1776. 10. The growth of Maryland was rapid after the Revolu- tion of 1688. Annapolis was made the capital in 1699. The province then contained 30,000 inhabitants. Tobacco was one of its staple productions, and much of the labor was done by negro slaves. The population of Maryland in 1776 was 120,000. Questions —7. Who became the fourth Lord Baltimore, and when ? Give an account of a disturbance caused by Coode. 8. What did the Protestants do ? 9, What did William and Mary do? What can you tell about the proprietor's rights, and the fifth Lord Baltimore ? 10. What can you tell of the progress of Maryland ? 1 kood. 106 THE COLOXIES. Foundations of the Connecticut Colony Zaid. 11. We have considered in this section— (1) The birth of the colony of Maryland and the begin- ning of its permanent growth ; (2) the forms of its gov- ernment ; (3) the disturbances raised by Clayborne and Coode ; (4) the Toleration Act and its effects ; (5) the un- generous conduct of the Protestants ; (6) the changes in the proprietorship, and its general condition down to 1776. SECTION V. THE COLONY OF CONNECTICUT. SEAL OP CONNECTICUT. 1 . We have observed how the foundations of the colony of Connecticut were laid in 1639. The example of the set- Questions.— 11. What have we considered in this section ? Questions.— 1. What can you tell about the foundations of the Connecticut colony ? THE COLONIES. 107 Connecticut and Aew Haven Colonies under one Charter. tiers in the Valley was followed, the same year, by those at New Haven. The government of each was similar, being founded upon a pattern taken from the Bible. 2. Many of the New Haven settlers were merchants, and they tried to found a commercial colony. Disasters at sea caused them to abandon the project, and to become tillers of the soil. They and the settlers in the valley joined the New England Confederacy in 1643 ; and in 1650 all disputes between Connecticut and New Netherlands, concerning territorial claims, were settled. 3. On the restoration of monarchy in England in 1660, Winthrop, governor of Connecticut, made applica- tion to Charles the Second for a charter for the Valley set- tlers. The King had been informed of their republicanism, and refused. Winthrop gave to the monarch a ring which the King's father had given to WinthrojPs grandfather. The heart of the King was touched, and he granted a charter. 4. That charter, given in May, 1662, included a portion of Rhode Island, and the whole of the New Haven col- ony, and westward to the Pacific Ocean. Rhode Island, which had a charter of its own, refused to be joined to Con- necticut, but the New Haven colony consented to the union in 1665, and so the real colony of Connecticut was formed. Rhode Island and Connecticut disputed about boundary lines for sixty years afterward. 5. When, in 1674, Andros was made governor of New Questions.— 2. What were New Haven settlers inclined to do, and what did they do ? What disputes were settled ? 3. What can you tell ahout the procuring of a charter for Connecticut? 4. What did the charter include, and what did Rhode Island and New Haven do ? 5. What can you tell about Governor Andros and his claims ? 108 THE COLOXIES. sindrog demands the Connecticut Charter. York, he claimed jurisdiction over the valley of the Con- necticut, and went to the mouth of that river to assert it. He was driven away. Twelve years later, when he was gov- ANDROS AND THE CHARTER OF CONNECTICUT. ernor of all New England, he demanded the surrender of all the colonial charters. Connecticut, alone, re- fused to comply with his demand. THE COLONIES. 109 sindros attempts to seize the Connecticut Charter. 6. In the autumn of 1686 Andros went to Hartford with sixty armed men, to demand the charter of Connecticut in person. The Assembly was in session. They knew his errand, and treated him very civilly. He went into the Assembly chamber and told them to bring the charter to him. 7. Debates in the Assembly were purposely kept up until the candles were lighted, when the box containing the charter was brought in and laid upon the table. Just as Andros stepped forward to take it, the lights were all put out, and the charter was carried away, 8. A plan had been laid for the preservation of the char- ter, and was successfully carried out. Captain Wadsworth had seized the charter in the dark, carried it to a field, and hid it in the hollow of an old oak tree, where it remained until Andros was driven away from New England in 1689. Then it was brought out, and a new Assembly was held under it at Hartford. 9. That venerable and venerated tree was ever afterward called the " Charter Oak." It was blown down in a gale in August, 1856. 10. Four years after the res- toration of government under the charter, the people of Connect- icut again showed their bravery and love of freedom. Gov- ernor Fletcher of New York claimed the right to rule the Questions.— 6. Give an account of the visit of Andros to Hartford. 7. How was the charter kept from the hands of Andros ? 8. What plan had heen laid and how was it carried out ? 9. What was the fate of the Charter Oak ? 10. How were the people of Connecticut again tried ? What did Governor Fletcher claim and do ? THE CHARTER OAK. 110 THE COLONIES. Governor Fletcher and the Connecticut Militia. Connecticut militia. The people refused to acknowledge his authority, and defied him. 11. In 1693 Fletcher went to Hartford to enforce his authority. He called out the militia, who were commanded by the same Captain Wadsworth who hid the charter. The governor commenced reading to them a royal commission which gave him command of them. 12. Wadsworth then ordered the drums to be beaten. " Silence ! " said the governor, angrily. The drummers stopped, and the governor began to read. "Play," said Wadsworth to the drummers. " Silence ! " again shouted the governor. Wadsworth then stepped in front of Fletch- er, and said, firmly : " Sir, if they are interrupted again, I'll make daylight shine through you in a moment ! " The frightened governor then put the paper into his pocket and returned to New York. 13. From that time until the beginning of the French and Indian war, when her people numbered one hundred thousand, Connecticut went hand in hand with her sister colonies in promoting the growth of an independent Ameri- can nationality. 14. In this section we have considered— (1) The foundations of the colony of Connecticut ; (2) the colonial charter, and the refusal of Rhode Island to be joined to Connecticut ; (3) the effoHs and failure of Governor Andros to get possession of the charter of Con- necticut, and (4) the efforts and failure of Governor Fletcher to get control of the Connecticut militia. Questions— 11 and 12. Give an account of Governor Fletcher's visit to Hartford. 13. What have you to say about Connecticut from that time ? 14. What have we con- sidered in this section ? THE COLONIES. Ill Massachusetts Covets fihode Istand. SECTION VI. THE COLONY OF RHODE ISLAND. SEAL OP KHODE ISLAND. 1. Massachusetts claimed jurisdiction over Rhode Island, notwithstanding Roger Williams had obtained a charter from the English government in 1644. 2. Massachusetts denied the validity of that charter. Williams went to England again in 1652 to seek its con- firmation. It was first confirmed by the Parliament, and then by Cromwell in May, 1655. 3. The question of jurisdiction was settled, but disputes concerning the boundary between the colonies were not adjusted until 1741, Questions.— 1. What can you tell about a claim of jurisdiction by Massachusetts? 2. What have you to say about the confirmation of the Rhode Island charter '? 3. What about disputes concerning boundary ? 112 THE COLONIES. Officers under the jRhode Island Charier. si New Constitution, 4. In 1653 Roger Williams was chosen the first presi- dent of Rhode Island, and the colony prospered. Ten years afterward Charles the Second gave the colony a new charter, similar in character to that which he gave to Con- necticut. Benedict Arnold was the first governor chosen under this royal charter. 5. Andros took the royal charter from Rhode Island in 1687. When he was driven from New England two years afterward, the people resumed their independent gov- ernment. The seal of the colony bore the figure of an anchor, and the motto was Hope. 6. Under that charter Rhode Island continued to be governed until 1842, when the people adopted a constitu- tion. From King William's war until the Revolution in 1775, Rhode Island showed active sympathy with its sister colonies. 7. In this section we have considered — (1) The claims of Massachusetts to jurisdiction over Rhode Island; (2) the confirmation of the chaHer of Rhode Island, and (3) the granting of a royal charter to Rhode Island. Questions.— 4. Who was chosen the first President of Rhode Island ? What can you tell ahout a royal charter and another governor ? 5. What can you tell about Andros, the government, and a seal ? 6. What did Rhode Island do ? 7. What have we considered in this section ? THE COLONIES. 113 Conditions with Settlers in A r ew Jersey. SECTION VII. THE COLONY OF NEW JERSEY. SEAL OP NEW JERSEY. 1. The colony of New Jersey was permanently founded, when families from Long Island settled on the site of Elizabethtown in 1664. 2. According to an agreement, the settlers were to be exempted from rents for their lands for five years. When, at the end of that time, the owners asked for a rent of only a halfpenny an acre, the people complained and refused to pay it. 3. For two years the settlers resisted the demand for rent, and then openly rebelled. They drove Governor Car- teret out of the province and elected an unworthy man to fill his place. The owners were about to take steps to com- Questions.— 1. When was New Jersey permanently settled, and by whom? 2. What can you tell about the rent of the land in New Jersey ? 3. Give an account of a rebellion and the change that followed. 114 THE COLONIES. Division of .Ve« p Jersey. JVen> Proprietors there. pel the tenants to pay, when the Dutch became possessors of New Netherlands again. 4. When New Netherlands was restored to the English in 1674, the western half of New Jersey was sold to Friends, or Quakers ; and in 1676 the province was divided into West and East Jersey. 5. The next year (1677) more than four hundred Friends came from England and settled in West Jersey ; and in 1681 the first legislative Assembly in that province met at Salem. 6. East Jersey was sold to the Friends in 1682, and Tliojnas Barclay, a leader among them, was chosen gover- nor. Everything was doing well in the Jerseys until the Duke of York became King, when he took away their charters. 7. For several years there was great confusion in the Jer- seys, the people denying the rights of the owners. Finally, in the spring of 1702, Queen Anne made of them one royal province, under the control of the governor of New York. 8. New Jersey was allowed to have an independent As- sembly. It remained in that political condition until 1738, when Lewis Montis was appointed its first royal gov- ernor. It so remained until 1776. 9. In this section we have considered — (1) The disputes between the people and the proprietors of New Jersey ; (2) its division into West and East Jer- sey ; (3) their possession by Friends, and (4) their erec- tion into a royal province. Questions.— 4. What can you tell about the sale and division of New Jersey? 5. What can you tell about settlers and government in West Jersey? 6. What can you tell about East Jersey? 7. Give an account of affairs in both, and their being made a royal province. 8. What was the government of New Jersey? 9, What have we considered in this section ? THE COLONIES. 115 Fruits of Justine. Charter of Liberties for 'Pennsylvania. SECTION VIII. THE COLONY OF PENNSYLVANIA. SEAL OF PENNSYLVANIA. 1. Delaware had been annexed to Perm's domain, and the city of Philadelphia was laid out in 1682. The colo- nial career of Pennsylvania was then fairly begun. Set- tlers came from England in great numbers. Just dealings with the Indians made it a peaceful province to live in. 2. In 1683, Penn, then living in a small house in Philadelphia, gave the people a liberal government, un- der the title of The Charter of Liberties PENN S HOUSE. The inhabitants were allowed self-government Questions.— 1. What can you tell about the beginning of the colonial career of Pennsylvania? 2. Where did Penn live and what did he do for the people? What can you tell about the prosperity of Pennsylvania ? 116 THE COLONIES. Penn 'Deprived of his Sights. Final Disposition of Pennsylvania. and great personal freedom. When Penn returned to Eng- land in 1684, there were twenty settled townships and seven thousand inhabitants in Pennsylvania. 3. Because Penn and King James were personal friends, the former was suspected of disloyalty to William and Mary. In 1692 Penn was imprisoned and deprived of his domain in America. It was then made a royal prov- ince, under the governor of New York. 4. Perm's chartered rights were restored to him in 1694. In 1699 he sailed for America, and in 1701 he gave to the people of Pennsylvania a new charter. He allowed the inhabitants of Delaware to have a separate legislature, but they remained under the governor of Pennsylvania until 1776. 5. Soon after completing these arrangements, Penn re- turned to England, and never saw America again. His family owned and governed the province until the war for independence broke out. It was sold to the commonwealth of Pennsylvania for $580,000. 6. There were long and sometimes bitter disputes about the boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland. These were settled in 1761 by a careful resurvey made by Mason and Dixon. That boundary was known as Mason and Dixon's Line. 7. We have considered in this section— (1) The time when the colony of Pennsylvania was founded; (2) the government and population of the province ; (3) the relations of Penn to the English gov- Questions.— 3. Give an account of Penn's troubles with the English government. 4. What can you tell about the restoration of Penn's rights, and privileges given to Delaware ? 5. What have you to say about Penn and his .family and their final dis- position of Pennsylvania ? 6. What can you tell about boundary disputes ? 7. What have we considered in this section ? THE COLONIES. 11 V Government for the Carolina*. 3± Itebellioti. A Tiad Governor. eminent ; (4) the restoration of his chartered rights and final disposition of the province ; and (5) boundary dis- putes. SECTION IX. THE COLONIES OF NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 1. The proprietors of the Carolinas wished to establish a grand empire in America, with orders of nobility such as then existed in England, They employed the Earl of Shaftesbury and the famous John Locke to prepare a form of government for the purpose. 2. That form of government, which was called the Fun- damental Constitutions, was completed in the spring of 1669. The plan was totally unfitted for the country and the people of the Carolinas, and was rejected by the inhabitants. 3. An attempt to force the people into submission to this government and its scheme of taxation caused an open rebellion in the northern colony. The inhabitants drove the governor and other officers from the province in 1677. They called a new Assembly, and for two years maintained an in- dependent government. 4. In 1683, Seth Sothel, a dishonest member of the com- pany, was sent to govern the northern or Albemarle County Colony. He was a rapacious swindler. The people endured his rule about six years, and then drove him away. He took refuge in the southern colony. Questions.— 1. What did the owners of the Carolinas wish and do? 2. What have you to say ahout the form of government proposed ? 3. What can you tell about the attempt to force the people into submission to the government ? 4. Tell about Seth Sothel. 118 THE COLONIES. Good Governme?it in the Carolina*. .Late}' Settlers in A'orth Carolina. 5. Other and better governors came to the northern colony, but no one was so acceptable as John Archdale, a Friend, who was sent in 1695 to govern both of the sections of the Carolinas. There was repose and happiness during his administration. 6. From the close of Ar chelate's administration in 1698, the two portions of the Carolinas worked separately, until 1729, when they were formally divided into distinct prov- inces under the titles of North and South Carolina. NORTH CAROLINA. eath; and Suriat. to offer Braddoch some advice. That general would not listen to him. The French and their Indian allies fought 10SSWC-BMWI1T BURIAL OF BRADDOCK. bravely. Braddoch was defeated, and he and several of his officers were mortally wounded. 18. Washington was the only officer not injured. He Questions.-17. Tell about a battle near the Monongahela. What did Washing- ton do, and what occurred ? 136 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. Failure of an Expedition. Operations ?iear Zake George. took the command, and skillfully conducting a retreat, saved the remainder of the army. Braddock died, and was bur- ied by torch-light, Colonel Washington reading the burial service of the English church at the grave. 19. Governor Shirley 1 led the troops destined to attack the forts on Lake Ontario. Storms and sickness prevented his going farther than Oswego. He ,^M^ky commenced a fort there, left a small garrison, and returned to Albany. 20. William Johnson, an Indian agent in the Mohawk country, led troops against the forts on Lake Chamvlain. In July, 1755, six thousand of these were collected, under General Lyman, at Fort Ed- ward, from which place Johnson led nearly all of them to the head of Lake George. 21. Informed that the Baron Dies- kau 2 was leading a force of Fi^ench and Indians against him, Johnson sent out a thousand men, under Colonel Williams, to attack them. Williams was defeated (September 8, 1755), and Dieskau hurried on to attack Johnson in his camp. The French and Indians were driven and Dieskau was mortally ivounded. WILLIAM JOHNSON. FORT EDWARD. off, Questions.— 18. What have you to say ahout Washington and the army, and the death of Braddock ? 19. What did Governor Shirley do ? What was the result ? 20. What can you tell ahout William Johnson and troops in Northern New York ? 21. Give an account of fighting near Lake George. 1 shur'4e. - dee-es-fa/. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 137 Fort William Henty 'Built. Declaration of War. iPlan of Campaign. 22. Believing the forts on Lake Champlain to be too strong for his force, Johnson remained where he was and built Fort William Henry. Leaving some troops there and at Fort Edward, he marched the remain- der of his army back to Albany, and so closed the campaign of 1755. FORT WILLIAM HENRY. .t^«'^> CAMPAIGN OF 1756. 23. England declared war against France in 1756. Lord Loudon* a very indolent man, had been appointed commander-in-chief in America, but did not arrive until late in the summer. General Aber- crombie, 2 a good soldier, came in his place in June. 24. The plan of the campaign was similar to the one formed the pre- vious year. Abercrombie found seven thousand troops ready for action at Albany. Foolish conten- tions about rank delayed their march until August. Then Montcalm? Dieskau's successor, was well prepared to meet the Eng- lish. 25. Early in August Montcalm, with five thousand French, Canadians, and Indians, went up the St. Law- ABERCROMBIE. Questions.— 22. What did General Johnson do ? 23. What can yon tell ahont a declaration of war, and the English commanders in America ? 24. What was the plan of the campaign for 1756 ? Tell ahont the movements of Ahercrombie, and the con- sequence of delay. 25. What did Montcalm do ? What occurred at Oswego ? loo'-dun, 2 ab-er-krom'-be. 3 mont-kam'. 138 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. Oswego 'Taken by the French. General c4larm. Indians Humbled. rence and Lake Ontario to Oswego, 1 and on the 14th cap- tured an English fort there. The spoils of victory were many cannon, vessels in the harbor, and fourteen hun- Osneco OSWECO' FORTS AT OSWEGO. dred men. 26. This event so frightened the indolent Loudon, who had arrived and taken the general command, that he ordered all the other expeditions to be abandoned. There was general alarm. The Indians desolated the frontiers, and killed or carried away almost a thousand white people. . 27. The English strengthened their forts and block- houses. A heavy blow was given to the Indians at Kittanning? in Pennsylvania, by troops under Col- onel Armstrong, on the 8th of Sep- tember, which made the savages quiet, and so ended the campaign of 1756. BLOCK-HOUSE. CAMPAIGN OF 1757. 28. Lord Loudon's laziness ruined everything in which he was concerned. It allowed the French to take Louisburg ; and at a council held in Bos- ton, he proposed to confine the campaign of 1757 to the re- capture of that town and fortress. The disappointed colo- nists yielded to him. Questions.— 26. What effect did the capture of Oswego have on Loudon ? Tell about the Indians. 27. What did the English do ? What event made the Indians quiet? 28, What have you to say about Lord Loudon's laziness ? What did he pro- pose, and what did the colonists do? os-we'-go. 2 kit-tan'-ning. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 139 Expedition against Zouisburg Abandoned. Montcalm's Victories. 29. Lord Loudon was at Halifax at the close of June, with a large land and naval force, wherewith to attack Louis- burg. There he was informed that the French at Louis- burg were stronger in soldiers and ships than he, and after some delay he thought it prudent to leave them alone. He returned to New York in August. 30. As a consequence of Loudon's ignorance and inef- ficiency, Montcalm had won victories in northern New York. With seven thousand white men and two thousand Indians, he left Ticonderoga late in July, and compelled the garrison at Fort William Henry to surrender early in August. 3 1 . Montcalm promised to protect the prisoners from the savages. He was unable to do so, and a large number of them were cruelly murdered when they marched out to go to FoH Edward. Fort William Henry was destroyed. This sad event ended the campaign of 1757. With it was ended the leadership of Lord Loudon in America. 32. William Pitt was now made prime minister of Eng- land. He was a man of energy and wisdom ; and he made grand preparations for the CAMPAIGN OF 1758. 33. General Abercrombie was placed in chief command of the troops in America. Admiral Boscawen 1 was put in charge of a large number of ships for service in American Questions.— 29. Tell about Loudon's expedition against Louisburg, and what did he finally do ? 30. What can you tell about the consequences of Loudon's delay and Montcalm's operations? 31. What did Montcalm promise, and what occurred? 32. What have you to say about William Pitt ? 33. What can you tell about a land and naval force in 1758 ? What did the colonists do ? 1 bos-kaw'-en, 140 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. Zouisburg Taken by the English. English Defeated at Ticonderoga. LORD HOWE. waters. The colonists were encouraged, and cheerfully answered all calls for men and supplies. 34. It was decided to attack Louisburg, Ticonderoga, and Fort Du Quesne. Twelve thou- sand men under Generals Amherst and Wolfe, went from Halifax in Boscawerv 's fleet of forty vessels, and on the 8th of June landed near Louisburg. After a siege of about fifty days, the French, surren- dered (July 20) the fort and five thousand soldiers. 35, Meanwhile Abercrombie and young Lord Howe were leading sixteen thousand men and a heavy train of artillery, against Ticonderoga. They went over Lake George early in July, and in an encounter near Ticonderoga, on the 6th, Lord Howe was killed. 36, The English pressed on through the woods, and without waiting for the artillery to come up, attacked Ticonder- oga on the 8th. Montcalm was there with four thousand men. The English were defeated with a loss of two thousand men. 37. Abercrombie retreated to the head of Lake George f and then sent Colonel Bradstreet, 1 with three thousand men, to attack Fort Frontenac, at the foot of Lake On- TICONDEROGA. Questions.— 34. What was it decided to do ? What can you tell about an expe- dition against Louisburg ? 35. What can you tell about an expedition against Ticon- deroga, and the death of a leader ? 36. Give an account of the attack on Fort Ticon- deroga. 37. What did Abercrombie do? Tell about an expedition against Fort Frontenac. 1 brad' -street. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 141 Fort 1)u Quesne 'Taken by the English. 2*eace with the Indiatis. tario. It was on the site of Kingston, in Canada. The fort was taken on the 27th of August. 38. In July, General Forbes 1 commenced a march against Fort Du Quesne, with nine thousand men. He moved so slowly that he did not get over the Alleghany Mountains until November, *when his troops were attacked and defeated in a battle on the 21st. Then Washington, with his Vir- ginians, moved rapidly forward. Hearing of his approach, the French set fire to Fort Du Quesne (Nov. 24), and fled down the Ohio River in boats. RUINS OF TICONDEROGA IN lboO. 39. In honor of the great statesman, the name of FoH Pitt was given to the ruin, and there the city of Pittsburgh now stands. This event ended the campaign of 1758. Its results were favorable to the English. They had cap- tured Forts Louisburg, Frontenae, and Du Quesne, with very little loss to themselves, and so alarmed the In- dians, that they agreed, in council, not to fight the Eng- lish any more. Questions.— 38. Give an account of an expedition against Fort Du Quesne and the result. 39. What new name was given to the fort ? What were the results of the campaign of 1758 ? 1 forbz. 142 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. LORD AMHERST. Military Opera/ions in JYew England and Canada. CAMPAIGN OF 1759. 40. Pitt now resolved to take Canada and crush the dominion of the French in America. General Amherst 1 was made com- mander-in-chief in America; and in the spring of 1759, he found twenty thousand Provincial troops ready to march against Canada. 41, A land and naval force was sent over from England, and early in the summer three expeditions were in motion. One went up the St. Lawrence to attack Quebec ; another went to drive the French from Lake Champlain and force them into Canada, and a third was destined to at- tack the fort on the Niagara River. 42. Amherst appeared before Ticon- deroga late in July with eleven thousand men. The French commander had just heard of the arrival of Wolfe before Quebec. He fled in haste to Croivn Point. Am- herst pursued the French, who went down the lake into Canada. They never came back. Am- fort at crown point. faerst then built the strong fort, now in ruins, at Croivn Point. LAKE GEORGE AND VICINITY. Questions— 40. What did Pitt resolve to do ? What have you to say ahout Gene- ral Amherst ? 41. What can you tell about preparations for the campaign of 1759 and the movements of troops ? 42. Tell about the expedition of Amherst against Ticon- deroga and the flight of the French. What did Amher3t do ? 1 am'-erst. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR, 143 FORT NIAGARA. Expeditions against Fort Niagara and Quebec. 43. General Prideaux 1 led the expedition against FoH Niagara. He sailed from Oswego in July, with Sir Wil- liam Johnson as his lieutenant. On the 17th he commenced a siege of Niagara, where he was soon killed by the bursting of a gun. Johnson continued the siege, and on the 25th the fort surrendered to the English. 44. General Wolfe, who went up the St. Lawrence with eight thousand troops and many battle-ships, under Admirals Holmes and Saunders, was now near Quebec. It was a strong, walled town, under the command of Gen- eral Montcalm, whose army lay along the St. Lawrence, from the city to the Montmorenci 2 River. 45. In June Wolfe took posses- sion of the island of Or'leans, below Quebec, and of Point Levi? oppo- site the city. Early in July he formed a camp below the Montmo- renci. The two armies had a little hard fighting there on the 31st of July, but the grand assault was deferred until September. 46. Wolfe waited in vain for Amherst to come to his aid. Prostrated by fever at the close of summer, he held a council of war at his bedside. It was determined to GENERAL WOLFE. Questions.— 43. Tell about the expedition against Fort Niagara, and the result. 44 What can you tell about an expedition under General Wolfe ? What have you to say about Quebec and an army under Montcalm ? 45. What position did Wolfe take near Quebec ? 46. What did Wolfe do, and what was determined upon in council ? 1 pre-doz'. mont-mo-ren'-ci. lee'-vi. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 145 flattie at Quebec. Death of Wolfe arid Montcalm. scale the rocky heights above the town, ascend to the Plains of Abraham, and there attack Quebec on its weakest side. 47. Feeble as he was, Wolfe determined to lead his troops. These were conveyed silently, in boats rowed with muffled oars, to a cave at the mouth of a winding ravine. They were all landed at midnight, unobserved by the Fi-ench sentinels. 48. Montcalm was ignorant of this movement until he was surprised at sunrise on the morning of the 13th of September by the glow of British uniforms on the high plain. He im- mediately marched military operations at quebec. his whole army across the St. Charles River and attacked the enemy. 49. A very severe battle was fought. Wolfe was three times wounded, the last time mortally, by. a bullet which pierced his breast. He was taken to the rear, faint from the loss of blood. He heard a shout, " They run ! They run ! " " Who runs ? " feebly asked the dying leader. "The French" was the reply. "Then I die content," he said, and expired. 50. Montcalm was killed at about the time Wolfe ex- pired, and now one tall monument stands in Quebec, erected Questions.— 47. Give an account of the leading and the landing of the troops. 48. What can you tell about Montcalm ? 49. Give an account of a battle and the death of Wolfe. 50. What was the fate of Montcalm ? What can you tell about a move- ment and the surrender of Quebec ? MONUMENT TO WOLFK AND MONTCALM. 146 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. attempt to Recapture Quebec. Capture of Montreal. to the memory of the two heroes. Five days after the bat- tle Quebec was given to the English. But Canada was not yet conquered. CAMPAIGN OF 1760. 51. The French tried to retake Quebec in the spring of 1760. A very severe battle was fought at Sillery, three miles above Quebec, on the 28th of April, when the British were driven into the city and a siege commenced. Rumors of an ap- proaching British fleet alarmed the French and they fled to Montreal, then the last stronghold left of the French empire in America. 52. The whole summer was consumed by Amherst in preparations to attack the French in Montreal. He went down the St. Lawrence with ten thousand white men and a thousand Indian warriors, and arrived before Montreal on the 6th of September. 53. General Murray, with four thousand troops from Quebec, joined Amherst the same day. On the next day Colonel Haviland J came with three thousand troops from Crown Point. 54. The French commander saw that resistance would be useless, and on the 8th he surrendered the post to the English. General Gage was appointed governor. Thus was completed the conquest of Canada ; and the power Questions.— 51. What did the French try to do, and what did they do ? 52. What did Amherst do ? 53. What can you tell about the English before Montreal ? 54. What did the French commander see, and what did he do ? What have you to say about the conquest of Canada and the French power ? ' hav'-i-land. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 147 End of French and Indian War. ^onliac's War. Treaty at Paris. of the French in America was broken. The French and Indian War was essentially ended from this time. 55. French emissaries, however, continued to excite the Indians against the English. A bloody warfare was kept up along the frontiers of Virginia and the Carolinas by the savages for more than a year. 56. These troubles in the South had scarcely ended when Pontiac, 1 an Ottawa 2 chief, induced several of the north- western tribes to join in trying to drive the white people from the country. 57. Pontiac was one of the greatest of the Indian chiefs known to Europeans. In the summer of 1763, he kin- dled a fierce war. It was terrible for awhile, but the Confederacy was subdued and destroyed. Pontiac fled to the country of the Illinois, where he was murdered in 1769. 58. The last act in the French and Indian War was a treaty of peace, which was concluded at Paris in 1763, by which France was shorn of the best part of her dominions in America. This struggle with the French revealed to the colonists their inherent strength in Union, and prepared them for the greater struggle for independence, in which they were engaged soon afterward. 59. We have considered in this section — (1) The causes which brought the French and English into conflict in the Ohio country ; (2 the beginning of hos- tilities between the three races in America in 1754 ; (3) the preliminary steps toward a union of the colonies ; Questions.— 55. What can you tell about the Indians on the Southern borders ? 56. What can you tell about Pontiac and Indians in the northwest? 57. What have you to say about Pontiac, his doings and his fate ? 58. What was the last act in the French and Indian War ? What was the more remote result of the struggle ? 58. What have we considered in this section ? 1 pon-ti-ak' '.. * ot-taw'-wah. 146 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. Outline of Important J ■■ ■■. ■■■ ■ ■■ . ■■■ f 1 . .. -inrnn i l ^ SNAKE DEVICE. Continental Congress. 30. Peyton Randolph of Virginia was chosen Presi- dent, and Charles Thomson of Pennsylvania, Secretary of the Congress. This was the first im- portant step toward the formation of the United States of Amer- ica. 31. For fifty days that Congress was in session. Their wisdom and firmness astonished the statesmen of Europe. Their addresses to the King and Parliament Questions.— 28. What can you tell about the idea of Union ? 29. Give an account of a Continental Congress. 30. Who were the officers of the Congress, and what was it the first step towards ? 31. What have you to say about the session and the work of the Congress ? What did they resolve to do ? CARPENTER S HALL. 160 THE DEVOLUTION. Second Continental Conr/ress. War for Independence Ser/un. form remarkable State papers. When they separated, they resolved to meet again the next spring, unless the grievances of the Americans should be redressed. 32. The grievances were not re- dressed, but were aggravated. The second Continental Congress assembled in Carpenter's Hall, in Philadelphia, on the 10th of May, 1775. Meanwhile a great Revolution ° CHARLES THOMSON. had begun. British troops had forced the armed patriots into the war for indepen- dence, the history of which we will now consider. 33. In this section we have considered— (1) the tendency toward independence; (2) the chief grievance of which the colonists complained ; (3) the em- ployment of soldiers to enforce the laws ; (4) the relations between the citizens and soldiers ; (5) various schemes of taxation ; (6) the acts and punishment of the inhabi- tants of Boston, and (7) the assembling of a Continen- tal Congress. Questions.— 32. What was done the next spring, and what was then hegun 1 33. What have we considered in this section ? THE REVOLUTION. j 61 Minute-men. 2>7'ovincial Convention. Franklin** Jidyice. SECTION IT. FIRST YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. [1775.] 1. During the summer of 1774, the Americans prepared for war by military drilling and collecting supplies of arms and ammunition. A large body of men were enrolled, who were to be ready to go to the field at a minute's warning. These were called minute-men. 2. These hostile measures, and the assertion, of the news- papers and the pulpit, that the people had a right to resist oppression, alarmed General Gage, who was governor of Massachusetts. He built fortifications across Boston JVecJc to prevent an attack from the patriots, and j)laced sentinels and cannon there. 3. The Massachusetts patriots formed a Provincial Con- gress at Salem early in October. They took all political power into their own hands, and vigorously prepared for war. This was the first really independent govern- ment ever formed in America. 4. The King and his advisers were amazed by these pro- ceedings. The attention of Parliament was called to the subject early in 1775. Dr. Franklin, then in England, said to the King's ministers : "Be just to the Americans and they will be loyal." Pitt proposed conciliatory measures. But the blinded ministers refused to act on good advice. Questions.— 1. What can you tell about preparations for war ? 2. What can you tell about the effect of these preparations ? 3. What did Massachusetts patriots do? 4. What have you to say about the King and ministers and Dr. Franklin ? 162 THE REVOLUTION, Skirmishes at Lexington and Concord. Patriots Flock to the Field. 5. There were three thousand British soldiers in Boston in the spring of 1775. With these Gage felt strong. Hear- ing that the patriots were gathering ammunition and stores at Concord, a few miles from Boston, he sent out troops at midnight on the 18th of April to seize them. 6. These troops, eight hundred in number, reached Lex- ington at daybreak on the 19th. There they found a body of minute-men to oppose them. A sharp skirmish fol- lowed, when eight patriots were killed and the rest were dispersed. 7. The British pushed on to Concord, where they had another fight. Seeing the minute-men coming from all quarters, they hastily destroyed the stores and retreated toward Boston. They were assailed by the bullets of minute-men on the way, fired from behind fences and build- ings. The British lost two hundred and seventy-three men killed and wounded. 8. The news that blood had been shed by British troops aroused the Americans everywhere. Hundreds of people, armed and unarmed, started for Boston. Before the end of May twenty thousand patriots, chiefly from New England, were there, building fortifications to keep the British in Boston. 9. In other . colonies equally bold measures were taken. Arms and ammunition were seized by the people. Royal governors were plainly told that their services were not needed. Provincial governments were established by the people, who had resolved to fight for their rights. Questions.— 5. Give an account of affairs at Boston and vicinity in the spring of 1775. 6. Give an account of the skirmish at Lexington. 7. Tell ahout a skirmish at Concord and retreat of the British. 8. What were the effects of these skirmishes ? 9. What was done in other colonies ? THE REVOLUTION. 153 Capture of Fort Ticonderoga . British 2'roops i?i Boston. 10. On the day when the second Continental Congress met (May 10) New Englanders, led by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold, captured Fort Ticonderoga, on Lake Chajnplain. " By what authority do you demand the sur- render of this fort? " asked the commandant. " By that of the great Jehovah and the Continental Congress," Allen replied. 11. Meanwhile the Provincial Congress of Massachu- setts had placed all authority for conducting the war in the hands of a Committee of Safety. They appointed Artemas Ward commander-in-chief ; and important com- mands were given to Putnam, Starke, and other veterans of past wars. 12. By the first of June British war-ships and soldiers had arrived at Boston, with eminent generals. There were then twelve thousand British troops in that city. Gage determined to attack the Americans, who were gath- ered chiefly at Cambridge. 13. Expecting an attack, a thousand men were sent in the night from Cambridge to fortify Bunker's Hill. By mistake they went to Breed's Hill, not far off, and there, before morning, they had cast up a redoubt. 14. The British, amazed by the appearance of that re- doubt at dawn on the 17th of June, fired upon it from the city and their ships. At noon three thousand troops, under General Howe, crossed over in boats to attack the redoubt. 15. Twice, in a severe battle, the British were repulsed. At length the powder of the Americans was used up, when Questions.— 10. Tell about the capture of Ticonderoga. 11. What can you tell about the authorities of Massachusetts and preparations for war? 12. What have you to say about British soldiers in Boston ? 13. Tell of the redoubt built by the Americans. 14. What did the British in Boston do ? 15. Give an account of the bat- tle on Bunker's Hill. 164 THE REVOLUTION. Death of Warren. A Continental Army. they were driven from the redoubt, and General Joseph Warren was killed. Suppos- ing the eminence to be on Bunker's Hill, the battle was called by that name. The Bunker Hill Monu- ment stands on the site of the re- doubt. 16. The Americans fled to Cam- bridge across Charleston Neck, gallantly covered by Putnam and a few brave men. All the American soldiers at Cambridge were soon afterward formed into a Continental Army, under a single general. were oc- JOSEPH WARREN. 17. While these events curring in New Eng- land, the Revolution was rapidly progressing bunker's hell battle. MONUMENT. Questions.— 16. What did the Americans do? 17. What can you tell ahout the Revolution in Virginia and the doings of Patrick Henry? T&E REVOLUTION. 165 Doings of Patrick Henry. Firmness of the Congress. elsewhere. As in Stamp Act times, so now, Patrick Henry was the leader of the Virginia patriots. At the head of minute-men, he compelled the royal governor [Bunmore) to give up gunpowder belonging to the people, which he had seized. 18. In the back country of NoHh Carolina the patriots, in convention, had declared themselves independent of Great Britain. In South Carolina and Georgia they took the government into their own hands, and drove away the royal governors. 19. At the beginning of this excitement the second Con- tinental Congress met (May 10) at Philadelphia. They were united in saying to the King : " Be just and we will lay down our arms. We have counted the cost of war, and find it not so dreadful as slavery. Be just, or we will fight your fleets and armies until we are a free people.' ' 20. The Congress did not wait for the King's answer, but prepared for war. They voted to raise an army of twenty thousand men, and authorized the issue of $2,000,000 in paper money. On the 15th of June they appointed George Washington commander-in-chief of all the armies, with able assistant generals. On the 3d of July Washington went to Cambridge, and there, under the shadow of a great elm, he took command of the army. 21. The Congress resolved to send an army to take pos- session of Canada. General Philip Schuyler 1 was placed Questions.— 18. What was done in North and South Carolina and Georgia ? 19, Tell about the assembling of a second Congress and their doings. 20. What else did the Congress do ? 21. What can you tell about preparations to invade Canada ? 1 slci'-ler. 166 THE REVOLUTION. GENERAL SCHUYLER. Capture of St. Jo?in > s, Chamblee, and Montreal . in command of it, and late in August went down Lake Champlain and attempted to capture St. John's, on the Sorel, 1 but failed. 22. Falling back to Isle aux JVoiac, 2 in the Sorel, the North- ern army lay there some time. General Schuyler becoming sick, General Richard Montgomery, his lieutenant, took the chief com- mand. He besieged St. Johrts, and captured it on the 3d of November. 23. Meanwhile a detachment of Americans under Col- onel Bedel, 3 and Major Livingston captured Fort Chamblee,* at the foot of the Sorel rapids. At about the same time Colonel Ethan Allen, with a few men, attempted to capture Mon- treal; 5 he and his followers were de- feated and made prisoners. Allen was sent to England in irons. 24. From St. John's, Montgom- ery pushed on to Montreal, and cap- tured the city on the 13th of November. Then he hastened toward Quebec to meet Colonel Benedict Arnold, who, he was informed, was approaching the city from the wilderness. 25. That march, of Arnold was a marvellous exploit. GENERAL MONTGOMERY. • Questions.— 22. What did the patriot army do ? 23. What can you tell ahout Port Chamblee and an attempt to take Montreal ? 24. What did Montgomery do ? 25. Give an account of Arnold's march through the wilderness. 1 sor-el'. 2 eel-H-noo'ah. * be-deV. * sham'-bd. * mont-re-awl'. THE REVOLUTION. 167 sir no Id's Expedition into Canada. Siege of Quebec. He crossed the wilderness by way of the Kennebec 1 and Chaudiere 2 rivers, with about a thousand men. They trav- ersed dark forests and tangled morasses filled with snow and ice. They suffered dreadfully from cold, hunger and fa- tigue, and appeared at Point Levi, opposite Quebec, on the 9th of November. 26. Arnold crossed the river, ascended to the Plains of Abraham, and demanded the surrender of the city to him. The demand was refused. He could not enforce it. Marching up the St. Lawrence about twenty miles, he there met Montgomery on the 1st of December. 27. The united troops now marched directly for Quebec. For three weeks they besieged the city, in the midst of fearful snow-storms. At length Montgomery determined to force his way into the town through one of the gates. 28. Montgomery divided his army. He led a part of them on the St. Lawrence side of the town, and Arnold led another division on the St. diaries side. They were to meet, and force Prescott gate. While pressing forward at the head of his men, to attack a battery, at dawn on the 31st of December, Montgomery was killed. 29. Arnold was wounded. After a combat of several hours, and the capture of many of his troops, Arnold, who was now chief in command, withdrew, and with the little army re- Questions.— 26. What did Arnold do at Quebec ? 27. What can you tell about be- ginning the siege of Quebec 1 28. Tell about an attempt to force an entrance into Quebec. 29. What can you tell about Arnold and the army at Quebec ? WALLS OP QUEBEC. ken-ne-bek' sho-de-ehr*. 168 TSE REVOLUTION. Americans Driven out of Canada. Military Operations in Virginia. raained near Quebec, behind ramparts of snow, all winter. He was relieved by General Wooster in the spring. 30. The British at Quebec were strongly reinforced in the spring of 1776, and the patriots were all driven out of Canada before the middle of June. 31. In Virginia the patriots were more successful. After Governor Dunmore had been driven to the shelter of British war-ships, he collected a motley force of royalists, and began to desolate Southwestern Virginia. 32. The minute-men gathered in large numbers to oppose him. At the Great Bridge, near the Dismal Swamp, they fought a severe battle on the 9th of December. Dun- more was defeated and driven to his ships at Norfolk. In revenge he burnt that city on the 1st of January, 1776. 33. The minute-men of Culpepper County had a flag with a snake device different from the one in the newspapers. It was the picture of a rattlesnake coiled, ready to bite. Under it were the significant words: " Don't tread on me!" It meant to say, " I have dangerous fangs." It also bore the words of Patrick Henry : "Liberty or Death." 34. Circumstances now drew a strong line of distinction between the friends and the opponents of the British gov- ernment. The loyalists were called Tories; the patriots were called Whigs. 35. In this section we have considered— (1) The preparations of the Americans for ivar ; (2) Questions.— 30. What occurred in the spring of 1776 ? 31. What can you tell about Governor Dunmore in Virginia ? 32. What did the minute-men do ? What can you tell about a battle and firing of a city ? 33. Give an account of the flag of the Culpepper minute-men. 34. What can you tell about parties ? THE REVOLUTION. 160 Hills of Credit, or Continental Money the effect of these preparations ; (3) the skirmish at Lex- ington ; (4) the gathering of patriots near Boston ; (5) revolutionary movements in the Carolinas and Georgia ; (6) the capture of Ticonderoga and the Battle of Bun- ker's Hill ; (7) the formation of a continental army ; (8) the appointment of Washington to the chief command ; and (9) military operations in Canada and Virginia. SECTION III. SECOND YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. [1776.] ;^»f^| Six &D££m§. rSJS I T^HIS BiU e*tuU* tL *-?£_■ A Beare-p to -receive <^^< ™ SIX SPANISH MILLED DOLLARS, or tV Value thereof inUOLD r £ ILVER- tttf ord m?" t c a Resolution of COA£ \v.delph\a Nov-z-iy/G- (J d^aAJlCYhy assays? A BILL OF CREDIT, OR CONTINENTAL MONEY. 1. We have observed that the Continental Congress authorized the issuing of bills of credit, or paper money. Questions.— 35. What have we considered in this section? Questions.— 1. What have you to say ahout bills of credit ? no THE REVOLUTION. Opening Scenes of the "Revolution. THE REVOLUTION. T7I Preparations for the Great Struggle. Continental Vessels. These bills were very rude in appearance when compared with our present paper money. 2. The people received these bills freely at first, for they promised the holder gold or silver in exchange for them. That promise could not be met, and in time the bills be- came worthless. They answered a good purpose at the time, in helping the colonists to gain their independence. 3. In the autumn of 1775 the British Parliament de- clared the American patriots to be rebels, and prepared a heavy force of ships and soldiers to make war on them. They also hired several thousand German soldiers to fight the Americans, and these were sent over the Atlantic in the spring of 1776. 4. The Americans prepared to meet their foes. The Congress authorized the building of vessels of war, and also privateering, and very soon there were many armed vessels on the ocean committing depredations on British commerce. 5. Washington felt the necessity of striking an effectual blow for the liberties of his country at once. So did the Congress. Both worked for the expulsion of the British from Boston. 6. As Washington could not leave the army, Mrs. Washington joined him at Cambridge in December. She arrived there, with her son, Mr. Custis, and his wife, on the 11th of December, and passed the winter there. 7. At the beginning of 1776, Washington had fourteen thousand men. With these he prosecuted the siege of Questions.— 2. What can you tell about the people receiving bills of credit and their use ? 3. Tell about the British making preparations for war. 4. What did the Americans do ? 5. What have you to say about Washington and the Congress? 6. What can you tell about Mrs. Washington ? 7. What can you tell about the American army, and the British proposing to leave Boston ? HP THE REVOLUTION. 173 Encampment on Boston Common. -A \/%A!i«i|fj,. Boston with vigor. General Howe, in command of the British there, perceiving his danger, proposed to leave the 174 THE REVOLUTION. The "British leave Boston. Zee Foils Clinton. Washington at JVen> York. city and harbor, with his ships and troops, if Washington would allow him to do so quietly. 8. Washington consented, and on Sunday, the 17th of March, the British army, with many Tories, sailed from Boston for Halifax, in Nova Scotia. Congress caused a gold medal to be presented to Washington in commemora- tion of the evacuation of Boston. 9. One of Howe's best lieutenants was General Sir Henry Clinton. He left Boston several weeks before the evacuation, with ships and troops. Washing- ton suspected that he was going to attack the city of New York, and sent General Charles Lee, a fiery soldier, to raise troops in Connecti- cut, and hasten to the defence of the menaced city. GENERA CHARLES LEE. jq ^ worke d vigOrOUSly, aild six weeks before the evacuation of Boston, he was encamped, with twelve hundred men, near New York, watching for Clinton. That general had heard of Lee's movement, and sailed southward to attack Charleston, South Carolina. 11. Suspecting that Howe, also, had sailed for New York, Washington led his army to that city, leaving a sufficient number of troops at Boston to prevent the return of the British. At New York the American army was in- creased, and Washington built fortifications there and on the Hudson River. Questions.— 8. Tell about the evacuation of Boston. 9. What can you tell about the movements of Generals Clinton and Lee ? 10. What more can you tell about Clinton and Lee ? 11. What did Washington suspect and do ? THE REVOLUTION. 175 A "Battle in Charleston Harbor. The British defeated there. 12. On the coast of North Carolina, Clinton was joined by a fleet under Sir Peter Parker, and early in June the combined forces appeared at the entrance of Charles- ton Harbor. On Sullivan's island, within that harbor, the pa- triots had a nearly completed fort, garrisoned by five hun- dred men, under Colonel William Moultrie. 1 13. The patriots hastened to arm their fort well with cannon, and when Clinton landed his troops on Long Island, which is separated from Sullivan's by a shallow strait, they were ready to receive him. Lee arrived at Charleston on the GENERAL MOULTRIE. same day on which Clinton landed. 14. While Clinton's troops were trying in vain to reach the fort from Long Island, Parker sailed into the harbor and opened a heavy fire upon the patriots on the 28th of June. The storm of cannon-balls was terrible, but did not do much harm, for the fort was built of soft palmetto logs. 15. The garrison answered the assault so vigorously that, after a conflict of ten hours, the British ships were dread- fully shattered. They were compelled to withdraw. Clinton placed his troops on some of them, and they all sailed for New York. 16. The work so gallantly defended was named Fort Questions.— 12. What can you tell about Clinton on the North Carolina coast and a fort in Charleston harbor ? 13. What did the patriots do ? 14. What did the British ships do ? 15. What was the result of the attack on the fort ? 16. What can you tell of the name of a fort and a brave deed there ? 1 mool-W. 116 THE REVOLUTION. Resolution in favor of Independence Passed. STATE HOUSE. Moultrie. During the battle the flag-staff was shot away, and the flag fell outside of the fort. A sergeant named Jasper climbed down while the balls were flying thickly, picked up the flag, and placed it on a temporary staff. It was kept flying during the rest of the battle. 17. The Continental Congress, sitting in the State House at- Philadelphia, now took an important step. On the 7th of June, 1776, Richai*d Henry Lee, of Virginia, offered a resolution that the colonies were, and ought to be, free and independent States. 18. For almost a month the Congress had this subject under consideration. On the 2d of July the resolution was adopted, and on the 4th of July a Declaration of Independence was made. 19. This Declaration was at that time signed by only John Hancock, the President of Congress. In the course of a few months it received the signatures of fifty-two other mem- bers of that body. This laid the foun- dation of our republic, with the title, The United States of America. 20. There were great rejoicings throughout the country when this Declaration was proclaimed. In the city of New JOHN HANCOCK. Questions. — 17. What was done in the Continental Congress ? 18. What can you tell about a resolution for and declaration of independence ? 19. What can you tell about the signing of the Declaration ? 20. What can you tell about rejoicings and the destruction of a statue and royal arms ? THE REVOLUTION. 177 Statue of the King "Pulled Down. The British Army near JVew York. York, citizens and soldiers pulled down the leaden statue of King George. It was broken in pieces and cast into bullets. In various places the royal arms were taken from public buildings and burned. 21.. At about the time the Declaration of Independence was being considered, General Howe was making his way toward New York with a large body of troops. These were landed on Staten Island on the 2d of July. 22# Howe was joined by Clinton, who came from the South on the 11th, and by his brother, Lord Howe, with a fleet, on the 12th. Very soon afterward a large number of the hired German troops joined the British. They were chiefly from Hesse-Cassel, 1 and were called Hessians, 2 23. The British were now threatening New York with thirty thousand veteran troops. Washington had, for its defence, only seventeen thousand, mostly militia. General Sullivan was in a fortified camp at Brooklyn with a few troops. 24. On the 26th of August, ten thousand British troops and forty pieces of cannon were landed on the western end of Long Island, and moved toward Brooklyn. Wash- general putnam. ington sent General Putnam with some troops to reinforce Sullivan and take the chief command. 25. There were now about five thousand American sol- Questions— 21. Give an account of the arrival of British troops near New York. 22. By whom was General Howe joined ? 23. What can you tell about British troops and General Sullivan ? 24. What did the Briti-h do ? What did Washington do ? 1 hess-cas'-sel. - hes'-she-ans. 178 THE REVOLUTION. BATTLE OF LONG ISLAND. Battle on Long Island. "Battle on Harlem Plains and on White Plains. diers on Long Island. The British pressed forward, and on the 27th of August a very severe battle was fought near Brooklyn. The Americans were defeated with heavy loss. 26. Early on the mornjng of the 30th of August, the American troops on Long Island, under the cover of a thick fog, passed over to New York unobserved by the enemy. The British pre- pared to follow, when Washing- ton left New York and took a strong position upon Har- lem Heights, near the northern end of Manhattan Island. 27. The British crossed over and took possession of the city of New York. They proceeded to attack the Americans in their new position, and were defeated in a sharp battle on Harlem Plains, on the 16th of Septem- ber. 28. Howe now determined to get in the rear of Wash- ington. He went up the East River and landed his troops in Westchester County. The Americans also went into Westches- ter County, leaving a garrison in Fort Washington, a strong work on the high- est hill near Harlem Heights. 29. The two armies met at White Plains, and there had a sharp battle on the 30th of October. The Americans were defeated and retreated north- FORT WASHINGTON. Questions.— 25. What have you to say about troops and a battle ? 26. Give an account of the escape of American troops and their new position. 27. Give an ac- count of a battle. 28- What did Howe determine to do ? What did he and the Amer- icans do ? 29. Tell about another battle and its results. DISMAL SV\'§^^> 180 THE REVOLUTION. THE JERSEY PRISON-SHIP. Capture of Foi't Washington. Was hint/ton Chased by Cornwallis. ward. On the 4th of November, Washington crossed the Hudson River into New Jersey with the greater portion of his army, and joined General Greene at Fort Lee, opposite Fort Washington. 30. Hessians, under General Knyphausen, 1 and some English troops now crossed the Harlem River, and after a severe conflict on the 16th of November, captured Fort Washington. Two thousand Americans were made prisoners. They suffered much, and many died, in the prisons in New York, and prison ships near Brooklyn. 3 1 . Lord Cornwallis, one of Hoive's best gen- erals, followed Washington across the Hudson, and chased him to Trenton, on the Delaware River. Washington crossed that river on the 8th of December, with less than three thousand men. 32. This was a dark hour in the history of our country. But Washington was hopeful. Believing that Cornwallis intended to seize Philadelphia, the Congress, sitting in that city, fled to Baltimore, in alarm, leaving a Committee to deal immediately with the army. 33. Cornwallis did not cross the Delaware. He placed the army in "winter quarters on its borders, and returned to New York. The Hessians were at Trenton. Wash- Qttestions.— 30. Give an account of the capture of Fort Washington and the prisons. 31. What can you tell about Cornwallis and Washington ? 32. What have you to say about the time, and Washington and Congress ? 33. What did Cornwallis do? 1 nip-haw '-zen. THE REVOLUTION. 181 BATTLE AT TRENTON. Sattte at Trenton. Washington a Dictator. Cormrallis at 2 J rinceton. ington, having received reinforcements, resolved to attack them there. 34. On Christmas night Washington crossed the river in boats, among floating ice, a few miles above lixnton. At dawn the next morning (Dec. 26) he attacked the Hessians at Trenton. They were defeated. Their commander was killed, and a thousand of them were made prisoners. Washington then re-crossed the river. 35. This victory encouraged the people. The Congress gave the powers of a Dictator to Washington to do as he pleased for six months. His army was strengthened and he resolved to drive the British out of New Jersey. So he crossed the Delaware again and formed a camp at Trenton. Covnwallis had hastened back to his army, and brought with him German and British soldiers, and formed a camp at Princeton, ten miles from the Delaware. 36, In this section we have considered — (1) The issue of Bills of Credit; (2) the preparations for war on both sides of the Atlantic ; (3) the evacuation of Boston ; (4) the care for New York ; (5) the repulse of the British at Chai*leston ; (6) the Declaration of Inde- pendence ; (7) the possession of New York and its vicinity by the British ; (8) the flight of Washington to the Dela- ware and of the Congress to Baltimore, and (9) the victory at Trenton. Questions.— 34. Give, an account of Washington's attack at Trenton. 35. What was the effect of the victory ? What did Congress, Washington, and Cornwallis do? 36. What have we considered in this section ? 182 THE REVOLUTION. The "British Ministry and the Congress. SECTION IV. THIRD YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. [1777.] 1. The British ministry and the parliament did not seem to comprehend the character of the Americans. They seemed to think that thirty thousand troops would frighten them into submission. They were amazed at the obstinate courage of the "rebels." Feeling sure that a few more troops would crush the rebellion, they prepared to send them. 2. The Congress comprehended the power and the weak- ness of Great Britain. They knew that her haughty pride had offended other nations, and that France longed for an opportunity to humble her. 3. So the Congress sent Commission- ers to ask the King of France to help the Americans in their struggle for independence. Silas Deane was first £|\|f5|J!^SI^^^ : ' sent. He was joined at Paris by Dr. ^ deane Franklin and Arthur Lee. The King was made to see in this war an opportunity of depriving the British realm of more domain in America than the English had won from France. He therefore consented to help the patriots secretly. Questions.— 1. What have you to say about the British ministry and parliament ? 2. What about the knowledge of the Congress ? 3. What did, the Congress do ? Who were sent as commissioners to France, and what was the nature and effect of their mission ? THE REVOLUTION. 183 Plan for a National Government. The Americans in 'Peril. DB, FRANKLIN, 4. Meanwhile the subject of a permanent national government had engaged the attention of the Congress. Dr. Franhliib had submitted a plan of government as early as 1775. Early in 1777 a more per- fected plan for a National league was laid before the Congress. It was finally adopted. It was, however, several years before the scheme of government known as The Articles of Confederation was adopted by the several colonies. 5. We left the American and British armies in New Jersey, near each other. Washington had five thousand men at Tren- ton on the first of January, 1777. Cornwallis marched from Princeton on the 2d, with a larger force to attack him. 6. Washington saw his peril. He lighted his camp-fires, and at midnight he stole away silently with his troops and cannon, and marched rapidly to Princeton. 7. Cornwallis was persuaded that he might easily capture Washington and his army in the morning. He was aston- ished and mortified when he found they had escaped. He heard the firing of cannon, and mistook the noise for thun- der. " Thunder in a clear winter sky ! " exclaimed one of his officers. " Washington has outgeneralled us! You hear his cannon at Princeton !" 8. Washington had attacked a strong guard at Prince- Questions.— 4. What have you to say about a national government ? 5. What can you tell about the American and British armies in New Jersey ? 6. What did Wash- ington do ? 7. What have you to say about Cornwallis ? 1 corn-wal'-lis. 184 THE REVOLUTION. "Battle at Princeton. Washington's Operations in New Jersey. \RockyEiU Af ton at sunrise, and in a severe battle had gained a vie tory. But he lost the brave General Mercer. Convwallis hastened toward Princeton. When he arrived, Wash- ington and his men were far on their way toward Morristown, in East Jersey. 9. From this hill-country, where he recruited his army, Washington sent out parties to attack the British and armed Tories, and very soon they were driven out of New Jersey, excepting at two places. The Congress now re- turned to Philadelphia. 10. It was almost June before the campaign of 1777 was really begun. Neither party had been idle, meanwhile. In March and April British and Hessian troops had de- stroyed American stores at PeeksJcill, on the Hud- son, and burned Danbury, in Connecticut. 1 1 . General Tryon, who had been governor of New York, led the troops to Danbilry from vessels in which they went up Long Island Sound,. The Connecticut people were aroused. Led by Generals Arnold, Wooster, and Silli- man, they fought the marauders near Mdgefield, on the 27th of April. 12. In that engagement General Wooster was killed. BATTLE AT PRINCETON. Questions.— 8. Tell about the battle at Princeton. 9. What did Washington do in the hill-country of New Jersey ? 10. What have you to say about the beginning of the campaign ? What did the British do ? 11. What can you tell about Tryon's ex- pedition into Connecticut ? 1 The little building in the corner of this map is a view of the house in which General Mercer died. THE REVOLUTION. 185 Retaliation. iPlan of the British Ministry. Burr/oyne and Howe. Try on was defeated and driven back to his ships with a loss of almost three hundred men. 13. The Americans retaliated. Toward the close of May a party under Colonel Meigs crossed Long Island Sound to Sag Harbor, and burned a dozen British vessels there, and carried off ninety prisoners. 14. The British had held possession of Rhode Island for several months. General Prescott, their commander, was a tyrant, and the people were much irritated by his conduct. On a warm night in July, Colonel Barton, of Providence, and some others, went across the Bay to PrescoWs quarters, seized him in his bed, and carried him away a prisoner. 15. The Bri tish ministry had formed a plan for sepa- rating New England from the rest of the colonies, by taking military possession of the Hudson Valley and Lake Champlain. They tried to effect it in 1777. 16. For that purpose, a large force under General Bur- goyne, 1 then in Canada, assembled at St. Johns, pre- paratory to a movement up Lake Champlain and so into the Valley of the Hudson. General Howe was to send a force up the Hudson River to co-operate with Bur- goyne. 17. For a long time Washington (who had about ten thousand men under him at Middlebrook in New Jersey), was uncertain as to the intention of Howe. The latter, with a large army at New Brunswick, tried to draw Washington Questions.— 12. What have you to say about General Wooster and the defeat of Tryon ? 13. How did the Americans retaliate ? 14. What occurred on Rhode Island ? 15. What plan had the British ministry formed, and for what purpose ? 16. What was done and to be done ? 17. What can you tell about Washington and Howe in New Jersey and at New York ? 186 THE REVOLUTION. Movements of "Burgojne and Hone. Washington at T*/iitadelphia. into battle. Then he suddenly withdrew his troops from New Jersey, and encamped them on Staten Island. 18. Bingoyne 1 went up Lake Champlain? Early in July he took possession of Crown Point and Ticonderoga, and spread terror over northern New York and New Eng- land. At the same time Howe embarked eighteen thousand troops in British ships which were in New York harbor, and seemed to be preparing to ascend the Hudson. 19. Suddenly the British fleet sailed southward. Washington was satisfied that the troops were destined to attack N 1 GENERAL LAFAYETTE. Philadelphia. With the greater por- tion of his army he hastened to that city, where he was met by young Lafayette? who had come from France to fight for the Americans. 20. Lafayette was a French nobleman who had just married a beautiful girl. He had heard of the struggle for freedom in America, and he determined to help the patriots. His friends tried to keep him at home, but his wife, generous as he, consented to his departure. He was commissioned a general, and served our cause faithfully. 21. The Americans had built forts on the Delaware River, below Philadelphia, and put obstructions called chevaux-de-frise 4 in the stream. Howe could not safely pass up that river, so he went around to Chesapeake Bay, and landed his troops at the head of it, near Elkton, on the 25th of August. Questions.— 18. What did Burgoyne and Howe do ? 19. What can you tell ahout a British fleet and the movements of Washington ? What about Lafayette ? 20. Give an account of Lafayette. 21. What can you tell about forts on the Delaware and the movements of Howe ? 1 bur-goin'. a sham-plane'. * lah-fa-et', * shev'-o-de-frees'. THE REVOLUTION. 187 'Battle on the Brandy nine. Movements of the Armies. 22. Washington had marched from Philadelphia to meet General Howe. On the Brandywine Creek, several miles above Wilmington, the American and British BATTLE AT THE BRANDYWINE. armies had a severe battle on the 11th of September. The British were victorious. The Americans lost, in killed, wounded and prisoners, about twelve hundred men. The British loss was about eight hundred. 23. Washington and his thinned ranks retreated to Philadelphia. After his soldiers had rested a little, he recrossed the Schuylkill 1 to meet the approaching British army and to protect his stores at Reading. On the 16th of September the two armies met and skirmished twenty miles west of Philadelphia. Questions.— 22. What did Washington do ? Tell about a battle. Washington and his troops do ? What then occurred ? 23. What did sIcool'-JcU. 188 THE REVOLUTION. Affair at Paoli Tavern, Capture of Forts on the Delaware. 24. General Wayne was hanging on the rear of the British, with a considerable force. On the night of the 20th he was surprised by a fierce attack near the Paoli 1 tavern, and lost about three hundred men. Three days afterward Howe crossed the Schuylkill, at JVorristown, and marched toward Philadelphia. 25. On the 18th, when the British were approaching Philadelphia, the Congress adjourned. They reassembled at Lancaster on the 27th, and on the same day adjourned to York, on the other side of the Susquehanna River— a place of greater safety, as they thought. There they re- mained several months. 26. Howe encamped at Gennantown, four miles from Philadelphia, and prepared to make that city his winter quarters. It was important for the British to possess the forts and remove the obstructions below Philadelphia, that they might receive supplies by water. 27. One of these works, on an island, was called Fort Mifflin. The other, on the New Jersey shore, was called Fort Mercer. They were attacked late in September, and were finally captured early in November, when the obstruc- tions were removed, and British ships went up to Phila- delphia. 28. When Washington heard that Howe had sent a part of his army against the Delaware forts, he attacked him at Gennantown on the 4th of October. After a severe conflict for several hours, the patriots were beaten, Questions.— 24. What can yon tell abont Wayne and his command ? What did Howe do ? 25. What have you to say about the Congress ? 26. What did Howe do, and what was important to be done ? 27. What can you tell about the forts on the Delaware ? 28. What can you tell about a battle at Gennantown and the winter quarters of the American army ? 1 pah-o'-lee. THE REVOLUTION. 189 Encampment at Yaltey Forge. Ticonderor/a Evacuated. BATTLE AT GERMANTOWN. General St. Clair, with heavy loss, and retreated to White Marsh. Later in the season they marched to Valley Forge, where they encamped until spring, suffering dreadfully from cold and hunger. 29. While these events were occurring in Pennsylvania, more important ones were taking place in Northern New York. Burgoyne and his well-armed force caused who commanded Ticoncleroga, to retreat from that post on the night of the 5th of July. 30. The Americans fled toward Fort Edward, through Vermont, closely pursued by British and Hessian soldiers. They were overtaken at Hnbbard^ton on the 8th, when a sharp battle occurred- The Americans were beaten and dispersed, and in remnants made their way to Fort Edward. 31. At the same time the stores which St. Clair had sent up the lake in boats to Skenesborough (now Whitehall) were overtaken by another pursuing party and de- stroyed. 32. General Schuyler was then in command of the Northern Department. His force was small, and was composed chiefly of raw militia. In the GENERAL ST. CLAIR. Questions.— 29. Give an account of events in Northern New York. 30. What did the Americans and British do? Give an account of a battle. 31. What have you to say about the destruction of stores ? 32. What have you to say about General Schuyler and his army ? 190 THE REVOLUTION. Schuyler's Opera/ions. Battle at ISennington. loss of Ticonderoga he had been deprived of two hun- dred pieces of cannon and much provision. 33. Schuyler's army was too weak to warrant him in giving battle to Burgoyne. He could only impede his march toward the Hudson. For this purpose parties were sent out to destroy bridges and fell trees across the roads on the line of Burgoyne' s march. In this way he was prevented from reaching Fort Edward until the close of July. 34. Meanwhile Schuyler retreated slowly down the Val- ley of the Hudson to the mouth of the Mohaivk River, followed as slowly by Burgoyne. When the latter had almost reached Saratoga, his provisions were nearly ex- hausted, and he sent a force into Vermont to seize some stores belonging to the Americans at Bennington. There the invaders were attacked by a force under General Starke, on the 16th of August, and after a sharp battle the British were defeated. 35. In this battle the invaders lost a thousand men. It was a severe blow for Burgoyne. It encouraged the Americans, who now began to flock to Schuyler's camp. At this point in the campaign, when the tide was turning in favor of the patriots, General Gates succeeded Schuyler in the command of the Northern Army. 36. While Burgoyne was pressing slowly down the Hud' son Valley, Colonel St. Leger, 1 a British soldier, whom he had sent for the purpose, was making his way from Oswego to the Mohawk Valley, with orders to meet Bur- Questions— 33. What did General Schuyler do and effect ? 34. What can you tell ahout a march down the Hudson Valley and an expedition to Bennington ? 35. What was the result of the hattle at Bennington ? What change in command was made ? 36. What can you tell about an invasion of the Mohawk Valley? 1 Uh-sha'. THE REVOLUTION. 191 JOSEPH BEANT. Battle of Oriskany. Siege of Fort Schuyler. Americans at Stillwater. goyne at Albany. The militia of the valley gathered under General Herkimer 1 to defend it. 37. St. Leger led a motley host of Tories and Indians. The latter were led by Brant, the great Mohawk chief. At Oriska- ny? on the Mohawk, they encoun- tered Herkimer, and a severe battle was fought on the 6th of August. Herkimer was mortally wounded, and his followers were beaten. 38. At the same time St. Leger was besieging Fort Schuyler, on the site of Rome. When General Schuyler heard of this siege, he sent some volunteers under General Arnold to relieve the garri- son. Hearing of his approach, St. Leger and his savages fled back to Oswego. 39. This failure was another sore disappointment to Burgoyne. He could not retreat ; to advance would be perilous. He cautiously crossed the Hudson at Saratoga, and formed a fortified camp on the hills there. 40. Gates was now with his army at Stillwater, where he caused his camp to be fortified under the direction of Kosciuszko, 8 a brave Polander, who, like Lafayette, had come over the sea to help the Americans. 41. Burgoyne moved forward, and on the morning of the 19th of September the belligerents met in battle on QUESTIONS.-37. What have you to say about St. Leger's force and a battle ? 38. What can you tell about a siege and the driving away of the besiegers? 39. What have you to say about Burgoyne and his movements ? 40. Where was General Gates and his army ? Who fortified his camp ? 1 her'-U-mer. 2 o-risk' -a-ne. 3 Icoh-zooz'-ko. 192 THE REVOLUTION. KOSCITTSZKO. Capture of Forts in the Hudson Highlands. s± Marauding Expedition. Bemis' Heights, and fought all day. Both parties claimed a victory. Burgoyne fell back to his camp, where he resolved to wait for a British force, under General Sir Henry Clinton, which he ex- pected would be sent up the Hud- son. 42. Clinton tried to fulfill the promise. He went with ships and soldiers to the Hudson Highlands, and there captured Forts Clinton and Montgomery on the 6th of October. 43. Then a large party of soldiers went up the river in ships to desolate the country with fire and sword, with the hope that troops might be drawn from the army of Gates to defend it, and so give Burgoyne a better chance for success. These marauders burned Kingston, and extended their raid to Livingston's Manor, where they heard of such disasters above, that they hastened back to New York. 44. Burgoyne again ventured to advance toward Bemis' Heights early in October. In a hard conflict that ensued on the 7th of October he was beaten, and on the 17th of the BEMIS HEIGHTS. Questions.— 41. What can you tell about a battle ? What did Burgoyne do ? 42. What did General Clinton do ? 43. What can you tell about a marauding expedition up the Hudson ? 44. What can you tell about another battle and the surrender of British troops ? THE REVOLUTION. 103 Surrender of Sttrgqy tie's c4rtiry. same month he surrendered his whole army, almost six thousand in number, into the hands of the Americans. 45. This was a most im- portant victory for the pa- triots. It made the Americans very hopeful. European govern- ments, satis- fied that the Americans would secure r — -'MASS, GENERAL, BURGOYNE. the indepen- dence of their country, were now willing to help them. The King of France resolved to aid them openly. 46. In this section we have considered — (1) The opinions of the con- tending parties of each other's strength and weakness ; (2) the appeal of the Americans for foreign aid; (3) the attempts to form a national govern- ment; (4) the military ope- rations in New Jersey, Penn- sylvania and Northern New York in 1777 ; and (5) the effects of the captive of Burgoyne and his army. BEGINNING OP BURGOYNE'S INVASION. Questions. -^45. What have you to say about the victory and its have we considered in this section ? effects ? 46. What 194 THE REVOLUTION. Americans Encamped at "Valley Forge. Their Sufferings there. SECTION V. FOURTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. [1778.] 1, Twenty miles northwest from Philadelphia \& a little valley that opens upon a wide plain, through which flows the Schuylkill river. On a little stream in that valley, more than a hundred years ago, was a forge. It was called the valley forge, and after awhile the region was called Valley Forge. 2, To that valley Washington led his troops from his encampment at Whitemarsh, through the snows of December, and there placed them in log-huts for the winter. The sol- diers suffered dreadfully on their march and in their huts, for want of food and clothing. Many of them were hare- footed ; and their foot- prints on that march were marked by blood from their wounded feet. 3, In the spring news reached that suffering army that French ships and soldiers were coming to help the Americans. This news created great joy. The Americans had asked the Prencli to help them. They did so, secretly. When the capture of Burgoyne showed ENCAMPMENT AT VALLE V FOKGE. Questions.— 1. What can you tell about Valley Forge? 2. What can you tell about events at Valley Forge ? 3. What good news reached the troops at Valley Forge ? Give an account of the alliance with the French. "THE REV6LITTI61V. 195 British Commissioners Rejected. British Evacuate T'hiladeljihia. the world that the Americans could help themselves, the French openly made a treaty with the Congress of the United States, by which both nations agreed to help each other in time of war. 4. News also came that messengers of peace and recon- ciliation were coming from England. When they came they were kindly received. They would not acknowledge the independence of the Americans, and the latter would not confer with them without such acknowledgment. So their errand was fruitless. 5. In the month of May, 1778, General Hoive left the British army in Philadelphia in charge of General Sir Henry Clinton, and returned to England. When the news reached the British commanders that a French fleet under Admiral D'Estaing 1 was coming, they pre- pared to leave Philadelphia. Admi- ral Howe sailed out of the Delaware GENERAL CLINTON. River and went to Amboy Bay. Sir Henry crossed into New Jersey with his whole army, and hastened toward the fleet. This was at about the middle of June. 6. Washington immediately left Valley Forge, and pur- sued the British army with his own. He overtook them near Monmouth Court-House, in West Jersey. There, on Sunday, the 28th of June, the two armies fought a severe Questions.— 4. What can you tell about messengers of peace and reconciliation ? 5. What did the British forces at Philadelphia do in the spring of 1778 ? 6. What did Washington then do ? What occurred in New Jersey ? 1 dehs-taing'. THE UEVOLTJTION. Hattle at Monmouth. Movements of the Americans. battle. The Americans would have won but for the bad conduct of General Lee. It was a very hot day. Fifty American soldiers died of thirst. \AM.BATTtR* K \ % BATTLE OF MONMOUTH. 7. Both armies rested on the battle-field that night. Washington intended to renew the fight in the morning, but Sir Henry stole away with his broken army under cover of the darkness, and escaped to the fleet. Wash- ington then marched his troops slowly to the Hudson River, crossed it, and encamped near White Plains, in Westches- ter County. Late in autumn he made his winter quarters at Midcllebi^ooh, on the Raritan, in New Jersey. 8. D'Estaing could not reach the British vessels in shallow Amboy Bay, with his great ships. At the request of Washington, he sailed eastward with his ships and five thousand troops to assist the Americans under Gen- erals Sullivan and Lafayette, in their efforts to drive the British from Rhode Island. 9. In August, when the French fleet lay in Narragan- COUNT D ESTAING. Questions. —7. What can you tell about the escape of the British and the march of the Americans ? 8. What can you tell about the movements of the French forces f 9. What can you tell about fleets off Rhode Island ? THE REVOLUTION. 197 Events on Rhode Island. Raids by Indians. set Bay, the British fleet appeared in sight. The French vessels went out to attack them, taking the troops with them. A violent storm which arose suddenly shattered both fleets. D'Estaing went to Boston to get his ships re- paired, leaving the Americans to help themselves. 10. Sullivan, who had marched almost to Newport, now retreated. The British pursued. On Quaker Hill, near the northern end of the Island, the two armies fought. The British were repulsed in the battle, but the Americans were compelled to leave the island. 1 1 . The Sice Nations of Indians in the State of New York took sides with the British. They joined the Tories, or friends of the King, and made sad havoc among the settle- ments in New York and Pennsylvania, in the summer and autumn of 1778. In the Mohawk, Schoharie, and Cherry Valleys, they murdered men, women, and children, and burned their houses. 12. Early in July, a leader named John Butler, with a band of Tories and Indians, broke into the Wyoming Val- ley. Most of the strong men were away in the army. Old men and boys, under Zebulon Butler, fought the invaders, but were overpowered. The savages swept through the val- ley, murdering and plundering the inhabitants and burning their houses. Some of the people escaped from the valley and suffered in the wilderness on its borders. 13. Meanwhile Brant, the Mohawk chief, with a son of Sir William Johnson, were desolating the Mohaivk Valley and its neighborhood with fire, sword, musket, and tomahawk. Questions.— 10. What did the Americans do on Rhode Island? 11. What can yop tell about the doings of the Six Nations and their allies ? 12. Give an account of events in the Wyoming Valley. 13. What have you to say about Brant and John- son? 198 THE REVOLUTION. Change in the Seat of War. The British in Georgia. So dreadful were the events there during three or four years that the region was called " the dark and bloody ground," 14. Late in the autumn of 1778, the seat of actual war was transferred to Georgia. In November, D' Estaing sailed to the West Indies to attack the British possessions there, and the British fleet hastened to protect them. Being deprived of a naval power, Clinton could not do much in the populous north, so he sent Colonel Campbell with two thousand troops to invade Georgia. 1 5. General Robert Howe commanded the few American troops then in Savannah. He was driven up the Savannah River, and took shelter in South Carolina. Savannah then became the head- quarters of the British in the South, and they held it almost four years. 16. During the fourth year of the war the British gained almost nothing, while the Americans had found a powerful ally in France, with the Baron de Steuben as Inspector-General, and had gained strength by military experience. Their finan- ces, however, were in a wretched condition. They had a hundred million dollars of paper money afloat, which was rapidly depreciating in value ; and the public credit was daily sinking. Yet the Americans were hopeful. Questions. — 14. What can you tell about a change in the seat of war ? 15. Give an account of the American troops in Georgia, and the possession of that State by the British. 16. What was the relative condition of the British and Americans at the close of the fourth year of the war ? THE REVOLUTION. 199 The American Policy. Preparations for the Campaign in the South. 17. In this section we have considered— (1) The Americans at Valley Forge ; (2) the alliance with France, and the advent of English commissioners ; (3) the flight of the British from Philadelphia and the pursuit by Washington; (4) operations on and near Rhode Island ; (5) the distressing warfare of Indians and Tories ; (6) the invasion of Georgia, and (7) the relative position of the contending parties. SECTION VI. FIFTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. [1779.] 1, The Americans determined to act on the defen- sive during the campaign of 1779, excepting in chastis- ing the hostile Indians. The British were to be con- fined to the sea-board. A wild scheme for the conquest of Canada was abandoned. The safer and less expensive mode of warfare was applauded by the people. 2. Campbell opened the campaign at Savannah, where he was joined by General Prevost, 1 from Florida. Prevost took the chief command, and prepared to penetrate the State. Gen- eral Lincoln was sent to take com- GENERAL LINCOLN. mand of the Americans in the South. He made his headquarters at Purysburg, about Questions.— 17. What have we considered in this section ? Questions.— 1. Give an account of the plan of the campaign for 1779 hy the Ameri- cans. 2. What can you tell about operations on the banks of the Savannah River ? 1 pre-vost'. 200 THE REVOLUTION. The British Occupy rtugusta. Disasters to the Americans. twenty miles above Savannah, where, with the broken army of Howe, he had collected a considerable force at the close of January. 3. Campbell, meanwhile, marched up the Georgia side of the Savannah River, and took possession of Au- gusta. This enabled the British to communicate with their friends, the Creek Indians, in Alabama. At the same time a band of Tories were desolating the Caro- lina frontier. They were defeated, however, in a battle on Kettle Creek on the 14th of February (1779). 4. Lincoln sent Colonel Ashe with some troops to drive Campbell from Augusta. He did so, and then pursued the enemy forty miles down the Savannah, where he encamped on Brier Creek. There he was surprised and attacked by Prevost on the 3d of March (1779), and lost nearly the whole of his two thousand troops. 5. By this disaster Lincoln was deprived of a quarter of his army. Yet he was not discouraged. Prevost, feeling strong, crossed the Savannah River, with a large force of British, Tories and Indians, and marched on the capital of South Carolina. Lincoln followed him with a larger force, to prevent his capturing that city. 6. Prevost appeared before Charleston early in May, and demanded the surrender of the city. It was promptly re- fused. The inhabitants expected an immediate attack, and slept but little the ensuing night. To their surprise, no enemy was visible in the morning. Prevost had heard of the near approach of Lincoln, and had fled at mid- night, along the sea islands, toward Savannah. Questions.— 3. Tell about Campbell's movements and their effects, and a battle with Tories. 4. What can you tell about Colonel Ashe and his defeat ? 5. What have you to say about the armies of Lincoln and Prevost ? 6. What did Prevost do ? THE REVOLUTION. 201 British Mai'auding Parties in Yarious Places. 7. Prevost lingered among the islands. On the 20th of June a fight occurred between a detachment of his army and the Americans at Stono Ferry, below Charleston. The latter were defeated. But the capital was saved. 8. Sir Henry Clinton contented himself with sending out marauding parties to plunder and destroy towns. Gov- ernor Try on, whom the patriots had driven from New York, was a willing leader in these expeditions. First he scattered some American troops, under General Putnam, at Green- wich, in Connecticut. Later in the season he landed on the shores of Connecticut with two thousand troops. He plun- dered JVew Haven, and laid East Haven, Fairfield and Norwallc in ashes. 9. Meanwhile some British vessels, commanded by Sir George Collier, 1 bore troops to Hampton Roads, Vir- ginia. They plundered the country in the vicinity. The same ships, at the end of May, went up the Hudson River with troops, and captured Stony and Verplanck's Points, below the Highlands. At the beginning of July these vessels bore Tryon and twenty-five hundred men to Connecticut. 10. The bold and dashing General Wayne struck the British a retaliating blow about the middle of July. He marched some troops secretly to the vicinity of Stony Point on a warm evening. At midnight he surprised and attacked the fort ; and at two o'clock in the morning of the 16th, though badly wounded in the hand, he wrote to Wash- Questions.— 7. What more have you to say about Prevost and a battle ? 8. What can you tell about British marauding expeditions ? 9. What can you tell about the doings of British ships and troops? 10. Tell about a brave exploit of General Wayne. 1 kol'-yer, 202 THE REVOLUTION. GENERAL WAYNE. British !Post at Jfauius' Hook Captured. Jfvents in Kentucky. ington : " The fort and garrison, with Colonel Johnson, are ours," The British lost in killed, wounded and prisoners six hundred men. 11. A few weeks later (August 19) Major Henry Lee captured a British post at Paulus's Hook (now Jersey City), killing thirty-six of the garrison and making one hun- dred and sixty men prisoners. The Congress voted to Wayne and Lee each a silver medal. In September, forty vessels, sent from Massachusetts, with soldiers, to seize Castin, at the mouth of the Penobscot River, were captured or destroyed, and the soldiers were driven into the wilderness. 12. The war had now extended into the wilder- ness beyond the Allegha- ny Mountains, where Daniel Boone, the great hunter and pioneer, had made settlements. They had there been fighting the Indians for several years. Further north, in the present State of Illinois, 1 the British had forts, and the Questions.— 11. What did Major Lee do ? What happened on the Eastern coast ? 12 and 13. What can you tell about the war beyond the Alleghany Mountains ? fT Qi* -» ~r*'jjr~^m. W%\~ L'-' ^''^mjWIw lillii: mi %,% Wlx I STONT POINT. DANIEL, BOONE. 1 il-le-noi$ f THE REVOLUTION. 203 Events in the Illinois Country. Indians in A en> York Scourged. soldiers there were continually urging the Indians to fight the Americans. 13. In January, 1779, Major George Rogers Clarke led an expedition from Kentucky against these posts. After great hardships in the wilderness, they captured the forts, drove away the British, and formed peaceable rela- tions with the Indians. 14. In the summer of 1779, General Sullivan was sent with a military force to chastise the Six Nations in New York, who had been engaged in the horrid cruelties the previous year. He collected an army in the Wyoming Valley, and marched up the Susquehanna River into the country of the Senecas. In the course of a few weeks he de- stroyed forty Indian villages and a vast amount of corn, fruit and This chas- GENERAL SULLIVAN. garden vegetables, tisement was long remembered by the Indians with bitter ha- tred. 15. Early in September (1779) D'Estaing appeared off the coast of Georgia with a powerful French fleet, to assist Lincoln in an attempt to drive the Brit- ish from Savannah. D'Es- taing landed troops and siege-guns ; and for more than a fortnight the town was bombarded. Questions.— 14. What can you tell about Sullivan's campaign against the Indians ! 15. Give an account of operations against Savannah. SEEGE Or SAVANNAH. 1779. 204 THE REVOLUTION. Assault on Savannah. The French "Desert the Americans. 16. On the 9th of October an attempt was made to take the town by a close and furious assault. After a des- perate fight of five hours, there was a truce to bury the dead. Many brave men had been killed. Among them was Count Pulaski, 1 who, like Kosci- uszhoy came from Poland to help the Americans in their struggle for free- dom. 17. UEstaing now suddenly pro- posed to abandon the siege. Lin- coln believed that the British would soon surrender ; but he was compelled COTM t W to submit to D'Estaing's determina- tion, and a few days afterward the French fleet was at sea and the Americans were in full retreat toward Charleston. This was the second time D'Estaing had abandoned the Americans when a speedy victory seemed certain. 18. During the summer of 1779 Lafayette was in France, and persuaded the King to send another fleet and thousands of soldiers to help the Americans. The British were alarmed when they heard this news, and their troops in Rhode Island were ordered to New York, so that the army should not be too much scattered. 19. Other dangers now threatened England. Spain declared war against her, and a French and Spanish ar- mament attempted an invasion of England in August, 1779. In the autumn, French and American cruisers Questions.— 16. What farther can you tell about the siege of Savannah? 17. What did D'Estaing do, and what was the result? 18. What did Lafayette do, and what was the eflect ? 19. What dangers now threatened England ? * pu4as'-ki. THE REVOLUTION. 205 The Continental JVavy and American Naval Operations. spread much alarm in Great Britain, because of their dep- redations upon commerce in British waters. 20. The naval operations of the Americans during the Revolution do not hold a conspicuous place in history, but they were important. The Americans were not able to build large ships of war, but vessels armed by private citi- zens, commissioned by the Congress, and known as priva- teers, captured a great many British vessels and so helped the cause. 21. Arrangements were made for creating a navy in the autumn of 1775. The first vessels built were gun-boats. These were used by Washington against the British ships at Boston. They were armed with heavy cannon at each end and lighter ones on the top. 22. Eseh Hopkins was the first commander-in-chief of the naval forces, and performed good service along our southern coasts and among the Bahama Islands. There were other commanders, such as Man- ly, Barry, McNeil, and Hinman, whose exploits made them famous. But John Paul Jones became the most famous of them all. 23. Some vessels fitted out on the coast of France were put under the command of Jones. He cruised around Great Britain in A GUN-BOAT AT BOSTON. ADMIRAL HOPKINS. Questions. — 20. What have you to say about the American navy? 21. What more can you tell about the navy? 22. What can you tell about the first commander-in- chief of the navy, and other leaders ? 206 THE REVOLUTION. Naval Victory by John Taul Jones. JOHN PAUL JONES. the summer of 1779, and filled the people of the coast towns with alarm because of his devasta- tions. 24. In September, Jones, in a ship named Bonhomme Richard x (Good Man Richard), attacked and defeated the British ship of war Serapis, 2 off the eastern coast of England. The fight was in the moonlight, and it was a terrible one. At one time, when the ships were lashed together, they were both on fire. Jones was the victor. He took pos- session of the Serapis, and his own shattered vessel went to the bottom of the sea. 25. Although England was surrounded with many diffi- culties at the close of 1779, and many of her own people sympathized with the Americans, she put forth amazing strength and energy, and made ample provision of men and money to carry on the campaign against the Americans in 1780. 26. In this section we have considered — (1) The plans of the Americans ; (2) military opera- tions in Georgia and South Carolina ; (3) British ma- rauding expeditions; (4) the conquests by General Wayne and Major Lee ; (5) the war beyond the Allegha- nies; (6) Sullivan's campaign against the Indians; (7) the siege of Savannah, and (8) the naval operations. Questions— 23 and 24. What can you tell about John Paul Jones and his exploits ? 25. What have you to say about England's troubles, strength, and actions ? 26. What have we considered in this section ? 1 bon-om' ree'sMrd. * se-ra'-pis. THE REVOLUTION. 207 Movements of Sir Henry Clinton. Change in the Seat of War. SECTION VII. SIXTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. [1780.] 1. When Clinton was joined by the British troops from Rhode Island, he sailed for Charleston with a large force, to capture that city, leaving the remainder in New York, under the charge of the Hessian general, Knyphausen. 1 Early in the spring of 1780 Washington sent the Baron Be Kalb 2 and other good officers to assist the Ameri- can troops in the South. 2. The chief seat of war was now transferred to the South, and the people of the North had a little rest. Clin- ton and his troops were borne to Charleston Harbor in a fleet commanded by Admiral Ar- buthnot. 3 Near the middle of Feb- ruary, they were landed on the islands and shores thirty miles below Charleston. 3. General Lincoln was then in Charleston with a few troops. The patriotic militia of South Carolina rallied at the call of Governor Rut- ledge, and when the invaders appeared before Charleston early in April, the force gath- ered there felt strong enough to resist them. 4. The patriots built strong military works across Questions.— 1. What did Sir Henry Clinton do? What did Washington do ? 2. What can you tell about the seat of war and the movements of Clinton ? 3. What can you tell about the Americans in Charleston? 1 nip-how'-zen. 2 kawlb. s ar-buth'-not. GOVERNOR RUTLEDGE. -9 SUNBURY IN THE Southern States SCALE OF MI LES | f 10 20 30 40 60 SO THE REVOLUTION. 209 Siege of Chct7'leston and its Surrender Charleston Neck, and manned Fort Moultrie, in the har- bor, with many soldiers. Near the town were six armed vessels under Commodore Abraham Whipple, and along the wharves batteries were constructed. 5. On the 9th of April, Arbuthnot sailed into Charles- ton Harbor with his fleet. At the same time Clinton, who had come up from below, approached the defences on Charleston Neck. He sent a summons to Lincoln to surrender his army and the city, and threatened to destroy the town and capture the troops in case he refused. Lin- coln did refuse, and sent word to Clinton that he was ready for war. 6. The siege of Charleston continued for a month. Meanwhile Lord Cornwallis came from New York, with an army, to help Clinton. The British sur- rounded the town. On the night of the 9th of May, two hundred cannon opened fire upon the city. The fleet joined in the bombardment. 7. For more than forty-eight hours the inhabitants of the city en- dured the dreadful cannonade, when, at about two o'clock in the morning of the 12th of May, Lincoln of- fered to surrender. The firing ceased. About six thousand citizens and soldiers were made prisoners of war, with four hundred cannon and a large quantity of provisions and stores. Questions.— 4. What did the patriots at Charleston do? 5. What can you tell ahout a British fleet at Charleston and the movements of Clinton against the city? 6. Give an account of the siege of Charleston. 7. What more can you tell about the siege ? What about the surrender ? LORD CORNWALLIS. 210 THE REVOLUTION. The "British in South Carolina. American Troops Sent to the South. 8. This was a heavy blow for the Americans. The British commander immediately sent large bodies of troops 8IEGE OP CHARLESTON, 1780. into the country, in various directions, to conquer and hold the State. For awhile it seemed to the patriots that all was lost, and the quiet of despair prevailed throughout South Carolina. 9. Mistaking this quiet for permanent tranquillity, Clin- ton and Arbuthnot, with many troops, sailed for New- York in June, leaving the remainder of the army in the South under the chief command of Lord Cornwallis. 10. The deceptive quiet was soon broken. De Kalb had moved too slowly to effect anything in favor of Lincoln. General Gates had also been sent to the South, and he took the chief command when he joined Be Kalb. The news that the con- queror of Burgoyne was coming revived the spirits of GENERAL GATES. Questions.— 8. What did the British commander then do ? What was the result T 9. What did Clinton and Arbuthnot think and do ? 10. What can you tell about De Kalb and Gates, and Southern patriots ? THE REVOLUTION. 211 Active Southern "Partisans, ffattle near Camden. Death of De Katb. the patriots, and partisan leaders like Marion}- Sumter, Pickens and Clarke were soon in the field at the head of daring men. 11. Sumter first appeared, with strength, on the Ca- tawba River. At the same time Marion was striking the British and Tories in the swamps of the lower country, on the borders of the Pedee ; and the other parti- sans were active. 12. When, in August (1780), Gates marched down from the hill country and approached Cam- clen, he was joined by many patriots and felt strong. Lord Rawdon was then in com- mand of British troops at Camden. Comwallis hastened to join him, and then moved forward to meet Gates. 13. The two armies, marching silently along a sandy road, met at midnight, unex- pectedly to both, in a swamp on Sanders' Creek, seven miles north of Camden. They skirmished in the darkness, and at daylight began a fierce battle. The Americans were defeated and scattered. De Kalb was killed, and Gates and a few GENERAL SUMTEK. SANDERS CREEK. of his troops fled into North Carolina. Questions.— 11. Give an account of Sumter and Marion. 12. What can you tell about Gates and Cornwallis ? 13. Give an account of a march and a battle. mah'ri-on. 212 THE REVOLUTION. American Losses. Cornn-allis's Mistakes. Battle at A'itif/'s Mountain. BARON DE KALB 14. This was another severe blow for the patriots. Within the space of three months two of their armies in the South had been destroyed, and the armed bands of the partisans were now scattered to the winds by Tarleton and other British leaders. All seemed hopeless, and yet the patriots were hopeful. 15. With the foolish idea that ex- tremely harsh treatment would secure submission, Comwallis employed very oppressive measures. The exasperated patriots despised and defied him, and instantly prepared to strike an effectual blow for freedom. 16. Believing South Carolina to be thoroughly con- quered, Comwallis marched into North Carolina, and sent out armed parties to frighten the Whigs and encourage the Tories. The patriots in Western Carolina rallied, and at King's Mountain they fought, early in October, and defeated Colonel Fer- guson. He lost a thousand men and fifteen hundred guns. 17. As the battle at Benning- ton was a severe blow to Bur- goyne, so this was a hard blow for Comwallis. Meanwhile Marion was annoying the British and Tories near Charleston; GENERAL MARION. Questions.— 14. What had the patriots lost? 15. What did Comwallis do, and what was the result ? 16. What more did Comwallis do ? What did the patriots do ? 17. How were the British affected? What have you to say ahout Marion and Sumter ? THE REVOLUTION. 213 Marion and Sumter. British Invasion of New Jersey. and Sumter and Marion again appeared at the head of brave patriots. So stealthy were the movements of one, and so full of fight was the other, that the British called Marion The Swamp Fox, and Sumter The Carolina Game Cock. 18. Cornwallis hastened back to South Carolina, and encamped between the Broad and Catawba Rivers, about the middle of October. Here we will leave him while we consider military movements in the North. 19. Extensive military operations were almost suspended in the North during the summer of 1780. As we have seen, Knyphausen was left in command at New York. That officer sent a force of five thousand men into New Jersey, under General Mathews, early in June, on a marauding expedition. 20. Mathews crossed over from Staten Island to Eliz- abethtown, and near that village burned a small settlement, and commenced plundering the inhabitants. Wash- ington sent a detachment from his camp at Morristown to drive them back. This was effectually done. 21. A fortnight afterward, Clinton, who had returned from Charleston, joined Mathews, and marching toward Morristown^ tried to drive Washington out of his encamp- ment. They were met at Springfield by Americans under General Greene, on the 23d of June, when a severe skir- mish ensued. The British set fire to the village and fled back to Staten Island. 22. Early in the same month a French fleet arrived at Questions.— 18. What did Cornwallis do ? 19. What have you to say about mili. tary operations in the North ? 20. What can you tell about an invasion of New Jersey? 21. What can you tell about a second invasion of New Jersey, and a battle ? 214 THE REVOLUTION. GOVERNOR TRUMBULL. Arrival of French Forces. A jgargrain for Treason. Price to be Paid. Newport, Rhode Island, with six thousand soldiers under the Count de Bochambeau. 1 A part of the French army wintered at Leb- anon, near the residence of Gover- nor Trumbull. The British were alarmed, and did not send out any- more marauding expeditions. At that time Clinton was hoping to accom- plish, through the agency of a traitor, what he could not secure by force of arms. 23. General Benedict Arnold, a brave and active officer, was the traitor. He was a quarrel- some man and a spendthrift. He be- came soured toward many officers, and his expensive living involved him deeply in debt. Dishonest practices caused him to be publicly reprimanded by Washington, by order of the Congress. 24. Irritated and pressed for money, he resolved to betray his country for a price. He bargained, through correspondence with Major Andre'? Clinton's adjutant-general, to receive fifty thousand dollars and the commission of Brigadier- General in the British army, as the price of his treason. 25. To accomplish his wicked purpose, Arnold obtained BENEDICT ARNOLD. Questions.— 22. What can you tell about a French fleet with troops ? What can you tell about the British ? 23. Give an account of Benedict Arnold. 24. What moved Arnold, and what did he do ? 25. What was the plan of his treason ? With whom did he confer ? 1 rosh'-awm-W. s an'-dray. THE REVOLUTION. 215 Conference Between Arnold and Andre". command of the important military post of West Point, on the Hudson River. He bargained to betray that post and its dependencies into the hands of the British. In Septem- ber, 1780, he and Major Andre had a conference at Haver- straw, on the Hudson, to complete the arrangements. 26. The ship in which Andre had ascended the Hudson was driven back by American cannon on the shore, and Andre* was compelled to go back by land. He crossed the river, and was making his way on horseback toward New Yorh, when he was arrested, near Tarrytown, by three militia-men, who searched him and found papers in his boots which convicted Arnold of Treason. 27. By a stupid blunder, Arnold was allowed to escape. He heard of the arrest of Andre while at breakfast in his house opposite West Point. Kissing his wife and babe farewell, he hurried to his barge, and offering his oarsmen a reward for speed, they took him swiftly down the river to the British sloop-of-war Vul- ture, and so he escaped. 28. Major Andr'e was tried and executed as a spy. If the Americans could have caught Arnold, they would have let the youthful Andre go. ... captors' medal. 29. The names of the militia- men who arrested Andr'e were John Paulding, David Williams, and Isaac Van Wart. 1 Because of this useful Questions.— 26. What can you tell about Major Andre ? 27. Tell about a blunder, and the escape of Arnold. 28. What more can you tell about Andre" and Arnold ? 29. What about Andre's captors ? 1 wart. 216 THE REVOLUTION. Madness of the British Ministry. Sufferings of American Soldiers. act the Congress voted them each a silver medal and two hundred dollars a year for life. 30. And now, as another year of the war drew to a close, the patriots were firm and hopeful. Great Britain had made really no progress toward conquering the Americans, after spending much blood and treasure. Yet the King and Parliament went blindly on. They declared war against Holland, which had favored America, and made extensive preparations to crush the rebellion in the colonies. 31. In this section we have considered — (1) The campaign of Clinton against Charleston; (2) the defeat of Gates and the career of Cormvallis in South Carolina ; (3) the partisan leaders in the South ; (4) the invasion of New Jersey by British troops ; (5) the ar- rival of French allies, and (6) the treason of Arnold. SECTION VIII. SEVENTH YEAR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. [1781.] 1 . The patriotism of the Americans had a trial and a triumph at the beginning of 1781. The troops had suf- fered every want. The paper money with which they had been paid had become worthless, and the Congress was not able to be prompt in redeeming its promises. 2. The soldiers had asked for relief in vain. Finally Questions.— 30. What can you tell about Great Britain and the King and Parlia- ment ? 31. What have we considered in this section ? Questions.— 1. What can you tell about a trial of the patriotism of the Americans? TUB REVOLUTION. 21 V Mutiny of American Troops. Their T>, Offer Thanksffivitifjs for Victory. surrender. Then the members all went in procession to the Lutheran Church, and there returned thanks to God for the great victory. Yet the war was not quite ended fUrd (JkorniualUs Ik NORFOLK % PORTSMOUTH 41. We have considered in this section— (1) The character of the American -patriots; (2) justice toward the army and the establishment of a National Bank ; (3) doings of the traitor Arnold ; (4) the Cam- paign of Greene in the Carolinas ; (5) the battle at the Cowpens, and the race between Greene and CornwaUis ; (6) the battles at Guilford Court House, Hobkirk's Hill, and Eutaw Springs; (7) the camp of Marion ; (8) Corn- waUis inVirginia; (9) the siege of Yorktown, and (10) the surrender of CornwaUis. Questions.— 41. What have we considered in this section 228 THE REVOLUTION. Military Operations after the Surrender. Preparations for Peace, SECTION VIII. CLOSING EVENTS OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. [1782-1789.] 1. The news of the surrender of Cornwallis reached General Greene on the High Rills of the Santee on the 30th of October. It was an omen of peace to the patriots of South Carolina, and Governor Butledge soon called a legislative assembly. Yet vigilance was necessary, for there was a considerable body of British troops yet in Charleston, and Tories were plentiful everywhere. 2. Marion kept watch near Charleston ; Greene and his army took a position on the Edisto ; Wayne, always wide awake, kept the British in Georgia close within the city of Savannah ; St. Clair, marching down from Yorhtown, made the British troops at Wilmington flee into Charles- ton ; and Washington, who had returned to the North with his army, made Sir Henry Clinton and his troops close prisoners in the city of New York. 3. It was now the spring of 1782. The British govern- ment now gave up the American colonies as lost to the realm, and ordered the British commanders in America to stop fighting and prepare to leave the country. At mid- summer the British left Savannah, but those in Charles- ton did not depart until near the close of the year. 4. General Leslie, in command at Charleston, tried to seize food for his army in the interior of South Carolina. Questions.— 1. What have you to tell about the effects of the news of the surrender of Cornwallis in South Carolina? 2. What can you tell ahout the movements of American troops ? 3. What did the British government and its troops do ? THE REVOLUTION. 229 The -Last 2ilood Shed in the War. 2'reaty for Peace. Late in August, 1782, a British foraging party attempted to ascend the Combahee 1 River, when they were met by some Americans under Colonel John Laurens, and in a skirmish on the 25th that young officer was killed. In Sep- tember following, the American captain Wilmot, was killed in a skirmish at Stono Fennj, below Charleston. This was the last blood shed in the old War for Inde- pendence. 5. Meanwhile commissioners, appointed by the United States and Great Britain, had met at Paris to make arrangements for peace. A preliminary treaty to that effect was signed there on the 30th of November, 1782. A final and definitive treaty was signed on the 3d of September, 1783. Then the British monarch acknowledged the independence of the United States. 6 . While these peace measures were going on, the British held New York with a military force, and Washington, with a small army at West Point and Neivburgh, on the Hudson, watched them. In the spring of 1783, the suffering American troops were tempted to revolt, but the prudence of Washington and their own patriotism prevented the calamity. 7. On the 25th of November, 1783, the British troops left New GENERAL KNOX " York and sailed for England. On the same day American Questions.^. What can you tell about skirmishes in South Carolina and the last hlood shed in the war ? 5. What can you tell about negotiations for peace ? 6. What can you tell about the two armies and the temptations of the American troops ? 7. Give an account of the movements of British and American troops at, New York. 1 kom-ba-hee'. 230 THE REVOLUTION. ^British Evacuate JV'ew York. yfashington Resigns his Commission. GOVERNOR CLINTON. troops under General Knox, accompanied by Washington, marched into the city, and Governor George Clinton established civil gov- ernment there. 8. On the 2d of November Wash- ington issued a Farewell Address to the Armies of the United States, about to be disbanded. A few days after the British left JVew York, he called his principal officers together there, and in person bade them an affectionate farewell. Then he went to Annapolis, in Mary- land, where the Congress was in ses- sion, and resigned his commission as com- mander-in-chief into the hands of General Mif- flin, then their Presi- dent. 9. A little while be- fore the disbanding of the Continental army, the officers formed an association, for mutual friendship and assistance, which they called the Society of the Cincinnati. They adopted an " order," or badge, made of gold and enamel, which, with membership, was to descend to their nearest masculine representative for all time. This society is yet in existence. Questions.— 8. What did Washington do ? 9. What can you tell about the Society of the Cincinnati ? 10. What have you to say about the first plan of a national gov- ernment ? GENERAL MTPPLIN. THE ORDER. THE REVOLUTION. 231 Articles of Confederation >} a Failure. 10. The States, in 1781, by their representatives in Con- gress, had adopted a plan for a national government, called Articles of Confederation. It was simply a League of States, with no real sovereign power, and was not fitted for the foundation of a nation. The people in some places refused to pay taxes at the call of the general government, and in Massachusetts they were in armed rebellion, led by Daniel Shays. This is known as Shays's Rebellion. 1 1 . Leading men soon perceived the necessity for another plan of government, and in the course of a few years a con- vention was called at Philadelphia to consider the subject. Representatives from all the States excepting Rhode Island met there in the summer of 1787, and framed what is known as our National Constitution. Washington was Presi- dent of the Convention, and Dr. Franklin, then more than eighty-one years of age, was one of the most active of its members. 12. For several days the Convention could not agree upon a plan, and it seemed as if their labors would be fruitless. One morning Dr. Fj'anklin proposed that the proceedings should be opened each day with prayers to Almighty God for guidance. This was not done, because there was no money which could be appropriated for the payment of a minister of the Gospel for the sacred service. 13. The Constitution then formed was submitted to the people of the several States for consideration. It was agreed to by a majority of them, and on the 4th of March, 1789, the old Continental Congress expired, and the National Constitution became the Great Law of the Republic. Questions.— 11. What did leading men perceive, and what was done ? 12. What did Franklin do in the Convention, and what was the result? 13. What was done with the National Constitution, and what did it become ? 232 THE REVOLUTION'. Washington Inaugurated President of the United States. Washington was inaugurated the first President of the United States on the 30th of April following. ' /'"'IVji - FRANKLIN OFFERING HIS MOTION FOR PRAYERS IN THE NATIONAL CONTENTION. 14. This was the final act of the Revolution ; and was the closing work of the patriots. Then the United States of America commenced their glorious national career. Questions.— 14. What have you to say about the effects of the Constitution on the national character ? THE REVOLUTION. 233 Character of the National Government. Outliyie of Important Events. They were no longer a mere League of States, but united under one General Government. Then, for the first time, did England fully acknowledge our independence, by sending a representative of the British government to reside at our national capital. 15. We have considered in this section — (1) The vigilance of the Americans after the surrender of Cornivallis ; (2) the action of the British govern- ment ; (3) the last skirmishes of the war ; (4) the nego- tiations for peace ; (5) the abandonment of the country by the British ; (6) the formation of the Society of the Cincinnati ; and (7) the establishment of a national gov- ernment. OUTLINE OF IMPORTANT EYENTS FROM 1763 TO 1789.* 1765. Stamp Act Congress meets in New York in October. Patrick Henry's great speech in the Virginia Assembly. 1766. Stamp Act repealed in March. 1768. Tax-gatherers sent to Boston and opposed by the people. 1770. Massacre of citizens in Boston by British troops in March* 1771. The " Regulator " movements in North Carolina. 1772. The British schooner Gaspe burned in Narraganset Bay, by Americans, in June. 1773. Cargoes of tea destroyed by a mob in Boston Harbor in 'Decem- ber. 1774- The port of Boston closed against commerce by the British min- istry in J~u7ie. A general or Continental Congress assemble in Philadelphia in Septembei\ Minute-men organized in different colonies. 1775. Attention of Parliament called to American affairs in January. Skirmishes at Lexington and Concord in jipril. A second Continental Congress assembles at Philadelphia in May. Questions.— 15. What have we considered in this section ? * See foot-note on page 32. 234 THE REVOLUTION. Outline of Important Events. Capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point by the Americans in May. A considerable British army in Boston in June. Battle of Bunker's (Breed's) Hill, and Washington appointed commander-in-chief of the Americans, in June. Washing- ton takes command of the army at Cambridge in July. The Congress issues Bills of Credit, or paper money. Revolution- ary movements throughout the colonies. Governor Dunmore driven from Virginia. St. Johns, on the Sorel, and Montreal captured by the Americans in November. Quebec besieged and Americans repulsed in 'December. Americans declared to be " rebels." German troops hired by the British govern- ment to fight the Americans. 1776. The British army driven out of Boston in .March. German troops arrive at Quebec in Jlfay. A British land and naval force attack the fort on Sullivan's Island in the harbor of Charleston and are repulsed in June. British troops under General Howe near New York in Ju?ie. Declaration of Independence adopted by the Congress in July. Battle on Long Island near New York, in August. British take pos- session of New York, and battle on Harlem Plains, in Sep- tember. Battle at White Plains in October. Capture of Fort Washington in November. Flight of Washington across New Jersey, pursued by Cornwallis, in November and 'December. The Congress flee to Baltimore from Phila- delphia, and the Americans capture Hessians or Germans at Trenton in "December. Commissioners sent to France to ask for aid for the Americans. 1777. Battle at Princeton, and march of Americans to Morristown, in January. Danbury burned by Governor Tryon, and battle near Ridgefield, in April. Raid by Colonel Meigs on the British vessels at Sag Harbor in Jlfay. Capture of the British General Prescott on Rhode Island by Colonel Barton, in July. Burgoyne collects a force at St. Johns in Canada, in June and July. British plans for the campaign of 1777 revealed. Crown Point, Ticonderoga, and Skenesborough cap- tured by Burgoyne, and the battle at Hubbardton, in July. Lafayette joins the army under Washington in July. Battle near Bennington and at Oriskany in August. Battle on the Brandy wine ; Congress flee to Lancaster and York ; and battle on Bemis' Heights, in September. Battle on Bemis' Heights and capture of Burgoyne and his army at Saratoga, in Octo- ber*. Battle at Germantown, and capture of Forts Clinton and THE REVOLUTION. 235 Outline of Important Events. Montgomery by the Americans in October. Capture of Forts Mifflin and Mercer by the British in J\ r ovembe?\ Washing- ton's army marches to Valley Forge in ^December. 1778. A treaty of alliance between the United States and France com- pleted in February. Commissioners to treat for peace came from England in April. The British army and navy retreat from Philadelphia in June. The army under Clinton chased by Washington across New Jersey, and fight a battle at Mon- mouth Court-House, in June. D'Estaing arrives with a French fleet in July, and sails for Rhode Island to help Gen- eral Sullivan drive the British from there. Tories and Indians desolate the Wyoming Valley in July. French and English fleets off Rhode Island, scattered by a storm, and the Ameri- cans defeated in a battle on Quaker Hill, Rhode Island, in August. Cherry Valley desolated by Brant and Tories in November. Savannah captured by the British in Decem- ber. 1779. The British under Campbell take possession of Augusta in January, and George Roger Clarke captures British posts in the Illinois country the same month. Tories defeated at Kettle Creek in February. Americans under Colonel Ashe defeated at Brier Creek in March. The British under Gen- eral Prevost threaten Charleston, but decamp, in May. Southern Virginia ravaged, and Stony Point captured by the British the same month. Americans defeated at Stono Ferry in June. Tryon burns East Haven, Fairfield, and Norwalk, and Stony Point recaptured by General Wayne, in July. British post at Paulus' Hook captured by Major Henry Lee in August. General Sullivan chastises the Indians in Western New York, and Paul Jones gains naval victories, in Septem- ber. The American and French troops besiege and abandon Savannah, where Pulaski was killed, in October. 1780. Charleston, S. C, besieged by the British under Clinton in April, and surrendered to him in May. Clinton returns to New York ; a French fleet with an army under Rochambeau arrives at Newport, Rhode Island ; New Jersey invaded by the British, and a battle at Springfield in that State, in June. Battle at Sanders' Creek between Gates and Cornwallis, the former defeated, in August. Arnold's treason discovered in Sep- tember. Battle of King's Mountain, and Major Andre hung as a spy, in October. 1781. Mutiny in the American army at Morristown, and noble display 236 THE REVOLUTION. Outline of Important Event*. "Principal "Battles of the "Revolution. of patriotism, in Ja?iuary. The traitor Arnold desolates Virginia during the winter and spring. Battle of the Cow- pens in January. Race of Greene and Cornwallis across the Carolinas in February. Battle at Guilford Court-House, in North Carolina, in Jlfarch. Battle at Hobkirk's Hill in April. Capture of four British posts in South Carolina in Jl€ay. Siege of Fort Ninety-Six in June. Cornwallis at the head of British troops in Virginia in June and July. Greene on the High Hills of Santee in July and August. Cornwallis forms a fortified camp at Yorktown in August. Battle at Eutaw Springs, and New London burned by Arnold the traitor, in Septembe?\ Surrender of Cornwallis and his army to Washington and Rochambeau in October. 1782. In Jtfarch the British government order the troops in America to stop fighting and prepare to leave the country. The British leave Savannah in July. Colonel Laurens killed on the Combahee in August. The last blood of the Revolution shed near Stono Ferry in September. Preliminary treaty of peace signed at Paris in November. 1783. Temptation to mutiny in the army at Newburgh in the spring. opposed by patriotism. Washington issues his Farewell Address to the Armies of the United States, and the British troops leave New York, in J\ r ore??ibe?\ Washing-ton takes leave of his officers the same month. Resigns his commission into the hands of the President of Congress in December. 1787. A convention at Philadelphia frames a national constitution in September. Northwestern territory organized. 1789. The Continental Congress expires and a national government begins its career in March. Washington inaugurated first President of the United States in April. The following is a list of the principal battles of the Revo- lution, with the dates of their occurrence : NAME. DATE. 1775. Lexington April 19 Bunker Hill June 17 Siege of St. Johns Nov. Quebec Dec. 31 1776. Fort Moultrie June 28 NAME. DATE. Long Island Aug. 27 White Plains Oct. 28 Fort Washington Nov. 16 Trenton Dec. 26 1777. Princeton Jan. 3 Ridgefield . April 27 THE REVOLUTION. 237 "Principal "Bailies of the "Revolution. NAME. DATE. Hubbarclton July 7 Oriskany Aug. 6 Bennington Aug. 16 Brandywine Sept. 11 Bemis's Heights Sept. 19 Paoli Sept. 20 Germantown Oct. 4 Forts Clinton and Montgomery. .. Oct. 6 Saratoga. . Oct. 7 Fort Mercer Oct. ?2 Fort Mifflin Nov. 16 1778. Monmouth June 28 Wyoming July 3 Quaker Hill, on Rhode Island Aug. 29 Savannah Dec. 29 1779. Sunbury Jan. 9 Kettle Creek Feb. 14 Brier Creek March 3 Stono Ferry i June 20 Stony Point July 15 Penobscot Aug. 13 Paulus 1 Hook July 19 Indian Country in New York Aug. 29 Flamboro' Head Sept. 23 NAME. DATE. Savannah Oct. 9 1780. Monk's Corner April 14 Santee Ferry May 6 Charleston May 12 Waxhaw May 29 Springfield June 23 Rocky Mount. . July 30 Hanging Rock Aug. 6 Sanders 1 Creek Aug. 16 Fishing Creek Aug. 18 King's Mountain Oct. 7 Fish Dam Ford Nov. 12 Blackstock Nov. 20 1781. Cowpens Jan. 17 Guilford Court-House March 15 Hobkirk's Hill April 25 Ninety-Six June 18 Fort Griswold Sept. 6 Eutaw Springs Sept. 8 Yorktown Oct. 19 1782. Combahee Aug. £5 Near Stono Ferry September. THE UNION OF STATES. 230 )f 'ashington Inaugurated First President of the United States. CHAPTER V. THE JfJTIOJV, OGL UJIIOJJ OF STATES. 4&f*Qfr SECTION I. WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. [1789-1797.] 1 . Washington reluctantly left the quiet of his home at Mount Vernon, on the Poto- mac 1 River, travelled to the city of New Yoi'k, and was there inaugurated the first President of the United States by publicly taking the required oath, ad- ministered by the chancellor of the State of Neiv York, R. R. Livingston, on the 30th of April, 1789. 2. The National Con- gress was then in session in the same city. It was com- posed of two bodies of men from the several States. One body, the most numerous, were called Representatives, Questions.— 1. What have you to say about Washington being made President of the United States ? 2. Of what is the National Congress composed ? 1 po-to'-mak. WASHINGTON AND HIS RESIDENCE. 240 THE UNION OF STATES. Construction of t7ie National Legislature. President's Veto. who were chosen by the people. The smaller body, chosen by the State Legislatures of the various States, were called Senators, each State having two senators in the National Congress. 3. The Representatives were chosen to serve two years, and the Senators six years. The two bodies meet in sepa- rate rooms. As the National Congress was then organized, so it remains now — composed of the Senate and House of Representatives. 4. An act of either house, or body, can become a law only when it shall be agreed to by the other house, and be signed by the President of the United States; or if the President shall refuse to sign it, it may become a law by receiving two-thirds of the votes of both houses in favor of it. Such refusal of the President is called his Veto. 5. The Congress meets once a year, each Congress hav- ing two sessions. The President, whose business is to execute the laws made by the Congress, is authorized to have advisers or assistants in the management of the affairs of the government. They are called cabinet ministers, and, at first, were only four in number. 6. The minister for the transaction of business with other nations was called Secretary of State. The one who had charge of the money affairs of the nation was named Secre- tary of the Treasury. Military matters were entrusted to a Secretary of War ; and the legal adviser of the President was called Attorney-General. 7. Afterward, when a navy was authorized, a Secretary Questions.— 3. What can you tell about Senators and Representatives ? 4. What can you tell about the making of laws ? 5. What have you to say about the sessions of Congress and the President's advisers? 6. Give the titles of the cabinet minis- ters and tell what are their duties. THE UNION OF STATES. 241 Supreme Court. Composition of the National Government. of the Navy was added to the Cabinet. Then the one who had the general management of postal affairs was called Postmaster- General, and added to the Cabinet. Finally another cabinet officer was created, called Secretary of the Interior, who manages the Indian and other internal affairs of the government. 8. A Supreme Court of the United States was formed, consisting of several able lawyers. Whatever may be its decrees, in the line of its duty, is law, for it is the highest tribunal in the land. It is composed of a Chief Justice and five Associate Justices, appointed by the Presi- dent and Senate. There were also circuit and district courts established in different parts of the country. 9. The President, Congress, and the Supreme Court formed the three co-ordinate branches of the government, which the National Constitution authorizes. In the Constitution, which was put into proper shape by the pen of Gouverneur Morris, the duties of the members of each branch of the government are clearly de- fined, as we shall see hereafter. 10. Alexander Hamilton was made the first Secretary of the Treasury. As soon as the new government was set in motion, he devised a plan for the manage- ment of its receipts and expenditures, which has always been Questions.— 7. What have you to tell about other cabinet ministers ? 8. What have you to say about the Supreme Court of the United States ? 9. What composes the national government ? By whom was the Constitution put into shape ? 10. What have you to say about Alexander Hamilton and the money affairs of the government? GOUVERNEUR MORRIS. 242 THE UNION OF STATES. Treasury, Mint, and Sank. Seat of Government. considered a wise one, and which, with some slight changes, is yet used. 11. Very soon a Mint for coining money was estab- lished ; also a National Bank. The seat of the national government was permanently fixed in a territory ten miles square, lyiug on each side of the Potomac River. Part of it was in Virginia and part in Maryland. It was named by Washington, Tlie Dis- trict of Columbia. 12, In 1791 Vermont was admitted ALEXANDER HAMILTON. into the Union as the fourteenth State, and in 1792, Kentucky as the fifteenth State. Already set- tlements had been made north of the Ohio River, beyond the limits of the original thirteen States. The region now covered by the States of Ohio, Indiana, 1 Illinois, 2 Michi- gan? and Wisconsin* was put under a governor in 1787, and called The North- Western Territory. 13. Meanwhile the British held forts in that region, and urged the Indians to make war on the Americans. They did so. General Harmer was defeated by them in October, 1790. General St. Clair was defeated by them in Novem- ber, 1791 ; but in August, 1794, troops under General Wayne made them beg for peace, and keep quiet for more than a dozen years. 14. Political parties were formed in the Republic during Questions.— 11. What can you tell about a mint, a national bank and the seat of government? 12. What States were admitted to the Union? What can you tell about a territory beyond the Ohio Kiver ? 13. What did the British do, and what was the result ? 14. What can you tell about political parties ? 1 in-de-an'-ah. ' U-le-nois'. 3 mish'-e-gan. * wis-con'-sin. THE UNION OE STATES. 243 Political "Parties. S ympathy for French Republicans. Neutrality. the administration of Washington. Those who were in favor of giving great power to the general government were called Federalists. Those who wished to give more power to the people and State governments were called Republicans. 15. At about the time our national government was established, the people of France rebelled against their King. They finally cut off his head, and set up what they called a republican government. They made bad work of it, and soon found themselves involved in war with England and several other nations of Europe. 16. The American Republicans wished to help the French Republicans. Washington, desiring to keep m his people from the danger of meddling with the affairs of other nations, issued a proclamation, declaring that the United States would not take part in the foreign quarrels, and warning the people not to engage in them. 17. That proclamation offended the Republicans, and they encouraged the French minister, to our government, to defy the President, and to fit out ships of war here to fight the English. The President asked the French gov- ernment to call him home and send a less mischievous man. They did so. 18. Just as this trouble was passing away, a little rebel- lion broke out in Western Pennsylvania. Congress had taxed liquors which were made in this country. The whiskey distillers in Western Pennsylvania declared that they would not pay the tax. They armed themselves, and ill- Questions.— 15. What have you to say ahout a revolution in France ? 16. What did American republicans do? What did Washington do ? 17. What was the effect of his proclamation ? What can you tell ahout a French minister ? 18, What can you tell about a little rebellion t 244 THE UNION OF STATES. Whiskey Insurrection. Jay's Treaty. Algerine 'Pirates. treated the tax-collectors. In 1794, Washington sent troops there to enforce the laws. That is known as The Whis- key Insurrection. 19. Bad feeling was beginning to grow between the Americans and British, because the latter did not act ac- cording to the agreement made by the treaty of 1783. The President sent John Jay to Eng- land to adjust all matters in dispute. Jay negotiated a new treaty, which some Americans condemned and some approved. This treaty was a subject for hot disputes for some time. 20. American commerce was now working its way into the Mediterranean Sea, where it met the African sea-robbers of Algiers, 1 who seized the ships and made slaves of the sailors. Congress authorized ships to be built to protect American commerce, and this was the beginning of our Navy. For several years our govern- ment was compelled to pay tribute to the Algerine 2 ruler, to keep his pirates from American merchantmen. 2 1 . Washington was twice elected President. The peo- ple wished to elect him for a third term of four years, but he would not consent. In the autumn of 1796, they were com- pelled to make choice of a new man. The political parties had a sharp contest. John Adams, the Vice-President, and a Federalist, was elected President. Questions.— 19. What have you to say ahout the conduct of the British and a new treaty? 20. What can you tell about American commerce in the Mediterranean Sea? 21. What can you tell about a choice for President ? 1 aM-jeers'. a ahl-je reen'. THE UNION OF STATES. 245 Washington** Farewell Address. President Adams and his 2'roubles. 22. Before retiring from office, Washington issued his Farewell Address to the people of the United States. It was a noble exhortation to the people to preserve their national union. On the 4th of March, 1797, he returned to Mount Vernon, with no expectation of being called into public life again. 23. In this section we have considered— (1) Washington as the first President ; (2) the structure of the national government ; (3) organization of the North- West Territory ; (4) war with the Indians ; (5) the French Revolution and its effects here ; (6) the Whiskey Insurrection ; (7) Jay's Treaty; (8) the Algerine -pi- rates ; and (9) the retirement of Washington. SECTION II. ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. [1797-1801.] 1. John Adams, of Massachusetts, was inaugurated the second President of the United States on the 4th of March, 1797. He had to contend with serious troubles from the beginning. There was opposition from parties at home and enemies abroad. 2. The rulers of France were offended because the Amer- ican government would not help them in their struggle against Kings. Jay's treaty seemed to show friendliness on Questions. — 22. What have you to say about Washington's Farewell Address, and his retirement from office ? 23. What have Ave considered in this section ? Questions. — 1. What have you to say about John Adams ? 2. What can you tell about the rulers of France and the Americans ? 246 THE UNION OF STATES. Troubles with the French Settled. Death of Washington. the part of America to England, with whom France was at war. 3, The President called Congress together in May, 1797, to consult upon the matter. They sent three agents to France to adjust all matters in dispute. These were insulted by the Directory, as the five men who ruled Finance, were called. 4. War with France seemed probable, and our gov- ernment prepared for it. Pro- vision was made for an army with Washington at its head. Soon afterward JVapoleon Bo- naparte, an ambitious soldier, took the government of France into his own hands. He was wise and courteous, and the dif- ficulty was soon settled after a few contests between American and French war-vessels on the ADAMS, AND HIS RESIDENCE. ocean. 5. Washington did not live to see this happy result. He died at Mount Vernon on the 14th of December, 1799, and was mourned by Americans and Europeans, who loved the liberty for which he had struggled. Statues have been erected to his memory, and Questions.— 3. What did the President do? What did Congress do? 4. What seemed probable ? What did the government do ? What can you tell about Napo- leon Bonaparte ? 5. What have you to say about Washington ? THE UNION OF STATES. 247 City of Washington Founded. people of all lands, who know of his deeds, revere his name. 6. In the District of Columbia, a capital, or chief town of the nation was laid out, and named the City of Wash- ington. . It was made the seat of the national govern- ment in the year 1800, and has remained so ever since. 7. In the autumn of the year 1800, the Federalists and Republicans had a severe contest for power. The Repub- licans finally won the victory by electing TJiomas Jeffer- son, of Virginia, President of the United States, and Aaron Burr, of New York, Vice-President. 8. We have considered in this section- al) The inauguration of John Adams as President of the United States ; (2) the relations of the United States with France ; (3) preparations for war with France, and a settlement of the difficulties ; (4) the death of Washing- ton; (5) the establishment of a seat of government at Washington City, and (6) the election of a new Presi- dent. SECTION III. JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. [1801-1809.] 1. Thomas Jefferson was inaugurated the third Pres- ident of the United States on the 4th of March, 1801. The ceremony took place at the new capitol, in Washington Questions.— 6. Tell about the national capitol and seat of government. 7. What can you tell about an election ? 8. What have we considered in this section ? Questions — 1. What have you to say about Mr. Jefferson and the place where he was inaugurated ? 248 THE UNION OF STATES. ^Purchase of Louisiana and its Division. The African Sea-Hobbers. City, a building not nearly so large as it is now. Mr. Jef- ferson was the man who wrote the Declaration of Inde- pendence. 2. Much was done for the prosperity of the United States during the administration of Mr. Jefferson. In the au- tumn of 1802 Ohio was admitted into the Union of States. The next year the vast region west of the Mississippi River from the Gulf to Minnesota and west- ward to the Pacific, known as Louisiana, was purchased from France by the United States for $15,000,000. 3. This great territory was divided. The southern part was called the Territory of New Orleans, and the northern part the District of Louisiana. Since then several States and many Territories have been formed from this domain. 4. The African sea-robbers were again troublesome, and our government resolved not longer to pay tribute for their for- bearance from plunder. The ruler of Ti*ipoli on the north African coast finally declared war against the United States. JEFFERSON, AND HIS RESIDENCE. Questions.— 2. What can you tell about the country, and the purchase of Louisi- ana ? 3. How was that territory divided ? 4, What can you say about the African sea-robbers and rulers ? THE UNION OF STATES. 249 American Vessel Captured at Tripoli. 5. In the year 1801, American war vessels were sent to the Mediterranean to protect Amer- ican commerce there. They did not effect much. Finally, in 1803, Com- modore Preble 1 was sent with a num- ber of vessels to chastise the pi- rates. 6. One of Preble's vessels, the frigate Philadelphia, struck upon a UNITED STATES FRIGATE. COMMODORE BAINBRIDGE. rock in the harbor of Tripoli? and was captured by the enemy. Her commander, Captain Bain- bridge, and his officers were made prisoners of war, and the sailors were made slaves, and suffered dreadfully. 7. Early in 1804 Lieu- tenant De- catur 3 sailed into the harbor of Tripoli with a small vessel on a dark night, drove the Tripolitans from the Philadelphia, set her on fire, and escaped. This bold act alarmed the governor of Tripoli. 8. That governor had no right to his office. It belonged to his brother Hamet, whom he had Questions.— 5. What did Americans do ? 6. Tell about the capture of an Ameri* can frigate and her officers and crew. 7. What did Decatur do ? 8. What have you to say about the governor of Tripoli ? LIEUTENANT DECATUR. preb'-l. 3 trip'-o-le. de-ka'-tur. 250 THE UNION OF STATES. MOHAMMEDAN SOLDIER. Military Expedition in Africa. Chastisement of the Sea-jRobbers. driven into Egypt. Hamet joined the Americans against his usurping brother. 9. In the spring of 1805 some American seamen and Mohammedan soldiers led by General William Eaton and accompanied by Hamet, traversed the Egyptian deserts from Alexandria, captured the Tripolitan city of Derne, 1 and were pressing on Tripoli when the governor made peace with the agent of the United States, who was there. 10. The American navy restrained, but did not subdue the pirates. That task was left for Decatur to perform in after years. 11. In the summer of 1804, Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr, rival political leaders, fought a duel. Hamilton was killed, and Burr became a fugitive. Beyond the Alleghany Mountains he devised a scheme for self -elevation which has never been fully revealed. 12. It was believed that Burr con- ^\ templated a division of the Union, ^i§j| Vwlt and setting up a separate nation west- ward of the Alleghany Mountains, with himself at its head. He was arrested on a charge of treason in 1807, tried, and acquitted. He, however, lost the respect of his countrymen forever. AARON RURR. Questions.— 9. What can you tell about an expedition under Eaton ? 10. What did the American forces effect? 11. Give an account of Hamilton and Burr. 12. What have you to say about Burr and his scheme ? der'-ne. THE UNION OF STATES. 251 First Successful Steamboat. The United States and Europe. ROBERT FULTON, 13. The same year, Robert Fulton, an American artist and inventor, having made ma- chinery for driving vessels by steam, performed a successful voyage on the Hudson River, from New York to Albany, with a steam- boat. This was the beginning of successful navigation by steam in the world. 14. Now there was serious trouble in Europe. War was raging in many parts. Bonaparte had made himself Emperor of France and three of his brothers Kings of other countries. The Continent of Europe and Great Britain were in arms against him. 15. The United States kept aloof from the strife, and, for a long time, American mer- chant vessels were allowed to trade in all parts of the world. They were called neutrals, because they did not take sides with any party. 16. A change came in the year 1806. England and France, in order to injure each other, closed many Euro- pean ports, and both parties seized American vessels. American commerce was soon ruined. Our government had but few large ships to protect it, and the swarm of gun- boats which Congress ordered were hardly sufficient to form a coast-guard. FULTON S STEAMBOAT. Questions.— 13. Tell about the first successful steamboat. 14. What have you to say about affairs iu Europe, and Bonaparte ? 15. What did the United States do, and what was the effect ? 16. Tell about the treatment of American vessels, and the action of our government. 252 THE UNION OF STATES, ffiff/tt of Search. Chesapeake and Leojjard. Embargo vlct. 17. Americans naturally felt bitter toward the English, ^v ^jv with whom they had treaties of friend- fl^ Hk, sm P" ^is f eenn g was increased by the lil flilM British claiming the right to enter American vessels and take away any English seamen found on board of them. This was called the right of search. A FELLUCA GUN-BOAT. 18. The exercise of the claimed right of search finally led to war between the United States and Great Britain. British cruisers became so insolent that the Americans could not endure their insults. 19. In June, 1807, the British ship Leopard, attacked the American ship Chesapeake, off the coast of Virginia, because the commander of the latter would not allow the British to search his vessel. The Chesapeake was badly injured, and British seamen were taken from her by force. 20. This outrage made the Americans very angry. The President issued a decree, in which he ordered every British armed vessel to leave American waters immediately, and not to return until the British government should give full satisfaction for the outrage. 21. Meanwhile, England and France did all they could to injure each other. American commerce continued to suffer at their hands. The British would not give up the right of search. Therefore, late in 1807, Congress passed an Embargo Act, which forbade vessels of all kinds leaving or entering American ports. Questions.— 17. What caused ill-feelings between the Americans and the English? 18. What right lid the British claim, and how did they exercise it? 19. What can you tell about a British outrage? 20. What did the President do? 21. How did England and France act? What have you to say about the action of the English and Americans ? THE UNION OF STATES. 253 Embargo old Repeated. James Madison President. 22. This was a hard blow against American com- merce. It killed it, without seeming to do good, for Eng- land and France cared very little what the Americans did or said. Early in the spring of 1809 the Embargo Act was repealed, and Congress forbade commercial inter- course with France and England. 23. Mr. Jefferson had now been President of the United States eight years. He was succeeded in office by James Madison of Virginia. 24. In this section we have considered — (1) The inauguration of Mr. Jefferson ; (2) the ad- dition of a State and Territories ; (3) the doings of the African sea-robbers, and a war with them ; (4) the duel of Hamilton and Burr ; (5) Burr's conspiracy ; (6) the first successful steamboat ; (7) affairs in Europe, and their influence on Americans ; (8) events tending to war between Great Britain and the United States, and (9) the Embargo Act. SECTION IV. MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. [1809-1817.] 1. It was a time of great commotion in the political world when, on the 4th of March, 1809, James Madison, the fourth President of the United States, took his oath of office. He had been a member of the Continental Questions.— 22. How was American commerce destroyed, and what was done? 23. What have you to say ahout Mr. Jefferson and a new President? 24. What have we considered in this section ? Questions.— 1. What have you to say about President Madison? 254 THE UNION OF STATES. The "British King and Ministry. JVon- Intercourse. Congress and an earnest advocate of the National Consti- tution. 2. On account of continued troubles with France and Great Britain, he called Congress together soon after ho entered the office of President, to consult upon public matters. 3. Mr. Madison was assured by the British minister at Washington City that a special envoy or agent would soon come from the King, to settle all ex- isting difficulties between the two governments. Thereupon the President proclaimed a re- newal of commercial relations with the British. 4. The British ministry, in spite of the good intentions of the King, proceeded in their un- righteous course, and the Presi- dent felt compelled to proclaim commercial non-inter- course with Great Britain. 5. British war-ships seized American vessels and sent them to England as prizes. About the middle of April, 1811, the British sloop-of-war Little Belt attacked the American ship President, off the coast of Virginia. MADISON, AND HIS RESIDENCE. Questions.— 2. What did Madison do? 3 How was the President deceived? 4. What did the British ministry and the President do ? 5. Whet can you tell about British war-ships and a fight ? THE UNION OF STATES. 255 Indian Confederacy* 'Battle at Tippecanoe. The Issue Met. They had a severe fight. This event created much ill- feeling. 6. British officers and traders in the northwest again tried to get the Indians to make war on the Americans. A Shawnoese 1 chief named Tecumtha 2 formed a con- federacy of tribes, for the purpose of driving the Amer- icans from the country northwest of the Ohio River 7. General Harrison (afterward President of the United States) was then governor of the Indiana Territory. He saw the impending danger, and caused the settlers there to arm themselves. In the summer of 1811, he marched a con- siderable force into the Indian country to watch the move- ments of the savages. 8. Early in November, when Harrison and his men were encamped near the Tippecanoe* River, the Indians fell upon them on a dark night. A hard fight ensued, which lasted until near morning, when the Indians were driven away. That was on the 7th of November. Tecumtha' s plan was ruined. 9. The people now felt that longer forbearance with the insults and injuries of Great Britain would be to make themselves slaves to that government. They resolved to fight again for their independence. British newspapers had insolently asserted that " the Americans can't be kicked into a war." 10. Abhorring an appeal to arms, yet accepting it with cheerfulness when it became necessary, the President, on Questions.— 6. What did British officers and traders do ? What did an Indian chief do? 7. What can yon tell about General Harrison and the Indians? 8. What can you tell about an encampment and battle ? 9. What have you to say about the Americans and the British ? 10. What did the President now do ? What may that war be properly called ? 1 skaw-no-ees' . 2 teh-kum' -tha. 3 tippe-ca-noo' '. THE UNION OF STATES. 257 War Against England Declared. Invasion of Canada Planned. the 19th of June, 1812, declared war against Great Britain, by the authority of the National Congress. That conflict, known in history as The War of 1812, may properly be called THE SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 11. Congress made ample provisions for prosecuting the war on land. The American Navy was then feeble com- pared to that of Great Bjdtain, it having only twelve large war vessels, while the Royal Navy contained over nine hun- dred of all kinds. Yet the Americans went into the war with a confidence that they would win. 12. General Dearborn 1 of Massachusetts, an officer of the old war for independence, was chosen general-in-chief of the armies, with other old army officers as his assistants. A plan for the invasion and capture of Canada was arranged, and General William Hull, %== then governor of the Territory of Mich- W"" i£an, was instructed to carry it out. 13. Hull was ordered to cross GENERAL DEARBORN. the Detroit 11 River into Canada^ capture Fort Maiden? and take possession of the prov- ince. He went over in July, but soon felt compelled to return. Hearing of the capture of Fort Mackinaw, 4 a strong barrier against the Indians of the northwest, the defeat of a detachment which he had sent out, under Major Questions.— 11. What did Congress do ? What can you tell ahout the American and British navies ? 12. What have you to say about the appointment of officers and plan of a campaign ? 13. What was general Hull ordered to do ? What did he hear of, and what did he do ? 1 dehr'-bum. a deh-troit'. s mawl'-den. * mak'-i-naiv. 258 THE UNION OF STATES. Surrender of Detroit. The Fate of Hull. Van Home, to escort a provision train to Detroit; and confronted by a strong British force, he thought it prudent to take shelter in the fort at Detroit. 14. The British General Brock followed Hall across the river and demanded the surrender of the fort at De- troit. He threatened to take it by force, and let his Indians loose upon the garrison. Hull believed that he would carry out his threat, and, for the sake of his people, he surrendered the fort, army and territory on the 16th of August. 15. Because of this loss the Americans were greatly mortified and irritated. Hull was charged with cowardice and treason ; and by a court-martial was sentenced to be shot. He was pardoned by the President. In after years his conduct was commended by the American people as humane and right. 16. A plan was arranged in the summer of 1812 for in- vading Canada across the Niagara 1 River. On the morning of the 13th of October, about three hundred American troops, under Colonel Solomon Van Rens- selaer, 2 crossed from Lewiston to attack the British on Queenstoivn Heights. 17. The battle was severe. Colonel Van Rensselaer was badly wounded and carried across the river. The British were driven from the Heights, and there General Brock was killed. Other British troops attacked and beat the Americans the same day. Both armies suffered much. Many Americans were made prisoners. Questions.— 14. What did General Brock do and threaten ? and what did Hull do ? 15. What can you tell about the feeling of the Americans and the treatment of Hull ? 16. What plan of invasion was arranged, and what was done ? 17. What can you tell about battles on Queenstown Heights ? 1 ni-ag'-a-rah, ' rens'-e-lehr. A SLOOP-OF-WAR. THE UiXION OF STATES. 259 The War on the Ocean. Success of American Priraleers. 18. Very little more was done on land during the re- mainder of that year. On the ocean the little American navy was winning great honors by its victories. In August the American, frigate Essex, Captain Porter, captured the British sloop Alert, and the American, frigate Constitution , Cap- tain Hull, destroyed the British frigate Guerriere. 1 Two months after- ward the sloop-of-war Wasp, Captain Jones, captured the British brig Frolic, but in the after- noon of the same day (October 18), the JVasp was taken by another British vessel. 19. A week later (October 25) the frigate United States, Captain Decatur, captured the British frigate Macedo- nian ; and on the 20th of December, the Constitution, Captain Bainbridge, captured the British frigate Java 2 off the coast of Brazil. 20. These victories made the Americans feel strong and joyful. Their privateers were rapidly increasing on the ocean ; and during the year 1812, they captured about three hundred merchant-ships, three thousand prisoners, and val- uable cargoes, from the British. Thus encouraged, the Americans prepared for the next campaign with great vigor. 21. During the excitement of the war, Mr. Madison was again chosen President of the United States. A portion of Questions.— 18. What have you to tell about the war on land and sea? 19. What more can you tell about the war on the sea ? 20. What was the effect of victories ? What did American privateers do ? 21. What have you to say about Madison and the Federalists ? 1 geh-ree-ehr'. 2 jah'-vah. 260 THE UNION OF STATES. Preparations for the Campaign of /S/S. the Federalists opposed the war, but the better class of them patriotically supported the measures necessary to carry it on. 22. In this section we have considered — (1) The inauguration of Mr. Madison ; (2) dealings with the British government ; (3) the conduct of Brit- ish vessels ; (4) troubles with the Indians and their de- feat ; (5) the declaration of war against Great Britain ; and (6) the conduct of the war on land and sea. SECTION V. THE SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. [1813.] 1. The campaign of 1813 opened early. The military forces were in three divisions. The Army of the West was under General W. H. Harrison ; the Army of the Centre was under General Henry Dearborn, and the Army of the North was under General Wade Hamp- ton. 2. Harrison had his headquarters in Ohio ; Dearborn's were on the Niagara River, and Hampton's were in the neighborhood of Lake Champlain. Sir George Pre- vost, 1 who succeeded General Brock in command of Canada and the British army, had his headquarters at York or Toronto. 3. The campaign was opened in the West at the begin- Qttestions.— 22. What have we considered id this section ? Questions.— 1. What have you to say about the army in 1813 ? 2. Where were the headquarters of the generals t 1 pra-vost'. THE UNION OF STATES. 261 Events on t/ie River jttaisin. Massacre by Indians. s4. yVar- Cry. ning of the year. There were hundreds of young men in that region, in the field, eager to drive the British from Michigan. 4. In January, General Winchester, with a fine body of Kentuckians, was encamped at Frenchtown (now Mon- roe), on the River Raisin, from which they had driven a British force. The British General Proctor, who was at Maiden, marched against them. He crossed the Detroit River, with a force of white men and Indians, to attack Winchester. 5. A hard battle was fought on the morning of the 22d of January, and the Americans, defeated, surrendered on the condition that they should be well-treated. Proctor marched away without leaving a guard to keep his promise. The Indians soon turned back, fired the houses, murdered many of the prisoners, and kept others alive for torture in the woods. 6. General Harrison was at the Maumee Rapids when he heard of this massacre. He and his troops were very indignant. After that the war-cry of the Kentuckians was : 44 Remember the River Raisin !" 7. At the Rapids, Harrison built Fort Meigs, 1 a strong work, and remained there fort mkigs. with his troops until May, when he was at- tacked by General Proctor, with two thousand white men and Indians. The latter were led by Tecumtha. General Questions.— 3. Where was the campaign opened, and with what spirit? 4. What can you tell about troops on the River Raisin ? 5. What about a battle and of Tndian cruelties ? 6. What can you tell about Harrison and a war cry. 7. What did Harri- son do ? What occurred at Fort Meigs t 1 mlgz 262 THE UNION OF STATES. Events at Fort Meigs, A Gallant defence of Fort Stephenson. .. i; ■ pi — OntLL 1 tJELa rtanri pmiimiiuHu Urn Ji VsrrmmM Green Clay carae with troops to assist Harrison, and Proctor was soon driven to Canada. He fled on the 8th of May. 8. General CZoj/ was left in command of FoH Meigs. Late in July the post was again besieged by Proctor and Tecinntha, with four thousand men. They were driven off, and then marched swiftly toward Fort Stephenson, at Lower Sandusky. 1 9. Fort Stephenson was commanded by Major Croghan, 2 a brave young soldier, only twenty-one years of age, and having with him only one hundred and fifty men. When Proctor summoned him to surrender imme- diately, Croghan replied : " Never, while : I have a man left." 10. A terrible conflict ensued on the 2d of August. Finally the British and Indians, thoroughly beaten, fled from FoH Stephenson in great confusion. One shot from a cannon in a block-house of the fort swept a ditch filled with Brit- ish troops, and killed or wounded one hundred and fifty of them. Croghan lost only one man killed and seven wounded. 11. Lakes Erie and Ontario now became theatres of important events. In the autumn of 1812 the Americans completed a small fleet on Lake Ontario. In the sum- MAJOR CROGHAN. Questions.— 8. What more can you tell about events at Fort Meigs? 9. What have you to say about Fort Stephenson ? 10. Tell about a battle there. 11. What can you tell about Lakes Erie and Ontario ? san-dusk' kro'-an. THE tINION OP STATJ&8. 263 Victory of Americans on Lake Erie. Ferry's Famous 7Jespatc/i. COMMODORE PERRY. mer of 1813 another had been constructed on Lake Erie, and placed under the command of Commodore O. H. Perry. 12. The British also had a fleet on Lake Erie, under Commodore Barclay. The two fleets met near the western end of the lake on the 10th of September, 1813. They fought a hard battle from morn- ing till evening ; and before the twilight every British vessel had surrendered to Perry. 13. General Harrison was then near the western shores of Lake Erie with a small army. To him Penny wrote : " We have met the enemy and they are ours ! " A few days after- ward Harrison was joined by the brave veteran, Governor Shelby, with four thousand Kentuckians. 14. These land troops were borne across the lake in some of Perry's ves- sels to attack Maiden. The Ameri- cans found the place deserted. Proctor, with his British troops, and Indians, under Tecumtha, were flying toward the interior of western Canada. A part of the American army took posses- sion of Detroit, and the remainder pursued the fugitives. 15. The Americans, about three thousand in number, led by Harrison, overtook Proctor and his army on the GENERAL SHELBY. Questions.— 12. What can you tell about a British fleet and a battle on Lake Erie ? 13. Where was General Harrison, and what was done ? 14. What was done with Har« rison's troops, and what did they do ? 15. What can you tell about a battle in Can- ada, and the leaders of the British and Indians ? 264 THE UNION OF STATES. 'Battle at the Thames, Events on the St. Z,awrence. little river Thames, and there, on the 5th of October, they fought a desperate battle. Tecumtha was killed, and Proctor, defeated, fled toward the head of Lake Ontario. 16. All that Hull had lost was now recovered, and the war ceased in that region. Harrison left Detroit in charge of Colonel Cass and a few soldiers, dismissed many of the volunteers from Kentucky, and with the remainder of his force marched to Niagara, and there joined the Army of the Centre. 17. General Dearborn was at Sackett's Harbor toward the close of April. Ogdensburgh had been attacked by the British in February, who destroyed much property there. Dearborn had not troops sufficient to send any in that direction, so he determined to attack York (now To- ronto 1 ), on the northern shore of Lake Ontario. 18. Commodore Chauncey 2 was there in command of the little fleet on Lake Ontario. These vessels conveyed land troops under General Pike across the * Ijiiii lake. They attacked the British post at York and captured it. 19. The British, commanded by General Sheaffe? fled from York (April 27, 1813), after blowing up the fort there. Some stones set flying by 1J Jf!j3|||^/"'''ft^ the explosion mortally wounded Gene- ral Pike. He died on Chauncey' 's flag-ship, with the captured British flag under his head. Questions.— 16. What was recovered ? What did Harrison do ? 17. What have you to say about doings at Ogdensburgh, and Dearborn's determination ? 18. What did Commodore Chauncey and his vessels do ? What have you to say about York or Toronto ? 19. What did the British do ? Tell about the death of Pike. 1 to-ron'-to. 2 chan'-se. THE UNION OF STATES. 2G5 Capture of Fort George. JEvetits at Sackett's Harbor. 20. A month later (May 27, 1813) the same troops, borne by the same ships, attacked the British Fort George, at the mouth of the Niagara River. The garrison abandoned the fort and fled westward to Burlington Heights, at the western end of Lake Ontario, closely pursued by the con- quering Americans. 21. While Chauncey and his ships were at the western end of Lake Ontario, Sir George Prevost proceeded to attack Saclcett's Harbor, on its eastern border, with a land and naval force. On the 27th of May he landed more than a thousand men. General Jacob Brown had hastily gath- ered the American militia, and these appeared so. formidable that Prevost fled with his ships and men. 22. The Americans who had followed the flying British from Fort George, were now encamped at Stoney Creek, not far from the present city of Hamilton, where they were attacked in the dark, on the 6th of June. The assailants were repulsed, but Generals Chandler and Winder, 1 the American commanders, were made prisoners. 23. Late in the autumn of 1813 an attempt was made to capture Montreal. General Wilkinson had taken com- mand, Dearborn being sick. Early in November he as- sembled about seven thousand soldiers at French Creek, on the St. Lawrence. After a brief skirmish there (November 13), he proceeded with his army down the St. Lawrence in a flotilla of boats. 24. A portion of the army under General Brown landed Questions.— 20. What can you tell about an attack on Fort George, and move- ment of the British troops ? 21. What can you tell about an attack on Sackett's Harbor ? 22. What can you tell about a battle at Stoney Creek ? 23. What can you tell about an expedition to capture Montreal ? 24. Tell about a battle at Chrysler's Field. 1 wine'-der. 266 THE UNION OF STATES. Sat tie at Chrysler's. Fires on tfte Niagara Frontier. on the Canada side of the St Lawrence, near Williams- burg, and at a place known as Chrysler's * Field, he fought a severe battle with the British on the 11th of No- vember. 25. Neither party won a victory in the fight. Wilkin- son passed on, expecting to find General Hampton at St. Regis? with a co-operating force. Hampton failed to be there, and the expedition against Montreal was abandoned. The Americans encamped for the winter at French Mills, nine miles from the St. Lawrence. 26. At about this time some exciting events occurred on the banks of the Niagara River. The Americans burned the Canadian village of Newark, near Fort George, on the 10th of December. The British retaliated by burning several villages on the American side of the river and capturing Fort Niagara. At that time Buffalo was destroyed. Thus ended the campaign in the North. 27. Meanwhile a fierce war had been kindled in Ala- bama? Tecumtha had been among the Creek Indians in the spring of 1813, to arouse them to hostilities against the Americans. They listened to him ; and late in August they captured Fort Mimms,^ on the Alabama River, and murdered almost three hundred men, women, and children who were in the fort. 28. General Andrew Jackson, with twenty-five hundred Questions— 25. What did Wilkinson do ? What did his army do ? 26. What can yon tell about the destruction of villages on the Niagara River ? 27. Give an account of war in Alabama. 1 krise'-ler's. * ree'-jis. s ah-lah-bah'-mah. * mims. FORT NIAGARA, 1813. The union of states. 2G7 Jackson Subdue* the Creek Indians. War on the Ocean. Tennesseeans, immediately marched into the Creeh country. He won battle after battle against the Indians. Finally, toward the close of March, 1814, in a battle at the Great Horse-Shoe Bend of the Tallapoosa 1 River, he slew six hundred Indian warriors, and so crashed forever the power of the Creeh nation. 29. War on the ocean was carried on vigorously in 1813. On the 24th of February, the sloop Hornet, com- manded by Captain Lawrence, captured the British ship Peacock, off the eastern coast of South America. On his return home Captain Lawrence was placed in command of the frigate Chesapeake. 30. On the first of June the Chesapeake sailed out of the harbor of Boston to attack the British ship Shannon. A hard bat- tle was fought. Captain Lawrence was mortally wounded, and as he was conveyed below to die, he said : " Boys, don't give up the ?i$!M. r Z^iSN$ B^ sn iP • " But they were compelled to surrender. 31. On the 14th of August the British sloop Pelican captured the American brig Argus. On the 5th of September the American brig Enterprise captured the British brig Boxer; and five days afterward occurred the victory of Perry on Lake Erie. 32. During the spring and summer of 1813 the British Questions.— 28. How was the Creek Nation subdued ? 29. Give an account of war on the ocean in 1813. 30 and 31. Give further accounts of war on the ocean. 1 tahl-lah-poo'-sah. CAPTAIN LAWRENCE. 268 THE UNION OF STATES. Depredations by sidmiral CocAburn. Admiral Coclcburm plundered and destroyed towns and property on the coast of Chesapeake Bay and vicinity. In LAWRENCE CARRIED BELOW. March he destroyed American shipping on the Dela- ware. In May he plundered and burned Havre de Grace} Questions.— 32. What can you tell about the depredations of Admiral Cockburn on the shores of the Chesapeake ? 1 hav'-er-deh-gras8 f . THE UNION OF STATES. 269 The British in Hampton jRoarls. Cruise and Capture of the Essex. Frenchtown, Georgetown, and Frederickton, on the Ches- apeake Bay. 33. In June Cockbum was in Hampton Roads with the intention of taking Norfolk. The Americans had fortified Craney 1 Island, in the Elizabeth River, and successfully disputed the passage of the British up that stream on the 22d of June. The British, re- pulsed, plundered Hampton and then went southward, desolating the Carolina coasts to the Savannah River. 34. The frigate Essex, Captain David Porter, made a long cruise in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in 1813, and was finally captured in the harbor of Valparaiso? on the 28th of March, 1814, by the British frigate Phozbe and sloop-of-war Cherub. Porter wrote to the Secretary of the Navy : " We have been "unfortu- nate, but not disgraced.' ' 35. In this section we have considered — (1) The disposition of the American army ; (2) mili- tary operations in northern Ohio ; (3) the victory on Lake Eric ; (4) pursuit of the British into Canada ; (5) operations on the borders of Lake Ontario and the St. Law- rence River ; (6) events on the Niagara River and in the Creek country ; (7) war on the Ocean, and (8) the marauding expeditions of Admiral Cockbum. Questions.— 33. Tell about Cockburn's career at and near Hampton, and on the Carolina coasts. 34. What can you tell about Captain Porter and the Essex ? 35. What have we considered in this section ? 1 Jcra-ne. 2 vahl-pah-ri'-so. 270 THE UNION OF STATES. Napoleon's Troops. British Troops in Canada. SECTION VI. SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE CONTINUED. [1814, 1815.] 1. Great Britain, at the beginning of the year 1814, was at war with the Emperor Napoleon, and could not spare many ships or soldiers for war in America. But in the spring Napoleon was driven out of France, and it was believed that war with him was at an end. 2. With this belief, the British sent many veteran troops to Canada to fight the Americans. The American troops near the St. Lawrence River moved early. General Wilkinson led some of them to Plattsburg, on Lake Cham- plain, and was defeated by the British in an engagement at La Colle. General Brown marched with others to Sackett's Harbor. 3. At the beginning of May a British fleet and three thousand troops attacked Os- wego, on the southern shore of Lake Ontario. After a conflict that lasted two days, they were driven off on the 7th of May, with considerable loss. 4. About the same time General Brown led his troops to the Niagara frontier. On the morning of the 3d of GENERAL BROWN. Questions.— 1. What have you to say about Great Britain and Napoleon? 2. What did the British do ? What did American commanders do ? 3. What can you tell about events at Oswego? 4. What did General Brown do? What can you tell about an invasion of Canada and a battle there ? THE UNION OF STATES. 271 Sat/les at Chippewa and Jiridf/enater July, American troops under Generals Scott and Ripley crossed the river, and captured Fort Erie, opposite Buffalo. The next day the Americans and British had a very severe battle at Chippewa, Both armies suffered much. 5. The British were badly beaten, and fled to Burling- ton Heights, where they were joined by troops under Gen- eral Drummond, and turned back. At the close of a hot day (July 25, 1814), they attacked the Americans under General Brown at Bridgewater, near Niagara Falls. 6. This battle was a severe one, each party losing about eight hundred men. The Americans were victors ; and on the following day they fell back to Fort Erie. 7. On the 15th of August Drummond, with five thou- sand men, attacked Fort Erie. He *» was repulsed, with a loss of almost a thousand men. He fled to Fori George. The Americans, in Sep- tember, drove the British from Fort Erie, destroyed that work, crossed the Niagara River, and went into winter quarters at Buffalo and in its neigh- borhood. They never invaded Can- ada again. 8. The Americans at Plattsburg, late in the summer of 1814, were commanded by General Macomb. 1 There was a small American navy on Lake Cham-plain at the same time, commanded by Commodore Macdonough. 2 The British, also, had a small fleet at the lower end of the lake. Questions.— 5. What have you to say about British troops and their movements ? 6. What can you tell about the battle at Bridgewater ? 7. Give an acount of an attack on the Americans in Fort Erie. What did the British and Americans do ? 8. What have you to say about the Americans and British near Plattsburg ? 1 mah-koom'. 3 mak-don'-oh. NIAGABA FRONTIER. 272 THE UNION OF STATES. fiattle at -plailsburg. Invasion of Maryland. 9. In August, General Prevost, with fourteen thousand men, marched from Canada, to drive the Americans from Plattsburg. At the same time the British fleet sailed up Lake Champlain. A hard-fought battle ensued on the 11th of September, 1814, when the Americans beat the British army and navy. Prevost fled in haste to Canada. 10. The victories at Plattsburg created great joy throughout the country. At the same time the Americans had to lament severe losses further south. 11 . About the middle of August, the British General Boss landed on the shores of Maryland with six thousand troops. They were borne by a large fleet. Boss marched toward Washington City, our na- tional capital. 12. General Winder summoned the militia of that region to the field, to repel the invasion. They met Boss at Bla- densburg, four or five miles from Washington City, where a battle was fought, and the Americans were beaten. 13. On the 24th of August, the British entered Wash- ington City, burned the Capitol and the Presi- dent's house, and came near making President Madi- son a prisoner. Then they went back to their ships. 14. Early in September General Boss, with his conquer- COMMODORE MACDONOUGH. Questions.— 9. Give an account of the invasion of New York State by the British in September, 1814. 10. What have you to say about the victory at Plattsburg ? 11. Give an account of a British invasion of Maryland. 12. What did General Winder do ? What can you tell about a battle ? 13. What did the British do at Washington City ? 14. What can you tell about an attempt to capture Baltimore ? What did Americans do ? THE UNION OF STATES. 273 JVorth Point and Fort McHenry. Events at Stoning ton, ing army, landed a few miles from Baltimore, to co-operate with Admiral Cochrane 1 in an attempt to capture Balti- more city. Troops under General Strieker went out to meet Boss ; and Fort McHenry, in the harbor of Balti- more, commanded by Colonel Armistead? was bravely defended. 15. While marching on Baltimore, Boss was killed in a skirmish. A conflict, known as the Battle of North. Point, ensued on the 12th of September. At the same time the British fleet bombarded Fort McHenry. The British army and navy were both repulsed, and soon left the neighborhood to repose. 16. During the summer of 1814, a British blockading squadron annoyed the people on the New England coasts. From the 9th to the 12th of August, 1814, British ships bombarded Stonington, but were finally driven away. After the repulse at Stonington and Baltimore, the war almost ceased in the north. 17. The Spaniards now possessed Florida? and favored the British. The latter were allowed to fit out ships at Pensacola 4 with which to fight the Americans ; and the Spaniards encouraged the remnant of the Creek Nation to join the British. 18. The fleet from Pensacola attacked the American Fort Bowyer, 5 at the entrance to Mobile Bay, on the 11th of September, 1814. The British and their Indian allies were finally driven away, with considerable loss. Questions.— 15. What have you to say about General Ross, and a battle and a bombardment? 16. Tell about a British blockading squadron off New England, and events at Stonington. 17. What can you tell about events at Pensacola? 18. Tell about an attack on Fort Bowyer. 1 kok'-ran. * ar' -mis-ted. 3 Jlor'-i-dah. * pen-sah-ko'-lah. 5 bo'-yer. 274 THE UNION OF STATES. fensacola Captured by the Americans. 19. General Jackson, then at Mobile with troops, held the Spanish governor responsible for aiding the British. He marched upon Pensacola with two thousand Tennes- seeans, drove the British to their shipping on the 7th of November, and captured the town. 20. When Jackson returned to Mobile, he met an ur- Qttestions.— 19. What did General Jackson do ? 20. What did he find at Mohile, and what did he do ? What did British troops on the Gulf threaten and do ? THE UNION OF STATES. 275 "British Invasion of Louisiana. "Battle near JVew Orleans. gent call for help from the citizens of New Orleans. A large British land force were in vessels on the Gulf of Mexico, for the purpose of invading Louisiana. 1 Jackson hastened to New Orleans, and soon afterward General Pakenham? with twelve thousand British soldiers, was landed below that city, after capturing an American flotilla of gun-boats in Lake Borgne? That was in December, 1814. 21. After some skirmishing, and casting up entrench- ments by Jackson, the two armies met in battle array a few miles below New Orleans, on the 8th of January, 1815. A very severe battle was fought there on that day, in which the British lost their general and about seventeen hundred men killed and wounded. The Americans, protected by breastworks, lost only eight killed and thirteen wounded. 22. The Battle of New Orleans was the last one of the war, on land. The war continued a little longer on the ocean. During the year 1814, it had been prosecuted vig- orously on the sea. 23. On the 29th of April, 1814, the Peacock captured the Epervier 1 off the coast of Florida. During the year, the American sloop Wasp, Captain Blakely, captured no less than thirteen British vessels. After capturing Cavalry" *= P "£.V\g^.;a£g^*5S£raB _*m_ 2 Am. Reserve ._V> v "d b r e "c=f- ^J&lceoTteH.Zrs. srf^SL^ll £ « r*,S W A M R ;%, >3. Stales Admitted into the Uni 1815, to humble the Algeri?ies> Our naval forces captured some of their pirates, and then appeared before their city. 29. The haughty governor was astonished. Decatur demanded the release of all American prisoners and pay- ment for property which the Algerine pirates had seized or destroyed. " Do this," said the brave Commodore, " or I , will destroy your ships and your city." 30. The affrighted governor complied with Decatur's demand. Then the Commodore visited the cities of Tunis and Ti*ipoli, and made their governors do the same thing. So, in a very short space of time, Decatur did what the Christian powers of Europe had not been able to do. The Barbary 2 Powers, as the piratical communities were called, were completely humbled. 31. And now the eventful administration of President Madison was drawing to a close. Louisiana had been admitted into the Union of States in 1812. Indiana 3 en- tered in 1816, and the same year James Monroe of Vir- ginia was elected President of the United States. 32. In this section we have considered— (1) The movements of British forces against the Americans ; (2) movements of American troops on the Canada frontier; (3) victories at Plattsburg ; (4) capture of Washington City and repulse of the British at Baltimore; (5) blockade of New England ; (6) career of General Jackson in the South ; (7) peace; and (8) war with Algiers. QUESTIONS.-29. What did Decatur demand of the Algerines? 30. What did the Algerine governor do ? What did the governors of Tunis and Tripoli do ? What did Decatur accomplish ? 31. What have you to say about the close of Madison's admin- istration, and the admission of States? Who was elected President? 32. What have we considered in this section ? 1 ahl-je-rems' . 2 bahr'-ba-ry. * in-de-an'na. 278 THE UNION OF STATES. Principal Zand and JVavat Sattles of the War of /8?2. The following is a list of the principal land and naval bat- tles fought during the second war for independence : LAND BATTLES. 1812. Van Home's Aug. 5 Detroit Aug. 15 Queenstown Oct. 13 1813. Frenchtown Jan. 22 York, or Toronto April 27 FortMeigs May 5 Stoney Creek June 6 Craney Island June 22 Sackett's Harbor May 29 Fort Stephenson . . Aug. 2 Thames Oct. 5 Creek War November. Chrysler's Field Nov. 11 1814. Oswego May 6 Chippewa July 5 Niagara, or Bridgev/ater July 25 Stonington Aug. 10 Fort Erie Aug. 15 Bladensburg Aug. 24 Plattsburg Sept. 11 North Point Sept. 12 Fort McHenry Sept. 13 Fort Bowyer Sept. 15 Fort Erie (sortie) Sept. 17 Below New Orleans Dec. 23 1815. New Orleans Jan. 8 NAVAL BATTLES. 1812. Essex,* | . \ Aug. 13 Alert, Constitution Guerriere, Wasp, \ Frolic, J United States, Macedonian, Constitution, j Java, I \ Aug. 19 . Oct. 18 Oct.S5 Dec. 29 1813. ?e°ru ™-« £££N Jmel £Sj **« "m s ^- 5 Lake Erie Sept. 10 1814. March 28 April 29 June 28 Phcebe, J Peacock, | Epervier, f "" Wasp, ) Reindeer, J ' ' 7 as P'j- Sept.1 Avon, ) Lake Champlain Sept. 11 Lake Borgne Dec. 14 1815. President, I Jfln lg British Squadron, ' Constitution, I Cyane and Levant, > ' ' J oraet ' (■ March23 Penguin, » * The American vessels are first named, each time. Feb. 20 THE UNION OF STATES. 279 President Monroe. American Manufactories. SECTION VII. MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION. [1817-1825.] James Monroe, the fifth President of the United States, took the oath of office on the 4th of March, 1817. With his able cabinet he worked zealously to extricate the country from the confusion caused by the war. 2. During the war the Amer- icans had manufactured many things which they had before bought in France and England. They had established man- ufactories here at considerable expense, and thousands of per- sons were employed in them. 3. When the war was closed, foreign goods came in abund- ance. Manufacturing in Amer- ica was made an unprofitable business, and a multitude of people were idle. Many of these went to the fertile regions west of the Alleghany Mountains, and became founders of States. Questions. — 1. What have you to say ahout President Monroe and his cahinet? 2. What can you tell about American manufactories ? 3. What was the state ol business after the war, and what caused emigration to the West? MONROE, AND HIS RESIDENCE. 280 THE UNION OF STATES. J\/~en> States Admitted. Troubles in Florida. 4. During the administration of President Monroe, the Territories of Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama, 1 and Mis- souri 2 were admitted into the Union as States. Settlements increased very rapidly all over the West. Great pros- perity in the future was hoped for, when difficulties ap- peared in the South. 5. Mischievous British subjects in Florida were exciting the Indians to make war on the Americans. Toward the close of 1817 a large number of Creek and Seminole In- dians and fugitive slaves began to plunder and murder the American settlers on the borders of Georgia and Ala- bama. 6. Troops were sent to protect the settlers. The Indians became more and more hostile, when General Jackson, with a thousand Tennessee volunteers, went to assist the regular troops. The General hung two of the men who had excited the Indians to plunder and murder. Then he marched to' Pensacola and captured it, and sent offending Span- iards and others to Cuba? 7. For these acts Jackson was at first censured, and then he was commended. By a treaty with Spain, Florida came into the possession of the United States soon after- wards, and Jackson was appointed its first governor. That was in February, 1821. 8. At that time the question of admitting Missouri into the Union as a State was settled. It had caused violent dis- Questions— 4. What Territories were admitted as States ? What made the future appear promising ? 5. What can you tell about the work of British subjects in the South ? 6. What can you tell about hostile Indians there ? What did General Jack- son do ? 7. What was done with Florida ? 8. What have you to say about the dis- cussion of the slavery question? 1 ah-lah-bah'-mah. a mu-soo'-ri. s ku'-bah. THE UNION OF STATES. 281 Missouri Compromise. Monroe's Administrate cussions in Congress and out of it. The main point in dis- pute was the question, Shall it be a free or slave -labor State ? For two years the discussion continued. 9. It was finally agreed to allow slaves to be held in Missouri. It was also agreed that a line should be drawn .from the southern boundary of Missouri to the Pacific Ocean, north of which slavery should never exist. This agreement is known as the Missouri Compromise. It was effected in 1820. 10. In the autumn of 1820 the President (Mr. Monroe) and Vice-President {Daniel D. Tompkins) were re-elected. There was very little opposition to them, for the old Fed- eral party had almost disappeared as an organization. 11. Monroe's administration was popular. A law was passed giving a pension to soldiers of the Revolution yet living. An agreement with Great Britain in relation to coast fisheries, favorable to Americans, was made ; and our government recognized the independence of South American republics. 12. On that occasion the President proclaimed, as a prin- ciple, that the American continents " are henceforth not to be considered as subject for future colonization by any European Power." This is known as "The Monroe Doctrine." 13. The sea-robbers were not all in the Mediterra- nean. They greatly annoyed American merchantmen among the West India Islands. In 1819 Commodore Perry was sent to disperse them ; he died there soon after. In (Questions — 9. Tell about the Missouri Compromise. 10. Who were re-elected President and Vice-President? 11. What popular measures were adopted during Monroe's administration ? 12. What can you tell about the Monroe Doctrine ? 13. What can you tell about sea-robbers in the West Indies ? 282 THE UNION OF STATES. Destruction of Piratical Vessels. Tisit of Lafayette. 1823 Commodore PoHer completed their destruc- tion. The previous year a small American 'squadron had destroyed more than twenty piratical vessels on the coast of Cuba. 14. The last year of Monroe's administration was marked by the visit of Lafayette l to this country as the Nation's guest. He went back from our shores in the frigate Brandy wine, so named in his honor, he having fought his first battle for us on the banks of the Brandy - wine Creek. 15. A new President of the Republic was chosen in the autumn of 1824. John Quincy Adams, son of the second President, was chosen ; with John C. Calhoun? of South Carolina, as Vice-President. 16. In this section we have considered— (1) The condition of the country after the war ; (2) the settlement and organization of Territories ; (3) British emissaries among the Southern Indians, and the result of their work ; (4) Jackson and Florida ; (5) Mis- souri Compromise ; (6) pensions, fisheries, and the Monroe Doctrine ; (7) pirates, and (8) the visit of La- fayette. Questions.— 14. Tell about the visit of Lafayette. 15. What have you to say about an election for President ? 16. What have we considered in this section ? 1 lah-fa-et'. 3 kal-hoon'. THE UNION OF STATES. 283 Inn tig ura lion of President Adams. 2'he Indians and State Supremacy. SECTION VIII. J. Q. ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. [1825-1829.] 1. John Quincy Adams, the sixth President of the United States, entered upon the duties of his office on the 4th of March, 1825. Our country was at peace with all the world, and everything seemed prosperous. His administration is remarkable for its lack of very stirring incidents. 2. The subject of the removal of the Creeh and Cherokee In- dians from Georgia ruffled the general serenity for a while. The assumption of State suprem- acy, put forth at that time, pro- duced some uneasy feeling. 3. In 1825 a great work of internal improvement was com- pleted. It was the canal which connects the waters of Lake Erie and the Hudson Riv- er. Governor Be Witt Clin- ton acquired great honor by his zealous promotion of the work. ADAMS, AND HIS RESIDENCE. Questions.— 1. What have you to say ahout President J. Q. Adams, and the state of the country ? 2. Tell about trouble in Georgia. 3. What have you to tell about the Erie Canal ? 284 TEE UNION OF STATES. Death of zidams and Jefferson. The American System. DEWITT CLINTON. 4. On the 4th of July, 1826, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams died. They were both on the Committee that drew up the Declaration of Independence and signed it, just fifty years before ; both had been foreign ambassadors and both had been President of the Republic. The coincidence was re- markable. 5. In order to assist American manufacturers a protective system was adopted in 1828. It imposed a duty on foreign manufactures so high as to enable the Americans to make and sell their productions as low as those which came over the sea. This was called The American Sys- tem. 6. This policy was popular with the manufacturers, but the cotton- growers of the Southern States, who found a ready market for raw cotton in England, opposed this Protective Tariff. Among the most eminent of the political leaders in this opposition was John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina. 7. The serene administration of President Adams now drew toward its close. The nation was prosperous. The JOHN C. CALHOUN. Questions.- 4. What remarkable coincidence occurred in 1826? 5. What have you to say about a Protective Tariff or American System '( 6. Tell about opposition to the system. 7. What have you to say about the nation at this time ? THE UNT6N OF STATES. 285 Andrew Jackson Elected President. The Character of Jackson. government was very little in debt, and was at peace with all the world. It was the calm before a storm. 8. In the autumn of 1828, a bitter political contest was oarried on. Adams was a candidate for a second term. He was defeated by Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee, who was elected President, with John C. Calhoun as Vice-Presi- dent. 9, In this section we have considered — (1) The state of the country when Adams became President ; (2) the case of the Indians in Georgia ; (3) the Erie Canal ; (4) deaths of Adams and Jefferson ; (5) the American System and its opposers ; (6) the elec- tion of Andrew Jackson to the Presidency. SECTION IX. JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION. [1829-1837.] 1. Andrew Jackson, the seventh President of the United States, was the last but one of the chief magistrates of the Republic, who had lived during the Revolution. He became President on the 4th of March, 1829. 2. Andrew Jackson was an honest man, with a strong will, and was always ready to do what he believed to be right, without regard to the opinions of others. His admin- istration was a quiet one at first, and then it encountered serious troubles. Questions.— 8. What can you tell about a political contest? 9. What have we considered in this section ? Questions.— 1. Who was the seventh President of the United States ? What have you to say about the character of Jackson ? 286 THE UNION OF STATES. The Supreme Court l>ejied. 3. A speck of rebellion appeared in Georgia in 1832. The governor of that State claimed the right to possess the lands of the Cherokee Indians. The President favored the claim. The Supreme Court of the United States — the ex- pounder of the law — decided against the claim. 4. The authorities of Georgia defied the Supreme Court, and great trouble was expected. There was an amicable settle- ment, and a few years afterward the Cherohees were removed from their lands in that State. 5. The Bank of the United States, chartered during the presidency of Washington, and re-chartered during the pres- idency of Madison, asked for a new charter, to go into effect in 1836. The President opposed the measure, because he believed it to be an institution that might be made injurious to the govern- ment. 6. The government money was deposited in the United States Bank. In 1832, Congress passed a bill for a renewal of the Bank Charter. Jackson vetoed the bill. He rec- JACKSON AND HIS RESIDENCE. Questions.— 3. What, appeared in Georgia? Tell about it. 4. What did the authorities of Georgia do ? 5. What have you to say about the Bank of the United States ? 6. What can you tell about the government money, and what did Congress and the President do ? THE UNION OF STATES. 287 Itisposition of the Public Money. H/acJb Hawk War. ommended the -withdrawal of the public funds (110,000,000) from the bank. Congress refused to sanction that measure, and the President took the responsibility of doing so, in the autumn of 1833. 7. This act produced great business embarrassments for awhile, but it was beneficial to the country finally. 8. In the summer of 1832, Black Hawk, a bold chief of the Sac x tribe of Indians, made war upon the white people on the borders of the Mis- sissippi River, in Illinois. He and his followers were soon subdued by United States troops, and the chief was made a prisoner. 9. More serious trouble now appeared in South Carolina. We have observed that BLACK HAWK - there was strong opposition in the cotton-producing States to a Protective Tariff. The political leaders in South Carolina declared that the duty, or impost tax, should not be paid on foreign goods entering the port of Charleston. 10. This defiance of law was promptly met by President Jackson. He told the people of South Carolina that if they did not pay the tax voluntarily, he would send troops to compel them to do so. 11. For a time the defiant movements of these nullifiers of law threatened civil war. Finally, in 1833, through the influence of Henry Clay of Kentucky, a plan for a set- tlement of the difficulty was adopted, and the cloud passed away in the spring of 1833. 12. In the autumn of 1832, Jackson was again chosen Questions.— 7. What was the effect of removing the public money from the Bank? 8. What can you tell about a war with Indians in the West ? 9. What can you tell about, trouble in South Carolina ? 10. What did the President do ? 11. What fur- ther have you to say about difficulties in South Carolina ? 1 sawk. 288 THE UNION OF STATES. HENRY CLAY. 'Prosperity Succeeded by Adversity. War with the Southern Indians. President of the United States, and continued to conduct pub- lic affairs with vigor. His removal of the government deposits from the United States Bank produced intense excitement throughout the country ; and great prosperity was followed by great adversity in busi- ness. 13. This excitement was disappear- ing, when another event caused much trouble. The President attempted, by force, to remove the Southern Indians to a country beyond the Mississippi. He sent troops into Florida and Georgia for that purpose in the autumn of 1835, and the Seminole Indians flew to arms. 14. Led by Osceola, 1 a brave and sagacious chief, the Seminoles made fierce war upon the white people, which continued several years. Many United States troops were sent against them from time to time, under Generals TJwmpson, Clinch, Gaines, Scott, Jessup, and Col- onel Taylor, but could not sub- due them in their dark swamps. 15. In the spring of 1836, the " 0SCE0LA - Creeks joined the Seminoles, and made the war still more Questions.— 12. What can you tell about an election and a popular excitement? 13. What can you tell about the President and the Southern. Indians ? 14. Give an account of war with the Seminole Indians. 15. What did the Creeks do, and what occurred ? 1 osse-o'-la. THE UNION OF STATES. 289 War with the Creeks and Semi?wles. 2'he Indians Subdued. Ft. Micanopt UBlock House SEAT OP SEMINOLE WAR. distressing. Thousands of white inhabitants, in Western Georgia and Eastern Alabama, fled from their homes in terror. Mail coaches, steamboats and vil- lages were attacked. 16. At length General Win- field Scott took command of the troops in that region. The Creehs were soon subdued and sent be- yond the Mississippi. That was in 1836. But the Seminoles still held out, and kept up the war through the ensuing winter. The little map shows the position of the forts and places of battles in Florida, that are mentioned in larger histories. 17. In the spring of 1837, President Jackson's adminis- tration closed. The government of the United States never before held a more exalted position in the opinion of the world. The President had always acted upon the principle — Ask nothing but what is right, and submit to nothing that is wrong. During that administration Arkansas and Michigan were admitted into the Union as States. 18. In the autumn of 1836, MartinVan Bur en of New York was elected President of the United States, and Richard M. Johnson of Kentucky was chosen Vice- President. 19. In this section we have considered — (1) President Jackson and his character ; (2) troubles Questions— 16. What can you tell about General Scott and the Seminoles ? 17. What have you to say about Jackson's administration and the admission of States? 18. What about an election ? 19. What have we considered in this section ? 290 THE UNION OF STATES. President }'an jBuren. Speculatio7is and Ext7'ctvagance. in Georgia ; (3) Bank of the United States ; (4 Black Hawk War; (5) de-fiance of law in South Carolina; (6) war with the Southern Indians ; and (7) the country at the close of Jackson's administration. SECTION X. VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION. [1837-1841.] 1. Martin Van Buren became the eighth President of the United States on the 4th of March, 1837. He was then about fifty-five years of age. 2. The business of the country was in great confusion at that time. The money of the government had been de- posited in State Banks. These banks had lent it freely to the people. Speculations and extravagance in living followed. 3. All over the country the people seemed almost wild in their anxiety to build villages and fine houses with their borrowed money. Finally, when there was no more to be borrowed, and the government wanted its money from the banks, the banks called upon the borrowers to pay. They were unable to do so, and great trouble in busi- ness followed. 4. So great was the trouble that the new President called a meeting of Congress in September, 1837, to consider the financial condition of the country. Aid was not ex- tended to the people in business, but Congress took the money from the State Banks and placed it in the hands of agents appointed by the government. Questions.— 1. What have yon to say about President Van Buren? 2. What can yon tell about the government money, the State Banks, and the way of living ? 3. What did the people do, and what happened ? 4. What did the President do ? What did Congress do ? THE UNION OF STATES. 201 Independent Treasury System. End of the Seminole War 5. This prevented the banks from lending money so freely and checked speculation and ex- travagance. So far the measure was good in its effects. The government agents kept the money at the principal seaports and marts of business. The plan was called The Independent Treasury System. 6. Meanwhile the war with the Seminoles was continued. Nor did it cease during the ad- ministration of President Van Bur en. By a treacherous act Osceola was seized and impris- oned in a fort in Charleston harbor, where he died of a fever. 7. On Christmas day, 1837, Colonel Zachary Taylor, who was afterward President of the United States, gained a vic- tory over the Seminoles on the borders of Macaco * Lake, but for more than two years longer he continued to fight them. The war was finally ended in 1842, having continued seven years. 8. The peaceful relations between the United States and VAN BUREN, AND HIS RESIDENCE. Questions.— 5. What were the effects of the action of Congress? What did gov- ernment agents do ? 6. What have you to tell about the war with the Seminoles ? 7. What have you to say about Colonel Taylor and the Seminole War ? 8. What have you to tell about the relations between the United States and Great Britain ? mak-ka'-ko. 292 THE UNION OF STATES. Insurrection in Canada. Disputes about 'Boundaries. Great Britain were a little disturbed by revolutionary movements in Canada, begun in 1837. Many sympathizing Americans crossed into Canada to help the insurgents, in spite of the efforts of our government to prevent them. 9. These movements continued three or four years, until the insurrection was suppressed by the British government. At the same time a dispute arose respecting the eastern boundary line .between the United States and the British provinces. 10. Much unpleasant feeling was produced by the aid given to the Canadians by Americans ; and the dispute respecting the boundary, at one time, threatened to end in war. General Scott was sent by our government to New Brunswick to make peace, and the matter was settled in a friendly manner in 1842. 11. In the autumn of 1840 General William Henry Harrison, of" Ohio, was elected President of the United States, with John Tyler, of Virginia, as Vice-President. At that time the two political parties were called, respec- tively, Whigs and Democrats. The Whigs were friends of Harrison ; the Democrats were friends of Jackson and Van Buren. 12. We have considered in this section — (1) The confusion of business in the country, and the causes of it ; (2) the Independent Treasury Sy stein ; (3) the continuance of the war with the Seminoles ; (4) un- pleasant relations between the United States and Great Britain, and (5) the names of parties and the newly chosen President. Questions.— 9. What did Americans do? What trouble appeared on the eastern boundary of the United States ? 10. What have you to say about unpleasant feel- ings ? 11. What can you tell about an election of a new President, and names of parties ? 12. What have we considered in this section ? THE UN [ON OF STATES. 293 President Harrison's Inauguration and Death. President Tyler. SECTION XL HARRISON'S AND TYLER'S ADMINISTRATIONS. [1841-1845.] 1. William Henry Harrison, the ninth President of the United States, was inaugu- rated on the 4th of March, 1841. He was then past sixty-eight years of age. He was the last of the Presidents who had wit- nessed scenes in the old war for independence. 2. Precisely one month after he took the chair of State, President Harrison died. I £§f^ ^ jfiOi&|*r^fe 11 ^ n accor dance with the provisions Kilyfc^l of the National Constitution, the Vice-President, John Tyler, then became President. 3. Mr. Tyler became the tenth President by taking the oath of office on the 6th of April, 1841. He was then fifty-one years of age. 4. President Harrison had, on the last day of March, called an extraordinary meeting of Congress, mainly for the purpose HARRISON, AND HIS RESIDENCE. Questions.— 1. What have you to say about General Harrison? 2. Tell about the death of the President, and who was his successor, and how. 3. What have you to say about Mr. Tyler ? 4. What can you tell about an extraordinary meeting of Con- gress, and the result ? 294 THE UNION OF STATES. Veto of the U. 8. Sank Sill. Dissolution of the Cabinet. of considering the question of chartering a new United States Bank, with a hope of relieving the country from em- barrassment. They met and passed a law for this purpose, but President Tyler refused to sign it. 5. This action offended the political friends of the President, and his cabinet or advisers all left him, excepting Daniel Webster, who was Secretary of State. As he was engaged in negotiating a treaty with Great Britain, he thought it best for the country that he should re- main in his place. 6. Changes were made in the tariff laws, during Mr. Tyler's administration, which secured reconciliation for a time. Dis- putes arose in Rhode Island concerning a change of the old charter given by Charles the Second, for a new constitution. 7. Two parties were formed, one for and the other against a new charter. At one time each party appeared in arms, and a civil war seemed imminent. The President sent troops there to restore order. A new constitution was adopted in 1842. Questions.— 5. What have you to say about President Tyler's cabinet? 6. What have you to say about tai iff laws and disputes in Rhode Island ? 7. Give an account of the affair in Rhode Island. TYLER, AND HIS RESIDENCE. THE UNION OF STATES. 295 Annexation of Texas. Polk Elected President. DANIEL WEBSTER. 8. In 1844 the country was much agitated by a proposi- tion for the annexation of the Republic of Texas to the United States. That State had been separated from Mexico by rev- olution. It had been effected chiefly by settlers from the United States. 9. The people of Texas de- J| sired to become a part of our v f/ Republic. Arrangements were finally made for the annexation. It was advocated by the slaveholders of the South, and opposed by those who were opposed to the system of slave-labor. £Bk w " 10. The question of annexation was a prominent one at the election in the autumn of 1844. James K. Tolh, of Tennessee, who was in favor of annexation, was chosen President, with George M. Dallas, of Pennsylvania, as Vice-President. professor morse. 1 1 . At about the same time Pro- fessor Samuel F. B. Morse had perfected his invention of the Electro-magnetic telegraph, and had put up mes- sage-wires between Baltimore and Washington. The first public message sent over those wires was the Questions.— 8. What agitated the country in 1844 ? What have you to say ahout Texas ? 9. What did the people of Texas desire ? Who advocated annexation, and who opposed it ? 10. What effect did the question of annexation have on the elec- tion ? Who were elected ? 11. What have you to say ahout the electro-magnetic telegraph, and the nomination of Mr. Polk? 296 THE UNION OF STATES. ' Admission of Texas into the Union. Mexico Offended. announcement of the nomination of Mr. Polk for Presi- dent. 12. In this section we have considered — (1) The inauguration and death of President Har- rison ; (2) the accession of Mr. Tyler to the Presidency ; (3) the action of Congress and the President concerning a new bank charter ; (4) changes in the cabinet ; (5) difficulties in Rhode Island; (6) annexation of Tex- as ; and (7) the election of Polk and invention of the magnetic telegraph. SECTION XII. POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. [1845-1849.] 1 . James Knox Polk was fifty years of age when he became the eleventh President of the United States, on the 4th of March, 1845. He was a Democrat in politics, and was supported by a powerful party. 2. Three days before the expiration of his term of office, President Tyler had signed the bill providing for the admission of Texas into the Union. This subject re- quired the immediate attention of the new President. 3. The government of Mexico had never acknowledged the inde'pendence of Texas, and claimed that country as a part of Mexican territory. The annexation of Texas was offensive to that government, and led to great difficulties. Questions.— 12. What have we considered in this section ? Questions. — 1. What have you to say about President Polk? 2. What did Presi- dent Tyler do ? What did the subject require ? 3. What were the relations between Mexico and Texas ? THE UNION OF STATES. 297 sirmy of Observation in Texas. Operations near the Hio Grande. 4. This offence, and an old quarrel about debts due from Mexico to people of the United States, became a pretext for war. The President sent General Zachary Taylor, with a small force, into Texas, in July, 1845, which was called an Army of Observation. 5. Taylor's troops encamped not far from the Bio Grande, 1 the boundary between Texas and Mexico, and at the same time American ships of war went into the Gulf of Mexico. 6. A large force of Mexi- can troops were assembled at Matamoras, near the mouth of the Bio Grande, 1 at the close of 1845. Early in Jan- uary, 1846, Taylor and his troops began building a fort opposite Matamoras? when the Mexican commander, Gen- eral Ampudia, z ordered him to leave within twenty-four hours. 7. General Taylor refused to go. General Arista 4 was made chief commander of the Mexicans. He sent some Mexican troops across the river, and in a skirmish with Questions.— 4. What caused war between the United States and Mexico ? What did the President do? 5. What have you to tell about American military and naval forces ? 6. What can you tell about Mexican and American forces in and near Mata- moras ? 7. What did General Taylor refuse to do? What did the Mexicans do? What can you tell about the first blood shed in the war with Mexico? 1 re'-o-grahn-da. 2 mat-a-mo'-rus. * am-poo'-dhe-ah. * ah-rees'-ta. POLK, AND HIS RESIDENCE. 298 THE UNION OF STATES. Battles at Palo jillo and liesaca de la 'Palma. War Declared. them late in April, some Americans under Captain Thorn- ton were killed. This was the first blood shed in THE WAR WITH MEXICO. 8. Some American soldiers and provisions left at Point Isabel were now in danger. General Taylor left the fort opposite Matamoras, which he called Fort Brown, and, with a greater part of his troops, marched toward Point Isabel. 1 9. The Mexicans attacked Fort Brown, and Taylor turned back to protect it. On his way back, with about two thousand men, he met the Mexican army under Arista, six thousand in number, at a prairie called Palo Alto. 2 10. It was the 8th of May, 1846. A hard fight was im- mediately begun, and lasted five hours. The Americans won the victory, and the Mexicans retreated. On the fol- lowing day Taylor gained another victory over the same troops at Resaca de la Palma, 3 when the Mexicans lost a thousand men, and General La Vega was made pris- oner. The Americans lost only one hundred. 1 1 . Before the news of these victories reached the United States, Congress had formally declared war against Mexico, and an extensive campaign had been planned for the invasion of that country, which extends from the Gulf to the Pacific Ocean. 12. A fleet was to sweep around Cape Horn and attack its Pacific coast ; an Army of the West was to gather Questions.— 8. What can you tell about the movements of General Taylor? 9. What did the Mexicans and General Taylor do? 10. What occurred at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma ? 11. What did the Congress of the United States do? 12. Give an outline of the plan for a campaign. 1 iz-a-bel'. 2 pah'-lo-ahl'-to. 3 reh-sah'-kadahlahpah'-mah. THE UNION OF STATES. 299 T'lan of Campaign. Invasion of Mexico. Volunteers Trained. at Fort Leavenworth, invade New Mexico, and cooperate with the Pacific fleet ; and an Army of the Centre was to invade Old Mexico from the north 13. It had been determined in council to take possession of Mexico, and the President was authorized to raise an army of fifty thousand men. Volunteers flocked to the camp in Texas at the call, and there General Wool pre- pared them, by thorough discipline, for invading the country. 14. After his two successful battles, Taylor crossed the Rio Grande, drove the Mexican troops from Matamo- ras, and inarched against the strong Mexican town of Monterey. 1 It was surrendered to him on the 24th of September, 1846. General Taylor rested near this place, waiting for further orders from his government. 15. Meanwhile General Wool had been preparing the volunteers. By the middle of July, twelve thousand of them were mustered into service. Nine thousand of these Wool sent to reinforce Taylor, and with the remaining three thousand he prepared to invade Mexico from San An- tonio. 16. Wool penetrated Mexico in October, with the de- sign of taking possession of Chihuahua? in the heart of the country, but hearing of the capture of Monterey, he turned in the direction of Coahuila? His kindness to the people of the country won their affections. 17. About the same time General Worth, sent out by Questions.— 13. What was determined on and what was done concerning Mexico ? 14. What can you tell ahout an invasion of Mexico and a victory there ? W T hat did Taylor then do ? 15. What have you to say ahout General Wool and the volunteers ? 16. What can you tell ahout Wool's invasion of Mexico ? 17. What did General Worth do ? What did Commodore Connor and General Taylor do ? 1 mont-a-ra'. 2 che-wah'-wah. 3 ko'-ah-weel'-ah. 300 THE UNION OF STATES. American Troops in Mexico. Preparations for an Invasion. REGION OF TAYLORS OPERATIONS. General Taylor, took possession of Saltillo, 1 the capital of Coahuila, and near this place his army and Wool's were joined in December. Meanwhile Commodore Conner, with his fleet, had captured Tampico, 2 on the coast. Taylor had moved, and encamped at Victoria. 18, General Winfield Scott was the commander- in-chief of the armies of the United States. He went to Mexico early in 1847, and prepared to attack the strong town of Vera Cruz 3 and the fort there. For that purpose he called troops from Victoria to strengthen his own. 19. Taylor's army was now reduced to five thousand men, and he was compelled to act on the defensive against twenty thousand Mex- icans gathered at San Luis Potosi,* under General Santa Anna. 20. Santa Anna advanced upon the Americans early in February, 1847. The two armies met and fought desper- ately at a place called Buena Vista 5 — meaning a pleasant view — on the 23d of that month. The battle lasted all day. The Mexicans were beaten with a loss of two thousand men. The Americans lost about seven hundred. SANTA ANNA. Questions.— 18. What have you to 6ay about General Scott and his movements? 19. What was now the condition of Taylor's army, and what was he compelled to do ? 20. What can you tell about Santa Anna, and a severe battle ? 1 sahl-teel'-yo. tam-pee'-ko. s va-rah krooz'. * bwa'-nah vees'-tah. * sakn loo'-ie po-to-see'. THE UNION OF STATES. 301 Yarious Operations in Mexico. 21. All Northern Mexico was now in possession of the Americans. Taylor's army was inactive several months, and in September he gave the command of it to General Wool and returned home. Then the people, who admired him for his deeds, first began to talk about making him President of the Republic. 22. While these events were occurring in Eastern Mex- ico, the Americans, under different leaders, were taking possession of other parts of the country. General Philip Kearney 1 was then in chief command of the Army of the West, at Fort Leavenworth. 23. In August, 1846, Kearney, with a considerable force, drove the Mexicans from Santa Fe, 2 and took possession of New Mexico. He organized a government ; and leaving the main body of his troops there, with Colonel Doniphan, 3 he crossed the continent into California. 24. With a thousand Missourians Doniphan invaded Northern Mexico. After fighting a battle at Braceto* in December, 1846, and another at Sacramento, 5 in Febru- ary, 1847, he took possession of Chihuahua, one of the finest provinces of Mexico. 25. In the meantime Colonel J. C. Fremont, 6 the ex- plorer of the Rocky Mountains, took possession of a portion of California, and on the 5th of July, 1846, declared that country independent. With the aid of an American fleet, under Commodore Stockton, Fremont subdued Cali- fornia. Questions.— 21. What did the Americans now possess ? What have you to tell about Taylor and his army ? 22. What have you to say about other American com- manders ? 23. What did General Kearney do ? 24. What did Colonel Doniphan do ? 25. What can you tell about the doings of Colonel Fremont ? 1 kar'-nee. a sahn-tah fa' '. 3 don'-i-fnn. * brah-the'-to. s sah'-kra-men'-to. 6 freh-mont' '. 302 THE UNION OF STATES. Conquest of California Secured. Americans Capture Vera Cruz. 26. General Kearney arrived in time to take part in the final battle at San Gabriel, on the 8th of January, 1847, which secured the conquest of Cali- fornia. On the 8th of February, Kearney, assuming the office of governor, proclaimed the annex- ation of California to the United States. COLONEL FREMONT. SCOTT S INVASION OF MEXICO. 27. Early in March, 1847, General Scott landed near Vera Cruz with about thirteen thousand men. They were borne to the shores of Mexico by a fleet under Commodore Conner, which assisted in the attack on Vera Cruz. 28. Vera Cruz was at- tacked on the 18th of March, after a siege of nine days, and on the 27th, the city, the strong castle of San Juan cl'Ulloa, 1 and five thousand prisoners, with five hundred cannon, were surrendered cans. 29. On the 8th of April, Scott's army began their march toward the city of Mexico. At Cerro Gordo, 2 a difficult Questions.— 26. What have you to say about General Kearney, and the fate of Cali- fornia? 27. What can you tell about Scott's invasion of Mexico ? 28. Tell about the capture of Vera Cruz and its castle. 29. What did Scott's army do ? What can you tell about a battle ? RETRENCHMENTS AT VERA CRUZ. to the Ameri- sahn-hwan dah-oo'-loo'-ah. thaV-o-nor'-do. THE UNION OF STATES. 303 2>a??/e of Cerro Gordo. Scolt Invades Mexico. mountain pass, they were met by Santa Anna and an army of twelve thousand men. There they had a severe battle on the 18th. The Mexicans were defeated with a loss of more than four thousand men. Santa Anna escaped on the back of a mule. 30. Week after week Scott's army pressed steadily forward, taking pos- session of place after place, and rest- ing at Puebla, 1 a town of eighty thousand inhabitants, from May until August. Within two months the Americans had made ten thousand Mexicans prisoners, and captured seven hundred cannon and a vast amount of small arms and munitions of war. 31. At Puebla, Scott was reinforced, and with ten thou- sand men he moved GENERAL SCOTT. ROUTE OP U. S. ARMY FROM VERA CRUZ TO MEXICO. on over the lofty Cordilleras, 2 a chain of high mountains in Mexico. From the summits of these the Americans looked down into the vast and fertile valley, and saw, in the dis- tance, the city of Mexico, the grand object of the expe- dition. 32. After fighting severe battles at Contreras 3 and Questions. — 30. What, have you to say ahout the march of Scott's army, and its conquests ? 31. Tell about Scott at Puebla, and his march over the mountains. piveb'-lah. kor-dil'-yer-as. 3 kon-tra'-ras. 304 THE UXION OF STATES. Battles near the City of Mexico. Americans Capture the City. Churubusco, 1 in August, and always beating the Mex- icans, the conquering Americans stood before the ancient capital, where Cortez, the Spanish conqueror, had stood almost three hundred years before. 33. Santa Anna was then in the capital with his army. Scott offered him terms of peace. While commissioners were considering the terms, the treacherous Mexican strength- ened the defences of the city. Informed of this, Scott made a vigorous attack on the outer defences of the city on the morning of the 8th of September, 1847. 34. The fortress of Molino del Bey 2 and the fortified hill of Chepultepec were carried by storm. Santa Anna and his offi- cers fled from their capital, and on the morning of the 14th of Septem- ber General Scott and his army entered the city of Mexico as victors. 35. The war soon closed. The last battle of the war occurred at Huamantla on the 9th of October. A treaty of peace was agreed to on the 2d of February, 1848. Although the Americans had fairly won, by battle, the whole of the old Mexican Empire, it was all given back excepting New Mexico and California. These OPERATIONS NEAR MEXICO. Questions.— 32. What have you to say about the army near the Mexican capital ? 33. What can you tell about Santa Anna and Scott ? What did Santa Anna and Scott do ? 34. What can you tell about the storming of places, and the surrender of Mex- ico ? 35. What can you tell about a treaty and its terms ? choo-TOO-boos'-ho. mo-ke'-no del ra. THE UNION OF STATES. 305 Territory ^Purchased. Gold in California. Taylor Elected President. provinces became and have remained portions of the United States. Our government allowed Mexico $15,000,000 for them, and assumed debts to the amount of $3,000,000, due from Mexico to American citizens. 36. In the same month in which this treaty was made, gold was first found on the American fork of the Sacra- mento 1 River, in California. It was discovered soon after in other places. When the news reached the United States, thousands of people hastened to California in search of gold. 37. Gold was found in abundance. Permanent settle- ments, by people of our Republic, were made there, and thus was planted, on a firm foundation, one of the most flourish- ing States of our Union. 38. The war with Mexico was the chief event of the administration of President Polk. A difficulty with Eng- land concerning the northern boundary of Oregon had been settled. Florida and Texas had been admitted as States in 1845, and Iowa 2 in 1846. Wisconsin* was admitted in 1848. 39. The deeds of General Taylor in Mexico made him very popular, and in the autumn of 1848 he was elected President of the United States, with Millard Fillmore, of New York, as Vice-President. 40. In this section we have considered — (1) The inauguration of President Folk; (2) causes of the war with Mexico; (3) beginning of the war Questions.— 36. What can you tell about the discovery of gold in California? 37. What were the effects of the discovery of gold ? 38. What was the chief event of Polk's administration ? What can you tell about a difficulty with England, and admission of new States ? 39. What about an election for President ? 40. What have we considered in this section ? / 1 sah'-kra-men'-to. 2 i'-o-wah. ■ wis-kon'-sin. 306 THE UNION OF STATES. Battles with Mexico. President Taylor, California. and its progress ; (4) conquest of California ; (5) cap- ture of the city of Mexico ; (6) treaty of peace ; {7) discovery of gold in California; (8) admission of new States, and (9) the election of a new President. The following is a list of all the principal battles fought during the war with Mexico, in which the Americans were always victorious : 1846. Palo Alto May 8. Resaca de la Palmo May 9. Monterey Sept. 24. Braceto Dec. 25. 1847. Buena Vista Feb. 23. Sacramento Feb. 28. Vera Cruz Marcb 27. Cerro Gordo April 18. Contreras Aug. 20. Churubusco Aug. 20. Molino del Rey Sept. 8. Chepultepec Sept. 13. Huamantla Oct. 9. SECTION XIII. TAYLOR'S ADMINISTRATION. [1849-1850.] 1. Zachary Taylor entered upon his duties as Presi- dent of the United States on the 5th of March, 1849. He was then sixty-five years of age. The 4th of March occurring on Sunday, the inauguration took place on Monday the 5th. 2. The thousands of people who went to California in search of gold, soon formed a sufficient population to entitle the territory to the dignity of a State, and in September, Questions.— 1. Wbat bave you to say about President Taylor? 2. What can you tejl about the people of California, and the framing of a State constitution? THE UX10N OF STATES. 307 Constitution of California. Excitement in Congress. Omnibus Sill. 1849, they met in convention and framed a State consti- tution. 3. In February following the people of California asked Congress to admit their territory into the Union as a State. This request made a great stir in Con- gress and throughout the coun- try ; the people of California having in their constitution for- bidden the existence of negro slavery in their State. 4. Representatives of the slave-labor States in Congress opposed the admission of California, because of that article in its constitution, and they threatened to break up the Union if it should be admitted as a free-labor State. The debates on the subject were sometimes violent. Finally Henry Clay proposed a com- promise, which was agreed to. 5. Five Acts, grouped in one for the admission of California as a free-labor State ; for the organization of New Mexico and Utah into Territories, without mention of slavery ; for the establishment of the boundaries of Texas ; for the abo- TATLOR, AND HIS RESIDENCE. bill, were passed, namely Questions — 3. What else did the people of California do ? What followed ? 4. What occurred in Congress, and why? What was threatened? What was done? 5. Give an account of Henry Clay's proposition for a compromise. 308 THE UNION OF STATES. Fugitive Slave Law. Death of President 2'aylor. A'ew Territories. lition of the slave-trade in the District of Columbia ; and for the surrender to their masters of runaway slaves, escaping into free-labor States or Territories. 6. The last bill, known as the Fugitive Slave Law, deeply offended many of the people of the free-labor States. They wished for its repeal, but it remained on the national Statute Book until it was expunged by the Civil War. 7. While this Omnibus Bill, as it was called, was before Congress, President Taylor died. This was early in July, 1850. The Vice-President then became President, and on the tenth of that month began fillmore's administration. 8. Mr. Fillmore was the thirteenth President of the United States. During Taylor's administration of sixteen months, one State {California), and three Territories (New t Mexico, Utah, and Minnesota), were added as members of the Republic. Utah was called, by the people who settled there, Deseret, 1 or the Land 9. Utah was settled by Mormons, a sect founded by Joseph Smith, of New Yorh, having a peculiar religious joseph smith. belief, and who have since greatly in- creased in numbers. On account of their peculiar social system that Territory has not been admitted as a State. Questions.— 6. What was the last mentioned Act called ? What have you to say about it ? 7. What was the whole bill called ? What sad event happened ? Who became President? 8. What State and Territories were added to the Republic during Taylor's administration ? 9. What have you to say about Mormons ? 1 dez-e-ret'. THE UNION OF STATES. 309 Troubles with Spain. The Fisheries. Embassy to Japan. 10. In the spring of 1850 trouble with Spain was threat- ened because of some offensive acts committed by citizens of the United States. These consisted in expeditions to assist the Cubans in their efforts to free themselves from the do- minion of Spain. These of- fences continued, more or less, for about ten years. 11. In 1852 a dispute arose between the United States and Great Britain in regard to the fisheries in the neighborhood of Newfoundland. Both parties sent armed ships to those waters, but the quarrel was settled by negotiation, which is far better than fighting. 12. In the same year a naval expedition was sent to Japan} off the eastern coast of China, to carry a letter from the Presi- dent. In this letter the Presi- dent asked for the friendship of the Japanese, and that our countrymen might be permitted to trade with them. 13. The privilege was granted, and the most friendly relations now exist between the governments of the United FILLMORE, AND HIS RESIDENCE. Questions.— 10. What have you to say about expeditions to assist the Cubans ? 11. What can you tell about a dispute concerning fisheries ? 12. What have you to say about an expedition to Japan ? 13. What was the result ? ; jah-pan'. 310 THE UNION OF STATES. Election of President. ^olar Explorations. States and Japan. Many Japanese youths are educated in the schools of the United States. 14. During the administration of Mr. Fillmore, the Com- promise measures had quieted the public mind, and the elec- tion for a new President, in the autumn of 1852, was a quiet one. Franklin Pierre, 1 of New Hampshire, was chosen President, and William B. King, of Ala- bama, was elected Vice-President. 15. It was during the adminis- tration of Mr. Fillmore that the re- markable voyages toward the North Pole were made, in search of the English navigator, Sir John Frank- DR. KANE. Urlf in which J),, E K Kane wag a principal actor. His published journals of these voyages are very interesting histories. 16. In this section we have considered— (1) The inauguration of President Taylor ; (2) admis- sion of Califoimia into the Union as a free-labor State ; (3) death of President Taylor, and accession of Mr. Fill- more ; (4) additions to the Union ; (5) Mormons ; (6) expeditions to help the Cubans ; (7) the fisheries, and (8) the relations with Japan. Questions— 14. What have you to say about the compromise measures, and an election for President ? 15. What have you to say about certain voyages ? 16. What have we considered in this section? 1 peerce. THE UNION OF STATES. 311 president fierce. Land and Sea Explorations. SECTION XIV. PI ERCE'S ADMIN ISTRATION [1853-1857.] 1. Franklin Pierce took the oath of office on the 4th of March, 1853, when he was forty-nine years of age. He was the fourteenth President. The country was then prosperous, and nothing serious disturbed the public harmony. 2. In May, 1852, ships were sent to explore the eastern coast of Asia; and land explorations were in progress to select a good route for a railway from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean. 3. These explorations led to ^the establishment of a line of steamships which regularly cross the Pacific Ocean between America and Asia, and a rail- way across our continent. Now travellers can go from New York to Japan in a short space of time. 4. In 1854, Congress passed a bill for the organization of Questions.— 1. What have you to say about President Pierce, and the state of the country ? 2. What can you tell about explorations by sea and laud ? 3. What are the results of those explorations ? PIERCE. AND HIS RESIDENCE. 312 THE UNION OF STATES. Slavery in Congress. Civil War in Kansas. Foreign Nation* Offended. the Territories of Kansas x and Nebraska. 2 Its provisions annulled the Missouri Compromise, and made slavery possible in all the Territories. This measure produced vio- lent agitation all over the country. 5. The opponents of slav- ery were aroused to action by this measure. Emigrants OCEAN STEAMSHIP. f ^ ^ free _ labor Stateg flocked into Kansas. Many also went from the slave- labor States. When the Territory was organized, the two parties contended for the political mastery, and a Civil War broke out in Kansas. 6. The war was quieted for a time by an exciting election for the Presidency, which took place in the autumn of 1856. The Democrats were victorious, electing James Buchanan* of Pennsylvania, President, and John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, Vice-President. 7. Trouble with foreign nations was expected during the administration of President Pierce. Spain was offended because of expeditions from our shores to deprive her of Cuba. Great Britain was offended because our govern- ment sent her minister at Washington home for breaking our laws by enlisting men here for the British army ; and the Central American States were offended because Questions.— 4. What can you tell about a bill for the organization of two new Territories, and the effects ? 5. What did the opponents and friends of slavery do ? What occurred in Kansas ? 6. What made quiet ? What can you tell about an elec- tion in 1856? 7. What have you to say about expected troubles with foreign nations ? What nations were offended, and why ? 1 kan'-zas. " neh-bras'ka. * bu-kan'-nan. THE XTNION OF STATES. 313 Ostend Manifesto. 'Troubles Settled. Outline of Important JEvents. lawless men from the United States attempted to get pos- session of their country. 8. On account of these unfriendly movements against friendly nations, called filibustering', a conference of American ministers in Europe was held at Ostend} in Bel- gium. They issued a paper known as the Ostend Mani- festo, which was discreditable to the American character. It was a plea in favor of the unrighteous doctrine, that Might makes Right. These troubles were, however, amicably settled. 9. In this section we have considered — (1) The inauguration of President Pierce ; (2) our direct communications with Asia by land and water ; (3) the organization of the Territories of Kansas and Nebraska, and ensuing troubles ; (4) election of President and Vice- President ; (5) causes of expected troubles with foreign nations, and (6) the Ostend Manifesto. OUTLINE OF IMPORTANT EVENTS FROM 1789 TO 1857.2 1790. General Harmar defeated by the Indians in Oc?obe?\ District of Columbia organized as the seat of the national government. 1791. United States Bank chartered. Vermont admitted into the Union in Jlfareh. St. Clair defeated by the Indians in Novem- ber. 1792. Kentucky admitted into the Union in June. 1793. Federal and Republican parties formed. Washington proclaims the neutrality of the United States in Jifay. 1794. Indians in the northwest subdued by Wayne in August. Whiskey Insurrection in Western Pennsylvania. Congress authorizes the creation of a navy. Questions.— 8. What can you tell about a conference at Ostend and the result ? 9. What have we considered in this section ? 1 os' -tend. 3 See foot-note on page 32. 314 THE UXION OF STATES. Outline of Important -Events. 1795. John Jay's treaty with Great Britain ratified in June. 1796. Tennessee admitted into the Union in Jane. Washington issues his Farewell Address in September. 1797. John Adams inaugurated President in March, Extraordinary session of Congress beginning in May, 1798. Preparations for war with France. 1799. Washington dies in December. 1800. The city of Washington becomes the National Capital. Treaty of peace concluded with France in September. 1801. Thomas Jefferson inaugurated President in March. Tripoli declares war against the United States in Jane. 1802. Ohio admitted into the Union in November. 1803. Louisiana purchased of France in April, Commodore Preble sent to the Mediterranean sea. 1804. Decatur destroys the Philadelphia in the harbor of Tripoli in February. Alexander Hamilton killed by Aaron Burr in a duel in July. 1805. Derne, in Africa, captured by American and Mohammedan soldiers in Apr//. Treaty of peace made with Tripoli in Jane. 1806. European forts blockaded. 1807. Burr tried for treason and acquitted. First navigation by steam. The Leopard attacks the Chesapeake in June. British war vessels ordered to leave American waters in July. Embargo Act passed in December. 1809. Embargo Act repealed, and commercial intercourse with France and England forbidden by Congress, in March. James Madison inaugurated President in March. 1811. Action between the President and Little Belt in May. Indians defeated near the Tippecanoe in November. 1812. Louisiana admitted into the Union in April. War declared against Great Britain in June. General Hull invades Can- ada, and Fort Mackinaw is taken by the British, in July. Van Home is defeated and Detroit is surrendered in August. The American frigate Essex captures the Alert, and the Ameri- can frigate Constitution captures the Guerriere in August. Battle at Queenstown occurs in October. The American sloop- of-war Wasp captures the Frolic, and the American frigate United States captures the British frigate Macedonian, in Oc- tober. Madison re-elected President in November. The American frigate Constitution captures the Javain !l)ece?7tber. 1813. Americans defeated at Frenchtown and massacred in January. American sloop Hornet captures the Peacock in February. THE tTNlON OF &TATE&. 315 Outline of Important Events. Toronto captured by the Americans and General Pike killed in April. Fort Meigs besieged by the British, Fort George taken by the Americans, and the British repulsed at Sackett's Harbor, in May. The Shannon captures the Chesapeake, a battle is fought at Stony Creek, and the British are repulsed at Craney Island, in June. Fort Meigs again besieged and the British repulsed in July. The British and Indians driven from before Fort Stephenson in August* The Brit- ish sloop Pelican captures the Argus, and the Americans are massacred at Fort Minis, in August. The American brig Enterprise captures the Boxer, and Perry gains a victory on Lake Erie, in September. The Battle of the Thames occurs in October. The Battle of Chrysler's Field is fought in JVov ember. Villages on the Niagara River are burned in December. 1814. The Creek Indians subdued in Ma?*ch. The American frigate Essex captured in the harbor of Valparaiso, and Americans de- feated at La Colle, in March. The American sloop Peacock captures the Epercier in Ap?'il. Fort Erie is captured and the battles of Chippewa and Bridgewater are fought in July. The British are repulsed at Fort Erie and at Stonington, the Americans are defeated at Bladensburg, and Washington City is burned in August. The American sloop Wasp captures the Avon in September. The British are defeated on land and water at Plattsburg, and repulsed at and near Baltimore and from Fort Bowyer, near Mobile, in September. The British are driven from Fort Erie in September, and from Pensacola in November. American gunboats captured by the British in Lake Borgne, and a treaty of peace is signed at Ghent, in %>ecembe?\ 1815. The British are defeated at New Orleans and the American frig- ate President is captured by the British in January. The American frigate Constitution captures two British vessels, and peace proclaimed by the President, in _F'eb?*uary. The American sloop Hornet captures the Penguin, and Congress declares war against Algiers, in March, Decatur is sent against the Algerines in May, and humbles them and others of the " Barbary States " in July and August. 1816. Indiana is admitted into the Union in / Decembe?\ 1817. James Monroe inaugurated President in March. Indians in the Gulf region commit depredations. Mississippi admitted into the Union in 'December. 316 THE UNION OE STATES. Outline of Important Events. 1S18. Jackson goes against the Seminole Indians, and pensions granted to soldiers of the Revolution, in March. Jackson hangs two British subjects in Florida in April. Arrangements about the coast fisheries made in October. Illinois is ad- mitted into the Union in Deceniber. 1819. Alabama admitted into the Union in 'December. Commodore Perry sent against the West India pirates. 1820. Maine admitted into the Union, and " Missouri Compromise " act passed, in Ma?*ch. Monroe re-elected in November. 1821. Florida annexed to the United States in July. Missouri ad- mitted into the Union in August. 1823. Pirates among the West India islands dispersed by Commodore Porter. 182 4. Lafayette comes to the United States in August. 1825. John Quincy Adams is inaugurated President in March. Erie Canal finished. 1826. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson died in July. 1S2S. " American System" adopted. 1829. Andrew Jackson is inaugurated President in March. 1832. Troubles in Georgia concerning the Indians. The Black Hawk war occurs. United States Bank charter vetoed in July. Nulli- fication doctrines avowed in South Carolina. 1833. Henry Clay's compromise measure is made a law in March. Government money removed from the United States Bank in October. 1835. War commenced by the Seminole Indians in December. 1836. Creeks subdued and sent beyond the Mississippi. Arkansas is admitted into the Union in June. 1837. Michigan is admitted into the Union in January. Martin Van Buren is inaugurated President in March. Extraordinary session of Congress is held in September. Seminoles de- feated by Taylor in December. Insurrection in Canada breaks out. 1841. William Henry Harrison is inaugurated President in March and dies in April. John Tyler becomes President in April. Extraordinary meeting of Congress in May. The Cabinet resigns in Septei7iber. 1S42. War with the Seminoles and the troubles about a new constitu- tion in Rhode Island are ended. I844.. The Electro-magnetic Telegraph is perfected in June. 184.5. Bill for the annexation of Texas is signed by Tyler, Florida is admitted into the Union, and James K. Polk is inaugurated THE UNION OF STATES. 317 Outline of Important Events. President, in Jlfarc7i. General Taylor sent to Texas with troops in July. Texas admitted into the Union in %)e- cember. 1846. Taylor begins building Fort Brown in January. First blood shed in the war with Mexico in April. Fort Brown attacked in J fay. Battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma fought, and Mexico invaded, in May. Congress declares war against Mexico in May. California declared independent by Fre- mont in July. New Mexico conquered in August. Tay- lor captures Monterey in September. General Wool invades Mexico in October. Wool's and Worth's armies unite near Saltillo, and the Battle of Braceto occurs, in ^De- cember. Iowa is admitted into the Union in *Dece7nber. 184-7. Battles at Buena Vista and Sacramento are fought in Febru- ary. Vera Cruz surrendered to the Americans under General Scott in March. Battle at Cerro Gordo is fought in April. Battles at Contreras and Churubusco occur in August. Americans win victories at Molino del Rey and Chepultepec in September The American armies enter the city of Mex- ico in Septembei\ Battle at Huamantla fought in Octo- ber. 1848. Treaty of peace signed in Mexico in February. Wisconsin admitted into the Union in May. 1849. Zachary Taylor inaugurated President in March. 1850. President Taylor dies and Millard Fillmore becomes President in July. California is admitted into the Union in Septe??i- ber. The Fugitive Slave Law passed in Septembe?\ 1852. Disputes about coast fisheries settled. Commercial intercourse with Japan opened. 1853. Franklin Pierce inaugurated President in March. 1854. Kansas-Nebraska bill is passed in May. 1855. Civil war in Kansas. Invasion of Central American States by citizens of the United States. 1856. James Buchanan elected President in November. The Ostend Manifesto issued. 318 THE CIVIL WAR. President 'Buchanan. Slavery Question. Events in Kansas. CHAPTER VI. THE CIVIL WA * night a strange-looking ^^ vessel, lying deep in the water and with a revolv- ing turret, appeared and drove off the Merrimack in the morning. She was called the Monitor, and was commanded by Lieutenant John L. Worden. 7. On the 22d of February, Washington's birthday, the President, as commander-in-chief of the army and navy, ordered all of the National forces on land and sea to move against the Confederates at all points. The Army of the Potomac was then commanded by General McClellan ; and the Confederates, who were not far from the Bull Run battlefield, moved off toward Richmond, expecting he would follow. In March the Nationals under General Pope cap- tured New Madrid, 1 in Missouri. 8. General Grant went up the Tennessee River to Pitts- burgh Landing, near the borders of Alabama, and there and at Shiloh Church he fought and defeated the Con- federates under Beauregard and A. S. Johnston, on the 7th of April, 1862. This is known as the Battle of Shiloh. 9. At the same time Commodore Foote, with a fleet of gun-boats, attacked and captured Island No. 10, in the Mississippi River. On the 11th, Fort Pulaski, 2 at the Questions.— 7. What can you tell about a general forward movement of the ar- mies ? What about the Confederates in Virginia and Pope's victory in Missouri ? 8. Give an account of the battle of Shiloh. 9. What have you to say about a victory on the Mississippi and the surrender of a fort at the mouth of the Savannah ? What did General Mitchel do ? 1 mah-drid'. 2 pu-lawz'-ki. THE CIVIL WAR. 329 Battles in Various Places. Capture of JVery Orleans, mouth of the Savannah River, was surrendered by the Confederates to General Gillmore. On the same day General Mitchel took possession of Huntsville, in Northern Alabama, 10. The Confederates retreated from Shiloh to Corinth, in Northern Mississippi. General Halleck led the National army very slowly in pursuit, and on its arrival at Corinth in May, E FOO te. he found the place deserted. 11. The summer was passed in quietude. On the 19th of September the Nationals under Rosecrans gained a victory over Price, in a battle near Iuka Springs, a few miles eastward of Corinth. He repulsed a large body of Con- federates who attacked Corinth, on the 4th of October following. Memphis, Natchez and other places had been captured by the Nationals during the summer. 12. In. the spring of 1862 the Nationals were successful on the Lower Mississippi. The gun-boats, under Com- modore Farragwt, 1 assisted by Commodore Porter and others, attacked and ran by two forts below New Orleans, and ascended the river. Twenty thousand Confederates under General Lovell retired from New Orleans, and on the 25th of April General Butler, with National troops, took possession of the city. 13. During the summer of 1862 there was a large Con- Qttestions.— 10. What have you to say ahout a retreat and pursuit of the Confed- erates? 11. What have you to say about the doings of Rosecrans in Northern Mis- sissippi? 12. Give an account of passing forts and capturing New Orleans. 13. What have you to say ahout a Confederate army in Kentucky ? 1 far'-ra-gut. 330 THE CIVIL WAR. General .Movement of Armies. Norfolk Captured. federate army in Kentucky under General Bragg. He threatened Cincinnati and Louisville, but was foiled, and finally defeated in battle by General Buell at Perry ville, in Kentucky. 14. There was a general movement against Richmond in the spring of 1862. General McClellan took the Army of the Potomac to Fortress Monroe ; General Fremont commanded a body of troops in West Virginia and East Tennessee ; General Banks was at the head of a force in the Shenandoah Valley ; and General McDowell was with another force on the Rappahannock River. 15. Early in April McClellan moved slowly up the peninsula between the York and James rivers, and at Williamsburg, on the 5th of May, had a severe battle with the Confederates, which he won. On the 10th of the same month General Wool captured Norfolk, and the Confederates destroyed the ram Merrimack, which they had named the Vir- ginia. 16, McClellan crossed the Chickahominy River ; and on the 31st of May fought an inde- cisive battle at Fair Oaks. The Confederates were commanded by General Joseph E. Johnston, who was wounded. He was succeeded in command by General Robert E. Lee. GENERAL LEE. Questions.— 14. What can you tell about forces engaged in a general movement toward Richmond ? 15. What can you tell about McClellan on the Virginia Penin- sula, a battle at Williamsburg, and the capture of Norfolk ? 16. What did McClellan do. and what can you tell about a severe battle and Confederate leaders ? 332 THE CIVIL WAR. Battles near 'Richmond. Movements of Lee and his Opponents. 17. The Confederates now pressed on toward Washing- ton City. Banks fled down the Shenandoah Valley pursued by Confederates under " Stonewall " Jackson. McClellan now thought it prudent to change his base of supplies to the James River. 18. From the 25th of June to the close of that month several very destructive battles were fought not far from Richmond without decisive results, though two hun- dred thousand men were engaged. 19. Meanwhile the forces of Fremont, Banks, and McDowell were placed under General Pope as a consolidated army, and stood between the Confederates and Washington City. McClellan was ordered to assist Pope, but he did not arrive in time to help him in his extremity. 20. Lee pressed on toward Washington. At Cedar Mountain Jackson was defeated by Banks on the 9th of August. After that the contention between the two armies was very severe. At the close of the summer of 1862, the National forces under Pope, near Bull Run, were defeated, and driven to the fortifications around Washington City. 21. Lee now pressed forward, not toward Washington City, but across the Potomac into Maryland. McClellan, who had been appointed to the command of all the troops near Washington, followed and gained a victory over the Confederates at South Mountain, in Maryland, on the 14th of September. Questions.— 17. What did the Confederates do ? What did Banks and McClellan do f 18. What have you to say about a series of battles near Richmond ? 19. Wbat can you tell about the joining of National forces, and General Pope? 20. What did General Lee do ? What have you to say about Banks and Jackson, and a battle near Bull Run? 21. What did Lee and McClellan now do ? 1 shen'-an-do'-ah. THE CIVIL WAR. 333 Battles at c4.ntietam and Murfreesboro* . Emancipation Threatened. 22. On the following day, Harper's Ferry, with eleven thousand men, was surrendered to the Confederates. On the seventeenth, in a hard fought battle on Antietam Creek, Lee was defeated with heavy loss. He retreated across the Potomac into Virginia. 23. In November, 1862, General Bumside succeeded MeClellan in command of the Army of the Potomac. He pursued Lee to the Rappahannock ; and at Fredericks- burg, after a very severe battle, he was driven back across the river by the Confederates. Here the National army remained until late the next April. 24. At the close of December, 1862, General Rosecrans fought the Confederates several days at Murfreesboro', in Tennessee, and was victorious after a loss of twelve thou- sand men. He drove the Confederates under Bragg toward Georgia. 25. In July, 1862, Congress gave President Lincoln authority to declare the perpetual freedom of the slaves in certain States. In September he issued a proclamation warning the people of those States that unless they should cease making war upon the government he would set their slaves free. 26. We have considered in this section— (1) Military operations in Kentucky, Tennessee, North- ern Mississippi and Arkansas in 1862 ; (2) the Merri- mack and Monitor ; (3) the grand forward movement Questions.— 22. What have you to say about Harper's Ferry, and a battle in Maryland ? 23. What can you tell about General Bumside and his doings with the Army of the Potomac ? 24. What have you to say about conflicts in Tennessee ? 25. What did Congress authorize the President to do, and what did he do ? 26. What have we considered in this section ? 1 an-tee'-tum. 334 TffJS CIVIL WA&. Emancipation Proclaimed. Sattie of Chancellorville. of the armies ; (4) surrender of Fort Pulaski; (5) capture of New Orleans; (6) a general movement toward Richmond; (7) Confederate invasion of Maryland ; and (8) further military operations in Virginia. SECTION III. THE CIVIL WAR CONTINUED. [1863.] 1. The warning of the President was unheeded, and on the 1st of January, 1863, he issued a proclamation of emancipation for about three million slaves. In 1864, fully two hundred thousand of the freedmen were soldiers in the National Army. 2. Late in January, 1863, General Joseph Hooker became the commander of the Army of the Potomac. Toward the end of April he led them across the Rappahannock, 1 and on the edge of the Wilderness, at Chancellorville, they had a severe battle on the 2d and 3d of May. The Nationals were driven back beyond the Rappahannock with a heavy loss. 3. Early in June, General Lee, with about a hundred thousand men, moved down the Shenandoah Valley and crossed the Potomac into Maryland. Hooker followed him on his flank. On the 28th of the month General George Questions.— 1. What have you to say ahout the Emancipation Proclamation ? 2. What can you tell about General Hooker, and the doiDgs of his troops ? 3. Wh-it can you tell about the movements of General Lee, and about Generals Hooker and Meade ? 1 rap'-pa-han'-ok. 336 THE CIVIL WAR. "Baffles at Gettysburg. Siege, of Charleston. Tort Hudson. C. Meade succeeded Hooker as commander of the Army of the Potomac. 4. About this time Lee pushed forward into Pennsyl- vania, being disappointed because so few Marylanders joined his army. From the 1st to the 3d of July, a desper- ate battle was fought at Gettysburg, and the Confederate army was defeated with terrible loss. General Lee retreated on the 4th of July, and escaping into Virginia with his army, moved rapidly toward Richmond. 5. Meanwhile General J. G. Foster was struggling with General A. P. Hill for the mastery of the coast-region of North Carolina. At the same time General Longstreet, of Lee's army, was unsuccessfully trying to drive the National forces from Norfolk. 6. In April Admiral Dupont 2 and General Gillmore began a siege of Charleston, S. C, which lasted almost two years. Bombardments were frequent. National bomb-shells reduced Fort Sumter to a heap of ruins, and the city was terribly shattered by them. 7. At the same time, General Banks, in command of the Department of the Gulf, with his headquarters at New Orleans, drove the Confederates out of portions of Louis- iana westward of the Mississippi. In July he captured Port Hudson on that stream, taking six thousand Con- federates prisoners of war. 8. At the close of the year 1862 General Grant entered Questions.— 4. What did Lee do ? What can you tell ahout a severe battle? 5. What have you to say about operations in Norlh Carolina and near Norfolk? 6. What have you to say about the siege of Charleston, and the effects of bombard- ments ? 7. What have you to tell about General Banks' movements in Louisiana and on the Mississippi? 8. What can you tell about General Grant's operations on the shores of the Mississippi ? 1 get'-tez-burg. 2 du-pont'. THE CIVIL WAR. 337 Surrender of Yicksburg. "Battle of Chiekamauga. upon the task of clearing the banks of the Missis- sippi River of Confederate forces. Their chief stronghold was at Vicksburg, and he proceeded to attack that city, from which General Sherman had been repulsed on the 27th of December. 9. Grant was aided by Admiral Porter with a fleet of gun-boats. A decided victory at Port Gibson by the Na- tionals on the first of May led to others, and on the 4th of July the Confederate General Pemberton surrendered Vicksburg and his army to Grant. More than thirty thou- sand Confederates were made prisoners. 10. Rosecrans had driven Bragg into Georgia, where the latter was joined by troops from Lee's army under Gen- eral Longstreet. South of Chattanooga, 1 on Chieka- mauga 2 Creek, the Nationals and Confederates had a very severe battle on the 19th and 20th of September. 11. In the battle of Chiekamauga, Rosecrans was beaten and his army was driven back to Chattanooga. Grant had hastened to help him, and arrived just in time to relieve him from great peril. 12. General George H. Thomas was placed in command of the Army of the Cumberland. General Sherman Questions.— 9. By whom was Grant aided ? What was accomplished ? 10. What have you to say about General Rosecrans, and a severe battle ? 11. What can you tell about the battle of Chiekamauga ? What did Grant do ? 12. What have you to say about General Thomas, his associates, and a severe battle ? 1 chat'-a-noo'-gah. s chlk-a-maw'-gah. ADMIRAL PORTER. 338 THE CIVIL WAR. Battle near Chattanooga. War in the Southwest. Morgan's Haid. joined him late in November, and with the assistance of Gen- eral Hooker these officers gained a decided victory over the Confederates on the 25th of that month, after a conflict of three days known as the battle of Chattanooga. 13. At this time General Bumside was in command of National troops at Knoxville, in East Tennessee, where he was besieged by Longstreet. Sherman went to the relief of Bumside, and the Confederates, having been repulsed on the 29th of November, fled into Virginia. 14. During 1863 the war raged in Missouri and Arkan- sas, but no great battle was fought in either State. On the 1st of September General Blunt took Fort Smith from the Confederates. On the 10th General Steele, at the head of National troops, captured Little Bock, the capital of Ar- kansas, from the Confederates. 15. In June, a noted leader of a roving band, named Morgan, with three thousand horsemen, crossed the Ohio Biver into Indiana, and swept through the southern por- tions of that State and of Ohio, expecting to join Lee in Pennsylvania. He was captured on the 26th of July with nearly the whole of his command. 16. The National Navy, which had grown to be large and powerful, thoroughly blockaded the Southern ports during 1863, while fleets of gun-boats greatly assisted the National troops on the coasts and the rivers of the South- west. 17. The President having been authorized to make a draft for three hundred thousand men for the army, ordered Questions .—13. Give an account of Bumside and his troops at Knoxville. 14. What have you to say about the war in other places in 1863 ? 15. Give an account of Morgan's raid and its results. 16. What have you to say about the National Navy ? 17. What can you tell about a draft and a riot ? Tirfi CIVIL WAR. 339 Draft SZiots. West Virginia a State. it in the spring of 1863. There was violent opposition to the measure ; and resistance to it, in the city of New York, led to a very serious riot there in July, which lasted four days. The rioters displayed the most fiendish disposition toward the harmless colored people. 18. On the 20th of June, 1863, a new State was added to the Union by the admission of West Virginia. Kansas had been admitted as a State on the 29th of January, 1861. 19. In this section we have considered — (1) The Emancipation Proclamation ; (2) military operations in Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania ; (3) operations in North Carolina and Lower Virginia ; (4) siege of Charleston ; (5) operations on the Mississippi River ; (6) events in Northern Georgia and East Ten- nessee ; (7) Morgan's raid, and (8) the National Navy and the draft. SECTION IV. THE CIVIL WAR CONTINUED. [1864.] 1. At the beginning of 1864, the National armies were strong, hopeful and cheerful. The government was well supplied with men and money. 2. In February, General Sherman marched eastward from Vicksburg almost to Alabama, destroying an im- Questions.— 18. What can you tell about the admission of new States ? 19. What have we considered in this section ? Questions.— 1. What have you to say about the National armies ? 2. Give an ac- count of the movements of Generals Sherman and Seymour. 340 THE CIVIL WAR. Events in Louisiana and Kentucky, Zarge Armies put in Motion. mense amount of property and liberating ten thousand slaves. At the same time General Seymour 1 was de- feated by Confederates in a battle at Olustee, 2 in Florida. 3. In March, General A. J. Smith and Admiral Porter went up the Red River with gun-boats and troops, and were joined by soldiers under General Banks, who had marched from New Orleans across Louisiana. 4. Above Alexandria the Nationals under Banks fought sharp battles at Sabine 3 Cross-roads and Pleasant Hill, but were compelled to retrace their steps. It was with much difficulty that Porter's gun-boats de- scended the rapids at Alexandria, on account of low water there. 5. While these troops were up the Red River, Confeder- ates under General Forrest invaded Kentucky and Tennes- see, captured Union City, and afterward, on the 12th of April, captured Fort Pillow, on the Mississippi, where three hundred of its defenders were killed after its surrender. General Steele had met with misfortunes in Arkansas. 6. In March, 1864, General Grant was commissioned Lieutenant- General, and made commander-in-chief of all the National armies. At the beginning of May he or- dered the larger bodies of troops to move against the Con- federates at various points. 7. General Meade, in command of the Army of the Potomac, accompanied by Lieutenant-General Grant, moved toward Richmond, and fought the army of Lee Questions.— 3. Tell about an expedition up the Red River. What did General Banks do ? 4. What can you tell about battles above Alexandria, and the passage of the Rapids there ? 5. What happened in Kentucky, Tennessee and Arkansas? 6. What have you to say about General Grant ? What did he order ? 7. What have you to say about General Meade ? What about two terrible battles ? 1 see'-rnoor. 2 o-lus-tee'. 3 sa-bine'. THE CIVIL WAR. 34 1 Sherman' 's Invasion of Georgia. Richmond Threatened. much of the way to the James River. On the 5th of May the terrible battle of the Wilderness, which lasted two days, was begun. That of Spottsylvania took place on the 9th. 8. At the same time General Sherman moved from Chattanooga into the heart of Georgia to capture At- lanta. He was opposed by General Joseph E. Johnston. Sherman won battle after battle and drove the Confederates from their strong- holds ; and in July he crossed the Chattahochee 1 River with his whole army and appeared before Atlanta. 9. General Hood succeeded Gen- eral Johnston at Atlanta. After general sherman. three sharp battles there in July, the Nationals besieged the city. Hood abandoned it at the beginning of Septem- ber, and on the 2d of that month the Nationals took posses- sion of the place. It was one of the most important military posts in the South. 10. At the beginning of June Grant had compelled Lee to fall back to the defences of Richmond. They had fought at the North Anna and Cool Arbor. Mean- while General Butler, with the Army of the James, had secured a position at Bermuda Hundred, near the mouth of the Appomattox 2 River. 1 1 . Beauregard was now coming up from North Caro- Questions.— 8. What can you tell about General Sherman's campaign in Georgia ? 9. What can you tell about events at Atlanta ? 10. What can you tell about the movements of Grant and Lee ? What did General Butler do ? 11. What did Beaure- gard do ? What did Grant do, and what did he compel Lee to do ? 1 chat'-ta-hoo'-chee. 2 ap'-po-mat'-tox. 342 THE CIVIL WAR. Events in Shenandoah Valley and Maryland. Una to help Lee. Grant led his army successfully across the James River, and took a position before Petersburg. Lee was compelled to cross the river, also, to defend Peters- burg, its safety being essential for the security of Rich- mond. 12. A force of Nationals under Sigel, in the Shenan- doah Valley, intending to aid Meade in his march toward the James, was defeated at New Market. General Hunter then took command of this army, and was compelled to retire into West Virginia, after gaining a victory at Piedmont 1 on the 5th of June. 13. In July General Ear'ly, with about fifteen thousand Confederate troops, crossed the Potomac into Mainland, and threatened Baltimore and Washington. General Wallace, with a few troops, fought them at the Monocr- acy 2 River, and detained them until troops were thrown into Washington. Thus Wallace saved the National capi- tal and Baltimore. 14. Early recrossed the Potomac with much plunder, closely pursued. He received a severe blow from National troops under General Averill near Winchester. Securing reinforcements, the Confederates pushed the Nationals back to the Potomac, and some of Early's cavalry again crossed, swept through Maryland, and burned Chambersburg, in Pennsylvania. 15. While Grant and Sherman were making their suc- cessful movements on the land, Admiral Farragut was Questions.— 12. What can you tell about General Sigel and troops ? What have you to say about General Hunter? 13. Give an account of a Confederate invasion of Maryland. What did General Wallace accomplish ? 14. What did General Early do ? What can you tell about Early and Averill, and a cavalry raid into Maryland and Pennsylvania ? 15. What did Admiral Farragut do ? 1 peed-mont', 2 mo-nok'-a-se. 344 THE CIVIL WAK. Operations near Mobile. Battles in Shenandoah Valley. preparing to attack the forts below Mobile. This he did about the middle of August, and captured them on the 23d, with the assistance of troops under General Granger. 16. Farragut's fleet entered Mobile Bay, and so cut off Mobile and a vast region of country occupied by the Confed- erates from all communication with the sea. This was a heavy blow for them. 17. During the autumn, Gen- eral Philip Sheridan, who succeeded Hunter, broke the power of the Confederates under Early, in the Shenandoah Valley. On the 19th of Sep- ADMIRAL FARRAOTT - tember he defeated them at Winchester. Three days afterward he routed them at Fisher's Hill, and a month later he beat them at Cedar Creek. 18. From the beginning of the war the English helped the Confederates. They built, manned, armed, and pro- visioned a ship-of-war for them, named the Alabama. She and the Sumter were the most destructive of the Confed- erate privateers. 19. The Alabama was commanded by Raphael Semmes, 1 of Alabama. She destroyed or captured sixty- four American merchant vessels. The estimated value of property destroyed by her was ten million dollars. Questions.— 16. What more did Farragut do? 17. What did Sheridan do, and where ? 18. What have you to say about the English ? How did they help the Confederates ? 19. What have you to tell about the Alabama and her fate 1 THE CIVIL WAR. 345 The Alabama Destroyed. 'Battles near Nashville. 20. The Alabama always avoided National war vessels. Finally, when she was compelled to leave a French port, she encountered the Kearsarge, 1 a National vessel commanded by Captain Winslow. The Alabama was sunk by the Kearsarge on the 19th of June, 1864. 21. During the summer and autumn of 1864, and the ensuing winter, General Grant prosecuted the siege of Petersburg vigorously. Meanwhile General Sherman, leaving General Thomas to watch Hood, abandoned At- lanta and began his famous march toward the sea at the middle of November. He entered the city of Savannah, as a victor, on the 21st of December. 22. Hood invaded Tennessee and pushed up toward Nashville. He had a sharp fight with Nationals under Gen- eral Sehofield, 2 at Franklin, drove them back, and then be- sieged Nashville, the capital of Tennessee, to which Thomas had retired. 23. On the 15th of December General ^omas marched out and GENERAL THOMAS. attacked Hood, and drove him back into Alabama with great loss. 24. On Christmas day, 1864, Fort Fisher, at the mouth of the Cape Fear River, was bombarded by Admiral Por- ter's fleet, and an attempt to capture the fort was made by troops under General Weitzel? It failed. On the 15th of Questions.— 21. What did General Grant do ? What can you tell about Sherman in Georgia ? 22. Give an account of an invasion of Tennessee. 23. What did Gen* era! Thomas do ? 24. What have you to say about Fort Fisher ? 1 keer'-sarj. 2 skc/feeld. s wite'-zel. 346 THE CIVIL WAR. Sherman's March across Geo?'gia and the Carolina t. January, 1865, the fort was captured by the combined forces of Porter and General Terry. The National forces then took possession of Wilmington. 25. Meanwhile Sherman had crossed the Savannah River into South Carolina. On the 17th of February he captured Columbia, the capital of the State, and the Confederates abandoned Charleston. Colored troops then marched in and took possession of the latter city. 26. Sherman marched from Columbia into North Carolina, and was joined at Goldsborough by Schofield and Terry, who came from Wilmington. On the 16th of March Sherman gained a victory over the Confederates under General Hardee. 1 27. During the early part of the spring of 1865 Sheridan had greatly weakened Early's army ; and by quick movements had cut off supplies of food from Rich- mond. Lee's army was thus ' . . GENERAL SHERIDAN. threatened with starvation. 28. Grant had compelled Lee to remain and defend Petersburg since June of the previous year. Seeing his peril from want of supplies, Lee attempted to escape by breaking through Grant's lines and joining the Confed- erates under Johnston in North Carolina. 29. In this attempt Lee did not succeed. Encompassed Questions.— 25. What can you tell about Sherman in South Carolina? What occurred at Charleston ? 26. What did Sherman do ? Who joined him, and what happened ? 27. What have you to eay about the movements of Sheridan, and their results ? 28. What did Grant compel Lee to do ? What did Lee attempt to do ? 1 hard'-ee. THE CIVIL WAR. 347 Surrender of Zee and Johnston. President Lincoln Murdered. by the Nationals he was finally compelled to surrender his whole army to Grant at Appomattox Court-House. 30. On the night of the 2d of April, 1865, Jefferson Davis and other members of the Confederate government fled from Richmond into North Carolina, and on the morning of the 3d, colored troops under General Weitzel marched into and took possession of the Confederate capital. 3 1 . The surrender of Johnston's army in North Carolina soon followed that of Lee. Already the power of the Con- federates in Alabama and the adjacent regions had been broken by a cavalry force under General J. H. Wilson, who operated in aid of Canby. 32. The Confederate troops in Mobile had been captured or dispersed, and peace was assured. The last conflict of the Civil War did not occur until more than a month later, when a severe skirmish occurred near the Rio Grande, in Texas. 33. On the surrender of Lee the people rejoiced because of the assurance of peace. This event was followed by one which caused wide-spread mourning. Abraham Lincoln the President of the Republic, was assassinated in the National Capital on the evening of the 15th of April, 1865. 34. According to the provisions of the Constitution the Vice-President, Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, now be- came President of the Republic. In the autumn of 1864, Mr. Lincoln had been re-elected President, and was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1865. Questions.— 29. What have you to say further about General Lee ? 30. What did the Confederate government do ? What occurred at Richmond ? 31. What have you to say about Johnston's army, and the Confederate power elsewhere ? 32. What have you to say about Mobile, and the last battle in the Civil War ? 33. What events caused rejoicing and mourning ? 34. What have you to say about Mr. Lincoln's suc- cessor ? What was done in the autumn of 1864, and spring of 1865 ? 348 THE UNION OF STATES. President Johnson. Capture of Jefferson Davis. 35. In this section we have considered — (1) Military operations in Mississippi, Red River region and Kentucky ; (2) Grant's new commission, and advance of the Army of the Potomac ; (3) Sherman's campaign against Atlanta and in Georgia ; (4) the siege of Petersburg, and events in the Shenandoah Valley and in Maryland ; (5) capture of forts near Mobile ; (6) the Alabama, and her fate ; (7) Hood and Thomas in Tennes- see ; (8) capture of Fort Fisher ; (9) Sherman's cam- paign in the Carolinas, and (10) closing events of the Civil War. SECTION V. JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. [1865-1869.] 1. Andrew Johnson took the oath of office as President on the 15th of April, 1865. He was the sixteenth chief magistrate of the Republic. He immediately offered large rewards for the arrest of Jefferson Davis and his official associates. 2. Mr. Davis was captured in Georgia on the 10th of May, 1865, while making his way to the Gulf of Mexico, and after a long confinement in Fortress Monroe, was re- leased. 3. The Civil War left much confusion in the States wherein Questions.— 35. What have we considered in this section ? Questions. — 1. What have yon to say about Andrew Johnson ? 2. What can you tell about Jefferson Davis ? 3. What have you to 6ay about the condition of certain States and the duty of the National government ? THE UNION OF STATES. 349 Reorganization Acts of Congress. Constitution Amended. insurrection had existed. The first business of the govern- ment was to bring order out of this confusion, and to have all the States represented in Congress. 4. It was soon apparent that the Congress and the President would not agree upon a plan for the perfect reorganization of the Union. Congress wished to give all citizens of the United States, without distinction of race or color, equal privileges as citizens. The President ^< opposed this proposition, and a final settlement was long delayed. 5. Congress was strongly- supported by the people, and went forward in the execution of its plan for reorganiza- tion. By an amendment (the Thirteenth) of the National Constitution, approved by the people and proclaimed on the 18th of December, 1865, slavery was forbidden to exist in the Republic forever. 6. Another amendment (the Fourteenth) was adopted by Congress on the 13th of June, 1866, which guaranteed civil rights to the emancipated slaves ; enforced the pay- ment of the National Debt, then amounting to about three ANDREW JOHNSON. Questions.— 4. What was apparent in relation to the President and Congress? What did Congress wish to do? What did the President do ? 5. What have you to say about Congress and the people ? What about an amendment to the Constitution ? 6. What about another amendment? THE UNION OF STATES. 351 The President and Congress at Variance. The 'President Impeached. thousand million dollars, and prohibited the payment of the public debt of the Confederate States. 7. Acts were passed for securing to the freedmen their rights as free citizens, and placing them on an equality with other citizens. These various measures were termed Recon- struction Acts. They were properly Reorganization Acts, for the Union had remained perfect from the begin- ning in all its essential elements. 8. The President steadily vetoed the reorganization acts of Congress, believing them to be unconstitutional ; but they all became laws without his signature, by a vote of two-thirds of the members of each House of Congress in their favor. 9. On account of the attempts of the President to frus- trate the action of Congress, and his public declaration that the National Legislature, as then organized, was an illegal body, he was put upon his trial on the 30th of March, 1868, charged with high crimes and misdemeanors. 10. On the 22d of February, 1868, the House of Repre- sentatives made the charges, in the form of Articles of Impeachment. These were adopted, on the 2d of March, and the President was arraigned for trial before the Senate of the Republic, which sat as a High Court of Im- peachment. He was, after a long trial, acquitted. 11. On the 1st day of March, 1867, the Territory of Nebraska 1 was admitted into the Union as a State. The Territory of Nevada 2 had been admitted on the 31st of October, 1864. Questions.— 7. What can you tell about acts of Congress? What were they called, and what should they be called? 9. What have you to say about the President and his relations to Congress ? 10. What can you tell about an impeach- ment and trial ? 11. What can you tell about the admission of States ? 1 ne-brah'-ska. 2 ne-vah'-dah. 352 THE UNION OF STATES, citlantic Cable, Alaska Sought. Election of President. 1 2. We have observed that the telegraphic cable stretched across the Atlantic was broken in 1858, after only two mes- sages had passed over it. In the summer of 1865 a new and lasting one was laid. The first communication through it was made on the 29th of July. Other ocean cables have since been laid in various parts of the world. 13. By a treaty with Russia in the autumn of 1867, a large domain in the northwestern extremity of North Amer- ica was purchased by the United States for the sum of seven million two hundred thousand dollars in gold, and annexed to the Republic as the Territory of Alaska. 1 14. In the antumn of 1868, the Republican party named Ulysses S. Grant as their candidate for President of the United States, and Schuyler Colfax for Vice-President. The Democratic party named Horatio Seymour for Presi- dent and Francis P. Blair for Vice-President. Grant and Colfax were elected. 15. In this section we have considered— (1) The inauguration of President Johnson and the capture of Jefferson Davis; (2) the Reorganization measures ; (3) amendments to the Constitution ; (4) the impeachment of the President ; (5) admission of new States; (6) a permanent Atlantic cable ; and (7) the purchase of Alaska. Questions.— 12. What have you to say about ocean telegraphic cables ? 13. What can you tell about a new Territory ? 14. What have you to say about nominations for President and the election ? 15. What have we considered in this section ? 1 a-lask'-a. THE UNION OF STATES. 353 President Grant, The Union Reorganized. Fifteenth Amendment. SECTION VI. GRANT'S ADMIN ISTRATION [1869-1875.] 1. On the 4th of March, 1869, Ulysses Simpson Grant, the seventeenth President of the United States, was inau- gurated. He was then forty- seven years of age. He was chosen by a large majority of the people. 2. During the first year of Grant's administration Virginia, Mississippi, and Texas, having complied with the requirements of Congress, were allowed representatives in that body. So the reor- t S ganization of the Re- public was finally perfect- ed. It now consists of thirty-eight States and ten Territories. 3. On the 3Cth of March, 1870, a Fifteenth PRESIDENT GRANT AND HIS BIRTHPLACE. Amendmen t tO the Con- stitution was adopted and proclaimed, which guaranteed the Questions.— 1. What have you to say about President Grant ? 2. What can you tell about the perfecting of reorganization ? 3. What did the Fifteenth Amendment secure ? 354 THE UNION OF STATES. Fenians. The Alabama c4ffair. A Settlement. right of suffrage to all citizens of the United States, without regard to race or color. 4. In May following an organized band of Irishmen, styled Fenians, associated for the avowed purpose of liber- ating Ireland from the political control of Great Britain, invaded Canada from the United States, in violation of our neutrality laws. The movement was a failure. 5. The fitting out of the privateer Alabama by British subjects, and her depredations, had produced a serious dis- pute between the governments of the United States and Great Britain. It was finally agreed to settle the matter by negotiation. Early in 1871 each government appointed commissioners for the purpose. 6. This High Commission, as it was called, met in the city of Washington in the spring of that year, and soon agreed to submit the whole matter to arbitrators appointed by the two governments, whose decision should be final. 7. The arbitrators met in Geneva, Switzerland. Their decision was that the British government should pay to the United States, for indemnity to American citizens for losses sustained by the depredations of the Alabama and other privateers, the sum of fifteen million five hundred thousand dollars. This was done, and so an apparent cause for war was removed by the more sensible and Christian-like way of peaceful negotiation. 8. In the autumn of 1872 President Grant was re-elected, with Henry Wilson as Vice-President. His opponent was Questions— 4. What have you to say ahout the Fenians ? 5. What can you tell about a dispute between the United States and Great Britain ? 6. Tell what you know about a High Commission, and their doings. 7. What did the arbitrators do? 8. What can you tell about an election in the autumn of 1872 ? THE UNION OF STATES. 355 Indian ziffairs. The Centennial and Foreign Governments. Horace Greeley. Grant and Wilson were inaugurated on the fourth of March, 1873. 9. Indian affairs and political troubles in the South occu- pied much of the public attention during a greater portion of Grant's second term of office. A peace policy with the Indians was yet only an experiment. 10. The Modoc Indians gave special trouble. At a friendly conference they treacherously murdered General Canby and a clergyman in April, 1873. Four of the leaders were hanged in October following. 11. By judicious measures our country has been kept at peace with other nations. Many of them will probably have official representatives at our National Centennial celebration at Philadelphia in 1876. The Territory of Colorado was admitted as a State March 4th, 1875. 12. Our internal troubles, chiefly growing out of social changes in the South, seem in a fair way for adjustment, and our future appears cheerful. 13. In this section we have considered — (1) The inauguration of President Grant; (2) the perfected reorganization of the Republic; (3) a Fif- teenth Amendment to the Constitution ; (4) a Fenian movement ; (5) the settlement of the dispute caused by the depredations of the Alabama, and (6) troubles with the Indians, and in the South. Questions— 9. What attracted much public attention ? What have you to say about a peace policy? 10. What can you tell about the Modoc Indians ? 11. What did judicious measures effect? What have you to say about other nations and our Centennial celebration? 12. What have you to say about internal troubles? 13. What have we considered in this section ? 356 THE UNION OF STATES. Outline of Important Events. OUTLINE OF IMPORTANT EYENTS FROM 1857 TO 1875.1 1857. James Buchanan inaugurated President in Jtfa?*ch. 1S5S. Quiet restored in Utah in April. First communication by tele- graph sent across the Atlantic in September. The people of Kansas vote to have a free labor State. 1859. John Brown's raid into Virginia in October. 1860. Embassadors from Japan, and the Prince of Wales visit the United States. Abraham Lincoln elected President in JVo- ve?nber. South Carolinians pass an ordinance of secession in December. 1861. South Carolinians fire on the Star of the West ; secession ordi- nances passed in five States in January. Texans pass an ordinance of secession, and Confederate States government formed in February, Lincoln inaugurated President in March. Fort Sumter attacked and evacuated by National troops, and the President calls for 75,000 men to put down the insurrection ; Davis offers commissions to privateersmen ; Vir- ginians pass an ordinance of secession, and Southern ports declared to be blockaded in April. Arsenal at Harper's Ferry and navy-yard at Gosport destroyed; National troops enter Virginia, and ordinances of secession passed in Arkan- sas, Tennessee, and North Carolina in Jlfay. Battles at Big Bethel and Romney in June. Richmond made the Confed- erate capital ; the National Congress meet and vote men and money for war; battles at Bull Run, Carthage, and Dug Springs in July. Battle won by Confederates at Wilson's Creek, and forts at Hatteras Inlet captured by Nationals in August. Lexington surrendered to the Confederates, and battle at Carnifex Ferry in Septembe?\ Confederates vic- torious at Ball's Bluff in October. Nationals capture forts at Port Royal entrance, and Mason and Slidell ; Confederates victorious at Belmont in JVovembe?*. A large amount of paper money authorized in 1861. 1862. Confederates defeated at Mill Spring, and the great National armies ordered to advance upon the Confederates in Ja?i- uary. Roanoke Island and Fort Donelson captured by the Nationals in Febi'uary. National victory at Pea Ridge ; Merrimack destroys U. S. ships ; fight between the Merrimack 1 See foot-note on page Zi. THE UNION OF STATES. 35 Y Outline of Important Events. and Monitor, and New Berne captured by the Nationals in March. Victory of Nationals at Shiloh, and they capture Island No. 10, Fort Pulaski, Huntsville, and New Orleans, in April, Confederates defeated at Williamsburg; Norfolk captured by the Nationals, and battle at Fair Oaks, in May. Destructive battles near Richmond in June. Battle of Cedar Mountain, and severe battles near Bull Run in August. Na- tionals victorious at Iuka Springs : Lee invades Maryland and is defeated at South Mountain and Antietam in September. Confederates repulsed at Corinth in Octobe?\ Confederates successful at Fredericksburg in December, and defeated at Murfreesboro' in January. 1863. Emancipation proclamation issued in January. Siege of Charleston begun in April. Confederates defeated at Port Gibson, and victorious at Chancellorville in May. West Virginia admitted into the Union, and Lee invades Maryland in Ju?ie. The Nationals victorious at Gettysburg ; Vicks- burg and Port Hudson surrender to the Nationals : draft riots in New York, and Morgan raids and is captured in Ohio in July. Confederates victorious at Chickamauga in Septem- ber. The Confederates defeated near Chattanooga, and re- pulsed at Knoxville in November, The Confederate ports thoroughly blockaded in 1863. 1864. Sherman liberates about ten thousand slaves, and the Nationals are defeated at Olustee in February. Grant appointed Lieutenant-General and chief commander of all the National armies; the Red River expedition in March. Battles at Sabine Cross-roads and Pleasant Hill ; Confederates capture Fort Pillow in Ap?'il. The large National armies move for- ward ; and battles in the Wilderness, and Spottsylvania won by the Nationals ; Nationals repulsed at Cool Arbor, and routed at New Market, in May. The Confederates defeated at Piedmont, and the Alabama sunk by the Kearsarge in June. The Confederates invade Maryland ; they are checked at the Monocacy ; they sack and burn Chambersburg, and are defeated before Atlanta in July. The Nationals capture the forts below Mobile in August. Atlanta surrendered to the Nationals ; the Confederates defeated near Winchester, and routed at Fisher's Hill in September. The Nationals vic- torious at • Cedar Creek ; Nevada admitted into the Union in October. Hood invades Tennessee with a Confederate army, is repulsed at Franklin, and besieges Nashville in JVovem- 358 TME UNION OF STATES. Outline of Important Invents. ber. Confederates defeated and driven from Nashville ; Na- tionals, after crossing Georgia, enter Savannah; Fort Fisher bombarded in December. 1865. Fort Fisher captured by Nationals in Ja?iuary. Nationals capture Columbia ; Charleston occupied by colored troops, and the Nationals take possession of Wilmington in February. The Nationals defeat the Confederates under Hardee in North Carolina in March. Lee attempts to evade Grant, but sur- renders his army at Appomattox Court-House ; Jefferson Davis and Confederate associates flee from Richmond ; President Lincoln is murdered, and Andrew Johnson succeeds him ; General Johnston surrenders his troops, and the Nationals capture Mobile in April. Jefferson Davis captured, and the last conflict of the war occurs in Texas in May. Slavery proclaimed to be abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment of the National Constitution in 'December. 1866. Fourteenth Amendment adopted in June. First communication sent over a permanent Atlantic Cable in July. 1867. Nebraska admitted into the Union in March. Alaska pur- chased of Russia in Ju?ie. 1868. Articles of Impeachment of President Johnson presented in February. His trial begins in March, and he is acquitted in May. 1869. Ulysses S. Grant inaugurated President in March. Reorgan- ization of the Union perfected. 1870. Fifteenth Amendment declared adopted in March. Fenians invade Canada in May. 1871. A treaty concerning the depredations of the Alabama concluded in May. 1872. President Grant re-elected, with Henry Wilson as Vice-President, in November. 1873. Grant inaugurated in March. Modoc Indians murder Peace Commissioners in April. Modoc murderers hung in Octo- ber. 1874. 1875. Internal troubles prevail in some of the Southern States. THE UNION OF STATES. 359 List of Important Hatlles of the Civil Wa LIST OF THE MOST IMPORTANT BATTLES OF THE CIVIL WAR. 1861. Attack on Fort Suinter, S. C. . . . April 12 Big Bethel, Ya June 10 Bull Run, Va July 21 Wilson's Creek, Mo Aug. 10 Lexington, Mo Sept. 12 Ball's Bluff, Va Oct. 21 1862. Mill Spring, Ky Jan. 19 Roanoke Island, N. C Feb. 8 Fort Donelson, Tenn Feb. 16 Pea Ridge, Ark March 8 Merrimack and Monitor, Va March 9 Pittsburgh Landing, Tenn April 6 Shiloh, Tenn April 7 Forts below New Orleans, La. . . April 18 Williamsburgh, Va May 5 Fair Oaks, Va May 30 Cross Keys, Va June 7 Mechanicsville. .. . June 26") Gaines' Mill June 27 I Near Savages Station June 28 V Richmond, Glendale June 29 Va. Malvern Hill July 1 J Cedar Mountain Aug. 9 Groveton, Va Aug. 29 Bull Run (second), Va Aug. 30 South Mountain, Md Sept. 14 Antietam, Md Sept. 17 Iuka Springs, Miss Sept 19 Corinth, Miss Oct, 4 Perry ville, Ky Oct. 8 Fredericksburg, Va Dec. 13 Murfreesboro', Tenn Dec. 31 1863. Port Gibson, Miss May 1 Chancellorville, Va May 2 Vicksburgh, Miss., siege, May 19 to July 4 Port Hudson, La., siege, May 27 to July 8 Gettysburgh, Pa July 1 Little Rock, Ark Sept. 10 Chickamauga, Ga Sept. 19 Chattanooga, Ga Nov. 25 Knoxville, Tenn Nov. 29 1864, Olustee, Fla Feb. 20 Sabine Cross-Roads, La April 8 Pleasant Hill, La April 8 Fort Pillow, Tenn April 12 The Wilderness, Va May 5 Spottsylvania, Va May 9 Resacca, Ga May 15 Dallas, Ga May 28 Cool Arbor, Va June 3 Around Kenesaw Mountain, Ga.. June Kearsarge and Alabama June 19 Mouocacy, Md July 9 Atlanta, Ga July 22 Forts below Mobile, Ala Aug. 22 Winchester, Va Sept. 19 Cedar Creek, Va Oct. 19 Franklin, Tenn Nov. 30 Nashville, Tenn Dec. 15 Fort Fisher, N. C Dec. 25 1865. Fort Fisher, N. C Jan. 15 Averysboro', N. C March 16 Near Petersburgh, Va... Feb. and March. Five Forks, Va April 1 360 TZE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. Remarks. Preamble. Objects of the Constitution. SECTION VII. THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. We have here, and also on page 231, considered the causes which led to the con- struction of the National Constitution, in 1787; its adoption by the people of the United States as the organic law of the land, and the establishment of a National Government in accordance with its plan. Let us now take it up and study it carefully, for it is the Great Charter of our Liberties. We will begin with the introductory remarks, or PREAMBLE. We the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for Objects. the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our pos- terity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. ARTICLE I. SECTION I. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested Legislative Powers, in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a senate and house of representatives. SECTION II. 1st Clause.— The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several House of Repre- States, and the electors in each State shall have the qualifi- sentatives. cations requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislature. 2of Clause.— No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a Qualification of citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when Representatives, elected, be an inhabitant of the State in which he shall be chosen. Questions.— What have we considered ? What are the remarks introductory to the National Constitution called ? Recite the Preamble to the Constitution. Who ordained and established the Constitution ? For what purposes ? Art. I. Legislative Department. Sec. I. Recite Section I. In what body are all legislative powers vested ? Of what does Congress consist ? Sec. II. Recite the 1st Clause. How is the House of Representatives composed? How often and by whom are the Representatives chosen? What are the qualifica- tions for an elector or voter? Recite the M Clause. What is said about the age of a Representative ? How long must he have been a citizen of the United States ? What is required in regard to his residence ? What three qualifications must a Repre- sentative possess ? THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. 361 Apportionment of Representatives. Number of Senators. 3d Clause.— Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may he included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be de- Apportionment of termined by adding to the whole number of free persons, Representatives, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumera- tion shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States j and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of representatives 6hall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of Nen> Hampshire shall be en- titled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, SZhode Island and Providence "Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Penn- sylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, "Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 4th Clause.— When vacancies happen in the representa- __ . tion from any State, the executive authority thereof shall ^^' issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 5th Clause— The House of Representatives shall choose speaker h their speaker and other officers ; and shall have the sole appointed W power of impeachment. SECTION I1L 1st Clause— The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each State, chosen by the Number of Senators legislature thereof, for six years ; and each senator shall from each State, have one vote. 2d Clause.— Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class Classification of shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the Senators, second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year ; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary appoint- ments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. Questions.— Sec. II. Recite the 3c? Clavse. How are Representatives and direct taxes apportioned among the several States ? How are the respective numbers of the representative population to be determined ? When was the first enumeration or census to be made, and how often thereafter? How many inhabitants, at least, are required for one representative? What number shall each State have? What number of representatives respectively were the States then in the Union entitled to ? Of how many members, consequently, did the first. House of Representatives consist ? Recite the 4th Clause. How are vacancies in the representation of a State to be filled ? Recite the 5th Clause. Who shall choose the officers of the House of Representatives ? Sec. III. Recite the 1st Clause. Of whom shall the Senate be composed ? By whom are the Senators chosen, and for what space of time? How many votes is each Senator entitled to ? Recite the 2d Clause. Into how many classes were the Senators at first divided? In what order were their seats vacated? What propor- tion of Senators are chosen every second year? Under what conditions may the Executive or Governor of a State fill a vacancy in the Senate? How long may a Senator so appointed fill the office ? How shall the vacancy then be filled ? 362 THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. Qualification of Senators. .Jleetinr/ of Congress. M Clause.— No person shall be a senator who shall not Quaancation ol haye attamed to the age of thirty yearSi and been nine yearg Senators. a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. ■p - H- r»ffi ^ tfl Clause.— The Vice-President of the United States Presiding Urhcer ehaU be presitlent of the Sen ate, but shall have no vote, ol tne senate. unleBS they be equally divided. 5th Clause.— The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States. 6th Clause.— The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments: When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or Senate, a court for affirmation. When the President of the United States trial of impeach- is tried, the chief-justice shall preside : and no person ment. shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present, Hth Clause.— Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold anJ enjoy Judgment in case any office of honor, trust or profit under the United of Conviction. States • but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and pun- ishment, according to law. SECTION IV. 1st Clause.— The times, places, and manner of holding Elections of Sena- elections for senators and representatives, shall be pre- tors and Repre- scribed in each State by the legislature thereof; but the sentatives. Congress may at any time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators. 2d Clause. —The Congress shall assemble at least once Meeting of Con- in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first gress. Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. SECTION V. 1st Clause.— Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifica- tions of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to Questions.— Sec. III. Recite the M Clause. At what age is a person eligible to be a Senator? How long must he have been a citizen of the United States? What is required concerning his residence? What are the three requisites of a Senator? Recite the 4th Clause. Who shall be the President of the Senate ? When may he vote ? Recite the 5th Clause. What officers shall the Senate choose ? What officers may they choose pro tempore, or for the time being, and under what conditions ? Re- cite the 6th Clause. What sole power has the Senate ? What sole power is given to the House of Representatives by the 5th Clause, Section II., Article I., of the Consti- tution ? Under what conditions shall the Senate sit for the trial of impeachment ? When shall the Chief-Justice of the United States preside in the Senate ? What pro- portion of the Senate shall be necessary to a conviction ? Recite the 7th Clause. In cases of impeachment, how far may judgment extend ? To what is the convicted person further liable ? Sec IV. Recite the 1st Clause. What prescription is allowed to each State legis- lature in regard to elections for members of the Congress ? What may the Congress do in the matter? Recite the M Clause. How often and at what time shall the Con- gress assemble ? How may a different day be appointed ? Sec V. Recite the 1st Clause. Of what may each House of Congress be the judge ? What proportion shall constitute a quorum to do business ? What power is given to a smaller number ? What power is given these concerning absent members ? THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. 363 Organization of Congress. Compensation of Members. do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance Organization of of absent members, in such manner and under such penal- Congress. ties as each house may provide. 2d Clause.— Each bouse may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, Rules of proceeding. and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. 3d Clause.— Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy, and the yeas and nays of Journal of Congress, the members of either house on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. 4th Clause. -Neither house, during the session of Con- gress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for Adjournment of more than three days, nor to any other place than that in Congress, which the two houses shall be sitting. SECTION VI. 1st Clause.— The senators and representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, Compensation except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be priv- and privileges of ileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of members, their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. 2d Clause.— ~No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or Plurality of offices the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during prohibited, such time ; and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office. section vn. 1st Clause.— AW bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may pro- Bills, how originated, pose or concur with amendments as on other bills. Questions.— Sec. V. Recite the 2d Clause. What powers are given each House over its rules of proceedings? What power is given to each for enforcing its own rules? Recite the 3d Clause. What is required of each House concerning its pro- ceedings ? What discretionary power is given to each House concerning its journals ? When shall the yeas and nays in each House be entered on the journal? Recite the 4th Clause. What requirement is made concerning the adjournment of either House ? How are they restricted as to the place to which either may adjourn ? Sec. VI. Recite the 1st Clause. What provision is made for the compensation of the members of Congress? What privileges are members of Congress entitled to? What are the exceptions? How is freedom in speech and debate secured to mem- bers of Congress ? Recite the 2d Clause. How are members of Congress restricted concerning the holding of civil offices ? What will prevent a person being a member of Congress ? Sec. VII. Recite the 1st Clause. In which House of Congress shall revenue bills originate ? What may the Senate do ? 364 THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. How bills become laws. Powers vesled in Congress. 2d Clause.— Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to How bills become the President of the United States. If he approve he shall laws. sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after 6uch reconsideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays ; and the names of the persons voting for and against the biil shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten clays (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. M Clause.— Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Sen- ate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except Approval and veto on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the powers of the President of the United Stales; and before the same President. shall take effect shall be approved by him, or being disap- proved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations pre- scribed in the case of a bill. SECTION vm. 1st Clause.— The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, im- posts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the Powers vested in common defence and general welfare of the United Congress. States y but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uni- form throughout the United States ; 2c? Clause.— Ho borrow money on the credit of the United States ; 3c? Clause.— To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes ; teh Clause— To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States ; 5th Clause. — To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures ; Questions.— Sec. "VTT. Recite the 2d Clause. What shall be done with a bill after it has passed both Houses of Congress ? What must the President do with it? What shall the House to Avhich the bill may be returned with the President's objec- tions or veto do ? When shall the bill be sent to the other House ? What shall accom- pany the bill ? What shall the other House do ? If the bill shall be approved by two- thirds of both Houses, what then ? How shall the votes of the Houses be determined, in snch cases ? What shall be entered in the journals ? Under what other conditions may a bill become a law ? What is the exception ? Recite the 3d Clause. What must be done with every order, resolution, and vote, requiring the concurrence of both Houses, before they shall take effect ? What is the exception ? How may such orders, resolutions, and votes be made effective, notwithstanding the President's veto? Sec. VIII. Recite the 1st Clause. What powers are given to the Congress con- cerning taxes, duties, imposts, excises, debts, and the common defence of the United States? What is said about the uniformity of duties, imposts, and excises? What power is given to Congress by the 2c? Clause? What power is given to Congress by the 3c? Clause ? What power* is ffiven to Congress by the Uh Clause? What power is given to Congress by the 5th Clause? THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. 565 Powers of Congress. ddmission of Immigrants. 6th Clause.— To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States / 1th Clause. — To establish post-oftices and post-roads ; 8th Clause.— To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries; 9th Clause.— To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; 10th Clause.— To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations ; Uth Clause.— To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water ; 12th Clause.— To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; YMh Clause.— To provide and maintain a navy ; Uth Clause.— To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces ; loth Clause.— To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions; 16th Clause. — To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress; lllh Clause. — To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legisla- ture of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings;— And lath Clause.— To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. SECTION IX. 1st Clause.— The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be pro- hibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand Immigrants, how eight hundred "and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed admitted, on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. Questions.— Sec. VIII. What power is given to Congress by the 6th Clause? What power is given to Congress by the 1th Clause? What power is given to Con- gress by the 8th Clause:? What power is given to Congress by the 9th Clause? What power is given to Congress by the 10th Clause? What power is given to Congress by the 11th Clause? What power is given to Congress by the 12th Clause? What power is given to Congress by the lMh Clause? What power is given to Congre-s by the lUh Clause? What power is given to Congress by the 15th Clause? What power is given to Congress by the 16th Clause? What is reserved to the States respectively ? What power is given to Congress by the 11th Clause? What power is given to Congress by the IWi Clause ? Sec. IX. Recite the 1st Clause. What, restrictions were imposed upon Congress concerning the migration or importation of certain persons, meaning slaves, from Africa or elsewhere ? What was the limit of that restriction ? What tax or duty might be laid? THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. Habeas Corpus. 2 J oners of Slates defined. 2d Clause.— The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus Habeas Corpus, shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. 3d Clause.— No bill of attainder or ex post facto law Attainder. ghall be passe d. 4th Clause.— No capitation, or other direct tax shall be Taxes. laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken. 5th Clause.— No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. 6th Clause.— No preference shall be given by any regula- Regnlations regard- tion of commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over ing duties. those of another; nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 7th Clause.— No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence o* appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement and Money, how drawn, account of the receipts and expenditures of all pubLc money shall be published from time to time. 8th Clause.— No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States : And no person holding any office of profit or trust under them Titles of nobility shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any prohibited. present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. SECTION X. 1st Clause.— No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills of Powers of States credit ; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in denned. payments of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 2d Clause.— No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any impost or duties on imports or exports', except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States y and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. 3d Clause.— No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of ton- nage, keep troops or ships-of-war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or com- pact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually iavaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. Questions. — Sec. IX. Recite the 2d Clause. What is said concerning the sus- pension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus? What does the 3d Clause pro- hibit? What is said in the 4th Clause about taxation? What does the 5th Clause prohibit concerning exportations from any State ? What does the 6th Clause provide concerning the commerce between the States ? What is provided in the 7th Clause in relation to the drawing of money from the Treasury, and a statement and account of receipts and expenditures? Recite the 8th Clause. What is said concerning titles of nobility ? What restrictions concerning favors from foreigners are laid upon National officers? Sec. X. What restrictions are laid upon each State by the 1st Clause? What restrictions are laid upon each State by the 2d Clause? What restrictions are laid upon each State by the 3d Clause? THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. 36' Executive power 3 in whom rested. Qualifications for 'President. ARTICLE II. SECTION I. 1st Clause.— The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall Executive power, hold his office during the term of four years, and, together in whom vested, with the Vice-President chosen for the same term, be elected as follows : 2d Clause.— Each State 6hall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole num- ber of senators and representatives to which the State Presidential may be entitled in the Congress: but no senator or repre- electors, seutative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. 3d Clause.— The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give Time of choosing their votes ; which day shall be the same throughout the electors. United States. 4th Clause.— No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United Stales at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President ; neither shall Qualifications of any person be eligible to that office who shall not have the President, attained to the age of thirty-five years, and beeu fourteen years resident within the United Stales. 5th Clause.— In the case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-Presi- Resort in case of dent, and the Congress may by law provide for the. case of his disability, removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the Presi- Qttestions.— Art. II. Executive Department. Sec. I. Recite the 1st Clause. In whom is the executive power of the Republic vested ? What is the term of office of the President and Vice-President? Recite the M Clause. What shall each State do* What shall be the number of electors ? Who may not be an elector ? Now turn to the Twelfth Amendment of the Constitution, on' page 374. Where shall the electors meet ? How shall they vote ? What restriction is made ? How shall their ballots be made out? What lists shall they make? What shall they do with them? What shall the President of the Senate do? Who shall be declared the President under certain conditions ? What are those conditions ? When no choice shall be made by the electors, by whom is the President chosen ? From how many and what candidates must the House of Representatives choose a President? How shall the votes be taken ? What shall constitute a quorum ? What is necessary to a choice ? In the event of the House not choosing a President before the 4th of IVtarch following, who shall act as President ? How shall the Vice-President be chosen ? In the event of no choice by the electors, how shall he be chosen V Under what con- ditions may the Senate make the choice ? What is said about the eligibility of a person for Vice-President? Recite the 3d Clause of Section I., Article II. What may Congress determine concerning electors? What is said about the day on which electors shall vote ? Recite the 4th Clause. What is said about the birthplace of a person being eligible for the office of President? What shall be his age, at least, and the time of his residence in the United States? Recite the 5th Clause. On whom shall the office of President devolve, in the event of the death or disability of that officer ? What power is given to Congress for filling the places of President and Vice-President ? 368 THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION, Salary of the President. Power to convene Congress . (Tent and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. 6th Clause.— -The President shall, at stated times, receive for his servic3s, a com- pensation, which shall neither be increased nordiminishea Salary of the Pres- during the period tor which he shall have been elected, and ident, he shall not receive within that period any other emolu- ment from the United States, or any of them. 1th Clause.— Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the fol- lowing oath or affirmation: — '"I do solemnly swear (or Oath, of office. affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.''' SECTION II. 1st Clause.— The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United Slates, and of the militia of the several Duties of the Pres- States, when called into the actual service of the United ident. States ; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. 2d Clause. —He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Sen- ate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators His power to make present concur ; and he shall nominate, and by and with treaties, appoint the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint arnbas- ambassadors, sadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the judges, etc. Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise pro. vided for, and which shall be established by law : but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 3d Clause.— The President shall have power to fill up all May fill vacancies, vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. SECTION III. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such meas- Power to convene ures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may, on Congress. extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with Questions.— Sec. I. Recite the 6th Clause. What is said concerning the Presi- dent's compensation? What restrictions are laid upon him? What does the 1th Clause declare that the President shall do ? Sec. II. Recite the 1st Clause. Of what, and under what circumstances, shall the President be a commander-in-chief? What may he require of the officers of the ex- ecutive departments ? What powers are given him concerning 1 reprieves and pardons ? What is the exception? What power is given to the President by the 2d Clause? What proviso is made? What officers of the government shall he nominate, and, by and with the advice of the Senate, appoint ? What may the Congress do concerning appointments? Recite the 3d Clause. What power is given to the President for filling vacancies ? What is the duration of such commission ? THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. 3G0 How officers may be removed. Supreme Court jurisdiction. respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as ho shall think proper ; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States. SECTION IV. The President, Vice-President and all civil officers of the United Stales, shall be removed from office on im- How officers may peachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other be removed, high crimes and misdemeanors. ARTICLE I I I. SECTION I. The judicial power of the United Stales shall be vested in one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Judicial power, supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during how vested, good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. SECTION n. 1st Clause.— The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority ;— to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls ;— to all To what cases it cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; — to contro- extends. versies to which the United States shall be a party ; — to controversies between two or more States ;— between a State and citizens of another State ; — between citizens of different States ; — between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens or subjects. M Clause.— In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a State shall be party, the supreme court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other Jurisdiction of the cases before mentioned, the supreme court shall have ap- Supreme Court, pellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. Questions.— Sec III. What information is the President required to give to the Congress? What recommendations shall he make? What may he do on extraordi- nary occasions ? When may the President adjourn the Congress ? What is his duty respecting ambassadors ? What is his duty concerning the execution of the laws, and the commissioning of government officers ? Sec. IV. For what crimes may all civil officers of the Government be removed, and by what method ? Art. III. Judicial Department. Sec I. In what bodv or bodies is the judicial power of the Republic vested ? By what tenure do the judges hold their offices ? What is said about compensation for their services ? . Sec II. Recite the 1st Clause. How many subjects are named in which the United States courts have jurisdiction ? Name the 1st. Name the 2d. Name the 3d. Name the 4th. Name the 5th, Name the Cth. Name the Tth. Name the 8th. Name the 9th. Recite the 2d Clause. In what cases shall the Supreme Court have original jurisdiction ? What is its jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, in all the other cases mentioned ? What may be exceptions ? .370 THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. Treason defined. ^Privilege of citizens. 3d Clause.— The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury ; and such trial shall be held in the State where the Rules respecting- said crimes shall have been committed ; but when not trials. committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. SECTION III. 1st Clause.— Treason against the United States shall Treason defined, consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. 2d Clause.— No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 3d Clause.— The Congress shall have power to declare How punished. the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. ARTI CLE IV. SECTION I. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general laws pre- scribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceed- ings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. Rights of States to public faith defined. SECTION II. 1st Clause. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. 2d Clause. — A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall on demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled , be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. 3c? Clause.— No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws there- of, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. Privileges of citi- zens. Executive re qui sition. Law regulating ser vice or labor. Questions— Sec. II. Recite the 3d Clause. Bv whom shall all crimes be tried ? What is the exception? Where shall such trials be held? What mav the Congress direct ? Sec. IIT.— Recite the 1st Cl.ause. In what does treason consist? Recite the M Clause. What is required to convict a person of treason ? Recite the 3d Clause. What power is given to Congress in the matter of treason ? How are the conse- quences of attainder of treason limited? Art. IV. Sec. I. Recife this section. How are the public acts of the several States to be treated in each State ? What may Congress do in relation to them ? Sec. II. What does the 1st Cause declare'concernine: the privileges and immuni- ties of citizens ? Recite the 2e? Clause. Who shall be delivered up for removal from one State to another, on the demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled? Where shall he be removed to ? What does the 3d Clause declare about fugitives from service or labor, meaning slaves, and apprentices bound by in- dentures ? THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. 37 1 jVew Slates, how admitted. Constitution, how amended. SECTION III. 1st Clause. —New States may be admitted by the Con- gress irito this Union ; but no new State shall be formed New States, how or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State ; ncr formed and ad- any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, mitted. or parts of States, without the consent of the legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. 2d Clause.— The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other prop- erty belonging to the United States; and nothing in Power of Congress this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any over public lands, claims of the United States, or of any particular State. SECTION IV. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against in- vasion, and on application of the legislature, or of the ex- Republican govern- ecutive (when the legislature cannot be convened), against ment guaranteed, domestic violence. ARTICLE V. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the appli- cation of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, Constitution, how shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, to be amended, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress, provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. ARTICLE VI. 1st Clause.— All debts contracted and engagements en- tered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall Validity of debts be as valid against the United States under this Constitu- recognized, tion, as under the Confederation. Ouesttons.— Sec. in.— Recite the 1st Clause. By whom may new States be ad- mitted into the Union? What restrictions are applied in the formation of nevy Spates ? Recite the M Clause. What power is given to Congress by this clause ? What construction, as to claims, is not to be put upon any part of the Constitution ? Sec. IV. Recite this section. What shall the United States, or National Govern- ment, guarantee to every State? In what two ways is the National Government bound to protect ench State ? , Article V. Of what does this article treat ? In what ways may amendments to the Constitution be proposed? * How shall amendments be made a part of the Con- stitution ? What restrictions were imposed concerning the 1st and M Clauses ot the ninth section of the first article ? Recite those clauses. Have those restrictions any force now ? Why not ? What is said of the equality of the States in the Senate ? Article VI. Recite the 1st Clause. What is said of the validity of former pub- lic debts ? 372 THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. Supreme Zctw defined. Freedom in Heilc/ion, Speech, <£c. M Clause.— This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or Supreme law of the which shall be made, under the authority of the United land denned. States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. M Clause.— The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several State legislatures, and all executive and Oath, of whom re- judicial officers, both of the United States and of the quired, and for several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to what. support this Constitution ; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. ARTICLE VII. The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall Eatification. be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution be- tween the States so ratifying the same. Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the States present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names. [Signed by the members of the convention.] AMENDMENTS. At the first session of the First Congress, begun and held in the city of .Yew York, on Wednesday, the 4th of March, 1TS9, many amendments to the National Constitution were offered for consideration. The Congress proposed ten of them to the legislatures of the several States. These were ratified by the Constitutional num- ber of State legislatures by the middle of December, l r »91. Five other amendments have since been proposed and duly ratified, and have become with the other ten a part of the National Constitution. The following are the amendments : ARTICLE I. Congress shall make no law respecting an establish- Freedom in religion ment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; and speech, and or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press ; or the of the press. right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for redress of grievances. ARTICLE II. A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security Militia. of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. Questions. — Art. VI. Recite the 2c? Clause. What is declared to be the supreme law of the land? By what are the judges in every State bound? Recite the 'id Clause. Who shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support the National Consti- tution ? What is said concerning religious tests ? Article VII. What does this article declare ? Where, and by whose consent, and when was the National Constitution formed ? Who were the witnesses to it ? Amendments. When and where were amendments to the Constitution offered to the Congress ? What did the Congress do ? How many amendments were ratified ? What others were proposed, and when were they ratified ? What can you tell about a thirteenth amendment ? Article I. Recite the first amendment to the Constitution. What subjects are the Congress prohibited from making laws upon ? THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. .373 Militia. Search Warrants. Trial by Jury. ARTICLE III. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of Soldiers, war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. ARTI CLE IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable Search-warrants, cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. ARTICLE V. No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, ex- cept in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Capital crimes, militia, when in actual service in the time of war and pub- lic danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor to be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compen- sation. ARTI CLE VI. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which dis- Trial by jury, trict shall have been previously ascertained by law. and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. ARTICLE VII. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall Suits at common be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise law. re-examined in any court of the United Stales, than ac- cording to the rules of common law. Questions.— Article II. Recite this article. What is declared concerning the militia, and rights of the people? Article III. Recite this article. Article IV. Recite this article. What right are the people to be secure in? What is declared concerning warrants ? Article V. What is declared concerning the holding of persons to answer for alleged offences ? What is said about a second trial for the same offence V In what case shall a person not be compelled to testify in court ? What guarantee of protec- tion is promised ? When only can private property be taken for the public use ? Article VI. What right shall a person accused of crime enjoy? What risrht as to the witnesses that may appear against him f What method is secured to him for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and the obtaining of counsel ? Article VII. In what civil cases shall the right of trial by jury be preserved? In what way shall the re-examination of facts tried by a jury be made ? 374 THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. Suits at Common Law. Hail. Judicial power limited. Eail. ARTICLE VI I I. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. Certain rights de- fined. ARTICLE IX. The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. Rights reserved. ART ICLE X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are re- served to the States respectively, or to the people. ARTICLE XI. The judicial power of the United States shall not be Judicial power construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, corn- limited, menced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State. ARTI CLE XII. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice- President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice- President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and cer- tify, and transmit sealed to the seat of Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate ;— the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted ;— the person having the greatest number of votes for Pres- ident, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all Amendment respect- ing the election of President and Vic e-President. Questions.— Article VITT. What, does this article declare? Article IX. What does this article declare? Article X. What does this article declare? Article XI. What does this article declare? Article XII. What does this article declare? In what connection have we considered the Twelfth Article of the Constitution, which relates to the election of President and Vice-President of the United States ? THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. 375 Election of President and Vice- President. the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as Pres- ident, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice- President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then, from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. ARTICLE XIII. SECTION I. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been Slavery prohibited. duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. SECTION II. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. ARTICLE XIV. SECTION I. All persons born or naturalized in the United States , and subject to the jurisdic- tion thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce Citizens and their any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of rights, citizens of the United States; nor shall any State de- prive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. SECTION II. Representatives shall be appointed among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any elec- tion for the choice of electors for President and Vice Pres- Adjustment of re- ideut of the United States, representatives in Congress, presentation to the Hie executive or judicial officers of a State, or the members elective franchise, of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male in- habitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty- one years of age in such State. SECTION m. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of Pres- ident and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United Article XIII. What does this article declare? Article XIV. What does this article declare ? 376 THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTION. Disabling Conditions. Treatment of l J ublic Debts. Slates, or under any State, who, having previously taken Disabling con- an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the ditions. United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to sup- port the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. SECTION IY. The validity of the public debt of the United Stales, authorized by law, in- cluding debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in sup- pressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. Treatment of pnb- But neither the United States nor any State shall assume lie debts. or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrec- tion or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave ; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. SECTION V. Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. ARTICLE XV. SECTION I. The right of the citizens of the United Slates shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous con- dition of servitude. section n. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. OUR NATIONAL PROGRESS. No nation ever showed suck marvellous growtti as ours has done, since it was established under a national constitution, in 1790. In expansion of area, increase in population, development of resources of every kind, growth of its manufactures, com- merce, arts, science and literature, and in moral and politi- cal influence among the family of nations, its progress has been most remarkable. Xew States added to the original thirteen, have become members of the Union by a simple process. After a wild region has acquired a certain number of permanent inhabitants, it is organized into a Terri- tory. When the population reaches another prescribed number, it may be admitted into the Union as a State, by an act of Congress, with a State constitution for its local government. The following table shows the date of settlement of each State in the Union, by whom settled, and the date of admission of each. Questions.— Article XV. What does this article declare ? OUR NATIONAL PROGRESS. 377 Order. Name. Date of Settle- ment. Where first Settled. By whom Settled. Date of admis- sion. I Virginia 1607 Jamestown .. . English 2 New York 1614 New York . . . Dutch Massachusetts. . 1620 Plymouth English 4 New Hampshire 1623 Little Harbor. 4; 5 Connecticut .... 1633 Windsor " 6 Maryland 1634 St. Mary's " 7 Rhode Island . . 1636 Providence.. . " 8 Delaware 1638 Wilmington. . Swedes 9 North Carolina. 1650 Chowan River English IO New Jersey. . . . 1664 Elizabeth " ii South Carolina. 1670 Ashley River. " 12 Pennsylvania. . . 1682 Philadelphia . " 13 14 1733 1724 Savannah .... " Vermont Fort Dummer. " 179I 15 Kentucky 1775 Boonesboro'.. " 1792 16 Tennessee 1757 Fort Loudon . " 1796 17 18 Ohio 1788 1699 Marietta Iberville w French,. .... I802 Louisiana I8I2 19 20 1730 1716 Vincennes. . . . " I8l6 Mississippi Natchez «* 1817 21 Illinois 1720 Kaskaskia . . . " I8l8 22 Alabama I7II Mobile " 1819 23 Maine 1625 Bristol t< 1820 24 Missouri 1764 St. Louis " 1821 25 Arkansas 1685 Arkansas Post (4 1836 26 Michigan 1670 Detroit " 1837 27 Florida I5D5 St. Augustine. Spanish 1845 28 Texas 1692 San Antonio.. " 1845 29 30 1833 1669 Burlington. . . English 1846 Wisconsin Green Bav. . . French 1848 31 California 1769 San Diego . . . Spanish 1850 32 Minnesota 1846 St. Paul Americans.. 1858 33 Oregon l8ll Astoria " 1859 34 35 36 " 1861 West Virginia. . Nevada English Americans.. 1863 1864 37 Nebraska » 1867 38 Colorado " 1875 Questions. —Name the original thirteen States in the order of their settlement. When was Virginia first settled ? Where ? By whom ? When was New York first settled ? Where ? By whom ? Ask the same questions about all of the thirty- eight States. When was the first State admitted, into the Union formed by the original thirteen States ? What State was it ? Gi- e the names of the other States in the order of their admission. When was Vermont admitted ? When Kentucky ? Ask the same questions about all the other States. How many States are there now in the Union ? 878 OUR XATIOXAL PROGRESS. The following Table shows the national progress in population. 2'?te Census, or enumeration of the inhabitants, is taken every ten years. Census. Date of Number of Population of the States. Population of Total Census. States. the Tritoerries. Population. i 1790 13 3,894,136 35,^9! 3,929,827 2 1800 16 5,231,992 73,949 5,305,941 3 1810 17 7,036,474 203,340 7,239,814 4 1820 23 9,5*5,397 122,794 9,638,191 5 1830 It 12.729,429 I30159 1 12,866,020 6 1840 16,897,207 172,246 17,069,453 7 1850 31 23,047,891 i43,9 8 5 23,191,876 8 i860 33 31,040,842 402,479 31,443,321 9 1870 37 38,113,253 442,730 38,555,983 Questions.— When was the first Census of the United States taken? How often is the Census taken ? How many States were there in the Union when the first Cen- sus was taken ? How many States were admitted before the next Census ? Before the next ? What was the population of the United States when the first Census was taken in 1790? * In 1800? In 1810? And so on. What was the increase in popula- tion from 1790 to 1800? From 1800 to 1810 ? From 1810 to 1820 ? TABLE OF PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 1 Resi- dence when elected. When No. Presidents. Born. Died. inaugu- rated. Vice-Presidents. 1 George Washington. Va 1732 1799 1789 John Adams. 1735 1743 1826 1797 1801 i 3 Thomas Jefferson . . . Va 1826 Aaron Burr. George Clinton. 4 James Madison Va i75i 1836 1809 -1 George Clinton. Elbridge Gerry. 5 James Monroe Va 1758 1831 1817 Daniel D. Tompkins. 6 John Ouincy Adams. Mass . . 1767 1848 1825 John C. Calhoun. 7 Andrew Jackson .... Tenn.. 1767 1845 1829 -j John C. Calhoun. Martin Van Buren. 8 Martin Van Buren . . N. Y.. 1782 1862 1837 Richard M. Johnson. 9 W. H. Harrison Ohio . . 1773 1841 1841 John Tyler. 10 John Tyler James K. Polk Va 1790 1862 1841 11 Tenn.. 1795 1849 1845 George M. Dallas. 12 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore La 1784 1850 1849 Millard Fillmore. I 3 N. Y.. 1800 1874 1850 x 4 Franklin Pierce N. H.. 1804 1869 1853 Wm. R. King. 15 James Buchanan Penn.. 1791 1868 1857 J. C. Breckinridge: 16 Abraham Lincoln... in. ... 1809 1865 1861 -j Hannibal Hamlin. Andrew Johnson. J 7 Andrew Johnson Tenn.. 1808 1865 18 Ulysses S. Grant .. Ill 1822 1869] Schuyler Colfax. Henry Wilson. Ouestions.— Name in their order the Presidents of the United States. Name those who served two terms, or eight years. Name those who served but one term, or four years. Name those who died before their term of office expired. * It probably will not be best to require the scholar to give the exact population at each of these dates. " The population in 1790 was nearly four million, would be a sufficient answer, and would fix an important fact in the mind. To say that the increase of population for the first ten years was about 1,300,000 would be a good answer, and thus fixing these figures approximately in the mind will give some idea as to our wonderful growth as a nation. The increase in population may be stated at about thirty-three per cent, every ten years. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. Among the multitude of persons mentioned in this work, who bore a part in the discovery, settlement, planting of the colonies, or assisted in laying the foundations of our Republic, a few appear conspicuous be- cause of their more palpable achievements. From these I have selected the following as subjects for brief biographical notices,, and placed their names in alphabetical order for convenient reference. Students are recommended to read more extended histories of their lives in other books. These notes indicate only the most conspicuous services of each. Adams, John. Born in Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1735; was a lawyer by profession ; was an early and earnest champion of the rights of the people ; a signer of the Declaration of Independence ; a representative of his country at foreign courts, and second Pres- ident of the Republic. Died at Quincy in 1826. Adams, Samuel. Born in Boston in 1722. A powerful advocate of the rights of the people. A legislator without blemish ; firm in resisting British oppression ; a signer of the Declaration of Independence : a member of the convention which adopted the National Constitution, and Lieutenant-Governor of Massachu- setts. Died in Boston in 1803. Baltimore, Lord, Cecil Calvert, son and heir of George Lord Balti- more. Sent a colony to settle Maryland, and became the founder of that commonwealth. Born in England about 1613, and died there in 1676. He never came to America. Bradford, William. Born in Yorkshire. England, in 1588. Came to America in the May-Flower, and became the second governor of Plymouth. He ruled wisely and well. Died in 1657. Cabot, Sebastian. Born at Bristol, England, about 1472. Son of an Italian merchant and navigator ; he made a voyage westward, and discovered North America at about the time Columbus dis- covered South America. Died in 1557. Cartier, Jacques. Born at St. Malo, France, in 1494. An eminent navigator ; he was sent out by the king of France to the coasts 380 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. of North America. He discovered the Gulf and River St. Law- rence, and named tliem. He ascended the St. Lawrence to Montreal. Died about the year 1555. Coligni, Gaspard de. Born in 1517. Admiral of France, and a leader of the French Protestants. He attempted to form a colony of these people in Florida. They were murdered or driven away. He was killed in Paris on St. Bartholomew's Eve, 1572. Columbus, Christopher. Born at Genoa about 1435. A navigator of great skill and engaged in scientific research, he came to the con- clusion that the earth was a sphere, and that India, then difficult to reach by merchants of western Europe, might be found by sailing westward. Whilst seeking a westward passage to that country, he discovered America. Died at Valladolid, Spain, in 1506. De Soto, Fernando. Born in Estramadura, Spain, about 1500. An adventurer, who accompanied Pizarro in the conquest of Peru. Attempted the conquest of Florida, and failed ; but he was the first European discoverer of the Mississippi River. Died in 1542. Elizabeth, Queen. Born in the palace at Greenwich, in 1533. Daugh- ter of Henry the 8th and Anne Boleyn. Ruled England with vigor for forty -five years. Encouraged efforts to make settle- ments in America. An unmarried sovereign. Died in 1G03. Franklin, Benjamin. Born in Boston in 1706. By trade a printer. Became a philosopher and statesman, legislator and foreign em- bassador. Was one of the foremost men in civil life, in the War of the Revolution, and was a signer of the Declaration of In- dependence. Helped negotiate the treaty for peace and inde- pendence. Died in Philadelphia in 1790. George, King. The Third George was born in London in 1738. He ascended the English throne in 1760. It was from his rule that the Americans declared themselves to be independent ; and against him the charges in the Declaration of Independence were made. He reigned fifty years. Died at Windsor Castle in 1820. Greene, Nathaniel. Born in Warwick, Rhode Island, in 1742. A member of the Society of Friends. Became one of the foremost of the major generals of the Revolution. President of the court that tried and condemned Major Andre. Died in Georgia in 1786. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. 381 Hamilton, Alexander. Born on the island of Nevis in 1757. Eminent for oratory and logic. A good soldier and acute statesman. First Secretary of the Treasury of the Republic and chief author of our Financial system. Killed in a duel with Aaron Burr in 1804. Henry, Patrick. Born in Hanover Co., Virginia, in 1736. He was an idle youth, but finally became a lawyer, when it was discovered that he possessed great powers of oratory. He was one of the most powerful of the patriots who stirred the Americans to rebel against Great Britain. Was governor of Virginia. Died in 1799. Hudson, Henry. Born late in the sixteenth century in England, and was a skillful navigator. Employed by the Dutch to find a sea passage around northern Europe ; he failed, turned west- ward, and discovered the river now known by his name, in the State of New York. He sailed to the head of its tide- water. Set adrift in an open boat in the great bay that bears his name, he was never heard of afterwards. Isabella, Queen. Born in Madrigal in 1451. Monarch of Castile and Leon. She assisted Columbus in fitting out his expedition for seeking India by sailing westward, and shares with him the honor of discovering America. Died in 1504. James, King. The first King James of England was a son of Mary Queen of Scots. The first English settlements in America were made during his reign of more than twenty years. Our trans- lation of the Bible was made in his reign. Born in Scotland in 1566. Died in London in 1625. Jefferson, Thomas. Born at Shadwell, Va., in 1743. Was a lawyer by profession. Served in the Virginia legislature. Wrote the Declaration of Independence ; was American Minister at the French court, and third President of the Republic. He was a keen politician, an able statesman, versed in the sciences, and an elegant writer. Died at Monticello in 1826. Jones, John Paul. Born in Scotland in 1747. Was a mariner, and settled in Virginia. Appointed commander in the Continental Navy, he performed the most signal service on the ocean for the patriots. Afterward in the service of Russia. Died in Paris in 1792, when the National Assembly decreed him a publicf uneral. Lafayette, Marquis de. Born in Auvergne, France, in 1757. Es- poused the cause of the American patriots, and joined them in their war for independence. He was the most useful foreign 383 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. friend the Americans had, and was always revered by them. A leader in the beginning of the French revolution. Died in Paris in 1834. Liesler, Jacob. Born in Frankfort, Germany. A merchant in New York. Led a democratic party there in opposition to the aris- tocracy, and was hanged in 1691, by virtue of a death-warrant issued by a drunken governor. Morris, Robert. Born in Liverpool, England, in 1733. Was a mer- chant in Philadelphia, a signer of the Declaration of Independ- ence, and leading financier during the Revolution. His personal credit sustained that of the country at one time. Died in Phila- delphia in 1806. Oglethorpe, James Edward. Born in London in 1698. A soldier and philanthropist. He founded the colony of Georgia, by pro- curing the release of debtors from prisons, and sending them to settle in America. Died in London in 1785. Penn, William. Born in London in 1644. Became a leading "Friend" or " Quaker," and the founder of Pennsylvania. He was the first of the English proprietors who treated the Indians justly. Laid out the city of Philadelphia. Died at Rushcourt, England, in 1718. Pitt, William. Born at Westminster, England, in 1708. Eminent for oratory and statesmanship, he was called the " Great Commoner of England." Created Earl of Chatham. The constant friend of the Americans in their struggle with the British aristocracy. Died at Hayes, England, in 1778. Pocahontas. Born about 1595. An American Indian princess. She saved the life of Captain Smith, and also those of the settlers at Jamestown. Married an Englishman named Rolfe. Died in England in 1617. Raleigh, Walter. Born in Devon, England, in 1552. Was a soldier, statesman and courtier. He promoted and assisted the fitting out of expeditions to plant colonies in America, but failed. He was a favorite of Queen Elizabeth, but King James caused him to be beheaded in 1618. Rochambeau, Count de. Born in Vendome, France, in 1725. A mar- shal of France, he led the French army in America which assisted in the campaign against Lord Cornwallis. He suffered during the French Revolution, but escaped with his life. Bonaparte pensioned h ; m. Died in 1807. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. 383 Schuyler, Philip. Born in Albany in 1733. As commander of the Northern Army and Indian Commissioner, he exercised great influence, and did more than any other man to save the cause of the patriots from ruin, by restraining invasion on the northern frontiers. A pure patriot, wise legislator, and honest citizen. Died at Albany in 1804. Smith, John. Born in Lincolnshire, England. Chief founder of Vir- ginia. He had fought the Turks as a soldier before coming to America. He explored the coasts and made a map of New Eng- land. Died in London in 1631. Steuben, Baron de. Born in Magdeburg, Prussia, in 1730. An officer under Frederick the Great. Came to America in 1777, and became Inspector-general of the Continental Army. In that position he rendered important service to the cause. Died at Steubenville, N. Y., in 1794. Stuyvesant, Peter. Born in Holland in 1603. He was a good soldier, brave and honest. Made governor first of the Island of Curacoa, and then of New Netherland (New York). He ruled with vigor, and was the last Dutch governor of that province. Died in New York in 1682. Washington, George. Born in Westmoreland, Virginia, in 1732 Learning the military art in the Colonial service during their wars with the Indians, he became commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, and won the independence of the United States. First President of the Republic Died at Mount Vernon in 1799. William, King. Born at the Hague, Holland, in 1650. With a fleet and army he entered England by invitation of the people there, and became their sovereign jointly with Mary his wife. His reign had much influence on the destinies of America. Died at Ken- sington in 1702. Williams, Roger. Born in Wales in 1599. A Puritan clergyman. Settled at Salem, in Massachusetts. Banished from that colony, he founded Rhode Island, and was the first to ordain absolute religious freedom in America. Died at Providence in 1683. Winthrop, John. Born in Suffolk, England. Bred a lawyer, he was one of the most useful of the colonists who settled Massachu- setts. Governor of that colony, he ruled with prudence. Died in Boston in 1649. 384 FACTS TO BE SPECIALLY REMEMBERED. FACTS TO BE SPECIALLY REMEMBERED. In the following tables are noted some of the more important events in our history, arranged according to the different periods into which that history naturally divides. These are facts which the pupil should especially endeavor to retain in memory. ^ Columbus discovers American Inlands 1492 > g 1? g «! "^ S3 . Columbus discovers South America (. 14QS ! % * ! ^ Juan Ponce de Leon discovers Florida 1512 *^"| s g |T § | > © Vasco Nunez de Balboa discovers the Pacific Ocean 1513 "£ S, S P S §Vs §2 Cartier discovers Canada 1534 .5 ^ &>»,». ^ | .2 De Soto discovers the Mississippi River 1541 ^ g § ^^S A Hudson discovers New York Bay and the Hudson River. . 1609 rj fc §£ § Is -S English emigrants land in Virginia 1607 • j> •« . English Puritans settle on the coast of Massachusetts 1620 1 1 "^ f$ £ French Protestants from Holland settle in New Netherland « "§-« S (New York) 1623 1 1|| (8 < English emigrants settle in New Hampshire 1629 Sg * | TS ™ Puritans from Massachusetts settle in Connecticut 1633 §-^ §~| 5 S Roman Catholics and Protestants settle in Maryland 1634 | .g | £ m g Rhode Island settled 1636 ■S'e'gll g Swedes settle in Delaware 1638 g § #1 3 English from Long Island settle in New Jersey 1664 "| a s | "5 The Carolinas settled by the English 1650, 1670 ^ '■§ 1, 1 W Penn founds Philadelphia and treats with the Indians 1682 g |^ ^ Georgia settled by the English. 1733 °° "-^ Representative government established in Virginia 1619 g,^ Virginia made a royal province 1624 •§ ""* * Charter of Massachusetts transferred to the colony 1629 ^1 1 First legislature of Maryland assemble » §*3 Roger Williams banished from Rhode Island j 1 °** s I ^ War with the Pequods 1637 ® «•§ New England Confederacy formed 1643 !§fs § „5 Charter for Rhode Island given 1644 <£.;§■£ .2 Silver money first coined in the United States 1652 •** .g § Charter for Connecticut given 1662 | £.5 'o Representative assembly in New Netherland (New York) 1663 §> § -2 . O Surrender of New Netherland (New York) to the English 1664 •§> w | «j King Philip's war 1675 ^J H First legislative assembly in New Jersey 1G81 € ts "§ First legislative assembly in Pennsylvania 1682 JS,^^ Attempt to seize the Connecticut charter 1686 •?"* 3 King William's war 1689 J | King George's War 1744 'g^Ss French and Indian War 1755 4§ & § Canada conquered by the English 1760 •§ ^, FACTS TO BE SPECIALLY REMEMBERED. 385 Stamp Act passed by the British parliament I V2ts Stamp Act Congress meets in New York ( 1765 g e£ Tax-gatherers and troops sent to Boston 1768 ;•§ "g ^ The " Boston Massacre " 1770 1 1 1 A British cruiser burned in Narraganset Bay i ^ S\g § Cargoes of tea destroyed in Boston harbor J- 17*3 •«'|j^ aw j-1773 Port of Boston closed to commerce i , First Continental Congress assembles at Philadelphia f 17<4 "^.g w Skirmishes at Lexington and Concord \ ^^S Capture of Ticonderoga I 5™^, Battle of Bunker Hill V 1775 1|| Washington appointed Commander-in-chief ( s 1 1 ^ ^ Canada invaded by the Republican troops ) § ^ s .9 British troops driven from Boston ■» ^ £ 1 2 Declaration of Independence / 1^1 o New York taken by the British f m6 c ~ | % Washington made Dictator for six months J ^ ^^ P$ The British plan measures for dividing the colonies \ s §1 a Lafayette joins the Americans v 1777 §>"§ & Surrender of Burgoyne and his army to the Americans ) ^J ©22 Treaty of alliance between the U.S. and France 1778 § ^ ^ § War chiefly in the Southern States i n ^S'l** Exploits of Paul Jones on the ocean ) 1 *' 9 g^.g*^ The British overrun the Carolinas \ *.§ I § Treason of General Arnold V 1780 .| j ^.g Capture and execution of Major Andre ) ^Igl Surrender of Cornwallis and his army i ^8^"^ A national league formed j -1^ |-« Preliminary treaty of peace signed 1782 |^'|^ British troops leave the country > ^o t^ Washington resigns his commission , j ' ^ 1 -| »« National Constitution framed ■. 1787 ,g ^.| A National Government established » §.•§ Washington inaugurated first President of the U. S \ % s-^ National Bank established 1791 ^-S^ National Mint established 1792 .| |T A Navy authorized 1794 1 1 1 Treaty with Great Britain negotiated by John Jay. 1795 ^ ^ Washington retires from the Presidency 1797 ^ £ § ri Washington dies ■ 1799 |-g « o City of Washington made the seat of the National Government 1800 ~ a, | ta Louisiana purchased from France ) §11 fc War with the Barbary States l 18Ud vj* | - The United States declare war against Great Britain I kmo c^^ Americans invade Canada j 1812 S|% Americans victorious on Lake Erie 1813 g|^ Americans victorious on Lake Champlain 1 ll^'S Washington City captured and burnt by the British > 1814 ft* «,;| Treaty of peace signed at Ghent ) *s a, 386 FACTS TO BE SPECIALLY REMEMBERED. r Battle of New Orleans > §«"§« War with Algiers f 1815 ^S || Lafayette visits the U. S. as tbe nation's guest 1821 "%s § v ~ Erie canal completed '. 1825 §;?.^"~ */ Death of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson on the same day. .1826 cq .1^ g Trouble with South Carolinians settled by compromise i -^ g s d Battle of Buena Vista i §©?s I & Scott's battles and triumphant march to Mexico J- 1847 ^ ^.g^ ® Treaty of peace with Mexico i *^§ S S Gold found in California f 1848 Vg.§ | Fugitive Slave law passed 1850 ea,^ . Civil war in Kansas 1855 ^ s| | John Brown's raid into Virginia 1859 g-'~ ^-S S> Abraham Lincoln elected President 1860 <£.Ji g •§ South Carolinians pass an ordinance of secession 1860 ^ ^ South Carolinians fire on the Star of the West S § Other slave-labor States pass ordinances of secession \ §32 Coufederate States Government formed 1 ^|s Lincoln inaugurated President I 52 Fort Sumter attacked and evacuated f %'Z The President calls for 75,000 volunteers V «^e o The Confederate "ram" Merrimack destroys National war-\ m vessels •"h The Merrimack defeated by the Monitor ^ Nationals victorious at Shiloh / fe| o3 New Orleans captured by Nationals V ^> u Seven days battles near Richmond J ^g ►> Confederates defeated at Antietam / -S ^ ^ The President proclaims the freedom of the slaves v *| >§ '£ Charleston besieged \ ,g"S '£ Confederate victory at Chancellorsville I go o) West Virginia admitted into the Union \ 1863 ^ j5 Nationals victorious at Gettysburgh / |S g* Vicksburg surrendered to the Nationals \ s V| Draft riots in New York I ^g Confederate ports thoroughly blockaded / ^ S.g General Grant placed in chief command — 1 ^^ The great National armies ordered to move simultaneously — I i$^S Army of the Potomac moves on Richmond >■ 1864 ^ | gj> Sherman penetrates Georgia to Atlanta \ ^J§ The Alabama sunk by the Kearsarge / .§ "38 war-\ FACTS TO BE SPECIALLY REMEMBERED. 38' Petersburg besieged \ ©"l Atlanta surrendered to tbe Nationals / |^s Sherman marches to the sea I jgg^ '-g -S Confederates invade Tennessee '•S Nationals victorious at Nashville | National land and naval forces attack Fort Fisher 1 National troops capture Columbia, S. C \ -V ^V