o . ■ 4 f^ CGOE^^^ o FOR II ONE HUNMED YEARS i BLISS, ILLUSTRATED ■(■MMfMWMMMWVMM A LIBRARY OF CONGRESS J f UNITED STATES OK AMEIDCA *4i II fiijiiliii' mi OUR COUNTRY MY) GOVERNMENT FOE O^E HTOTDRED YEARS: A REYIITVV OF THE |[olomaI and |lonsiifiitianal ™uijr^nmi:nl^^ ANB NATIONAL PROGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES. WITH BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF THE PRESIDENTS. DECLABATION OP INDEPEN-DKXCE. CONSTITUTION, CONVENTIONS, PLAT- FORMS, ELECTION RETURNS, ANNUAL EXPENDITURES, ANB NUMEROUS STATISTICS, By frank C. BLISS. AutTwrof ^'■lAfe Woa^kof Livingstone^ " CiUzen''s Manual,'''' &c. ILLUSTRATED. NEWARK, N, J.: F. C. BLISS & COMPANY, 1876, Enteeed according to Act of Congress, in the year 1ST6. By F. C. BLISS & COMPANY, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at ^^Vashington. INTEODUCTIOK In the compilation of this little work, the Author has col- lected together the most important facts, and statistics, relat- ing to the Political History of the country. In its arrangement he has adopted the simplest form ; that of placing events as much as possible in their chronological order, commencing with the Colonial Government, and bring- ing it down to the present time ; introducing the Constitution, Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, &c., in their appropriate places. In preparing the Biographical Sketches of the Presidents, and of the Candidates recently nominated for the Presidency and Vice-Presidency, he has endeavored to do equal justice to all, giving the facts, without favor or prejudice, and not at all biassed by party views or interest. The Statistical matter has been obtained from reliable and official sources, and great pains has been taken to make it correct in every particular. In presenting the work to the public, the Author trustsitwill be found very useful as a book of reference to all, and especially to those, who may not have access, at all times, to large libra- ries, where the facts herein stated might be obtained, though not without much trouble. It is essential to the very existence and duration of our Po- litical Institutions, that the people talie a lively interest in our public concerns. They should become thoroughly in- structed in the Political History of the country ; the Princi- ples of the Government, the Character and Qualifications of IV INTRODUCTION. the Candidates ; and in this connection, vrc mast not for^^et that a rumor docs not prove a fact, a simple fact does not prove a theory, nor a mere caricature, in an illlustrated news- paper, prove a man to be either a simpleton, or a knave. In a free government, like ours, there will naturally arise, at least two great and leading divisions. Men differently ed- ucated, and looking at questions from different standpoints, even retaining their integrity, will widely hut honestly differ in their opinions on questions constantly arising; hence there ever will be Cliques, Parties, and Factions. No Party or Faction should receive the continued confi- dence and support of an American Citizen, unless first, its principles are sound and correct, and second, unless it presents as its candidates to represent those principles, and to occupy its places of trust and emolument, honest, trust-worthy, and capable men. Newark, May, 1876. CONTEI^TS. OuE Eepublio 13 Its Peesext Aeea, and How Acqtjieed 15 Its Population at Each Census Peeiod 16 Table of Population of States at Diffebent Pekiods 17 OUK Republican Goveenment 18 The Colonial oe Kevolutionaby Government 19 Declaeation of Independence 'Jl Colonial Goveenment undee the Confedeeation I'T Aeticles of Confederation 23 Seeious Defects in this Foem of Govenxment S9 Table, Showing the Inequality of Repeesentation 40 The Foreign Debt before the Constitution 41 TVhy, and How the Constitution was Adopted 42 General Index to the Constitution 43 Constitution of the United States 43 Amendments to the Constitution 60 The Government Under the Constitution 73 When Ratified by the Original States 73 The Execittive Beanch of the Government 73 The President and Vice-Peesident, How Elected 73 Peesidential Electors, How Appointed 77 Table of Apportionment of Representatives 78 Electoral Vote foe Next Presidential Election 78 The Cabinet Council 79 Seceetaeies of Diffeeent Departments , 79 Their Official Duties 80 The Legislative Branch of the Government 81 Senate and House of Representatives 81 Qualifications of Senatoes and Repeesentatives 81 The ,Judicial Depaetment of the Goveenment 82 The Fedeeal Courts of the United States 82 Judges of Federal Couets, How Appointed 83 VI CONTENTS. Table, showing Salaries of Federal Officeks 84 Pkesidexts or the Coxtixextal Congress 84 Signers of the Declaration of Indepen'dence 85 Table, giving Time of Their Births and Deaths 83 Presidents of the United States 86 Vice-Presidents of the United States SG Secretaries of State, and of the Treasury 87 Secretaries of Other Departments 88 Chief Justices of the U. S. Supreme Court 89 Associate Justices of the U. S. Supreme Court 89 Speakers of the House of Representatlves SO Existing Government of the United States 93 Names of Different Officials • ^'^ Present Senators, Duration of Term, &c 95 Present Representatives, Duration op Term, &c 97 Governments of the Several States .101 Governors of the Several States, and their Salaries, &c — 101 "When Legislatures Meet— Sessions— State Elections 103 Results at the Latest State Elections 103 Majorities ON Joint Balllot, in THE Several Legislatures — 107 TVashington's Administration, Cabinet, &c 109 Financial Condition of the Country 109 Table of Annual Imports, Exports, Expenditures and Debt 109 Biographical Sketch of George Washington 110 Administration of John Adams, and Cabinet ill Table of Annual Imports, Exports, Expenditures and Debt 114 Biographical Sketch of John Adams 115 Jefferson's Administration, Cabinet, &o US Table of Annual Exports, Imports, Expenditures and Debt US Biographical Sketch of Thomas Jefferson 119 Madison's Administration, Cabinet, &c 122 Table Showing the Financial Condition of the Country. . . . 122 Biographical Sketch of James Madison 123 Monroe's Administration, Cabinet, &c 126 Table Showing the Financial Condition of the Country — 126 Biographical Sketch of James Monroe 127 Administration op John Quincy Adams, Cabinet, &c 100 Table of Finances, Debt, &c 130 CONTENTS, Vli Biographical Sketch of Johx Q, Adams.., 13i JaCKSOX'S AD3IIXISTKATI0X, CABINET, &G , 134 Table of Annual ExpEXDiTtrEES, Debt, &c... 134 BlOGEAPHICAL SKETCH OF ANDREW JaCKSON , 135 Van Btteen^s Aministration, Cabinet, &c 140 Table of Expenditures, Debt, &c 140 Biographical Sketch of Martin VanBiiren, 141 Harfjson's and Tyler's Adjuixistrations, Cabinets, i&c 144 Table of Annual Expenditures, Debt, &c 144 Biographical Sketch of William H. Harrison 145 Biographical Sketch op John Tyler, 147 Adhinistration of James K. Polk, Cabinet, &c.. • 150 Table of Annual Expenditures, Debt, &c , 150 Biographical Sketch of Jajies K, Polk 151 Taylor's and Fillmore^'s Administrations 15^1 Table of Annual Expenditures, Debt, &c 154 Biographical Sketch of Zachary Taylor 155 Biographical Sketch of Millard Fillmore 157 Administration of Franklin Pierce, Cabinet, &c 160 Table, Showing Financial Condition of Country 160 Biographical Sketch of Franklin Pierce 161 Buchanan's Administration, Cabinet, &c 164 Table op Annual Expenditures, Debt, &c 164 Biographical Sketch of James Buchanan 165 Lincoln's Administration, Cabinet, &c 168 Table of Expenditures, Debt, &o 163 Biographical Sketch of Abraham Lincoln 169 Johnson's Administration, Cabinet, &c 173 Table of Annual Expenditures, Debt, &c 173 Biographical Sketch of Andrew Johnson 174 Grant's Administration, Cabinet, &o 177 Financial Condition of the Country 177 Biographical Sketch of Ulysses S. Grant 178 Electoral Vote for President and Vice-President,17S9-1797. . 184 " " " " " " 1797-1809.. 183 " « " " " " 1809-1817.. 186 " ' " " " " 1817-1829.. 187 " _ • • 1829-1841.. 188 Viii CONTENTS. ELIOTOBAL VOTB fob rSKSlDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT, 1S11-1S53. . . 1S9 " •• " •' " " 1&03-1865... 190 " «< ••• ♦' " '• 18C5-1873... 191 Table or the Popular and Electoral Vote of 1872 by Status.. 192 Liberal Republican Convention 194 Address to tiie Liberal Republican Contention V.>5 Platforsiof" " *' " 196 Nomination of Horace Greeley, li'8 Nomination of B. Gratz Brown 199 lUoGRAPmCAL Sketcu of Horace Grekley 2(0 Biographical Sketch of B. Gratz Brown 204 National Republican Convention 2U6 Nomination of Ulysses S. Grant 218 Platform of the Republican Convention 209 Nomination of Henry Wilson 212 Biographical Sketch of Henry Wilson 213 Democratic National Convention 217 Nomination of Greeley and Brown 218 National Gkowth and PBOspEBiiy 219 ILLUSTRxVTION-S. Page. The National Capitol Frontispiece Bill of Credit or Continental Money 20 Independence Square— Face Page 21 Seal of the State Department 83 The National Senate Chamber— Face Page 81 Hall of the House of Representatives- Face Page 100 Portrait of George Washington 110 " " JohnAdams 115 " " Thomas Jefferson 119 " " James Madison 123 " " James Monroe 127 " " John Q.Adams ,, 131 " " Andrew Jackson 135 " " Martin Van BuREN ,, 141 " " William H. Harrison 143 " " John Tyler 147 " " James K. Polk 151 '» " Zachary Taylor 155 " " Millard Filmore 157 " " Frankli-n Pierce 161 " " James Buchanan 105 Lincoln's Inauguration— Face Page 2G3 Medal from the French Democrats 170 Medal to Mrs. Lincoln 171 Portrait of Andrew Johnson 174 " " Ulysses S.Grant 178 The White House from Pennsylvania Avenue— ^Fctce Page 192 Portrait of Horace Greeley 200 •* •• B. Gratz Brown r.04 " '* Henry Wilson 213 Horticultural Building— Centennial Exhibition 219 Art Gallery— Centennial Exhibition 221 IXDEX. Area of the U. S.,15; Its growth, 10 ; Of the several States, 102. Articles of Coufederation, 2S. Amencliiipnts to the Constitution. CO, 71, 74. Apportionment of Representatives 77,73. Attorncs'S— General, 80, 84, 89. Arkansas, 17, 101, 102, 107. Alabama, 17, 101, 102, 107. Adams, John, Life of, 115— Cabinet, &c.,114. ni.^ Admi:jlstration,n3. Adams, John Q., Life of, 131— Cabi- net &c., 130 — Ilis Administra- tion, 129. Address of Liberal Republicans, 195 Acceptance, Letters of, 200, 217, 218. Wants in Greeley's last one. Branches of the Government, 75 81, 82. Biographical Sketch of "Washing tun, 110. Biographical .Sketch of John Ad ams, 115. Biographical Sketch of Jefferson iia. Biographical Sketch of Madison, 123. Biographical Skctch(of Monroe, 125, Biograplilcal Sketch of J. Q. Ad' ams, 131, Biographical Sketch of Andrew Johnson, 135. Biograpliical Sketch of Van Buren, 135. Biographical Sketch of Harrison, 145. Biographical Sketch of Tj'ler, 147. Biographical Sketch of Polk, 151. I3iographical Sketch of Taylor, 155. Biographical Sketch of Fillmore, 157. Biographical Sketch of Pierce, 161. Biograpliical Sketch of Buchanan, 165. Biographical Sketch of Lincoln, 169. Biographical Sketch of Johnson, 174. Biographical Sketch of Grant, 173. Biographical Sketch of Horace Greeley, 204. Ilis Nomination, 198, Biographical Sketch of Henry Wil- son, 220. Biographical Sketch of B. Gratz Brown, 203. His Nomination, 199, Buchanan, Life of James, 165. Cabinet, 164. Countrj'— Its Growth and Popula- tion, 16, 17. Existing Govern- ment, 92. Colonial Government, 19, 20. Congress, Continental, 20. Presi- dents of, 84. INDEX. Confederation, Articles of, 28. Confederate Government— Serious defects in, 39. Convention of Delegates, to form Constitution, 42 Constitution of the United States, 43. Government under, 73. Wlien liatifled by the States, 73. Amendments to, 45, 60, 71, 74. Cabinet— Whom composed of, 79. Cabinet of the Presidents, 109, 114, 118, 122, 126, 130, 134, 140, 144, 150, 154, 160, 164, 168, 173, 177. Circuit Courts, U. S., 82. Supreme, 82, 93. California, 17, 101, 102, 107. Connecticut, 17, 101 102, 107. Convention, Liberal Republican, 193. Proceedings, &c., 194-199. Convention, National Republican, 210. Proceedings, &c., 210-216. Convention, National Democratic, 223. Proceedings, &c., 223-227. Candidates for the Presidency, &c., 198, 199, 212, 216, 225. Declaration of Independence, 21. District Courts, U. S., 83. District Court Judges, 83. Delaware, 17, 101, 102, 104. Democratic Convention, Platform and Proceedings, 223- E Executive branch of the Govern- ment, 75. Electors, Presidential, 75. Electors— How Appointed, 76. Electoral Vote, 73, 184—191. Existing Government, 93. Elections, Latest State, 103—107. Elections— When Held, 1C2. Presi- dential, 184—191. Expenditures of the Government, 109, 114-118, 122, 126, 130, 134, 140, 144, 150, 154, 160, 164, 168. 173, 177. Exports. See same pages as Ex- penditures. Florida, 17, 101, 102, 105. G Government, Our Republican, IS. Government, Colonial, 19. Serious Defects in, 39. Government Cinder the Constitu- tion, 73. Existing, 93. Government— Executive Branch,75 Legislative Branch, 81, Judicial Branch, 82. Government of the Several States, 101, 102. Georgia, 17, 101, 102, 105. Governors of States, 101 ; "When Appointed, Duration of Term, Salaries, &c., 101. Grant, Ulysses S, Life of, 178 ; Cabi- net, 177 ; His Renomination, 211 ; Letter of Acceptance, 217. H House of Representatives, 81, 91, 97. Harrison, Wm. H., Life of, 115; Cabinet, 144. Independence, Declaration of, 21. Indebtedness of the Country in 1787, 41 : at different periods, 109, 114, 118, 122, 126, 130, 134, 140, 144, 150, 154, 100, 164, 163, 173, 177. Interior, Secretary of, 80, 84, 89. Illinois, IJ, 101, 102, 106. Xil IXDEX. Indiana, 17, 101. 102, 106. Iowa, 17, 101, 10?, IOC. Iinpcachmeut of Andrew Johnson, Justices, U. S. Courts, 83, 84, 80. Judiciar}', 82, 84, 89. Joint Ballot, Majorities on, 103. Jefferson, Thomas, Life of, 119; Cabinet, 118. Jaclfson, Andrew, Life of, 135 ; Cabinet, 134. Johnson, Andrew, Life of, 174 ; Cabinet, 173 ; Impeai;hment, 175. Kansas, 17, 102, 102, 107. Kentucky, 17, 101, 102, 106. Legislative Branch of Government 81. Louisiana, 17, 101, 102, 105. Legislatures— When they Meet, 202. Lincoln, Abraham, Life of, li)0; Cabinet, 1C3 ; Death of, 171. Liberal Republican Convention, 194. Letters of Acceptance— Greeley's, 200 228 ; Grant's 217 ; Wilson's, 218. HI Ministers, 84, 93, 94. Ministers, Tal)le of foreign and Kesident, 93. Maine, 17, 101, 103. Maryland, 17, 101, 102, IW. J^Iassachusetts, 17, 101, 102, 103. Michigan. 17, 101, 102, 106. Minnesota, 17, 101, 102, 107. MlBSlBSippi, 17, 101 102 105 Missouri, 17, 101, 102, 107. Madison, James, Life of, 123; Cabi- net, &c., 122. Monroe, James, Life of, 127 ; Ad- ministration, 1S6. Med;il from Frencli Democrats, to Mrs. Lincoln, 170, 171. National Constitution, 73. Xavy, Secretary of 79 ; Salary, 84 Table of these Officers, 83. Nebraska. 17, 101, 102, 107. Nevada, 17, 101, 102, 107. Xcw Hampshire, 17, 101, 102, 103. New Jersey, 17, 101, 102, 104. New York, 17, 101, 102, 103. North Carolina, 17, 101, 102, 105. Ohio, 17, 101, 102, 106. Oregon, 17, 101, 102, 107. Population U S., a Census Period, 16, 17. Population of the States, 17, 102. Powers of the Government, 72. President, 75, 84. Presidential Elec- tors, 75, 7G, 77, 73. Postmaster General. 80, 84, 88. Presidents Continental Congress, 84; List of, &c., 86; Salary, 84; Electoral Votes for, 1S4-191. Pennsylvania, 17, 101, 102, 104. Polk, James K, Life of, 151 ; Cabi- net, 150. Pierce, Franklin, Life of 161 ; Cabi- net, 150. Platforms, of Liberal Republican, 19G; of Deninoratle Party, 224, 196; of l^epub icau Party, 2i:i- INDEX. Republic, Our, 15. Republican Government, 13 lieprcsentative Tabic, under Con- federation, 40. Ecprescntatives, Apportionment of, 78, 82; How Elected, 81; Qualifications, 81 ; Salaries, 84 ; Xames of present, 97. EiiQde Island, 17, ICl, 102, 103. Returns, State Elections, 103-107. Presidential Elections, 184-191. Republican Convention, 210; Pro- ceedings, &c.,211. Republican Liberal Convention, 194, 193. Secretary of State, 79, 81, 87, 93. Secretaries, Other, 79, 81, 87, 83, 93. Salaries of Federal Officers, 84. Senate, 81; Present Members, 95, 96. Senators, Qualifications of, 81. Senators— How Classified, 81. Supreme Court, U. S., 82, 84, 89. Signers Declaration Independence, 85. Speakers House Representatives, 90-92. States, Government of, 101, 102. State Elections, Results of, 103— 107 ; Time of, 102. South Carolina, 17, 101, 103, 105. Treasury, Secretary of, 79 ; Salary, 84. Table of Secretaries, 87, 88, 89. Tennessee, 17, 62, 103, 106. Texas, 17. 101. 102, 105. Tyler, John, 147 ; Cabinet, &c., 114. Taylor, Zachary, Life of, 155 ; Cabi- - net, 154. U United States, Population, 16, 17. Vice-President— Qualifications and How Elected, 75; His Duties, 75; Salary, 84; Table of Vice- Presidents, 86. Vermont, 17, 101, 102, 103. Virginia, 17, 101, 102, 104. Van Buren, Martin, Life of 141 ; Cabinet, 140. W War, Secretary of, 79; Salary, 84; Table of these Officers, 88. West Virginia, 17, 101, 102, 104, Wisconsin, 17, 101, 102, 106. Washington, George, Biograpical Sketch, 110; His Cabinet and Administration, 190. Wilson, Henry, Life of, 221. OUR REPUBLIC The United States of America, is a Confederation of Sovereign States, and lies in tlie middle portion of the Western Hemisphere, extending westward to the Pacific Ocean. Its greatest breadth from east to west is about 3,000 miles, and it has a coast line of 2 163 miles on the Atlantic, 1764: miles on the Gulf of Mexico, and 1,343 miles on the Pacific, embracmg an area of 3,5'7S,3'72 square miles. In 1782, the Territories of the Confederation extended west- ward to the Mississippi, and northward to the great Lake?, n-iving a total area of about 800,000 square miles, but by large acquisitions since made, it has reached its present size. ITS PRESENT AREA HAS BEEN ACQUIRED AS FOLLOWS : Territory ceded by England in 1783, Louisiana, as acquired from France in 1803, - Florida as acquired from Spain in 1821, Texas as admitted to the Union in 1S45, - Oregon by treaty in 1846, .... California taken from Mexico in 1847, Arizonia from Mexico by tieaty in 1854, Alaska from Russia by treaty in 1867, Total present Area, 3,578,392 Square miles. The increase of the population, and the rapid growth and development of the country have been truly wonderful. In 1620 there were but 300 white settlers in New England. Less 15 815,615 Square miles. 930,928 •' " 59,268 " " 237,504 " " 280,425 f " 649,762 " " 27,500 " " 577,390 " 16 OUR KErUBLIC. than 250 years ago, Xcw York City was made up of a dozen log-eabins, and all the land now comprising the City and County of New York, was purchased for the small pittance of twenty-four dollars. Fifty years since, there were less than 5,000 white people in the vast region between Lake Michigan and the Pacific Ocean, while the population now exceeds 10,000,000. Chicago was then a mere trading-post of half a dozen huts. Sixty-five years ago, those immense lakes, Ontario, Michi- gan, Huron, and Superior, were entirely without commerce, and an Indian's canoe was about the only craft seen upon them ; but now, they are crowded thoroughfiires, and the value of the traffic upon these waters, and navigable rivers, is not much less than nine hundred millions of dollars per annum. A few yeai'S since San Francisco was Mexican territory, with a handful of wild people and almost unknown. She sprang as if by magic into existence, and in the space of two years her population increased from 1,500 to nearly 60,000. One hundred years ago, we were but thirteen feeble Colonies, with but 3,000,000 of inhabitants, while we now comprise 38 free, sovereign, and independent States, having in addition, the Dis- trict of Columbia and 10 territories, with a population of about 40,000,000 of inhabitants. THE FOLLOWING TABLE WILL SHOW THE POPULATION OF THE COUNTRY, AT TUE DIFFERENT CENSUS PERIODS, SINCE, AND IN- CLUDINCr 1*790. Census Years. Whites. Free Colored. Slaves. Total. 1700 3.17?, IfU 59..|(;8 r.07.^07 3.020.S27 1R(X) 4.r:'U..!39 10? .335 S:V,.u 1S6..11G i.r.)i, :;(■.! 7;j;v.t.sit Ifi^O 7.H(;(;.r>G9 233.521 ].y:.',:'. i2,S(;(;,n?'j ISIO 1 l,lS9,7f>5 8Sr,.202 2.1^7.3V! 17.' !(■/). 1,-3 isrv) l<)/«o,7;« 42S,r,fil 3,2iU.(N<» 23.2(r,,|S!? IRfiO 2''.,0:,7,I71 532.(100 8,053,7(30 31.113.321 1«70 :?:%-Mf.,'m 4.R«'i.nno •Tlils total iucludus 63,25i Chlueao and 25,731 Indiana. CEl^SIJS OF TnE UXITED STATES. 11 POPUUTIO}( OF THE UNITED STATES, ACCORDING TO THE CENSUS OF 184:0, 1850, 1860 & 1870. States and Territories. iS4a 1.S50. ISCO, 1870. Alabama „ 590,756 97,574 771,623 209,897 92,-597 370,792 91,532 87,445 906,185 8.51,470 988,416 192,214 ""*98*2*'4'o'5 517,762 58.3,169 583,034 994,514 397,6.54 6,077 606,526 682,044 ""'3*1*7**976 489,5.55 3,097,3'.)4 869,039 1,980,329 13,294 2,311,786 147,545 668,507 1,002,717 212, .592 314,120 1,421,661 964,201 43.5,4.50 379,994 460,1-17 112,216 140,421 1,057,286 1,711,951 1,350,428 674,913 107,206 1,1.5.5,684 7a8,002 628,279 687,049 1,231,066 749,113 172,023 791,305 1,182,012 Z8,84l 6,857 326,073 672,035 3,8.S0,735 992,622 2,339,511 52,465 2,906,215 174,620 703,708 1,109,801 604,215 31.5,098 1,596,313 '****775i*88i ,996,992 484,471 560,247 537,454 125,015 187,748 1,164,109 2,539,891 1,680,637 California. 3)9,978 78,085 51,477 691,392 476,183 685,866 43,112 '*"779r823 352,411 501,793 470,019 737,699 212,267 ""375','65*i 383,702 Florida _ Illinois _ Indiana Kansas _ 364,399 1,321,011 726,915 626,915 780,894 1,457,351 1 184 059 Louisiana ^ Maryland „ Massacliusetts ~ Micliigan Minnesota ilJ!=r:;.:;::::::;::;-:-: 439,706 827,922 1,721,2<»5 122,993 42,491 318,300 906,096 Nebraska Nevada 284,574 373,3fi6 2,42.8,921 7.)3,419 1,519,467 ■■i*,*7*2*4r03.3 108,830 594,398 829,210 **'"*29'i*,*94's 1,239,797 30","9*45 New York 4,382,7.59 1 071,361 Ohio Oregon 2,66.5,260 90,923 3, .521, 791 217,353 705,606 Rhode Island South Carolina 1,2.58,520 818, .579 330,551 1,22.5,163 Texas Virginia Wost Virginia Wisconsin 305,391 1,054,670 Total States 17,019,641 23,067,262 31,183,744 34',*27*7 4,837 75,080 33,113,253 9,658 39,864 Dakota 14, 181 District of Columbia 43,712 51,087 131,700 Idaho 14,999 20,595 61,. 547 11,380 9.3,516 40, 273 11,594 91,874 Utah 86,786 23, 9.55 Wvonnng 'ei'ibo 9,118 Totals 17,069,453 23,191,876 31,443,321 38,555,983 18 OUli llJirUBLICAN GOVEliJNMiiNT. OUR REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT. The Government of the United States is the result of deep research, cool and calm deliberation, of great wisdom and sound judgment, and is probably the best ever formed bv man. It was not brought about in a hurried manner, nor did it spring into existence, by reason of a combination of unfore- seen and fortuituos circumstances, which aroused the passions of the multitude, and led them to adopt a Republican Govern- ment more tyrannical than tyranny itself. Our government was based upon truth and justice, and the object of it was to establish justice, insure domestic tranquil- lity, provide for the common defence, promote the general wel- fare, and to secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and posterity. The government and constitution ])cing purely Democratic, the People are the Sovereigns. How much is expressed in those three words, " "NVe, thk People ;" that is. We, the Sover- eigns ; "We, the Rulers ; We, the Law-Givers ; how expressive of majesty and power, and how insignificant do they make Kings and tyrants appear. The President, Vice President, Senators, Legislators, and all other officials are the mere agents and ser- vant of "We, the People," for they were created by, and for the people, and Jiot the people for them. Whatever of power, whatever of authority, whatever of dignity they possess in tlieir official stations, Mas delegated to them by the Sovereign People for the honor, prosperity, and happiness of the peoi)le themselves. What government, or constitution could be devised, more perfect than that, which puts it in the power of those who suf- fer from an unprincipled government officer, or from the effects of a mal-admiuistration, to remove such, or prevent their cou- THE COLONIAL GOVERNMENT. .19 tinuance, not by rash, passionate, and unlawful acts as in an- cient republics, but by such as are rational, deliberate, and constitutional. This could not be done under a tyrannical, despotic, or monarchial government, because the crown and scepter are hereditary. THE COLONIAL OR REVOLUTIONARY GOYERNMENT. As early as October 1765, soon after the first encroachment had been made by the British Government upon our hberties, by* the passage of the Stamp Act, a congress of delegates from the Colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecti- cut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Mary- land, and South Carolina, assembled in New York, and adopted a Declaration of Rights, asserting that the sole power of taxation resided in the Colonial legislatures, and that the re_ strictions imposed upon them by the late acts of Parliament, were unjust and burdensome. An address to the King, and a petition to each house of Parliament were adopted. Subsequently, on the 4th day of September, 1774, a con- gress of delegates from all the Colonies excepting Georgia, as- sembled at Philadelphia, "with authority and direction to meet and consult together for the common welfiire." Thus was or- ganized by the people, acting in their sovereign capacity, the first general, or National Government. The first, and most important of their acts, was a declara- tion, that in determining questions which should arise in this Congress, each Colony sJiauld have one vote. They also passed 20 THE COLO^'Ix\L GOVEKNMENT. a scries of resolutions declaratory of their rights, and ap- pointed a committee to examine into their ri-hts and griev- ances. This Continental Congress was continued during the revolu- tionary war, but finally it was superseded by the government formed under the Articles of Confederation. It was invested by the people with largo discretionary powers, such as super- intending the affairs of the Union, organizing an army, regu- lating the land and naval forces, issuing bills of credit known as Continental money, contracting debts, and otherwise assum- ing all the prerogatives of an Independent Soverignty. 45^^^/ Six 'JjOZt'JiTlS. ^■5:,, Bcsre-r to rtctwf SIX SPANISH MILLED DOLLARS, or fhe Vrtiueihcr^o/ in Cold or .SILVER- dtfcTiiinf- to ^Rctal\xticn of COV. GRESS KuUMat Phi- ludelphia. NovZ-ij/G- mmm^mms. A BILL OF CliLDlT, OU CON ii^. L.ST AL iiO-.LY. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 21 DECLARATION OF ^DEPENDENCE. [On Thursday the 4th day of July, 17T6, Congress being in session in the great hall of the venerable State House, located in Independence Square, in Philadelphia, Benjamin Harrison of Virginia, reported that the committee appointed for that purpose had agreed to a declaration which they desired him to present, and which, having been read, was agreed to as follows :— ] A DECLARATION BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED. When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have con- nected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should de- clare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights ; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed ; that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to insti- tute a new government, laying its foundation on such princi- ples, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Pru- dence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established, should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and ac cordingly, all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which the are accus- 22 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. tomcd. But, when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to re- duce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now the necessity vhieh constrains them to alter their former systems of govern- ment. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having, in di- rect object, the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a can- did world : He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained ; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the^right of representation in the legislature ; a right inesti- mable^o them, and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their pub- lie records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compli- ance with his measures. lie has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for op- posing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise; the state remaining, in the mean tim"e, exposed to all the danger of invasion from without, and convulsions within. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 23 He has endeavorf^d to prevent the population of these states ; for that purpose, obstructing the laws for naturaliza- tion of foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropria- tions of lands. He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the ten- ure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their s ilaries. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out their sub- stance. He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the consent of our legislature. He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the civil power. He has combined, with others, to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation • For quartering large bodies of armed troops°among u's ; For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment, for any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these states ; For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world; For imposing taxes on us without our consent ; For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial hy J^i'T , For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended ofTfinces; For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neign- boring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an ex- ample and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies -. 24 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDANCE. For taking away our charters, abolirfhing our most valuable laws, aud altering, fundamentally, the powers of our govern^ ments ; For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring them- selves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases what-^ Boever. He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out ot his protection^ and waging war against us. lie has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt ouf towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mer- cenaries to complete the Avarks of death, desolation, and tyr- anny, already begun, with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally un- worthy the head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executions of their friends and brethren, or to fall tliemsclves by their hands. He has excited domestic insun-ections amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction, of all ages, sexes, and conditions. In everv stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress, in the most humble terms; our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince, whose char- acter is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Xor have we been wanting in attention to our British breth- ren. We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their lecrislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdic- tion over ns. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 25 usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, hate been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. AVe must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war — in peace, friends. We, therefore, the Representatives of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, in GENERAL CONGRESS assembled, appeal- ing to the Supreme Judge of the World for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by the authority of the good people of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be. Free and Independent States ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and that, as FREE AND INDEPENDENT ST A TES, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which INDEPENDENT STATES may of right do. And, for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of DIVINE PROVIDENCE, we mutually pledge to each other, our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. The foregoing Declaration was, by order of Congress, en- grossfid. and signed by the following members : JOHN HANCOCK. New Hampshire Connecticut. JosTAH Bartlett, Roger Sherman, William Whipple, Samuel Huntington Matthew Thornton. William Williams, Oliver Wolcott. F.liode Island .'^tephen ITopkixs, New York. VriLLiAM Ellery, William Floyd, 26 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. Philip Livingston. Fkancis Lewis, Lewis Morris. New Jersey. Richard Stockton, John Withhrspoon, Francis IIopkinson, John Hart, Abraham Clark. Penniiilvania. Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George Clymek, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross. 3Tassac7msctts Bay. Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry. Delaware. CAESAR Rodney, George Read, Thomas M'Kean. Marylund. Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll, of Carroll- ton. Yirgiula. George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jun. Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton. North Carolina. William Hooper, Joseph Heaves, John Penn. South Carolina. Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Jun. Thomas Lynch, Jun. Arthur Middleton. Georpia. Button Gwinnent, Lyman Hall, George Walton. [The original document containing the autographaof these venerated patriots, is carefully preserved in a glass case in the rooms of the 3'rtWo;i. «/ /;ix;j7M/:e at Washington. Charles Carroll, the last survivor of this Qoble band, departed this life In 1S32 at the age of oinety years.] COLONIAL GOVERNMENT. COLONIAL GOYERMENT UNDER THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION". In July 1775, previous to the Declaration of Independence, Dr. Franklin submitted to the consideration of Congress, a draft of confederation between the Colonies, but no action there- on seems to have been taken. On the 11th day of June 1776, it was resolved by Congress, that a committee should be appointed, to prepare the form of a confederation to be entered into between the Colonies, and the next day a committee was appointed, which consisted of one member from each Colony. A report was thereafter made, and the subject from time to time debated, until the 15th of November 1777 when it was finally agreed to. These Articles however, were to be submitted to the legisla- tures of the States, and would not become conclusive until ratified by all the States through their delegates in Congress. Maryland for a long time positively refused the ratification, but finally was induced to do so, and her delegates signed the arti- cles on the 1st of March 1781, more than four years after Con- gress had submitted the same to the States. On the 2d of March Congress assembled under its new powers. [On the 9th of July, 1778, the Articles were signed by the delegates of New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Lsland, Connecticut, New Yorlc, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and South Carolina. The ratification of New York was conditional that all the other States should ratify. The delegates from North Carolina signed the Articles on the 21st of July, 17T8 ; those of Georgia on the 24th of same month ; those of New Jersey. Novembar 26th., 1778 ; those of Delaware, on the 22d. of Febru- ary and 5th. of May, 1779 ; and those of Maryland, March 1st., 1781 ] 27 28 COLONIAL GOVERNMENT ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION AND PERPETUAL UNION Between the States of New Hampshire, Jfassachusetts Bay, Rhode Maud and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Penn- Hylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Caroli. na, and Georgia. Art. 1. The style of this confederacy shall be, " The United States of America.^'' Art. 2. Each State retains its sovereignty, freedom, and in- dependence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this confederation expressly delegated to the United States in Congress assembled. Art. 3. The said States hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship with each other, for their common defence, the security of their liberties, and their mutual and general welfare, binding themselves to assist each other against all force offered to, or attacks made upon them, or any of them, on account of religion, sovereignty, trade, or any other pretence whatever. Art. 4. § 1. The better to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship and intercourse among the people of the different states in this union, the free inhabitants of each of these States, — paupcrs,vagabonds,and fugitives from justice excepted— shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of free citizens in the several States ; and the people of each State shall have free ingress and egress to and from any other State, and shall enjoy therein all the privileges of trade and commerce, subject to the same duties, impositions, and restrictions, as the inhabitants thereof respectively ; provided, that such restrictions shall not extend so far as to prevent the removal of property imported in- to any State, to any other state, of whidi thp owner is an in- habitant ; provided also, that no imposition, duties, or rostric tion, shall be laid by any State on the property of the United States, or either of them. ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. 29 §2. If any person, guilty of, or charged Avith treason, felony, or other high misdemeanor, in any State, shall flee from justice, and be found in any of the United States, he shall, upon the demand of the Governor or Executive power of the State from which he fled, be delivered up and removed to the State having jurisdiction of his offence. §3. Full faith and credit shall be given, in each of these States, to the records, acts, and judicial proceedings of the courts and magistrates of every other State. Art. 5. §1. For the more convenient management of the gen- eral interests of the United States, delegates shall be annually appointed in such manner as the legislature of each State shall direct, to meet in Congress on the first Monday in November in every year, with a power reserved to each State to recall its delegates, or any of them, at any time within the year, and to send others in their stead, for the remainder of the j'ear. i? 2. No State shall be represented in Congress by less than two, nor more than seven members ; and no person shall be capable of being a delegate for more than three years, in any term of six years ; nor shall any person, being a delegate, be capable of holding any office under the United States, for which he, or any other for his benefit, receives any salary, fees, or emolument, of any kind. § 3. Each State shall maintain its own delegates in a meet- ing of the States, and while they act as members of the com- mittee of these States. § 4. In determining questions in the United States in Con- gress assembled, each State shall have one vote. § 5. Freedom of speech and debate in Congress shall not be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Con- gress, and the members of Congress shall be protected in their persons from arrests and imprisonments during the time of their going to and from, and attendance on Congress, except for treason, felony, or breach of the peace. No State, without the consent of the United 30 ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. States in Congress assembled, shall send any embassy to, or receive any embassy iiom, or enter into any conlereuce, agree- ment, alliance, or treaty with any king, prince, or State, nor shall any person holding any office of proUt, or trust under the United Slates, or any of them, accept ot any present, emolu- ment, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign State ; nor shall the United Slates in Con- gress assembled, or any of them, grant any title ot nobility. i^ 2. Kg two or more States shall enter into any treaty, confederation, or alliance whatever, between them, without the consent of the United States in Congress assembled, specifying accurately the purposes for which the same is to be entered into, and how long it shall continue. § 3. Xo Slate shall lay any imposts or duties which may interfere with any stipulations in treaties entered into by the United States, in Congress assembled, with any king, prince, or State, in pursuance of any treaties already proposed by Con- gress to the courts of France and Spain. § 4. No vessels of war shall be kept up in time of ponce by any State, except such number only as shall be deemed necessary by the Untied States in Congress assembled, for the defence of such State, or its trade ; nor shall any body of forces . be kept up by any State, in time of peace, except such number only as, in the judgment of the United States in Congress as- sombled, shall be deemed requisite to garrison the forts neces- sary for the defence of such State ; but every State shall alwavs keep up a well regulated and diciplinod militia, sufficiently armed and aocoutered, and shall provide and constantly have ready for use, in public stores, a due numl)er of field-pieces and tents, and a proper quantity of arms, amnninition, and camp equipage. § 5. Xo State shall engage in any war without the consent of the United States in Congress assembled, unless such State be actually Invaded by enemies, or shall have received certain advice of a resolution being formed bv some nation of Indiana ARTICLES OF COKFEDERATION. 31 to invade such State, and the danger is so imminent as not to admit of delay till the United States in Congress assembled can be consulted ; nor shall any State grant commissions to any ships or vessels of war, nor letters of marque or reprisal except it be after a declaration of war by the United States in Congress assembled, and then only against the kingdom or State, and the subjects thereof, against which, war has been so declared, and under such regulations as shall be established by the United States in Congress assembled, unless such State be infested by pirates, in which case vessels of war may be fitted out for that occasion, and kept so long asthedanger shall con- tinue, or until the United States in Congress assembled shall determine otherwise. Art. 7. When land forces are raised by any State for the common defence, all officers of or under the rank of colonel, shall be appointed by the legislature'of each State respectively by whom such forces shall be raised, or in such manner as such State shall direct, and all vacancies shall be filled up by the State which first made the appointment. Art. 8. All charges of war, and all other expenses that shall be incurred for the common defence or general welfare, and allowed by the United States in Congress assembled, shall be defrayed out of a common treasury, which shall be supplied by the several States, in proportion to the value of all land within each State, granted to or surveyed for any person, as such land and the buildings and improvements thereon shall be estimated, according to sucn mode as the United States in Congress as- sembled shall, from time to time, direct and appoint. The taxes for paying that proportion shall be laid and levied by the au- thority and direction of the legislatures of the several States within the time agreed upon by the United States in Congress assembled. Art. 9. § 1. The United States in Congress assembled shall have the sole and exclusive right and power of determining on peace and war, except in Ih? ca:es mentioned in the ?ixth Ar- ^2 ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. ticlo, of sending and receiving ambassadors ; entering into treaties and alliances, provided that no treaty of commerce shall be made, whereby the legislative power of the respective States shall be restrained from imposing such imposts and du- ties on foreigners, as their own people are subjected to, or from prohibiting the exportation or importation of any species of goods or commodities whatsoever; of establishing rules for deciding in all cases what captures on land or water shall be legal, and in what manner prizes taken by land or naval forces in the service of the United States shall be divided or appro- priated ; of granting letters of marque and reprisal in times of peace ; appointing courts for the trial of piracies and felonies committed on the high seas ; and establishing courts for receiv- ing and determining finally appeals in all cases of capture ; provided that no member of Congress shall be appointed a judge of any of the said courts. § 2. The United States in Congress assembled shall also be the last resort on appeal in all disputes and differences now subsisting, or that may hereafter arise between two or more States concerning boundary, jurisdiction, or any other cause whatever; which authority shall always be exercised in the manner following : Whenever the legislative or executive au- tliority or lawful agent of any State in controversy with another, sliall present a petition to Congress, stating the matter in ques- tion, and praying for a hearing, notice thereof shall be given by order of Congress to the legislative or executive authority of the other State in controversy, and a day assigned for the appearance of the parties by their lawful agents, who shall then be directed to appoint, by joint consent, commissioners or judges to constitute a court for hearing and determining the matter in question ; but if they cannot agrcv, Congress shall name three persons out of each of the United States, and from the list of such persons each party shall alternately strike out one, the petioners beginning, until the number sliall be reduced to thirteen; and from that number not less than seven, nor ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION 33 more than nine names, as Congress shall direct, shall, in the presence of Congress, be di-awn out by lot ; and the persons whose names shall be so drawn, or any five of them, shall be commissioners or judges, to hear and finally determine the controversy, so always as a major part of the judges, who shall hear the cause, shall agree in the determination : and if either party shall neglect to attend at the day appointed, without showing reasons which Congress shall judge sufficient, or being present, shall refuse to strike, the Congress shall proceed to nominate three persons out of each State, and the secretary of Congress shall strike in behalf of such party absent or refusing ; and the judgment and sentence of the court, to be appointed in the manner before prescribed, shall be final and conclusive ; and if any of the parties shall refuse to submit to the authority of such court, or to appear or defend their claim or cause, the court shall nevertheless proceed to pronounce sentence, or judgment, which shall in like manner be final and decisive • the judgment or sentence and other proceedings being in either case transmitted to Congress, and lodged among the acts of Congress, for the security of the parties concerned : provided, that every commissioner, before he sits in judgment, shall take anoath,to be administeredbyoneof the judges of the Supreme or Superior court of the State where the cause shall be tried, " well and truly to hear and determine the matter in question, according to the best of his judgment, without favor, affection, or hope of reward." Provided, also, that no State shall be de- prived of territory for the benefit of the United States. § 3. All controversies concerning the private right of soil claimed under different grants of two or more States, whose jurisdiction, as they may respect such lands, and the States which passed such grants are adjusted, the said grants or either of them being at the same time claimed to have originated an- tecedent to such settlement of jurisdiction, shall, on the peti- tion of either party to the Congress of the United States, be finally determined, as near as may be, in the same manner as 3 84 ARTICLES OF CONFEDEEATIOH. is before prescribed for deciding disputes respecting territorial jurisdiction between different States. 8 4. The United States in Congress assembled shall also have the sole and exclusive right and power of regulating the alloy and value of coin struck by their own authority, or by that of the respective States ; fixing the standard of weights and measures throughout the United States ; regulating the trade, and managing all affairs with the Indians, not members of any of the States ; provided that the legislative rights of any State, within its own limits, be not infringed or violated ; es- tablishing and regulating post offices from one State to anoth- er throughout all the United States, and exacting such post- age on the papers passing through the same, as maybe requi- site to defray the expenses of the said office ; appointing all officers of the land forces in the service of the United States, excepting regimental officers ; appointing all the officers of the naval forces, and commissioning all officers whatever in the service of the United States ; maldng rules for the government and regulation of the said land and naval forces, and directing their operations. § 5. The United States in Congress assembled shall have authority to appoint a committee to sit in the recpss of Con- gress, to be denominated, " A Committee of the States,'' and to consist of one delegate from each State ; and to appoint such other committees and civil officers as may be necessary for managing the general affairs of the United States under their direction ; to appoint one of their number to preside-, provided that no person be allowed to serve in the office of Tresident more than one year in any term of three years; to ascertain the necessary sums of money to be raised for the service of the United States, and to appropriate and apply the same for defraying the public expenses ; to borrow money or emit bills on the credit of the United States, transmitting ev- ery half-year to the respective States an account of the sums of money so borrowed or emitted ; to build and equip a navy ; ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION-. 35 to agree upon the number of land forces, and to make requi- sitions from each State for its quota, in proportion to the num- ber of white inhabitants in such State, which requisition shall be binding ; and thereupon the legislature of each State shall appoint the regimental officers, raise the men, clothe, arm, and equip them, in a soldier-like manner, at the expense of the United States ; and the officers and men so clothed, armed, and equipped, shall march to the place appointed, and M'ithin the time agreed on by the United States in Congress assem- bled; but it the United States in Congress assembled shall, on consideration of circumstances, judge proper that any State should not raise men, or should raise a smaller number than its quota, and that any other State should raise a greater number of men than the quota thereof, such extra number shall be raised, officered, clothed, armed, and equipped in the same manner as the quota of such State, unless the legislature of such State shall judge that such extra number cannot be safely spared out of the same, in which case they shall raise, officer, clothe, arm, and equip, as many of such extra number as they judge can be safely spared, and the officers and men so clothed, armed, and equipped, shall march to the place ap- pointed, and within the time agreed on by the United States in Congress assembled. § 6. The United States in Congress assembled shall never engage in a war, nor grant letters of marque and reprisal in time of peace, nor enter into any treaties or alliances, nor coin money, nor regulate the value thereof, nor ascertain the sums and expenses necessary for the defence and welfare of the United States, or any of them, nor emit bills, nor borrow mon- ey on the credit of the United States, nor appropriate money, nor agree upon the number of vessels of w^ar to be built or purchased, or the number of land or sea forces to be raised, nor appoint a commander-in-chief of the army or navy, unless nine States assent to the same : nor shall a question on any 86 ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. Other point, except for adjourning from day to day, be deter- mined, unless by the votes of a majority of the United States in Congress assembled. ^ 7. The Congress of the United States shall have power to adjourn to any time within the year, and to any place with- in the United States, so that no period of adjournment be for a longer duration than the space of six months, and shall pub- lish the journal of their proceedings monthly, except such parts thereof relating to treaties, alliances, or military operations, as in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the delegates of each State, on any question, shall be enter- ed on the journal, when it is desired by any delegate ; and the delegates of a State, or any of them, at his or their request, shall be furnished with a transcript of the said journal, except such parts as are above excepted, to lay before the legislatures of the several States. Art. 10. The committee of the States, or any nine of them, shall be authorized to execute, in the recess of Congress, such of the powers of Congress as the United States, m Congress assembled, by the consent of nine States, shall, from time to time, think expedient to vest them with ; provided that no power be delegated to the said committee, for the exercise of which, by the Articles of Confederation, the voice of nine States, in the Congress of the United States assembled, is requisite. Art. 11. Canada acceding to this confederation, and join- ing in the measures of the United States, shall be admitted into and entitled to all the advantages of this Union: But no other colony shall be admitted into tho same, unless such ad- mission be agreed to by nine States. Art. 12. All bills of credit emitted, moneys borrowed, and debts contracted by or under the authority of Congress, before the assembling of the United States, in pursuance of the pres- ent confederation, shall be deemed and considered as a charge ^gaiust the United States, fur payment and satisfaction where- ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. 37 of the said United States and the public faith are hereby sol- emnly pledged. Art. 13. Every State shall abide by the determination of the United States in Congress assembled, in all questions which by this confederation are submitted to them. And the Arti- cles of this confederation shall be inviolably observed by every State, and the Union shall be perpetual ; nor shall any altera- tion at any time hereafter be made in any of them ; unless such alteration be agreed to in a Congress <5f"the United States, and be afterwards confirmed by the legislature of every State. And whereas it hath pleased the great Governor of the world, to incline the hearts of the legislatures we respectively repre- sent in Congress to approve of, and to authorize us to ratify the said xirticlcs of Confederation and Perpetual Union, Know ye, that we, the undersigned delegates, by virtue of the power and authority to us given for that purpose, do by these pres- ents, in the name and in behalf of our respective constituents, fully and entirely ratify and confirm each and every of the said Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, and all and singular the matters and thmgs therein contained. And we do further solemnly plight and engage the faith of our respec- tive constituents, that they shall abide by the determinations of the United States in Congress assembled, in all questions which by the said confederation are submitted to them ; and that the articles thereof shall be inviolably observed by the States we respectively represent, and that the union shall be perpetual. In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands in Congress. Done at Philadelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, the 9th day of July, in the year of our Lord 17Y8, and in the third year of the Independence of America. Kew HampsTdre 2fassachusetts Bay JosiAH Bartlett, Johx Hancock, John Wentworth, jun. Samuel Adams, 38 ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. Elbribge Gerry, Francis Dana, James Lovel, Samuel IIolten-. Ehodc Inland. "William Ellert, Henry Marcuant, JouN Collins. Connecticut. EoGER Sherman, Samuel Huntington, Oliver Wolcott, Titus Hosmer, Andrew Adams. New York. James Duane, Tra. Leavis, William Duer, Gouv. Morris. New Jersey. Jno. Witherspoon, Nath. Scudder. Pennsylvania. Robert Morris, Daniel Rocerdeau, JoNA Bayard Smith, William Clingan, Joseph Reed. Delaware. Thomas M'Keax, John Dickinson, Nicholas Van Dyke. &c. Maryland. John Hanson, Daniel Carroll. Virginia. Richard Henry Lee, John Banister, Thomas Adams, Jno. Harvie, Francis Lightfoot Lee. North Carolina. John Penn, Cons. Harnett, Jno. Williams. South Carolina. Henry Laurens, Wm. Henry Drayton, Jno. Matthews, Richard Hutson, Tuos. Heyward, jun. Georgia. Jno. Walton, Edward Telfair, Edward Langworthy. BERIOUS DEFECTS IN THIS FORM OF GOVERNMENT. 39 SERIOUS DEFECTS H THIS FORM OF GOVERNMENT. This confederation was formed in time of war, and under very unfavorable circumstances in many respects, lience upon trial, it soon became evident that the powers conferred upon the Continental Congress were inadequate to the legitimate objects of an effective national government. More especially was this manifested, when it became necessary to legislate upon matters relating to commerce and taxes. There was a want of, or dcficieyicy of coercive power in Congress. It had not the exclusive power to regulate commerce, to issue paper money, or to enforce the laws made, the rules adopted, or the orders given, and even several of the States began to exercise the sovereign, and absolute right of treating the recommendations of Congress with contempt. By this political compact, the United States in Congress assembled had rights and powers, loithout being able to enforce them. Another defect was in the mode of representation, which, before the adoption of the Constitution gave to each State an equal share ofpoioer^ although some were ten times as impor- tant as others in population and value of property. The States had each an equal voice and share in the Union. The small State of Delaware for instance, had an equal vote and an equal influence in the National Council with Virginia, although Virginia had to pay for the support of the govern- ment, by reason of the number of its inhabitants and value of its property, nearly twelve times as much as Delaware. The population of Delaware at this time was about 50,000 and its quota of taxes in requisition of Congress was $33,475, while Virginia had a population of 650,000 and its quota of taxes was $371,136. So also Rhode Island had a population of only 59,670, and her quota of taxes was only 46,704, while Massachusetts had a population of about 400,000, and her quota of taxes was $334,746, and yet their representatives and power in Congress were equal 40 EEPRESENTATION UNDER CONFEDERATION. EEPEESENTATIYE TABLE. IN 1787, UNDER CONFEDERATION. Quota of taxes Mean Number Population. in n^quisition proportion allowed of Congress. of votes. in 1787. New Hampshire, 150,000 f76.288 3 klassachusctts. 400,000 324,743 u :iho(ie Island, 59,670 46,764 2 Connecticut, 192,000 191,133 6 New York, 250.000 185,567 7 New Jersey, 150,000 120,619 4 Pennsylvania, 300,000 296,903 9 Delaware, 50,000 32,475 1 Maryland, 320,000 204,775 7 Virginia, 650,000 371,136 14 North Carolina, 300,000 157,732 6 South Carolina, 225,000 139,01T 5 Georgia, 56,CX^) 2;!.2S8 1 The original articles of confederation -were found to bo insufficient, and ineffectual in many other important particu- lars. Public credit could not be supported, collection of taxes could not be enforced, alliances could not be obtained, nor treaties preserved, and what was still more defective, hos- tilities between the States could not be prevented, nor insur- rections among citizens. In the spring of 1737 the nation seemed to be on the verge of bankruptcy. Congress had previously made a requisition upon the several States, for money to support, and carry on the government but only a few had responded. New York had paid more thanherquota, Pennsylvania nearlyall of hers, Connecticut and Delaware about one third of their quota, but many had paid comparatively nothing. The interest both on the foreign and domestic debt was rapidly accumulating. The receipts of money paid into the federal treasury from Nov. 1st, 1781, to Nov. 1st, 1784, a period of three years was only §2,0,25,089.31 or about §042,000 per annum. For three years previous to 1787, the whole amount in specie paid into the federal treasury, did not exceed §1,400,000, being a little more than §400,000 per annum. The amount paid in, on these requisitions to carry on the government in 178G, was less than $200,000, and this came from two or three States ; thus the receipts of the treasury were constantly decreasing, while thQ expenditures were increasing. THE FOREIGN DEBT. 41 The foreign debt at this time was $7,000,000 and the interest coming due, and to be paid the early part of 1787, was as fol- lows. Interest on loans of the King of France, $340,740 " " Spanish loans about 48,000 " «« Dutch *' *' 260,000 *» Certificates and foreign ofBcers 22,000 In addition, there would fall due on principal sum and interest, payable during the year 1787, on French and Dutch loans, more than $1,000,000, makingin the aggregate $1,600,000 to pay in 1787, and about $1,000,000 annually thereafter,(on an average) for the next ten years on said loans, and then about $300,000 annually, for the next ten years thereafter. In addi- tion to this, there was a large domestic debt, upon which inter- est was accruing, and the indebtedness increasing. This was indeed a dark hour for the new Republic. Congress was powerless ; she could make requisitions on the several States, but could not compel the payment of a farthing. " The Great Crisis had arrived when the people of these United States, by whose will, and for whose benefit, the federal gov- ernment was instituted had to decide whether they would support their rank as a nation by maintaining the Public Faith at home and abroad, or whether for want of a timely exertion in establishing a General Revenue, and thereby giving strength to the confederacy, they would hazard not only the existence of the Union, but of those great and invaluable privileges, for which they have so arduously and so honorably contended." Previous to this General "Washington had addressed his cir- cular letter to the Governors of the several States, urging them in the strongest language to comply with the requisition of Congress, and to preserve the public credit. Many of the States had attempted to do this, but they were impoverished by the continued drain on the people. The war had been long and expensive, the entire cost being estimated at one hun- dred and thirty viilUons of dollars^ exclusive of certain losses of forty ndllmis more. By reason of this state of afiairs in Febuary 1787 a resolution was offered in Congress, that on the second Monday of May fol- 42 CONVENTION OF DELEGATES. lowing, a convention of delegates, who should be appointed by the several States be held at Philadelphia, for the sole pur- 150se of revising the Artieles of Confederation, and reporting to Congress, and the several legislatures, such alterations and provisions therein, as the exigencies of the government required. In May 17S7, the delegates from all the States presented themselves, excepting from New Hampshire and Rhode Island. They were not represented. Washington was chosen presi- dent of the convention, and for upwards of four months it continued with closed doors, and it was not till August 6tli, 1787, that the committee which had been appointed for that purpose reported a rough draft of the constitution, and finally on the 15th of September 1787, after a warm and lengthy debate, and after many amendments and revisions, a Constitu- tion was adopted. CONSTITUTION OF THE MFTED STATES. ARTICLE I. Section 1. Legislative powers ; in whom vested. Sec. 2. House of Representatives, liow and by wiiom chosen — Qualifications of a Representative — Representatives and direct taxes, how apportioned — Census — Vacancies to be filled — Power of choosing officers, and of impeachment. Sec. 3. Senators, how and by whom chossn — How classified — State Executive to make temporary appointments, in case, etc.— Qualifications of a Senator — President of the Senate, his right to vote — President pro tern., and other officers of Senate, liow chosen — Power to try impeachments — When President is tried, Chief Justice to preside — Sentence. Sec. 4. Times, etc., of holding elections, how prescribed —One Session in eacli year. Sec. 5. Membership — Quorum— Adjournments— Rules— Power to punish or expel — Journal — Time of adjournments limited, unless, etc. Sec. 6. Compensation — Privileges — Disqualification in certain Sec. 7. House to originate all revenue bills— Veto — Bill may be passed by two-thirds of each house, notwithstanding, etc.— Bill not returned in ten days — Provision as to all orders, etc., except, etc. Sec. 8. Powers of Congress. Sec. 9. Provision as to migration or importation of certain per- sons — Habeas Corpiis — Bills of attainder, etc.— Taxes, how appor- tioned — No export duty — No commercial preferences — No money drawn from treasury, unless, etc. —No titular nobility — Officers not to receive presents, unless, etc. Sec. 10. States prohibited from the exercise of certain powers. 43 44 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. ARTICLE II. Section 1. President; his term of office — Electors of Presi- dent; number and liow appointed — Electors to vote on same day — Qualiflcation of President — on whom his duties devolve in case of his removal, death, etc. — President's compensation — His oath. Sec. 2. President to be commander-in-chief — He may require opinion of, etc., and may pardon — Treaty-making power — Nomi- nation of certain officers —When President may fill vacancies. Sec. 3. President shall communicate to Congress — He may convene and adjourn Congress, in case, etc. ; shall receive am- bassadors, execute laws, and commission officers. Sec. 4. All civil offices forfeited for certain crimes. ARTICLE HI. Section 1. Judicial power — Tenure — Compensation. Sec. 2. Judicial power; to what cases it extends — Original jurisdiction of Supreme Court — Appellate —Trial by jury, except, etc. — Trial, where. Sec. 3. Treason defined — Proof of —Punishment of. ARTICLE IV. Section 1. Each State to give credit to the public acts, etc., of every other State. Sec. 2. Privileges of citizens of each State — Fugitives from justice to be delivered up— Persons held to service having escaped, to be delivered up. Sec. 3. Admission of new States— Power of Congress over ter- ritory and other property. Sec. 4. Republican form of government guaranteed — Each State to be protected. ARTICLE V. Constitution ; how amended --Proviso. ARTICLE VI. Certain debts, etc., adopted — Supremacy of Constitution, treaties, and laws of the United States — Oath to support Consti- tution, by whom taken — No religious test. ARTICLE VII. What ratification shall establish Constitution. COKSTITUTIOIJ OF THE UNITED STATES. 45 AMENDMENTS. I. Religious establishment prohibited— Freedom of speech, of the press, and right to petition. IT. Right to keep and bear arras. III. No soldier to be quartered in any house, unless, etc. IV. Right of search and seizure regulated. V. Provisions concerning prosecution, trial and punishment —Private property not to be taken for public use, with- out, etc. VI. Further provision respecting criminal prosecutions. "VII. Right of trial by jury secured. Vni. Excessive bail or fines and cruel punishments prohibited. IX. Rule of construction. X. Same subject. XI. Same subject. XII. Manner of choosing President and Vice-President. XIII. Slavery abolished. XIV. Citizenship. We, the people of the United States, in order to fonn a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tran- quillity, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this conetitution for the United States of America. ARTICLE I. Section 1. 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a congress of the United States, which shall consist of a senate and house of repcesentatives. Section 2. 1. The house of representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several states ; and the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numer- ous branch of the state legislature. 46 C01^STITUTI02q" OF THE UNITED STATES. 2. No person shall be a representative ttIio shall not |iave attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of tlie United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen. 3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states which may bo included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least one representative ; and until such enumeration shall bo made, the state of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three ; Massachusetts, eight ; Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, one ; Connecticut, five ; New- York, six ; New Jersey, four ; Pennsylvania, eight ; Delaware, one ; Maryland, six ; Virginia, ten ; North Carolina five ; South Carolina, five ; and Georgia, three. 4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 5. The house of representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. Section 3. 1. The senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each state, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years ; and each senator shall have one vote. 2. Immediately after they shall bo assembled in conse- COKSTITUTIOK OF THE UKITED STATES. 47 quence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year ; and if vacancies happen, by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any state, the exec- utive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall be chosen. 4. The vice-president of the United States shall be president of the senate, but shall have no vote unless they be equally divided. 5. The senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president pro tempore in the absence of the vice-president, or when he shall exercise the office of president of the United States. 6. The senate shall have the sole power to try all im- peachments. Wlien sitting for that purpose, they shall bo on oath or affirmation. When the president of the United States is tried, the chief justice shall preside; and no per- son shall be convicted without the concurrence of two- thirds of the members present. 7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under the United States ; but the party convicted shall, never- theless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judg- ment and punishment, according to law. 48 COI^STITUTIOK OF THE TKITED STATES. Section 4. 1. The times, places and manner of holding elections for senators and representatives shall be prescribed in each state by the legislature thereof; but the congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the place of choosing senators. 2. The congress shall assemble at least once in every year ; and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. Section 5. 1. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner and under such Denalties as each house may provide. 2. Each house may determine the rule of its proceed- ings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. 3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment, require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. 4. Neither house, during the session of congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. Section G. 1. The senators and representatives shall receive a com- pensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and CONSTITUTION or THE UNITED STATES, 49 paid out of the treasury of the United States, They shall, in all cases except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in. either house they shall not be questioned in any other place, 2. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments wherof shall have been increased, during such time ; and no person holding any office under the United States shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office. Section 7. 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the house of representatives ; but the senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills. 2, Every bill which shall have passed the house of repre- sentatives and the senate shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the president of the United States ; if ho approve, he shall sign it ; but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated ; who shall enter the objections at large onthei? journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such recon- sideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered ; and, if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall be- come a law. But in all cases, the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house repectively. If any bill shall not be returned by tl\e president within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall hav^ been presented to him, th^ i 50 coxsTiTrTio:sr of the united states. same sliall be a law in like manner as if lie had signed it, nnles3 the congress, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 3. Every order, resolution or vote, to which the concur- rence of the senate and house of representatives may bo necessary (except on a question of adjournment), shall bo presented to the president of the United States ; and, before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him ; or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the senate and house of representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. Section 8. The congress shall have power : 1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises ; to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties, im- posts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States. 2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States. 3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes. 4. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States. 5. To coin money, regulate tho value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures. G. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States. 7. To establish post-ollices and post-roads. 8. To promote tho progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times, to authors and inventors, tho exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries. 9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court ; to define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against tho law of nations. COIsSTITUTIOl^ OF THE U:JnTED STATES. 51 10. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water. 11. To raise and support armies ; but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years. 12. To provide and maintain a navy. 13. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces. 14. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions. 15. To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States; reserv- ing to the states respectively the appointment of the offi- cers and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by congress. 16. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatso- ever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of congress, become the seat of government of the United States ; .and to exercise like authority over all places pur- chased, by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, maga- zines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings ; and 17. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. Section 9. 1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight ; but a tax or duty 52 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. may be imposed on sucli importation not exceeding ten dollars for eacli person, 2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless ■when, in cases of rebellion or inva- sion, the public safety may require it. 3. No bill of attainder, or ex post facto law shall bo passed. 4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken. 5. No tax or duty shall be laid on any articles exported from any state. No preference shall be given by any regu- lation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one state over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to or from one state be obliged to enter, clear or pay duties in another. G. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. 7. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States ; and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, without the consent of the congress, ac- cept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. Section 10. 1. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance or con- federation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills of credit ; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts ; or grant any title of nobility. 3. No state shall, without the consent of the congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws, and the net produce of all duties and imposts laid CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 53 by any state on imports or exports shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States, and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the congress. No state shall, -without the consent of the congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. ARTICLE II. Section 1. 1. The executive power shall be vested in a president of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years ; and, together with the vice- president chosen for the same term, be elected as follows : 2. Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the legis- lature thereof may direct, a number of electors equal to the whole number of senators and representatives to which the state may be entitled in the congress ; but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. 3. The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of government of the United States, directed to the president of the senate. The president of the senate shall, in the presence of the senate and house of representatives, open all the certifi- cates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if there be more than one who 54 C0KSTITUTI02T OF THE U^^ITED STATES. have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the house of representatives shall immediately choose, by ballot, one of them for president ; and if no person have a majority, then, from the five highest on the list, the said house shall, in like manner, choose the president. But in choosing the president, the vote shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or mem- bers from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the president, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the vice- president. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the senate shall choose from them, by ballot, the vice-president. 4. The congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes, which day shall be the same throughout the United States. 5. No person, except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this constitution, shall be eligible to the office of president ; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. G. In case of the removal of the president from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the pow- ers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the vice-president ; and the congress may, by law, provide for the case of removal, death, resignation or inability, both of the president and vice-president, declaring what officer shall then act as president ; and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a presi- dent shall be elected. 7. The president shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall COKSTITUTIOi^ OF THE UNITED STATES. 55 have been elected ; and lie shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. 8. Before he enter on the execution of his ofHce, he shall take the following oath of affirmation : " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of president of the United States ; and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the constitution of the United States," Section 2. 1. The president shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states, when called into the actual service of the United States. He may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive depart- ments, ui^on any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices ; and he shall have power to grant re- prieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment, 2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, to make treaties, provided two- thirds of the senators present occur ; and he shall nomi- nate, and by and with the advice and consent of the senate shall appoint, ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the supreme court, and all other officers of the United States whose appointments are not herein otherwise pi*ovided for, and which shall be established by law. But the congress may, by law, vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper, in the president alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 3. The president shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. 56 COXSTITUTIOK OF THE UNITED STATES. Section 3. 1. He shall, from time to time, give to the congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge neces- Bary and expedient. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them ; and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper. He shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers. He shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed ; and shall commission all the officers of the United States. Section 4. 1. The president, vice-president and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on im- peachment for, and conviction of treason, bribery or other high crimes and misdemeanors. ARTICLE III. Section 1. 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the congress may, from time to time, ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior; and shall, at Btated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. Section 2. 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity arising under this constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority ; to all cases affi^cting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls ; to all cases of admiralty COySTITUTIOK OP THE UN'ITED STATES. 57 and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to whicli tlie United States sliall be a party ; to controversies between two or more states; between a state and citizens of anotlier state ; between citizens of different states, between citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants of different states, and between a state, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens or subjects. 2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public minis- ters and consuls, and those in which a state shall be party, the supreme court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the supreme court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the con- gress shall make. 3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeach- ment, shall be by jury, and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed ; but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the congress may by law- have directed. Section 3. 1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them or in adhering to their ene- mies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testimony of two wit- nesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 2. The congress shall have power to declare the punish- ment of treason ; but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. ARTICLE IV. Section 1. 1. Full faith and credit shall be given m each state to the public acts, records and judicial proceedings of every 58 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. other state ; and the confxrcss may, bj general laws, pre- scribe the manner in which such acts, records and pro- ceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. Section 3. 1. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states. 2. A person charged in any state with treason, felony or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another state, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime. 3. No person held to service or labor in one state under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in conse- quence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor ; but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. Section 3. 1. New states maybe admitted by the congress into this Union ; but no new state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state, nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states or parts of states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states con- cerned, as well as of the congress. 2. The congress shall have power to dispose of, and make all needful rules and regulations respecting, the ter- ritory or other property belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any par- ticular state. Section 4. 1. The United States shall guarantee to every state in this Union a reput)lican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion ; and, on application COKSTITUTIOIT OF THE UNITED STATES. 59 of the legislature, or of tlie executive (when the legisla- ture cannot be convened), against domestic violence. ARTICLE V. 1. The congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this constitution ; or, on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this constitu- tion, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the congress ; provided that no amendment, which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the senate. ARTICLE VI. 1. All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adoption of this constitution shall be as valid against the United States under this constitution, as under the confederation. 2. This constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, any thing in the constitution or laws of any state to the con- trary notwithstanding. 3. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several state legislatures, and all executive and judicial oflBcers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or affix* 60 COXSTITUTIOiq" OF THE UNITED STATES. mation to support tliis constitution ; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. ARTICLE VII. 1. The ratification of the conventions of nine states shall be sufficient for the establishment of this constitution between the states so ratifying the same. • Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty- seven, and of the Independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names. GEORGE WASHINGTON, President, aiid Deputy from Virginia. AITENDIIEXTS TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. [The following amendments were proposed at the first session of the first congress of the United States, which was begun and held at the city of New York on the 4th of March, 1789, and were adopted by the requisite number of states. Laws of the U. S., vol. 1, page 82.] [The following preamble and resolution preceded the original proposition of the amendments, and as they have been supposed by a high equity judge (8th Wendell's Reports, p. 100) to have an important bearing on the con- struction of those amendments, they are here inserted. They will be found in the journals of the first session of he first congress. CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES. Begun and held at the city of Neio York, on Wednesday, the Hh day of March, 1789. The conventions of a number of the states having, at the time of their adopting the constitution, expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of its COI?'STITUTIOK OF THE UNITED STATES. 61 powers, that furtlier declaratory and restrictive clauses Bliould be added, and as extending the ground of public confidence in tlie government will best insure tlie benefi- cent ends of its institution : Resolved, By the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in congress assembled, two-thirds of both houses concurring, that the following articles be proposed to the legislatures of the several states, as amendments to the constitution of the United States ; all or any of which articles, when ratified by three-fourths of the said legislatures, to be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of the said constitution, namely :] ARTICLE I. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. ARTICLE II. A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed, ARTICLE in. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner to be prescribed by law. ARTICLE IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, paper and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated ; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirm- ation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 62 OONSTITUTIOi^ OF THE Ui?-ITED STATES, ARTICLE V. Ko person sliall be held to answer for a capital or other- wise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty or property, without due process cf law ; nor shall private property bo taken for public use without just compensation. ARTICLE VI. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused sliall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascer- tained by law ; and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of coun- sel for his defense. ARTICLE VII. In puits at common law, where the value in controversy Fhall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved ; and no fact tried by a jury shall be other- wise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. ARTICLE VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. COKSTITUTIOH OF THE Ui^^ITED STATES. 63 ARTICLE IX. The enumeration in tlio constitution of certain rights sliall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. ARTICLE X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the constitution, nor prohibited to it by the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. [The following amendment was proposed at the second session of the third congress. It is printed in the Lawa of the United States, vol. l,p. 73, as article 11.] ARTICLE XL The judicial power of the United States shall not be con- strued to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. [The three following sections were proposed as amend- ments at the first session of the eighth congress. They are printed in the Laws of the United States as article 13.J ARTICLE XIL 1 The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for president and vice-president, one of v/hom at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. They shall name in their ballots the person voted for as president, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as vice-president ; and they shall make distinct lists of all pe.rsons voted for as president, and of all per- sons voted for as vice-president, and of the number of votes for each ; which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the president of the senate. The presi- 64 CONSTITUTIO:^' OF THE UNITED STATES. dent of tlie senate shall, in the presence of the senate and house of representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes for president shall be the presi- dent, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as president, the house of representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the president. But in choosing the j^resident, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each Btate having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the ctates, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the house of representatives shall not choose a president, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the vice-president shall act as president, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disa- bility of the president. 2. The person having the greatest number of votes as vice-president shall be the vice-president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two high- est numbers on the list the senate shall choose the vice- president. A quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of senators, and a major- ity of tlic whole number shall be necessary to a choice. 3. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of president shall be eligible to that of vice-president of the United States. ARTICLE XIII. Secttox 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a puuisliment for crime, whereof the party shall have been COis'STITUTIOi^r OP THE UKITED STATES. 65 •duly convicted, Bliall exist within the United States, or any place subject to tiieir jurisdiction. Section 2. Congress sliall liave power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. The following is tlie certificate of tlie secretary of state of the United States, announcing the ratification of the foregoing article : William H. Seward, Sccretar]) of State of the United States : To ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS MAY COMB, GREETING: Know Ye, That, whereas the congress of the United States, on the first of February last, passed a resolution, which is in the words following, namely: "A Resolution submitting to the legislatures of the several states a proposition to amend tha constitution of the United States. "■ Resol.vecl., By the senate and house of representatives of the United States of America in congress assembled (two-thirds of both houses concurring), that the following ai'ticle be proposed to the legislatures of the several states as an amendment to the constitution of the United States, v/hich, when ratified by three- fourths of said legislatures, shall be Aalid, to all intents and pur- poses, as apart of the said constitution, namely." (See Article XIII, above.) And whereas it appears from official documents on file in this department, that the amendment to the constitution of the United States proposed as aforesaid, has been ratified by the legislatures of the states of Illinois, Rhode Island, Michigan, Maryland, New York, West Virginia, Maine, Kansas, Massachu^ setts, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Ohio, Missouri, Nevada, Indiana, Louisiani, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Vermont, Tennessee, Arkansas, Connecticut, New Hampshire, South Carolina, Alabama, North Carolina and Georgia ; ih all twenty-seven states. And whereas, the whole number of states in the United States is thirty-six; and whereas, the before specially-named states, whose legislatures have ratified the said proposed amendment, constitute three-fourths of the whole number of states in the United States: Now, therefore, be it known, that I, William H. Seward, secretary of state of the United States, bv virtue and in pur- suance of the second section of the act of congress, approved the twentieth of April, eighteen hundred and eighteen, entitled, ' An act to provide for the publication of the laws of the United btates, and for other purposes," do hereby certify, that the amendment aforesaid has become valid, to all intents and pur- poses, as a part of the constitution of the United States. In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and caused the seal of the department of state to be affixed. Done at the city of Washington, this eighteenth day of Decem- ber, in tl|e year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred [L. s.J and sixty-five, and of the Independence of the United States of America the ninetieth. 5 WILLIAM H. SEWARD, Secretary of State^ GQ CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. ARTICLE XIV. Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in tlie United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No Btate shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Section 3. ] Representatives shall be apportioned among the several states according to their respective numbers, counting' the whole number of persons in each state, exclnding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any .1 election for the choice of electors for president and vice- | president of the United States, representatives in congress, * the executive and judicial officers of a state, or the mem- t bers of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the l male inhabitants of such state, being twenty-one years of | fige, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty- pne years of age in such state. ^ Section 3. ■ No person shall be a senator or representative in con- ", gress, or elector of president and vice-president, or hold 'c any office, civil or military, under the United States, or ^ under any state, who, having previously taken an oath as | a member of congress, or as an officer of the United States, v or as a member of any state legislature, or as an executive CONSTITUTIOiq- OF THE UNITED STATES. 6Y or judicial officer of any state, to support the constitution of tlie United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But congress may, by a vote of two- thirds of each house, remove such disability. Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insur- rection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any state shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebel- ion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave ; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. Section 5. The congress shall have power to enforce, by appropri- ate legislation, the provisions of this article. The following are the certificates ol the secretary of state of the United States, announcing the ratification of the foregoing article : TTii^LiAM IT. Seward, Secrctarif of State of the United States: To ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS MAY COME, GREETING : Whereas, the congress of the United States, on or about the sixteenth of June, in the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty-six, passed a resolution, which is in the words and figures following, to wit : "Joint Resolution proposing an Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. *''' Be it Resolved, by the senate and house of representatives of Ihe United States of America in congress assembled (two-thirds lo both houses concuning), That the following article be proposed to the legislatures of the several states as an amendment to tho constitution of the United States, which, when ratified by three- fourths of said legislatures, shall be valid as part of the constitu- tion, namely :" (See Article X^V^ above.) And whereas, by the second section of the act of congress, ap- proved the twentieth of April, one thousand eight hundred and eighteen, entitled "An act to provide for the publication of the laws cf the United States, and for other purposes," it is made the C8 C013-STITUTI0N OF THE UKITED STATES. duty of the secretary of state forthwith to cause any amendment to the constitution of the United States, which has been adopted according to tlie provisions of the said constitution, to be pub- lished in the newspapers authorized to promulgate tlie laws, with his ccrlifu-ate specifyinpr the states by which the same may have been adopted, and that the same has become valid, to all intents and purposes, as a part of the constitution of the United Stat'::>s ; And whereas, neither the act juFt quoted from, nor any otlier law, expressly or by conclusive implication, authf)rizes the secre- tary of state to determine and decide doubtful questions as to tho authenticity of the orfranization of state lejrislatures, or as to tho power of any state lej^islature to recall a previous act or resolu- tion of ratification of any amendment proposed to the constitu- tion; And whereas, it appears from official documents on file in this department, that the amendment to t!ic constitution of tho United States, proposed as aforesaid, has been ratified by tho lot'islatures of the states of Coimec ticut, Nt w II am pFhir-^," Ten- nessee, New Jersey, Orefron, Vermont, l\cw York, Oliio, Illinois, West Virginia, Kansas, Maine, Nevada, Missouri, lndian:i, Minne- sota, Khode Island, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Massa- chusetts, Nebraska, and Iowa ; And whereas, it f urtlier appears, from documents on file in this department, that the amendment to the constitution of tho "United States, proposed as aforesaid, has also been ratified by newly constituted and newly established bodies, avowing them- selves to be, and acting as, the legislatures, respectively, of tho states of Arkansas, Florida, Nortli Carolina, Louisiana, South Carolina, and Alabnma; And whereas, it lurther appears, from official documents on file in this department, that the legislatures of two of the states first above enumerated, to wit: Ohio and New Jersey, have since passed resolutions, respectively, withdrawing the consent of each of said states to the aforesaid amendment; And whereas, it is deemed a natter of doubt and uncertainty whether such resolutions hre not irregular, invalid, and, there- fore, inefl'ectual, for withdrawing the consent of the said two states, or of either of them, to the aforesaid amendment ; And whereas, the \/hole number of states in the United States is thirty-seven, to wit: New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhodo Island, "Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Dela- ware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Soiith Carolina, CJeoriria, Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, Louisiana, Indiaiui, Mis- sissippi, Illinois, Alabama, Maine, Missouri, Arkansas, Michigan, Florida, Texas, Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota, California, Oregon, Kansas, West Virginia, Nevada and Nebraska; And whereas, the twenty-three states first hereinnefore named, whose legislatures have ratified the said proposed aniendment, and the six states next tliereafter named, as having ratilied iho said projxtsed amendtnent by newly constituted and established legislative bodies, together constitute three-fourths of the whoio number of st ates in the United States. Now, therefore, be it known, that I, Wttxiam H. Seward, sec- retary of state of the United States, by virtue and iii pursuance of the second section of the act of conLM-ess, aiiproved the twen- tieth of April, eiirhteen hundred and eiirhteen, hereinbefore cited, do berel)y certify, that, if the resolutions of the legisla- tures of Ohio and New Jersey, ratifying the aforesaid amend- ment, are to be deemed as remaining of full force and effect, QOtwithBtandlus the subsequent resolutioua of the Icflslaturea COi^STITUTION" OF THE UKITED STATES. 69 of those states, which purport to withdraw the consent of said states from such ratification, then the aforesaid amendment has been ratified in the oanner liereinbefore mentioned, and so has become valid, to all intents and purposes, as a part of the consti- tution of the United States. In testimony whereof, I have hereunto sot my hand, and caused th 3 seal of the d^iaartmeat of state to be a''lxed. Done at the city of Washington, this tv/entieth day of July, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and [l. S.] sixty-eight, and of the Independence of the United States of America the ninety-third. WILLIAM H. SEWARD, Secretary of State, WrLLiAM H. Seward, Secretary of State of the United States: To ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS MAY COME, GREETING. Whereas, by an act of congress, passed on the twentieth of April, one thousand eight hundred anJ eighteen, entitled ''An act to provide for the publication of ihe laws of the United States, and for other purposes," it is declared that, whenever official notice shall have been received at the department of state that any amendment which heretofore has been and here- after may be proposed to the constitution of the United States has been adopted according to the provisions of the constitu- tion, it shall be tlie duty of the said secretary of state, forthwith, to cause the said amendment to be published i.i the newspapers authorized to promulgate the laws, with his certificate, specify- ing the states by which the Fame may have been adopted, and that the same has become valid, to all intents and purposes, as a part of the constitution of the United States; And whereas, the congress of the United States, on or about the sixteenth day of June, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-six, submitted to the legislatures of the several states a proposed amendment to the constitution, in the following words, to wit : "Joint liesolution proposing an Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. "Beit fJejoZiicfT, by the senate and house of representatives of the United States of America, in congress assembled (two-thirds of both houses concurring). That the following article be pro- posed to the legislaturer, of the several states as an amendment to the constitution of the United States, which, when ratified by three-fourths of said legislatures, shall be valid as part of the constitution, namely:" (See Article XIV, above.) And whereas, the senate and house of representatives of the congress of the United States, on the twenty-first day of July, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, adopted and trans- mitted to the department of state a concurrent resolution, which concurrent resolution is in the words and figures follow- ing, to wit : " In Senate of the United States, ) ''July 21, 1868. j "Whereas, the legislatures of the states of Connecticut, Ten- nessee, New Jersey, Oregon, Vermont, West Virginia, Kansas, Missouri, Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, Minnesota, New York, Wiscon- sin, Pennsylvania, Uhode Island, Michigan, Nevada, New Hamp- shire, Massachusetts, Nebraska, Maine, Iowa, Arkansas, Florida, TO CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. North Carolina, Alabama, South Carolina and Louisiana, belnff three-fourths and more of the several states of the Union, have ratified the fourteentla j;rtlcle of amendment to the constitution of the United States, duly proposed by two-thirds of each house of tlie tliirty-niuth conjrress ; tlierefore, "ii'&s'o^tvv/, by the senate (the house of representatives con- curring:), That said fointeentli article is hereby declared to be a part of the constitution of the United States, and it shall be duly promulgated as such by the secretary cf state. ♦'Attest: GEO. C. GORH AM, Secretary." " In the House of REPRESENTATn'"Es, ) "JwZy21, lbU8. J " JJc-w/i'cf?, That the house »f representatives concur in the foreiroinf? concurrent resolution of the senate, 'declaring the ratification of the fourteenth article of amendment of the con- stitution of the United States.' "Attest: ED WD. McPHERSON, Ocrk." Andwhcrcas, official notice has been received at the depart- ment of state that the legislatures of the several states next hereinafter named, have, at the times respectively herein men- tioned, taken the pi"oceedings hereinafter recited, upon or in relation to the ratification of the said proposed amendment, called article fourteenth, namely; The legislature of Connecti- cut ratified the amendment June 30th, 1806; the legislature of JNew Hampshire ratified it July 7th, 1866: the legislature of Ten- nessee ratified it July 19th, 18GG; the legislature of New Jersey ratified it September 11th, 1866, and the legislature of the same state passed a resolution in April, 1868, to withdraw its {M)nsent to it; the Icgislatu'-o of Oregon ratified it September IJHh, 1866: the legislature of Texas rejected it IJ^ovember 1st, 1866; the legisla- ture of Vermont ratified it on or previous to November 5)th, 18C6; the legislature of Georgia rejected it November i;3th, 18ny whereof, i have hereunto set my hand, and caused the seal of the department of state to be atfixed. Done at the city of Washington this twenty-eighth day <^>f J uly, in the year <>f our Lord one thousand eight hundred and [L. S.] sixty-eight, and of the Independence of the United States of America the ninety-third. WILLIAM H. SEWARD, Secretary of State. ARTICLE XV. Section 1. Tlie right of citizens of the United States to rote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Section 2. The congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. The following is the certificate of the secretary of state of the United States, annotincing the ratification, of the foregoing article : 72 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. Hamilton Fish, Secretary of State of the United States: To ALL, TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS MAY COME, GREETING : Know Ye, Thatthe ootiKresa ol" the United States, on or about the twenty-seventh day of February, in the year one thousand eiprht hundred and sixty-nine, passed a resolution in the words and figures followiut;, to wit : *' A Resohition proposins? an Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. " Eesinlved, By the senate and house of representatives of the United States of America, in congress assembled (two-thirds of both houses concurrinc:). That the following article lie proposed to the legislatures of the several states as an amendment to tho constitution of the United States, which, when ratified by three- fourths of said legislatures, shall be valid as part of the constitu- tion, namely :" (See Article XV, above.) And, further, that it appears from official documents on file fn this department, that the amendment to the constitution of the United States, proposed as aforesaid, has been ratified by the legislatures of the states of North Carolina, West Virginia, Mas- sachusetts, Wisconsin, Maine, Louisiana, Michigan, South Caro- lina, Pennsylvania, Arkansas, Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, In- diana, New York, New Hampshire, Nevada, Vermont, Virginia, Alabama, Missouri, Mississijjpi, OJiio, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Rhode Island, Nebraska, and Texas ; in all, twenty-nine states : And, further, that the states whose legislatures have so ratified the said proiKjsed amendment constitute three-fourths of the whole number of states in the United States; And, further, that it appears, from an official document on file in this department, that the legislature of the state of New York has since passed resolutions claiming to withdraw ihe said ratifi- cation of the said amendnient which had been made by the legis- lature of that state, and of which official notice had been filed in this department: And, further, that it appears, from an official document on file in this department, that the legislature of Georgia has, by reso- lution, ratified the said proposed ;«.mendment: Now, therefore, be it known, that T, Hamllton Fish, secretary of state of the United States, by virtue and in pursuance of the second section of the act of confess approved the twentieth day of April, in the vear eighteen hundred and eighteen, entitled "An act to provide for the publication of the laws of the I nited States, and for other purposes," do hereby certify, that the amendment aforesaid has become valid to all intetits and pur- poses as part of the constitution of the United States. In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and caused the seal of tho department of state to l)e affixed. Done at the city of Wasiiincrton, this thirtieth day of !^^'(rch» in tho year of our Lord one thousand cicrht hundred and [l. s.] severity, and of tho Indet>endence of the United States the ninety-f ourtli, HAMILTON FISH. THE GOVERNMENT UNDER THE CONSTITUTION. 73 THE GOYERKMElN^T UNDER THE CONSTlTUTIOJi. TIME OF RATIFICATION BY THE ORIGINAL STATES. After copies of the Coustitution had been sent to the State Legislatures, more than a 3'ear elapsed, before the requisite number of States liad ratifi'ed it. By Convention of DelaM-are, December 7th., 1787. " " Pennsylvania December 12th., 1787. " " New Jersey December 18th., 1787. " " Georgia, January 2d, 1788. " '• Connecticut, January 9th., 1788. " " Massachusetts February 6th., 1788 " " Maryland, April 28th., 1788. " "■ South Carolina, May 23d., 1788. '• " New Hampshire, June 21st., 1788. " " Virginia June 20th., 17£8. " " New York, : July 2Gth., 1783. " " North Carolina, November 21st., 17SS. " " Rhode Island, May 29th., 1790. On the 4th of March 1789, the NATIONAL CONSTITUTION Tvent into etFect, and became the organic law of the laud. The first Congress thereafter, met in the city of New York, and a quorum "was formed on the 6th of April, 1789. The three most important powers of a government are — 1st. That of making laws, or the Legislative power. 2nd. That of executing them, or the Executive power. 3rd. That of interpreting the laws, and applying them to individual cases, or the Judicial power. The first is vested in Congress, the second is vested in the President, and the third is vested in one Supreme Court, and such other courts as Congress may establish. The government therefore is divided into three independent branches, to wit — the Legislative — the Executive^ and the Judiciary. T4 GOVERNMENT UNDER THE CONSTITUTION. After the organization of the new goverment, the first matters brought before Congress -were those pertaining to the finaneial affairs of the country, and forming a S3-stem of reve- nues, and also the business of organizing the diflferent branches. Tlierc were three departments arranged for the executive, to wit, Tlie Treasury, The War, and of Foreign Affairs, the heads of which were to be styled Secretaries, and were to constitute a Cabinet Councih A nationalJudiciary M'as also established, consisting of a Supreme Court of the United States, having one Chief Justice and five Associate Justices. District Courts were also estab- lished, and each State was made a district, and also three Cir- cuit Courts — the States being formed into three circuits. The question as to ameuclmcnfs to tlic Constitution was then brought forward, and also the Bills of Rights proposed by Virginia and New York. Twelve amendments were agreed to by Congress, but July ten of them subsequently ratified by the States. /Tliosft ton nmenf!mont<< were ratified by tlie constitutional number Statis <)!i tlio 151 li (if Deci'iiibcr 1T:)1. Another llie Elevenlh was pro- posed on the Stiiof March 1TD4. and r.itlfl.! Alahuma mi Texas 8 Massachusetts lo! Mississippi Sjlowa 11 Rhode Island 4 1 Louisiana S[H'isconsiu 10 Connecticut tijOhio 2> ("alitornla 6 New Yoik 35 Kentucky 12 [ Minnesota 5 New J'Tsev 9l Tennessee 12'"regon 3 Pennsylvania 2!t Indiana 15 Kansas 5 Pelawiire 3 Maryland 8 Virginia 11 Korth Carolina 10 Total Illinois ^.21 WcHt Virginia 5 Ml-sourl 1.') Nevada 3 Arkansas 6 Nebraska 3 • If Colorado votes, 3 votes will be added. THE CABINET COUNCIL. 79 THE CABINET. The Administrative business of the Country is attended to by several officers, havin,' the titles of Secretaries &c. &c., who together fcrm the Cabinet, and they arc appointed by the President. It is now composed of the Secretary of State, Sec- retary of the Treasur}', Secretary of War, Secretary of the Navy, Secretary of the Interior, Postmaster-General, and the Attorney-General, who is the legal adviser of the Administra- tion, and the Official laW authority. Each of these Secretaries has charge of a separate department. THE SECRETAPvY OF STATE has charge of the great seal of the United States, but cannot affix it to any instrument in writing, without authority from the President. He conducts all treaties we make with other powers, attends to the correspondence with our Ministers at foreign courts, and with ^Ministers of foreign courts residing here ; grants passjDorts, &e. THE SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY superintends all the financial matters of the Government ; the settling of all the public accounts, and recommends to Con- gress any measure he may deem advisable for the condition of the reveuue. THE SECRETARY OF WAR has the exclusive control of the military affairs of the Nation, and superintends every department of the same ; attends to the making of public surveys ; erection of fortifications, &c. The Adjutant-General's office ; Quartermaster-General's Bureau; theOrdinance, Typographical, Medical, Engineer, and Subsis- tence Bureaus, all come under his supervision. THE SECRETARY OF THE NAVY superintends generally all naval affairs, and directs the naval forces. The several Bureaus, such as of Docks, of Navy Yards, of Construction, Equipment, and repairs of Ordinance and Hydrography are all under his supervision. 80 THE CABINET COUNCIL. THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR superintends all matters connected with the public domain, Indian AlTairs, Patents, Public Buildin^.s, Pensions, tlie Census, and the Expenditures of the Federal Judiciary. THE POSTMASTER-GENERAL has the charge of all postal arrangements within the United States, as well as with all Foreign States. The Contract Office, the Appointment Office, and the Inspection Office, all come under his supervision, THE ATTORNEY-GENERAL is the Law Counsel for the President, and other officers of the Government. He is the Constitutional Adviser of the Govern- inent, and defends the same when necessary. SEAL OF rUi^ biAii:, LiEPAKTMEMT. liTATIONAL COXGRESS. 81 THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH OF THE GUVEltMEiNT. AU Legislative powers are vested in Congress, which con- sists of a Senate and House of Representatives, inalat;ous to Piirliainent in Great Britain, Avhicli consists of a House of Lords uad a HoilsC of Commous- SENATE. The Senate consists of two members from each State, elected by tlie Legislature thereof respectively for six years. They are divided into three classes, each one-third, which is renewed bienniallj'. No person can be a Senator, who has not attained the age of tliirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabi- tant of the State for which he shall be chosen. The Vice-President of the United States is Zx-Q^cio, the President of the Senate. Besides its Legislative prerogatives, the Senate is vested with judicial functions, and its members may constitute a High Court of Impeachment; but the sole power of impeachment belongs to the Representatives, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. The members of the House of Representatives are elected by tlie people, to seats therein for two years, and the number of such members is in accordance with the population of the several Stiites. In order to ascertain the number, each State is entitled to a census, which is taken every ten years, and heretofore in this computation, two-thirds of the Slaves, and Indians not taxed have been excluded. Each State, however, is entitled to one Representative. To be qualified for this office, the person must be at least twentij-fiue years of age, at least seven years a citizen of the United States, and an inhabitant of the State in which he is chosen. The ratio based on the census of 1780, was one Representa- 82 rilE FEDERAL COURTS. tive for every 33,500 inhabitants. The ratio accordini:: to the census of 1860, was one for every 120,833 persons, the whole number beini? Ihnited to 233, but subsequently, by Act of March 4th, 18G2, and by additional Act of March 3d, 18C3, the ratio was changed ; the whole number after March 3d 1863 be- ing made 243. The representative ratio under the census of 1870, is 135,239. (Vide page 77. ) THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMEXT OF THE GOVEUiNMENT. The Judicial powers of the country are vested in the Supren\e, Circuit and District Courts of ihe United States. These are called the Federal Courts. Congress however, may from time to time establish such other and inferior courts, as may be considered advisable. THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED_ STATES. This is the highest Judicial Tribunal in the land. It has a Chief Justice and eight associate Justices. Ithas exclusive juris- dictio7i\n matters between tlie States, and appellate jm-isdiction from final decrees and judgmcntsof the Circuit Courts, in cases wherethcmattersin dispute exclusive of costs cxcee Ithesum of 82,000, and from final judgments and decrees of the highest courts of the several States in certnin cases. It has also power to issue writs of j'j?'o7ii&i7io;i and mandaynus in certain cases. THE CIRCUIT COURTS OF THE UNITED STATES. They are held by a Justice of the Supreme Court assigned to the Circuit, and V)y the Judge of the District in which the Court sits, conjointly. They have original jurisdiction concurrent with the courts of the several States, of all suits at Common Law or in Equity, wlien the matter in dispute exclusive of costs, ez- ceeds (he swn of five hundred dollars and the United States are THE FEDERAL COUETS. 83 plaintiff, or an alien is a party, or where the suit is between a citizen of the State where the suitis brought and another State. They have also exclusive cognizance of most of the crimes and offences cognizable under the authority of the United States, and concurrent jurisdiction with the District Court of offences cognizable therein. They have also appellate jurisdic- tion from judgments and final decrees of the District Courts of the United States, in all cases where the matter in dispute ex- ceeds the sum, or value of fifty dollars. The trial of issues of fad in all suits, excepting those of equity, and admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, is by a jury. THE DISTRICT COURTS OF THE UNITED STATES. They have exclusive original jurisdiction of all civil cases of Admiralty and Maritime jurisdiction, including all seizures under th(? navigation laws, or of impost, or trade of the United States, where they are made upon tide waters, saving however to suitors, the right of a common law remedy where the com- mon law gives it, also of all crimes and offences cognizable under the authority of the United States, committed within their respective Districts, or upon the high seas in certain cases. They have also concurrent juiisdiction with the State Courts in certain cases. The trial is by jury, excci^t in civil cases of Admiralty and Maritime jurisdiction. JUDGES HOW APPOINTED^ The appointment of all Judges of the Federal Courts is made by the President, by, and with the approval and consent of the Senate, and they hold their ofSces during good behav- ior, and can be removed only on impeachment. 84 FEDERAL PAT-ROLL. SALARIES OF FEDERAL OFFICERS. Pcsulcnt of the United States, - per Vii-e President " " " - - " Secretary of StiitG and other Cabinet Ministers, eia h - - - - " Chief Justiee Supreme Court, - - " Each Associate J ustiee Supreme Court " benators and Representatives,* - '* Si)eaUtr House of Repieseututives, - " Secretary of the Senate, - - - " Clerk House of Representatives, - " Snptrintendent Coast Survey, - " Ministers Plenipotentiary to Great Brit- ain and France, - - - - " Ministers Plenipotentiary to Russia, Prussia, Spain, Austiia, Italy, Chi- na, Brazil and Mexico, - - *' Ministers Resident to Portugal and oth- er States, " Consul Generals, Per Annum, from Consuls, - - - " " Secretaries of Legation, " *' annum, $50,000 00 8,000.00 " 8 000.00 •' KV^jOOOO " 10,030.00 5.000.00 8,000.00 3,600 00 3,000 00 0,000.00 " 17,500.00 12,000.00 7..500.00 53,000.00 to 0,000.00 1 000.00 to 7,000 00 1,500.00 to 2,700.00 ♦Senators and Representatives also receive twenty cents per mile ns mileage. There is deducted from their salaries |8.00 per diem for each day's abseuce, unless caused by sicliucss. PRESIDENTS OF THE COXTIXEJiTAL CONGRESS. From 1774 to 1789. Kaiue. From what Colony. 'Vhsu Electe(i Born Died Peyton Randolph, Virginia, Septs. 1774 1723 1T75 Henry Middleloii, South Carolina, Oct 22. 1774 PcVtoll RalKli)li)ll, Virginia, May 10. 1775 irij iiss John lliiiicock, Massachusetts, May 24. 1775 Nov 1. 1777 1737 1793 H.iiry Laureus, Souili Carolina. 1724 1792 John Jav. Kew York, Dec 10,1778 1745 1829 Samuel lluniinRton, Connecticut, Sept 28. 1779 July 10, 1781 1732 1796 Tlioiiias .Mclvean, Delaware, 17»4 1817 Jf)lui Hanson, Maryland. Nov 5, 1781 1783 Flias Houdinot, New Jersey. Nov 4. 1782 1740 1824 T lonv.is Mifflin, Pennsylvania, Nov 3. 1783 1741 1800 IMchanl Henry Lee, Virginia. Nov 30. 1781 1732 1701 Jcthn Hancoclc. Ma.'ssaehnsetts, Nov 23. 1785 1737 1775 Kathanlel (inrtiam, Massachusetts, June fi. 178fi 1738 1796 Arthur St. Clair, PennKvlvania, Feb 2. 1787 1818 Cyrus Criffln, Viruiiiia. Jan 22. 1783 \Yis 1810 SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION. 85 SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION OF IIDEPEXDEICE. Kames Time and place of birth. Died. Braintree, Mass.... lioston. Mass Amesbury, Mass... Oct. Sept. inNov 19, 1735 27, 172-^ ., 1729 July Oct. May 4, 1826 Adams, Saiuutl Bartlctt, Josiali 2, 1803 19, 1795 Braxton, Carter .Vcwington, Va — Sept, I?: \^ l)ct. 10, 1797 Carroll, Charles Annapolis, Md — vcpt. 20, 1 .37 Xov. 14, 1832 Somerset Co., Md.. Zlizabethtown, N. Apr. J... .Feb. 17, 1741 15, 172G June Sept., 19, ISll Clark, Abraham 1794 Philadelphia, Pa... Newport, R. 1 in 1739 Jan. 23,1813 Ellcry, William Floyd, William Doc. 22, 1727 Feb. 15, 1820 Suffolk Co., N. Y.. Dec. 17, 1734 Aug 4, 1821 Franklin, Bcnj-vmiu.. . 3oston, Mass Jan. 17, 17C6 April 17, 1790 Gerry, Elbrid^cc Marblehead, Mass. July 17, 1744 Nov. 23, 1S14 G-.vinnctt, Button "England in 1732 May 27, 1777 Hall, Lyman Connecticut la 1731 Feb., 1790 in 1737 Oct. April, 8, 1793 Harrison, Benjamin. . . 3crkely, Va 1791 aopcwcll,N. J 1715 1746 March, 1780 Hey ward, Tliomas, Jr. 3t. Luke's, S. C ....in 1809 Hcwes, Joseph Kingston, N.J in 173.; N^ov. ^^'}'U^ Hooper, William Hopkins, Stephen Hopkinson, Francis. . . Boston, Mass June 17. 1742 Oct., 1(90 3cituate, R. I March '^.1107 .July 13, 1783 Philadelphia, Penu ....in 1^37 >Lay 9.1790 Huntington, Samuel.. Windham, Conn... ....July 3, 1735 Jan. ^< ^IB Jcffjrson, Thomas Shad well, Va ....April 13, 1743 July 4, 1826 Lee, Francis Li2i). . ls:?7... ISU... isu... ISIJ. . 1SJ9.. ItkVl. . 1S.53... l.S.i7 .. isr.i .. isfo.. ISO".)... Name. Goorjif^ Washington .... Jolin Adams Tlionias .Jctlcrson Jainos Ma'lison Jame^ I^louro" Jolm QuHicv Adams.... .Andrew .lackson Martin Van Biircn Win H»nrv Harrison*. Joim Tvicf James Knox PoIi\ Z Hilary Taylor* Mdlard Fillmore. Franklin Pierce Jann's Bnchanan Abraham Lincoln* Andrew Johnson Ulysses S. Grant Where from. Virginia Massachusetts . Vir;;inia Yirffinia Virginia l\Iassaehusetts . TeniP'ssee New York Ohio Virsinia Tennessee Louisiana New York New Hampshirt I'l-nnsylvania ... Illinois Tennessee Illinois Term of offloc. S years. 4 years. 5 years. 8 years, 8 years. 4 years. 8 years. 4 years. 1 n)onth. 3yrs.. 11 mos. 4 years. 1 yr.. 4 m.. r, d. 2 yr.. 7 ni., 26 d. 4 years. 4 years. 4 yr.. 1 m., 10 d. :5 .... LafayefteC Foster? Cnimectlcut !>«•.« 1S73 Henry Wilson* Thomas W. Fcrrc? Ma,ssaehusett8. MichiL'an. 137.-. •Died In olUcp. ( Ex-qfflcio us rresidcnt isro tern, of the Senate. I CABINET OFFICERS, 87 SECRETARIES OF STATE. Names. State. Term of Service. Born Died Thomas Jefferson, Virginia i^so-nw 1743 1826 Edmund Randolph, Virginia 1794-l'i95 1813 Timothy Pickering, Massachusetts 1795-1500 i745 1829 John Marshall, Virginia 1800-1801 1755 1836 James Madison, Virginia 1801-1809 1751 1837 Robert Smith, Massachusetts 1809-1811 James Monroe, Virginia 1811-1817 i759 issi Jolin Quincy Adams, Massachusetts 1817-1825 1767 1848 Henry Clay, Kentucky 1825-1829 1777 1852 Martin Van Burcn, New York 1829-1831 1782 1862 Edward Livingston, Louisiana 1831-1833 1764 1836 Louis McLane, Delaware 1833-1835 1786 1857 John Forsyth, Georgia 1835-1841 1780 1841 Daniel WebsttT, Massachusetts 1841-1843 1782 1852 Hugh S. Legare, South Carolina 1843-1843 1797 1843 Abel P. Upshur, Virginia 1843-1844 17S0 1844 John C. Calhoun, South Carolina 1844-1845 1782 1850 James Buchanan, Pennsylvania 1845-1849 1791 1868 John M. Clayton, Delaware 1849-1850 1796 1856 Daniel Webster, Massachusetts 1850-1852 1782 1852 Edward Everett, Massachusetts 1852-1853 1794 1865 William L. Marcy, New York 1853-1857 1786 1860 Lewis Cass, :Michigan 1857-1861 1782 Jeremiah S. Black, Pennsylvania Ko^- York 1861-1861 1810 William H. Spward, 1861-1869 1801 .... ElihuB.Washburne, Illinois, 1869 .... Hamilton Fish, New York 1869 .SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY. Alexander Hamilton Oliver Wolcott Samuel Dexter Albert Gallatin George W. Campbell Alexander J. Dallas William H. Crawford Richard Rush Samuel D. Ingham Louis McLane William S. Duane Roger B. Taney Levi Woodbury Thomas Ewing State N. Y When app'd 1789 Conn 1795 Mass 1801 Pcnn 1802 Tenn 1814 Peun 1814 Ga 1817 Penn 1825 Penn 1829 Del 1331 Penn 1833 Md 18a3 N. H 18:^4 'Ohio 1841 Walter Forward Penn John C. Spencer N. Y George M. Bibb Ky Kobert J.Walker Miss William M. Meredith Penn Thomas Corwin Ohio James Guthrie Ky Howell Cobb Ga Philip F. Thomas ^fd John A. Dix N. Y Salmon P. Chase Ohio Wm P. Fessenden Me Hugh McCullock Ind George S. Boutwell Mass Wm. A. Richardson iMass Benj. H. Bristow |Ky. Q(-„fp When ^^^^^ app'd 1841 1843 1844 1845 1849 1850 1853 1857 1860 1861 1861 1864 1865 1869 1873 1S74 88 CABINET OFFICERS. SECRETARIES OF WAR. Names. Henry Knox Tiinothv Pickering Ja:iica McIIfiiry Sainut'l Dexter lioger GriswoUl Het)ry Dearborn "William Eustra Jolm Armstrong J;unes Monroe AVilliam H.Crawford Georgia Grnliam .lohn C. Calhoun James Rarhonr Peter B. Porter John TI. Eaton Lewis Cass B3 N.C I8>9 N.H 1831 N.J 1*31 N.Y 1838 N. C 1811 Names Abe) P. Upshnr David llenshaw Thomas \V. Gilmer John Y. Mason (Jeorge Bancroft John Y. Mason William B. Preston William A. Graham John P. Kennedy -lames C. Dobbin rsnaoToneey (Jideon Wells Adolph E. Borie George M. Robeson POST MASTERS-GENERAL. State "When app'd Va 1841 Ma.ss 1813 Va 18-14 Va 1844 Mas.s 1815 Va 1816 Va 1819 N.C 1850 Md 18.52 N.C 1S53 Conn 1857 Conn 1861 Penn 1869 N.J IbOa Names. State "U'^hen app'd. Names State When app'd Samuel Osgood Mass 1789 larob Collamer Vt 1849 Timothy Pickering Penn 1791 Natha.i K. Hall NY 1850 Joseph Ilabirshani Ga 1795 -funnel I). Hubbard C.inn 1852 Gideon Gr.inger Conn 18!>1 •Tames Cauiphell Penn. 1853 Iteturn Mi igs, Jr. Ohio 1814 Aaron V. P.rown Tenn 18.5T John McLean f>hio 1S-J3 ■Foseph Holt Ky 1860 "William T. P.arry Ky 1829 Toratio King 18(iO Amos Kend ill KV 18r, Montgomery Blair Md 1861 John M. Niles Conn 1^10 William Dennison MhiO 1865 P'rancis Granqrer N.Y 1811 Mex. W. RaiKlnll •.Vl3 1866 Charles A. Wicldiffe KV ISll John A. J. Creswcll M6 William M. Strong Pa 1870 J !»4 97.8a-J Popu- lation. 1.5,240 41,710 39,8()-t 14.181 131.700 (')8.ir>2 20,r,H3 39.8!)5 111.303 99,4t)0 37,402 ll..')18 *Lacludc3 Indians. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. 95 UHTED STATES GOYERMENL January 1st, 1876. List of Memliers of tie" Forty-Fourtli Coapess. Began March 4tli, 1875, and ends March 3d, 1877. SENATE. pREsrDENT, pro tempore, Thojias W. Ferre, of Michic/an. Secretary, George C. Goruam, of California Term Expires. Alahama. George Goldthwaite ... 1877 George E. Spencer 1879 Term Expires. Delaware. Eli Saulshury 1877 Thomas F. Bayard. . . 1881 Arkansas. Powell Clayton Stephen W. Dorsey.. 1877 1879 Florida. Simon B. Conover Charles W. Jones 1879 1881 California. Aaron A. Sargent Newton Booth . 1879 . 1881 Georgia. Thomas M. Norwood. . John B. Gordon 1877 1879 Connecticut. James E. English William W. Eaton. . . . 1879 . 1881 Illinois. John A. Logan Richard J. Oglesby . . . 1877 1879 Indiana. Oliver P. Morton Joseph E. McDonald. . 1879 . 1881 Nebraska. Phineas W. Hitchcock Algernon S. Paddock . 1877 1881 Iowa. George G. Wright. . . William B.Allison.. . 1877 1879 Nevada. John P. Jones William Sharon 1879 1881 Kansas. James M. Harvey John J. Ingalls . 1877 1879 New Hampshire. Aaron S. Cragin Bainbridge Wadleigh 1877 1879 Kentucky. John W. Stevenson.. . Thomas C. McCrecry . 1877 1879 New Jersey. F. T. Frelinghuysen. . Theodore F. Mandolph 1877 1881 96 FORTY FOURTH CONGRESS. Term Expires. Term Expires. Louisiana. New York. J. Rodman West..., .. 1877 Roscoe Conklin 1879 (Vacancy) . 1879 Francis Kernan 1881 Maine. North Carolina. Lot M. Morrill . 1877 Matthew W. Ransom. 1877 Hannibal Hamlin.. . . 1881 Augustus S. Merrimon 1879 Maryland. Ohio. George Jl. Dennis. . . . 1879 John Sherman 1879 W. Finkney ]Vhyte.. . 1881 Allen G. lliurman 1881 Massachusetts. Oregon, George S. Bout well. . 1877 James K. Kelly 1877 Henry L. Dawes . 1881 John H. Mitchell 1879 Michigan. Pennsylvania. Simon Cameron 1879 Thomas W. Ferry. . . Isaac P. Christiancy . . 1877 . 1881 Williarn A. Wallace . . Rhode Island. 1881 Minnesota. Henry B. Anthony. . . . 1877 William Windom . . . . 1877 Ambrose E. Burnside. 1881 SamuelJ.R. McMillan 1881 South Carolina. Mississippi. Thomas J. Robertson. 1877 James L. Alcorn . 1877 John J. Patterson 1879 Branch K. Bruce . 1881 Tennessee. Missouri. Henry Cooper 1877 Louis V. Bogy . 1879 David M. Key 1881 Francis M. Cockrell. . . 1881 West Virginia. Ti xas. Henry G. Davis 1877 Morgan C. Hamilton 1877 Allen 2\ Caperton 1881 Samuel B. Maxey.. . . 1881 Wisconsin. Vermont. Timothy 0. Howe 1877 Angus Cameron .1881 Justin S. Morrill . 1879 George F. Edmunds . . 1881 'f he whole number oj Sen- ators is IJ, ; of whom there Virginia. are 42 Republicans, £9 Dem- John W. Johnston.. . . . 1877 ocrats, 2 Lidependents, and Robert E. Withers . . . . 1881 1 Vacancy. Democrats in Italics. Independent in small caps. Republicans in Roman. rOKTY FOURTH CONGEESS, 97 HOUSE or" I1EI»I1DE:SE]VTA.TIVE8. Fortj-Fourtli Congress. March, 1875, to March, 1877. MICHAEL C. KERR, of Indiana, Speaker, OEORGE M. ADAMS, of Kentucky, Clerk. Alabama — 8, 1. Jerry Haralson, 2. Jeremiah N, Williams, 3. Taul Bradford. 4. Charles Hayes. 5. John H. Caldwell. 6. Goldsmith W, Hewitt. At large, Burwell B. Lewis. William H. Forney. Arkansas — 4. 1. Lucien C. Gause, 2. William F. Siemens. 3. William W, Wilshire, 4. Thomas M. Gunter. California — 4. 1. William A. Piper, 2. Horace F. Page, 3. John K. Luttrell, 4. P. D. Wigginton. Connecticut — 4. 1. George M. Landers. 2. James Phelps. 3. Henry H, Starkweather.* 4. William H. Barnum, DelaiDare — 1. 1. James Williams. Florida — 2. 1. William J. Purman. 2. Josiah T. Walls. Georgia — 9. 1, Julian Hartridge. 2. William E. Smith, 3, Philip Cook, 4. Henry R. Harris. 5. Milton A. Candler. 6. James H. Blount. 7. William H. Felton. 8. Alexander H, Stephens. 9. Benjamin H, Hill, Illinois — 19. 1. Bernard G, Caulfield. 2. Carter H, Harrison. 3. Charles B. Farwell. 4. Stephen A, Hurlburt. 5. Horatio C. Burchard. 6. Thomas J. Henderson. 7. Alexander Campbell. 8. Greenbury L. Fort. 9. Richard H, Whiting. 10. John C, Bagby, 11. Scott Wike, 12. William M. Springer, 13. Adlai E. Stevenson. 14. Joseph G, Cannon, J 5. John R. Eden, 16. William A. J, Sparks. 17. William R. Morrison. 18. William Hartzell. 19. William B, Anderson. Indiana — 13. 1. Benoni S. Fuller. 2. James D. Williams. 3. Michael C. Kerr. 4. Jeptha D. New, 5. William S, Holman. 6. Milton S. Robinson. 7. Franklin Landers. 8. Morton C. Hunter. 9. Thomas J. Cason. 10. W^illiam S. Haymond. ^Deceased. f Seat contested. 93 PORTT-FOURTn CONGRESS. 11. James L. Evans. 12. Andrew II. Hamilton. 13. Johu H. Baker. Iowa—0. 1. Georofe W. McCrarj. 2. John Q, Tufts. 3. Lucien L. Ainsworth. 4. Henry O. Pratt. 5. Jamea Wilson. 6. Ezekiel S. Sampson. 7. John A. Kasson, 8. James W. McDill. 9. Addison Oliver. Kansas — 3. 1. William A. Phillips. 2. John K. Goodwin. 3. William K. Brown. Kcntuclaj — 10. 1. Andrew R. Boone, 2. John Young Brown, 3. Charles W. Mil liken. 4. J. Proctor Knott. 5. Edward Y. Parsons. G. Thomas L. Jones. 7. Joseph C. S. Blackburn. 8. Milton J. Durham. 9. John D. White. 10. John B. Clarke. Louisiana — 6. 1. Randall L. Gibson. 2. E. John Ellis. 8. Chester B. Darrall.f 4. William M. Levy. 5. Frank Morey.f 6. Charles E. Nash. Ifaine — 5. 1. John II. Burleigh. 2. William B. Frye. 3. James (J. Blaine. 4. Harris M. Plaisted. 5. Eugene Hale. Maryland— Q. 1. Philip F. Thomas. 2. Charles B. Roberts. 3. William J. O'Brien. 4. Thomas Swann. 5. Eli J.Henkle. G. William Walsh. IfassacJi usetts — 1 1 . " 1. William W. Crape. 2. Benjamin W. Harris. 3. Henry L. Pierce. 4. Rutus S. Frost. f 5. Nathaniel P. Banks. G. Charles P. Thompson, 7. John K. Tarbox. 8. William W. Warren. 9. George F. Hoar. 10. Julius II. Seelye. 11. Chester W. Chapin. Micldfjan — 9. 1. Alpheus S. Williams. 2. Henry Waldron. 3. George Willard. 4. Allen Potter. 5. William B. Williams. G. George H. Durand. 7. Ouiar D. Conger. 8. Nathan B. Bradley. 9. Jay A. Hubbell. Minnesota — 3. 1. Mark H. Bunnell. 2. Horace B. Strait t 3. William S. King. \ Mississippi — 6. '\ 1. Lucius Q. C. Lamar. 2. G. Wiley Wells. 3. Hernando D. Money. 4. Otho R. Singleton. 5. Charles E. Hooker. G. John R. Lynch. Missouri — 13. 1. Edward C. Kehr. FORTY- FOURTH CONGRESS. 09 2. Erastus Wells. 3. William H. Stone. 4. Robert A. Hatcher. 5. Richard P. Bland. 6. Charles H. Morgan. 7. John F. Phillips. 8. Benjamin J. Franklin. 9. David Rea. 10. Rezin A. DeBolt. 11. JohnB. Clark Jr. 13. John M. Glover. 13. Aylett II. Buckner. JSfeTjraska — 1. 1. Lorenzo Crounse. Nevada — 1. 1. William Woodburn. New Hampshire — 3. 1. Frank Jones. 2. Samuel N. Bell. 3. Henry W. Blair. New Jersey — 7. I. Charles H. Sinnickson. 3. Samuel A. Dobbins. 3. Miles Ross. 4. Robert Hamilton. 5. Augustus W. Cutler. C. Frederick H. Teese. 7. Augustus A. Hardenbergh. New Tork—^^. 1. Henry B, Metcalfe, 2. John G. Schumaker, 3. Simeon B. Chittenden. 4. Archibald M. Bliss. 5. Edwin R. Meade. C. Samuel S. Cox. 7. Smith Ely Jr. 8. Elijah Ward. 9. Fernando Wood. 10. Abram S.Hewitt. II. Benjamin A, Willis. 13. N. Holmes Odell. 13. John 0. Whitehouse. 14. George M. Beebe. 15. John H. Bagley Jr. 16. Charles H. Adams. 17. Martin I, Townsend. 18. Andrew Williams. 19. William A. Wheeler. 20. Henry II. Hathorn. 21. Samuel F. Miller. 23. George A. Bagley. 23. Scott Lord. 24. William H. Baker. 25. Elias W, Leavenworth. 20. ( linton D. MacDougall. 27. Elbridge G. Lapham. 28. Thomas C. Piatt. 29. Charles C. B. Walker. 30. John M. Davy. 31. George G. Haskins. 33. Lyman K. Bass. 33. Nelson J, Norton. North Carolina — 8. 1. Jesse J. Yeates. 3. John A. Hyman. 3. Alfred M. Waddell. 4. Joseph J. Davis. 5. Alfred M. Scales. 6. Thomas S. Ashe. 7. William M. Bobbins. 8. Robert B. Vance. Oregon — 1. I. Lafayette Lane. Ohio— 20. 1. Milton Sayler. 2. Henry B. Banning. ; 3. John S. Savage. 4. John A. McMahon. 5. Americus V. Rice. 6. Frank H. Hurd. 7. Lawrence T. Neal. 8. William Lawrence. 9. Earley F. Pappleton. 10. Charles Foster. II. John L. Vance. 13. Ansel T. Walling. 13. Milton I. Southard. 100 FORTY FOUKTU CONGRESS. 14. Jacob p. Cowan. 15. Nelson II. Van Vorlies. 16. Lorenzo Danford. 17. Laiiriu D. W^oodwortli. 18. James Monroe. 10. James A. Garfield. 20. Henrj B. Payne. Pennsylvania — 27. 1. Cliapman Freeman. 2. Charles O'Neill 3. Samuel J. Randall. 4. William D. Kelly. 5. John Robbins. 6. Washington Townsend. 7. Alan Wood Jr. 8. Heister Clymer. 9. A. Ilerr Smith. 10. William Mutchler. 11. Francis D. Collins. 13. Winthrop W. Ketchum. 13. James B. Reilly. 14. John B. Packer. 15. Joseph Powell. 10. Sobieski Ross. 17. John Reilly. 18.- William S. Stenger. 10. Levi Maish. 20. Louis A. Mackey. 21. Jacob Turney. 22. James II. Hopkins. 23. Alexander G. Cochran. 24. John W. Wallace. 25. Geo. A. Jenks. 20. James Slieakley. 27. Albert G. Egbert. Ilhode Island — 2. Benjamin T. Fames. Latimer W. Ballon. South Carolina — 5. 1. Joseph 11. Rainey. 2. Edward W. M. Mackey 8. Solomon L. lloge. 4. Alexander S. Wallace. 5. Robert Smalls. Tennessee — 10. 1. William McFarland. 2. Jacob M. Thornburgh. 3. George B. Dibrell. 4. J. Y. Riddle. 5. John M. Bright. 0. John F. House. 7. Wash. C. Whitthorne. 8. John D. C. Atkins. 9. William P. Caldwell. 10. H. Casey Young. Texas— Q. 1. John II. Reagan. 2. David B. Culberson, 3. James W. Throckmorton. 4. Roger Q. Mills. 5. John Hancock. 0. Gustave Schleicher. Vermont — 3. Charles II. Joyce. Dudley C. Denison. George W. Hendee. Virginia — 9. Beverly B. Douglas. John Goode Jr. Gilbert C. Walker. William II. H. Slowell. George C. Cabell. John Randolph Tucker. John T. Harris. Eppa Ilunton. William Terry. West Virginia — 3. Benjamin Wilson. Charles J. Faulkner. Frank Hereford. Wisconsin — 8. Charles (}. Williams. Lucien B. Caswell. Henry S. Magoon. William Pitt Lynde. Samuel 1). Burchard. A Ian son M. Kimball. Jeremiah M. Rusk. Go^rijfe W. Cate. STATE GOVERNMENTS. 101 GOVERNMENTS OF THE SEVERAL STATES 1876. states. Capitals. Governors. Terms Expire. Sala- ries. Alabama Montgomery. George S. Houston Nov 1876 $4,000 Arkansas Little"Kock Augustus 11. Garland Jan 1877 4,000 California Sacramento William Irtvin Dec 1879 7,000 Connecticut Hartford Charles B. Ingersoll Dec 1876 2,000 Delaware Dover John P. Cochran Jan 1879 2,000 Florida Tallahasse Marcellus L. Stearns Jan 1877 3,500 Georgia Atlanta Javus Milton Smith Jan 1877 4,000 Illinois Springfield John L. Beveridge Jan 1877 5,000 Indiana Indianapolis rhmnasA. Hendricks Jan 1877 3,000 Iowa Des Moines Samuel J. Kirkwood Jan 1878 2,500 Kansas Topeka Thomas A. Osborn Jan 1877 3,000 Kentucky- Frankfort James B. McCreenj Sept 1879 5,000 Louisiana New Orleans William Pitt Kellogg Jan 1877 8,000 Maine Augusta Selden Connor Jan 1877 2.500 Maryland Annapolis John Lee Carroll Jan 1880 4,500 Massachusetts Boston Alexander H. Rice Jan 1877 5,000 Michij?an Lansing John J.Bagley Jan 1877 1.000 Minnesota St. Paul John S. Pillsbury Jan 1878 3,000 Mississippi Jackson Adelbcrt Ames Jan 1878 3.000 Missouri Jefferson City Charles H. Hardin Jan 1877 5,000 Nebraska Lincoln Silas Garber '- Jan 1877 1,000 Nevada Carson City- Lmis B. Bradley Jan 1877 6,000 New Hampshire Concord Person C. Cheeney June 1876 1,000 New Jersey Trenton Joseph I). Bedle Jan 1878 5,000 New York Albany Samuel J. Tiklen June 1877 10,000 North Carolina Raleigh Curtis H. Brogden Jan 1877 4,000 Ohio Coluiiibus Rutherford B. Hayes Jan 1878 4,000 Oregon Salem Lafayette F. Grover Sept 187'8 1,500 Pennsylvania Harrisburg John F. Hartranft Jan 1879 10,000 Rhode Island Prov. & Npt. Henry Lippitt May 1876 1,000 South Carolina Columbia DanielH. Chamberlain Nov 1878 3.500 Tennessee Nashville James D. Porter Jr. Jan 1878 3.000 Texas Austin Bichard Coke Jan 1878 5,000 Vermont Montpelier Asahel Peck Oct 1876 1,000 Virginia Richmond James L. Kemper Jan 1878 5,000 West Virginia Charlestown John J. Jacob Mar 1877 2,700 Wisconsin Madison Harrison Ludington Jan 1878 5,000 Democrats in Italics. 102 STATE GOVEUXMENTS. G0VERX3IEXTS OF THE SEVERAL STATES. (CONTINUED.) States Alabama Arkansas Califoruia Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts ... Michigan IMinncsota Mississippi Missouri Nebraska Nevada , Kew Hampshire.. Kew Jorsry New York North Carolina... Ohio Oregon I'cnnsylvania lihode Island South Carolina... Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia West Virginia.... Wiscoiuiln Area. Populn- sq miles tiou. 1870 r>0,722 996,992 52,198 481.171 188 .98 1 5G0.247 4,750 537.451 2,120 125.015 5'.»,248 187,748 58,000 1.184.109 55,-no 2,539.8'.)! 83,809 1,680,637 55,045 1,191.792 81,313 364,309 87,680 1,321.011 41.346 726.915 S5,tX)0 026,915 11,121 780,891 7,800 1.457,351 56,451 1,181,0.59 83,5^1 439,706 47,156 827,922 65,330 1,721,205 75,995 122.993 i. 81,531 42,491 9,280 318,300 8,820 906,096 47,000 4,332,753 50,704 1,071 ,.361 80.961 2,665,260 95,274 90,923 40,000 3,521,791 1,3(6 217,353 34,000 703,606 45,600 1,258,520 274,356 818,579 10,212 330,051 88,852 1,225,163 23,000 4 12,014 5:!.9::4 l.(r,t.670 Legi.slaturcs Meet 3 M Nov. . . . 1 M.Ian 1 MI)>-c 1 WMay.... '1 Tu Jan... r al M Jan.. n WJan n M Jan n WJan *2M Jan 2Tu Jan.... 'IMDec 1 M Jan 1 "N\"Jan nWJan WJan n WJan TalM Ja:.. TalM Jan.. *Last M Dec. *Th a 1 M Jan *1M Jan 1 M June 2 Tu Jan — 1 Tu Jan.... IThNov.... *1 M Jan 2M S<^pt.... ITu Jan.... May & Jan.. 3 W Oct »1 M Oct 2Tu Jan.... «2Th Oct.... 1 U Dec 2Tu Jan.... 1 WJan State Elections Tu aft 1 M Nov 1 Monday Nov 1 Wed Sept 1 Monday April 1 Tuesday Aug Tu aft 1 M Nov Tu aft 1 M Nov Tu aftl M Nov 2 Tuesday Oct 2 Tuesday Oct Tu aft 1 M Nov 1 ^Monday Aug 1 A'onday Nov 2 Monday Sept Tu aft IIM Nov Tu aft 1 M Nov Tu aft 1 M Nov Tu aftl M N»v Tu aft 1 M Nov Tu aft 1 M Nov 2 Tuesday Oct Tu aft 1 M Nov 2 Tuesday Mar Tu aft 1 M Nov Tu aft 1 M Nov ITlmrsdayAug 2 Tuesday Oct 2 Monday June 2 Tuesday Oct 1 AVed April 4 Monday Nov 1 Monday Aug 1 Tuesday Nov 1 Tuesdaj- Sept Tu aft 1 M Nov 4 Thursdny Oct Tn aftl ^^ Nov *£iennial 75 379.4nfi (;S.551,700 79089,148 91,252,768 ?.o6,S50.206 61 .527.097 78.665,522 70,970,780 $8,626,012 8. (;i 3.507 ll,077.ftl3 11.989,739 if82.0f4.479 79,228,;.29 78.408.669 82,976.291 114 JOHN ADAMS. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. John Adams, the second President of the United States, was the fourth in descent from Henry Adams, who fled from persecution in England, and settled in Massachusetts in the year 1630. He was born on the 19th of October, 1735, in the town of Braintree, Massachusetts, and in 1751, was admitted a member of Harvard College, graduating therefrom four years afterwards. He soon after commenced the study of law at Worcester, JOHN ADAMS. Massachusetts, supporting himself chiefly by teaching in one of the public schools of that town. He was admitted to the bar of Suffolk County in 175S, and in 1766, he removed to Boston, where he soon distinguished himself in his profes- sion. In 1764, he married Abigail Smith, daughter of Rev. William 115 116 JOHX ADAMS. Smith, of Weymouth, an educated lady, possessing superior intellectual faculties. Having filled many important offices, he was in 1777, appoint- ed a commissioner to the Court of France, and in 1779, was appointed a Minister Plenipotentiary for negotiating a treaty of peace with Great Britain. In 1781, he was associated with Franklin, Jay, and others in a commission for concluding treaties of peace with the several European powers. In 1784, he was in Holland and France, negotiating commercial treaties with foreign nations. In 1785, he was appointed by Congress a Minister to represent the United States at the Court of Great Britain. He resigned in 1788, and in June returned to the United States, after an absence of over eight years. Ability, coupled with 2)ublic honest?/ and 2:)?ni'a^e worth, con- stitute a man equal to any emergency, and fitted for any pub- lic position. Adams possessed this character, and these qual- ifications in an eminent degree. He was the man for the times ; no purer patriot ever lived ; he was the eloquent and fearless defender of the Declaration of Independence. He was a pa- triot and a scholar. He was elected to the Presidency as the successor of Wash- ington after a close and spirited contest, in which his warm personal friend, Thomas Jefferson, was his principle rival. Mr. Jefferson was supported by the Democratic, then called the Republican party, and Mr, Adams by the Federal party. Mr. Jefferson was elected Vice-President. His inauguration took place in Congress Hall, Philadelphia, on the 4th of March, 1797, he being then in his sixty-second year. He served his term of four years, was again nominated, but defeated. After his term of service had expired, he retired to his estate at Quincy, Massachusetts, and passed the re- mainder of his days in literary and scientific pursuits. Having lived to the good old age of ninety-one years, he died on the 4th of July 182G. JEFFERSON'S AMIMSTRATION, WITH BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 1801-1809. TWO TERMS— EIGHT TEARS. ELECTED BY THE KEPUBLICAN OR ANTI FEDERAL PARTY. 117 CABINET 1801. 1805. 1801. PRESIDENT: Thomas Jefferson, Virginia VICE-PRESIDENTS: Aaron Burr, New York. George Clinton, New Yorli. SECRETARY OF STATE : James Madison, Virginia. SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY: Samuel Dexter, Massachusetts. 1801. Albert Gallatin, Pennsylvania. 1803. SECRETARY OF WAR : Henry Dearborn, Massachusetts. 1801. SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY : Benjamin Stoddert, Maryland. 1801. Robert Smith, Maryland. 1803. Jacob Crowninskield, Mass. 1805. POST MASTERS-GENERAL : Joseph Habersham, Georgia. 1801. Gideon Granger, Connecticut. 1803. ATTORNEYS-GENERAL : Theophilus Parsons, MassachusettslSOl. Levi Lincoln, Massachusetts. 1801. Hobert Smith, Maryland. 1805. John BuECiviiNRiDGB, Kentucky. 1805. CiBSAR A. Rodney, Delaware. 1807. FINANCIAL CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. Year. Imports. Exports. Expenditures. Debt. 1801 |m..'«53,511 fOl.l 15.925 $12,273,370 fS3.038,050 1S02 76,33:},3:?3 72.is:5,l(ii) 13,27f..(t8-t 8l).712,f);« 1803 64,fi()6.C(i6 55.8(K).()3S 11.258.983 77.054 .(kSS 180 1 185,0()0.(HX) 77,C'.nt,()7l 12.f.24.C.46 86,127.120 1805 120.fiOO.O0(J 95,5iifi,()2l 13,727.124 15.()70,0C.<) l(i.7r.4.5Sl 65.1%.317 118 THOMAS JEFFEKSOK BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. Perhaps the most distinguished statesman this country has ever produced, was Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States. His ancestors were also early emigrants from Great Britain, who settled in Virginia. His father, Peter Jefferson, was a man of some distinction in the colony. Thomas Jefferson was horn on the 2nd of April, 1743, at Shadwell, in Albemarle County, Virginia. His father dying when he was twelve years of age, left him a large inheritance. THOMAS JEFFERSON. fie was educated at the College of William and Mary, studied law under the celebrated George Wythe, and commenced its practice in 17G7. He was early identified with the champions of liberty, and in 1775, took his seat in the Continental Congress. Previous to this, he had made an effort in the Legislature of which he wa* 119 120 THOMAS JEFFEKSOU". a member, for the emancipation of the slaves in Virginia, but Vi'Sls unsuccessful. In 1773, he married Mrs. Martha Skelton, a widow lady, daughter of Mr. John Wyles, an eminent law- yer of Virginia. Although one of the youngest members of the Continental Congress, he was aelectcd by a committee duly appointed, and requested to prepare the Dcdaratioti of Indq^eiidence. This he did, and it was finally adopted with but few alterations and amendments on the 4th of July, 1776. In 1779, he was elected Governor of Virginia, which office he held for two years. He was the author of many tracts, and other writings, and as a man of letters acquired high distinction. In 1785, he was joined with Adams and Franklin in a com- mission for negotiating treaties of commerce with foreign nations, and he met them in Paris, in June of that year, and it was through him, as Mr. Webster has confessed, that our diplomatic intercourse was raised to a dignity and strength, which will bear comparison with any that other governments can produce. Having been elected President his inauguration took place in the new Capitol at Washington, on the 4th of March, 1801 in the 58th year of his age. He was elected by tlie Anti-Fed- eral orDemocratic party, and many important acts were passed and many important events took place during his administra- tion which was continued for eight years (he having been re-elected in 1805). He almost doubled the territory of the Union ; caused the vast regions of the West to be explored ; gave us character abroad, and tranquility at home. Having retired from the presidency, he passed the remain- der of his days in the cultivation of his beautiful estate at Monticello ; in i)leasant intercourse with his friends ; in literary pursuits, and in advancing his favorite project of a University of Virginia. His pecuniary circumstances becoming embar- rassed in his old age, he was compelled to dispose of his library, which was purchased by Congress for $23,950. He died, after a short illness, on the 4th of July, 1S2G, being the fiftieth anivcrsary of our independence ; the same day that his friend and compatriot John Adams departed this life. MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION, •WITH BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 1809-1817. TWO TERMS— EIGHT YEARS. ELECTED BY THE REPUBLICANS [aNTI-FEDERALISTS.] 121 CABINET PRESIDENT : James Madison, Virginia. VICE-PRESIDENTS : George Clinton, New York. Elbridge Gerry, Massachusetts. SECRETARIES OF STATE : Robert Smith, Maryland. 1809. James Monroe, Virginia. 1811. SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY. Albert Gallatin, Pennsylvania. 1809. George W. Campbell, Tennessee. 1814. Alexander J. Dallas, Penn. 1814. SECRETARIES OF WAR : William Eustis, Massachusetts. 1809. John Armstrong, New York. 1813. James Monroe, Virginia. 1814. William II. Crawford, Georgia. 1815. SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY : Paul Hamilton, S.outli Carolina. 1809. William Jones, Pennsylvania. 1813. Benjamin W. Crowinshield, Mass. 1814. POSTMASTERS-GENERAL. Gideon Granger, Connecticut. 1809. Return J. Meigs, Jr., Ohio. 1814. ATTORNEYS-GENERAL. C^SAR A. Rodney, Delaware. 1809. William Pinckney, Maryland. 1811. Richard Rush, Pennsylvania. 1814. FINANCIAL CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. Year. Imports. Exports. Expenditures. Debt. 1809 159.400,000 |52.203.a^3 113.867.226 ^57,023,192 1810 85.406,000 6f>.(;57.970 13.319,986 53.178.217 1811 5:?.40O.O0() 61..31fi.RS.3 13.601.808 48,005,587 1312 77.0:}0,000 SS,.527.23G 22.279.121 45,209,737 1813 22,005,000 27.855,927 r.'.(.19l>.520 55.962,827 1814 12.!tG5,00O 6,927,441 !JM,(l2,S.-j:U) 81,.»87,ai6 1815 n :?,(»! 1.274 52.557,7.53 39.5S2,493 99.8;«,6ti0 lam 147.10.i,iH)0 81.920,452 48,241,495 127,:«4.938 122 JAMES MADISON. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. The fourth President of the United States, was James Madi- son, who was born in Orange County, Virginia, on the 16th of March, 1751. He was of Welsh descent, and his father James Madison, was among the early emigrants to Virginia. He received a liberal education, and graduated at Princeton College, in 1771. He commenced the practice of law, but was called in early life, to attend to the public affairs of his State, and Country. In 1779 he was chosen a delegate to the conti- JAMES MADISON. nental Congress, and continued as such, until 1784. He was a delegate to the Convention, held at Philadelphia, in May, 1787, to frame the Constitution, and was one of its most distin- guished members. He was also elected to the new Congress held at New York, in 1780. 123 124 JAMES MADISON. In the year 1794, being then in his forty-third year, he mar- ried Mrs. Dolly Paine Todd, of Philadelphia, a widow lady much admired, and who was twenty-three years younger than Mr. Madison. In his political views, Mr. Madison was a Democrat (then called Republican) and co-operated with Jefferson in his views of national policy. lie was Secretary of State during Jeffer- son's administration, and in 1809, having received the nomina- tion and support of the Democratic, or Anti Federal party, he succeeded Mr. Jefferson as President. The war of 1813, was declared during his administration against Great Britain, and the same year he was re-elected to the presidency. It was also during his administration, that the city of Washington was captured by the British, and the public buildings destroyed. Peace was also concluded at Ghent in 18U, which he sincerely desired. He retired in 1817, to his residence at Montpelier, in Orange County, Virginia, being then sixty-six years of age. Subse- quently, he was chosen a member of the State Convention, to revise the Constitution of his State, and for several years acted as Rector of the University of Virginia. At the age of eighty-five the earthly career of Mr. Madison was closed. He died respected and beloved, on the 38th of June, 18o0, MONROE'S AMINISTRlTIOJf, WITH BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCH. 1817-1825. TWO TERMS— EIGHT YEARS. ' ELECTED BY THE REPUBLICANS [ANTI-FEDERALISTS.] 125 CABINET PRESIDENT : James Monroe, Virginia. VICE-PRESIDENT : Daniel D. Tompkins, New York. SECRETARY OF STATE : John Quincy Adams, Massachusetts. SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. William II. Crawfokd, Georgia. SECRETARIES OF WAR : Isaac Shelby, Kentucky, 1817. John C. Caluoun, South Carolina. 1817. SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY : Benjamin W. CROWNiNsniELu,Mass.l818. Smith Thompson, New York. 1818. Samuel L. Southard, New Jersey. 1823. POSTMASTERS-GENERAL. Return J. Meigs, Jr., Ohio. 1817. John McLean, Ohio. 1823. ATTORNEY-GENERAL. William Wirt, Virginia. FINANCIAL CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. Tear. Imports. Exports. Expenditures. Debt. 1817 »99,250.000 fS7.r,71,5fiO J!40.877,646 1123,491.963 1818 121,750.(X)0 93.281,1.33 35,164,875 103.466.63:5 1819 87.125,000 70.111.501 21,004.199 95..529.648 1820 7I.Jr.0,O00 69,()t;i,f.69 21,763.024 91.015.566 1821 62.585,724 61.971,382 19.090.5?2 89.987.427 1822 RV2n,541 72,1U0.281 17,676,592 93.546,676 1823 77.57'.),2G7 74,()9'.l,030 15,314,171 90,875.877 182^1 89.5-J9,()07 75,986,657 31,898,538 90,269,777 126 JAMES MONKOE. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. James Monroe, the fifth Presiclent of the United States, was born on the 2d of April, 1759, in the county of West- moreland, Virginia. His parents, Spencer Monroe and Elizabeth Jones, descended from the first families of that State. He entered the college of William and Mary, but left his collegiate studies before he had graduated, for the purpose of joining the Standard of his Country, which he did in his eighteenth year, and hastened to JAMES MONEOE. join Washington at his head-quarters, in the city of New York. He was in many conflicts in the campaign of 1776, and was severely wounded in the battle of Trenton. During the cam- paigns of 1777, and 1778, he acted as aid to Lord Stirling, and distinguished himself in many battles, displaying great cour- age and coolness on the bloody fields of Brandywine, German- 127 128 JAMES MONROE. town, and Monmouth. He subsequently studied law under Mr, Jefferson, while the latter was Governor of Virginia. lu his twenty-fourth year, he was elected to the Legislature of his State, and in the following year, was elected a delegate to the Continental Congress, and thereafter represented his State in Congress, until 1876. "While in New York attending the Continental Congress, he married Miss Kortright, a beautiful and accomplished lady, daughter of Mr. L. Kortright of that city. Mr. Madison was opposed to the adoption of the Federal Constitution as framed by the Convention of 1787, and strongly urged that certain amendments should be made previous to its adoption. In 1790, he was chosen, and took his place in the Senate of the United States, and continued therein for four years, acting with the Anti-Federal party in opposition to Washington's administration, notwithstanding which, Gen. Washington appointed him Minister to France in 1794, and subsequently, succeeded Mr. King as Minister to England. In 1799, Mr. Monroe was elected Governor of Virginia, which oflEice he filled for three years. Under the administrations both of Jefferson and Madison, he was appointed to many offices, and superintended many of the important matters and negotiations of the Government, thereby rendering essential, and invaluable services. In 1816, Mr. Monroe was nominated for the Presidency by the Anti-Federal or Democratic party, and was elected to suc- ceed Mr. Madison. Ills administration was exceedingly pop- ular, and in 1820, he was almost unanimously re-elcctcd,having received — excepting one — every vote of the Electoral Col- leges. Ilis first inauguration took place on the 4th of March, 1817, and his second, on Monday, the fifth of March, 1821. He died at the residence of his son-in-law, Samuel L. Gouveneur In the city of New York, on July 4th, 1831, being the fifty-fifth anniversary of our national independence. J. Q. ADAMS'S AMINISTRATIOf, WITH BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 1825-1829. ONE TERM— FOUR YEARS. ELECTED BY THE REPUBLICAN PARTY, 129 CABINET PRESIDENT: Jonx QuiNCY Adams, Massachusetts. VICE-PRESIDENT : John C. Calhoun, SouUi Carolina. SECRETARY OF STATE: Henry Clay, Kentucky. SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY: Richard Rush, Pennsylvania, SECRETARIES OF WAR : James Barbour, Virji^inia. 1825. Peter B. Porter, New Yorlc. 1828. SECRETARY OF THE NAVY : Samuel L. Southard, New Jersey. POST MASTER-GENERAL: John McLean, Oliio. ATTORNEY-GENERAL : William Wirt, Virginia, FINANCIAL CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. Year Imports Exports ExpendltarcB Debt 1825 1826 1827 1828 «%3to.n-5 81974 477 79.484 068 88,509.824 $99 5.^r. 383 77.5;tr..:>22 82 .T24.727 72,2G4,686 $23 585 804 2 n 03 393 22 656.76 1 25.459.479 $83,788,432 81 051.0.59 73 987. .S57 67.47;..(MS 130 JOHN QXJINCY ADAMS. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. The sixth President of the United States, was John Quincy Adams. He was the son of John Adaaas, the second Presi- dent, and was born in his father's mansion, in the city of Bos- ton, although the family scat was in the present town of Quincy, Massachusetts, on the 11th day of July 1767. At the age of eleven years, he embarked for France with his father and remained there several months. He subsequently visited Holland, and in 1781, went with Mr. Dana (who had JOHN QTTINCY ADAMS. been appointed minister) to Russia as his private secretary and remained there eighteen months. From 1783, to 1785, he was with his father in England, Holland, and France. He returned to the United States iu 1785, entered Harvard Col- lege, "und graduated in 1787. He then commenced the study of law at Ncwburyport under Mr. Theophilus Parsons, and after completing his studies, commenced the practice of his 131 132 ^OIIN QUlNCr ADAMS. profession in Boston, devoting bis leisure time in writing and publishing a scries of tracts, and other papers, on the great political questions of the day. In 1794, General Washington appointed him Minister Resi- dent to the Netherlands, where he remained for two years. He was afterwards appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to Portu- gal, but on his way there, received an appointment transfer- ring him to Lisbon, where he remained till 1801. Mr. Adams was a moderate Federalist, and in 1803, was elected a Senator of the United States but not by a party vote, lie supported Mr. Jefferson in such measures as his judg- ment approved. He was appointed one of the commissioners, by whom the treaty of peace was negotiated, between Great Britain and the United States at Ghent, in 181-i. In 1815, he was appointed by Mr. Madison, Minister to Great Britain, where he remained about two years, he was then recalled by Mr. Monroe, and appointed by him, Secretary of State, which office he filled for eight years. The canditates put in nomination to succeed Mr. Monroe, were General Jackson, Henry Clay, William II. Crawford and Mr. Adams. No choice was effected by the Electoral Col- leges, by reason of there being so many in nomination, but General Jackson received the greatest number of votes. The election was thereupon referred to the House of Representa- tives, and on the first ballot, Mr. Adams received the vote of thirteen States and was elected. His inauguration took place on the -Ith of March, 1825. John C. Calhoun was made Vice- President. In May 1707, Mr. Adams was married to Louisa Catherine Johnson, daughter of Joshua Johnson of Maryland, wlio then resided in London. By this lady, he had four children, of whom, only one, Mr. Charles F. Adams of Boston, is now liv- ing. On the twenty-second of Februry, 1848, this most accom- plished scholar and statesman was prostrated by paralyt^is, while in his seat in the House of Representatives, and breathed his last on the following day. He died in the Speaker's room, in the Capitol, being in his eighty-first year. His dying words were " This is the last of earth." JACKSOFS ADMINISTRATION, WITH BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 1829-1837. [TWO TERMS— EIGHT TEARS, ELECTED BY THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY. 133 CABINET PRESIDENT : Andrew Jackson, Tennessee. VICE PRESIDENTS: John C. Calhoux, South Carolina. Martix Van Buren, New York. SECRETARIES OF STATE : Martin Van Buren, New York. 1829. Edward Livingston, Louisiana. 1831. Lewis McLane, Delaware. 1833. John Forsyth, Georj^ia. 1834. SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY: Samuel D. Ingham, Pennsylvania. 1829. Louis McLane, Delaware. 1831. W^iLLiAM J. DuANE, Pennsylvania. 1833. Roger B. Taney, Maryland. 1833. Levi Woodbury', New Hampshire. 1834. SECRETARIES OF WAR : John II. Eaton, Tennessee. 1829. Lewis Cass, Ohio. 183L SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY : John Branch, North Carolina. 1829. Levi Woodbury, New Hampshire. 1831. Maulon Dickerson, New Jersey. 1834. POST MASTERS-GENERAL : William T. Barry, Kentucky. 1829. Amos Kendall, Kentucky. 1835. ATTORNEYS-GENERAL : John M. Berrien, Georgia. 1829. Roger B- Taney, Maryland. 1831. Benjamin F. Butler, New York. 1834. FINANCIAL CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. Year. Imports. Exports. Expenditures. Debt. 1829 J74,ia2.527 $72.35a,'',71 $2,-.,044,358 ?.58,421,413 1830 70.8T(i,02() 73.« 10,503 2 1.585.281 48.565,406 18.31 103.101.121 81 .310.5^3 so.(r,s,4ir. .S0,12 1.191 1832 l()1.02'.t.2(i() 87.17r).043 84.:r.!i.(;0S 24.iK2,2:'.5 1833 108.118,311 90,140.443 24. 257 .208 7.001.0:^2 1834 12(i,5>l.332 lU4.33r,.073 24,fi01.082 4,760.081 1835 ll!t.H'.l;-,.7l2 121. (•.03,577 27,573,141 S,a51,2S9 ia36 189,080.0H6 12S.C.r,3.0lO 30.931,664 8.291, OHO 134 ANDKEW JACKSOK BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. Andrew Jackson, the seventh President of the United States, was of Scottish descent. His grandfather, Hugh Jaclv- son, removed to Ireland, where his sons became respectable farmers. In 1765, his 3'oungest son emigrated to North Amer- ica, and settled in South Carolina, where he purchased a plan- tation at Waxhaw Settlement. On this plantation, Andrew Jackson was born on the 15th of March, 1767. His father died about the time of his birth, leaving his ANDREW JACKSON. mother, whose maiden name was Elizabeth Hutchinson, a widow with three sous. In the spring of 1779, South Carolina was invaded by the English, and his brother, Hugh Jackson, who had enlisted with others to repel them, lost his life in the fatigues of the service. At the age of thirteen, Andrew, with his brother 135 136 ANDREW JACKSON. Robert, joined a company of volunteers and were engaged in a battle at a place called Hanging Kock, ■where tlae volunteers particularly distinguished themselves. Both of the yonng men were soon after taken prisoners, and as such, upon one occasion Andrew was ordered by a British oCicer to clean his boots, which he indignantly refused to do, whereupon, he was struck by the officer with kis sword, causing a deep wound, the scar of which he carried with him to his grave. Ilis brother Robert, for refusing to i^erform like menial ser- vice, was treated in the same manner, and received a wound from which he never recovered. They were both finally exchanged, and Robert died twa days after his arrival home, llis mother going on board of aiprisonsliip to nurse some sick, captive friends, took a fever from which she died soon after, leaving Andrew, then a young man, the sole survivor of the family. When eighteen years of age, he commenced the study of law at Salisbury, North Carolina, and in due time was admit- ted to the bar, and commenced the practice of law in that State, but being appointed by the Governo-r, Solicitor for the Western District, which embraced Tennessee^ he removed to Jonesborough in 17SS, being then ©.nly twenty-one years of age. In this new and half-civilized region, he endured hard- ships and encountered dangers of every kind. His sensitive nature, strong passions, iron will, with his fearless and deter- mined spirit, led him into many difficulties and personal quar- rels, all of which he met manfully, ever ready to fight an enemy, or chastise an offender. His motto was, "Ask noth- ing but what is right ; submit to nothing wrong." On the admission of Tennessee into the Union, Jackson was chosen the first Representative to Congress, and took his seat iu the House, on the 5th of December, 1790. His tenn there however, was short, for being elected by the Legislature, he took his seat in the Senate of the United States, on the 22ud of November, 1797. In his views he was a democrat, and acted with the Demo- craiie party. After resigning his scat as a Senator, he was appointed Judge of the Supreme Court of Tennessee, which I ANDREW JACKSON. 187 office be held for six years and then resigned. In 1803, he was appointed Major General of the militia of the State. During the war of 1812, he took an active part in the campaigns against the Indians and British, in the capacity of Major General, and on the 23rd of December, 1814, obtained a great victory over them at New Orleans, aud was hailed by the people of the South- West as their deliverer. In 1828, he was nominated for the Presidency, by the Dem- ocratic party, the opposing candidate being John Quincy Adams. It was a most exciting campaign, but Jackson was elected^ and again re-elected in 1832. His first inauguration took place on the 4th of March, 1829 ; his second, on the 4th of March, 1833, During his administration, many grave and important questions were agitated, which caused great excite- ment throughout fhe country ; among these were those relat- ing to the Tariff, U. S. Bank, Public Lands, nullification. Internal Improvement, etc., etc. On the 3rd of March, 1837, he publishedhis farewell address full of patriotism, good advice, .and love of country. He then retired to the Hermitage in Tennessee, where he passed the remainder of his days, breathing his last on the 8th of June, 1845. VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION, WITH BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 1837-184.1. ONE TERM-FOUR TEARS. ELECTED BY THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY. 139 CABINET. PRESIDENT : Martin Van Buren, New York. VICE-PRESIDENT : Richard M. Johnson, Kentucky. SECRETARY OF STAtE : John Forsyth, Georgia. SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY: Levi Woodbury, New Hampshire. SECRETARY OF WAR : Joel R. Poinsett, South Carolina. SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY : Mahlon Dickerson, New Jersey. 1837. James K. Paulding, New York. 1841. POST MASTERS-GENERAL : Amos Kendall, Kentucky. 1837. John M. Niles, Connecticut. 1840. ATTORNEYS-GENERAL . Benjamin F. Butler, New York. 1837. Felix Grundy, Tennessee. 1838. Henry D. Gilpin, Pennsylvania. 1840. I FINANCIAL CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. Year Imports Exports Expendituree Debt 1837 1838 1839 IfWO $14O0«9.217 113.717.404 lf)2,()92.13'^ 107,641,519 $117,419,376 ]OS.4S(i.r)ir) 121.(«S.416 132,085,936 1.^7,265,0.37 39.455.43S 87.614,a36 28,226.553 $1,878,223 4.857 600 11,9^3,737 ^,125,077 140 MARTIN YAN BUREK BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. The ancestors of Martin Van Buren, the eighth President of the United States, were among the early emigrants from Hol- land to the colony of New Netherlands, now the State of New York. His father, Abraham Van Buren, was a farmer in mod- erate circumstances, Martin, was born at Kinderhook, De- cember 5th, 1783. MARTIN VAN BUREN. At the age of fourteen, he commenced the study of law in the oflSce of Francis Sylvester, and completed his studies in the office of William P. Van Ness of New York city. He possessed an active, observing mind, attended all the meetings of the Democratic party, and gave much attention to the political subjects of the day. In the twenty-first year of his age, he was admitted to the bar, as an Attorney at Law, and commenced its practice in his 141 142 MARTIN VAN BUREN. native village. He soon became one of the most distinguishecl members of his profession. In 1808, he was appointed Surroi gate of Columbia County ; in 1815, he was appointed Attorney. General of the State ; in 1821, he was elected a Senator of the Uuited States, by the Legislature of New York, and in 1828, was elected Governor of that State. President Jackson having appointed him Secretary of State of the Uuited States, he resigned his office as Governor on the 12th of March, 1829. Having retired from this office in June, 1831, he was appointed by the President, Minister to Great Britain, and arrived in London in September of that year. In May, 1832, he was nominated by the Democratic party as Vice-President, and was elected to that office. He was nomi- nated as the successor of General Jackson by the same party, and received 170 votes of the Electoral College, against 124 for all other candidates. His inauguration took place the 4th of March, 1837. At this time, the business of the Country was on the verge of prostration and ruin. Previous to this, their having been large facilities for obtaining bank loans, importation of for- eign goods had immensely increased, and the spirit of specu- lation, especially in real estate, had assumed in 183G, the fea- tures of a mania. The money thus used in speculation, had been obtained from the Deposit Banks of the United States funds, but in 1836, Congress had authorized the Sec- retary of the Treasury, to distribute all the public funds, excepting S5,000,000, among the several States. This money after January, 1837, was accordingly taken from the Deposit Banks, thus compelling them to curtail their loans, which resulted in a serious pecuniary embarrassment. Over trading, and speculation were therefore suddenly checked, and in the spring of 1837, heavy, and innumerable, mercantile failures took place in all our cities, and many banks suspended specie payment. The President recommended to Congress the measure known as the Sub treastiry acJieme, which subsequently passed. Mr. Van Buren was renominated for the Presidency but received only 00 votes of the Electoral Col- lege, against 234 for Harrisou. He died on the 24th of July, 1863. HARRISON'S AND TYLER'S ADMINISTRATIONS, WITH BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. ^ 184rl-184:5. ONE TERM— FOUR TEARS. ELECTED BT THE WHIGS. President Harrison died April 4, 1841. 143 CABINET. 1841 PRESIDENTS: WiLLLAM Henry Harrison, Ohio. 1841. John Ttler, Virginia. 1841. VICE-PRESIDENT: John Tyler, Virginia. SECRETARIES OF STATE : Daniel Webster, Massachusetts. Hugh S. Legare, South Carolina. Abel P. Ui»shur, Virginia. John Nelson, Maryland. John C. Calhoun, South Carolina, 1&41. 1843. 1843. 184i. 1845. SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY. Thomas Ewing, Ohio, 1841. Walter Forward, Pennsylvania. 1841. John C. Spencer, New York. 1.^3. George M. Bibb, Kentucky. 1844. SECRETARIES OF WAR : John Bell, Tennessee. 1841. John C. Spencer, New York, 1841. James M. Porter, Pennsylvania. 1843. William Wilkins, Pennsylvania. 1844. SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY : George E. Badger, N. Carolina. 1841. Abel P.Upshur, Virginia. David Henshaw, Massachusetts, Thomas W. Gilmer, Virginia. John Y. Mason, Virginia. POSTMASTERS-GENERAL. Francis Granger, New York. Charles A. Wickliffe, Kentucky. 1841. ATTORNEYS-GENERAL. John J. Crittenden, Kentucky. 1841. Hugh S. Legare, South Carolina. 1841. John Nelson, Maryland. 1844. 1841. 1843. 1844. 1844. 1841. FINANCIAL CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. Year. Exports. Importa. Expenditures. Debt. 1842 1843 1844 $127,946,117 100.1.52,087 W,753,799 108,4;{5,(i35 $121,851,803 104,691,531 84.346.480. 111,200.016 $31,787,530 32.936,876 12,118,105 33,612,010 $6,737,398 15.028,486 27,203.4.50 24.748,188 144 WILLIAM H. HAHmSON. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. Willhm Heniy Harrison, the ninth President of the United States, was the youngest son of Benjamin Harrison, one of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence, and one of the Governors of Virginia. "William Henry, was born on the ninth of February, 1773, at Berkeley on the James River, Vir- ginia. He was educated at Hampden, Sydney College, Va., and applied himself to the study of medicine as a profession, but WILLIAM H. HARRISON. before its completion, he gave up his studies, and joined the array raised for the defence of the Ohio frontier against the Indians. He received his commission of Ensign in a regiment of artillery, from Gen. Washington, in 1791, and in 1792, was promoted to tlie rank of Lieutenant. He soon after joined the new army under the command of 10 145 146 WILLIAM H. HARRIS02T General Anthony Wayne at Pittsburgh, and remained with him some years, engaged in many battles with the Indians, at, and about Fort Washington, where Cincinnati now stands. After the campaign, which resulted in a treaty of peace with the Indians, he was promoted to the rank of Captain, and soon after, at the age of twenty-one, he married the daughter of John Cleves Symmes, the founder of the Miami Settlements. In 1797, he was appointed by President Adams, Secretary, and UxOfficio, Lieutenant-Governor of the North Western Ter- ritory. In 1799, he was elected by thelegislatureof thatterritory, their first delegate to Congress at the age of twenty-six. Subse- quently, the new territory of Indiana was established, which included what are now the States of Indiana, Illinois, Michi- gan, and Wisconsin, over which he was appointed Governor, and also SuiDcrintendcnt of Indian aflfairs, and Commander-in- chief of the militia. lie held the office of Govcnior for a period of thirteen years, having been successively appointed by Adams, Jef- ferson, and Madison, at the earnest solicitation of the people of the territory. He concluded many treaties with the Indians, and at one time obtained from them tlie cession of over 50,000,000 of acres, lying between the river Illinois and the Mississippi. In 1811, he fought the memorable and desperate battle of Tippecanoe, and was very active in the war of 1812. In 181G, he was elected to represent the Congressional District of Ohio, in the House of Representatives of the United States, and sub- sequently held many other offices. In 1839, he was nominated for the Presidency, by the National Convention of Whig dele- gates, who had assembled at Harrisburgh, and was elected by an overwhelming majority. He received 234 Electoral votes against 60 for Mr. Van Buren. The inauguration of General Harrison took place on the 4th of March, 1841, but his administration, however, was very brief. On the 27th of March, he was seized with a severe illness, which terminated his life on Sunday morning the 4th of April, just one month after his inauguration, in the sixty- eight year of his age. JOHN TYLER. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. John Tyler, the tenth President of the United States, was born in Charles City County, Virginia, on the 29th of March, 1790. His ancestors were among the early English settlers of the Old Dominion. His father was one of the patriots of the Revolution, and devoted himself to its success. At a very early age. Young Tyler was very much attached to his studies, and was so precocious, that he entered William and Mary College at the age of twelve years, and graduated JOHN TTLER. when he was but seventeen. He commenced the study of law, and at nineteen years of age, was admitted to the bar, no objection having been raised as to his age. In 1811, he was elected a member of the House of Dele- gates, and took his seat in the Virginia Legislature, where he remained several years, and until 1816, when he was elected to Congress, then being but twenty-six years of age, and was 147 148 JOHN TYLER. twice re-elected, but by reason of ill health, was finally obliged to resij^n, and returned to the practice of his profession. Mr Tyler Avas elected Governor of Virginia, in December, 1825, and during his administration, he urged forward, and greatly encouraged internal improvements, and many of the llnest works in the State, were commenced, and completed, through his instrumentality. He was subsequently re-elected Governor, but before his term of office had expired, he was elected a Senator, having defeated John Randolph. On the accession of Geu'l Jackson to the Presidency, Mr. Tyler supported his administration in many particulars, but yet, at times, took an independent course. With thenullifiers of South Carolina, he also sympathised ; and when the President took his position against the anti-tariff and nullifying pro- ceedings of that State, he withdrew his support from the Ad- ministration, acting with Mr. Calhoun, and contending for State Rights. In 1839, he was elected one of the delegates from Virginia, to the Whig National Convention, at Ilarrisburg, and exerted his influence in favor of the nomination of Henry Clay, who was. defeated by General Harrison, the nominee. It was deemed necessary by the Convention, after the nomination of Harrison, that the candidate for the Vice-President should be a Southern man, and without much reflection, it was offered to Mr. Tyler, who accepted. On the Gth of April, 1841, after the death of General Har- rison, Mr. Tyler took, and subscribed an oath of office, and then issued an inaugural address, to the people of the United States. He took such a course, however, that he lost the confidence of the party who nominated him, without gaining that of his political opponents, and in the late great rebellion, he took part with the enemies of the Republic. In 1813, at the age of twenty-three, Mr. Tyler married Miss Letitia Christian, a lady much esteemed, and a member of the Episcopal Church. She died at Washington, in 1843. While President of the United States, he was again married to Miss Julia Gardiner, daughter of David Gardiner of New York. He died in Richmond, Virginia, on the 18th of Janu- ary, 1862. POLK'S ADMINISTRATION, WITH BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 184.5-184^9. ONE TERM— FOUR YEARS. ELECTED BY THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY. CABINET PRESIDENT : James K. Polk, Tennessee. VICE PRESIDENT: George M. Dallas, Pennsylrania. SECRETARY OF STATE : James Bucuanan, Pennsylvania. SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY: Robert J. Walker, Mississippi. SECRETARY OF WAR : "William L. Marcy, New York. SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY : George Bancroft, Mapsacliusetts. 1845. John Y. Mason, Virginia. 1846. POST MASTER-GENERAL : Cave Johnson, Tennessee. ATTORNEYS-GENERAL : John Y. Mason, Virginia, 1845. Nathan Clifford, Maine. 1840. Isaac Toucey, Connecticut. 1848. FINANCIAL CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. Year. Imports. Exports. Expenditures. Debt. 1845 1846 . 1847 1848 1117.251.564 i2i,ii;n.797 ii(;.r,i5,t;:;.« 154,'.»'.»H.928 $114,646,606 113.488,516 158.(;.|8.(I'W i54.o:«.i:u $.'^.490,408 27.t;;i2.282 (;(i.r)':().85i fjt.(;r)5.i43 $17,093,79 i 16.750.926 88.926.623 48,526,879 150 I JAMES K. POLK. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. James Knox Polk, the eleventh President of the United States, was born on the 2nd of November, 1795, in Mecklen- burg County, North Carolina. His ancestors were emigrants from Ireland, who settled in Somerset County, oa the eastern shore of Maryland. His father was a plain farmer, but an energetic, enterpris- ing man, a strong Democrat, and an ardent admirer and sup- porter of Jefferson, In 1808, he removed with his family t« JAMES K. POLBL Tennessee. Having prepared himself, under Mr. Black, a classical teacher, his son James K. Polk, in 1815, entered the University of North Carolina, being then in his twentieth year, and in 1818, graduated with the highest honors of his class. Having returned to Tennessee, he commenced the study of law in the office of Felix Grundy, was admitted to the 151 152 JAMES K. POLK. bar at the close of 1820, and Boon became a leading practi- tioner. In 1823, he was elected to the legislature of his State, and after two years, was elected to represent his District in Congress. He was a staunch Democrat, the personal ar.d political friend of General Jackson, and a firm opponent uf Mr. Adams. lie was elected Speaker of the House in 1835, and re-elect- ed to that position in 1837. For fourteen years, he served his District in Congress ; then declined a re-election, but subse- quently, in 1839, was nominated for Governor, and was elect- ed by a large majority. After serving two years, he was re- nominated, but was defeated by James C. Jones, the "Whig candidate. On the 29th of May, 1844, Mr. Polk received the nomination of the Democratic National Convention assembled at Balti- more, for President of the United States, and was subsequently elected, rcccivini; 170 Electoral votes, against 105 for Henry Clay. George M. Dallas was elected Vice-President, by the same majority over Mr. Frelinghuysen. He was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1845. During his administration, war was commenced Avith Mexico, -which re- sulted in a treaty, whereby California and New Mexico were ceded to the Jnited States. The controversy with Great Britain, respecting the North West boundary, was also settled by treaty, and an independent treasury system was estab- lished. After the inauguration of General Taylor, he returned to Tennessee where he expected to spend the remainder of his days in retirement ; but his daj's were few. He was seized with the chronic diarrhoea about three months after his terra of office had expired, and he died on the 15th of June, 1S49, in the fifty-fourth year of his age. TAYLOR'S AND FILLMORE'S ADMINISTRATIONS, WITH BIOaRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 184r9-1853. ONE TERM— FOUR YEARS. ELECTED BY THE WHIGS. President Taylor died July 9, 1850. 153 CABINET. PRESIDENTS: Zachart Taylor, Louisiana, 1849. Millard Fillmore, New York. 1850. VICE-PRESIDENT : Millard Fillmore, New York. 1849. SECRETARIES OF STATE : John M. Clayton, Delaware. 1849. Daniel Webster, Massachusetts. 1850. Edward Everett, Massachusetts. 1852. SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY. "William M. Meredith, Penn. 1849. Thomas Corwin, Ohio. 1850. SECRETARIES OF WAR : George W. Crawford, Georf^ia. 1849. Charles M. Conrad, Louisiana. 1850. - SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY : "William B. Preston, Virginia. 1849. Wm. a. Graham, North Carolina. ia50. John P, Kennedy, Maryland. 1852, SECRETARIES OF THE INTERIOR. Thomas Ewing, Ohio, 1849. Alex, H, H, Stuart, Virginia. 1850. POSTMASTERS-GENERAL. Jacob Collamer, Vermont. 1849. Nathan K. Hall, New York. 1850. Samuel D. Hubbard, Connecticut. 1852. ATTORNEYS-GENERAL. Reverdy Johnson, Maryland. 1849. John J. Crittenden, Kentucky. 1850. FINANCIAL CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. Tear. Imports, Exports. Expenditures. Debt. 1849 1850 1S51 1852 |l.n.8.')7,439 1T8.1.'W,.S18 210,224,932 212.945,442 fl45,755.820 151,898,790 218,388,011 209.658,3r.6 »56,a%,422 44,(304,718 48,476,104 4,(;i:},ir)0 aw,768,130 302.162,541 ^:!(i2.9(»,fi08 32l.(i44,421 3.-.(i.7fl9.4f.l 400.122.296 171.274.587 82.002,186 8:5.678,643 77.055,125 $29,060,386 44.910,777 58.754.699 64,769,703 164 JAMES BUCHAKAISr. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. James Buchanan, the fifteenth President of the Repub- lic, was of Irish parentage, and was born in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, on the 23rd of April, 1791. He received a liber- al education, and graduated at Dickinson College with the highest honors, at the early age of eighteen years. He studied law in the office of James Hopkins, of Lancas- ter, and in due time was admitted to the bar, and soon became JAMES BUCHANAN. a successful practitioner, attaining a high rank in his profes- sion. In 1814, when but twenty-three years of age, he was elected to the Legislature of his State, and in 1820, was sent to repre- sent his District in Congress, where he remained for ten 165 166 JAMES BUCHANAN. years, taking an active part in all of its pocoedings and becom- ing distinguished as a debater. lie "was a warm and consistent supporter of President Jack- son, who appointed him a Minister to Russia in 1831. In 1834, be was elected to a seat in the United States Senate, and rep- resented his constituents in that bodj' for ten years. In 1815, he was appointed Secretary of State, by President Polk, and acted as such during his term of service, and at the expiration thereof, retired to private life. In 18.'33, he was appointed Minister to England by President Pierce, in which official position ne exhibited all the great qualities of an eminent Statesman. Mr. Buchanan was nominated as a candidate for the Presi- dency, by the Democratic National Convention which assem- bled at Cincinnati, in June, 1856, and after a most exciting canvass he was elected by a large majority. The opposing candidates were Ex-President Fillmore, nominated by a Na- tional Convention of the American Party, and John C. Fre- mont, nominated by a National Convention of Republicans. The last year of his term of office Avas an eventful one : the Slavery question had been revived, and the most intense ex- citement existed in the public mind. For months previously, a band of conspirators, including three or four members of his Cabinet, had been plotting treason against the government, and when in November,lSGO, Abraham Lincoln was elected to the Presidency, this treason broke out into open rebellion, and in December, 18G0, the first of the Southern States seceded, and others soon followed. :Mr. Buchanan, insisting that he had no right to coerce a State, even in rebellion, and possessed no Constitutional pow- er to use the army and navy to put down the rebellion, pas- sively sat, with closed eyes and folded arms; which inaction greatly encouraged the conspirators, to go on and complete their work of destroying tlie Nation. After the close of his administration, he retired to Wheat- land, near Lancaster, Pennsylvania, where he died, June 1st, 1868. LmCOLI'S ADimSTRATION, WITH EIOGHAPHICAL SKETCH. 1861-1865. ELECTED BT THE REPUBLICAN PARTY FOR TWO TERMS. Administered Four Years, One Month and Eleven Days. Was assassinated the lith of April 1865, Died ApriX 15/A, 1865. 167 cabinet; PRESIDENT : Abrauam Lincoln, Illinois. VICE-PRESIDENTS : IlaNNiBAL Hamlin, Maine. Andrew Jounson,. Tennessee. SECRETARY OF STATE : William II. Seward, New York. SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY : Salmon P. Chase, Ohio. 1861. William Pitt Fessenden, Maine. 1864. Hugh McCulloch, Indiana. 1865w SECRETARIES OF WAR : Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania. 1801. Edwin M. Stanton, Pennsylvania. 1863. SECRET^UIY OF THE NAVY : Gideon Wells, Connecticut. 1861. SECRETARIES OF THE INTERIOR. Caleb B. Smith, Indiana. 1861. John P. Usher, Indiana. 1863. POST^IASTERS-GENERAL : Montgomery Blair, Maryland. 1861. William Dennison, Ohio. ATTORNEYS-GENERAL Edward Bates, Missouri. James J. Speed, Kentucky. 186i. 1861. 1864. FINANCIAL CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. Year Imports Exports Expenditures Debt 1861 186i{ 1863 1864 ?'-i86,r.08,ir^ 27r),:?5T,05i :«!),5()-2,895 ?2 13.971 ,277 2-29,93S,!)85 3l»2,:».),2r)l 301.984.561 $85,387,313 570.811.700 8ii5.79(;.G:J0 1.208.111,656 1P90,867,828 511.211,371 l,l)',)8.7'.)6.181 1. 710.690.489 16a l^rn^AlCLKVTION ABRAHAM LINCOLN. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. Abraham Lincoln, the sixteenth President of the United States, was born in Hardin County, Kentucky, February 12th, 1S09. His education in early life was quite limited. In 1816, his parents removed with him to Spencer County, Indiana, and subsequently he romoved to Illinois. In 1830, he was a clerk in a store ; in 1832, was a Captain of Volunteers in the Black Hawk war, and in 1834, was elected to the Legislature of the State of Illinois, where he served four years. In 1836, he was licensed to practice law in the courts of that State, and he commenced his profession at Springfield, in 1837. Mr. Lincoln soon rose to distinction, and became a promi- nent leader of the Whig party in Illinois. He canvassed the entire State for Henry Clay in 1844, and in 1846, was elected to Congress, where he served his constituents with fidelity. On the 16th of May, 1860, the Representatives of the Re- publican party assembled in Convention, in an immense building called " The Wigwam," erected for that purpose in Chicago, and on the 19th, they nominated Mr. Lincoln as their candidate for the Presidency, and Hannibal Hamlin of Maine, for the Vice-Presidency. There were three other candidates for the Presidency in the field, viz ; John Bell, nominated by the Consiituiional Lnio)i Party ; Stephen A. Douglass, by the regular Democratic Convention^ and John C. Breckenridge, by the Seceders from that Convention, calling themselves the National Democratic Convention. Mr. Lincoln was elected, having received 180 of the Electoral votes, or 57 more than all his opponents. He was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1861, amid intense excitement. Violence was apprehended, but General Scott 169 170 ABRAHAM LINCOLM. liavinj; made ample provision to preserve the peace, all passed off quietly. The rebellion liavinj; broken out into open bos- tilities, commencing with the seizure of Government proper- ty, and the attack on Fort Sumter, the President, on the 15th of April, 1861, issued his first call for seventy-five thousand men. On the 1st of January, 18G3, he issued bis Emancipa- tion Proclamation, declaring all slaves in the rebellious States free. In November, 186-4, Mr. Lincoln, baving again received the MEDAL FROM THE FRENCH DEMOCRATS. nomination -was re-elected to the Presidency, ■with Andrew Johnson as Vice-President ; they were inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1865, and the following month General Lee sur- rendered his army, thus virtually terminating the rebellion. On the 2Dd of April, the President, by iiroclamation, de- clared the war to be at an end. There Avas great rejoicing throughout the Republic, in the great success of our arms, and the bright prospect of peace, ABRAHAM LINCOLN. IVI soon, however, to be changed to grief and mourning. On the 14th of April, our lamented President was shot through the head by one John "Wilkes Booth, while seated with his wife in a private box, in Ford's theatre in Washington, causing his death the following morning, he then being fifty-six years of age. It was the result of a conspiracy to assassinate, not only the President, but also members of his Cabinet and others. His remains were interred in the Oak Ridge Cemetery, at Spring- field, Illinois. *MEDAL FROM THE FRENCH DEMOCRATS. •The above Engraving, represents a magnificent Gold Medal, which was presented by forty thousand French Democrats, to the President's widow, to express their sympathy for Our Republic, in the loss of so il- lustrious a Chief Magistrate. It is in outline, about one third less in size than the original— For a full descriptloa of it, see " Civil War in America," by Lossing.— JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION, WITH BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 1865-1869. AS TICE-PRESIDE5T, HE SUCCEEDS MR. LINCOLN FOR REMAINDER OF TERM. 173 CABINET PRESIDENT : Andrew Johnson, Tennessee. SECRETARY OF STATE : William H. Seward, New York. SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY: Hugh McCulloch, Indiana. SECRETARIES OF WAR : Edwin M. Stanton, Pennsylvania. 1865. Ulysses S. Grant, Illinois. 1867. Edwin M, Stanton, Pennsylvania. 1868. John M. Schofield, Missouri, 1868. SECRETARY OF THE NAVY : Gideon Wells, Connecticut. 1865. SECRETARIES OF THE INTERIOR. John P. Usher, Indiana. 1865. James Harlan, Iowa. 1865. Orville, H. Browning, Illinois. 1866. POST MASTERS-GENERAL : William Dbnnison. Ohio. 1865. Alex. W. Randall, Wisconsin. 1866. ATTORNEYS-GENERAL : James Speed, 1865. Henry Stanberry, Ohio. 1866. William M. Evarts, New York. 1868. FINANCIAL CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. Year Imports Exports Expenditures Debt 1865 1866 1867 1868 $234,339,810 445,512,158 411.733.309 373,400,448 $336,697,123 550,684.299 438.577,312 454,301,713 $1,897,674,224 541,072,666 393,079,655 369.889,970 $2,682,593,026 2,783,425,879 2,692,199,215 2,636,320,964 173 ANDREW JOHNSON. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. Andrew Johnson, the seventeenth President of the United States, "was born in Raleigh, North Carolina, on the 29lh of December, IS08. At an early age he was apprenticed to learn the business of a tailor, and continued at the trade for several years. Unlike most of the young men of this country, he grew up in ANDREW JOHNSON. utter ignorance of the most common branches of an English education, and was not able either to read or write until he was twenty years of age, after removing to Greenville in East Ten- nessee, lie subsequently became an Alderman of that place, and in I80O, was elected Mayor, which ollicehe lilled for three years. In 1885, he was chosen to the State Legislature, and in 1S43, 174 ANDREW JOHNSON. 1T5 he was elected to Congress, and represented his State therein for several years. In 1853, he was chosen Governor of Ten- nessee, and was re-elected to that office. In 1857, he was elected United States Senator, and was sub- sequentl}', in 1862, appointed by President Lincoln, Military Governor of Tennessee. He had previously been a Democrat in politics, and in the election of 1860, had used his influence to elect Mr. Breckenridge to the Presidency. He professed, however, to have changed his views materially, condemn- ed the course of the South in the rebellion, and supported the measures of President Lincoln. The Union National Convention, held at Baltimore, in June, 1864, nominated Mr. Lincoln for the Presidency, and Mr. Johnson for the Vice-Presidency, and in November, they were elected by a large majority. On the 15th of April, 1865, a few hours after the death of Mr. Lincoln, he tooli the oath of office as President of the United States. Disagreements soon arose between Congress and the President, respecting the reconstruction of the States lately in rebellion, and it soon became evident that he was more friendly to the late enemies of the country, than he was to her true, and tried friends. He issued an order to Mr. Stanton, removing him from his office of Secretary of War, and performed many acts, considered by the majority of the people, as highly improper in a Chief Magistrate. On the 22nd of February, 1868, by a vote of 126 to 47, it was resolved by the House of Representatives, that Andrew Johnson, President, be impeached of high crimes and misde- meanors. Articles of impeachment were prepared and pre- sented, and on the 5th of March, 1868, the Senate of the Uni- ted States, for the first time, was organized as a court for the trial of the President. Chief-Justice Salmon P. Chase presid- ed. The trial continued from the 30Lh of March, to the 6th of May, 1868, when the case was submitted to the Senate. Its decision was given on the 26th of May. Thirty-five found him guilty, and nineteen voted " Not guilty." In order to convict, it was necessary that two thirds should vote in the affirmative ; one vote of the required number being wanted, he was acquitted. Mr. Johnson died, July 31, 1875. GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION, WITH BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. 1869-1877. TWO TERMS— EIGHT YEARS. ELECTED BT TEE REPUBLICAN PARTT. i7r> PRESIDENT: Ulysses S. Grant, Illinois. VICE PRESIDENTS : Schuyler Colfax, Indiana. Henry Wilson, Massachusetts. SECRETARY OF STATE: Hamilton Fisn, New York. SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY: George S. Boutwell, Massachusetts. William A. Richardson, Massachusetts. Benjamin II. Bristow, Kentucky, SECRETARIES OF WAR: John A. Hawlins, Illinois. 1869. William W. Belknap, Iowa, 1869. Alphonso Taft, Ohio. 1876. SECRETARIES OP THE NAVY ; Adolpiie E. Borie, Pennsylvania, 1869. Georoe M. Robeson, New Jersey, 1869. SECRETARIES OF THE INTERIOR: Jacob D. Coxe, Ohio, 1869. Columbus Delano, Ohio. 1870. Zachariah Chandler, Michigan, 1875. POSTMASTERS-GENERAL : John A, J. Creswell, Maryland, 1869. Marshall Jewell, Connecticut^ 1874. ATTORNEYS-GENERAL : E. RoCKWOOD Hoar, Massachusetts, 1809. George H. Williams, Oregon. 18G9. Edwards Pierrepont New York, 1875. STATEMENT OF THE PUBLIC DEBT, Nov. SO, 1875. Total amorint of Principal $2,207,986,255 " ■'• ■" lulerest 34,900,516 Total Debt $2,242,946,771 Cash m the Treasurj^ Coin $70,404,676 Currency 12.014.962 Deposits for Redemption Certificates 42,610,000 $125,029,638 Dket Less Cash in Treasury $2,117,917,133 Decrease or Debt fkom March 1, 1869 to Dec. 1, 1875, $509,86.3,271 13 177 ULYSSES S. GRANTo BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. Our present chief magistrate, Ulj'sses S. Grant, being the eighteenth President of the United States, is of English descent. His grandfather,- Noah Grant, was born in Coventry, Connect- icut, on the 23d of June, 1748. He took an active part in the battle of Lexington, in the capacity of a Lieutenant, and ULYSSES S. GRANT, served throtigh the Revolutionary war, having been promoted to the rank of Captain. lie subsequently removed to Westmoreland County, Penn., -where, on the 23d of January, 1701, his father, Jesse Root Grant was born. In 17U9, the family removed to Ohio, and on Ihc 27th of Apiil, 1822, at Point Pleasant, Clarmont County, 178 tJLYSSES S. GRAKT. 179 Ohio, in a small frame, one-story dwelling, was born Ulysses S. Grant, the subject of this slietch. His mother's maiden name was Hannah Simpson ; she was the only daughter of a thrifty farmer, a lady much beloved and respected. A few months after his birth, his father removed to George- town, in Brown County, where he prosecuted successfully liis business as a tanner. The early education of Ulysses was very much neglected, and being passionately fond of horses, most of his time was spent in driving the " team," and making him- self useful to his father. He subsequently attended school at Maysville, Kentucky, and at the Academy at Ripley. Through the influence of Thomas L? Hamer, a Member of Congress from the Georgetown district, he received an appoint- ment to the Military Academy at "West Point and at once ap- plied himself to study, under a professional teacher, and on the 15th of May, 1839, he started for West Point, being then in his eighteenth 3'ear. He soon became initiated, and grew quite popular among the cadets, for his modesty and amiability, and was nicknamed " Uncle Sam." He was a fair scholar, but excelled in mathe- malics. On the 30 th of June, 1843, Grant graduated, being the twen- ty-first, on a list of thirty-nine. These were all that were left of more than one hundred who had entered the class with him. He was at once appointed brevet second Lieutenant in the Fourth Infantry, and took an active part in the Mexican War which followed, exhibiting at all times, great coolness and bravery, and at the close of which, he bore the brevet rank of Captain. In 1853, he was promoted to the rank of full Cap- tain. At St. Louis, on the 22ud of August, 18-18, Grant married Miss Julia B. Dent, daughter of Colonel Frederick Dent, a young lady, very attractive in her manners, and amiable in disposition, whom be had known, and to whom he had been engaged for some years. In 1854, he resigned his commission, and having lost some sixteen hundred dolLirs by the sutler of his regiment, he found 1 80 rLYSSES S. G RxVXT. liimsclf rcclucccl topovert3'and Avant, against wliicli lie stru2:gled for sevcriil years, Avithout means, and without any legitimate business. His father, Colonel Dent,"had given his daughter Julia, six- ty acres of land from his farm at "Whitehaven, and also three or four slaves. On tliis land he built himself a small house, hauling the logs for Its walls, and splitting the shingles for the roof with his own hands. This place he named " Ilardscrab- ble," suggested by the hard struggle he experienced in obtain- ing from it sufficient for the bare sustenance of his family. After four years of hard labor upon his small farm, and af- ter expending some two thousand dollars his father had ad- vanced him, he gave up farming as a failure, and went into partnership with one Mr. Boggs, at St. Louis, Mo., as real es- tate agents. This copartnership commenced January 1st, 1S59, and con- tinued for about nine months, when, finding the business would not support two families, the copartnership was dis- solved. Frou'i this time, to JIarch, 18G0, Captain Grant had no permanent business, although he had a wife and four chil- dren to support. In March, ISGO, he removed with his family to Galena, Illi- nois, his father and brothers having offered him a situation in their store, at an annual salary of six hundred dollars per an- num, with the promise of an interest in the business, at some future time. His father had been successful in business, and M-as worth from seventy-five to one hundred thousand dollars at this time. About the 1st of May, 18G1, after the breaking out of the rebellion, through the influence of Elihu B. Washburne, and others, Governor Yates, of Illinois, took him into his office, as his military adviser, and Adjutant-General. He had pre- viously to this, tendered his services to the Government at Washington, but his letter had been unanswered. On the 4th of May, he was put in command of Camp Yates, during the absence of Captain Pope, and subsequently mus- tered several regiments into the service. On the 10th of June, Lc was appointed Colonel of the Tweuty-First Illinois Volun- ULYSSES S. GRANT. 181 teers, and requested to take command at once. Of his com- mission, Governor Yates subsequently said, " It was the most glorious day of my life when I signed it." Beinj; without horse, or uniform, he obtained the indorse- ment of an old friend to his note for three hundred dollars, which he got discounted, and with the proceeds, purchased them. His regiment was first ordered to Mexico, in Missouri, and there being no means of transportation, he marched them across the country on foot. In two months afterwards. Col- onel Grant was appointed a Brigadier-General, his commission dating back to the 17th of May. From this time, his promotion from rank to rank was rapid. In the battles in which he was engaged, he exhibited the same military qualities, as had been displayed by General Taylor in Mexico. Cool, calculating, persevering, and brave, he went into a fight expecting to be victorious, and when he was whipped, he did not " see it," and consequently did not " stay whipped." In his first battle at Belmont, where he handled three thou- sand men so successfully, when a member of his staff, who had never been under fire before, rode up to him exclaiming, " Why, General, we are entirely lost ! They have surrounded us!" he replied, apparently unmoved, "Well then, we will cut our way out. We have whipped them once to-day, and I think we cun again." His subsequent brilliant campaigns, did not secure him from thevilest of slanders. He was denounced as a drunkard, as be- ing blood-thirsty, reckless of human life, incompetent, an ut- terly unfit to command a large body of troops. President Lincoln was strongly urged to remove him. After his capture of Vicksburg, however, where in the capitulation, he received fifteen Generals, about thirty-thousand soldiers, and one hun- dred and seventy-two cannon, President Lincoln sent him that remarkable autograph letter, dated July 16th, 1863, wherein,after acknowledging the great services, he had render- ed the Country, he concludes with these words, *'I now wish to make the personal acknowledgement, that you were right^ and I was xorong.'''' 1S2 ULYSSES S. Cr.AXT. In 18G4, a bill passed Congress, reviving the grade of Lieu- tenant-Gcneral, and authorizing the Executive to confer it upon some officer. This high rank in 1798, was created for Washington, in anticipation of a war with France. It was discontinued when he died. After the Mexican war, it was conferred by brevet on Winficld Scott. At the time of the passage of the bill, no other Americans had ever held it. This bill, being passed, and Grant having been appointed to this office, by the President, he was telegraphed to report to the War Department in person, which he did, and received personally from the President, the commission. Soon after this he started West, and upon his arrival at Nashville, found an order from the War Department, formally assigning him to the command of all the forces of the United States, with head- quarters in the field. lie made short work with the rebellion, and upon the surrender of Lee and his army, it was virtually at an end. General Grant's military career, from beginning to end, was a glorious one. He has fought more battles, and gaiued more victories, has captured more prisoners, and taken more guns than any General of modern times. On the 12th of August, 18G7, President Johnson suspended Stanton, and made Grant Secretary of War ad interim. The Senate subsequently refused to sanction this suspen- sion, whereupon Grant surrendered the office to Stanton, against the wishes of President Johnson, On the 20th of May, at a National Convention of the Repub- lican party held in Chicago, General Gi'ont was unanimously nominated for the Presidency, and Schuyler Colfax for the Vice-Presidency, both of whom were elected by large majori- ties over Seymour and Blair, the opposing candidates, and he was inaugnrated on the 4th of March, 1800. The administration of President Grant has been financiall}', a successful one. At the commencement of his term, March 4th, 1809, the aggregate debt of the Country was nearly two billions, six hundred and thirty millions of dollars. Since then it has rapidly decreased. On the 1st of Decem- ber 1871, it had decreased two hundred and seventy-seven ULYSSES S. GRANT. 183 millions. The decrease from March 1, 1869, to December 1, 18*76, was oxer five hundred milliGns. On the 5th day of June, 1872, at a National Convention of the Republican party held in the Academy of MuBic, in Phila- delphia, General Grant, amid the wildest enthusiasm, was unanimously renominated for the Presidency, and Henry Wilson was nominated for tlie Vice-Presidency, both ,of whom 5yere elected by large majorities. ELECTOKAL VOTES FOJl PresMent ani Vice-Presklent of tlie Unitei Statas, UNDEK THE CONSTITUTION. FIRST TERM— 1789 TO 1795 At the time of this election, only eleven states had ratified the CoustitutioQ. North Curollua and Rhode Island had rejected it, and the Legislature of New York, by reason of some disa- greement between the two branches, had failed in i^assing a law respecting the choosing of the Electors, and consequently no Electors were appointed to represent that State. Only toi. States, therefore, participated in the election. By the Constitution, as it then stood, the presidential elec- tors voted for twapersoiis, and the one receiving the highest number of votes, was to be the President, and the one having the next highest number, was to be the Vice-President. It was necessary that the President should receive a nutjority of the whole number of electoral votes, but this was not neces- sary to elect the Vice-President. Whole number of Electors, G9. Electoral Vote— George Washington, 69 ; John Adams, 31 ; John Jay, 9 ; R. II. Harrison, G ; John Rutledge, G; John Hancock, 4 ; George Clinton, 3 ; Samuel Huntington, 3 ; John Milton, 2 ; James Armstrong, 1 ; Edward Telfair, 1 ; Benjamin Lincoln, 1. George Washington was thereupon declared the President, and John Adams, the Vice-President. SECOND TER:\I— 1793 TO 1797. Fifteen states participated in this election ; Rhode Island and North Carolina having ratified the Constitution, and two ncAV States, Vermont and Kentucky, having been admitted in- to the Union. 184 ELECTORAL VOTES. 185 Whole number of Electors, 133. Electoral Vote — George Washington, 133 ; John Adams, 77; George Clinton, 50; Thomas Jefferson, 4; Aaron Burr, 1. George Washington Avas therefore again declared the Presii dent, and John Adams the Vice-President. THIRD TER:\I— 1797 TO ISOl. Tennessee having been admitted, the whole number of States, IG. Whole number of Electors, 138. Electoral Vote — John Adams, 71 ; Thomas Jefferson, 68; Aaron Burr, 30 ; Samuel Adams, 15 ; Oliver Ellsworth, 11 ; George Clinton, 7 ; John Jay, 5 ; James Iredell, 3 ; George Washington, 3 ; John Henry, 3 ; S. Johnson, 3 ; Charles C. Pinckney, 1. Jonu Adams was therefore declared the President, and Thomas Jefferson the Vice-President. FOURTH TERM— 1801 TO 1805. Whole number of States, 16. Whole number of Electors, 18S. Electoral Vote— Thomas Jefferson, 73 ; Aaron Burr, 73 ; John Adams, 65 ; Charles C. Pinckney, 61 ; John Jay, 1. The votes for Jefferson and Burr being the highest, and equal^ there was no election. It was necessary, therefore, un- dcrthe Constitution, that the House of Representatives should decide which one was to be President, and which one Vice- President. On the 3Gi/i ballot, Mr. Jefferson was chosen Pi'cs- idcnt, and IMr. Burr Vice-President. FIFTH TERM— 1805 TO 1809. Previous to this election, an amendment to the Constitution* relative to the election of President and Vice-President had been proposed, so as to designate which person had heeix voted fov 186 ELECTORAL VOTES. as President^ and which one as Vice-President. This Amendment had passed both branches of Conf^ress, and in 1804, it had been ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the States as required by the Constitution, and on the 25th of September, 180-1, it was announced by tlic Sccretaiy of State, as liavinjj been duly adopted and ratified. Hence at this election, they were voted for separately. Ohio had also been admitted into the Union. Whole number of States, 17. Whole number of Electors, 176. Electoral Vote.— For President, Thomas JefTerson, 103 ; Charles C. Pinekncy, 14. For Vice-President, George Clinton, 102; Rufus King, 14. Mr. Jefferson was therefore declared the President elect, and Mr. Clinton the Vice-President. SIXTH TERM— 1809 TO 1813. Whole number of States, 17. Whole number of Electors, 175. Electoral Vote.— For President, James Madison, 122; George Clinton, 6; C. C. Pinekncy, 47; For Vice-President, George Clinton, 113 ; James Madison, S ; James Monroe, 3 ; John Langdon, 9, ; Rufus King, 47 ; Mr. Madison was therefore declared the President elect, and Mr. Clinton the Vice-Pi-esident. SEVENTH TERM— 1813 TO 1817. Whole number of States, 18. Whole number of Electors, 217. Electoral Vote.— For President, James Madison, 128; De Witt Clinton, of New York, 89. For Vice-President, Elbridge Gerry, 131 ; Jared Ingersoll, 86. Mr. Madison was therefore declared the President elect, and Mr. Gerry the Vice-President ELECTOEAL VOTES. 187 i EIGHTH TERM-1817 TO 1831. Whole number of States, 19. Whole number of Electors, 217. Electoral Vote. — For President, James Monroe, 183; Rufus King, 34 For Vice-President, Daniel D. Tompkins, 183 ; John E. Howard, 23 ; James Ross, 5 ; John Marshall, 4 ; Robert G. Harper, 8. Mr. Monroe "was therefore declared the President elect, and Daniel D. Tompkins, Vice-President. NINTH TERM— 1831 TO 1825. Whole number of States, 21. Whole number of Electors, 283. Electoral Vote.— For President, James Monroe, 231 ; John Quincy Adams, 1. For Vice-President, Daniel D. Tompkins, 218; Richard Stockton, 8 ; Robert G. Harper, 1 ; Richard Rush, 1 ; Daniel Rodney, 1. Mr. Madison, was therefore declared the President elect, and Mr. Tompkins the Vice-President. TENTH TERM— 1825 TO 1829. Whole number of States, 21. Whole number of Electors, 261. Electoral Vote.— For President, Andrew Jackson, 99 ; John Quincy Adams, 84 ; William H. Crawford, 41 ; Henry Clay, 37. For Vice-President, John C. Calhoun, 182 : Nathan Sanf ord, CO ; Nathaniel Macon, 24 ; Andrew Jackson, 13 ; Martin Van Buren, 9 ; Henry Clay, 3. Neither of the candidates for the Presidency receiving a majority^ there was no election, and the vote was carried to the House of Representatives, where Adams received the vote of 13 States, Jackson of 7 States, and Crawford of 4 States. Adams was therefore elected President, and John C. Cal- houn, the Vice-President. 188 ELECTORAL VOTES. ELEVENTH TERM— 1829 TO 1833. Whole number of States, 24. Whole number of Electors, 201. ElECTORAL Vote.— For President, Andrew Jackson, 178 ; John Quiney Adams, 83 ; For Vice-President, John C. Calhoun, 171 ; Richard Rush, 83 ; William Smith, 7. Popular Vote.— For President, Jackson, 050,028 ; Adams, 512,158. Mr. Jackson, was therefore declared the President elect, and Mr. Calhoun, the Vice-President. TWELFTH TERM— 1833 TO 1837. Whole number of States, 24. Whole number of Electors, 288. Electoral Vote. — For President, Andrew Jackson, 219; Henry Clay, 49; John Floyd, 11 : William Wirt, 7. For Vice-President, Martin A^an Buren, 189; John Sargent, 49; William Wilkins, 30; Henry Lee, 11: Amos Ellmaker, 7. Popular Vote. — For Piesident, Jackson, 087,502 ; Clay, 550,189; Wirt and Floyd combined, 33,108. Mr. Jackson was therefore declared the President elect, and Martin Van Buren, the Vice-President. THIRTEENTH TERM— 1837 TO 1841. Whole number of States, 2G. Whole n timber of Electors, 294. Electoral Vote. — For President, Martin Van Buren, 170 ; William H. Harrison, 73; Hu<,^h L. White, 20; Daniel Web- ster, 14 : W. P. Mangum, 11. For Vice-Presidcut, Richard I\r. Johnson, 147; Francis Granger, 77 ; John Tyler, 47 ; William Smith, 23. Popular Vote.— For President, Van Buren, 702,149; all others combined, 730,730. Mr. Van Buren was therefore declared the President elect, and Mr. Johnson the Vice-President. ELECTORAL VOTE. 189 FOURTEENTH TERM— 18il TO lSi5. Whole number of States, 26, Whole number of Electors, 294. Electoral Vote.— For President, Wm. H. Harrison, 234 ; Martin Van Buren, 60. For Vice-President, John Tyler, 234; R. M. Johnson, 48; L. W. Tazwcll, 11 ; James K Polk, 1. Popular Vote.— Harrison, 1,274,783 ; Van Buren, 1,128,702 James G. Birney, 7,609. Mr. Harrison was therefore declared the President elect, and Mr. Tyler, the Vice-President. FIFTEENTH TERM— 1845 TO 1849. "Whole number of States, 26. Whole number of Electors, 275. Electoral Vote.— For President, James K. Polk, 170 ; Henry Clay, 105. For Vice-President, George M. Dallas, 170 ; Theodore Fre- linghuysen; 105. Popular Vote. — For President, Polk, 1,335,834 ; Clay, 1,297,033; Frelinghuyson, 105. Mr. Polk was therefore declared the President elect, and ^Ir. Dallas the Vice President. SIXTEENTH TERM.— 1849 to 1853. Whole number of States, 30. Whole number of Electors, 290. Electoral Vote. —For President, Zachary Taylor, 163; Lewis Cass, 127. For Vice President, Millard Fillmore, 163 ; William O. But- ler, 127. Popular Vote.— Taylor, 1,302,031; Cass, 1,222,445; Van Buren, 291,455. ]\Ir. Taylor was therefore declared the President elect, and Mr. Fillmore the Vice-President. 190 ELECTORAL VOTE. SEVENTEENTH TERM.— 1853 to 1857. Whole number of States, 31. Whole number of Electors, 296. Electoral Vote. — For President, Franklin Pierce, 254-, Winlield Scott, 42. For Vice-President, William R. King, 254; William A. Graham, 42. PoruLAR Vote.— For President, Pierce, 1,590,490 ; Scott, 1,378,589 ; John P. Hale, 157,290. Mr. Pierce -was therefore declared the President elect, and Mr. Kinsr the Vice-President. EIGHTEENTH TERM.— 1857 to ISGl. Whole number of States, 31. Whole number of Electors, 296. Electoral Vote.— For President, James Buchanan, 174 ; John C. Fremont, 109 ; Millard Fillmore, 8. For Vice-President, John C. Breckcnridge, 174 ; William L. Dayton, 109 . Andrew J. Donalson. 8. Popular Vote.— Buchanan, 1,832,232; Freeraont, 1,341,- 514 ; Millard Fillmore, 874,907. Mr. Buchanan -was therefore elected President, and Mr. Breckenridge the Vice-President. NINETEENTH TERM.— ISGl to 18G5. Whole number of States, 33. Whole number of Electors, 303. Electoral Vote.— For President, Abraham Lincoln, 180, John C. Breckenridge, 72; John Bell, 39; Stephen A. Doug- lass, 12. For Vice-President, Hannibal Hamlin, ISO; Joseph Lane, 72. Edward Everett, 39; H. V. Johnson, 12. Popular Vote.— Lincoln, 1,857,010 ; Douglass, 1,305,976 ; Breckenridge, 847,953 ; Bell, 590,031. Mr. Lincoln was therefore elected President, and Mr. Ham- lin the Vice-President. ELECTORAL VOTE. 191 TWENTIETH TERM.— 1865 to 1869. The States in rebellion did not vote in tliia election. Number of States participating in the election, 25. Whole number of Electors who voted, 233. Electoral Vote. — For President, Abraham Lincoln, 213 ; George B, McClellan, 21. For Vice-President, Andrew Johnson, 212; George H. Pendleton, 21. Popular Vote.— For President, Lincoln 2,223^)35 ; Mc- Clellan, 1,811,754.— Total Vote, 4,034,789. Mr. Lincoln was therefore re-elected President, and Mr, Johnson elected the Vice-President. TWENTY- FIRST TERM.— 1860 to 1873. Whole number of States which voted, 34, Whole number of Electors who voted, 294. Electoral Vote. — For President, Ulysses S. Grant, 214 -, Horatio Seymour, 80. For Vice-President, Schuyler Colfax, 214 ; Blair, 80. Popular Vote.— For President, Grant, 3,021,020 ; Sey- mour, 2,716,475.— Total, 5,737,495. Virginia, Mississippi, and Texas, did not take part in the election. The Legislature of Florida chose the Electors. Grant and Colfax were therefore elected. TWENTY SECOND TERM.— 1873 to 1877. Whole number of States, 37. Whole number of Electors, 366. Electoral Vote. — For President, Ulysses S. Grant, 292 j Horace Greeley, 74. Popular Vote. — For President, Grant, 3/579,793 ■ Gree- ley, 2,842,425 ; O'Connor, 29,489 ; Black, 5,608. Total Vote, 6,457,315. Grant's majority over Greeley. 737,368 ; over all, 702,371. Grant was therefore elected President, and Wilson, Vice- President, PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF 1872. Popular, and Electorial Vote by States. states. Popular Vote. Electorial Vote. Majority. Grant. Greeley. Grant. Greeley. Alabama ..90,272. ..79,444.. ..37,927.. ..40,718.. ..45,872.. ..10,205.. ..15,428.. ...10... ....6... ....6... .. 6... ....3... 4... 10 828 Arkansas California Connecticut . .41,073. .-54,020. ..50,6:38. ..11,115. ;3,146 12,234 4,356 . . . .423 Florida ..17,705. 2,337 .. Georgia Illinois ..62.715. .241,248. .186,144. .131,233. ..67,048. ..76,278.. .184,770 "hi" ....11... *9,.563.... 53 420 Indiana .163,637.. ..71,1:34.. ..32.970.. ...15... ...11... ....5... 21,090 57 878 Kansas 33,482. . ..88,816. .100,212.. ..66,467.. ....12... ... 8.. *9,022 *6,492 .. Louisiana ..59,975. Maine ..61,422. 29.087. r- 32,335 Maryland Massachusetts Michigan ..66,760. .133,472. .136,202. ..55,709. ..67,685.. ..59,260.. ..77,027.. ..35,211. '.'.'Ah'." ...11... ... 5. . 8... *904 74,212 55,043 20,498 Mississippi Missouri ..81,916. .119,196. ..18,245 ..47,191.. .151,4:3:3.. ...7.705.. ...6,230.. ..31,425.. 76 801 ....8... ;;;;3:'.: ....3... ....5... 9 '.'.'..15". 34.725 *29.808 10,.540 .. Nevada. 8,413 2 177 New Hampshire. . New Jersey ..37,168. 91 611 5,443 .... 14 180 New York North Carolina ... Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania — Hhode Island South Carolina.. . .440,7.59. . .94,304. .281,8.52. ..11,820. .349.680. ..13,665. ..72,290. ..83,655. 47,406. .387,279.. ..69.474.. .244.:321.. ...7.746.. .211,961.. ...5.329.. ..22.903.. ...35... ...10... ...22... ....3... ...29... ....4... .53,480 24,830 34,268 3,.5C2. ... 136,008.. .. 8,:3C6 49,200 Tennessee Texas ..94,391.. 66.. 500. ....12... ... 8 *10.7C6. ... ....*10.514 Vermont . 41 487 19 047 5 29 947 ..93,415. 01,440.. ...11... . .. 5. 1.903 West Virginia 32.283 2!>..5:37. 2.143 .. Wisconsin .104.002. 3,579,793 ..86.477.. ...10... 17.681 2,a 12,425. 292 74 Wliole vote 6,4.57.315, which includes 29,489 for O'Connor, straight Dem., and 5,608 for Black, the temperance candidate. Grant's majority over Greeley, 7:37.:368 ; over all, 702,271, *Majonty for Greeley. 192 THE WHITE HOUSE. TH E LIBERAL REPUBLICAN CONVENTION Held in Cincinnati, Mat 1st, 1872, CANDIDATES AND PLATFORM, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, &a 18 ;9i| LIBERAL TIEPUBLICA!^ CONYEXTIOX. On the 1st day of May, 1872, Exposition Hall in Cincinnati, ■was crowded witli delegates and spectators from all parts of the Union, to participate in, and witness the proceedings of the Liberal Republican Convention then and there convened. Great interest and excitement have ever attended this class of National gathering. At 13 o'clock. Colonel Grosvenor having called the Convention to order, made a few remaiks and then named Judge Stanley Matthews of Ohio, as temi^or- ary Chairman. The following day, the Committee on permanent organiza- tion, reported for permanent President, Senator Carl Shurz ; with one Vice-President, and a Secretary from each State and Territory, which report was adopted. The Committee on Rules reported as follows : First. That the rules and regulations governing the House of Rep- resentatives of the United States, shall be the rules governing this body, provided that no delegates shall be entitled to spealc more than once upon the same question, and shall be limited to five minutes, except the mover thereof, who, in closing debate, shall be entitled to five minutes more. Second. The delegation from each State shall cast the entire vote of the State, and every dolegate shall represent such a proportion of the entire vote, as he sliall be of the delegation present and his vote shall be reported to the Convention by the Chairman of the delegation as cast by the delegate. Third. In voting for candidates for President and Vice-rrcsident of the United States, a majority of all the votes shall be requisite to a choice. Fourth. To facilitate the business of the Convention, the Yeas and Nays shall not be called, but a division of the Convention may be had by a call of the States. On the 3d day of May, Mr. Horace White, from the Com- mittee on Platform, reported an address and a series of reso- lutions. The report was adopted. The following is the Address and Platform. 194 LIBERAL KEPUBLICAN CONVEXTIOif. 195 THE ADDRESS. The Administration now in power, has rendered itself guilty of wanton disregard of the laws of the land, and ursurped powers not granted by the Constitution. It has acted as if the laws had binding force only for those who are governed, and not for those who govern. It has thus struck a blow at the fundamental principles of constitu- tional government and the liberty of the citizen. The President of the United States has openly used the powers and opportunities of his high office for the promotion of personal ends. He has kept notoriously corrupt and unworthy men in places of power and responsibility to the detriment of the public interest. He has used the public service of the Government as a machinery of partisan and personal influence, and interfered with tyrranical arrogance in tne political affairs of States and municipalities. He has rewarded, with iufluentiai and lucrative oflaces, men who had acquired his favor by valuable presents; thus stimulating demoralization of our political life by his conspicuous example. He has shown himself deplorably unequal to the tasks imposed upon him by the necessities of the country, and culpably careless of the responsibilities of his high office. The partisans of the Administration, assuming to be the Republican party, and controlling its organization, have attempted to justify such wrongs and palliate such abuses, to the end of maintaining partisan ascendency. They have stood in the way of necessary Investigations and indispensable reforms, pretending that no serious fault could be found with the present administration oi public affairs ; thus seeking to blind the eyes of the people. They have kept alive the passions and resentments of the late civil war, to use them for their own advantage. They have resorted to arbitrary measures in direct conflict with the organic law instead of appealing to the better instincts and latent patriotism of the Southern people, by restoring to them those rights, the enjoyment of which, is indispensible for a successful administration of their local affairs, and would tend to move a patriotic and hopeful national feeling. They have degraded themselves, and the name of their party, once justly entitled to the confidence of the nation, by a base sycophancy to the dispenser of executive power and patron- age unworthy of Republican freemen ; they have sought to stifle the voice of just criticism, to stifle the moral sense of the people, and to subjugate public opinion by tyrannical party discipline. They are striving to maintain themselves in authority for selfish ends, by an unscrupulous use of the power which rightfully belongs to the people, and should be employed only in the service of the country. Believing that an organization thus led and controlled can no longer be of service to the best interests of the Republic, we have resolved to make an independent appeal to the sober judgment, conscience, and patriotism of the American people. 196 LIBERAL REPUBLICAN CONVENTION, THE PLATFORM. "We, the Liberal Republicans of the United States, in National Convention assembled at Cincinnati, proclaim the following principles as essential to just government : First. "We recognize the equality of all men before the law, and hold that it is the duty of Government, in its dealings •with the people, to mete out equal and exact justice to all, of whatever nativity, race, color, or persuasion, religious, or political. Second. "We pledge ourselves to maintain the Union of these States, emancipation and enfranchisement, and to oppose any reopening of the questions settled by the Thirteenth, Four- teenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution. Third. "We demand the immediate and absolute removal of all disabilities imposed on account of the Rebellion, which was finally subdued seven years ago, believing that universal amnesty will result in complete pacification in all sections of the country. Fourth. Local self-government, with impartial suffrage, will guard the rights of all citizens more securely than any centralized power. The public welfare requires the supremacy of the civil over the military authority, and freedom of person under the protection of the habeas corpus. "Wo demand for the individual the largest liberty consistent with public order; for the State, self-government, and for the nation, to return to the methods of peace and the constitu- tional limitations of power. Fifth. The Civil Service of the Government has become a mere instrument of partisan tyranny and personal ambition, and an object of selfish greed. It is a scandal and reproach upon free institutions, and breeds a demoralization dangerous to the perpetuity of republican government. "We therefore regard such thorough reforms of the Civil Service as one of the most pressing necessities of the hour; that honesty, capacity, and fidelity constitute the only valid claim to public employment; that the offices of the Govcrnmeut cease to be a matter of arbitrary favoritism and patronage, and that public station become again a post of honor. To this end it is LIBERAL REPUBLICAN CONVENTIOiT. 197 imperatively required tliat no President shall be a candidate for re-election. Sixth. We demand a system of Federal taxation, "which shall not tinnccessarily interfere with the industry of the people, and which shall provide the means necessary to pay the expenses of the Government economically administered, the pensions, the interest on the public debt, and a moderate reduction annually of the principal thereof ; and, recognizing that there arc in our midst, honest, but irreconcilable differ- ences of opinion, with regard to the resi^ective systems of Protection and Free Trade, we remit the discussion of the subject to the people in their Congress Districts, and to the decision of Congress thereon, wholly free of Executive interference or dictation. Seventh, The public credit must be sacredly maintained, and we denounce repudiation in every form and guise. Eighth. A speedy return to specie payment, is demanded alike by the highest considerations of commercial morality and honest government. Ninth. We remember with gratitude the heroism and sacrilices of the soldiers and sailors of the Republic, and no act of ours shall ever detract from their justly-earned fame, or the full reward of their patriotism. Tenth. We are opposed to all further grants of lands to railroads, or other corporations. The public domain should be held sacred to actual settlers. Eleventh. We hold that it is the duty of the Government, in its intercourse with foreign nations, to cultivate the friendship of peace, by treating with all on fair and equal terms, regarding it alike dishonorable either to demand what is not right, or submit to what is wrong. Twelfth. For the promotion and success of these vital principles, and the support of the candidates nominated by this Convention, we invite and cordially welcome the co-ope- ration of all TDatriotic citizens, without regard to previoua affiliations. 198 13ALL0T1^'G FOR CANDIDATES. HORACE GREELEY NOMINATED TOR THE PRESIDENCT. The next order of business being the Nomination of Candi- dates for the Presidency, the Chair stated that it would be done without the formal presentation of Candidates. The roll of States was then ealled. FIRST BALLOT. Adams, . . . 205 Brown, . Greeley, . . . 147 Curtin, Trumbull, . . .110 Chase, . Davis, . . . 92 1-3 Total Vote, 614. Neeessary to a ehoiee, 308. , 95 63 21-2 Adams, Greeley, . Trumbull, . Total Vote, 714, SECOND BALLOT. 243 Davis, . Brown, 239 148 Chase, Necessary to a choice, 358. THIRD BALLOT. Adams, ... 264 Davis, . Greeley, ... 258 Brown, Trumbull, . . .150 Total Vote, 714. Necessary to a choice, 358. 44 2 FOURTH BALLOT. Adams, . . .279 Davis, . . 51 Greeley, . . . 251 Brown, 2 Trumbull, . . .141 Total Vote, 724. Neeessary to a choice, 303. FIFTH BALLOT. Adams, . . . 309 j Davis, . 30 Greeley, ... 258 Chase, 24 Trumbull, ... 91 Brown, . . 2 Total Vote, 714. Neeessary to a choice, 358. BALLOTING FOK CANDIDATES. 199 SIXTH AND LAST BALLOT. It was ordered amid a scene of great confusion. After the roll-call of States, it stood, 332 Greeley, . Adams, . . 324 Trumbull, . . 19 Cliase, .... 82 Davis, ... 6 Palmer, ... 1 Before the vote was announced, Minnesota changed 9 from Trumbull to Greeley, and Pennsylvania changed 50 for Greeley, and 6 for Davis. Other changes were made, amid great noise and confusion. The chair finally announced the result as follows : Whole Vote, . . 714 I Greeley, . . .482 Necessary to a choice, 358 I Adams, . . . 187 Mr. Greeley was therefore the choice of the Convention. B. GRATZ BROWN NOMINATED FOR THE VICE-PRESIDENCY. The Convention then proceeded to the Nomination of a Vice-President. It was announced that Mr. Trumbull would not except under any circumstances, and Cassius M. Clay declined to be a candidate. Two ballots were taken. On the first, Mr. Brown received 237 votes. On the second ballot he received 435 votes, out of 696, the whole number cast, and was therefore the choice o£ the Convention for this office. HORACE GREELEY. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. On the 17th of August, 1831, a tall, pale and very plainly dressed young man of twenty years, with ten dollars in his pocket, and all his worldly goods tied up in a cotton handker- chief, which was made fast to a hickory stick swung over his shoulder^ was seen leaving a steamer at Wliitehall, New HORACE GKEELET. York city. His course was up Broad St. to "Wall, thcnc© across to "West street, searching as he went for some boarding place, at a price within his means. At length, at No. 1G3 "West street, he found a grog-shop and boarding-house com- bined, kept by one Mr. Golrick, where he obtained board and lodging at the stipulated price of S2.50 per week. The name of this young man was Horace Greeley, of Scotch- Irish lineage, and a descendant of one of the three brothers HORACE GREELEY. 201 ■who emigrated to America, in 1610. His fatlier's name was Zacclieus Greeley, a poor and hard-working farmer who mar- ried his mother, Mary Woodburn, when she was but nineteen years of age. Horace was born on the Srd of February, 1811, in an un- painted, one-story frame house, which was facing the old road extending from the Merrimac, to Amherst in New Hamp- shire. Although a delicate, sickly child, he accomplished a great deal of hard labor as he grew older, assisting his father on the farm, spending however, a few months in each year at the village school. In 1820, his father, who had been running behind was in- debted to a few creditors to the amount of $1,000 and not be- ing able to pay, they levied on his farm and personal proper- ty which were appraised and set off to the creditors at a nom- inal sum. The family soon removed to Vermont into a small dwelling which his father had hired for $16 per annum, and their poverty compelled them to live in ihe most frugal man- ner, principally on rye bread and Indian meal. Horace remained assisting his father until his fifteenth year. In April 1836, he became an apprentice in the office of the publishers of the " Northern Spectator," at East Poult- ney, Vermont, where he was kindly treated and where, hav- ing access to a public library, he spent his leisure hours in reading and mental improvement. After completing his trade, he visited his parents, who had removed into New York state, and then was engaged for several months in the office of the Erie Gazette, at Erie, Pa., at $15 per month. After dividing his earnings with his parents, to whom he was much attached, he started for New York city, with $25 in his pocket, and arrived there with but $10 left, as stated in the opening of this sketch. He obtained partial employment after a few days, at small wages, and in the spring and sum- mer of 1833, obtained employment on the "Spirit of the Times," a weekly sporting paper. In 1833, he and a Mr. Story opened a small printing estab- lishment, doing principally job work; subsequeuth', in 1834, he edited "The New Yorker," a large weekly paper, which 202 HORACE GREELEY. was published by himself and Mr. "Winchester. lie continued editing and publishing this paper for about seven years. He •was, however, unfortunate. Having been burned out in the great Ann Street lire in 18o5, being but partially insured, and meeting with many losses, and not being able to collect the subscriptions to his paper, which had accumulated to about $10,000, he was obliged to discontinue his paper, which he did in September, 1841. In 18o8, Mr. Thurlow Weed and other leading Whigs, hav- ing decided to start a cheap weekly campaign paper, to be called " The Jeffersonian." Mr. Greeley was selected as its editor, and offered $1,000 per annum to edit it, which offer he accepted. He subsequently, after the nomination of Harrison, edited and published a campaign paper, called the " Log Cab- in," which had an immense circulation. On the 10th of April, 1841, Mr. Greeley issued the first number of " The New York Tribune," as a Whig paper. It was started as a cheap daihj journal, at the price of one cent per copy, and has since proved to have been a most profitable and successful adventure. His first issue was 5,000, most of which were given away. His current expenses the first week was $525, while his receipts amounted to only §92. The subscriptions, however, to the paper, rapidly increased, and soon reached a circulation of 10,000 copies. For many years it Avas carried on, and prospered •under Greeley & McElrath, who had formed a co-partnership soon after it was started. For many years, it has been the leading Republican paper of the Union, and its receipts, as well as expenses, have been enormous. In 18GG, its receipts amounted to over nine hun- dred thousand dollars. Its present circulation is much less than formerly. Mr. Greeley was in every sense of the word a "self-made" man. He has been a hard worker, able reasoner, and deep thinker, and much attached to the isms of the day. Honest in his vicAvs and purposes, he has fearlessly and boldly given his opinions to the world ; many of which have been original and peculiar In 1848, he was elected to Congress, to fill a vacancy, and served for about three months. HORACE GKEELET 203 Mr. Greeley was married July 5th, 1836, and of six children, but two are now remaining. Most of his leisure was passed upon his farm, at Chappaqua^ in "Westchester Co., New Torli. about nine miles above White Plains, and about thirty-five miles from the City Hall in New York City. The farm em- braced about seventy-five acres, twenty-five of which are cov- ered with forest trees, in which he took especial pride. After the crushing out of the rebellion, he became with several others bail for Jefierson Davis, for which act, he was warmly condemned by some, but he alleges that it was done merely as an act of justice and humanity. On the 3rd of May, 1872, at the convention of the Liberal Kepublicans, he was nominated for the Presidency, as herein- before stated, and subsequently on the 10th day of July, he was hominated by the National Democratic Convention, at Balti- more. He was however defeated, as Grant was re-elected by a large majority. He died Nov. 29, 1872. B. GRATZ BKOWK BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH, This gentleman -was born in Lexington, Kentucky, on tlie 28th of May, 1826. Ho is the son of Judge Mason Brown, an eminent jurist and magistrate of that State. Ilis grandfather ■was John Brown, of Roelcbridge, Va., who was a representa- tive iu Congress from 1789, to 1793. He subsequently remov- B. GRATZ BROWN. ed to Kentucky, settled at Frankfort, and was one of her first Senators after slic was admitted into the Union. His grandfather on the maternal side, was Jesse Bledsoe, a a distinguished jurist of Kentucky, who was elected to repre- sent that State in tlie Senate of the United States. He was also a Cliief Justice of the Supreme Court of Kentucky, and a pro- fessor of Law in the University of Transylvania. B. GRATZ BROWIiT. 205 B. Gratz Brown has received a most liberal education, and having passed through Transylvania University, he entered Tale College, from which he graduated in 1847. He subse- quently studied law, and settled at St. Louis, Missouri. In 1853, he was elected to the Legislature of that State, where he represented his District for six years. He edited the Missouri Democrat, from 1854, to 1859. He was a strong Anti-Slavery man in that section of the Country, and took a bold and fear- less stand against the exactions of the Slave power. In 1857, he was the Free Soil Candidate for Govenior, and came very near being elected. He took strong ground against the rebellion, and in the attack and captui'e of Camp Jack- son, in 1861, he commanded a regiment of militia, and exhib- ited great coolness and gallantry. In 1863, he was elected to the Senate of the United States, where he served for four years. He was subsequently nominated for Governor of his State, and by a coalition of Democrats and Republicans he was elected, having received a majority of over 40,000. Since his election to that office, Missouri has greatly ex- tended her internal improvements, and is rapidly developing her immense resources. He is bold and decisive in action, energetic and persevering in all his undertakings, consults the happiness and prosperity of the masses, and as a Governor, is very popular. At the Liberal Republican Convention, he received 95 votes on the 1st ballot for the Presidency, but at once declined in favor of Greeley. He then received on the first ballot for the Vice-Presidency 237 votes, and on the second 495, and was therefore declared the nominee of the Convention for that office. At the Democratic Convention at Baltimore, he also received the nomination for the same office. THE NATIONAL REPUBLICAN CONVENTION, Held in PniLADELpniA, June 5, 1872. CANDIDATES PLATFORM, &C, THE MTIOML REPUBLICAl^ COXVEXTIOK. At 12 o'clock, at noon, on the 5th day of June last, the Con- vention was called to order in the Academy of Music, at Philadelphia, by Gov. Claflin, who reminded the delegates of the glorious history of the Republican party during the past twenty years and asserted that the promises of reform and progress made four j^ears ago, had been faithfully perfornaed. He then introduced the Honorable Morton McMichael as temporary Chairman, who in his remarks, stated that the peo- ple had decided in advance respecting the nominee, and that they had only to put their will into proper shape, by formally nominating Ulysses S. Grant, and with the blessing of God, they would make that nomination without demur, without debate, and without dissent. At about 4 o'clock, the Com- mittee on permanent organization, reported Judge Settle of North Carolina for permanent Chairman, and Postmaster Bingham of Philadelphia, for permanent Secretary. On the 6th of June, at 10 o'clock, A. M. the Convention re- assembled in the Academy of Music, which was densely pack- ed. After some preliminary exercises, Mr. McMichael pre- sented a series of resolutions from the Union League of Amer- ica, and by vote of the Convention, they were read and order- ed to be entered on the minutes and printed. The resolutions set forth the principles of the Republican party, and urged the importance of faithfully standing by, and upholding them, against all toes of opposition and treachery. NOMINATION OF U. S. GRANT FOR PRESIDENT. After a few speeches had been made, Mr. Cullum of Illi- nois, arose and said, " On behalf of the great Republican party of Illinois, and of the Union; in the name of liberty, loyalty, jus- tice, law, interest of economy, good government, peace and equality 208 NOMIXATIOX OF ULYSSES S. GRANT. oj all before i?te laio ; remembering with gratitude, the achieve- ments as a soldier in the field, and statesmanship in the Presiden- cy, I renominate Ulysses S. Gratitfor the Presidency.''^ This was received witli the wildest enthusiasm, hats and handlvcrcheifs were waved, the music playing " Ilail to the Chief," during which the curtain in the rear of the stage de- scended, disclosing a painting of Grant on horseback. FIRST AND ONLY BALLOT. The roll was then called for the first ballot, and as each State was called, the chairman of its delegation in a few re- marks, announced its unanimous vote for Grant, and the re- sult was, that he was unanimously renominated as the candi- date for the next Presidency, and it was so announced by the chairman. Previous to the balloting for the candidate for the Vice-Presi- dency, Mr. Schofield of Pennsylvania, chairman of committee on resolutions, announced that General Ilawley of Connecti- cut, secretary of the committee, would read the resolutions, which were as follows : PLATFORM. Adopted by the Pepublican National Conventi07i held at Philadel- phia June 6th anddth., 1872. The Republican party of the United States, assembled in National convention, in the city of Philadelphia, on the 5th and Gth of June, 1872, again declares its faith, appeals to its history, and announces its positions upon the questions be- fore the Country. First — During eleven years of supremacy, it has accei)ted with grand courage the solemn duties of the time. It sup- pressed a gigantic rebellion, emancipated 4,000,000 of slaves, decreed the equal citizenship of all, and established universal suffrage. Exhibiting unparalleled magnanimity, it criminally punished no man for political offenses, and Avarmly welcomed all who proved their loyalty, by obeying the laws and dealing justly with their neighbors. It has steadily decreased with a firm hand, the resultant disorders of a great war, and initiated THE NATIONAL KEPUBLICAN PLATFORM. 209 a irise policy towards the Indians. The Pacific railroad, and similar vast enterj>rises have been generously aided and suc- cessfully conducted, the public lands freely given to actual settlers, immigration protected and encouraged, and a full ac- knowledgement of the naturalized citizen's rights secured from European powers. A uniform national currency has been provided, repudiation frowned down, the national cred- it sustained under the most extraordinary burdens, and new bonds negotiated at lower rates. The revenues have been carefully collected, and honestly applied. Despite the annu- al large reduction of rates of taxation, the public debt has been reduced, during General Grant's Presidency, at the rate of $100,000,000 a year. A great financial crisis has been avoided, and peace and plenty prevail throughout the land. Menacing foreign difficulties have been peacefully and honor- ably compromised, and the honor and power of the nation kei)t in high respect throughout the world. This glorious record of the past, is the party's best pledge for the future. "We be- lieve the people will not entrust the government to any party, or combination of men composed chiefly of those who have resisted every step of this beneficial progress. Second — Complete liberty, and exact equality in the em- ployment of all civil, political and public rights should be es- tablished and efi'ectually maintained throughout the Union, by efllcient, and appropriate State and Federal legislation. Neither the law nor its administration should admit of any discrimination in respect of citizens by reason of race, creed, color or previous condition of servitude. Third — The recent amendments to the national constitu- tion should be cordially sustained because they are right, not merely tolerated because they are law, and should be carried out according to their spirit, by appropriate legislation, the enforcement of which, can be safely trusted only to the party that secured those amendments. Fourth — The national government should seek to main- tain honorable peace with all nations, protecting its citizens everywhere, and sympathising with all x^eoplcs who strive for greater liberty. Fifth — Any system of the civil sersicc under which thesub- 14 210 THE NATIONAL KEPUBLICAN PLATFORM. ordinate positions of the goverment are considered rewards for mere party zeal is fatally dctnoralizing, and we therefore favor a reform of the system by laws which shall abolish the evils of patronage, and make honesty, efficiency, and fidelity the essential qualifications for public position, without prac- tically creatini; a life tenure of office. Sixth— We are opposed to further grants of the public lands to corjjorations and monopolies, and demand that the nation- al domain be set apart for free homes for the people. Seventh— The annual revenue, after paying the current ex- penditures, the pensions, and the interest on the debt, should furnish a moderate balance for the reduction of the principal, and that revenue, except so much as may be derived from a tax on tobacco and liquors, should be raised by duties upon importations, the detail of which should be so adjusted as to aid in securing remunerative wages to labor, and promote the industries, growth and prosperity of the whole country. Eighth— We hold in undying honor the soldiers and sail- ors whose valor saved the union. Their pensions are a sacred debt by the nation, and the wiJows and orphans of those who died for their country are entitled to the care of a generous and grateful people. We favor such additional legislation as will extend the bounty of the government to all our soldiers and sailors who were honorably discharged, and who, in the line of duty, became disabled, without regard to the length of eervice or the cause of such discharge. Ninth — The doctrine of Great Britain and other European powers concerning allegiance — " once a subject, always a sub- ject"— having at last, through the efforts of the republican party, been abandoned, and the American idea of the individ- ual's right to transfer allegiance, having been accepted by European nations, it is tlie duty of our govcniraent to guard with jealous care the rights of adopted citizens against the assumption of unauthorized claims by their former govern- ments, and we urge the continued and careful encouragement and protection of voluntary immigration. Tenth— Tlic franking privilege ought to be abolished and the way prepared for a speedy rcductiou in the rates of post- ago. THE NATIONAL REPUBLICAN PLATFORM. 211 Eleventh— Among the questions which press for attention, is that which concerns the relations of capital and labor, and the republican party recognizes the duty of so shai^ing Jegis- lation as to secure full protection and the amplest field for capital, and for labor, the creator of capital, the largest op- portunities and a just share of the mutual profits of theso two great servants of civilization. Twelfth— We hold that Congress and the President have only fulfilled an imperative duty in their measures for the suppression of violent and treasonable organizations in cer- tain lately rebellious regions, and for the protection of the ballot-box, and therefore they are entitled to the thanks of the nation. Thirteenth — We denounce repudiation of the public debt in any form or disguise as a national crime. We witness with pride the reduction of the principal of the debt, and of the rates of interest upon the balance, and confidently expect that our excellent national currency will be perfected by a speedy resumption of specie payments. Fourteenth— The republican party is mindful of its obliga- tions to the loyal women of America for their noble devotion to the cause of freedom. Their admission into wider fields of usefulness is viewed with satisfaction, and the honest de- mands of any class of citizens for additional rights, should be treated with respectful consideration. Fifteenth — We heartily approve the action of congress in extending amnesty to those lately in rebellion, and rejoice in the growth of peace and fraternal feeling throughout the land. Sixteenth— The republican parly proposes to respect the rights reserved by the people to themselves as carefully as the powers delegated by them to the state and to the federal gov- ernments. It disapproves of the resort to unconstitutional laws for the purpose of removing evils by interference with rights not surrendered by the people to either the State or the National Government. Seventeenth — It is the duty of the General Government to adopt such measures as will tend to encourage American com- merce and shipbuilding. Eighteenth— Wc believe that the modbst jJatriotism, the 212 NOMINATION OF UENRT WILSON. earnest purpose, the sound judgment, the practical wisdom, the incorruptible integrity and tlie illustrious services of Ulys- ses S. Grant have commended him to the heart of the Ameri- can people, and with him at our head we start to-day upon a new march to victory. It was moved by General Burnside that the Platform as a whole be adopted, which motion was carried. HENRY WILSON NOMINATED FOR VICE PRESIDENT. Henry "Wilson and Schuyler Colfax, were the two leading Candidates proposed for this office, and both had warm and enthusiastic friends and it was doubtful which would obtain the nomination ; hence there was great excitement during the balloting, and loud cheers were called forth on one side or the other as it progressed. FIRST AND ONLY BALLOT. At the close of the roll call, the vote stood as follows : . 16 1 . 1 Wilson, . . 3G11-2 Davis, Colfax, . . 3311-2 Hawley, Maynard, . . 25 Noyes, Lewis, ... 23 Whole number of Votes, 7 51. At this stage, and before the result was announced, Virginia changed 20 of her votes to Wilson, making him 384 1-3, which gave him the nomination. Several other changes were Bubsequcntly made, when Mr. Crane of Indiana moved that Wilson's nomination be made unanimous, which was agreed to amidst great cheerinjj. HENRY WILSOlSr. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. This gentleman was born at Farmington, New Hampshire, on the 15th day of February, 1812, of poor, but respectable parents. At an early age, he was apprenticed to a farmer, with whom he remained till he was twenty-one years of age. His early education was necessarily very much neglected. He attended school only at short, irregular periods, which did not HEXET WILSON. exceed twelve months during the whole time he was upon the farm. Being, however, very fond of reading, he spent all his leisure moments in the perusal of such books as he could ob- tain, and thereby acquired a pretty thorough knowledge of men and of history. 214 HENRY WILSON. At the age of twenty-one, he went to Natick, Mass., where he learned the trade of shoc-makin<;, and accumulated a little money. Bcin.i; desirous of obtaining an education, he com- menced to study, but the person to ^yhom he loaned his money having failed, he was obliged to go back to his trade at Naticlc but not disheartened, he improved every opportunity to im- prove his mind, and cuUivntc his talents, turning his attention more particularly to political subjects In 1810, he made several public political speeches, and the same year, at the age of twenty-eight years, he was elected to the Massachusetts Legislature, and having served there for four years, was elected to the Senate of that State, and was the president of that body for two sessions. He became a warm and earnest supporter of anti-slavery principles and sen- timents, and when in 1818, being a delegate to the Whig Na- tional Convention, that body rejected the anti-slavery resolu- tions, he withdrew from the Convention, and became promi- nent in the organization of the Free-Soil party. In 1853, he was chosen president of the Free-Soil National Convention in Pittsburg, and chairman of the National Com- mittee. In the same year he was run on the Free-Soil ticket as a candidate for Congress, but was defeated by a small ma- jority. In 1355, he was elected a Senator to succeed Edward Everett in Congress, and was re-elected in 1859 for a long term. Soon after taking his seat, he made strenuous efforts for the repeal of the fugitive slave law, and the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia. Senator Wilson was once challenged by Brooks, for denounc- ing his attack on Sumner, as " murderous, brutal, and eow- ardl}-," but refused to fight, condemning duelling as a barba- rous practice. Shortly after the outbreak of the war, he raised the Twenty-Second Regiment of Massachusetts Volun- teers, of which he was the Colonel, and after joining the army of the Potomac, was made a member of General McClellan's staff, in which capacity he served until the meeting of Con- gress. During the war, he held the position of chairman of the Committe of Military Affairs, and as such, on the 4th of July, HENRY TVILSON. 216 1861, gave notice that on the following day he should ask leave to introduce six bills, having for their object the sup- pression of the rebellion, which bills, subsequently elicited much debate. After being selected as a candidate, a large number of his fellow-townsmen in Natick, assembled to congratulate him upon his nomination, and the following is the conclusion of his address : Friends— I stand Ijefore you to-niglit, having been supported over and over again for public life by your generous confidence. I count you all friends liere tonight, of whatever political opinions you may be. It may be that there are those around me and about me, who have thought unkind thoughts, or said unkind words. I have forgotten them, and have no memory here for them to-night. I thank God that there is not a man or woman in my country that I cannot meet andofler the hand of friendship to. Thanking yoxi for your kindness, for the many evidences of your affec- tionate regard which I have received, and those near and dear to mo have received, I will close by simply saying that whatever shall be the result in the country in the coming canvass— if defeat comes, I shall en- deavor to bear it as I ought to do ; if victory comes, I will simply say, I shall strive in the future as I have in the past to serve my country with fidelity, with clean hands and a pure heart, and to be true to the inter- ests of my fellow men, and always to side with the weakest and poorest portion of my countrymen who need sympathy^ Mr, Wilson was elected to the Vice-Presidency, and occu- pied the office, from March, 1873, until his death, which took place at Washington, Nov, 22, IS'ZS. THE DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL CONVENTION, Held at Baltimore, July 0, 1872. CANDIDATES, PLATFOEM, &C. THE DEMOCRATIC XATIOML COXYEXTION. -On the 9tli day of July, 1872, Ford's Opera Honse at Baltimore, was crowded with delegates, and at 13 o'clock at noon, the Convention was called to order by the lion. August Belmont, Chairman of the National Committee, who, after some lengthy remarks, proposed Thomas Jefferson Randolph, of Virginia, a venerable gentleman of eighty years of age, and a grandson of Thomas Jefferson, as temporary Chairman. After some preliminary business had been disposed of, Committees appointed, and the rules of the last Democratic National CDnvention adopted for the government of the Con- vention, a recess was taken until 4 o'clock, P, M. After the Convention had reassembled, the Committee on Organization reported, for permanent President, James R. Doolittle of Wisconsin, who was conducted to the chair by Gov. Hoffman of New York, and Senator Bayard of Delaware. After taking the chair, Mr. Doolittle made a very lengthy and earnest speech to the Convention, which was concluded amid long and continued applause. Soon after 10 o'clock, A. M. on the following day, the Con- vention reassembled, and after being called to order Mr. A. E. Burr of Connecticut reported the resolutions which consti- tuted the Platform. Mr. Burr explained that the resolutions were the Cincinnati Platform exactly. Nothing added — nothing excluded. The preamble alone differed, it commenced as follows : " T^c, the Democratic Electors of the United States in National Conven- tion assembled, present the following principles, already proclaimed at Cincinnati, as essential to a just Government." (Then follo-w the Kesolutions.)* After the reading of the resolutions, Mr. Burr moved the adoption of the report, and moved the previous question. This course was warmly opposed by Mr. Bayard, who "did not believe in taking cut and dried, the resolutions of another *For Platform see page 196. 218 KOMINATION OF GREELEY AND BROWN. organization." The previous question was sustained by a vote of 5:25 against 182, and the Platform was adopted by a vote of 070 against G3, GREELEY AND BROWN NOMINATED. Mr. Snowboolv of Illinois, presented the name of Horace Greeley as the Dcmocratie Candidate for the Presidenc}'. The roll of the States was then called, which resulted as follows : FOR PRESIDENT. Greeley, . 680 Groesbeck, Bayard, . 10 Blank, Jerry Black, . 21 Whole number of Votes, 733. FOR VICE-PRESIDENT. B. Gratz Brown, . 713 | Blank, ... 13 Stevenson, . . . I Whole number of Votes, 733, On motion, the nomination of Greeley and Brown was made unanimous. Amid music and great enthusiasm, a scene was lowered in the rear of the stage, presenting a view of the White House. Soon after the Convention adjourned. THE PAST AND PRESENT OF OUR COUNTRY. The Centennial Anniversary of the birth of our Republic is at hand, and also an International Celebration thereof at the City of Philadelphia, that being considered the most appropriate place, as there the Declaration of Independ- ence was adopted by the Congress of 1776, and signed. About forty nations, comprising nearly the whole civilized world, will unite with us in this great holiday exhibition. Our natural resources and their development, and our progress in the arts which benefit mankind, will be put in compari- son with those of other nations. Two hundred acrps are now enclosed for that purpose in Fairmount Park, and beautiful, spacious, and commodious buildings have been erected thereon, affording unsurpassed facilities both to exhibitors and visitors. The world moves. Mind is acting upon mind. The coruscations of intellect mingle and brighten. Thought, effort, and influence are concentrated. Social intercourse is rapid and universal. Oceans are traversed, deserts ex- plored, and all with ease and rapidity incredible. How wonderful are the changes of time ! The foundations of our country were laid by our Puritan fathers in intelligence and holiness. The school-room was valued next to their Bible and Sanctuary, and their Colleges and Universities of learning were formed on a basis which Europe could not but admire, A government of law was framed, most consistent with the rights of man. They possessed no pride of riches, no aristocracy of wealth, but mind and moral worth were made the capital of our country. Under such a govern- ment dignity has been attached to honest labor, and from every class of society, by the force of their own genius, and 219 220 OUR COUNTRY. reliance on their own efforts, men have arisen from obscu- rity, to political and intellectual eminence. One hundred years ago we were composed of thirteen feeble colonies, with about a million and a half of inhabi- tants, occupying the original narrow strip of land on the Atlantic coast, which has since expanded into a mighty Empire, extending westward to the shores of the Pacific, northward to the Northern Lakes, including the Arctic regions of Alaska. The extent of its conceded domain was then about half a million square miles. Now about three millions, five Imndred thousand square miles, with forty millions of inhabitants. One hundred years ago the agricultural interests of our country were in the hands of men who knew nothing of the science of husbandry. Agricultural implements were rude and simple, consisting chiefly of the scythe, sickle, spade, hoe, plough, harrow, and fork, made in the roughest and most imperfect manner ; but the philosophy of uses is being developed daily, of those arts and methods by which we propose to complete the mastery of the material world. There will be exhibited in this- the Centennial Year of American Independence, at the city of Philadelphia, an exhibition of American art and American skill at which no American need blush, and upon which all the civilized nations of the earth will congratulate us. One hundred years ago railroads were unknown, steam- boats were unknown, the electric telegraph was unknown. India-rubber was unknown, and machinery of different kinds was unknown ; but the pounding barrel, the saddle- bags, the tinder-box and the mortar and pestle, were things of daily use. The inventive talents and genius of our people have wonderfully developed the productive power and agricul- tural resources of the country, and especially has this been the case during the last forty years. ■''Win OUR COUNTRY. 321 In the construction of machinery, and especially in the invention of new and effective machines for the saving" of labor, and for the increase of productive power, our country is unsurpassed by any other. Machines are the produce of the mind of man, and their existence distinguishes the civilized man from the savage. Men cannot live in a civil- ized state without machines, for by them mankind are able to do that which their own bodily and physical powers could never effect to the same extent. By them we have subjected wind, fire, and water to our control and compelled them to be our obedient servants. Since the passage of the great Patent Act in 1836, the Patent Office has become a power in the land, and all new inventions are carefully secured and protected. It has for its oliject the protection and development of the inventive genius of the country. Prior to that time. Congress pre- sumed that a commissioner and one clerk were sufficient to do all the work of the Patent Office. Over sixty examiners are now employed, and a force of three hundred employees, are necessary to do the work. From 14,000 to 20,000 patents are issued annually. The first iron track in America was built in 1827, at Quincy, Massachusetts. It was three miles in length, built for the transportation of granite ; and about the same time another, nine miles in length, for the transportation of coal, was built at Mauch Chunk, Pa.; but these were horse roads. The first locomotive built in this country was in 1830, and in that year passengers began to be carried over short roads. Thirty-five years ago it was a wearisome journey of three days to go from New York to Albany, but now by the Pacific Railroad, that stupendous work of man, which has triumphed over numerous almost insurmountable obstacles, San Francisco has been brought within a week of New York. In 1850 there were but 7,000 miles of railway ou the American continent : in 18G7 there were 37,000 miles. 223 OUR COUNTRY. Now there are upwards of 70,000 miles of railroads, run- ning in everj direction like net-work over our country. Through these intervening years, the iron horse has taken a long leap, across prairies, over deserts, through rocky mountains, and is stopped only by the deep waters of the broad Pacific. American reaping and mowing machines have been brought to a state of perfection during the last fifteen years. They can now bo operated by boys, and the single horse rake as now constructed, will do the labor of twenty men Milking machines have recently been invented, and soon the occupation ot the milk-maid will be abolished. Fifteen years ago our manufacturers had attempted scarcely anything in woolen fabrics, heyond common gooda of the coarsest kinds now they are producing almost every quality and variety, among which are Italian clothe, worsted poplins, mohair poplins, cashmeres, merinos, astrachans, chinchilla cloakings, embroidered table-covers, and Axminster carpets. The manufacture of India rubber was hardly known in 1840, but now extends to an endless variety of objects of daily use. In 1840 the most efficient printing presses carried their type upon ^ horizontal bed ^ but now "we have presses which receive their paper from a continuous roll, without guidance from human hands, and deliver it in finished sheets, printed on both sides, with such rapidity as to keep an attendant fully occupied in removing its completed work. The Bullock printing press feeds itself, cutting the paper to a suitable size, printing both sides at once, and throwing eft newspapers at the rate ol 20,000 per hour. Steam has been larg(ily developed and not only applied upon the ocean, but to Inland navigation, and upon our lakes, rivers, and canals, which are nightly lit up by the furnace-fires ot countless steamers. The electric telo' graph, invented by Professor Morse, an American, is but a OUR COUNTRY. 223 quarter of a century old in its practical workings. The marvels of the age. the beneficient sewing machines, are thoroughly American in conception, application and devel- opment. How wonderful is the productive power of the human race, promoted by the progressive advancement of the industrial arts ! The cotton gin, the power shuttle, the planing machine, and the grain elevator, are Am^erican, and they are of vast benefit to the human race. Agricultural schools and col- leges have sprung up, agricultural societies and clubs are formed everywhere, and nearly every state has its yearly exhibition. The common school was made the special care of the New England States in early times. The need of higher institutions of learning was early felt. When the War of Independence was begun there were nine colleges in the colonies. There are now about three hundred colleges in the United States, and our common or public schools are in a most flourishing condition. We have now a great num- ber of teachers' institutes, teachers' associations, normal schools, and educational periodicals. The great thirst for reading and knowledge, and the great demand for books, has led to the investment of an immense amount of capital and labor therein, and books of all kinds have been scattered by the millions all over the land, producing wide spread intelligence. One hundred years ago the newspapers printed in the United States were few in number and small in size, and were issued weekly, semi weekly, and tri-weekly. The first daily newspaper issued in this country was the A7ner' 224 OUR COUNTRT. lean Daily Advertiser, printed in Philadelphia in 1784. In 1775 there were thirty-seven newspapers and periodicals in the United States. Now the number of daily newspapers in the United States is about five hundred and fifty, and of weeklies about five thousand, having in the aggregate an immense circulation. How vast and productive are the sources of wealth and prosperity in our mines of gold, silver, copper, petroleum, in our fisheries and fur trade, and in our forests of pine ! What stupendous monuments of Yankee ingenuity and Yankee enterprise do we see around us ! If we still continue to exercise those three political vir- tues, industry frugality, and economy, and still continue an united people, in all human probability the year 1900 will find us the most powerful nation that ever existed, with a population of one hundred millions.